til
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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA \
LOS ANGELES'
GIFT OF COMMODORE BYRON MCCANDLESS
THE
HISTORY
OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
VOL. II.
HI S TO R Y
HARVARD KSITY,
BY JOSIAH aUINCY. LL.D.,
VOJ
: «
BOSTON:
CROSBY, NICHOLS, LEE, & i 117 WASHINGTON STREET. 1860.
THE
HISTORY
OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
BY JOSIAH Q.UINCY, LL.D.,
PRESIDENT OP THE UNIVERSITY.
VOLUME II.
BOSTON: CROSBY, NICHOLS, LEE, & CO.,
117 WASHINGTON STREET. 1860.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by
THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
University Press, Cambridge : Printed by Welch, Bigelow, and Company.
College Library
VI
v. Si CONTENTS
OP
VOLUME SECOND.
CHAPTER XX.
Page
Honors paid to the Memory of Wads worth. — Measures preparato- ry to the Election of his Successor. — Candidates for the Office. — The Rev. Edward Holyoke chosen. — Influence of Governor Bel- cher and the Rev. John Barnard in his Election. — Contrast between the Proceedings of the House of Representatives on the Election of Mr. Holyoke and their former Proceedings on that of Mr. Col- man. — Conduct of Professor Greenwood. — Proceedings of the Corporation and Overseers in Relation to it. — His Removal from Office. — History of the Origin of the Mathematical Professorship, and of the Election of Greenwood. — His Appointment not en- couraged by Hollis. — His scientific Attainments. ... 1
CHAPTER XXI.
Masters' Questions at Commencement. — Objected to by the Over- seers.— Proceedings of this Board. — Samuel Cook summoned be- fore them, and reproved. — John Winthrop elected Professor of Mathematics. — An Attempt to examine into his religious Princi- ples, negatived. — A similar Attempt in respect to Tutors suc- ceeds.— Difficulties with Nathan Prince. — Circumstances under which he was first elected Fellow of the Corporation. — His Mis- conduct. — Complaints against him, by the President and Tutors, to the Overseers. — Sustained by that Board. — Prince removed from all Offices in the College. — Remarks on the Proceedings of the Overseers. — Prince claims an Appeal from that Board, which is denied. — Publishes a Pamphlet against the Overseers, by way of Appeal to the General Court. — Proceedings of the Overseers and
60(357
J CONTENTS.
Corporation on the Subject of his Removal. — Holden Chapel erected. 23
CHAPTER XXII.
General State of the College. — Visit of the Rev. George Whitefield to New England. — Effects of his Preaching. — His Opinion of the College. — Tutor Flynt's Opinion of Whitefield. — Report of the Overseers, concerning the religious Excitement in the College. — A Day of Thanksgiving proposed. — Tutor Flynt's Account of that religious Excitement. — President Holyoke's Reply to Whitefield's Aspersions. — Effect of religious Enthusiasm in Connecticut — President, Fellows, and Tutors of Harvard College unite in a " Testimony against the Rev. George Whitefield." — He replies, persisting in the Truth of his Aspersions. — Dr. Wigglesworth re- plies to Whitefield. — Controversy with Whitefield closed by Presi- dent Holyoke. — An Opinion prevails that the Influence of Harvard College is unfavorable to Calvinistic Doctrines. — Causes of this Opinion. — The Calvinistic Doctrines illustrated by the Writings of Jonathan Edwards ; the Anti-Calvinistic, by those of Charles Chauncy and Jonathan Mayhew. — Means adopted to strengthen and establish Calvinism at Yale College 39
CHAPTER XXIII.
Effects of the Controversies in the Congregational Church. — Policy and Increase of the Episcopal Church. — Alarm of the Congrega- tionalists. — Death of Dr. Colman.— His Merit and Professional Rank. — No Funeral Discourse published on his Death. — His Life by Turell. — His Character. — His Friendship with Thomas Hollis.
— His Services to the College. — Connexion between the College and the Inhabitants of the First Parish of Cambridge, for Public Worship. — A new Congregational Church built. — Death and Character of Henry Flynt and of Edward Wigglesworth. . . 72
CHAPTER XXIV.
Customs of the College on the Accession of the Chief Magistrate of the Province. — Addresses to Governors Shirley and Pownall. — Their Visits to the College. — State of Morals at the Period. — At- tempts to regulate public Commencements. — Difficulties attending them. — Ancient Strictness relaxed. — Mode of providing Com- mons. — Their Quality. — Causes of Discontent. — Consequent Dis- orders.— Increase of Students in the College. — Corporation ap- ply to the Legislature for an additional Building. — An Appropri- ation made, and a Committee appointed for that Object. — Hollis Hall commenced and completed. — The name of Hollis given to it.
— Ceremony on the Occasion. ....... 87
CONTENTS. vii
CHAPTER XXV.
Governor Bernard's Arrival in Massachusetts. — "Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis " prepared at liis Suggestion. — Inhabitants of Hampshire County petition the Legislature for a Charter for a new College. — Not granted. — Governor Bernard promises the Pe- titioners a Charter. — The Overseers remonstrate. — Their Reasons against founding a new College. — Motives of the Hampshire Pe- titioners. — The Project defeated. — Harvard Hall. — The Library and Philosophical Apparatus destroyed by Fire. — Efforts of the Friends of the College. — General Court vote to rebuild Harvard Hall. — Measures taken to procure a new Library and Apparatus. — Benefactors on this Occasion. — Overseers interfere with the Discipline of the Seminary. — Delinquents reinstated. — Protest of President Holyoke. — His Death and Character. . . . . 103
CHAPTER XXVI.
Endeavours to elevate the Standard of Learning in the College. — Public Literary Exhibitions traced from their Origin. — Dissatisfac- tion of the Overseers with the State of Elocution and with the Classical Studies. — Improvements suggested. — Rewards and Honors for those who excel, proposed. — Public Recitations and Exercises in Elocution, in Presence of the Visiting Committee of the Overseers, enjoined. — The higher Classics, and the Practice of translating English into Latin, introduced. — Stephen Sewall chosen Instructor in Hebrew and Classical Learning ; his Plan of Classical Studies ; elected and installed Hancock Professor of He- brew and other Oriental Languages. — Edward Wigglesworth elected and installed Hollis Professor of Divinity. — Public Exhibi- tions before the Visiting Committee of the Board of Overseers, established by the Laws of the College. — New. Distribution of the Tutors' Services. — Benefactors of the College. — Thomas Danforth. — Eliakim Hutchinson. — Thomas Hutchinson. — Paul Dudley. — William Dummer. — John Alford. — Samuel Epes. — Thomas Hancock. — Timothy Hollis. — Thomas Hollis, the third Benefactor of that Name. 123
CHAPTER XXVII.
Arrival of the British Troops in Boston. — Legislature remove to Cambridge and take possession of the College Halls. — Rev. Sam- uel Locke chosen President. — Political Relations of the Seminary. — Governor Hutchinson addressed by the Corporation. — His Re- ply.— He visits the College. — Proceedings on that Occasion. — Rev. Nathaniel Appleton made Doctor of Divinity. — Classes ar- ranged alphabetically. — Death of Treasurer Hubbard. — John Hancock chosen Treasurer. — Motives to that Appointment. —
Vlll CONTENTS.
Mode of perpetuating the Memory of Benefactors. — Samuel Locke resigns the Presidency. 148
CHAPTER XXVIIf.
Difficulties in electing a President — Rev. Samuel Langdon chosen. — Patriotic Spirit of the Students. — Harvard College occupied by the American Army. — Library and Philosophical Apparatus removed to Andover. — College removed to Concord. — Inquiry into the Polit- ical Principles of the Governors of the College. — Degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on General Washington. — Measures taken to repair the Public Buildings. — College removed back to Cambridge.
— A Student rejected on account of his Political Opinions. — At- tempt to quarter the Officers of Burgoyne's Army in the College Buildings. — Objections of the Corporation. — General Heath orders the Removal of the Students, and they are dismissed. — Controver- sies between the Corporation and Overseers on the Choice of a Steward. — Rights and Privileges of Harvard College, how respect- ed and secured by the Framers of the Constitution of Massachu- setts— Dr. Langdon resigns the Presidency of the College. . 161
CHAPTER XXIX.
Financial Embarrassments of the Corporation. — Popularity and In- fluence of John Hancock, when elected Treasurer of the College.
— Incompatibility of his Political Engagements with the Duties of his Office. — Dissatisfaction of the Corporation. — Their Corre- spondence with Hancock relative to the Settlement of his Ac- counts. — He departs as a Delegate to the Continental Congress.
— He causes the Books and Papers of the College to be transport- ed to Philadelphia. — The Overseers appoint a Commitee on the Financial State of the College. — They advise the Corporation to demand a Return of their Papers, by a Special Messenger. — Han- cock returns them, and pays over Part of their Funds ; — retains the Residue, and does not settle his Accounts. — The Overseers vote, that it is expedient to elect a resident Treasurer, in Place of Hancock. — Letter of the Corporation, intimating to Hancock the Expediency of his Resignation. — He retains the Office. — Conse- quent Embarrassments. — Ebenezer Storer chosen Treasurer. — Unsuccessful Attempts to obtain a Settlement of Mr. Hancock's Accounts. — He is elected Governor of Massachusetts. — Subse- quent Proceedings. — His Death. — A Settlement finally made by
his Heirs. — His Benefactions to the College 182
CHAPTER XXX.
Daniel Henchman. — Edward Kitchen. — Ezekiel Hersey. — John Barnard. — Nicholas Boylston. — Theodore Atkinson. — John Win- throp. — The other Benefactors of the College, during the Provin-
CONTENTS. ix
cial State of Massachusetts. — Aids extended to the College by the Legislature ; Grants of Money, the Erection of Buildings, and Donations of Land. — Retrospective Survey of the Finances of the College. — Its successive Treasurers, Thomas Danforth, John Richards, Samuel Nowell, Thomas Brattle, William Brattle, John White, Edward Hutchinson, Thomas Hubbard, John Hancock, Ebenezer Storer. — Their Accounts. — Amount of Funds of the College, accumulated while Massachusetts was a Province. . 210
CHAPTER XXXI.
Funds of Harvard College. — Effects of the Depreciation of Paper Currency. — Salaries and Modes of Payment of Officers of the College. — Progress of Depreciation. — The Corporation endeavour to counteract its Effects. — They memorialize the General Court for a permanent Provision for the President ; without Success. — Rev. Joseph Willard chosen President. — Grant to him by the General Court. — His Instalment. — Loss by Depreciation divided and equal- ized among the College Stocks. — Professors' Salaries established and made equal. — General Court memorialized for the usual Grants. — President Willard states the Inadequacy of his Support, and remonstrates. — The Corporation make Loans to the College Officers, in Reliance upon the usual Grants. — Policy of the Gen- eral Court in Relation to the College. — Its Finances in 1806. — The Corporation petition for a Reimbursement of their Loans to the College Officers, and are denied. — They cancel the Obligations taken for these Loans. — Wise Management of their Finances. — Ebenezer Storer. — James Bowdoin. — John Lowell. — New Prin- ciples adopted in selecting Members of the Corporation. — Its happy Consequences. — Prosperous State of the College Funds. — The Corporation restore, to all the College Foundations, the Amount of their original Capitals, by making good their Loss through Depre- ciation of the Currency. 238
CHAPTER XXXII.
Outline of Events during the Presidency of Dr. Willard. — Hollis Professors of Divinity, Edward Wigglesworth, David Tappan. — Hollis Professors of Mathematics, Samuel Williams, Samuel Web- ber.— Hancock Professors of Hebrew, Stephen Sewall, Eliphalet Pearson. — Medical Professorships established ; John Warren, Benjamin Waterhouse, Aaron Dexter. — Bequests of Mrs. Sarah Derby and of William Erving. — Names of Hersey and Erving giv- en to the Medical Professorships respectively. — Legislative Pat- ronage of the College. — Its ancient Right to Charlestown Ferry devested. — Lotteries granted. — Stoughton Hall erected from their Proceeds. — Successive Attempts to raise the Standard of Learn- ing, and improve the Discipline of the Seminary. — A permanent VOL. II. b
; CONTENTS.
Tutorship established ; Levi Hedge appointed. — Death and Char- acter of President Willard 258
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Difficulties in electing a Professor of Divinity. — Henry Ware cho- sen.— His Election opposed, but confirmed. — Fisher Ames is chosen President and declines. — Difficulties in electing a Pres- ident— Samuel Webber chosen. — Eliphalet Pearson resigns the Hancock Professorship. — Consequent Proceedings. — Sidney Willard appointed his Successor. — John Farrar elected Hollis Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. — The Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory established. — John Quincy Adams elected Professor. — His Resignation. — Joseph McKean appointed his Successor. — Citizens of Boston and the Vicinity es- tablish a Professorship of Natural History. — William Dandridge Peck elected Professor. — Office of Proctor instituted. — Lottery granted. — Hoi worthy Hall built from its Proceeds. — Death of Treasurer Storer. — Jonathan Jackson chosen in his Place. — His Death. — Succeeded by John Davis. — Change in the Constitution of the Board of Overseers. — Its Origin and Nature. — Samuel Dexter bequeaths Funds for promoting a Critical Knowledge of the Scriptures. — His Character. — Death of President Webber. . 284
CHAPTER XXXIV.
John Thornton Kirkland elected President. — The Act of 1810 re- pealed.— Proceedings thereon. — Act of 1810 revived with an Ad- dition.— Levi Hedge appointed Professor. — The Boylston Medical Library and Fund for Prize Dissertations. — John Collins Warren and John Gorham, Adjunct Professors. — James Jackson, Professor of Clinical Medicine, and of the Theory and Practice of Physic. — Bank Tax granted. — Death of Professor Warren. — John C. War- ren elected his Successor. — Jacob Bigelow, Professor of Materia Medica. — Walter Channing, Professor of Obstetrics. — Professor Dexter resigns. — John Gorham elected his Successor. — Joseph Green Cogswell, Professor of Mineralogy. — Professor Gorham re- signs. — John White Webster elected his Successor. — A Church formed within the College Walls. — Trustees of the Dexter Fund.
— Samuel Parkman's Donation. — The Society for Theological Education constituted. — The Divinity School organized. — Divin- ity Hall erected. — A Professorship of Greek Literature founded.
— Samuel Eliot; Andrew Eliot; John Eliot; William Havard Eliot; Samuel Atkins Eliot. — Edward Everett and John Snelling Popkin successively Professors of Greek Literature. — The Royall Professorship of Law founded. — Isaac Royall. — Isaac Parker first Royall Professor. — University Professorship of Law, and the Law School, established. — Asahel Stearns first University Professor of Law ... .300
CONTENTS. XI
CHAPTER XXXV.
Bequests of Count Rumford. — Satisfactory Conduct of his Executors.
— Rumford Professorship established. — Jacob Bigelow elected Professor. • — Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. — Foundation of the Smith Professorship of the French and Spanish Languages.
— Abiel Smith. — George Ticknor, the first Smith Professor. — Death of Professor McKean. — Edward Tyrrel Channing elected his Successor. — The Boylston Fund for Prizes in Elocution. — Ward Nicholas Boylston. — Alford Professorship established. — Le- vi Frisbie. — Powers and Proceedings of the Visitors of the Pro- fessorship of Natural History. — William Dandridge Peck. — Uni- versity Hall erected. — College Right of holding Real Estate en- larged.— Proceedings of the Massachusetts Convention in 1820, relative to the College. — Amendment of the College Constitution proposed. — Rejected by the People. — Early Success of Dr. Kirk- land's Administration. — Its Causes. — New Powers granted to the President. — How exercised. — Dissatisfaction with the State of the College. — Topics of Discontent. — Discussions on the Relation between the Corporation and the Immediate Government, on the State of Discipline, Instruction, and Morals, and on the Excess of Expenditures beyond Income. — Their respective Results. . 320
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Proceedings relative to Retrenchment — Examination into Expen- ditures. — John Davis resigns ; Ebenezer Francis chosen Treasurer.
— Measures of Precaution. — Classification according to Merit and Proficiency. — President Kirkland resigns. — His Death and Char- acter. — A Successor appointed. — Henry Ware, Jun., appointed Professor of Pulpit Eloquence and Pastoral Care. — Professor Nor- ton resigns. — John Gorham Palfrey elected Professor of Biblical Literature. — Professors Parker and Stearns resign. — Nathan Dane founds a Professorship of Law. — Joseph Story chosen Dane Professor. — Life and Character of Nathan Dane. — John Hooker Ashmun elected Royall Professor. — His Death and Character. — Simon Greenleaf chosen his Successor. — Dane Law College erect- ed. — Resignations and Appointments in several Departments. — Trustees of the Agricultural Society resign as Visitors of the Natural History Professorship. — Eliphalet Porter, his Death and Character. — Other Resignations and Appointments. — Notice of Tutors and Librarians. — Benjamin Peirce. — His Services and Character. — An Observatory established. — George Rapall Noyes elected Professor. — Resignation of Henry Ware. . . . 362
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Visits of Presidents Washington and Monroe, and of General La- fayette and President Jackson. — The Phi Beta Kappa Society.—
Xli CONTENTS.
Library of the College. — Its Mineralogical Cabinet — Its Finan- ces.— Benefactors to the College. — John Lightfoot; Mary Lin- dall; Joanna Alford; Thomas Palmer; Thomas Pownall ; James Bowdoin ; Samuel Shapleigh ; Thomas Brand-Hollis ; Israel Thorn- dike ; Jonathan Mason ; Moses Brown ; George Partridge ; Samuel Parkman ; Francis Parkman ; Thomas Cary ; George Chapman ; Timothy Walker ; John Foster ; Henry Lienow ; Sarah Jackson ; Hannah C. Andrews ; William Pomeroy ; Joshua Clapp ; Mary Tufts; William Breed; John Cuming ; Esther Sprague; Samuel Lavermore ; John McLean ; Joshua Fisher ; James Perkins ; Chris- topher Gore. —Foundation of "Gore Hall." — Death of Nathan- iel Bowditch. — Notice of his Life and Character. . . 394
CHAPTER XXXVIU.
Influence and Claims of the Age on Seminaries of Learning. — Edu- cation, its Nature and Power. — The Principles on which it has been conducted in successive Periods of Society. — Improvements and Enlargement of its Modes and Facilities at the present Day. — These Advantages not unqualified. — Interests of Society in Rela- tion to the Number and Endowments of Seminaries of Learning. — Duties and Responsibilities of their Conductors. — The Wisdom of the Founders of Massachusetts and of Harvard College, illustrated and confirmed by the Experience of two Centuries. — Conclusion. 442
APPENDIX.
I. Vote of the Corporation on the Election of Mr. Green- wood. ....... 461
II. Publication in " The New England Weekly Journal " of 24 June, 1728, concerning the Choice of Non-resident Fellows. ...... 461
III. Letter of the Rev. Moses Noyes, Minister of Lyme, in
Connecticut, on the Religious State of Harvard Col- lege. . . . .462
IV. Numbers Graduated at Harvard and Yale Colleges, be-
tween 1745 and 1760 inclusive. .... 462
V. Events connected with the Old Congregational Church
in Cambridge. ...... 453
VI. Form of the General Diploma, adopted in 1757. . 463
VII. Remonstrance of the Overseers against Founding a Col- lege in the County of Hampshire. . . . 464
VIII. Circular Address from the Overseers of Harvard College,
by their Committee, concerning another College. . 475
IX. Extract from a Letter of Dr. Mayhew to Thomas Hollis. . 478 X. An Account of the Burning of Harvard Hall, and of the
Loss sustained by the College. .... 479
CONTENTS.
Xlll
XI. Donations to the College, to repair the Loss of its Li- brary and Philosophical Apparatus by the Fire, which consumed Harvard Hall in 1764. . . . 484
XII. Inscription on the Corner-stone of Harvard Hall. . . 496
XIII. A Plan to promote Classical Learning, by Stephen Sew-
all, Hebrew Instructor, presented to the Corporation
12th September, 17C3. .... 496
XIV. Plan for the Distribution of the Tutors' Work and Service. . 497 XV. List of pecuniary Mulcts. .... 49
XVI. Account of the Alford Professorship of Natural Religion,
Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity, in Harvard College. 500 XVII. Extract from the Will of the Honorable Thomas Hancock ,
of Boston 504
XVIII. Vote of the Corporation on the Donations of Thomas
Hancock and John Hancock. .... 505
XIX. Diploma conferring the Degree of Doctor of Laws on
George Washington. ..... 506
XX. The Articles of the Constitution of the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, which relate to Harvard College. . 507
XXI. Letter of the Corporation to Mr. Hancock. . . 509
XXII. Vote of the Corporation requesting the Portrait of John
Hancock. . ... . . . . 523
XXIII. Extract from a Letter of Treasurer Storer to his Excel-
lency John Hancock. ..... 523
XXIV. An Extract from the Will of Ezekiel Hersey, of Hing-
ham, Physician. ...... 524
XXV. Donations to the College in the Eighteenth Century, while Massachusetts was a Province, and before the Year 1780, exclusive of those given to Repair the Loss by the Fire which consumed Harvard Hall in
1764. . 525
XXVI. Letters from Professors Winthrop, Wigglesworth, and Sewall, to the Legislature of Massachusetts, stating their Services and Pecuniary Embarrassments. . 532
XXVII. Statements made by the College Treasurer (Storer) to Committees of the Overseers, as specified in their respective Reports. ..... 537
XXVIII. Salaries in 1780. 538
XXIX. Bequest in the Will of the Honorable James Bowdoin. 539 XXX. The Ancient Customs of Harvard College, established
by the Government of it. . . . . 539
XXXI. Vote of the Corporation relative to Commons, passed
11 August, 1777 541
XIV
CONTENTS.
XXXII. Donors to the Massachusetts Professorship of Natural History. ...
XXXIII. Members of the Corporation during the Presidency of
Dr. Kirkland. ...
XXXIV. Subscribers to a Professorship of Mineralogy and Geol-
ogy, in 1820. ...
XXXV. Founders and Benefactors of the Theological School in Harvard University. ....
XXXVI. Letter from Samuel A. Eliot, presenting a Collection
of Books on American History, &c. . .
XXXVII. Ceremony at the Laying of the Corner-stone of Uni- versity Hall. .....
XXXVIII. Professorships in the College, between 1810 and 1826. XXXIX. Documents relative to Claims of the Resident Instruc-
tors to form a part of the Corporation. .
XL. Expenditures and Stock Account, between June, 1810, and February, 1627. . . . .
XLI. Statement of the Pecuniary Affairs of the College, in January, 1828. .....
XLII. Extract from the Report made to the Corporation by the Standing Committee on the Treasurer's Accounts, in December, 1828. . . . .
XLIII. Subscribers for the Foundation of a Professorship of Pul-
pit Eloquence and Pastoral Care, in 1829. . XLIV. Vote of the Corporation on the Resignation of the Of-
fice of Treasurer by Ebenezer Francis. .
XLV. The Astronomical Observatory. . . .
XL VI. An Alphabetical List of the Names of Donors of Books, Prints, Portraits, Busts, Coins, and Medals, from Jan- uary, 1780, to July, 1840, inclusive. . .
XLVII. Library of the University. ....
XLVIII. Letter of Andrew Ritchie, accompanying his Donation of Minerals. .....
XLIX. Donors to the Mineralogical Cabinet. . .
L. Panorama of Athens. ....
LI. The Philosophical Apparatus. ....
LII. The Apparatus of the Rumford Professorship. . LIII. Loss to the College from Legislative Acts in relation
to Charles River Bridge. . .
LIV. Letter of Thomas Palmer, accompanying a Gift of Books. LV. Letter of Israel Thorndike, presenting the Ebeling Li-
542 544 544 545 553
554 555
556
557 558
563
564
565 566
569 586
591 591 592 593 594
594 595
596
CONTENTS.
XV
LVI. Letter of the Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D., offering a Donation of Five Thousand Dollars to the Theologi- cal School. 597
LVII. Extract from the Will of Henry Lienow. . . 598
LVIII. Gore Hall 599
LIX. Vote of the Corporation on the Death of Dr. Bowditch,
March 20th, 1838. 602
LX. Finances of the University. .... 602
LXI. Officers of Government and Instruction of Harvard Uni- versity at the Commencement of the Academic Year
1840-41 C34
LXII. Donors to the Astronomical Observatory. . . 637
LXIII. Monument erected to John Harvard. . . . 637
LXIV. Centennial Celebration. . 639
INDEX.
709
HISTORY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XX.
Honors paid to the Memory of Wadsworth. — Measures preparatory to the Election of his Successor. — Candidates for the Office. — The Rev. Edward Holyoke chosen. — Influence of Governor Belcher and the Rev. John Barnard in his Election. — Contrast between the Proceedings of the House of Representatives on the Election of Mr. Holyoke and their former Proceedings on that of Mr. Colman. — Conduct of Profes- sor Greenwood. — Proceedings of the Corporation and Overseers in re- .ation to it. — His Removal from Office. — History of the Origin of the Mathematical Professorship, and of the Election of Greenwood. — His Appointment not encouraged by Hollis. — His Scientific Attainments.
On the 18th of March, 1737, two days after the CHAPTER death of President Wadsworth, the Corporation ap- — pointed Henry Flynt, the oldest Tutor of the College, to deliver a Latin oration as a part of the funeral so- lemnities. This tribute to the memory of Wadsworth is characterized " as eloquent, and pathetic." It was printed and extensively distributed, with the funeral sermons of Sewall, Wigglesvvorth, and Appleton.
On the 19th of April the Corporation passed the. customary vote, asking the counsel and consent of the Board of Overseers to their election of a successor to President Wadsworth, declaring their intention to
VOL. II. 1
2 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER proceed to such election " with convenient speed " ;
! and, " as choosing a President was a matter of great
concern," they voted, " to spend with the Overseers some convenient time in prayer to God for his gra- cious direction in that affair."
1737. The Overseers met on the 26th of April, and, con- curring in the second vote, appointed the 4th of the succeeding May for the proposed religious service ; but, passing a negative on the vote of the Corporation to elect " with convenient speed," they advised them to come to the choice of a President on the afternoon of the day appointed for the meeting of the two boards.
This urgency of the Overseers was probably occa- sioned by a prevalent desire in that board to place a strict Calvinist at the head of the College. It was known, that some of the Corporation were in favor of Mr. Holyoke, a minister of Marblehead, whose religious views were deemed questionable by the stricter sect. The nomination of a country clergy- man* was also not well received by the ministers of Boston and its vicinity, from among whom the candi- dates for the President's chair had been selected for many years. The proposed concert of prayer be- tween the two boards was doubtless considered by the members of the Corporation opposed to Mr. Hol- yoke, as a measure well calculated to bring those in his favor under the direct influence of the Board of Overseers.
On receiving the votes advising an immediate elec- tion, the Corporation, on the 2d of May, passed a vote, that they would " take the advice of the Overseers,
» See Mass. Hist. Coll., Third Series, Vol. V. p. 220.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 3
and endeavour to come to a choice on the day ap- CHAPTER
xx. pointed."
Accordingly on that day the two boards met, and Governor Belcher, when the religious services were concluded, made a Latin address, giving the Corpo- ration " the advice of the Overseers about the general qualifications of the President."
Having been thus indoctrinated, the Corporation retired ; but, failing, after several endeavours, to come to a decisive vote, they returned to the presence of the board of Overseers, stated the fact, and de- clared that " they thought it needful to take some further time to deliberate on that affair, and expressed their hope, that the Overseers would agree with them in that thought. Then the Corporation withdrew."*
The Overseers, after spending some time in delib- erating, sent for the Corporation, and said, in lan- guage sufficiently authoritative, that " they expected the Corporation would present their choice of a Presi- dent to them at their next meeting, which would be on the 26th of May instant."
During the vacancy of the President's chair the £rntj'edates Corporation consisted of six members ; and it ap- Presidency- pears, by the Rev. Dr. Sewall's manuscript Diary, that they were equally divided between Mr. H. and Mr. G.f According to the conjecture of Mr. Peirce, the diligent historian of the College, these letters in- dicate Mr. Holyoke and Mr. Greenwood. With regard to the first, his suggestion is unquestionably correct ; but it seems impossible that it should be so in respect to the last. At that period there was no clergyman of the name of Greenwood, who possessed qualities
* Overseers' Records. f Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ., p. 175.
4 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER sufficiently eminent to render him a candidate for the presidency. The Mathematical Professor of that name could not have been supported as a candidate for the office by members of the Corporation of any party. He was a man notoriously inclined to dissipation and extravagance ; and it appears, that on the very day, when, on this supposition, he divided with Holyoke the votes of the Corporation for the presidency, he was " admonished for intemperance " by the Over- seers ; a vice, which occasioned his dismissal from his professorship, by a vote of both boards, in the October ensuing. At a period also, when the pretensions of the Boston clergy were obtrusive, it can hardly be supposed that neither of the candidates was from that metropolis. The rival candidate to Holyoke, in- dicated by the initial letter in Sewall's Diary, was probably Joshua Gee,* minister of the North Church in Boston, once the colleague, and then the successor, of Cotton Mather ; a man of considerable genius, not deficient in learning, holding all the peculiar doctrines of Calvin with a bigoted pertinacity, and naturally of a fiery zeal, which, if it had not been quenched by constitutional indolence, would have probably rendered him a firebrand among the churches. He united more qualities, than any other individual among the Boston clergy, to render his elevation to the presidency ac- ceptable to those, whose policy it was to place at the head of the seminary a sectarian and a controver- sialist.
1737. At the next election, on the 20th of May, the Cor- poration, abandoning their former candidates, made choice of the Rev. William Cooper, the colleague of
* Eliot's and Allen's Biog. Diet. art. Gee.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 5
Dr. Colman. Mr. Cooper was respectable as a scholar, CHAPTER
XX
and possessed a mind naturally solid, devout, and - argumentative ; but he was probably not the favorite candidate of either of the rival religious parties of the Province. His election was obviously a compromise, and designed to gain time for the Corporation, and give that board an apology for evading still longer the pertinacious urgency of the Overseers. No consulta- tion was held with Mr. Cooper previous to his election by the Corporation, and its official communication to the Overseers was immediately followed by a letter from Mr. Cooper to that board, desiring them " not to give themselves any needless trouble, nor delay the settlement of the College, on his account, as he took this first opportunity wholly to excuse himself from this honor and trust."
The Overseers referred the subject again to the Corporation, with a recommendation " to proceed to a choice as soon as may be."
At the ensuing election, on the 30th of May, the Corporation chose the Rev. Edward Holyoke, pastor of the church in Marblehead, unanimously, to be Presi- dent of the seminary, and, on the 2d of the ensuing June, he was unanimously approved by the Overseers. To Appleton, Wigglesworth, and Flynt, the three mem- bers of the Corporation resident in Cambridge, this election was most acceptable. Holyoke, when a young man, had been associated with them in the govern- ment of the College ; four years as Tutor, and three as Fellow of the Corporation. His connexion with the College had placed his qualities as an officer and an associate in a favorable light. Urbane in his man- ners, faithful in duty, neither obstinate nor flexible in temperament, he was, in their judgment, eminently
6 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER qualified for the appointment. His religious principles — coincided with the mildness and Catholicism which characterized the government of the seminary ; and the unanimity with which his election was ultimately effected was to them as unexpected as it was grati- fying.
The autobiography of the Rev. John Barnard * contains a graphic account of the manner in which Governor Belcher was induced to decide in favor of Mr. Holyoke. Barnard and Holyoke had both sus- tained, for more than twenty years, the relation of pastor to churches in Marblehead. Alike catholic in religious sentiment, equally averse to bigotry and en- thusiasm, their intercourse inspired them with mu- tual sentiments of friendship and respect. Soon after the death of Wadsworth, Barnard interested him- self in making known the qualifications of Holyoke for the presidency of Harvard College. While the election was in agitation, Barnard was invited to dinner by Governor Belcher. At table Holyoke was mentioned as a candidate for the presidency. The Governor asked his opinion. Barnard replied, " In my humble opinion, there is no fitter person in the Prov- ince than Mr. Holyoke." " I should think so too," said a Boston minister, who was present, " if it were not for his principles." Barnard being, as he says, " nettled " by the remark, inquired pointedly, " Do you know, Sir, any thing bad of his principles ? " " No," the Boston minister replied, " but I should be glad to know his principles." " I am surprised," re- torted Barnard, " that a gentleman of your character should insinuate bad principles of a brother, when you
* Mass. Hist. Coll., Third Series, Vol. V. p. 220.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 7
know of none, especially since that gentleman has CHAPTEB been approved as a valuable minister among us for ' above twenty years." The temper this retort mani- fested attracted the notice of Governor Belcher, who immediately inquired of him concerning Holyoke's qualifications. Mr. Barnard replied, that he possessed those, which, in his opinion, were most essential, " virtue, religion, learning, and a spirit of government ; that, having lived fourteen years in the College, and having been a great part of the time a Tutor, as it left no room to question the sufficiency of his learning, so it gave him great advantage over others, who had not enjoyed his experience ; that he was, besides, a gentleman capable of performing well the honors of the University to strangers, and of treating both equals and inferiors with due civility, and of exacting from both a reciprocity of politeness and respect."
Governor Belcher, agreeing that these were the requisite qualifications, inquired pointedly, " But can you vouch for Mr. Holyoke's Calvinistic principles ? " To which question Mr. Barnard replied ; " If more than thirty years' intimacy, and more than twenty years living with him, and scores of times hearing him preach, can lead me into the knowledge of a man's principles, I think Mr. Holyoke as orthodox a Cal- vinist as any man ; though I look upon him as too much of a gentleman, and of too catholic a temper, to cram his principles down another man's throat." " Then," said his Excellency, " I believe he must be the man." And accordingly he was the man, and was elected in both boards unanimously. This con- versation and its result are both symptomatic of the state of the religious parties of the period, and ex- phnatory of that extraordinary unanimity, which at
8 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
XX.
CHAPTER last appeared in both boards on the election of Mr - — Holyoke. Of those, who had been elected to the office of President during that century, he was the first concerning whom the records of either board ex- press unanimity. This distinction was reserved for an individual, towards whom one half of the Corpo- ration had at first placed themselves in open opposi- tion, and, to avoid whose election, Mr. Cooper was chosen without any previous consultation with him. The voucher of Barnard, that Holyoke was an " orthodox Calvinist," without further explanation of what he un- derstood by those terms, would have had very little weight with Belcher, had it been his wish to prevent the election of one of the liberal class of divines. It is impossible to believe, that the religious path of Barnard was not well known to Belcher before that conversation. Barnard had been for twenty years an established clergyman in the vicinity of Boston. He was the intimate friend of Colman, and as such had been denounced as " a Manifesto man " by Cot- ton Mather, and prevented from obtaining a settle- ment in the metropolis. But, with the tact of a politician, Belcher saw clearly that the times of de- nunciation and exclusion for religious belief were fast passing away. He was satisfied, or willing to appear to be convinced, upon the sole authority of Barnard, although the terms, in which he vouched for the Cal- vinism of Holyoke, placed his Catholicism and liberality in high relief, and conveyed a severe sarcasm on those who were counteracting his election by scattering doubts concerning the soundness of his principles. It is a curious fact, that, although the Overseers could not admit a Mathematical Professor, or a Tutor, much more a Professor of Divinity, to an office in the Col-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 9
lege, without proposing an inquiry into his religious CHAPTER
principles, jet, with such unquestionable evidences of !
the liberality of Holyoke's character, he was unani- mously chosen President, without a motion publicly made for an inquisition touching his doctrinal views. Five and twenty laymen and eighteen clergymen, comprehending most, if not all, the members of the board, were present at the election of Holyoke. This uncommon attendance indicates the interest taken in the event, and a prevalent determination, that the popular candidate should not fail for want of support. The hopelessness of opposition was un- questionably the cause of this extraordinary unanim- ity, which was also further explained by the subsequent proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province.
No sooner had the election been made, than a committee was appointed by the Overseers, K to attend the General Assembly of the Province, and acquaint them, that the Corporation of Harvard Col- lege had unanimously elected the Rev. Mr. Holyoke President of the said College, and that the said elec- tion had been unanimously approved and consented to by the Overseers, and therefore to desire, that the Court would please to consider of an honorable support for the said Mr. Holyoke, and whatever else they may judge necessary to encourage and facilitate his settle- ment in that office."
As the population of New England increased, and intercourse with other states and nations became more extensive, there was a corresponding increase in the liberal spirit of the country. The Overseers were well aware, that Mr. Holyoke's. character and religious views rendered his election very acceptable to the
VOL. II. 2
10 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
XX.
CHAPTER General Court. They dwelt therefore with great emphasis on the unanimity which prevailed in both boards, as indicative of their coincidence with the prevalent sentiments of the legislature, hoping to re- ceive some substantial proof of favor in return, and their expectation was not disappointed. The change which, in the course of thirteen years, had taken place in the temper and views of that body was strikingly mani- fested by the result. In 1724, when the Overseers applied to the General Court for an honorable support for Mr. Colman, the House of Representatives unani- mously refused to act upon the subject before the person chosen " had accepted the duty and trust."* In 1737, without requiring either the President elect to declare his acceptance of the trust, or his congregation to express their consent to his separation, they granted to Mr. Holyoke two hundred pounds currency for one year, over and above the rents of Massachusetts Hall, from the time of his assuming the duties of the presi- dency; and, to encourage and facilitate his separation from his society in Marblehead, granted to them one hundred and forty pounds currency upon the ordination of his successor.
The Corporation expressed their acknowledgment of these grants in an address, couched in language sufficiently grateful, and indicative of their sense of the entire dependence of the College for the support of its President on the bounty of the legislature. This address was presented personally to the Governor by the President and Corporation. After it was read, the Governor privately told the President, it would be more acceptable to the House, if the Corpo-
* See Vol. I. p. 337.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. H
ration should present it themselves ; and, the President CHAPTER having made a private communication of the wishes xx' of the Corporation in that respect, they were admitted into the presence of the House, presented their ad- dress to the Speaker, attended while it was read, and withdrew.*
The inauguration of President Holjoke took place
on the 28th of September, 1737. On this occasion President
' Holyoke.
the Governor, Overseers, and Corporation, met in the library. At the hour appointed the Governor led the President from the library down to the Hall, preceded by the Librarian, carrying the books, charter, laws, and College seal, and by the Butler, bearing the keys ; and followed by the Overseers, Corpora- tion, students, and attending gentlemen. After prayer by Dr. Sewall, a speech in Latin was made by the Governor, in the course of which he delivered to the President the charter, keys, &c.f The President replied in Latin. A congratulatory oration, by Mr. Barnard, Master of Arts, succeeded, and the ceremo- nies were concluded by singing a part of the seventy- eighth Psalm, and a prayer by the Rev. Thomas Prince. After which there was a dinner in the Hall, and in the evening " the Colleges were brilliantly illuminated."
Among the earliest events under the administration Removal of
Professor
of President Holyoke, was the removal of Mr. Green- Green-
J wood.
wood, Hollisian Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, for intemperance. The proceedings in respect to this unhappv individual, were marked with consideration and firmness. On the 26th of April, 1737, Mr. Greenwood was called before the Overseers,
* Corporation Records. f Overseers' Records.
12 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER and charged with intemperance, which he confessed, . — and, casting himself on the lenity of the board, pro- fessed his resolution to reform. On the 25th of No- vember ensuing, the Corporation, after declaring that the Mathematical Professor, notwithstanding repeated warnings and admonitions given him by the Corpo- ration and Overseers, had been guilty of many acts of gross intemperance, to the dishonor of God, and the great hurt and reproach of the society, of which he had made a free acknowledgment, passed a vote, re- quiring him to exhibit an humble confession, and receive at the same time an admonition publicly in the Hall ; " and, if the said Professor shall not mani- fest his repentance by such a reformation as shall give us a hopeful prospect of his future usefulness in the said College, we do judge it will be necessary that he be removed from his office within the space of five months at farthest."
A committee was at the same time appointed to inspect the apparatus belonging to the College in his custody, to see if it was all in the proper chamber, and that the key of it was deposited with the Presi- dent until their further order.
It appears by the records of the Corporation of the 7th of December, 1737, that Mr. Greenwood, " in a few days after his having been thus put. upon his pro- bation, had twice relapsed into the said crime, and had been guilty of great contempt of the Corporation, in refusing to appear before them when repeatedly required. It was therefore voted, that he be removed from his office of Hollisian Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and that this vote be presented to the Overseers for their consent." At the same meet- ing the Corporation voted, that, " if the Mathematica
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 13
Professor refuse the committee appointed for that pur- CHAPTER pose to inspect the apparatus, they proceed by force xx' to open the apparatus chamber."
When these votes of the Corporation were laid before the Overseers, on the 8th of December, they consented to every thing but Mr. Greenwood's re- moval. The consideration of this question was post- poned to the 15th of December, and the clerk was ordered to serve him with a notice to attend the Overseers at that time, to which the board adjourned. On the day appointed, Mr. Greenwood presented to the Overseers a confession and petition ; under the influence of which the board postponed the consider- ation of his removal to the 25th of April, 1738, at which time " the President informed the board of Overseers, that the Mathematical Professor had re- lapsed into his former crime of intemperance," where- upon he was again sent for to attend the board, which, after some delay, he did accordingly. " Being then asked, if he had any thing more to say, in addition to what is contained in his letter, he answered, he could not now remember any thing further than what he had writ to the Overseers, and withdrew."
The Overseers, unwilling to pass a final vote of concurrence with the Corporation for his removal, again referred the subject for consideration by repeated adjournments, until the 13th of July, 1738, at which time it appears by the ultimate vote of the board, that his relapses had been frequent, notwithstanding his repeated confessions and promises of reformation. The Overseers then unanimously concurred with the vote of the Corporation, passed more than six months before, and finally removed him from his Professor's chair.
14
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
,H AFTER XX.
Agency of Mr. Hollis in the ap- pointment of Green- wood.
From regard to the memory of an individual of talent and promise in early life, these details would have been willingly omitted. But they belong to the history of the College. And it is just to those, on whom the imperative and painful duty of removing Mr. Greenwood devolved, to show that it was fulfilled with caution and kindness to him, and with fidelity to the institution. The influence of posthumous fame, as a motive of human conduct, would lose half its efficacy, if history confined its records exclusively to virtue, and permitted sorrow or sympathy to cast a mantle of oblivion over vice.
The records of the College state, that the election of Mr. Greenwood was in consequence of " letters encouraging it," received from Mr. Hollis ; giving the impression, that this appointment, which in the event proved so unfortunate, was his work, and that the responsibility of it did not rest on the gov- ernment of the College. It is therefore due to the memory of this great benefactor, and will be illus- trative of his character and of the period, here to recur to the history of his Professorship of Mathe- matics, and to the circumstances under which Green- wood was introduced into the chair. From existing records and documents it appears, that it was not his erroneous judgment, but probably their sectarian fears, which involved the seminary in this difficulty and disgrace.
After graduating at Harvard College in 1721, Isaac Greenwood engaged in the study of Divinity, visited England, and began to preach in London with some approbation. Having been introduced to Hollis, his industry and desire to acquire knowledge, indicated by his attending the lectures delivered in that metrop-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 15
olis on Experimental Philosophy and Mathematics, CHAPTER
made a very favorable impression on this friend of '. —
transatlantic Dissenters. Hollis had long contem- plated establishing in Harvard College a Professorship in those branches, and had left provision for that ob- ject in his will.* Greenwood probably was informed of his intention, and, preferring a Professor's chair to the pulpit, he made known his predilections to Hollis, and inspired him with a belief in his qualifica- tions. From the zeal and talent Greenwood dis- played, or from other considerations, Mr. Hollis changed his original purpose, and determined to exe- cute his design in his lifetime. Accordingly, early in 1726, he transmitted twelve hundred pounds sterling, to the Treasurer of the College, and directed that the funds should be applied to " the instituting and settling a Professor of the Mathematics and Experimental Philosophy in Harvard College." In the letter accom- panying this remittance, he indicates the intention of appointing Mr. Greenwood, then in London, for this service.
On the 10th of February, 1725-6, Hollis thus writes to Colman ; " You have seen by former hints in my and Mr. Greenwood's letters, who is the man I have in view in this work. I have discoursed him many times, and have had him examined by Mr. Hunt, Mr. Watts, Mr. Neale, and Mr. Ingraham, and am encouraged to hope he may come over to you in July or August next, well qualified as an instructor of youth in these sciences."
This annunciation was received by the Corporation on the 4th of April, 1726, and their thanks were
* Hollis's letters, in February, May, and June, 175 .
16 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER returned to Mr. Hollis, " for his repeated bounties to
xx' the seminary, and in a very particular manner for his
most generous and surprising proposal of a Professor- ship of the Mathematics and Experimental Philosophy to be settled and supported among us ; and for his fixing his eye on the worthy Mr. Greenwood, a son of the College, for that service." On the same day the Corporation directed the Treasurer to procure a book for the " registry of Mr. Hollis's rules, orders, gifts, and bounties, past and to come, together with the names, age, and character of his scholars, the time of their entry and dismission ; and also of all the votes of the Overseers and Corporation, from time to time, relating to the said orders, bounties, and scholars, of the said Mr. Hollis."
On the 8th of June, 1726, the Corporation took into consideration five plans which Mr. Hollis had transmitted for the conduct of this professorship,* and, after some verbal alterations having reference to distinctness or power, transmitted one of them to the Overseers for their approbation. That board, after several adjournments and examinations by committees, passed the rules and statutes with amendments, and at the same time dictated " a letter of thanks to be sent to the worthy Mr. Hollis, expressive of their sense of his late great goodness and beneficence to Harvard College, in his design of establishing a Pro- fessorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy."
In the course of September, 1726, the two boards concluded their alterations and amendments of the statutes, and ordered them to be " drawn out fair
* See Vol. I. p. 399.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 17
upon parchment, and transmitted to Mr. Hollis for CHAPTER his final approbation." x'
The Corporation only waited for the formal nomi- nation of Mr. Greenwood, to elect him Professor on the newly established foundation. But a cloud soon spread over his prospects.
Early in July, 1726, Hollis first expresses his doubts concerning Greenwood, by desiring the Corporation to examine him as though he were a stranger, and not to be rash in promises to him at first. " I advise you," he adds, " to make due trial of him for your own satisfaction. He has not pleased me of late. Only you may know, that, if you recommend, I accept ; but not else."* On the 12th of July he again writes, " I have met with a sudden disappointment, which has perplexed my thoughts very much about my pro- jects for your College's good, and the advancement of learning among you. Mr. Greenwood has left us on a sudden without paying his debts, or taking leave of his landlord, his tutor, or me. His conduct gives great scandal and reflection on him. He wrote me a letter from Gravesend, which I enclose to you to save me the labor of transcribing." On the 27th of July, Hollis pursues his account " of his surprise and fear of disappointment in our projected Professor of Mathematics." He then states, that the money Greenwood had " spent in a ramble of a few weeks," and his debts to tradesmen and others, amounted -to three hundred pounds sterling. Among other instances of extravagance, he mentions a debt for " three pair of pearl-colored silk stockings " ; articles of dress which Hollis doubtless thought were not suitable to his
* Hollis's Letter, July 1st, 1726. VOL. II. 3
18 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER character of philosopher, much less to that of clergy-
XX.
— man.
Notwithstanding his misconduct, the kind-hearted Hollis does not wholly abandon him as hopeless, but observes, " When you have seen and discoursed with Mr. Greenwood, you will be better able to judge of the case, and how to act, than by my letters ; if he see his past folly, in spending his pre- cious time and patrimony in so profuse and extrava- gant a manner, and give due signs of repentance, I shall be glad. Perhaps, now he is free from his rakish company, and confined for weeks on shipboard, he may bethink himself." " Pride, and expectation of honorable preferment of a Professorship, may have lifted him up ; but now he is humbled, and under great disgrace here. I suffer through him. I pray God to sanctify it to him for his spiritual and lasting advan- tage."
In November, 1726, Greenwood applied to the Cor- poration with reference to his being chosen Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy ; but they declined electing him, on account of certain letters of advice received from Mr. Hollis, " cautioning and restraining them from any present fixing upon Mr. Greenwood for that Professorship," and expressed their " hopes and desires, that matters might be so made up with Mr. Hollis, as that, upon writing to him and re- ceiving answers, he might be fixed on his foundation."
Nothing more is heard of Mr. Greenwood until the 9th of January, 1726-7, when Hollis writes to Colman ; " I take notice what you and others write concerning Mr. Greenwood, and read your Gazette concerning his designed lectures of Mathematics for this winter, and of some of you admitting him to
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 19
preach, which I think was very hasty. However, I CHAPTER
shall forbear telling hearsays concerning him to you, '- —
or him, or others, wishing his future carriage may be sober, religious, diligent, and becoming his profession and calling. And, if the Corporation shall be unanimous in electing him and recommending of him to me, I think I shall accept him as my Professor." And sub- sequently he expresses his satisfaction, " that, from all your letters, you all respect Mr. Greenwood. I forbear writing any thing more, as it may hurt his character, and hope the issue may be as well as is desired."
This was the last letter written by Mr. Hollis to Mr. Colman, antecedent to the action of the Corpora- tion on the subject of his Professor ; and, although he had given a conditional promise to accept Mr. Green- wood, should the Corporation be unanimous in his election, yet he probably thought, that he had stated and intimated sufficient to alarm prudent men, and that unanimity would not be obtained. The Cor- poration, however, were not deterred by any state- ments or intimations Hollis had made ; but, on the 12th of May, 1727,* they passed a vote, in which, after repeating the term " unanimously " twice, they declare the choice of Mr. Greenwood, adding, that it was in consequence of " letters of encouragement re- ceived from Mr. Hollis." This vote, however, though communicated to the Overseers, does not appear on the records of the Corporation, and is only transcribed into the book kept for the special registry of the bene- factions of Mr. Hollis.
It is due to the memory of our great benefactor, to
* See Appendix, No. I.
20 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER state, that no letters now extant give any support to the suggestion, that Mr. Greenwood was elected by his " encouragement." On the contrary, he repeats the declaration, " If you recommend, I accept, but not else ; " " If the Corporation are unanimous and recom- mend him, I think I shall accept him." Considering the tenor of these letters, written by the truest friend of the College, the most candid of men, and the founder of the Professorship which was to be rilled, it would be at this day utterly incomprehensible how prudent men could have elected Mr. Greenwood, did not the letters of Hollis furnish a probable explana- tion of this mystery.
In his letter of the 27th of July, 1726, Hollis, declaring his dissatisfaction with Greenwood, thus intimates that his attention was turned elsewhere. " Greenwood's carriage and behaviour have greatly grieved me, and so much more because I know not where to find one to fill up the place we have pro- posed for him, nor where you will find one. There is a gentleman bears me company, whom he knows. I have talked to him of it. But, as he is professedly a Baptist, I lay that thought aside ; knowing it will not be acceptable in your College ; "remembering how heinously some of you took it formerly, that I should name a Baptist equal with a Presbyterian. Though it be a term of reproach with some, I bear it, and bind it about me as an ornament."
By this letter Hollis intended unquestionably to ascertain whether the Corporation would elect a per- son qualified for the office, if he were a Baptist. The Corporation were alarmed, and immediately wrote to him, " not to nominate a Baptist Professor." To this request Hollis replied with some temper in his letter
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 21
of the 9th of January, 1726-7. "I notice, you CHAPTER desire me not to send you a Baptist Professor. I am xx' sorry to see such a caveat. The gentleman I had in my eye, in case Mr. Greenwood disappointed us, is of as catholic temper as Mr. Hollis. But that is now over. Only I add, some of you are not worthy of him. What has the dispute of baptism to do to enter into one Professorship or the other. But where persons are prejudiced, no good thing can come out of Nazareth. Pray have kinder thoughts of some of our Baptists. We are not all of dividing principles, though some defame us. We bear it."
By this letter the Corporation perceived that Hollis's spirit was moved ; and they proceeded immediately to elect Greenwood, under the strong apprehension entertained probably by both boards, that, if they delayed, a Baptist might be forced upon them. In the perversity or blindness of sectarian zeal, want of character or want of morals had little weight in the scale against what it called heresy or schism.
The Corporation seem to have had some misgiv- ings concerning the correctness of their suggestions in relation to Hollis's " encouragement " ; and there- fore, when he, in reply, wrote, that, " since they had chosen, he should readily confirm," and to Green- wood, that he had heard " with pleasure the news of his election and approbation by the Overseers, and prayed that he might have the divine guidance," extracts from these letters are spread upon the Hollis records, with this conclusion ; " From this it appears to the Corporation, that Mr. Hollis approves the elec- tion of Mr. Greenwood."
In scientific attainments Greenwood seems to have been well qualified for his Professorship. But of his
22 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER literary qualifications the only evidence remaining is ' — a discourse on the mutability and changes of the ma- terial world, and, among others, on the death of man, " read to the students of Harvard College, in April, 1731, upon the news of the death of Thomas
1737. Hollis, Esq., of London, the most bountiful benefac- tor to that society." His views are somewhat in advance of the age in which he lived, and, though in some respects imaginative, are both elevated and philosophical, and consonant with those pursued some years afterwards by Bishop Butler with so much skill and renown in his " Analogy of Religion to the Con- stitution and Course of Nature." This discourse cannot be read without exciting emotions of sorrow and regret for the early ruin of a mind, which has left indications of possessing loftiness and capacity.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 23
CHAPTER XXI.
Masters' Questions at Commencement. — Objected to by the Over- seers. — Proceedings of this Board. — Samuel Cook summoned before them, and reproved. — John Winthrop elected Professor of Mathematics. — An Attempt to examine into his religious Principles, negatived. — A similar Attempt in respect to Tutors succeeds. — Difficulties with Nathan Prince. — Circumstances under which he was first elected Fellow of the Corporation. — His Misconduct. — Complaints against him, by the President and Tutors, to the Over- seers. — Sustained by that Board. — Prince removed from all Offices in the College. — Remarks on the Proceedings of the Overseers. — Prince claims an Appeal from that Board, which is denied. — Pub- lishes a Pamphlet against the Overseers, by way of Appeal to the General Court. — Proceedings of the Overseers and Corporation on the Subject of his Removal. — Holden Chapel erected.
THE first Commencement after the inauguration CHAPTER
of Holyoke gave an occasion of alarm to the high . -
Calvinists in the board of Overseers. Three candi- questions dates for the Master's degree proposed to maintain mencement. the negative of the following questions. The first, bj William Parsons, " An Trinitas Personarum in Deitate Vetere Testamento sit revelata ; " the second, by Josiah Brown, " An creaturam ab aeterno existere contradictionem implicet ; " the third, by Joseph Snell, " An mysteria edocere religioni inserviat."
The President and Tutors, either partaking of the alarm of the Overseers or being anxious to calm their apprehensions, met on the morning of Commence- ment day, and ordered " the quality of each of those questions to be altered with pen and ink, they having
24 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
CHAPTER already been printed, before distributing them in the - meetinghouse," and that, instead of the negative, they should all be made affirmative. " It being answered, that they were most of them distributed already, it was ordered to alter those which were not distrib- uted."*
It appears by a memorial of Nathan Prince to Gov- ernor Shirley, that the first proposition to maintain these questions negatively, " had the plain face of Arianism," and that the negative was expunged, and the affirmative inserted, to escape reproach from the Orthodox, f
Proceed- This action of the President and Tutors did not
ings there-
o!ve°rseere satisfy tne Overseers, who would not permit an event of so grave an import to pass without solemn investi- gation ; and, at their next meeting on the 13th July, 1738,f they appointed a committee of that board, " to inquire about the authority of the alterations made in the corrected copy of the Masters' questions for the year 1738," and that " the committee be empowered in the name of the Overseers, to require, in the case aforesaid, the presence and answers of any persons related to the College."
At their next meeting the committee made their report, whereupon notice was given to Samuel Cook and another member of the class taking the Master's degree, to attend at the meeting in October ; and a committee was appointed " to consider what may be proper to be said to Mr. Cook, by way of reproof, and what may be published in the public prints relating to
* See Records of the Immediate Government, Vol. I. p. 107- f Paper on file in the archives of the College. Overseers' Records.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 25
that affair." On the 3d of November the committee CHAPTER
reported, and the Overseers voted, " that the President '- —
be desired to take care, that those Masters' questions of last Commencement, which have given offence as they now stand, affirmed or denied, may be contra- dicted in the Masters' questions at the next Com- mencement ; " and the clerk was ordered to direct Mr. Cook to appear at the next meeting of the Over- seers, and " receive such admonition as they think proper." Accordingly Mr. Cook appeared before the Overseers, and was asked by them, " Whether he had the same sentiments he expressed to the Committee respecting the exceptionable questions printed last Commencement ? To which he answered, that he had. And then a reproof was read to him by the clerk, for the part he had in printing said questions." Mr. Cook desiring a copy of this reproof, it was voted, that it should be given to him. It appears, however, by the record, that, Mr. Cook, " upon further con- sideration, not desiring a copy, several of the Over- seers were advised with about entering the aforesaid reproof upon the record, who thought it was not necessary at present."
The particular connexion of Cook with these ob- noxious questions cannot be learned from the record, but the proceedings prove the vigilance with which the progress of religious opinions in the College was watched by the Overseers. From the result it is ap- parent, that the board had exercised their powers of inquiry and of reproof quite as far as the authority vested in them justified, and readily agreed to give their proceedings no further publicity.
On the 30th of August, 1738, John Winthrop, of Boston, was elected Hollis Professor of Mathematics
VOL. II. 4
26 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER and Natural and Experimental Philosophy. This choice was laid before the Overseers on the 21st of
throp elect- the ensuing September ; and a question was raised.
ed iWes- . '
sorofMath. " whether a proper presentation, agreeably to Mr. Hollis's rules, of the Corporation's choice has been now made," which, after debate, was decided in the negative. It appears, that the Corporation had neg- lected to pass a vote to present the election of Mr. Winthrop to the Overseers for their approbation, and the question of concurrence was consequently not put by that board. The required vote was passed by the Corporation the next day ; and on the 3d of October the Overseers, on receiving a suitable presentation of Winthrop's election, appointed a committee " to ex- amine the Professor elect as to his knowledge in the Mathematics." At the same time a motion, that a committee should be appointed " to examine Mr. Winthrop about his principles of religion before the approbation of him by the Overseers," received from the board a decided negative.
At the adjournment of this meeting the committee appointed for the examination of Mr. Winthrop re- ported, that, with respect to his skill and knowledge in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, he was quali- fied for the Professorship. A vote was then passed, by which the vote negativing the examination of Mr. Winthrop as to his principles of religion was recon- sidered, " and the subject was referred for future con- sideration to the second Thursday of the next session of the General Court, and the members of the six towns were ordered to be summoned." It is obvious from this proceeding that the high-Calvinistic mem- bers of the board intended to bring their whole strength into the field, in order to establish, if possible, the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 27
practice of inquiring into the religious principles of the CHAPTER
candidate for this Professorship. Accordingly, at the '.
meeting in December, twenty-three lay and seventeen ecclesiastical members of the board of Overseers were present, and the question of examining Mr. Winthrop upon his religious principles was debated at great length, and finally negatived ; after which his election as Mathematical Professor was approved by the Over- seers, and, on the 2d of January, 1738 -9, he was in- augurated with appropriate ceremonies.* Winthrop's intimacy with Dr. Chauncy, and his cooperation with him in the investigation of " certain particular truths " probably strengthened, perhaps justified, the fears exist- ing among the stricter sect of Calvinists, that his religious views did not coincide with their standard of faith, and caused the pertinacity with which this ex- amination was pressed.f On the election of Joseph Mayhew, as Tutor, in September, 1739, the members of the Corporation present, when concurrence in their choice was under consideration by the Overseers, signified to the board, that they had examined him on his religious principles. But with this general state- ment the Overseers were not satisfied, and they re- quired these members of the Corporation " to give some account of this examination " ; which being done to the satisfaction of the board, Mayhew was ap- proved.
The obligation imposed upon Tutors at this period, to perform religious services in the Chapel, and also to give religious instruction to their respective classes, was doubtless, as suggested by Peirce, an apology,
* For the forms of proceeding, see Peirce's History, p. 190. f Mass. Hist. Coll., First Series, Vol. X. p. 159.
28 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER if not a motive, for applying a principle to this class
— of instructors, from which the board had excepted
the Professor of Mathematics.* The zeal and anxiety of the board of Overseers at this period, extended not only to the religious principles held by the Professors and Tutors at the time of their election, but also to the spirit and mode in which they afterwards con- ducted their respective departments. It might be supposed that a Professor would be permitted to con- sult his own judgment on the length of his discourses, and the manner of developing their topics. The Overseers, however, deemed themselves better judges than the Professor on that subject ; and, on the 7th of October, 1740, they deliberately voted, " that it be recommended to Dr. Wigglesworth, that, in pursuing his course of Divinity, in his public lectures, he be more concise in the several subjects he treats upon ;" a form of advice not well calculated either to con- ciliate or to convince.
Difficulties, similar to those which had occasioned the removal of Professor Greenwood, began about this time to embarrass the immediate government of the College, in regard to Nathan Prince, a Tutor. At the election of this individual, as has been already related,! the Corporation left the tenure, during which he should hold that office, to the option of the Over- seers, who resolved that it should not be " limited to three years, but should be holden without limitation of time."
There is reason to believe that the subsequent mis- conduct of Prince convinced the Overseers, and all the
* History of Harvard University, p. 188. t Vol. I. p. 310.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 29
friends of the College, of the wisdom of the limitation CHAPTER
proposed by the Corporation, and of the inconvenience _
arising from the office of Tutor being held on the tenure of a life estate.
In April, 1728, Mr. Colman intimated his intention to resign his seat in the Corporation. About the same time Mr. Sever gave notice that he intended to resign the office of Tutor, by which his seat in this board would be also vacated. According to the usage of that period, Nathan Prince being the oldest Tutor (Flynt excepted), was the prominent candidate for election to that board in place of Sever.
Prince had been five years a Tutor, arid his habits and temper were undoubtedly known or suspected by the Corporation. At least there is reason thus to con- jecture; since it appears by contemporaneous evidence, that the Corporation had it in contemplation, in filling the. vacancy occasioned by Sever's resignation, not to confine themselves to the choice of a resident Tutor.
No sooner was this intention known or suspected, than there appeared in the " New England Weekly Journal," published in Boston, an inflammatory para- graph, denouncing the report of such intention, as " vain, groundless, and highly reflecting on the Corpo- ration," by representing them capable " of so gross a procedure."*
This paragraph was probably the work of Prince himself, since its statements are as destitute of accu- racy as of temper. The Corporation, however, found that the course, which their better judgment indicated to be the most prudent, could not, at that time, be pursued ; for in December ensuing they chose the
* See Appendix, No. II.
30 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Rev. Joseph Sewall member of their board in the
XXI.
' — place of Colman, and Nathan Prince in that of Sever.
The sad consequences resulting from the election of Prince were among the causes, unquestionably, of the ultimate abandonment of the practice of electing, as of course, the two eldest Tutors into the Corporation.
Nathan Prince subsequently held the offices of Tutor and member of that board thirteen years. He was the brother of Thomas Prince, the annalist, and " superior to him," says Eliot, " in genius, and also to any man in New England in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy." He was sufficiently conscious of his attainments in these branches, and, on the removal of Greenwood, placed a confident reliance on being elected his successor. But his habits were notoriously irregular, his manners insolent, and his language often abusive. He had rendered himself personally obnox- ious to members both of the immediate government and of the Corporation. Upon the election of Win- throp to the chair of Mathematics and Natural Philos- ophy, the conduct of Prince became insupportable. He spoke openly of Winthrop, and several members of the Corporation and immediate government, and of the President himself, in terms of great insolence and disrespect ; and also assailed several respectable inhabitants of Cambridge with gross invectives and abuse, f
The particular cause of Prince's misconduct appears to have been intemperance. In October, 1741, his language and demeanor became so offensive, that the President and immediate government complained of
* Eliot's Biog. Diet., p. 393.
t Records of the Immediate Government and papers on file
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 31
him to the visiting committee of the Overseers, who, CHAPTER in their report to that board, stated, that Nathan XX1' - Prince had been guilty of " several great misde- ££Cof the meanors, to the great disturbance of the peace and good order of the College, the scandal of men, and evil example of others, of which there seemed a necessity of a speedy remedy." The Overseers there- upon passed a vote, directing the President and Tutors to draw up articles expressing the several crimes and misdemeanors of Prince, and, before a day appointed, to deliver them to the clerk of the Over- seers, who was ordered to serve him with a copy immediately, that he might have an opportunity to give in his answer to the board at their adjournment ; and they declared their intention to enter at that time into an examination of the affair.
In these proceedings there was great irregularity. Their ir- By the constitution of the College, as construed by uniform practice, complaints against tutors and in- structors were to be made first to the Corporation ; the jurisdiction of the Overseers being appellate, and not original.
President Holyoke, Tutor Flynt, Dr. Wigglesworth, and Mr. Appleton, who constituted a majority of the Corporation, had been subjected to the calumnies of Prince, and had coincided in the complaints made by the immediate government to the Overseers. The only members of the Corporation, therefore, who sustained an impartial position in respect to him, were Mr. Hutchinson, the Treasurer, and the Rev. Dr. Sewall, to whom it must have been pain- ful to be called to sit in judgment upon the brother of his colleague, the Rev. Thomas Prince.
Influenced by the peculiarity of these relations, and its causes.
32 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER probably according to an understanding with the Cor-
poration, and agreeably to their wishes, the complaint
of the immediate government against Prince was made directly to the Overseers, and entertained by them without any question concerning their authority being raised by the Corporation.
The proceedings against Prince originated in the board of Overseers on the 21st of October, 1741. Twelve special meetings of that body were subse- quently held, which eventuated in the removal of Prince " from all offices in relation to the College," by a solemn vote of the Overseers, on the 1st of April, 1742. This result was justified by the facts, deserved by the individual, and required by the in- terest and honor of the College. But it was, on the part of the Overseers, an open and unjustifiable as- sumption of power; and, although acquiesced in, at that time, from motives of prudence, it cannot at this day be regarded in any other light, than that of a manifest violation of the principles of the College charter.
Mode of The board of Overseers conducted the proceedings
conducting
^tion'6811 against Prince with great patience, precision, and formality. The articles of complaint were filed by the President and Tutors with the clerk of the Overseers, and a copy was delivered to Prince twenty days pre- viously to the adjourned meeting of that board, on the 26th of November, 1741. On that day, Prince not appearing, the Overseers ordered that he should be called three times ; after which a letter, at his request, was allowed to be read and filed with the clerk. No inquiries were permitted concerning facts not specified in the articles, and on these charges sixteen witnesses were examined. The particulars substantiated by
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 33
evidence, and affirmed by the votes of the Overseers CHAPTER
to be proved, were his " speaking with contempt XXL
of the President and Tutors as to learning, &c.," " charging the President with making false records with design," calling one of the Tutors a " puppy," another a " liar," " endeavouring to stir up strife," " ill-treating several gentlemen," " accustoming him- self to rude and ridiculous gestures," " speaking out in time of public worship so as to excite laughter," " negligence of his pupils," and, what may account for all the preceding, " intemperance in strong drink."
Every proper indulgence was extended to the ac- cused. A written request from Prince, to be permitted to retain his connexion wich the College until the next annual meeting of the board, or until he could find other employment, was indeed rejected. But he was permitted to have copies of any papers which had been laid before the board ; and an adjournment of fifteen days was made to give him time to prepare his defence, which consisted chiefly in a denial of the authority of the Overseers. An examination of the charter of the College and its Appendix was the consequence ; and, after a debate on the question, " Whether the board apprehend that the examination, trial, and judgment of Mr. Nathan Prince lie properly before them," it was decided in the affirmative.
Several adjournments then took place, and measures Dismissal were taken to procure a full board. On the 18th of Feb- Prince. ruary, 1741-2, after long debate, the question, whether Mr. Nathan Prince be removed from all offices relating to the College, was passed in the affirmative by the Overseers, who recommended it to the Corporation to fill up such vacancies as were made by his removal. At this meeting Prince filed with the clerk of the
VOL. n. 5
34 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER board a paper, purporting to be " an appeal from the
'— judgment and determination of a minority of the
members to the full body of Overseers." This ap- peal occasioned much debate and several adjournments. Prince appeared personally, and gave in his reasons for claiming an appeal. When he had retired, the act constituting the Overseers and the College charter were read, and a debate ensued on the question, whether his claim of an appeal should be allowed. Twenty-one members were present, who all voted in the negative, except the Rev. Thomas Prince, the brother of the accused.
Nathan Prince was in consequence dismissed from the relations he held, as Tutor and member of the Corporation. His appeal Although defeated and disgraced, he was not dis-
to the Gen- eral Court, posed to submit in silence. He immediately embodied
in a pamphlet the principles of his defence before the board of Overseers, which he published by way of appeal to the General Court and the public. It evi- dences considerable research and intellectual acute- ness, with great strength of passion and an indomi- table vindictiveness of spirit. The fundamental as- sertion of his pamphlet, that " an independent power to judge, censure, and dismiss a member of the Corporation," was not vested in the board of Over- seers, by the acts which form the constitution of Harvard College, would, at this day, scarcely ad- mit a question. But his argument, that the Overseers have not the power to counsel the Corporation to dismiss one of its own members, nor to approve the dismissal, by the Corporation, of the President or of such member, but that the power to remove an obnoxious individual was exclusively vested in the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 35
General Court, is wholly assumed and inconclusive, CHAPTER
and had its origin in a strong desire to revenge him- !__
self upon the Overseers, who had dismissed him, and upon the Corporation, who had silently acquiesced in that dismissal. The argument of Prince produced apparently no sensation in the Province, and received no countenance from the legislature. However ir- regular in point of form, there was a general acqui- escence in the result. His removal was deemed just, and no disposition appeared, in any quarter, to re- instate him for the purpose of settling the limits of the constitutional powers of the Overseers.
The Corporation were, apparently, willing to bear the assumption of the Overseers in order to escape the necessity of sitting in judgment on a fellow-member. To avoid, however, the effect of the precedent, they passed, on the 27th of April, 1742, the following votes, intended, in the language of Lord Coke, to be "an exclusion of a conclusion." " Whereas the Hon- Votes of
the Corpo-
orable and Reverend the Board of Overseers of Har- ration on
his dismis-
vard College did, upon the 18th of February last sal- passed, vote the removal of Mr. Nathan Prince (one of the Fellows and Tutors of the College) from all offices relating thereto, on account of sundry crimes and misdemeanors, whereof he was convicted before them, and which he had been charged with at said board by some of the Corporation as well as the Tutors of said College, and also did then recommend it to the Corporation to fill up the vacancies made by said Prince's removal ; and, although we appre- hend that (according to the charter of said Harvard College) affairs of this nature ought to originate with the Corporation, yet, inasmuch as so many of the Corporation have been either complainants against the
36 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER said Prince, or have been aspersed or maltreated by — him, so that there is not left a majority of said Cor- poration, who may be thought by him or by others (as we understand) to be indifferent judges in this affair ; and inasmuch as we apprehend, that, under all circumstances, it will not be for the interest and peace of the said College, that he should continue any longer in office therein, therefore (saving all rights given to the Corporation by their charter) they passed the following votes. 1. That Mr. Joseph Mayhew be a Fellow of the Corporation in the room of the said Mr. Prince. 2. That Mr. Belcher Hancock be a Tutor in the room of said Mr. Prince, and that for three years."
proceed- These votes were laid before the Overseers on the
ings there- Overseers succeeding 6th of May, for their consent, who, far
from taking any exception to the apprehensions, ex- pressed in them, of an assumption by that board of the rights of the Corporation, not only gave their assent to those votes, but caused them to be entered at large on their records. Notwithstanding the per- tinacity with which they had resisted the limitation of the tenure of a Tutor's office to three years at the time of the election of Mr. Prince, no objection was now made to the introduction of that principle, and it became a fixed rule in both boards. Time and ex- perience had made them all converts to the wisdom of the Corporation on this subject.
The spirit of Prince was neither broken nor sub- dued by the union of the two boards on his dismissal ; nor yet by the indifference of the community and the General Court to his invectives and appeals. He refused to leave his chambers in the College, notwith- standing repeated orders to quit them; nor did he
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 37
obey until a vote passed both boards, authorizing the CHAPTER doors of his chamber to be broken open, and ordering that he should be forcibly removed.
Nathan Prince is said to have been " a mathema- tician," " a logician," " a scholar," and " a philoso- pher." But history is never less satisfactorily or usefully employed, than when making researches after the intellectual attainments of individuals, who have sported with the bounty, and apparently frustrated the designs, of Heaven, by perverting talents, bestowed for the service of their species and age, to their own disgrace, and the injury of their contemporaries.
In December, 1741, the Corporation "thankfully Hoiden accepted the generous offer of Mrs. Hoiden (widow of Mr. Samuel Hoiden, merchant, late of London, and Governor of the Bank of England,) and her daughters, of four hundred pounds sterling, to build a chapel for the use of Harvard College." At the same time they passed a vote of thanks to " Mr. Thomas Hutchinson, M. A., merchant in Boston," (in after times the Gov- ernor and Historian of Massachusetts Bay), " for his good offices in proposing to Mrs. Hoiden this appro- priation of her bounty to Harvard College." The Corporation might have been partially indebted to the suggestions of Mr. Hutchinson for this benefaction, but its origin is to be ascribed to causes earlier and more efficient. The Rev. Benjamin Colman had be- come acquainted in early life with Samuel Hoiden, who subsequently, by his talents, integrity, and great ca- pacity in mercantile affairs, raised himself to a seat in Parliament, and became Governor of the Bank of England. Piety and charity added a lustre and power to the other excellences of his character. He was the acknowledged head of the Dissenters in Great
38
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Britain, and his patronage of that interest directed his
! bounty towards Massachusetts. Dr. Colman was for
more than forty years the correspondent of Mr. Holden, and acknowledges to have received from him nearly five thousand pounds, Massachusetts currency, for pious and charitable uses. The widow and daughters of Mr. Holden emulated his example, and exceeded even his munificence in the amount of their dona- tions. By the members of this family, in this Pro- vince alone, more than ten thousand pounds currency were distributed for benevolent purposes. To the bounty of these ladies the College is indebted for the building now known by the name of Holden Chapel.
HOLDEN CHAPEL, ERECTED IN 1744.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 39
CHAPTER XXII.
General State of the College. — Visit of the Rev. George Whitefield to New England. — Effects of his Preaching. — His Opinion of the College. — Tutor Flynt's Opinion of Whitefield. — Report of the Overseers, concerning the religious Excitement in the College. — A Day of Thanksgiving proposed. — Tutor Flynt's Account of that religious Excitement. — President Holyoke's Reply to White- field's Aspersions. — Effect of religious Enthusiasm in Connecticut. — President, Fellows, and Tutors of Harvard College unite in a "Testimony against the Rev. George Whitefield." — He replies, persisting in the Truth of his Aspersions. — Dr. Wigglesworth replies to Whitefield. — Controversy with Whitefield closed by President Holyoke. — An Opinion prevails that the Influence of Harvard College is unfavorable to Calvinistic Doctrines. — Causes of this Opinion. — The Calvinistic Doctrines illustrated by the Writings of Jonathan Edwards ; the Anti-Calvinistic, by those of Charles Chauncy and Jonathan May hew. — Means adopted to strengthen and establish Calvinism at Yale College.
THE general state of the College at this period is CHAPTER thus represented by the report of a visiting committee x of the Overseers, in April, 1740. " The exercises required by law are statedly attended, and the body of laws lately made for the government of the College do, in a good measure, answer their end, and prove beneficial to the society : and at present there does not appear occasion for any new laws to be made, or any new proposals to be laid before the Over- seers." The College was in this satisfactory state, when its quiet was disturbed, and its religious char- acter assailed by a foreigner, through whose agency
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER domestic discontent circulated calumnies, for which
XXII.
— it was unwilling to be itself publicly responsible, white- In September, 1740, George Whitefield, the cele-
field's first
arrival in brated itinerant preacher, made his first appearance in
.New Jiii)!?' •*•
land. New England ; exciting, like other comets, terror in some, wonder in others, curiosity in all. By many Whitefield was hailed as a special messenger from Heaven, sent to awaken, alarm, and convert. By others he was viewed as an enthusiast, producing transient effects by means of a vivid imagination and theatrical eloquence. The clergy were not less di- vided than the people on the value of his ministrations. Some regarded them as the manifest outpouring of the Holy Spirit through a chosen instrument ; others, as the natural result of a cultivated and well-managed oratorical talent. Whitefield, on this, his first visit to New England, was invited, with few exceptions, into all the pulpits. On the 24th of September he preached in the first church in Cambridge, where the students of the College attended public worship. In his Journal he represents himself as having been " treated and entertained very civilly by the President of the College," and as having " spoken with great boldness on these words, ' We are not as many, who corrupt the word of God,'" and, in the conclusion of his sermon, to have " made a close application to tutors and students." On another occasion, he writes, " Being at the College, I preached on the qualifica- tions proper for a true evangelical preacher of Christ's righteousness. The Lord opened my mouth, and I spoke very plainly to tutors and pupils."
From the topic and tenor of his eloquence on these occasions, it is obvious, that Whitefield had been in- structed as to his course by those of the clergy, who
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 41
were malecontent with the seminary, and who regard- CHAPTER
ed the College as not sufficiently evangelical, and as - '
" corrupting the word of God." In his Journal, White- field unequivocally asserts this fact. " The chief Col- lege," * he writes, " in New England, has one Presi- dent, four Tutors, and about a hundred students. It His opinion
of the
is scarce as big as one of our least Colleges in Oxford, College- and, as far as I could gather from some, who well knew the state of it, not far superior to our Univer- sities in piety and true godliness. Tutors neglect to pray with, and examine the hearts of, their pupils. Discipline is at too low an ebb. Bad books are become fashionable amongst them. Tillotson and Clarke are read instead of Shepard and Stoddard, and such like evangelical writers ; and therefore I chose to preach on these words, ' We are not as many, who corrupt the word of God."
Afterwards, in a more general way, writing con- cerning the religious state of New England, he adds, " As for the Universities, I believe it may be said, that their light has become darkness ; darkness that may be felt, and is complained of by the most godly ministers." f
At Cambridge, as elsewhere, the weak and timid were excited, and terrified, by the eloquence of Whitefield, and remarkable convictions, as they were carefully called, took place. The scholars of the College were said by many to be " in general won- derfully wrought upon." t Others took a different view of these effects, among whom was Henry Flynt,
* Whitefield's Seventh Journal, Edit. 1741, p. 28,
t Ibid., p. 55.
t Boston Gazette, April 20th, 1741 ; June 29th, 1741.
VOL. II. 6
42 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER a man highly esteemed for his piety and learning, - '. — who had been more than forty years a Tutor of the College. His opinions concerning Whitefield indicate great calmness and judgment, and are the more re- markable, as they were recorded at a moment when the whole vicinity was in a state of lively excitement from his eloquence, and could not have been in- fluenced by subsequent occurrences.
Tutor Flynt writes; " October 12th, 1740. Having heard
the preaching and had something of the conversation
of the famous Mr. George Whitefield, who is about twenty-six years of age ; very popular and affecting in his delivery and address ; not rational or argumen- tative ; nor useth much Scripture in confirmation of his points. He has the old New England and Puritanic way of thinking and preaching about regeneration, and conversion, and justification by faith alone, origi- nal sin, &c. He appears to be a good man, and sin- cerely desirous to do good to the souls of sinners ; is very apt to judge hardly, and censure, in the severest terms, those that differ from his scheme. He seems to be a man not much acquainted with books, and indeed he has had but little time for it, which makes me wonder at his positive and dogmatical way of expressing himself in some things. He has a good deal of action, by lifting up and spreading out his hands in prayer and preaching ; and his action well enough suits his zeal. He has preached in many meetinghouses and on the Common in Boston, to great auditories, and likewise in the country ; and I hope to the benefit of many souls. It is certain, his Orphan House at Georgia will have great benefit by it, for it is reckoned he has collected contributions of money to the value of near twenty-five hundred pounds al-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 43
ready, besides other gratuities ; and the time and other CHAPTER charges in people's following his preaching, is valued — _!__ by some at one thousand pounds per diem. He has been here a little above a fortnight. All sorts have attended his preaching and have contributed. He seems to me to be a pious, zealous man, of good natural parts, and style good enough ; but over cen- sorious, over rash, and over confident ; in some things enthusiastical and whimsical. He has treated the great and good Bishop Tillotson injuriously and scur- rilously. I think he is a composition of a great deal of good and some bad ; and 1 pray God to grant success to what is well designed and acted by him." * It is probable, that the opinions thus expressed by Flynt were in unison with those of the immediate government of the College ; but there were indi- viduals among the Overseers who attached a higher value to Whitefield's labors. In June, 1741, the visiting committee appointed by that board stated officially, " that they find of late extraordinary and Religious
. excitement
happy impressions or a religious nature have been among the made on the minds of a great number of students, by which means the College is in a better order than usual, and the exercises of the Professors and Tutors better attended."
Upon the reading of this report, a vote was passed by the Overseers, " earnestly recommending it to the President, Tutors, Professors, and instructors, by per- sonal application to the students under impressions of a religious nature, and by all other means, to encourage and promote this good work."
The Overseers, not being satisfied with this vote,
* Fiynt's Diary.
44 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER immediately proposed and adopted a second, in these
— words ; " In consideration of the comfortable account
we have received of the state of religion in Harvard College, by a work of God on the minds of many students there, voted, that there be a meeting of the Overseers next Wednesday at the College, to spend some time in humble thanksgiving to God, for the effusion of his holy Spirit, and in earnest supplication, that the good work so graciously begun may be abun- dantly carried on, that the government of said Col- lege may be always under the divine direction and influence in all their determinations with regard to the welfare of that society."
Tutor Of the nature of this " work of God," Tutor Flynt
Flynt's J
account of jn his Diary under the dates of December, 1740, and
this re-
January> 1741, gives the following graphic account.
" Many students," (to the number of thirty, whose names he gives,) "appeared to be in a great concern as to their souls, first moved by Mr. Whitefield's preach- ing, and after by Mr. Tennent's and others', and by Mr. Appleton, who was more close and affecting in his preaching after Mr. Whitefield's being here. They prayed together, sung psalms and discoursed together, read good books, such as Stoddard's * Guide to Christ,' and Shepard's ' Sincere Convert.' Some told of their visions, some of their convictions, some of their as- surances, some of their consolations. One pretended to see the Devil in the shape of a bear coming to his bedside. Others burst into a laugh when talking of the day of judgment ; another did so in prayer, which they imputed to the Devil's temptation ; some were under great terrors, some had a succession of clouds and comforts ; some spoke of prayer and amend- ment of life as a poor foundation of trust, advising
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 45
to look only to the merits and righteousness of Christ ; CHAPTER some talked about the free grace of God in election, "' and of the decrees. I told them," says Flynt, " that the Almighty's decrees were above them, and that they should not much trouble themselves about them at present;" and he sums up the whole matter thus; " Many, if not all, mean well. Some have extrava- gancies and errors of a weak and warm imagination. I have talked with several. Some were converted, some humble, some ignorant, but I hope they mean well. We that are rulers should watch against cor- ruptions that may arise from this affair, against the devices of Satan, and pray for ourselves and them, that the true work of grace may be promoted, ill things obviated, and good encouraged."
The records of the immediate government abun- dantly prove the groundlessness of the assertion, that " discipline was at a low ebb in the College." They also give no evidence of any important moral effect among the students, produced by the preaching of Whitefield. On the contrary, they show, that between December, 1740, and May, 1741, disorders of a dis- graceful character occurred, in which several students were implicated.
The 10th of June, 1741, was the day appointed by the Overseers for thanksgiving on account of " this work of God " on the minds of many students ; but of forty members of the board only five appeare.d at the meeting, viz. the Lieutenant-Governor, the Presi- dent, the clergyman and two inhabitants of Cam- bridge ; and an adjournment was consequently made to the 12th of June. But as, in the record of the meet- ing on that day, there is no mention of any special
46 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER religious services, it is probable that no thanksgiving — '- — was celebrated.
Signs of the usual result of such violent excite- ments soon appeared in the community, and in the seminary. In the course of two years a reaction became so manifest, that Mr. Appleton, the candid and pious pastor of Cambridge, in bearing renewed testimony to the certainty, that religious impressions Religious " in some years past had occurred, especially among
impressions ..
degenerate the younger sort, ' was yet compelled to make this
into contro- . *
ver"y- remarkable concession. " But then, what I look upon as matter of lamentation at this day, is, that those con- victions, as to great numbers, in these parts of the land, have died away, without leaving any good effect upon them. And that, through the weakness of men, and the subtlety of Satan, many errors, delusions, and disorders have crept into some places, and much of the religious concern is degenerating into contro- versy." *
The sparks of religious discord, scattered throughout New England, Whitefield had raised into a flame, which burst forth and burnt with great vehemence after his departure. The clergy and people became divided by the consequent disputes, and the College and its governors shared much of the obloquy and ill will which are ever attendant on such contro- versies. President Holyoke, in a sermon preached in May, 1741, in Boston, before the Convention of ministers, after warning his hearers against " the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy," into which, he observes, they were helped by their venera-
* See Testimony and Advice of Pastors and Churches in New England ; Appendix, No. I. pp. 44, 45. Edit. 1743.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 47
tion for traditions from the fathers, on which account CHAPTER they conceived themselves to be " more holy than other XXII< men," and drew crowds about them " by pretensions to sanctity and greater righteousness"; and also against the leaven of the Sadducees, who, by denying all traditions, fell into deism and free-thinking; proceeded to remark on " the aspersions cast of late on the school Religious of the prophets, either as to the principles there prev- college. alent, or the books there read." These disadvan- tageous reports, he declares, he does not doubt pro- ceeded " from a godly spirit, not to be faulted, unless it so burn and rage as rashly to impute doctrines and tenets to those who do by no means avow them." But he asserts this jealousy to be mistaken, and adds, " Nor has that society been in so happy a state as to these things from the time I was first acquainted with the principles there, which must be allowed to be the space of four or five and thirty years at least, as it is at this day."
The zeal of those, who made Whitefield the organ Religious
/. • • n state °f
of their animosity to the College, was not however to New Eng- land. be quenched by authority or facts. The elements of
theological discord were at this period in a state of violent effervescence throughout New England. * " Di- visions and contentions prevailed, both among ministers and people, concerning the doctrines and practice of religion." " Neglect and contempt of the Gospel and its ministers, a prevailing and abounding spirit of error, disorder, unpeaceableness, pride, bitterness, unchari- tableness, censoriousness, disobedience, calumniating and reviling of authority, divisions, contentions, separa- tions and confusions in churches, injustice, idleness,
* Chauncy's State of Religion, p. 295.
48 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER evil speaking, lasciviousness, and all other vices and
X5CIT
— — impieties abounded." Such is the picture of the moral and religious state of the period, drawn by the govern- ment of Connecticut, in a proclamation for a fast in the year 1743. Nor is there any reason to believe it was greatly overcharged. Circumstances placed the Col- lege, as it were, in the centre of the evil passions, which the whirlwind of theological controversy had raised. In 1744 they had attained such a height, that Testimony President, Professors, Tutors, and Instructors deemed lege gov- themselves compelled to come forward in defence of
ernment
Whitefield tne institution, and to publish in December of that year their " Testimony against the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield and his Conduct " ; denouncing him as " an enthusiast, a censorious, uncharitable person, and a deluder of the people," and stating at large the reasons of their denunciation. The reproachful reflections Whitefield had cast upon the College they pronounced " rash and arrogant," and his representa- tion of the " deplorable state of immorality " in the seminary as " a most wicked and libellous falsehood " ; " uncharitable," " censorious," and " slanderous."*
This publication called out Whitefield, who, in another pamphlet, denied some things, explained
white- others, and expressed his regret, that he had " pub-
field'sre- . . .
ply- lished his private informations, though from credible
persons;" at the same time he persisted in his opinion, that his statements were true, and intimated his belief, that the assertions of President Holyoke were not correct, " either as to the principles there prevalent, or the books there read."
* The Testimony of the President, Professors, Tutors, and Hebrew Instructor of Harvard College, in Cambridge, against the Reverend George Whitefield and his Conduct. Pages 9-11. Edit. 1744.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 4
To this pamphlet Dr. Wigglesworth, the Hollis CHAPTER Professor of Divinity, published a full and elaborate XX[I answer, in a letter to Whitefield, dated April 22d, gi 1745. He asserts, that the disadvantageous character, drawn by Whitefield, was probably gathered by hear- say from some persons, with whom he could not have had six days' acquaintance, and that no credible person, who well knew the state of the College, could have told him any thing from which he could fairly infer the calumnies he had circulated. Wig- glesworth calls upon Whitefield to " produce the credible person, or take the vile slander on himself."
To the charge, that " Tutors neglect to pray with their pupils," Wigglesworth's reply is, that, if White- field meant, that social worship, morning and evening, was not maintained, it is so vile a slander, that we can hardly believe you met with a single man, who was false and bold enough to give you such an account of us." But, if Whitefield meant, that, besides morning and evening prayers, Tutors did not take their own pupils into their chambers and pray with them again, Wigglesworth inquires, " What law of Christ hath made this the ordinary duty of Tutors, that you should think a neglect of it such a re- proach, that the world ought to hear of it ? " *
To his charge, that " Tutors do not examine the hearts of their pupils," Wigglesworth replies, " To examine our own heart is indeed a great duty, but that it is our duty ordinarily to examine the hearts of others is not so clear. The Son of God hath said, Rev. ii. 23, ' I am he who searches the reins and hearts ; ' would you have Tutors invade his preroga-
* Wigglesworth's Letter to George Whitefield, pp. 26-28. VOL. II. 7
50 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tive ? or would you introduce the Popish practice of
'— auricular confession ? If you meant only to assert,
that the souls of pupils are not taken care of, by say- ing, that here, as in the Universities of England, ' Christ and Christianity is scarce so much as named among them,' it is a very injurious and false repre- sentation, as you might easily have known, had your ears not been more open to evil reports than to good ones."
As to the charge, that " discipline is at a low ebb," Dr. Wigglesworth replies, " This reproach we had little reason to expect at the time you published it. We had just turned out one Tutor for corrupt prin- ciples, and expelled a Professor for immoral practices. It is not to be supposed, that a government which does not spare its own officers, would at the same time wink at the faults of the children."
In reply to the charge, that " books such as Tillot- son and Clarke were read, and evangelical writers neglected," Dr. Wigglesworth states, that " for almost nine years Tillotson's works had not been taken out of the library by any undergraduates, and Clarke's work not for two years," and he publishes a formidable list of " writers reckoned evangelical, so often bor- rowed by undergraduates as scarcely ever to be in the library."
Dr. Wigglesworth concludes his letter by " putting it personally to Whitefield's conscience," what good end he proposed to himself by thus publicly calum- niating the College. " It is easy to see many things very hurtful to us, which you might have in view, such as discouraging benefactors, injuring the semi- nary in estate as well as name, and preventing pious parents from sending their children to us for edu-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 51
cation. A private notice of what you heard to the CHAPTER
XXII
disadvantage of the College, instead of traducing it,
was what the governors had a right to have expected of you, if not as a Christian, at least as a gentleman, since you acknowledge you were very civilly treated and kindly entertained."
After proving that Whitefield had " very injuriously and sinfully misrepresented the College," Dr. Wig- glesworth concludes with a prayer, that he may be " brought to such a temper of mind and correspondent conduct, as to be prepared to receive forgiveness from God and man, and may obtain it from both."
Many other publications, attacking or defending Thecon- Whitefield, and censuring or vindicating the College, closed by appeared about this period ; but enough has been said to exhibit the nature and spirit of the controversy. President Hoiyoke closed the dispute, so far as re- lated to the College, by an answer to Whitefield, pub- lished as an Appendix to Dr. Wigglesworth's Letter. In this he explains the alleged inconsistency between the tenor of that letter and his Convention Sermon, which had been objected to him by Whitefield ; to whom he thus replies. " When I said, many no doubt have been savingly converted, I their thought it to be true, but now freely acknowledge I was then too sanguine. Multitudes besides me, no doubt, would be as ready as I am now, had they a proper occasion for it, to say they have been sorrowfully deceived ; and that, whatever good was done, hath been pro- digiously overbalanced by the evil; and the furious zeal with which you had so fired the passions of the people hath, in many places, burnt up the very vitals of religion ; and a censorious, unpeaceable, uncharita-
52 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
ble disposition hath, in multitudes, usurped the place
XXII
— ^ — of a godly jealousy."
caivinistic The controversy with Whitefield was the last of a caivinistic theological character in which the governors of the
doctrines in „ „ ,. , , . , ,.
NewEng- College directly engaged. As doctrinal disputes grew more intense and critical, they stood aloof, realizing the wisdom of conducting the seminary exclusively as a literary, rather than as a theological institution. At this period the high Caivinistic doctrines prevailed throughout New England, but chiefly predominated in the interior of Massachusetts, and in the Colony of Connecticut. In Boston and its vicinity, and along the seaboard of Massachusetts, clergymen of great talent and religious zeal openly avowed doctrines which were variously denounced by the Caivinistic party as Arminianism, Arianism, Pelagianism, Socin- ianism, and Deism. The most eminent of these clergymen were alumni of Harvard, active friends and advocates of the institution, and in habits of intimacy and professional intercourse with its gov- ernors. Their religious views indeed received no public countenance from the College ; but circum- stances gave color for reports which were assiduously circulated throughout New England, that the influ- ences of the institution were not unfavorable to the extension of such doctrines. The College became, in consequence, an object of severe scrutiny and some reproach, not the less severe from the fact that one or more members of the Corporation were among the most zealous of the Caivinistic sect. The attack made by Whitefield on the College was in coincidence with these reports. The religious revivals, attributed to his eloquence, had an earlier origin. The princi- ples of high Calvinism, which he preached in their
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 53
most appalling terrors, had been previously wielded CHAPTER by eminent clergymen in New England with like effect. At Northampton, in Massachusetts, in 1736, Religious
revivals at
revivals were accompanied by as extraordinary mental Nor and physical phenomena, as those occasioned by the preaching of Whitefield. The little encouragement given to this excitement by the governors of the College, and their open denunciations of Whitefield, were regarded as evidences of their want of sympathy with Calvinistic doctrines, of which these " revivals " were claimed and lauded as the natural results. " Such fruits," an eminent Calvinistic clergyman de- clared,* with pointed allusion to the sentiments al- leged to prevail in the College, " do not grow on Arminian ground."
Since the struggles of the contending religious parties of that period to gain and retain an ascendency in Harvard College, have had an unquestionable in- fluence on the character and fortunes of the institu- tion, it is requisite to refer to the doctrines and spirit by which they were characterized. It is also due to those men, who first incurred the odium of diminish- ing the influence of Calvinistic principles in the College, to show what the rival doctrines were, and the manner in which they were supported by their respective advocates, that after times may be enabled justly to determine which were most in unison with the spirit of the sacred Scriptures.
But in a work, strictly historical, no reference will be made to any sectarian influences or doctrines
* The Rev. William Cooper, in his Preface to Mr. Edwards's " Sermon on the Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God." Boston, 1741. p. 15.
54 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHxxnKR excePt such as were the acknowledged instruments — in producing those " revivals," which drew the Col- lege openly into the field of religious controversy ; and, that impartiality may be observed in respect to the doctrines and views of the contending sects, they will be stated in the language used by distin- guished divines, recognised by their contemporaries and by their respective parties as their most pow- erful advocates, and entitled to the character of leaders.
Jonathan Edwards, Charles Chauncy, and Jonathan Mayhew have each a claim to this distinction. In their writings the successive gradations of religious opinion, from high Calvinism to great liberality, appear in bold relief. Their fame extended across the At- lantic, and their works were generally read and highly esteemed. Edwards and Chauncy were, in the strict- est sense, contemporaries. They were nearly of the same age, and were graduated within a year of each other, the former at Yale, the latter at Harvard Col- lege ; and, about the time that Edwards was settled in the ministry at Northampton, Chauncy was ordained pastor of the First Church in Boston.
Few men, in any age, ever devoted themselves to
the interests of their profession with more ardent,
Jonathan untiring zeal, than Jonathan Edwards. In his station
Edwards.
at Northampton, then a small village containing about a thousand or fifteen hundred souls, on the frontier of Massachusetts, he practised the seclusion and self- denial of an anchorite. Disengaging himself from temporal affairs, seldom visiting his people except to preach, to exhort, and to catechize, he dedicated his time almost exclusively to the contemplation of theo-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 55
logical subjects.* In illustrating and enforcing the CHAPTER doctrines of Calvin, his zeal was exemplary and his _ ' _ metaphysical skill unsurpassed. His arguments were drawn chiefly from the depths of his own mind; and, discerning the strength of the peculiar tenets of his sect, he availed himself of their inherent power to take captive the imagination, and to paralyze the action of human reason by denying its authority. The consequences which he perceived to flow neces- sarily from the doctrines of his faith, he neither softened nor concealed, but often displayed them in high relief, and with an exciting perspicuity. The doctrine of original sin, as it respects the imputation of guilt, is thus developed in his writings with uncom- mon plainness and fidelity. "We are creatures, in-
J
. opement of
finitely sinful and abominable in God's sight, and by the doc-
•' trine of
our infinite guilt have brought ourselves into such man's sin-
fulness ;
wretched and deplorable circumstances, that all our righteousnesses are nothing and ten thousand times worse than nothing." — " Will it not betray a foolish, exalting opinion of ourselves and a mean one of God, to have a thought of offering any thing of ours, to recommend us to the favor of being brought from wallowing, like swine, in the mire of our sins, and from the enmity and misery of devils in the lowest hell, to the state of God's dear children in the ever- lasting arms of his love, in heavenly glory ?"f
In supporting the doctrine of the natural enmity of man's
* enmity to
of mankind to God, he represents this enmity to God. be mortal, " without any mixture or the least spark of love," " as full of malice as hell is full of fire," " as
* See the Life of President Edwards, prefixed to his Works. t Works, Vol. VII. p. 123.
56 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER full of enmity towards God as any viper or venomous beast is full of poison," an enmity " which strikes at the life of God;" but "man cannot kill God," — " the divine nature being immortal and infinitely out of our reach ; there is, therefore, no other trial possible, whether the enmity that is naturally in the heart against God be mortal or no, but only for God to take on him the human nature and become man, so as to come within man's reach, that they should be capable of killing him. This trial there has been. And what has been the event ? Why, when once God became man, and came down to dwell here among such vipers as fallen men, they hated him and persecuted him, and never left him till they had imbrued their hands in his blood."*
His use of These doctrines of Calvin, and others of a simi- ificationof lar character, form frequent topics of the discourses
the evil
principle, of Mr. Edwards ; and in maintaining them he is al- ways bold and uncompromising, and often original. His metaphysical acuteness imposed no check upon his imagination. The personification of the evil prin- ciple is wrought into his works with great skill and power. Thus, in illustrating the doctrine, that " no speculative knowledge is a certain evidence of saving grace," he introduces that agent with extraordinary effect. " The Devil " is represented by him as a being possessed of " great abilities and extensive ac- quaintance with things," " great speculative knowl- edge in divinity," having been " educated in the best divinity school in the universe, in the heaven of heavens ; " as possessing " clear notions on the doc- trine of the Trinity ; more knowledge than a hundred
* Ibid. pp. 165-169.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 57
saints of an ordinary education, and most divines ; " CHAPTER " orthodox in his faith," " no Deist, Socinian, Arian, Pelagian, or Antinomian, the articles of his faith all sound," yet, with all this, " having no evidence of saving grace in his heart."*
Mr. Edwards, in maintaining the doctrine, that
" mankind are children of wrath, bond-slaves to Sa- thedoc-
i • i i • 1 1 i • trine of the
tan, and justly liable to the most grievous torments, eternity of
J . hell tor-
in soul and body, without intermission, in hell fire, ments- for ever," f thus graphically delineates the mode of the operation of divine vengeance. " Hell torments will not be annihilation, but a sensible misery abso- lutely eternal." " The world will be probably con- verted into a great lake or liquid globe of fire ; a vast ocean of fire, in which the wicked shall be over- whelmed, which will always be in tempest, in which they shall be tossed to and fro, having no rest day or night, vast waves or billows of fire continually rolling over their heads " — " of which they shall for ever be full of a quick sense, within and without ; their heads, their eyes, their tongues, their hands, their feet, their loins, and their vitals, shall for ever be full of glowing, melting fire, fierce enough to melt the very rocks and elements ; and also they shall eternally be full of the most quick and lively sense to feel the torment," — "not for one minute, nor for one day, nor for one year, nor for one age, nor for two ages, nor for an hundred ages, nor for ten thousand or millions of ages, one after another, but
* Ibid. pp. 234-239.
t See Westminster Confession of Faith, and the Longer and Shorter Catechism, compiled, published, and recommended by the Elders and Messengers of the Massachusetts Churches synodically convened in 1648.
VOL. II. 8
58 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHATTER for ever and ever, without any end at all, and never, - never be delivered ! " *
Results of It is not surprising that language thus glowing and vivid, uttered with the life and energy characteristic of extemporaneous effusions, by a clergyman of emi- nent talents and unquenchable zeal, addressed to a population not highly intellectual, and at that period secluded by their local situation from an extensive intercourse with the world, should have been followed by one of those excitements denominated " revivals," or " extraordinary awakenings." Such effects were the natural result of eloquence of this character and power ;f and accordingly, in the year 1736, North- ampton and its vicinity were scenes of " an awaken- ing sense in multitudes of their miserable condition by nature, and the danger of perishing eternally," " bringing some to the borders of despair, while others, in view of the all-sufficient grace and mercy of God, were filled with unspeakable comfort, satis- faction, and joy ; " and, in the language of Edwards, there then occurred " the most remarkable outpouring of the Spirit of God, that has ever been in New England, and it may be, in the world, since the days of the Apostles."!
These excitements continued with greater or less intensity until the first visit of Whitefield, in 1740,^
* Works, Vol. VIII. pp. 166, 167.
t For a further knowledge of the nature of the language by which these revivals were excited, see the Works of President Edwards, Vol. VII. Sermons III., VIII., IX. ; also " Sinners in the Hands of God, a Sermon preached at Enfield, July, 1741, at a time of a great Awaken- ing, by Jonathan Edwards, Pastor of a Church at Northampton."
J Works, Vol. VII. p. 153.
§ See above, p. 40.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 59
when the College was drawn into the vortex of the CHAPTER
XXII
resulting religious controversies. The fields of New '
England were thus prepared for his labors, and Ed- wards and his associates among the clergy were en- titled to receive a full share of the honors and rewards of the succeeding harvest.
While the imagination and the passions of the mul- His at- titude, subjected to these influences, were kept with- limit the in the limits which Edwards and the clergy of his mem Mr.
tet7 Whitefield
party deemed safe and scriptural, the labors of White- had raised. field were applauded as " apostolical and eminently useful." * But it soon appeared, that it was far easier to enkindle and spread a flame, than to quench or control it. " Lay preachers," as they were called, began to multiply and to swarm ; and to surpass the regular clergy and Whitefield in effect and in zeal. Fears began to prevail lest these excitements should eventuate in results not quite so permanent and evan- gelical as had been anticipated by their authors and promoters ; and Edwards, alarmed at these indications, endeavoured, in a sermon preached at New Haven, to deaden and direct the flame he had assisted to kindle. In executing this task he was placed, obvious- ly, in a great dilemma. He had been a chief instru- ment in the work, and had applauded it as " of the Spirit of God." But so much " noise and ado, and imprudencies and irregularities in conduct, had occurred among those who pretended to be actuated by this spirit," as gave cause of triumph to the infidel, and offence to believers. Edwards was too acute a meta- physician not to find a path of escape from the diffi- culties in which he was involved, without confessing
* Sparks's American Biography, Vol. VIII. pp. 69-70.
60 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER any error in himself, and without denying the evil — • — consequences alleged by others. He took boldly the ground, that the times when " the influences of the Spirit of God abound, are those in which counter- feits also abound ; " " the Devil being then abun- dant in mimicking both the ordinary and extraordinary influences of that Spirit." In the course of his ar- gument he maintains, that " the same persons may be the subjects of much of the influences of the Spirit of God, and yet in some things be led away by the delusions of the Devil ; and that this is no more of a paradox than many other things that are true of real saints, in the present state, where grace dwells with so much corruption, and the new man and the old man subsist together in the same person, and the kingdom of God and the kingdom of the Devil remain for a while together in the same heart," f This dis- course was greatly applauded and widely circulated by the friends of the author and the advocates of religious excitements. Among others, William Cooper, a clergyman of some distinction in Boston, published it, and accompanied it by a Preface of his own, in which he speaks of these excitements as " so wonderful, as that the like had not been since the pouring out of the Spirit, immediately after our Lord's ascension. The apostolical times seem to have re- turned upon us, such a display has there been of the power and grace of the divine Spirit in the assem- blies of his people." The prejudices and reproaches cast on this "work of God," Cooper compares to the
* " The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God," a Discourse delivered at New Haven, September 10th, 1741. Boston Edit. 1741, p. 2. f Ibid. p. 33.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 61
raging of Satan when his kingdom is shaken, and CHAPTER
his subjects desert him." !
An answer, both to Edwards's Sermon and to Coop- Reply to er's Preface, " by a lover of truth and of peace," soon a"iover of
J truth and of
after appeared, in which the arguments of each are peace." examined with great calmness, ability, and severity. As to Cooper's remark, that " these fruits do not grow on Arminian ground," * the writer replies, " It is a pity that some fruits should grow upon any ground, — spleen, bigotry, and uncharitableness." Some of the fruits the times had tasted, he afterwards enu- merates ; " an enthusiastic, factious, censorious spirit ; " " a vain, conceited temper ; " " children teaching their parents or ministers ; " " low-bred, illiterate persons settling difficult points of divinity better than the most learned divines ; " " a learned ministry despised ; " " seminaries of learning spoken against as injurious to religion ; " " conversions spoken of with the same air as common news ; " " churches full of conten- tion," and "crumbling into sects;" "ministers, in- stead of endeavouring to strengthen each others' hands, using party names, Arminians, Antinomians, and treat- ing each other with bitterness and severity." To the great argument of Edwards, that the kingdom of God and the kingdom of the Devil may remain awhile together in the same heart, the writer replies ; " This is indeed a very great paradox, that the kingdom of God can be set up in a man's heart, and yet that Satan's kingdom is not at an end ; that, contrary to the teachings of Christ, a man may serve two mas- ters ; be at once a servant of the Devil, and led away by his delusions, and yet a good man ! This
* See above, p. 53.
62 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER certainly savours of Antinomianism, to say no worse
A\II. /% * •«
- Of It."
ieheSeob "^ne Governors of the College, who were then madvenion un&er the denunciations of Whitefield, had to bear their full share of the effects of Cooper's asperities. To such writings they allude, when, in their " Testi- mony " against Whitefield they speak concerning " the quarrels the churches are now engaged in," and the " censorious and unchristian character displayed in them, both of which they attribute to his conduct and example." They had, indeed, not only to take their full proportion of these calumnies, which different sects or divisions of the same sect were uttering against each other, but they were objects of peculiar animadversion to the class of enthusiasts, who suc- ceeded Edwards and Whitefield, and who taught, that " the Spirit and learning were opposites," and that deficiency in the latter would be more than supplied by immediate impressions from the former.* This class were the natural enemies of all Colleges, which they would willingly have razed to their foundations ; and particularly of Harvard College, as the acknowl- edged seat of liberal inquiry.
Edwards Edwards, although hostile to the itinerant enthu- siasts who were then spreading through the land, yet took the Colleges into the sphere of his gen- eral denunciation, and, thus expresses himself in his " Thoughts on the Revival of Religion in New Eng- land.'^ " With respect to Colleges, I would say, in general, that care should be taken, some way or other, that those societies should be so regulated, that they should, in fact, be nurseries of piety. It is practicable
* Chauncy's State of Religion. Edit. 1743. pp. 257 -259. t Part V. p. 410.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 63
enough so to constitute such societies, that there CHAPTER
XXII
should be no being there without being virtuous, seri '—
ous, and diligent. It seems to me a reproach to the land, that ever it should be with our Colleges, that, instead of being places of the greatest advantages for true piety, one cannot send a child thither without great danger of his being infected, as to his morals, as it has certainly sometimes been with these socie- ties ; it is perfectly intolerable, and any thing should be done rather than it should be so."
In the early part of the eighteenth century, the dis- chauncy putes of the Congregational clergy had chiefly turned Edwards, upon " the order of the Gospel," the principles of church discipline, and the terms of admission to the sacraments. But at this period the spirit of free inquiry began to assail openly many of the doctrines of Calvin, and the views of Edwards met an early op- position from Charles Chauncy, the pastor of the First Congregational Church in Boston. These eminent clergymen were alike devoted to the duties and in- terests of their profession ; but their minds were dif- ferently constituted, and the advantages of an exten- sive command of books and intercourse with society, which Chauncy possessed in the metropolis, Edwards did not enjoy at Northampton. They were opposite not only in religious opinions, but in style, manner, and temperament. In private conversation and in the pulpit, Chauncy used great plainness of language, and sought to excite neither the imagination nor the pas- sions of his audience. In 1742, Chauncy entered the field of religious controversy in a sermon, entitled " A Seasonable Caution against Enthusiasm," which he characterizes as " an imaginary inspiration, mis- taking the working of one's own passions for divine
64 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER communications," having; its cause " in a bad tem- xxn.
perament of the blood and spirits, and properly a disease or a sort of madness."* The best preserva- tives against such disorders, he regards to be " ad- herence to the Bible and to make use of the reason and understanding God has given. "f
and the In the succeeding year he published " Seasonable
Calvin"" ' Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England." In this work he speaks, with great directness and apparent reason, concerning the " bad and danger- ous tendency " of Mr. Edwards's views and conduct in regard to revivals, and considers those who had been instrumental in promoting them as " having en- deavoured, by all manner of arts, and in all man- ner of ways, to raise the passions of hearers to such a height as really to unfit them, for the present, for the exercise of their reasonable powers ; and as acting and speaking after such a wild manner as is adapted to frighten people out of their wits, rather than possess their minds of such a conviction of truth as is proper to men, who are endowed with reason arid understand- ing." J In opposition to the doctrines of Calvin, " that the tendency of man's nature to sin implies his utter and eternal ruin," and that " the torments of hell Jire for ever, are included in the death threatened against Adam's one offence, and that all his posterity, on ac- count of this one act of disobedience, are exposed to, and may justly have inflicted upon them, these tor- ments," (which doctrines were the great agents in these excitements,) Chauncy taught, that " it is in true rea-
* Enthusiasm described and cautioned against, in a Sermon, by Charles Chauncy, D. D. Boston, 1742. p. 8. t Ibid., pp. 17, 18. J Chauncy's State of Religion, p. 302.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 65
son an incredible thing, that the children of the first CHAPTER
man, throughout all generations, should, because he L-
committed an act of sin, be subjected to never-ceasing misery." " The thought only of such a procedure in God is shocking to the human mind, and contra- dicts all the natural notions we have both of justice and benevolence."* And in direct repugnance to the doctrine of Edwards, that " all our righteousnesses are nothing, and ten thousand times worse than nothing," Chauncy maintains, that " personal, inherent righteous- ness is necessary, by divine appointment^ to salvation, and by this only men become capable subjects of it;"f and that, " in all their parts, the sacred books declare, that men shall be dealt with, in the great day of retribution, conformably to what they have done in the body, and that it will be owing to their own fault, not owing to Adam, or any other being in heaven, or hell, or earth, but wholly to themselves, and to the misuse of the faculties they were endued with, if they are adjudged to misery and not to happiness." f
The insinuations of Edwards, " of a want of due and defends
the Coi- care in our Colleges to become nurseries of piety," lese-
Chauncy declares " some take amiss ; " — " especially at a time when the prejudices of many against Colleges are strong and operating much to their disadvantage ; " and he thus replies; " I cannot but think we have rea- son for thankfulness, that these societies are under so
* See Five Dissertations on the Scripture Account of the Fall and its Consequences, by Charles Chauncy, D. D., Minister of the First Church of Boston, in New England. London, printed 1785. pp.141, 142.
t See a Sermon preached at the Instalment of the Rev. Thomas Frink, by Charles Chauncy, D. D. ; pp. 21, 22.
J See Five Dissertations, &c., p. 201. VOL. II. 9
66 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER good regulation ; having those, at their head, who are - so capable and well-spirited to serve the great ends of their constitution. I have known the general state of the College in this government, upwards of twenty years ; and, if I might not be thought assuming too much, I would venture to say, that it was never, in that time, under better circumstances in point of religion, good order, and learning, than at this day."* The state of religious controversy was not, how- ever, destined to remain restricted to topics con- nected with these revivals. A spirit of free inquiry was awakened in the land, and found countenance and encouragement from intelligent laymen, and classes of great influence in the country. Among the controversialists of the period, another eminent divine, younger than Edwards and Chauncy, soon appeared, who united the fearlessness of a martyr to the zeal
Jonathan of a reformer. Jonathan Mayhew was graduated at Harvard College in 1744, in the twenty-fourth year of his age, and in 1747 was ordained pastor of the West Church in Boston. In extent of learning he was inferior to few, if any, of his contemporaries among the clergy ; and, possessing a keen wit and an intellectual power, at once attractive and subdu- ing, he was without a rival in vigorous, winning elo- quence. The boldness and ardor, with which May- hew developed his religious views, alarmed the clergy of the metropolis, and not one of their number attend- ed on the day appointed for his ordination. Among the clergy of the vicinity invited by the West Church to be of the council, only two appeared, the Rev. Mr. Gay of Hingham, and the Rev. Mr. Appleton of
* Chauncy's Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion, p. 410.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 67
Cambridge. The countenance thus given to Mayhew CHAPTER by Appleton was not only indicative of the liberality XXI1' of his own religious views, but, as he was one of the oldest members of the Corporation of Harvard College and pastor of the church in Cambridge, where the immediate governors of the institution and the stu- dents attended public worship, it was deemed symp- tomatic of the religious tendencies of the seminary. The opposition of Mayhew's professional brethren postponed, but did not prevent, his ordination.* On the second day appointed for that ceremony, the clergy of Boston were not called to the council. To supply their places, fifteen clergymen were invited from the neighbouring towns, and eleven appeared ; among these, was Appleton, who again gave evidence of his independence and Catholicism, by taking part in the services of the day.
The clergy of the town continued to stand aloof The Boston from Mayhew after his ordination, hoping to crush poseMay- him by the weight of their influence. They spoke of him as a heretic, treated his doctrines as dangerous, and refused to exchange with him or to admit him into their association. Two individuals among them are stated f to have petitioned the Overseers of the College to exclude him from their board on account of some opinions he had expressed concerning the Trinity ; but on the College records no notice exists of such an attempt. This conduct, having the aspect of persecution, increased the popularity of Mayhew; and his zeal, excited by opposition, became more in- tense and active. In the year 1748 he delivered, and in 1749 published at the request of his hearers, a
* Bradford's Memoir of the Life and Writings of Jonathan May- hew, D. D. ; p. 25. f Ibid., p. 26.
68 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER series of Sermons, in which he canvassed some of
WIT
— '. — the chief doctrines of Calvinism, with a freedom, in that day, altogether unprecedented.
In these discourses the right and duty of every man to exercise his reason in matters of religion, were maintained with great openness and force. Doctrines The doctrine, that the apostasy of the first parents
of Calvin . .
denounced or the human race had brought mankind into a state
byMayhew. . , . . . , -
ot total ignorance and incapacity to judge of moral and religious truth, he denounced as false and un- scriptural. " If God gives men a revelation, he gives it to be understood by men ; he must give it in human language and accommodate it to human capacity ; otherwise a second revelation would be necessary to explain the first ; and then, why not a third to ex- plain the second, and so on in iiifinitum, and so nothing be really revealed after all." * " The candle of the Lord, which was lighted up when ' the inspira- tion of the Almighty gave him understanding,' was not extinguished by the original apostasy, but has been kept burning ever since." f " God has given us abilities to judge even of ourselves what is right, and required us to improve them. He has forbidden us to call any man master upon earth; and those who in any way discourage freedom of inquiry and judg- ment in religious matters, so far forth as they are guilty of this encroachment on the natural rights of mankind, set up their own authority against that of Almighty God, are enemies of truth and of the Gos- pel of Jesus Christ." t
" The divisions and contentions, that have hitherto
* Seven Sermons preached at a Lecture, in the West Meetinghouse in Boston, by Jonathan Mayhew, D. D. Boston, printed 1749. p. 36. t Ibid., p. 99. t Ibid., pp. 56, 57.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 69
happened and still subsist, in the Christian church, CHAPTER
are all, in a manner, owing to the unchristian temper _
and conduct of those, who could not content them- selves with scripture orthodoxy, with the simple, spir- itual worship of the Father, enjoined by our Saviour, and with the platform of church discipline enjoined in the New Testament."*
" It is infinitely dishonorable to the all-good and perfect Governor of the world to imagine, that he has suspended the eternal salvation of men upon any niceties of speculation ; or that any one, who honestly aims at finding the truth, and at doing the will of his Maker, shall be finally discarded, because he fell into some erroneous opinions." f
" To speak in reproachful language of the moral virtues, which consist summarily in the love of God and man, and an imitation of the divine perfections, comparing them to filthy rags, is absurd, and ap- proaches near to profanity and blasphemy." J
It would be easy to multiply evidence of the ir- Alarm of
. , .. . , , . , fhe Calvin-
reconcilable doctrines and religious views, which were »sts. thus pressed upon the College by the contending theo- logical parties ; but enough has been adduced to exhibit the manner and spirit in which they were respectively advanced and defended. From the governors of the College these views of Chauncy and Mayhew re- ceived no public countenance ; but they were all on terms of friendship with them, and some, of profession- al intercourse and interchange of ministerial labors. Chauncy and Mayhew were pastors of two numerous
* Ibid., p. 76.
t Mayhew's Discourse on Salvation by Grace, p. 103.
J Mayhew's Sermon on Being Found in Christ, p. 146.
70 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER congregations, including individuals of wealth, talent,
XXII
'— and respectability ; and the leaders of the Calvinistic
sect perceived, with alarm, that powerful influences in the metropolis of New England were favorable to the religious views those clergymen maintained. In this exigency they turned their attention to New Haven. That seminary had been founded, as has already been stated, under the auspices of persons discontented with the religious state of Harvard College ; * and, after the lapse of half a century, it W7as again regarded as the place of refuge in the impending dangers of the Calvinistic faith. Accordingly, in the year 1752, the clergy of Connecticut, with the cooperation of the Calvinistic sect in Massachusetts, sedulously began Calvinism the task of " settling and securing orthodoxy in the Yale coi- College at New Haven, and to preserve it, in all the governors thereof, upon the best foundation that hu- man wisdom, directed by the general rules of God's word, could devise. "f And in November, 1753, the President and Fellows of that seminary passed votes, declaring that " the students should be estab- lished in the principles of religion, according to the Assembly's Catechism, Dr. Ames's * Medulla ' and ' Cases of Conscience,' and should not be suffered to be instructed in any different principles or doctrines;" — " that the Assembly's Catechism, and the Confession of Faith, received and established in the churches of this colony, (which is an abridgment of the Westmin- ster Confession,} contain a true and just summary of the most important doctrines of the Christian religion, and that the true sense of the sacred Scrip- tures is justly collected and summed up, in these com-
* See Appendix, No. III.
f President Clap's History of Yale College, p. 75.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 71
positions, and all expositions of Scripture pretending CHAPTER
to deduce any doctrines or positions contrary to the '. —
doctrines laid down in these composures, we are of opinion, are wrong and erroneous ; — and that every President, Fellow, Professor of Divinity, or Tutor in said College shall, before he enter upon the execution of his office, publicly consent to the said Catechism and Confession of Faith, as containing a just sum- mary of the Christian religion, and renounce all doc- trines and principles contrary thereto, and shall pass through such examination, as the Corporation shall think proper, in order to their being fully satisfied that he should do it truly, and without any evasion or equivocation."* These measures for perpetuating Cal- vinism in the land, were highly approved by all of that faith ; and an accession of students to Yale Col- lege f about this time, greater than at Harvard, was regarded as an omen of the advantages to be derived from a close adherence to Calvinistic doctrines.
* Ibid., p. 62. t See Appendix, No. IV.
72 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXIII.
Effects of the Controversies in the Congregational Church. — Policy and Increase of the Episcopal Church. — Alarm of the Congre- gationalists. — Death of Dr. Colman. — His Merit and Professional Rank. — No Funeral Discourse published on his Death. — His Life by Turell. — His Character. — His Friendship with Thomas Hollis. — His Services to the College. — Connexion between the College and the Inhabitants of the First Parish of Cambridge, for Public Worship. — A new Congregational Church built. — Death and Character of Henry Flynt and of Edward Wigglesworth.
CHAPTER DURING the theological disputes, which ensued upon
XXIIK the first visit of Whitefield to New England, the
Episcopal clergy kept aloof, and many individuals,
wearied with sectarian controversies, sought a quiet
increase of refuge from them in the Episcopal communion. The
the Episco- ... -. , .,..,.
pal church, principal rectors or that church were stipendiaries of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts ; and it was the standing injunction of the So- ciety to its missionaries, " to avoid controversy, and to make the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, and the duties of a sober, righteous, and godly life, as resulting from such doctrines, the chief subjects of their sermons."* Although Dr. Cutler, who, as rec- tor of King's Chapel, stood at the head of the Episco- pal clergy of Massachusetts, early controverted White- field's opinions on " forms of worship," " regenera-
* Humphrey's History of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, p. 70. Edit. 1730.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 73
tion," " instantaneous conversion," " the salvation of CHAPTER infants dying after baptism," and " the falling away xxm' from grace,"* he did not publicly enter into the con- tests which divided the Congregational clergy. But he was a keen observer of them ; and the represen- tations he transmitted to the Episcopal hierarchy in England, of the confusions, disturbances, and divi- sions, which were the fruits of the labors of White- field and his followers, are graphic and severe. He consoles himself with the fact, that they have result- ed in " the growth of the (Episcopal) Church in many places, and its reputation universally ; and it suffers no otherwise than as religion does, and that is sadly enough." f
The circumstances which concurred to cause the causes of growth of Episcopacy about the time of Whitefield's crease, as first visit to New England, are thus stated by Seeker, Archbishop
7 * '• Seeker.
afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, in his answer to Dr. Mayhew. " A further augmentation of the Church of England was occasioned by the wild enthu- siasm that prevailed in several of the New England churches, even before Mr. Whitefield came among them, but was mightily increased by him and the strolling teachers that followed him ; as did likewise their extending spiritual censures to mere trifles ; with their endless contentions and confusions on the settling of ministers and on various occurrences besides. All which things disgusted and wearied out many of their people, and induced them to seek a peaceable refuge in our communion.''!
* Whitefield's Seventh Journal, p. 24. Edit. 1741. t See Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, by John Nichols. Vol. II. pp. 545- 547.
f An Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations on the Charter and VOL. II. 10
74 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER The policy of the Episcopal clergy was adapted - to take advantage of these discontents. Instead of the close or restricted communion of all the Congrega- tional churches, the Episcopal church opened the door wide, and made entrance to their communion easy. All the approved methods of proselytism were resorted to by its missionaries, and some which, in the opinion of the Congregational clergy, were more worldly than evangelical.
The government and friends of Harvard College were aware, that the design of the members of the
Policy of Episcopal church to obtain an official influence in the
the Episco- *
paiians. concerns of that institution was only postponed, and not defeated, by the rejection of the claims of Dr. Cut- ler and Mr. Myles.* A few years afterwards, when the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, established a mission, and set up a church in Cambridge, " about half a quarter of a mile from the College," it was regarded as one among other evi- dences of " a formal design to carry on a spiritual siege of our churches, with the hope, that they will one day submit to a spiritual sovereign." f To this charge Archbishop Seeker replies, that " several members of the Church of England send their children to Harvard College, and such a place of worship as their parents approve, may be reasonably provided for them, without any design of proselyting others. There is indeed a College in New England, where students have been
Conduct of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, p. 19. London Edit. 1764.
* See Vol. I. p. 376.
t Mayhew's Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the So- ciety for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, pp. 56, 67. Edit. 1763.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 75
forbidden to attend Episcopal service, and a young CHAPTER
man has been fined for going to hear his own father, 1_
an Episcopal minister, preach. But, in Harvard Col- lege, it seems, a better spirit prevails ; and it is more likely 'to flourish, both for that moderation and the new church built near it."*
The increase of the Episcopal church was publicly Policy of
-, ,-, • i- • n theCongre-
attnbuted, by the Longregationahsts, to the influence gationaiists. and pecuniary patronage of the English crown and hierarchy ; but they clearly perceived, that their own controversies were among the efficient causes of its growth. The project of introducing an ecclesiastical establishment into North America, with an order of Bishops, on the model of the Church of England, was revived, after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in the British cabinet ; and the fears of all divisions of the Congregational clergy were intensely excited by the impending danger to the religious establishment of their ancestors. To a desire to avoid occasions of controversy among themselves may be attributed the general silence with which Mayhew's undisguised attacks on the doctrines of Calvin were received by their advocates. More than fifteen years elapsed be- fore one of the clergy of that sect appeared in the field against him. f They beheld, with complacency
* Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations, &c., p. 13.
t " I marvel, that none of our divines, of indisputable ability for such an undertaking, have attempted to vindicate the truth against him. But, since none have attempted it against the Doctor, I think it my duty to appear in defence of my country's system of Christianity. "
See an Essay to defend some of the most important Principles of the Protestant Reformed System of Christianity, Sec. against the Asper- sions of Jonathan Mayhew, D. D. By John Cleaveland, Pastor of a Church in Ipswich. Boston, 1763.
76 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER and approbation, the zeal and power, with which both
XXIII.
— Chauncy and Mayhew assailed Episcopal influences and pretensions ; and they maintained a politic silence upon sectarian differences, which, under any other cir- cumstances, would have caused general and active controversies. Death of In August, 1747, in the seventy-fourth year of his
Dr.Colman. J J
age, died the Rev. Benjamin Colman, D. D. Al- though his services to the College have been already noticed, they deserve a tribute of gratitude, at the period of his decease. He resigned his seat in the Corporation in 1728, and the subsequent years of his life were exclusively devoted to professional duties. With talent undiminished, he sunk into his grave deeply lamented by his people. In high intellectual cultivation few men in the province surpassed Dr. Col- man, and he left not a purer heart among his survivors. Without concealment of his own religious opinions, his charity for those of others was active and exemplary. During a pastoral relation of nearly fifty years, his occasional discourses were frequently solicited and submitted to the press ; and scarcely an individual of distinguished merit or rank departed life without re- ceiving a due tribute from his pen or his pulpit. One and twenty such testimonies of his respect for eminent men are still extant ; among whom were several, who, during life, had evinced towards him professional animosity and denunciation. This liberal and distinguished man, who was second to none of the clergy of that day in character and influence, departed full of years and honors, his intellectual light and moral worth unclouded, and his Christian charity brightening to the last ; yet none of the active, able professional brethren by whom he was surrounded,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 77
except his colleague, Samuel Cooper, ever preached, CHAPTER so far as can now be ascertained, and no one ever pub- lished, a funeral sermon or eulogy in token of respect for his memory !
In 1748 President Holyoke, in an address on Com- President mencement day, noticed several distinguished clergy- notice of" men, recently deceased, and dilated with eloquence on the talent and learning of Dr. Colman, on his pri- vate virtues and public services, especially to Harvard College. But this was an official, not a professional tribute, and, being veiled in the Latin language, gave no extensive developernent of his character. The state of religious parties at the period of Dr. Colman's death, probably caused the silence of the clergy on an occasion which usually excited their sympathy and eloquence. The flame Whitefield had raised 'in the colonies was about that time subsiding. Like a fire in the woods, it had enkindled whatever was light and inflammatory, heated whatever was solid and incom- bustible, and began now to cease through exhaustion of the materials. It would have been difficult for that division of the clergy, whose religious views coincided with those of Dr. Colman, to do justice to his theo- logical course without awakening controversies, which a general dread of the extension of Episcopal power rendered the different sects of the Congregational church unwilling to renew. Dr. Colman was there- fore permitted by the clergy to pass to his grave without receiving those public tributes, which, at that period, were universally paid to the memory of the distinguished dead.
The neglect of his professional brethren stimulated Mr. Turell, Dr. Colman's son-in-law, to write his
78 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Life. * The task he undertook was executed with xxur.
fidelity and success. It is the best biography extant
His Life by J , . .
the Rev. of any native of Massachusetts, written during; its
Mr. Turell. J P
provincial state, and is a monument honorable to him who raised it, as well as to the individual to whose memory it was erected.
A Preface accompanies this memoir, apparently written to give confidence to the sensitive modesty of Turell, and is signed by three clergymen, Mather Byles, Samuel Cooper, and Ellis Gray. Their notice of the talents and virtues of Colman, though general, is just. But they avoid all reference to his profes- sional course and religious opinions. In the estimate of impartial history, Dr. Colman is entitled to the highest rank among his contemporaries for his philan- thropic spirit and public services. As an efficient friend and patron of Harvard College, no one deserves more grateful remembrance. In his mind and charac- ter, the talents and acquirements essential to success, either in an active or contemplative life, were sin- gularly united, and he was equally qualified for the pursuits of business or science. He resided several years in Europe, while preparing for his profession ; and an extensive intercourse with society liberalized his views, and polished his language and address. With laborious zeal and fidelity he availed himself of the opportunities he there enjoyed, to hear and study the works of the best pulpit orators of that day. Highly
* "Since no one has appeared on the important occasion to write and print, (not so much as a funeral discourse published,) neither my want of mental power, nor my present broken state of health, shall discourage me from making an humble attempt to pay some honors to the memory of so great a benefactor of his country and mankind." — Introduction to Turell's Life of Dr. Colman, p. 2.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 79
gifted by nature, his eloquence was zealous, glowing, CHAPTER
dignified, persuasive ; and his writings were so far in —
advance of his contemporaries, that he is considered as
having introduced among the clergy of Massachusetts
a new style in the composition of their discourses. *
In private life, he was affectionate, gentle, thoughtful
of others, and respectful to their feelings and opinions.
The intimate friendship and mutual religious catholi- Friendship
cism, which subsisted between Dr. Colman and the forDr.coi-
man.
first Thomas Hollis, were undoubtedly an efficient cause of his continued bounty to the institution. The respect and deference paid to the judgment and opinions of Dr. Colman by Mr. Hollis, are evidenced by more than fifty of his letters, yet existing in the archives of the College. Mr. Hollis had an intense desire, that Dr. Colman should become President of the College. After his refusal of the chair, Mr. Hollis thus expressed his hope that he would not quit the Corporation, in a letter dated on the 21st of August, 1725. " If you immediately resign your fellowship in the Corporation on Mr. Wadsworth's election, the world will soon say, it was because you were not advanced to the Presidentship in your own way. I am apprized, that you have met enough to provoke a man to resent it ; but I wish the Christian to act, so as to convince common spectators, that you are clothed with humility, and are still ready to show all the good offices to the Corporation you can. Perhaps the President, Professors, and Treasurer, too, may need your good offices within doors. I leave it. Our good God direct you."
* Sermon preached to the Church in Brattle Square, July 18th, 1824, by the Rev. John G. Palfrey, p. 10.
80
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXIII.
Dr. Col- man's ca- tholicism and influ- ence.
Connexion of the Col- lege with the First Church in Cambridge.
1756.
The wishes of Mr. Hollis had their due influence, and Dr. Colman postponed, for nearly three years, his contemplated resignation. He was for twelve years a member of the Corporation, and, for forty- eight years, of the board of Overseers, during a pe- riod most decisive of the fate and character of the College. With Leverett and Pemberton and Wads- worth and both the Brattles, he actively defended the institution from the influence of human creeds and dogmas, and was unremitting in his endeavours to place its religious character on the broad foundation of the sacred Scriptures, and the right to construe them, inherent in every individual, independent of man's au- thority. Chiefly by the vigor, which Dr. Colman in- fused into its councils, the College was carried trium- phantly through that great crisis of its fortunes. All the principles, which he maintained with such difficulty against an opposition formidable on account both of its talent and power, were ultimately sustained, have ever since been supported, and are at this day firmly established as the unquestionable interests and rights of Harvard College.
From the earliest period of the College history, the students had attended public worship on the Sabbath in the First Congregational Church in Cambridge; and on the erection of a new edifice, in 1756, an agreement took place between the inhabitants of the First Parish and the Corporation of the College, whereby the front gallery of the church was secured exclusively for the students, and a pew on the lower floor for the Presi- dent and his family ; and a right was reserved to use the building on Commencements and all public occa- sions. In consideration of these privileges, the Corpo- ration agreed to pay one seventh part of the cost of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 81
building, and of all future general repairs. The quali- CHAPTER
fied property the College thus held in the church, was '—
retained by them until 1833, when this edifice was taken down. For nearly sixty years the Tutors and Students occupied the front gallery, on the Sabbath, and the President and Professors, pews on the lower floor. They were regarded as a part of the congrega- tion, and were expected to contribute to the collec- tions taken every week for the support of the clergy- man. As these contributions were voluntary, the aid obtained from the College was found to be so inconsid- erable, that in 1760 the Corporation passed a vote, " that the box should not be offered (ordinarily) on the Lord's day to the scholars' gallery, but that instead they should be taxed towards the support of the min- istry, in each of their quarterly bills, ninepence lawful money ; the amount thus received to be in addition to the salary of Mr. Appleton, and to determine, if not before, on the cessation of his ministry." This union Connexion in public worship between the inhabitants of the First Parish of Cambridge and the government and students of the College continued until 1816, when it was dis- solved by mutual consent; and, "on the earnest and explicit advice of the Overseers," the Corporation of the College directed, that the government and students should attend religious service on the Sabbath in the Chapel of the University, and form a distinct church and society. The Congregational church erected in Cambridge in 1756, although of simple and rude archi- tecture, is associated with many events of collegiate and general interest.*
Two individuals. Henry Flynt and Edward Wig-
* See Appendix, No. V. VOL. II. 11
82 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER glesworth. both members of the Corporation, who had xxm. ' .
long sustained with reputation, the one the office of
Tutor and the other that of Professor of Theology, closed their mortal career during the period now under review. The influence they exerted on the seminary entitles each to a distinct commemoration. Henry Henry Flynt, son of the Rev. Josiah Flynt of Dor-
chester, was born in 1676, and died at the age of eighty- four, in 1760. From early youth his life was passed, either as a student or instructer, within the walls of Harvard College. He held the office of Tutor fifty-five years. During sixty years he was a fellow of the Corporation, and through almost that whole period he also served as clerk of the board of Overseers. He was respected by his contemporaries, and his name and character, thus intimately interwoven with the history of the College, long continued fa- vorite topics of reminiscence among its graduates. His learning and ability were sufficient for the several stations he occupied, and his zeal and fidelity in the discharge of his duty were unsurpassed. His long continuance in office evidences that he was useful and acceptable. He was mild in his notions of govern- ment ; an advocate of gentleness in punishing offend- ers ; and, although the custom of his age required great solemnity in administering discipline, tradition repre- sents him to have been ever ready to temper severity with a smile.
"Puerum minaci
Voce dum terret,
risit."
By constitutional temperament Flynt was inclined to firmness and moderation. Possessing a clear and dis- criminating intellect, he was characterized by great
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVEiujirrY.
steadfastness in opinion, but without obstinacy 01 obtrusiveness. In the religious controversies which XXu divided the Province and broke the peace of the College, he oftener kept aloof than mingled, " thank- ing God for their ignorance, who thought him not orthodox." When occasion called, he preached dis- courses, serious, practical, and instructive, leaving doctrinal disputes to the contentious. " The weightier matters of the law," says Appleton, in a discourse, occasioned by his death, "judgment, mercy, faith, and the love of God, he deemed the substance of religion, and laid little stress on forms, and about spec- ulative and controversial points among Christians." The current of his thoughts running naturally slow, and his delivery being destitute of action and vivacity, he never enjoyed the advantage of popularity as a preacher. This circumstance, probably, caused him to cleave for life to the walls of the College, long con- tinuing, like many parasitic plants, to repay by fruit and foliage the support thus afforded. But both failed in the lapse of years.
The experiment of a Tutor seventy-nine years of age was sufficiently inconvenient, and caused the government of the institution to guard against a similar occurrence in future. Soon after the resig- nation of Mr. Flynt, a vote passed both boards, that " no person chosen henceforward into the office of Tutor, shall abide therein more than eight years."*
* See Appleton's Discourse on the death of Henry Flynt, Esq. — Peirce's History of Harvard University. — Chauncy's Sketch of the Eminent Men in New England, in the Collections of the Massachu- setts Historical Society, First Series, Vol. X. p. 165. — Oratio in Funere Viri venerabilis Henrici Flyntii, Arm., a Jacobo Lovell.
34 HIjis-oRY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
January, 1765, the College lost by death, at the -^— age of seventy-two, the Rev. Edward Wigglesworth, ward wig- the first Hollis Professor of Divinity. He held that office, from the time of his induction, in October, 1722, during a period of forty-three years. Few, if any, of those who have been connected with the Col- lege as governors or instructors, have left a reputa- tion more enviable, as a gentleman, a scholar, and a divine. Lamented by his contemporaries, from the press and the pulpit, in strains of unequivocal and un- limited eulogy, his works are yet existing evidences of their justice and of his desert. In private life he was affable, condescending, charitable, and affection- ate; in professional duties laborious, faithful, and ex- act ; as a governor of the seminary, mild, firm, and judicious. In poverty and sickness he was unrepining and resigned ; and in every vicissitude of life, calm and self-possessed.
At a period of society, in which religious zeal was closely allied to fanaticism, the Professorship of Di- vinity was a critical and difficult position. The se- lection of Wigglesworth by such men as Colman, Appleton, Wadsworth, and Flynt, whose influences were all favorable to freedom of inquiry, was suf- ficiently indicative of his character and views. At the. period of his election, the elements of theological discord were in strong action under the surface, and were not unfrequently seen effervescing above it. The jealousy of the stricter sect of Calvinists com- pelled the Corporation to go through the form of this election a second time,* in order to establish a precedent for the examination of candidates for
* See Vol. I. p. 253.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 85
the Professorship on points of faith. The Records of CHAPTER
the Overseers are the only evidence of the mode in . — .
which this examination was conducted. Wiggles- worth, however, signed no test, and gave no bond for adhesion to any sect or party. He belonged to that class of divines,* who believed, that the Protestant churches had not yet reached the utmost point of re- form ; and he was disposed to labor to bring them into a nearer approach to the only true and original stand- ard, the Holy Scriptures, unincumbered by the schemes, systems, and inventions of men. Clear in argument, cool in manner, searching the depths of every subject after its fundamental truth, he discussed controversial points with candor, and executed all his profession- al duties with exemplary impartiality and judgment. He was among the first of the theologians of New His mode England, who dared publicly to question some of the smgco cherished doctrines of high Calvinism, which had ob- points. tained an authority not inferior to the Scriptures them- selves. His form of indicating difference of opinion was that of doubt and inquiry, and not of attack or defence. This practice made him obnoxious to the charge of " only exhibiting the opinions and arguments of others, arid of keeping his own to himself;" a mis- re presentation, which he charitably supposes to have "originated in mistake," and repels as rash and without foundation. When roused by a sense of wrong, Wig- glesworth was occasionally sarcastic ; but the caustic severity displayed in the writings of his friend Chaun- cy, and the asperity which characterized those of his pupil Mayhew, were not suited to the gentle and subdued spirit which predominated in his discourses.
* Appleton's Funeral Discourse on Rev. Edward Wigglesworth.
86 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Chauncy, in his " Sketch of Eminent Men in New
XXIII.
-^— England," has left a just and noble tribute to his memory, in the testimony he has given of his " firm- ness to his own principles, his charity to those of others, his learning, piety, and usefulness, strength of mind, largeness of understanding, extraordinary tal- ent, catholic spirit and conduct, notwithstanding great temptations to the contrary."
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH IN CAMBRIDGE, ERECTED IN 1756; TAKEN DOWN, 1833.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 87
CHAPTER XXIV.
Customs of the College on the Accession of the Chief Magistrate of the Province. — Addresses to Governors Shirley and Povvnall. — Their Visits to the College. — State of Morals at the Period. — At- tempts to regulate public Commencements. — Difficulties attending them. — Ancient Strictness relaxed. — Mode of providing Commons.
— Their Quality. — Causes of Discontent. — Consequent Disorders.
— Increase of Students in the College. — Corporation apply to the Legislature for an additional Building. — An Appropriation made, and a Committee appointed for that Object. — Hollis Hall com- menced and completed. — The Name of Hollis given to it. — Cere* mony on the Occasion.
DURING the Colonial state of Massachusetts, the CHAPTER
VXIV
intimate union which subsisted between Harvard Col- — - lege and the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the theSCoi-° Province, unavoidably connected the interests of the seminary with political events. A retrospective view will now be taken of the customs these relations in- troduced, and of the influence which the general tone of society at this period exerted on the character and progress of the seminary. On the accession of every Governor, the Corporation solicited his patronage by a formal address, invited him to the College, and re- ceived him there with great respect and ceremony.*
In 1741, when Governor Shirley took possession of Address to
i i • r i T» n • Gov. Shir-
the chair of the Province, the Corporation " congratu- ley. lated him on his advancement, recommended the Col-
* See Vol. I. pp. 445, 446.
88 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER lege to his patronage, and desired his aid and coopera- — tion in their endeavours to advance pure religion and
His reply, profitable human learning." Shirley reciprocated their politeness, and replied, that, " as he owed the Col- lege's mother, in Great Britain, the little share of learning he pretended to have, it would yield him a singular pleasure, to express the gratitude and affec- tion, which he had ever borne the mother, by affording to her daughter, in New England, all the protection in his power."
GOV. shir- In September, Governor Shirley visited Cambridge,
tion at the dined with the Corporation, who caused to be inserted
College. . . .
on their records a minute description 01 the ceremo- nies of the day, which is here transcribed, including the formalities usual on such occasions, and illustra- tive of the manners of the period.
" The Governor came up to Cambridge * with an escort of forty men, including officers, accompanied by the Council, a great many other gentlemen, and a considerable number who came over the ferry, by the way of Charlestown. He was met a mile off, by t the gentlemen of Cambridge, the Tutors, the Profes- sors, Masters, and two of the Bachelors. Both the Meetinghouse bell and the College bell were rung. He was received, at the door of the College, exactly at eleven o'clock, by the President and Corporation, and escorted to the library, where, having waited twenty minutes, the bell was tolled, and all moved down to the Hall ; the Corporation first, the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor next, and then the other
* Through Roxbury and Brookline ; as the only road, at that period, leading from Boston was along the Neck, at the southern extremity of the peninsula.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 89
gentlemen. When all were seated, the President or- CHAPTER
X^C I V
dered the orator (Mr. Winslow, a junior Bachelor,) to begin ; and, when he had finished, the Governor rose, (all rising with him,) and made a very fine Latin speech, promising the College all his care for the pro- moting of learning and religion. All proceeded after- wards to the library again, where the President asked the Governor if he would like to see a philosophical experiment in the Professor's chamber ; on which all moved there directly, and saw three or four experi- ments, which took up almost the whole time till din- ner ; the Governor going to Mr. Flynt's chamber again until it was ready. The tables were laid two at each end of the hall, and one across by the chimneys. The Governor, Council, and Corporation sat at the cross ta- ble ; the Governor facing the door, the rest in their order ; the other gentlemen, with the Masters and Bachelors, filling the other tables. Room being still wanting, two other tables were brought in and filled also. The whole number present amounted to one hundred and twenty ! The Governor sat about an hour, and then, after the 101st Psalm was sung, he, with the rest of the gentlemen, went off, about five o'clock, with his guard."
The expenses of the Governor's guard, on this oc- casion, probably exceeded the expectation of the Cor- poration ; for, in April ensuing, when the steward pre- sented an account of thirty pounds for their entertain- ment, they voted, that " it be allowed, but that this be no precedent for entertaining the said guard for the future."
On the accession of Governor Pownall, in 1757, the Address to
Gov. Pow-
customary festivities were omitted, in consequence of nail. the distressed and embarrassed state of the Colony. VOL. ii. 12
90 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER But a congratulatory address to him was made by — President Holyoke, soliciting his " favorable regard for the seminary," expressing the sense the Corporation entertained of " the paternal wisdom of his Majesty in appointing him," " the rejoicing of the whole peo- ple at the superior accomplishments, with which the Father of Spirits had furnished and fitted him to move and shine in some of the larger spheres of human life ; " and stating that " the advantages he had en- joyed of a liberal education was regarded by them as an assurance, that he would always appear a favorer of good literature, and a friend and father to every society erected for the cultivating and enlarging the mind of youth, and thereby fitting them for public service."
The Governor, in reply, " thanked the Corporation for their kind congratulations and good opinion," and assured them that Harvard College might depend upon his best attention to patronize and support it, in that honorable character it has so long maintained."
The records of the College give no account of the reception of Governor Bernard.
state of The changes which occurred in the morals and
manners of New England, about the middle of the eighteenth century, unavoidably affected the College. * " Profane cursing and swearing," " habits of frequent- ing taverns and alehouses," " the practice of using wine, beer, and distilled liquors, by undergraduates, in their rooms," greatly increased. Tutors were insulted, and combinations to perpetrate unlawful acts were more frequent. Laws were made, penalties inflicted, recommendations and remonstrances repeated, without
» See Vol. I. p. 391.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 9]
either eradicating those evils or materially diminish- CHAPTER ing them. Notwithstanding the pecuniary embarrass- XXIV> ments of the period, wealthy students were accus- tomed to great extravagance in expenditures. This led the Overseers, in October, 1754, to pass the fol- and man- lowing vote. " It appearing to the Overseers, that the costly habits of many of the scholars during their residence at the College, as also of the candidates for their degrees on Commencement days, is not only an unnecessary expense, and tends to discourage persons from giving their children a College education, but is also inconsistent with the gravity and demeanor proper to be observed in this society, it is therefore recommended to the Corporation to prepare a law, requiring that on no occasion any of the scholars wear any gold or silver lace, or any gold or silver brocades in the College or town of Cambridge ; and that, on Commencement days, every candidate for his degree appear in black, or dark blue, or gray clothes ; and that no one wear any silk night gowns ; and that any can- didate, who shall appear dressed contrary to such regu- lations may not expect his degree." A law was ac- cordingly prepared and passed in both boards to that effect.
In 1755, the Overseers "being informed that great Disorders disorders have lately been committed, and even indig- college, nities and personal insults offered to some of the Tutors of the College by some of the pupils," appoint- ed a large committee " to examine the students sus- pected to be guilty of such disorders, and desired the Corporation to be present with the committee at such examination and inquiry." Afterwards, when two persons, who had been expelled on account of their concern in these disorders, prayed to be restored, the
92 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER Overseers dismissed the memorial, because " their peti-
XXIV. • i-j . /. i -i
tions did not express a just sense or the evil nature
and pernicious tendency of the crimes for which they were expelled, nor duly acknowledge the justice of the government in the sentence given against them." One of these persons subsequently made the required acknowledgment and was reinstated ; the other was never readmitted.
andatcom- The disorderly tendencies of the times were chiefly
mence- • *
ment- annoying at the annual celebration of Commence- ment.* That day was generally considered a holi- day throughout the Province, and in the metropolis the shops were usually closed, and little or no business was done. During the whole Commencement week, the Common in Cambridge was covered with booths, erected in lines like streets, intended to accommodate the populace of Boston and the neighbourhood with the amusements and refreshments of a fair, in which gambling, rioting, and dissipation of all kinds prevail- ed. Various unsuccessful efforts were made, by the government of the College, to put an end to a cus- tom so inconsistent with a literary celebration. An attempt to introduce private Commencements failed, for reasons already stated, f Public Commencements were continued without interruption, except during the period of the revolutionary war, and occasionally, from temporary causes, during the remainder of the century, notwithstanding their evils, anomalies, and inconsistencies. Regulations, however, were made from time to time to limit their expense, and to ren- der the season less noisy and riotous.
In May, 1749, three gentlemen, who had sons about
* See Vol. I. p. 386. \ Ibid., p. 396.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 93
to be graduated, offered to give the College a thousand
XXIV
pounds, old tenor, provided " a trial was made of
Commencements this year, in a more private man- Cmameacc- ner." The Corporation, " in consideration of the low posed3, pr state of the College treasury," the dearness of the necessaries of life, and the extravagant expenses and disorders attending on Commencement, voted, " that Commencement be this year managed agreeably to the above proposal." The Overseers, however, gave the proposition a decided negative. The Corporation, in consequence, passed another vote, without delay, that, " on account of the dearness of the necessaries of life, and of the extraordinary distressing drought, which we apprehend to be such a judgment of God, as calls for fasting and mourning, and not for joy and festivity, the Commencement exercisqs for the present year be private." This vote also received from the board of Overseers a decided negative ; and the Cor- poration then passed another vote, strongly recom- mending to parents and guardians of such as were to take degrees this year, that, " considering the awful judgments of God upon the land, they retrench Commencement expenses, so as may best correspond with the frowns of Divine Providence, and that they take effectual care to have their sons' chambers cleared of company, and their entertainments finished, on the evening of said Commencement day, or, at furthest, by next morning."
In April, 1755, the Overseers again took into con- sideration the subject of the extravagance at Com- mencement, and recommended to the Corporation "to take effectual measures to prevent those, who pro- ceeded Bachelors of Arts, from having entertainments of any kind, either in the College or any house in
94 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Cambridge, after the Commencement day." This
XXIV
— '— recommendation was no further regarded by the Cor- poration than to pass a vote, recommending it to the Bachelors to endeavour to get away their goods on Thursday, and not to continue in College after Friday. The vote was negatived by the Overseers, on account of its not sufficiently limiting the time of continuance of the festive entertainments. The Corporation, on the 27th of June, passed a vote prohibiting them after dinner on Thursday. On the 9th of July, the Over- seers negatived this vote also, " because not confining Commencement to Commencement day." In June, 1757, after some hesitation on the part of the Over- seers, a vote passed both boards, that, " whereas by the holy Providence of God, there hath been a dis- tressing drought upon the land, whereby the first crop of hay hath been greatly diminished, and is now past recovery, whereby there is great scarcity as to kine feeding at this time, and that the English grain is greatly shortened, and in consideration of the dark state of Providence with respect to the war we are engaged in, which Providences call for humiliation and fasting, rather than festival entertainments ; there- fore it was voted, that the first and second degrees be given to the several candidates without their per- commence- sonal attendance, and that their manner of admission ted" should be by inserting their names in a general diplo-
ma, the form of which was established by the vote.* In 1760, all unnecessary expenses were forbidden by Dancing votes of both boards, and also all dancine in any part
prohibited. . J r
of Commencement week, in the Hall, or in any College building. Nor was any undergraduate allowed to give
* See Appendix, No. VI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 95
any entertainment, after dinner, on Thursday of that CHAPTER
11 i • m • • XXIV.
week, under severe penalties, lo prevent improprie-
ties, the duty of inspecting the performances on the day, and expunging all exceptionable parts, was as- signed to the President ; on whom it was particularly enjoined " to put an end to the practice of addressing the female sex."
In some respects the severity of ancient laws was Punch relaxed. Thus in April, 1759, the Overseers formally recommended to the Corporation a " repeal of the law prohibiting the drinking of punch"; and, in October following, this board passed a vote, that " it shall be no offence if any scholar shall, at Commencement, make and entertain guests at his chamber with punch." Although the Overseers approved this vote, the restric- tion it included was insupportable; and in June, 1761, both boards concurred in a vote, that " it should be no offence if the scholars, in a sober manner, entertain one another and strangers with punch, which, as it is now usually made, is no intoxicating liquor." A rea- son more plausible than satisfactory, as neither board could extend its control to the ingredients or propor- tions of the mixture.
During President Holyoke's administration, com- Disorders
, /• T i i arising from
mons were the constant cause ol disorders among the commons, undergraduates. There appears to have been a very general permission to board in private families before October^ 1747. In that month the Overseers passed a vote, that it would be " beneficial for the College, that the members thereof be in commons," and recom- mended, that " speedy and effectual care should be taken that the law on that subject be carried into execution." The Corporation immediately passed a vote, to this effect; but, as the Steward neglected
96 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY-
CHAPTER to obey under various pretences, the Overseers re-
_ peated their vote in October, 1748. After the lapse
of another year, the patience of the Overseers was exhausted, and in October, 1749, they passed a vote recapitulating the former one, and stating that they found, that, under various pretences, " the law had been wholly neglected, and no sufficient care taken to put it into execution, which has a tendency to weaken the force of the laws of the College, and impair the influence and authority of the Overseers in the government of the College." They recom- mend, that the law should be put in force without delay, and, if the Steward be found faulty in not doing it, that the Corporation choose a Steward who will strictly comply with their orders. The style and temper, thus manifested by the Overseers, awakened the Corporation from their lethargy. The Steward was immediately ordered to comply with the law, or resign. This he promised ; but, through inability or perversity not keeping his word, the Corporation, in February following, ordered him by vote, " to put the students in commons, or give up the matter." As he continued disobedient, in March, 1750, they rescinded the vote by which Mr. Boardman had been chosen Steward for six years, and appointed Jonathan Hast- ings Steward in his place. Mode of Difficulties, and causes of discontent, respecting
providing • j i i i i i
commons, commons were unavoidable, as they were conducted at that day. They were then provided by the Steward at the expense of the College. Care was taken, that there should be no loss ; and, if any profit accrued from them, it was for the benefit of the institution. Deficiencies in the quantity, or defects in the quality,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 97
of provisions were naturally attributed to a desire to CHAPTER
j , r . XXIV.
save or to gain, and became or course an active cause
of complaint. In 1750, the Corporation voted, "that the quantity of commons be, as hath been usual, viz. two sizes of bread in the morning ; one pound of meat at dinner, with sufficient sauce " (vegetables), " and a half a pint of beer ; and at night that a part pie be of the same quantity as usual, and also half a pint of beer ; and that the supper messes be but of four parts, though the dinner messes be of six."
This record agrees with the account given by those aged alumni who have survived to our time, who state, that commons were scanty and ill provided. One asserts, that there was no breakfast ; another, that it consisted of " two sizings of bread and a cue (about half a pint) of beer " ; at dinner there was " a suffi- ciency of meat, baked, or boiled, but the quality was ordinary ; " at supper, there was a choice between " a pint of milk and half a biscuit " or " a meat pie, or some other kind."* The consequence was, that the sons of the rich, accustomed to better fare, paid for commons, which they would not eat, and never en- tered the hall ; while the students whose resources did not admit of such an evasion were perpetually dissatisfied.
The Overseers continued urgent, that all the stu- Attempt to dents should be compelled to board in Commons ; but students to the Corporation considered the policy of the measure commons. both dubious and difficult.
In April, 1757, the Overseers passed a vote, "that it would very much contribute to the health of that society, facilitate their studies, and prevent extrava-
* Peirce's History of Harvard University, p. 219. VOL. II. 13
98 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER gant expense, if the scholars were restrained from — !_ dieting in private families ; " and, apparently by way of indemnifying them for this restraint or making it more acceptable, they further voted, " that there should be pudding three times a week, and on those days their meat should be lessened."
The Corporation did not attend to the recom- mendation of the Overseers; who, in August, 1758, renewed their attempt, and proposed a plan, which should permit the students to form themselves into messes, not exceeding eight, and to agree with the Steward to provide such proportion and kind of ani- mal and vegetable food, as was most agreeable to them, " the rates of the commons not to be thereby increased."
In the September following, the Corporation took this vote into consideration, and declared it to be impracticable without great inconvenience, and im- possible without advancing the price of commons.
Lawtopre- The Overseers were pertinaciously bent upon "re- vent stu- . . , , ., i • • •
dents from straining undergraduates from dining or supping in supping L private houses"; and in May, 1760, they again urged houses. on the Corporation the passage of a law to that ef- fect. This board accordingly prohibited the students " from dining, or supping, in any house in town ; ex- cept on an invitation to dine or sup gratis." The law was probably not very strictly enforced. It was lim- ited to one year, and was not renewed. Before the building of Hollis Hall, the number of students obliged to lodge in private houses was great. It was in- convenient for those, who lived without the walls of the College, to take their meals within them, and was as repugnant to the interest of the landlords, as to the inclinations of the students. In July, 1764, the Over-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 99
seers recommended to the Corporation " to make a CHAPTER
XXIV
law to restrain scholars from breakfasting in the houses - of town's people, and to make provision for their be- ing accommodated with breakfast in the hall, either milk, chocolate, tea, or coffee, as they should respec- tively choose, and to fix the price as of other com- mons; — saving, that, if any of them choose to pro- vide themselves with breakfasts in their own cham- bers, they be allowed so to do, but not to breakfast in one another's chambers." From this period break- fast has been as regularly provided in commons as other meals. In the year 1765, after Hollis Hall was erected, the accommodations for students within the walls were greatly enlarged, and the Corpora- tion, in conformity with the reiterated recommen- dations of the Overseers, passed a system of laws, with their consent, by which all Professors, Tutors, graduates, and undergraduates, having studies in the College, were compelled to board constantly in com- officers and
J students
mons ; the officers to be exempted only by the Corpo- compelled
J J to board in
ration, with the consent of the Overseers ; the stu- commons, dents, by the President, only when they were about to be absent for at least one wreek. By this system, the Steward was the agent of the Corporation, from whom he received salary and funds, and that board became, in effect, sponsors for the quality and sufficiency of the commons. This arrangement naturally tended to ex- cite jealousy on one side, and on the other parsimony and impatience of complaint. The system had scarce- ly been in effective operation a year before an open revolt of the students took place, on account of the provisions, which it took more than a month to quell. Although their proceedings were violent, illegal, and insulting, yet the records of the immediate govern-
100 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ment show unquestionably, that the disturbances, in — their origin, were not wholly without cause, and that they were aggravated by want of early attention to very natural and reasonable complaints.
Effects of During the wars with France, in 1745 and 1756,
the wars
many of the youth of New England were induced to
on the Col- J J
les«- join the army at an age when they usually enter her seminaries of learning. Massachusetts not only sec- onded, but even went in advance of the parent State, in preparations for the defence of her frontier, and for carrying the war into Canada and Acadia. Her liberality in expenditure in these wars created an enormous provincial debt, which led to a proportionate issue of paper money, and reduced her finances to a state of general embarrassment. These causes, aided by sectarian jealousies, lessened the number of stu- dents in Harvard College.
The coi- But when war had ceased, and wealth began to creLes in flow in channels formed by peace, a change took place; and, in 1761, the Corporation turned their at- tention " to the best method to be pursued for the attainment of a new building, which the increase of the numbers of the College now makes necessary." They asked the advice of the Overseers, stating that more than ninety students were obliged to board in private families, and that they were less orderly and well regulated, than those within the walls. The Overseers accordingly appointed a committee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson was chairman, to request the legislature to assist in the erection of a new edifice. A petition to that effect having been prepared and presented, the legislature passed a re- solve on the 12th of June, 1762, appropriating "two thousand pounds, to be applied towards building a
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 101
new College at Cambridge, of the dimensions of Mas- CHAPTER
XXIV.
sachusetts Hall," and appointed a committee, com- - posed, on the part of the Council, of Samuel Dan- forth, William Brattle, James Bowdoin, Thomas Hub- bard, and James Russell, and, on the part of the House, of Royall Tyler, John Phillips, James Otis, Thomas Gushing, and Andrew Boardman, " to carry the said work into execution." On the same day the legislature passed another resolve, authorizing a " further sum of five hundred pounds sterling to be paid to Royall Tyler, Esquire, towards purchasing nails, glass, and other materials in England, for the building of the new College in Cambridge, which materials the said Royall Tyler had generously offered to procure for the Province, free from any advance of profit."
On the 30th of June this committee met the Cor-
f^ t r eSe com"
poration on the College grounds, and fixed on the menced, site of the building. Their subsequent proceedings were marked with promptitude and energy, character- istic of the eminent men who composed the com- mittee, all well known to colonial fame, and some of them in after times distinguished in the events of the American Revolution. In December, 1763, the new and com-
pie ted,
building being completed, the committee delivered the keys of it to the General Court, with a memorial stating the extraordinary expense ; it having cost up- wards of four thousand eight hundred pounds lawful money, which exceeded the estimate and appropriation more than five hundred and thirty pounds. The legis- lature immediately made provision for this excess, pass- ed votes declaring the building " to be well completed and finished in the best manner," and expressed their thanks to the committee for their assiduous and faith-
102
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ful services, and their gratitude for those of John Phil-
XXIV.
— '— lips, deceased, " who, being of the same committee, faithfully and worthily assisted in the same commission, but lived not to see the happy completion thereof."
On the 13th of January, 1764, both branches met in the College chapel, where Governor Bernard, at the request of the President, gave the building the name of Hollis Hall ; after which they listened to a gratulatory oration in English, " pronounced," say the records, " with suitable and proper action by Taylor, a junior sophister," and then dined with the Corporation in the College Hall.
In March, 1765, the legislature voted, that the cel- lars and rooms of the new building should be let at a rate to produce one hundred pounds annual rent ; of which sum ten pounds should be reserved to keep it in repair, and the residue be applied to the support of tutors and the purchase of books for the Library.
HOLLIS HALL, ERECTED IN 1763.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 103
CHAPTER XXV.
Governor Bernard's Arrival in Massachusetts. — "Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis " prepared at his Suggestion. — Inhabitants of Hampshire County petition the Legislature for a Charter for a new College. — Not granted. — Governor Bernard promises the Petitioners a Charter. — The Overseers remonstrate. — Their Rea- sons against Founding a new College. — Motives of the Hampshire Petitioners. — The Project defeated. — Harvard Hall. — The Li- brary and Philosophical Apparatus destroyed by Fire. — Efforts of the Friends of the College. — General Court vote to rebuild Harvard Hall. — Measures taken to procure a new Library and Apparatus. — Benefactors on this Occasion. — Overseers interfere with the Discipline of the Seminary. — Delinquents reinstated. — Protest of President Holyoke. — His Death and Character.
GOVERNOR BERNARD arrived in Massachusetts, as CHAPTER
XXV
successor to Governor Pownall, in August, 1760, and —
took his seat in the board of Overseers in October. GOV. Ber- nard.
He early manifested an interest in the character and success of the College ; and, on the death of George the Second, and accession of George the Third, which occurred at that period, he suggested the expedien- cy of expressing sympathy and congratulation on these events, in conformity with the practice of the English Universities. Accordingly, in March, 1761, proposals were placed in the College chapel for six composi- tions, a Latin oration, poem, elegy, and ode, and an English poem and ode, celebrating the death of the one King and the accession of the other. Six guineas were proposed as prizes for the best performances, at
104 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the rate of a guinea for each, the candidates to be
xxv' either members of the College, or graduates within
the last seven years.
"Pietaset These proposals resulted in a work, entitled, composed " Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos." In January, 1762, the Corporation pass- ed a vote, " that the collections in prose and verse in several languages composed by some of the members of the College, on the motion of his Excellency our Governor, Francis Bernard, Esquire, on occasion of the death of his late Majesty, and the accession of his present Majesty, be printed ; and that his Excellency be desired to send, if he shall judge it proper, a copy of the same to Great Britain, to be presented to his Majesty, in the name of the Corporation."
Governor Bernard not only suggested the work, but contributed to it. Five of the thirty-one compositions, of which it consists, were from his pen. The address to the King is stated to have been written by him, or by Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson. Its style and turn of thought indicate the politician rather than the student, and savour of the senate-chamber more than of the academy. The classical and poetic merits of the work bear a fair comparison with those of Euro- pean Universities on similar occasions, allowance be- ing made for the difference in the state of science and literature in the respective countries ; and it is the most creditable specimen extant of the art of printing, at that period, in the Colonies. The work is respect- fully noticed by the " Critical " and " Monthly " Re- views, and an ode of the President is pronounced by both to be written in a style truly Horatian. In the address prefixed, the hope is expressed, that, as "Eng- lish Colleges have had kings for their nursing fathers,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
and queens for their nursing mothers, this of North CHAPTER America might experience the royal munificence, and — look up to the throne for favor and patronage." In May, 1763, letters were received from Jasper Mauduit, agent of the Province, mentioning " the presentation to his Majesty of the book of verses from the College," but the records give no indication of the manner in which it was received. The thoughts of George the Third were occupied, not with patronizing learning in the Colonies, but with deriving revenue from them, and Harvard College was indebted to him for no act of acknowledgment or munificence.
In January, 1762, a petition for a charter of a new Petition for
a college in
college in the County of Hampshire was prepared and the county circulated by some of the inhabitants of that county shire- and of the other western districts of Massachusetts. Local convenience, and the advantages to be derived from multiplying seminaries of learning, were the osten- . sible motives ; but discontent with the liberal religious views of Harvard College was one of the active causes, which induced the Calvinists of that region to attempt to establish a .seminary in their vicinity, which should be exclusively under their control. This petition was first presented to the Council of the Province on the 29th of January, and was rejected by a large majority, after a long debate. The next day the House of Rep- resentatives, under the influence of the members from the western counties, sent for the bill, and a vote in favor of it was obtained by a small majority. This success was said to have been caused by the fact, that " many members of the House, who were in reality against the bill, relying upon its rejection by the Coun- cil, voted for it notwithstanding, in order to bring the western members to favor an application, then pend- VOL. n. 14
106 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ing before the General Court, for building a new
XXV
^— hall at Cambridge, for Harvard College." Coinci- dence in religious opinions among the members of the House had also an undoubted influence in pro- ducing this result. With a policy usual in such at- tempts, a clause was inserted in the bill, " that, the college should be no charge to the public " ; but the impracticability of binding future times by a provision of this kind was too apparent to add any strength to the project, and, when presented to the Council for concurrence, the bill was rejected. Governor The friends of the bill had prepared a refuge in
Bernard ' t •
promises case of this event : and some or them immediately
the peti- tioners a declared, that they had the promise of a charter from
charter. *
Governor Bernard. Accordingly, a few days after, the Governor informed his Council, that he had signed a charter for establishing a college in the County of . Hampshire. A power of this kind had never before been exercised ; and it was denied to belong to the executive of the Province. Several of the Overseers, upon a knowledge of the proceeding, waited upon Governor Bernard, and requested that he would not grant the charter, until the Overseers of the College had had a meeting upon the subject.
On the 8th of March, 1762, the Overseers met. and Governor Bernard laid before them " the charter he had prepared for the establishment of a college, or collegiate school, in the County of Hampshire." After a debate, at which the Governor was present, the board voted, that such a college or school would be greatly prejudicial to Harvard College, and appointed a committee to wait upon Governor Bernard with a
• See Appendix, No. VIII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 107
request, that he would not grant this charter ; and a CHAPTER committee was appointed, consisting of Brigadier- - General Brattle, James Bowdoin, Dr. Chauncy, Dr. Mayhew, and Samuel Adams, to assign reasons against granting it.
This committee, on the 18th of March, reported to Remon-
, * strance of
the Overseers " Reasons against founding a College or
to
Collegiate School in the County of Hampshire ; hum- bly offered to Governor Bernard by the Overseers." The substantial grounds urged in opposition to this charter were, that Harvard College had been origin- ally founded by our forefathers with a view to the general interest of learning and religion in the country, and that the common public good had been deemed closely connected with its prosperity; — it was open to Christians of all denominations, and the rights of con- science had been always duly observed ; 7— its original design, " the education of the youth of this country in knowledge and godliness," had ever been strenuously endeavoured ; — the founding another college in the Province was unnecessary, and would be prejudicial to Harvard College, and to the common interests of learn- ing and religion in the country. Whether called a Collegiate School, or Academy, it was a real College, founded as a rival to that in Cambridge, — set up in competition with, if not in direct opposition to it, — the powers proposed to be given being in no re- spect inferior, and in some respects greater, than those possessed by Harvard ; and, if in any respect they were inferior, they, who should have influence enough to establish it, would also soon have influence enough to get defects supplied and their privileges extended ; — under whatever pretences concealed, it was intended to be a competitor with the College at
108 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
XXV.
CHAPTER Cambridge, and would operate to its disadvantage in proportion to the number and wealth, reputation and influence, the new college could attract for its sup- port ; — one college was sufficient for the Province ; and, although in ancient and rich countries competi- tion and rivalry might be useful, jet it would be very different in a young country, poor and without re- sources ; — Harvard College was yet in its infant state, poor and but meanly endowed ; — founding another would be the most effectual way to prevent its future sufficient endowment by the streams of those bounties, which would otherwise flow to it exclusively ; — contests would result, not concern- ing the advancement of science, but for obtaining the most benefactions, or the greatest amount of pub- lic patronage ; — the effect of which would be, not only to injure Harvard College, but to render both institutions inadequate to furnish such an education as colleges ought to be able to afford ; — through novelty, convenience, or supposed cheapness, it would not be unlikely, that, after a few years, a great pro- portion of the youth of the Province might actually be sent thither, not only to the prejudice of Harvard, but consequently to a real hurt to the general interest of literature and religion. For although, by these means, more might receive what is usually called a liberal education, and what might pass for a very good one with many, yet it would be rather a disadvan- tage than the contrary, as it would prevent a suf- ficient, though smaller number of youth being sent to Cambridge, where they would be, unquestionably, much more thoroughly instructed and far better quali- fied for doing service to their country, and thus many important civil offices, and a great part of the pulpits,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 109
would be filled with comparatively unlettered persons, CHAPTER to the detriment of the Commonwealth and churches ; - — nothing could be more injurious to science than to go on multiplying colleges, without having a single one well endowed ; — the establishing two colleges in a Province requiring only one, would create separate interests, and a division of the strength, wealth, and affections of the people ; the expense of supporting one College well and honorably, would be much less than supporting two, meanly and parsimoniously. The wisdom of our fathers, prompted by their love and strong attachment to learning, had laid the foundation of this seminary, in the pleasing hope, that by the pru- dent care and ingenuous liberality of successive gen- erations it might one day arrive to the dignity and ex- tensive usefulness of a University, and to this end had placed Harvard in a situation at once healthy and agreeable, and under the direct superintendence of one branch of the legislature, and in the vicinity of the capital, whereby it became subject to a much more constant and vigilant oversight. The proposed insti- tution would counteract and defeat the truly noble de- signs of our forefathers, would split the friends of sci- ence into parties and factions and interfering interests, prejudicial to the advancement of learning, to the endowment of Professorships, and to the so much needed enlargement of the public buildings ; — and would diminish the value of academical degrees, making them of little worth and utility, since their value is but in proportion to the extent, dignity, repu- tation, and honor of the college by which they are granted ; by means of which a fatal blow would be given to the interests of learning in this country.*
* See Appendix, No. VII.
110 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER This remonstrance was passed unanimously by the — - — board of Overseers. When presented to Governor Bernard, he replied, that it had never been his inten- tion to do any thing prejudicial to Harvard College ; and that, on the contrary, being partial to its interests, he would suspend the issuing of the obnoxious char- ter, and should not assist any applications for a similar charter elsewhere. This was the general purport of his formal answer to the Overseers. He let the board understand, however, that he should " put the affair of the charter out of his own hands, to be determined upon by those who had authority to direct him," and advised, that a committee should be appointed to draw up the reasons against granting the charter, to ac- company his representations to the British ministry.
A committee for this purpose was accordingly ap- pointed by the Overseers, " to guard against the influence of any application made, in Great Britain, by the Hampshire petitioners." This committee pre- pared a letter, of the nature of a circular address, and transmitted to their several confidential and in- fluential friends in England a copy of the remon- strance of the Overseers. Their letter is indicative of the bold and independent spirit, which began to actuate the leading men in the Province. They doubt the powers of the Governor to grant such a char- ter, or any charter. They have taken the opinion of learned counsel in the law, which they transmit, by which it will be seen he has no such power. They doubt whether it resides " indeligably " even in the King. They intimate, that the Province charter, grant- ed by King William and Queen Mary, " has abridged the Crown, so far as regards this Province, of such a power." They entreat their English friends to prevent
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. HI
the granting such a charter, for, even if it prove not CHAPTER good, the granting it would have a tendency to effect xxv' for the proposed college a solid establishment; and they conclude with declaring, that " all the well- wishers to the literature of the Province (excepting those concerned in the intended new college) have the prevention of its establishment greatly at heart, deeming that it will be greatly prejudicial to the inter- ests of learning in the Province." * It is manifest that religious differences were the occasion of this at- tempt, from a note annexed to the original draft of this letter, by which it appears, that the advocates of the proposed charter had insinuated, " that the governors of Harvard College neglect to propagate orthodox principles of religion and vital piety, and that a prin- cipal end proposed in founding another seminary is to remedy this supposed defect in the present method of education." " This insinuation," the committee subjoin, " we think very injurious, not only to the immediate government and Corporation, but to the board of Overseers."
The remonstrance and the circular letter against the new 'charter were drafted by Mayhew,f and ap- proved by Chauncy ; and it cannot be doubted that the zeal these divines displayed in support of Har- vard College, and the friendship subsisting between them and its governors, were deemed indicative of the religious tendencies of the seminary, and were the oc- casion of alarm to all the strict adherents to the high Calvinistic faith.
The scheme for a new college was at this time scheme of
0 a new col-
defeated ; and the misfortune, which Harvard soon jep defeat-
* See Appendix, No. VIII. t Ibid., No. IX.
112 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER after sustained, in the loss by lire of its library and — philosophical apparatus, turned the current of sympa- thy and patronage into its ancient channel ; and no project, which tended to obstruct its restoration, found public favor or countenance. Public attention became soon absorbed in the contests, which preceded the war of the American Revolution ; and it was not until many years after its termination, that the scheme was revived, and, under the influences of greatly increased wealth and population, became ultimately successful. The opening of the year 1764 had been distinguish- ed by the completion of Hollis Hall, under the pat- ronage of the legislature ; but the bright sky, which thus dawned on Harvard, was early obscured by the heaviest cloud that ever burst on the head of our Alma Mater. Three days after the dedication of the new edifice, the small-pox, the dreaded scourge of the pe- riod, appeared in Boston. The members of the legis- lature sought refuge in Cambridge, and took possession of Harvard Hall. The Governor and Council occupi- ed the Library, and the Representatives the apartment Harvard below. The night of the 24th of January was severely
Hall de- 111 i • i -
stroyedby cold and tempestuous, and, it being vacation, and the students absent, only three persons lodged in the College buildings. At midnight, during a storm of snow, accompanied by a high wind, the air was sud- denly illuminated by a conflagration, of which Harvard Hall was the subject and the victim. Massachusetts, Stoughton, and Hollis Halls, and Holden Chapel, were all in imminent danger, and were each on fire. The two former blazed forth several times, in differ- ent places ; but, by the vigorous efforts of the citizens of Cambridge, united with those of the Governor of the province and the members of the legislature,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 113
the progress of the flames was arrested, and all were CHAPTER saved except Harvard, the most valuable of the halls, xxv' which, with the best library and philosophical ap- paratus in America, comprising the collections and donations of more than a century, utterly perished. At this day, it is perhaps impossible to realize the loss then actually sustained, or the feeling of desolation spread throughout the Province ; * but it was not ac- companied by either despair or despondence. Great as the misfortune was, it happily occurred at a mo- ment, when the legislature of the Province had just evinced a favorable disposition to the College by the erection of Hollis Hall, and when the people of Mas- sachusetts were guided by those distinguished men, who soon after led the way to national independence. Many of them were alumni of the College ; and they all acknowledged the importance of the institution, and united in measures to repair the losses it had sustained. By their zeal and energy, Harvard Hall soon rose from its ashes, and a library, more valua- ble and richly endowed than the former, was col- lected within its walls.
At the first meeting of the legislature of the Prov- 1754, ince after the destruction of Harvard Hall, Governor Gaovearaor Bernard recommended that they should take imme- commends" diate measures to repair the loss, and advocated the lecture restoration of the edifice, not on the principle of gen- repa< erosity or favor, but on that of duty. " As this ex- traordinary event has come, while the building was in your immediate occupation, there seems to be an ob- ligation that you should replace it."
The legislature, on the same day, resolved unani- mously, that Harvard Hall be rebuilt at the expense of the Province, granted two thousand pounds to be-
* See Appendix, No. X. VOL. II. 15
114 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER gin the new edifice, and appointed a committee of both
XXV
— branches to superintend the work, consisting of nearly the same individuals, who had displayed such zeal, judgment, and fidelity in the erection of Hollis Hall. They also granted one hundred pounds to purchase a water engine for the College, and, a few days after, made appropriations for the indemnification of those students, who had lost books and furniture by the destruction of their rooms in Harvard Hall. Measures The Corporation and Overseers were not less faith- repair the ful to the interests of the seminary. Lieutenant- sustained. Governor Hutchinson and Dr. Chauncy were the chairmen of the committees raised in both boards to set forward subscriptions, and solicit assistance from all persons disposed to aid in repairing the losses the seminary had sustained. Letters were addressed by these committees to Jasper Mauduit, the agent of the Province in England ; to Thomas Hollis, the third benefactor of that name ; to Dr. Avery, chairman of the committee of Dissenters, and to others, " desiring their interests with their respective friends in favor of the College." In America, besides special agents, the clergy of all denominations were appointed to receive donations in money or books ; and all the Overseers who had correspondents abroad, or influence at home, were enjoined to use their friendly offices to obtain benefactions. These exertions of the guardians of the seminary were attended with a success equally grati- fying and unprecedented. To enumerate all the benefactors, who appeared on this occasion would be to record the names of almost every individual of wealth and public spirit in the Province.* To name
* See Appendix, No. XI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 115
only the most distinguished would be to make dis- CHAPTER
criminations in a case, where the amount, was often !
regulated by want of means, and not of disposition. Some subscribed books ; others, articles of philosophi- cal apparatus ; others, money.
In Great Britain the spirit of place, or of party, had Traneatian-
*. J ' tic liberal!-
no influence upon the spirit of sympathy, and the ty- subscriptions were equally liberal. Thomas Hollis, emulating the liberal disposition of his uncle, sub- scribed at once four hundred pounds sterling, to be divided equally between the library and the appara- tus. Among the English Dissenters, Harvard College had, at all times, been the object of munificent pat- ronage, and the names of many individuals, distin- guished among them for influence and intellectual power, stand high on the list of benefactors, by ap- pearing in this hour of her distress. The Episco- palians, also, unmindful of the jealousies, at that moment in active excitement against them in the Province, and of the asperities to which they had been exposed, gave honorable evidence of their ca- tholicism and charity. The Archbishops, both of Can- terbury and York, subscribed, and used their influence in its favor. Their donations, and those of other members of the Episcopal church, were gratefully ac- knowledged by the Corporation, and their names placed in the library of the seminary over alcoves, which their liberal and catholic spirit had filled with books.
In June, 1764, Governor Bernard, accompanied by comer the committee appointed by the General Court to re- build Harvard Hall, laid the corner-stone of the building,* and in June, 1766, it was completed, at an
* See Appendix, No. XII.
116 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER expense of twenty-three thousand dollars. In a few
XXV.
! — years, by the concentrated efforts and influence of in- dividuals and the Provincial government, a library was collected, which soon acquired an extension cor- responding to the increase and prosperity of the colonies.*
The last years of Holyoke's presidency comprehend few occurrences of general interest ; but justice re- quires that one transaction, in which the Corporation and Overseers interfered, from motives at least ques- tionable, with the discipline of the immediate govern- ment, should not be omitted in this history.
Disturban- In April, 1768. a number of undergraduates con-
ces in the . ~ . — T- ...
College. tmued to withhold compliance with some injunction made by the authority of the College. ^jJreat dis- turbances occurred ; the tutors' windows were broken with brickbats, their lives endangered, and other out- rages committed^ By a vote of the immediate govern- ment, confirmed by the Corporation, Jthree students were expelled ; others were rusticated, and some ring- leaders " gave up their chambers and renounced their relation to the College," and thus withdrew them- selves from the power of the College government. On the 1 8th of May following, order being restored, three of those students, who had_ thus evaded pun- ishment petitioned for readmission. But, " being con- victed of being principal actors in these unlawful combinations," their application was rejected by the immediate government, who voted that no applica- tion for their readmission should be received within twelve months, and, if ever they were readmitted, it should be into a lower class. On the 20th of
* See Appendix, No. XL
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 117
May the delinquents petitioned for a reconsideration CHAPTER of the last vote. It was rejected by the immediate _ ._ government, who voted, that " their request could not be granted consistently with the honor of gov- ernment and the support of good order in this so- ciety." Not content with this result, the students appealed to the Corporation. On the 24th oL June this board took the appeal into consideration, and, after recapitulating in their vote the preceding facts, stated that the crimes charged on the delinquents were " true, that they may be deemed principal actors and ringleaders in the late riots and seditions, which struck at the very being of the society," and that,
"considering the nature of their offence, and its hein- Proceed-
ings there- ousness, the sentence of the immediate government on of the
Corpora-
was no more than the just desert of their crimes." tion> The Corporation then proceed, after remarking that clemency often best answers the ends of government, ' remission of so much of the vote of the im-
mediate government as excluded the delinquents from readmission within twelve months, but leaving the penalty of their admission into a lower class unrepeal- ed; requiring even for this partial remission a public confession of the crime for which they were censured. The delinquents, dissatisfied with this result, ^appealed from the decision of the Corporation to the board of Overseers.
On the 5th of July following, the Overseers met and of the
i i i * i> Overseers.
and voted, that, it appearing that the appeal of the three delinquents to the Corporation had been " de- termined, when one of the members of that body was absent, by the President's giving his two voices, the appeal be remitted to a full meeting of the Cor- poration for further consideration." The Overseers
118 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER were aware, that, by the vote of the absent mem-
XXV
— ber, the weight of the Corporation would be thrown against the decision of the immediate government, and that thus their responsibility would be changed from deciding against both boards to deciding be- tween the two. The event happened as was an- ticipated. The Corporation met on the same day, aind after a formal recapitulation of the guilt of the three offenders, declared the sentence pronounced by the immediate government just. But, considering that it was a time of general uneasiness in the College, .though without any just cause, that the delinquents appear deeply sensible of their seditious conduct, and that " many who have been great friends and benefac- tors to the society have condescended to intercede in their behalf" they remit the punishment upon their humble confession, and restore the offenders to their forfeited places and privileges.^ At the same time the Corpo- ration stated, that their vote was not intended as a censure on the immediate government, whose zeal and care to maintain the order of the society they greatly laud; warning the students not to consider it as countenancing their seditious practices, and con- cluding with stupendous threats, if they should be encouraged by it to show any disrespect to the gov- ernors of the College. This vote was subsequent- ly approved by the board of Overseers ; but Presi- President dent Holyoke caused his protest against the whole protests6 proceeding to be placed on their records and on them8 those of the Corporation. He saw and lamented the weakness and injustice of thus allowing ring- leaders in a rebellion to escape, because they were the sons of men of influence or wealth, at the same time that_Qthers, in truth less guilty, who were destitute of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 119
such external connexions, were subjected to the penal- CHAPTER
•y V"y
ties, and made to suffer the highest severities, the laws L_
of the College could inflict. No other proceeding of those intrusted with the superintendence of the semi- nary, apparently so exceptionable as these, occurs on the College records. This protest was the last impor- tant official act of President Holyoke, and the spirit of vigorous independence and fidelity it exhibits is equally honorable and exemplary. In the month of June, 1769, after a long illness and extreme suffering, in which his patience, firmness, and resignation to the divine will were characteristically manifested, he rested . His death. from his labors, leaving a reputation for great worth, truth, and faithfulness.
Edward Holyoke was a native of Boston. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1705, was chosen Tutor in 1712, a Fellow of the Corporation in 1713, and President in 1737. This office he held until his death; which occurred in 1769, at the age of eighty. He was lamented, as a man and an officer, with un- affected expressions of sorrow ; for, notwithstanding his advanced years, it was difficult to supply his loss. The day after his death, the Corporation pass- Proceed- ed votes expressive of their " great respect for his corpora- e memory, and their gratitude for his faithful services to the Society for the space of nearly thirty-two years." At the same time they offered to his widow the use of the President's house for her residence until they should have need of it, made an appro- priation for defraying the expense of his funeral, and appointed Professor Sewall to deliver an oration on the occasion. In private life, President Holyoke His private exhibited the qualities, which attract friendship, and strengthen in the heart the cords of natural rela-
120 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tionship. Gentle, tender, and affectionate, he was
XXV.
! endeared to the domestic and social circle ; yet he
maintained his parental authority with great strictness, and the directness of expression, for which he was distinguished, amounted to bluntness. The discrepan- cy which sometimes appeared between his language arid his feelings is illustrated by an anecdote related
Anecdote by the Rev. Dr. West, for many years pastor of the
Dr. west, church in Hollis Street in Boston.* In the year 1757 West was admitted a member of the Freshman Class in Harvard College ; but poverty clouded his pros- pects, and his father consulted President Holyoke con- cerning the pecuniary embarrassments, which were likely to attend his collegiate course. In describing this interview, Dr. West observes ;
" Gratitude obliges me here to record an act of gen- erosity in Mr. Holyoke, who was then the venerable President of Harvard University, and who did, 1 be- lieve, many similar acts of liberality. When my fa- ther informed him, it was not in his power to furnish
His liber- me with a chamber within the walls of the College,
ality. ... . .
the good man replied, with his usual tartness of spirit, — ' He shall live in College ; ' — and, while my father felt himself rather hurt by this peremptory order, and the manner in which it was expressed, which he thought too severe, the President repaired to his desk, and soon returned and handed him what was called a Province note of forty-five pounds. ' Here,' said he, * take it, and furnish your son's chamber.' This was done accordingly, and the same generosity was repeated in several instances afterwards. I do not think myself the only object of the good man's
* In a manuscript autobiography, in the possession of his de- scendants.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 121
generosity, by a great many. It was his common CHAPTER
practice thus to relieve poverty for the encouragement — —
of learning."
The piety and charity of President Holyoke were His piety alike unostentatious ; and the Catholicism of his char- icisma acter shone forth with a mild and unobtrusive lustre, in all the relations of life, whether public or private, and in every place of his duties, whether the pulpit, the assembly, or the College Hall.
His published works are few. Being aware, that it was not for the interest of the College, that its head should be numbered among controversialists, and thus become exposed to the obloquy of jealous or interested partisans, he was careful, after his acceptance of the presidency, not to subject himself to animadversion by discourses given to the public, either from the pulpit or through the press.
The dignity with which he presided on Commence- ment days and in all public collegiate meetings, his power of commanding respect and supporting the honor of his station, his classical and scientific attain- ments, and the precision with which he fulfilled all his duties, are frequent topics of contemporaneous eulogy. They are thus set forth by Professor Sewall in a funeral oration on his death.*
" In toto quidem literarum ambitu reluxit : in mathe- Professor
. . Sewall's
matica vero praesertim et philosophia naturah emmuit. tribute to
r _ * r his official
Probe calluit Ihiffuas eruditorum, Latinam probissime. conduct
and literary
Quam faciliter, quam numerose, simul et quanta cum
* Oratio Funebris in Obitum Viri Reverend! pariter atque Honoran- di D. Edvardi Holyoke, Collegii Harvardini Novanglorum Praesidis : quam, in ./Ede Cantabrigiensi, inter efferendum, 8° idus Junias, M,DCC,LXIX., habuit Stephanus Sewall, LL. OO. Professor Han- cockianus. 8vo.
VOL. II. 16
122
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER dignitate eloquebatur, et comitiis annuls moderabatur!
XXV.
Ars gubernandi, Praesidi pernecessaria, cum ipso nata
potius est, quam acquisita. Oculorum ipse conjectus, ut prob6 meminimus, observantiam coegit.
" Mira ejus accuratio summo erat Academiae usui. Suam cuique rei assignavit horam ; nee potuit quic- quam impedire, quo minus, quod proposuerat, id prae- stituto momento exequeretur. Ducem per omnia se- cutus est naturam, eique, cum Catone, paruit."
Fidelity and uprightness were the prominent features of his character. In duty punctual ; in judgment sound ; in manners urbane ; in his official relations earnest, assiduous, and unremitting, he acquired the confidence of the friends of the seminary and the esteem of the public ; and his administration was at once the longest and one of the most prosperous in the annals of Harvard College.
HARVARD HALL, ERECTED IN 1766.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 123
CHAPTER XXVI.
Endeavours to elevate the Standard of Learning in the College. — Public Literary Exhibitions traced from their Origin. — Dissatisfac- tion of the Overseers with the State of Elocution and with the Clas- sical Studies. — Improvements suggested. — Rewards and Honors for those who excel, proposed. — Public Recitations and Exercises in Elocution, in Presence of the Visiting Committee of the Over- seers, enjoined. — The higher Classics, and the Practice of trans- lating English into Latin, introduced. — Stephen Sewall chosen In- structer in Hebrew and Classical Learning ; his Plan of Classical Studies ; elected and installed Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages. — Edward Wigglesworth elected and installed Hollis Professor of Divinity. — Public Exhibitions before the Visiting Committee of the Board of Overseers, established by the Laws of the College. — New Distribution, of the Tutors' Services. — Benefactors of the College. — Thomas Danforth. — Eliakim Hutch- inson. — Thomas Hutchinson. — Paul Dudley. — William Dummer. — John Alford. — Samuel Epes. — Thomas Hancock. — Timothy Hollis. — Thomas Hollis, the third Benefactor of that Name.
THE impulse given to science and literature in Eng- CHAPTER
land, during the reign of Queen Anne, gradually '—
extended to Massachusetts, and the presidency of ofthenage Holyoke was distinguished by a series of persevering iege.e and well-directed endeavours to elevate the standard of learning in the College. In the first years of his administration, some changes in the text- books and exercises of the students were made, but the cus- toms and rules of the College tardily yielded to the influences of the period ; and it was not until after the middle of the eighteenth century, that effectual improvements were introduced. At this day these
124 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER changes appear inconsiderable, but they were adapt-
XXVI
— 1— ed to the state of the times and of the seminary ; and, as they were the germs of many of the exist- ing customs, laws, and practices of the institution, the progress of some of them will be briefly traced. These improvements generally originated in the board of Overseers, where intelligent and practical men, of influence and talent, such as Thomas Hutchinson, Charles Chauncy, Jonathan Mayhevv, and Samuel Cooper, were active in promoting the advancement of the College. Attempts The dissatisfaction of the board of Overseers with
to improve
oi ^e state °^ el°cuti°n among the undergraduates, and with the standard of classical attainments in the Col- lege, was the origin of the present literary exhibitions, which were at first only semiannual. In October, 1754, a committee was raised in that board, " to project some new method to promote oratory." This committee, in the ensuing April, reported a project, which the Over- seers accepted and recommended to the Corporation for their consideration ; who accordingly in June, 1755, voted, that, as " an introduction to the promoting of oratory and correct elocution among the students, the usual declamations in the Chapel should be laid aside, and in their stead the President should select some in- genious dialogue, either from Erasmus's Colloquies, or from some other polite Latin author, and that he should appoint as many students as there are persons in such dialogue, each to personate a particular character, and to translate his part into polite English, and prepare himself to deliver it in the Chapel in an oratorical man- ner;"— " that the President should appoint the class, who should choose some of their own members to per- form the parts of such dialogue, as he shall assign them
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 125
in the presence of the board of Overseers ; " — and CHAPTER
" that the President, at convenient times, should read
an oratorical lecture to the students in the Chapel."
In April, 1756, six students " presented themselves First exhi-
before the board of Overseers, and pronounced, in the thepromo-
. tionof
respective characters assigned them, a dialogue in the oratory. English tongue, translated from Castalio, and then withdrew."* Whereupon "the board unanimously ex- pressed their acceptance and approbation," and voted, " that the several students aforesaid be sent for and be acquainted, that the board are well pleased with their performance, and desire them to proceed as they have begun, that they may not only render themselves ornaments to the College and an honor to their coun- try, but may also excite an emulation in others to excel in eloquence and oratorical attainments, and, in the like manner, to merit the approbation of their board." The President was desired to read these votes in the chapel ; and a vote passed both boards, for the continuance of " these rhetorical and oratorical exercises."
Contemporaneously with the attempt to improve the Proposed elocution of the College, the same Committee had re- of funds for
its encour-
ported, in April, 1755, that the fourth part of the yearly income of the Hollis donation, and the whole of the yearly income of other specified donations, should be " applied to encourage the study of the languages, by equally dividing the amount between any three of the Junior Sophister Class, two of whom should appear most expert in the Latin and the Greek, and the third in the Hebrew language ; and the other incomes of Mr. Hollis to be divided equally between
* Overseers' Records.
126 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER nine other Junior Sophisters, who should most excel
'— in the knowledge of said languages, the said scholars
to be all of good morals." The report was accepted in the board of Overseers, and a vote was passed recommending such a law to the Corporation, notcounte- This proposition received no countenance from the
nanced by » i • r i r i
the corpo- Corporation, because such an application of the funds
ration, ' .
was not justified by the tenor of the respective do- nations; but in March, 1757, they voted, "respect- ing the promoting and encouraging learning in the College, that once in a quarter each class shall re- cite to their Tutor, in the presence of the President, Professors, and all the Tutors, in the several books they are reciting to the respective Tutors, and that the two senior classes do once a quarter, in the same presence, but under the direction of the mathematical professor, give some specimen of their progress in philosophical and mathematical learning." who vote By other votes the Corporation proposed, that, in the
other funds , . * r '
andexer- distribution of the beneficiary funds, preference should
cises, <*
be given to those students who excelled in the dif- ferent studies, provided they were not otherwise dis- qualified ; and that the books distributed under the Hopkins legacy should be given with reference to those who might have distinguished themselves at these quarterly recitations. At the same time they voted, that the exercises of the Freshmen and Sopho- mores, with their respective Tutors, on Friday morn- ing (except when they declaim), " be to read some celebrated orations, speeches, or dialogues in Latin or English, whereby they may be directed and assist- ed in their elocution or pronunciation ; " that the Tu- tors attend the declamations in the. Chapel on Fri- day morning, and that once a month the two senior
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 127
classes have their disputations in English, in the foren- CHAPTER
XXVI.
sic manner, without being confined to syllogisms ; —
that the number of opponents and respondents be equal and that they speak alternately ; the questions to be given out by the Tutors at least a fortnight beforehand.
These votes were approved by the board of Over- which are
approved,
seers on the 27th of April, 1757, with an amendment, that the recitations should be " publicly in the College Hall."
Notwithstanding the unanimity with which these principles were adopted, it was found difficult to intro- duce a practice so little in unison with the private recitations, syllogistic forms, and solemn exercises of ancient times. In April, 1759, the Overseers "ascer- tained, that the votes of the Corporation confirmed by the Overseers, relative to the undergraduates perform- ing quarterly their exercises publicly, before the Presi- dent, Professors, and Tutors, had not been observed ; " the board therefore " directed the President, Profes- butnotcar- sors, and Tutors to conform thereto as soon as may efiect. be ; and, that the good design of the votes aforesaid may be more fully answered," they further proposed, " that one of those public exercises be performed on the days when the committee of the Overseers semi- annually meet to inquire into the state of the College, and that said committee be directed to be present and attend the same." These propositions were adopt- ed with the limitation, " that the committee of the Overseers attend the exercises of the students only at the meeting in April, from year to year."
This recommendation of the Overseers was taken up by the Corporation in April, 1760, who then passed a vote, which in the ensuing May was approved by the
128
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXVI.
Exhibitions twice in a year voted.
Transla- tions,
higher
classical
authors,
Overseers, "that twice in a year, in the Spring and Fall, each class should recite to their Tutors, in the presence of the President, Professors, and Tutors, in the sev- eral books in which they are reciting to their respec- tive Tutors, and that publicly in the College Hall or Chapel ; and that the two senior classes do once every half year, in the same presence, but under the direction of the Mathematical Professor, give a specimen of their progress in philosophical and mathematical learning.'*
In October, 1761, the Overseers were informed by their committee, " that the students are not required to translate English into Latin, nor Latin into English, neither in verse nor prose ; " and the committee ex- pressed their opinion, "that, if some or all of those ex- ercises, according to the different geniuses of the stu- dents were introduced, and some part of the present exercises laid aside, as shall be judged most convenient, an acquaintance with and skill in both languages would be obtained in a more easy and expeditious way than by the present mode of instruction ; and, in order to excite an emulation, the committee thought it would be convenient, that specimens of such translations and other performances in classical and polite literature should be from time to time laid before the board of Overseers." The committee expressed a " further opinion, that more classical authors should be intro- duced and made part of the exercises, and that Horace should be earlier entered upon than has of late been practised."
A vote passed the board of Overseers recommending to the Corporation a conformity to these suggestions, which were the origin of the present public literary exhibitions before the visiting committee of the Over- seers ; recitations and oratorical exercises being in- cluded in the first design.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 129
The Overseers, however, soon found, that attending CHAPTER
recitations was an irksome task ; and in May, 1762, — '—
one of their committees reported, " that they heard the several classes recite in the books they usually recite in before the Tutors ; the exercises were laudably performed, and gave the committee as much satisfac- tion as they could expect from performances in that manner; but they did not afford sufficient scope for the display of genius, nor seem enough calculated to raise. in the scholars an emulation to excel." They therefore suggest, that it would be " sufficient to exhibit a few specimens of this kind, at these visitations, and and°rat°"-
cal exer-
that the scholars should be prompted to exhibit any cisesre-
•/ commend-
thing of genius or spirit, agreeable to their own turn ed> of mind ; — that some should be put upon declaiming, which might form them to a graceful elocution, if per- formed before the committee with a special view to their own credit in excelling; — some exercises, carried on in parts between two or more, might have the same good effects. Thus one might offer a thesis, and say what he thought proper in defence of it, another might reply, and this exercise might conclude with a rejoinder; — and these might be performed in English or in one of the learned languages, agreeably to the nature of the subject, or the talents or inclination of the performers." The committee express their opinion, " that such like exercises, approved by the President and Tutors, exhibited from time to time before the committees, would greatly tend to the improvement of the scholars, and the credit and reputation of the society." This report was adopted, and it was re- commended to the President and Tutors to conform to the suggestion. At the same meeting the Over seers, finding that the Tutors had not introduce
VOL. II. 17
130 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER " translations of English into Latin, and more classical
XXVI
- authors," as recommended in their former vote, passed another, advising the President and Tutors to conform to it, as soon as possible.
In the ensuing October, the Overseers, persever- ing in their determination to carry their vote into effect, specially instructed their semiannual visiting committee " to inquire what had been done relative to translations, and the introduction of classical authors." andintro- This committee, in May, 1763, reported, "that Hor-
duced.
ace is more in use than it has been, that Caesar's ' Commentaries ' has been recently introduced, and that the several classes translate English into Latin once every fortnight."
!M*n Jn May, 1761, Stephen Sevvall had been appointed appointed Hebrew instructer in the place of Mr. Monis, deceased ; and in September, 1763, he presented a plan* for the promotion of classical learning, and was immediately made instructer in " the other learned languages " be- sides Hebrew, and the three lower classes were placed under his tuition. In the year 1764, a foundation be- ing laid for a professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental languages, under the will of Thomas Han- professor cock, Mr. Sewall was raised to the office of Hancock Professor, but with a provision, " that he go on with the method he is now in, as to the instruction of pupils." and install- On the 19th of June, 1765, Mr. Sewall was pub-
cd
licly installed Hancock Professor of the Hebrew and Edward other Oriental Languages ; and, in October, Edward worth Wigglesworth succeeded his father as Hollis Profes- sor of Divinity, and was publicly installed on the 16th
* See Appendix, No. XIII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 131
of that month. On each occasion a procession was CHAPTER
XXVI
formed of the Overseers, Corporation, Professors, Tu- - tors, graduates, and students, from the College to the Professor
of Divinity.
Congregational Church, where, after an introductory prayer, an oration was made by the President, and the statutes of the founder were read. The Professor then took the oath of allegiance to the government, and made such declaration as was required, and, the Presi- dent having announced the Professor's official relation, the latter delivered an inaugural address, and the cere- monies were closed by a prayer, a psalm, and a blessing. A public dinner was then given, in the Col- lege Hall, to the different branches of the government and to the invited guests.
On the instalment of Mr. Sewall, the President gratefully commemorated the recent public and pri- vate benefactions to the College, and took an especial notice of that of Thomas Hancock, in the founda- tion of the Professorship of Hebrew and other Orien- tal Languages, and of the generous spirit, with which his intention and promise to subscribe five hundred pounds sterling for the library of the institution, had been fulfilled by his nephew and heir, John Hancock.
At Mr. Wigglesworth's instalment, besides his oath Declaration to the government, the records of the Overseers state iigious
, ciples.
" that he made such declarations of his religious prin- ciples as were there required." The tenor of these declarations is not stated. But from the records of the Corporation it appears, that in July, 1755, when he was chosen Professor, " the Corporation sent, for him to make inquiry concerning his principles in Di- vinity, whether* they were orthodox, according to the doctrines of the churches of Christ u)ith us, to which
132 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER he gave us full and satisfactory answers." By the
'— records of the Overseers it appears, that, when the
President presented their choice of Mr. Wigglesworth for the approval of the board, he "informed them, that the Corporation had conversed with Mr. Wigglesworth concerning his religious sentiments, and had received full satisfaction." With this general statement the Overseers were content.
semiannual After a struggle of more than ten years, the Over- seers effected their purpose, and in July, 1766, a law was formally enacted in both boards, " that twice in the year, viz. at the semiannual visitation of the com- mittee of the Overseers, some of the scholars, at the direction of the President and Tutors, shall publicly exhibit specimens of their proficiency, by pronouncing orations and delivering dialogues, either in English or in one of the learned languages, or hearing a forensic disputation, or such other exercises as the President and Tutors shall direct."
The Overseers, while introducing these semiannual visitations, public examinations, and literary exhibi- tions, turned their attention to other improvements. The custom of the College, established in early times, when the scholars and instructers were few, was, that each Tutor should teach all the branches to the class assigned to him, throughout the whole collegiate course. Although the objections to this custom were obvious, it was too deeply rooted to be easily eradicated, and high influences were called in aid of the attempt. The same committee, therefore, now " submitted it to the consideration of the board, whether the services of the Tutors might not be distributed among them in such a manner as to make these services more advan- tageous to the society than heretofore they have been."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 133
The board immediately recommitted the subject to CHAPTER
the same committee, and, after joining with them 1_
Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson and the President, and desiring them to consult and take the advice of Governor Bernard, directed them to report at the next semiannual meeting.
In May, 1766, this committee reported " a plan for Newdistri-
i j- -u • f i i i • butionof
the more proper distribution ot the work and service the Tutors' of the Tutors, which in their opinion will, when carried into execution, be attended with many advan- tages to the society ; but, as it will cause a great change in the long-established manner of proceeding, the committee did not think it proper to report that it should be immediately entered upon, but submit to the board the determination, whether the present or some future time may be most convenient, and whether any preparatory measures are necessary or not."
By the plan proposed,* one Tutor was to teach in Greek, another in Latin, another in Logic, Meta- physics, and Ethics, and the other in Natural Philoso- phy, Geography, Astronomy, and the elements of Mathematics ; and, after specifying the days of the students' attending on each Tutor, it provided, that on Friday and Saturday each class should be instructed by a distinct Tutor in Elocution, composition in Eng- lish, Rhetoric, and other parts of the Belles Lettres ; and that the Divinity Professors should instruct all the scholars in Divinity. This plan received the imme- diate sanction of the board, and the Corporation was desired to make a law to carry it into execution.
In the November following, the Corporation adopted
* See Appendix, No. XIV.
134 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the plan proposed by the Overseers, assigned their respective duties to the Tutors, and arranged the at- tendance of the classes according to the principles of the general outline suggested ; and, by direction of the board of Overseers, it took effect at the end of the winter vacation, in January, 1767.
The progress of improvement at this period is indi-
ancient cated by other ameliorations of the ancient laws.
laws. *
The practice, under the first charter, of inflicting cor- poral punishment, while the delinquent kneeled, in the presence of the President, who superintended the person executing the discipline, and began and end- ed the chastisement with prayer, although never di- rectly abrogated, had been long disused. When the laws of the College were revised in 1734, the right of punishing undergraduates by " boxing " was deem- ed so essential to discipline, that the exercise of it was expressly reserved to the President, Professors, and Tutors. But in July, 1755, the Overseers voted, that it should be " taken away." The Corporation, however, probably regarded it as too important an instrument of authority to be for ever abandoned, and voted, " that it should be suspended, as to the execution of it, for one year." When this vote came before the Overseers for their sanction, the board hesi tated, and appointed a large committee " to considei and make report what punishments they apprehend Boxing dis- proper to be substituted instead of boxing, in case it be thought expedient to repeal or suspend the law, which allows or establishes the same." From this period the law disappeared and the practice was dis- continued.
In May, 1760, the practice of sending the Freshmen on errands came under the serious consideration of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 135
board of Overseers, who, " although they could not CHAPTER
xx vr
agree entirely to abolish it," yet recommended to the " Corporation to pass a law prohibiting their " being sending
if (, , , Freshmen
sent on errands alter the ringing ot the commons bell on errands, in the evening." This law the Corporation imme- diately passed ; but it was to continue in force only for one year. When the subject was brought before the Overseers in the October following, they refused to give their sanction to the law, and the custom long continued in the seminary.
About the middle of the eighteenth century, the practice of punishing by pecuniary mulcts began to be considered objectionable. Although little regard- ed by the students, they were very annoying to their parents. The list of these mulcts exhibits a curious aggregate of offences and punishments.* In 1761, a committee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Hutch- inson, Secretary Oliver, Dr. Chauncy, and Dr. May- hew were members, were enjoined to consider of some other method of punishing offenders. They did andpecuni-
i i -I'll i T i ary mulcts,
not, however, deem it advisable to attempt abolish- continued. ing pecuniary mulcts altogether, but to diminish and qualify their use by a system, which they recommend- ed, and which, improved by time, was the basis of that which since their abrogation has prevailed in the College.
They proposed, that, in lieu of an increase of mulcts, absences without justifiable cause from any exercise of the College should subject the delinquent to warn- ing, private admonition, exhortation to duty, and pub- lic admonition, with a notification to parents ; when recitations had been omitted, performance of them
* See Appendix, No. XV.
136 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER should be exacted at some other time ; and, by way of
XXVI
— '• — '— punishment for disorders, confinement, and the per- formance of exercises during its continuance should be enjoined.
Many other improvements, in the collegiate text- books, exercises, and principles of discipline, may be traced to this period, and to the influence of the able men, who then guided the board of Overseers.
Patrons of Before entering on the troubled scenes, which pre-
the College . ' .r .
commemo- ceded and attended the American Revolution, it is
rated. 7
proper to commemorate those generous patrons of the College who have not yet been mentioned in this his- Thomas tory. Thomas Danforth was among the earliest, most steadfast, and faithful of its friends. Born in Eng- land, in 1622, he was brought by his father to this country in 1634, and became an inhabitant of Cam- bridge. He held the office of Assistant, twenty years, from 1659 until he was appointed Deputy Governor of Massachusetts in 1679. He was afterwards placed on the bench of the Superior Court of the Province, and in 1681 was appointed President of the District of Maine, then under the jurisdiction of Massachu- setts. To the old provincial Charter his attachment was zealous and invincible. With Gookin, Cooke, and the other leaders of that party, he opposed sending agents to England, and was ready to incur every peril rather than submit to the acts of trade, which, as the Colony was not represented in the Brit- ish parliament, he considered as an infringement of the liberties of the Province. Distinguished for pru- dence, firmness, and activity, united with a fearless and determined spirit, he became the favorite and acknowledged leader of the popular party in opposing the tyranny of Andros. Soon after the imprisonment
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 137
of that governor, he prevented by his prudence and CHAPTER
influence many excesses, to which, in the violence of _J _
the times, the people were tending. His undeviating zeal, in favor of the old Charter, precluded him from any appointment or employment under that of William and Mary. The correctness of his judgment was evinced by a firm and open opposition to the proceed- ings of the courts of justice during the witchcraft delusion. His chief residence was at Cambridge, where he died in 1699, at the age of seventy-seven.
Mr. Danforth was Treasurer of the College from 1650 to 1658. He subsequently assisted in the ar- rangement arid care of its finances. His services to the institution were numerous and disinterested ; and, although he was not affluent, he bequeathed, as a token of his affection, three valuable leases of land in the town of Framingham, to the College. The spirit of liberty animated him in this last act of his bounty ; for a condition was annexed to this bequest, that these estates should revert to his heirs, " if any prelatical injunction should be imposed on the socie- ty." The Corporation held these leases until 1750, when they were sold for one hundred pounds, lawful money, and the proceeds vested in the beneficiary fund of the institution.*
Eliakim Hutchinson is entitled to rank among the Eiiakim
0 Hutchin-
benefactors of Harvard College. He held the office son. of Representative and Assistant under the old Charter, and was a member of the first Council after the acces- sion of William and Mary ; and tradition has trans-
* See Eliot's and Allen's Biog. Diet. — Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay. — Collections of the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety, First Series, Vol. I. p. 229. — Farmer's Genealogical Register. VOL. II. 18
138 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER mitted his name among the honored and useful men of
XXVI
- that period. " In 1698 he gave ten pounds, New Eng- land money, to the College, declaring, that it was his purpose to give ten pounds per annum as long as the government there was such as he approved." He was faithful to his promise, and paid that amount annually to the College Treasurer till his death, which occurred in 1717, at the age of seventy-eight; and, the year after that event, his widow also gave ten pounds to the seminary.
Thomas Thomas Hutchinson, son of Elisha Hutchinson, and
son. father of Thomas Hutchinson, the Governor and his-
torian of Massachusetts, was born in 1674. He was a distinguished merchant of Boston, and was elected a Counsellor of the Province, during twenty-five years successively, from 1714 until his death, in 1739, at the age of sixty-five. He is characterized as a true friend of his country, courting neither power nor popularity, sound in judgment, and exemplary in all the relations of life. By his last will he bequeathed to Harvard College three hundred pounds, lawful money.
Paul Dud- Paul Dudley, son of Governor Joseph Dudley, de- serves to be considered as a benefactor to the College, although his bounty was limited to the foundation of a yearly lecture to be delivered within its walls. He was born in Roxbury, in the year 1675, took his de- gree at Harvard in 1690, commenced the study of the law in this country, went to England, and completed his legal education in the Temple. Having returned to this country in 1702, he received from Queen Anne the commission of Attorney-General of the Province. As Dudley commenced his career with great zeal on the side of prerogative, and supported measures, which
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 139
tended to abridge the privileges of the Colony, he be- CHAPTER
XXVI
came unpopular, and shared with his father the bitter _ '— animosity of the Mathers. But the talent and inde- pendence he exhibited in the offices he subsequently held, gradually restored him to the favor of the people. In 1718 he was raised to the bench, and was finally made Chief Justice of the Province ; in which office his conduct obtained universal approbation.
During the latter part of Leverett's administration he joined those who were malecontent with the Cor- poration. It is not known that he afterwards inter- fered with the affairs of the College.
By his last will he gave to Harvard College one
hundred pounds sterling, to be applied as he should founded. direct, and by an instrument under his hand and seal, he afterwards ordered the yearly interest to be applied to supporting an anniversary sermon or lecture, to be preached at the College, on the following topics. The first lecture was to be for " the proving, explain- ing, and proper use and improvement, of the principles of Natural Religion;" the second, " for the confirma- tion, illustration, and improvement of the great articles of the Christian Religion;" the third, " for the de- tecting, convicting, and exposing the idolatry, errors, and superstitions of the Romish Church ;" the fourth, "for maintaining, explaining, and proving the valid- ity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the churches, and so their administration of the sacra- ments or ordinances of religion, as the same hath been practised in New England from the first beginning of it, and so continued to this day." The instrument proceeds to declare, that he does not intend to in- validate Episcopal ordination, or that practised in Scotland, at Geneva, and among the Dissenters in
140 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER England, and in this country, all which " I esteem
JvX. V I*
~ very safe, scriptural, and valid." He directed these subjects to be discussed in rotation, one every year, and appointed the President of the College, the Pro- fessor of Divinity, the pastor of the First Church in Cambridge, the Senior Tutor of the College, and the pastor of the First Church in Roxbury, trustees of these lectures, which commenced in 1755, and have since been annually continued without intermission. wniiam William Dummer was one of the most experienced and practical statesmen in the period of provincial history. Being in England in 1716, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, through the in- terest of Sir William Ashurst ; and he held the office until 1730, when he was superseded by the appoint- ment of Mr. Tailer. Few public men enjoyed, or have transmitted, a purer or more enviable reputa- tion. In 1722, when Governor Shute returned to England for the purpose of instituting articles of complaint against the House of Representatives for encroaching on the King's prerogative, the office of commander-in-chief of the Province devolved on Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, which he sustained with no less fidelity to the King than to the Prov- ince ; the interest and rights of which he bent the whole force of his powerful mind to maintain, avoid- ing unprofitable controversies. All the historians of the period speak of him in terms of high honor. " I cannot help heaping encomiums upon Lieutenant- Governor Dummer," says Douglas, with whom the language of praise was not easy or familiar. " Mr. Dummer's administration," says Hutchinson, " has been justly well spoken of." " He retired with hon- or, and was soon elected to the Council, where,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 141
from respect for his former commission, he took the CHAPTER
place of President ; but, being thought too favorable L_
to the prerogative, after two or three years he was left out." He passed the rest of his life in the bosom of his family in dignified retirement ; enjoying the meed of the consciousness of a virtuous and useful life, and having, for the circle of his friends, men of sense, virtue, and religion. By Eliot, he is said " not to have been a favorite of the popular party, but highly respected by all parties, when their prejudices did not operate." He was a native of Massachusetts, and died in 1761, at the age of eighty-four.* By his last will he bequeathed two hundred pounds, lawful money, to the College ; and left a great part of his estate for charitable uses.
John Alford was a merchant, resident in Charles- John town, and a member of the Executive Council of the Province. He accumulated great wealth, and died in September, 1761, at. the age of seventy-five, leaving a large portion of his estate for pious and charitable uses. The power of selecting the objects to which his bounty should be applied he vested in his execu- tors, Edmund Trowbridge and Richard Cary, Esquires, and they early determined that one of them should be Harvard College. In March, 1765, they began to make payments into the College treasury ; and in June, 1782, the amount of these payments had exceeded thirteen hundred pounds, lawful money. The sum had been given on an agreement, that the Corporation should hold it, and add the interest to the principal
* Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts. — Eliot's Biographical Dictionary, Art. Dummer. — Byles's Sermon on the Death of William Dummer.
142 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER until such a capital should be " raised, as that the - interest thereof would be sufficient to support in said College a professor of some particular science of public utility, and then to be regularly appropriated to that use." In February, 1789, the executors caused an instrument to be executed, appropriating the said accumulated capital and interest for the support of a Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity, in the College, and setting forth at large the duties of the Professorship, and qualifications of the Professor.*
Samuel Samuel Epes was descended from a family distin-
guished in the early annals of the colony, for worth and public services. His maternal ancestor, Samuel Symonds was one of the most eminent men of his time, held successively various offices of trust and honor, and was chosen, in 1673, Deputy-Governor of the Province, an office he retained until his death. Symonds Epes, his father, was for many years a member of the Council, and was highly esteemed by his contemporaries. He died in 1741, and his widow married President Holyoke.
Samuel Epes was born in 1733, and graduated at Harvard College in 1751. He studied law and estab- lished himself in practice at Ipswich Hamlet, now Hamilton, the residence of his family. He was highly respected in his profession, became early and deservedly popular, was elected the representative of the town in the General Court, and was regarded as one of the most promising young men of the period. He fell a victim to a lingering consumption in the twenty-seventh year of his age, and died in Cambridge, at the house
* See Appendix, No. XVI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 143
of President Holyoke, in 1760. By his last will, CHAPTER among other legacies for pious and charitable uses, he bequeathed three hundred pounds, lawful money, to Harvard College.
Thomas Hancock, the first native American who Thomas laid the foundation of a Professorship in any literary institution, was the son of the Rev. John Hancock of Lexington, a clergyman distinguished for talent and influence, and highly respected by his contem- poraries. Thomas Hancock was born in 1703, and served his time as an apprentice with Colonel Hench- man, a stationer, in Boston ; but, soon enlarging the sphere of his business, he became one of the most eminent merchants of New England, and amassed a fortune of upwards of seventy thousand pounds ster- ling. Enterprising, judicious, and successful, he was an active citizen of the town of Boston, frequently employed in its service, and for many years a member of the Legislative Council of the Province. He died in 1764, and by his will, after distributing large sums in other chanties, he bequeathed one thousand pounds sterling to Harvard College for the foundation of a Professorship " of the Oriental languages, especially the Hebrew, in said College."* A short time before his decease, he signified his intention to subscribe five hundred pounds sterling towards restoring the library. His sudden death prevented him from giving legal validity to this promise ; but it was honorably fulfilled by his nephew and heir, John Hancock, of revolution- John Han- ary celebrity, who also gave an additional sum of about fifty-five pounds sterling, for the same object.f The books purchased with these donations amounted to one thousand and ninety-eight volumes, and were
* See Appendix, No. XVII. f See Appendix, No. XVIII.
144 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER deposited in an alcove in the library, " distinguished
XXVI.
by the name of Hancock in golden letters."
Timothy Two individuals of the name of Hollis appeared
Hollis.
among those benefactors of the College, whose munifi- cence was exerted to repair the loss of its library. Timothy Hollis, who gave twenty pounds sterling for this purpose, died at an advanced age, in 1791. Pos- sessing an ample fortune, he was distinguished, like other members of his family, for an attachment to the principles of civil and religious liberty, and for liberal contributions for their extension. The declaration of Independence and the war of the Revolution probably prevented the institutions in America from being af- terwards objects of his bounty. Thomas Thomas Hollis, the third benefactor of that name,
Hollis, of
Lincoln's js distinguished in the records of Harvard College as of Lincoln's Inn. He was born in London in 1720, and, being educated as the heir of the great estates of his father and uncle, he passed some years of his youth and early manhood in travelling on the continent of Europe. Although he took chambers at Lincoln's Inn, and commenced the study of the law, he never entered on its practice, but apparently re- garded the acquisition of that science as a preparation for usefulness in the legislative councils of his country. His biographer intimates, that this design was laid aside from his being unwilling to make the sacrifice of principle required to obtain a seat in Parliament. His life was passed in literary pursuits, and in active endeavours for the extension of civil and religious freedom. By patronizing the publication of the works of Milton, Sydney, Locke, and those of writers of a kindred spirit, and by distributing them, as donations, to the principal libraries of Europe and America, he
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 145
manifested his republican principles, and thus became CHAPTER
XXVI
obnoxious to high royalists ; being considered as en- - couraging the tendency to independence, which at that in his Pri™ period began to appear in the colonies. There was certainly foundation for this opinion ; since he not only transmitted to America works adapted to inspire the love of liberty, but also caused the writings of Dr. Mayhew, " The Rights of the British Colonies As- serted and Proved," by James Otis, and " A Disser- tation on the Canon and Feudal Law," by John Adams, to be printed and circulated in England, at his own expense.
The attention of Mr. Hollis was first attracted to- His first
donations.
ward Harvard College by the munificence of his father and uncle to this institution. In 1758, by transmit- ting the works of Milton and forty-five volumes of tracts to the library of the College, he commenced a succession of donations, which he continued during the remainder of his life. Many of the volumes he be- Their char- stowed were splendidly bound, and the covers stamped with a characteristic emblem, or device. Some are marked by a liberty cap, or an owl, holding in its talons a pen, with the motto " By deeds of peace"; others by the effigy of Liberty, holding in her right hand her cap, and in her left a spear. On the blank leaves and margins he frequently inserted sen- timents he wished to circulate, or remarks illustra- tive of the author. When the Corporation of Har- vard College solicited his picture, he replied ; " The effigies, which you desire may be seen at this time, in your library, feature by feature ; though, indeed, it would require an exact eye and some time to cull out and put those features together;" "meaning," says
VOL. II. 19
146
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
selecting and pur- chasing books,
CHAPTER his biographer,* " that his principles might be culled 1_ from the books he sent, Milton, Sydney, Locke, Moles- worth, &c., and from the short manuscript notes he was accustomed to insert in the blank leaves." Mr. His care in Hollis not only carefully selected the best editions, but often personally superintended the packing of the volumes he gave ; and, when a great number he had prepared were destroyed by fire,f at his bookbinder's, he immediately commenced another collection which he soon sent to the College. He subscribed two hun- dred pounds sterling towards the restoration of Har- vard Hall, and his contributions towards the library were unremitted.
The interest of Hollis in this seminary was proba- bly strengthened by his intimacy with Dr. Mayhew, for whose talents and character he entertained the highest respect and admiration. In a letter written to Edmund Quincy,J the intimate friend of Dr. May- hew, soon after the death of that eminent clergyman, and dated Pall-Mail, October 1st, 1766, Mr. Hollis thus states the motives of his benefactions towards Harvard College. " I confess to bear affection towards the people of North America, those of Massachusetts and Boston, in particular, believing them to be a good and brave people ; long may they continue such ! and the spirit of luxury now consuming us to the very marrow here at home, kept out from them ! One likeliest mean to that end will be, to watch well over
* Memoirs of Thomas Hollis, (by Archdeacon Blackburne,) Vol. I. p. 832.
t Ibid., p. 835.
•f A merchant of Boston, the elder brother of Josiah Quincy, Junior, and one of the early political writers in favor of American liberty. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1752, and died in 1768, in the thirty-fifth year of his age.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 147
their youth, by bestowing on them a reasonable, manly CHAPTER education ; and selecting thereto the wisest, ablest, xxvt'
most accomplished of men, that art and wealth can obtain ; for nations rise and fall by individuals, not numbers, as I think all history proveth. With ideas and his of this kind have I worked for the public library at zea!rfo"8the Cambridge, in New England, neither caring too ex- library. actly to remember how the last best library in all America was lost there, nor sparing towards it ex- pense, labor, or time. It is certain, the last winter I spent in town against inclination, health, and con- veniency, on account of the Stamp Act ; and this summer, with much preceding time, — time, the most valuable of all things, — on account of that library. If any good hath followed from this procedure, or should follow from it, I shall be content."
The donations of Mr. Hollis to Harvard College Amount of
, - his dona-
during his lifetime exceeded fourteen hundred pounds ti sterling ; and at his deatlvwhich occurred in January, 1774, at Corscombe in Dorsetshire, England, he be- queathed to it an additional sum of five hundred pounds sterling.
148 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXVII.
Arrival of the British Troops in Boston. — Legislature remove to Cambridge and take Possession of the College Halls. — Rev. Samuel Locke chosen President. — Political Relations of the Seminary. — Governor Hutchinson addressed by the Corporation. — His Reply — He visits the College. — Proceedings on that Occasion. — Rev. Nathaniel Appleton made Doctor of Divinity. — Classes arranged alphabetically. — Death of Treasurer Hubbard. — John Hancock chosen Treasurer. — Motives to that Appointment. — Mode of per- petuating the Memory of Benefactors. — Samuel Locke resigns the Presidency.
THE death of President Holyoke occurred at a pe- riod when the state of the Colonies indicated the approach of a great political crisis.* In November, trap in 1768, two British regiments of infantry and a part of a regiment of artillery were landed at Boston. A military guard was stationed in King (now State) Street, and its cannon were pointed at the door of the State House, (now the City Hall,) in which the legis- lature of the Province were accustomed to hold their sessions. In May, 1769, the House of Representa- tives declared, in a message to Governor Bernard, that " an armament by sea and land investing this metrop- olis, and a military guard, with cannon, pointed at the very door of the State House, where this assembly is held, is inconsistent with that dignity, as well as
* Hutchinson, Vol. III. p. 212.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 149
that freedom, with which we have a right to delib- CHAPTER erate, consult, and determine." On the repetition of xxvn" the same sentiment in a second message, Governor Bernard replied, that he had no authority to remove the troops, but, to obviate the objections of the House of Representatives to hold a session in a town under military control, he immediately adjourned the legis- lature to Cambridge. They took possession of the Legislature Halls of the College, apparently by an act of sovereign sLsufnof
j Jc , T theCollege
authority, as there is no record or leave having been asked, or given by the Corporation. In the existing and impending exigencies of the period, that board did not deem it wise to complain, although the meas- ure must have been inconvenient and injurious to the order and exercises of the seminary. On the 19th of June, the Provincial legislature being in session in the old Chapel, and finding their accommodations insufficient, appointed a committee to request of the Corporation the use of the new Chapel, which was immediately granted. At the ensuing Commence- ment, John Winthrop, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, presided ; and the House of Representatives, being then in session at Cambridge, dined with the Corporation in the College Hall.
Early in August the Corporation, according to the forms prescribed by the charter, asked the consent of the Overseers to their proceeding to elect a President. In a letter, written to Mr. Hollis on the 10th of July, Difficulties 1769, Dr. Andrew Eliot observes, "It is difficult to ap find one every way qualified to undertake such a task. Mr. Winthrop, Hollis Professor of Mathematics, will probably be successor to Mr. Holyoke. His learning and abilities are unquestionable. He is older than we could wish, and is frequently taken off from business
150 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER by bodily infirmities." The chair was accordingly xxvir.
— offered to Mr. Winthrop, and afterward, to two other
members of the Corporation, and declined bj them all. Hutchin- Governor Hutchinson thus refers to these successive
son's ac- . _ <•••"* i«
count of it. elections. "In every affair of a public nature the party in opposition to government had its influence. The President of the College dying,f the Corporation, who were to elect a successor, consulted the Boston representatives at every step. Two of the Corpora- tion,! great friends to the popular cause, were succes- sively elected and declined accepting. The minister of Kittery^ would have had the voice of the people, if his political principles had not been a bar. The want of a concurrence of political principles, with other necessary qualifications in the same person, caused the place to remain vacant longer than usual." This statement is generally correct. At this period no individual, not known to be favorable to the popu- lar cause, could have been elected President, whatever might have been his literary qualifications. Rev. Sam- On the 18th of December, the Corporation, "after elected a free conference on that important affair," unani-
President. • « • «••*»• -*i ITI
mously made choice of the Rev. Samuel Locke, pastor of the church in Sherburne, to be President of the College. His election was approved with like una- nimity by the Overseers ; and, his acceptance being announced in February, his inauguration took place in March ensuing, with the usual formalities.
At this day it is difficult to ascertain the induce- ments to this appointment. The best account is given
* Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. III. p. 252.
t Rev. Mr. Holyoke.
f Dr. Winthrop and Dr. Cooper.
§ Rev. Benjamin Stevens.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
by Dr. Eliot, who was a member of the Corporation, CHAPTER in letters to Mr. Hollis, dated the 25th September, XXVIL
1769, and the 28th of June, 1770, in which Mr. Locke
is represented to be " a clergyman of a small parish, character about twenty miles from Cambridge; — of fine talents, Locke! — a close thinker, — having when at College the char- acter of a first-rate scholar, — of an excellent spirit, and generous, catholic sentiments, — a friend to liber- ty, — his greatest defect, a want of knowledge of the world, having lived in retirement, and perhaps not a general acquaintance with books."
In August, 1769, Governor Bernard sailed for Eu- Mr. Hutch-
. „ TT i • -i inson left
rope, leaving Lieutenant-Governor Hutcninson m the command-
er-in-chief
chief command of the Province. Early in March, of the
Province.
1770, Hutchinson, under express instructions from the Secretary of State, prorogued the General Court from Boston, to meet on the 15th of that month " at Har- General
Court sum-
vard College, in Cambridge." The legislature met monedto
meet at
accordingly at the College, and it does not appear from the records of the Overseers or Corporation, that any exception was taken to their occupation of it during that session, which continued until the last week in April. But, Hutchinson having caused writs to be issued, expressly convening the General Court in May of the same year " at Harvard College, in Cam- bridge," the Corporation addressed a remonstrance to corpora-
_T _, tion object
the Lieutenant-Governor, stating, that "Harvard Col- tothepre-
' =>' cedent.
lege had been instituted for the sole purpose of the ed- ucation of youth, and the property of it given for this important end ; " that they had observed with uneasi- ness, the repeated summons of the legislature to sit in Cambridge ; " that, from an inclination to avoid giving umbrage to their patrons and benefactors, and a wil- lingness to accommodate the General Court in cases
152 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of necessity, they had abstained from saying any thing ; but, lest their silence should be construed as a concession to the propriety and expediency of such a measure, they found themselves indispensably obliged, in fidelity to their trust and regard to the good of the College, to express their deep concern at the prece- dent, and the inconvenience already introduced." Repiyofthe Hutchinson replied, that the Secretary of State had Governor, ordered the General Court to be convened at Cam- bridge ; and that he had chosen the College because there were no sufficient accommodations elsewhere, and because he imagined that he was doing a thing grateful to the society, in giving them an opportunity of accommodating their benefactors, rather than im- posing a burden upon them, or giving them any cause of complaint ; adding, " If we cannot have the use of the College, we must provide for our accommodation in the best manner we can." A motion was also contemporaneously made in the board of Overseers " that they should testify against these repeated pro- roguings of the General Court to Harvard College, as an infringement on the rights of the Corporation." After a long debate, the attempt was unsuccessful ; but the spirit displayed in both boards drew the atten- tion of the legislature to the injustice of taking pos- session of the property of a private corporation with- out their consent. A formal application from the Governor and Council for the use of the public Halls on the day of general election was the consequence. The Corporation, as the record states, " on due con- sideration of the circumstances of the case, gave their consent."
The House of Representatives, which met on the 30th of May, 1770, acted upon the same principle
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 153
with greater formality, and declared, that " they did CHAPTER
not choose to enter the Chapel of the College with-
out the concurrence of those, with whom the prop-
erty and care of it is betrust.ed." The members of the College
Chapel
the Corporation, who were in Cambridge, on being informed of these scruples, immediately assembled, and passed a formal vote, " signifying their consent to oblige the House, in such a case of necessity."
On the ensuing July, Hutchinson addressed a letter The Lieu- to the Corporation, requesting the use of the College Governor Hall for the meeting of the House of Representatives, use of the and of the Philosophy Chamber for delivering his Hal1- speech to the legislature. The Corporation replied, that " he should be welcome," — and signified " their pleasure at receiving this letter and message fiom the Lieutenant-Governor, looking upon them as an acknowledgment on the part of his Honor, that the buildings of Harvard College are not open for any pub- lic business without the consent of the Corporation."
The intimation made by Hutchinson, in his " His- tory of Massachusetts Bay," * that the Corporation of Harvard College deeply sympathized with the popular cause, was unquestionably correct. The influences of that board were early enlisted in favor of the Amer- ican Revolution ; and the Rev. Samuel Cooper, one of its members, was the pastor and confidential friend of John Hancock.
In March, 1771, when commissions arrived from Hutchi England, appointing Thomas Hutchinson Governor, Governor Andrew Oliver Lieutenant-Governor, and Thomas Province. Flucker Secretary, of the Province, none of the courtesies, which the Corporation were accustomed
* Vol. ill. P. 262. VOL. ii. 20
154 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER to extend to the supreme executive, were omitted, not-
XXVII
'— withstanding their political opinions. A vote was im- mediately passed, that, " Lieutenant-Governor Hutch- inson having received a commission as Captain- General and Governor-in-chief over the Province, it is thought proper, according to usage, to invite him to dine with the Corporation at the College ; and that the Overseers and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the House itself, if in session, be also invited to dine with his Excellency, in case he accept." A committee, of which the Rev. Samuel Cooper was a member, was also appointed to prepare
Corpora- an address of congratulation to his Excellency, in be-
tion address
Governor half of the Corporation, which was delivered on the
Hutchin- r
•°n. 28th of March. In this address the Corporation con-
gratulated Governor Hutchinson on his appointment ; and declared, that " it reflected an honor on the Col- lege, that one of its sons, after having sustained, with great dignity and reputation, a variety of public offices, was advanced by the King to this high station ; — that his thorough acquaintance with the advantages of lit- erature, the affectionate regard he had expressed for this seat of learning, and the important services he had rendered it, afforded a pleasing prospect, that the Corporation would find in him a patron and a friend, ever ready to protect the rights, and promote the in- terests, of a society founded by their fathers on the most catholic plan, and upon which the welfare of the community greatly depended ; that it would be their endeavour to teach the youth committed to their care all due submission to government, as well as the prin- ciples of civil and religious liberty;" and they termin- ated with a prayer, that " the great Governor of the Universe would direct and succeed his administration
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 155
and make it honorable to himself and happy to the CHAPTER , „ xx vn.
people.
Governor Hutchinson, in his reply, thanks the Cor- Hutchin-
r i • i i son's reP1y-
poration tor their address, which " expresses so much piety and loyalty to the King," — (of which not one word had been said,) and " so much kindness and respect to himself," — (of which they had, indeed, been sufficiently liberal ;) adding, that " his services for the College had fallen short of his desire and en- deavour ; " that the notice taken of them by the Cor- poration was " obliging," and that he was " bound to embrace every opportunity to encourage this ancient seat of learning, which had been of such signal use to the Province in civil as well as religious regards."
On the 4th of April, Governor Hutchinson visited Governor the College, attended by the Lieutenant-Governor, visits cam- the Council, the Sheriff of the County, and a de- tachment of the troop of guards. He was received at the line of the county by the citizens of Cambridge, and at the steps of Harvard Hall by the President, Fellows, and Tutors ; — from thence a procession was formed to the meetinghouse, the members of the House of Representatives attending, where " a hand- some gratulatory oration was pronounced by William Wetmore, A. B., in Latin." His Excellency made " an elegant reply, in the same language," testifying his affection for the seminary in which he had been
educated, and his regard for literature. The services Anthem on
i i • t tlic occa"
closed with an anthem, composed, set to music, and sion.
performed by some of the students; the strain of which was, " Lo ! thus shall the man be blessed, who fears the Lord ! For thus saith the Lord, From hence- forth, behold ! all nations shall call thee blessed ; for thy rulers shall be of thy own kindred, your nobles
156 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER shall be of yourselves, and thy Governor shall pro- !_ ceed from the midst of thee." A species of beatifi-
cation sufficiently exalted and somewhat questionable in point of taste, if not of sentiment, considering it was made in the lifetime of the individual, and uttered in his presence, at a moment when he was the object of the abuse and denunciation of a party to which all the members of the Corporation belonged. Political At this crisis political considerations were the pre-
influences. •••••* /~i •
vailing influences, and the Corporation soon unequiv- ocally proved to which of the parties, then dividing the Province, they adhered. The wealth, liberality, and popular talents of John Hancock had rendered him conspicuous among the patriots of the day, and peculiarly obnoxious to the Governor, who had twice, (in May, 1770 and 1771,) negatived his election as a member of the Supreme Council of the Province. These circumstances endeared Hancock to the pre- dominating party ; and the Corporation, influenced probably as much by patriotism as by gratitude, on the 9th of July, 1771, voted, "that John Hancock, Esquire, who has been a very generous benefactor to Harvard College, be invited to dine in the Hall, whenever there is a public entertainment there, and to sit with the governors of the College." This ex- traordinary honor, without parallel on the records of the seminary, conferred by the Corporation on an in- dividual recently rejected as a Counsellor by Governor Hutchinson, was a public and unequivocal evidence of their adhesion to his opponents.
Degree of But one individual had received the degree of Doc- Doctor of < . ° Divinity tor of Divinity from the College, since its foundation.
conferred • °
°n Mr. In the year 1 693, that honor had been bestowed
Appleton. <*
on the Rev. Increase Mather; and now, in 1771,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 157
after an interval of nearly eighty years, it was con- CHAPTER
XXVII
ferred by the Corporation on the Rev. Nathaniel Ap-
pleton, in consideration, as the records state, of his " having been long an ornament to the pastoral charac- ter, and eminently distinguished for his knowledge, wisdom, sanctity of manners, and usefulness to the churches, and having for more than fifty years exerted himself in promoting the interests of piety and learn- ing in this society, both as a minister and as a fellow of the Corporation."
Early in the presidency of Locke, the practice of Discontents
i . ,-. •..
arranging the students in each class according to
the supposed rank of the families to which they be- according
to rank.
longed, was laid aside. This custom, which had ex- isted from the establishment of the College, was the frequent cause of discontent among the students and their families ; and, as the population of the Province increased, and republican principles began to prevail, the principles of discrimination became more difficult and exciting. The attention of the Corporation and Overseers was forcibly attracted to the subject by a formal complaint in writing, made to the President and Tutors by the father of one of the students, stat- ing, " that his son had not his proper place in his class," not being allowed to rank with the sons of those gentlemen who were Justices of the Quorum, " when he had been himself in the commission of the Peace and Quorum a longer time than any of them ; " and praying, that the records of the Secretary of State might be consulted, and that, if any mistake appeared, it might be rectified. The truth of the complainant's statement was accordingly ascertained, and his son raised to his due rank. This complaint exhibits one of the principles on which this offensive discrimination
158 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER was made, and the feelings it naturally excited. On
XXVII
— the recommendation of their visiting committee, the
Alphabet!- Overseers passed a vote. that, "for the future, the
cal arrange- _ x
mentsub- practice should be laid aside, and that the names of
stituted. r
the scholars, in each class, should be placed in alpha- betical order ; " an arrangement which has ever since been used. During the presidency of Mr. Locke, some changes in the rules of discipline took place, but no proceedings of general interest until the last year of his administration.
Death of On the 15th of July, 1773, the records of the Col- Hubbard. lege state, that " the Honorable Thomas Hubbard, who for the space of twenty-one years had, with great vigilance and care, discharged the office of Treasurer of the College, and had also been a generous benefac- tor to it, departed this life." The excellence of his character, the length of his services, and the amount of his bounty entitle him to notice in this history.
He was born in Boston, in 1702, and, his early life being marked by diligence and fidelity, he had scarcely passed the threshold of manhood before he was placed by his fellow citizens in stations of trust and confi- dence. He became a member of the House of Rep- resentatives, held for many successive years the Speak- er's chair, and finally was raised to a seat in the Council of the Province, which he resigned a short time before his death. Few men have passed through life with a higher reputation for integrity, usefulness, and fidelity in all the relations of public and private life. He increased the funds of the College by his judicious and assiduous management, and to the of- fice of Treasurer united the character of benefactor. He contributed one hundred pounds, lawful money, to supply the loss occasioned by the destruction of Har-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 159
vard Hall, made donations towards replacing the phi- CHAPTER
losophical apparatus, and bequeathed to it, at his death, —
an additional legacy of three hundred pounds, lawful money ; the income to be disposed of by the Corpora- tion, according to their discretion, for the encourage- ment of learning.
On the 27th of July, 1773, the Corporation voted, Bonds «-
i • i i T f i /->i 11 quired of
that, " previous to the delivery ot the College estate, the Treas-
and the books and writings relative thereunto, into the
hands of another Treasurer, security should be given
to the satisfaction of the President and Fellows, for
the faithful discharge of the trust reposed in him ; "
and on the 30th of July they unanimously elected John John Han-
Hancock to that office. In this selection they con- enTreas-
urer.
suited their patriotism more than their prudence ; for, notwithstanding the wealth and popularity of Han- cock, the records of the seminary show, that his pe- culiar temperament and relations to society render- ed this connexion troublesome and vexatious. The amount of the College funds in bonds and notes paid over by the executor of Treasurer Hubbard to Mr. Hancock, his successor, was upwards of fifteen thous- and four hundred pounds.
In November, 1773, the report of a committee of Mode of
• /• i • i T» /• TTT- i perpetuat-
the Corporation, of which Professor Wmthrop was mgthe
memory of
chairman, on the subject of perpetuating the memory of benefactors, was accepted. The measures proposed were, 1st. To enter fairly in a book, the names of the principal benefactors, and the particulars of their do- nations. 2d. To write their names in letters of gold, and place them over the windows and on the walls of the Chapel. 3d. On public Commencements, an ora- tion to be delivered in commemoration of them, and particular notice of any considerable benefactions of
160 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the preceding year. 4th. The following distich to be
XXVII
1_ placed over the Hall door and windows ;
" Sint Msecenates, non deerunt, Flacce, Marones ; Virgiliumque tibi vel tua rura dabunt."*
The first and third only of these proposals were car- ried into effect. Resigna- In December, 1773, the Rev. Samuel Locke re-
tion of
President signed the President's chair ; and the Corporation ap-
Locke.
pointed a committee to receive from him all books and papers belonging to the College, and the keys of the President's house. The presidency of Mr. Locke was disturbed by political turmoils. He had some reputation for scholarship, and his manners in the pul- pit were dignified ; but a Convention sermon, preached in 1772, is the only existing evidence of his talents and attainments. History has preserved, concerning his life and character, little that is worthy of remin- iscence, and tradition less. His official relations are marked on the records of the seminary by no act in- dicating his influence or special agency ; and for his resignation, which was sudden and voluntary, they assign no motive, and express no regret.
* Martial, Lib. VIII. 56.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 161
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Difficulties in electing a President. — Rev. Samuel Langdon chosen. — Patriotic Spirit of the Students. — Harvard College occupied by the American -Army. — Library and Philosophical Apparatus removed to Andover. — College removed to Concord. — Inquiry into the Po- litical Principles of the Governors of the College. — Degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on General Washington. — Measures taken to repair the Public Buildings. — College removed back to Cambridge. — A Student rejected on account of his Political Opin- ions.— Attempt to quarter the Officers of Burgoyne's Army in the College Buildings. — Objections of the Corporation. — General Heath orders the Removal of the Students, and they are dismissed. — Con- troversies between the Corporation and Overseers on the Choice of a Steward. — Rights and Privileges of Harvard College, how respect- ed and secured by the Framers of the Constitution of Massachu- setts.— Dr. Langdon resigns the Presidency of the College.
THE agitated condition of public affairs, which pre- CHAPTER ceded the revolutionary war, delayed the appointment
of a successor to Mr. Locke. It was difficult, at a inchoating period of such alarm and uncertainty, to find any in- dividual, qualified for the office of President of Har- vard College, willing to undertake its duties and responsibilities.
In 1774, Professor Winthrop, the Rev. Samuel Cooper, and the Rev. Andrew Eliot, all members of the Corporation, were successively chosen President, and declined the appointment. On the 18th of July, at a meeting " holden at Colonel Hancock's house," the Corporation proceeded to elect the Rev. Samuel Rev. samu- Langdon of Portsmouth, and on the same day this chosen.
VOL. II. 21
162 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER appointment received the sanction ot uhe Overseers, xxvui.
Mr. Langdon accepted it, and on the 14th of October entered on the duties of the presidency. On account of the commotions of the period, the governing boards of the seminary judged the ceremonies of a public in- auguration to be inexpedient, and they were omitted. The statement of Hutchinson, concerning the influ- ence of politics on the affairs of the College, is cor- roborated by the election of Langdon. He had ren- dered himself highly acceptable to Hancock and the other patriots of Massachusetts, by his open and bold opposition to the measures of the British govern- ment, and unquestionably owed his elevation as much to this circumstance, as to his learning, or general character. Embarrass- The administration of Langdon was a perpetual
menu of
Langdon's struggle with difficulties and embarrassments, amid the
admimstra-
lion dangers of civil war and the excitement of a political
Revolution. The rents and incomes of the College were reduced or withheld, and its remaining resources were precarious. The patronage of the legislature had been extended to the College, in 1772, by the grant of a lottery ; one of the approved methods of the period for raising money, but in its nature uncertain, troublesome, and exceptionable. In this instance the scheme had been so unsuccessful, that the managers, in 1775, gave the Corporation notice, that, " unless the College would take off a number of the tickets, which were unsold, they would resign their trust." Upon which the Corporation, " considering that the lottery was designed by the General Court for a pur- pose of great importance to the College, and judging it their duty to do every thing in their power to pre- vent the failure of so good a design, voted, that the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 163
College take to their own account two thousand tickets, CHAPTER if so many remain unsold at the time of drawing." _'
The undergraduates early exhibited their sympathy patriotic with the prevailing spirit of the period. In 1768, students. when_ the patronage of American manufactures was the test of patriotism, the students of the Senior Class unanimously voted, " to take their degrees in the man- ufactures of this country." This resolution was pub- licly lauded in the journals of the day,* as reflecting the highest honor on the College ; and, at the ensuing Commencement, in July, the class came dressed, ac- cordingly, in American manufactures, and were per- mitted by the governors of the College to appear in them on the stage, when they took their degrees. A letter from the Rev. Andrew Eliot to Thomas Hollis, gives the following account of the effects of the politi- cal excitements of the times on the students.
" The removal of the General Court to Cambridge hinders the scholars in their studies. The young gentlemen are already taken up with politics. They have caught the spirit of the times. Their declama- tions and forensic disputes breathe the spirit of lib- erty. This has always been encouraged, but they have sometimes been wrought up to such a pitch of enthusiasm, that it has been difficult for their Tutors to keep them within due bounds ; but their Tutors are fearful of giving too great a check to a disposition, which may, hereafter, fill the country with patriots ; and choose to leave it to age and experience to check their ardor."
Unanimity of opinion, however, was no more to be expected in the College than in the world. Early in
* See Massachusetts Gazette, 7 January, 1768.
164 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the presidency of Langdon, some_pf the Tories among __!_ the students were in the practice of bringing " India
tea " mto commons, and drinking it, to show their °Unt This proceeding gave great offence to the
tea
sensitive patriotism of the whigs, and some disturb- ances were the consequence. The governors of the seminary interfered, advising those, who thus carried " India tea " into commons, not to do it in future, " as it was a source of grief and uneasiness to many of the students, and as the use of it is disagreeable to the people of the country in general," and desiring, " that harmony and peace might be preserved within the College walls, whatever convulsions unhappily dis- tract the state abroad."
The coi- Immediately after the battle of Lexington, on the ingsoccu- 19th of April, 1775, the militia of Massachusetts and
pied by the . .
militia. or the neighbouring colonies began to concentrate in Cambridge; and on the 1st of May the Commit- tee of Safety took measures to make that place the head-quarters of the troops destined to ky siege to Boston. The students were ordered to quit the Col- lege ; some of the buildings were turned into barracks for the soldiers ; and the officers were quartered in private families, and even in the President's house.
Library and On the 15th of June, the Provincial Congress, then
apparatus
removed to in session at Watertown, passed a resolve, that " the
Andover.
rooms in Harvard Hall, occupied by the library and Philosophical Apparatus, should be cleared," and ap- pointed a committee of three of their own members to assist the President, one of the Professors, and the Librarian of the College, in removing the library and apparatus to Andover, and to cause the expense to be laid before the General Court in some future Congress.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 165
On the same day, the Corporation voted, " that an CHAPTER
XXVIII.
application be made to the Provincial Congress, to -
, , . 111* T i Meeting of
know whether it would be in any way displeasing to theOver-
seers au-
them, that a meeting: of the Overseers should be held thorizedby
. the Provin-
at Harvard College, in order to join with the Corpora- ciaicon
J gress.
tion in conferring academical degrees, at the approach- ing season of Commencement, and to transact any other business relative to the society, and whether the Congress would countenance such a procedure." The measure thus solicited was immediately approved and recommended by the Provincial Congress ; and, by this resolve, " as many of the Overseers as could be called together, under the present circumstances of the Col- lege and country, be judged qualified to transact any other important matters, in the same manner, and to all intents and purposes, that the whole body of the Overseers might do, if present."
On the 2d of July, General Washington arrived washing-
ton arrives
at Cambridge, as " Commander-in-chief of the army atcam-
0 r bridge.
of the United Colonies, and all the forces now raised, or to be raised by them ; " and on that day, before the walls of Harvard College, he first took the command of the assembled forces of New England.
Notwithstanding the order of the provincial Con- gress, no meeting of the Corporation could be effected until the 31st of July, when they were convened "at. Fowle's tavern, in Watertown," where it was voted, that, " on account of the confusion and distress of the times, a public Commencement was impracticable," A public and that degrees should be conferred by a general mence-
•' ment de-
diploma. This course was accordingly adopted : and ciaredim-
O J practicable.
on the 22d of August, the Overseers again met, and, having heard the report of committees previously ap- pointed by both boardsj voted, " that it is of great im-
166 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER portance that the education of the youth in this colony, L in piety and good literature, should be carried on with
as little interruption as may be ; — that the education of the scholars of Harvard College cannot be carried on at Cambridge, while the war, in which we have been forced to engage, for the defence of our liberties, shall continue ; and, therefore, that it is necessary some other place should be speedily appointed for that purpose." The committee reporting it as their opin- ion, that Concord was a town suitable for the purpose, another committee was appointed " to repair to Con- cord, and make inquiry what number of students may be accommodated in that town, and at what rate they can be boarded." college re- This committee having reported, on the 6th of Sep-
moved to r
Concord, tember, to the Overseers, that " one hundred and twenty-five students may be boarded in that town, a vote passed, " recommending that the College be removed to Concord, with all convenient speed ; and the Corporation were authorized to pass such laws as local circumstances might make necessary, upon the removal of the College from Cambridge.
The library and apparatus had been previously re- moved to Andover, under the authority of the Pro- vincial Congress. Another application was therefore made to them, and, on the 7th of November, permis- sion was obtained, to remove such parts of the library and apparatus, as might be judged requisite for the present instruction of the students; and they were accordingly removed from Andover to Concord, and arranged on shelves in a private house.
The political tendencies of the institution were not neglected at this period of excitement. On the 3d of September, a resolve passed both branches of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 167
legislature, " recommending to the Corporation and CHAPTER Overseers, not to appoint persons as governors and
instructors, but such whose political principles thej can raeom- confide in, and also to inquire into the principles of inquiry into
. thepoliti-
such as are now in office, and dismiss those, who, by caiprinci-
< pies of the
their past or present conduct, appear to be unfriendly ^C£r08jof to the liberties and privileges of the colonies." A copy lese- of this resolve was ordered to be officially communi- cated to the President of the College and to the Secretary of the Board of Overseers.
After the evacuation of the town of Boston by the British troops, which took place on the 17th of March, 1776, congratulatory addresses from towns and legisla- tures were universally presented to General Washing- ton, for the signal success which had attended his measures. The Corporation and Overseers, in accord- ance with the prevailing spirit and as an " expression of the gratitude of this College for his eminent ser- vices in the cause of his country and to this society," conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws, by General the unanimous vote of both boards. General Wash-
i • i- • i i • Doctor of
ington was the nrst individual on whom this degree Laws. was conferred by Harvard College. The diploma was signed by all the members of the Corporation except John Hancock, who was then in Philadelphia, and it was immediately published in the newspapers of the period, with an English translation.*
On the same day, the Corporation addressed a me- Petition for morial to the Council and House of Representatives of
. . . damages
the Province, — stating, that "immediately after the doneby commencement of the present war in defence of American liberties, on the 19th of April, 1775, all the
* See Appendix, No, XIX.
168 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER buildings of the College were taken possession of, and - occupied as barracks, by the American army, then suddenly assembled, and have been greatly defaced and damaged ; — that not only rents have been lost, but also one year's income of Charlestown ferry, by the war, the same being in possession of the enemy; — and that they cannot doubt the Continental Con- gress will consider it a debt of justice to make good these losses and damages, which the seminary has thus sustained. But, as the troops are now re- moved from Cambridge, and it is necessary that the students should return, as soon as possible, to their proper seat, it is most expedient for them to apply, in the first instance, to the General Court of the Province, that the buildings may be immediately re- paired, the students reinstated, and the society com- pensated for their losses ; to which they solicit the immediate attention of that body."
inquiryinto In April, 1776, the committee of the Overseers
thcpolitical . , . . . ,. ,^ ,, ,
principles appointed to inquire into the state or the College, and cere of the of the political principles of the governors and instruc- tors, reported, that " it was expedient, that they should be required to attend at the next Overseers' meeting, to be examined as to their political principles, agree- ably to a resolve of the General Court, passed Octo- ber 3d, 1775."
This report was accepted, and transmitted to Presi- dent Langdon, to be communicated to the governors and instructors; and, on the 23d of April, they appear- ed before the Overseers, and presented a written declaration of their political principles, which proved satisfactory.
The situation of the students at Concord was ex- tremely inconvenient, and in May, 1776, they began
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 169
to manifest great impatience, and solicited the Presi- CHAPTER dent and Professors to forward their return to Cam- xxvm-
bridge. Their discontent and impatience daily in- discontent- creasing, they at length addressed a petition to the cord! Massachusetts legislature, representing the disadvan- tages under which they labored, and earnestly request- ing that they might be convened at Cambridge. This application was effectual, and, on the 21st of June, the students were again assembled within the College walls, after a dispersion of fourteen months.
Although the divisions in political opinion, which Rejection
0 '
•••_• .
agitated the community, at the period of the decla- of political
* principles.
ration of American Independence, existed in the Col- lege, only a single instance of open opposition to the patriotic party appears upon the records of the imme- diate government. These state, that one individual, who had been absent during the whole time the Col- lege was at Concord, on applying for readmission, was refused on the ground, that he " had been found guil- ty, and imprisoned by the General Court, for frequent clamoring, in the most impudent, insulting, and abusive language, against the American Congress, the General Court of the Colony, and others, who are and have been exerting themselves to save the country from misery and ruin."
Although the legislature had taken measures to repair the injury the College buildings had sustained during the time they were occupied as barracks by the American army, nearly sixteen months had elapsed after the return of the students, and the damages remained unestimated and unrepaired. The library and ap- paratus of the seminary were yet dispersed in different places, and liable to great loss and injury. In Octo- ber, 1777, the Overseers therefore appointed a com-
VOL. ii. 22
170 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER mittee to discourse with the committee of the General
XX VIIT
Court, which had been appointed on the subject the last year ; but other difficulties arose before they had time to complete their negotiation.
An event occurred, which threatened to oblige the students to remove a second time from the Colleges, to make way for the soldiers of another army. The surrender of Burgoyne took place on the 17th of October, and, by the convention of Saratoga, his army was ordered to Cambridge, to remain there until transported to Europe. General Heath, who had been charged with the duty of providing for the " conven- tion troops," could not obtain sufficient accommoda- tions in the village of Cambridge, and therefore General applied to the Corporation for the possession of one application Or more of the Colleges. He also made a simi-
for the use °
?ftheCoi- lar application to the Council of the Province, which
lege build-
inss they laid before the Overseers. This board immedi-
ately passed a vote, founded upon the impracticability of procuring quarters for the army in the dwelling- houses in Cambridge, " though the most generous prices had been offered ; and being willing, in a case of such public importance and necessity, to do all in their power to secure the public honor, peace, and safety, they earnestly and unanimously recommend- ed it to the Corporation to consent, that one or more buildings might be allowed to the said officers, until they could be accommodated elsewhere, upon full se- curity given, that all damages accruing to the build- ings, by fire or otherwise, should be repaired."
Corpora- The Corporation met on the 14th of November, and, taking into their serious consideration the recom- mendation of the Overseers, and the great difficulties and hazards the interests of the College would incur
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 171
by such a measure, they expressed a doubt whether CHAPTER
XXVIIT
the necessity of it was so great as the Overseers had — - stated, inasmuch as they had reason to believe, that proper accommodations for said officers may be ob- tained in some other way ; but, to show their readiness to concur with the general views stated by that board, the Corporation declared their consent, that " the house they had lately purchased for the residence of the students should be employed for that purpose, contain- ing twelve rooms, upon reasonable terms, if the object could not be otherwise accomplished."
The delays of the Corporation did not comport with General
r Heath or-
the exigencies of the times. An order, dated Novem- dersthe
removal
her 19th, 1777, was therefore addressed by General ofthestu-
•* dents.
Heath to the governors of the College, directing them to remove the students and their effects, as soon as possible, for the accommodation of the officers of Bur- goyne's army ; and, on the 29th of the same month, the Overseers recommended it to the Corporation to dismiss the students "to their several homes. They were accordingly dismissed, with directions not to return until the first Wednesday in the ensuing Feb- ruary, or until they received public notice.
The firmness of the Corporation prevailed. The " convention troops " arrived at Cambridge early in November, 1777, and were placed in barracks on Prospect and Winter Hills. The officers were quar- tered in private houses, and none of them, so far as can now be ascertained, in the Colleges, except in the College house which had been offered by the Corpora- tion for their residence. The students returned at the time appointed on their dismissal. The army of Burgoyne was sent off in November, 1778, and no interference with the usual accommodations of the
172 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER College is recorded during their residence in its vi-
XXVIII. . .
cinitj.
Library and On the 5th of May, 1778, the committee on the
apparatus
replaced in application to the General Court for the restoration of
Cambridge.
the library and apparatus to the College reported, that they had effected the object, and that both had been replaced in their respective apartments, after having been dispersed more than two years.
Although the firmness of the Corporation had pre- vented the College Halls from being occupied by the British officers, yet the presence of the army in Cambridge was injurious to the seminary, and embarrassing to its government. In enumerating the causes for voting, that there should be no public Com- mencement this year, besides the difficulties occasioned by the war, and the prevalence of the small-pox in the vicinity, they add, " the want of necessary accommo- dations in the town of Cambridge, the houses being crowded with British officers." wiiihm In November, 1778, upon th'e resignation of Jona-
Knecland
chosen than Hastings, William Kneeland was chosen Steward
steward.
by the Corporation. He was a man of great worth and respectability, in every respect well qualified for the office, in the opinion of the Corporation ; but, as he had been deemed unfriendly to the cause of Amer- ican Independence, his political principles rendered his appointment objectionable to the Overseers. At their next meeting they passed a vote, declaring that overseers the election of Mr. Kneeland " was disagreeable to his appoint- this board, and that it be recommended to the Corpo-
ment.
ration to reconsider said election, and proceed to the choice of some other person for that office ; the Over- seers reserving to themselves the right they have by
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 173
the charter, of approving or negativing the election CHAPTER of a steward, made by the Corporation." * xxvm. In December, 1778, the Corporation met, and, re- corpora- capitulating the preceding vote of the Overseers, re- their au-y
•j - r rr i j thorityto
considered the appointment or Kneeland, and request- interfere ed Mr. Hastings to resume the office of steward until another steward could be chosen. They then passed a vote declaring, " that the Corporation are of opinion, that the claim advanced by the Overseers, of a right to approve or negative the election of a steward, made by the Corporation, has no foundation in the College charter, and is without precedent in any of the College records ; and that the President, Dr. Cooper, and Mr. Lathrop be a committee to represent the sentiments of the Corporation, on this point, to the board of Overseers, and bring the matter to as amicable a decision as possible."
At the meeting of the Overseers, in the same month, twenty- two members appeared, and a vote passed that board, in the following terms :
" It being a matter in dispute between the Corpo- proceed- ration and Overseers, whether the election of a Col- overseers6 lege steward ought to be presented to this board, for their approbation, and the board, not being in posses- sion of the charters, by which this point ought to be decided ; it was voted, that the Secretary be directed to deliver to the President of the Council, as soon as may be, copies of the charter granted by the General Court, in the year 1642, and of that granted in 1650, and of the Appendix granted in 1657, for the inspec- tion of the Overseers, that they may be better able to discuss the matter in dispute, and come to a deter-
*See Records of the Overseers, Vol. III., p. 145.
174 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER mination upon it. at the adjournment of this meeting."
XXVIII.
— On the 16th of December this meeting took place, twenty-three members being present, and the record states, that " after some debate it was moved, that the question should be put, whether this board have a right to a presentation of the person elected by the Corporation into the office of steward, for their ap- probation, or disapprobation ; whereupon the previous question was moved, whether this question shall be now put, — which being put, it passed in the negative." ihe'contro- ^^ Corporation proceeded, in consequence, to elect versy. a steward, without submitting his election to the board of Overseers for their consent, and this has been from that time the invariable practice and acknowl- edged right of that board.
Proceed- In September, 1779, the Convention, assembled to ceming the frame a Constitution for the State of Massachusetts,
College by . . .
theMassa- being in session, a committee was raised in relation
chusetts
conven- to the College, and was instructed to prepare an article, to be inserted in the new Constitution, for confirming its privileges, and for such other purposes as they shall think proper, after consulting with the Corporation of the College." James Bowdoin, Presi- dent of the Convention, communicated these proceed- ings to the Corporation, and a committee of the board was raised, to take the subject into consideration. On the 7th of the ensuing October, this committee made a report, recapitulating all the leading facts of the constitutional history of the College, and submit- ting two proposals to be laid before the Convention, containing articles to be inserted into the Constitution of the Commonwealth, on the interests of the College. These proposals being accepted by the Corporation, and approved by the Overseers, were subsequently
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 175
adopted by the State Convention, and now constitute CHAPTER
XXVIII.
distinct Articles in the Constitution of Massachusetts.*
Thus singularly careful were the framers of the present Rights and
. . . . • TT privileges
Constitution, of the rights and privileges of Harvard of Harvard
secured by
College. The terms affecting those interests were sub- the Consti- tution of
mitted to the Corporation and Overseers, by them to be considered and modified. The new organization of the State government also rendered it necessary to insert a Third Article on the same Section of the Con- stitution, declarative of the branches of the government, which should succeed to the office of Overseers, in place of those which were abrogated. In every other respect the ancient constitution of the College was carefully preserved. The three articles thus adopted, include all the provisions of the Constitution, which specially affect the interests of the seminary. By the first, the benefits derived in past times from that in- stitution are acknowledged, and all their rights and privileges are solemnly ratified and confirmed to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors for ever. The second confirms to the College all gifts, grants, legacies, devises, and convey- ances, according to the true intent and meaning of the donors, grantors, and devisors. The third de- clares the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Council, and Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, with the President of the College for the time being, and the ministers of the Congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester, to be successors to the former board of Overseers of Harvard College, and invests them with the same powers and author-
* Part II. Chap. V. Sect. I. Art. 1, 2.
176 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ties. A proviso is annexed to this article, reserving
XXVIII
— to the legislature of the Commonwealth the power of
" making such alterations in the government of the University as shall be conducive to its advantage, and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the legislature of the late Province of Massachusetts Bay."*
The Constitution, in the Second Section of the same Chapter, makes it " the duty of legislatures and magis- trates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them ; especially the University at Cambridge, public schools, and grammar schools in the towns." The indiscriminate use of the terms " College " and u University," in the Constitution of the Commonwealth, was considered as sanctioning the latter designation, which has ever since been applied to this institution, except in such legal instruments, as require its corporate name for their validity. President The organization of the government of Massachu- resiifn;uion. setts, under the new Constitution, was soon followed by the resignation of the President's chair by Dr. Langdon. On the 29th of August, 1780, he suddenly announced to the immediate government of the Col- lege, that he should discontinue his superintendence of the seminary, and the next day he addressed a let- ter to the Corporation resigning the office of President of the College. The administration of Dr. Langdon includes the most dubious, distressing, and turbulent period of the American Revolution. His conduct, in those times of peculiar difficulty and danger, was characterized by zeal, activity, and fidelity, and ap- parently was acceptable to the public. During the
* See Appendix, No. XX.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 177
six j^ears of his administration the reports of the visit- CHAPTER ... -c • f \ xxvm. ing committees speak with great uniformity of the
satisfactory state of the College ; and there is nothing in the previous records of the institution, explanatory or indicative of the motives of his unexpected resig- nation. His letter to the Corporation shows, that he thought his services were not justly appreciated, and that sufficient allowance had not been made for the difficulties with which he had to contend. He states, that, on their invitation and on that of the Overseers, he had accepted the office, when every prospect was discouraging, — the flames of the revolutionary war already breaking out, the country in distress, and the College in embarrassment. He had ventured, without experience, into a scene of unexampled tu- mult and danger ; his labors had been complicated, and innumerable, and far different from those which, in ordinary times, were expected of a President. He had reason to hope that his incessant application and zealous endeavour had been in some degree advan- tageous to the interests of religion and literature ; but finding, through age and infirmity, the cares of the University a burden, he wished to quit his situation, and seek one of more retirement and less responsi- bility. After this recapitulation, he refers the consid- eration of some indemnity for the diminution of his official emoluments by the pecuniary difficulties of the times, to the sense of justice of the Corporation. He expresses his gratitude for the candor and goodness with which he had been uniformly treated by the Cor- poration and Overseers, requests that his family may be temporarily permitted to occupy the President's house, and concludes with invoking the blessing of Heaven on the literary society, of which he had so long had the superintendence. VOL. ii. 23
178 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER When Dr. Langdon's letter of resignation was re-
— . '— ceived by the Corporation, a meeting of the Overseers
was immediately called, but no regret was expressed, Thanks of or difficulty made, in either board. The Overseers,
the Over- . *
seers to Dr. indeed, voted their thanks for his zealous, faithful en-
Langdon.
deavours in the cause of literature and religion, while presiding over that society ; acknowledged the reason- ableness of his requests, and the inadequacy of his emoluments and salary for his support, and engaged to use their influence with the legislature to obtain a grant in compensation for the deficiencies. They conclude with uttering their warmest wishes for his prosperity, recommending him to the favor of the wise and good, and earnestly desiring, that his learn- ing and abilities might find successful employment in some sphere of honor and usefulness.
A committee was then appointed to represent to the legislature what was due to Dr. Langdon for his services while President of the College, and to peti- tion, that they would order payment to be made to him out of the public treasury.
Dr. Langdon possessed learning, industry, and zeal. His usefulness had not been impaired by age or sick- ness ; but his talents were not adapted for the station to which he was called. One of his biographers* states, " that he wanted dignity and authority." Another,! " that he wanted judgment and a spirit of govern- ment." Tradition represents him to have been "cred- Causesof ulous " and "visionary." It is certain that the osten-
Dr. Lang- don's resig- sible were not the real motives of his sudden resiena-
nation.
tion, but that this unexpected event was induced by a combination of students, to whom he had become
• Allen. t Eliot.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 179
obnoxious, and whose dissatisfaction was countenanced, CHAPTER if not excited, by men connected with the government xxvm' of the institution. The three upper classes obtained, under some pretence, leave for a general meeting ; and, on the day it was called, James Winthrop, the librarian, came into the hall at breakfast-time, and ad- dressed the students on the subject of their proposed meeting in language somewhat equivocal, assuring them, " that, if their complaints were well founded, with firmness and union they would succeed, but, if without foundation, they would be severely punished." His address was received as it was intended to be, and the students, having assembled, passed resolutions, and a memorial to the Corporation, charging President Langdon with " impiety, heterodoxy, unfitness for the office of preacher of the Christian religion, and still more for that of President." There was not a shadow of foundation for any one of these charges, except the last, of which the spirit in which this insolence was received, may be considered as an evidence. These resolutions were passed unanimously, and twelve stu- dents, selected from the three upper classes, were appointed to wait upon President Langdon, and in- vite him to resign his office. Being ignorant of his unpopularity, this unexpected application affected him so deeply, that he instantly resolved to abandon an in- stitution, in which services deemed by him faithful and zealous were so unjustly appreciated. The interview was on Saturday, and, on the next Monday, he detain- ed the students after morning prayers, and told them he should resign, remarking, at the same time, that his family would be thrown destitute on the world, and intimating that resolutions of a favorable character might be of service to him. This conduct subdued
180 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER their rebellious spirits ; and at a subsequent meeting,
5f XVTTT
— — they passed directly opposite resolutions, with like unanimity, excepting only his unfitness for the office of President. Such is the outline of facts stated in letters by members of the University at the time these events occurred, to account for the suddenness of Dr. Langdon's resignation. It was the opinion of the students, that Winthrop acted in coincidence with the wishes of men of higher influence, which was strengthened by the fact that one of the tutors was an active coadjutor in promoting the excitement. Nothing on the College records, however, indicates any loss of authority by the chair, when in the possession of Dr. Langdon, except a vote of the board of Overseers, passed in December, 1781, before the induction of President Willard. This vote recommends the officer vote con- elect " to take care to support the honor of the chair,
cerning the , ... i i • -11
support of by exercising; that power and authority respecting; both
the honor ' r /
ofthe government and instruction, with which the Constitu-
President's ° ...
chair. tion vests the President, and which his predecessors in that office, before the war, have exercised, for the good order and benefit of the University." The im- plication in this vote, that, since the war commenced, the chair had lost somewhat of its ancient authority, may be indeed wrested into the suggestion, that the occupant of it during the war had failed in the duty of exercising and supporting it. By a letter from Treasurer Storer to Dr. Langdon, dated on the 20th of October, 1781, it appears that he had expressed some resentment against the Corporation. On which Storer remarks, that there was no cause for such a feeling, " either against the Corporation as a body, or individually," — that they had expressed their con- cern, that he should have so suddenly come to the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 181
determination to resign, without asking their advice, CHAPTER which " I am persuaded," he adds, " would have been XXVI11' to have deferred your intention to some future time."
It is probable, that Dr. Langdon became subse- quently aware, that the students had been made the instruments of others, possibly of men connected with the government of the institution, and that the feeling of self-distrust, which led to his resignation, had been succeeded by feelings of a very different character.
President Langdon was about fifty-seven years of President
i i • . • i i • i Langdon's
age, when his connexion with the seminary was thus death and
character.
abruptly dissolved. He survived that event seventeen years, and became the pastor of a church in the vicin- ity of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In 1788, he was chosen a delegate to the Convention of that State, was a leader in its debates, and had great influence in removing the prejudices, which then prevailed, against the Federal Constitution. At the age of seventy-four, in November, 1797, he terminated a life well spent, honored for piety, private virtues, and extensive knowledge.
182
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Financial Embarrassments of the Corporation. — Popularity and In- fluence of John Hancock, when elected Treasurer of the College. — Incompatibility of his Political Engagements with the Duties of his Office. — Dissatisfaction of the Corporation. — Their Corre- spondence with Hancock relative to the Settlement of his Accounts. — He departs as a Delegate to the Continental Congress. — He causes the Books and Papers of the College to be transported to Philadelphia. — The Overseers appoint a Committee on the Finan- cial State of the College. — They advise the Corporation to demand a Return of their Papers, by a Special Messenger. — Hancock returns them, and pays over Part of their Funds; — retains the Residue, and does not settle his Accounts. — The Overseers vote, that it is expedient to elect a resident Treasurer, in place of Hancock. — Letter of the Corporation, intimating to Hancock the Expediency of his Resignation. — He retains the Office. — Conse- quent Embarrassments. — Ebenezer Storer chosen Treasurer. — Unsuccessful Attempts to obtain a Settlement of Mr. Hancock's Accounts. — He is elected Governor of Massachusetts. — Subse- quent Proceedings. — His Death. — A Settlement finally made by his Heirs. — His Benefactions to the College.
THE embarrassments of the Corporation of Harvard College, during the presidency of Langdon, were not embarrass- confined to the dangers and effects of the revolution- ary war. They were greatly increased by the extra- ordinary and wayward conduct of their Treasurer, John Hancock. Some of the most agitating questions respecting the College, at that period, relate to the official connexion of this distinguished individual with the seminary. The transactions, out of which they arose, are spread through its records for twenty years,
CHAPTER XXIX.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 183
and, as it is impossible to omit an account of them, CHAPTER
XXIX
it is due to all concerned, that a full and exact state- --
ment should be here given. In 1773, when Mr. Han- Mr. Han- cock was elected Treasurer by the Corporation, his turn to the
J . office of
polished manners, wealth, liberality, and patriotism Treasurer. had rendered him the most popular man in the Prov- ince. By fulfilling the promise* of his uncle, Thomas Hancock, and by his own added bounty, he had ac- quired the praise of a generous benefactor to the College ; and to connect his name and influence with its affairs was generally considered as a master-stroke of policy. But, except the security to the funds of the institution, which apparently resulted from the amplitude of his fortune and his personal integrity, Mr. Hancock did not possess any peculiar qualifica- tions for the office of Treasurer ; for, his wealth hav- ing been derived from the bounty of a relative, he had not acquired the character of a man of business. His mind was absorbed in politics, and he had not held that office a year, before he was chosen a delegate to the Provincial Congress, which met at Watertown, and of which he was soon elected Pres- ident. He continued in this station until April, 1775, and, in the ensuing June, he went to Philadelphia as a delegate from Massachusetts, and was immediate- ly raised to the presidency of the Continental Con- gress.
The Corporation of the College began early to per- incompati-
.... bility of hia
ceive the incompatibility of the political engagements political en-
J gagementa
of Mr. Hancock with his duties as Treasurer of the ™ith its
duties.
institution ; and a wish for his resignation, could it be obtained without offending an individual, whom cir-
* See above, p. 143.
184 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER cumstances had made the idol of the patriotic party,
XXIX
'— began to prevail. This feeling could not long be
concealed from Mr. Hancock, and the proceedings of the Corporation soon indicated their opinions and views.
First letter In November, 1774, Mr. Hancock being; then in
ofPresi- .
dent Lang- boston, and more than a year having elapsed since questing a his appointment as Treasurer, President Langdon, as
settlement
•>r Han- chairman of a committee for examining the Treasurer's
cock's ac- counts, accounts, addressed to him a letter, urging the im- portance of settling them, and the necessity of know ing the state of their funds, which they could not neglect without great breach of trust, loss, and dam- age ; and stating, that, without an annual settlement, there was great danger of their falling into confusion. " The urgency of the Corporation to have his accounts laid before them at the next meeting," is given as an apology for this application.
His second This letter produced no answer, and, on the 27th of January, 1775, President Langdon addressed another to Mr. Hancock, suggesting, " that the meeting of the Provincial Congress, next week, would involve him in so much public business as would render it difficult for him to attend to College affairs," express- ing " the extreme desire of the Corporation to have a settlement of his accounts," and stating that a com- mittee would meet him early next week for that purpose.
His third Mr. Hancock took no notice of this second letter ; and, on the 7th of March ensuing, President Langdon addressed a third letter to him, expressing again the extreme solicitude of the Corporation on the subject of his accounts, pressing upon him the duty of set- tlement, from the critical situation of public affairs,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 185
and from the certainty of his absence during the CHAPTER
XXIX
summer at the Continental Congress ; stating that the Corporation would attend at any time he would appoint ; and entreating a reply, " as they cannot remain at ease, while the College accounts are so unsettled."
A brief answer was the consequence of this third Mr. Han- i%/r TT 1-1 i cock's re-
letter. Mr. Hancock .was '" busily engaged," but ply.
would " soon appoint a day to attend the business." Nearly a fortnight elapsed and no day was appointed. The Corporation ordered a meeting for the 21st of March, " principally for the purpose of settling the Treasurer's accounts." He was notified to appear. But no Treasurer came. A note was received from him, excusing his non-attendance, and " promising to lay his accounts before them by the middle of next week." The week, however, elapsed, and no move- ment on the part of Mr. Hancock took place. On the 3d of April, 1775, the Corporation met, and unanimously addressed a letter to him, expressing their TheCorpo-
. * . , . . , ration ad-
" unhappmess at being disappointed as to the prom- dress a ised settlement ; — they knew his patriotic exertions him- in his country's cause, and were willing to allow much for this plea of delay ; — but it was their duty to be solicitous for the seminary ; they were accountable to the Overseers and the world." They remind him of a semiannual meeting of the Overseers in May, when " they will be questioned as to the settlement of the Treasurer's accounts " ; and they inquire, " What shall we answer to such a question ? " They entreat him to settle them before he goes to the Continental Theyre-
/-, . , ., ... ,,,.,.. quest that
Congress, urging the impossibility of his doing it the papers
. ., J ' of the Col-
while there; and add, "if the accounts are settled, legebede-
. t~ liveredto
the papers might be left in the hands of the Corpora- them. VOL. ii. 24
186 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tion during his absence. Otherwise all will be in XXIX' confusion."
In April, 1775, the inhabitants of Boston were re- moving out of the town in anticipation of hostilities ; a postscript was therefore added to the above letter, "expressing the extreme anxiety of the Corporation, that the papers of the College should be sent out of Boston by one of his clerks> and offering a receipt for them to his satisfaction."
No answer having been given to this letter, the Corporation met on the 10th of April, 1775, and passed the following vote.
" Considering the present appearance of public af- fairs, and that the Treasurer will soon be obliged to at- tend the Congress at Philadelphia, where he may be long detained, during which time the College may suffer detriment for want of proper care of the estate ; and being desirous of relieving the Treasurer from such a burden on his mind while he is absent, though he may not have leisure at present, to settle the Col- lege accounts ; Voted, that Colonel Hancock be re- They re- quested to deliver the moneys, bonds, and other papers,
quest their , .
moneys belonging to the College treasury, into the hands of the President, Dr. Appleton, Dr. Winthrop, and Dr. Eliot, or any two of them, who are hereby appointed a committee for that purpose ; and that they give him a proper receipt, which shall be his discharge for the same."
This vote was transmitted by a special messenger, with a request, that he would immediately appoint a time, when this committee of the Corporation might wait upon him.
The receipt of this vote drew from Mr. Hancock the following characteristic letter.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 187
" Mr. Hancock presents his compliments to the Rev. CHAPTER President, and the other gentlemen, who were present XXIX' yesterday at the meeting, and acquaints them, that he Mr. Han- has at heart the interest of the College as much as piy. any one, and will pursue it. He is much surprised and astonished at the contents of the President's letter, as well as at the doings of the gentlemen present, which he very seriously resents ; .and, however great the gen- tlemen may think the burden upon his mind may be, Mr. Hancock is not disposed to look upon it in that light, nor shall the College suffer any detriment, in his absence, as he has already determined those matters ; but if the gentlemen choose to make a public choice of a gentleman to the displacing him, they will please to act their pleasure. Mr. Hancock writes in great hurry, being much engaged, but shall write very par- ticularly, or be at Cambridge in person, as soon as the Congress rises ; he leaves all his matters in the hands of a gentleman of approved integrity, during his ab- sence, which he is not disposed to alter, and peradven- ture his absence may not be longer than a voyage to Machias.
"Concord, 8 o'clock, P. M., 11 April, 1775."
This closed the correspondence of the Corporation He departs
• • m i r T forPhfla-
with Ireasurer Hancock lor that year. In the course of the same month he departed for Philadelphia, leav- ing the Corporation in utter ignorance of the state of their affairs, of the time when they should be informed concerning them, and of the name of the person " in whose hands he had left all his matters." In this di- lemma they constituted the President of the College receiver of the rents of their real estate and of the Charlestown Ferry, and of legacies and donations when they occurred, specifying as a reason for these
188
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
letter, urg- ing their necessities.
CHAPTER proceedings, on their records, " the Treasurer having XXIX' been long absent, and there being no expectation of his speedy return."
This state of the financial concerns of the College remained until March, 1776, when it became abso- lutely insupportable. On the 18th of that month, TheCorpo- President Langdon addressed a letter, in behalf of the a second Corporation, to Mr. Treasurer Hancock, then a del- egate in the Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, not in the spirit of a body authorized to call on an account- able agent to fulfil his duties, but couched in the lan- guage of a suppliant. " He is reluctant to interrupt Mr. Hancock, engaged in momentous affairs, on which the salvation of the United Colonies depends, — but hopes for a moment's attention, just to mention the difficul- ties of the seminary of learning, for which he had testified the highest esteem, and on which the preser- vation of religion and liberty, in consequence of their connexion with literature, greatly depends." After enumerating the sufferings of the College, owing to the distresses of the times, — their buildings defaced, by being used as stores or barracks, and in waste and ruins, which it will take a long time to repair, — the dispersion of the students, and their return since Octo- ber, — he proceeds to state the peculiar embarrass- ments to which they were subject, owing to the want of access to their treasury ; — nothing could be receiv- ed or paid out for defraying current expenses, which places both the Corporation and governors in a per- plexed situation ; — persons indebted to the College, who are ready to pay, are uneasy that there is no one to receive, and that they are obliged to keep their own money and yet pay interest. " Can you think," he adds, " of any way to relieve us from this difficulty ?
XX[X'
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 189
Will you give me leave to depend upon your employ- CHAPTER
ing a few thoughts on our circumstances ? Nothing
but the urgency of the case could have induced me to
give you this trouble. I hope your candor will admit
this to be a sufficient apology, and allow me to expect
an answer."
Such was the humble style, in which the Corpora- tion ventured to urge their rights upon the ascendant popular power of the day. This letter received no answer from Mr. Hancock. On the 18th of April, Teys therefore, President Langdon wrote another, referring to it, but couched in the same supplicatory language ; stating "the many applications made to him to know, who was to receive the College moneys, and the great uneasiness on that account," and, " not doubting the multiplicity of public business had prevented his answering the former letter, he hopes Mr. Hancock will not be offended, if he once more renews his earnest request to hear from him speedily, and know what may be done in such a situation of College affairs." Nearly a month elapsed before Mr. Hancock Mr. Han-
cock re-
condescended to answer this letter. On the 13th of plies. May, however, he replied, apologizing for his delay, acknowledging it ought to have been attended to, but that he had thought there was " no possibility of drawing the attention of individuals to any particular business, in the confused state of the Province." His
letter also contained the astounding intelligence, that He orders
iii- rr • ~
he had just sent on a messenger "in a light wagon,
'
ladelphia
with orders to bring all his books and papers across the country to Philadelphia from Boston," with a promise, that, as soon as they arrive, he will arrange them, and the Corporation should hear from him further on the subject. He added this pointed inquiry, " I shall be
190 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER glad to know whether it would be most eligible and
XXIX
- agreeable to you and the Corporation, for me to appoint Mr. William Winthrop to act for me, or for me to re- sign, though the latter I should not be induced to do, unless by a signification of your pleasure ; in which case, you will appoint one in my place, as early as you think necessary. My attachment to the College is such, that nothing but necessity would divert my at- tention from it ; that will not however be hastened by me. On this subject, I shall be glad to be favored with your sentiments."
It is evident from the tenor of this letter, that Han- cock did not intend to vacate his seat in the Corpo- ration, but to throw on that body the responsibility of requesting his resignation. The President, by direc- Thean- tion of the Corporation, in a reply, dated on the 30th
swer of the . .
corpora- of May, 1776, rejoiced in his call to the head of the public councils ; expressed their unhappiness, that the extraordinary changes in public affairs had inter- rupted his good services, as Treasurer of the College ; said that they doubted not his attachment to the College, but that the officers of government and the instructors greatly wanted their stipulated support, and some method must be fixed upon for them to receive their arrears ; that, although the Corporation have no one to account with but the Treasurer, yet they do not object to his proposal of appointing Mr. Win- throp as his agent, " until he can determine whether it will be consistent with his high public employment to continue in the charge of the College treasury." They confess their concern, that the College bonds and other papers must be removed to such a distance as Philadelphia, and that they must be reconveyed to these parts before any payments can be made upon
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 191
them, — they again entreat his speedy settlement of CHAPTER his accounts, — intimate that the Overseers had chosen - L- a committee to inquire into the state of the treasury, and that they expect to be questioned by them very soon. They add, "As to your resignation, Sir, you
yourself must judge how far it may be consistent with theofficeof
* J ... Treasurer
your other employments to continue in so important isinconsist-
* • ent with his
an office of the College, which requires such con- [£glicdu~ stant attention, when you are at so great a distance ; especially as we greatly need the assistance of our Treasurer at Corporation meetings, and there is but little probability of your being soon at liberty to re- turn and reside among us. We assure you, it would be very disagreeable to us, if we should be obliged to give it as our opinion, that the interests of the College rendered it necessary that the office should be commit- ted to any other person."
It is very apparent from this letter, that the Corpo- ration had intimated, as plainly as they dared, their wish that Mr. Hancock should resign, and, by the strong light in which they placed the incompatibility of his other public employments with the duties of Treasurer of the College, they meant to transfer to him the responsibility of the act. But he clung to the Mr. Han- office with tenacity. The College papers were sent herest to Philadelphia in May, 1776, and no settlement of his accounts, and no resignation, or return of the pa- pers to Massachusetts, took place. It became, there- fore, obvious, that powers higher than those possessed by the Corporation, or at least, than those they were willing to exercise, must be brought to act on the Treasurer, and the Overseers accordingly took the field.
On the 7th of May, 1776, that board had specially
192 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER charged their committee " to inquire into the state of xxr&' the College, particularly in regard to the treasury, and to report." On the 4th of June the Overseers called upon the Corporation to lay before them the pres- ent state of the treasury. Accordingly, on the 2d of July, all the letters which had passed between the Treasurer and the Corporation were read to the vote of the Overseers who afterwards came to a vote, that, "it onthepre- appeared to them that although the Corporation had
ceding cor-
respond- used their best endeavours, they had not been able to
ence. r
procure a settlement with the Treasurer." The record then proceeds, — "But, it having been represented to the board, by the members of the Corporation pres- ent, that it was probable they would hear from the Treasurer on the subject, it was voted, that the con- sideration of the affair should be postponed to the next meeting." No further steps were taken until the 3d of September following, when, nothing having been heard from Mr. Treasurer Hancock, the Over- seers voted, "that James Bowdoin, John Winthrop, William Phillips, Francis Dana, and President Lang- Theyap- don, be a committee to consider the state of the committee College treasury, to procure and lay before this board letter to the the letters that have passed between the President
Treasurer.
and the Treasurer, also those which have passed be- tween the Corporation and the Treasurer, and prepare a letter to be sent by this board to the Treasurer." It was hoped, that the authority of this committee, composed of men of the highest standing and influ- ence, would have an effect upon the Treasurer, which the urgency of the Corporation had failed to pro- duce. On the 10th of September, a letter prepar- ed by this committee, being reported and read, was accepted, and it was voted " that the president of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 193
the board of Overseers (James Bowdoin), should sign CHAPTEK the same in their name, and transmit it to the Treas- XXIX urer, by the first opportunity." It was the 29th of October before a reply was received from Mr. Han- Mr. Han- cock to this letter, and communicated to the board, plies, but
Neither of these letters is on file. It is certain, sends pa-
/~v Pers nor
however, that the application of the Overseers was accounts.
not more successful than that of the Corporation ; neither papers nor accounts were transmitted, and the subject was referred to the same committee of the Overseers, with the addition of Benjamin Austin, " to consider what further steps are proper to be taken by this board, in order to obtain a settlement with the College Treasurer, and to procure the obligations and securities belonging to the College, and now in his possession."
On the 13th of the ensuing November, this com- mittee reported the following draft of a resolve, which the board immediately passed. " Whereas all the ob- ligations and securities belonging to Harvard College, in Cambridge, are now at Philadelphia, in the hands of the Honorable John Hancock, Esquire, Treasurer Corpora- of the said College, and it is very inexpedient and mend that unsafe, that papers of such consequence, and which messenger are daily and immediately wanted, should be kept at sent for the
* papers.
such a distance, especially at a time when the enemy are in possession of New York ; and may, perhaps, cut off the communication between the southern and northern colonies ; therefore resolved, that the Cor- poration of Harvard College be advised to appoint and empower some suitable person to receive of the said John Hancock, Esquire, all the obligations and securi- ties belonging to the said College, and to give the said Mr. Hancock a receipt and discharge for all such VOL. ii. 25
194 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER obligations and securities, as he shall receive from
Y YIY
1_ him." The board also voted to adjourn to the first
Wednesday in January next, in order to " receive and examine the accounts of John Hancock, Esquire, Treasurer of said College, which the board expect and depend he will by that time lay before them."
corpora- In conformity with this recommendation of the
tion de-
torHainbr Overseers tne Corporation despatched Mr. Tutor Hall the papers, to Philadelphia, to receive the College papers and securities from Mr. Hancock. When Mr. Hall reach- ed Fairfield, in Connecticut, he received information, that Congress had removed to Baltimore ; and, doubt- ing his authority to proceed to that city, he remain- ed at Fairfield, and wrote to the Corporation for instructions. They referred his letter to the Over- seers, who, on the 7th of January, 1777, advised them " to direct Mr. Hall to proceed to Baltimore, or to any other place where Mr. Hancock may be, receive the papers, and return with them as soon as may be, if they can be brought with safety." But if they could not, and he was obliged to return without the papers, then he was to be governed by special direc- tions, with which the Overseers accompanied their advice. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, the Cor- poration instructed Mr. Hall to proceed to Philadel- phia or elsewhere, whoreturns Mr. Hall having returned with the papers he had
with them. =
obtained, Mr. Hancock's attorney attended a meeting of the Corporation on the 12th of March, 1777, and, a receipt being given by the President of the College, delivered " the bonds and other obligations to an amount exceeding sixteen thousand pounds, lawful cock^ei- money." But Mr. Hancock neither made a settle- ment of his accounts, nor a statement of the balance
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 195
remaining in his hands as Treasurer, nor a resignation CHAPTER
of his office. A meeting of the Overseers was con- '—
sequently held, on the 18th of March, when all the letters that had passed between Mr. Bowdoin, chair- man of their committee, the Corporation, and Mr. Hancock, and also those written to Mr. Hall, were read, and a committee was appointed to take the whole subject into consideration, and report at the next meeting. On the 25th of March, William Phil- lips, in behalf of this committee, made a report, which, after debate and amendments, was accepted and passed, in the following words.
"Whereas the Honorable John Hancock, Esquire, vote of the Treasurer of Harvard College, has long been, and still recom- is, employed in the high and important office of Presi- the choice
r J t of another
dent of the Continental Congress, which necessarily Treasurer
* in place of
occasions his absence from this State, and many and great inconveniences have resulted, and will further result, to the College, by the absence of the Treasurer ; — and whereas he has, in consequence of a vote of the said board of Overseers, of the 13th of November last, sent the bonds and other securities belonging to the College, to be delivered to the members of the Corporation, which have accordingly been so deliv- ered ; — therefore it is voted by the said board of Overseers, that it is highly expedient that another Treasurer, who shall constantly reside within the State, be elected in the stead, or place, of Mr. Han- cock, and that it be recommended to the Corporation to proceed to a choice accordingly."
Notwithstanding this explicit recommendation, the Corporation could not screw their courage to the point of choosing another Treasurer, before Mr. Hancock had resigned the office. On the 8th, 15th, and 22d
196 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of April, they held meetings, " which," say the re- cords, " were employed in preparing an answer to ^r< Hancock's letter, brought by Mr. Hall ; which
Mr°Hin- replv consisted of about twenty-eight pages in quarto,
tying jieir* *n which the Corporation endeavoured to justify their
w^dsMm0 whole conduct toward him, by a recital of all the
billets and letters which had passed between them,
and every material transaction relating to the Treas-
urer, from their first application to him for a settle-
ment of their accounts." *
The Corporation waited until July, probably in the expectation that Mr. Hancock, mollified by their let- ter of twenty-eight pages in quarto, or alarmed by the advice given to their board by the Overseers, would transmit his resignation of the office, and relieve them from the necessity of removing him by choosing another Treasurer.
Mr. Han- Mr. Hancock, however, took no notice of either no notice of the vote or the letter. Accordingly, on the 14th of
their letter. & ^
July, the Corporation, finding the necessity of acting absolute, passed a solemn and formal vote, in which after recapitulating in exact terms, the vote and recom- mendation of the Overseers, they thus proceed ; " And whereas, after this, the Corporation wrote a letter to the Treasurer, dated April the 22d, 1777, in which they very particularly and fully stated to him all their proceedings with respect to the Treasury, and, since that, have waited until this time, in expectation of seeing Mr. Hancock, or hearing from him, but have
* See Appendix, No. XXL — The records add, " This and all the other letters are on file among the College papers. By vote of the Corporation, the President signed a fair draft in the name of the rest, and it was sent forward by the post the Monday following."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 197
been disappointed in both these respects, and the dif- CHAPTER
ficulties arising from the absence of the Treasurer are _
daily increasing, so that there is a pressing necessity that the treasury should be speedily opened, and there is no prospect that Mr. Hancock will be able to attend to the business of that office ; therefore the Corpora- tion find it necessary to proceed, without further delay, to the choice of a Treasurer agreeably to the foregoing recommendation of the Overseers." The record con- tinues ; " The Corporation, having procured the pres- ence of the Overseers, by their counsel and consent proceeded to elect a Treasurer, in the room of the Honorable John Hancock, whose employment in the American Congress unavoidably prevents his attending to the business of that office, and by their written TheCorpo-
i i T-«I o T- ration elect
votes it appeared, that Jkbenezer otorer, Esquire, was Ebenezer chosen." In this election the Overseers concurred on Treasurer. the same day.
This act was regarded by Mr. Hancock as personal, and intended to injure his popularity, and was never forgiven. His subsequent intercourse with the Cor- poration was in language respectful, but in fact defy- ing and embarrassing. The bonds and other papers of the College had, indeed, been delivered up, but his accounts remained unsettled. The balance in his hands was unknown to the Corporation ; and he showed no disposition to give them any satisfaction on the subject. Yet, being aware of his political in- fluence, and the great dependence of the College upon the annual grants of the legislature of Massachusetts for the support of its President and Professors, they made a bold attempt to conciliate him. To this end, in January, 1778, they passed a most supplicatory vote, requesting him " to permit his portrait to be
198 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER drawn at the expense of the Corporation, and placed
XXIX.
. in the philosophy chamber, by that of his honorable
tionaskaMr. uncle." * Mr. Hancock was not of a temperament fori.ispor- to be thus wrought upon, and he took no notice of
trait.
the vote. As he made no arrangements respecting his accounts, the Corporation abandoned the hope of obtaining a settlement, by their own efforts, and in October, 1778, called the Overseers to their aid, by proposing that a committee of both Boards should be raised on the accounts of Mr. Hancock, and appoint- ing on their part, President Langdon and Treasurer Storer; to whom the Overseers joined Artemas Ward, Francis Dana, and Benjamin Austin. This committee reported in December, that they " had repeatedly ap- plied to Mr. Hancock to attend to that business, with- overseers out success." The Overseers then voted to " desire the
appoint a
committee same committee to take such further measures, as they
to take fur- •*
irestoeas S^a^ JU(^Se most Pr°Per> to bring Mr. Hancock to a sPee(ty settlement." In January, 1779, the Overseers voted, that the Corporation be requested to place their several votes respecting the settlement of the ac- counts of their late Treasurer, John Hancock, and their whole correspondence with him on that subject, before their board, at their adjournment. Measures were taken by the Overseers to ensure a full meeting, and accordingly, on the 15th of February, twenty-nine members of that board assembled. The votes and correspondence of the Corporation, requested by the Overseers, were communicated by the President. They were read, and a statement made of what had passed between Mr. Hancock and the committee of both boards. After much debate, a vote passed,
* See Appendix, No. XXII.
a settle- ment.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 199
" that the Corporation be and they hereby are advised CHAPTER
v-y-r-y
to put in suit, at the next session of the Court of Com- L_
mon Pleas for the County of Suffolk, the bond which KiUkf"1 the Honorable John Hancock, late Treasurer of Har- bond,poJr vard College gave, in his said capacity, to the Corpo- ration of that society, unless he should seasonably set- tle his accounts as Treasurer thereof." This vote was postponed until the next meeting of the Over- seers, on the 25th of February, when, the records state, " two members of the board having informed the Overseers, that Mr. Hancock had assured them, that, when the General Assembly should adjourn, he would enter upon the business of settling his accounts as Treasurer of Harvard College, and complete the same as soon as may be," the board postponed the subject to the adjournment. No settlement having been made, it was further postponed until the 20th of May, 1779, when the vote to put in suit the bond of Mr. Hancock was renewed in the board of Over- seers, and passed in the negative. Whereupon Fran- cis Dana, General (Artemas) Ward, and Benjamin Austin, the members of the committee for settling Mr. Hancock's accounts, immediately and successively moved, " to be excused from any further concern in that affair."
In June, the subject was revived, and another com- mittee appointed, but nothing was done. Mr. Han- cock would not. settle his accounts voluntarily, and, as he was in the height of his popularity and power, a majority of the Overseers could not be brought to recommend an enforcement of their rights. The Corporation also felt the dependence of the College on the legislature, in which his influence was pre- dominant. A report of a committee of the Corpo-
200 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ration was laid before the Overseers in September,
XXIX
— which stated, that neither the amount of the Col- lege property, nor the state of the specific appro- priations, could be ascertained, " Mr. Hancock's ac- counts being still unsettled." The Overseers took Attemputo no notice of this statement. In July, 1780, Mr.
obtain a
settlement Hancock's accounts being still unsettled, the Over-
of Mr. Han- cock's ac- Seers raised and instructed a committee " to repre-
eounts re- newed. sent to ]yjr> Hancock the necessity of his making a
speedy settlement of his accounts, and delivering such papers as he may have, belonging to the College, into the hands of the present Treasurer, in order to his being enabled to perfect his accounts." This repre- sentation met the same treatment as its predeces- sors, — utter neglect from Mr. Hancock. Mr. Han- In October, 1780, Mr. Hancock was chosen the Govemorof first Governor under the present Constitution of setts. Massachusetts. In his address to the legislature, he did not omit " warmly to commend Harvard College to their care and patronage," and the Corporation, therefore, deemed themselves called upon to follow the example of other public bodies, and to make a complimentary address to the chief magistrate ; in Addresser which they expressed "their happiness, that a gen- ration to tleman is placed at the head of the General Court
him.
and of the Overseers, who has given such substantial evidence of his love of letters, and affection to the College, by the generous and repeated benefactions, with which he hath endowed it."
The Corporation, however, gained nothing by these demonstrations of loyalty. In March, 1781, Governor Hancock took his seat, ex officio, as President of the board of Overseers, but permitted his accounts as Treasurer to remain unsettled. In December, a com-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 201
mittee of the Overseers ventured to state, that the CHAPTER
v VTY
amount of the whole College property could not be
ascertained, "the late Treasurer Hancock's accounts attempts to being jet unsettled." But a wise silence was main- ntttemeat
tained. A settlement, which the Overseers would not cock's ac- counts,
enforce against Mr. Hancock when only a private in- dividual, it could not be expected they would attempt when he was governor of the Commonwealth. In February, 1783, the committee on Treasurer Storer's accounts had the hardihood to state, that " it is not yet known what sums the late Treasurer had re- ceived and paid, his accounts being still unsettled," and to read this report in the presence of Governor Hancock, then presiding at the board of Overseers. The annunciation produced no effect.
In April, 1783, the Corporation directed their Presi- dent to address a letter " to the chairman of the com- mittee of the Overseers chosen to settle the College accounts with the late Treasurer, his Excellency John Hancock, requesting information of what steps the committee had taken to bring on a settlement, and representing the disagreeable circumstances of those officers of the College, who have depended upon grants of the General Court for a part of their sup- port, in consequence of said accounts remaining un- settled." On the 6th of May ensuing, the Overseers awakened from their lethargy. Either their patience was exhausted, or they were roused by the urgency of the Corporation ; and at a meeting, at which six- teen members were present, a vote passed unani- mously, " that, upon the day to which this meeting shall be adjourned, this board will come to a final resolution, respecting the measures necessary to elfPct a settlement of the late Treasurer's accounts, in c.' .se accounts.
VOL. n. 26
202
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Its result.
Mr. Han- cock prom- ises to complete a settlement of his accounts,
but post- pones it.
The Over- seers call on him for a final settlement
they shall then not be settled," and the Secretary was directed to communicate a copy of this vote to Mr. Hancock. The spirit of the Overseers soon evaporat- ed. Governor Hancock presided at the next meeting, in June, and it passed without any notice being taken of his delinquency.
In July, the subject again came under the con- sideration of the Overseers, but, as the record states, " it appearing to the board, that his Excellency had been incapable of attending to that business since the last meeting, by bodily indisposition, and, he now declaring that, immediately on the recess of the Gen- eral Court, he will attend to and complete his settle- ment of his accounts with the College," it was voted, to postpone the subject to the 2d of September. On that day the committee reported, that some progress was made towards a settlement, and that the Governor had promised to give all the light in his power, but the balance could not be determined, and settlement was again postponed. More than a year elapsed, and none was effected. On the 8th of November, 1784, Treasurer Storer reported Governor Hancock's balance to be yet due, and, on the 1 8th of that month, the Over- seers voted, " that, at the adjournment of this meeting, the board will take into consideration what measures may then be proper to be taken to bring the late Treasurer's accounts to a final close." This adjourned meeting was held on the 25th of January, 1785, but, in consequence of a letter from Governor Han- cock, the board again adjourned to the 10th of Feb- ruary, and passed a special vote, directing the Treas- urer " immediately to call on the Governor for an adjustment and final settlement of his accounts, and
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 203
to lay before the board what shall have been done on CHAPTER
XXIX
the subject, at the adjournment."
After having been five times successively elected Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Mr. Hancock, on the 29th. of January, 1785, gave Mr. Han-
• i • i f , * , . . i cock gives
notice to the legislature or his intention to resign the notice of office of Chief Magistrate, which he accordingly did tionto
0 •* . resign the
on the 18th of the succeeding February. During chair of
J 3 state.
the interval which elapsed between the annuncia- tion and execution of this intention, he made a set- tlement of his accounts as. Treasurer of the College, which he had withheld nearly eleven years from the time of the first demand of the Corporation, in No- vember, 1774. On the 10th of February, a letter from Governor Hancock to the Overseers was com- municated by the Lieutenant-Governor, " taking leave of them, and expressing his good wishes for their prosperity, and that of the College ;" and at the same meeting Treasurer Storer reported, that Governor Hancock had made a final settlement of his accounts, He settles and there was due from him to the College a balance counts and
acknowl-
of one thousand and fifty-four pounds, which by that edges the
" balance.
settlement he had acknowledged.
Being about to lose the influence of office, Mr. Han- cock condescended to make this acknowledgment ; but no payment, either of principal or interest, was ob- tained. The Corporation waited until the next Sep- tember, when they passed a vote, that, unless Mr. Han- cock's debt was paid or secured, by a day specified, the Treasurer should bring an action for its recovery. This measure produced a bond and security from Mr. Hancock, but still no payment of either principal or interest. In 1787, Mr. Hancock became a candidate, in opposition to Governor Bowdoin, and succeeded in
204
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Mr. Han- cock again chosen Governor of Massa- chusetts.
Treasurer ' Storer urg- es Mr. Han- cock to make a set- tlement,
removing him from the chair of state. The Corpo- ration, deeming it hopeless to seek payment, ceased from all attempts, until November, 1789, when Treas- urer Storer wrote to the Governor, stating, that " the University could not subsist without receiving its in- terest money." To this letter, Mr. Storer states, only a verbal answer was returned, " It was very well." He then applied to James Sullivan, the Governor's at- torney, stating that " the Corporation of Harvard Col- lege had ordered Governor Hancock's bond to be put in suit," and expressing " his extreme reluctance to put it in execution." Sullivan replied, that, having seen the Governor, he had orders to pay it out of moneys he had to collect, and which he supposed would be sooner than it could be recovered by law." On the 15th of January, 1791, payment had not been made, and Storer wrote to Sullivan, complaining of his failure to perform his promise ; and, " as the College officers are suffering for want of their pay, and no money in the treasury, he reminds Sullivan of his engagement." In April, of the same year,* Storer wrote again to Governor Hancock, representing the distress of the Professors, and again in August, stating the embar- rassments of the treasury, and adding, that " as your public declarations fully evince your Excellency's de- sire to promote the interests of the society, and best wishes for its support, I must attribute my not hear- ing from you respecting your bond to your many avocations ; permit me therefore again to remind you of it, and to request that your Excellency will ap- point a time for me to wait on you for a settle- ment." No effect being produced, Storer wrote to
See Appendix, No. XXIII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 205
him again in November and December of the same CHAPTER
XXIX
year ; which twice drew a promise from Mr. Hancock - to pay in a week, in which he failed, as in other promises, promises. In May, 1792, Storer repeated his solici- tations with like ill success. In September, 1792, Storer wrote again, with great urgency, and intimated, very plainly, an intention to resort to law. This drew from Mr. Hancock a promise to pay in the ensuing January, in which he likewise failed. Oliver Wen- butinwhich
J ' he fails.
dell and Treasurer Storer were finally appointed a committee to act on the demand against the Governor. They offered to take public securities at par from Mr. Hancock, when their market price was at eigh- teen shillings, if he would pay ; but without success. Thus terminated the negotiation. In October, 1793, Mr. Hancock died, and his heirs, two years after his Death of death, in the year 1795, made a settlement of nine cock. years' interest due upon his account, and, in the course of six or seven years, payment of the principal. In conclusion Treasurer Storer states, "The heirs of Mr. Final set- Hancock refused to pay compound interest, whereby with his the College loses upwards of five hundred and twenty- six dollars."
The preceding relation, taken almost wholly from the records of the Corporation and Overseers, and from the official letters yet remaining on file, may be thought by some to have been made with unnecessary minuteness. But no topic occupies a greater space in the records of the Corporation and Overseers than the conduct of John Hancock, and no event created a more deep and hostile feeling against the institu- tion, among his friends and partisans, than his being re- moved from the office of Treasurer, and consequently from a seat in the Corporation, without his resignation,
206 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER and in opposition to his avowed wish. In an account
XXIX.
— '— of transactions affecting the character of distinguish- ed individuals, which it was impossible to omit, a full and exact statement was deemed the only course consistent with impartiality and fidelity. The marked neglect, with which Mr. Hancock treated the requests, complaints of embarrassment, and even threats of prosecution, from the Overseers and Corporation, has no sufficient apology in the circumstances either of the country or of the individual. The Corporation were at all times disposed to grant him every indul- gence, consistent with their duty to the institution ; and, during nearly twenty years, through which his refusal to settle and pay over the balance of his ac- count as Treasurer extended, there probably was not a week, in which it might not have been closed, at least so far as to satisfy all immediate claims, by a simple order to his clerk, with no expense of time or labor, except testing its accuracy and examining a very few vouchers. The great estate which he left at his death, shows that his resources were always am-
of pie. But Mr. Hancock was exposed to those severe cock's con- trials of human character, great wealth suddenly ac-
duct to- J
wards the quired, and unbounded and long-continued popular- ity. He had just attained the age of twenty-seven, when he received, from the bounty of a relative,* the greatest estate which had ever been thus acquired in the Province. His disposition was liberal, his man- ners were full of suavity and attraction, his love of place and popularity intense. He early joined the patriotic party, whose leaders perceived the advantage of placing him at their head, and giving him every
* See above, p. 143.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 207
distinction, they could command. By the continued CHAPTER influence of these possessions, manners, and circum- XXIX' stances, he acquired a popular power, which in this country has scarcely been exceeded. His removal from the office of Treasurer, and consequently from his seat in the Corporation, a place valued for its honor and influence, was regarded by him and his political friends, as a blow aimed at his popularity. And in 1779, the election of James Bowdoin, the favorite of the opposite party, into that board, tended to confirm this opinion. Party spirit and personal jeal- ousy, therefore, probably united to perpetuate that " serious resentment," which he avowed, and com- bined with policy and convenience, to determine his course of conduct towards the institution. The finan- cial embarrassments of the times were no obstacle with him to a liberal expenditure. The style of living he adopted, and the openness of his hand to every object coinciding with his views or his interests, kept his ample resources in a perpetual state of exhaustion. It suited both his interest and policy, to postpone debts, and gratify friends.
No name stands emblazoned on the records of the view of Corporation, as a benefactor, with more laudatory epi- cock's first thets than that of John Hancock. But his title to this tion. " distinction must depend upon the view which is taken of his first subscription of five hundred pounds. In July, 1 767, when no motives of policy influenced the Corporation, this donation is stated to be " the pro- posed gift of Thomas Hancock," his " signified in- tention to subscribe towards the restoration of the library, the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, the completion of which was prevented by his sudden death ; " the act of John Hancock is recorded as " a
208 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER demonstration of his generous affection to the Col- *' lege, and as having done honor to the memory of his uncle, by voluntarily fulfilling his noble intention." In the Donation Book of the College, " collected by order of the Corporation, in 1773," the year in which Mr. Hancock, as Treasurer, took his seat in that board, and when he was at the height of his popularity, this gift is recorded on one page, as exclusively " the subscription of John Hancock," and, on the next but one, as his " generous fulfilment of the intentions of his late uncle, the Honorable Thomas Hancock." f It was generally regarded, and probably by Mr. Han- cock, as an indispensable obligation ; and it would have been almost impossible for a young man, ambitious of popularity and power, on receiving an estate, esti- mated at seventy thousand pounds sterling, from the bounty of a relative, to refuse to fulfil his " signified intention "to subscribe five hundred pounds in favor of an institution, which every man of influence in the Province was laboring to raise from its ruins. Mr. Han- If this subscription be placed to the account of efactionsto its avowed origin, the good-will of Thomas Hancock,
theCollege.
the College was indebted to the bounty of John Han- cock, before the death of Thomas Hancock, as stated in the records of the College " for a curious dipping- needle," and, after that event, for " the sum of fifty- four pounds and four shillings sterling, being the excess of the cost of the books ordered by the Corporation, beyond the five hundred pounds derived from the good- will of his uncle ; " for " a full-length picture of that benefactor ; " and also for " a set of the most elegant carpets, to cover the floors of the library, the apparatus
* See Appendix, No. XVIII. f Ibid., No. XI. pp. 484, 494.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 209
and philosophy chambers, and covering the walls of the CHAPTER
latter with a rich paper ; " for " an Account of Lon- —
don and its Environs, in six volumes," — " Calasio's Hebrew Lexicon, in four volumes," — and " a curious coralline, in its natural bed." The entire value of these donations certainly did not greatly exceed, and was probably less than, the actual loss sustained, ac- cording to the statement of Treasurer Storer, by Mr. Hancock's long denial of the rights of the Col- lege, and withholding its property.
From respect to the high rank which John Han- The pre- ceding de- COck attained among the patriots of the American veiope
Revolution, it would have been grateful to have passed over in silence the extraordinary course he pursued in his official relations to Harvard College, had truth and the fidelity of history permitted. But justice to a public institution which he essentially embarrassed during a period of nearly twenty years, and also, to the memory of those whom he made to feel and to suffer, requires that these records of unquestionable facts, which, at the time when they occurred, were the cause of calumny and censure to honorable men, actuated in their measures solely by a sense of official fidelity, should not be omitted. In republics, popular- ity is the form of power most apt to corrupt its pos- sessor, and to tempt him, for party ends or personal interest, to trample on right, or set principle at defi- ance. History has no higher or more imperative duty to perform, than, by an unyielding fidelity, to impress this class of men with the apprehension, that, although through fear or favor, they may escape the animadver- sions of contemporaries, there awaits them, in her impartial record, the retribution of truth. VOL. ii. 27
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXX.
Daniel Henchman. — Edward Kitchen. — Ezekiel Hersey. — John Bar- nard.— Nicholas Boylston. — Theodore Atkinson. — John Winthrop. — The other Benefactors of the College, during the Provincial State of Massachusetts. — Aids extended to the College by the Legisla- ture ; Grants of Money, the Erection of Buildings, and Donations of Land. — Retrospective Survey of the Finances of the College. — Its successive Treasurers, Thomas Danforth, John Richards, Samuel Now- ell, Thomas Brattle, William Brattle, John White, Edward Hutchin- son, Thomas Hubbard, John Hancock, Ebenezer Storer. — Their Ac- counts. — Amount of Funds of the College, accumulated while Mas- sachusetts was a Province.
CHAPTER XXX.
The finan- ces of the College af- fected by changes in public af- fairs.
Daniel
Henchman.
THE embarrassments consequent on the war of the Revolution, and the new principles and influences, which ensued upon the change in the relations of Mas- sachusetts from a dependent Province to a sovereign State, affected also the finances of Harvard College, and its dependence on the legislature. Before tracing the progress of the institution under these new auspices, some instances of individual bounty and legislative patronage require to be noticed, and the early finances of the College to be reviewed.
Daniel Henchman is the earliest benefactor, whose munificence remains unacknowledged. Although a native and inhabitant of Boston, few traces are found of his life, and those obscure and traditionary. It is only known, that he acquired wealth, and a character for intelligence and integrity, in the business of a sta- tioner ; that he was distinguished for zeal in promot-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 211
ing all pious and charitable designs ; and that he held CHAPTER
successively the appointments of Deacon of the Old —
South Church, in Boston, overseer of the poor, and lieutenant-colonel of the militia of Suffolk County, at a period, when those offices were considered as among the high honors of society. Thomas Hancock, found- er of the Professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages in Harvard University, entered mercantile life under his patronage, married his daughter, and, at his death, in 1761, received under his will, as residuary legatee, the larger portion of his great estate. In April, 1742, Mr. Henchman gave to Harvard College one hundred ounces of silver, and, in October, 1747, two hundred and fifty pounds, old tenor, the income to be given to the Hollis Professor, " so Jong as he shall be a member in full communion with some Congregational or Presbyterian Church, and shall profess and teach the principles of the Christian religion, according to the well-known confession of faith, drawn up by a synod of the churches in New England." On failure of either condition, " the annual interest was to be given by the President and Fellows of Harvard College to some deserving student of the said College, whose parents are not able to bear the charge of his public education, and who shall be approved by the pastors of the Old South Church, in Boston, for the time being, preference being given first to a child of this town of Boston." In 1758, Mr. Henchman gave to the College an additional sum of upwards of sixty-six pounds, lawful money, without annexing any condition. Concerning the life of Edward Kitchen, but little Edward
. f , . , Kitchen.
information can now be obtained. He was a distin- guished merchant of Salem, characterized by piety and benevolence, who was called to drink deeply of
212 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the bitter waters of affliction, by the loss of his wife
XXX
' and all his children. In the distribution of his estate,
at his death, which occurred in 1766, he forgot neither the advancement of religion, the instruction of the Indian natives, nor the interests of science. He be- queathed one hundred pounds, lawful money, to Har- vard College.
Ezekiel Hersey, of Hingham, distinguished for the
Hersey. , . ........
amount and wise appropriation of his bounty, was born in 1708, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1728. He commenced his medical studies under Dr. Dalhonde, a French physician of Boston, who was opposed to inoculation for the small-pox, when introduced by Dr. Boylston. Young Hersey, how- ever, did not imbibe the prejudices of his instructor, but was among the first who submitted to the pre- ventive process. He entered upon the profession of a physician and surgeon in his native town of Hingham, soon acquired great popularity, and his practice extended over the counties of Plymouth, Nor- folk, and Barnstable. His intellectual powers were strong, his manners pleasing, and his professional atten- tions assiduous and faithful. To the rich his charges were proverbially moderate, and to the poor his ser- vices were ever ready, and often gratuitous. Yet he attained great wealth, according to the estimate of his contemporaries, and was among the most beloved and honored of the distinguished men of that period.
Dr. Hersey took an active interest in the early pat- riotic efforts of the colonies, and was often chairman of committees, which Hingham raised, in unison with other towns of Massachusetts, for concerting measures in defence of the liberties of the country. His elo- quence is said to have been " most persuasive," pow-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 213
erfully infusing into other minds his own enthusiasm. CHAPTER
YY Y
But he lived not to witness the independence of his !
country. He died universally lamented, in December, 1770. Dr. Hersey bequeathed one thousand pounds, lawful money, to the President and Fellows of Har- vard College, " the interest thereof to be by them ap- propriated towards the support of a Professor of Anat- omy and Physic, and for that use only." *
One of the most constant and devoted friends of Rev. John this seminary was the Rev. John Barnard. He was born in Boston, in 1681, and was graduated at Har- vard College in 1700. He commenced his studies for the ministry under the direction of Cotton Mather, but soon manifested that his spirit was more congenial with that of the Rev. Benjamin Colman, whose friend- ship he cultivated and retained through life. In 1707, Mr. Barnard was appointed, by Governor Dudley, chaplain of the army sent against Port Royal. His temperament being naturally ardent and fearless, he exposed himself to dangers, while in that service, not strictly within the scope of his professional duties. After the failure of the expedition, he visited Eng- land, where he preached with acceptance, and availed himself of the opportunities his residence in that country afforded, to improve his taste and style by a studious observation of the best models of pulpit elo- quence. On his return to Massachusetts he renewed his intimacy with Dudley and Colman ; but the former was out of favor with the popular party in politics, and the latter, with the prevailing party in religion. Mr. Barnard attributes his failure in a settlement at Roxbury to an opinion circulated, that he was a par-
* See Appendix, No. XXIV.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tisan of Governor Dudley, and his disappointment of a xxx' settlement in Boston, to the influence of the Mathers, who openly opposed him as a " manifesto man."
In 1716, he was ordained pastor of the first Church in Marblehead. Here he formed a strict friendship with the Rev. Edward Holyoke, and advocated his elevation to the presidency of Harvard College, after the death of President Wadsworth.f Mr. Barnard's connexion with the church at Marblehead was happy and useful, and continued fifty-four years, until his death. By his people he was beloved and reverenced as a father, and " among the clergy he seemed as a High Priest." Dr. Chauncy, in his sketches of em- inent men in New England, represents him as " one of our greatest men," and as " equalled by few in readiness of invention, liveliness of imagination, or strength and clearness in reasoning."
His printed discourses are numerous, and distin- guished for plainness, earnestness, and vigor. He aided the restoration of the library, in 1764, by do- nations of "many books"; and by his last will he bequeathed to Harvard College two hundred pounds, lawful money, in token, as his will expresses, " of thankfulness to God for the great mercy of my lib- eral education there, and sincerely desirous of the flourishing of that society in religion and good lit- erature." J
Nicholas Boylston, who laid the foundation of the professorship in Harvard College, which bears his name, was born in Boston, in 1716, of a family distin-
* See Vol. I. pp. 133, 134. f See above, pp. 6, 7.
\ See Eliot's and Allen's Biog. Diet. — Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society, First Series, Vol. X. p. 157; also, Third Series, Vol. V. p. 177.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 215
guished for its public spirit, and benevolence. Skill- CHAPTER ful and assiduous in business, and uniting integrity xxx' with diligence, he became eminent and successful as a merchant in his native town, and, having accu- mulated a fortune adequate to his desires, was about retiring for its enjoyment, when he was suddenly arrested by death, in August, 1771, at the age of fifty-five.
He contributed liberally for the relief of the Col- Hisfounda-
* tion of the
lege, when, in 1764, its library was lost by fire; and, by his last will, bequeathed fifteen hundred pounds for the foundation of " a Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory." In February, 1771, his executors paid this amount into the College Treasury, when the Corpora- tion passed solemn votes, expressing " their grateful respect to the memory of Mr. Boylston, whose name will be distinguished, in future ages, among the first patrons and benefactors to the interests of literature, in his native country," — and " their thanks to his execu- tors for the obliging manner in which they had dis- charged this part of their trust," assuring them, and the near relations of the generous founder, that nothing in their power should be wanting, to render this new and important institution answerable to his noble intention, and honorary to his memory. They also asked the favor of Thomas Boylston, one of the executors of the deceased, to permit a full length portrait of his de- ceased brother to be drawn, at the expense of the College, from an original in his possession, and placed in Harvard Hall, with those of Thomas Hollis and Thomas Hancock. This painting, executed by Cop- ley, and now in the possession of the College, is one of the most successful and finished labors of that distinguished artist.
216 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Theodore Atkinson, an inhabitant of the State of New Hampshire, was among the most useful and hon- ored men of the Province, in which his lot of life was cast. He was born in 1697, was graduated at Har- vard College in 1718, and was called to sustain many important civil and military offices in after life. In 1727, he was sent to Canada, as one of the commis- sioners to prosecute the release of prisoners, and to remonstrate with the Governor of that colony on ac- count of his exciting the Indians to war. He com- manded the first regiment of the New Hampshire militia, and was in active service during the war with France and the Indians. He was, at different periods, collector of the customs, naval officer, sheriff of the Province, and, in June, 1754, delegate to the Con- gress, which assembled at Albany. On his return from this service, he was appointed chief justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire, and, in 1769, secretary of the Province ; offices which he continued to exercise until the American Revolution. He was intelligent and active, possessed great capacity for busi- ness, an imagination both lively and fertile ; and was fond of the encounter of wit, practising it himself, and encouraging it in others.
He died in 1779, and by his last will, besides other legacies to pious and charitable objects, bequeathed one hundred pounds sterling to Harvard University, " to be laid out and improved in purchasing such books as may be thought most useful in the study of the civil, statute, and common law of England; and my desire is, that the books so purchased may be placed in that part of said College library assigned for the donations made by the Province of New Hamp-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 217
shire ; and I would have also the gilded letters T. A., CHAPTER impressed upon one of the covers of each volume." * ______ __
These outlines of the lives and characters of the individuals most distinguished during the provincial period of Massachusetts, for their bounty towards Har- vard, are unavoidably faint and imperfect, through the obscurity of early records and the lapse of time. The names and memories of other benefactors, actuated by a spirit of equal kindness towards the institution, but whose generosity was limited by fortune or their relations in life, also deserve to be recorded in these pages, with sentiments of affection and grati- tude. f
The literary and scientific attainments of John
throp.
Winthrop acquired celebrity in his own country and in Europe, and entitle him to be regarded as one of the brightest ornaments of Harvard College. He was born in Boston, in December, 1714, of a family illus- trated, in every period of colonial history, by names distinguished for patriotism and a love of literature ; being lineally descended, in the fourth generation, from John Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts. In 1732, he was graduated at Harvard College, and, in 1738, appointed Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. The zeal, activity, and talent, with which he applied himself to the advancement of these sciences, justified the expectations which his early promise had raised. As a lecturer he was skilful and attractive, and during forty years he ful-
* See Adams's Annals of Portsmouth. — Allen's Biog. Diet. — Collec- tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society, First Series, Vol. VII. pp. 76, 203 ; Vol. IX. p. 222 ; Vol. X. p. 59.
t See Appendix, No. XXV.
VOL. ii. 28
218 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER filled the duties of the Professor's chair to universal
XXX.
- acceptance.
e °^ a literary man derives its chief interest m's labors. Those of Professor Winthrop were both practical and scientific. He had scarcely been two years in the oifice of Professor before he com- menced an intercourse with the Royal Society of London, by transmitting, in December, 1740, "obser- vations of the transit of Mercury over the Sun," for which he received their thanks, and a request for a continuance of his communications. These observa- tions were published in their Transactions,* and were also honorably noticed in the memoirs of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences at Paris. Hisiec- On the 18th of November, 1755, an earthquake
tures on
euakes spread terror throughout New England. To calm the apprehensions, which the superstitious tendencies of the age and country were exciting, Professor Winthrop read a lecture on the subject, in the chapel of Har- vard College, which was afterwards published " by the general desire of that society." The phenomena of earthquakes he refers " to the action of fire on the particles of bodies converted into vapor, in the cavities of the earth." After maintaining his theory by argu- ments, indicating research and intellectual power, he advances the consolatory fact, that, although they had occasionally occurred in New England, from its first settlement by the English, not a single life had evei been lost, nor any great damage done by them, and that, therefore, " they were not in a high degree for- midable." He concludes with reflections, tending to allay the prevailing excitement, and maintaining, that
* Vol. XLII. p. 572.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 219
earthquakes are " neither objections against the order CHAPTER
XXX
of Providence, nor tokens of God's displeasure, accord- '—
ing to the views of skeptical or superstitious minds, but that they are the necessary consequences of gen- eral laws, and, like all the laws of nature, are not only wise, but tend to produce upon the whole a maximum of good." An account of this earthquake was trans- mitted by him to the Royal Society, and published in their Transactions. *
Professor Winthrop entered with a philosophic and congenial spirit into the discoveries of his friend, Ben- jamin Franklin, and took this occasion to support his theory concerning the identity of electricity and light- ning, and the protection against the latter, to be de- rived from " iron points." A clergyman of Boston had published a treatise, suggesting that the use of " iron points," in New England, by drawing the elec- tric fluid from the clouds, and concentrating it upon this part of the earth, might have been the cause of this earthquake. Mr. Winthrop, therefore, subjoined to his lecture on the subject, an Appendix, in which, after applauding the sagacity of Mr. Franklin, in ac- counting for the phenomena of thunder and lightning on the principle of electricity, and his invention of the lightning-rod, he proceeds to show that earthquakes cannot be accounted for on the same principle. After adducing various facts in support of his doctrine, he concludes by expressing a hope, that he has " fully vin- dicated the character of those innocent and injured iron points, and showed that all apprehensions arising from them are groundless and chimerical."
Several years afterwards (1770), religious scruples
* Vol. L. p. i.
220 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER were again raised against these protecting instruments,
— by representing " thunder and lightning to be ' tokens
of the Divine displeasure,' and that it was a degree of impiety to endeavour to prevent them from doing their full execution." Professor Winthrop again ap- peared in defence of the invention of Franklin, by publishing a dissertation, adapted to counteract these scruples, and showing, that " Divine Providence did not govern the material world by immediate and extraor- dinary interpositions of power, but by stated general laws ; " and that it is as much " our duty to secure ourselves against the effects of lightning, as from those of rain, snow, or wind, by the means God has put into our hands."
In April, 1759, on the appearance of a remarkable comet, he read two lectures in the chapel of Harvard College, in which he stated the principal hypotheses concerning these wandering bodies, and explained the true theory of their nature and motions, according to the latest discoveries.
In July, 1760, and November, 1761, he transmitted to the Royal Society accounts of a whirlwind which had occurred,* and of " several fiery meteors, which had been seen,f in New England," which were also published in their Transactions.
In January, 1761, the attention of the chief astrono- mers of Europe was directed to the transit of Venus over the Sun's disc, which it had been calculated would occur on the 6th of June, 1761. A correct observation of this transit was considered of great scientific impor- tance, to assist in solving that difficult problem, the distance of the sun from the earth, and thus obtaining
* Vol. LII. p. 6. t Vol. LIV. p. 185.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 221
a more exact knowledge of the dimensions of the CHAPTEU
XXX
solar system and of the magnitudes and densities of the planets and their satellites. Professor Winthrop was inspired with an intense desire to assist in accom- plishing this important object ; and, as the transit of Ve- nus was not visible in the latitude of New England, he determined, if possible, to observe it from Newfound- land. He therefore addressed a memorial to Governor Bernard, who, entering cordially into his views, by a special message on the subject, obtained from the Massachusetts legislature leave to place the Province sloop at his service, for this purpose. In May, 1761, Mr. Winthrop accordingly embarked for Newfound- land, carrying with him, by permission of the Corpo- ration, all the apparatus belonging to the College, requisite for his design; which he happily accom- plished. Soon after his return from this expedition, he published his observations on this transit, and their result enabled him to predict with certainty, that Venus would pass again over the Sun's disc on the 3d of June, 1769.
He transmitted to the Royal Society, observations concerning the longitude,* and concerning the transit of Venus, in June, 1761,f which were successively pub- lished in their memoirs. Having in 1765, been ad- mitted a member of that Society, he addressed to it a treatise in Latin, entitled, " Cogitata de Cometis."t This treatise, and also his observations of the transit of Venus in June, 1769,^ and on that of Mercury, in October, 1743,|| were also transmitted to the Royal Society, and published by them. In September, 1769
* Vol. L1V. p. 277. f Vol. LIV. p. 279. } Vol. LVII. p. 132. § Vol. LIX. p. 351. || Vol. LIX. p. 505.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Professor Winthrop addressed a letter to Dr. Frank-
XXX
— '— lin, then in England, controverting the conclusions of Mr. Bliss and Mr. Hornsby, who, in a publication in the " Philosophical Transactions," supposed the phases of the transit of Venus to be accelerated by the equation for the aberration of light, maintain- ing, that " according to his idea of aberration, the transit would be retarded."* In December, 1770, he addressed another letter to Dr. Franklin, contain- ing observations on the transit of Mercury over the Sun on the 9th of November, 1769. t Both these letters were communicated by Franklin to the Roy- al Society, and published in their Transactions ; as was also a letter addressed by Mr. Winthrop to that Society, in March, 1773, relative to a passage in Cas- tillon's Life of Sir Isaac Newton, in which Mr. Win- throp vindicates Newton from the charge, made by his biographer, of having censured himself for hand- ling geometrical subjects by algebraical calculations, and for having called his book of algebra " Universal Arithmetic," and from the charge of having commend- ed Descartes for having done better. Each of which assertions Mr. Winthrop controverts.!
The appearance of two comets, one in September, 1769, and the other in June, 1770, excited again the attention of Professor Winthrop to this subject ; and he published some calculations concerning the former, having for their object to determine its path round the Sun, its perihelion, ascending node, and the inclina- tion of its plane to the ecliptic ; ^ and, concerning the latter, calculations on the various particulars, by which
* Vol. LX. p. 358. f Vol. LXI. p. 51. f Vol. LXIV. p. 153. § Edes and Gill's Boston Gazette, 2d October, 1769.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 223
its elements might be ascertained. As these " did not CHAPTER
XXX
agree with the elements of any of the fifty-six comets ! —
already calculated," he concludes, " this makes the number of known comets to be fifty-seven." *
The attainments of Professor Winthrop were not Professor limited to mathematical and philosophical pursuits, characters His active, vigorous, and comprehensive mind em- braced within its sphere various and extensive knowl- edge ; and he is, perhaps, better entitled to the char- acter of a universal scholar than any individual of his time, in this country. He wrote in Latin with purity and elegance, studied the Scriptures critically in their original languages, was well versed in those of modern Europe, and, without dispute, was one of the greatest mathematicians and philosophers America had then produced.
In 1773, he was chosen a member of the Council Heischos- of the Province, and, with James Bowdoin and Samuel berofthe
Council of
Dexter, was negatived by a royal mandate. These theProv- distinguished men had rendered themselves peculiarly obnoxious, by their active opposition to the measures of the British government; and they all regarded this negative as the highest honor, which royalty could bestow.
In October, 1774, Mr. Winthrop was chosen a del- a delegate
to the Pro-
egate to the Provincial Congress. In 1775, he was ;jncial
Congress,
restored to the seat in the Council, from which he had been ejected, and was also appointed Judge of and Judge Probate. This office he held until his death, which occurred in May, 1779, at the age of sixty-five.
Professor Winthrop had been guided, through life, by high moral and religious principle ; and, the day
* Draper's Massachusetts Gazette, 20th September, 1770.
224 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER before his death he gave emphatic testimony to the
XXX
truth of Christianity, declaring, that " the light thrown and re!£a on the reality of a future state, in the Gospel, with me,
gious char- • m i
acter. amounts to a demonstration. Ihe hope that is set before us, in the New Testament, is the only thing which will support a man in his dying hour. If any man build on any other foundation, in my apprehen- sion, his foundation will fail." " In his writings," says his biographer, " will be found decisive marks of a religious turn of mind, and of a settled disposition to direct philosophy to the noble objects emphatically expressed by Lord Bacon, ' the glory of the Creator, and the relief of man's estate.' " *
The legislature of the Colony and Province of Mas-
tion of the °
aids given sachusetts Bay extended numerous and important aids
by the Col- *
onyofMas- to Harvard College. These consisted either of dona-
sacnusetts
ti°ns °f land} °r grants of money for the erection of
buildings, or for the support of its President, Profes- sors, and instructors. An account of the assistance derived from this source, until the close of Mr. Dun- ster's presidency, has been already given ; and it will now be continued through the colonial and provincial periods, with as much exactness as the lapse of time and the defects of ancient records will permit. during the In October, 1654, while the negotiation with
presidency ~ . . . -
of Chaun- Chauncy, relative to his acceptance of the presidency was pending, the General Court passed a resolve,
* See a Life of Professor Winthrop, written by the Hon. John Davis, LL. D., and prefixed to a republication of the two Lectures on Comets, in Boston. 1811 ; also President Langdon's and Professor Wigglesworth's funeral Sermons. — Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, First Series Vol. X. p. 159. — Gill's Continental Journal, for May 13th, 1779.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 225
that, " there be yearly levied, by addition to the coun- CHAPTER
3CXX
try rates, one hundred pounds, to be paid by the 1_
Treasurer of the country to the College Treasurer, for the behoof and maintenance of the President and Fellows, to be distributed between the President and Fellows, according to the determination of the Over- seers of the College, to continue during the pleasure of the country." * The Overseers, in the November following, " tendered to the Rev. Mr. Charles Chaun- cy the place of President, with the stipend of one hundred pounds per annum, to be paid out of the coun- try Treasury." f Chauncy was thus enabled to re- ceive his stipend from the country Treasurer, without any intervention of the Treasurer of the College ; and this accounts for the fact, that the payment of this an- nual sum appears neither in the books of the College treasury, nor in the form of a grant from the General Court. The acceding to this arrangement, by the legislature, may be the occasion of that thankful ac- knowledgment made by Chauncy, in October, 1655, of their " amending somewhat the manner of the pay- ment of the allowance to him of £ 100." t From the absolute dependence of President Chauncy upon that stipend for his support, it may be reasonably inferred, that it was continued during his life. On the acces- sion of President Hoar, the General Court raised his of Hoar, salary to £ 150,^ and continued it at this rate until his resignation, as appears by the record of the Court in May, 1675, which declares that amount " in money to be settled upon him, and to continue until the next session of the Court."
In the same year, when Mr. Oakes accepted the andoi
J Oakes.
* See Vol. I. p. 467. f Ibid. J Ibid., p. 468. § Ibid., p. 31.
VOL. ii. 29
226 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER care of the College, his stipend was fixed atc£100;
' — and, in February, 1680, when he was elected presi- dent, the General Court voted him " £ 50 per annum, in country pay, (corn, wheat, &c.) over and above the £ 100, in money already settled, provided he accept the presidency."
Grants After the charter of the College passed by the Pro-
Provinceof vincial legislature, in 1692, the stipend of the Pres-
Massachu- .°
setts Bay ident, paid from the public treasury, was made to de-
during the J '
P611^ upon their annual grants. The first grant of that legislature was £ 100, but in 1693 they reduced it to £50. This last sum, with an occasional exception, arising from the endeavour to induce President Mather to reside at Cambridge, or from some temporary cause, was never exceeded during the whole of his presiden- cy. In the vice-presidency of Willard it was some- times raised to £ 60. It may, therefore, be stated, with sufficient accuracy, that, from the foundation of the College in 1636, to the presidency of Leverett, in 1707, the payments from the public treasury to those who held the office, or performed the duties of Presi- dent, never exceeded, and probably never equalled, the sum of one hundred pounds a year.
On the 10th of July, 1700, the General Court passed a resolve, " that £ 220 per annum be allowed and paid out of the public Treasury to the President of Harvard College, already chosen, or that shall be chosen, by this Court ; and that the person chosen President of Harvard College shall reside at Cam- bridge." In 1707, when Mr. Leverett, on the solici- tation of Governor Dudley, consented to accept the presidency, the General Court refused to concur in his election until they had repealed that resolve ; *
* See Vol. I. p. 611.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 227
which having done, and concurred in his election, CHAPTER
•\f.\~v
they fixed his salary at £150 per annum. In 1711,* ' President Leverett received an additional grant of £ 30, increased afterwards annually to £ 40, and once to £50. Subsequently to the year 1719, these ad- ditional grants are not mentioned on the records of the General Court. But, on the supposition that they were continued, it may be stated, with sufficient accu- racy, that during the whole presidency of Leverett, the grants to that officer, from the legislature, (including the grant of £30, made in 1727 to his daughters,) f never exceeded two hundred, and probably did not average the sum of one hundred and eighty pounds a year.
On the accession of Mr. Wadsworth, in 1726, the ofWads-
7 worth,
salary of the President was fixed at c£400, by the General Court ; of which £ 40 were to be derived from the rents of Massachusetts Hall, and £ 360 from annual grants. It may be stated, perhaps, with per- fect accuracy, that this last sum was the amount of these grants during the whole of his presidency.
Soon after the accession of Hoi yoke, in 1737, an- and of
* ( Holyoke.
nual grants were not only made to the President, but were occasionally extended to the Professor of Di- vinity, and the Instructor in Hebrew, and, after the middle of the century, to the Professor of Mathemat- ics. From the uncertainty of the time when these grants commenced, from the variation in value of the paper currency, and the imperfection of the rec- ords, the difficulty of approximating to a satisfactory estimate of their exact amount is extreme. About the middle of the century they became generally regu-
* See Vol. I. p. 325. f Ibid., p. 327.
228 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER lar ; namely, to the President £ 250, to the Profes-
XXX
— sor of Divinity £ 100, to the Mathematical Professor £80, and to the Hebrew Professor £20. But these sums were occasionally varied during the last years of Holyoke's administration ; the grants to the Pres- ident were diminished, and those to the other of- ficers increased, leaving the total amount the same. It may, therefore, be confidently stated, that, during the whole presidency of Holyoke, the aggregate of grants to all the College officers never exceeded, and probably fell very far short, of four hundred and fifty pounds a year ; and this sum may be regarded as the general rate of grants to these College officers, until the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, in 1780.
These annual grants were voted expressly as " gra- tuities " to the officers designated ; of consequence, they never entered into the College treasury, nor appeared on its books. They added nothing to the permanent funds of the institution, were occasionally varied, ac- cording to the view taken of its other resources, and were always graduated on a scale which would enable those officers and their families merely to exist.* The amount was in effect, annually repaid to the com- munity by an equivalent reduction of assessments on the students. college The College is indebted to the bounty of the legis-
buildmgs *
thThTglsia- lature °f tne Province for Massachusetts f and Hollis Halls,t and for one thousand pounds, § lawful money, towards building a President's house ; and to its sense of justice, for Harvard Hall. ||
* See Appendix, No. XXVI. t See Vol. I. p. 322.
J See above, p. 101. § See Vol. I. p. 378. || See above, pp. 113.- 115.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 229
All the grants of land made to the College, by the CHAPTER
VY Y
legislature, during the seventeenth century, failed of effect; those made in 1652, 1653, and 1683, through defect of title; and of the lands granted in 1658 the College was dispossessed by the colony of Con- necticut. *
In the eighteenth century, the only lands given by the Province to the College, were reservations, in grants of new townships, made with a view to the future advantage of the institution. Thus, in the year 1719, two hundred and fifty acres were reserved by the General Court, for Harvard College, " in each of the two townships on the westerly side of Groton," afterwards called Townsend and Lunenburg. Be- tween the years 1762 and 1774, rights were also re- served to the College in twenty-five townships, lying in the eastern part of Maine, some between the Penob- scot and the St. Croix, others east of Saco River. In twenty-three of these townships one sixty-fourth was thus reserved, and, in the remaining two, one eighty- fourth part. These reservations were estimated at 12,500 acres, and were intended as some indemnity for the loss of the College library by fire in 1764, which the rebuilding of Harvard Hall did not com- pensate. The value of these lands, at the time of the grants, it is not easy, at this day, to ascertain. It is only known that townships in that part of Maine were then and afterwards sold from nine pence to one shilling an acre. Many years elapsed before any benefit was received from these reservations, and the College was deprived of some of them. Townsend was afterwards included within the bounds of New
« See Vol. I. p. 40.
230 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Hampshire, and, as an indemnity, a reservation was
made, in 1771, in another township. But with many
of the other reservations, made in favor of the Col- lege by the provincial legislature, it was finally lost, the lands being regranted by the legislature of Mas- sachusetts, after it became a State, without any re- gard to the College reservations.
We have thus recapitulated, with as much exactness as the nature of the subject admits, all the grants, donations, and reservations made by the General Court, in favor of the College, during the Colonial and Pro- vincial times of Massachusetts.
Reuospec- A brief retrospective survey of the finances of the of the College will show the state which they attained pre-
finances of .
theCoiicge. vious to the American Revolution, and assist in ex- plaining the manner, in which the funds of the In- stitution were saved from impending ruin, during the continuance of a depreciating paper currency, through the wisdom and fidelity of those, who had the management of its affairs.
Thomas Danforth, who was appointed Treasurer of the College in the charter of 1650, does not appear to have entered upon that office until the resignation of President Dunster, in 1654. At this time the whole of the annual " real revenue " of the College applicable to its general purposes, was only twelve pounds, and an additional income, appropriated to scholarships of fifteen pounds* Danforth continued in office from October, 1654, until February, 1668-9; and his receipts from all sources, for fourteen years and four months, were, in round numbers, <£2,618,
* See Vol. I. p. 23.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 231
his expenditures, £1,755, leaving a balance, "resting CHAPTER in stock," of £863.* _x_!fl_
No regular account of the receipts and expendi- JohnRich- tures of John Richards, who succeeded Mr. Danforth as Treasurer, in June, 1669, is now to be found on the records or files of the College. But these show, that, prior to 1683, he received, in legacies and other donations, £ 1 ,577, lawful money,f including Holwor- thy's legacy, amounting to .£1,234; and that, in do- nations, about £300 were yet " resting due." t
In 1682, Mr. Richards sailed for England, and, pre- vious to his departure, at the special request of the Corporation, he " delivered the College stock into the hands of the former Treasurer, Mr. Danforth," then Deputy-Governor. From the account rendered by Mr. Richards, § which exists in the records, it appears, that, besides rents arising from lands and annuities, amounting to £48, the annual rent of the ferry, amounting to £50, and some lands, to which no value is affixed, the property of the institution, in April, 1682, amounted to upwards of £2,141.
The receipts and expenditures of Mr. Danforth, but little exceeded £180. They were of the usual char- acter, and included no donations. He performed the
* See College Book, Vol. III. pp. 46, 49.
t The currency of account in New England, subsequent to 1652, was termed laivful money. It was one quarter less in value than English currency of account, four shillings and sixpence sterling being equiv- alent in value to six shillings lawful. In this work, when an amount is stated in pounds, lawful money is intended, unless otherwise expressed.
The causes of this anomaly in the currency of New England, and of other changes in it during the Colonial period, are historically traced and explained in a work of great labor and research, entitled, "An Historical \ccount of Massachusetts Currency," by the Rev. Joseph B. Felt; Bos- ton, 1839.
t See College Book, Vol. III. p. 59. § Ibid., pp. 75, 76.
232 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER duties of Treasurer until January, 1682-3, when
Y"Y"Y
- the Corporation chose " the worshipful Samuel Now- Naoweii. ell) Treasurer, liberty being referred for the wor- shipful John Richards to reassume the place on his return." *
Mr. Danforth, in March, 1683, delivered to Mr. Nowell the personal estate of the College, satisfac- torily invested, amounting to <£ 2,357, and in addition " in lands, houses, and annuities," producing an annual income of .£242, including <£50, the yearly rent of the ferry.f
The records of the Corporation contain no other account of the finances of the College, until the 29th of April, 1693, when, from a statement in the handwriting of John Leverett, then a Tutor, after- wards President, it appears that the College stock had sunk, in the course of the last ten years, to .£1,530, and that the incomes of its real estate, in- cluding £50 yearly rent of the ferry, amounted, at that time, to the sum of £ 368.t
The cause of this deterioration is thus stated by Tutor Flynt, many years afterwards, in his Alphabetical Catalogue of Donations. " The President (Leverett) says, that Mr. Dudley, Mr. Stoughton, Major Rich- ards, and himself, made up accounts with Mr. Nowell, and they found several persons broke, to whom money was let; to one, in Cambridge, £WO. The rest Mr. Nowell could give no account of. But the Col- lege estate lost and sunk to the amount of £ 1,1 00 in the hands of that good, but unfortunate gentleman ; who sunk his own estate also by ill management."
* Corporation Records, College Book, Vol. III. p. 77. t Ibid., pp. 82, 83.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 233
After the return of Mr. Richards from England, he CHAPTER
XXX.
was formally discharged by the Corporation from the office of Treasurer, in May, 1693. Thomas Brattle Thomas
' . ~ Brattle.
was then chosen his successor, who held the otnce more than twenty years, and managed the affairs of the College with great skill and fidelity. But the records of the Corporation contain no account set- tled by him, until the 7th of April, 1712, when they voted to him sixty pounds, " in consideration of his faithful services as Treasurer, for now twenty years." *
Immediately succeeding this vote, and on the same day, the records contain the following entry ; " Mr. Treasurer Brattle, at this meeting, presented to the Corporation sundry papers to be registered ; viz. the accounts of the College stock, delivered to him by Major Richards ; his own account of the stock, as it stood anno 1696, with a breviate of receipts and payments, from July 4th, 1693, to the llth of July 1696; and an inventory of the estate belonging to Harvard College as it was, in his hands, July 1st, anno 1712." These papers were accordingly entered on the records in the order here stated, and thus present a complete view of the finances of the Col- lege, during the treasurership of Thomas Brattle.
The first of these " registered papers," shows that Brattle received from Richards, in " bonds, bills, mort- gages, and cash," £ 1 ,553 ; in outstanding debts, £ 1 80 ; in annuities and rents in New England, <£130; in annuities and rents in England, about £23.
By the second of these " registered papers," it ap- pears, that on the llth of July, 1696, the College
* Ibid., Vol. IV. pp. 46- 51.
VOL. ii. 30
234 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER stock in Brattle's hands, amounted to £ 2,063 ; be-
\\\
'— sides annuities and rents, in New England, valued
at <£128, and in England, at .£23; that it claimed lands in Piscataqua, and Merriconeag, under grants from the General Court, and five hundred acres in the Narraganset country, being the gift of Samuel and Hannah Sewall.* From this statement of the financial affairs of the College, at the end of the seventeenth century, and from contemporary evidence, it satisfactorily appears, that the efficient funds of the College had been principally derived from private do- nations, and that no important, if any, part of them arose from donations of the General Court ; the only direct source of income accruing from its bounty be- ing the rent of the ferry between Charlestown and Boston, amounting to an average of .£50 per year, which was applied to defray the current expenditures of the institution. Grants made by the General Court to the President were paid directly to him, and never entered the College treasury.
The third of these " registered papers " exhibits the estate of the College, increased between the year 1696 and 1712 to the sum of £2,952; the rents and annuities in New England then amounting to an an- nual income of £ 120, and those in England, and the unimproved lands in the Province, continuing the same as they were in 1696.
In the year 1713, Treasurer Brattle died, and his
vvniiam brother and executor, the Rev. William Brattle, re- tained the property of the College, at the request of the Corporation, and, although not formally elected, was by them empowered to act as Treasurer.
* See Vol. I. p. 407.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 235
In August, 1715, William Brattle delivered to John CHAPTEB White, who was then appointed Treasurer, the whole
College estate ; and a minute statement of all the white, bills, bonds, and mortgages, with his receipt, is placed on the records of the Corporation.
At this time the College stock amounted to £ 3,767, and its revenue from rents and annuities to £114, including £ 72, the income from the ferry.* This account by William Brattle, is the last which is trans- cribed at large on the records of the Corporation. No book nor any transcript of the accounts of Treas- urer White remains. He held the office until his death, in 1721, when Edward Hutchinson was chosen Edward his successor. The first account of this Treasurer, son. found among the papers of the College, is dated Jan- uary the 7th, 1746, by which it appears that the value of the property of the institution had then risen to .£11,150, "in bonds and mortgages, &c." producing a yearly income, at six per cent., of £669, and hav- ing thus nearly trebled in amount since the last settlement of Mr. Brattle. This increase is readily traced in the College records, to the amount of do- nations received from the Hollises, the Saltonstalls, and numerous other benefactors of the College.
By this account it appears, that at this time the annual aggregate revenues of the College, from all sources, real and personal, including the income of the ferry and Pennoyer's legacy, amounted to £1,900, and the annual expenditure, including annual repairs and excluding the repairs of the ferry-way, to ,£1,781. Leaving an excess of income beyond the expenditure of £119. The repairs of the ferry -way that year, are stated at £300.
* College Book, Vol. III. pp. 56, 57.
236
CHAPTER XXX.
Thomas Hubbard.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Notwithstanding this apparent great increase of the College funds, Mr. Hutchinson's treasurership was a period, in which they sustained great diminu- tion. In 1690 Massachusetts commenced the issuing of a paper currency, which in consequence of the pub- lic debt, incurred in 1711, by the expedition against Canada, she greatly increased. This currency depre- ciated with every new emission ; and, although at the beginning of the century eight shillings in paper money were equal to an ounce of silver, in 1749 forty-five shillings were the equivalent. The College funds sunk proportionably in value.
Edward Hutchinson died in March, 1752, and was succeeded, in the ensuing April, by Thomas Hubbard ; who was distinguished alike by accuracy and judg- ment. In stating his first account, in April, 1755,* in
* Four of his accounts are preserved in the archives of the College, which represent the progress of its funds during his administration of its finances.
By the first, settled in 1755, the entire College stock was . £ 4,576 Of which were specifically appropriated by the donors, 2,807
Subject to the control of the Corporation, .... £1,769 Its annual income being £ 503 ; its annual expenditure, £ 508.
By the second, settled in 1761, its entire stock was . . £6,230 Of which were specifically appropriated, .... 3,364
Subject to the control of the Corporation, .... £ 2,866 Its annual income being £ 625 ; its annual expenditure, £ 538.
By the third, settled in 1769, its entire stock was . . £ 12,324 Of which were specifically appropriated, . . . 6,106
Subject to the control of the Corporation, . . . £6,218
Its annual income being £ 1,448 ; its annual expenditure, £ 1,246.
By the fourth, settled in 1770, its entire stock was . . £12,923 Of which were specifically appropriated, . . . 6,188
Subject to the control of the Corporation, ... £ 6,735
Its annual income being £1,513 ; its annual expenditure, £ 1,251.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 237
order justly to represent the value of the College stock, CHAPTER he " put down all the capital sums at only one fifth - part of the nominal sums originally given, in conse- quence of the College funds having sunk for a number of years antecedent to 1750, by the depreciation of the paper currency."
Thomas Hubbard died in July, 1773, and in the same month his executor delivered to the President of the College, bonds, notes, and Province Treas- urer's certificates to the amount of <£ 15,449 145. 2d., which the President delivered to his successor, John cock. Hancock.
On the removal of Mr. Hancock from the office of Ebenezer
Storer.
Treasurer, and the appointment of Ebenezer Storer, the Corporation delivered to him, in bonds, notes, and other securities, £16,443 11s. lOrf., which may with sufficient accuracy be stated as the amount of the College funds, accumulated prior to the 4th of July, 1776, when Massachusetts ceased to be a Province.*
* See Treasurer Storer's statement, in Harvard College Journal, Vol. I. p. 8.
238
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXI.
Funds of Harvard College. — Effects of the Depreciation of Paper Cur- rency.— Salaries and Modes of Payment of Officers of the College. — Progress of Depreciation. — The Corporation endeavour to counteract its Effects. — They memorialize the General Court for a permanent Provision for the President; without Success. — Rev. Joseph Willard chosen President — Grant to him by the General Court. — His Instal- ment— Loss by Depreciation divided and equalized among the College Stocks. — Professors' Salaries established and made equal. — General Court memorialized for the usual Grants. — President Willard states the Inadequacy of his Support, and remonstrates. — The Corporation make Loans to the College Officers, in Reliance upon the usual Grants. — Policy of the General Court in Relation to the College. — Its Fi- nances in 1806. — The Corporation petition for a Reimbursement of their Loans to the College Officers, and are denied. — They cancel the Obligations taken for these Loans. — Wise Management of their Fi- nances. — Ebenezer Storer. — James Bowdoin. — John Lowell. — New Principle adopted in selecting Members of the Corporation. — Its happy Consequences. — Prosperous State of the College Funds. — The Cor- poration restore, to all the College Foundations, the Amount of their original Capitals, by making good their Loss through Depreciation of the Currency.
ON the 16th of July, 1.777, Ebenezer Storer re- ceived the College funds, amounting, as stated in the College preceding chapter, to .£16,443 11 s. Wd., on which 1777. sum the uncollected interest due was £ 3,627 8s. 2d., making an aggregate of <£ 20,071.*
CHAPTER
xxxr.
* Of this amount the donors had specifically appropriated £ 10,100 0 0 And there remained at the general disposal of the College 9,971 0 0
See Harvard College Journal, Vol. I. p. 25.
£20,071 0 0
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 239
Besides which, the College had rents of real estate, CHAPTER appropriated and unappropriated, of about <£224 per !_
annum, including £ 100, the rent of Charlestown ferry. Such was the productive estate of the College, and the amount of its stock, in September, 1777.
About this time the Continental and State paper Effects of began to be the established currency, and to affect, by eyon the deterioration, the College funds and incomes. On funds. the day the Corporation delivered these funds to Mr. Storer, they voted, that, " after paying the arrears due from the College, he should invest all moneys he had, or might receive, on account of the College, in Con- tinental loan-office certificates, or in Massachusetts treasury notes."
Confidence in Continental and State paper, in the early periods of the revolutionary war, was a criterion of patriotism. But necessity had probably more in- fluence in passing these votes than public spirit. Debtors, in the flush of a depreciating currency, were quick and urgent to avail themselves of the advantage given them over creditors. Rapid payments were an- ticipated and occurred. It was the part both of policy and prudence to invest the paper money the Corpora- tion were compelled to take, in the most substantial of all the shadowy forms in which that currency ap- peared.
The consequence was, that within one year, on the 1st of September, 1778,* nearly £10,000 of bonds, notes, and scrip, had been paid into the treasury, and the College property had assumed the form of Conti- nental and State certificates, to the amount of <£ 9,600. Within another year, by the 1st of September, 1779,
* See Harvard College Journal, Vol. I. pp. 70, 71.
240 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the amount of bonds and notes was reduced to £5, 130,
XXXI.
'— and, instead of those substantial forms of investment,
the College now held treasury notes and certificates to the amount of £15,600,* of which the income was precarious, and the market price daily sinking towards almost absolute worthlessness.
LOSS of the It would be useless to trace through each year of
College by
deprecia- the war the embarrassments which beset the College
tion of pa- per money, treasury, and the melancholy anticipations concerning
the fate of its finances. From the statement made by Treasurer Storer to the legislature, in June, 1786, it appears, that the amount of bonds and notes was then reduced to .£3,859; that the College held in Conti- nental and State certificates, £21,738, constituting an aggregate of .£25,597, of which £14,819 were spe- cifically appropriated by the donors, arid there remain- ed subject to the general control of the Corporation £ 10,778 ; that, of the above, " the College received in the paper currency, £17,875 in lieu of gold and sil- ver," which, by the scale of depreciation, settled by the Continent, in whose funds most of the College money had been placed, amounted in value at that day to no more, at the highest computation, than £2,570 11s. So that, according to the value of the funds at that time, the College had lost £15,304 17s. \d., and had therefore sunk three-fifths of its capital.!
A few facts of more general interest, illustrative of the financial relations of the College, it is proper here to recapitulate.
The damage done to the College buildings, by the American troops, in 1775, amounted to £448 Is. 5d.
* See Harvard College Journal, Vol. I. p. 96.
t College Letter Book, Vol. I. p. 38, and College Leger A, p. 76.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 241
This sum was allowed and nominally paid, by a grant CHAPTER
of the General Court ; which, however, " when re- 1_
ceived, was worth, by the scale of depreciation, only £112 Is. lOd. ; just one quarter part."*
The established officers of the seminary were, during officers of the early period of the American war, the President, and theege three Professors, four Tutors, a Treasurer, and a Librar sources of rian. The support of the President was derived from port. s the rents of Massachusetts Hall, amounting to sixty pounds annually, and two hundred pounds, dependent on the annual grant of the General Court. This sum, with the fees derived from degrees, constituted his whole salary, amounting to three hundred pounds. Each Professor derived his support from three sources, the appropriated funds, the unappropriated funds, and the annual grant of the General Court. The amount of the salary, received by each Professor from the Col- lege, was in proportion to the appropriated incomes of the funds of his professorship, and to the difference in these the legislature always had reference in their annual grants ; the two Hollis Professors being ac- customed to receive one hundred pounds each, and the Hancock Professor only forty or fifty. In a general view, each Professor may be considered as receiving two hundred pounds annually ; or six hundred pounds were received by them all, of which three hundred and fifty pounds were from the funds of the College, appropriated and unappropriated, and two hundred and fifty pounds from the General Court. The Treasurer received eighty pounds, and the Librarian sixty. The annual expenditures of the College Treasurer were
* Treasurer Storer's statement to the Legislature, 29th October, 1782; College Letter-Book, Vol. I. p. 9. VOL. II. 31
242 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER stated in January, 1778, to be £ 1,086 185. 2d. Ap
1_ plicable to which, the College possessed interest and
rents unappropriated, <£386 185. 2d., and the residue was paid, " by assessments on the scholars, for study- rent, tuition, and other necessary charges, amounting, communibus annis, to about £ 700." * Deficit of To meet the deficit which the high price of pro-
the College
funds, how visions occasioned in the funds, while paper currency was the established medium of exchange, the College had no other resort than to sink part of its capital stock, or to make further assessments upon the scholars. After repeated representations to the legislature, with- out obtaining assistance, the Corporation adopted the latter course, and retained, for future exigencies and events, the State and Continental certificates, in which they were reluctantly compelled by the times to invest their capital.
Treasurer From the appointment of Mr. Storer as Treasurer to
Storer's an- nual report, the year 1803, inclusive, the Treasurer's annual re- ports f of the state of the finances are entered at large in the records of the Overseers. The successive real values of the personal estate of the seminary, antece- dent to the adoption of the federal Constitution, are not easy to be ascertained from those statements ; so great a proportion of the stock of the College having been ne- cessarily invested in State and Continental certificates, and being stated in those reports at their nominal value. The constant depreciation of the paper currency during the revolutionary war gives, during that period, " an uncertain and perplexed aspect to the College papernmon- finances. In September, 1777, the Corporation at-
ey.
* See Corporation Records of that date, f See Appendix, No. XXVII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 243
tempted to countervail its effects by doubling the CHAPTER amount of all the stated salaries, to be raised by a tax XXXI' on the students.
In May, 1779, it was found, that, " three months being allowed the members of the College for the payment of their quarter bills, yet, by the rapid rise of the price of provisions, the money when paid would not purchase much more than one half so much as it would have done when it became due, by which means the College had suffered greatly, and were still liable to suffer." The Corporation, therefore, passed a vote, authorizing the Steward " to demand of the students, who should neglect to pay their quarter bills, a sum equal to the difference in the price of provisions since the preceding quarter, to be determined by the President, Professors, and Tutors." In September, 1779, and through the whole of the year 1780, the Corporation were engaged in a fruitless endeavour to overtake, by grants, the vanishing value of paper cur- rency, at first, by voting ten for one, then fifteen for one, then forty for one, then seventy for one, and at length, in February, 1781, seventy-five for one.*
The Constitution adopted in 1780, by the people of Massachusetts, materially altered the political influ- ence of parties within the State, of which Harvard College soon began to experience the effects. From Attempts to the foundation of the College, the support of the fixed salary President had been chiefly dependent on the annual President. grants of the legislature. The uncertain and preca- rious nature of this support led the friends of the seminary to attempt to obtain a fixed salary for that officer. In January, 1781, a petition was presented
* See Appendix, No. XXVIII.
244 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER to the legislature by the Corporation, and signed in
'— their behalf by James Bowdoin, Samuel Cooper, John
Lathrop, and Ebenezer Storer, praying that a per- manent and adequate salary might be annexed to the office of President of the College ; and representing in strong terms, the importance of the measure, to enable them satisfactorily to fill the vacancy which then existed. Their The memorial received no countenance from the
failure.
General Court. It suited the policy of that body to keep the President of the College dependent. Even then a party began to appear, prepared to put an end to all grants for his support, and in a few years their efforts were successful. Finding the attempt to obtain a permanent salary hopeless, the Corporation proceed- Rev. Mr. ed to elect the Rev. Joseph Willard, President, and to
Willard , . . '
chosen place him, like his predecessors, in a state or depend-
President. * *
ence on the good-will of the legislature.
The Overseers, after approving the election, ad- dressed a petition to the Court, praying, " that they would be pleased to make provision for the honorable support of the President." A grant of " three hun- dred pounds, specie," for his first year's service, and for removing his family to Cambridge, was the conse- quence of this application.
The instalment of President Willard took place on the 19th of December, 1781, with the usual solemni- ties. Governor Hancock, in his speech on this occa- sion, called the College " in some sense the parent and nurse of the late happy Revolution in this Com- monwealth ; " and the Corporation replied, that " he had proved himself an affectionate and liberal son." Yet the former was at the very time embarrassing and setting at defiance this " parent and nurse of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 245
Revolution " ; and the latter threatening, and all but CHAPTER
XXXT
prosecuting, this " affectionate son," for the non-fulfil- — ment of the simplest and most incumbent of all obli- gations.
In April, 1782, the Corporation ascertained, that it
had been the custom of their Treasurers to include the portion the
loss by de- appropriated and unappropriated funds in a general preciation
stock account, so that it could not be determined what the funds; securities were taken for particular funds ; and that, in consequence of the depreciation of their funds by paper currency, a heavy loss must fall on the stock, which ought to be proportionably divided on each fund. They accordingly passed votes, directing the Treasurer to make such an arrangement of his books, as to place all the accounts in the condition in which they were in September, 1777, when the paper cur- rency began to be received, until the exact loss could be ascertained and apportioned. To guard against the danger of a like inequality, they passed another vote directing that only half of the income of all appropri- ations for the payment of instructors and indigent scholars should be allowed until their further order.
In the same month the Corporation applied a rem- andequai- edy to the difference between the salaries of the sev- aries of the
Professors.
eral Professors, resulting from the difference of the incomes of their several foundations, and made the sal- aries equal by assessments on the students. It appear- ed on this occasion, that the income of the funds of the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics had been re- duced, as far back as the year 1 750, by the deprecia- tion of the Provincial paper currency, from £112 to ,£22 8s. ; and that those of the Hollis Professor- ship of Divinity had, from like causes, proportionably failed, and that it must cease, unless other means for
246 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER its support were devised. The salaries of the three
XXXI
— Professors were at this time fixed at £ 150 currency, each, which, with the expected annual grant of £ 100 from the General Court, was deemed equivalent to an annual salary of £250. The rents of Massachu- setts Hall were also doubled for the benefit of the President ; whereby his salary was raised to £ 320, of which .£120 were derived from those rents, and <£200 were dependent upon the annual grant of the General Court.
More than eighteen months elapsed, after President Willard's instalment, and no grant was made by the
thelegisla- . & /
ture on legislature to either the Professors or the President.
their omis- u
sion of These officers were of consequence embarrassed in the
grants to
ohfficerelege extreme- The Corporation interested themselves in their behalf, and in June, 1783, addressed a me- morial to the General Court, setting forth, " that, from the first foundation of the College, the Presi- dent had received his support from the public by an annual salary granted by the General Court ; that, after the institution of the Hollis and Hancock profes- sorships, the funds appropriated not yielding a suf- ficiency for their support, the General Court annually voted an additional sum towards the maintenance of those Professors, enough to make their families com- fortable, but by no means enabling them to accumu- late ; that, as by far the greatest part of the President's support had been derived from the General Court, the failure of these annual grants rendered his condition distressing, and the same failure now for two years had reduced the Professors to great difficulties, who could not find ways and means to support their fam- ilies, should they be cut off from this source. The Corporation, therefore, pray the legislature that grants
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 247
may be made to these officers as formerly, particularly CHAPTER now when peace is attained, and the country is deliv- - ered from the dangers and expenses of the war."
On the 9th of the succeeding July, in consequence of this urgency, the legislature passed a resolve, grant- Legislature
i T-» • i i 11 i rr ' i makegrants
ing to the .President one hundred and fifty-six pounds, upon new and to the Professors of Divinity, Mathematics, and the Oriental Languages, about one hundred pounds each. But the grant was issued upon terms altogether new and ominous. Instead of being, as on former occa- sions, declared to be " gratuitous," or in consideration of services, it was declared to be " on account of services done, and to be done, he" (the grantee) "to be accountable for the same." These expressions were used and understood as an intimation, that the patron- age of the College by the legislature was soon to cease ; and that new views and new influences were begin- ning to prevail in relation to the institution.
In the spirit thus indicated the legislature, in 1784, They again
i : TV • i omit grants,
omitted to make the usual grants to the President and and the
Corporation
Professors: which subjected them to great difficulties, make loans
J to College
And in April, in consequence of this neglect, the Cor- °fficers- poration empowered the College Treasurer to lend three hundred pounds to the President, on interest, and two hundred to each of the Professors. These loans were declared to be made in confidence, that the legislature would vote the usual grants ; after which these sums were to be repaid. In July, the General Court took up the subject, and made to the President a grant of one hundred and fifty pounds, and to each of the Professors about one hundred pounds. These sums were not equal to those granted in former times, and were not adequate to the ex- pectations or necessities of those officers. All the
248 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER circumstances indicated, that the conduct of the Gen- — eral Court was systematic. President Willard began
President ,. . _ . . .. .
wiliard to realize the precariousness of his support, and, in strateson the autumn of 1784, he addressed a formal remon-
account of .
these omis- strance to the Corporation, on the uncertain nature
stone.
of his compensation. He urged " the straits and difficulties, to which he had been reduced " by the omission of the General Court ; that the grant made in July was inadequate to his expectations and ne- cessities, and that it was a matter of uncertainty, when, if ever, the General Court would make him a further allowance, in which case, " he must neces- sarily involve himself in debt, a circumstance which would no more be to the credit of his office than to his own comfort." The Corporation could only re- spond to this memorial by another grant of one hun- dred and fifty pounds on the same conditions as the former. During the years 1785 and 1786 this system of loans to the President and Professors by the Cor- poration was continued under the same circumstan- ces, and with the same expectations of reimburse- ment from the General Court. corporation In May, 1786, the sums thus advanced had become
and Over- .
seers me- too important to be lett any longer without some
morialize . .
on the same attempt to obtain relief from the legislature. The Corporation and Overseers, therefore, united in a me- morial requesting some assistance to the College, it appearing that " the Court had made the usual grants no further than to January, 1784." Upon this peti- tion a grant was made to President Willard of up- wards of four hundred and eighty pounds, at the rate of two hundred pounds per annum, and to each of the Professors, of upwards of two hundred and forty pounds, being at the rate of one hundred pounds per
accouc
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 249
annum, which was declared to be in full for all de- CHAPTER
y V YT
mands of those officers respectively to the 31st of _
May, 1786. This was the last sum granted by the legislature toward the salary of any of the officers of Harvard College. The temper of the times was unfavorable to the patronage of institutions, destined for instruction in the higher and more abstruse branches of learning.
Many influential members of the General Court having formed a determination to put an end to an- nual grants, the Senate of the Commonwealth, in June, 1786, ordered the Secretary of State to prepare an account of all grants of land which had been made by the government of Massachusetts to the College, noticing the grants not confirmed by the King of Great Britain, and also an account of such lands as had been disposed of by the government, notwithstanding they had been previously granted to Harvard College. The General Court, at the same time, called upon the Corporation for a particular statement of the statement College funds, and of the salaries allowed to the portion of officers. In January, 1787, the Corporation made stock, an elaborate report or memorial in compliance with this requisition, in which they state, in respect to the personal property of the College, that, in the year 1777, "after deducting the appropriated stock, there remained the sum of £ 11,078 3s. 4k/. in solid specie, at the disposal of the College," and applica- ble to the general purposes of the seminary ; where- as, at the present time (1787), the whole stock of the College, estimated at its real value, amounted only to .£12,195 7s. 8d., while the money which had been given to the College and appropriated to particular uses amounted to ,£14,819 105. 6d. ;
VOL. ii. 32
250 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER from which it appeared, that the whole stock of the
XXXL
College on hand fell short of the appropriations by ofitsiosses, £2,624 2s. 10d., "making a clear loss to the Col- lege of £ 13,702 6s. 2d.," which had occurred dur- ing the intervening period of ten years. The Cor- poration further state, that, during the years imme- diately preceding, they had received in lieu of silver, and vested in public funds, £ 15,600, which would at that time sell only for .£758 155. 6rf., and that they were possessed of no lands applicable to the general objects of the institution, which had been granted by the General Court antecedent to the year 1762, — that those granted subsequently were in a wild state, and unproductive ; — that they had not been indemnified by the legislature for land, which had been previously granted, but of which the title had proved defective ; — and that land, which had al- ready been granted to the College, had been granted andinju- to others, by the legislature, without any reservation of the rights of the College. And, in respect to the salaries of the President and Professors, the me- morial states, that the sums lately granted by the Gen- eral Court, for the services of several years, had neither been paid, nor could the Treasurer give any assur- ance that they speedily would be paid. The Cor- poration complain of their suffering and their wrongs " with humble decency," and pray, that what had been taken from them may be restored, and that, for the lands which had been granted to others, they may be indemnified.
This state- In March, 1787, this memorial was referred to a red to a committee of both branches of the legislature, who
committee. .
were directed to sit during its recess, consider the subject, and report. Accordingly, in November fol-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 251
lowing, this committee made an elaborate report, CHAPTER
declaring the expediency of making up the arreara- 1-
ges to the President and Professors, and adopting " such measures in future for their support as may Their supersede the necessity of annual grants." This re- port was referred to the next session, and, though made a subject of discussion in every succeeding ses- sion, more than two years elapsed and nothing ef- fectual was done. In the mean time, the College, being thus deprived of its usual dependence for the support of its President and Professors, was compel- led to resort to the system of advancing, by way of loan, to those officers, the amount of their re- spective salaries, on condition of repayment, when a grant should be made by the legislature.
On the 17th of June, 1790, all the memorials were AH the me- morials of
referred to a committee, with directions to consid- the Corpo- ration again
er the subject at large ; who reported in favor of referred.
the grants for the arrearages to the President and Professors, and also of a grant confirming the reser- vations in the eastern townships to the College. The legislature accepted the report, so far as it re- lated to the latter grant, but negatived it in respect to the former. In February, 1791, the memorials were again revived and a vote passed, that it was not expedient to make any grants to College officers. The interest in the subject became so general, that Governor Hancock was induced to allude to the ne- cessity of legislative aid in his speech to the General Court in May, 1791, and to introduce, by a special message, the memorial of Samuel Adams and others, a committee of the Overseers and Corporation, on the necessity of making up the arrearages of the usual grants to College officers ; without which they averred
262 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER that " either the assessment on the students must be
•y YYT
— augmented, or some of the institutions of the College
must fail of support." After great debates the sub- ject was again referred to the next session of the legislature.
TheCorpo- In January, 1792, the advances to College officers solve to having accumulated to nearly three thousand pounds,
bring the
subject to a and the Commonwealth being prosperous in its finan-
conclusive c x
decision, ces under the auspices of the federal constitution, the Corporation resolved, if possible, to bring the subject of indemnification for these advances on ac- count of anticipated grants to a conclusive decision. They accordingly addressed a memorial to the General Court, in which they referred to former petitions re- specting the great losses the College funds had sus- tained during the war ; and set forth, that, notwith- standing favorable reports of successive committees, the customary grants, for the support of the President and Professors, had been withheld for many years, on account of the deranged situation of the treasury of the Commonwealth. They stated the consequent sufferings of the officers of the College for want of support, and the obligation, imposed on the Corpora- tion, of supplying their necessities. They had made
and memo- these advances in confident expectation of being; re-
nahze for
me?tburse irobursed by the usual grants of the legislature ; and they pray, that they may be reimbursed, or that a compensation may in some way be made, so that they may be able to lessen the assessments on the students.
The memorial had no corresponding influence in the legislature. The deranged condition of the State treasury could no longer be urged against the reason- ableness of the application, and " the high price of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 253
funded stock" was now the apology. No relief CHAPTER
having been received, the Corporation, in February, !_
1793, presented another memorial. In this they stated newytheir more specifically, that they had been compelled during the war, by the acts and resolves of the Congress and of the State, to receive payment of the debts due to the College in paper currency and invest the sums in loan-office certificates and State notes, and that, by their depreciation, the College had finally sunk half its original stock ; but, by strict economy, and the purchase of public "securities from time to time, this loss had been made up ; that the annual grants of the General Court had been for some years, to the President from £ 200 to £ 300, and to the three Professors =£100 each, and that from the foundation of the University some aid had been always received from the State, until the year 1786 ; — that since that time assistance had been discontinued, whence had resulted the necessity of loans to the College officers in reliance upon these grants; — that these advances now amount- ed to upwards of £ 3,000; — and they renew the prayer of the former memorial, with the same motives and objects, and with the same success. " The riches of without
,....., ... . effect.
the institution77 began about this time to be mention- ed as an apology for disregarding these memorials.
The Corporation, at length, deeming success hope- The notes
, • T • • f i i • i of the Col- leSS, and the indisposition ol the legislature perma- legeoffi- . i • i 11 f cers can" nent, submitted to their loss, and made no further ceiled, and
the hope of
application for reimbursement of these advances ; and, indemnity
abandoned.
by concurrent votes of the Corporation and Over- seers, the notes given by the President and Profes- sors were immediately cancelled. These " riches," as they were carefully denominated, by those indis- posed to be either generous or just to the institution,
254 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER were not the result of legislative bounty, but of the
VV"VT
singular wisdom and fidelity with which its financial concerns had been conducted. Amid the difficulties
peritv of and perils of the war, and the embarrassments imme-
the Col- lege, diately subsequent to the peace of 1783, the Corpo- ration held, with unshaken firmness, the certificates of public debt, which they had been compelled to receive, and vested in them with great judgment whatever sums were brought into their treasury. On the funding of the national debt, under the auspices of Alexander Hamilton, the College, therefore, derived the full benefit of the wisdom of the Corporation, and of their confidence in the -ultimate returning of the nation to a sense of justice. The prosperous con- dition of the College finances may be especially at- tributed to three individuals ; Ebenezer Storer, James Bowdoin, and John Lowell. The integrity and zeal Ebenezer of Treasurer Storer are a frequent subject of ac-
Storer. • J
knowledgment in the College records and papers. From one document it appears, that by a single in- vestment suggested by his discretion, and adopted from a reliance on his judgment, the College ultimate- ly realized a clear gain of more than twenty thousand dollars. Mr. Storer continued Treasurer of the Col- lege until his death, which occurred in the year 1807. In an obituary notice, published at. that time, a just tribute is paid to his merits, and the worth of his services. " In the management of the important and delicate trust of College Treasurer, the financial skill and punctuality of Mr. Storer were most successfully displayed : the preservation of the College funds, amidst the changes of the circulating medium attending our revolutionary war, was in a great measure owing to his sagacity and vigilance ; and, to the day of his death,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY 255
he executed his highly responsible duties with ease CHAPTEK and credit to himself, and to the benefit and satisfac- _ !_. tion of the legislature of that revered institution."
But the skilful pilotage of the College through the straits and shifting eddies of paper currency cannot be wholly attributed to the judgment of the Treasurer. Much of that success was owing to the new associa-
tions, which, under the influence of experience and troduced sound discretion, the Corporation, about that time corpora
tion.
sought to combine in the government of the institu- tion. Since the organization of the College under the auspices of Joseph Dudley, the Corporation, with the exception of the Treasurer, had exclusively consisted of clergymen, or Professors and Tutors. The new political relations and popular influences introduced by the declaration of American Independence, and the financial embarrassments consequent on the revolu- tionary war, indicated to the Corporation the wisdom of selecting men of experience in business, and prac- tically acquainted with public affairs, as members of the board.
In pursuance of this policy, on the resignation of the Rev. Dr. Appleton, in 1779, they elected the Hon. James Bowdoin a member of the Corporation. His rank James
Bowdoin.
in political life, his ample fortune, his liberality, his de- votion to letters and to the interests of the College, and his affection for the seminary manifested in his last will,* evidence the judgment with which this selection was made, and subsequent events abundantly proved its wisdom. On the death of the Rev. Dr. Cooper, in 1784, the Corporation adhered to the same policy, and elected, in his place, John Lowell, Esq., then one of Lowell.
* See Appendix, No. XXIX.
256 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the most distinguished lawyers of Massachusetts ; who, XXXL in all the relations of private and public life, combined the confidence and the affections of his fellow-citizens. He united high powers of intellect and professional talent with practical skill and acquaintance with men and affairs ; and his associations in life gave him great opportunities to observe the currents which influenced political events, and to form correct anticipations of the result. Mr. Lowell maintained his connexion with the Corporation eighteen years. His zeal in the service of the College, the soundness of his judgment, and his characteristic integrity gave great weight to his influ- ence in the critical period which succeeded the peace of 1783. To no individual is the seminary more in- debted than to him, for that course of policy, which enabled it to escape impending dangers and to attain a comparative degree of financial independence.
Result of By the successive measures wisely adopted by the
their meas- J . J
ures. Corporation, the Treasurer was enabled, in June, 1793, to report, that the whole personal estate of the seminary (including some small portions of real estate in which a part of it had been invested) amounted to more than the sum of one hundred and eighty-two thousand dollars, of which about eighty-two thousand dollars were appropriated, and an unappropriated bal- ance of nearly one hundred thousand dollars remained as a fund, applicable to the general purposes of the seminary. This amount, although inferior to the wants of a great public institution, was a subject of con- gratulation to the friends of the College, considering the nature of the revolutionary furnace into which it had been cast, and by which its power of self-preser- vation had been tried.
Before this period the prosperous condition of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 257
College finances had been felt and acknowledged by CHAPTER
XXXI
the Corporation. In consequence, as early as May,
1791, a vote was passed by that board, declaring that, "whereas sundry appropriated sums were by vote of TheCorpo-
. f. . -. ration raise
the Corporation (on account of a depreciated paper theappro-
1 v f priations to
currency) about the year 1750. reduced below their their origi-
•' ' ' nal value.
original value, and continued at that rate, and whereas the general stock of the College has since that time much increased, and appears to be now fixed perma- nently, and it is consequently reasonable, that the said appropriations should be again set at their first value, voted, that the sums so reduced, amounting to about £10,704,* be now estimated at £4,922, being the original value, calculated at the price of silver at the times they were given." At the same time they voted, that the rates of interest on all the said appropriations should be reduced, according to the reduction of inter- est sustained by the general stock of the College, in consequence of the funding of the public securities, of which the College stock then chiefly consisted. The Corporation thus endeavoured to equalize among all the foundations and appropriations the loss or the gain, which had on the one hand been sustained, or on the other acquired.
* In Colonial currency.
VOL. ii. 33
258 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Outline of Events during the Presidency of Dr. Willard.— Hollis Profes- sors of Divinity, Edward Wigglesworth, David Tappan. — Hollis Pro- fessors of Mathematics, Samuel Williams, Samuel Webber. — Hancock Professors of Hebrew, Stephen Sewall, Eliphalet Pearson. — Medi- cal Professorships established ; John Warren, Benjamin Waterhouse, Aaron Dexter. — Bequests of Mrs. Sarah Derby and of William Er- ving. — Names of Hersey and Erving given to the Medical Professor- ships respectively. — Legislative Patronage of the College. — Its ancient Right to Charlestown Ferry devested. — Lotteries granted. — Stoughton Hall erected from their proceeds. — Successive Attempts to raise the Standard of Learning, and improve the Discipline of the Semina- ry. — A permanent Tutorship established ; Levi Hedge appointed. — Death and Character of President Willard.
CHAPTER THE history of Harvard University has now been
XXXII. . . -i
brought down to our own times ; to a period too near to
be viewed in just historical perspective. Henceforth it will therefore be restricted to an outline of events, and, in each successive presidency, attention will be principally directed to the nature and objects of the Professorships established or enlarged. The legisla- tive patronage granted and the changes in the stud- ies, discipline, and finances, which have occurred, will be stated, and accompanied by such facts and illustra- tions as will give a comprehensive view of the progress, present state, and resources of the institution.
When, in 1780, the framers of the Constitution of Massachusetts authorized Harvard College to assume the title of " University," it comprised, strictly speak- ing, but one school, the Academic, or " School of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 259
Arts." There was a Professorship of Divinity, another CHAPTER
xxxir of Mathematics, and a third of Hebrew and other -
Oriental Languages ; but their foundations were insuf- College in ficient. The support of the Professors was chiefly i?80. derived from assessments on the scholars, or from annual grants by the legislature, denominated " gra- tuities." A few of the graduates of the College re- mained to qualify themselves for the profession of Divinity, but there was no school of Law or of Med- icine. The instruction given by the Professors was almost wholly confined to undergraduates. The man- ner in which it was conducted, before the American Revolution, may be inferred from the memorials of the Professors to the General Court, requesting a contin- uance or increase of their annual grants, and stat- ing their respective claims and services.* During the The Pro-
/• i T-» i i /• • - fessorship
war or the Revolution, and for many years prior and of Divinity. subsequent, the Rev. Edward Wigglesworth was the Hollis Professor of Divinity. The system adopted in the Professorship included two exercises, denomin- ated " lectures " ; the first, a dissertation read by the Professor on some topic of positive or controver- sial divinity ; the second, a catechetical exercise on the preceding lecture, accompanied by instructions and remarks. The Resident Graduates and all the mem- bers of the Senior and Junior classes were required to attend both these exercises. The second became irksome to the students who did not intend to qualify themselves for the clerical profession; and, in 1784, on the proposal of Professor Wigglesworth, none were required to attend except those who were on the Divinity foundations, or intended to make Divinity a
* See Appendix, No. XXVI.
260 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER particular study. The second exercise, instead of being XXXIL a scrutiny into the students' knowledge of the first, was changed into an examination on assigned portions of the theological part of Doddridge's " Lectures." This was the first step taken towards separating, as to the studies, those who intended to make theology a pro- fession, from those whose views were directed to other pursuits in life. The former were carefully instructed in the arguments adduced by Christians in favor of their several creeds and persuasions, in a criticafknow- ledge of the languages in which the Scriptures were written, and in those usages and customs, which serve to explain the phraseology peculiar to the sacred writ- ings ; but the latter were only required to attend the public lectures.
Dr. wig- Dr. Wigglesworth continued in the Professorship of Divinity until 1791, but the infirmities of a fee- ble constitution had, for several years, interrupted the regular performance of his official duties ; and, in February, 1790, a severe paralytic affection hav- ing threatened to put a period to his usefulness, the Overseers of the College appointed a committee in May, 1791, to consider what measures were proper to be taken on the subject of that Professorship. In this month, Dr. Wigglesworth communicated to
His resig- that board his willingness to retire, " if provision was made for his comfortable support." Votes, granting him an annuity for life of £132, express- ing thanks for his past services, and constituting him " Professor Emeritus," received the sanction of both the Corporation and Overseers ; and, in the July following, he " cheerfully resigned his office," expressing his gratitude for this arrangement. Dr. Wigglesworth was the immediate successor of his
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 261
father in the Hollis Professorship of Divinity, which CHAPTER
he sustained for twenty-six years, with an equal repu- _
tation for learning, fidelity, and a catholic spirit ; and, during thirteen years, he was also fellow of the Cor- poration. He survived the dissolution of his official connexion about three years, and died in 1794, at death, the age of sixty-two. He is represented, by one* well acquainted with his character, and who was not disposed to exaggerate, as possessing, "in addition to andcharac-
tcr
eminent skill in theology, native quickness of appre- hension, cultivated understanding, correct judgment, skill in mathematics, as well as financial talents ; and these last were very eminently displayed in the security of the funds of the College, when endangered by the ferment and innovating spirit of the American Revolution, and well nigh ruined by the depreciation of our paper medium."
The tendency of Dr. Wigglesworth's mind was eminently practical, and of his skill in political arith- metic an evidence remains too remarkable to be omitted. In 1775, he published a treatise, entitled Histreat- " Calculations on American Population, with a Table American
r "> i IT /»¥!!• • Population.
for estimating the Annual Increase or Inhabitants in the British Colonies." In this work he states, that "British Americans have doubled their numbers in Basis of his every period of twenty-five years, from their first tions, plantation," and proceeds to show the causes of this unparalleled rapidity of increase, and the reasons to believe that in future it will be as rapid as in past times. On this basis he calculated, that in 1800 their numbers would amount to five millions ; in 1825,
* Eliphalet Pearson, D. D., Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages.
262 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER to ten millions ; and in less than seventy years, would
xxxir
— L_ exceed those of Great Britain and Ireland taken col- lectively. His calculations were received by many of his contemporaries as the dreams of an enthusiast. But so far as the lapse of time has brought his theory to the test of experience, it proves that his estimates
and their have, approximated to the fact with singular exact- ness, and that his error was on the side of moderation and not of extravagance.
Rev. David The Rev. David Tappan was appointed successor to Dr. Wigglesworth. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1771, ordained pastor of the third church in Newbury in 1774, and inducted into the Hollis Professorship of Divinity in 1792. He performed the duties of the office to universal acceptance until his death, which occurred in August, 1803. Dr. Tappan's mind was active, vigorous, and fertile, and his com- mand of language not often surpassed. In piety, knowledge, and Christian zeal he was exemplary.
HIS devei- His doctrinal views were in harmony with those which
doctrinal were held by many of the early fathers of New Eng- land. But his developement of his principles was too candid and catholic, too characteristically Christian, to satisfy the lovers of ecclesiastical controversy. By these he was thought,* " in some instances," wanting in " resolution " and " decision "; as "not sufficiently showing his esteem," for what they called " the dis- tinguishing doctrines of the Gospel"; as "reluctant to suggest an opinion, which did not meet the approba- tion of others"; as "not expressing the truths, which," they asserted, " he embraced with sufficient perspicuity and fullness "; and as "too careful to accommodate
* See the « Panoplist," Vol. I. p. 141.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 263
himself to opinions and prejudices, which he disap- CHAPTER
proved and believed pernicious." But the mind of "
Dr. Tappan soared
"Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot,
mindful of the crown that virtue gives,
After this mortal change, to her true servants."
He exemplified on every occasion the temper, which he so impressively inculcated at the ordination of one of his pupils, " in doctrine, spirit, and deportment, to be a constant recommendation and defence of Christianity, by exhibiting it in its native sweetness, sobriety, and dignity."* In the spirit of the founder of the Professorship he filled, — the spirit, at all times, of the College, of which he was an honor and an orna- ment,— he declared, on his death-bed, that "the Bible His death. ever has been, and ever will be, the best guide for young men." t The Hollis Professorship of Divinity continued vacant after the death of Dr. Tappan, dur- ing the remainder of the presidency of Willard.
In May, 1780, the Rev. Samuel Williams, pastor of The Pro- the church in Bradford, was installed Hollis Professor onv?athep- of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. He entered, Natural
r J ' Philosophy.
with activity and devotion on the duties of his office. He also frequently published astronomical observations and notices of extraordinary natural phenomena in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1785, he presented to the Corporation a plan of a course of lectures on astronomy, to be delivered to the Senior Class, which that board authorized; and,
* See a Sermon delivered at the Ordination of John Thornton Kirkland, in 1794, by David Tappan. p. 30. f See the « Panoplist," Vol. I. p. 142.
264
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Rev.
Samuel
Williams.
CHAPTER these lectures being thought not strictly within the requisitions of the statutes of his Professorship, they voted to allow him .£30 for the service. Although active and laborious in his pursuits and duties, Pro- fessor Williams did not possess the wisdom to keep his expenditures within his income. Pecuniary em- barrassments ensued; and in June, 1788, a question having arisen in the Board of Overseers, relative to his conduct in one of these transactions, he imme- diately resigned his office. On the recommendation of the Overseers, " out of regard to the family of Dr. Williams, the Corporation continued his salary to the end of the quarter." In October, all the rules and orders, by which the statutes of this Hollis Professor- ship had been heretofore carried into effect, were an- nulled and new ones adopted, which continued in force for many succeeding years. In 1789, Samuel Webber, Tutor in Mathematics, was elected to this Professorship, and, being installed, entered upon its duties.
Samuel Webber.
The Pro- Stephen Sewall, the first Professor of Hebrew and of Hebrew other Oriental Languages appointed on the Hancock oriental foundation, held his office until September, 1785. He
Languages.
was then removed by concurring votes of both boards, " having," as they express, " for nearly three years been rendered incapable of performing the duties of his office by bodily indisposition, and being apparently so debilitated in his mental powers, that there is little or no probability of his ever being able to discharge those duties to the honor and advantage of the Uni- versity, or to his own reputation." " In consideration of his long and faithful services," he was allowed, by the consent of the Corporation and Overseers, £ 30.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 265
Professor Sewall was the most distinguished < lassical CHAPTER scholar, at that period, among the alumni of thi sem-
inary, and, considering his opportunities, his knowledge seewaii.n of Oriental literature was extensive. He labored with indefatigable zeal to promote the object of his Pro- fessorship, to which he was attached, both by inclina- tion and official duty. During many years his talents and labors were honorable and useful to the institu- tion, and many evidences remain of his learning and acquirements.* He survived his removal from the Hancock Professorship nearly twenty years, and died in 1804, at the age of seventy. Immediately upon the occurrence of this vacancy, an addition was made to the original statutes of the Hancock Professorship, on account of the insufficiency of that foundation, and the small number of students in the Oriental languages; a dispensation from studying them being granted to such as preferred a written request from their parents. The duty of teaching the general principles of Gram- mar, particularly of the English language, and of in- structing in English composition, was therefore assign- ed to the Hancock Professor. In October, 1785, Eliphalet Pearson, A. M., then Principal of Phillips
* In 1761, Mr. Sewall contributed largely to the "Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos,"* furnishing four Latin Odes, the 3d, 12th, 14th, and 23d, two Greek, the 15th and 16th, and one English, the 5th. He published, in 1763, a Hebrew Grammar, which was long continued as a text-book in Harvard College ; in 1769, " Oratio funebris in Obitum D. Edvardi Holyoke"; in 1780, "Nocte Cogitata," being a translation into Latin of the first book of Young's "Night Thoughts"; in 1789, " Carmina Sacra," a volume of original Latin and Greek poems. He left, in manuscript, a "Lexicon of the Chaldee Language preserved in the Old Testament," prepared in 1772, and also a Greek and English Lexicon, and a work entitled " The Quantity of Greek Vowels," ascer- tained by examination of the writings of sixty-five Greek poets.
* See above, p. 104.
VOL. ii. 34
266 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Academy, Andover, was elected, and, in January en- L suing, inducted into this Professorship ; his labors be- ing chiefly directed to the recently assigned duties of his office.
Medical In 1782, the Corporation approximated the institu-
Prpfessor-
shipestab- tion more nearly to the character of a university, by establishing Medical Professorships. The report of a committee evidences a great deficiency of books, pre- parations, and apparatus. The Corporation could only venture to promise that " the library should be en- riched with the most approved authors, and a more perfect collection in all the branches, as soon as cir- cumstances will permit " ; that a complete anatomical and chemical apparatus, and a set of anatomical pre- parations, with a proper theatre for dissections and chemical operations, should be provided " 05 soon as there shall be sufficient benefactions for those purposes" ; and that " professors of anatomy and surgery, of the theory and practice of physic, of the materia medica and chemistry, should be appointed as soon as ivays and means can be devised for raising sufficient sums for their encouragement." They proceeded, however, to provide for the appointment and removal of such pro- fessors, to prescribe their qualifications and duties, their privileges and restrictions, their lectures and fees, the examination of students, their responsibilities, and degrees ; and concluded with declaring the expediency of electing into " these Professorships, some gentle- men of public spirit and distinguished abilities, who " would undertake the business for the present, for the fees that may be obtained from those who would read- ily attend their lectures." On such uncertain grounds of hope and expectation, were laid the first foundations
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 267
of the present medical school of Harvard University. CHAPTER In 1782, Dr. John Warren, of Boston, was chosen — L_
Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, and Benjamin Waterhouse, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Prac- tice of Physic ; and were installed in their respective offices. In 1783, Dr. Aaron Dexter was chosen, and installed Professor of Chemistry and the Materia Medica.
In January, 1784, an attempt was made by the Attempts
. J . J to found a
Corporation, to induce the legislature of the State to botanic
garden,
found a botanic garden in connexion with the Univer- sity, in consequence of an offer made by the King of France, through Mr. St. John, his Consul-general at New York, " to furnish such garden with every species of seeds and plants, which may be requested from his royal garden, at his own expense." But this design received no countenance from the legislature, and the same fate attended a similar attempt to found a pub- lic infirmary at Cambridge. The embarrassments of andanin- the period, both political and financial, afforded an Cambridge. ample apology for the rejection of these applications.
In June, 1785, the Corporation voted, that the whole Medical income of the late Dr. Hersey's legacy might be ap- plied to the two Professors of Anatomy and Surgery, and of the Theory and Practice of Physic, were they resident at Cambridge, and a part of it might be so applied, were either of the two resident. But in August, 1787, a part of these incomes having been voted by the Corporation to the Professor of the The- ory and Practice of Physic, who had become resident, the board of Overseers indefinitely postponed the con- sideration of the subject.
In December, 1789, the fees for degrees, which by and fees. the constitution of the Medical Professorships were to be applied .in such a manner as the Overseers and
268 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Corporation should direct, so as to render the plan of ' medical instruction most extensively useful to the University, were voted, by both boards, " for the pres- ent to be paid to the Medical Professors."
Bequest of In 1790, Mrs. Sarah Derby, relict of Dr. Ezekiel
Sarah Der- * '
by- Hersey, by her last will bequeathed to Harvard Col-
lege one thousand pounds lawful money, its income to be appropriated to the support of a Professor of Anat- omy and Physic ; declaring her " motive to be, to promote the views of her first husband, Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, and to extend the knowledge of those arts and sciences, which have principally for their object the preservation of the animal economy." In 1791, the Corporation voted, that the design of Dr. Hersey and Mrs. Derby "would be better answered, by plac- ing two professors upon these funds and dividing these branches between them." They gave the name of Hersey to both the Professorships of Anatomy and Surgery, and of the Theory and Practice of Physic, and one half of the income to each Professor ; and further voted, that, being now established upon per- manent funds, the Corporation and Overseers should in future regulate the fees of these Professors, and that they should receive none but such as should be estab- lished by law.
Bequest of In December, 1793, Dr. Abner Hersey, a younger 8ey- brother of Ezekiel Hersey, the founder of the Professor-
ships of Anatomy and Physic, bequeathed five hundred pounds " for the encouragement and support of a Pro- fessor of Surgery and Physic at the University." This bequest was made from respect to the memory, and in aid of the design, of his brother. Dr. Abner Hersey was a native of Hingham, established through life at Barnstable. His reputation as a physician and sur-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 269
geon was high, and his practice extensive and without CHAPTER
a rival through the entire length of Cape Cod, a dis- '
tance of forty miles, and containing a population of ter!c seven or eight thousand inhabitants. He possessed a keen sense of moral rectitude ; a deep and actuating religious sentiment ; was conscientious in the discharge of his official duties, but capricious, whimsical, and eccentric. His character as a man and a physician is graphically sketched by his pupil and friend, Dr. James Thacher.*
The Professorship of Chemistry received no estab- lished fund for its support until July, 1791. About Bequest of this time died Major William Erving, and by his last will declared, that, " being unwilling to pass through existence without profiting the community, it is my will and pleasure, that a sum of money, not less than one thousand pounds, be paid, as soon as it conven- iently can be after my decease, into the hands of the Overseers and Corporation of Harvard College, for the sole use and purpose of enlarging the salary of the Professor of Chemistry, who is to receive the annual interest of it." In May, 1792, the above bequest having been paid into the Treasury of the College by his Executors, a vote passed both the Corporation and Overseers, that the Professor of Chemistry " be here- after styled Erving Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica."
William Erving was born in Boston, in September, 1734, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1753. He early entered the British army, was at the taking of Havana in 1762, and, avoiding employment against his native country, served with reputation in distant
* See American Medical Biography, by James Thacher, M. D., Vol. I. p. 289.
270 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER parts of the world, until the peace of 1783. He then
YyYTr
— retired with the rank of Major, returned to America,
and passed the residue of his life at Jamaica Plains, in the vicinity of Boston, where he died in 1790, at the age of fifty-six. Major Erving was highly esteem- ed and respected for all the best qualities, which dis- tinguish the character of a gentleman and soldier. His affection and regard for his friend and physician, Dr. Aaron Dexter, at that period the Professor of Chemistry, had probably a material influence in de- termining the amount and direction of his bounty.
Legislative The legislative patronage of the College, after the of the coi- peace of 1783, was limited and equivocal. In 1785, the General Court regranted fourteen of those east- tern townships, in which the provincial legislature had made reservations in favor of the College without any provision for the rights accruing from those reser- vations. In 1787, the Corporation memorialized the legislature* on the injustice of this proceeding, and re- marked, "'that, while the citizens of the State have, in all instances where they have lost lands which have been granted by the Court, from a deficiency of title, received grants in lieu thereof, the College has been ousted of, or has not had laid out, at least six thousand acres of land, which had been granted by the provin- cial General Court. They reflect with peculiar grief at the omission of the grants of land in fourteen town- ships between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers, as it seems to be pointedly aimed at them, the College having done nothing, of which they are sensible, to merit this punishment ; on the contrary, it has suffered
* See above, p. 250.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 271
immensely, at different periods, in the funds, rather CHAPTER
XXXII.
than run counter to the designs of the government - '— as to the paper currency."
The directness and urgency of this memorial had General
0 J . Court re-
nO influence at the time. But in June. 1790,* a more store the
Provincial
just spirit actuated the members of the General Court,
•' _ x tions to the
and they passed a resolve, which " granted and con- College> firmed to Harvard College three hundred acres of land," in each of the townships within which reserva- tions had been made in its favor by the provincial legislature.
In March, 1785, the College was also devested of butdevest its right to the Ferry between Boston and Charles- Charles
J . River ferry,
town, the most ancient of all the colonial grants, by the erection of the " Charles River Bridge." The legislature, indeed, provided that the grantees, during the term of forty years, should pay the College .£200 a year ; but the bridge, at the end of the term, was to become the property of the Commonwealth, " saving to the said College a reasonable and annual com- pensation for the annual income of the ferry, which they might have received, had not said bridge been erected."
Although an annuity was more convenient than the receipt of incomes from the ferry, yet £ 200 was no fair equivalent in value for the rights devested. The Corporation, as the records prove, had maintained the ferry for nearly one hundred and fifty years, with great trouble and often with little emolument, in the anticipation, that its revenues would increase, in pro- portion to the population of the country. During the period between 1775 and 1781, the ferry had
* See above, p. 251.
272 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER been supported at an actual loss : £300 had just been xxxir. J
expended in repairing the ferryways, and the College
was beginning to receive .£200 annual rent,* with an apparent certainty of a great annual increase. At this moment, the General Court established the bridge, and limited the future income of the College from this source, to the exact sum it was then annually receiv- ing, thus depriving it of that increasing revenue, which the legislature of 1640 intended it should receive in all after times.
and provide In the year 1792, on passing the act establishing tionai an- West Boston Bridge, the interests of the College were
nuity by the 3
iaishinStab so ^ar regarded by the legislature as to provide for IS5 "aSfe" tne Payment to it °f an annuity of £ 300, (which in a short time was reduced to £200,) during the term of forty years, appropriating it to " the defraying the tuition of indigent scholars, or for the reducing the expense of tuition to all the other scholars," accord- ing to the judgment of the Corporation. In 1796, this appropriation was varied, and applied to the sup- port of permanent tutors; and, in 1800, a discretion- ary power was vested in the Corporation in respect to its application.
By the above act of 1 792, the rights and privileges granted in 1785, by the act authorizing the erection of " Charles River Bridge," were extended to the proprietors, from forty to seventy years, and for the same lengthened period the annuity was made payable to the College ; but the clause, " saving to the said College at the end of the term a reasonable and an- nual compensation for the annual income of the ferry, which they might have received had not said bridge
* Treasurer Storer's Letter Book, Vol. 1. pp. 9, 14, 20, 41.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 273
been erected," was omitted. But how valueless would CHAPTER
XXX II
have been this saving clause against power and in- —
terest, the history of the present times demonstrates, in which the bridge itself has been destroyed by the effect of legislative enactments, passed with an entire disregard of the provisions of the acts of 1785 and 1792, and also of the ancient vested rights of the College.
In the year 1794, on a memorial from the Corpora- and renew
J the lottery
tion, the General Court renewed the grant of a lottery, granted by
* ' the Provin-
which had been made by the provincial legislature, in ciaiiegisia-
»/ A turc.
1772, for the purpose of enabling them to erect an additional building, as " it is inconvenient, at present, to make a grant from the public treasury therefor." This act was originally for four years, and for the raising of £8,000; the time was afterwards extended and the sum enlarged, until, in 1804, the proceeds had attained a sufficient amount to authorize the Cor- poration to commence a building constructed on the same plan and of like dimensions with Hollis Hall.* This edifice, to which they gave the name of Stough- ton Hall, was completed in 1805, at an expense of about $ 23,700. From the general funds of the Col- lege, $ 5,300 of the sum were derived, and $ 1 8,400 were the proceeds of lotteries.!
During the presidencies of Locke and Langdon, change in the attention of the community was absorbed by polit- ical affairs, and few attempts were made, either to raise the standard of education, or to improve the system of discipline in the College. In May, 1772, the Overseers condemn the frequent absence of Tu- tors on Sunday, for the purpose of preaching, as tend-
* See above, p. 102. f See Treasurer Storer's Leger C, p. 157.
VOL. ii. 35
tion.
274
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER xxxir.
Attempt to eiocution.
Proposal to abolish the jawobiig-
men to go
on errands.
Difficulty
in provm-
ing com-
mons dur-
ing to diminish the strict observance of that day by the students ; and enjoin, that one at least of their number should always remain in Cambridge during the whole of the day, dine in the hall, and attend public worship. They made, also, an attempt to im- prove the students in elocution, by enjoining it upon the respective Tutors " to cause two in each class to read every Saturday morning, in rotation, a suitable portion from some celebrated English author, before the whole class;" and, in the October following, the custom of " repeating the heads of the sermons of the preceding day, on Lord's day evening, not appearing to be attended with good effect," it was recommend- ed that it be discontinued, and the " reading of some religious discourse by one of the students substituted, as being both profitable and tending to form the stu- dents to a graceful elocution."
About the same period, the Overseers having repeat-
.
edly recommended abolishing the custom of allowing the upper classes to send Freshmen on errands,* and the making of a law exempting them from such ser- vices, the Corporation voted, that, " after deliberate consideration and weighing all circumstances, they are not able to project any plan in the room of this long and ancient custom, that will not, in their opinion, be attended with equal, if not greater, inconveniences." During the war of the American Revolution, the
c
votes of the Corporation indicate that the difficulty
• »
of providing satisfactory commons was extreme,! and that of finding a suitable and responsible Steward proportionably increased ; " the office becoming more and more difficult and burdensome, in these times of
* See Appendix, No. XXX.
t Ibid., No. XXXI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 275
public calamity and distress." In December, 1779, CHAPTER
YY YTT
Mr. Caleb Gannett, then Tutor in Mathematics, was
induced to accept it, and sustained the office nearly neu. thirty-nine years, until his death.
In 1780, Simon Poullin was authorized by the Cor- Simon
, . _ J Poullin.
poration to teach the .trench language to such stu- dents as their parents or guardians should permit, the tuition fees to be charged in their quarter bills. He was allowed the same privileges with Tutors as to the Library and Commons, and a chamber in the College.
The Overseers concurred in this vote of the Cor- poration, and the introduction of the French language, as a branch of instruction in Harvard College, was thus for the first time duly authorized. In 1735, per- mission to teach French had been granted to Lon- gloisserie,* solely on the authority of the immediate government. But the Corporation, as soon as their attention was drawn to the subject,f denied the power of the immediate government to appoint an instructor without consulting them, and prohibited the students from attending his instructions.! In 1782, Albert Gallatin was permitted to teach the Albert Gai- French language in the College, on the same terms and with the same privileges as Poullin had enjoyed.
In 1781, the Corporation, " to animate scholars to Plan to
i r • • i T • • i Pr°mote
the greatest proficiency m oratory, and to distinguish proficiency themselves in every branch of science," voted, that the Professors and Tutors should select such students as performed their declamatory exercises in the most oratorical manner, or who distinguished themselves
* See Vol. I. p. 394. f Ibid., p. 395.
f Records of the Overseers, Vol. I. p. 142, and of the Immediate Gov- ernment, Vol. I. p. 76.
276 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER in any branch of science, to exhibit specimens of their
proficiency on such subjects as the government should
assign, before the Overseers, at their semiannual visi- tations ; — the President, or, in his absence, one of the Professors, to preside on these occasions. In and in other 1783. a plan was adopted for promoting; classical and
branches of . £, °
study. other branches or learning. 1 wo distinct orders or merit were established, for which two golden medals, with appropriate inscriptions and of different intrinsic value, were to be provided, and to be conferred on the two students, who should be found most advanced in any of the required branches of study, among those who should voluntarily present themselves for examina- tion ; the successful candidates to be publicly announc- ed, and to wear these medals on the left breast, on ev- ery public occasion. The titles of the books and the process of examination are laboriously spread upon the records ; but it does not appear, from any document or tradition, that the project was ever carried into effect. These distinctions were probably found little in unison with the opinions of the people, or were regarded as inconsistent with republican equality.
Dod- Besides the instruction derived from the Professor
Lectures of Divinity,* the Senior and Junior classes were re- introduced i /• isr 11 • ^ /-^i
as a text- quired to recite once a week from Wollebius's " Corn- book.
pendium Theologize." In April, 1784, this text-book was laid aside and Doddridge's " Lectures " was in- troduced in its stead. In March, 1785, the several Professors were required to exhibit to the Corpora- tion the books in which the students recited to them, and an account of their method of instruction, before every semiannual meeting of the Overseers. And in
* See above, p. 259.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 277
November, Sallust and Livy were introduced in the CHAPTER
Latin department as reciting-books, and, in the Greek, !i_
Xenophon's " Anabasis " instead of his " Cyropaedia."
In June, 1786, the practice of keeping regular bills instructors of all absences from collegiate duties, by the respec- to keep tive departments, was enjoined on all the instructors, b>Hs. to be laid before the immediate government, " that they may animadvert upon delinquents agreeably to the laws." " The retaining men or boys to perform the services, for which Freshmen had been heretofore employed," was declared to be a growing evil, and was prohibited by the Corporation.
In 1786, in order to lessen the expense of dress, a Lawen-
. joining uni-
uniform was prescribed, the color and form of which form made, were minutely set forth, with a distinction of the classes by means of frogs on the cuffs and button-holes ; silk was prohibited, and home manufactures were recom- mended. In 1789, the reluctance, with which this system of uniform was received, made it necessary to enforce it' by higher penalties; and in May, 1789, the Corporation and Overseers voted, that non-conformity with the regulation would be regarded as giving up connexion with the College, and that appearing in any other dress in Cambridge would subject the delin- quent to a fine not exceeding ten shillings.
This severity kept the rule in force for a few years ; but, in 1796, " the sumptuary law relative to dress had fallen into neglect"; and, in 1797, it was found so obnoxious and difficult to enforce, that a law was pass- ed abrogating the whole system of distinction among and abro- the classes by " frogs on the cuffs and button-holes," and the law respecting dress was limited to prescrib- ing a blue grey or dark blue coat, with permission to wear a black gown, and a prohibition of wearing gold or silver lace, cord, or edging.
278 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER About this period, also, " considering the spirit of
1— the times, and the extreme difficulty the executive
also the law rniist encounter, in attempting; to enforce the law*
relative to
hats. «( prohibiting students from' wearing hats in the Col- lege yard," a vote passed repealing it. Attempts By the ancient laws of the College, Tutors were en-
to revive
the law re- joined to visit frequently the chambers of the scholars
quiring Tu- *
tors to visit in study hours, assist them in their literary pursuits,
scholars' » J r
chambers. an(j promote in them a regular conduct. In almost every period of the College history, this law had been a subject of complaint. In 1793, the Overseers took it into consideration and repeated the injunction. The Tutors acknowledged that the law was not executed, but urged its incompatibility with their duties; their spare time would not permit them to be so occupied ; their compensation was small ; the practice tended to diminish their respectability in the minds of the stu- dents ; it had the aspect of espionage ; and the diffi- culty and long disuse of the practice had sanctioned their omission of it. The Overseers, admitting that " some of the reasons had too much weight in them," expressed a hope, that an attempt would be made to introduce the practice. In the ensuing year the subject was revived ; but it was found, that " the Tutors were young in office, and had not yet had an opportunity to perform the duty." In 1795, the Overseers made the same complaint of the neglect of this law ; and, the former objections being stated, they expressed an opin- ion, that " the design would be attained more effectu- ally, and with less inconvenience, by the Tutors invit- ing the students to their rooms, for the purpose of friendly intercourse ; " but a committee, raised to re-
* See Appendix, No. XXX.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 279
vise the law, reported, in 1796, that it should remain CHAPTER
as it was, and the Tutors be required to observe it. —
In 1798, however, a revision of the law took place, and the obligation " frequently to visit," was changed into an obligation " to visit as often as they find it con- venient."
As early as the year 1787, a change was effected in change in
the books
the books of instruction. Horace, Sallust, Cicero de of instruc- tion.
Oratore, Homer, and Xenophon were substituted for Virgil, Cicero's Orations, Caesar, and the Greek Tes- tament. The number of exercises was increased, and the instructors were, enjoined to ascertain that they were learned by the whole class.
These classics formed the principal studies of the TheCoi-
r r^ 11 mi T-> • Jege course
first three College years. I he Jbreshmen were in- of studies. structed, also, in rhetoric, the art of speaking, and arithmetic ; the Sophomores in algebra, and other branches of mathematics ; the Juniors in Livy, Dod- dridge's " Lectures," and, once a week, the Greek Testament ; the Seniors in logic, metaphysics, and ethics. The Freshmen and Sophomores were re- quired to study Hebrew, or French, as a substitute. Through the College course all the classes were in- structed in declamation, chronology, and history.
In 1788, Blair's " Lectures on Rhetoric" was intro- Revision of duced as a text-book. In 1790, a careful revision laws. was made of the College laws. Among other im- provements, " to excite the students to a noble emu- lation," a public annual exhibition was established, to be held in the presence of a joint committee of the Corporation and Overseers. This committee, after Public ex-
. . . aminations
examining the students of each class in the several introduced, branches studied by them during the year, were, with the President, Professors, and Tutors, to determine
280
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXII.
and record of merit.
Discontent of the stu- dents.
Authority given to examine students upon oath.
by ballot those who had distinguished themselves, and report their names to both boards, to be entered on record as a testimonial of their literary merit.
These ballots, reports, and records of merit were not pleasing to the students, and, in 1791, the Senior and Junior classes petitioned for exemption from the exam- ination. The Overseers rejected the application, and disturbances occurred in consequence ; but the board voted the objections unreasonable, the law salutary, and to be maintained. Some alterations, however, were made in the exercises to satisfy the students, but the spirit of discontent was not allayed. In 1792, the visiting committee reported, that the disturbances could not be suppressed, from the difficulty of pro- curing evidence, and recommended, that the imme- diate government should be empowered to examine the students upon oath. A decision was postponed, and the subject was committed.
In 1793, a vote passed both boards suspending dur- ing that year the obnoxious regulations. The dis- orderly spirit, however, continuing, the succeeding committee suggested the expediency of revising the law relative to examinations. And the Overseers voted, that, " in cases of impiety and other crimes of enormity, when two thirds of the immediate gov- ernment shall vote it necessary, they be empowered to examine the students upon oath." The visiting committee now complained of the labor, tediousness, and consumption of their time, occasioned by these examinations, and the duty was, therefore, divided between two committees. Disturbances from this source continuing, the Overseers, in 1796, voted, that the examinations were useful, and recommended the adoption of a rule still more severe, " that the Pro-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 281
fessors and Tutors, at the close of every examina- CHAPTER tion, determine by ballot whether any, and how many, —
of any class are unfit to proceed to a higher class in the College; and such persons shall not advance in their standing, until, upon a new examination, they shall appear qualified for it. And no scholar shall be admitted to a degree, if he shall, upon a ballot taken as above, in the opinion of a major part of the persons examining, be judged unfit for it on account of his negligence and inattention to his studies." The Cor- The law
modified.
poration took no measures m consequence of this vote, and the obnoxious law was soon after modified in the particulars most objectionable.
In 1797, students excused from the study of Hebrew Lawreia-
live to the
were required to pursue that of French ; but, in 1 800, study of the laws relative to the study of French were sus- suspended. pended. Students, however, were allowed, at the request of their parents or guardians, to attend upon the instruction of any teacher approved by the imme- diate government, at times not interfering with the regular College studies.
In 1802, the expediency of requiring, for entrance Thestand- into the College, higher proficiency in the learned mission languages was debated in both boards; and, in 1803, the former conditions of admission were repealed, and a strict examination in Dalzel's " Collectanea Grseca Minora," the Greek Testament, Virgil, Sallust, and Cicero's Select Orations ; a thorough acquaintance with the Greek and Latin grammars, including pros- ody ; also, an ability to translate those languages cor- rectly, and a knowledge of geography and of arith- metic to the rule of three, were substituted.
The establishment of a permanent tutorship had Permanent
... . . , .. ,. Tutors.
been tor some time regarded as expedient, and, in VOL. n. 36
282 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER 1800, the Corporation, having obtained authority from
XXX T I
the legislature to transfer the income of West Boston
Bridge to that object, immediately appointed Levi Hedge, A. M., to this office.
His duties. A permanent tutor had the same duties to perform as other tutors, but, in case of marriage, twenty per cent, was to be added to his salary as Tutor ; and, on this event, provision was made to supply his place within the College walls, by a new officer called a
office of Regent, who was to perform the duties and exercise
established, the authority of a parietal Tutor. The salary of the permanent Tutor being found insufficient, he early presented a memorial to the Corporation for its in- crease, which was met by a counter memorial of Pro- fessors Tappan and Webber, remonstrating against augmenting the salary of a Tutor, without raising
inadequacy those of the Professors. They averred that the
of the sala- J
Professors §>rants ma^e m consideration of the depreciated state of the currency did not supply the deficiency ; " that they had been subject to many difficulties and hard- ships, and experienced a painful inability to support their families in a comfortable and decent manner ; and that, with the most rigid economy, they were not able to make any savings for their maintenance, in case of infirmity, or old age, or for the partial support of their families in case of their removal by death." Both memorials were deemed reasonable, and grants proportionable to their respective salaries were soon after made to all these officers.
and of the The regular salary of President Willard had never
President. „ .
exceeded $ 1400 a year, to which were added an occa- sional grant and fees for degrees. His annual re- ceipts, during his presidency, had never been more than sufficient, and had often proved inadequate, for
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 283
the support of his family ; and, had he not found a CHAPTER
resource in a small property received by his wife, he L,
could not have subsisted without incurring debt.* His health began to fail some years before his death, and, in 1799, the expense of two successive journeys for its restoration was borne by the Corporation. But the hopes of his friends were defeated, and he died Death of
/-» f f 01 f • President
on the 25th 01 September, 1804, at the age ot sixty- wniard. four. A eulogy was delivered at his funeral by Pro- fessor Webber ; during thirty days the students wore badges of mourning, and a grant of $ 500 was made to his family, in consideration of the expenses incurred during his illness.
President Willard was distinguished, as a scholar, His char- for his acquaintance with classical literature, and with mathematical and astronomical science ; as a divine, for learning, candor, and Catholicism ; and, as the head of the University, for a union of paternal kindness with firmness in supporting the laws. His manners were simple and reserved. His deportment dignified, and his character serious and contemplative. Having been called to the President's chair in the midst of the Revolutionary war, when the general tone of morals was weak, and the spirit of discipline ener- vated, he sustained the authority of his station with consummate steadfastness and prudence. He found the seminary embarrassed ; he left it free and pros- perous. His influence was uniformly happy, and, throughout his whole connexion with the institution, he enjoyed the entire confidence of his associates in the government, the respect of the students, and the undeviating approbation and support of the public.
* Memorial of Sidney Willard, dated Dec. 1804.
284
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Difficulties in electing a Professor of Divinity. — Henry Ware chosen. — His Election opposed, but confirmed. — Fisher Ames is chosen Pres- ident and declines. — Difficulties in electing a President — Samuel Webber chosen. — Eliphalet Pearson resigns the Hancock Professor- ship. — Consequent Proceedings. — Sidney Willard appointed his Suc- cessor.— John Farrar elected Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. — The Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory established. — John Quincy Adams elected Professor. — His Resignation. — Joseph McKean appointed his Successor. — Citizens of Boston and the Vicinity establish a Professorship of Natural His- tory. — William Dandridge Peck elected Professor. — Office of Proc- tor instituted. — Lottery granted. — Holworthy Hall built from its Pro- ceeds. — Death of Treasurer Storer. — Jonathan Jackson chosen in his Place. — His Death. — Succeeded by John Davis. — Change in the Constitution of the Board of Overseers. — Its Origin and Nature. — Samuel Dexter bequeaths Funds for promoting a Critical Knowledge of the Scriptures. — His Character. — Death of President Webber.
WHEN the death of President Willard occurred, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity had been vacant more
Difficulties
in electing than a year. Every attempt to elect a successor to
a Professor J r
of Divinity. j)r. Tappan had been resisted by Eliphalet Pearson, the Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Lan- guages, and an active member of the Corporation. He maintained, that Hollis, by the terms of the foun- dation of his Professorship, required that his Professor should be a Calvinist, and objected to every candidate proposed by any other member of the Board, as being deficient in this qualification.* Notwithstanding this
CHAPTER XXXIII.
* Manuscript Diary of the Rev. John Eliot, then a member of the Corporation.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 285
opposition, on the 5th of February, 1805, the Cor- CHAPTER poration elected the Rev. Henry Ware, of Hingham. . ^_
In the same month the question of concurrence in ware. enry this election was discussed in the Board of Overseers, and the Rev. Jedediah Morse, D. D., of Charlestown, Hiseiec- a graduate of Yale College, took the same ground as e'd" Dr. Pearson had assumed in the Corporation ; main- taining, that inquiry ought to be made into the reli- gious faith of the candidate ; that " soundness and or- thodoxy " were the characteristics required by Hollis ; that these terms were applicable only to Calvinists ; that Mr. Hollis was a Calvinist, and could have used these terms in no other sense ; that, by using them, he intended that inquiry should be made into " the sound- ness and orthodoxy " of the candidate ; and that the Overseers at the first election under these statutes had exacted an assent to all the five high points of Cal- vinism."
To these statements it was replied, that this at- supported, tempt to introduce a categorical examination into the creed of a candidate was a barbarous relic of Inquisitorial power, alien alike from the genius of our government and the spirit of the people ; — that the College had been dedicated to Christ and not to Cal- vin ; — to Christianity and not to sectarianism ; — that Hollis, though agreeing with Calvinists in some points, was notoriously not a Calvinist, — and that, by his statutes, he prescribed the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament as the rule of his Pro- fessor's faith, and not the Assembly's Catechism. " After long and patient discussion," say the records, "the election of the Rev. Henry Ware was concur- and con- red in by the Overseers": and, on the 14th of the the over- seers. ensuing May, he was formally inducted into the Hol-
lisian Professorship of Divinity.
286 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER The general duties of the President's office were
Y"Y Y [IT
— performed during the vacancy by Dr. Pearson ; and in electing he presided at the meetings of the Corporation and dent. at Commencement. To the candidates for the Presi- dent's chair, proposed by the other members of the Corporation, his opposition was uniform ; a decision was consequently postponed until more than a year had elapsed after the death of President Willard, when, on the llth of December, 1805, the Hon. Fisher Fisher Ames was chosen his successor by the Corporation. chosen, But on the 13th of January ensuing, before the choice had been submitted to the Overseers for their con- currence, Dr. Pearson received a letter from Mr. Ames declining the appointment. The difficulties which
ensued in relation to the choice of a President were exciting and peculiar. Dr. Pearson, the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, and Mr. Webber, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, were the prominent candidates. At a meeting of the Corporation on the 28th of February, a decided opinion favorable to the elec- tion of Mr. .Webber was manifested by the mem- bers of the board, and Dr. Pearson immediately gave notice of his intention to resign his Professorship and his seat in the Corporation. On the day succeed- ing, to which the meeting was adjourned, all the Dr. Pearson members were present except Dr. Pearson ; when, as
givesnotice
ofhisinten- the records state, " a free discussion was had rela- tion to
resign his tive to making an election of President, and on the
Professor-
ship. question, whether the Corporation would proceed to
such choice, before the vacancy in the Corporation, which may be made by the intended resignation of Professor Pearson, shall be filled; on which question it was voted in the affirmative, Judge Wendell dis- senting."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 287
The Corporation then voted to proceed to the elec- CHAPTER tion of President on the 3d of March ensuing, and a _ 1 committee was appointed to inform Professor Pearson of the proposed meeting, " that he may attend if he see cause." On that day, all the members of the Corpora- Samuel
-. T, 01 iii i Webber
tion being present except Dr. Pearson, Samuel Web- chosen
President
ber, A. M., was chosen President of the University. On the llth of March, 1806, their choice was pre- sented to the Overseers, who, having concurred in the election of Professor Webber, the chairman of the meeting delivered to the Overseers a letter from the Hancock Professor, indicating his intention to resign his office. In this communication Dr. Pearson, after Dr.pear-
i i • i -i . /. son's resig-
assertmg that his endeavours, during a connexion of nation. twenty years, had been to exalt the literary, moral, and religious state of the seminary, said that he now found " there remained no reasonable hope to promote that reformation in the society he wished," and that, " events during the last year having so deeply affect- ed his mind, beclouded the prospect, spread such a gloom over the University, and compelled him to take such a view of its internal state and external relations, of its radical and constitutional maladies, as to exclude the hope of rendering any essential service to the interests of religion by continuing his relation to it," he therefore requested an acceptance of his resignation. This communication was referred to a Proceed-
« i • i ri IT-V i- -
committee of which Samuel Dexter was chairman, on of the
i Overseers,
who reported, " that, having had a free conversa- tion with Dr. Pearson, although the state of the University did not appear to them so gloomy as he represented it, yet they duly appreciated his motives, and, considering them of a high and commanding nature to him, recommended, that the subject be
288 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER postponed, and he requested to perform the duties L— of the office in the interim and deliberate further on his resignation." This report the Overseers refused to accept; and, the subject being again referred to the same committee, they reported, " that they have atten- tively considered the communication from Professor Pearson, and that, although they are not apprehensive
and their the University is in so unfortunate a state as he has represented, yet they truly respect the motives that actuate him, and think them of so high and command- ing a nature to him, that it would appear indeco- rous to request him to continue in office, unless the impressions on his mind can be removed ; that after a free and full conversation, he having expressed his full conviction, that there is no probability that his opinion of the propriety and necessity of his resignation will
and votes, change," they therefore submit votes, accepting his resignation, expressing " a high sense of his virtues, talents, and services," and recommending " a speedy and serious consideration of his pecuniary claims."
Vote of the These votes, having been passed by the Over-
tion. ' seers, came, with Dr. Pearson's letter, under the con- sideration of the Corporation on the 28th of March, and a vote was passed accepting his resignation, and expressing their regret at this event, and that, " though they cannot admit that his views of the situation and prospects of the University are correct, yet they are fully persuaded that they are up- right and conscientious, and lament the loss of his able and faithful services." They then appointed a committee to consider and report on his claims.
Theophiius On the llth of April, Theophilus Parsons, LL. D., was chosen a member of the Corporation in the place of Dr. Pearson. On the 12th of May, Mr. Webber was
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 289
inducted into the office of President with the usual CHAPTER
formalities, and, on the 14th, the Corporation accepted -
the report of their committee, "to pay Dr. Pearson Mr. web-
eight hundred dollars, for his extra services, for his ed into the
office of
performance of duties belonging to the President's President.
office since the decease of President Willard, and a Proceed- ings of the
further sum of eight hundred dollars for his extra ser- corpora-
1 tion on Dr.
vices in the affairs of the College, and for the time Pearson's
compensa-
and money expended by him in such services at the tion> special request of the Corporation, and which his official station and engagements did not require him to perform."
On the 15th of May, this vote being laid before the and of the
* . ° Overseers.
Overseers, " considerable conversation " arose on the question of concurrence, and eventuated iu a vote to refer the subject back to the Corporation for further consideration ; and an adjournment of the Overseers took place to await the result. On the 21st of May, the proceedings of the Overseers were respectfully noticed by the Corporation, and a vote passed, stating that only on four considerations could any grant be made to Dr. Pearson. — 1. As a compensation for the Reasons
civen by
reduced value of the money in which the salaries to theCorpo-
ration for
the officers of the College had been paid ; — this they their vote. declared inadmissible, as it would equally apply to other officers, and would be a precedent for claims, which the College treasury had not the ability to meet. 2. As a gratuity, which was only applicable to Professors retiring from office on account of old age or infirmity, and not to a Professor who resigned volun- tarily in health, and with ability for further usefulness. 3. As a compensation for his discharge of the duties of the presidency during the vacancy of that office. This claim the Corporation deemed reasonable ; and, con- VOL. ii. 37
290
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER
xxxiir.
Overseers concur in Iheir vote.
John Pick- ering.
Sidney Willard.
Nathaniel Bowditch.
Joseph McKean. John Far- Tar.
Boylston Professor- ship of Rhetoric established.
sidering that he received all the fees for degrees at the last Commencement, and his full salary as Profes- sor, they granted eight hundred dollars, which they deemed a large compensation for that service. 4. As a compensation for extraordinary services as a mem- ber of the Corporation. These they admitted, and for them they granted a further sum of eight hun- dred dollars, which they deemed a very liberal allow- ance ; and concluded, that " to make any further grant to Professor Pearson would not be consistent with the fidelity they owe to the public and to the College, as the trustees of a property sacredly appropriated to the service of literature, science, and religion."
The Overseers on receiving this vote of the Cor- poration, immediately concurred in the original grant to Dr. Pearson of sixteen hundred dollars for the sev- eral specified services.
In May, 1806, John Pickering, Esq., was chosen Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, but he declined the appointment ; and in December, Sidney Willard, A. M., was elected, ac- cepted the office, and, in February, 1807, entered on its duties. On the same day Nathaniel Bowditch, A. M., of Salem, was appointed Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and, he having declined the office, the Rev. Joseph McKean was cho- sen, who also declined. John Farrar, A. M., was then elected, and in June, 1807, formally inducted into the Professorship.
In 1804, the funds bequeathed by Nicholas Boyl- ston, Esq.,* having accumulated sufficiently to author- ize the measure, the Corporation established " the
* See above, p. 214.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 291
Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory in CHAPTER
XXXIII
Harvard College ; " statutes for which having been — adopted, the Hon. John Quincy Adams was elected, John Quin- and in June, 1806, installed, the first Professor. By cWn
. . . , Professor.
the terms of his acceptance his duties were limited to
a course of public lectures to the resident graduates
and the two senior classes of undergraduates, and
to presiding at the declamations of those classes.
In July, 1810, he resigned his office, "on account He resigns.
of a call in the foreign service of his country." His
Lectures, which were published the same year at
the request of the students attending them, evidence
the spirit and talent with which he fulfilled the du-
ties of his Professorship.
In the August following, the Rev. Joseph McKean Joseph was appointed his successor by the Corporation, elected his
1
When this election was submitted to the Overseers, their concurrence was accompanied by a vote requir- ing the Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory to reside at, Cambridge, near "the College, to perform all the duties of his office, and to be a member of the immediate executive government whenever required by the Board of Overseers.
Early in the year 1805, a number of citizens of
J
successor
„ , . . . . . , , . . ship of Nat-
Boston and its vicinity raised by subscription a sum uraiHisto-
ry estab-
exceeding thirty thousand dollars,* and laid the foun- liahed. dation of a Professorship of Natural History in Har- vard College. The articles of the constitution of this Professorship were numerous. Its funds were placed in the hands of the Treasurer of Harvard College, subject to the order of the Board of Visi- tors. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for promoting Agriculture, the President of Harvard Col-
* See Appendix, No. XXXII.
292 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER lege, the President of the American Academy of Arts
XXXIIf
— and Sciences, and the President of the Massachusetts itsBoardof Medical Society, were appointed Visitors of the Pro-
Visitors. » '
fessorship ; and William Dandridge Peck was chosen
Dandridge
Peck. " by the subscribers the first Professor. The foundation being accepted, and the election of Mr. Peck approv- ed, by the Corporation and Overseers, a committee was chosen by the latter, " to express to the sub- scribers of the Professorship of Natural History the sense which this board entertain of their liberality and noble exertions to establish a Professorship for the promotion of a branch of literature calculated, not only to give rational entertainment, but to promote the valuable interests of our country."
The office The class of officers called Proctors was instituted
of Proctor
established. in the year 1805, their prescribed duty being " to reside constantly and preserve order within the walls, and to exercise the same inspection and authority in their particular district an'd throughout College, which it is the duty of a parietal Tutor to exercise therein ; but offences of such magnitude, as shall exceed a Tutor's power of punishing adequately, are to be referred to the government."
Legislature In July, 1806, the Corporation represented to the
teryfora legislature the great sum they had been compelled to
lese- expend for the completion of Stoughton Hall, and
that a much larger sum was necessary for the repair
of Massachusetts Hall, and of other buildings ; where-
upon the legislature granted them permission to raise,
by lottery, $30,000 for those purposes, or for the
erecting of a new building. The proceeds of this
lottery enabled the Corporation to commence, in
1811, a new College building, and to complete it
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 293
in 1813, at an expense of about $24,500, the lot- CHAPTER tery having produced about $29,000,* and the balance being applied to reinstate the stock which the College had expended in erecting Stoughton Hall, and to the other objects specified in the act granting the lottery. The new building received the name of Holworthy
Hall, in honor of Sir Matthew Holworthy, the greatest ed from to benefactor of the College, in respect to the amount of his bounty, during the seventeenth century.f
In January, 1807, Treasurer Storer died, in the ceathof seventy-seventh year of his age, and the thirtieth of storer. his official relation to the University. The Corpora- tion, after expressing their sense of his worth as a man and excellence as a Treasurer,! granted to his family by a unanimous vote one thousand dollars on account of equitable claims for services, which had never been remunerated. The Hon. Jonathan Jackson was elect- Jonathan ed his successor, and retained the office until his death, elected which occurred in March, 1810; on which occasion the Corporation passed a vote of " sympathy with his His death. friends and the public in the loss of a man of talents, integrity, amiable and courteous manners, who dis- charged the duties, of Treasurer and member of the Corporation with reputation to himself and distinguish- ed utility to the University and the public." In the same month the Hon. John Davis was elected his sue- j0hn Davis cessor, and the seat in the Corporation vacated by Mr. Davis was filled by the election of John Lowell, Esq., who, inheriting his father's zeal and affection for the College, devoted himself successfully, with un- surpassed talents and fidelity, during twelve years of
* See Treasurer Davis's Leger E, p. 52.
f See Vol. I. p. 183. J See above, p. 254.
294 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER his active life, to the advancement of its best inter-
XXXIII.
ests.
change m The year 1810 is the era of an important change
the consti- *
tutionof jn tne constitution of the Board of Overseers. By
the Board *
s!e?sv.er~ tne cnarter of 1642, the magistrates of the colony and the teaching elders of specified Congregational churches formed, ex ojficio, that board ; and its consti- tution comprised no principle, by which individuals particularly qualified could be elected members. At that early period the statesmen and clergy generally included almost all the educated men in the com- munity, and the Board of Overseers, therefore, was then as wisely constituted perhaps as the condition of the colony permitted. But, in the course of a century and a half, other classes of men rose into power and influence, and it became desirable that they also should be brought into efficient connex- ion with the College, — and that the Overseers should possess the power of placing at their board individ- uals particularly qualified, by their talents or attain- ments, for the superintendence and patronage of a literary institution. In 1780, the critical and dis- turbed state of the times rendered it inexpedient to attempt any change in the constitution of the semi- nary, except such as the frame of the Constitution of the Commonwealth made necessary. The dispo- sition, however, to introduce new influences into the management of the institution was at that time indi-
james cated by the election of James Bowdoin into the Cor-
Bowdoin • i r t- • i i
elected poration, the first individual ever selected as a mem-
corpora- ber of the board, with the exception of the TreaS- tion- .ii
urers, who was not either a clergyman, a professor, or tutor. Experience having shown the advantage of this deviation from the ancient practice, the friends
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 295
of the College became convinced, that important ben- CHAPTER
v "v v T ¥ r
efits would result, if a right to a seat in the board -
of Overseers should be no longer incidental and cas- ual, but be made elective and permanent, with a reference to the qualifications of the individual and his local situation. It was also thought desirable, that the right of being eligible to the board should no longer be confined, with regard to the clergy, to the towns specified in the charter. The inconvenience arising to members of the Senate from the duty of attending to the business of the College during the session of the legislature, and their want of interest in the institution from the remoteness of their resi- dence, led many of them, from considerations uncon- nected with political feeling or prejudices, to desire to be relieved from that service. Accordingly, an act Act of
1-Ti/r i t rt i /-v i • t • • March,
was passed in March, 1810, changing the constitution isio,
of the board of Overseers of Harvard College, in the consti- tution of
coincidence with these views. " The Governor, Lieu- »ije B0ard
of Over-
tenant-Governor, Council, the President of the Sen- seers ate, and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President of the College, for the time being, with fifteen ministers of Congregational churches and fifteen laymen, all inhabitants within the State, to be elected as provided in the act," were constituted " the board of Overseers of Harvard College." In passing chartered this act, great care was taken to preserve unimpaired th?coi-f the ancient foundations of the College, by annexing respected. to the act the condition, that it should go into effect when its provisions should be accepted by the two College boards. The principle, that without the con- sent of the Corporation and Overseers this altera- tion could not be made, was thus distinctly recog- nised, and all the chartered rights of the College were
296 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER respected and maintained, at the same time that a
XXXIII
1_ more beneficial and efficient constitution was estab- lished for the Board of Overseers. New con- In March and April, 1810, the two boards succes-
stitution of
the over- sively assembled and accepted the act, and the Over- seers ac- cepted, seers proceeded to organize themselves by choosing
the specified number of laymen and clergymen ac- cording to its provisions.
Samuel In June, 1810, the Hon. Samuel Dexter informed
bequest. the Corporation, that his late father, the Hon. Samuel Dexter, of Mendon, formerly of Dedham, had be- queathed five thousand dollars to Harvard University, to promote " a critical knowledge of the Holy Scrip- tures." The Corporation immediately passed a vote expressive of their grateful sense of the liberality of this bequest, their high satisfaction with its useful design, and their happiness in the opportunity of en- rolling among the benefactors of Harvard College a gentleman distinguished in the annals of his country for patriotism and public spirit, and one who exhibited in private life the virtues and graces of a Christian. His life, Samuel Dexter is deservedly ranked among the
memorable men of this country. He was born at Dedham, in March, 1726, and prepared for Harvard College by his father, the Rev. Samuel Dexter, of that town ; but, manifesting a strong disinclination for the clerical profession for which he was destined, he entered into business as a merchant, and pursued commerce with success, until the thirty-sixth year of his age. Having secured for his family a competency, which, in respect to fortune, was the limit of his de- sires, he retired to his native town and devoted him- self to letters, and the virtues and chanties of a Chris-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 297
tian life. Being elected a representative to the Pro- CHAPTER
XXXIII
vincial Assembly, his talents and zeal in the cause -
of the colony soon rendered him conspicuous. With James Bowdoin and John Winthrop, he was raised to the Council Board, and with them he was repeat- public ser-
vices,
edly negatived by Governor Gage, in consequence of a special mandate from the King's ministers.
Mr. Dexter was chosen to the first Provincial Con- gress, and regarded as one of its most eminent and confidential members. In October, 1774, he was chairman of a committee of thirteen delegates, raised to consider what was " necessary to be done for the defence and safety of the Province," and in the same month he was chosen " Receiver-General," which office he declined. But, soon after differing in opin- ion from a majority of the Congress, as to the expe- diency of raising an army before means of feeding, clothing, and arming it were in readiness, in the jeal- ousies natural to the excited state of the times a mo- mentary shade was cast over his patriotism. " Haugh- ty integrity," says his biographer, " cannot endure suspicion. He retired from public employment, fee- ble from disease, exhausted with fatigue, indignant for himself, and trembling for his country. Although speedily and repeatedly solicited to accept offices of honor and emolument, he subsequently declined all public employment, and passed the remaining thirty years of his life, secluded from the world, in the so- ciety of his family and a very few friends ; devoted to reading, meditation, and writing."
Theology was his favorite subject ; to which he theological bent the entire force of a mind, powerful, assiduous, and confiding in its own strength. "The result of his examination into the evidence of Christianity was a
VOL. n. 38
298 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER firm belief of its divine original, accompanied with a
XXXIII. . . , . ,. . r i i
— rejection and zealous disapprobation or the dogmas of the famed theologist of Geneva, which he consid- ered as unsupported by Scripture, and doing violence to the moral attributes of God." " Being firmly per- suaded of the divine origin of the Christian religion," resting " on this foundation his own hope of a future existence," and believing that " many of the difficul- ties which lead to deism and infidelity would vanish, were the passages objected to critically and judi- ciously rendered and explained," he established by his last will a lectureship for " the increase of that most useful branch of learning, a critical knowledge of the Holy Scriptures."*
and death. He closed a life distinguished for its charities, use- fulness, and exemplary Christian spirit, in June, 1810, in the eighty-fifth year of his age.
Deathof On the 17th of July, 1810, President Webber died,
President J 7
Webber, and on the next day the Corporation passed votes, ex- pressing their " sympathy with his family, in the dis- tressing event, which has deprived the University of a learned, faithful, industrious, and pious President," requesting the Rev. Henry Ware to deliver an address, and the Rev. Dr. Holmes to perform devotional ex- ercises, " at the late President's funeral "; and accom- panying the votes with a grant of five hundred dollars to defray expenses incident to the occasion.
President Webber rose to the eminence he attain- ed solely by personal merit. He had no peculiar advantages of birth, or of early education. His youth had been employed in the labors of agriculture ; but
* See Samuel Dexter's Will, and " Monthly Anthology," Vol. IX. p. a
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
299
the bent of his mind to learning was strong, and, after CHAPTER a few months of preparative study, he entered the Uni- nt versity, at the age of twenty. As a scholar his attain- Hischarac- ments were substantial, embracing various branches of learning, but, mathematical science being most con- genial to his taste and habits, he quitted his profes- sorship for the presidency with reluctance. In com- municating instruction, he united patience and facility with a thorough acquaintance with his subject. The urbanity and gentleness of his manners, and the pru- dence, firmness, and rectitude which characterized his course in the office of President, secured for his ad- ministration popularity and success, both with his pupils and with the public.*
* See "Eulogy at the Interment of the Rev. Dr. Webber, by Henry Ware, D. D., pronounced 20th July, 1810."
HOLWORTHY HALL, ERECTED IN 1812.
300
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
CHAPTER
xxxrv.
Rev. John
Thornton
Kirkland
chosen
President.
John Thornton Kirkland elected President. — The Act of 1810 repealed. — Proceedings thereon. — Act of 1810 revived with an Addition. — Levi Hedge appointed Professor. — The Boylston Medical Library and Fund for Prize Dissertations. — John Collins Warren and John Gor- ham, Adjunct Professors. — James Jackson, Professor of Clinical Med- icine, and of the Theory and Practice of Physic. — Bank Tax grant- ed. — Death of Professor Warren. — John C. Warren elected his Successor. — Jacob Bigelow, Professor of Materia Medica. — Walter Channing, Professor of Obstetrics. — Professor Dexter resigns. — John Gorharn elected his Successor. — Joseph Green Cogswell, Profes- sor of Mineralogy. — Professor Gorham resigns. — John White Web- ster elected his Successor. — A Church formed within the College walls. — Trustees of the Dexter Fund. — Samuel Parkman's Dona- tion. — The Society for Theological Education constituted. — The Divinity School organized. — Divinity Hall erected. — A Professor- ship of Greek Literature founded. — Samuel Eliot ; Andrew Eliot ; John Eliot ; William Havard Eliot ; Samuel Atkins Eliot. — Edward Everett and John Snelling Popkin successively Professors of Greek Literature. — The Royall Professorship of Law founded. — Isaac Royall. — Isaac Parker first Royall Professor. — University Profes- sorship of Law, and the Law School, established. — Asahe! Stearns first University Professor of Law.
THE Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, having been elected in August, 1810, according to the customary forms, was in November inaugurated President of Harvard College. Dr. Kirkland had been sixteen years pastor of the New South Church in Boston, and in that relation had gained the affections and acquired the confidence of an intellectual, highly cultivated, and public-spirited class of men, who, in that day, took the lead in the town of Boston and its vicinity.*
* See Appendix, No. XXXIII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 30 1
Their influence introduced him into the chair of the CHAPTER University, and gave to his administration a uniform XXXIV- and characteristic support. The earliest event of gen- eral importance which subsequently occurred, related to the act which had been passed by the legislature in the preceding March, altering and amending the con- stitution of the Board of Overseers. In that period of high political excitement, every measure affecting gen- eral interests was viewed through a party medium ; and, notwithstanding the obvious benefits conferred by that act on the institution, it had not passed without opposition. The relinquishment, by the Senate, of the right to sit as members of the Board of Overseers, had been opposed as unconstitutional, and as a disfranchise- ment of the Senate of the Commonwealth. In 1812, BUI to n-
. peal the act
the opponents or the act obtained dominant influence of March,- in all the branches of the State government, and, with- out giving any notice to the Corporation or Overseers, or requesting their concurrence in the proposed modi- fication of their rights, a bill was introduced into the Senate repealing the statute of 1810. The Corporation Corpora- immediatelv addressed a memorial to the legislature, tionfora
hearing,
requesting a hearing and the postponement of the bill. This memorial stated the disadvantages of the origi- nal constitution of the Board of Overseers, explained the beneficial alterations effected by the act of 1810, and the care taken to preserve unimpaired the ancient foundations of the College, and questioned the author- ity of the legislature to make alterations in the con- which is
f f\ • i
stitution ot the board or Overseers, without the assent
of that board and without granting a hearing to the Corporation. But on the 29th of February, 1812, the legislature, in direct opposition to this memorial, and without making any provision for the consent of "the
302 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Corporation and Overseers, repealed the act of March,
_ 1- 1810, and enacted, that the board of Overseers should
thereafter " be constituted in the same way and man-
and the act ner, and be composed of the same persons and no
is repealed.
other, that it would have been, had the same act never been passed." Proceed- On the 15th of April, the Corporation took the
ings of the
tionpthere Provisi°ns °f tms act in^° consideration, and passed a
on:
vote declaring, that the act of March, 1810, " derived its ultimate authority from the assent of the Corpora- tion and Overseers thereto given," and that, " in the opinion of the Corporation, the act last passed can have no legal effect or operation until the provisions thereof be assented to by the Overseers and Corpora- tion. And, it further appearing to the Corporation, that the said act of 1810 contained provisions ex- tremely beneficial to the University, the Corporation, in faithfulness to the best interests of the University, are bound not to assent to the act last passed, unless the board of Overseers, appointed by said act of 1810, shall decline to exercise its powers as consti- tuted by said act." The Corporation then desired and of the the President to call a meeting of the Overseers and
Overseers.
pray them to take the subject into consideration. This board met on the 21st of April; and on the 4th of May a committee appointed on the subject, of which the Hon. Christopher Gore was chairman, reported, that, having taken the votes of the Corporation into consideration, " they were impressed with a full con- viction,, that the President and Fellows of Harvard College, as well in their deliberations as in the de- cision now submitted to the board, have been guid- ed by faithfulness to the best interests of the Uni- versity, but that it is expedient to wave all opinion
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 303
on the validity of the act of 1812; reflecting, at the CHAPTER same time, that the subject involves the rights and ___ ^1_ interests of the University and of other persons, who may claim to be Overseers of Harvard College, as well as the rights and duties of the members of this board, they further report that some measures should be devised and adopted for procuring, agreeably to the Constitution of the Commonwealth, the opinion of the Supreme Judicial Court on the validity of the act of 1812." During these proceedings the political relations of Massachusetts were changed, and the gov- ernment of the State was again placed under the same leading influences as had obtained the act of March, 1810. The board of Overseers organized un-
der that act,, and the board organized by the act of board of 1812, met in different chambers, on the 3d of June, under each 1812. By the former a vote was passed, that "this board, having taken into consideration the act, entitled ' An act to repeal an act to alter and amend the con- stitution of the Board of Overseers of Harvard Col- lege, and to regulate certain meetings of that board,' are of opinion, that the same is not obligatory on this board without their express assent, and that it is not competent to the legislature to make any laws affect- ing the visitatorial powers of the Corporation, or chang- ing its government, unless such consent be obtain- ed. But as, under present circumstances, the board is not disposed to bring its rights to the test of ju- dicial decision, therefore voted, that the Secretary vote and be directed to carrv the records and proceedings of ings of the
J & board or-
the College, as specified in the said act, before gained
under the
the new board, being to be held this day in the act of mo. Senate chamber, reserving to themselves and to each of them all the rights of contesting the validity of
304 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER said act, in such mode as they may hereafter deem
\"5T*5TI V
— expedient." The Secretary immediately carried the records and proceedings of the College to the board then organized and in session under the act of 1812, which continued to exercise its functions under the authority of this act, until February, 1814, when an The act of act was passed by the legislature of Massachusetts,
1812 re-
pealed, and « to restore the board of Overseers of Harvard Col-
thatoflSlO
revived lege and to make an addition thereto." By the act of
with an ad-
dition. 1814, the act passed in 1812, repealing that of 1810, was itself repealed, and " the Senate of the Common- wealth was added to the board of Overseers consti- tuted by the act of March, 1810 ;" and it was declar- ed that " the Senate shall, together with the persons mentioned in the said last-mentioned act, hereafter constitute the board of Overseers of Harvard College." By the terms of this act its validity was to depend upon its being accepted by the Overseers and by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. In March and April, 1814, the provisions of the act were suc- cessively accepted by these .boards. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Council, Senate, and Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Common- wealth, and the President of Harvard College for the time being, with fifteen ministers of Congregational Existing churches and fifteen laymen, elected and qualified as tionofthe specified in the said act of March, 1810, were thus
board of . . '
Overseers, constituted, and have ever since continued to be, the
board of Overseers of Harvard College.
Levi Hedge Early in* the administration of President Kirkland,
Professor. Levi Hedge, who had for many years sustained the
relation of Permanent Tutor, was appointed Professor
of Logic, Ethics, and Metaphysics, with a salary of
fifteen hundred dollars, being subject to his former
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 305
duties, and to such others as the boards constituting CHAPTER
the government of the College might assign. A per- — L
manent tutorship has not since existed in the semi- nary, except in connexion with the office of Professor.
The relations of the medical professorships to the University had remained as they were originally estab- lished until the year 1808. In 1800, Ward Nicholas Boylston, Esq., had laid the foundation of " the Boyl- Boyiston • ston Medical Library," by the donation of a well-se- Library, lected collection of approved works, consisting of more than eleven hundred volumes. At the same time he secured to the College an annuity, which, in 1803, he changed into a permanent stock of five hundred dol- lars, the interest of which was to be applied to the purchase of such books on medical, anatomical, physi- ological, and chemical subjects as should be thought most useful by the professors of those branches, and for printing such dissertations, as might have a prize awarded to them under a provision made by his deed in that year. By this deed he secured an annuity of and rhe- one hundred dollars for ever; and by subsequent modi- prize dis-
* ... sertations
fications he directed the income to be divided into two established. prizes of fifty dollars each, to be annually given to the authors of the two best dissertations on medical, anatomical, physiological, or chemical subjects, which a committee appointed by the Corporation of the Col- lege should propose ; the same committee also award- ing the prizes. To the Medical Library, and to the Anatomical Museum connected with it, he made in the course of his after life many valuable additions.
In 1808, John Collins Warren, M. D., and in 1809, johnCoi- John Gorham, M. D., were appointed Adjunct Pro- ren. fessors, the former of Anatomy and Surgery, the
VOL. n. 39
306 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER latter of Chemistry and Materia Medica. In 1810,
XXXIV
— — the annual medical lectures for those who intended to make medicine and surgery a profession were trans- ferred to Boston, and the medical Professors were required to deliver an annual course at Cambridge, adapted to resident graduates and the senior class of undergraduates. A professorship of Clinical Medi- james cine was also established, and James Jackson, M. D., appointed appointed Professor ; his remuneration to be derived of the The- wholly from fees. Hitherto the Professors of the Med-
ory and
Practice of JCal School had received no other compensation from
Physic, and
of clinical the College for their annual lectures, than the incomes
Medicine.
of the several foundations of their professorships. In 1811, their services were thought to require higher re- muneration, and the Corporation voted to the Profes- sors of the Theory and Practice of Physic, and of Anatomy and Surgery, an annual salary of five hundred dollars each, and to the Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica, seven hundred dollars. In 1812, Dr. Jackson was appointed to the first of these professor- ships, " he continuing to perform the duties of Clinical Professor, until another should be chosen." In 1-814, the medical Professors memorialized the Corporation on the subject of the necessity of a permanent estab- lishment in Boston, and the loss and inconvenience they sustained for the want of a suitable building for the delivery of their lectures, and for the preservation of their preparations and collections, praying that the Corporation would apply to the legislature for an appropriation adequate to effect this great public ob- ject. The Corporation accordingly presented a me- morial to the General Court, stating the usefulness of the medical institution and the necessity of an appro- priate edifice, urging the example of other States in
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 307
giving efficient patronage to medical schools, and CHAPTER adding the necessity of another College Hall, the . — great repairs required for those already erected, and the insufficiency of their unappropriated funds. The Trustees of Bowdoin and Williams College having also petitioned for pecuniary aid, the friends of each united with those of Harvard College ; and, in Febru- ary, 1814, an act was passed "for the encouragement of literature, piety, morality, and the useful arts and sciences," by which a bank tax was appropriated for Bank tax
i T -i J i ^ 1 1 • granted by
ten years, to be divided among those Colleges in cer- the legisia-
. . . ture-
tain specified proportions. This proved, as it respect- ed Harvard College, to be a donation amounting to ten thousand dollars annually for ten years ; but by the terms of the act one fourth part of this annual sum was appropriated " towards the partial or total reduc- tion of the tuition fees of such students, not exceeding one half the whole number of any class, who may apply therefor, according to the judgment of the Corpora- tion." Of the sum thus obtained, more than twenty- one thousand four hundred dollars were applied to the erection of an edifice in Boston, for the use of the Medical School. In the same year Holden Chapel was newly arranged for the medical lectures at Cam- bridge, and costly wax preparations were purchased to supersede the necessity of dissecting human sub- jects at the lectures appointed for undergraduates.
In April, 1815, John Warren, who had been Pro- Death of
f J o f , • John War'
fessor or Anatomy and Surgery lor more than thirty ren. years, died, and the Corporation passed votes express- ing their " sympathy with the family of the deceased, with his professional brethren and the community, in the loss of one so greatly beloved and honored for his signal ability, assiduity, and usefulness." Dr. Warren
308 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER has just claims to be ranked among the distinguished
XXXI V
! — - men of our country for his spirit as a patriot, his virtues as a man, and his preeminent surgical skill. The qualities of his heart, as well as of his mind, endeared him to his contemporaries. They justly appreciated his moral worth and professional talents, and truly recorded in the classic inscription, engraven on his monument,
"Nullus illi defuit honos, Vit& peracta non deest omnium luctus."*
John Col- In the succeeding May, John Collins Warren,
lins War- ° J
ren. M. D., was elected Hersey Professor of Anatomy
and Surgery; and, a distinct lectureship on Materia Medica, and another on Obstetrics, being added to
Jacob Bige- the Medical School, Jacob Bigelow, M. D., and Wai-
low.
Waiter ter Charming, M. D., were respectively appointed lecturers. In 1818, both were authorized by the Cor- poration to assume the title of Professor, their rights and duties being regulated by the statutes of the medical institution, but their remuneration depending upon fees. They also authorized the Professor of Obstetrics to give lectures on Medical Jurisprudence.
Aaron pex- In October, 1816, Aaron Dexter, who had held the
ler resigns
hisprofes- Erving Professorship of Chemistry in the University thirty-three years, resigned the office, and received from the Corporation a vote expressive of their sense of " his good service's to the cause of science, and of his zealous attachment to the interests of the Univer-
JohnGor- sity." John Gorham, M. D., was immediately elected his successor. In November, 1819, the Medical Fac-
* See Thacher's « Medical Biography," Vol. II. p. .271 ; also Dr. Jack- eon's Eulogy, and Rees' " Encyclopaedia."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 309
ulty presented to the President and Fellows of Har- CHAPTER vard College " the Library of the Massachusetts Medi- XXXIV' cal College," which had been collected chiefly from their own resources for the benefit of their pupils. The Medical Faculty assumed the whole care and Library of management of this library as one of their College caicoiiege. duties ; and, although the inspection and control were vested in the President and Fellows, they were ex- onerated from any expense upon the subject.
In December, 1820, a professorship of Mineralogy Professor- and Geology was established, with a salary obtained Mineralogy
/. • i f a"d Geol-
by a voluntary subscription made by friends of the ogy- College for this object;* and to him was also assigned the duty of preserving, enlarging, and arranging the mineralogical cabinet. Joseph Green Cogswell, A. M., Joseph
' . Green
was appointed Professor, and retained the office until Cogswell. 1823. In 1824, John White Webster, A. M., was John appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Webster. Geology; in 1826, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica ; and, in 1827, on the resignation of Dr. Gorham, Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy. By the terms of his appointment he was required to reside in Cambridge, to deliver lectures in the Medical College in Boston ; and to give all the prescribed instruction in Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology, to undergraduates.
Until 1812, the College government and students had united in public worship with the inhabitants of the first parish in Cambridge ; but in that year the Overseers expressed their opinion, that it would be for the advantage of the students, should religious in-
* See Appendix, No. XXXIV.
310 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER struction on the Sabbath be given within the walls of
L the University, and recommended it to the Corporation
to take measures for that purpose. In 1814, a chapel
having been completed in University Hall, a satisfac-
tory arrangement was made between the Corporation
and the church and congregation of the First Parish
in Cambridge, and a separation effected with great
A church harmony. A distinct church being organized, public
within the worship has since been conducted within the College
College
waih. Chapel by the Faculty of the Theological School.
By the will of Samuel Dexter, the management of his funds was intrusted to the President and Fel- lows of Harvard College and five associates, to be elected by them, of whom " three were to be cler- gymen, and two not of that order." In May, 1811, these associates,* were chosen ; in July a meeting of the Trustees of the Dexter fund was held and a book of records opened, and, in August, the Rev.
Joseph Joseph Stevens Buckminster was chosen Lecturer on
Stevens
Biblical Criticism. In July, 1812, " the office being made vacant by the lamented death of Mr. Buck- minster," the Trustees elected the Rev. William El-
channing. lery C banning his successor, with a salary of three hundred dollars. On the resignation of Mr. Chan-
Andrews ning, in 1813, Mr. Andrews Norton was appointed his successor and entered upon the duties of the office. After August, 1812, there are no entries in the Record Book of the Trustees, but minutes purporting to be their records are blended with those of the Corpora- tion.
No addition was made to the funds of the theo- logical department of the College after the donation
* They were the Hon. Samuel Dexter, Hon. Artemas Ward, Rev. John Bradford, Rev. Dr. Freeman, and Rev. William Ellery Channing.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 311
of Samuel Dexter, until February, 1813, when Sam- CHAPTER
XXXIV
uel Parkman, Esq., of Boston, a merchant of wealth, - liberality, and public spirit, proffered, and in the year following conveyed, a township of land, in the Dis- trict of Maine, " for the support of a Professor in Theology." Although the benefits of this gift were great in prospect, it brought no immediate aid to the department ; and no efficient measures were taken to enlarge its means of usefulness until 1815, when the Corporation addressed a circular letter to the sons and friends of the University, representing the necessity of raising a fund for increasing the means of theological education in the institution. The sum of $27,300 was thus raised, and a " Society for promoting Theo- society for logical Education in Harvard University" was formed Theoiogi-
•\ . cal Educa-
by the subscribers ; but the funds of this society were tion- for several years chiefly employed, in cooperation with those of the Corporation, in extending pecuniary aid to theological students, and their instruction continued to be exclusively given by the Professors of the Col- lege. In 1819, the Theological School received a more Theologi- cal School.
formal organization. The Hollis Professor of Divinity, the Hancock Professor of Hebrew, and the Alford Professor of Natural Religion and Moral Philosophy, were authorized, and undertook, to assist in the in- struction of the school ; and Andrews Norton, A. M., Andrews
' Norton,
who for several years had given lectures on the Dex- Pexter Pr°-
» fessor.
ter foundation, was appointed in 1819, Dexter Pro- fessor of Sacred Literature, and associated with them. It soon, however, became apparent, that a more effi- cient organization was desirable, and that Directors should be appointed, who could give more undivided attention to the Divinity School, and to the enlarge- ment of ^its funds, than the Corporation could extend.
312 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER In 1824, by the combined efforts of the Corporation
XXXIV.
— and of the " Society for promoting Theological Ed-
ucation," a new constitution was therefore formed, and a new board of Directors constituted, under the name of " The Society for the Promotion of Theo- logical Education in Harvard University." To these Directors the principal management of the affairs of the school was intrusted, subject, like those of the Medical Faculty and Medical School, to the control of the Corporation and Overseers of the University. This society in February, 1826, obtained an act of incorporation comprehending the principles of its origi- nal constitution ; and under its auspices an edifice for the accommodation of theological students was erect- ed, which, on its dedication in the following August, received the name of " Divinity Hall." *
In April, 1814, John Lowell, Esq., informed the
sorshipof .
the Greek Corporation, that a gentleman whose name he was
Language . .
iurd ^blera" not at ""erty to mention, had appropriated twenty ed- thousand dollars to found in the University a profes-
sorship of the Greek Language and Literature ; and that the desire of the donor was, not to be known or named as its founder. Votes were immediately pass- ed, declaring " the sensibility with which the Corpora- tion viewed this act of distinguished munificence, as an expression of enlightened regard to the cause of learning, virtue, and religion, and a grateful instance of attachment to our University;" " their regret at not being allowed to know or publish the name of the donor;" and their prayer "to Him with whom is the issue of all human counsels and efforts, to bless this design to impart a benefit to successive generations."
* See Appendix, No. XXXV.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 313
In February. 1815, rules and statutes having been CHAPTER
. ° XXXIV.
adopted for the professorship, the Rev. Edward Ev- - erett was elected Professor on this foundation. He Everett
elected
was inaugurated in April, and by a vote of the Cor- Professor. poration was permitted to travel for the term of two years (afterwards extended to three) for the benefit of his health, arid to prepare himself for the duties of his station, with an annual salary of twelve hun- dred dollars.
In 1820, after the death of Samuel Eliot, Esq., of Samuel
' Eliot the
Boston, he was announced as the founder of this pro- founder of
r the Profes-
fessorship ; and the Corporation appointed a committee £rslVpL°f to express to his family " their sense of the value and erature- importance of his benefaction, the obligations of the University to the author of this act of munificence, and their condolence at the loss they had sustained." The Corporation also voted, that the foundation should be styled " the Eliot Professorship of Greek Litera- ture " ; and " that they are apprized of Mr. Eliot's sin- cere reluctance at the idea of receiving a posthumous distinction of this nature, in consequence of his benefi- cence to the University ; but that they are also sat- isfied, that he would submit his private wishes in this particular to public considerations, and are con- vinced that this mode of perpetuating his enlarged and generous views is not merely a proper indication of gratitude to a distinguished benefactor, but essentially conducive to all those interests of the University, which he had so much at heart; and therefore they feel authorized to adopt this measure."
The name of Eliot deservedly ranks high among Rev. An- the friends and patrons of Harvard College. The Rev. Andrew Eliot, D. D., the paternal uncle of the founder of this professorship, was a member of the
VOL. n. 40
314 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAITER Corporation from May, 1765, to September, 1778, and was distinguished by zeal, activity, and labori-
ous endeavours to promote the prosperity of the Col- lege. After the death of Dr. Mayhevv, he was select- ed by Thomas Hollis as his particular correspondent, and was assiduous in cultivating in the mind of that benefactor those favorable impressions, which eventu- ated in so many acts of liberal and judicious patron- age of the institution. In 1773, he formed the first book of " Grants, Donations, and Bequests to Harvard College from the foundation of the Society." The loss of many ancient records consumed with Harvard Hall by fire, in 1764, rendered this volume a work of great labor and research, and its author is de- servedly noticed as " a very eminent and useful mem- ber of the Corporation." Rev. John The zeal and affection manifested for the College
Eliot.
by Dr. Eliot was inherited by his son, the Rev. John Eliot, D. D., of Boston, who was an active and in- fluential member of the Corporation from 1804 until his death, in 1813. On that event the Corporation passed votes expressive of the sorrow " extensively felt at the loss of a man so amiable and excellent in all the relations of private life ; a learned, pious, and catholic divine ; an exemplary and affectionate pastor of a church ; a man of letters, especially versed in the literature and history of New England ; a fellow of the Corporation, who secured the high esteem and attachment of his colleagues, by his agree- able and useful conversation, his benevolent and con- ciliatory disposition and manners, joined to acknowl- edged consistency and sincerity of character ; and by his enlightened and disinterested zeal in the service of the University."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 315
The donation bestowed by Samuel Eliot, in the CHAPTER foundation of the Greek Professorship, was the largest - ^- sum ever bestowed on the College by any benefactor in origin of
t • i-r • • i i e i • -i this gift.
his lifetime, and the interest received before his death was equivalent to an addition of eight thousand dol- lars to the original gift. The bounty of no individual flowed from a higher or purer source. It was unso- licited and unavowed. It had its origin in the recesses of his powerful mind, excited, perhaps, by strong pa- ternal affection. In September, 1813, his eldest son, Charles Eliot, fell a victim to consumption, in the Charles
, - . . , . , Eliot
twenty-second year or his age ; a youth intellectual and studious, for whom the expectation of wealth had no corrupting allurements, and who was abun- dant in every promise, which could gratify, or fill with hope, a parent's heart. He was graduated at Harvard College, in 1809, among the high scholars of his class, leaving the track of his undergraduate course bright with his ardor in pursuit of knowledge, and his exem- plary fulfilment of duty. On quitting the University, he consecrated his life to literature and religion ; and, having pursued his theological studies with zeal and success under the auspices of Harvard College, he had just entered on the service of the altar, when "he was called to higher and purer services."*
Under the pressure of this affliction, and actuated by that strong religious faith, which was the guide of his life, there is reason to believe, that Mr. Eliot resolved on this dedication of his wealth as an ac- knowledgment to Heaven for the blessing, though transient, of such a son, and of gratitude to the
» See the Miscellaneous Works of Charles Eliot, printed in 1814, but not published.
316
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Samuel Eliot.
William
Havard
Eliot
Samuel At- kins Eliot
Edward Everett.
institution where his mind had been nourished, his piety fostered, and his character formed.
In the life of Samuel Eliot, charity went hand in hand with success. As a merchant he was prosper- ous and without reproach. Amid the active pursuits of business he cultivated a taste for literature and the arts ; to the severity of ancient morals he united the faith of a liberal Christian ; and joined a thorough knowledge of the world with a predilection for retire- ment and domestic life.
His second son, William Havard Eliot, in 1826, presented to the University, a copy of that great na- tional French work, " Description de VEgypte" com- prising thirteen magnificent folio volumes of plates, and ten volumes folio of preface and explanations, at an expense of one thousand dollars.
This donation was rendered doubly valuable b_y the affectionate and thoughtful spirit thus manifested by a young man of uncommon promise towards his Alma Mater. But the hopes of his friends and the public were destined to a severe disappointment. In the midst of a career of usefulness, he fell a victim to acute disease in the year 1831, in the thirty-sixth year of his age.
In 1 823, Samuel Atkins Eliot, the third son of the founder of the professorship of Greek Literature, also presented to Harvard College, Warden's extensive collection of books on American History, consisting of nearly twelve hundred volumes, besides maps, charts, and prints, at a cost of upwards of five thou- sand dollars.*
In 1819, Professor Everett returned from Europe, entered on his official duties, and continued in their active performance during six years. On his election
* See Appendix, No. XXXVI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 317
in 1825, as representative to Congress, his professor- CHAPTER
XXXIV
ship became vacant by virtue of a College law passed — in 1787 ; but, at the request of the Corporation, he continued to discharge the duties of the office until the end of the academic year. Before appointing- a suc- cessor the Corporation passed a resolve, that, in addi- tion to the lectures and duties enjoined by the statutes of the Greek professorship, the Professor should give personal instruction in that language to the under- graduates, aided by an assistant instructor. In De- cember, 1826, the Rev. John Snelling Popkin, D. D., johnSnei- who had held, since 1815, the office of College UD. Professor of Greek, was elected Eliot Professor, and entered on his duties.
The Royall Professorship of Law was established RoyaiiPro- in 1815, under the will of the Hon. Isaac Royall, of Law. and, in 1816, the Hon. Isaac Parker was chosen the first Professor on that foundation.
Isaac Royall was born in Antigua, in 1719. His Isaac father was a merchant of great wealth, who purchas- ed extensive estates in New England, and emigrated to Massachusetts with his family in 1738. His death occurred the next year ; and his son, our benefactor, fixed his residence in a part of Charlestown which is now included within the bounds of Medford. By hos- pitality and benevolence he obtained general and well- deserved popularity, and, by successive annual elec- tions, was chosen a representative of the town of Charlestown, from 1743 to 1752. While a member of the House of Representatives, he presented the chandelier which now adorns their Hall. In 1752 he was raised to the Council Board, and sustained the office of Counsellor, uninterruptedly, twenty-two years, until 1774. His character was mild and ami-
318 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER able ; he was attached to domestic life ; and, though L long in public service, his judgment was not in uni- son with the patriotic spirit of the times. After the battle of Lexington he sailed for England, where he remained until his death, which occurred in 1781. The virtues and popularity of his character probably saved his estates from confiscation, as his name was not included with those of George Erving and Sir Wil- liam Pepperell, his sons-in-law, in " the conspirators act." On the representation, however, of the select- men of Medford, " that he had gone voluntarily to our enemies," his estates were taken possession of under the " act for confiscating the estates of certain persons called absentees," and an agent was ap- pointed for their care and management by the Judge of Probate for the county of Middlesex. In a let- ter,* dated in 1779, he complains bitterly of this in- terference with his property, and declares, that he left the country with no intention of abandoning it, that his sailing for Halifax was not voluntary, and that he had been prevented from returning solely by ill health. But the knowledge of this fact, and the natural feelings of indignation it must have excited, did not weaken his affection for a country in which he had passed many years of his life, honored and belov- ed. After the loss of Harvard Hall, he was a lib- eral contributor to the restoration of the library ; and when residing in London, in 1779, although suffering under his vexations and losses in the revo- lutionary struggle, he executed a will in which his affectionate remembrance of his friends in Boston and its vicinity was manifested by valuable tokens of
* Addressed to Edmund Quincy (Gr. of H. C. 1722) of Boston, and now extant among the manuscripts of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
319
recollection and of his interest in the institutions of CHAPTER
XXXIV
Massachusetts. He left legacies to the clergymen - — and church in Medford, and bequests of land for public objects to that town and also to the town of Worcester. To Harvard College, he bequeathed more than two thousand acres of land, in the towns of Granby and Royalton, in the county of Worces- ter, " to be . appropriated towards the endowing a Professor of Law in said College, or a Professor of Physic or Anatomy, whichever the Corporation and Overseers of said College shall judge best for its benefit ; and they shall have full power to sell said lands and put the money out to interest, the income whereof shall be for the aforesaid purpose."
In May, 1817, on the suggestion of Professor Par- Law ker, then Chief Justice of Massachusetts, a Law tawished. School was established at Cambridge, under the direc- tion of the Hon. Asahel Stearns, who was elected University Professor of Law.
UNIVERSITY HALL, ERECTED IN 1814.
320
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXV.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Count
Rumford's
bequests.
Bequests of Count Rumford. — Satisfactory Conduct of his Executors. — Rumford Professorship established. — Jacob Bigelow elected Profes- sor. — Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. — Foundation of the Smith Professorship of the French and Spanish Languages. — Abiel Smith. — George Ticknor, the first Smith Professor. — Death of Profes- sor McKean. — Edward Tyrrel Channing elected his Successor. — The Boylston Fund for Prizes in Elocution. — Ward Nicholas Boylston. — Alford Professorship established. — Levi Frisbie. — Powers and Pro- ceedings of the Visitors of the Professorship of Natural History. — William Dandridge Peck. — University Hall erected. — College Right of holding Real Estate enlarged. — Proceedings of the Massachusetts Convention in 1820, relative to the College. — Amendment of the College Constitution proposed. — Rejected by the People. — Early Success of Dr. Kirkland's Administration. — Its Causes. — New Pow- ers granted to the President. — How exercised. — Dissatisfaction with the State of the College. — Topics of Discontent. — Discussions on the Relation between the Corporation and the Immediate Government, on the State of Discipline, Instruction, and Morals, and on the Excess of Expenditures beyond Income. — Their respective Results.
IN September, 1815, Baron Delessert and Daniel Parker, Esq., the executors upon the estate of Count Rumford, communicated an extract from his will, by which it appeared, that he had bequeathed an annuity of one thousand dollars to Harvard College ; also the reversion of an annuity of four hundred dollars given by him to his daughter ; also the reversion of his whole estate after his death, with a reservation of cer- tain specified annuities. The objects of these bequests are thus expressed ; " For the purpose of founding, under the direction and government of the Corpora- tion, Overseers, and governors of that University, a new institution and professorship, in order to teach by
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 321
regular courses of academical and public lectures, ac- CHAPTER
Y"Y"V"ir
companied with proper experiments, the utility of the 1_
physical and mathematical sciences for the improve- ment of the useful arts, and for the extension of the industry, prosperity, happiness, and well being of so- ciety."
The Corporation took immediate measures to obtain satisfacto-
, -IP • • • i • i ry conduct
the property and provide tor the annuities, in which ofhisex-
. , ~ i ecutors.
they received the most effective and earnest coopera- tion of the executors ; and that board directed the President of the University to transmit to them " an expression of their thanks and of the full and entire approbation of their conduct, particularly noticing the promptitude with which the estate has been ad- justed, the correctness of the principles adopted by the executors, and the perspicuous and satisfactory manner, in which the whole has been explained. " Accept then, Gentlemen," the Corporation add, " this acknowledgment of our sense of your services, and of our gratification at perceiving that Count Rum- ford's sound and enlightened mind extended beyond his life, in the selection of friends so able and willing to forward his honorable purposes."
In October, 1816, the property transferred to the Rumford College by the executors authorized the Corporation shipest to establish the Rumford professorship ; and Jacob Bigelow, M. D., was elected the first Rumford Pro- fessor, and was inaugurated in December. In con- sideration of the novelty of the institution and the reasonableness of giving the Professor time to fur- nish himself for his work, he was required to deliver during the first two years only four lectures annu- ally, on the history of discoveries and improvements ; and in the mean time he was to prepare himself
VOL. II. 41
322 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER for a full course on the subjects pointed out in the
XXXV
-L- statutes of the Rumford Professorship, which were carefully adapted to carry into effect the general de- sign of the founder, as set forth in his will. Benjamin Benjamin Thompson was born in 1753, at Woburn,
Thompson,
near Boston. He was present at the battle of Lex- ington, was with the American army when at Cam- bridge, and was instrumental in preserving the library and philosophical apparatus from injury when the Col- leges were converted into barracks. In 1776 he sailed for England, where his address and genius soon cre- ated friends and found patrons. He immediately ob- tained a colonelcy in the British army, was appointed an under Secretary of State, and elected a member of the Royal Society and of the French Institute ; and, having transferred his residence to Germany, he became a favorite with the reigning Duke of Ba- varia, who constituted him a Lieutenant-General in his army, bestowed upon him the decorations of the Polish orders of the White Eagle and St. Stanislaus, and finally raised him to the dignity of a Count of the Holy Roman Empire, with the title of Rum- count ford, taken from the original name of Concord in
Rumford.
New Hampshire, the place of his early residence. His zeal and success in rendering science subservi- ent to the comfort, happiness, and improvement of mankind, acquired for him " the esteem of the great and the blessing of the unfortunate." Learned men in France and England vied with each other in paying tributes to his talent and usefulness. In 1796 he transmitted five thousand dollars, in three per cent, stocks to the American Academy of Arts and Sci- ences, the income to be appropriated as a premium to the author of the most important discovery on light
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 323
and heat. He died at Auteuil, near Paris, in 1814, CHAPTER
and by his last will laid the foundation of that pro- !_
fessorship, which has rendered his memory justly precious with the friends of this University. His useful and eventful life has been the subject of faith- ful history and extensive comment.*
In 1815, Harvard University received from Abiel smith Pro- Smith, Esq., of Boston, a bequest of " twenty thou- founded. sand dollars, in the three per cent, stock of the Uni- ted States as a fund, the interest or income thereof to be appropriated to the maintenance and support of a teacher, or Professor, of the French and Span- ish Languages at said University, either singly or in company with any other fund which may be given or appropriated to the same purpose."
Abiel Smith, Esq., was born in Taunton, in the AWei county of Bristol, in 1746, and was graduated at Har- vard College in 1764. He was successful in the pursuit of wealth, retired from active business in 1790, and spent the rest of his life in the rational enjoyment of the fruits of his industry. He is rep- resented by one f who knew him well, as " a man of strong sense and steady purpose, guiding his life by his own convictions of duty, with little esteem for popular opinion or posthumous fame ; scrupulously just and honest, and practising habits of frugality less from regard to wealth than out of respect to the ex- ample."
* See "Memoirs of the American Academy," Vol. IV. pp. i-xxiii. Inaugural Address, by Jacob Bigelow, M. D., Rumford Professor in Har- vard University. December, 1816. — "The Literary Miscellany," pub- lished at. Cambridge, 1805-6.
f George Alexander Otis, Esq.
324 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER In Julv, 1816, the Corporation authorized the Pres-
XXXV
ident to proffer to George Ticknor, Esq., then residing
George at Gottingen, a professorship on the Smith foundation ;
Ticknor. *
and in January following a letter was received from him accepting the appointment on condition that his salary should commence at the time when the offer was made, and that he should apply the first year's salary to the purchase of books, suitable to his department, for the College Library. By the constitution of the professorship, the Professor was subject to the same general principles as to election and tenure of office as other Professors, was not required to be resident, but to give lectures and exercises in " one or both of the departments committed to him," and was enti- tled to receive fees from those who attended his lec- tures on Belles Lettres, — this being an addition to the duties of the Smith Professor.
As subsidiary to this professorship, the Corporation determined on the appointment of a teacher to initiate the students in the elements of the French and Span- Francis ish languages ; and Mr. Francis Sales was accord-
Sales.
ingly appointed in November, 1816, with the title of Instructor. In August, 1819, Mr. Ticknor was for- mally inaugurated " Smith Professor of the French and Spanish Languages and Literature, and Professor of Belles Lettres;" and, in 1825, the department of Modern Languages was enlarged by the appointment Charles of Charles Folsom, A. M., at that time Librarian of
Folsom.
the University, as Instructor in Italian, and Charles Follen, J. U. D., as Instructor in German.
The duties of the Boylston Professorship of Rheto- ric and Oratory were ably fulfilled by Dr. McKean, until October, 1817, when, his health being impaired,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 325
on the urgent advice of his physicians he resolved CHAPTER to seek its restoration in a milder climate. On his xxxv' applying to the Corporation for a dispensation from his official duties, they readily granted his request, expressing their " regret at the suspension of his im- portant services, and their tender concern for his health," and voting to provide without charge for the instruction given in his department during his ab- sence. The Overseers unanimously concurred with the Corporation in similar expressions of respect and affection. The hopes of Dr. McKean's friends were Death of not, however, realized, and he died at Havana, in March, 1818.
The Rev. Joseph McKean, D. D. and LL. D., was born in April, 1776, graduated at Harvard Col- lege, in 1794, and ordained pastor of the church in Milton, in 1797. This relation he sustained until 1804, when the state of his health rendered the ces- sation of his public services at the altar inevitable ; and he was separated from it by the assent of an ecclesiastical council, and the compelled acquiescence of his congregation. As a divine, Dr. McKean was distinguished by learning and earnestness of critical research. The doctrines he found in the Scriptures he preached in their simplicity, and made them the guide of his ministry and his life. Vindicating with great openness his own right of judgment, he readily accorded the same privilege to others ; his spirit being equally catholic and charitable. His discourses were zealous and persuasive, and essentially practical, avoid- ing whatever had a tendency to produce discord or alienation between those who professed to follow the same Master. He brought to the Professor's chair an intellect of a high order, a classic taste, great felicity
326 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of expression, an untiring industry, and an unremitting
— 1- fidelity.* Edward The chair of the Boylston Professorship remained
Tyrrel
channing. vacant after the death of Dr. McKean, until Septem- ber, 1819, when the Corporation elected Edward Tyrrel Channing, who, being duly approved by the Overseers, was inducted in December into that office, the duties of which he has since continued to fulfil.
Boyuton In 1817, Ward Nicholas Boylston, whose judicious
prize fund
tbreiocu- bounty to the Medical School of the University has
lion estab- . *
iished. already been commemorated, secured by deed a fund of one thousand dollars for the payment of an annuity of fifty dollars for ever, to be annually distributed in prizes for elocution according to the award of judges appointed pursuant to the mode, and governed by principles, established by his deed of gift ; being, as it expresses, " actuated by a wish to promote the repu- tation of Harvard College, and more especially with a view to advance the objects, for which the profes- sorship of Rhetoric and Oratory was founded by my late uncle, Nicholas Boylston, Esq."
In December, 1818, on occasion of a donation from John Nichols, LL. D., which had been obtained through the agency of Mr. Boylston, he received the thanks of the Corporation, " as the liberal and con- stant patron of the medical establishment of the Uni- versity ;" and in August, 1820, on his proposition for making certain improvements in his institution for promoting elocution, the Corporation, acknowledging the important influence already derived from it and
* See a " Eulogy on the Rev. Joseph McKean, D. D., LL. D., Boyl- ston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory. By Levi Hedge, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics." Cambridge, 1818.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 327
their anticipations of its great usefulness in future, CHAPTER
assured Mr. Boylston of their gratitude and respect for —
his continued indications of his regard to the honor and prosperity of the University."
Ward Nicholas Boylston is entitled to respectful remembrance in a history of Harvard College. His paternal name was Ward Hallowell. He was the son of Benjamin and Mary Hallowell, his mother being the sister of Nicholas Boylston ; and was born in Boston, in 1749. By the desire of his maternal uncle his name was changed in 1770, to Ward Nicholas Boylston. In 1773, he embarked for Newfoundland ; from thence he sailed to Italy, travelled through Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and along the Barbary coast ; and returned, through France and Flanders, to England, where he arrived in 1775. He then entered into business as a merchant, and remained in London till 1800, when he returned to Boston, and continued to reside in Massachusetts until his death, which oc- curred in January, 1828, at the age of seventy-eight. Mr. Boylston possessed a mind emulative of the spirit of his maternal ancestry, which he acknowledged in a letter dated May the 20th, 1800, when he found- ed " the Boylston Medical Library." In this he ex- presses the pride which he felt in being nearly allied to Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, his maternal great uncle, " who first introduced the inoculation for the small- pox into America, from whence it was carried to England, and has ever since been extending its ben- eficial influence through the world ; " and also to his late uncle, Nicholas Boylston, " whose memory is known and honored for his liberal endowment of Harvard University."
Levi Frisbie, A. M., was chosen Latin Tutor in
328 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER 1805, and College Professor of Latin in 1811 ; and, a xxxv' permanent professorship of that language being estab- lished in 1814, he was appointed to the office. In 1817, the Alford fund having accumulated sufficiently
Aiford Pro- in the judgment of the Corporation, a professorship
established, was established on that foundation, and Mr. Frisbie was elected Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity.* He entered im- mediately on its duties, and fulfilled them with distin- guished success until his death, which occurred on the 9th of July, 1822, in the thirty-eighth year of his age.
Few men have left deeper traces of their moral and intellectual excellence in the memory of their con-
Levi temporaries than Mr. Frisbie. In the collegiate cir- cle in which he moved, he was the object of universal confidence and affection. He united a classic taste with great acuteness of intellect and soundness of judgment ; and with a mind highly gifted and highly cultivated, rich in the powers of conversation and research, he regulated his life by a standard of moral and religious principle exquisitely pure and elevated. f
The funds of the Professorship of Natural History were placed under the control of the board of Visi- tors, t who were intrusted with the selection and pur- chase of a site for a botanic garden, and with full powers of doing whatsoever in their judgment would enlarge and improve the institution, so as to render it " most useful to promote the arts and agriculture
* See above, p. 142.
f See a collection of the Miscellaneous Writings of Professor Frisbie, by Andrews Norton. I See above, p. 291.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 329
of the State, and the interest of the University at CHAPTER Cambridge." I_
Immediately after his election, Professor Peck was authorized to embark for Europe for the purpose of ob- taining a knowledge of the best and most economical means of effecting the objects of the institution. In October, 1807, a site for a botanic garden was pur- chased, which Andrew Craigie, Esq., of Cambridge, having immediately enlarged by a liberal donation of four acres of adjoining land, the Visitors proceeded to cause all the requisite buildings to be erected. On the return of Mr. Peck from Europe he entered on his official duties, and, assisted by the occasional super- vision of a committee of the board of Visitors, had the superintendence of the botanic garden, until his death, which occurred on the 8th of October, 1822, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.
William Dandridge Peck was born in Boston, in 1763, and graduated at Harvard College in 1782. He early engaged in commercial pursuits ; but, finding them adapted neither to his taste nor to his genius, he soon retired to a small paternal farm in the obscure village of Kittery, where he passed more than twenty years of his early manhood. Remote from books, and under every disadvantage of fortune, he estab- lished for himself the reputation of a profound bota- nist and entomologist. His talents and attainments were duly appreciated by men of congenial taste in Boston and its vicinity ; and, when a Natural History Professorship was about to be established at Cam- bridge, he was invited, and, by the urgency of his friends and contrary to his repeated remonstrances, was in a manner compelled, to accept the office. In private life Mr. Peck was characterized by purity, sim-
VOL. n. 42
330 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER plicity, and delicacy, combined with high probity and . _ 1_ a sense of honor. He was a lover and judge of the fine arts, and sketched the subjects of his studies in entomology and botany with exquisite taste, accura- cy, and fidelity. He was also a good classical scholar ; but his talents and acquirements were overshadowed by modesty and self-distrust, and few proofs of his learning and genius are before the world.*
In November, 1822, the Corporation received a com- munication from the Visitors of the Professorship of Natural History, representing that, " in consequence of
the state of the funds of the institution, it will not be
i
in the power of the Visitors, for some years to come, to grant a full or any considerable salary to any Pro- fessor who may be elected by the College, and that the board have resolved to assign the care of the gar- den to a committee, one of whom shall be a Curator, charged with such general duties relating to the gar- den, as those which are devolved by the statutes of the professorship on the Professor ; " and the Corpora- tion expressed their satisfaction and full concurrence with the measures adopted by the board of Visitors.
In the same month Mr. Thomas Nuttall was by the Visitors appointed Curator of the Botanic Gar- den, to hold his office during their pleasure, with the same powers of supervision as the statutes vested in the Professor. Mr. Nuttall sustained this relation during the residue of Dr. Kirkland's administration.
bmidi?in l^° Siye sPace for the accommodation of the in- Umvereity creasing library, philosophical apparatus, and miner-
* See " Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society." 2d Se- ries. Vol. X. pp. 161-170.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 331
alogical cabinet, it became desirable, in 1812, to CHAPTER remove the commons hall and kitchen from Harvard xxxv' Hall ; and a committee was appointed by the Corpora- tion to endeavour to obtain by subscription an amount sufficient to erect for these objects a building, which should also contain a chapel. Although the subscrip- tion either failed or was never Attempted, the Corpo- ration persevered, and in July, 1813, laid with great which is solemnity the corner-stone of University Hall,* which they finished in 1815, at an expense of $65,000.
The heavy pressure of this expenditure upon the Grantor
i r c n M the bank
unappropriated funds of the College was happily re- tax by the lieved in part by the grant made in 1814, of the pro- ceeds of the tax on banks for ten years ; the only direct grant of money made by the State to the Col- lege since the year 1786.f On the 12th of February, 1814, an act passed the Massachusetts legislature granting to the Corporation the right of " holding lands, tenements, and hereditaments within this Com- monwealth to the clear yearly value of twelve thou- sand dollars, in addition to what they are now by law authorized to hold, and in addition to the public build- ings of said University occupied by the students and for other public purposes."
In December, 1820, a convention of delegates of Proceed-
. tii
the people of the Commonwealth being assembled to
&
. setts Con
consider of amendments of the Constitution of Massa- vention
relative to
chusetts, a committee was raised " to inquire into and report upon the constitutional rights and privileges of the Corporation of Harvard College." This committee,
• See Appendix, No. XXXVII.
\ See Report of the Committee on the Constitutional Rights of Har- vard College, made to the Convention for Amending the Constitution of the State, in 1821.
332 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER on the 3d of the ensuing January, formally inquired of
XXXV
'— the President and Fellows, and of the board of Over-
seers, whether they were willing that the following article should be proposed and recommended as an amendment of the Constitution of this Commonwealth, viz. " The rights and privileges of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, and the charter and con- stitution thereof and of the board of Overseers, as at present established by law, are hereby confirmed with this further provision, viz. That the board of Over- seers, in the election of ministers of churches to be members of said board, shall not be confined to min- isters of churches of any particular denomination of Christians ; " to which amendment of the constitution of the College the President and Fellows immediately voted their assent, and on the same day the Overseers " voted to concur with the Corporation in assenting to the foregoing article." Report of On the 4th of January, the Hon. Daniel Webster,
their com- mittee, as chairman of this committee, made a report to the
convention, in which, after a short recapitulation of important points in the history of the College, they declare their opinion concerning the existing con- stitution of that seminary, that it is " a well con- trived and useful form of government. The Corpo- ration consists of but few persons ; they can, there fore, assemble frequently and with facility for the transaction of business, either regular or occasional. The board of Overseers, having a negative on the more important acts of the Corporation, is a large and popular body, a great majority of its members being such as are annually elected to places in the highest trust in the government by the people them- selves. A more effectual control over the proceedings
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 333
of the Corporation cannot be desired. Indeed, if a CHAPTER
new government were now to be framed for a Uni- - —
versitj, independent of all considerations of existing
rights and privileges, the committee do not know that
a better system could probably be devised." The
only exception qualifying this opinion the committee proposing
, , . . i-ii an ^mend-
State to be, that provision " by which clergymen com- mentinthe
/~M • C
posmg the board are to be elected from Christians of tio
College,
a particular denomination." This limitation, they were of opinion, " might be removed without injury, and such a measure would be satisfactory." The com- mittee add, that, " having communicated to the Cor- poration and to the board of Overseers this opinion, both these bodies have signified their consent to such an article." The committee, after recapitulating some of the principal donations and aids to the institution, recommended to the convention an article in the terms to which the Corporation and Overseers had assented to
r by the Cor-
given their assent, providing " that the board of Over- portion seers in the election of ministers of churches to be seers> members of said board shall not be confined to mem- bers of churches of any particular denomination of
Christians." This article, being adopted by the con- adopted by
_ J . . the con- vention, was submitted with other amendments for the
sanction of the people of Massachusetts, but was re- jected by them, eight thousand and twenty voting in rejected by the affirmative, and twenty thousand one hundred and twenty-three in the negative.
The early period of the administration of President Early sue-
cess of Dr.
Kirkland was preeminently distinguished for bold, Kirkiand's
1 administra-
origmal, and, in many respects, successful endeavours t>o». to elevate the standard of education in the Universi- ty, and to extend the means of instruction and mul-
334 H1ST.ORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tiply accommodations in every department. Holwor- — '— thy Hall, University Hall, Divinity Hall, and the Medical College, in Boston, were erected. Liberal expenditures were incurred for furnishing University Hall, and for extensive repairs and alterations in Hoi- den Chapel and in Harvard, Stoughton, Hollis, and Massachusetts Halls. The library, the chemical, philosophical, and anatomical apparatus of the Uni- versity, and the mineralogical cabinet were enlarged ; and rooms for the lectures of the Medical Professors, and for the preservation of their collections and wax preparations, were fitted up in Holden Chapel. The grounds surrounding the College edifices were planted with ornamental trees and shrubberies, contributing to their beauty and usefulness. The salaries of the President and Professors were satisfactorily raised. As professorships became vacant, they were filled with young men of talent and promise. Fifteen new pro- fessorships were added to the ten which had previous- ly existed. Three of these were titular, being con- ferred on Tutors after six years' service ; four were dependent on fees, or voluntary subscriptions ; eight rested upon foundations more or less adequate to their support, independent • of the general unappropriated funds of the College.* With the exception of Di- vinity Hall, the additions and improvements were principally, if not all, effected within the first ten years of this administration. The external indications of prosperity and success were general, manifest, and applauded.
causes of The extraordinary enlargement of the means, and
that sac- *.u
cess. advancement of the interests, of learning in the Uni- versity during this period are to be attributed to the fortunate influx of the liberal patronage of individ- uals and the legislature ; to the spirit of an age of
» See Appendix, No. XXXVIII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 335
improvement ; but most of all to the eminent men,* CHAPTER who then composed the Corporation and brought into xxx%- it a weight of talent, personal character, -and external influence, combined with an active zeal for the ad- vancement of the institution, previously unparalleled ; and who, placing an almost unlimited confidence in its President, vested him with unprecedented powers in the management of its affairs, which he exercised in a manner liberal and trustful of public support. This confidence not only was known and avowed, but is distinctly apparent on the records of the Col- lege, and had unquestionably a material influence on all the measures and results of that administration.
Previously to the election of Dr. Kirkland the duties Duties of of the President were limited to performing devotional dent in for-
"'". . T . i mer times.
services morning and evening in the chapel ; ex- pounding some portion of Scripture, or delivering some religious discourse, " at least -once a month " : presiding at the meetings of the Corporation and Im- mediate Government ; acting as the recording officer of each of these bodies ; and executing such duties as were specifically assigned to him, usually as chair- man of a committee. The general superintendence of the seminary, the distribution of its studies, the ap- pointment of Tutors in case of any sudden vacancy, and in short all the executive powers relative to disci- pline and instruction, when not exercised by the Cor- poration itself, were carried into effect by the Presi- dent, Professors, and Tutors, constituting a board de- nominated " the Immediate Government." In this board the President always stood in the relation of " primus inter pares," without other authority than
* See Appendix, No. XXXIII.
336 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER that of a double vote, in case of an equivote. After
' the election of Dr. Kirkland, the Corporation passed
votes, changing the relations of things in this re- spect, and vesting a responsibility in the President to which no former possessor of the office was ever sub- jected. New Pow- On the 1 1 th of March, 1811, the Corporation sol-
ers granted .
tothepres- emnlv voted, that the " President be authorized and
ident, .
requested from time to time to make such alterations in the course of the studies prescribed for the under- graduates, as shall conduce most effectually to their improvement, he consulting as he shall find occasion with the instructors." Although this authority was more than had ever before been vested in any Pres- ident, it was not deemed sufficiently explicit ; and, on the 16th of July, 1812, the following vote was passed by the Corporation, and on the 27th of the same month
which are received the sanction of the Overseers ; "Voted, that the President be authorized from time to time to make such regulations respecting the instruction and the government of the students as he shall think rea- sonable and expedient, which regulations shall have the force of laws till the same be disallowed by the Corporation and Overseers ; provided always, that said regulations be laid before the Corporation at the meeting next after they are made ; and provided also, that said regulations shall not extend to the altering of any punishment, or mode of inflicting the same, already established by the laws of the College."
and ex- The terms of this proviso having given occasion to
plained.
some question, on the 4th of October, 1813, the Cor- poration passed the following vote, which, on the 7th of the same month was approved by the Overseers ; " Voted, that, whereas in the law of July 27th, A. D.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 337
1812, vesting the President with certain powers rela- CHAPTER
tive to the government of the students, a proviso was L_
inserted restraining him from altering any punishment established by the laws of the College ; and whereas doubts have arisen, whether the said proviso would not also deprive him of the power to affix penalties to any regulations which he might make in pursuance of said law ; but the true intention of said proviso was simply to restrain him from interfering with the punishment of any offence which might have been committed against any law of the College in force and unaltered at the time of the commission of such offence ; and whereas, with this explanation the same has become unnecessary, therefore voted, that the aforesaid proviso be, and the same is, repealed."
These laws, notwithstanding they conveyed to the Howexer- President full powers in relation to instruction and government, do not appear to have been the occasion of any dissatisfaction. The Professors and Tutors were consulted as frequently and with as much defer- ence as before they were enacted. Indeed, as far as now can be ascertained from the surviving members of the Faculty, they were unknown by them, and the powers were never exercised independently of them ; nor does it appear they were ever published, except that in certain " Preliminary Notices," prefixed to an edition of the College Laws published in 1816, among other enumerated powers of the President it is stated, that " regulations for the government of the students, made by the President, have force and effect till they are disallowed by the Corporation and Overseers." These laws can, therefore, at this day be justly consid- ered in no other light than as evidences of the system of government then introduced, of the great confi-
VOL. n. 43
338
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Topics of discontent.
Relation between the Corpo- ration and Immediate Govern- ment.
dence which the Corporation placed in the actual President, and of the degree of power and responsi- bility thus devolved upon him ; and, neither in their existence nor in their known, exercise, as among the elements of that " very great dissatisfaction which afterwards existed in the minds of resident instructors concerning the real state of the College," * and which soon extended to the community. These discontents had reference to three topics. 1. The relation be- tween the Corporation and the Immediate Govern- ment. 2. The diversity of opinion which arose con- cerning the discipline, instruction, and morals of the seminary. 3. The excess of the expenditures beyond the incomes of the College.
The nature, course, and results of this dissatisfac- tion in respect to each topic will here be traced ex- clusively by the light of records and authentic docu- ments.
1. The controversy concerning the relation sub- sisting between the Corporation and the Immediate Government arose in the following manner. From the earliest period of College history, at least one, and generally more, of the resident instructors had formed a part of the Corporation as well as of the Imme- diate Government. In 1806, on the resignation of Professor Pearson, Chief Justice Parsons was elected in his stead, and the Corporation for the first time became composed exclusively of non-resident Fellows. As vacancies afterwards occurred, they were succes- sively filled by persons not resident at the College ; and an apprehension began to prevail among the members of the Immediate Government,! that their
* See Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, by Andrews Norton, February 3d, 1825. p. 3. f Ibid., p. 6.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 339
exclusion had become a maxim of settled policy. In CHAPTER
XXXV
the year 1823, great dissatisfaction on several ac- - counts existing in the minds of the resident officers, and there being evinced, as they thought, a disposition " to degrade them to the rank of ministerial officers, and to subject them to the discretionary government of an individual," and " the ill effects upon the institu- tion " * having been in their judgment apparent, their attention was directed to the loss of that representa- tion in the board of the Corporation, which in former times the resident instructors had always enjoyed.
In that year the vote of the provincial legislature, of the 28th of June, 1722,f became known to mem- bers of the Immediate Government; and they "came to the conclusion, that residence was originally a qual- ification for fellowship, and that, conformably to the charter, the Corporation ought to consist of fellows, that is, of resident officers of the College." J
The Hon. John Phillips, a valued member of the Death of Corporation, died in June, 1823, and a vote having John been passed, expressive of " their sincere and affec- tionate recollection of his eminent virtues, qualities, and services," they requested in the usual form, and obtained, the advice of the Overseers to fill the va- cancy thus made " as soon as may be." Delays, how- ever, were occasioned by various causes ; and in March, 1824, a written request, signed by six of the resi- dent instructors, was presented to the Corporation, in which they prayed them to defer the election of
* Remarks on a Report of a Committee of the Overseers of Harvard College, read May 4th, 1824, by One lately a Member of the Immedi- ate Government of the College ; [Andrews Norton.] p. 4.
t See Vol. I. p. 302.
t Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, Feb- ruary 3d, 1825, by Andrews Norton, pp. 3, 5.
340 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER a member to fill the vacancy until " they can have
XXXV
-!_ an opportunity of laying before your body some rep- resentations in relation to the subject." Accordingly, Memorial on the 13th of April following, a memorial, signed
of the res- ... , ,
identin. by eleven resident instructors, was presented to the
structors. J . *•
Corporation, " relative to the mode in which, ac- cording to the charter of the institution, the Corpo- ration of the same ought of right to be constituted ; " — in which these resident instructors, by a series of arguments, drawn from the terms of the charter and the history of the College, maintain " the chartered right of the resident instructors to be elected to vacan- cies in the board of the President and Fellows of the College," and support their claims, also, on the ground of expediency. To this memorial the Cor- poration made no formal reply, finding themselves in Dilemma a dilemma in relation to their power of filling the ex-
of the Cor- . . &.
poration. isting vacancy ; for, if they elected a resident instruc- tor, it would be admitting the claim of the memorial- ists ; but, if this claim were well founded, the mem- bers of the Corporation, being none of them resident, and thus not being rightfully Fellows of the College, were not competent to perform any act in its govern- ment, and could only resign. This view of the sub- ject, being intimated to the memorialists, was consid- ered by them as declining the jurisdiction of the case ; and they immediately applied to the Overseers, who, possessing powers not called in question by their claim, were able to act upon it. Accordingly, on the 31st of
Theresi- May, 1824, three of the resident instructors addressed
dent in- J . .
structors a memorial to the Overseers, transmitting the docu-
memonal- °
ov nT rs ment tneJ nad formerly presented to the Corporation, the object of which they declared was to show, that, " by the charter of the University, the Fellows of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 341
University are required to be resident instructors." CHAPTER
•y Y V V
This memorial was immediately referred to a com- . !_
mittee, of which the Hon. Aaron Hill was chairman, by the Overseers, who adjourned to Thursday, the 6th of January, 1825.
During the interval, the arguments of the resident Theirciaim
. . . examined
instructors were examined, and their conclusions by John
Lowell.
drawn from the history of the College were contro- verted, by " an Alumnus of the College," denying at the same time their claim to be a chartered right, and questioning its expediency to promote " the happi- ness, harmony, and union of the Immediate Govern- ment." This publication having been distributed, and avowed by John Lowell, Esq., to be his production, he was addressed in a letter by the Rev. Edward Everett, then Eliot Professor of Greek Literature, in which, after acknowledging his " high private respect Reply by and sincere gratitude for the long-continued friend- Everett. ship" of Mr. Lowell, he proceeded to examine and reply to his statements and reasonings upon the several points on which the controversy turned. This letter was followed by " Further Remarks on the Memo- rial of the Officers of Harvard College, by an Alumnus ms reply of the College," being unquestionably the production by Mr.
Lowell.
of Mr. Lowell, who did not, however, lay aside his assumed character, or refer personally to Mr. Everett. On the 6th of January, 1825, the committee of the Report of
s^. t 'I'll 1 l^e com"
Overseers made a report, in which the several points mittee of
the Over-
on which the claim of right was attempted to be sup- seers. ported were examined ; and, after replying to each and analyzing the ground of expediency, they re- ported their opinion,." that it is not expedient to adopt any plan for changing the actual organization of the College in the manner requested by the memorial-
342 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ists." The Overseers then ordered the memorial, the
XXXV
- report, and the documents annexed, to be printed, and a copy to be distributed to each member of the board ; and subsequently by repeated adjournments, in order " that the memorialists may have suitable time to be prepared to meet the question," it was postponed to the 3d of February, on which day Professor Everett occupied the whole forenoon, and Professor Norton the whole afternoon and part of the evening, in de- fence of the memorial. The Overseers having ad- journed to the 4th of February, the whole of that day was occupied by the Hon. Francis C. Gray, Chief Justice Parker, and the Hon. Charles Jackson, in sup- port of the report of the committee ; when, on ino- tion of Mr. Gray, the three following resolutions were annexed to the report. Resolves of "Resolved, 1st, That it does not appear to this
the Over- '. rr
seers. board, that the resident instructors of Harvard Uni- versity have any exclusive right to be chosen mem- bers of the Corporation.
" Resolved, 2dly, That it does not appear to this board, that the members of the Corporation forfeit their offices by not residing in the College.
" Resolved, 3dly, That, in the opinion of this board, it is not expedient to express any opinion on the subject of future elections."
" This report," the Overseers' records state, " hav- ing been discussed two entire days, arid the memorial- ists having enjoyed full liberty to bring forward what- ever they had to allege on the subject of their me- morial, was, with the three preceding resolutions, unanimously adopted; the president of the meeting expressly calling for the contrary mind, and not an individual rising in the negative."* On the 8th of
* See Appendix, No. XXXIX.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 343
February the Corporation chose the Hon. Charles CHAPJ-KR Jackson a member of their board, in the place of Mr. xxxv' Phillips. When this election was presented to the Election of Overseers, on the 17th, it was not concurred in bv Jack** them. This event drew from the Corporation, on the currcd in 24th of February, a series of votes explanatory of their sentiments and views in that election, to be laid be- Renomi- fore the Overseers " in case they should see fit to re- "hVcorpo-
. , . . ... ratiou.
consider their nonconcurrence, ' stating, that the nom- ination of Judge Jackson " seems to have been con- sidered by some as manifesting an indisposition to ad- mit resident instructors into the Corporation, and, in- deed, as an act of exclusion passed against them." This the Corporation wholly disclaimed, and proceed- ed to state " two reasons of their unwillingness to elect one of the resident instructors for the present vacancy."
" First, it is generally understood that these gen- tlemen have made up an unfavorable opinion in re- spect to the modifications of the College system, which have been recommended by the Overseers to the Corporation ; and it is deemed expedient that a gentleman .should be chosen into the latter board who will bring to these topics, as far as possible, a mind free from prepossession.
" Secondly, the Corporation are unwilling to perform any act, which may give ground to the supposition, that they are in any degree moved or impressed by the late memorials and proceedings of the resident in- structors. Without questioning the motives of these gentlemen, they consider the course recently pursued by them injurious to the College, to the Corporation, and to the memorialists themselves. Any measures, therefore, that might imply that the Corporation have
344
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER been swayed by the late claims of the resident instruc-
XXXV
__ !_ tors, they feel themselves called upon to avoid ; and they fear that such an implication might be warranted by immediately admitting one of the gentlemen into their number. Still they have no indisposition to elect to this office a resident instructor. Before the memorial appeared, it was the desire and intent of the Corporation to make such election as soon as a proper occasion should offer, and this desire and purpose remain unchanged." They proceed to state, that their thoughts have been directed to Judge Jackson, by " a full persuasion that he is eminently qualified to serve the College as a member of the Corporation, that they consider him as distinctly marked out for their choice by the claim of superior fitness, and that his character is so universally known as to render any explanation of his election unnecessary."
Immediately upon receiving this explanation the Overseers dispensed with the rule, which required seven days' notice of a person appointed to any office in the University ; and, receiving a new nomination of Judge Jackson from the Corporation, they imme- diately concurred in his election.
Discus-
sions con
II. The diversity of opinion, which, about this time,
_, . T ^
arose between the Corporation, Immediate uovern-
cliscipline, i /• • i /* i /-i 11
instruction, ment, and mends of the College without doors, con-
and morals
of the Coi- cerning its discipline, instruction, and morals, are ap- parent on its records and in contemporaneous docu- ments ; and gave occasion to discussions of which the limits of this work permit only a slight outline. In the summer of 1821,* such representations were made to
* See " Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, February 3d, 1825, by Andrews Norton." p. 3. — " Remarks on Changes
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 345
the Corporation as induced them to appoint, a commit- CHAPTER
tee on the subject, consisting of Mr. Lowell, Dr. For- L.
ter, and Mr. Prescott. This committee, on the 12th of September, 1821, addressed a circular letter to the several resident instructors, stating, that, " representa- tions having been made to the Corporation by persons entitled to great respect, that serious defects are found to exist in the College discipline, and in the course, quantity, and modes of instruction, and that more alarming disorders prevail in the moral state of the institution," they had been appointed a committee to inquire into these alleged defects. In pursuance of this duty they transmitted thirty-eight questions relative to these topics, on which they requested in- formation from the instructors. In the course of a year replies were received from ten of the instruc- tors, exhibiting a great diversity of opinion on the subjects of inquiry, and generally indicating averse- ness to material change. No further proceedings of the Corporation occurring, discontent continued and measures were taken to bring the subject before the Overseers.* Accordingly, on the 23d of July, 1823, a committee of seven persons,! of which the Appoint- Hon. Joseph Story was chairman, was appointed to report of a
. . committee
inquire into the state of the University, and report of the
Overseers,
what changes it would be expedient to recommend to the Corporation for adoption. This committee made their report to the Overseers in May, 1824; and, after stating, that they had been " greatly assist- lately proposed or adopted in Harvard University. By George Ticknor, Smith Professor," &c. 1825. p. 32.
* Professor Norton's « Speech," &c. p. 4. — Professor Ticknor'a " Re- marks," &c. p. 33.
t This committee were Joseph Story, John Pickering, Richard Sulli- van, Sherman Leland, Samuel Huhbard, Esquires, and the Rev. Henry Ware and Charles Lowell.
VOL. II. 44
346 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER ed in their inquiries and deliberations by a committee ___ 1_ of the Corporation," with whom " the most free and unreserved interchange of opinion had taken place, and every topic had been discussed in a spirit of the most liberal candor ; " that "at no period, perhaps, had the University been more flourishing or possessed more reputation ;" and that the alterations they were about to propose were required by " the spirit of the age," communicated the result of their deliberations by recommending,
on the or- 1. As to the organization and distribution of au- thority. 1. That as far as practicable the President
authority ; should be separated from merely ministerial duties, — be the effective head of the University, — and have a general superintendence of its concerns, a complete visitatorial authority, and an independent responsible negative on all the acts and proceedings of the other departments. 2. That the Professors and Tutors should be divided into separate departments, each embracing analogous studies, and having a Professor at its head, who should be invested with the direction and gen- eral superintendence of the studies and instructors in his department, " with the privilege of recommending its instructors to the Corporation for appointment," and be held responsible for the proficiency of its students. on the or- 2. As to the organization for discipline, that an ex- ilTdisci°n ecutive board of three persons, of which a Professor should be the head, should be appointed for each Col- lege Hall, and a like board for students residing out of College. These boards to have powers of superintend- ence and regulation each within its prescribed sphere, and to have cognizance of all offences of which the punishment is less than suspension. The cognizance of higher offences to belong to the heads of the exec-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 347
utive boards ; but no punishment, except private ad- CHAPTER
V"y v V"
monition, to be inflicted, until a written statement of "
the case be laid before the President, and after his approval.
3. As to studies and methods of instruction, the on studies College studies to be divided into two classes; those ods of in- indispensable to a degree, and those concerning which
a choice might be permitted. Each class of stu- dents to be subdivided into small sections for reci- tations. These to be " longer and more searching than at present," accompanied by verbal explanations and criticisms. At lectures, notes to be required of students, who were to be subsequently examined by the Professor, and subjected to an annual, thorough, and exact examination, occupying at least a day, by a committee appointed by the Overseers, the expenses of which were to be borne by the University.
4. To meet the demand for scientific knowledge onthede- in the mechanical and useful arts, students to be ad- scientific
knowledge
mitted for instruction who do not wish for a degree, in the arts. and " to pursue particular studies to qualify them for scientific and mechanical employments and the active business of life."
The report contains other suggestions, but the pre- ceding are the principal. Of these others, the most important were, that the College Laws be revised and made more brief and simple ; that punishment by fines be abolished, and tasks, or some other equivalent, be substituted ; that regular records be kept of conduct, defaults, omissions, and acquirements, and be trans- mitted by mail, every quarter, to parents or guardi- ans ; that some officer visit every evening the room of every student, and report his absence, should it occur ; that no person be admitted into College un-
348 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER der sixteen years of age ; that measures should be
XXXV.
'— adopted to diminish the expense of education ; and,
most important of all, that the board of Overseers should make its visitatorial authority more efficient, and to this end, on a fixed day in an early week of every winter session of the legislature, the board should meet in the Senate chamber ; — at which meet- ing the Treasurer should report in detail the finances and expenses, and ways and means ; and the Presi- dent and Professors should report on the state of the University, and of their respective departments.
This report was ordered to be printed, and re- ferred for consideration to the 1st of June, 1824, to which day the Overseers adjourned.
Professor During this interval a pamphlet was published by
Norton's 3 L r J
"Remarks" Professor Norton, under the name of "One lately
on the
overseers' a Member of the Immediate Government of the Col- report.
lege," and entitled " Remarks " on the above report ; avowing, that, not being one of the resident Instruc- tors, he was not restrained by those feelings of deli- cacy, which might " prevent them from publicly ex- pressing the objections which they must entertain ; " and declaring his motive in writing to be " a deep convic- tion, that some of the leading changes proposed in the report will affect the interests of the College essen- tially and most injuriously," but that in some he should concur. He expresses his opinion, that the proposed new powers to be given to the President, and to the heads of departments, would " tend essentially to ag- gravate the present evils in the state of the College," — would be degrading to the resident instructors, by reducing them to the rank of mere ministerial officers, subject to the discretionary government of an individ- ual ; — that the main reliance for the faithful per-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 349
formance of their duties by the officers of the Col- CHAPTER lege should rest upon conscience, honor, faithfulness, a .— sv' strong sense of public duty, desire of honorable repu- tation and just esteem, and their perception that their own private interests are intimately connected with those of the College, and not upon "the oversight" and "complete visitatorial power "of the President; — that to break up the College into separate gov- ernments for purposes of discipline, was to destroy its uniformity ; — that subjecting the decision of the ex- ecutive boards to the President's reversal would create delay and irritation, and tend to introduce anarchy and confusion.
The proposed daily visitation and inspection of the students, he regards as " hardly practicable " ; as de- grading the officers and diminishing their influence ; and as essentially defective, since it would treat the whole body of students as suspected persons, tend- ing to produce irritation and reaction on their part, and a state of feeling unfavorable to those motives on which the main reliance must be placed for se- curing good conduct. Declaring, that his own " views of the condition of the College are different from those expressed by the committee," and that im- portant changes are necessary to secure its prosper- ity and usefulness, he concludes by warning against partial measures, — against a rash adoption of modes of education, which have been found to succeed else- where, without regarding the peculiar circumstances of the respective institutions, — against reasoning from imperfect analogies and uncertain experiments, — and against doing any thing except with wide views and on a comprehensive plan.
When, on the 1st of June, this report came under
350
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Appoint- ment of a second committee of the Overseers ;
CHAPTER the discussion of the Overseers, the galleries of the
L_ Senate chamber were thrown open to the public, such
was the interest taken in the subject ; and, after a day's debate, it was referred to the first Thursday of the next session of the General Court (6th of Janu- ary, 1825,) and another committee * of the Overseers, of which John Lowell was chairman, was appointed to report at their next meeting a detailed account of the finances of the University, — of its ways and means, of its expenses, of the compensation, obliga- tions, and duties of instructors, — of the course of studies and the progress of the students, and of the practical inconveniences arising from the present or- ganization of the Immediate Government ; — and also to propose regulations conducive to the prosperity of the institution, and a revisal of the College Laws.
On the 6th of January, 1825, this committee made an exact and minute report on all these points of inquiry, with voluminous documents annexed. They proposed no essential change in the organization of the Immediate Government, but authorized them to act by committees, — to propose to the Corporation any improvement in laws and measures, — to arrange the duties of instructors and students, — and to deter- mine in every case the mode and degree of punish- ment. They recommended to the Corporation to abolish punishment by fines, — to require records of conduct, performance, and negligence to be kept and transmitted to parents, — to substitute examinations when a book or branch is finished, in lieu of the an- nual one, to be conducted by committees appointed
* This committee were John Lowell, Aaron Hill, Francis C. Gray, Thomas L. Winthrop, Esquires, and the Rev. Drs. Holmes, Gray, and Codman.
their re- port.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 351
by the Overseers, whose estimates should be added to CHAPTER the scale of merit for each scholar, and the names of xxx<r- those scholars who have distinguished themselves be reported ; — to subdivide classes with reference to pro- ficiency, and to permit each subdivision to advance as rapidly as is consistent with a thorough knowledge of the subjects of their studies. They further proposed, that the board of Overseers should hereafter become a more efficient agent in the concerns of the College, and offered three resolutions to that effect. These were the principal suggestions contained in this report. After debate, the subject was postponed to the 20th of January, when, the reports of the committees, of which Joseph Story and John Lowell were respec- Discussion lively chairmen, being taken up and discussed through ports of that day and the following;, the former was accepted mittecsof
. , , r, -., theOver-
without alteration, and sent to the Corporation, with seers. a recommendation that they should adopt such meas- ures as they might deem expedient for carrying it into effect, so far as they should approve it. The Over- seers then passed the three resolutions proposed by the committee of which John Lowell was chairman.
1. That the board should meet annually in the Resolves of
-^ iii« i • f » i • t'ie board of
Senate chamber during a regular session 01 the Jegis- overseers. lature. 2. That, in addition to the required reports of the President and the heads of the departments, a statement should at that meeting be laid before the board, of the expenses of the institution during the preceding year, with an estimate of those for the year succeeding. 3. That no election of an Overseer, or of a member of the Corporation, or of any permanent Professor, should be ratified except at a meeting holden in Boston, during some session of the legisla- ture.
352 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER The report of this committee was also sent to the
— Corporation with the request, that they would adopt
measures for carrying into effect those parts of it which they should approve, and which were not in- consistent with the report of the committee of which Joseph Story was chairman. Proceed- Jn the Corporation these reports were committed ;
ings of the
Corpora- an(j on the 1 st of June, 1825. a report was made,
tion on
thoertse re proposing for enactment a new code of laws, extend- ing to those points in the two reports on which it was deemed expedient to act ; which, being accepted and enacted was transmitted to the Overseers for ap- proval, and, after commitment, postponement, and dis- cussion, was, on the 10th of June, 1825, formally sanctioned by this board, and thus became, and, with such modifications as subsequent experience has sug- gested, continues to be, the code of laws established for the government of the University.
New code By its provisions the " Immediate Government " was authorized to assume the denomination of " Faculty of the University," their powers remaining the same as heretofore, with the addition of the authority to act by committees. The President, as formerly, was placed at the head of the Faculty, without any visi- tatorial power or independent negative. He was ex- empted from certain ministerial duties, and invested with those of general superintendence, and of carrying into effect the measures of the Faculty. The Uni- versity was divided for purposes of instruction into departments, each to have a general superintendence of its own studies. The students were classified in divisions according to proficiency, and on their num- ber the emoluments of the President and Professors were made, in a degree, to depend. The University
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 353
was opened to persons who are not candidates for a CHAPTER
degree, and who desire to study in particular depart- — .
ments only. Examinations were made more frequent and more efficient. Fines were abolished, and a sys- tem of discipline, commencing with caution, warning, solemn admonition, and official notice to parents and guardians, was substituted ; higher offences being sub- ject as formerly to the higher class of College punish- ments. These were the most essential changes made in the former system of laws.
III. The proceedings and events, which led to the Proceed- excess of the expenditures beyond the incomes of excess* of6 the College will now be stated, according to public dituresbe- records and authentic documents. Previously to the incomes, presidency of Dr. Kirkland, the management of the pecuniary concerns of the institution were carefully reserved in the hands of the Corporation ; and the President exercised no independent authority, and assumed no responsibility, in relation to expenditures. These were made under the authority of votes passed by the Corporation, stating the objects and often limiting the amount of expense, and were intrusted to committees., of which the President was usually the chairman. The distribution of beneficiary funds was made with great precaution ; the name of each pro- posed recipient was presented to the Corporation, and, with the amount awarded, was entered on their re- cords. The Corporation had formerly been chiefly composed of resident instructors and clergymen, who carefully kept within the limits of the incomes of the respective funds, and seldom, if ever, ventured on any expenditures until the means of reimbursement were in their possession.
VOL. n. 45
354
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXV.
At the commencement of Dr. Kirkland's presidency, Chief Justice Parsons and John Lowell, were leading and active members of the Corporation ; both men of
sons and . . i • n i-ii-
John LOW- great learning and influence, and yielding to none in zeal and affection for the institution. They felt the power, and possessed the spirit, to attempt to lift the College upwards, and to bestow upon it more of the character, as it already had the name, of a Univer- sity, and they knew that the views of Dr. Kirkland were coincident with their own. The extensive au- thority, conferred on the President of the seminary, in regard to its government and instruction, by the Cor- poration and Overseers after the accession of Dr. Kirk- land, has been already stated.* In relation to expen- ditures and to the management of the institution addi- tional powers were also intrusted to that officer. A College Professorship of Logic and Metaphysics was
Professor- established. A law was passed, by which a Tutor,
ships mul- ... ,. . ,, -iiii
tipiied. after six years or satisfactory service, should be enti- tled to a College Professorship, with increased com- pensation ; from which principle two additional Pro- fessorships immediately resulted. To defray the con- sequent increased expenditure, the price of tuition was raised by one fourth part ; and, to counteract the ten- dency of this increased expense to diminish the num- ber of Undergraduates, it was provided, " that the Corporation might assist meritorious students when unable to pay the additional tuition." This course of proceeding increased the number of claimants for ben- eficiary aid, and rendered its restriction a more diffi- cult, and its extension a more responsible task. Until this time, the medical professors had been supported
* See above, p. 337.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 355
either by fees or by the incomes of the funds appro- CHAPTER
priated to their professorships ; their salaries were now 1_
augmented, and the additional expense was assessed B
on the Senior Class of Undergraduates, by an addition Ported"p of ten dollars to their respective quarter-bills, with a like provision in the case of meritorious students re- quiring pecuniary aid. About the same time, the plan of erecting University Hall was formed ; and the corner-stone was laid, and the building was com- menced, without any important addition to the exist- ing general funds of the College, and apparently in reliance upon aid to be derived from abroad.
The confidence thus indicated by the Corporation, that the elevation and advancement of the institution would meet the wishes of their fellow-citizens, was amply justified by an act passed by the legislature in 1814, granting, for ten years, $ 10",000 annually to the College, to be derived from the proceeds of a tax on banks.* The unexampled liberality thus displayed was regarded as an indication of the spirit in which the public sentiment required that the institution should be conducted, and by which future patronage might be best secured. An equal spirit of liberality was con- sequently infused into the proceedings of the Corpo- ration. The salaries of the President, and of all the Salaries Professors, were immediately raised by a system of annual grants ; a measure, which, in consequence of the increased price of articles of livelihood, was at that period demanded by justice, if not by necessity. All the various objects of desirable improvement and ac- commodation, already specified,! were successively gained ; but, while a zealous and undeviating atten-
* See above, p. 307. t See above, p. 334.
356 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tion was paid to the present advancement of the in-
xxxv' terests of the institution, the consequences to its future
success, should neither public nor private patronage
come in aid of the funds which these expenditures
would diminish, were not sufficiently considered. Al-
Amount though, nominally, the legislature had added % 100, 000
added by ° .
the bank to the resources or the institution, yet it had specm-
tax to the . J r
general cally appropriated $25,000 of that sum to be distrib-
fundsofthe J rr
College. uted to beneficiaries, and $20,000 had been previ- ously pledged for the erection of the Medical College ; so that only $ 55,000, which in the event proved less than $ 50,000, were added to the general funds of the institution. This amount was less, by $ 15,000, than the cost of University Hall, which was then building. Thus, notwithstanding the grant of the legislature, the amount of that difference, and all the other great expenditures of the period, were necessa- rily taken out of the general unappropriated funds, and conseqyently greatly reduced them, and propor- tionably affected the permanent incomes of the insti- tution.*
pistribu- To counteract the tendency to the diminution of funds°to the number of students, consequent on raising the ries. tuition fees, the funds of the College were liberally
bestowed on applicants for beneficiary aid, in addi- tion .to the amount expended under the act granting the bank tax, and to the allowances to students in the Theological School, which were at that time made under the authority of the Trustees of the Theological Fund. By these expenditures the effect of raising the price of tuition was counteracted, the number of undergraduates was greatly increased, and
* See Appendix, No. XL.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 357
amounted at times to more than three hundred dur- CHAPTER
ing the period of the influence of the bank tax. 1_
In May, 1818, by the death of Caleb Gannett, CaiebGan- Esq., who had been nearly twenty-nine years Steward of the College, it was deprived of a long-tried and faithful officer, diligent, assiduous, and correct in the discharge of his duty. He was succeeded in the office by Stephen Higginson, Jun., Esq., who brought to Stephen
. , . . . . Higginson,
its duties a spirit consentaneous with that which char- Jun. acterized the Corporation ; — great affection for the College, a zeal for its advancement, which knew no limits, a mind ever active and earnest for its improve- ment. To this gentleman and to John Lowell, Esq. is the College indebted for many of the fine trees and shrubberies, which now adorn its grounds and sur- round its buildings. They were arranged by their taste, and were cultivated under their care ; and, al- though they were minor elements of the expenditure of that period, they constitute ornaments to the Col- lege, of which were it deprived, no expense applied in our day could substitute an equivalent.
As early as 1818, the Corporation began to en- tertain an apprehension, that the expenditures of the seminary were greater than its resources justi- fied, and appointed a committee, consisting of the President, Mr. Lowell, and Mr. Phillips, to be as- sisted by the Treasurer, " to consider the state of those expenditures and the means of the College, and inquire what reductions may be made." And in March, 1819, they reported, that, under the cir- cumstances of the funds of the College, " retrench- ment of expenditures in certain particulars," which were specified, was expedient ; and the report, being accepted, was referred to the President to be carried
358 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER into execution. The records of the seminary indicate
y VYy
1_ no subsequent proceeding at that time in relation to
this subject.
The system of liberally applying the funds to the advancement of the College was then prevalent and popular, and it was deemed the wisest and most re- spectful course to wait until the decision of the legis- lature on the renewal of the act granting the bank tax
TheCorpo- should be known. Accordingly, in February, 1824.
ration me- . ... . . \ .. .
moriaiize this act being about to expire by its original limita-
the legisla- '
tute fora tion, a memorial for its continuance was presented to
renewal of
the bank' °f the Massachusetts legislature; in which the Corpora- tax' tion state, that within ten years the College had
already received from the bank tax $95,000, and within the same period had expended about $ 142,000, viz. $21,000 in building the Medical College ; $64,000 on University Hall; $ 25,000 in various re- pairs on the College buildings and improvements on the College grounds; $8,000 on the library and philo- sophical and chemical apparatus ; and nearly $ 24,000 for the benefit of students, according to a special appropriation in that act. The memorial adds, " By all which expenditures, and many others which might be enumerated, for objects highly necessary for the usefulness and well-being of the institution, but pro- ducing no income, the University funds have been so reduced, that the annual expenses for the support of the institution and its various offices cannot be sus- tained, without a continuance of such aid as has been derived from the grant above mentioned."
This avowal of anticipated embarrassment did not produce the effect which was hoped. A committee of the Senate, indeed, recommended a renewal of the grant of the bank tax for five years ; but the prayer
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 359
of the memorial was rejected in the House of Repre- CHAPTER sentatives, under circumstances rendering vain all ex- v'
pectation of relief from the legislature.
An immediate reduction of the scale of expenditure which they
• 111.1 .. f . refuse.
became unavoidable in the opinion of all acquainted with the resources of the College. The Corporation took immediate and efficient measures to effect this important change, and in April, 1824, appointed a committee to consider " the duties performed by in- structors, the amount and sources of their respective Measures , , , , taken to-
compensations, and what reductions can be made in wards re- trenchment the expenses of education at the College." They ofexpendi-
gave notice " to the resident instructors, who were members of the Immediate Government, that the di- minution of the College funds demanded a reduction of the expenses of the institution," and requested them " to consider in what branches it may be made, and in what manner the College funds may be most eco- nomically applied, and to report to the Corporation." The instructors, in the ensuing March, made a re- port which was respectfully considered by the Cor- poration and referred to the committee on retrench- ments ; by whom its suggestions were adopted with modifications. But, although important changes were thus made, events proved they were insufficient to meet the exigency.
In April, 1825, a committee of the Corporation on students
the subject of lessening the expenses of collegiate ed- ed to board
f ' - *n com"
ucation reported in favor of altering the law requiring mons.
all the students to board in commons ; and, in June, the Corporation, after declaring it to be " the duty of the government to provide means and afford every facility for boarding in commons to those, whose incli- nations or circumstances may render it preferable, or
360 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER whose parents and guardians may make that election,"
XXXV
— 1_ voted, that " it would not be expedient at present to require all the students thus to board, it not having been perceived, that any inconvenience has arisen, or that the morals and discipline of the students have been unfavorably affected, by permitting them to board in private families."
In November, 1825, a system was proposed by the Corporation, and, in January, 1826, approved by the Overseers, continuing the existing emoluments of the President and Professors until the 30th of Septem- ber, 1828 ; and providing, that after that period the annual grants to those officers should be discontinued, and all augmentation of their emoluments beyond their original salaries should depend upon the number of undergraduates. This postponement of reduction in so important a branch of expenditure was in a de- gree conclusive in respect to any thorough immediate relief. Report 6n In the course of the ensuing year, the attention
the expen- iri/-\'
dituresex- both of the public and of the Overseers was attract-
ceeding the
incomes, ed with intense interest to the financial and gen- eral condition of the College, by the Report of its Treasurer, from which it appeared, that the expendi- tures had for the year ending on the 30th of June, 1825, exceeded the incomes by upwards of $ 4,000 ; and by the fact, that, since the loss of the State bene- ficiary fund, the number of undergraduates had been reduced from more than three hundred, at which number they had stood in 1 822, to about two hundred, as they were in 1826. The unappropriated funds of the College had also been greatly reduced since 1810; but the expenditure, which had occasioned this re- duction, had been made for objects authorized by law,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
361
and had been sanctioned by the Corporation, whose CHAPTER
r\ XXXV.
powers in this respect were ample. On the other - hand, the College were in possession of permanent improvements, substantial buildings, and ornamental additions, greatly increasing the comfort, accommoda- tion, and usefulness of the institution ; and, although the diminution of the incomes was a cause of regret, the benefits attained were acknowledged to be great and important.
A change of system was, however, required, and an examination into the past expenditures was as much demanded by justice to the agents by whom they were made, as by the interests and character of the institution.
DIVINITY HALL, ERECTED IN 1826.
VOL. II.
46
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Proceed- ings of the Corpora- tion rela- tive to retrench- ment.
Proceedings relative to Retrenchment — Examination into Expenditures.
— John Davis resigns; Ebenezer Francis chosen Treasurer. — Measures of Precaution. — Classification according to Merit and Proficiency. — President Kirkland resigns. — His Death and Character. — A Successor appointed. — Henry Ware, Jun., appointed Professor of Pulpit Elo- quence and Pastoral Care. — Professor Norton resigns. — John Gorham Palfrey elected Professor of Biblical Literature. — Professors Parker and Stearns resign. — Nathan Dane founds a Professorship of Law.
— Joseph Story chosen Dane Professor. — Life and Character of Na- than Dane. — John Hooker Ashmun elected Royall Professor. — His Death and Character. — Simon Greenleaf chosen his Successor. — Dane Law College erected. — Resignations and Appointments in several De- partments.— Trustees of the Agricultural Society resign as Visitors of the Natural History Professorship. — Eliphalet Porter, his Death and Character. — Other Resignations and Appointments. — Notice of Tutors and Librarians. — Benjamin Peirce. — His Services and Character. — An Observatory established. — George Rapall Noyes elected Professor. — Resignation of Henry Ware.
IN 1825, Charles Jackson and Joseph Story, and in 1826, Francis Calley Gray and Nathaniel Bow- ditch, were elected members of the Corporation, and, with the Rev. Dr. Porter, were the five Fellows on whom devolved the difficult and delicate task of re- striction and retrenchment. Those who limit and economize are never so acceptable to mankind as those who enlarge and expend ; and no higher obligation rests upon history, than to do justice to men on whom these unpleasant and unpopular duties devolve. Three of these individuals survive, and their participation in this service can, therefore, only be stated in the
X
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 363
language of records and documents. The same deli-
cacy does not apply to Dr. Bowditch. He brought
to the work to which he was called those high quali- dit'ci?.ow
ties which inspire confidence, and by which he was
characterized ; a quickness and clearness of percep-
tion seldom equalled, an integrity not to be surpassed,
a heart, in which the kindest affections predominated,
a firmness of purpose to be swayed neither by fear
nor friendship, and a mind of singular purity and
elevation.
The task, which the Corporation, thus constituted, had to perform, included inquiry into the past, re- lief for the present, and precautions for the future. Their proceedings were marked by perfect fidelity to the institution, and justice to those concerning whose acts it became their duty to inquire.
In respect to the past, the accounts of every officer
. . ,. tioninto
of the seminary connected with expenditure were sub- pastexpen.
. . . ditures.
mitted to the rigid examination of an auditor,* exact, and possessing in a high degree the public confidence ; * aided by two individuals f not to be exceeded for ac- curacy, fidelity, and independence of spirit. After a thorough, minute, and laborious examination of the accounts of the institution, which, in some instances extended over seventeen years, and some of which had been previously settled by authorized committees, they were correctly and finally closed, and a payment was made of all balances. Some irregularities had occurred and some errors were rectified ; but neither fraud, nor embezzlement, nor any selfish appropria- Result tion of the funds of the College to private use, was discovered, or to be suspected ; and whatever expen-
* Benjamin R. Nichols, Esq.
f Nathaniel Bowditch and Ebenezer Francis, Esquires.
364 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER diture had been questionable in point of authority,
XXXVI
L had been evidently applied with an honest intent to
advance the interest and promote the progress of the institution. John Davis The Hon. John Davis took this opportunity, which
resigns,
he had long desired, to resign the office of Treasurer, and received from the Corporation a vote expressing " their high respect and regard for his character ; their sense of the value of his services as a Fellow of the Corporation for successive years, and of his care and fidelity in the exercise of his office ; and their regret at the loss of an agreeable associate, so qualified and disposed to assist their counsels and exertions for the good of the University and the interests of education." From 1693 to 1810, the office of Treasurer had been held by a merchant ; and the Corporation came to the conclusion, that the amount of the College property and the complex nature of its accounts re- quired that they should be placed under the superin- tendence of a member of that profession, in which, from practical experience and skill, men the best qual- ified to conduct financial affairs are generally found. Although during this long period Edward Hutchinson was the only Treasurer who was not educated at the College, this qualification was not deemed essential in comparison with placing its funds at this crisis under the charge of an individual well adapted by his char- acter and skill to assume the labor and responsibility andEbene- of the station. Ebenezer Francis, Esq., was accord-
zer Francis
Treasurer in&ly elected, and accepted the office of Treasurer of the College, on the single condition, that " he should not receive any compensation for his services."
There existed but one opinion in the Corporation in regard to a reduction of the expenses of the Col-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 365
lege ; and, in December, 1826, Judge Jackson, Dr. CHAPTER
XXXVF
Bowditch, and Mr. Gray were appointed a commit- 1-
tee on this subject. The committee, after prepar- ing a system of reduction, and submitting it to the Faculty of the College for their revisal, and having received and attentively considered their remarks, made a report to the Corporation. Taking into con sideration the tendency of the high charge for tui- tion to diminish the number of students, they first proposed that it should be reduced from fifty-five to thirty dollars per annum. They then recommended Measures a system of general reduction, which, in April, 1827, mem
. adopted.
was adopted, and of which the following were the principal features : — a union of professorships where it was practicable, — a rescindment of grants made in augmentation of salaries, and of all extra emolu- ments of the President, Professors, Instructors, Treas- urer, and Steward, — a repeal of the law authorizing the President to employ a secretary, whose services were now devolved on the Steward, — a prohibition in future of the application of the general funds and incomes of the College to the aid of beneficiaries, and a restriction of all allowances to them to the incomes actually derived from the foundations established for them, — and a decrease from six to five and a half per cent, of the interest allowed on the appropriated funds.
These reductions, with others of minor importance, the committee estimated would probably produce a saving of $ 8,000 per annum, which, " although not Annual sufficient to accomplish the objects proposed by the fectedby committee," yet, if followed up by suitable plans of studies and exercises, and an increase of the duties of professors and instructors demanded by the diminution
366 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of their number, they were of opinion would be an
XXXVI
— 1- important advance towards an efficient system of re-
trenchment. To this end the Overseers passed votes authorizing the Corporation to assign to the officers of instruction such other services as may be neces- sary and reasonable, provided they be not inconsistent with their respective foundations ; and, also to reduce the charges upon the students, as the state of the College funds should permit. causes of In making these reductions the committee explicitly
these re- r J
auctions, stated, that " the measures suggested are rendered necessary only by the reduction of income, arising from the diminution of the number of students, from the loss of the annuity formerly paid by the State, and from other causes beyond our control, and must not be understood to intimate any doubts of the correct- ness of the course heretofore pursued under very dif- ferent circumstances. We are persuaded, that the means of instruction and the moral discipline in the College have been constantly improving under the direction of our predecessors in the Corporation, and of the Faculty, and that they are far better now than at any former period within our knowledge. But this only increases our obligation to persevere in the sys- tem of constant improvement."
Report In January, 1828, the important change thus effect-
concerning i ' t > f i
them to the ed in the pecuniary concerns of the institution was
made the subject of a special report to the Overseers.* This board had led the way in reform, by becoming " an active and efficient agent in the concerns of the University," by providing, that regular annual meet- ings of their board should be held at a specified place
* See Appendix, No. XLI.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 367
and time, when statements of the condition of all the CHAPTER
XXXVI.
departments, of the expenses of the institution for the - —
preceding academic year, and an estimate of those of
the year succeeding should be presented to the board,
be printed, and thus made public ; — methods well
adapted to keep the spirit of improvement active in
the institution, and preserve order and insure accu-
racy in expenditures.
The Corporation also took precautionary measures Precaution-
'
/•i«i mi -
to prevent a recurrence or like embarrassments. Ihey uresadopt- voted, that their board should hold a stated meeting corpora-
3 tion;
at a fixed place, once a month, when the record of the preceding meeting should be read. The keep- as to their ing of the records had formerly devolved upon the President. The Corporation now appointed one of their members Secretary of their board, and made him responsible for the accuracy and completeness of their records, giving him authority to employ a clerk, and directions to cause a duplicate record to be kept ; one copy to be delivered to the President for his use at Cambridge, the other to remain in Boston, at the place assigned for the monthly meetings of the Corpo- ration. In order that the condition of the Treasury as to the
Treasury ;
might be constantly kept in view, the Treasurer was required to present to the board a statement of his expenditure every month ; which was made the first object of attention after reading the records of the preceding meeting. He was also required to present to the board an annual account, which was to be examined by a committee, whose duty it should be to compare the present account with the preceding, and every entry with its vouchers ; to inspect all bonds, notes, and certificates of property, and to see that all were in the possession of the Treasurer ; observing
368 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER in their investigation a strictness of method carefully L devised * to prevent error, and, as far as possible, pre- clude haste or negligence in the examiners, who were to make to the board a written report of the state of the Treasury, which should be carefully inserted in the books of the Corporation. The Treasurer was also prohibited from making any payment unless sanc- tioned by a previous vote of the board ; without which neither the President, nor any member of the board, had authority to draw money from the Treasury. Salaries were ordered to be paid quarterly, and ad- vances on this account, or partial payments, were pro- hibited.
as to the Jn relation to the distribution of the beneficiary
beneficiary . m "
funds. funds, a practice had prevailed since 1811, of making it by means of deductions from the term bills of the applicants, on the books of the Steward, by the au- thority of the President, acting as a committee ; so that it did not appear on the records of the Corporation, nor was there any evidence on those records, that it had ever been submitted to them. This practice was now altered, and the system of preceding times was revived. The names of the applicants and the amounts proposed to be distributed were required to be presented to the Corporation for their examination and approval ; and, after their sanction had been ob- tained, both the names and amounts were entered at large on the records of the board.
Their re- By the application of these principles and rules, and by a rigid economy in every branch of the Col- lege service, combined with a wise investment of the funds of the institution, and an active collection of
* See Appendix, No. XLII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 369
outstanding demands, under the watchful superintend- CHAPTER
"Y"V"Y VT
ence of Dr. Bowditch and Mr. Francis, the expendi- - tures of the College were soon reduced within its in- come, and a foundation was laid for a prosperous state of its finances.
The principle of classifying students in divisions Attempt to according to their proficiency * had been introduced dentsSac-
i • • f • • f i r-\ n cording to
contrary to the opinion or a majority or the College merit and
-r. i • i- proficien-
Jb acuity, and its application became the occasion of se- cy, rious discontents and disorders among the Undergrad- uates, and led to repeated and severe punishments. In June, 1826, the visiting committee of the Overseers expressed, in their report to the board, their regret " at these instances of insubordination and resistance to the classification according to merit and proficiency;" but, considering that the system was new, and yet a subject of experiment, and regarding a time of disorder and disobedience as not a time to relax, they recom- mended that the system should be enforced " until from the observation of the Faculty it should be found unfavorable to the literary advancement of the stu- dents."
In November, 1826, the attempt to carry this prin- occasions
disorders.
ciple of classification into effect continuing to be the occasion of disorders, the President called the attention of the Corporation to the subject ; and on his repre- sentation they voted, " that the farther enforcement of this principle, except so far as the Faculty shall deem it expedient, may be postponed until after the gen- eral meeting of the Overseers, when it is understood the subject will be taken into consideration."
Under this authority the College Faculty referred
* See above, p. 352.
VOL. n. 47
370 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER the application of the principle to the discretion of the
XXXVI.
— departments, until after the stated meeting of the tionp^sta Overseers. This occurred in January, 1827, when poned, the visiting committee of the Overseers reported to the board, that the division of the classes according to merit and proficiency, as established by recent laws, had occasioned disorder and dissatisfaction in the principal departments, and that several of the Faculty had reported that it was not attended with any perceptible increase of scholarship, and had been the source of complaints with parents, as well as with pupils ; and they recommended an inquiry into the expediency of some modification of these laws. At the same meeting a vote of the Corporation was pre- sented to the Overseers, " that the formation of stu- dents into divisions for instruction shall be continued and carried into effect only so far as the Corporation, or the Faculty, with the assent of the Corporation, shall from time to time deem expedient;" which being approved, the question of the expediency of applying this principle was submitted by the Corporation to the College Faculty, and by them to the instructors in the several departments ; in all of which the principle of andaban- classification according to proficiency was abandoned, except in that of Modern Languages. The head of this department having recommended to the Overseers, " that the division into classes should be abolished, and the whole course be thrown open, as in some foreign universities," the College Faculty voted their assent to the experiment in that department ; and, in that alone, those who entered upon the study of any lan- guage were formed into sections, and carried forward according to their proficiency, without reference to the distinction of classes.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 371
In the autumn of 1827, the health of President CHAPTER
Kirkland was severely assailed by paralysis, which, !_
for a short time, disqualified him for the performance of his official duties. Although, in a degree, his health was restored, the elasticity and vigor of his mind did not return, his own confidence in his powers began to be impaired, and a natural wish arose to be relieved from the responsibilities of his official station, Dr. Kirk-
, ,, , land resigns
and to seek, more perrect restoration in travel and the presi- change of scene and of climate. In April, 1828, he transmitted a letter resigning the office of President to the Corporation, who thereupon
"Voted, that, in accepting the resignation of the votes President, the board express their full sense of all the the corpo- benefits conferred by him on the institution over which he has presided for so many years with singular dig- nity and mildness, highly raising its reputation and increasing its usefulness by his splendid talents and accomplishments, his paternal care, and his faithful services.
" Voted, that the Secretary be requested to trans- mit to the Rev. Dr. Kirkland a copy of the foregoing vote, with an expression of the earnest wishes of this board for his future health and happiness.
" Voted, That the salary of the President be paid up to the next Commencement.
" Whereas, there is an unliquidated account exist- ing between the President and the Corporation, and, as it is desirable that the same should be adjusted upon principles of equity, and to the mutual satisfac- tion of both parties, voted, that the further sum of two thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby, allowed to the President in full of such account, and as a final settlement thereof, the said sum to be paid to the
372 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER President upon his giving a release of all claims and
'— demands whatsoever against the Corporation."
On receiving these votes, Dr. Kirkland addressed letters to the Corporation, expressing " his respectful and grateful acknowledgments " of their tenor, and of the manner in which they had been communicated, and of his " entire satisfaction with the settlement of his pecuniary concerns by the Corporation." and of the When Dr. Kirkland's resignation was communicated
Overseers.
to the Overseers, they passed the following resolve : " That this board have a deep and grateful sense of the benefits which religion and learning have derived from his distinguished talents, his beneficent virtues, and his unwearied zeal in diffusing the advantages of education and in promoting the welfare of the Uni- versity over which he so long presided."
Dr. Kirkland survived the dissolution of his connex- ion with the College nearly thirteen years, during which he visited Europe, Egypt, and Palestine ; but, although his health was thus improved, and his power of enjoyment extended, his disease proved inveterate, Dr. Kirk- and his life was closed on the 26th of April, 1840,
land's
death. in the sixty-ninth year of his age.
Hischarac- Dr. Kirkland will ever be present to the affections
ter and ser- •
vices. of his friends, by their remembrance of the many qual- ities which endeared him as a man, a public officer, and an associate. Possessing talents of a high order, which he had diligently cultivated, enjoying the friend- ship and confidence of many of the most influential and eminent men among his contemporaries, com- bining great sagacity with great knowledge of hu- man nature, he conducted this seminary for a suc- cession of years prosperously and with great popularity. Under his auspices, the standard necessary for obtain-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 373
ing admission to its privileges was raised, its literary CHAPTER character elevated, the general sphere of its usefulness '—
extended, and those great improvements were effect- ed, which have been already the subject of notice and commendation. By those who enjoyed the benefit of his authority and care, and by those intimately con- nected with him in official duties, he is remembered with an affection and respect due to his virtues and talents ; and, when his day of life had passed, the alumni who had been educated under his care, gath- ered round his tomb to pay their tribute of gratitude and respect to his memory and fame.*
After the resignation of Dr. Kirkland, the Presi- dent's chair remained vacant until the succeeding January. Its present occupant, the writer of this His- tory, was then elected, and on the 2d of June, 1829, was inaugurated. During the interval a Professor- Professor- ship of Pulpit Eloquence and Pastoral Care had been pit'PE°o- " established upon a fund raised by the friends of the Pastoral College and of the Rev. Henry Ware, Jun., suffi- Hshed. cient for the payment of his salary for ten years, and he was chosen Professor on this foundation.! At the special request of the Directors of the Theological School, Mr. Ware received leave of absence to visit Rev. Henry Europe for the benefit of his health; and, in 1830, on his return, he entered on the duties of his Profes- sorship. In March, 1830, Mr. Norton resigned his Professor office of Dexter Professor of Sacred Literature, and in September of this year, a new organization of the Theological department took place, by which the
* See three discourses on the Life and Character of the Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D., by the Rev. Drs. Parkman and Palfrey, and the Rev. Mr. Young.
t See Appendix, No. XLIII.
374 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER President of the University, and the Professors of Di-
XXXVI
— vinity, of Biblical Literature, and of Pulpit Eloquence
and the Pastoral Care, were constituted its Faculty, and vested with authority to make regulations and enforce laws, and one of the three Professors was to be appointed Dean of the Faculty by the Corpora- tion.
Immediately after the adoption of statutes to this Rev. John effect, the Rev. John Gorham Palfrey was elected Palfrey. Professor of Biblical Literature, and appointed Dean of the Faculty. By this organization the duties hith- erto performed by the Directors of the " Society for the Promotion of Theological Education in Har- vard University," were transferred to the Theological Faculty ; and, the connexion which subsisted between that Society and the University being dissolved by mutual consent, the Society for the Promotion of The- ological Education transferred their funds to the Cor- poration of Harvard College, to be disposed of ac- cording to the intentions of the several donors, and to be subject to the same trusts, charge, and liabilities, as when under the control of the Society. This or- ganization continues at the present day. chief JIM- In November, 1827, Chief Justice Parker resigned the office of Royall Professor of Law, and in April, 1829, the Hon. Asahel Stearns that of College Pro- fessor of the same science. In June, 1829, the Cor- poration received a communication from the Hon. Nathan Dane, proposing to lay the foundation of a Professorship of Law in the University, and specifying the duties which he should prescribe to be performed by his Professor; which were, " to prepare and deliver, and to revise for publication, a course of Lectures on the five following branches of Law and Equity, equally
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 375
in force in all parts of our federal republic, namely, CHAPTER the Law of Nature, the Law of Nations, Commercial —
and Maritime Law, Federal Law, and Federal Equity, in such wide extent as the same branches now are, and from time to time shall be, administered in the Courts of the United States, but in such compressed form as the Professor shall deem proper ; and so to prepare, deliver, and revise lectures thereon, as often as the said Corporation shall think proper." To the discretion of that board Mr. Dane submitted the selec- tion of the branches of law, which should be the sub- jects of the other lectures on his foundation ; and he at once appropriated ten thousand dollars as a fund, the income of which, and " of such other moneys or funds as he might thereafter add," he directed to be paid over annually to his Professor. He concluded his communication with declaring, that, " as the Hon. Jo- seph Story is by study and practice eminently qualified to teach the said branches, both in Law and Equity, it is my request, that he may be appointed the first Pro- fessor on this foundation, if he will accept the same." This donation having been accepted by the Corpora- tion, the Hon. Joseph Story, LL. D., was immedi- "J0seph ately elected Dane Professor of Law in Harvard Uni- versity.
Mr. Dane was born in 1752, in the town of Ips- Nathan wich, in Massachusetts. He was the son of a farmer, and was engaged in agricultural pursuits until the age of manhood, when he commenced the studies prepara- tory to his admission to Harvard College. A mind patient of labor and a never-ceasing diligence, which were the elements of his success in after life, ren- dered his reputation for scholarship high during his residence in the seminary. He was graduated in
376 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER 1778, studied law in Beverly, Massachusetts, and es-
XXXVI
tablished himself in the profession in that town, which continued to be the place of his residence through life. The manners and address of Mr. Dane were mild and simple, indicating goodness of heart and upright- ness of purpose. Calm, even, and serene, not easily disturbed, never violently agitated, systematically in- dustrious, punctual, and prompt in the duties of his profession, he early secured the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens, which were strengthened by experience.
" In 1782, and the three following years, he was a representative in the General Court of Massachu- setts; in 1785, 1786, 1787, a delegate to Congress; in 1790, 1794, 1796, a member of the Massachu- setts Senate. In 1795, he was appointed one of a committee to revise the laws of the State, and again to a similar duty in 1811 and 1812. He was an Elec- tor of the President of the United Stales in 1812; a member of the Hartford Convention in 1814, and of the Convention for revising the Constitution of Massa- chusetts, in 1820. In these and various other civil offices, his services were eminently efficient and valu- able."
Mr. Dane took an active interest in objects of gen- eral improvement and benevolence, readily contribut- ing to them according to the proportion of his fortune, and freely bestowing what was far more valuable than money, his time, judgment, and personal services.
During a long life his thoughts were concentrated on the most important and momentous subjects which excite and task the powers of human intellect. The relations of law, morals, politics, and religion were the almost exclusive objects of his intense and assidu-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 377
ous studies. " Lord Coke, that prodigy of profes- CHAPTER sional learning, in laying down for the benefit of his
students, the various employments of every day, as- signed six hours for the pursuit of the law." " I feel justified," continues the eminent lawyer and civilian whom Mr. Dane selected as the first Professor on his foundation, " in saying, that for more than fifty years our generous patron has daily devoted to his favorite studies of politics and jurisprudence more than double that number of hours."*
The industry and learning of Nathan Dane are His works, perpetuated by imperishable monuments. His great work, " A General Abridgment and Digest of Amer- ican Law, with occasional Notes and Illustrations, in Nine Volumes," has been long before the world. Another work of nearly equal extent, entitled " A Moral and Political Survey of America," he has left complete in manuscript. Of the nature and value of these characteristic labors, the public have been already apprized by professional criticism and appro- priate comment. But the crowning glory of Mr. Dane emanates from his having been the draftsman, in 1787, of the celebrated ordinance for the govern- ment of the Territory of the United States, north- west of the river Ohio, which was adopted by Con- gress without a single alteration ; and particularly by that provision, suggested by his far-reaching sa- gacity, which excluded " slavery or involuntary ser- vitude " from that territory, and fixed for ever the character of the population of those vast regions. " A political measure," as a great statesman elo- quently expressed it, " of large and enduring conse-
* See a Discourse pronounced on the Inauguration of the Author, as Dane Professor of Law in Harvard University, by Joseph Story, p. 57.
VOL. ii. 48
378 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER quences, which impressed on the soil itself, while it
L was yet a wilderness, an incapacity to bear any other
than freemen, and laid an interdict against personal servitude, in original compact, not only deeper than all local law, but deeper, also, than all local constitu- tions."*
His death. The health and mental powers of Mr. Dane remain- ed unimpaired until he entered the eighty-third year of his age. After suffering during three months under a paralytic affection, supported by Christian hopes, and with a cheerful submission to the divine will, he closed a life of singular purity, diligence, and usefulness, at his residence in Beverly, on the 15th of February, 1835. .
The duties of Judge Story, as an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, requiring his annual attendance at Washington, a committee of the Corporation reported, that such an institution as they proposed to establish in support of the law branch of the University required, for its complete success, the appointment of another instructor, and recommended that the Royall Professorship of Law, now vacant by the resignation of Chief Justice Parker, should be
johnHook- filled; and they immediately proceeded to elect John Hooker Ashmun, Esq., of Northampton, Royall Pro- fessor of Law. Judge Story and Mr. Ashmun accept- ed, and in August, 1829, were formally inaugurated in, their respective offices. The duties of the Dane Professor, Judge Story has since continued to fulfil, but in less than four years those of Mr. Ashmun were terminated by death.
John Hooker Ashmun, the son of Eli P. Ashmun,
* See Speech of Daniel Webster, in the debate in Congress on Mr. Foote's Resolutions, in 1839. Also, " The American Jurist," Vol. XIV. pp. 62 -7&
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 379
a distinguished lawyer and statesman, was born in CHAPTER Bland ford, Massachusetts, in July, 1800, and was XXXVL graduated at Harvard College, in 1818. Entering Sa«ct6r?d upon the study of the law, he devoted himself to the mastery of the science with intense zeal and never- ceasing industry. He early took rank among the fore- most in his profession, and became associated with other eminent jurists in the instruction of a law school of high character at Northampton. His attain- ments in legal science, and his happy talent as an instructor, soon rendered him conspicuous ; and, al- though he was not yet thirty years of age, on the reorganization of the Law School of Harvard College, in 1829, the Corporation unanimously invited him to take the chair of the Royall Professorship of Law.
Never were honors more worthily bestowed, or the duties of a professor's chair more faithfully fulfilled. His learning was deep, various, and accurate, and his method of instruction searching and exact. The highest rank in the profession of the law is seldom attained at so early a period in life. " Few men have impressed upon the memories of their friends a livelier sense of excellence and unsullied virtue. Fewer have left behind them a character so significant in its out- lines, and so well fitted to sustain an enduring fame."
With a cheerful, firm, and gentle spirit, Mr. Ash- mun endured during eight years the sufferings inci- dent to a constitutional tendency to pulmonary dis- ease. His mental powers continued bright and effi- cient, and were actively employed in his official duties until a few days before his death, which occurred in His death- April, 1833.* In the same month, the vacancy occa-
* See a Discourse pronounced at the Funeral Obsequies of John Hooker Ashmun, Esq., Royall Professor of Law in Harvard University,
380 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER sioned by the death of Professor Ashmun was supplied by the election of Simon Greenleaf, Esq., as his suc- cessor, who accepted the appointment, was inaugu- rated, and has since continued to fulfil the duties of the Royall Professorship.
By the principles now established, these two pro- fessorships constitute the department of Law, of which the Dane Professor is the head ; and the Law Faculty is composed of the two Professors and the President of the University. The charge to each law student is one hundred dollars ; each Professor receives the in- come of his own foundation, and the amount paid for instruction is equally divided between the two Pro- fessors, until the sums received in the whole by the Dane Professor amount to one thousand dollars per annum. The surplus is paid to the Royall Profes- sor, until his compensation is made up to fifteen hundred dollars per annum ; and whatever remains is appropriated exclusively to the benefit of the Law School, in such manner as the Corporation may de- termine. The duty of the Royall Professor is, to reside in Cambridge ; to devise and propose, in con- junction with the Dane Professor, such a course of instruction in the Law School as may best promote its design and the honor of the University ; to take charge and oversight of the students, meet them fre- quently, assist and stimulate their studies, and ex- plain and remove their doubts ; to give to them famil- iar lectures and conversations, and, when required by the Corporation, to prepare and deliver written lec- tures on such branches as they may propose.
before the President, Fellows, and Faculty, in the Chapel of the Uni- versity, April 5th, 1833, by Joseph Story, LL. D., Dane Professor of Law.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 381
In October, 1831, Mr. Dane advanced the sum of CHAPTER five thousand dollars towards the erection of a Law .
College, and proffered a loan of two thousand dollars Dane Law
College
more, in order to enable the Corporation to proceed erected. immediately to erect the edifice. This renewed evi- dence of the liberal and enlightened spirit of a dis- tinguished benefactor was acknowledged with grati- tude by the Corporation ; and measures were imme- diately taken for the building of Dane Law College, which was completed and occupied in October, 1832.
The department of Mathematics and Natural Phi- losophy continued under the superintendence of Pro- fessor Farrar, until June, 1831,* when, with the consent of the Corporation, he visited Europe for the restoration of his health ; instruction in the mathe- matical branch of his department being transferred to a Tutor. In May, 1833, the Corporation, with the assent of the Overseers, established a University Pro- University fessorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, to ship of
i e ii i • • TT Mathemat-
take the superintendence or all the instruction to Un- icsestab-
1 . . lished.
dergraduates, in the various branches of pure Mathe- matics, to be conducted by hearing and criticizing re- citations, or by oral communications or public lec- tures, as the Corporation might direct. Benjamin Benjamin Peirce was then elected University Professor on this foundation, and has since fulfilled the duties of the office. Professor Farrar having about this time relin- quished a third part of his salary, his labors were restricted, by consent of the Corporation, to lectures on Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy.
In June, 1836, the health of Professor Farrar not
* See above, p. 290.
382 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER being permanently restored by his visit to Europe, he ' transmitted to the Corporation a resignation of his
Professorship, which remained vacant until January, 1838, when Joseph Lovering, A. M., was elected Lovering. Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philos- ophy, and entered on the duties of his office, which he continues to fulfil.
The organization of the Medical School continued generally as heretofore stated,* until September, 1831, when new statutes were proposed and adopted by the Corporation and approved by the Overseers, con- stituting the President of the University, and the Pro- New stat- fessors and Lecturers authorized to give instruction to
utes of the °
Medical Medical Students, the Medical Faculty, with authority to elect a Dean and adopt rules for their own govern- ment, provided they do not contravene the laws of the University ; and establishing the principles, times, and modes of the matriculation of students in medicine, the examination to which the candidate for the degree of Doctor of Medicine shall be subjected, and the conditions with which he must comply to be entitled to it.
In January, 1832, at the request of Dr. Jackson, Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Phy- sic, stating the necessity of aid in his professorship,
John ware. John Ware, M. D., was elected Adjunct Professor in that branch of medical science, the duties and emoluments of the professorship to be divided between the Professor and Adjunct Professor, in such manner as they might agree, without any additional charge upon the students of the College.
* See above, pp. 305-308.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 383
In May, 1836, Dr. Jackson resigned the Hersey CHAPTER
XXXVI
Professorship of the Theory and Practice of Physic,
and in June following, John Ware, M. D., was elected John ware to that office, which he continues to sustain.*
In July, 1837, Dr. Jackson was "chosen Emeri- James
. Jackson.
tus Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, in consideration of his faithful and valuable services, as Hersey Professor."
In January, 1835, the Corporation, with the appro- bation of the Overseers, established " a Professorship, of the Principles of Surgery and of Clinical Surgery," and elected George Hayward, M. D., Professor.
In March, 1827, Dr. Gorham resigned the office of Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, which he had held more than ten years, and died in March 1829, at the age of forty-six. The fidelity and talent with which he fulfilled the duties of his station, his amiable deportment as a man, and eminence as a physician, entitle him, in the annals of the University, to respectful and affectionate commemoration. He was succeeded in office by Dr. Webster, as has already been stated.f
In November, 1827, Dr. Bigelow resigned the Rum- Jacob
. to . Bigelow.
ford Professorship of the Physical and Mathematical Sciences as applied to the Useful Arts,t which remain- ed without an incumbent until January, 1834, when
* Although the general outline of events, which forms the conclusion of this History, terminates with the administration of President Kirkland, no- tices of the several Professorships of the University will be continued to August, 1840, the period when the final chapters of this work were com- mitted to the press ; but the votes passed by the Corporation, on the resig- nation of the several Professors, expressive of the sense entertained of their services, are omitted, except in regard to individuals deceased.
t See above, p. 309. J See above, p. 321.
384 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Daniel Tread well, A. M., was elected to the office,
KXXVI
. and now fulfils its duties.
^n tne same month, Stephen Higginson, Esq., re- signed the office of Steward, and the Corporation after expressing, that they " were fully sensible of his ability and zeal in performing the duties of his office, and of his constant devotion to the interests of the Charles College," accepted his resignation. Charles Saunders,
Saunders.
A. M., was immediately elected Steward, and held his
office until February, 1831, when he relinquished it,
Oliver and Oliver Sparhawk was appointed his successor.
Sparhawk. ._ .. 111-11 /v >i i • i i • i
Mr. Sparhawk held the office until his death, which LeviFar- occurred in June, 1835. Levi Farwell, Esq., was then appointed Steward, and still continues to hold the office.
Frbaenceiser ^n June? 1830, Ebenezer Francis, Esq., resigned his office of Treasurer of the College. The Corpora- tion in accepting his resignation expressed " their sincere regret, that the state of his health rendered this measure necessary, and declared their high sense of the value and importance of the services gratui- tously rendered by him as Treasurer, and that he had evinced, at all times, in the performance of his ardu- ous duties a zeal and disinterestedness which can- not be surpassed, and an ability seldom equalled."* Thomas w. Thomas Wren Ward, Esq., was immediately elected to the office, who accepted it on condition of " not receiving any compensation for his services," and now sustains it.
In September, 1830, a Professorship of the German Language and Literature having been established in the University for the period of five years, on a sub-
* See Appendix, No. XLIV.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 385
scription made by the friends of Charles Follen, J. U. D., CHAPTER
XXX. VI.
he was appointed Professor, and continued acceptably
. Charles
to fulfil the duties of his office until 1835, when it Foiien. ceased by the terms of its original foundation. During his short connexion with the University, his services were characterized by learning, labor, and fidelity. He was among the lamented individuals whose lives were terminated by the destruction of the steamboat Lexington, by fire, in Long Island Sound, in Janu- ary, 1840; and the public are already in possession of his eulogy ; a work of friendship and genius.* Mr. Ticknor retained the Smith Professorship until May, George 1835, when he resigned it; and in November, 1836, Henry W. Longfellow, A. M., formerly Professor of Henry w.
Longfel-
the Modern Languages at Bowdoin College, was low. elected to the office of Smith Professor of the French and Spanish Languages and Literature, and Professor of Belles Lettres, which he continues to sustain.
In May, 1831, the Trustees of the Massachusetts Professor- Society for Promoting Agriculture,! as part of the Natural Visitors of the Professorship of Natural History, made known to the Corporation their desire to give up that trust. In the state of the funds of the professorship, and since the grants of the legislature had been dis- continued, they were of opinion that its true interest required that the whole control of the Botanic Garden should be vested in the Corporation, as possessing the best means, and being in the most favorable situa- tion, to maintain and improve the institution. In yielding to the proposal of the Trustees, the Corpo-
* See " A Discourse occasioned by the Death of the Rev. Dr. Fol- len ; by William Ellery Channing." t See above, pp. 291, 328.
VOL. ii. 49
386
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Eliphalet Porter.
CHAPTER ration expressed their " grateful sense of the deep
XXXVI.
- interest which has always been manifested by the Trustees in the Botanical Institution, and of the great benefits it had derived from their friendly care and oversight," and gave their assurance, that they would constantly endeavour to maintain and support it, so far as they should be enabled to do so by any funds in their hands that might be properly applicable to the object.
In 1833, the Corporation lost, by the death of the Rev. Dr Porter, one of its most useful and active members. Eliphalet Porter was born on the llth of June, 1758, was graduated at Harvard College in 1777, and ordained pastor of the First Church in Roxbury in 1782. He was elected into the Cor- poration in 1818, and his death occurred on the 7th of December, 1833. The notice of this event on the records of the Corporation manifests their strong sense of " the great loss our literary and religious community have sustained by the death of this learned divine and exemplary Christian, whose intelligence, fidelity, and zeal in support of the interests of lit- erature, and especially of those connected with the prosperity of Harvard University, they have had uni- form occasion to witness during the many years he has been one of the members of this board."
The period of Dr. Porter's connexion with the Cor- poration was one of great difficulty, and he took his full share of the labors and responsibilities incident to his official situation. His affection for the College was ardent and constant. When the aid imparted by the State enabled the Corporation to give a great enlarge- ment to the means of education in the seminary, he assiduously facilitated the extension of its benefits.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 387
When that aid was withdrawn, he was among the CHAPTER
XXXVI
most vigorous and earnest in support of the measures 1
the exigency required.
The prominent traits of Dr. Porter's character were purity, probity, and wisdom, which constituted the elements of that influence and respect he so exten- sively attained. In the support and management of institutions for objects of charity, or for the promotion of education and religion, his services and counsels were conspicuously useful and in constant request. The various offices of trust to which he was called were fulfilled with a characteristic caution, prudence, and fidelity, which obtained and justified unlimited confidence. As a divine, he was regarded by his brethren in the ministry as a patriarch and sage. In judgment sound, in thought sagacious, with a mind self-sustained and self-controlled, having no ambition but to be useful, and no desire but to do good, his life was singularly peaceful and happy, his death tran- quil, and with the assured hope of a Christian.* By his last will he bequeathed one thousand dollars to the Theological School of Harvard College.
The Alford Professorship of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity, remained vacant after the death of Mr. Frisbie,f until January, 1827 ; when, in pursuance of the system of retrenchment then deemed necessary, Levi Hedge, LL. D., received that appoint- Levi ment, " to perform all the duties pointed out in the statutes of the Professorship, and such other duties, not inconsistent with those statutes, as may be assigned to
* See " A Sermon preached at the Funeral of the Rev. Eliphalet Por- ter, late Senior Pastor of the First Church in Roxbury, December llth, 1833, by George Putnam, Surviving Pastor of said Church."
t See above, p. 328.
388 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER him by the government of the University." The Col-
XXXVI.
1_ lege Professorship of Logic and Metaphysics, which
Dr. Hedge had held since 1810, was discontinued ; instruction in Logic being assigned to the Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, and that in Meta- physics to Dr. Hedge, as not inconsistent with the Al- ford statutes. In April, 1832, he resigned the Alford Professorship, and, from considerations of economy and expediency, it was permitted to remain vacant, its du- ties being performed by Tutors, until December, 1838,
James when the Rev. James Walker, D. D., was elected
Walker.
Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philoso- phy, and Civil Polity, and now sustains this office.
The Greek and Latin departments of the Univer- sity had been from the earliest period conducted by Tutors, generally appointed for three years. In 1811, a College Professorship of Greek was established by
Ashur the appointment of Ashur Ware, and another of Latin by the appointment of Levi Frisbie. Mr. Ware held his office until 1815, when he resigned it, and
Johns. was succeeded by the Rev. John Snelling Popkin, D. D.,* who sustained that relation until 1827, when he was elected Eliot Professor of Greek Literature, and conducted the instruction in the Greek depart- ment, assisted by a Tutor, until December, 1831,
Cornelius when Cornelius Conway Felton was chosen University
C. Felton. J J
Professor and Permanent Tutor in Greek. In July, 1833, Dr. Popkin resigned the Eliot Professorship, and, in the succeeding November, Professor Felton was elected to the office, which he now holds.
Mr. Frisbie remained College Professor of Latin until 1817,f when on his acceptance of the Alford
» See above, p. 317. f See above, p. 328.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 339
Professorship, John Brazer, A. M., was elected his CHAPTER
XXXVI
successor, and discharged the office until September, - 1820, when he resigned it, and was succeeded by Brazer. George Otis, who fulfilled its duties until 1827. The George Latin department was then placed under the super- intendence of Professor Willard. This arrangement was continued until January, 1831, when he was relieved from the service, and the department was committed to Charles Beck, P. D., who was, in the Charles December following, elected University Professor of Latin, and still holds the office.
In October, 1831, Sidney Willard, who had been, Sidney for more than twenty-four years, Hancock Professor of the Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, resigned his office. The Professorship has ever since remained vacant ; its funds not being adequate to the support of a Professor's chair. Instruction in the Hebrew lan- guage has from that time been conducted, in the Theological School, by the Professor of Biblical Lit- erature ; special instructors being provided, at the ex- pense of the College, for such undergraduates as desire to pursue the study of this language.
In January, 1 839, the accumulation of the funds, be- queathed by John McLean, Esq., for the support of a Professorship of Ancient and Modern History, enabled the Corporation to appoint Jared Sparks, Esq., on that Jared foundation, who accepted the office, and now fulfils its duties.
In the ensuing April, Dr. Palfrey transmitted to
the Corporation his resignation of the Professorship of Biblical Literature ; which has since remained vacant. In the succeeding July, a Professorship of Oriental Literature having been established in the University for five years, on a subscription made by the friends
390 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of the Rev. William Adam, he was appointed Profes-
XXXVI
— sor ; but he retained his connexion with the seminary
William . . • T» /• ...
Adam. only one year, having resigned his .Professorship in August, 1840.
In every period of College history, the talent and fidelity with which its Tutors have discharged the important duties of their station, have chiefly con- tributed to the success and prosperity of the insti- tution. Many of the individuals, who have succes- sively sustained this office, have reflected great honor on their Alma Mater by the professional eminence or the high civil rank they afterwards attained. It is due also to the successive Librarians of the Uni- versity, to express a like sense of their worth and usefulness ; many of whom have conferred honor on the institution, by the professional or literary eminence they acquired in their subsequent lives. But the num- ber constituting each of these classes of officers, and the limits of this work, prevent the particular notice their services merit. The obligations of the seminary
Benjamin to Benjamin Peirce, the late librarian, are, however, too peculiar and important to be passed without a distinct acknowledgment. Mr. Peirce was born in September, 1778; and, after being graduated at Har- vard College, with the highest honors of his class, he became a merchant in Salem, and by his social virtues, strict moral rectitude, and the evidence he gave of a well-disciplined mind, obtained the respect and confi- dence of the community. Although circumstances had induced him to enter on mercantile pursuits, his mind was always devoted to literature; and, in 1826, he accepted the office of Librarian to the University, which he executed with exemplary zeal and fidelity. Besides its daily and required duties, he formed and
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 391
published an ample and invaluable Catalogue of the CHAPTER
XXXVI.
University library, in four octavo volumes ; a work of great labor and accuracy. He had scarcely com- pleted this publication, when his labors were arrested by death, in July, 1831. A still more interesting and desired work, entitled, "A History of Harvard Uni- versity, from its Foundation, in the year 1636, to the Period of the American Revolution," was left unfin- ished, though " in a considerable degree of forward- ness." This was published after his death, by his friends, and is an enduring monument of his zeal, affection, and fidelity towards the institution.*
In October, 1839, the Corporation were informed that Mr. William Cranch Bond was engaged under wuiiam
Cranch
an appointment and contract with the government" of Bond. the United States, with a well-adapted apparatus, in a series of observations on "meteorology, magnetism, and moon-culminations, as also upon ajl the eclipses of the sun and moon and Jupiter's satellites," in con- nexion with those which should be made by the officers of the expedition to the South Sea, commenced in 1838, under the authority of Congress, for the deter- mination of longitude and other scientific purposes. Being also apprized of the reputation sustained by Mr. Bond as a skilful, accurate, and attentive observer, they made arrangements with him, with the consent of the government of the United States, for the transfer of his whole apparatus to Cambridge, appointed him Astronomical Observer to the University, and took measures to raise by subscription a sufficient sum to erect such buildings as were immediately required.
* See Mr. Pickering's Preface to Mr. Peirce's History.
392 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Three thousand dollars were readily subscribed by — friends of the College and of the design:* Mr. Bond
An Obser- vatory es- transferred all his astronomical, meteorological, and
tablished. . ...
magnetic apparatus to Cambridge ; suitable buildings were erected, and a foundation was laid, of the most firm and substantial character, for the fixed instruments. A house, in every respect commodious and sufficient, connected with these buildings, has been assigned to Mr. Bond and to Mr. Lovering, the present Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy ; and a cupola, with a revolving dome, has been erected on its roof, which well answers the purpose for which it is designed. The meridian line of the transit instru- ment intersects the top of Blue Hill, in Milton, at the distance of eleven miles in a straight line ; where a tower is raised, of round and solid masonry, thirteen feet in diameter at the base, seventeen feet high above the foundation, and nine feet in diameter at the top, above which rises a meridian mark seven feet, and affords a convenient and sure reference for the adjust- ment and verification of the instruments. The appa- ratus now in possession of the College, united with that belonging to Mr. Bond, is sufficient for the accurate observation of "eclipses, occultations, moon- culminations, meteorology, and the elements required in terrestrial magnetism."!
On the 20th of May, 1 840, the Corporation elected the Rev. George Rapall Noyes, D. D., to the office of Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Lan- guages, and Dexter Lecturer on Biblical Literature ; thus uniting the Professorships previously held by Pro- fessors Willard and Palfrey.
* See Appendix, No. LXII. f Ibid., No. XLV.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
393
On the 29th of August, 1840, the Rev. Henry CHAPTER Ware, D. D., resigned the office of Hollis Professor of Divinity, having been rendered incapable of performing its duties by the failure of his sight. On this occasion, the Corporation passed appropriate votes, expressing the high sense they entertained of his long and faithful services to the College, and their "regret and sympa- thy for the cause which led to his retirement from an office, which he had held for thirty-five years, with so much honor to himself, and advantage to others ; " and "mingling their best wishes and prayers, that a kind Providence may make the evening of his days serene and happy," they accepted his resignation, and ap- pointed him Professor of Divinity, Emeritus, inviting him to take his usual place, on all public occasions, among the Professors of the institution.
MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL COLLEGE ', ERECTED IN 1815.
VOL. II.
50
394
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Visit of President Washing- ton ;
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Visits of Presidents Washington and Monroe, and of General Lafayette and President Jackson. — The Phi Beta Kappa Society. — Library of the College. — Its Mineralogical Cabinet — Its Finances. — Benefac- tors to the College. — John Lightfoot; Mary Lindall ; Joanna Alford; Thomas Palmer ; Thomas Pownall ; James Bowdoin ; Samuel Shap- leigh ; Thomas Brand-Hollis ; Israel Thorndike ; Jonathan Mason ; Moses Brown ; George Partridge ; Samuel Parkman ; Francis Park- man ; Thomas Gary ; George Chapman ; Timothy Walker ; John Fos- ter ; Henry Lienow ; Sarah Jackson ; Hannah C. Andrews ; William Pomeroy ; Joshua Clapp ; Mary Tufts ; William Breed ; John Cuming ; Esther Sprague ; Samuel Livermore ; John McLean ; Joshua Fisher ; James Perkins; Christopher Gore. — Foundation of "Gore Hall." — Death of Nathaniel Bowditch. — Notice of his Life and Character.
SOME events in the history of the College, and sev- eral of its eminent benefactors, remain to be noticed.
In October, 1790, on the visit of President Wash- ington to the Northern ' States, the Corporation, in a formal address, expressed their gratitude for his revolutionary services, and his patriotism in again list- ening to the voice of his country, and consenting to preside over the establishment of the new government. Reminding him of the "depressed state of the Uni- versity," when he first took command of the American army, at Cambridge, "its members dispersed, its lit- erary treasures removed, and the Muses fled from the din of arms then heard within its walls," and com- paring the dangers with which it was then surrounded, with its present prosperous and peaceful condition, they invoked the blessings of Heaven on him, who had rendered such distinguished services to it and to
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 395
their country. President Washington, in reply, recip- CHAPTER rocated their affectionate sentiments and kind wishes, ^- expressed satisfaction at the flourishing state of the "literary republic," and his hope, that the "Muses might long enjoy a tranquil residence within the walls of this University."
In July, 1817, when President Monroe visited New of Presi-
*\ dent Mon-
England, an invitation was given him by the Corpo- roe; ration " to honor the College with his presence " ; which being accepted, he was received according to ancient form. Having been escorted to Harvard Hall by a procession of the undergraduates, and introduced to the several Professors and other College officers, he was addressed by President Kirkland, who, after acknowledging " the dignity and effect our academic functions derive from the countenance of the civil authorities, and the incitements to excellence our pu- pils find in all the demonstrations of sympathy in their pursuits and destination, given by those who fill exalted stations," welcomed the President of the United States to a University, whose " constant and elevated aim had been, to inspire youth with princi- ples of virtue, manly sentiment, and the pure love of truth and duty ; thus preserving in close alliance the interests of religion and learning, of faith and charity, of liberty and order." After presenting the young men of the institution, and bearing testimony to the many pledges they gave of their regard for those attainments on which their future usefulness must depend, Dr. Kirkland congratulated President Monroe on the auspicious circumstances attending the com- mencement of his administration, expressed his prayers for its happy course and issue, accompanied by the wish, that it might be " our privilege, by fidelity and
396
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
of General Lafayette 5
zeal in our allotted sphere, to cooperate with him in the work of patriotism, by diffusing the light of knowledge and the saving influence of religion and morals."
President Monroe having replied in an appropriate address, in which he expressed his interest in the objects of the institution, the regard he entertained for it, and the lively interest he took in its prosperity, Dr. Kirkland conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws ; and, after visiting the library, apparatus, and cabinets in Harvard Hall, he partook of a collation at the President's house.
In August, 1824, when General Lafayette visited Massachusetts, he attended Commencement, on the invitation of the Corporation ; and, being accompanied to Cambridge by the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Council of the Commonwealth, and the Mayor and other municipal officers of the city of Boston, was re- ceived by President Kirkland in the portico of Univer- sity Hall, and welcomed as "the patron, the champion, and benefactor of America." After alluding to the costly pledges General Lafayette had given of de- votion to the principles and spirit of American insti- tutions, the President referred to their success and prosperity, as justifying the predilections in our favor, which General Lafayette had indulged in his youth, and which, in his advanced years, he had now an op- portunity to witness ; and ended with fervent prayers for his prosperity and happiness. General Lafayette, in reply, recognised the striking evidences he wit- nessed of " the tendency of liberal political institutions to promote the progress of civilization and learning," expressed his thanks for this civility, and his " wishes for the continued prosperity of the University."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 397
In June, 1833, when Andrew Jackson visited Mas- CHAPTER sachusetts, as President of the United States, he - was received at the University with the same formal idem Jack- civilities, by the Corporation, Overseers, and Faculty of the seminary, as had been customary, when the Chief Magistrate of the nation honored the Univer- sity by his official presence ; and they were recipro- cated by him with like demonstrations of interest and respect.
In every period of the College history, societies have existed among the undergraduates, having for their ob- ject mutual instruction and improvement ; and several of them have collected valuable libraries, and have received the countenance and patronage of the -govern- ment of the College. The Phi Beta Kappa Society, PMBeta
J Kappa So-
from its long continuance, the number and respectabil- ity of its members, and the public interest excited by its annual celebrations, deserves a particular notice. It was established in 1781, by Elisha Parmele, a graduate of the year 1778, by virtue of an instrument called a "Charter," formally executed by the President, offi- cers, and members of the original Society, bearing the same name, at William and Mary College, in Virginia, where it had been founded not long before. Its ob- jects were " the promotion of literature and friendly intercourse among scholars ; " and its name and motto indicate, that " philosophy, including therein religion as well as ethics, is worthy of cultivation as the guide of life." This society took an early and a deep root in the University ; its exercises became public, and admittance into it an object of ambition ; but the "discrimination," which its selection of members made among students, became an early subject of question
398 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER and discontent. In October. 1789. a committee of
XXXVII.
— the Overseers, of which John Hancock was chairman, reported to that board, " that there is an institution in the University, with the nature of which the Gov- ernment is not acquainted, which tends to make a discrimination among the students," and submitted to the board "the propriety of inquiring into its nature and design." The subject occasioned considerable debate, and a petition, of the nature of a complaint against the society, by a number of the members of the Senior Class, having been presented, its consid- eration was postponed, and it was committed ; but it does not appear from the records, that any further no- tice was taken of the petition. The influence of the Society was upon the whole deemed salutary, since literary merit was assumed as the principle on which its members were selected ; and, so far, its influence harmonized with the honorable motives to exertion, which have ever been held out to the students by the laws and usages of the College. In process of time, its catalogue included almost every member of the Immediate Government, and fairness in the selection of members has been in a great degree secured by the practice it has adopted, of ascertaining those in every class who stand the highest, in point of conduct and scholarship, according to the estimates of the Faculty of the College, and of generally regarding those estimates. Having gradually increased in num- bers, popularity, and importance, the day after Com- mencement was adopted for its annual celebration. These occasions have uniformly attracted a highly in- telligent and cultivated audience, having been marked by a display of learning and eloquence, and having
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 399
enriched the literature of the country with some of its CHAPTER
XXXVII.
brightest gems.
During the present year (1840), a society intended Association to embrace all the Alumni, without discrimination, has Alumni. been formed, under highly propitious auspices, which, it is hoped, will have a happy influence in promot- ing mutual friendship and union among the graduates of the College, and, by its exercises, create a new and still more general interest in the annual literary festivals of the University.
The origin and early progress of the College Libra- Library of ry, and the story of its destruction arid restoration, have lege. been related, and its history has been brought down to the period of the American Revolution. In 1764, at the time of its loss by fire, the number of its vol- umes was estimated at five thousand, and, in the year 1790, at twelve thousand. The subsequent additions have been numerous and valuable, and the most im- portant will be noticed in connexion with the names of the respective donors.* The number of volumes in all its departments, including the libraries of Col- lege societies, is now estimated at upwards of fifty thousand. f
Until the year 1793, the University possessed no itsMinera- mineralogical cabinet. All the natural and artificial inet. curiosities presented to the College, were deposited in a room in Harvard Hall, called the " Museum," and among them were a few minerals, but they were of little value, and were not scientifically arranged. In March, 1793, John Coakley Lettsom, M. D., F. R. S., Johncoak- an eminent London physician, distinguished for his som.
* See Appendix, No. XLVI. f See Appendix, No. XL VII.
400 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER virtues and talents, transmitted to the College " a
XXXVII.
very valuable and extensive collection of minerals," to which he afterwards made additions, until it amounted to more than seven hundred specimens ; * and the Corporation, having passed appropriate thanks, ordered a cabinet to be prepared for their reception and preservation. In 1796, he added another donation of one hundred specimens from the Spanish mines, accompanied, besides, by valuable additions to the Museum. His well-timed and repeated bounties may be considered as the foundation of the present ex- tensive mineralogical collection of the University.
Bowdoin About the same time, the Hon. James Bowdoin pre- sented one hundred and twenty curious and valuable specimens of European marble.
Benjamin Waterhouse, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, was appointed keeper of the cabinet thus formed, and by him the collection was first scientifically arranged, the articles numbered, and a descriptive catalogue prepared.
In February, 1795, M. Mozard, consul in Boston of the French Republic, presented " to the cabinet of the University," a small collection of valuable miner- als, consisting of about two hundred specimens, " as samples of the riches of the French soil," in virtue of a resolution of the Committee of Public Safety of the
convention National Convention of France, and solicited an in-
Of France, terchange, on the part of the University, of specimens, with " the agency of the mines of the Republic." Gradual additions were made to this cabinet, but none
Andrew very important until 1820, when Andrew Ritchie, Esq.,
Ritchie. J r .
purchased in Europe a valuable collection of minerals,
* See " Memoirs of John Coakley Lettsom," Vol. I. p. 192.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 401
which formed the cabinet of a distinguished mineral- CHAPTER
XXXVII.
ogist at Dresden, and presented them to the Univer- - shy.* About the same time, Colonel George Gibbs George made a donation of a few, but large and valuable specimens. In 1824, an addition of several thousand specimens was made by the liberality of several gen- tlemen in Boston, at an expense of $ 2,500 ;f and, in 1837, the legislature of Massachusetts gave about Legislature
m -ii ,• of Massa-
l,oOO specimens illustrating the geology of the State, of which they exhibit a connected outline. A very full and beautiful set of models in wood, of the forms of crystals, was purchased and presented to the cab- inet by the Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D.
The cabinet now consists of more than 26,000 specimens, displayed in cases, and scientifically ar- ranged by Professor Webster ; whose assiduous atten- tion is daily increasing the collection in number and value.
In 1820, Theodore Lyman, Jr., Esq., purchased, in Theodore London, at a cost exceeding one thousand dollars, "Barker's celebrated Panorama of Athens, the most admired painting of this class, and, for its faithful representation of the Athenian remains, most valua- ble," t and presented it to the University.
In 1838, Alexander Bourne, Esq., of Chillicothe, Alexander Ohio, presented to the University a splendid collection of native fresh-water shells, found in the Western Lakes, containing upwards of six hundred specimens.
The present extensive and complete philosophical apparatus of the University has been chiefly ob-
* See Appendix, No. XLVIII. f See Appendix, No. XLIX.
\ Professor Everett's letter, dated 13 February, 1823. See, also, Ap- pendix, No. L.
VOL. II. 51
402 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER tained by the application of its general pecuniary resources.*
Finances of The finances of the College having been for more
the Col- lege, than fourteen years the subject of an annual official
report made by the Treasurer to the Overseers, and published and distributed by the Corporation, only a general view of them is requisite in this History. The property of the College consists of two kinds :
1. That producing no direct income, and to which no valuation is attached in the books of the Treasurer.
2. That which the Treasurer's books embrace, and which is productive of income.
The first includes its halls, chapels, libraries, pic- tures and statuary, philosophical and chemical appara- tus, anatomical preparations and museum ; its collec- tions in mineralogy and natural history, furniture, utensils, the Botanic Garden, and the houses attached to it, and all the apparatus belonging to the Rumford Professorship.f
The second includes all its productive estate, real and personal, as bank stock, and stock of the City of Boston, the State of Massachusetts, and the United States ; notes and mortgages, debts and balances, property in text-books ; annuities, in trust, reversion, or accumulating ; besides insurance and manufactur- ing stocks, obtained from donors, which, although not deemed a proper subject for the investment of the College funds, are retained until a favorable oppor- tunity to dispose of them offers. The aggregate amount of which capital was estimated, in August, 1840, at #646,235-17; and this whole sum may
* See Appendix, No. LI. f See Appendix, No. LII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
with sufficient accuracy be regarded as the result of CHAPTER
XXX VIT
private munificence, or of the wise management of the Corporation, in successive periods. During the colonial state of Massachusetts, all the direct pecuniary donations in aid of the seminary were, as has been stated,* either grants of salaries to its officers, or sums for erecting its Halls and the President's House ; but added nothing to the productive funds of the College. Since the independence of the Commonwealth, its pe- cuniary donations have been limited to the grants of two lotteries, for the building of Stoughton and Hoi- worthy Halls, to which they were wholly applied, and to the grant out of the bank tax, of an annuity often thousand dollars for ten years.f The whole amount of the sum thus granted, was expended in beneficiary aid, according to the appropriation made by the grant, and in erecting University Hall and the Medical College, the objects for which the grant was first solicited ; so that it is also true, at the present day, that the existing productive and effective funds of the College have been chiefly derived from private munificence.
In this place, it is proper to observe, that the TheCoi-
lege depriv-
estate in the ferry between Boston and Charlestown, edofitses-
J t 7 tate in the
granted by the legislature of Massachusetts Bay to the ferry bp- College in 1640, which had been recognised and re- ^baries spected by every succeeding legislature, and solemnly town- confirmed by the Constitution of the Commonwealth in 1780, was, without compensation or indemnity, effectually taken from the College, by two acts passed by the legislature of Massachusetts, in 1 828 and 1 836, creating a free bridge. By the effect of these acts, the College was deprived of the annuity of $666-66,
* See Vol. I. pp. 40, 41. f See above, p. 331.
404 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER which had been reserved by former legislatures as
XXXVII.
an indemnity during the continuance of the chattel interest, or term for years, granted to the Proprietors of Charles River Bridge ; and also of that reversionary right, which by the principles of law would remain in the College after that term of years had expired.*
Nearly two thirds of the aggregate amount of the capital of the College funds are appropriated for ob- jects foreign from the College, or yet only in rever- sion, or in trust, or pledged by its donors exclusively to the Law, Divinity, and Medical Schools, or to other objects ; constituting a deduction from the pre- ceding amount, of $490,108-91, and leaving to the unreserved use of the College, for the many objects of expenditure incident to its nature, only a capital of
$156,126-26.
The resources applicable to its Academic School, are therefore limited, and assessments upon under- graduates are rendered necessary to a degree far greater than is desirable. Notwithstanding, also, the apparent greatness of its capital, owing to the man- ner in which so large an amount is pledged or re- stricted by its donors, the College is deficient, in important particulars, in means to supply the literary and scientific wants of the community, among which may be enumerated the increase of its library, and the enlargement of the means and instruments of the Astronomical Observatory lately established by the University.!
As all the departments of the University have chiefly derived their means of usefulness and success from pri-
* See Appendix, No. LIII. f See Appendix, No. XLV.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 405
vate munificence, it is obviously impracticable to do CHAPTER
XXXVTF
perfect justice to all its benefactors within the limits - of this work. Most of the earlier and more dis- tinguished have already been enumerated, and a due tribute has been paid to their bounty. But among those of the seventeenth century, the name of Dr. Lightfoot has not yet received appropriate notice. No official record of his bequest remains ; and at this day its value would have been unknown, but for an incidental mention of it in the account of the loss of the College library by fire, in 1764;* from which it appears, that he is well entitled to rank among our distinguished benefactors.
John Lightfoot, one of the most learned and emi- nent of English divines, was born in March, 1602, in Staffordshire, England, and was educated at Christ Church, Cambridge. After taking orders, he devoted himself to the study of the Oriental languages, and, by the acknowledgment of both Englishmen and for- eigners, became one of the most eminent men in Rabbinical learning, whom the period in wrhich he lived had produced. " His researches and commenta- ries have become the grand storehouse of succeeding anriotators." During the troubles of his time, he rose to the preferment of Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, which he was permitted to retain after the restoration of the monarchy in England. He died in 1665, and by his last will bequeathed to Harvard College " his whole library, containing the Targums, Talmuds, Rab- bins, Polyglott, and other valuable tracts relative to Oriental literature."
Mary Lindall, a lady of Charlestown, deserves
* See above, p. 112, and Appendix, No. X.
406 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER respectful remembrance among the benefactors of
XXXVII.
Harvard College. During her lifetime she had made donations to its library and apparatus, and at her death, in 1776, bequeathed one hundred pounds in aid of its beneficiary funds. The records of her life which remain, speak only of her sympathy for the distressed, and of her liberal and judicious char- ities.
Joanna AI- Joanna Alford, another lady of Charlestown, be- fore. *
queathed one hundred pounds sterling to the College, the income to be appropriated for " the education of those students who are under low and indigent cir- cumstances." No other information has been obtained concerning her, except that she was the sister of John Alford, the founder of the Alford Professorship, and distinguished for piety and liberality. Thomas Thomas Palmer, a benefactor, whose noble dona-
Palmer.
tion has been already noticed,* was born in Boston, in 1743, and was graduated at Harvard College, in 1761, with the reputation of being the best classical scholar in his class. His desire to enlarge the sphere of his acquaintance with men of letters, and the ten- dency of his mind toward elegant literature led him to fix his residence in London and its vicinity, where his ample fortune enabled him to pass his long life in circles of society possessing tastes congenial with his own. But, though his love of letters retained him in Europe, his affections were never severed from the land of his fathers, and Harvard College was the peculiar object of his favorable remembrance. The letter which accompanied, in 1772, his gift of the great, work of Piranesi, " Le Antichita Romane," in
* See Appendix, No. XL, p. 487.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY 407
fourteen volumes, folio, and the "Antiquities of Her- CHAPTER culaneum," in six volumes, folio, expresses the deep -
interest he took in the prosperity of the College, and contains the promise, which he so honorably fulfilled at his death,* in 1820, when he bequeathed his whole library, consisting of twelve hundred select and valu- able works, to the University.
In February, 1783, Thomas Pownall, who had been Thomas
J , Pownall.
Governor of Massachusetts during about three years preceding 1760, executed a deed to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, of five hundred acres of land, having for its object to establish "a Professorship of political law, as derived from God and the nature of man, to form the minds of the students, so that they may become efficient members of a free state." This foundation proved altogether ineffectual for the object proposed by the friendly donor. The lands had, during the American war, without his knowledge, been sold for taxes, and after great trouble and ex- pense in redeeming and getting possession of them, the produce of their sale but little exceeded three hun- dred dollars.
The name of James Bowdoin stands conspicuous James
,. , i i /• Bowdoin.
among his contemporaries, and among the benefactors of Harvard College. His ancestors emigrated from France with the Protestants, who, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1688, took refuge in Amer- ica. He was born in Boston in 1727, and was grad- uated at Harvard College in 1745. Neither dazzled nor corrupted by the early possession of a great estate, which he inherited on the death of his father, in 1747, he devoted himself to the cultivation of his mind, and
* See Appendix, No. LIV.
408 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER to literary pursuits. Called by the troubled scenes, 1 which preceded the American Revolution, from retire- ment and the enjoyment of domestic life, he became one of the most decided and fearless leaders of the opposition to the measures of the British government.
In 1769, his election as Counsellor was negatived by Governor Bernard ; and, in 1770, Hutchinson apolo- gized to the British ministry for approving him at his election this year, by stating, that " Mr. Bowdoin's opposition would be less injurious in the Council than in the House of Representatives." His apology was not satisfactory to the British Court; for a special royal mandate compelled him, in 1773, to apply to Mr. Bowdoin, when again elected to the Council, his official negative.
During the most critical period of the Revolution, from 1775 to 1779, he "took his station at the head of the Council, who were exercising the supreme ex- ecutive and one branch of the legislative authority, and thereby exposed himself to punishment for this conspicuous overt act of treason."
In 1779, when the people of Massachusetts called a convention for the purpose of forming a Consti- tution for the State, Mr. Bowdoin, in this body, composed of "as great a number of men of learning, talents, and patriotism, as had ever been assembled in the Commonwealth," was elected its president. In this station, he confirmed the opinion previously enter- tained of his talents and wisdom. Some of the most admired sections in the Constitution were of his sug- gestion, or were framed according to the plan he pro- posed. In the struggle for the chair of state, which succeeded, his friends were outweighed by the over- whelming popularity of Mr. Hancock.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 409
" Through a large portion of his life, he was. by his CHAPTER
J xxxvir.
station, an Overseer of Harvard College ; and, in the year 1779, he was chosen a Fellow of the Corporation, in which office he continued until 1786, when he re- signed it on account of his more public engagements. In the class of his most delectable cares, the exercise of his duties in this office may be considered as stand- ing among the highest. He loved the society; he was fond, on all occasions, of avowing his relations to it as his literary parent ; and, as a friend to his country, and to the interests of religion and learning, he viewed it in a light still more important. He was unceasing in his efforts to serve it, and he contributed by very handsome donations, during his life, to render instruc- tion there more useful ; and established, by his will, a fund for rewarding those students, who should be distinguished for their merit."
In 1785, when the aspect of public affairs was more gloomy, and the management of them more difficult than Massachusetts ever witnessed, Mr. Hancock resigned, and Mr. Bowdoin succeeded to the chair of state, and, during two years, piloted the Common- wealth through an insurrection perilous to its character and prospects. At the end of this period, the parti- sans of Mr. Hancock, who never abandoned the design of restoring him to the Governor's chair, succeeded ; and Mr. Bowdoin, returning to private life, passed the rest of his years in retirement, enjoying the conscious- ness of a life well spent, and devoted to the best in- terests of his country. He was chosen the first Presi- dent of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Humane Society of Massachusetts ; Fellow of the Royal Society, and of many other societies in
VOL. ii. 52
410 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER America and Europe.* The amount and judicious
XXXVII. J
nature of his bounty to Harvard College, have been already the subject of notice.f Samuel Among the benefactors to the library. Samuel Shap-
Shapleigh. . J 7
leigh deserves to be remembered with peculiar in- terest. He was born at Kittery, in the State of Maine, in July, 1765, and at an early age was left an orphan. Although his patrimony was small, his friends found means to educate him at Harvard Col- lege, where he was graduated in 1789. He after- wards passed through the usual course of studies for the legal profession ; but an hereditary pulmonary affection prevented his entering on its practice, and, in 1793, he accepted the office of Librarian of the University, and fulfilled its duties till his death, which occurred in April, 1800.
His disposition was amiable, modest, and unobtru- sive ; his manners gentle and singularly polite and conciliatory, winning the affections of all. His dili- gence, kind demeanor, and zeal for the improvement of the library, were acknowledged during his life, and are gratefully remembered.
Mr. Shapleigh bequeathed his whole estate, with the exception of a few legacies, to Harvard College, in effect making the library his heir, by directing, that the income should " be sacredly appropriated to the purchase of such modern publications as the Corpora- tion, Professors, and Tutors shall judge most proper to improve the students in polite literature ; the books to be deposited in the library of the University, and to consist of poetry or prose, but neither in Greek nor
* Memoirs of the American Academy, Vol. II. p. 201. \ See above, p. 255.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 411
Latin." The library being comparatively well sup- CHAPTER plied with the works of the ancient classical authors, — the value and importance of which Mr. Shapleigh justly appreciated, he judiciously devoted his gift to its enlargement in the department of modern liter- ature.
The monument erected to his memory in the church- yard at Cambridge truly commemorates him as " a virtuous son, faithful librarian, and liberal benefactor of Harvard College."
Thomas Hollis, the last benefactor of that name to Thomas
Brand-
Harvard College, who died in 1774, bequeathed his H°uis- great estates to Thomas Brand, Esq., who immedi- ately assumed the name of Hollis, and afterwards evinced the same favorable disposition toward the seminary as had distinguished that family. Thomas Brand-Hollis was born in 1719. He resided at the Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, and devoted his time and fortune chiefly to the cultivation of letters and the patronage of the fine arts. During his lifetime he made frequent donations of books, and at his death bequeathed one hundred pounds sterling to Harvard College, "to be laid out in Greek and Latin classics, for the use and benefit of the library of that College." He died in 1804, and a Memoir of his life was pub- lished by his friend, the Rev. John Disney, D. D., whom he had made the residuary legatee of his estate, and who thus honorably discharged the debt of friend- ship and gratitude.*
Israel Thorndike, another munificent benefactor to Israel
Thorndike.
the library, was born in Beverly, in the year 1755.
*See "Memoir of Thomas Brand-Hollis, Esq., F. R. S., S. A. Lon- don. 1808." 4to.
412 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER He had in vouth no advantages of education, except xxxvir * **
- those which the public schools of his native town
afforded ; but he possessed, in the vigor of his own mind, a never-failing spring of self-advancement. The war of the American Revolution was an event adapted to call into activity his powers and spirit of enterprise. Embracing with zeal the cause of his country, he became part-owner and captain of an armed ship ; and the judgment with which he planned his cruises, and the intrepidity and diligence with which he con- ducted them, were rewarded with distinguished suc- cess. Having entered into partnership with his brother- in-law, the late Moses Brown, he engaged, after the peace of 1783, in an extensive and most profitable commerce with the East Indies and China. Sagacity, judgment, industry, strict attention to business, and thorough acquaintance with the details of every com- mercial enterprise in which he engaged, were the chief causes of his success. He was also an early patron of manufactures, and invested, it was said, a greater amount of capital in them, than any other in- dividual in New England.
Mr. Thorndike was, at different periods of his life, a member of the Convention called for the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and a Rep- resentative and Senator in the legislature of his native State.
He was a generous contributor to all patriotic and charitable objects, and often gave an active agency in their support. In 1806, he subscribed five hundred dollars for the foundation of the Natural History Pro- fessorship in the University ; and also the same amount, in 1818, for the library of the Theological School. In the same year, being informed that the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 413
library of Professor Ebeling, of Hamburg, was for CHAPTER
XXXVII
sale, and that an agent of the King of Prussia was - negotiating for it, Mr. Thorndike ordered it to be purchased, at the cost of six thousand five hundred dollars, and presented it to Harvard University ; there- by securing to his country one of the most complete and valuable collections of works extant on American history.*
Mr. Thorndike died in May, 1832, and, in an appropriate tribute, published soon after his death, it is justly remarked, that " few individuals, endowed with such mental powers, appear in a generation;" and, wrhen their influence is united, as was his, with high moral powers, and exerted, during a long life, on the side of virtue, and in promoting the best interests of society, "it is enduring, and serves to give a char- acter to the age in which they live."f
Jonathan Mason, a successful merchant of Boston, Jonathan
, ,. i • i • Mason.
and a man of great probity and worth, was born in May, 1725. His life was retired, and his family was the sphere of his virtues and affections. He held the office of deacon of the Old South Church, and was for many years an overseer of the poor, and the almoner of the charities of his fellow-citizens. A Calvinist of the strictest sect, he deemed the atmo- sphere of Harvard College heretical; and, in 1770, sent his only son to be educated in New Jersey, at Princeton College. But, although his own religious views remained unchanged, at his death, in March, 1798, with a truly liberal and Christian spirit, he "be-
* See Appendix, No. LV.
f See the " Boston Daily Advertiser," May, 1832.
414
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER queathed five hundred dollars to the Corporation of
XXXVII.
'- Harvard College, to be placed in bank stock or public
securities, and the income annually paid to the Profes- sor of Divinity of the said College." Moses Among the benefactors of the University, who yet
Brown. . J* J
remain to be noticed, is Moses Brown, of Beverly, a descendant, in the fifth generation, from Abraham Brown, who, in 1632, was the ruling elder of the church at Watertown. He was born at Waltham in April, 1748, was graduated at Harvard College in 1768, and commenced business as a merchant in Bev- erly in 1772. Espousing the cause of American in- dependence with great zeal, he raised a company of men in 1775, and, in January, 1776, joined the line of the American army, as a captain in Glover's regi- ment, served in New York and New Jersey, and was at the battle of Trenton. His corps being disbanded, in 1777, he returned to Beverly, resumed business, in partnership with his brother-in-law, Israel Thorn- dike, and continued an active and successful pursuit of it until the year 1800, when he retired. He was a Federalist of the Washington school, and, in 1808, one of the Presidential Electors. He united integ- rity with benevolence, was exemplary in all social and domestic relations, and a generous contributor to public and private charities and associations. He died in June, 1820, and, "to afford some further aid to the theological institution at Cambridge, the gov- ernment of which is connected with Harvard Uni- versity, he bequeathed to that important institution two thousand dollars, in the six per cent, stock of the United States, to be applied in any way the govern- ment shall determine will best promote the cause of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 415
Christianity, and the design and utility of this religious CHAPTER
establishment."* -
George Partridge, of Duxbury, Massachusetts, was George
* Partridge.
born in that town, on the 19th of February, 1740, and was graduated at Harvard College, in 1762. He was an instructor of youth until 1773, when, embracing zealously the principles of the American revolution, he became successively representative in the General Court, member of the Provincial Congress, and, under the old confederation, delegate to Congress ; and, after the adoption of the federal constitution, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the United States. During a long life, he sustained other offices of trust and honor, exerting a happy influence, by the mildness of his temperament, the unostentatious simplicity of his demeanor, the soundness of his judg- ment, and the spirit of benevolence and purity, as well as patriotism, which characterized his life and conver- sation. He survived to a patriarchal age, and died in his native town, in July, 1828, in the eighty-ninth year of his age, honored, beloved, and venerated. By his last will, he bequeathed " to the President and Fellows of Harvard University, two thousand dollars in six per cent, stock of the United States, in aid of the funds of the Institution for promoting Theological Education in that University." f
Among the benefactors of the Theological School Samuel
Parkman.
of Harvard College, Samuel Parkman deserves distinct notice. He was son of the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, the first minister of Westborough, Massachusetts, and
* See " Sermons by the late Rev. Abiel Abbott, D. D., of Beverly, Mass." pp. 154-165.
f See " An Address delivered at the Funeral of the late Hon. George Partridge, July 9th, 1828, by the Rev. Benjamin Kent."
416
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER was born in that town, in September. 1752. Through
XXXVII.
Francis Parkman.
assiduity and talent, he rose to eminence and opulence among the merchants of Boston. His manners were simple, and his habits domestic and retired. His virtues sought their chief field for exercise in the domestic circle, where his affections were fixed and reciprocated by a numerous and most attached family. During twenty-three years he held the office of deacon in the New North Church in Boston, and that society was the frequent object of his bounty, as well as of his care.
In February, 1813, he led the way in the interest which was revived and displayed, about that time, in behalf of the theological branch of Harvard University, by an offer to convey a township of land, in the Dis- trict of Maine, containing upwards of 23,000 acres, to be applied to the support of a theological professor, and, in the succeeding February, he executed a deed of the township for that object. The value of the land was at that time estimated at twenty thousand dollars, and, although events incident to this species of property greatly reduced the amount ultimately real- ized by the Corporation, the generous intention mani- fested by the donor, and the obligation of the seminary, remain undiminished. The proceeds of the land were held as an accumulating fund, to become the founda- tion of a professorship in the Theological School for which it was destined, whenever by gradual increase or addition the amount should be deemed adequate.
Mr. Parkman, after a life of prosperity and useful- ness, died in September, 1824, in the seventy-second year of his age, respected and lamented.
On the 30th of May, 1840, the Rev. Francis Park- man, D. D., influenced by the combined motives of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 417
regard for the Theological School in Cambridge and CHAPTER
xxxvrr. filial respect and affection, " in a spirit of liberality -
coincident with that which distinguished his father towards the institution, for which his memory had long been the object of its recorded gratitude," made a donation of five thousand dollars, to be united with that of his father;* thus enabling the Corporation, by the addition of other resources at their command, to lay anew the foundation of the Professorship of Pulpit Eloquence and the Pastoral Care, which, having been originally established on a subscription continuing only for ten years, was about to fail of support, through the lapse of time. After acknowledging the liberal spirit manifested by the donor, the Corporation proceeded to place that Professorship on a foundation composed of the consolidated donations of Samuel Parkman, Francis Parkman, George Partridge, and Eliphalet Porter; and voted, that the Professor on this founda- Parkman tion shall be styled the Parkman Professor of Pulpit shipestab- Eloquence and the Pastoral Care.
Thomas Gary, the son of a distinguished clergyman Thomas of the same name, in Newburyport, was born in that town in August, 1777, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1797. His powers of mind were ready * and versatile, his manners gentlemanly, his disposition amiable and generous, and he was steadfast in his re- gard for all the best interests of his country, civil, social, and religious. Having been early successful in commerce, he retired from business, and fixed his resi- dence at Greenland, in New Hampshire, where he died in June, 1820, and bequeathed to the President and Fellows of Harvard College the residue and remainder
* See Appendix, No. LVI.
VOL. ii. 53
418 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Of his estate, real and personal, and directed that they xxxvn. *
should appropriate the same to " assisting young men of competent talents, pure morals, and piety, in pre- paring themselves for the Christian ministry." The amount of the fund he thus established, is at this day more than four thousand dollars. 9
chain George Chapman, the third son of Jonathan Chap-
man, was born in Boston, in July, 1810, was gradu- ated at Harvard College, in 1828, sustained a high rank as a scholar, and, after passing the usual term of study in the Divinity School at Cambridge, .preached with success at Louisville, Kentucky ; but he soon returned to his native State, and, in November, 1833, was ordained pastor of a religious society in Framing- ham in Massachusetts. His prosperous and promising course was soon terminated by pulmonary disease. At his death, which occurred in June, 1834, he desired that the whole residue of his estate, after paying his debts, should be applied "to the Fund for the support of Indigent Scholars in the Theological School at Cambridge." His donation was not made with the required legal formalities, but all the members of his family and heirs at law, being desirous that his pur- pose should be carried into effect, by a formal instru- ment waved their claims, and authorized a disposition of the residue of his estate according to his declared intention, whereby the Theological Seminary has real- ized a fund of upwards of twelve hundred and sixty dollars, in addition to his whole library.
Timothy Timothy Walker was born in Burlington (then a
Walker. c
part of Woburn, Massachusetts), in May, 1764, and was a merchant by profession. Having engaged exten- sively in navigation, and being distinguished for great promptness, vigor, and enterprise, he accumulated a
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 419
handsome fortune, and at his death, which occurred in CHAPTER
XXXVII.
August, 1837, he bequeathed one thousand dollars to - the Theological School at Cambridge.
John Foster was born in Cambridge in July, 1782, JohnFos- and was graduated at Harvard College in 1802. The state of his health prevented him from entering upon the pursuit of any profession, and he retired early from the world, and lived in seclusion during the greater part of his life ; employing himself chiefly in reading and in acts of charity, which formed the circle of his thoughts and pleasures. At his death, in Novem- ber, 1836, after many legacies to relatives and to the poor, he bequeathed two thousand dollars to the Pres- ident and Fellows of Harvard College, "in trust for the sole purpose of assisting, in such manner and at such times as they shall consider best, such students of The- ology, Law, and Medicine, or either of them, as shall be poor, and need such pecuniary assistance, while pursuing their preparatory professional studies." The residue of his estate, he bequeathed to trustees, to be applied exclusively to objects of a charitable nature.
Henry Lienow* was born at Stralsund, in Prussian Henry
Lienow.
Pomerania, in the year 1770. During his childhood his father died, and he was left under the care of an uncle in that place. After completing his school edu- cation, he entered upon the business of life as a sea- faring man, and followed that occupation for several years. When about twenty-seven years of age, he came to Boston, in the United States, where he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, married, and accumulated sufficient property to enable him to relinquish active business some years before his death ; which event
* The author is indebted for this sketch of the life and character of Mr. Lienow, to the Hon. John Pickering.
420 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER Was hastened by an extreme depression of spirits, ter-
XXXVII.
minating in deep melancholy, in consequence of the loss of a considerable amount of property in his trans- actions with individuals, who in his opinion had not dealt justly with him, and from an afflicting though groundless apprehension, that he might be reduced to poverty.
Mr. Lienow had an inquisitive mind, and possessed more than a common taste for literature and the fine arts, particularly painting. He was fond of reading works of solid merit ; he was a constant attendant on the more scientific courses of annual lectures in Boston ; and some years before his death went on a voyage to Europe, for the double purpose of making inquiries respecting his surviving relations, and of in- dulging himself in the pleasures of travelling, in order to enlarge his stock of knowledge. A thirst for useful knowledge, indeed, was one of the strong traits of his character ; and he had a corresponding desire to be useful to his fellow-men ; of which his donations to the University, for the purpose of promoting religious knowledge, and to some of the charitable institutions in Boston, for benevolent objects, are conspicuous testimonials.*
Sarah Sarah Jackson, a lady of Boston, is distinguished
among the benefactors of the Theological School of the University. By her last will, after specific lega-- cies to friends and relatives, amounting to nearly nine thousand dollars, she vested in her executor, Daniel P. Parker, Esq., authority to distribute, after her decease, " ten thousand dollars to such person, persons, or bodies corporate, and in such proportions as he shall
* See Appendix, No. LVII.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 421
see fit, to the end that the same may be applied to CHAPTER
XXXVII.
such charitable purposes within the city of Boston, as - in his opinion shall be most useful." And she finally directed him to pay over another sum of ten thousand dollars to the President and Fellows of Harvard Col- lege, in trust, to form a capital stock, to be called The Jackson Foundation; the income thereof to be annually appropriated to the support of poor and de- serving students in the Theological Seminary connect- ed with said College, and for no other purpose what- soever. In November, 1835, Mr. Parker paid to the Treasurer of the College the above amount, and re- ceived an appropriate acknowledgment.
Hannah C. Andrews, a lady of Hingham, by her Hannah c.
Andrews.
last will bequeathed five hundred dollars "for the use of the students of the Divinity School, to be appro- priated in the manner that may appear to the Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., D. D., most likely to produce the most good to the institution or those connected with it."
William Pomroy, Joshua Clapp, and Mary Tufts, benefactors of the Theological School, who still sur- vive, are entitled to especial acknowledgment.
In 1835, William Pomroy, Esq. made to it a dona- wniiam tion of one thousand dollars, " to be employed for the use and benefit alone of indigent students, in such manner as the Faculty direct, provided it be never allowed to accumulate by lying idle."
In January, 1836, Joshua Clapp, Esq., of Leicester, Joshua
Clapp.
gave one thousand dollars to the Divinity School ; and, in 1839, another thousand dollars, the income to be appropriated " to the uses of the same institution, for any purposes the Faculty shall from time to time deem most expedient."
422 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER In January, 1839, Mary Tufts, a lady of Charles- - town, gave five hundred dollars for the use of the
Mary
Tuft.. Divinity School.
Breed!" William Breed, a gentleman of Boston, by his last
will authorized his executor, Peter Oxenbridge Thach- er, Esq., to distribute a certain portion of his estate "for objects of charity, or for the promotion of learn- ing, piety, and religion, especially among the rising generation." In 1825, Judge Thacher, in his execu- tion of this trust, assigned two thousand dollars, "to be added to the fund of the College, and to be disposed of at the discretion of the Corporation, in such manner as shall best promote the benevolent purpose of the deceased," and expressed his " peculiar happiness in having the power to be an instrument of adding some- thing to the funds, and evincing his grateful veneration of the University, which has ever been dedicated to the best interests of learning and piety."
The Corporation, in accepting this gift, expressed their sensibility to the regard thus manifested for the University by Judge Thacher, " by selecting it as the recipient of the benevolent testator's bounty."
Cumin John Cuming, of Concord, Massachusetts, a bene-
factor to the Medical School of the University, was born in the year 1728, entered Harvard College, which he soon left, and joined the colonial army, as a lieuten- ant, in the war of 1755. After its termination, he studied physic, and became a successful practitioner in his native town. He is commemorated as " active and affable in his professional duties ; able and honest as a physician, a sensible and generous friend, and a sincere Christian." In 1771, the degree of Mas- ter of Arts was conferred on him by the College, and at his death, which occurred in 1788, he bequeathed
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 423
three hundred pounds sterling, and one half of a speci- CHAPTER
XXXVII.
fied part of his estate, to Harvard College, " the income to be appropriated by the Corporation for the Professor of Physic, if any such there be, or shall be ; otherwise, to be disposed of by them for the use and benefit of that society."*
In the year 1811, Esther Sprague, of Dedham, be- Esther queathed to Harvard College two thousand dollars, in trust ; the annual interest of that sum to be applied for ever for the better provision and support of the Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic in the College. Mrs. Sprague was the widow of John Sprague, a physician of celebrity in his time, who, after accumulating a fortune by successful professional practice, retired and spent the remainder of his life in Dedham.
Samuel Livermore was born in Portsmouth, New Samuel
Livermore
Hampshire, in August, 1786. He was the grandson of the Hon. Samuel Livermore, formerly Chief Justice of the Superior Court of that State, and son of the Hon. Edward St. Loe Livermore, formerly a Justice of the same Court, who afterwards removed to Massa- chusetts, engaged in professional business in New- buryport, and was a Member of Congress from Essex North District. Mr. Livermore was graduated at Harvard College in 1804, and soon afterwards engaged in the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in Essex County. He afterwards removed to Boston, where he practised his profession for several years. It was during this period, that he served as a volunteer, being an intimate friend of Captain Lawrence, on board of the frigate Chesapeake, in her memorable
* See "American Medical Biography, by James Thacher, M. D."
424 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER engagement with the Shannon. He afterwards re-
moved to Baltimore, and from thence to New Orleans,
where he obtained an elevated rank and uncommon success as an advocate. It was here that he first be- gan that course of studies in the civil law, the Spanish and French law, and the law of the other nations of continental Europe, in which he afterwards rose to so high a celebrity. He died in July, 1833, while he was on a journey to visit his relatives and friends in New England.
Mr. Livermore was a gentleman of extraordinary talents, intellectual energy, and professional learn- ing. He mastered many of the higher branches of the jurisprudence of Rome, and of the modern na- tions of continental Europe, and, in profound knowl- edge of the early writers on the subject, had few rivals or equals. His arguments at the bar were not only eloquent, but they abounded with recondite and accurate learning. He was also distinguished as an author. He published a work on the Law of Agency, at an early period of his professional life, and he sub- sequently enlarged it, in a second edition, to two vol- umes. It is still a standard book in the profession, and, at the time of the publication of the second edi- tion, it was incomparably superior to any other treatise on the same subject. He also devoted a great deal of time to the study of international jurisprudence, and especially to that most intricate, delicate, and impor- tant branch of it, now familiarly known by the name of the " Conflict of Laws," foreign and domestic ; but at that time, a new and almost unexplored science. He published at New Orleans, in 1828, two Prelimi- nary Dissertations on this exceedingly interesting sub- ject, which present a concise but accurate view of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 425
various systems and opinions of the most distinguished CHAPTER
XXXVII
jurists of continental Europe, and thus, for the first -
time, brought to the knowledge of the American bar, the names and the merits of many of these authors. These dissertations are a mine abounding in rich ma- terials, and afford the best means of consulting the works of the earlier jurists with advantage. By his will, Mr. Livermore bequeathed to Harvard College his whole library of foreign law, consisting of the works of the leading civilians and jurists of continental Eu- rope, and amounting in number to upwards of three hundred costly volumes. The value of this donation may be in some measure comprehended by the fact, that it was appraised, in the inventory of his estate, at the sum of six thousand dollars. But, as a collection of rare, and curious, and important learning, it is prob- ably not exceeded, and perhaps not equalled by any other collection of the same size in America, if it be in Europe. The Law School at Cambridge is under the deepest obligations to him for this most timely and inestimable body of professional learning.*
John McLean was born in 1761, at Georges, now John Thomaston, in the State of Maine. During his in- fancy, his parents removed to Milton, Massachusetts, and, in the public schools of that town and of Boston, he received an education preparatory to a mercantile
* The author is indebted, for this sketch of the life and character of Mr. Livermore, to the Hon. Joseph Story, Dane Professor of Law in Har- vard University, whose personal and professional acquaintance with Mr. Livermore was intimate. Indeed, there is reason to believe, that the bounty of Mr. Livermore was determined towards Harvard College by his gratification at finding this distinguished jurist at the head of the Law School of the University.
VOL. ii. 54
426 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER apprenticeship. Having attained the age of manhood, xxxvii. rr
— he entered into business as a merchant, and prosecuted
trade with great skill and success, chiefly with the in- terior of New England and the West Indies. At one period of his life, owing to the embarrassment of the affairs of a mercantile firm with which he was con- nected, he took advantage of the bankrupt law of the United States, which was then in force. Being thus discharged from the full extent of his liabilities by law, he again entered into business ; and, his affairs being retrieved, he called together his former creditors, and discharged to the uttermost every demand, both prin- cipal and interest. He subsequently acquired great wealth ; having, perhaps, no superior in mercantile knowledge and skill. At his death, which occurred in 1823, being destitute of children, he disposed of his large estate in a spirit of general benevolence, equally useful, exemplary, and just. After amply providing for his few immediate relatives, he be- queathed to the Congregational Society in Milton, and to that in Federal Street, Boston, two thousand dollars each ; the income to be distributed annually to such persons, "not paupers," as the minister and deacons of the respective societies " should deem suitable for such relief." To the Boston Female Asylum, he gave five hundred dollars ; and he bequeathed fifty thousand dol- lars, to be equally divided, after the death of his wife, between the Massachusetts General Hospital* and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, and consti-
* The total amount received from the executors of John McLean, by the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, was $11 9,828-20, who paid a just tribute to the memory of this distinguished benefactor, by bestowing upon the most interesting and important branch of this no- ble institution the name of " The McLean Asylum for the Insane."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 427
tuted the former his residuary legatee. The bequest CHAPTER
to the College was for " the establishment and support L
of a Professor of Ancient and Modern History at that College."
Joshua Fisher, M. D., another distinguished patron Joshua of the University, was born in Dedham, Massachu- setts, in May, 1749, and was graduated at Harvard College, in 1766. After studying medicine, he com- menced practice ; but, on the declaration of hostil- ities between Great Britain and the United States in 1775, prompted by the spirit of enterprise or patriot- ism, he embarked as surgeon on board a private armed ship, and was subjected to the perils of this species of warfare. He was captured, escaped into France, en- tered again into the same service, and, after successes and reverses of fortune, returned and established him- self in his profession, at Beverly in Massachusetts. As a physician, he is represented by his biographer* as " being largely gifted with those moral and intel- lectual qualities which give honor and usefulness to this profession " ; as " having possessed extraordinary powers of observation and reflection ; as understanding how to select, with wonderful tact, from a multitude of facts, just what was most worthy of consideration"; and as "displaying in his practice great independence and originality." His reputation was great; he was beloved by his patients, and his practice as a consult- ing physician extended over a very wide circuit. But "most especially is he remembered for the purity of his mind and heart, which gave to his intellectual nature great beauty, power, and attractiveness. It
* See " A brief Memoir of Joshua Fisher, M. D., late President of the Massachusetts Medical Society. By Walter Channing, M. D., M. M. S."
428 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER constituted the tone of his mind, and was the atmo- xxxvir.
— sphere in which it expanded, and by which it was
invigorated." " Such a mind was admirably fitted for the study of nature, and few in this country have felt and acknowledged a deeper interest in Natural History than Dr. Fisher. His strong powers of observing, comparing, and remembering, singularly fitted him for this branch of science, and he devoted himself to it whenever and wherever opportunity served. He was a genuine lover of nature. He felt its beauty in its truth, and derived perpetual pleasure from the percep- tion of it." At the close of his life, which occurred in March, 1833, at the advanced age of eighty-four, his zeal and interest in this science was manifested by his bequeathing "to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, the sum of twenty thousand dol- lars, the income of it to be appropriated to the sup- port of a Professor of Natural History, comprehending the three kingdoms, animal, vegetable, and mineral, or a part of them." James Per- Among the benefactors of Harvard College, James
kins.
Perkins is entitled to grateful remembrance. He was born in Boston, on the 30th of March, 1761, and re- ceived the usual education and instruction preparatory for mercantile life. His professional career was com- menced in St. Domingo, where he established a com- mercial house, and conducted a prosperous business, until he was compelled to leave the island by the in- surrection of the colored population. At the hazard of his life, and with great loss of property, he escaped from St. Domingo, and returned to the United States. Soon after this event, he formed with his brother the commercial house of James and Thomas H. Perkins, which afterwards established a professional reputation
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 429
second to none in North America. By the amount CHAPTER
J xxxvn.
and discriminating nature of their bounty for the sup- — port of learning and the relief of suffering, and by their readiness to aid in every patriotic design, they have rendered their names synonymous with public spirit and benevolence. They were among the earliest and most successful of those merchants, who included the Northwest Coast of America and China within the sphere of their enterprise. Of this partnership it has been truly asserted, that "no private commercial house in the world has carried on a more extensive trade with Canton " ; at home, a pride and an honor to the Exchange ; abroad, elevating the commercial character of the country, by the truth, integrity, and honor with which in every climate their enterprises were conducted.
The character of James Perkins, like that of the house of which he was the elder partner, was formed on the noblest and purest model of professional up- rightness ; without guile and without reproach. Amid the engagements and perplexities of business, he found time to cultivate literature, and to polish and strength- en intellectual faculties by nature active and powerful. Few men could express their views and opinions, by letter or in conversation, with greater felicity or strength. The world was the field of his commerce ; his mind held in its extensive grasp, the wants, the resources, and the products of every member of the family of nations ; and in their supply and exchange he accumulated wealth, afforded employment to indus- try, and gave support to the credit and independence of his country. In disposition, Mr. Perkins was averse to parade and display. His happiness was in retire- ment, in the exercise of the private affections, and in
430 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER domestic life. With talents qualified to adorn and xxxvir.
support any public station, he declined all political employments, though frequently solicited ; yet, as a private citizen, he was ever active in support of those principles which he deemed connected with the best interests of his country. He lived and labored not alone for himself, or his family, but for society and his fellow men. In his lifetime, he presented to the Bos- ton Athenaeum a house and land, estimated to be worth eighteen thousand dollars, which is now occupied by that institution ; and at his death, in August, 1823, he bequeathed "to the President and Fellows of Harvard College twenty thousand dollars, for the purpose of founding such a professorship as they, with the con- sent of the Overseers of said College, should judge most useful to the University and the public." christo- Christopher Gore, whose bounty to Harvard Uni-
pher Gore. . . .
versity exceeds in amount the munificence of any other benefactor, was born in Boston, in September, 1758, was educated in the Latin School of that town, and, having entered Harvard College, in 1772, at the age of thirteen, was graduated in 1776. After complet- ing the study of the law in the office of Judge Lowell, he commenced its practice, and early took a high rank in his profession, at a time when such jurists as The- ophilus Parsons, Fisher Ames, and Samuel Dexter were its lights and ornaments. Uniting high talent and spotless integrity to courtesy of manners and a winning address, he soon acquired popularity, and was selected by his fellow-citizens as one of the Delegates to the Convention of Massachusetts, in 1788, on the adoption of the Federal Constitution ; and, on the organization of the Federal Judiciary, in 1790, he was appointed by President Washington to the office of At-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 431
torney of the United States for the District of Massa- CHAPTER
XXXVII
chusetts. The duties of this office, at all times delicate
and responsible, were singularly critical at the outset of the new government, when "the high-roads were not broken, and the waters were out, and the file afforded no precedent." At such times, " extensive comprehension of things, and a great knowledge of mankind, are requisite." The talent and judgment Mr. Gore displayed in the exigencies of this station, raised his reputation, with both the government and people, for general ability and business qualifications, and particularly for a thorough acquaintance with com- mercial law. When a commission, provided for under the fourth article of Mr. Jay's treaty, for settling the indemnification to be awarded for British spolia- tions, was about to be established, Mr. Gore, by the united urgency of the northern merchants, who were the principal sufferers, was appointed one of the Com- missioners. He remained eight years in Europe on that service. To his talent, industry, and zeal, our mer- cantile community were chiefly indebted for the satis- factory result of the commission. On his return, he was received and greeted by his fellow-citizens with every demonstration of respect and regard ; and, on his resuming the practice of his profession, the success with which his efforts were crowned, strongly indicated their confidence and gratitude. He was soon called to the House of Representatives and to the Senate of his native State, and, in 1809, was elected Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In preparation for duty, and in performing it, Mr. Gore was active and indefatigable ; and, combining extensive knowledge of the world with high polish and refinement of character and manners, he was eminently qualified to fill the
432 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER office of chief magistrate with dignity and usefulness.
XXXVII.
But party spirit was the master-power of the period ;
and, after holding the chair of state one year, Mr. Gore withdrew to his estate in Waltham, intending to pass the remainder of his days in the pleasures of retirement and domestic life. In 1814, however, at the urgent request of Governor Strong, he accepted an appoint- ment to the Senate of the United States, to fill a vacancy, which had occurred during the recess of the legislature. Having been subsequently elected to that office, he sustained it for three years, when he re- signed, and took a final leave of public station. The patience and fortitude of Mr. Gore were severely tried, during the remainder of his life, by years of suffering and illness, borne with cheerfulness and equanimity, under the combined influences of philos- ophy and religion.*
He survived until March, 1829, when his life was closed, in the sixty-ninth year of his age ; and to his last hour his mind remained firm, self-possessed, and tranquil.
During his lifetime, besides other donations, he gave to the Law Library many important and valuable works, and, by his will, he bequeathed "all the rest and residue of his estate, real, personal, or mixed, not therein before devised to his wife, and which should re- main after her decease, and subject to the legacies and annuities therein devised and bequeathed, to the Pres- ident and Fellows of Harvard College, and their suc- cessors, for ever, to and for the use of the University
* For a more full biography of Mr. Gore, see " Collections of the Mas- sachusetts Historical Society, Third Series," Vol. III. pp. 191-204.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 433
in Cambridge, and for the promotion of virtue, science, CHAPTER
XXXVII.
and literature in said University."
The amount realized by the College from this be- quest, was about $100,000; of which, however, the sum of $ 38,000 is set apart to respond by its income to the life annuities devised by the will of Mr. Gore.
The confidence in the Corporation implied by the unrestricted terms of Mr. Gore's donation, is honorable and exemplary. He had been a member of this body for many years, and had perceived the continual em- barrassment to an advantageous management of the concerns of the College, which arose from the restric- tion of the bounty of the patrons of the institution to specific objects ; as large sums are thus frequently rendered useless for a series of years ; and, during the time they are accumulating, they add .nothing to the immediate and effective power of the College, and im- press the community with an erroneous opinion of its pecuniary resources, and consequently check the dis- position to enlarge them.
It was the strong desire of the Corporation to pre- serve the income of Mr. Gore's donation to aid the general purposes and wants of the institution ; but the value and exposed state of the College Library con- stituted an immediate and urgent interest, outweigh- ing all other considerations. Harvard Hall, erected in 1764, had been, during a period of nearly seventy years, the only repository for its collections ; and the treasures accumulating by private munificence, if once lost, could scarcely be replaced. This edifice is not fire-proof, and, weakened by time, it has given in- dications of being unequal to support the weight of the volumes and of the concourse of persons to which it is subject on public occasions. The library,
VOL. ii. 55
434 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER also, has outgrown the capacity of the building, and — more space is requisite for its arrangement and pre- servation. Frequent attempts had been made to awaken the public to a sense of the value and im- portance of this library, and of the necessity of imme- diate measures for its protection, but without effect. Applications had been made to successive legislatures of the Commonwealth for aid in erecting a building for this object, accompanied by printed statements, dis- tributed among their members, setting forth the value of the library, its exposed situation, and the obstacles to its increase, arising from the condition of the build- ing in which it is now deposited ; but with no suc- cess. Since these efforts had all proved fruitless when the College was destitute of funds applicable to this object, it was in vain to hope for aid after such funds were in possession. The responsibility that would devolve on the Corporation, should the library be de- stroyed now that they had means adequate to its pre- servation, was conclusive ; and the board, therefore, resolved to apply a portion of Mr. Gore's bequest to the erection of an edifice for the accommodation and protection of the library. After consulting the friends of Mr. Gore, it was determined, since this application of his funds was deemed imperative, that the building erected should be of sufficient capacity to contain the probable accumulation of books during the present century, that it should be ^s far as possible fire-proof, and that in material and architecture it should be an enduring monument to his memory, and worthy to represent the liberal spirit of the most munificent of all the benefactors of the University. It was moreover believed, that the erection of such a building was the truest wisdom and soundest policy ; since the security,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 435
the capacity, and the means of convenient arrangement CHAPTER
XXXVII.
and display, which such a building affords, would be -
among the more powerful inducements to intelligent and liberal minds, to contribute towards filling its alcoves and enlarging its usefulness.
Influenced by these considerations, the Corporation, Gore Haii
J ' ' founded.
on the 25th day of April, 1838, laid the foundation of a building, to which they gave the name of " Gore Hall," which is now erected and nearly finished, and of which, when completed, the frontispiece of this volume will be a correct representation.*
By the death of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., Nathaniel
* ' Bowditch.
F. R. S., on the 16th of March, 1838, the Corpora- tion was deprived of an honored associate, and the College of an efficient friend, well entitled to be ranked among its distinguished benefactors.f His sci- entific attainments, useful labors, and successful and instructive life, have been recently the subject of deserved eulogy in America and Europe,! and are faithfully recorded in an interesting Memoir, written by his eldest son, and prefixed to the fourth volume of his Translation of the " Mecanique Celeste " of La Place.
Nathaniel Bowditch was born in Salem, Massachu- setts, on the 26th of March, 1773, of worthy parentage. His ancestors had resided in that town from its earliest settlement, and had been chiefly engaged in the occu-
* See Appendix, No. LVIII. t Ibid. No. LIX.
t See " A discourse on the Life and Character of the Hon. Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., F. R. S. By Alexander Young. 1838."
" A Eulogy on Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D. By John Pickering. 1838."
" A Eulogy on the Life and Character of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D. By Daniel Appleton White. 1838."
" Farewell Address of His Royal Highness, the Duke of Sussex, deliv- ered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society of London, No- vember, 1838."
436 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER pation of shipmaster. He enjoyed no advantages of education, except those which the common schools of Salem afforded, and had no outward stimulant to men- tal exertion, except what is perhaps the most decisive of the success of every man, — the teachings and ex- ample of a mother, pious, affectionate, intelligent, and of exemplary fidelity. It was the delight of her son, to the latest period of his life, to speak of her influence on his character. But the native powers of Mr. Bow- ditch's mind were manifested, even in boyhood, by his capacity of fixed attention and earnestness in the acquisition of knowledge ; and, in youth, by more important qualities, — regard for truth, surpassing soundness of judgment, and a spirit active and inde- fatigable. By the evidence he gave of these qualities, while in the humble station of apprentice to a ship- chandler, an interest was excited in his behalf; he obtained friends and patrons ; and, on arriving at manhood, he received the appointment of captain's clerk on board of an East India merchantman. In the next three succeeding voyages, he was raised to the station of supercargo, and ultimately to that of master. While in these employments, the force of his genius having developed itself in his studies and by his writings, his title to literary distinction was recognised, and, in 1799, though he had been absent from his native State during intervals of years, and was only twenty-seven years of age, he was chosen a mem- ber of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In July, 1802, his ship being wind-bound in Boston harbour, he accidentally attended the annual Com- mencement of Harvard University, and, to his sur- prise, heard his own name announced for the honorary degree of Master of Arts. " It was a day," says his
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 437
biographer, "of which he always spoke as one of the CHAPTER 0 r , . xxxvn.
proudest of his life ; and, amid all the subsequent —
proofs which he received of the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens, and the distinctions conferred upon him in foreign countries, he recurred to this with the greatest pleasure. It is, indeed, made the subject of express mention in his will."* This was his first connexion with an institution to which he was des- tined, in after life, to be so useful.
About this period, he published his " American Practical Navigator," a work "unostentatious, yet pro- foundly scientific and thoroughly practical, and pro- nounced by competent judges to be, in point of prac- tical utility, second to no work of man ever published." An estimate not extravagant, "when we consider the countless millions of treasures and of human lives which it has conducted, and will conduct, in safety through the perils of the ocean. "f It soon became the exclusive guide of every shipmaster in the United States, and its tables and rules were adopted in Eu- rope. The wide-spread usefulness and enduring pop- ularity of this work Mr. Bowditch enjoyed many years. It well entitled him to that touching demon- stration of honor and regard paid to his memory, when, on receiving intelligence of his death, the flags of the shipping were hoisted at half-mast in the harbours of Baltimore, Boston, and Salem, and, in Europe, at Cronstadt, in the naval depot of the Czars ; and when * the members of the naval school of the United States
* Memoir prefixed to the fourth volume of the Translation of the "M6- canique Celeste," p. 37.
f Judge White's Eulogy, pp. 29, 30.
438 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER adopted badges of mourning, as for the loss of a valued
XXXVII. r
friend and instructor.
After the publication of his " Practical Navigator," among the perplexities of official duties and the press- ing obligation to provide for an increasing family, he persevered in an active series of scientific and use- ful labors. By communications to the " Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" and to other literary journals in the United States, by a corre- spondence with the learned of other countries, and a most assiduous and exemplary cultivation of science and letters in his own, he attained a celebrity, at home and abroad, inferior to none of his contemporaries on this side of the Atlantic. From this period, the intel- lectual light his mind radiated, shed upon his path a splendor which time may brighten, but cannot obscure ; and his name became, before his death, identified with the loftiest branches of science, and united indissolu- bly with those of Newton and La Place.
On the close of his seafaring life, he was elected President of the Salem Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and successfully conducted that institution for twenty years. During this period, he received successively the offer of three Professorships of Math- ematics,— in Harvard University, in that of Charlottes- ville in Virginia, and in the United States Military Academy at West Point ; all which he declined. In * 1816, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Harvard University, and, in the course of his subse- quent life, he was elected a member of the most distinguished literary and philosophical societies in the United States, Great Britain, and other countries.
Dr. Bowditch's Translation of the first four volumes of the "Mecanique Celeste" of La Place, with his
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 439
Commentary on that work, was commenced and com- CHAPTER
XXXVII
pleted in the years 1814-1817.* Considering the nature and magnitude of the work, and his other occu- pations at the time when it was executed, it is an ex- traordinary developement of intellectual power. It was denominated "gigantic" by a great contempora- neous philosopher;! a term which justly expresses its character, as the product of some mighty energy, above the usual standard of man's comprehension and capacity.
In 1823, Dr. Bowditch removed to Boston, and, during the last fifteen years of his life, held the highly important and responsible station of Actuary of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company ; an institution formed and established under his auspices. Almost every important literary and charitable institu- tion of which he was a member contains durable mon- uments of his efficiency and fidelity.
Great as were his literary and scientific attainments, the influence he exercised in Boston arid its vicinity was the result of his energy, his disinterestedness, his independence of spirit, and his integrity. In the inter- course of business, and in the interchange of opinions in private life, he attempted no display, claimed no preeminence, evinced no consciousness of superior- ity, even when light, beaming from his mind, was unfolding the true, the useful, and the suitable. Or- der, method, punctuality, and exactness were, in his esteem, cardinal virtues ; the want of which, in men of official station, he regarded not so much a fault as a crime. His moral standard was, perhaps, somewhat too lofty for general attainment ; and the rigor with
* See Memoir, p. 60. f Sir John F. Herschell. Ibid. p. 67.
440 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER which he acted up to it himself, he exacted from xxxvrr.
— others. He moved right onward in the path of his
duty, and to its perfect fulfilment he ever advanced with a step firm and fearless. His temperament being naturally ardent, his sense of rectitude keen, and his perception of deviation from it clear and vivid, when he saw, or thought he saw, a want of principle 01 failure in duty, his thought and language would descend on the object of his animadversion with the quickness and scorching severity of lightning. But, the occasion being past, and the first excitement over, no man was more placable, more conciliatory, more ready to be just, or more willing to ask or to receive whatever explanations circumstances might require.
The universal confidence Dr. Bowditch commanded, and the great weight of character he sustained, led the Corporation of Harvard University, in a critical state of its affairs, to elect him one of its members. He accepted the appointment with reluctance, as, ex- cept persons holding the office of Treasurer of the College, he was the first individual, not an alumnus, who had received this distinction since the earliest period of its existence. Yielding, however, to the urgency of the friends of the institution, he entered on the station, and thenceforth fulfilled its duties with characteristic ardor, intelligence, and fidelity.*
During his last illness, a week before his death, he expressed his gratification, that the publication of his Translation of the first four volumes of the " Mecan- ique Celeste" was so nearly completed, and observed, " There are only about ten pages wanting ; perhaps I may live to finish them. I have been to-day correct-
* See above, p. 363.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
441
ing the proofs." The manuscript copy of this work, CHAPTER Dr. Bowditch bequeathed to Harvard College, and also the bust of La Place, presented to him by the widow of that great philosopher.
Amidst pain and suffering, and in view of the near approach of death, Dr. Bowditch expressed an un- wavering belief and trust in the goodness and wise providence of God, and recalled with thankfulness the blessings he had enjoyed in life. Supported to the last by the spirit of a philosopher and the assured hope of a Christian, he expired on the 6th of March, 1838.
When apprized of his decease, -the Corporation met and passed votes expressing their regret at his loss, and their high sense of his services and character.
DANE HALL, ERECTED IN 1832.
VOL. II.
56
442 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER XXXVIIT.
Influence and Claims of the Age on Seminaries of Learning. — Educa- tion, its Nature and Power. — The Principles on which it has been conducted in successive Periods of Society. — Improvements and En- largement of its Modes and Facilities at the present Day. — These Advantages not unqualified. — Interests of Society in Relation to the Number and Endowments of Seminaries of Learning. — Duties and Responsibilities of their Conductors. — The Wisdom of the Founders of Massachusetts and of Harvard College, illustrated and confirmed by the Experience of two Centuries. — Conclusion.
CHAPTER THE close of the second century from the foundation
XXXVIII.
— of Harvard University was commemorated bj a solemn celebration, which forms one of the most impressive incidents in its annals.* In the course of this History, which owes its origin to that celebration, the circum- stances affecting the character and prosperity of the seminary have been traced ; the religious, political, and literary influences, to which the institution has been subjected, have been indicated, its finances,! organiza- tion, t and the causes of the degree of success it now enjoys, have been stated and explained.
At the present day, its condition and prospects are not materially affected by either religious sects or political parties, but are chiefly influenced by the spirit of improvement which prevails in the civil- ized world, and by the attention and efforts now directed to the general diffusion of knowledge, and the intellectual advancement of the human race. The laws, principles of discipline, and methods of instruc-
* See Appendix, No. LXIV. f Ibid., No. LX. J Ibid , No. LXL
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 443
tion in seminaries of learning, and the means of com- CHAPTER ... f . XXXVIH.
bming their powers, in aid of the great cause of virtue -
and religion, have become subjects of intense thought and investigation. At the conclusion of this History, therefore, it seems appropriate to take a general view of the claims of the present age on the powers, and of its influences on the character, of this seminary and of similar institutions.
In connexion with the great subject of education, we hear daily of "the spirit of the age," of "the wants of the age," and of the duty of seminaries of learning to keep pace with that spirit, and to supply those wants.
The spirit of the age takes its chief characteristic from the abundance and general diffusion of the intelli- gence which exists, or is supposed to exist, in it. The intellectual principle, in its early state, is but a germ, the feeblest and most indistinct of all man's endow- ments ; and, if left to chance, without instruction or example, it is scarcely to be distinguished from the instinct of brutes, and is often inferior to it. But, when combined with moral strength and purity, and unfolded under the auspices of Christian institutions, the powers of the human intellect spread around, up- wards, and beneath, with an energy which proves that, height, and depth, and extent have no limits for its progress ; that external nature itself is but a path- way, which hope and faith tread and spurn as they press onwards beyond its bounds, to regions in which alone the mind seeks, and is content to find, its home.
The great truth, that the real glory and happiness of man consist in the right culture of the intellectual principle, in connexion with his moral and religious nature, has never been so generally acknowledged as
444 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
XXXVIII.
CHAPTER in the present age. At no former period, has the desire
VVWTTT * A
to partake in the honors and benefits of intellectual power been so intense and universal. A proportion- ate anxiety has, therefore, naturally arisen, relative to the agents by which the intellectual principle is aided or affected. The attention of society has been concentrated upon what it denominates education; a term, which does not convey to the mind an exact conception of the real workings of nature in the pro- cess of intellectual developement ; inasmuch as it di- rects the thought outwards to such external assistances as instruction furnishes, which are, in fact, but excite- ments and stimulants. Whereas intellectual growth and expansion are effects of the inherent energy of the immaterial principle itself, which education may rouse, direct, or depress, but cannot create. Knowledge, learning, letters, when presented to the mind, are of the nature of condiments, suited to promote the action of the invisible and mysterious energy, called intellect. They are of little or of no utility, until the immortal principle, in ways unknown to itself, absorbs and avails itself of their virtues in the pro- cess of self-developement. In the excitement of the mental energy, as in the cultivation of the fields, man may plant, and he may water, but it is a higher power which giveth the increase. To excite and to direct the action of the intellectual principle, are the objects proposed by education ; and, at different pe- riods of society, the modes adopted for these ends have been different, according to the prevailing opin- ions and character of the age.
In Europe, after the lapse of what are called the dark ages, the means of education were directed by the Catholic clergy, who applied agents to the mind,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 445
and treated it in a manner more suited to the purposes CHAPTER
XXXVITI
of the Church, than to its own nature. Religion and - learning were taught by the same masters. They en- forced the dogmas of the former by the terrors of a future life, and taught the rudiments of the latter by corporeal terrors in the present. The object and effect of this system were not so much to excite, although it had incidentally that effect, as to control the action of the intellectual principle, and so to bring it into subjection, that all its energies should be ex- erted in prescribed paths and directed by authorized influences. Under this system, the mind was taught just as man teaches those inferior animals, which, though possessed of muscular powers far superior to his own, he renders subservient to his purposes ; making fear the chief principle of instruction, as being the best means of keeping the subject in ignorance of its own inherent strength.
After the Reformation, a more liberal system was introduced. It made its way slowly, however, in the ancient schools and colleges, even of the States which had concurred in the principles of the Reformation. The interests of the Church of Rome were not anni- hilated, but only transferred. The States and hie- rarchies, which succeeded, adopted very much the old principles, as to the mode of bringing the general mind into subjection through the instrumentality of education.
The labor of the last and the present age has been efficiently directed to soften the rigors and break the shackles of ancient discipline ; to remove obstacles from the path of intellect, and to supply it with aids and encouragements. The principle of fear has been almost wholly banished from systems of education,
446 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER anci that of hope and reward substituted. The duty of xxxviir. ... . .
considering science and learning as an independent
interest of the community, begins to be very generally felt and acknowledged. Both in Europe and in Amer- ica attempts are making to rescue the general mind from the vassalage in which it has been held by sects in the church, and by parties in the state ; giving to that interest, as far as possible, a vitality of its own, having no precarious dependence for existence on subserviency to particular views in politics or religion ; and, for this purpose, to place it like a fountain opened in regions far above those in which the pas- sions of the day struggle for ascendency, — to which all may come to gain strength and be refreshed, but whose waters none shall be permitted to disturb by their disputes, or exclusively to preoccupy for pur- poses of ambition.
Great improvements have been made in respect to modes of education, yet the question is daily raised, whether those now in use are the best for exciting the immaterial principle into action. Many points of con- duct in our public institutions of learning are made the subjects of controversy ; and this will probably continue to be the case, so long as men are free to take different views of the same subject, and reason concerning it with different proportions of intellectual power and practical knowledge. Upon all the points on which this diversity of opinion occurs, the true course seems to be, to adopt changes with great de- liberation; and, when adopted, to proceed with them in a just spirit, and with a fixed intent to give them a fair trial ; remembering, that man is often able to conceive of a perfection, which he is not able to at- tain, and that many things appear plausible in theory, which, on trial, prove fallacious.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 447
At the present day, there is no deficiency in aids CHAPTER
XXXVIII.
and facilities for education. The world is full of — books, lessons, and schemes for distributing intellec- tual power rapidly, and equally, and universally over the surface of human nature. The victory man has gained over the material world, the immense enlarge- ment of his powers of locomotion, and the facilities afforded by the miraculous inventions of art, have en- couraged him to endeavour to make like splendid and beneficial conquests in the regions of intellect ; and, in the one as in the other, he has applied his exer- tions to produce rapid movement and expansion. But the laws of the material and those of the intellectual world are different. Every engine which is submitted to a new invented power, is constructed with express reference to that power, and moves mechanically by the same applied law. But the human mind is not an engine made by man's device. It is not like ma- terial engines, formed with reference to the particular power by which it is to be directed ; but the power, which would regulate its movement and expansion, must adapt itself to, and be governed by, the intellec-r tual nature, as constituted by the Divine will. The intellect is not an instrument to be moved, but a principle to be excited. Like the electric fluid, it is subtile, invisible, distributed among beings in very different proportions, and its existence is only known by its effects. These, again, are determined, not by the nature of the process, but by that of the subject. Let the process of excitement be what it may, suc- cess is not in all cases proportionate, but is depend- ent on the degree in which the invisible principle exists in the subject, if it exists in it in an excitable
448 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER degree at all, and on the fact that it submits to the
XXXVIII.
process, and is willing on its part to cooperate.
The agents and modes, which are adapted to ex- cite, and give direction to, the immaterial principle, are distributed throughout the community in certain institutions, which are all properly enough called schools; and some of which, through courtesy, or law, have received a higher appellation. In our country, they are divided into the elementary or primary, the secondary or common, the ultimate, for general educa- tion, denominated colleges or universities, and the professional, in which instruction becomes special, and takes the direction of the particular pursuit in life for which the individual is destined.
To these may be added the great school of the world, which, although usually omitted in such enu- merations, is the most important of all ; since the pro- cess of education never ceases, and every individual, desirous to be faithful to his own nature, must put himself under a much more severe regimen than it is possible for him to have been subjected to in any antecedent school. Success in this life, probably, and destiny in a future life, certainly, will depend upon the fidelity with which man imposes on himself that moral and mental discipline, by which alone high ele- vation in the scale of human virtue and intellectual power can be attained.
In the school of the world, the influence of those who instruct, and the docility of those who are taught, are subjects of general remark. It may be useful to allude to the causes of this success. The masters in the school of the world strive with great assiduity to keep pace with the general spirit of the age ; they teach by example, bring their minds into direct con-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 449
tact and familiar intercourse with their scholars, and CHAPTER
XXXVIII
advance them not in classes, but as individuals, accord- - ing to their respective powers. The active are not kept back by the indolent, nor the quick by the dull, nor the earnest by the careless. In that school, there- fore, almost every one finds his relative position and appropriate rank. The more the principles of educa- tion, which are practised in the school of the world, are introduced into all the preceding schools, the greater will be their usefulness and success ; for these depend on the mode of applying external stimulants to the in- tellectual principle, and on their adaptation to the nature of man and the laws which result from his con- stitution.
A clamor has, of late years, proceeded out of the great school of the world against antecedent schools, as not advancing so fast as the spirit of the age, and not complying with its wants. But the spirit of the age, like every other spirit which is subject to human infirmities, ought to be watched ; or, rather, it ought to subject itself to a rigorous self-inspection ; there being for man no safety or assurance of success, in any of his relations, without a thorough self-knowledge.
The great distinction and glory of the present age consists in the facilities it has invented or possesses for giving quickness and advancement to the intellec- tual principle, and for promoting the general diffusion of knowledge throughout all classes of society. But the result of these improvements is not unqualified good. Facility is another name for diminished labor ; and, by the law of man's nature, labor, in respect to intellectual attainments, is both a measure of value and a condition of progress. Whatever a man gets easily, he is apt to value the less. Should the heights of literature be
VOL. n. 57
450 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER levelled, and science, which was once accounted a
XXXVIII.
— hill, be cut down to a plain, over which the mind could course with a steam power and a railroad pro- gress, the pursuit of them might be entered upon for- pleasure, the accumulation of wealth, or the gratifica- tion of curiosity, but would result neither in discipline nor strength. In intellectual progress, whatever su- persedes labor becomes unavoidably a temptation to indolence. Whenever a traveller's taste or thirst can be satisfied with streams easy of access, his disposi- tion is weakened, and his power debilitated, for aspiring and ascending to the high and living fountains.
A healthful and athletic mind, capable of support- ing itself under all the vicissitudes and temptations to which virtue and talent may be exposed, is not to be acquired through the aid of those supplies of the intellectual craving, which come without labor, solicit the taste by novelty, or by some 'ight, winning fancy, and thus encourage innate love of ease, and self-com- placent content with the present mental state. It is certain, that, when reading the fugitive works of the day, or when composing them, constitutes the chief delight or labor of the literary men of any period, efficient and enduring intellectual action is diminished, and an ominous cloud hangs over the prospects of its literary reputation.
The spirit of the age requires also to be watched on the subject of the claims, which what are called " its wants" perpetually make on the greater seminaries of learning and public education. It is unquestionably the imperative duty of those, who conduct or influence such institutions, to foster every form of intellectual cultivation, and to encourage the tendency of the age to take delight in literary works and attainments,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 451
and to seek refuge in them from meaner and grosser CHAPTER
. . i • i ' XXXVIII.
pleasures. But it is also their duty to yield nothing
to any temporary excitement, nothing to the desire of popularity, nothing to the mere hope of increasing the numbers in a seminary, nothing to any vain imagina- tion of possessing more wisdom than the Author of the human mind, as if we could exclude the influ- ence of those motives and passions, which he im- planted as aids and stimulants to man's progress, and which it is the design of education to regulate, but not to extirpate. The intellectual health and strength of the present and future generations are a solemn trust, in a great degree placed in the power of the conduct- ors of great literary institutions. Innovations in them should be made only for distinct and well-defined purposes, with known limitations, which on no light consideration should be passed. To increase the facil- ities of access to the greater seminaries of learning, for attaining the benefits of their libraries and for general instruction, is a just tribute to the spirit of the age. It is also an important duty to preserve the known and long established standard of a sound and thorough collegiate education, to elevate that standard, and to evidence the attainment of it on the part of those educated within the institution, by making col- lege honors, as far as possible, a criterion of individual acquisition.
In relation to this great subject, the general policy of our community at the present day is to bestow the whole amount of public bounty on the means of com- mon elementary education, and to leave the greater seminaries dependent almost entirely on private mu- nificence. No policy could be more mistaken ; for, although it is true, that it is a great interest of a state
452 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
cHAFfER to distribute far and wide the streams of knowledge
XXXVIII.
- over the lower grounds, it is no less its duty to open and enlarge the fountains in the upper country.
The desire to place the means of acquiring high intellectual attainments within the reach of a larger class of society has become general, and two modes have been suggested to this end ; to multiply the number of literary institutions of a high class, or to open wider the doors of those which already exist.
With respect to the first mode, that of multiplying the number of institutions of the higher class, a dispo- sition to such a course is very likely to rise in society. In every section of country, which is great either from extent, or numbers, or wealth, there is a natural am- bition to concentrate within its own immediate vicinity or influence, as far as possible, all the great institu- tions of society ; and a college or university as well as others. Undoubtedly, some local accommodation will always result, or some local or personal interest be subserved, by such an arrangement. But the great in- terests of the public, in respect to the advancement of the intellectual power, require a conduct regulated by very different principles. " It is better," says Lord Bacon, " in a fair room, to set up one great light, or branching candlestick of lights, than to go about with a small watch-candle into every corner."
The interests of society demand, that the number of the greater seminaries of science should be few ; that they should be highly endowed, and so consti- tuted as to become, if possible, the common centre of action to those minds of great power, which in every passing period exist in a community. Such great seminaries of learning are the natural central fires of science, whence intellectual light and heat should radi-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 453
ate for the use and comfort of the whole land. From CHAPTER
XXX VIII.
the known laws of mental action, intellect enkindles intellect ; and, of consequence, minds brought into connexion and joint action at a common centre dis- perse more and stronger rays, and send them further, than the same minds could possibly do, if solitary, or scattered in small groups, over the surface of the country.
It is without question a great and important truth, that the higher seminaries of science and literature in every country should be endowed in the most liberal spirit, and to the greatest requisite extent ; and, as a consequence, it is essential that they should be few ; otherwise, the struggle for public patronage will be a scramble among local literary and religious factions, in which all may get something, and no one of them get enough ; and the spirit, which should lead the commu- nity to high intellectual eminence, degenerates into a low and mean spirit of selfish solicitation or factious intrigue.
The particular site of great seminaries of learning in any community advanced in civilization, does not generally depend upon the will of that community. Circumstances in its earlier history may have fixed their situation. Endowments may have been accu- mulated upon certain points, and in certain places. A general atmosphere, arising from this state of things, may have been formed in their vicinity. Here, as elsewhere, man must follow nature. He cannot sub- vert or essentially alter her decrees. His duty is to use, enlarge, improve, and rectify the spirit existing in those places, where, by her laws, literary institu- tions have been established.
As to the second mode of extending the advantages
454 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER of the existing great seminaries of learning, by open- — ing their doors wider, so as to admit a larger class of society, no possible injury could result, either to the character or influence of those seminaries, under the limitations already suggested.* But, in proportion as such privileges are multiplied, the true particulars in which alone, conformably to the long established prin- ciples and practices of the literary world, a thorough and perfectly liberal education consists, should be adhered to and enforced with that strictness, which an enlightened sense of duty, and a clear conviction of truth and the public interest, should inspire. Subsidiary to this important principle, and inseparably connected with the best hopes of the republic of letters, is the raising gradually, but systematically, the standard of public education. If the number of those, who acquire the honors of a literary seminary, should thus be dimin- ished, the advantage, to those who do attain them, will be proportionably increased, and the benefit to society will in a like degree be enlarged, by the better quality of the literary and scientific attainments in all the lower schools, and in the whole mass of society.
Such a course of conduct, therefore, in relation to the higher institutions of learning, so far from being an obstacle to the general diffusion of sound knowledge in a community, is in direct subserviency to that object, and is necessary to its perfect attainment. The far- ther you would extend the streams, the higher must you seek, and the more must you enlarge, the upper springs. There can be no surer precursor of want or barrenness, than to have the waters in the head fountains not higher than the level of the surrounding country.
» See above, p. 451.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 455
At the present day, indefinite desires for the im- CHAPTER
XXXVIII
provement of all public literary institutions press from — without, while a natural fear of attempts at impracti- cable innovations is existing within. An age, almost lawless from its love of liberty, is calling for restraints to be practised in them, which it neglects to teach by example, and shows no disposition to enforce else- where ; clamorous that institutions of learning should keep pace with its spirit, without inquiring whether this spirit be of a permanent or a transitory character, or whether, like all spirits conjured up to serve a particular occasion, it will not vanish with the magical words and wands of the short-lived enchanters by which it is raised.
In the doubtfulness attending all action amidst com- plex relations and strong interests, the conductors of public literary institutions are often restrained from the attempt to do good by the fear of doing harm. The disposition to change and improve is also checked and qualified by the recollection, that the foundations of ancient walls lie deep, that the battlements erected on them are thick and massy, and so strengthened and established by time, as to be usually little affected by the endeavours of any single passing period, since they depend on principles of cement and architecture, which age has hallowed, trial approved, and which were known long before we were born, and will last long after the sun of our short day shall have set.
In this alternation of hope and fear, of opinion and expectation, of boldness pressing after a perfection which is perhaps unattainable, and prudence repeat- ing lessons of warning gathered from the nature of man and the limitation of his powers, as they are learnt from experience or history, the conductors of
456 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER such public institutions have no safer resource in the
xxxvn r.
- discharge of their duty, than the results of long deliber- ation, sound judgment, and firm purpose. They should defer action until after a thorough understanding of the true relations of the subject, and a fair comparison of the views of practical men within, and of practical men without, the institution ; remembering that the safe ways are the trodden paths ; that the new, though tempting, are often uncertain, and their termination unknown ; that to follow public opinion is easy and popular, but that this opinion is not always sound, and is liable to be corrupt ; that the schemes of the present time are apt to be urgent and selfish, but the wisdom of antiquity is ever unobtrusive and disinterested. The measure of intellectual greatness is not the aver- age breadth of every man's span, at the present day, but the broad and muscular palm of those giants of former times, which they have left apparent and chis- elled upon works little less admirable than those of nature herself, and imperishable as her mountains.
When we revert to the time and the circumstances in which the foundations of Harvard College were laid, we seem to read not so much the history of real events as the legends of the heroic age and the fictions of romance. The founders of Massachusetts left their native land, and crossed unknown seas to desert wil- dernesses, bringing with them their household loves and domestic hopes, for the sake of attaining the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. To place the protection of that right on the basis of sound human learning and faithful intel lectual research, they first bade to rise the sanctuaries of religion, and, close by their sacred altars, this tem- ple of science ; thus establishing here, in the language
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 457
of the master genius of their age, "a secure harbour CHAPTER
0 . XXXVIII.
for letters, which, as ships, pass through the vast seas — of time, and make ages so distant to participate of the wisdom, the illumination, and inventions the one of the other." What scene more sublime, what more glorious ? What can the mind conceive, indicating firmer purpose, wiser forecast, purer intent, bolder daring ? They lived not for themselves, but for us, for their posterity ! They erected institutions, not for the comfort and pleasure of the passing day, but for the safety, glory, and hope of their own and all future time ; and thus exemplified by their deeds, to use the language of the same great master, that "their love of learning was not natural curiosity, or inquisitive appetite ; not for entertainment and delight ; not for ornament and reputation ; not for victory of wit ; not for lucre ; not as a couch, for rest ; not as a terrace, for prospect ; not as a tower, for pride ; not as a fort, for command ; not as a shop, for profit ; but to give a true account of the gift of reason, to the benefit and use of man, and to erect a rich storehouse, for the glory of the Creator, and the relief of man's estate."
After the lapse of two centuries, it may be asserted with truth, that the noble purposes of the clergy and laity, the founders of New England and of its institu- tions, have not failed. The light, first kindled by the munificence of Harvard, has spread onward to our own time, illuminating the course of our fathers, and con- centrating a brighter radiance on the paths of their children. May it continue and shine more and more to the perfect day ! May the glorious fabric of civil and religious liberty, raised by the first Pilgrims, rest and for ever stand, where they placed it, on the deep
VOL. n. 58
458
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
CHAPTER foundations of sound learning ! May their example be xxxvin. J
our guide, their institutions our bulwark!
Recently, with a more than filial gratitude, the sons of Harvard have erected on the spot where his remains repose, an enduring monument to his cherished mem- ory. May the sons of Harvard of the coming age, raise to him a purer and nobler monument, in their lives and labors, constructed of the immortal materi- al of their own virtues ; and may this institution be devoted in all time to come, as it was by its earli- est founders, "to piety, morality, and learning," "to knowledge and godliness," "to Christ and to Truth."
See Appendix, No. LXIII.
APPENDIX.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 461
APPENDIX.
No. I. — Seep. 19.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION ON THE ELECTION OF MR. GREENWOOD.
" AT a Corporation meeting in the Library, at Cambridge, May APPENDIX, 12th, 1727. No-_^_
" Present, Mr. President, Mr. Colman, Mr. Flynt, Mr. Sever, Mr. Vote of the
Wigglesworth, Mr. Appleton, Mr. Treasurer. tion on the
" The rules and orders of the worthy Mr. Hollis, of London, re- lating to a Professor of the Mathematics, and of Natural and Ex- wood- perimental Philosophy, being signed, sealed, and witnessed in form, were read, together with letters from Mr. Hollis to Mr. Treasurer and Mr. Colman, for encouraging the election of Mr. Isaac Green- wood into said Professorship ; Mr. President thereupon proposed to the Corporation, whether they were ready to proceed to the election of a Professor. Voted unanimously, that they were ready. And accordingly the Corporation proceeded to write their votes, and Mr. Isaac Greenwood was unanimously chosen.
" Voted, That the said election be speedily laid before the Hon- orable and Reverend Overseers, for their approbation."
No. II. — See p. 29.
PUBLICATION IN "THE NEW ENGLAND WEEKLY JOURNAL" OF 24 JUNE, 1728, CONCERNING THE CHOICE OF NON-RESI- DENT FELLOWS.
« ADVERTISEMENT.
" There being a report in town, to the dishonor both of the Publication Corporation and the Honorable and Reverend Overseers of Har- vard College, as if, contrary to the intention of the acts of the General Assembly, constituting the said society, and in opposition to the late votes both of the said Honorable and Reverend Over-
462
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Publication concerning non-resi- ilent Fel- lows.
APPENDIX, seers, and also of the great and General Assembly of this Province, explaining the said acts, and asserting the said intention, — the said Corporation were yet a-going to choose non-residents into their so- ciety. Tt is thought proper, in order to silence the said injurious reports, to represent the moral improbabilities of so gross a pro- cedure, — and this only by referring to the votes, published by the late honorable House of Representatives of the Province upon that affair, viz. June 13, June 20, June 29, July 5, July 7, 1722 ; and approved by his Majesty's Council and Governor. By all which, it will appear, that the said report must needs be vain and groundless, and grievously reflect on the said Corporation, as if so loyal a body, the public examples of our hopeful youth, could fly in the face of the supreme authority in this country, and bid defiance to the very power, that gave them their academical existence and upon which they depend. Or at least such reports as these must needs proceed from ignorance or forgetfulness of the votes aforesaid."
Rev. Mr. Noyes on the reli-
College.
No. III.— Seep. 70.
LETTER OF THE REV. MOSES NOYES, MINISTER OF LYME, IN CONNECTICUT, ON THE RELIGIOUS STATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE.
" It was a wrong step, when the Trustees, by the assistance of great men, removed the College from Saybrook, and a worse, "when they put in Mr. Cutler for Rector. The jirst movers for a College in Connecticut alleged this as a reason, because the College at Cam- bridge was tinder the tutelage of Latitudinarians ; but how well they mended, the event sadly manifests."
The letter, from which the above extract is taken, is dated September 3d, 1723, and is preserved in Judge SewalFs letter-book.
No. IV. — Seep. 71.
NUMBERS GRADUATED AT HARVARD AND YALE COLLEGES, BETWEEN 1745 AND 1760 INCLUSIVE.
Numbers During the eight years, 1745-1752, inclusive, one hundred and
^Harvard ninety-four were graduated at Harvard, and one hundred and seventy-
and Yale njne at Yale.
Colleges, ...
1745 and During the eight years 1753-1760, inclusive, two hundred and
Jive were graduated at Harvard, and two hundred and ffty-four at Yale.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 463
APPENDIX,
No. V. No. V. — Seep. 81.
EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE OLD CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH IN CAMBRIDGE.
In this edifice all the public Commencements and solemn inaugu- Old Con- rations, during more than seventy years, were celebrated; and no clhurch'i'n1 building in Massachusetts can compare with it in the number of Cambridge. distinguished men, who at different times have been assembled within its walls. Washington and his brother patriots in arms there worshipped, during the investment of Boston by the Provincial army, in 1775. In 1779, the delegates from the towns of Massa- chusetts there met and framed the Constitution of the Common- wealth, which the people of that State ratified in 1780. There La- fayette, " on his triumphal visit to the United States," in 1824, was eloquently*welcomed, during the presidency of Dr. Kirkland.
See a " Farewell Sermon upon leaving the Old Meetinghouse of the First Parish in Cambridge, I December, 1833, by William Newell, Pastor of the Society."
No. VI. — See p. 94. FORM OF THE GENERAL DIPLOMA, ADOPTED IN 1757.
" Senatus Academise Cantabrigiensis in Nov-Anglia omnibus in Form of the Christo fidelibus prsesentes has Literas inspecturis vel audituris, Diploma salutem in Domino sempiternam. 1757ted '"
" Notum facimus, quod nos (consentientibus Honorandis admodum ac Reverendis Academic nostrae Inspectoribus) per procsentes ad- mittimus Dominos A. B., &c., antedictae Academies Alumnos ad Gradum primum in artibus; Dominos etiam C. D., &c., Alumnos quoque Academise antedictge. ad secundum Gradum in artibus ; dantes et concedentes iis omnia insignia, jura, et privilegia, digni- tates, ac honores, ad gradus suos spectantia.
" In cujus rei testimonium Literis hisce, communi Academiae Sigillo munitis, nomen meum pro auctoritate mihi commissa sub- scribo die anno
" E. H., Presses."
464 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VII.
No. VII. — Seep. 109.
REMONSTRANCE OF THE OVERSEERS AGAINST FOUNDING A COLLEGE IN THE COUNTY OF HAMPSHIRE.
" 1762. 18 March. Reasons against founding a College, or Col- legiate School in the County of Hampshire, humbly offered to the consideration of his Excellency Francis Bernard, Esquire, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, &c., by the Overseers of Harvard College, in New England.
" May it please your Excellency,
Remon- " (1.) We beg leave to observe, that Harvard College was origin-
ally founded by our Forefathers, with a laudable view to the general
Overseers interest of learning and religion in this country ; and that this is founding a properly the College of the Government, it having been established, the County and all along patronized and supported, by the Legislature. For so earty as tne year 1642, the General Court manifested their great concern for its prosperity, and for accomplishing the important end of this institution, by constituting the Governor and Deputy Governor for the time being, all the Magistrates (or Councillors) of . this jurisdiction with the teaching Elders (or Congregational Min- isters) of Boston, and five other next adjoining towns, and the President of said College for the time being, the Overseers and Guardians of it. This shows the sense they had of its importance, • and that they considered the common public good as closely con- nected with the growth and prosperity of this seminary of learning. And the charter of the College, granted afterwards in 1650, refers to the said Overseers, as being legally intrusted with the care and superintendence thereof; which charter was to all intents and pur- poses confirmed in and by the royal charter of William and Mary, granted to this province in the third year of their reign.
" (2.) The said Overseers have, accordingly, from first to last, superintended the affairs of the College ; having taken care, while a general liberty was allowed for Christians of different denomina- tions to send their children thither, and the rights of conscience were duly preserved, that the rules, laws, and orders of the society should be such as tended to promote substantial learning and good religious principles and morals, in conformity to the generous, pious, and extensive views of the government in its establishment, viz. the education of the " youth of this country, in knowledge and
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
godliness ; " as it is expressed in the College Charter before referred APPENDIX, to. And the said Overseers have from time to time interested No' VIL
themselves in all the important concerns of the College : usins Remon-
. 3 strance
their endeavours, that the true designs of this Institution might be of the
answered, and guarding against whatever had an apparent tendency against
to counteract and defeat them. j°u"din? a
College in
" (3.) In conformity to which laudable example, as well as to the the County
ofHamp- nature of the trust reposed in us by the government, we think shire.
ourselves obliged, by all lawful and honorable means, to promote the interests of said College, and to prevent, as far as in us lies, any thing which would certainly or very probably be detrimental to it. And we are humbly of opinion, that in the capacity of Overseers we not only may with the utmost propriety, but are in duty bound, as far as decency will allow, to appear in opposition to any proposal which either directly interferes with the good of the College in Cambridge, or which in our apprehension would be prejudicial to the general interest of literature and religion "in this country." Neither do we well know how to separate the real, proper interests of the College from what the government originally declared, and is known to be, the important end of its establishment.
" (4.) Your Excellency will permit us farther to say, in conformity to these sentiments, that we were not a little alarmed for the College under our care, when we first heard of a proposal for founding a College in the County of Hampshire, and of a petition preferred to the government for a charter to that end. And it touched us with a very sensible sorrow, to understand afterwards, when the said petition would not pass the General Court, that your Excel- lency had gratified the petitioners, by preparing a charter in his Majesty's name for the general purposes aforesaid. With the valid- ity or legality of which charter, supposing it actually to issue, we do not now concern ourselves ; being very sensible, as your Excel- lency intimated to us on a late occasion, that whatever our thoughts may be as to that point, it does not belong to us as Overseers of the College to declare them, or to dispute your Excellency's authority to grant charters.
" (5.) But waving this matter, as being beside our proper business in this capacity, we take the liberty to declare it as our opinion, that the founding another College in this Province, would not only be quite unnecessary, but really prejudicial to Harvard College, and to the common interest of learning and religion in the country. That establishing another College exactly, or nearly, upon the same
VOL. ii. 59
466
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VII.
Kemon- .-.! ranee "fthe Overseers against founding a College in the County of Hamp- shire.
footing with that at Cambridge, so as to interfere with it, or super- sede the occasion for sending youth to it from other parts of the Province, would be of bad consequence in divers respects, we need not labor to prove, your Excellency at a late meeting of the Over- seers having declared yourself so fully to that effect.
"(6.) We are further of opinion, with all proper deference to your Excellency, that there is no real difference betwixt a College and a Collegiate School, particularly such an one as is proposed in the County of Hampshire ; and that such an institution there, agreeably to the views of the persons who lately applied to you for a charter, and according to the express tenor of the charter itself, which your Excellency had prepared to that end, would be to all intents founding, not only a real College, but a rival to that at Cambridge ; one, whose interests would interfere very essentially with those of the latter, and consequently a College, which, instead of being any ways subservient or useful, would be highly detrimental to it. Although, from the concern which you have heretofore manifested for the prosperity of Harvard College, and from your late repeated declarations to that purpose, we believe it was far from your Excel- lency's intention to do a real prejudice thereto. But that the founding such a College, or Collegiate School, in Hampshire, (we suppose, Sir, it is quite immaterial by which name it is called,) would really be an essential detriment to Harvard College, we think evident from the following considerations.
" (7.) The known, acknowledged design of the few gentlemen, who lately made application for a charter, and who pressed that affair so warmly, was, to found such a seminary of learning as should to all intents answer the ends of a College ; one, in which the education of youth in that part of the country might be com- pleted, without their being sent to Cambridge for that purpose, which they represented as inconvenient and very expensive ; this design they did not even pretend to disguise, but openly professed from the first. And there is sufficient reason to think, that they would not even have accepted, much less so importunately desired, a charter only for an inferior school ; after having all the advantages of which, it should be thought necessary for their youth to come and reside at Cambridge, though but a year or two, to finish their edu- cation. This was very far from their intention, as is well known. So that the College proposed by these gentlemen was by no means one subordinate and subservient to Harvard College ; but one which
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 467
might serve them effectually in lieu thereof; and therefore one to APPENDIX, be set up in competition with, if not in direct opposition to it.
" (8.) We are also humbly of opinion, that the charter, which your Remon- Excellency had prepared in order to the establishing a College in of the Hampshire, was in fact adapted to answer the aforesaid designs against and views of those who requested it. For it constitutes them a body politic, with many great privileges ; and is, in some respects, the County a more full and ample charter, than that of Harvard College ; par- shire, ticularly as it allows them to hold lands or other real estate, the annual income of which shall be double to that of the lands which the other corporation is permitted to hold. The College itself is to be honored with the name of Queen's College. And whereas Harvard College has Overseers, a President, Professors, Fellows, and Tutors ; it is provided, that dueen's College should have a President, Trustees, a Master, Preceptors or Tutors, expressly ; and it may, in consistence with said charter, have Professors also in the various branches of science and literature. In respect of which name of this intended seminary of learning and these titles of its governors, officers, and teachers, it will be at least upon a par with Harvard College. And, to say the least, there is nothing in this charter, which discovers the intention of it to be the founding a College in any respect inferior to the other ; much less prepara- tory and subservient to it. It is, indeed, intimated in this charter itself, that one reason for establishing a College in Hampshire is, that the people in' those parts might not be subjected to the neces- sity, to the supposed inconvenience and greater expense, of sending their children so far as Cambridge for an education ; in which respect it exactly corresponds to the known views of those in whose favor said charter was prepared, as to having a real and every way sufficient College of their own, to serve that part of the country as Harvard College used to serve the whole.
" (9.) And whereas your Excellency, since the said charter was prepared, proposed, by an additional clause, expressly to except the power of conferring degrees from the number of privileges granted thereby ; we apprehend this would be very far from preventing the ill consequences of such an institution, since it would be easy, by the by-laws of the society, to make provision for giving such hon- orary certificates and ample testimonials, as would in a great meas- ure defeat the intention of such a restrictive clause. But if any considerable inconvenience should be found to arise from the want of such a collegiate privilege, yet a College being once founded, we
468 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, apprehend that the persons, who had influence enough to carry this
__'__ most essential point, would after a while much easier find means to
Remon- get that defect supplied, and their privileges extended, agreeably to
of the their original plan. Neither can it be thought, that any thing short
Overseers /. .u • -,, ,. ,, . ,. „,
against °' this will finally satisfy them.
Coi"eineSin "(10-) These *»ngs, Sir, being duly considered, —the known the County professed views of the persons, who solicited for a charter, the plain shire. tenor of that, prepared by your Excellency's order, and what it
manifestly lays a foundation for, — we are of opinion, that if such a charter should take effect, it would actually be the erecting a College in Hampshire, as a competitor with that at Cambridge ; which would operate to the disadvantage of the latter, in propor- tion to the number and wealth, to the reputation and influence, of those who are or shall be hereafter favorers of the former. And, with your Excellency's permission, we will now a little more par- ticularly lay open our apprehensions with reference to the bad con- sequences of such an institution ; — a point, as we conceive, of much the greatest importance to Harvard College, and to the inter- est of learning among us, that ever came under the consideration of the board of Overseers.
" (II.) One College, if well regulated and endowed, is we suppose, abundantly sufficient for this Province, considering its extent; and would be much more serviceable than two or more, whose in- terests interfere ; as we think it evident beyond all doubt, that the interests of Harvard College, and of such an one as is proposed, would do. For though it is said, that the Collegiate Schools in Eng- land are rather subservient and useful than any ways prejudicial to the Universities there, or to the common interests of learning ; we conceive, that the circumstances of the mother country and of those Universities (ancient, rich, and renowned) are so widely dif- ferent from those of this country, and of our own yet young and feeble College, that there can be no good arguing from one to the other. There is no danger or possibility of those Schools ever proving rivals to, or coming into any sort of competition with, the Universities ; and therefore not of their being detrimental to them. Especially when it is considered, that some of the principal of these schools, if not all of them, were, as we understand, founded ex- pressly in subordination to, and in dependence upon, the Universi- ties; as nurseries, out of which the brightest and most promising youths are from time to time to be selected, whose education is to be perfected at the Universities ; for which it is said there are par-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 469
ticular establishments. Whereas Queen's College, so far as appears APPENDIX, by the charter, is to be in no respect preparatory to, or dependent y°' vir-
upon, the College in Cambridge. Neither is the latter yet arrived Remon-
to such maturity, strength, and perfection, as to be out of danger Of the
of receiving great prejudice from such a competitor or rival, as
the other might prove. — We do not mean in point of real excel- founding a
College in lence in literature, of which we have no reason to be apprehensive, the County
but in other respects. And — shire?™1
" (12.) Particularly as our college, yet in its infant state, is hitherto but meanly endowed, and very poor, the unhappy consequences of which are too obvious ; and we think that the founding another col- lege would be the most probable and effectual way to prevent its be- ing hereafter endowed in such a manner as all who desire its pros- perity doubtless wish to see it. For, if such a college as is proposed were founded in Hampshire, it cannot be thought that persons living in that part of the country, who might be favorers of it, in respect of its vicinity, or on any other account, would be willing to bear a part in endowing that at Cambridge, whether in a legis- lative or private capacity. It may naturally be concluded that they would rather endeavour to obstruct all schemes and proposals to this end; judging very justly, that the growth and flourishing of their own college depended in some measure upon the languishing and depression of the other. At least it may be concluded, that they would represent it as a heavy, intolerable grievance to be obliged by law to do any thing towards the encouragement and support of a college, from which they expected no immediate bene- fit, while they had one of their own to support, on which they had their dependence, and which stood in at least equal need. And besides, if such a college were founded, it might probably receive some legacies, or private donations, which would otherwise come to the College in Cambridge. So that we conceive the latter would at least lose some friends and benefactors, if not find some posi- tive enemies, by the establishing another college in the manner intended. And the certain consequence of such a division and opposition of interests, as we think must needs be occasioned by this means, will be the keeping low, and greatly cramping, that college, whose prosperity we so justly and sincerely desire.
" (13.) Moreover, if another college were founded, as has been proposed, yet it cannot be reasonably thought that in many years to come, the means of education therein, would be near so good as they are even already in Harvard College : they will doubtless be
470
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VII.
Remon- strance of the Overseers against founding a College in the County of Hamp- shire.
far inferior. And yet, from the motives of nearness or novelty, of convenience, of supposed cheapness, or some other, we think it not unlikely that after a few years, a great proportion of the youth of the Province might actually be sent thither, instead of being sent to Cambridge to be educated, which would not only be a direct, great, and manifest prejudice to Harvard College, but consequently a real hurt to the general interest of literature and religion in the country. For although more of our youth might by this means receive what is usually called a liberal education, and which might pass for a very good one with many, yet we apprehend this would be rather a disadvantage than the contrary, as it would prevent a sufficient, though smaller number of our youth, being sent to Cambridge, where they would unquestionably be much more thoroughly instructed and far better qualified for doing service to their country. And the natural consequence hereof would be, not only the filling too many important civil offices, but a great part of our pulpits, with comparatively unlettered persons, at once to the detriment both of the Commonwealth, and of the churches here established.
" (14.) Permit us to add, Sir, that we apprehend founding a col- lege in Hampshire would be a bad and very dangerous precedent. Since several other counties in the Province, might with at least as much, perhaps really more appearance of reason, demand the like privilege of setting up colleges respectively for themselves ; and think they were hardly, and very partially dealt with, if they were not also indulged with charters for that purpose. But of what pernicious consequence it would be to go on thus multiplying colleges, without having a single one well endowed, so as fully to answer all the ends of a college, we need not observe to your Excellency. And yet, how it could well be avoided, after such a precedent in the case of Hampshire, it is not easy for us to conceive.
" (15.) There is another thing which we here beg leave to suggest to your Excellency's consideration in behalf of Harvard College. This college, as has been observed, was established by the whole Legislature; having received its charter therefrom, for certain purposes as aforesaid; which charter has been confirmed, not only by repeated Acts of the General Court, which in different reigns have received the Royal sanction, but by the Charter of King William and Queen Mary to the Province. For that expressly confirms ' all bodies politic or corporate,' and particularly all
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 471
' colleges or schools,' in the possession of whatever rights and APPENDIX, privileges they did or ought to enjoy, by virtue of a regular grant °'
of any General Court formerly held, ' according to the true pur- Remon-
port and intent of such respective grant.' Now, though the charter of the
prepared by your Excellency, for founding a college in Hampshire, against
may not touch the authority of the other college's charter, directly;
yet, in our opinion, it really affects it indirectly ; as it has a tendency the Coumv
to defeat in part the good designs thereof, and to restrain or confine shire.
the privileges of said College within narrower bounds than was
originally intended. For, should your Excellency's charter issue,
and operate as it has an apparent aptitude to do, we cannot but
think it would prevent, in a great measure", the operation of the
other charter, to the ends it was designed for ; and so would be,
consequently, abridging the privileges of the said College ; at once
obstructing the growth and flourishing thereof, and the general
interest of learning in this country, agreeably to what has been
before observed. And although we do not now concern ourselves
with the general question about your Excellency's right to grant
charters ; yet we persuade ourselves that you would not willingly, by
virtue of your sole authority as the King's Governor, grant any such
sort of charter as should, however indirectly and remotely, interfere
with, or tend in the least degree to frustrate the true intent of,
another and prior charter, given by the whole Legislature here, and
ratified by the royal authority as aforesaid.
"(16.) But although your Excellency's charter should not even remotely interfere with the charter of Harvard College, as we suppose it does ; yet, if we have assigned other sufficient reasons against founding a college in Hampshire, prudential ones, drawn from the present state of Harvard College, from the circumstances of the country, and from the bad effects of such an institution in these circumstances; we flatter, or rather assure ourselves, that these reasons will have their due weight with your Excellency. — And the sum of what we have offered with relation to this point is, that if a college should be founded in conformity to the charter prepared to that end, we should then have two colleges in this government, the extent of which does not certainly require more than one. And if it does not really require more than one, then the establishing another would unquestionably be prejudicial in divers respects; — prejudicial to the general interest of learning, as well as to the particular interest, the growth, and prosperity of that which is already established. For, by means of their separate interests,
472
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VII.
Remon- strance of the Overseers against founding a College in the County of Hamp- shire.
arid a division of the strength, wealth, and affections of the people, naturally consequent thereon, neither of them would be suitably encouraged and endowed. Whereas one might probably be so, if there were only one, and all were happily united in the support and encouragement of it. And this one, in our opinion, would far better answer all the valuable ends of a college, than two rival colleges, mutually cramped and kept poor by an opposition of in- terests ; and this, we may add, at a much less expense to the Prov- ince or people, in the whole, than would be necessary to maintain two, though but meanly and parsimoniously ; at the same time that setting up another college would be a very dangerous precedent.
" (17.) We must entreat your Excellency's patience a little lon- ger. — You have too much candor and goodness, Sir, to impute it to us, as a criminal partiality, if we highly honor the memory of our forefathers ; the first European settlers of this country. And on no one account, their unfeigned piety excepted, is their mem- ory more respectable, more venerable to us, than on account of their known great regard for learning ; their love and strong at- tachment to which prompted them so early, and while they were struggling with unnumbered difficulties, to make an establishment for it, even in a wilderness. This they did at a great expense for them, considering their circumstances and abilities, however small it may seem in any other view ; herein, probably, consulting the welfare of posterity and future ages, rather than their own im- mediate benefit. They did it with the pleasing hopes, that the seminary of learning, of which they then laid the foundation, would at length, by the prudent care and the ingenuous liberality of suc- cessive generations, one day arrive to the dignity and extensive usefulness of an University, and become a distinguished ornament of the New World, in some measure as the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were of the Old. And we cannot but think, that they were very happy in the choice of a situation for this seminary, at once so healthy and agreeable, and as near as could well be in the centre, or at an equal distance from the eastern and western limits of the government; in which the common convenience was pro- vided for. Nor was the prudence of the government less conspicu- ous in the provision made for the well ordering, for the instruction and government of this Society ; particularly, if we may be allowed to say it, in respect of the persons to whom the inspection and oversight of it were committed ; and who have all along given a vigilant and constant attention thereto. Which, by the way, they
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 473
could not have done to so good effect, had it been situated at a APPENDIX, much greater distance from this capital. No' VIL
"(18.) We devoutly adore the good Providence of God, which Remon-
hath from the beginning presided over this seminary, and raised of the up worthy benefactors to it from time to time, as well in Europe
as America. So that it hath, from its first institution, furnished founding a
College in these churches with faithful and able ministers, and the Common- the County
wealth with worthy members, by whom the important offices in the government have been sustained with ability, fidelity, and repu- tation.
" (19.) Neither are we unmindful of, but gratefully acknowledge, the paternal regards which your Excellency, during your admin- istration, has extended to the college; and the assurances you have been pleased to give us from time to time, that you would have a particular attention to the privileges, the honor, and in- terest of it. — And indeed, Sir, it very naturally expects, as by us it now humbly implores, the continuance of your smiles, your favor, and protection, which it hopes it has not justly forfeited. And,
" (20.) We beg that your Excellency would not impute it in any degree to disaffection to your person or administration, if we appear somewhat zealous in opposition to a proposed institution, by means whereof, if it should take effect, we apprehend that the extensive, the truly noble design of our forefathers in founding Harvard College, the prudent care of the government, and the vigilance of its more immediate guardians in times past (to say nothing of our own in particular), will in a great measure really be counteracted and defeated. Not disaffection to your Excellency, but a sense of duty to God, to the College, to the government, which committed this important trust to us ; to the Commonwealth, to the present, and to future generations; — this it is, Sir, that prompts us in making this remonstrance. And permit us to subjoin, that we never can, without the deepest regret and the greatest sorrow, see an institu- tion take place, by means of which, we are fully persuaded, the pious and expensive cares of our forefathers, and their generous, public-spirited designs will be frustrated ; by means of which we shall be split into parties and factions of interfering interests, and such as will be particularly prejudicial to the advancement of learn- ing ; by means of which, the endowment of Professorships in the various branches will be obstructed, and the so much needed en- largement of the buildings of the College probably prevented ; by
VOL. ii. 60
474 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, means of which the college must needs decline and languish, in-
! L_ stead of flourishing, as we might otherwise expect; by means of
which academical degrees, those needful aids of learning, will be
of the comparatively of little worth or utility (since the honor that attends,
Overseers
against and the good influence and effects of them, are but in proportion to
CoUegegin tne extent and dignity, the reputation and honor of the College, or *feHCounty University, that confers them) ; in a word, by means of which, we shire. conceive, a most fatal blow will be given to the interest of learning
in this country. And all this at a time, when the spirit of learning seemed to be reviving among us, and to appear more than it has in some former years (which may be attributed, in part, to your Excellency's encouragement, and your smiles upon the College), and at a time, when, from the increase of our numbers and wealth, and the extension of his Majesty's dominion in America, there was ground to hope, that our College would soon emerge from its com- paratively low and infant state, and acquire all the endowments, privileges, and dignities of an University !
" (21.) These, Sir, were our hopes ; and such as these are now our apprehensions of what will be the inevitable, the fatal conse- quence of founding another College as has been proposed. And while we view things in this light, as we cannot but view them, your Excellency will indulge us in expressing such apprehensions as these, with all the concern, the warmth, and pathos, that de- cency will permit. And upon the whole, we cannot but with great importunity, though with all proper respect and deference, make the two following requests to your Excellency.
" (22.) One is, that you would not permit the aforesaid charter of a college in Hampshire to issue, or take effect, since your Excel- lency lately gave us to understand that it was not irrevocable ; and even invited us freely to assign our reasons and objections against it. " (23.) The other is, that you would not assist or encourage, but rather discountenance those persons who sued for said charter, in any endeavours which they may hereafter use to obtain another, whether here or elsewhere, for the like ends and purposes.
" (24.) Which requests we the rather hope your Excellency will be pleased to grant, not only since, as head of the board of Over- seers, of which we have the honor to be members, you will have a very peculiar and tender concern for the interests of the college, in whose behalf we more immediately intercede; but also since, as Governor of the Province, you will naturally have at heart the good of the whole : which we cannot but consider as closely con-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 475
nected with the prosperity of that Society, and consequently with APPENDIX, the prevention of a College, or Collegiate School, in the County °' of Hampshire.
" W. BRATTLE, by order. 11 Boston, March 18th, 1762."
No. VIII. — See pp. 106, 111.
CIRCULAR ADDRESS FROM THE OVERSEERS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, BY THEIR COMMITTEE, CONCERNING ANOTHER COLLEGE.
"SiR,
" The tender concern on many occasions expressed by the re- Circular spectable gentlemen of the Deputation of Dissenters in England, for the general interests of their brethren on this side the water, ^f leaves us no room to apprehend that this address will be unfavorably another received ; or that the subject of it will not engage some share of their attention.
" You in particular, Sir, will permit us to hope for your favor. What we are to inform you of at present, is, that an attempt was made about two years ago, and we find is now prosecuting, for estab- lishing a new college in this Province; which, if carried into exe- cution, will not only greatly prejudice Harvard College, but be a real disservice to literature in New England.
" We shall here give a short detail of the rise and progress of this attempt ; and what we apprehend is now in hand for bringing it to effect.
" A number of persons in one of the western counties of the Prov- ince, viz. the County of Hampshire, petitioned the General Court in January, 1762, for a charter for the establishing a college in that county.
" The petition was so far supported as to allow the petitioners to bring a bill for that purpose; and it was first presented to the Council, who assigned a time to act upon it, at the distance of several days from its presentment, in order that the board should be as full as might be, and that the members of it might have sufficient opportunity to consider it thoroughly. At the time assigned, the bill was taken in hand, and a long debate had thereon; and, it ap- pearing to the board, that the establishment of another college would not only prejudice Harvard College, but be a great detriment
476
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. Vin.
Circular
address
from the
Overseers,
concerning
another
College.
to the learning of the Province, they rejected the bill by a great majority. The next day the bill was sent for by the House of Rep- resentatives ; among whom all the members belonging to the western counties were zealous advocates for the bill ; and a vote in favor of it passed by a small majority. Many of the House (who in reality were against the bill, and who relied upon the Council for its re- jection,) voted for it notwithstanding, in order to bring the members of the said western counties to favor an application made by the Overseers of Harvard College to the General Court, for building a new Hall at Cambridge, which at that time was under consideration of the House ; and many of the House were influenced by its being declared, that the intended college would not occasion any public charge to the government, and a clause of that kind, to make it the more palatable, was inserted in the bill. As soon as it had passed the House, it was sent to the Council for concurrence. A time was assigned to take the bill again into consideration ; and, the same reasons still influencing, it was again rejected. The advo- cates of the bill, before they knew the fate of it, had given out, that in case they failed in it, they should be able to accomplish their design in another way. And, when the bill was finally rejected, some of them said they had the promise of a charter from Governor Bernard; and a few days after his Excellency acquainted the Council, that, upon application made to him, he had signed a charter for establishing a college in the County of Hampshire. Alarmed at this, a number of the Overseers of Harvard College waited upon the Governor, to request that he would not grant the charter till the Overseers should have a meeting upon that important affair. His Excellency having granted the request, a meeting was called, and held, at which the Governor was present; and, after a large debate, a vote was passed, requesting that his Excellency would not grant said charter. At the same meeting, on the Governor's declaring that he should put this affair of the charter out of his own hands, to be determined upon by those who had authority to direct him, and on his proposing that a committee should be appointed to draw up the reasons against the granting the charter (which reasons he said, should accompany his representation of the affair to the ministry), a committee was appointed for that purpose, who were to make report at the next meeting of the Overseers. Upon this, the meeting was adjourned, and at the adjournment, the reasons were reported, and unanimously accepted ; and a committee appointed to wait upon the Governor with a fair draft of them.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 477
" Thus have we given you a short account of every thing material APPENDIX, that has passed here upon the affair of the charter ; * and, as it No' VIIL is probable, that further measures have been or will be taken to Circular
i • • • ••»«•• address
obtain a charter, viz. by procuring an order from his Majesty to the from the Governor here, to grant said charter, (in which case, the Governor concerning
has said, it would not be in his power to refuse it,) we think it Another / '' College,
our indispensable duty, in pursuance of a vote of the Overseers
aforesaid, to take every lawful method to prevent the grant of the said charter ; or for any charter for establishing another college in this Province : and the first and most likely method that occurred to us (and which we are persuaded will prove effectual, if they will please to afford their influence in the affair,) was to apply to the President and Board of Deputation aforesaid.
" And in order that they may be informed of the reasons, upon which the opposition to such a charter is grounded, we take the liberty to send you herewith a copy of the reasons presented to Governor Bernard, referred to above. And we cannot but hope they will have weight enough with you, Sir, and the other gentle- men of the Deputation, to engage you to use your joint interest with the ministry and the several public boards, that no such charter be granted by his Majesty, nor any order or mandamus sent to Gov- ernor Bernard for granting such an one.
" You will observe, that, in the reasons aforesaid, it is not question- ed (though it is hinted that it might be) whether the Governor had a power of granting such a charter : yet, as there seems to be great room to question that power, not only as it respects the particular charter mentioned, but charters in general, we have procured the opinion of a gentleman of the law on that subject, and send it herewith ; by which you will see what ground there is for our present opinion, that the Governor has no such power. But whether he has or can have such a power or not ; or whether it reside indelegably in the King or not ; or whether the Province charter, granted by King William and Queen Mary, in 1691, has abridged the Crown (so far as relates to the Province) of such a power or not ; it is of great importance, that no such charter should be
* " That the governors of Harvard College neglect to propagate orthodox principles of religion and vital piety, and that a principal end proposed in founding another seminary is to remedy this supposed defect in the present method of education, — this insinuation we think very injurious, not only to the immediate governors and Corporation of our College, but to the board of Overseers."
478
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VIII.
Circular
address
from the
Overseers,
concerning
another
College.
granted. For though the charter, if obtained, should finally prove not good in law, yet for a while, and perhaps a considerable while too, it would have effect; and such effect as might gain a solid establishment for the intended college : which would be equally hurtful, whether the charter was originally good in law, or not. As the Overseers aforesaid, and, indeed, all well-wishers to literature in the Province, (except those who are immediately concerned in the intended new college,) have this matter greatly at heart ; and as the prevention of the charter aforesaid may prevent an establish- ment that will be greatly prejudicial to the interests of learning here, we persuade ourselves, Sir, that the President and the other worthy gentlemen of the Deputation, from their known regard to the welfare of New England, will do their endeavour to put an effectual stop to the granting of such a charter.
" In the name of the Overseers of Harvard College, we are, with the most profound respect for the President and members of the Deputation, Sir,
" Your most obedient humble servants."
" At a meeting of the Overseers of Harvard College, by adjourn- ment, at the Council Chamber in Boston, April 1st, 1762.
"Voted, That Captain Erving, General Brattle, Mr. Bowdoin, Mr. Treasurer, Dr. Chauncy, Dr. Mayhew, Mr. Pemberton, Mr. Eliot, and Mr. Cooper, be a committee to guard against the influ- ence of any application that may be made at home by the Hamp- shire petitioners, for a charter from home or elsewhere, in such ways as they may judge most effectual ; particularly by transmitting to some suitable person or persons at home, a copy of the reasons presented to his Excellency, against the expediency of his granting such a charter."
Letter from Dr. May- hew to Thomas Hollis.
No. IX. — See p. 111.
EXTRACT FROM A LETTER OF DR. MAYHEW TO THOMAS HOLLIS.
" There has been another scheme lately set on foot here, which we are very generally of opinion would be highly prejudicial to Harvard College, and, indeed, to the general interests of learning amongst us. I mean founding another College, about seventy or eighty miles' distance from the former.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 479
" A number of persons, in that part of the country, lately peti- APPENDIX, tioned our General Court for a charter to that end; which petition,
after many debates, was thrown out. Since which, Mr. Bernard Better from has taken it upon him, as King's governor, to prepare a charter for hew to that purpose. This step has given an almost universal uneasiness Hollis. and alarm ; not only as we think the scheme itself is of bad ten- dency, but also because we generally suppose that the Governor has no such authority as he asserts, and has thus assumed to himself, of granting charters.
" As soon as the Overseers of Harvard College heard of the Gov- ernor's taking this step, and before the said charter was actually issued, though signed and sealed, they had a meeting, and a com- mittee was appointed to draw up reasons against issuing said char- ter, to be laid before his Excellency, which has been done ; those reasons, which are pretty lengthy, having been drawn up by your humble servant instead of some more capable person, our Governor has returned an answer to them, such as it is. He has, however, promised to suspend said charter ; but he has intimated to us, that the persons who sued for it, will make application at home for another, in which we fear the Governor will give them his coun- tenance.
" There is accordingly a large committee of the board of Over- seers (of which I have the honor to be one) appointed to transmit the reasons against another college to England ; and to lodge them in some proper hands, to be made use of there, if there should be occasion to prevent a charter's being obtained from thence." — April 6th, 1762. — See Memoirs of Thomas Hollis, Esq., Vol. I. p. 159.
No. X. — See pp. 113,405.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE BURNING OF HARVARD HALL, AND OF THE LOSS SUSTAINED BY THE COLLEGE.
(Taken from the Donation Book, Vol. I. p. 51.)
"In the night after the 24th of January, 1764, Harvard Hall Account of was entirely consumed by fire, with the Library, which the friends of the College had been collecting for more than a century, and Hall> which, by the munificence of its benefactors, was now become large and valuable ; together with the apparatus ; the portaits of Dun Sco- tus, Keckermann, Mr. Baxter, Mr. Penoyer, the generous Mr. Hollis;
wft
480 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, many valuable curiosities; the first book of the College records; a No-x- manuscript catalogue of the books in the Library, with the names Account of of its benefactors, and their particular donations."
the burning
of Harvard " An account of this fire, with the loss sustained by the College, was inserted in the Massachusetts Gazette, Thursday, February 2d, 1764, and is as follows.
" ' Cambridge, January 25th, 1764.
" ' Last night Harvard College suffered the most ruinous loss it ever met with since its foundation. In the middle of a very tem- pestuous night, a severe cold storm of snow, attended with high wind, we were awaked by the alarm of fire. Harvard Hall, the only one of our ancient buildings which still remained, and the repository of our most valuable treasures, the public library and philosophical apparatus, was seen in flames. As it was a lime of vacation, in which the students were all dispersed, not a single person was left in any of the Colleges, except two or three in that part of Massachusetts most distant from Harvard, where the fire could not be perceived till the whole surrounding air began to be illummated by it. When it was discovered from the town, it had risen to a degree of violence that defied all opposition. It is con- jectured to have begun in a beam under the hearth in the library, where a fire had been kept for the use of the General Court, now residing and sitting here, by reason of the small-pox at Boston : from thence it burst out into the Library. The books easily submitted to the fury of the flame, which with a rapid and irresistible progress made its way into the Apparatus Chamber, and spread through the whole building. In a very short time, this venerable monument of the piety of our ancestors was turned into a heap of ruins. The other Colleges, Stoughton Hall and Massachusetts Hall, were in the utmost hazard of sharing the same fate. The wind driving the flaming cinders directly upon their roofs, they blazed out several times in different places; nor could they have been saved by all the help the town could afford, had it not been for the assistance of the gentlemen of the General Court, among whom his Excellency the Governor was very active ; who, notwithstanding the extreme rigor of the season, exerted themselves in supplying the town engine with water, which they were obliged to fetch at last from a distance, two of the College pumps being then rendered useless. Even the new and beautiful Hollis Hall, though it was on the windward side, hardly escaped. It stood so near to Harvard, that the flames actually seized it, and, if they had not been immediately suppressed, must have carried it.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 481
" ' But by the blessing of God on the vigorous efforts of the assist- APPENDIX, ants, the ruin was confined to Harvard Hall ; and there, besides
the destruction of the private property of those who had chambers Account of
,.,.,. . , , „. T . the burning
in it, the public loss is very great, perhaps irreparable. The Li- Of Harvard
brary and the Apparatus, which for many years had been growing, and were now judged to be the best furnished in America, are annihilated. But to give the public a more distinct idea of the loss, we shall exhibit a summary view of the general contents of each, as far as we can, on a sudden, recollect them.
" « OF THE LIBRARY.
"' It contained, — The Holy Scriptures in almost all languages, with the most valuable Expositors and Commentators, ancient and modern : — The whole library of the late learned Dr. Lightfoot, which at his death he bequeathed to this College, and contained the Targums, Talmuds, Rabbins, Polyglot, and other valuable tracts relative to Oriental literature, which is taught here: — The library of the late eminent Dr. Theophilus Gale : — All the Fathers, Greek and Latin, in their best editions: — A great number of tracts in defence of revealed religion, wrote by the most masterly hands, in the last and present century : — Sermons of the most celebrated English divines, both of the established national church and Prot- estant dissenters : — Tracts upon all the branches of polemic divin- ity : — The donation of the venerable Society for propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, consisting of a great many volumes of tracts against Popery, published in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Boylean Lectures, and other the most esteemed English ser- mons : — A valuable . collection of modern theological treatises, presented by the Right Rev. Dr. Sherlock, late Lord Bishop of Lon- don, the Rev. Dr. Hales, F. R. S., and Dr. Wilson of London : — A vast number of philological tracts, containing the rudiments of almost all languages, ancient and modern: — The Hebrew, Greek, and Roman antiquities: — The Greek and Roman Classics, pre- sented by the late excellent and catholic-spirited Bishop Berkeley, most of them the best editions : — A large collection of History and biographical tracts, ancient and modern: — Dissertations on various political subjects : — The Transactions of the Royal Socie- ty, Academy of Sciences in France, Acta Eruditorum, Miscellanea Curiosa, the works of Boyle and Newton, with a great variety of other mathematical and philosophical treatises: — A collection of the most approved Medical Authors, chiefly presented by Mr. James, of the island of Jamaica, to which Dr. Mead and other gentlemen VOL. II. 61
482 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, made very considerable additions ; also Anatomical Cuts, and two ' complete Skeletons of different sexes. This Collection would have Account of tjeen very serviceable to a Professor of Physic and Anatomy, when of Harvard the revenues of the College should have been sufficient to subsist a gentleman in this character : — A few ancient and valuable Manu- scripts in different languages : — A pair of excellent new Globes of the largest size, presented by Andrew Oliver, Jr., Esq. : — A variety of Curiosities, natural and artificial, both of American and foreign produce : — A font of Greek types (which, as we had not yet a printing-office, was deposited in the library) presented by our great benefactor the late worthy Thomas Hollis, Esq., of London; whose picture, as large as the life, and institutions for two Professor- ships and ten Scholarships, perished in the flames. Some of the most considerable additions that had been made of late years to the Library, came from other branches of this generous family.
" ' The Library contained above five thousand volumes, all which were consumed, except a few books in the hands of the members of the House ; and two donations, one made by our late honorable Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, to the value of .£50 sterling; the other of fifty-six volumes, by the present worthy Thomas Hollis, Esq., F. R. S., of London, to whom we have been annually obliged for valuable additions to our late Library : which donations, being but lately received, had not the proper boxes prepared for them ; and so escaped the general ruin.
" ' As the Library records are burnt, no doubt some valuable ben- efactions have been omitted in this account, which was drawn up only by memory.
« ' OF THE APPARATUS.
" ' When the late worthy Thomas Hollis, Esq., of London, found- ed a Professorship of Mathematics and Philosophy in Harvard Col- lege, he sent a fine Apparatus for Experimental Philosophy in its several branches.
" ' Under the head of Mechanics, there were machines for ex- periments of falling bodies, of the centre of gravity, and of centri- fugal forces ; the several mechanical powers, balances of different sorts, levers, pullies, axes in peritrochio, wedges, compound engines, with curious models of each in brass.
" ' In Hydrostatics, very nice balances, jars, and bottles of various sizes fitted with brass caps, vessels for proving the grand hydrostatic Paradox, siphons, glass models of pumps, hydrostatic balance, &,c.
" ' In Pneumatics, there was a number of different tubes for the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 483
Torricellian experiment, a large double-barrelled Air-pump, with a APPENDIX, great variety of receivers of different sizes and shapes ; syringes, NO. x. exhausting and condensing ; barometer, thermometer ; with many Account of
,. , the burning
Other articles. of Harvard
" ' In Optics, there were several sorts of mirrors, concave, convex, HalL cylindric ; lenses of different foci ; instruments for proving the fundamental law of refraction ; prisms, with the whole apparatus for the Newtonian theory of light and colors ; the camera ob- scura, &c.
" ' And a variety of instruments for miscellaneous purposes.
" ' The following articles were afterwards sent us by Mr. Thomas Hollis, nephew to that generous gentleman, viz., an orrery, an armillary sphere, and a box of microscopes ; all of exquisite work- manship.
" ' For Astronomy, we had before been supplied with telescopes of different lengths ; one of 24 feet ; and a brass quadrant of 2 feet radius, carrying a telescope of a greater length, which formerly belonged to the celebrated Dr. Halley. We had also the most useful instruments for dialling ; and, for surveying, a brass semi- circle, with plain sights and magnetic needle. Also, a curious Telescope, with a complete apparatus for taking the difference of level; lately presented by Christopher Kilby, Esq.
" ' Many very valuable additions have of late years been made to this apparatus by several generous benefactors, whom it would be ingratitude not to commemorate here, as no vestiges of their dona- tions remain. We are under obligation to mention particularly, the late Sir Peter Warren, Knt. ; Sir Henry Frankland, Bart. ; Hon. Jonathan Belcher, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia ; Thomas Hancock, Esq. ; James Bowdoin, Esq. ; Ezekiel Gold- thwait, Esq. ; John Hancock, A. M., of Boston; and Mr. Gilbert Harrison of London, merchant. From these gentlemen we receiv- ed fine reflecting telescopes of different magnifying powers, and adapted to different observations ; Microscopes of the several sorts now in use ; Hadley's quadrant, fitted in a new manner ; a nice variation compass, and dipping needle ; with instruments for the several magnetical and electrical experiments, — all new, and of excellent workmanship. — ALL DESTROYED ! ' " *
* In Volume I. p. 347, an end view is given of the first Harvard Hall, in a reduced copy of " A Prospect of the Colleges in Cambridge, N. E., dedicated to Lieutenant-Governor Phips," (1750.) The architecture of the front of the edifice is distinctly represented, in this large ancient engraving, from which the vignette, Vol. I. p. 43, was designed.
484
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
No. XL — See pp. 114, 116.
DONATIONS TO THE COLLEGE, TO REPAIR THE LOSS OF ITS LIBRARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS BY THE FIRE, WHICH CONSUMED HARVARD HALL, IN 1764.
The proceedings of the Overseers and Corporation, in relation to the subscriptions, to repair this loss of the College, are thus stated in the Donation Book of the College, Vol. I. p. 73.
"At a meeting of the Overseers of Harvard College, May 1st, 1764. A vote of the Corporation, desiring Dr. Chauncy, Professor Winthrop, Mr. Eliot, and Mr. Cooper, to use their endeavours to procure moneys by subscription, for an Apparatus, was read, and consented to ; and the board recommend to the gentlemen appointed to procure subscriptions for the Apparatus, that they at the same time endeavour to procure subscriptions- for the Library."
" At a meeting of the Overseers, October 2d, 1764. The report of the committee appointed to procure subscriptions to the Appa- ratus and Library, read the report, as follows.
" ' The committee appointed to procure subscriptions for an Ap- paratus and Library, in the room of those lately consumed by fire, beg leave to report, that they have attended that service, and, having made application to a great number of gentlemen in the most considerable towns in the Province, have been so successful as to obtain from the generous friends of religion and learning the sum of eight hundred and fifty-two pounds eight shillings, sterling, in cash. Over and 'above which, Mr. John Hancock has generously fulfilled the intention of his late uncle, the Honorable Thomas Hancock, Esquire, by subscribing five hundred pounds sterling, to purchase books by the direction of the committee.
" ' Several other gentlemen have also subscribed particular sums, which they purpose to give in books, to the amount of eighty-eight pounds eight shillings, sterling ; besides a large collection of books, given by a number of gentlemen to the value, as we judge, of above one hundred pounds sterling, and three pair of globes.
" ' The several appropriations will appear in the annexed account, in distinct columns, according to the direction of the Honorable and Reverend Overseers.
" ' CHARLES CHAUNCY, per order of the, Committee.
«' Cambridge, October 2d, 1764.'
"Upon reading the preceding report, which had been also pre-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
485
Donations to the College to
Llbrar7-
sented to the Rev. Corporation, the President presented the follow- APPENDIX, ing vote of the Corporation.
" ' At a meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard Col- lege, October 2d, 1764.
" ' Upon receiving the report of the worthy committee appointed to procure subscriptions for an Apparatus and Library, in the room of those lately consumed by fire, we heartily congratulate them upon their happy success, and return them our warmest thanks for the activity and zeal they have manifested in that service, and pray them to return our most grateful acknowledgments to the several generous benefactors.'
" This vote was consented to by the Overseers. Besides what was subscribed, Captain Phillips, by the direction of Governor Ber- nard, paid into the College treasury seventeen pounds eleven shil- lings sterling, and Dr. Lloyd eighteen shillings, to purchase books for the Library.
" N. B. This money was collected from the persons inoculated at Castle William, as a compensation for the use of the buildings."
These subscriptions were in money, in books, or in philosophical apparatus, sometimes with and sometimes without any estimated value. As they were chiefly given during the year 1764, they are here placed in alphabetical order under the head of the towns or places from which they were received. The sum annexed to any donation indicates either the amount subscribed for the purchase of books, or the estimated value of the books or articles given. This list is not supposed to be perfectly complete, but it includes all the names, which the College records, or any known document, con- tains. Where the records only state generally " books," or " books and philosophical apparatus," no specification is attempted.
MASSACHUSETTS.
BOSTON.
Austin, Benjamin, books and philosophical apparatus, Barrell, John, do. do.
Barrett, Samuel, Jun. do.
Bernard, His Excellency Francis, for books,
and, besides the above, more than 300 volumes.
Money collected under his authority, as above slated
His own portrait. (1765.)
Bethune, Nathaniel, books and philosophical apparatus, Bowdoin, Hon. James, an orrery, cost
Sterling.
£ 5 50
10 10 0
10 10 0 18 9 0
5 86
50 5 0
486
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
Boy Is ton, Nicholas, Bromfield, Henry, Bromfield, Thomas, Browne, John, Byles, Rev. Dr. Gary, Richard, Clarke, Richard, Condy, Rev. Jeremy, Cook, Middlecot, Cranch, Richard, Cushing, Jonathan, Gushing, Thomas, Dana, Richard, Davis, Mrs. Dawes, Thomas, Dolbear, Benjamin, Eliot, Rev. Dr. Eliot, Samuel, Jun. Erving, Hon. John, Erving, John, Jun. Fayerweather, Thomas, Fitch, Samuel, Fleet, Mr.
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do.
do.
Cappellus's Commentary. Whitefield's Works. (1772.) books and philosophical apparatus,
do.
do.
several valuable books. Charnock's Works, books.
books and philosophical apparatus, Fallopii Opera, fol. books, cost
do.
books.
books and curiosities for the Museum, books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do. do.
History of England, 2 vols. Thorns Willis, M. D., Opera.
Flucker, Hon. Thomas, books and philosophical apparatus,
(1769.)
Sandeman's Letter.
books.
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. Hadley's quadrant.
Sterling.
£10 0 0
550
330 300
500
10 10 0
20 0 0 10 10 0 10 00 0
Foster, Edward,
Gardner, Mrs. Grace,
Gardner, Sylvester,
Gill, Moses,
Goldthwait, Ezekiel,
Gordon, Rev. William, D. D., books.
Gore, John, for books,
Also, a large folio, containing Pine's representations of the hangings in the stairs in the House of Lords, which contain the victories obtained over the King of Spain, in 1588, curiously engraved. ("1773.) books and philosophical apparatus, do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do.
do. do.
do. do.
Henry's Exposition, 6 vols. books.
books to the value of £ 20, and also Macaulay's History, 4 vols. 8vo. (1771. Hauxley's Navigation Unveiled, 2 vols. 8vo.
Grant, Samuel, Gray, Hon. Harrison, Gray, John, Gray, Thomas, Gray, William, Green, Joseph,
Green, Nathaniel, Greenleaf, John, Greenleaf, Stephen, Greenleaf, William,
10 0 0
10 10 0
13 11 6
1 16 0
550
10 0 0
10 16 0
10 0 0
330
10 0 0 330
10 10 0
Greenough, Thomas,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
487
Hall, Hugh, Hammock, John, Hancock, John,
Rapin's History, 5 vols. folio.
books and philosophical apparatus,
subscription in fulfilment of his uncle Thomas Hancock's signified inten- tion,
His own additional bequest,
1098 volumes purchased with A full length portrait of his uncle. London and its Environs, Calasio's Hebrew Lexicon, 4 vols. fol. elegant carpets for the floor of the Library,
and Apparatus and Philosophy Chamber, books and philosophical apparatus, 5
100
|
Sterling. £550 le n- :500 0 54 4 |
APPENDIX, No. XI. |
|
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library. |
|
|
554 6 |
4 0 0 8 |
Ilenshaw, Joshua,
Hubbard, Hon. Thomas, a pair of globes, and
Hutchinson, Lt.-Gov. Harris's Collection of Voyages, other books, and 10
Hutchinson's History of Mass. Bay, 3 vols.
books and philosophical apparatus, 5
do. do. 3
do. do. 5
do. do. 10
do. a pair of globes curiously described with a
pen, by his late father.
books and philosophical apparatus, 5
do. do. 3
Mayhew, Mrs. Elizabeth, four etchings, two of Dr. Mayhew and two
of Mr. Hollis. coins for the Museum. Grove's Moral Philosophy, and
books.
Newman, Henry, 15 vols. Smollet's History.
Noble, James, ^ books and philosophical apparatus, 1160
Oliver, Hon. Andrew, Lt -Gov. in books JE5, and in cash, 500
also a curious print of a Jewish Rabbi. (1771.) also anatomical preparations, from London. (1772.) Oliver, Andrew, Jun., submarine plants ; an original Chinese pass ; and a copy of the figures on a rock in Taunton river. (1772.) Otis, James, Accentus Redivivi.
Palmer, Thomas,* Le Antichita Romane, 14 vols. folio. (Piranesi.) Antiquities of Herculaneum, 6 vols. fol. (1771.)
Hyslop, William, Inches, Henderson, Jackson, Joseph, Langdon, Edward, Mr. Langdon, John, Leddell, Henry,
Lloyd, James, Mason, Jonathan,
Molyneux, William, Newell, Timothy,
5 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 3 0
330
* The following is the vote of the Corporation on receiving Mr. Palmer's dona- tion.— "At a meeting of the Corporation, May 1st, 1772. Voted, That the thanks of this board be given to Thomas Palmer, Esq., for the noble addition he has been pleased to make to the Library, by presenting that truly royal work, the Antiquities of Herculaneum, and a complete set of the remaining monuments of Roman gran- deur, as well as of the most magnificent modern structures, now seen in and about
488
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
|
APPENDIX, |
Sterling. |
||
|
No. XI. |
Parker, Benjamin, |
books, |
£550 |
|
Donations |
Paxton, Charles, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
330 |
|
to the |
Pecker, Dr. |
a large collection of curiosities for the Museum. |
|
|
College to |
Pemberton, Benjamin, |
Portuguese and English Dictionaries, and |
550 |
|
repair the loss of its |
Pemberton, Eben., D. D., books. |
||
|
Library. |
Pemberton, Samuel, |
do. |
500 |
|
Perkins, James, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
580 |
|
|
Perkins, Nathaniel, |
do. do. |
10 0 0 |
|
|
Phillips, William, |
a pair of globes, and Bayle's Dictionary. |
||
|
Pitts, Hon. James, |
8 vols. Philosophical Transactions, and |
21 0 0 |
|
|
Quincy, Sam. and others, |
large carpet for the floor of the Apparatus Chamber. |
||
|
Rogers, Nathaniel, |
Ruins of Palmyra, Athens, and Balbec, |
15 15 0 |
|
|
Ruddock, John, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
500 |
|
|
Russell, Hon. Judge, |
a barometer and thermometer. |
||
|
Salter, John, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
500 |
|
|
Savage, Arthur, |
a set of the Spectator, and |
220 |
|
|
Scollay, John, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
550 |
|
|
Scott, John, |
do. |
550 |
|
|
Sever, William, |
do. |
||
|
Sewall, Samuel, |
do. do. |
300 |
|
|
Smith, Isaac, |
do. do. |
550 |
|
|
Smith, Isaac, Jun. M. A. |
do. |
||
|
Spooner. John, |
do. do. |
10 10 0 |
|
|
Sprague, Dr. John, |
do. do. |
10 10 0 |
|
|
Storer, Ebenezer, |
do. do. |
660 |
|
|
Story, William, |
do. do. |
550 |
|
|
Temple, Hon. John, |
do. do. |
550 |
|
|
Thwing, Col. Nathaniel, |
do. do. |
200 |
|
|
Townsend, W. Blair, |
Court's Josephus. |
||
|
Tyler, Joseph, |
books. |
||
|
Tyler, Royall, |
Prynne's Power of Parliaments, and |
550 |
|
|
Welles, Hon. Samuel, |
books and philosophical apparatus, |
10 0 0 |
|
|
Wheelwright, Nathaniel, |
do. do. |
10 10 0 |
|
|
Whitwell, William, |
do. |
500 |
|
|
Whitworth, Miles, |
do. do. |
550 |
|
|
Williams, Jonathan, |
Danet's Dictionary, folio ; French and Latin |
||
|
do. 2 vols. 4 to. |
|||
|
Winthrop, Samuel, |
books and philosophical apparatus. |
550 |
|
|
CAMBRIDGE. |
|||
|
Appleton, Rev. Nathaniel |
, books and philosophical apparatus, |
£250 |
|
|
Apthorp, Rev. East, |
Castellus's Lexicon, 2 vols. folio, and |
1 16 0 |
the city of Rome. As also, a fine painting of the last Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, in 1767. The Corporation would also express the grateful sense they have of Mr. Palmer's kind assurances, that he will embrace every occasion to prove his affection- ate regard to the society, in which he received his education." — These early assur- ances were never forgotten by him, and were nobly made good, half a century after- wards, by the bequest of his whole library.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
489
Apthorp, John, large folio Bible, by Baskerville, neatly bound, Bradish, Ebenezer, books and philosophical apparatus,
Sterling, and £4 4 0
APPENDIX, No. XI.
|
Danforth, Samuel, |
do. |
do. |
|
Dean, Samuel, |
do. |
do. |
|
Foxcroft, Hon. Francis, |
do. |
do. |
|
Hancock, Belcher, |
do. |
do. |
|
Hastings, John, |
do. |
do. |
|
Hastings, Jonathan, |
do. |
do. |
|
Hastings, Samuel, |
do. |
do. |
|
Holyoke, Rev. President, |
do. |
do. |
|
Hunt, John, |
do. |
do. |
|
Kneeland, William, |
do. |
do. |
|
Lee, Joseph, |
do. |
do. |
|
Marrett, Edward, |
do. |
do. |
|
Marsh, Thomas, |
do. |
do. |
|
Mower, Francis, |
do. |
do. |
|
Read, James, |
do. |
do. |
|
Sewall, Stephen, Professor of Hebrew, do. |
do. |
|
|
Stedman, Ebenezer, |
do. |
do. |
|
Thayer, Ebenezer, |
do. |
do. |
|
Trowbridge, Hon. Edm. |
do. |
do. |
|
Vassall, John, |
do. |
do. |
|
Whittemore, Samuel, |
do. |
do. |
|
Wigglesworth, Rev. Ed.. |
do. |
do. |
Abbot, Rev. Mr., Foster, Dr. Isaac, Lindall, Mary, Mason, Thaddeus, Miller, Capt. John Prentice, Rev. Thomas, Rand, Isaac, Roy all, Hon. Isaac, Russell, James, Stevens, Abigail,
Appleton, John, Ashton, Jacob, Barton, John, Blaney, Joseph, Bowditch, Joseph, Browne, William, Curwen, Samuel, Derby, Richard, Jun. Dodge, George, Gardner, Samuel,
VOL. II.
CHAHLESTOWN.
books.
do. books and philosophical apparatus,
do. , do.
do.
do. do.
do. do.
books, and
do. do.
do. do.
SALEM.
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
|
1 A U 250 1 2 6 250 170 0 13 6 |
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library. |
|
1 2 6 |
|
|
0 13 6 |
|
|
550 |
|
|
126 |
|
|
126 |
|
|
4 10 0 |
|
|
170 |
|
|
126 |
|
|
0 13 6 |
|
|
090 |
|
|
0 16 0 |
|
|
1 2 6 |
|
|
1 2 6 |
|
|
10 10 0 |
|
|
10 10 0 |
|
|
0 18 0 |
|
|
250 |
£3 12 0 220
4 0 7 0
16 0
5 0
6 0 5 0
£110 1 16 0 4 14 6 4 10 0 330 10 10 0
1 16 0
2 11 3 1 16 0 600
490
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
Goodhue, Benjamin, Higginson, John, Holyoke, Dr. Ed. Aug.
books and philosophical apparatus, do. do.
do. do.
also a telescope, 28 feet in length. (1769.)
Kitchin, Edw., books and philosophical apparatus,
Lynde, Hon. Benjamin, do. do.
Orne, Timothy, • do. do.
Pickman, Hon. Benjamin, do. do.
Pickman, Benjamin, Jun. do. do.
Poynton, Thomas, do. do.
Putnam, Ebenezer, do. do.
Pynchon, William, do.
Ropes, Nathaniel, do. do.
MARBLEHEAD.
Barnard, Rev. John, books, and
Bradstreet, Rev. Simon, do.
Gallison, John,
Gerry, Thomas,
Grush, John,
Hooper, Hon. Robert,
Lee, Jeremy,
Nutt, John,
Orne, Azor,
Orne, Joshua,
Stacey, Benjamin,
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
Coffin, Peter, Gibbs, Mary, Low, John, Plummer, Samuel, Sargent Daniel, Sargent, Epes, Sargent, Winthrop, Saunders, Thomas, Stacey, Deacon, Whittemore, Sam., Jun. Witham, Daniel, Woodward, Deacon,
GLOUCESTER.
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
Sterling
£ 16 16 0
3 12 0
330
600 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0
330
1 0 A 0 3 0 3 0
£10 0 0
220 330 1 16 0
10 10 0 550 1 1 0 300
20 0 0 200
£1 16 0 1 16 0 1 16 0 1 16 0 1 16 0 10 10 0 1 16 0 3 12 0 110 1 16 0 0 15 0 090
NEWBURY.
Carter, Nathaniel, books and philosophical apparatus, JE 9 00
Dalton, Tristram, do. do. 550
Jackson, Jonathan, do.
Lowell, Rev. Mr. do.
Tracy, Patrick, do. do. 900
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
491
Crocker, Rev. Joseph, Crocker, Josiah, M. A. Green, Rev. Joseph, Hallet, Thomas, Hawley, Rev. Gideon, Shaw, Rev. Oakes,
Buckminster, Rev. Mr. Chandler, Gardner, Chandler, Hon. John, Jennison, William, Murray, John, Paine, Hon. Timothy, Putnam, James, Ruggles, Timothy, Willard, Abel, Willard, Abijah, Wilder, Joseph,
BARNSTABLE COUNTY.
books and philosophical apparatus, do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
WORCESTER COUNTY.
Ravanelli Bibliotheca.
books and philosophical apparatus,
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
DIFFERENT PLACES.
APPENDIX.
16 0
16 0
U
Donations
to the College to
0 10 0 repair the
1 16 0 1 16 0
Library"
£3 5 1 5 4 4 3 2 3 2
3 0
0 0
1 0 0 0
4 0 4 0 3 0
2 0
3 0 2 0
Adams, Rev. Mr., of Roxbury, his Sermons and other books. Beaton, John, of Concord, Erskine's Works, 2 vols. folio.
Cummings, Col. John, of Concord, two handsome brass branches for
the use of the College chapel.
Hale, Robert, of Beverly, magic lantern and solar microscope.
Pepperell, Lady, of Kittery, books and philosophical apparatus, £ 10 10 0
Pepperell, William, of Kittery, 7 vols. Muller's Mathematical Tracts, 200 Perkins, Rev. Daniel, of Bridgewater, books. 1 16 0
Sparhawk, Hon. Nath., of Kittery, books and philosophical apparatus, 10 10 0
G copies Dissenting Gentleman's Answer to White.
as guardian to his son William Pepperell, a re-
flecting telescope, 36 15 0
Whitney, Rev. Peter, of Northborough, books.
PROVINCE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
New Hampshire, Province of, 743 volumes, £300 0 0
Langdon, Dr. Samuel, of Portsmouth, his Answer to Sandeman.
Livius, Peter, books.
Wibird, Thomas, books, 50 0 0
DIFFERENT PLACES OUT OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Belcher, Hon. Jonathan, Lieutenant- Governor of Nova Scotia, a pair of globes, and the Laws of Nova Scotia, 2 vols. 8vo.
Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, valuable instruments for the apparatus ; also, a bust of Lord Chatham.
Smith, Jonathan, of Philadelphia, Godfrey's Juvenile Poems.
Usher, Rev. Mr., of Bristol, R. I., books.
492
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
Cox and Berry, Du Simitiere, Mr. Merriam, Rev. Jonas,
RESIDENCE UNKNOWN.
Sterling. a handsome chimney grate for the library.
New Testament in the Sclavonian language.
books and philosophical apparatus, £ 2 20
GREAT BRITAIN.
Amory, Dr. Grove's Moral Philosophy, 2 vols. 8vo.
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Seeker, generous donation. Archbishop of York, Robert Drummond, generous donation. British Museum, Trustees of, Harleian MSS., 2 vols. folio. Bowyer, William, his edit, of Greek Testament, 2 vols. 12mo., and
other books.
Davidson, Rev. Mr., of Braintree, books. Dilly, Messrs., Langhorne's Plutarch, 6 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh Society for Promoting Religious Knowledge, 25 volumes,
and also other books to the value of Ellicott, John, of London, glasses for Telescope. Erskine, John, D. D., and other gentlemen of Scotland, books. Ferguson, Anthony, of Edinburgh, Fothergill, Dr., of London, Purver's Bible, 2 vols folio. Franklyn, Dr., of Scotland, books.
Greenwood, John, two curious Egyptian mummies for the Museum. Harris, Rev. Dr., of Honiton, Devonshire, books. Heberden, Dr. Hollis, Thomas, Esq. of Lincoln's Inn,*
in 1764 subscribed for the purchase of books, 1767 do. do. of apparatus,
10 12 11
0 0 4 0
330
£200 0 0 200 0 0
400 0 0
|
Sent also in addition to the above, |
|
|
in Jan. 1765, |
7 boxes of books. |
|
April, — |
6 do. do. |
|
July, - |
2 do. do. |
|
Jan. 1766, |
2 do do. |
|
April, — |
2 vols. folio, of the Harleian MSS. |
|
Oct. — |
2 boxes of books. |
|
Nov. — |
3 do. do. |
|
April, 1767, |
5 do. do. |
|
Dec. — |
4 do. do., besides 4 folios and 5 8vos. |
|
May, 1768, |
1 do. do. |
|
Aug. — |
4 do. do. |
|
April, 1769, |
valuable collection of books. |
|
Sept. — |
3 cases containing valuable books. |
|
Oct. 1770, |
2 do. do. |
41 Sept. 1774, His bequest,
500 0 0
— 900 0 0
' In the following vote of the Corporation, passed in April, 1765, the " choice,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
493
Sterling. £20 0 0
Hollis, Timothy,
Jackson, Richard, Esq., a collection of valuable books. Jennings, Joseph, books.
Kincaid, A., King's Printer, Edinburgh, books, 16 vols. fol.
8 do. 4to. 11 do. 8vo. 8 do. 12mo. Lane, John, London, Albinus's Anatomy, plates, folio, with a volume
of English references. (1772.)
Lardner, Nathaniel, Rev. Dr., his works and other books. Martin, Benjamin, his works, 18 vols. and other books. Masseres, Francis, Esq., books.
Mauduit, Jasper, Esq., books, also 50 0 0
Mildred, Daniel, London, books given by a society of Quakers. Neal, Nathaniel, books. Palmer, Rev. Samuel, of Hackney, books. Pownall, Gov., Ruins of Psestum, fol.
Reynell, Rev. John, of Totness, Eusebius's Chronicon, fol. (1772.) Savage, Samuel, merchant, of London, books.
Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge, books, 30 0 0
Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign parts, books, and 100 0 0
Society for Propagating the Gospel in New England, 1101 vols. and 300 0 0 South, John, Esq. 10 0 0
Sparrow, Samuel, merchant, of London, books, and 20 0 0
Tappenden & Handy, 10 10 0
Trecothick, Barlow, Alderman of London, books, and 30 0 0
Whitefield, Rev. George, Journal, and a collection of books, 550
and also by his influence he procured a large number of valuable books
from several parts of Great Britain.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
neatness, and elegance " of the books previously sent are acknowledged, and the same character is applicable to all his subsequent donations of books.
'• Whereas the worthy Thomas Hollis, of London, hath most generously contributed to the replenishing of our library, by furnishing it, from time to time, with a great number of valuable books, and hath more particularly, since the loss of our said library by fire, transmitted thirteen cases or boxes of books, which do in so large a measure contribute to the making up our said loss, we would with the highest gratitude express, as well the sense we have of his many past acts of kindness and munificence, as of the late generous and charitable donation, the value of which we esteem, much enhanced, by the great care discovered, not only in the choice of the books, but the neatness and elegance of them, the readiness he hath discovered in undertaking, and despatch in accomplishing, his benevolent design, the better to relieve us in our distress. Wherefore we unanimously vote, that our grateful and sincere acknowl- edgments, and most hearty thanks, be given to Mr. Hollis, for his large, charitable, and seasonable benefactions ; and the President is hereby desired to signify the same to him, as soon as may be."
494
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
The principal of these donations are thus noticed in the Dona- tion Book, Vol. I. p. 71, of the College, which was prepared in 1773, under the care of the Rev. Andrew Eliot, then a member of the Corporation.
" PROVINCE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
" The General Assembly of the Province of New Hampshire, by the recommendation of His Excellency Benning Wentworth, Esq., Governor, voted three hundred pounds sterling, to be improved in purchasing books for the Library of Harvard College.
" A catalogue was transmitted to the Rev. East Apthorp, by whose care the books were purchased, which fill three quarters of an alcove in the Library, 743 volumes. The alcove hath this in- scription.
" ' Prov. Neo-Hanton.
" Auspice " B. Wentworth, Praefect.'
" HANCOCK.
" A name which stands in the first class of benefactors to Har- vard College, and ought to be remembered with gratitude and respect, by the friends of literature.
" The Honorable Thomas Hancock, Esq., bequeathed one thous- and pounds sterling, for the support and maintenance of a Pro- fessor of Oriental Languages, especially the Hebrew.
" This is the first Professorship founded in New England or in America, by one of its sons.
" John Hancock, Esq. subscribed five hundred pounds sterling to purchase books for the library. The catalogue which Mr. Hancock sent to London, amounted to fifty-four pounds four shillings, sterling, more than the sum he had subscribed, which he generously added to his donation. These books completely fill an alcove in the libra- ry, which is distinguished by the name of HANCOCK, in golden let- ters ? 1098 volumes.
" The Honorable John Hancock, Esquire, gave ' An Account of London and its Environs,' 6 vols. 8vo. Also, a curious coralline, in its natural bed.
" HANCOCK.
"The Honorable John Hancock, Esquire, again signalized his bounty, by a generous present of a set of the most elegant carpets, to cover the floors of the Library, the Apparatus, and Philosophy
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
495
Chambers. He also covered the walls of the latter with a rich paper.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
-^^^— Donations
" SUBSCRIPTIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN. College to
" The Society for Propagating the Gospel in New England and [o^Jf1^6 Parts Adjacent, made a donation of three hundred pounds sterling. Library.
" Catalogues were sent to Jasper Mauduit, Esq., by whose care this money was laid out to such advantage that the books completely fill an alcove, over which is this inscription ;
" ' Societas de Propag. Evang. in Nov. Anglia et Partibus Adjacent.'
"1101 Vols.
" The Society for Propagating the Gospel in foreign Parts, gave one hundred pounds sterling. This Society's donation ; the donation of the Hon. William Dummer, Esq., late Lieuten ant-Governor, fifty pounds sterling ; the donation of the Hon. Thomas Hubbard, Esq., fifty pounds, being one half of his subscription, (the other half ap- propriated to the apparatus) ; the donation of Jasper Mauduit, Esq., fifty pounds, together with the books presented by that gentle- man ; are placed in one alcove. The donation of Thomas Wibird, Esq., fifty pounds, is to be placed in the same alcove, when the books arrive. Inscription,
" ' Societas de Propag. Evang. in Part. Transmar. Gulielmus Dummer, Arm., Vice-Gub. Thomas Hubbard, Arm., Coll. Thesaur. Jasper Mauduit, Arm., Londin. Thomas Wibird, Arm., Neo-Hanton.'
" HOLLIS.
" Thomas Hollis, of Lincoln's Inn, Esq., is deservedly placed among the greatest benefactors of Harvard College.
" Sprung from a race of ancestors who have been distinguished by their generous benefactions, he hath proved himself worthy his honorable descent, and that, as he inherits a great part of their estate, he inherits also their excellent spirit.
" This gentleman began to honor the College with his notice a short time before the destruction of Harvard Hall. As soon as he was made acquainted with this event, he subscribed two hundred pounds sterling to the apparatus, and the same sum to the library. But, not satisfied with these generous -donations, he hath, at differ- ent times, enriched the library with a very great number of curious, valuable, and costly books.
496
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XI.
Donations to the College to repair the loss of its Library.
" The whole of these benefactions amount, it is supposed, to more than fourteen hundred pounds sterling. Two alcoves, which are distinguished by the name of HOLLIS, in large golden capitals, are completely filled with books sent by this munificent benefactor, besides many books in a third alcove."
Inscription on the cor- ner-stone of Harvard Hall.
No. XII. — See p. 115.
INSCRIPTION ON THE CORNER-STONE OF HARVARD HALL.
" Cambridge, June 26th, 1764.
" This day His Excellency the Governor, accompanied by the Committee appointed by the General Court to rebuild Harvard College, laid the first stone of the building, with the following inscription thereon.
" ' In Honorem Dei
Et Reipublicae Emolumentum
COLLEGII HARVARDINI
Incendio nuper consumpti
Et jam ex Senatus-Consulto Provinciali
Sumptu publico restituendi
primum Lapidem posuit FRANCISCUS BERNARD
Provinciae Praefectus Adsistentibus Operis ex Decreto Curatoribus
Regnante GEORGIO III. Die Julii XXVI. Anno MDCCLXIV.' "
— Boston Evening Post, %d July, 1764.
No. XIII. — Seep. 130.
A PLAN TO PROMOTE CLASSICAL LEARNING, BY STEPHEN SEWALL, HEBREW INSTRUCTOR, PRESENTED TO THE COR- PORATION 12™ SEPTEMBER, 1763.
Plan to " 1. That Horace be recited, with a particular view to instruct
classical the students in the rules of Latin prosody, and in the structure and the"colleee elegance» peculiar to the several sorts of Latin verse.
"2. That Caesar's Commentaries, or some other approved clas- sical prose author (besides Tully) be recited, with a design to
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 497
initiate the students more fully in the use of proper words and APPENDIX, phrases ; and in the method of placing words in Latin prose ; —
and to this end Plan to
promote
" 3. That there be frequent exercises of translating out of Latin classical
. , ,-, ,. , , * learning in
into English, and vice versa. theCollege.
" 4. That Homer's Odyssey, or some other approved Greek poet be learned, in order to indoctrinate the students in the true method of pronouncing Greek, according to the quantity of syllables; and to remedy that barbarous pronunciation by accents, which generally prevails.
" 5. That Xenophon's Cyropsedia, Demosthenes's Select Orations, or some other approved Greek prose composition (besides the New Testament), be recited, in view of carrying the knowledge of that noble language to a greater length, and that the elegance and peculiarities of that language be pointed out to the students.
" 6. That there be sometimes dialogistic exercises in Latin or English ; and that particular care be taken, that not only the style be proper, and the words and expressions well chosen, but that the delivery be attended with due emphasis, pause, and action.
" 7. That no student be obliged to compose in verse ; but, if any discover a genius and fondness for that sort of composition, that the instructor be obliged to encourage and assist him."
No. XIV. — See p. 133.
PLAN FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TUTORS' WORK AND SERVICE.
" The committee, appointed the first Tuesday of May last, to con- Plan for the sider of a more proper distribution of the work or service of Tutors, Of the Tu- have had several meetings for that purpose, and have projected a plan which here followeth, and which, in the opinion of the com- mittee will, when carried into execution, be attended with many advantages to the society ; but, as it will cause a great change in the long-established manner of proceeding, the committee did not think it proper to report that it should be immediately entered upon, but submit to the Honorable and Reverend Board, the determination whether the present or some future time may be most convenient, and whether any preparatory measures are necessary or not.
" In the name and by order of the committee.
" THO. HUTCHINSON." VOL. II. 63
498 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX " The Plan abovementioned.
NO. xiv. « For the advancement of learning, it is proposed, that one of the Plan for the Tutors shall teach Latin ; another, Greek ; another, Logic, Meta- Physics> Ethics; and the other, Natural Philosophy, Geography,
tors' work Astronomy, and the elements of the Mathematics. That all the scholars shall attend the Tutors on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednes- days, and Thursdays, three times a day, and once a day on Fridays and Saturdays, during their four years' residence at College in term time, excepting Commencement week. And that the senior sophis- ters shall not be obliged to attend any of the exercises, after the last of June.
" That the senior sophisters shall attend the Tutors A on Mon- days, B on Tuesdays, C on Wednesdays, D on Thursdays.
" That the junior sophisters shall attend B on Mondays, C on Tuesdays, D on Wednesdays, A on Thursdays.
•' That the sophomores shall attend C on Mondays, D on Tues- days, A on Wednesdays, B on Thursdays.
" That the freshmen shall attend D on Mondays, A on Tuesdays, B on Wednesdays, C on Thursdays.
" That on Friday and Saturday mornings each class shall be in- structed by a distinct Tutor, in Elocution, Composition in English, Rhetoric, and other parts of the Belles-Lettres.
" That the Divinity Professor shall instruct all the scholars in Divinity.
"That, to prevent the great inconvenience attending some of the scholars going home at one time, and some at another, in the spring and fall, to procure clothing, as they heretofore have been permitted to do, it is proposed, that there shall be a short vacation in the spring and fall ; arid that I'M. term time no scholar shall go out of Cambridge, unless upon some very special occasion, and that liberty be granted therefor, at a meeting of the President, Professors, and Tutors, by the major part of them. By these regulations the scholars will not be absent from College more in the course of the year, than they are according to the present practice, and yet they will be at less expense for diet.
" That public gifts shall be prohibited, and in lieu thereof each scholar shall pay one shilling and nine pence, lawful money, quar- terly, in addition to the tuition money, and the Tutors shall be paid annually, out of the College treasury, a guinea for each scholar that takes his first degree, to be divided equally amongst the four.
" At a meeting of the Overseers, May 6th, 1766. Voted, That this
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 499
Report, so far as it recommends a division of the services of the APPENDIX,
Tutors, according to the sciences and branches of literature, be No' XIV-
approved, and that the Corporation be desired to make a law, to Plan for the
distribution
carry it into execution, in such a manner as shall correspond with of the Tu-
ii_ • e j.i- T» r t°rs' work
the services of the Professors. an(j servjce.
"Voted, That the last article of the Report, relative to the public gifts to the Tutors be approved, and that it be recommended to the Corporation to propose a law agreeable to it.
" Attested per ANDREW ELIOT, Secretary."
No. XV. —See p. 135. LIST OF PECUNIARY MULCTS.
Absence from prayers, £Q 02 List of
Tardiness at prayers, 001
Absence from Professor's public lecture, 004
Tardiness at do. 002
Profanation of Lord's Day, not exceeding 030
Absence from public worship, 009
Tardiness at do. 003
111 behaviour at public worship, not exceeding 016
Going to meeting before bell-ringing, 006
Neglecting to repeat the sermon, 009 Irreverent behaviour at prayers, or public divinity lectures, 016
Absence from chambers, &c., not exceeding 006
Not declaiming, not exceeding 016
Not giving up a declamation, not exceeding 016
Absence from recitation, not exceeding 016
Neglecting analysing, not exceeding 030
Bachelors neglecting disputations, not exceeding 016 Respondents neglecting do. from Is. 6d. to 0 3 0
Undergraduates out of town without leave, not exceeding 026 Undergraduates tarrying out of town without leave, not
exceeding per diem, 013 Undergraduates tarrying out of town one week without
leave, not exceeding 0 10 0 Undergraduates tarrying out of town one month without
leave, not exceeding 2100
Lodging strangers without leave, not exceeding 016
Entertaining persons of ill character, not exceeding 016
500 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Going out of College without proper garb, not exceeding .£006
No' v' Frequenting taverns, not exceeding 016
List of Profane cursing, hot exceeding 026
pecuniary „. ,. _ _ _
mulcts. Graduates playing cards, not exceeding 050
Undergraduates playing cards, not exceeding 026 Undergraduates playing any game for money, not exceeding 016
Selling and exchanging without leave, not exceeding 016
Lying, not exceeding 016
Opening door by pick-locks, not exceeding 050
Drunkenness, not exceeding 0 I 6
Liquors prohibited under penalty, not exceeding 016
Second offence, not exceeding 030
Keeping prohibited liquors, not exceeding 016
Sending for do. 006
Fetching do. 016
Going upon the top of the College, 016
Cutting off the lead, 016
Concealing the transgression of the 19th Law, 016
Tumultuous noises, 016
Second offence, 030
Refusing to give evidence, 030
Rudeness at meals, 010
Butler and cook to keep utensils clean, not exceeding 050
Not lodging at their chambers, not exceeding 016
Sending freshmen in studying time, 009
Keeping guns, and going on skating, 010
Firing guns or pistols in College yard, 026
Fighting or hurting any person, not exceeding 016
No. XVI.— Seep. 142.
ACCOUNT OF THE ALFORD PROFESSORSHIP OF NATURAL RELIGION, MORAL PHILOSOPHY, AND CIVIL POLITY, IN HARVARD COLLEGE.
Account of The Honorable John Alford, Esq., bequeathed (after a number Professor- °f legacies to his relations and others) the remainder, being a very ship. large part, of his estate, to pious and charitable uses, at the discre-
tion of his executors, Edmund Trowbridge, Esq. and Mr. Richard Gary, merchant. Exception being taken to this Will by the heirs at law, after divers contests before the Judge of Probate, and while
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 501
an appeal to the Governor and Council was yet pending, a compo- APPENDIX, sition being recommended ; the parties for the regulation of their conduct therein, desired the Hon. Thomas Hutchinson, Thomas Account of Hubbard, and James Russell, Esq. and Jeremy Gridley and James Professor- Otis, Esqrs., to favor them with their opinion. These gentlemen, 8 If>' upon consideration of the whole matter, unanimously advised to a composition, and that, after the payment of the debts of the testa- tor, and the specific legacies in the Will, the remaining estate being divided into ten parts, be distributed ; — six tenths among his heirs and relations, and the remaining four tenth parts be applied to such pious and charitable uses as the executors, after having consulted some reverend and good gentlemen, in their discretion should think most fit and proper. And the parties aforesaid having duly con- sidered the opinion of these gentlemen, concluded and agreed to determine the said appeal, and all matters in dispute, in the manner aforesaid recommended. The executors, Mr. Trowbridge and Mr. Gary, finding that the testator in some former Wills, had, after some small charitable legacies, bequeathed largely to the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians, to Harvard College, and to the College in New Jersey, where the greater part of his estate lay, and, being willing to conform to the mind of the testator, determined, reserving some small part for particular pious uses, to distribute the four tenths aforesaid, in manner following ; viz. one third part to Harvard College, in Cambridge, one third part to the College in New Jersey, and one third part for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians.
Particular appropriation of the moneys paid out of the estate of the late Honorable John Alford of Charlestown, Esq., by the Honorable Edmund Trowbridge, Esq., and Richard Gary, Esq., executors of his last will and testament.
" Know all men, that whereas we, Edmund Trowbridge, of Cambridge, in the county of Middlesex, Esq., and Richard Gary, of ChaLestown in said county, Esq., executors of the last will and testament of the Hon. John Alford, late of Charlestown afore- said, Esq., deceased, did, at several times between the fifteenth day of March, A. D. 1765, and the first day of June, A. D. 1782 put into the treasury of Harvard College, in Cambridge, thirteen hundred and sixty-two pounds, eight shillings, and five pence, law- ful money, part of the said Alford's estate, to be by their Treasurer let out and kept upon interest, and the growing interest added to
502 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, the principal yearly, until such a capital should be raised, as that the interest thereof would be sufficient to support in said College a
the Alford professor of some particular science of public utility, and then to be Professor- regularly appropriated to that use ; and whereas by reason of the late war, and the evils that attended it, this is not yet done, and there is no probability of such a capital being so raised during our lives : " We do therefore now appropriate the said thirteen hundred and sixty-two pounds, eight shillings, and five pence, and the interest thereof, to the said treasury, to and for the support of a Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity, in the said College for ever, whose principal duty it shall be, by lectures and private instruction, to demonstrate the existence of a Deity or First Cause, to prove and illustrate his essential attributes, both natural and moral, to evince and explain his providence and government, together with the doctrine of a future state of rewards and punish- ments; also to deduce and enforce the obligations which man is under to his Maker, and the duties which he owes him, resulting from the perfections of the Deity, and from his own rational nature ; together with the most important duties of social life, resulting from the several relations which men mutually bear to each other ; and likewise the several duties which respect ourselves, founded not only in our own interest, but also in the will of God ; interspersing the whole with remarks, showing the coincidence between the doctrines of Revelation and the dictates of reason, in these impor- tant points : and lastly, notwithstanding this coincidence, to state the absolute necessity and vast utility of a Divine revelation.
" He shall also read a distinct course of lectures upon that branch of Moral Philosophy which respects the Application of the Law of Nature to Nations and their relative rights and duties ; and also, on the absolute necessity of civil government in some form, and the reciprocal rights and duties of magistrates and of the people, resulting from the social compact ; and also on the various forms of government which have existed or may exist in the world, pointing out their respective advantages and disadvantages, and what form of government is best adapted to promote the greatest happiness of mankind.
" And to the end that a regular and systematical division of the foregoing subjects, and of all the other branches of science, which come under this Institution, may be had and preserved, as well as a due proportion of time devoted to each, it is declared, that the said Professor shall be under the control of the President, Fellows,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 503
and Overseers of the said College, who may from time to time give APPENDIX, such directions relative thereto, as they shall judge fit and proper,
and as shall be consistent with the rules and orders of this In- Account of
the Alford Stitution. Professor-
" The said Professor shall read his lectures on Natural Religion s lp< to all the four classes of undergraduates; those on Moral Philosophy, to the two Senior classes ; and those on Civil Polity to the Senior class only ; provided nevertheless, that the officers of the College, and resident graduates, as likewise such other gentlemen as the Corporation shall permit, shall have a right to attend all or any of the lectures aforementioned.
." Such Professor shall be chosen by the President and Fellows, and approved by the Overseers, of the said College, when there shall in their judgment be a sufficient fund for his support, raised either in the manner aforesaid, or, for the present, with the assistance of the College or otherwise, until he can properly be supported in the manner first proposed. But, notwithstanding such temporary assist- ance, the said John Alford, Esq., shall be deemed and considered as the founder of this professorship, and the Professor shall be called the Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity.
" And we do hereby institute and appoint, that the said Professor shall, from time to time, as occasion may require, be elected by the President and Fellows, and approved by the Overseers, of the said College ; that he shall be a Master of Arts, and bear the character of a learned, pious, and honest man ; that he shall be at all times under the care and inspection of the said President, Fellows, and Overseers, who shall order and appoint the times and places for reading his public and private lectures, and see that the Professor duly attend the business of his office, and faithfully discharge the trust aforesaid, reposed in him ; and, as a regular and faithful dis- charge thereof will be sufficient to employ his whole time and thoughts, he shall not, while he holds the said office, be a pastor or teacher of any church or congregation, or an instructor in any other science; that the said Professor shall hold his office during his good behaviour, and that he be removable from it by the said President, Fellows, and Overseers, for want of ability to execute the trust, or for misbehaviour in the office, or for immoral and scandal- ous behaviour out of it.
" That the Professor, on the day of his inauguration, shall, in the presence of the President, Fellows, and Overseers of the said
504
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, College, profess and declare himself to be of the Protestant Re-
' formed Religion, and a member of a Protestant church, and shall
thCCAJf \df Prom'se to discharge with diligence and fidelity, the sacred trust
Professor- aforesaid reposed in him ; that he will endeavour, as well by his
example as otherwise, to encourage and promote virtue, true re-
ligion, and piety; and that he will religiously observe the aforesaid
Institutes of the Founder of this Professorship.
" That, upon the death or removal of a Professor, the vacancy shall be filled up by the President, Fellows, and Overseers, (in the same manner as the former Professor was appointed,) with a person in all respects qualified for the office, and prepared as aforesaid to execute it.
" Witness our hands and seals this eighteenth day of February, A. D. 1789.
" EDMUND TROWBRIDGE, [L. s.]
RICHARD CARY, [L. s.] " Signed, sealed, and delivered
in presence of
JOHN FOXCROFT, ) , ., . , ,„ , . , JAMES FIILBBROWN, } b* the said lrowbridge- DAVID DEVONS, SAMUEL CARV,
S, ) , }
T, • i j
Rlchard
Extract from the will of Thomas Hancock.
No. XVII. — Seep. 143.
EXTRACT FROM THE WILL OF THE HONORABLE THOMAS HANCOCK, OF BOSTON.
[Recorded in the Probate Records in the County of Suffolk, Lib. 63, page 140.]
" I give unto the President and Fellows of Harvard College in Cambridge, the sum of one thousand pounds sterling, and order that the whole income be applied to the support and maintenance of some person, who shall be elected by the President and Fellows, with the approbation and consent of the Overseers, to profess and teach the Oriental Languages, especially the Hebrew, in said College.
" The Professor who shall receive the benefit of the donation, shall discharge the duties of his profession and office, in such manner, and according to such rules and orders as shall be appoint- ed and established by the President and Fellows, with the consent of the Overseers. And previous to his induction into this office, he
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
505
shall declare himself to be of the Protestant Reformed Religion, as APPENDIX, it is now professed and practised by the Churches in New England. No- xvn- The said Professor shall also be removed from his office at the dis- Extract cretion of the President, Fellows, and Overseers of said College for wm Of e the time being, inasmuch as I fully rely on their wisdom and integ- rity, that this will never be done without some very good and suf- ficient reason.
" And it is my will, that, as soon as may be after my decease, as also after the decease or removal of any Professor upon this founda- tion, the President and Fellows proceed to the choice of some per- son to this office and trust, to be by them presented to the Over- seers for their approbation and consent ; but, if the Overseers shall apprehend any unreasonable delay in this matter, in that case they may proceed by themselves to the appointment of a Professor.
" It is also my will, that all the income of the donation, during the time the Professorship may be necessarily and unavoidably va- cant, shall be added to the capital sum for the better support and encouragement of succeeding Professors."
No. XVIII. — See p. 143.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION ON THE DONATIONS OF THOMAS HANCOCK AND JOHN HANCOCK.
" At a meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 15th, 1767, being Commencement day. John Hancock, Esq., having this day sent to us his account of the books which his uncle, the Hon. Thomas Hancock, Esq., founder of the Professorship for the Hebrew and other Oriental languages had proposed to give to our library, and also of those, which he himself had given, the Cor- poration came into the following vote.
" The late Hon. Thomas Hancock, Esq., founder of the Profes- sorship of Hebrew and other Oriental languages in this College, having signified his intention to subscribe, towards the restoration of the library, the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, the completion of which was prevented by the sudden death of that gentleman, whose name is endeared to all the friends of literature, and will long be remembered with gratitude and respect ;
" And his nephew and residuary legatee, John Hancock, Esq., having at once demonstrated his generous affection to the College, and done honor to the memory of his uncle, by voluntarily fulfilling VOL. ii. 64
Vote of the Corpora- tion on the donations of Thomas Hancock and John Hancock.
506
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XVIII.
Vote of the Corpora- tion on the donations of Thomas Hancock and John Hancock.
his noble intention, and giving in his name a collection of books, to the amount of the above sum, the receipt of which is hereby ac- knowledged, at the same time still further enriching the library by a large addition of chosen authors ;
" Voted, That the thanks of this Corporation be given to John Hancock, Esq., for this lasting monument of his bounty and public affection, and that Mr. Eliot and Mr. Cooper be desired to wait on Mr. Hancock with a copy of this vote."
Diploma of Doctor of Laws pre- sented to George Washing- ton.
No. XIX. — See p. 167.
DIPLOMA CONFERRING THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF LAWS ON GEORGE WASHINGTON.
" April 3d, 1776. — At a meeting of the President and Fel- lows at Watertown, Voted, that the following Diploma be presented to his Excellency General Washington, as an expression of the gratitude of this College for his eminent services in the cause of his country and to this Society.
" Senatus Academiae Cantabrigiensis in Nov-Anglia omnibus in Christo fidelibus, ad quos literae przesentes pervenerint, salutem in Domino sempiternam.
" Cum eum in finem Gradus Academici instituti fuerint, ut Viri scientia, sapientia, et virtute insignes, qui de Re literaria et de Re Publica optime meruerint, honoribus hisce laureatis remunera- rentur ; maxime decet ut honore tali afficiatur Vir illustrissimus Georgius Washington, Armiger, Exercitus Coloniarum in America Frederatarum Imperator praeclarus, cujus scientia et amor patriae undique patent: qui, propter eximias virtutes tarn civiles quam militares, primum, a civibus suis Legatus electus, in Consessu celeberrimo Americano de Libertate, ad extremum periclitata, et de Salute publica, fideliter et peritissime consuluit; deinde, postulante Patria, sedem in Virginia amo3nissimam et res proprias perluben- ter reliquit, ut per omnes castrorum labores et pericula, nulla mer- cede accepta, Nov-Angliam ab armis Britannorum iniquis et cru- delibus liberaret, et Colonias cameras tuereter; et qui, sub Auspiciis Divinis maxime spectandis, ab Urbe Bostonia, per undecim menses clausa, munita, et plusquam septem millium militum pra?sidio firma- ta, naves et copias hostium in fugam praecipitem et probrosam deturbavit ; adeo ut cives, plurimis duritiis et saevitiis oppressi,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 507
tandem salvi Isetentur, villae vicinae quiescant, atque sedibus suis APPENDIX,
No. XIX.
Acaderma nostra restituatur. ,
" Sciatis iffitur, quod nos Prseses et Socii Collegii HarVardini in Diploma of
Doctor of Cantabrigia Nov-Anglorum (consentientibus honorandis admodum et Laws pre-
reverendis Academiae nostrse Inspectoribus) Dominum supradictum, George summo honore dignum, Georgium Washington, Doctorem Utriusque Juris, turn Naturae et Gentium, turn Civilis, statuimus et creavimus, eique simul dedimus et concessimus omnia jura, privilegia, et honores ad istum gradum pertinentia.
" In cujus rei testimonium nos, communi sigillo Universitatis hisce literis affixo, chirographa apposuimus die tertio Aprilis, anno salutis millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo sexto.
" SAMUEL LANGDON, S. T. D., Praeses. NATHANIEL APPLETON, S. T. D., JOHANNES WINTHROP, LL.D., Mat. et Phil. P. Hoi., (L. s.) ANDREAS ELIOT, S. T. D., SAMUEL COOPER, S. T. D., JOHANNES WADSWORTH, Log. et Eth. Praec., , Thesaurar."
Socii.
No. XX. — See p. 176.
THE ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMON- WEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, WHICH RELATE TO HAR- VARD COLLEGE.
"CHAPTER V.
"THE UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE, AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERATURE, &c.
" SECTION I.
" The University.
" ART. I. Whereas our wise and pious ancestors, so early as The arti- the year one thousand six hundred and thirty-six, laid the founda- tion of Harvard College, in which University many persons of
great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been initiated into relative to those arts and sciences, which qualified them for public employ- College. ments, both in church and state ; and whereas the encouragement of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantage of the Christian religion, and the great benefit of this and the other United States of America : — It is declared,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XX.
The arti- cles of the Constitu- tion of Mas- sachusetts relative to Harvard College.
that the PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OP HARVARD COLLEGE, in their corporate capacity, and their successors in that capacity, their of- ficers and servants, shall have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and fran- chises, which they now have, or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy ; and the same are hereby ratified and con- firmed unto them, the said President and Fellows of Harvard Col- lege, and to their successors, and to their officers and servants, respectively, for ever.
" ART. II. And whereas there have been, at sundry times, by divers persons, gifts, grants, devises of houses, lands, tenements, goods, chattels, legacies, and conveyances, heretofore made, either to Harvard College in Cambridge in New England, or to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, or to the said College by some other description, under several charters successively : — It is declared, that all the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies, and conveyances, are hereby for ever confirmed unto the President and Fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors, in the capacity aforesaid, according to the true intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, devisor or devisors.
" ART. III. And whereas by an Act of the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the year one thousand six hundred and forty-two, the Governor and Deputy-Governor for the time being, and all the magistrates of that jurisdiction, were, with the President, and a number of the clergy in the said Act described, constituted the Overseers of Harvard College; and it being neces- sary, in this new constitution of government, to ascertain who shall be deemed successors to the said Governor, Deputy-Governor, and magistrates: — It is declared, that the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Council, and Senate of this Commonwealth, are, and shall be deemed their successors ; who, with the President of Harvard College, for the time being, together with the ministers of the Congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Bos- ton, Roxbury, and Dorchester, mentioned in the said Act, shall be, and hereby are, vested, with all the powers and authority belong- ing, or in any way appertaining, to the Overseers of Harvard Col- lege. Provided, that nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the Legislature of this Commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said University, as shall be conducive to its advantage, and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the Legislature of the late Province of the Massachusetts Bay."
HISTORY OF HARVARD LMVERSITY. 509
"SECTION n. APPENDIX,
No. XX.
" The Encouragement of Literature, Sfc.
The arti-
" Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally Constitu- among the body of the people, being necessary for the preservation tio" °fMas- of their rights and liberties ; and as these depend on spreading the relative to opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of College. the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of the Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences and all seminaries of them ; especially the University at Cambridge, public schools, and grammar schools in the towns ; to encourage pri- vate societies, and public institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manu- factures, and a natural history of the country ; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, pub- lic and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty and punc- tuality in their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social affec- tions and generous sentiments among the people."
In Chapter VI., Article II., under the head of " incompatible offices," it is declared, that "no person holding the office of Presi- dent, professor, or instructor of Harvard College shall, at the same time, have a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives."
No. XXI. — See p. 196. LETTER OF THE CORPORATION TO MR. HANCOCK.
Copy of a letter from the Corporation of Harvard College to John Hancock, Esq., Treasurer.*
" Cambridge, April 22d, 1777.
" Sir, " We take the first opportunity which the circumstances of affairs Letter of
have allowed, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of February ratk>n to
Mr. Han- cock.
* No copy of this letter is preserved on the College files, nor any letter from John Hancock. The copy here published was found among the papers of Ebenezer Storer, marked E. S., after the text had been written and printed from records and other documents ; a fact which must account for any ver- bal differences between the text and this letter.
510 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, 15th, 1777, by Mr. Hall. It could not properly be answered until
No' XXI> the contents were laid before the Board of Overseers, as it was by
Letter of their special recommendation and advice that we sent a messenger
the Corpo- ration to to receive from you the College papers.
cock. a " 1'ne Corporation are unhappy to find that any part of their con-
duct respecting their Treasurer, has produced such expressions of resentment. You are pleased to say, ' The votes of the Board of Overseers, and the votes of the Corporation consequent thereupon, carry such a severe and unmerited censure upon me, that I think I am justified in requesting an explanation.' And in the close of your letter, speaking of the College, you say, ' I will never prejudice it ; but, unless permitted by an explanation, I shall never trouble it.'
" If our conduct itself will not justify us, nothing will. We beg leave, therefore, to refresh your mind with the following state of facts from the first.
" You cannot but remember, Sir, how often we requested of you a settlement of our treasury accounts, before the war opened, and what encouragement you gave us, from time to time, that a settle- ment should speedily be made. It had been an invariable rule for many years, for the Treasurer to lay his accounts annually before the Corporation and Overseers for a settlement, in the month of September. The utility and importance of this rule, and the great disadvantages that must necessarily arise to the society from the neglect of it, are too obvious to need mentioning ; and the Treasur- er's bond obliges him ' to render an account thereof, i. e. of bonds, mortgages, notes, and other securities given, and of all rents, sum and sums of money, &/c., from time to time to the Corporation of said College for the time being, when requested.' You accepted that trust, and the bonds, &c., were committed to you September 2d, 1773 ; and your accounts should have been laid before us in Sep- tember, 1774. With great concern we observed, that month after month passed, after your first year expired, and still your accounts were not exhibited. Our particular esteem of you, heightened by your benefactions to the College, and many personal favors, made us very reluctant to urging you on this head. Yet, being sensible that the College might suffer detriment, and that we should be liable to general censure if we neglected our trust, some of us, as oppor- tunities offered, solicited a settlement; and, soon after the President came to the chair, he frequently mentioned the matter to you ; sev eral billets passed between you and him ; and you gave him repeated assurances that the accounts would soon be ready.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 511
"On the 7th of March, 1775, the President, hearing you were at APPENDIX, Cambridge, wrote you a billet in the name of the members of the °' Corporation, informing, that ' they are all extremely concerned that J^ettno°f the settlement of the accounts, which has always been made annu- ration to ally in September, has been so long delayed ; and they think them- cock, selves obliged, in faithfulness to their trust, to urge the immediate settlement of them ; and beg you will name a near day when you will attend it. And, considering that the Provincial Congress will meet again in a short time, and, soon after that, the Continental Con- gress, which may probably engage you a great part of the summer, and that it is not to be expected, in the present critical situation of public affairs, you will have leisure to attend such business between the meeting of the two Congresses, they must depend on your fixing a day previous to the meeting of the Provincial Congress; and the Corporation will be ready to attend on any day you shall appoint. They cannot be easy to let the College treasury be in so unsettled a state for such a length of time as otherwise it may. They entreat you will send them a written answer, or favor them with your com- pany at the President's, as soon as may be after dinner.' To this you reply the same day by the following billet. ' Mr. Hancock's respects to the Rev. President ; he is particularly busily engaged, or would wait on him ; acquaints him, that, as soon as the present business is over, he will wait on him and appoint a day, which will be very soon ; has been so engaged that he could not attend to it, but will now make a point of it.' — Whatever might prevent it, the Corporation heard nothing further from you.
" The President thought proper to appoint a Corporation meeting on March 21st, 1775, for the express purpose of settling the treas- ury accounts, depending on your being ready by that time, and accordingly gave you notice. The Corporation met on that day ; but, as you did not attend, they prepared a letter to be sent you. This was prevented by the receipt of the following billet from you, dated Boston, March 21st, 1775. ' Being prevented by various avocations from completing the College accounts to lay before you this day for examination, I must beg your and the gentlemen's ex- cuse ; and am hindered by particular business this day from attend- ing at Cambridge ; but by the middle of next week I will have them ready, and attend, which you may rely shall not be omitted. I am, &c.'
" The semiannual meeting of the Corporation was to be held in course, on the 3d day of April, which was beyond the time you had
512
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXI.
Letter of the Corpo- ration to Mr. Han- cock.
last mentioned. They accordingly met on that day. and, as you did not attend, and the Corporation had no message from you, they wrote you on the subject in the following words. ' Sir, we are very unhappy in being again and again disappointed of an opportunity of settling our treasury accounts. We know your patriotic exertions in your country's cause, and are willing to allow much to this plea for the delay of our affairs hitherto. You are sensible, Sir, it is our duty to be solicitous for the interests of the society under our care, and that we are accountable to the board of Overseers ; and not only to them but to the world. Therefore permit us to remind you that the semiannual meeting of the Overseers will be on the first Tuesday of May next, when the question will undoubtedly be asked, How do the College accounts stand, which, according to cus- tom, ought to have been laid before us at the semiannual meeting in October last ? What shall we answer to such a question ? We must entreat you to find an interval for settling our accounts with you before that meeting ; especially considering you will about that very time be obliged to attend the Continental Congress. Another important consideration occurs : while you are attending at the Continental Congress, it will be impossible for you to take care of College business; but, if your accounts are settled, the papers, fyc., may be for a time delivered into the hands of the Corporation, that they may take proper care of them in your absence ; whereas other- wise all will be left in confusion. We are persuaded, Sir, you will kindly accept what we have now written, and give us an answer, directed to the President, as soon as possible. We are, &.c.'
" To the foregoing no answer was returned. On the 10th of April, 1775, another Corporation meeting was held at Cambridge, when the following vote was passed, viz. ' Considering the present appearance of public affairs, and that the Treasurer will soon be obliged to attend the Congress at Philadelphia, where he may be long detained; during which time the College may suffer detriment for want of proper care of the estate ; and being desirous of relieving the Treasurer from such a burden on his mind while he is absent, Voted, that Colonel Hancock, though he may not have leisure at present to settle the College accounts, be requested to' deliver the moneys, bonds, and other papers, belonging to the College treasury, into the hands of the President, Dr. Appleton, Dr. Winthrop, and Dr. Eliot, or any two of them, who are hereby appointed a com- mittee for that purpose, and that they give him a proper receipt, which shall be his discharge for the same.' This the President
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 513
sent the next day, by a special messenger, to Concord, where you APPENDIX, then were, that you might return an answer by the same hand, and °' appoint time and place for the committee to wait on you for the Letter of
purpose above mentioned, which the Corporation desired might be ration to .... Mr. Han-
done immediately. cock.
" Will the above letter justly bear any other construction than that we aimed to do the best we could, as to the College estate, in your absence, which we foresaw could not be for a short time. To our great surprise you saw fit to make this reply the same day. ' Mr. Hancock presents his compliments to the Rev. President and the other gentlemen, who were present yesterday at the meet- ing, and acquaints them that he has at heart the interest of the College as much as any one, and will pursue it ; he is much sur- prised and astonished at the contents of the President's letter, as well as at the doings of the gentlemen present, which he very seriously resents; and, however great the gentlemen may think the burden upon his rnind may be, Mr. Hancock is not disposed to look upon it in that light, nor shall the College suffer any detriment in his absence, as he has already determined those matters. But, if the gentlemen choose to make a public choice of a gentleman to the dis- placing him, they will please to act their pleasure. Mr. Hancock writes in great hurry, being much engaged ; but shall write very particularly, or be at Cambridge in person, as soon as the Congress rises. He leaves all his matters in the hands of a gentleman of approved integrity, during his absence, which he is not disposed to alter, and, peradventure, his absence may not be longer than a voy- age to Machias. — Concord, 3 o'clock P. M., llth April, 1775.'
" At present we make no remarks on this answer. We only observe, that, had you complied with our request, the subsequent difficulties the College has met with, and the great trouble you have had in saving the College property, particularly mentioned in your last, might have been prevented. You were not pleased to inform us of the name of the gentleman in whose hands you had left all your matters, nor are we to this day able to say who the gentleman was, or that he ever transacted any College business.
" From the above date, the Corporation heard nothing more from their Treasurer, until some months after, when you came from Congress on business. The President accidentally meeting you at head-quarters, you mentioned to him the affairs of our treasury of your own accord, and informed him that the papers were at Worces- ter, and that you were going there to look over them, and would
VOL. II. 65
514 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, see him again in a few days ; but he heard nothing of the matter
No- XXL afterwards.
Letter of "The spring following, the President wrote you a letter, dated ration to March 18th, 1776, informing, ' that the students of the College cock. * nad been collected at Concord ever since the beginning of October; that, for want of access to our treasury, nothing can either be re- ceived or paid out, for defraying the current expenses of the society; on which account both the Corporation and immediate governors are in a very perplexed situation ; and that a considerable number of persons indebted to the College had applied to make payment, and were uneasy that they were obliged to keep the money by them and pay interest.' That letter concludes with these words, ' Can you, Sir, think of any way to relieve us from this difficulty ; and will you give me leave to depend on your employing a few thoughts on our circumstances, and fixing on some proper method of man- aging the affairs of our treasury, while you are obliged to continue in the service of your country, at the head of the grand Council of North America. Nothing but the urgency of the case could have induced me to give you this trouble, and I hope your candor will admit this as a sufficient apology, and allow me to expect an an- swer. I am, &,c.'
" A month after this, the President, having received no answer to the foregoing, and fearing that letter had miscarried, wrote another, dated April 18th, in which he briefly mentions the purport of the other, informing, ' that many more applications had been made for the payment of moneys ' ; and concluding with these words, ' Not doubting but that the multiplicity of more public business on your hands is the reason why I have not yet received some answer to what I then wrote, I hope you will not be offended that I once more renew my earnest request to hear from you speedily, and know what may be done in such a situation of our College affairs.'
" In your answer to these, dated May 13th, 1776, you say, f The matters of the College, I am sensible, ought to be attended to, and should have been sooner by me ; but, from the confused state of our Province, I concluded there was no possibility of drawing the attention of individuals to any particular business. I have, however, directed young Mr. Winthrop to proceed from hence, and to return here as soon as possible, and bring with him all my books and pa- pers; for which purpose I this morning sent off a light wagon. As soon as I receive them and can properly arrange them, you shall hear fully from me on the subject, and I shall be glad to know whether
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 515
it would be most eligible and agreeable to you and the Corporation APPENDIX, for me to appoin-t Mr. William Winthrop to act for me, or for me to
resign, though the latter I should not be induced to do, unless bv Letter of
... ... 'the Corpo-
a signification of your pleasure ; in which case you will appoint one ration to in my place as early as you think necessary. My attachment to the co£k a College is such that nothing but necessity would divert my attention from it ; that will not, however, be hastened by me. On this subject I shall be glad to be favored with your sentiments.'
" The President, as was evidently his duty, laid the above letter before the Corporation ; and they wrote you an answer, dated May 30th, 1776, (to which we suppose you refer in your last, by Mr. Hall, when you mention the President's letter of April 30/A, 1776, among other things, as carrying a severe and unmerited censure upon you.) Our letter is as follows:
" ' To the Honorable John Hancock, Esq. ; May 30th, 1776. Sir, Yours to the President of the 13th instant, in answer to two of his, now lies before us. Although we rejoice in the call of your country, which has placed you at the head of its public councils, and that your attention is turned to the salvation of America ; yet it has been a great unhappiness to us, that such extraordinary changes have taken place in the affairs of this Conti- nent since you were chosen Treasurer of the College, as have inter- rupted the good services upon which you had entered. We doubt not your attachment to the College is such, that nothing but neces- sity would divert your attention from it ; but the gentlemen in the immediate government and instruction of the society very sensibly experience the disadvantage of your being taken off from the man- agement of our interests. In the midst of public calamities and dis- tresses we thankfully acknowledge the divine goodness, that the society under our care has not been entirely scattered and dissolved ; but the scholars have been collected at Concord, and the officers employed in their respective departments. They greatly want their stipulated support, and some method must be fixed upon that they may receive their arrears. Though you must be sensible, that the Corporation have no one to account with but the Treasurer, yet we have nothing to object to your proposal of appointing Mr. William Winthrop to act for you, until you can determine whether it will be consistent with your high public employment to continue in the charge of our treasury. We confess it gives us no small concern, that our bonds and other papers must be removed to such a distance
516 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, as Philadelphia, as they must be reconveyed to these parts before any XT' payments can be made upon them. Suffer us to entreat, that you Letter of would speedily take such an account of them as may be necessary ration to for the settlement of our treasury affairs, and then send them here, cock. that the business of the treasury may go on. The Overseers have-
chosen a committee of inquiry into the state of our treasury, and we expect to be questioned by them very soon ; therefore hope you will favor us with your accounts as soon as possible. As to your resig- nation, you yourself, Sir, must judge how far it may be consistent with your other employments, to continue in so important an office of the College, which requires such constant attention, when you are at so great a distance ; especially as we greatly need the assistance of our Treasurer at Corporation meetings ; and there is but little probability of your being soon at liberty to return and reside among us. We assure you it would be very disagreeable to us if we should be obliged to give it as our opinion, that the interests of the College render it necessary, that the office should be committed to any other person. J. LANGDON, per order.'
" In your letter, you proposed to us an alternative, viz. either to consent to your acting in the treasury by a substitute, or to signify our opinion whether it would be best for you to resign ; in which latter case you tell us, ' you will appoint one in my place as early as you think necessary.' We conceded to the former, viz. that Mr. 'William Winthrop should act for you until you could determine whether it icould be consistent with your high public employment to continue in the charge of our treasury. This we did out of particular tender- ness and respect for you, as such a substitution was altogether unprecedented, and must subject the society to many and great in- conveniences. To this concession you made no reply, and have ever since passed it over in total silence. The other part of the alternative, the signifying our opinion whether it would be most eligible for you to resign, put us into a delicate situation. You could not doubt of our particular regard to you, nor of our earnest desire of your continuance in that office, were it possible for you to discharge it amidst your other more important and public cares. We however ventured to intimate, as you desired, that we thought it not possible. Could this be any just ground of offence? But, as you waved the appointment of a substitute, you also thought proper not to resign ; taking neither part of your own alternative. This, you must suppose, left us in no small perplexity ; yet, such was the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 517
delicacy of our conduct, that, though we could not have a substitute APPENDIX, without, your own appointment, we would not proceed, however the No' XXT- exigencies of the College required it, to the choice of another Letter of Treasurer : nor have we done it to this day. ration to
" Just before the receipt of your letter last recited, the Overseers ^k at their semi-annual meeting, May 7th, 1776, chose a committee, as had been usual, to inquire into the state of the College, and added a special instruction with regard to the treasury, which was now become an object of their particular attention, as no accounts had been laid before them for two years and a half. The board then adjourned to the 4th of June. They met at that time, and voted ' that the Corporation be desired to lay before this board the state of the College, and particularly the present state of the treasury, at their adjournment.' Then they adjourned to the first Tuesday in July, and the Secretary of the board of Overseers delivered a copy of the preceding vote to the President of the College, who com- municated it to the Corporation.
" The Overseers met again July 2d, 1776, and, agreeably to the vote of the last meeting, the President of the College, in the name of the Corporation, laid before them the present state of the College treasury, and informed the board that a number of letters had passed between the Treasurer and the Corporation, which he read in his place. Upon which the board voted as follows : ' A number of letters having been read to this board, which have passed between the Treasurer and the Corporation, it appears to this board that the Corporation, although they have used their best endeavours, have not been able to procure a settlement with the Treasurer. But, it having been represented to the board by the gentlemen of the Cor- poration present, that it was probable they should hear from the Treasurer on the subject ; Voted, that the consideration of this matter be deferred to the time to which this meeting shall be ad- journed.'
" Nothing further was transacted till September 10th, 1776, when the following letter was voted and sent you, signed by Mr. Bowdoin, as President of the Board. ' Sir, The Overseers of Harvard Col- lege, having long waited to have the accounts of the College Treas- urer laid before them, which has heretofore been done at least annually, upon examination find that no such accounts have been laid before the Corporation since your appointment to that office. That we might be satisfied whether this unusual omission had been owing to any neglect of the Corporation, a committee of inquiry
518 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, has been chosen by this board, who report, that they have seen and
XI' read several letters and copies of letters which have passed between
Letter of the President and the Treasurer, as also between the Corporation
the Corpo- ration to and the Treasurer, relating to the settlement of accounts ; and we
cock. S fi"d, tnat neither the President nor the Corporation have been de- ficient in their duty ; but, notwithstanding their repeated requests, the accounts have been withheld. We cannot reflect on the present embarrassments of the College without great concern ; and we find ourselves constrained by our regard to that society, where so many, who are now the saviours of their country, have received their edu- cation, and by a sense of duty, as being by charter constituted Overseers of the College, to write you on this important subject. To neglect the College, and hazard or damage the estate belonging to it, will soon occasion a public clamor against all concerned in its affairs, and we are persuaded you would not desire to bring such an odium upon us. Three years is a long delay of bringing the ac- counts of such a society to some settlement. You will doubtless reflect, that your own honor, as well as ours, is at stake, if the in- terest of the College should suffer in your hands. We shall wait a proper time for your answer before we proceed further. This board will be adjourned to the last Tuesday of October next, in expecta- tion of receiving your accounts by that time at furthest.'
" The Overseers met again October 29th, when Mr. Bowdoin read a letter from you, not directed to him as President of the Board, but as a private gentleman, acquainting him, ' that you had been prevented from making a particular reply to his favor, respect- ing the College accounts, by a close attention to business of a most interesting nature; which, you say, I am confident will be admitted as my apology. I shall immediately, even if I encroach upon the hours allotted for sleep, set about adjusting these accounts, and for- ward them as early as possible ; but I fear I shall not have them with you by the early day you mention, though my exertions shall not be wanting to accomplish it ; they shall, however, be transmit- ted as soon as possible.' The Overseers then further adjourned to November 13th, 1776.
" On the day last mentioned the Overseers met again and voted as follows. ' Whereas all the securities and obligations belonging to Harvard College are now at Philadelphia, in the hands of John Hancock, Esq., Treasurer of said College; and it is very inex- pedient and unsafe that papers of such consequence, and which are daily and immediately wanted, should be kept at such a distance,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 519
especially at a time when the enemy are in possession of New York, APPENDIX, and may perhaps cut off the communication between the southern
and northern colonies : therefore resolved, That the Corporation Better of
the Corpo- of Harvard College be advised to appoint and empower some suit- ration to
able person to receive of the said John Hancock, Esq., all the cock. obligations and securities belonging to the said College, and to give to the said Mr. Hancock a receipt and discharge for all such secu- rities and obligations as he shall receive from him. Voted, that this meeting be adjourned to the first Wednesday in January next, in order to receive and examine the accounts of John Hancock, Esq., Treasurer of the said College, which the board expect and depend that he will by that time lay before them.' But, notwithstanding the- requisition made by the Overseers of a settlement of your ac- counts in their letter of September 10th ; the assurance you gave to Mr. Bowdoin, that it should soon be done ; and the continued ad- journments of the board for that special reason, they heard nothing more from you until Mr. Hall's return, which was near five months after the date of your letter to Mr. Bowdoin.
"The above advice of the Overseers to send for the obligations, &,c., was immediately communicated to the Corporation. We were not, however, hasty in acting upon it. At length we heard of Gen- eral Washington's retreating from place to place, and the enemy's progress. This gave us a great alarm, and we thought it best to send Mr. Hall, one of the Tutors, whatever the expense might be, to bring the bonds and other securities, according to the resolve of the Overseers, before the communication between the northern and southern States was entirely cut off, which we had reason to apprehend might soon be the case. Mr. Hall's first orders were to go to Philadelphia. He had proceeded no further than Fairfield when he heard of the removal of the Congress to Baltimore. His orders did not extend so far ; yet he thought it best not to return, but to write to the Corporation and tarry at Fairfield till he could receive further instructions from us. When we received his letter, the British troops were rapidly moving on towards Philadelphia, and no one could foretell how far they might gain ground, and whether the Congress might not be obliged to remove from Baltimore before Mr. Hall could reach that place. As the danger of travelling in those parts of the country was increasing daily, we were at some loss what answer to return to Mr. Hall's letter. Though we had no doubt of your taking all possible care of the College papers, wherever you might find it necessary to remove, yet it gave us great
520 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, uneasiness to think they might go still farther out of our reach, when they were so much wanted here. But, on the other hand, the
Letter of hazards attending Mr. Hall's journey so far as Baltimore, in such a
the Corpo- . J
ration to critical state of things, and the risk of the papers on his return,
cock. a were matters of weighty consideration. In this perplexity it was judged most proper to consult the Overseers, especially as we had proceeded hitherto in this affair by their particular recommendation and advice. Mr. Hall's letter required a speedy answer. There was not opportunity to notify and call a regular meeting of the Overseers ; but, as the Council of this State was then sitting, which constitutes a great majority of that board, we determined to com- municate Mr. Hall's letter to them.
" Upon this application that honorable board passed the following vote, January 7th, 1777, viz. ' The Rev. President having laid before this board a letter from Mr. Hall, who had been sent express by the President and Fellows of Harvard College to Philadelphia, to receive of John Hancock, Esq., Treasurer of the College, the obligations and securities belonging to the College, in which Mr. Hall signified, that as, according to the information he had received, the Congress had removed from Philadelphia to Baltimore, in Mary* land, he apprehended his present instructions were not sufficient, and that he thought it best to tarry at Fairfield till he should receive direction from the Corporation ; and the gentlemen of the Corpo- ration desiring the advice of this board as to their further proceed- ing; Voted, that the Corporation be advised to direct Mr. Hall to proceed to Baltimore, or to any other place where Mr. Hancock may be. And if, upon considering all circumstances, and taking the best advice he can procure, he apprehend the papers he was sent and empowered to receive can be brought with safety, he then return with them as soon as may be. But it is the opinion of this board that if Mr. Hall, upon taking the best advice he can procure, shall think it absolutely unsafe to take the charge of the securities and obligations belonging to the College, he be directed to return without them. And, in case he find himself obliged to return with- out the securities, he be further directed to make application to the College Treasurer for a list of the securities that have been changed or given since his appointment to that office, together with an ac- count of the time to which the interest of all the securities in his hands hath been paid.'
" In consequence of the foregoing advice of the Board, we im- mediately sent new instructions to Mr. Hall, copied from the ad-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 521
vice given us, almost verbatim, in the principal articles. You are APPENDIX, pleased to take repeated notice of these words in the advice given No' XXI- us by the Council, and in our orders conformable to it, to proceed Letter of tvhercver Mr. Hancock may be. This clause in our orders must ap- ration to pear not only unexceptionable but even necessary, if you reflect one ^'jj moment on the critical state of things at that time, the danger of a further removal of the Congress from Baltimore, and that Mr. Hall had already been stopped a fortnight for want of larger orders.
" When the board of Overseers, at the forementioned meeting of November 13th, voted their advice to send for the bonds, &/c., without insisting further at that time on the accounts, your friends, besides the necessity on the part of the College of having them here, supposed it would free you from a great incumbrance in every removal, and therefore would not be disagreeable ; but you seem to have viewed the matter in another light. However, we were glad to find, upon Mr. Hall's return, that you had sent the bonds by him to Mr. Bant, who in an obliging manner delivered them to the Cor- poration. We examined them with him, and found them agreeable to the list you sent, for which we gave him a receipt.
" We have mentioned in the beginning of this letter, that it was necessary, in order to our returning you a proper answer, that yours by Mr. Hall should be laid before the board of Overseers. It was com- municated to them at a meeting, March 18th, 1777, and the board appointed a committee to consider the matter, and then adjourned to March 25th. On that day they again met, and the committee made the following report, which was accepted by the board ; ' Whereas the Honorable John Hancock, Esq., Treasurer of Harvard College, has long been, and still is employed in the high and important office of a President of the Continental Congress, which necessarily occa- sions his absence from the State; and many and great incon- veniences have resulted, and will further result to the College, by the absence of the Treasurer : and whereas he has, in conse- quence of a vote of the said board of Overseers of the 13th of No- vember last, sent the bonds and other securities belonging to the College to be delivered to the members of the Corporation, which have accordingly been so delivered : therefore it is voted by the said board of Overseers, that it is highly expedient that another Treasurer, who shall constantly reside within this State, be elected in the stead and place of Mr. Hancock, and that it be recommended to the Corporation to proceed to a choice accordingly.'
" We have now given you, Sir, the explanation you desired. Let
VOL. IT. 66
522 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, our conduct, thus particularly and fairly related, speak for itself. Is °' there any thing through the whole of it, Sir, that implies the least
Letter of disrespect to you? that might justly incur your serious resentment?
ration to that discovers any inclination to remove you from the office of
cock. Treasurer, while you could be in a situation to discharge the duties
of it? Is there any thing that implies a severe unmerited censure on your conduct, any thing that looks like a sudden dismission wit/tout allowing you even the privilege of a resignation 1 We are persuaded, Sir, upon a calm review, you will observe in all our conduct peculiar marks of respect and affection to you, and as much patience under many and great inconveniences to the College, as fidelity to our important trust would allow. We early foresaw you must be fully employed in the momentous affairs of the United States, and that you could not soon be released. You now are called to the summit of lionor in the public service, and we cannot entertain the least desire that you should relinquish it for the sake of attending to the affairs of the College. We have not declined giving, as you have desired, the most friendly intimations of our opinion, that it would not be in your power to serve us and the public at the same time. The event has proved that we were not mistaken.
"We acknowledge your generosity in defraying Mr. Hall's ex- penses to Baltimore, and ordering Mr. Bant to pay those of his return. But, as it never entered into our thoughts to lay any of this charge upon you, we must beg leave to carry to your credit what you have paid him ; and we have accordingly voted payment of the whole. What losses we may have sustained by your long absence, while you have been unavoidably taken off" from the management of our funds, we connect with the idea of public calamities ; nor shall we desire you to relinquish your salary, as Treasurer, for the time you have been employed in our service.
" Whatever sentiments you may be pleased still to entertain of our conduct in these affairs, you may be assured that we and the seminary of learning under our care shall always retain a high esteem of a gentleman, whose education there has qualified him to act so distinguished a part in the great revolution of America, and whose name is enrolled among our most munificent benefactors. " With most sincere respect,
we are your very humble servants.
" SAMUEL LANGDON, President,
in the name of the Corporation. 11 The Hon. JOHN HANCOCK, Esq."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 523
APPENDIX,
No. XXII. — See p. 198.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION REQUESTING THE PORTRAIT OF JOHN HANCOCK.
"January 22r7, 1778. At a meeting of the President and Fel- Vote of the lows at Boston, at the Treasurer's. requesting"
"Whereas at a meeting on the 16th day of June, 1772, a vote ^j^1™1* was passed, requesting that Mr. Hancock would permit his portrait Hancock, to be drawn at the expense of the College, and placed in the Library by his alcove ; which portrait was accordingly finished about the time when the present war broke out in this State; but in those alarming and dangerous times it became necessary to remove, to places of greater security, every thing belonging to the College Library and Apparatus, and it was not in our power, under such circumstances, to receive, and take proper care of such a valuable piece ; and as we have but just recovered from the apprehensions of danger, so that the Library has lately been brought to Cambridge, and placed in proper order ; and we are informed that Mr. Hancock has taken the portrait under his own care ; therefore Voted, That the cost of the aforesaid portrait be paid out of the College treas- ury, and that Dr. Eliot, Dr. Cooper, and the Treasurer, be a com- mittee to wait on the Hon. John Hancock, Esq., with the most respectful compliments of the Corporation, and request that he would accept, in the most favorable manner, their apology for so long delay, and permit his portrait to be forthwith conveyed to the College, and placed in the Philosophy Chamber, by that of his late honorable uncle, as the structure of the alcove in the Library will not admit so large a piece ; or, if Mr. Hancock chooses to keep this in his own possession, that he would grant us leave to have another taken by some masterly hand, as we are very desirous to perpetuate the memory of so great a benefactor."
No. XXIII. —See p. 204.
EXTRACT FROM A LETTER OF TREASURER STORER TO HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN HANCOCK.
" According to the answer returned by Colonel Donnison, I should not again have troubled you with a line, had I not received
524
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXIII.
Extract from a letter of Treasurer Storer to John Han- cock.
Extract from the Will of Ezekiel Hersey.
a fresh application from the Professors of the University, who are in great distress for want of the pay they should have received twelve months ago, and for which they are now paying interest, and their wants cannot be supplied from the College treasury.
" You will easily conceive, Sir, the great disappointment to the University from the usual grants being withheld, and the distress the officers must suffer on that account, being obliged to borrow money for the support of their families; — you will therefore, I doubt not, relieve them, by paying the interest of your bond, and, if you will add a part of the principal too, you will lay a fresh ob- ligation on the University." — Boston, April 4th, 1791.
No. XXIV. — Seep. 213.
AN EXTRACT FROM THE WILL OF EZEKIEL HERSEY, LATE OF HINGHAM, PHYSICIAN, DECEASED.
(Proved 12th December, 1770.)
" Also I give, devise, and bequeath to the Corporation of Harvard College, in Cambridge, and to their successors, to be paid to them by my executors, hereafter named, in two years after my decease, one thousand pounds, lawful money, the interest thereof to be by them appropriated towards the support of a Professor of Anatomy and Physic, and for that use only."
" At a meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, November 9th, 1772.
"Mrs. Derby, lately the relict of Ezekiel Hersey, Esq., of Hing- ham, physician, and Executrix of his last Will and Testament, hav- ing this day paid into the College treasury one thousand pounds, bequeathed by him ' to the Corporation of Harvard College, and to their successors, the interest thereof to be by them appropriated towards the support of a Professor of Anatomy and Physic, and for that use only';
" The Corporation take this occasion to express their grateful sense of the regard Dr. Hersey hath showed to the interests of learning, in this generous bequest towards an institution long wished for in this society, and the great importance of which, from his em- inent knowledge, and large experience in his profession, he thor- oughly understood ; an institution which will do honor to his mem- ory in all future generations.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 525
" They beg leave to assure the executrix, and the particular APPENDIX, friends of the founder, that no care shall be wanting on their part No- xxiv.
to discharge the trust reposed in them, in a manner the most hon- Extract
from the orary to their most worthy benefactor, and conducive to the be- Will of
nevolent ends he had in view. Hersey.
"At the same time they return their sincere thanks to Mrs. Derby for the obliging manner in which she hath fulfilled the Will of the deceased ; and desire that she would favor them with the loan of Dr. Hersey's portrait, that a copy may be taken, at the expense of the College, and be placed in the Philosophy Chamber, with the portraits of the founders of the other professorships.
" Voted, That the money now received be immediately put out to interest, on good security, and that the interest be from time to time added to the principal, until by such addition, or the generosity of others, a sufficient fund shall be established for the maintenance of a Professor."
No. XXV. — See p. 217.
DONATIONS TO THE COLLEGE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CEN- TURY,* WHILE MASSACHUSETTS WAS A PROVINCE, AND BEFORE THE YEAR 1780, EXCLUSIVE OF THOSE GIVEN TO REPAIR THE LOSS BY THE FIRE WHICH CONSUMED HAR- VARD HALL IN 1764.t
These donations were in money, land, books, or specific articles. Donations
to the Col- lege in the HOLLIS. The donations of the family of Hollis, from their number and eighteenth
, , ., • i century,
value, deserve to be separately exhibited. and before
The benefactions of the first Thomas Hollis began in 1719, 1780.
and, in 1726, amounted, in money, to . . . £4,840 0 0
This sum embraces foundations for a Professorship of Divinity, and another of Mathematics and Natural Phi- losophy, with a salary of ,£80 for each Professor ; for ten scholarships, of j£lO each ; and for a salary of £ 10 for the Treasurer of the College.
In 1728, he presented the College with a complete apparatus for experimental philosophy, amounting to £126 10s. sterling 16813 4
Amount, £5,008 13 4
* All previous donations will be found in Appendix of Vol. I., No. I. and No. XXIII.
t For these, see above, No. XI.
526
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXV.
Donations to the Col- lege in the eighteenth century, and before
1780.
Besides which he gave, in 1722, " an elegant edition of Mil- ton's Poetical Works"; in 1724, two large packets of val- uable books ; in 1725, many other valuable books ; and, in 1726, he sent another box of books, and three boxes of Greek and Hebrew types, a present from a friend, at his suggestion.
In 1724, John Hollis, brother of the above, gave books to the value of . . . . . £ 64 sterling.
In 1731-2, Nathaniel Hollis, another brother, gave, for the
education of Indians or others, . . . . £ 100 sterling.
In 1734 he gave also a box of books.
In 1732, Thomas Hollis, son of Nathaniel Hollis, gave £ 200 sterling. He also presented a sphere, an orrery, and a box of micro- scopes, and, in 1733, a valuable collection of books.
In 1758 - 9, Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn, son of the last- mentioned Thomas, gave Milton's Prose Works, in two vols. 4to, and forty-four volumes of tracts.
In 1764, he presented sixty-four volumes of valuable books, curiously bound.
For the other benefactions of this Thomas Hollis, made in 1764, subsequently to the destruction of the College library by fire, see above, p. 472.
The 1.
1698.
1700. *1708. *1712. *1714. *1715.
1716.
*1717. *1718. *1719. *1720.
*1722. *1723.
donations of the other benefactors were as follows. Donations in money.
Eliakim Hutchinson, .£10 annually, from 1698 to 1717, inclusive, ......
Madam Mary Anderson, of Boston, .
Benjamin Brown, of Salem, by legacy, . .
Thomas Brattle, by legacy, . . .
Thomas Richards, of Boston, by legacy,
Major William Brown, of Salem, by legacy, .
Daniel Williams, D. D., sixty pounds per annum for promoting the conversion of the Indians.
Rev. William Brattle, of Cambridge, by legacy,
Madam Hutchinson, widow of Eliakim Hutchinson, .
John Walley, Esq., of Boston, by legacy,
Col. Samuel Brown, ....
General Court, Massachusetts Hall, .
Rev. Henry Gibbs, of Watertown, by legacy,
Capt. Ephraim Flynt, ....
Madam Mary Saltonstall,
£190 0 0
500
200 0 0
200 0 0
30 0 0
100 0 0
250 0 0
10 0 0
100 0 0
150 0 0
3,500 0 0
100 0 0
100 0 0
100 0 0
* The income of those marked with an asterisk is appropriated for scholars of need and merit, in some instances with a preference founded on relationship or local circumstances.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
527
1724. John Frizzle, Esq., by legacy or donation, . . 150 0
1725. General Court, President's House, in part, . £1,000 0 Hon. Gurdon Saltonstall, Governor of Connecticut,
by legacy, . . . . • . 100 0
* Mrs. Anne Mills, by legacy, (date unknown,) . 50 0
1726. Richard Sprague, by legacy, given in 1703, received
in 1726, . . . . . . 400 0
1727. Rev. Thomas Cotton, of London, for President's salary, 100 0 *1730. Madam Mary Saltonstall, by legacy . . . 1,000 0
1731. John Frizzle, by legacy, . . . . 250 0
John Chester, of Connecticut, (date unknown,) . 50 0
Francis Willoughby, .do. . 16 0 *1733. Madam Dorothy Saltonstall, widow of John Frizzle, Esq.,
by legacy, . . . . . . 300 0
*1737. Hon. Col. Thomas Fitch, by legacy, . . . 300 0
* President Wads worth, by legacy, . (old tenor) 110 0
1738. James Townsend, by legacy, the income for the Hol-
lisian Professor of Divinity, . (old tenor) 500 0
* John Ellery, of Hartford, by legacy, . (old tenor) 150 0
1739. Hon. Thomas Hutchinson, by legacy, . . 300 0
1740. Col. GofFe, by legacy, (not paid) . . . 200 0 Daniel Henchman, 100 ounces of silver, the income to
be for the Hollisian Professor of Divinity.
1743. Rev. Edward Holyoke, (President,) . 113 6
1744. Mrs. Holden and her two daughters, Holden Chapel, 400 0 1747. Daniel Henchman, for the Hollisian Professorship of
Divinity, .... (old tenor) 250 0
1750. Hon. Paul Dudley, by a legacy for an annual Lecture, 133 6
Henry Flynt, Esq., by legacy, income for four Tutors, 93 6
* Henry Flynt, 50 dollars, . . . . 15 10 Henry Sherbume, of Portsmouth, N. H., (old tenor) 100 0
1758. Daniel Henchman, Esq., merchant, the income to be
for the use of the Hollisian Professor of Mathematics, 66 13
1760. Samuel Epes, Esq. . . . . . 300 0
1761. Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, . . (sterling) 100 0
1762. Stephen Sewall, A. B., the income for the Professor of
Hebrew, . . . . . 13 6
Hon. John Alford, (see above, p. 183,) . . 1,300 0
1763. General Court, Hollis Hall .... 4,813 7
1764. Thomas Hancock, Esq., of Boston, for a Professorship
of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, . . 1,000 0
1766. Edward Kitchen, by legacy, . . 133 6
1770. Rev. John Barnard, of Marblehead, by legacy, . 200 0 Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, of Hingham, for the Professorship
of Anatomy and Physic, by legacy, . . 1,000 0 0
0 APPENDIX, 0 No. XXV.
Donations 0 to the Col- lege in the 0 eighteenth century, and before
1780.
528
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXV.
Donations to the Col- lege in the eighteenth century, and before
1780.
1771. Nicholas Boylston, Esq., for the Professorship of Rhet- oric and Oratory, by legacy, . . £ 1,500 0 0 *1772. Rev. Nathaniel Appleton, D. D., . . . 30 0 0 1773. Thomas Hubbard, by legacy, . . 300 0 0 1777. Rev. John Barnard, . . . . . 200 0 0 1780. Joseph Mico, Esq., of London, for services as agent in Great Britain for more than forty years without taking any commissions, received a special vote of the Cor- poration enrolling him among its benefactors. 2. Donations in Books.
1716. General Nicholson, Stanhope's Paraphrase and Comment on the Epistles and Gospels, 4 vols., and other books.
1724. Samuel Gerrish, books valued at . . 10 0 0 Dr. Isaac Watts, a number of books.
Rev. Joseph Hussey, a valuable donation in books.
1725. John Guyse, D. D., his own works, and several other volumes. John Lloyd, of London, merchant, works of Graevius
and Gronovius, 28 vols. folio.
1726. Dr. Richard Mead, Thuanus's History, 5 vols. folio.
1727. Rev. Thomas Cotton, of London, for books, . . 100 0 0 D. James, Esq., a handsome copy of Thucydides.
1733. Collection of books procured by Dean Berkeley.
Drs. Watts and Guyse, History of Popery, 2 vols.4to.
Dr. Watts, sent all his works as they came out. 1736. Rev. Samuel Mather, Dr. Franckius's works.
1743. Chambers Russell, Esq., Chambers's Cyclopaedia.
1744. Hon. Andrew Oliver, a large folio Bible.
1747. Judge Dudley, a 4to Bible.
1748. Society for propagating the Gospel, large donation of valuable books. Dr. Mead, his Treatise of Poisons, and de Morbis Biblicis. William Vassall, Esq., Albinus's Twelve Tables of the Human
Bones, finely engraved, framed. Capt. Le Gallais, Grove's Moral Philosophy.
1752. William James, Esq., of Jamaica, Medical books, worth 25 0 0 Capt. Francis Wells, Pemberton's View of Newton's Philosophy.
1756. Rev. Joseph Stennet, 4 vols. of Sermons by his late father, and one
volume of his own Sermons.
1757. Sir Henry Frankland, Bart., several books.
1758. Rev. John Barnard, of Marblehead, 2 vols. of his Sermons.
Rev. Dr. Hales, and Rev. Dr. Thomas Wilson, 29 copies of Dr. Hales's Lectures, and 50 copies of Wilson's Instruction for the Indians, and 100 sets of Leland's View of Deistical Writers.
1759. His Exc. Gov. Pownall, Leland's View of Deistical Writers. 1761. Lieut.-Gov. Dummer, by legacy for books, . £ 50 sterling. 1763. Hon. Jonathan Belcher, Lieut.-Gov. of Nova Scotia, two folio vols.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 529
Benjamin Dolbear, of Boston, a number of Medical works. APPENDIX,
Dr. Mile's Whitworth, Book of Sanson's Maps. No. XXV.
1765. Rev. Joseph Sewall, D. D., many books, valued at £ 20 sterling. ^ ~
1771. Benjamin Franklin, LL. D., Baskerville's Virgil, Maseres's Mathe- to the Col-
matical Treatises, Hoovegeen de Particulis, a French Translation ^gutm ^
of Franklin's Philosophical Works, and many other valuable century,
books, at different times. and before
1780 1774. Andrew Eliot, Rousseau upon Education.
John Ryland, Scheme of Infidelity ruined for ever.
Joseph Greenleaf, Burn's Justice of the Peace.
Rev. Dr. Byles, his Sermons.
Rev. Mr. Stevens, Gravesande's Philosophy. 2 vols. 8vo.
Samuel Winthrop, 5 vols. of Political Disquisitions.
The General Court, a curious synagogue lamp, a Jewish priest's
cap, and many valuable books in the Hebrew and Portuguese
languages.
1778. John Wyeth, Esq., Melancthon's Loci Communes, 1 vol. 8vo.,
Ainsworth on the Pentateuch, 1 vol. 4to, and Symson's Lexicon,
1 vol. fol. The General Court, many books, from sequestered libraries of the
Royalists.
James Winthrop, History of George the Third. John Cuming, Esq., curious present of a representation of Moses,
the Jewish Lawgiver, in a coffin, which some years since was
brought from Rome, and of a Dutch Testament. Elias Parkman, Capt., valuable present of the Universal History of
Arts and Sciences, 2 vols. 4to. Rev. Ebenezer Turell, legacy, received of Dr. Tufts, his executor,
Dr. Colman's Parable of the Ten Virgins, with the Author's Life
by Mr. Turell, 8vo., a large Magnet cased with silver, and a brush
of spun glass.
1779. Hon. Theodore Atkinson, of New Hampshire, for the purchase of
books, most useful in the study of the Civil, Statute, and Commer- cial Law of England, . . . . £100 0 0
Thomas Gushing, Esq., a copperplate copy of the first sample of printing in Holland.
Professor Wigglesworth, a number of Pamphlets, published by the late Rev. Professor Wigglesworth, D. D.
Samuel Barrett, Esq., a copy of a Declaration of Rights, and form of Constitution, as reported by the Committee of Convention, with a list of the names of the Committee.
John Bartlett, student, a copy of Lord Chesterfield's Letters.
VOL. ii. 67
530
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXV.
Donations to the Col- lege in the eighteenth century, and before 1780.
Names of Donors, preserved in Flynt's Alphabetical List of Ben- efactors, the date of whose donations do not appear on the College books.
Cotton Mather, many books Rev. Richard Baxter, many books. Rev. James Peirce, of Exon, Newton's Optics. Rev. Benjamin Colman, D. D., a number of books. Joseph Hill, many books. Rev. Increase Mather, D. D., many books. Rev. Mr. Morris, Morris's Sermons.
Rev. Mr. Cornthwaite, Cornthwaite's Treatise on the Lord's Day. Henry Newman, Esq., gave a number of books and procured more. • Thomas Bannister, a number of books. Mr. Hollister, of London, a number of valuable books. William Wooley, of Hackney, Barrow's Works, 2 vols. folio. P. Du Cane, Esq., a number of valuable books. Benjamin Avery, LL. D., valuable books at different times. Rd. Holmes, of London, Middleton's Free Inquiry, and Hermippus
Redivivus.
Dr. Mapletoft, two copies of Mapletoft's Principles. Rev. Peter Bulkley, many books.
John Jekyll, Esq., of Boston, Clarendon's History, and other books. Hugh Hall, Esq., books at different times. Rev. Mr. Ward, of Wenham, Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity. 3. Donations in Land.
1700. William Stoughton, Lieut.-Gov., for Stoughton Hall, j£l,000 0 0 1702. William Stoughton, Lieut.-Gov., by legacy, 27 acres of land in
Dorchester.
Hon. Thomas Danforth, by legacy, three leasesof land in Framingham.
1715. The General Court freely gave all the Province lands within the
bounds of Hopkinton to the Trustees of the legacy of Edward
Hopkins, for the same good and pious ends for which that part
of Hopkinton called Maguncog was purchased.
1718. Proprietors of Rutland, 250 acres of land in Rutland.
1719. General Court, 250 acres of land in Lunenburg. General Court, 250 acres of land in Townsend.
1720. Col. Samuel Brown, by legacy, about 200 acres of land in Hopkinton. 1762. General Court, one sixty-fourth part of each of twelve townships
lying between the Penobscot and St. Croix. General Court, one sixty-fourth part of a township between the great
Ossapee and the mountains above Pigwacket. 1764. General Court, one sixty-fourth part of six townships east of Saco
river. 1768. General Court, one eighty-third of a township northward of Andros-
coggin river. 1770. General Court, one eighty-fourth part of a township at a place
called Eastern Bay.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 531
1771. General Court, one eighty-fourth part of each of five townships, east APPENDIX, of Saco river. No>
1774. General Court, two sixty-fourth parts of a tract of land containing Donations
11,000 acres, east of Saco river. to the Col-
lege in the eighteenth 4. Donations m Specific Articles. century,
and before 1700. Rev. Charles Morton, of Charlestown, mathematical instruments, 1730
and curiosities.
1720. Col. Samuel Brown, by legacy, plate, . . £60 0 0
1726. Friend of Thomas Hollis, Hebrew and Greek types, 39 0 0
1736. Hon. Mr. Stoughton, College plate, large bowl with a cover, 48£ oz.
William Vassall, Fellow Commoner, one tankard, 201 oz.
John Vassall, Fellow Commoner, one tankard, 204 oz.
1743. Henry Frankland, ring dial and spirit level.
1744. Colin Campbell, Esq., transit instrument. Also he repaired the
quadrant at a large expense.
1747. Col. John Vassall, a reflecting telescope.
1748. Admiral Warren, fine large reflecting telescope, costing 16 guineas. Francis Archibald, human skeleton.
William Davis, the human veins and arteries filled with wax.
1755. Andrew Oliver, Jr., Esq., a pair of large globes.
1756. Christopher Kilby, Esq., spirit level, with telescopic sights and a
curious apparatus proper for such an instrument.
1757. Sir Henry Frankland, Bart., small electrical apparatus, and a num-
ber of books.
1758. Hon. James Bowdoin, a valuable microscope. 1760. Ezekiel Goldthwait, Hadley's Octant.
Hon. Thomas Hancock, a fine reflecting telescope.
1762. Gilbert Harrison, of London, horizontal magnetic needle. John Hancock, Esq., curious dipping needle.
1763. Hon. Jonathan Belcher, Lt.-Gov. of Nova Scotia, solar microscope,
and celestial and terrestrial globes.
Samuel Dean, A. M., Tutor, Stephen Sewall, A. B., and Andrew Elliot, Jun., A. B., clock for the use of the Buttery, valued at j£4. 1772. Hon. John Hancock, a curious Coralline on its natural bed.
1778. Rev. Mr. Fayerweather, to the Museum, pair of Indian moccasins
and Indian stockings, which belonged to Hendrick, head warrior of the Western Indians, in alliance with the English ; who fell in a battle fought by Sir William Johnson, near Lake George, in the year 1775.
Samuel Clap, articles for the Museum.
Brigadier Titcomb, of Newburyport, articles for the Museum.
1779. Mr. Peck, of Boston, curious crystallizations of marine salts.
Dr. Josiah Otis, of Bridgewater, a number of curious animals for
the Museum.
Jonathan Tufts, articles for the Museum. John Haskins, Esq. do.
532
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXVI.
Letters from Pro- fessors Winlhrop, Wiggles- worth, and Sewall.
No. XXVI. — See pp. 228, 259.
LETTERS FROM PROFESSORS WINTHROP, WIGGLESWORTH, AND SEWALL, TO THE LEGISLATURE OF MASSACHUSETTS, STATING THEIR SERVICES AND PECUNIARY EMBARRASS- MENTS.
" To Edward Sheaffe, Esq., chairman of a Committee of the Hon. House of Representatives.
" SIR,
" Cambridge, 28<A December, 1764.
"I have received your letter, by favor of Joseph Lee, Esq., de- siring an account of the services and perquisites attending my office, in consequence of a vote of the Honorable House of Representatives in their last session. In answer to which 1 beg leave to inform you and the other gentlemen of the committee,
" 1. That, according to the statutes of my honored Founder, my province in the College is, to instruct the students in a system of Natural Philosophy, and a course of Experimental, in which is to be comprehended Pneumatics, Hydrostatics, Mechanics, Statics, Op- tics, &c. ; in the elements of Geometry, together with the doctrines of Proportion ; the principles of Algebra, Conic Sections, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, with general principles of Mensura- tions of Planes and Solids ; in the principles of Astronomy and Geography, viz. the doctrine of the sphere, the use of the globes ; the calculations of the motions and phenomena of the heavenly bodies according to the different hypotheses of Ptolemy, Tycho Brahe, and Copernicus, with the general principles of Dialling ; the division of the world into various kingdoms, with the use of the maps, and sea charts ; and the arts of Navigation and Surveying. That my services are, to read once a week (times of vacation ex- cepted) publicly in the chapel to all the students on such topics, relat- ing to the science of Mathematics, Natural or Experimental Philoso- phy, as I judge most necessary and useful, but always distinct or different from my private lectures; and to read my private lectures on the several parts of the Mathematics, Natural and Experimental Philosophy, two days in the week, so as to go through the whole circle of these sciences in two years. But the course of Philosoph- ical Experiments is to be repeated at least once a year. (And I may observe, that this course takes up near thirty lectures, over and above the public and private lectures of every week.) I am also to be
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 533
ready to endeavour to clear, at any time, by conversation with my APPENDIX, pupils, such difficulties as lie upon their minds, relating to the several No- xxvi. parts of the Mathematics, Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Letters
from Pro-
These are the services required of me by my founder, who has re- fessors strained me from following other business, that would interfere with wiggles? this; and obliges me, on the day of inauguration, in the presence of "' and the Reverend the President and Fellows of the College, and the Honorable and Reverend Overseers thereof, publicly to promise to discharge the trust reposed in me with diligence and fidelity, and to the advantage of the students, and to consult the good of the College, in every other respect, to promote and encourage true piety and god- liness, and religiously to observe the statutes of my founder. All which things I have endeavoured to perform with integrity and good conscience for the space of twenty-six years ; the whole of my time being devoted to these services.
"2. As to the second head of inquiry, there are no perquisites attending my office. It is true, that the pious founder of this Pro- fessorship appointed a salary for it; which proving insufficient for a maintenance, the government of the College have, from time to time,* done what they could for my support and encouragement, but this notwithstanding for several years, together with what the Gen- eral Court were pleased to allow me, which I thankfully acknowl- edge, my income was so scanty, that I was obliged to contract con- siderable debts for the necessary support of my family. And, in truth, the whole that I have ever received for my office, both from the College and the government, though managed with the strictest economy I was capable of, has not been adequate to the expense of a growing family. Upon a proper representation of these things to the Honorable House, which I hope the committee will be so good to me as to do in such manner as they shall think best, I persuade myself tne House will see the necessity of continuing their grant to me; without which I see not how my family can be subsisted in my present business ; being assured that the College is not able to do any thing further for me.
" With great respect to the gentlemen of the committee, I am, Sir, your most obedient servant,
" JOHN WINTHROP."
"*The last settlement made my salary, including Mr. Hollis's, to be £ 97, 145.
534
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXVI.
Letters from Pro- fessors Winthrop, Wiggles- worth, and Sewall.
" To Edward Sheaffe, Esq., Chairman of a Committee of the House of Representatives.
" SIR,
" Cambridge, 28*A December, 1764.
" In answer to jours, which I received by favor of Mr. Lee, be pleased to accept the following account.
1. " With respect to services, which, according to the statutes of my honored founder, Mr. Hollis, are, 1st. ' That the Professor's province be to instruct the students in the several parts of theology, by reading a system of positive, and a course of controversial divin- ity, beginning always with a short prayer.' 2d. ' That he read once a week upon divinity, either positive, controversial, or casuistical ; and as often upon church history, critical exposition of Scripture, or Jewish antiquities, as the Corporation, with the approbation of the Overseers, shall see fit.' In consequence of these statutes, I have three lectures a week, viz. on Tuesday afternoon, at 2 o'clock, and on Wednesday and Thursday at 10 o'clock in the morning. Another statute, is 3dly, ' That the Professor set apart two or three hours, one afternoon in the week, to answepsuch questions of the students, who shall apply to him, as refer to the system or controversies of re- ligion, or cases of conscience, or the seeming contradictions of Scripture.' Besides these services in the statutes of my founder, I have made it my constant practice to direct my pupils what hooks to borrow and read, as soon as they have had access to the public libra- ry, and before they are admitted to their first degree. I have for many years past dismissed them with a valedictory discourse, advis- ing them, in the best manner I am able, how to conduct themselves, and what studies to follow, into whatever course the Providence of God and their own inclinations may lead them. I am also obliged to attend the meetings of the Corporation, and of the President, Pro- fessors, and Tutors, as often as the affairs of the College require them, which is not seldom ; but so much for services.
2. " With respect to perquisites, I can only say, that there are none belonging to my office. One statute of my founder is in the following words. ' It is expected of the Professor, that he require no fee from any of the students for their instruction.' This statute I have never violated.
" I have laid before the Honorable Assembly an account of my salary from Mr. Hollis, the College, &c.* when I solicited their
* Amounting to £75. 6s. 8d.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 535
help under my pressing difficulties. There can be no need of any APPENDIX, thing but a very thankful acknowledgment of the great goodness °' of the Honorable Assembly to me, since the instances of this are, I Letters
from Pro- suppose, as well known to you, Sir, as to me. I shall therefore add fessors
no more, but that the great entanglements I was in before the As- sembly began to relieve me, and the extraordinary expenses occa- sioned by more than ten years of continued sickness in my family since, have kept me under heavy debts to physicians and others to this day, for which I can expect no help from the College ; since I think it will be absolutely necessary to the good government of that Society, and much for the advancement of learning in it, that to the four Tutors we have already, one if not two, more be added, as soon as any means can be found to support them. " I am, Sir, your very humble servant,
" EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH."
"To His Excellency Francis Bernard, Esq., Captain-General and Commander-in-chief; to the Honorable His Majesty's Coun- cil ; and to the Honorable the House of Representatives of His Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, in General Court assembled. The memorial of Stephen Sewall, Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages in Harvard College, at Cambridge in New England, humbly showeth,
" That the honorable General Court, of their great goodness and generosity, have, for the promoting the interest of learning, been pleased to make annual grants to such of the instructors of Harvard College, whose salaries from the College have been insufficient to afford them a subsistence proportioned to the expensiveness of their situation ; that your memorialist is one of that number, and had, for the three first years he was in office, experienced their beneficence, which he gratefully recognises ; — That the grant which the Hon- orable General Assembly have heretofore been pleased to make him, together with the salary from the College, did not exceed the neces- sary expenses of his family; — That your memorialist's necessary expenses have, ever since that time, been much increased; — That he hath, on these accounts (the increase of expenses, and the with- draw of the former grant,) been obliged to spend more time in pro-
536
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXVI.
Letters from Pro- fessors Winthrop, Wiggles- worth, and Sewall.
viding the means of subsistence than is consistent with the faithful discharge of the duties of his office ; — That, notwithstanding his utmost exertions for this purpose, his necessary expenses have an- nually exceeded his incomes ; by which means his circumstances are considerably involved.
" Your memorialist therefore humbly requests and hopes, that your Excellency and Honors will renew their former goodness, that he may not be necessitated to spend that time in procuring the means of support, which he ought, and is desirous, to employ in the duties of the department, which, in Providence, is assigned to him. And your memorialist, as in duty bound, shall ever pray, &,c.
"STEPHEN SEWALL.
" Cambridge, 5th January, 1768."
"The grant which the General Court have been pleased to make, in former years, to the Hebrew Instructor, was in consideration of his teaching Hebrew only in private lectures. The same private lectures are still continued under Mr. Hancock's institution. The Hebrew Instructor, having only these private lectures to attend, had considerable leisure to pursue other business. Mr. Hancock's de- sign (if that can have any influence with the Honorable Court) was to make the Hebrew Instructor a more useful officer in the College. His donation was intended to enable the Instructor to spend his whole time in the service of the College, besides teaching privately to read publicly, and to initiate the students in those other Oriental languages, which have a near relation to the Hebrew, and which must therefore be very useful to illustrate and explain dark and in- tricate passages of Holy Scripture. This intention of Mr. Han- cock appears from the testimony of Ezekiel Goldthwait, Esq.
" STEPHEN SEWALL.
" Cambridge, 1st February, 1768."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
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APPENDIX, |
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No. XXVII. |
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No. XXVII. — Seep. 242. |
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STATEMENTS MADE BY THE COLLEGE TREASURER (STORER) |
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TO COMMITTEES OF THE OVERSEERS, |
AS SPECIFIED IN |
|
|
THEIR RESPECTIVE REPORTS. |
||
|
Date. |
Bonds, Mortgages, Of which are and government appropriated, |
Rents, legacies, and Treasurer's annuities. Statements. |
|
securities, in |
Appropri- Unappro- |
|
|
round numbers. |
ated. priated. |
|
|
1 Sept. 1773, |
,£17,678 £10,667 |
.£92 £358 |
|
1779, |
19,661 10,899 |
217 742 |
|
1790 |
29,117 11,043 |
1,052 8,162 |
|
1 June, 1781, |
45,827* ll,248t |
115 217 |
|
1782, |
36.590* 10,259 1 |
92 378 |
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1783, |
||
|
17S4 |
41,309* 1 1,006 1 |
72 398 |
|
1785, |
23,529 12,723 |
68 398 |
|
1786, |
25,597 1 14,819 |
65 369 |
|
1787, |
25,841 § 14,934 |
65 376 |
|
17QS |
26,557 1| 15,166 |
59 338 |
|
1789, |
48, 186 ff 18,639 |
|
|
1700 |
48,487 18,897 |
|
|
1791, |
53,078 23,512 |
|
|
1792, |
51,553 24,376 |
The accounts of the Treasurer state, in each year, that the balances cannot be exactly ascertained, the Treasurer Hancock's accounts being yet unsettled.
* Stated to be a nominal sum, the real value of which cannot be exactly known.
t Stated to be a real sum, or real money.
t It is stated to be estimated at its nominal value, whereas, if estimated at the price for which they then sold, it would make a deduction of, at least, £15,000 from the College stock.
§ Thus stated, £ 12,479 in Continental Loan Office certificates, || £13,118 do. 1,720 in Pierce's and Flynt's Certificates, . . 2,415 7,813 in Massachusetts State Notes, .... 7,302 3,829 in private bonds, notes, and mortgages, . 3,722
£25,841
£26,557
1T The Committee state, that " the public securities, which in this account are estimated at their specie value, would, if reduced to their present cash price, make a difference of £30,000 in the College funds."
VOL. ii. 68
538 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Treasurer's statements on and after the 1st of June, 1793, as NO. xxvir. repOrte,i tOj an(j accepted by, the Board of Overseers ; the accounts
Treasurer's being then kept in decimals. Statements.
Personal and real estate. Appropriations and debts. Unappropriated balance.
1 June, 1793, $182,318 51 cts. $82,750 49 cts. $99,568 02 cts.
1794, 190,438 57 85,669 80 104,768 77
1795, 208,827 59 103,024 53 105,803 06
1796, 217,686 39 107,685 97 110,000 42
1797, 226,219 59 110,884 31 115,335 28
1798, 232,596 21 113,637 98 118,958 23
1799, 238,938 33 116,833 07 122,105 26
1800, 242,27914 117,11239 125,16675
1801, 249,398 53 122,814 89 126,583 64
1802, 247,845 31 122,613 54 125,231 77
1803, 254,450 84 125,234 68 129,216 16
No. XXVIII.— See p. 243.
SALARIES IN 1780.
Salaries in In 1780, the salaries received from all the foundations were re- spectively as follows, and were raised as follows : — *
The Professor of Divinity, .£38 0 0 raised to ,£87 10 8
The Professor of Mathematics, 30 8 0 " " 123 0 0
The Professor of Hebrew, 8016 0 " " 14016 0
Each Tutor £ 100, 400 00 " " 400 0 0
The Librarian, 60 0 0 " " 60 0 0
,£811 6 8
On the above amounts of salary, stated in gold and silver, the grants during that year, in paper currency, were as follows :
First Second Third Fourth For the Quarter. Quarter. Quarter. Quarter. Year.
.£87 10 8 Prof, of Divinity, £2,219 ,£2,219 ,£2,377 .£2,377 .£9,192
123 0 0 Prof, of Mathemat. 2,219 2,219 2,640 2,640 9,718
140 16 0 Prof, of Hebrew, 2,464 2,464 2,377 2,377 9,682
400 00 Tutors, 7,000 7,000 7,500 7,500 29,000
60 00 Librarian, 1,166 1,166 1,250 1,250 4,832
811 68 Aggregate, .£15,068 15,068 16,144 16,144 62,424
<£70 for £1. £75 for £1.
Corporation Records, Vol. VIII. pp. 68 - 77.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 539
No. XXIX. — Seep. 255.
BEQUEST IN THE WILL OF THE HONORABLE JAMES BOWDOIN.
"I give to my Alma Mater, the University of Cambridge, in good Bequest in securities payable to me, four hundred pounds, the same to be loaned the Honor- on interest on good security, and the interest thereof annually ap- ??le ^aPes plied in the way of premiums, for the advancement of useful and polite literature among the residents, as well graduates as under- graduates of the University ; the premiums to be paid in such way and manner as shall be best adapted to excite a spirit of emulation among such residents.
"The performances entitled to such premiums to be read in public, by their respective authors, who shall deliver a fair copy of the same, to be lodged in the library ; such copies to be written on quarto paper of the same size, that such of them as shall merit it may be bound together in handsome volumes and lodged in the library.
" The President and Corporation of the University to give forth the subjects, judge of the performances, and determine every thing concerning this donation, in such manner as they shall apprehend most conducive to the design of it. The four hundred pounds aforesaid, to be paid to whomsoever the Overseers and Corporation of the University shall empower to receive the same."
No. XXX. — See pp. 274, 278.
THE ANCIENT CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ESTAB- LISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF IT.
" 1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it Ancient rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both Harvard8 °
hands full. College,
&c. " 2. No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard,
when any of the Governors of the College are there ; and no Bach- elor shall wear his hat when the President is there.
"3. Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their Seniors.
540 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, " 4. No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on ; or KX' have it on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own if a Senior be there. Ancient " 5. All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the Government
Harvard of the College with respect and deference ; particularly they shall College, not |je seate(j without leave in their presence ; they shall be uncov- ered when they speak to them or are spoken to by them.
"6. All Freshmen (except those employed by the Immediate Gov- ernment of the College) shall be obliged to go on any errand (except such as shall be judged improper by some one in the Gov- ernment of the College.) for any of his seniors, Graduates or Under- graduates, at any time, except in studying hours, or after nine o'clock in the evening.
"7. A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a Sophomore, a Middle Bachelor from a Junior Sophister, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and any Governor of the College from a Master.
"8. Every Freshman before he goes for the person who takes him away (unless it be one in the Government of the College), shall return and inform the person from whom he is taken.
"9. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall make any un- necessary delay, neglect to make due return, or go away till dis- missed by the person who sent him.
" 10. No Freshman shall be detained by a Senior, when not act- ually employed on some suitable errand.
"11. No Freshman shall be obliged to observe any order of a Senior to come to him, or go on any errand for him, unless he be wanted immediately.
" 12. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall tell who he is going for, unless he be asked; nor be obliged to tell what he is going for, unless asked by a Governor of the College.
"13. When any person knocks at a Freshman's door, except in studying time, he shall immediately open the door, without inquiring who is there.
" 14. No scholar shall call up or down, to or from, any chamber in the College.
" 15. No scholar shall play foot-ball or any other game in the Col- lege yard, or throw any thing across the yard.
" 16. The Freshmen shall furnish batts, balls, and foot-balls for the use of the students, to be kept at the Buttery.
" 17. Every Freshman shall pay the Butler for putting up his name in the Buttery.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 541
"18. Strict attention shall be paid by all the students to the com- APPENDIX, mon rules of cleanliness, decency, and politeness.
"The Sophomores shall publish these customs to the Freshmen in Ancient
Customs of
the Chapel, whenever ordered by any in the Government of the Harvard
College ; at which time the Freshmen are enjoined to keep their &° ege' places in their seats, and attend with decency to the reading." *
No. XXXI. — See p. 274.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION RELATIVE TO COMMONS, PASSED 11 AUGUST, 1777.
"Whereas by law 9th of Chap. VI. it is provided, 'that there Vote of the shall always be chocolate, tea, coffee, and milk for breakfast, with tion rela- bread and biscuit and butter,' and whereas the foreign articles above commons mentioned are now not to be procured without great difficulty, and at a very exorbitant price ; therefore, that the charge of commons may be kept as low as possible,
"Voted, That the Steward shall provide at the common charge only bread or biscuit and milk for breakfast ; and, if any of the scholars choose tea, coffee, or chocolate for breakfast, they shall procure those articles for themselves, and likewise the sugar and butter to be used with them ; and if any scholars choose to have their milk boiled, or thickened with flour, if it may be had, or with meal, the Steward, having seasonable notice, shall provide it ; and further, as salt fish alone is appointed by the aforesaid law for the dinner on Saturdays, and this article is now risen to a very high price, and through the scarcity of salt will probably be higher, the Steward shall not be obliged to provide salt fish, but shall procure fresh fish as often as he can."
* See Immediate Government's Book, Vol. IV. p. 257.
542
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXXII.
No. XXXII. — Seep. 291.
DONORS TO THE MASSACHUSETTS PROFESSORSHIP OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Donors to the Massa- chusetts Professor- ship of Nat- ural His- tory.
John Adams, Quincy,* $ 100 John Quincy Adams, 100 Thomas B. Adams, Quincy, 100 Agricultural Society of Massa- chusetts, subscribed by Gov- ernor Strong, President, 500 Francis Amory 100 John Amory 100 Rufus G. Amory 200 Thomas C. Amory 200 Nathan Appleton 100 Samuel Appleton 100 Adam Babcock 100 Thomas Bartlett 100 William Bartlett, Newburyport, 300 William H. Boardman 100 Hannah Brackett, Portsmouth, N. H., relict of Dr. J. Brack- ett, 2000 Dudley S. Bradstreet 100 Peter C. Brooks 200 John C. Brown 100 Moses Brown, Beverly, 200 Benjamin Bussey 300 William Clap 100 Samuel Cobb 100 Joseph Coolidge 200 Joseph Coolidge, Jr. 100 Uriah Cotting 200 Jacob Crowninshield, Salem, 100 Francis Dana, Cambridge, 100 Nathan Dane, Beverly, 300 Isaac P. Davis 200 John Davis 100 Jonathan Davis 100 Joshua Davis, Jr. 100
Elias Haskett Derby, Salem, $ 300 Ezekiel Hersey Derby, Salem, 200
John Derby, Salem, 250
Richard Derby 200
Aaron Dexter 400
Samuel Elam, Rhode Island, 200
Samuel Eliot 400
Simon Eliot 100
Joshua Fisher, Beverly, 500
Simon Forrester, Salem, 200
Ebenezer Francis 100
Robert H. Gardiner 200
Jonathan Gardner, Salem, 100
Samuel P. Gardner 300
Samuel Gerrish, Salem, 100
Edward Gray 100
John Gray 200
William Gray, Jr., Salem, 400
William R. Gray 100 Thatcher Goddard, Charlestown, 100
Christopher Gore 100
John Gore 200
Gardiner Greene 200 David S. Greenough, Roxbury, 200
Benjamin Hall, Medford, 100
Charles Harris 100
John Harris 100
Jonathan Harris 300
Richard D. Harris 100
Samuel D. Harris 100
Judah Hayes 100
Lemuel Hay ward 100
George Higginson 100
Henry Higginson 100
Stephen Higginson 400
Stephen Higginson, Jr. 200
* Where the place of residence is not given, the subscribers belong to Boston.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
543
Henry Hill $ 100
Benjamin Hodges, Salem, 100
Edward Holyoke, Salem, 150
John C. Howard 100
Jonathan Hunnewell 100
Joseph Hurd, Charlestown, 100
Henderson Inches 100
Nathaniel Ingersoll 100
Henry Jackson 100
Jonathan Jackson 100
Thomas K. Jones 100 Oliver Keating, Charlestown, 100
John T. Kirkland 100
Josiah Knapp 100
Joseph Lee, Beverly, 200
Joseph Lee, Jr. 200
Nathaniel C. Lee 200
Thomas Lee, Cambridge, 100 Edward Little, Newburyport, 100
James Lloyd, Jr. 100
Joseph Lovering 100
Francis C. Lowell 200
John Lowell, Roxbury, 600
John Lowell, Jr. 300
John Lucas, Brookline, 333
Theodore Lyman 1200
Mungo Mackay 100
Jonathan Mason 300
Eliakim Morse 100
Ichabod Nichols, Salem, 100
Perkins Nichols 100
William Orne, Salem, 100
John Osborne 100
Harrison G. Otis 100
John Parker 100
Samuel Parkman 750
Ebenezer Parsons 600
Gorham Parsons 200
Theophilus Parsons 100
William Parsons 200
Joseph Peabody, Salem, 300
Jerathmael Peirce, Salem, 150
Samuel G. Perkins 200
Thomas H. Perkins $ 400
Jonathan Phillips 100
William Phillips 1200 Benjamin Pickman, Jr., Salem, 350
William Pickman 100
Ebenezer Preble 300
William Prescott, Salem, 100
John Prince, Jr. 200 Rev. John Prince, Salem, in
books, 100
Josiah Quincy 400
Isaac Rand, Sen. 100 Samuel and Stephen Salisbury, 400
Samuel Salisbury, Jr. 200
Daniel Sargent, Jr. 100 Micajah Sawyer, Newburyport, 200
William Sawyer 100
David Sears 150
Joseph Sewell 100
Abiel Smith 200
Barney Smith 100
William Spooner 100
Marshall Spring, Watertown, 100
William Stackpole 200
Thomas W. Storrow 100
William Story 100
Richard Sullivan 400
Samuel Sumner 100
Israel Thorndike, Beverly, 500
Joseph Tilden 100
David Townsend 100
Daniel Waldo, Worcester, 100
Samuel H. Walley 100
Artemas Ward, Charlestown, 100
John Warren 500
Redford Webster 100
John Welles 100
Oliver Wendell 100
Nathaniel West, Salem, 300
Joseph White, Salem, 200
Timothy Williams 500
Thomas L. Winthrop 100
APPENDIX, No. XXXII.
Donors to the Massa- chusetts Professor- ship of Nat- ural His- tory.
$31,333
544 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Noi XXXIII.
No. XXXIII. — See pp. 300, 335-
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF DR. KIRKLAND.
Members As a part of the class of persons here alluded to. it may be well of the Cor- poration, to enumerate the members of the Corporation during Dr. Kirkland's
administration, and to state their period of service.
Hon. John Davis, .... 1803 to 1827
Oliver Wendell, .... 1810 to 1812
Theophilus Parsons, . . . 1806 to 1812
John Lowell, .... 1810 to 1822
John Phillips, . . . . 1812 to 1823
Christopher Gore, . . . 1812 to 1820
William Prescott, . . . 1820 to 1826
Harrison Gray Otis, . . . 1823 to 1825
Charles Jackson, . . 150.5 to 1834
Joseph Story, . . . 1825
Nathaniel Bowditch, . . . 1826 to 1838
Francis Calley Gray, . . 1826 to 1836
Rev. John Eliot, .... 1804 to 1813
William Ellery Channing, . . 1813 to 1826
Samuel Cooper Thacher, . . 1816 to 1818
John Lathrop, .... 1778 to 1815
Charles Lowell, .... 1818 to 1818
Eliphalet Porter, .... 1818 to 1833
No. XXXIV. — See p. 309.
SUBSCRIBERS TO A PROFESSORSHIP OF MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY, IN 1820.
Siibecribers The following sums were paid annually, for three years, during sorship of the continuance of Mr. Cogswell in this professorship, according to 7m£c °~ the terms of the original subscription.
Edmund Dwight, £50
Samuel Eliot, 50
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 546
Andrews Norton, 50 APPENDIX,
Israel Thorndike, . 100
George Ticknor, 150.
No. XXXV. — See p. 312.
FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS OF THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
A complete list of the founders and benefactors of the Theolog- Founders ical School cannot, at this day, be obtained. The Records are fact0r8of incomplete ; many subscription papers have been lost or destroyed ; ***e •Tajeo~ those of 1815, by fire. The best information research has been able School, to gain, will be given.
The circular, mentioned in the text,* was issued in December, 1815. The object proposed to "the liberal and the pious" was, " to provide funds for assisting meritorious Students in Divinity with limited means, to reside at the University for a requisite time ; and, as the best method to the attainment of this object, to form a soci- ety for the education of candidates for the ministry, in Cambridge University, to be constituted of subscribers. Persons subscribing one hundred dollars, and clergymen subscribing two dollars, to be members for life ; those subscribing five dollars a year, to continue members so long as they pay this annual sura." The following letter is the only document now to be found, illustrative of the means and agents by which this subscription was effected. The three persons whose names are subscribed to it, by their talents, their virtues, and public spirit, are well entitled to be regarded as having a leading influence in effecting the subscription.
" Rev. John T. Kirkland, President of Harvard University. " Sir,
" The trust with which we are honored by the Government of the University having been fully executed within the limits of the New South Society, we have now the pleasure of enclosing the original subscriptions, amounting in donations to four thousand two hundred and eighty-five dollars, and in annual contributions, to sev- enty-seven dollars. Should this result be viewed with any degree of
• See above, p. 311. VOL. II. 69
546
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
complacency, its favorable aspect is to be attributed, in a good measure, to the active services of Mr. John Howe and Mr. Isaac P. Davis, whose assistance has been rendered in a manner worthy the noble object they proposed to serve.
"With fervent wishes for the best good of the University, and with sentiments of the greatest personal respect, " We are, Sir,
" Your very humble servants,
" GEORGE CABOT, ~) Committee ISRAEL THORNDIKE, > for procuring WILLIAM PARSONS, j Subscriptions.
"Boston, April Wth, 1816."
The subscribers met at the Boston Athenaeum, July 17th, 1816, and chose the Rev. President Kirkland moderator of the meeting, and the Rev. Charles Lowell scribe ; and the moderator, at the request of the assembly, having opened the meeting with prayer, " A Society for the Promotion of Theological Education in Harvard University" was formed, and a Constitution and Rules for its govern- ment were adopted, of which the following article was a fundamental one ; " It being understood, that every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial, and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth; and that no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of Chris- tians be required either of the students, or professors, or instructors."
The following list of the officers and subscribers, at that period, is the best record now attainable of the founders of the Theological School.
PRESIDENT.
Rev. JOHN THORNTON KIRKLAND, D. D.
Vice-Presidents. — SAMUEL PARKMAN, ISRAEL THORNDIKE, and PETER C. BROOKS.
Recording Secretary. — Rev. FRANCIS PARKMAN. Corresponding Secretary. — Rev. CHARLES LOWELL. Treasurer. — JONATHAN PHILLIPS. Vice- Treasurer. — JAMES SAVAGE.
DIRECTORS.
Rev. Dr. Porter, Joseph Story, Josiah Bartlett, Daniel A. White, Joseph Coolidge,
James Perkins, Rev. Dr. Popkin, Charles Davis, John Howe.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
547
AUDITORS.
Thomas Wiggles worth, Samuel May,
Benjamin Pickman, William Prescott, James Lloyd,
Israel Munson.
TRUSTEES.
Josiah Quincy, Andrew Ritchie.
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
LIFE SUBSCRIBERS.
John Adams, Quincy,*
Ebenezer T. Andrews,
Nathan Appleton,
Thomas Bartlett,
William Bartlett, Newburyport,
Hodijah Baylies, Dighton,
John Bellows,
Edward Blake, Jr.,
George Bond,
Samuel Bradford,
Joseph P. Bradlee,
Josiah Bradlee,
Thomas D. Bradlee,
Thomas Brewer,
Andrew Brimmer,
Peter C. Brooks,
Moses Brown, Beverly,
William Brown,
William Brown, Jr.,
Benjamin Bussey,
James Byers, Springfield,
George Cabot,
Rev. William E. Channing,
Joseph Coolidge,
Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Salem,
George Crowninshield, Amasa Davis, Charles Davis, Joshua Davis, Mrs. Eleanor Davis, Thomas Dawes, Thomas Dennie, John Derby, Salem,
do.
Mrs. Elizabeth Derby,
Humphrey Devereux, Salem,
Aaron Dexter,
Pickering Dodge, Salem,
John Dorr,
Samuel Dorr,
Josiah Dow,
Edmund Dwight,
Jonathan Dwight, Springfield,
Jonathan Dwight, Jr., do.
Thomas Dwight, do.
Samuel Eliot,
David Ellis,
Robert Elwell,
Samuel Endicott, Salem,
Otis Everett,
Joshua Fisher, Beverly,
Charles Forrester, Salem,
Ebenezer Francis,
John French,
Henry Gassett,
Nathaniel Goddard,
Francis C. Gray,
David Greenough,
Daniel Hastings,
Lemuel Hayward,
Benjamin P. Homer,
Bezaleel Howard, Springfield,
John Howe,
Joseph Hurd, Charlestown,
Charles Jackson,
James Jackson,
P. T. Jackson,
* Where the place of residence is not expressed, the subscribers belong to Boston.
548
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
Thomas K. Jones,
Rev. John T. Kirkland, Cambridge,
Rev. Jacob N. Knapp, Brighton,
William Lambert, Roxbury,
Amos Lawrence,
Luther Lawrence, Groton,
Francis Lee,
Joseph Lee,
Thomas Lee, Jr.,
James O. Lincoln, Hingham,
James Lloyd,
Rev. Charles Lowell,
John Lowell,
Ruth Mackay,
Perrin May,
Samuel May,
Israel Munson,
Charles H. Orne, Salem,
Joseph Orne, do.
Samuel Orne, do.
George A. Otis,
John Parker,
Rev. Francis Parkman,
Samuel Parkman,
Samuel Parkman, Jr.,
Gorham Parsons, Brighton,
William Parsons,
Joseph Peabody, Salem,
James Perkins,
Thomas H. Perkins,
Benjamin Pickman, Salem,
Dudley L. Pickman, do.
William Pickman,
Jonathan Phillips,
Stephen Phillips, Salem,
Rev. Eliphalet Porter, Roxbury,
William Prescott,
James Prince,
Josiah Quincy,
Isaac Rand,
John Randall,
Benjamin Rich,
Andrew Ritchie,
Daniel D. Rogers,
James Savage,
William Sawyer,
George Searle,
David Sears,
Robert G. Shaw,
Nathaniel Silsbee, Salem,
Barney Smith,
Mrs. Samuel Smith,
Joseph Story, Salem,
William Sturgis,
Benjamin Swift, Charlestown,
Rev. Samuel C. Thacher,
Israel Thorndike,
John G. Torrey,
Samuel Torrey,
Gideon Tucker, Salem,
Edward Tuckerman,
Edward Tuckerman, Jr.,
Phineas Upham,
Thomas B. Wales,
Timothy Walker, Charlestown.
Charles Walley,
John C. Warren,
Daniel Weld,
Mrs. Eliza Wetmore, Salem,
Daniel A. White, Newburyport,
Thomas Wigglesworth,
Eliphalet Williams,
John D. Williams,
Timothy Williams,
Thomas L. Winthrop,
John Wood.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS.
Rev. Abiel Abbott, Beverly, " John Allyn, Duxbury, Mrs. Elizabeth Amory, Mrs. Hannah Amory, Asa Andrews, Ipswich,
Josiah Bartlett, Charlestown, John Bright, Waltham, Edward Brooks, Samuel Buttrick, Concord, Thomas Carter, Newburyport,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
549
Thomas Gary, Newburyport,
Elisha Clapp,
Paul Coffin, Buxton, Maine,
Jonathan Coolidge, Waltham,
John Davis,
Thomas A. Dexter,
Samuel A. Dorr,
Warren Dutton,
Rev. Henry Edes, Providence,
" Richard R. Eliot, Watertown, Benjamin Fessenden, Rev. John Foster, Brighton,
" Nath. L. Frothingham, Daniel Granger, Saco, Maine, Rev. Thomas Gray, Roxbury, Uriah Hagar, Waltham, Rev. T. M. Harris, Dorchester, George Hay ward, Joseph Head, Jr., John Heard, Ipswich, Jeremiah Hill, Biddeford, Maine, William Hilliard, Cambridge, Jonathan Hunnewell, Mrs. Rebecca Lowell, Mrs. Sarah C. Lowell, William P. Mason, William Minot, James Morrill, Rev. James Morss, Newburyport,
" Asa Packard, Marlborough, Thomas Parsons, George Partridge, Duxbury, Charles P. Phelps, John Pierson, Biddeford, Samuel Pierson, do.
Rev. John S. Popkin, Cambridge,
*' John Prince, Salem, Joseph G. Raleigh, North Carolina, Edward Rand, Newburyport, Benjamin Rice, Marlborough, Rev. Ezra Ripley, Concord, Jerome Ripley, Greenfield, Rev. Samuel Ripley, Waltham, Benjamin Russell, Daniel Sargent, Henry Sargent,
Rev. S. Sewall, Burlington, Mass., Lemuel Shaw, John Simpkins, Phineas Spelman, William Sullivan,
George Thacher, Biddeford, Me., George Thacher, Jr., do. Henry S. Thacher, do.
Sam'l P. S. Thatcher, Buxton, Me., Thomas Thaxter, Nathaniel F. Thayer, Nehemiah Thomas, Duxbury, Elisha Ticknor, Ebenezer Torrey, Rev. Henry Ware, Cambridge,
" Henry Ware, Jr., Nathan Webb, William Wells, John White, Concord, Rev. Samuel Willard, Deerfield, Ebenezer H. Williams, do. Edmund Winchester, Caleb Witherbee, Marlborough. Rev. Noah Worcester, Brighton.
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
DONORS TO THE FUND.
Rev. John Allyn, Duxbury, Thomas Astley, Philadelphia, Thomas Beckford, John W. Bradley, John Bright, Waltham, Josiah Calef, Saco, Maine, James S. Dwight, Springfield, Joshua Frost, do.
Isaac Hall,
William Hilliard, Cambridge, Michael Hodge, Newburyport, Mrs. Hepsy C. Howard, Thomas Jainson, Nicholas Johnson, Newburyport, Nicholas Johnson, Jr., do. Gushing Otis. Scituate, George Partridge, Duxbury, William P. Preble, Saco, Maine,
550
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
Edward Rand, Newburyport, Thomas Redman, John Skinner, Charlestown, Asa Stebbins, Deerfield,
Seth Storer, Jr., Saco, Maine, Charles Thacher, Ebenezer Torrey.
The amount subscribed by each of the above-named individuals, and also the names of other subscribers to the fund raised in the year 1815, cannot be obtained ; some of the Society's books and papers, then in the possession of the Vice-Treasurer, having been destroyed at the fire in Court Street, Boston, in 1835.
On the new formation of the Society for the Promotion of Theo- logical Education in Harvard University, in 1826, a new subscrip- tion was raised, " for the purchase of land, and the erection of a building for the use of the students in the Theological School, at Cambridge." The names of the subscribers are as follows.
Abel Adams 50
Benjamin Adams 50
Joseph H. Adams 10
Samuel Adams 5
Alpheus Allen 15
Mrs. Hannah Allen 10
William Almy 5
Jonathan Amory 100
John H. Andrew, Salem, 50
Ebenezer T. Andrews 100
J. B. Andrews t 5
Nathan Appleton 300
T. G. Atkins 10
Daniel C. Bacon 20
Joseph Baker 10
Charles Barnard 50
Robert M. Barnard 20
Gideon Barslow, Salem, 50
Jacob Barslow 5
Timothy Bedlington 10
John Belknap 5
Ann Bent 20
Mrs. E. Billings 5
Mrs. Sarah Blake 100
C. Blanchard 5
Hezekiah Blanchard 20
Joshua P. Blanchard 10
George Bond 200 George Bond, from sundry per- sons, 58 Nathaniel Bowditch 20 A Br. 20 Mrs. Oliver Brewster 20 Peter C. Brooks 1000 D. A. Brown 5 Henry Burditt 5 J. W. Burditt 10 Benjamin Callender 5 Richard B. Callender 10 Luke Carter 25 William E. Channing 500 Joseph Chapman 10 Joshua Clapp 30 Samuel Cobb 100 Miss Cochran 100 Mrs. William Cochran 100 Joseph Coolidge 500 M. & W. Cotton 20 Rowland Cowing 5 Benj. W. Crowninshield, Salem, 300 Edward Cruft 5 Thomas P. Cushing 50 Isaac P. Davis 10 John Davis 10
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
551
John W. Davis $5
Mrs. Henry Dearborn 100 Humphrey Devereux, Salem, 100
Mrs. Samuel Dexter 100
Pickering Dodge, Salem, 200
John Doggett 10
John Dorr 50
Samuel Dorr 100
Samuel Dow, Jr. 10
Warren Dutton 25
William Eager 10
Samuel A. Eaton 10 Mrs. Catharine Eliot, at different
times, 550
Samuel A. Eliot 75 Joshua Fisher, M. D., Beverly, 100
Horatio H. Fiske 50
Jeremiah Fitch 100
James Foster 10
William B. Fowle 5
A Friend (E. P.) 500
A Friend, by Abel Adams, 10
Abraham W. Fuller 20
Henry H. Fuller 10
Stephen P. Fuller 5
Ezra S. Gannett 50
Henry Gassett 100
Moses Grant 20
John C. Gray 50
Nathan Hale 50
Henry Hall 10
J. Hamilton 5
Mrs. M. Hammatt 20
Daniel Hammond 100
Samuel Hammond 100
Prince Hawes 20
Hercules M. Hayes 500
Mrs. D. Henshaw 10
Samuel Henshaw 25
Samuel Hoar, Concord, 105
Darius B. Holbrook 10
Mrs. S. Holland 10
George Homer 10
Henry Hovey 10
Hall J. How 25
George Howe 10
George Hunt 10
B. Huntington $ 10
Joseph Hussey 5
J. H. Jr. 10, J. S. 10, 20
Elizabeth and Susan Inches 50
Anna Jackson 10
Charles Jackson 200
Miss E. J. Jackson 5
Hannah Jackson 5
James Jackson 500
Patrick T. Jackson 300
John Coffin Jones 200
Gedney King 30
Misses Kinsley and Pierce 5
Thomas Lamb 5
David Lane 5
Josiah Lane 20
Amos Lawrence, 200
William Lawrence 100
Francis Lee 50
Joseph Lee 100
Mrs. Melvin Lord 3
Benjamin Loring 25
J. M. subscribed 1000
R. C. Mackay 5
Peter Mackintosh 10
Levi H. Marsh 5
Thomas Melville 50
E. W. Metcalf, Cambridge, 50
James K. Mills 20
Elijah Morse 5
Israel Munson 100
George Murdock 10
Cheever Newhall 10 Andrews Norton, Cambridge, 500
Harrison Gray Otis 500
Mr. Palfrey, for A. B., 20
John Park 10
Daniel P. Parker 100
Rev. Francis Parkman 200
Mrs. Sarah Parkman 100
William Parsons 200
Enoch Patterson 50
Mary & Sarah Payne 20
William Payne 20
Augustus Peabody 10
Joseph Peabody, Salem, 500
Mrs. John Phillips 20
APPENDIX, No. XXXV.
Founders and Bene- factors of the Theo- logical School.
552
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
|
APPENDIX, |
John Pickens |
$10 |
John Stearns |
$20 |
|
No. XXXV. |
Benjamin Pickman, Salem, |
300 |
Simon Stearns |
10 |
|
Founders |
Mrs. B. T. Pickman |
20 |
Jonas E. Stone |
10 |
|
and Bene- factors of |
Dudley L. Pickman, Salem, |
150 |
Lewis Tappan |
1000 |
|
the Theo- |
William Pickman, Salem, |
50 |
Thomas Tarbell |
10 |
|
logical School. |
Benjamin Poor |
10 |
George Ticknor |
200 |
|
George Pratt |
10 |
Peter O. Thacher |
50 |
|
|
John Pratt |
15 |
Israel Thorndike |
500 |
|
|
William Prescott |
200 |
Israel Thorndike, Jr. |
100 |
|
|
John F. Priest |
10 |
Samuel Torrey |
40 |
|
|
Charles A. Prince |
5 |
Frierrd of Truth |
100 |
|
|
Henry Purkitt |
5 |
Richard D. Tucker |
50 |
|
|
John C. Putnam |
25 |
Benjamin C. Ward |
20 |
|
|
Josiah Quincy |
50 |
Henry Ware, Jr. |
100 |
|
|
David Reed |
5 |
Daniel Webster |
50 |
|
|
Reuben Reed |
5 |
Gill Wheelock |
10 |
|
|
Henry Rice |
100 |
B. F. White |
5 |
|
|
Nathan Rice |
10 |
Daniel A. White, Salem |
, 100 |
|
|
Mark Richards |
20 |
Joseph White, " |
250 |
|
|
Nathaniel Richards, Jr. |
20 |
Stephen White, " |
50 |
|
|
Reuben Richards |
50 |
A. Whilney |
15 |
|
|
James B. Richardson |
30 |
Jonathan Whitney |
10 |
|
|
Jeffrey Richardson |
5 |
Samuel Whitwell |
200 |
|
|
E. H. Robbins, Jr. |
100 |
Thomas Wigglesworth |
1000 |
|
|
J. M. Robbins |
10 |
Henry Williams |
20 |
|
|
Daniel D. Rogers |
400 |
J. W. Williams |
20 |
|
|
John Rogers |
50 |
Timothy Williams |
50 |
|
|
Robert Rogerson |
100 |
Benjamin Willis |
20 |
|
|
Ebenezer Rollins |
50 |
Parley Utley |
5 |
|
|
Samuel Salisbury |
5 |
Alexander Young |
5 |
|
|
George A. Sampson |
5 |
An aged gentleman, on his |
||
|
Charles Seaver |
25 |
death-bed, by J. W., |
40 |
|
|
George Seaver Lemuel Shaw |
25 50 |
Collections at Annual Meeting, |
||
|
1827, |
34-1* |
|||
|
Henry Sigourney |
100 |
1828, |
157-11 |
|
|
Jacob T. Slade |
50 |
|||
|
Jared Sparks |
20 |
Total, |
$ 19,327-23 |
|
|
Francis Stanton |
50 |
|||
|
The cost of Divinity Hall, |
was 4 |
31,477-67 |
||
|
" " " the Matron's house, |
2,848-90 |
|||
|
" " " the furniture of |
the Divinity Hall and Ma- |
|||
|
Iron's house, |
|
2,562-08 |
||
|
36,988-65 |
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 553
Of which amount, there was paid by the Treasurer of APPENDIX,
Harvard College, out of the Theological trust fund, 19,600-00 No-xxxv-
And by the Directors of the Society for promoting The- ological Education in Harvard University, from funds subscribed for the purpose, as above stated, . . 17,383-65
$36,988-65
No. XXXVI. — See p. 316.
LETTER FROM SAMUEL A. ELIOT, PRESENTING A COLLEC- TION OF BOOKS ON AMERICAN HISTORY, &c.
"June 2d, 1822. "Dear Sir,
" I have just received information from my friend, Mr. Storrow, Letter from of Paris, that he has completed for me a purchase, which I begged j^™"6 him, a short time since, to make.
" It is the collection of books on American History, Geography, &c., which belonged to Mr. Warden, late American Consul, which were on sale, and seemed to me sufficiently valuable to make it an object, that they should be preserved in the country to which they relate. For the same reason that it is desirable they should be in America, it seeme.d to me important that they should be placed in a public institution, accessible to all who might desire to consult them ; and my object in troubling you at present is to request you to have the goodness to beg the Corporation of the University to accept this collection, and give it a place in their library, where I feel perfectly confident it will be as useful to the public as its in- trinsic value can render it.
" There are, probably, among them some works of which there are already copies in the library ; and I hope, that any unnecessary duplicates may be disposed of to the best advantage, as the benefit of the library is of much more consequence than the preservation of the completeness of this collection.
" The books are to be shipped on board the Oak, which will sail from Havre to Boston on the 10th of June, and will, I hope, arrive in safety.
"I beg leave to add the assurance of my respect to the members VOL. ii. 70
554
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, of the Corporation, and to yourself particularly, with my best wishes NO. xxxvi. an(j prayers for tne prosperity and usefulness of my Alma Mater.
" I am, dear Sir,
" Affectionately yours,
"SAMUEL A. ELIOT. "Rev. President Kirkland."
Ceremony at the lay- ing of the corner- stone of University Hall.
No. XXX VII. — See p. 331.
CEREMONY AT THE LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF UNIVERSITY HALL.
On the first day of July, A. D. 1813, the corner-stone of Univer- sity Hall was laid. A procession was formed on the occasion, con- sisting of the Corporation, the Immediate Government, and the Students of the College ; and moved from the front of Harvard Hall to the new building. An address by the Rev. President explained the reasons for erecting the building, the necessity of a more com- modious chapel for the religious exercises and other occasions of the society, of more convenient rooms for the public tables, and of providing for the greater security and better arrangement of the Library and Philosophical Apparatus. A silver plate was then deposited under the corner-stone with the following inscription engraven upon it.
" FUND. HUJ. JED. Xx6. ET EcCL. DIC. IMPENS. ACAD. EREC. DIE PRIM. JuL. A. D. MDCCCXIII.
FEL,. POS. AUSP. Exc. CAL. STRONG. ARM.
LL. D. REIP. NOST. MAS. GUB. IDEOQUE INSPEC.
PRINCIP. ATQUE REV. JOHAN. T. KIRKLAND
S. T. D. LL. D. UNIV. NOST.
" Fundamenta hujus ^Edificii, Christo et Ecclesiae dicati, impensis
Academicis erecti, die Julii primo, Anno Domini 1813,
feliciter posita auspiciis Excellentissimi Caleb Strong, Armigeri,
LL. D., Reipublicae Massachusettensis Gubernatoris, ideoque Inspectorum
Principis, atque Reverendi Johannis Thornton Kirkland,
S. T. D., LL. D., Universitatis nostrae Prassidis."
Prayers were then offered up by the President.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. • 555
APPENDIX,
No. XXXVIII.'
No. XXXVIII. — See p. 334.
PROFESSORSHIPS IN THE COLLEGE, BETWEEN 1810 AND 1826.
The Professorships, in 1810, were as follows : Professor-
ships, be~
John Warren, Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. ^A^IRVK
John Collins Warren, Adjunct Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. Benjamin Waterhouse, Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice
of Physic.
Aaron Dexter, Erving Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica. John Gorham, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica. Henry Ware, Hollis Professor of Divinity. Sidney Willard, Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental
Languages.
William Dandridge Peck, Professor of Natural History. John Farrar, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. Joseph McKean, Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory.
Between 1810 and 1826, the Professors and Lecturers appointed, and the Professorships established, were as follows:
1810. Levi Hedge, College Professor of Logic and Metaphysics.
1811. Levi Frisbie, College Professor of Latin.
Ashur Ware, College Professor of Greek.
1811. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, Lecturer on Biblical Criticism.
1812. William Ellery Channing, vice Mr. Buckminster.
James Jackson, Professor of Clinical Medicine.
James Jackson, Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, vice
Dr. Waterhouse.
1813. Andrews Norton, Lecturer on Biblical Criticism, vice Mr. Channing.
1815. Jacob Bigelow, Professor of Materia Medica.
John Snelling Popkin, University Professor of Greek, vice Ashur
Ware.
Edward Everett, Eliot Professor of Greek Literature.
Walter Channing, Professor of Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence.
John Collins Warren, Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery,
vice John Warren.
1816. Jacob Bigelow, Rumford Professor of the Application of Science to
the Arts.
Isaac Parker, Royall Professor of Law.
George Ticknor, Smith Professor of the French and Spanish Lan-
„ guages and Literature, and Professor of Belles Lettres.
John Gorham, Erving Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica,
vice Dr. Dexter.
556
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX,
Xo. XXXVIII.
Professor- ships, be- tween 1810 and 1826.
1817. John Brazer, College Professor of Latin, vice Levi Frisbie.
Asahel Stearns, University Professor of Law.
Levi Frisbie, Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philoso-
phy, and Political Economy.
1819. Edward Tyrrell Channing, Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Ora tory, vice Joseph McKean.
Andrews Norton, Dexter Professor of Sacred Literature.
1821. Joseph Green Cogswell, College Professor of Minsralogy and Chem-
istry.
1822. Thomas Nuttall, Curator of the Botanic Garden, and Lecturer on
Botany, vice Mr. Peck. 1826. George Otis, College Professor of Latin, vice Mr. Brazer.
— James Hay ward, College Professor of Mathematics.
— John White Webster, Erving Professor of Chemistry and Materia
Medica, vice Dr. Gorham.
Documents relative to claims of
Instructors
No. XXXIX. — See p. 342.
DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO CLAIMS OF THE RESIDENT IN- STRUCTORS TO FORM A PART OF THE CORPORATION.
Those who are desirous to understand the nature of this contro- versy, and the several points on which the arguments on each side turned, will find them illustrated in the following publications.
1. The Memorial of " the Subscribers, Resident Instructors in Harvard College, to the Reverend and Honorable the Corporation of Harvard University," dated "Cambridge, March, 1824."
2. " Remarks on a Pamphlet printed by the Professors and Tu- tors of Harvard University, touching their Right to the exclusive Government of that Seminary. By an Alumnus of that College. Boston : Wells &, Lilly, Court Street. 1824."
3. " A Letter to John Lowell, Esq., in Reply to a Publication en- titled ' Remarks on a Pamphlet printed by the Professors and Tutors of Harvard University, touching their Right to the exclusive Gov- ernment of that Seminary.' " Signed " Edward Everett," and dated " Cambridge, Sept. 25, 1824." " Boston : Oliver Everett, 13 Corn- hill. 1824."
4. " Further Remarks on the Memorial of the Officers of Har- vard College. By an Alumnus of that College. Boston : printed by Wells & Lilly, Court Street. 1824."
5. " Memorial of the Professors and Tutors in the University to the Reverend and Honorable the Overseers of Harvard University, at Cambridge," dated " May 31, 1824."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 557
6. " Report of a Committee of the Overseers of Harvard College APPENDIX on the Memorial of the Resident Instructors. January 6, 1825." NO.XXXIX.
7. "Outlines prepared for an Argument to be delivered before Documents the Board of Overseers of Harvard College, upon the Discussion of ciahns^f0 the Memorial of. the Professors and Tutors of the College, claiming Resident
0 Instructors.
a Right, that none but Resident Instructors in the College should be chosen or deemed 'Fellows' of the Corporation, the Substance of which was spoken before the Board, at their Meeting, in January, 1825. By Joseph Story, one of the Members of the Board." See " The Jurist," Vol. I. No. 2, for April, 1829. Story's " Miscellane- ous Writings," p. 368.
8. " Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, February 3d, 1825, in behalf of the Resident Instructors of the College, with an Introduction. By Andrews Norton. Boston : pub- lished by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. 1825."
9. " Remarks on Changes lately proposed or adopted in Harvard University. By George Ticknor, Smith Professor, &c. Published by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. 1825."
No. XL. — See p. 356.
EXPENDITURES AND STOCK ACCOUNT, BETWEEN JUNE, 1810," AND FEBRUARY, 1827.
Expenditures between June, 1810, and February, 1827, for ob- Expendi- tures a stock a count.
jects of a fixed and permanent character. stock ac-
Cost of Holworthy Hall, .... $24,560-39
" University Hall, 65,009-40
" Massachusetts Hall, thoroughly repaired ; it having been previously so dilapidated
as to be only in part tenantable, . 7,623'75
" 'Medical College, 21,401-63
" Additions to the President's House, . 3,087-24
" Ice-house, for the use of College kitchen, . 676-54
" Bathing-house, 289-13
122,648-08
Two houses built in Boston, on the estate in Cornhill, bequeathed by Mr. Webb, 12,514-40
135,162-48
558
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
|
APPENDIX, No. XL. |
In addition to the above, the subjoined sums were expended for the following objects : Library, 10,568-22 Philosophical Apparatus, . . 2,927-69 Chemical Department, . . . 4,032-20 Medical Department, . . . 5,512-18 Furniture for the new College, . . 4,486-52 Repairs, during the period, exclusive of those in Massachusetts Hall and the President's House, . . . 47,839-12 |
75,365-93 |
|
Expendi- tures and Stock Ac- count. |
||
|
8210,528-41 Annual Variation of the Stock Account of the College, during the same period. 1810, 1 July, . 149,110-46 1819, 1 July, . . 39,559-22 1811, " . 151,69923 1820, " . 59,87983 1812, " . . 159,09760 1821, " . . 67,828-45 1813, " . 152,440-04 1822, " . 72,162-90 1814, " . . 157,277-78 1823, " . . 82,43675 1815, " . 94,930-60 1824, " . 92,95900 1816, " . . 73,097-08 1825, " . . 96,456-62 1817, " . 46,066-10 1827, February, 88,475-67 1818, " . . 43,84181 |
Pecuniary affairs of the Col- lege, in January, 1828.
No. XLI. — See p. 366.
STATEMENT OF THE PECUNIARY AFFAIRS OF THE COLLEGE, IN JANUARY, 1828.
"At a meeting of the Corporation, in Boston, January 17th, 1828.
"Voted, That the Secretary lay the following statement of the pecuniary affairs of the College before the Overseers, at their next meeting.
"Harvard College, January 17th, 1828.
" To the Honorable and Reverend Board of Overseers. "The income of the College having been much lessened during a few years past, by the discontinuance of the annual grant of ten
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 559
thousand dollars from the State, and by other causes, several impor- APPENDIX, tant changes in the management of its pecuniary concerns have No' XLT' been adopted by the Corporation. Some of these have already re- Pecuniary ceived separately the sanction of the Board of Overseers. But the the Col- Corporation ask leave now to submit a statement of the most impor- j^iiory tant, in order that their connexion and operation, as parts of a sys- 1828> tern, may be seen at one view.
"Besides the plain obligation of bringing the expenses of the College within its income, which has lately been much exceeded, the Corporation found a motive for retrenchment in the conviction, that it is of great importance to reduce the necessary expenses of the students. In conformity with the advice of the Overseers, as Pro- fessorships became vacant, they have been united with others, or their duties assigned to other departments; and, in every such case, the amount paid to one Professor has been saved. ' The University Professor of Metaphysics has been chosen Alford Professor, and is to perform all his former duties, excepting such as were deemed inconsistent with the statutes of the founder, which latter have been assigned to the Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory.
" The University Professor of Greek has, in like manner, been chosen Eliot Professor of Greek. The instruction in Latin, formerly given by the University Professor of that language, is now given by the Professor of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages ; and the duties of the University Professor of Mathematics are required to be performed by the Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and the Tutors in that department. And thus all the four University Professorships, those of which the salaries were paid wholly out of the general funds of the College, are abolished.
" The abovementioned officers have consented to perform the new duties thus assigned to them, although the Corporation do not allow them any additional compensation. In this respect, they have varied from the former usage of the College Government, which was to grant additional pay whenever new services were asked of any officer of the College. But they are of opinion, that the salaries allowed to the Professors ought to be considered an adequate com- pensation for the devotion of their whole time and talents to the service of the institution. The stated salaries of two of the College officers, the Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, and the Smith Professor of Modern Languages, have been reduced by consent.
"In the year 1813, a grant was made of three hundred dollars per
560
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLT.
Pecuniary affairs of the Col- lege, in January. 1828.
annum to the President, and of two hundred dollars per annum to each Professor, in addition to their salaries, to continue during the pleasure of the Corporation. This grant has been repealed.
"The Treasurer of the College has declined receiving any com- pensation beyond the actual expenses which he shall incur in dis- charging the duties of his office.
"On the resignation of the late Erving Professor of Chemistry, his former duties were connected with those of the Mineralogical Department. The vacancies which have lately occurred in the Rumford Professorship, and in the Royall Professorship of Law, have not been filled, but their funds are specially appropriated by the donors, and cannot be applied to the general expenses of the College.
"A vote has been recently submitted to the Overseers for dis- continuing the office of Secretary to the President.
"A charge of ten dollars for Steward and Commons, has long been made on all the students. Half the amount is requisite to pay the Steward's salary. The other half is deemed only a just equiva- lent for the free use of the kitchens and utensils, and of the dining- rooms and furniture, all which are owned by the College, and the repair of which is an annual charge. As this provision is made for the equal benefit of all the scholars, it is proper that the expense should be borne by all, and this charge is made for that purpose. To exempt those students who choose to board out of Commons from any part of it, would increase the expenses of those, who, from economy or other motives, board in Commons. A committee of the Corporation has been instructed to make a new contract for Commons, with a view to diminishing the price, without reducing them in quality, and instructed to apply to this object the whole amount received under the charge above mentioned, excepting what is allowed for the Steward's salary. Another committee has been instructed to take measures for lessening the price of text-books. These have heretofore been furnished at less than the retail price, by a bookseller, who has sent the names of the students receiving them to the Steward, by whom they have been charged in the bills. It is believed, that the College may purchase them for cash at a still lower rate, and it is intended to supply the students with them at cost. The Professor of Modern Languages, some time since, made a contract for importing the French books needed in his department, by which the price to the scholars was reduced from seventy-five
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 561
cents to twenty-five cents per volume. In other text-books, so great APPENDIX, a reduction cannot be expected.
" Experience has shown, that the manner in which the students Pecuniary were formerly provided with fuel, though adopted with a view to the Col- economy, is not, in fact, economical. The sloop Harvard, which jea^,'ar" was owned by the College, and employed as a wood-coaster, has I828- accordingly been sold, and contracts have been made for furnishing students with wood at a much lower rate than formerly. The price next year will probably be still further reduced. It being also found, that the printing establishment, formerly belonging to the College, had not been, as was expected, a source of income, but one of great expense, it has been sold. Several other changes in the investment of the College property have been made, with a particular detail of which it is not necessary, at this time, to trouble this Hon- orable and Reverend Board.
"They are all recommended by the result of a most minute and careful investigation of the pecuniary concerns of the College for the last seventeen years, and, being founded on such long experience, seem entitled to our confidence.
" The subject of grants to beneficiaries is one of peculiar interest. There are some funds in the hands of the Corporation, expressly appropriated by the donors to that use, and which, of course, must always be so applied. In addition to these, it has been customary to make grants to poor and meritorious students from the general funds of the College. So long as the grant from the State, of ten thousand dollars per annum, enabled the College to bestow such bounty, the propriety of doing so is not questioned ; but in its pres- ent condition, it is the opinion of the Corporation, that all the funds under their control ought to be applied to the purpose of lessening the general expenses of education in the University. A different course, under existing circumstances, would leave the College open to two classes of society only ; those to whom the expense of educa- tion is not felt as a burden, and those who are supported by tht: public bounty; and would tend to close it against the great mass of the community. It is apprehended that this was not the design of its founders and benefactors, and would not promote its interests or its usefulness. Even in distributing funds given expressly for the poor scholars, the Corporation think it not unreasonable, that among claimants equally deserving, those should be preferred who will undertake the offices of Monitors, Proctors, and others,- not inter- fering with their studies, or derogatory to their standing, and thus VOL. II. 71
562 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, relieve the College funds from the charge of salaries for such
'_ 1 officers. It would seem, that a young man of liberal and ingenuous
Pecuniary feelings must rejoice in such an opportunity to contribute to the ti.e Col- public good, while receiving the public bounty, and feel an honest January, pride in the reflection, that the allowance made to him was not merely gratuitous, but was in part, at least, if not wholly, the reward of his honorable industry. As, however, many students have begun, and some have nearly finished, their education, by the aid of this bounty, and in the natural expectation of its continuance, it is not the intention of the Corporation to withdraw at once the whole amount allowed from the general funds to beneficiaries, but to appro- priate only so much as shall be necessary to prevent their being injured by the disappointment of their reasonable expectations. During the present year, the reduction will amount to between twelve and fifteen hundred dollars.
" The effect of these changes is not yet perceived in the term- bills, as they are not all in full operation, and some deficiencies must be made up before the present charges can be diminished, without the risk of reducing the income of the College below its expenditures. But it is expected that the charges for Commons and for text-books will be lessened this term ; and that, after next Com- mencement, the charge for tuition will be lowered, in conformity with the vote already passed by the Corporation, and approved by the Overseers. This charge for tuition, however, constitutes but a small part of the usual expenses of the students ; many other ex- penses may be much diminished by a due regard to economy on the part of the student, or of his parents. When a young man and his family are making exertions, and submitting to privations, to procure for him an education on which his future respectability and success in life must depend, it is worse than foolish for him to strive to emu- late his more wealthy companions in their style of dress, furniture, and other personal expenses. The institutions of our country, and the habits of society among us, allow but little weight to the acci- dental distinctions of wealth or rank in the community, and still less should they be regarded among the enlightened and ingenuous youth at the University. The only distinction, that should be cov- eted there, is that which is derived from superiority in moral and literary attainments.
"The saving to the College, in consequence of new investments, and to the students, by reducing the charges in the term-bills, can- riot, at present, be accurately estimated ; but the diminution of the
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 563
annual expenses paid from the general funds of the College, in con- APPENDIX, sequence of the principal measures above stated, will, it is hoped, bring its expenditures within its income.
" All which is respectfully submitted, by the President and Fel- lows of Harvard College.
"JOHN T. KIRKLAND, President. "Attest, F. C. GRAY, Secretary."
No. XLIL — See p. 368.
EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT MADE TO THE CORPORATION BY THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE TREASURER'S AC- COUNTS, IN DECEMBER, 1828.
" To the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Extract
" The Standing Committee, appointed on the 15th of May last, Report of
to examine the books and accounts of the present Treasurer of the Uj|coni-"
College, have examined the same from February 1st, 1827, when he I?ltt£f on
the Tre as- entered on the duties of his office, to August 31st, 1828, the close urer's Ac-
of the last College year, and submit the following Report :
" The Committee have examined the account of the stock, begin- ning on the first page of the Journal, and containing a statement of all the bonds, notes, mortgages, stocks, and other property, which originally came to the hands of the Treasurer, to be accounted for according to his receipt therefor, given to a Committee of this Board; and all subsequent entries in the Journal, showing what he has received since that time. They have also called for all those bonds, notes, mortgages, certificates, and other evidences of property, and have seen that every one is now in the possession of the Treas- urer, or is fully accounted for in his books. They have also noticed all payments, both of principal and interest, indorsed on any one of the said bonds or notes, and seen that the amount so indorsed has been duly credited to the College. The Committee have also care- fully examined all notes, bonds, mortgages, and other securities for money invested by the present Treasurer, and take great pleasure in saying, that all his investments are, in their opinion, very judi- ciously made, and amply secured.
" They have, in like manner, examined all the entries of the
564
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Xo. XLII.
Extract from the Report of the Stand- ing Com- mittee on the Treas- urer's Ac- counts.
Treasurer for moneys expended, or in any way charged to the Col- lege, and have found them well vouched and supported. Such of those charges as are not supported by counter entries in the books, have been proved by regular vouchers and receipts, with the excep- tion of a very few petty charges and expenses, which, from their nature do not admit of that kind of evidence.
"The Committee have also seen, that all the entries in the Jour- nal are correctly transferred to the Leger, and that the accounts are rightly cast and the balances carried forward to new accounts. And they have certified the above facts in the original Journal of the Treasurer.
"Some apparent diminution of the College stock is occasioned by settling many old outstanding accounts, and reducing them from their nominal to their real value ; as, for example, the account of the Printing Office, that of Books, and that of the Sloop Harvard. Much of the bank stock and unproductive real estate of the Col- lege has been sold, and the proceeds invested in notes, amply secured by mortgages, and bearing interest, with a single exception, at the rate of six per cent, per annum.
" The Committee cannot close this part of their report, without expressing their deep sense of the great obligation which the College is under to the Treasurer, for the very accurate and regular manner in which the accounts have been kept, and for the singular care, diligence, and skill displayed in the disposal and investment of the funds, and in conducting all the financial concerns of the College.
" (Signed)
CHARLES JACKSON, \ FRANCIS C. GRAY,!
Committee."
No. XLIII. — See p. 373.
SUBSCRIBERS FOR THE FOUNDATION OF A PROFESSORSHIP OF PULPIT ELOQUENCE AND PASTORAL CARE, IN 1829.
SUBSCRIPTIONS IN ANNUAL INSTALMENTS FOR TEN YEARS.
Gideon Barstow, Salem, Edmund Dwight, Catharine Eliot, John Lowell, Thomas H. Perkins,
$ 40 per annum for ten years, $ 400
100 do. do. 1000
100 do. do. 1000
50 do. do. 500
100 do. do. 1000
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
565
|
Stephen C. Phillips, |
Salem, 40 do. do. 400 |
APPENDIX, |
|
|
Leverett Saltonstall, |
Salem, 40 do. do. 400 |
No. XLHI. |
|
|
William Sturgis, |
100 do. do. 1000 |
Subscribers |
|
|
Thomas B. Wales, |
50 do. do. 500 |
for the |
|
|
John D. Williams, |
100 do. do. 1000 |
of a Profes- |
|
|
i |
sorship of |
||
|
$7200 |
Pulpit Elo- |
||
|
quence and |
|||
|
Pastoral |
|||
|
SUBCRIPTIONS OF SUMS PAID IMMEDIATELY. |
Care, in |
||
|
1829. |
|||
|
Ebenezer T. Andrews |
$100 |
John Lowell, Jr. |
50 |
|
Mrs. Sarah Blake |
100 |
Daniel P. Parker |
100 |
|
Peter C. Brooks |
525 |
Mrs. Sarah Parkman |
100 |
|
Joshua Clapp |
100 |
Francis Parkman |
400 |
|
Mrs. Catharine Codman |
30 |
Joseph Peabody, Salem, |
500 |
|
Thomas P. Gushing |
50 |
William Pickman, do. |
75 |
|
Lambert Dexter |
50 |
Dudley L. Pickman, do. |
150 |
|
Pickering Dodge, Salem, |
100 |
Benjamin Pickman, do. |
150 |
|
Lorenzo Draper |
50 |
Jonathan Phillips |
500 |
|
Samuel A. Eliot |
150 |
William Prescott |
150 |
|
John Forrester, Salem, |
150 |
James Read |
50 |
|
Abraham W. Fuller |
50 |
Robert Rogerson |
50 |
|
Francis C. Gray |
200 |
C. K. Sargent |
100 |
|
John C. Gray |
200 |
Henry Sigourney |
200 |
|
Daniel Hammond |
50 |
Nathaniel Silsbee, Salem, |
150 |
|
Hercules M. Hayes |
100 |
Francis Stanton |
100 |
|
Hepsy C. Howard |
100 |
Wm. and Gustavus Tuckerman |
50 |
|
Charles Jackson |
100 |
Daniel A. White, Salem, |
50 |
|
John Lamson |
50 |
Whitwell, Bond, & Co. |
300 |
|
Abbott Lawrence |
100 |
Phineas Upham |
100 |
|
Amos Lawrence |
200 |
||
|
d> t |
.can |
||
|
William Lawrence |
100 |
Sf> Wt_/\7 |
|
|
Subscriptions payable in ten years, . . . $7,200 |
|||
|
Subscriptions paid |
immediately, . . . 5,980 |
Total amount of subscriptions, $13,180
No. XLIV. — See p. 384.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION ON THE RESIGNATION OF THE OFFICE OF TREASURER BY EBENEZER FRANCIS.
"At a meeting of the President and Feljows, June 3d, 1830.
" A letter from Ebenezer Francis, Esq., being read, resigning the
566
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLIV.
Vote of the Corpora- tion on the resignation of Ebene- zer Francis.
office of Treasurer of Harvard College, on account of the state of his health ; thereupon,
" Voted, That the resignation of Mr. Francis be accepted, and that the following entry be made upon the records, and communi- cated to the Board of Overseers.
" This Board, in accepting the resignation of Ebenezer Francis, Esq., as Treasurer, cannot but express their sincere regret, that the state of his health should have rendered it necessary. They feel themselves called upon by the occasion to declare their high sense of the value and importance of the services gratuitously rendered by him as Treasurer. In the discharge of his official duties, he has displayed the greatest vigilance and judgment, and especially in investing the capital stock belonging to the College, so as to in- crease its security, and at the same time to enlarge its income. He has established such method and economy in his arrangements, and such strict accountability in all officers and agents, as greatly to diminish the expenses of the institution. He has exhibited in his own transactions as Treasurer, and enforced upon all others dealing with him in that capacity, the utmost accuracy and promptness in the settlement of accounts. He has guarded with unusual care all the property committed to his charge, from waste, injury, and dam- age. He has caused the books and papers to be arranged and kept in a manner so systematic and simple, as to render them of very easy reference, and to furnish in the briefest time complete informa- tion of all the financial and other concerns of the College. And, in short, he has evinced at all times, in the performance of his arduous duties, a zeal and disinterestedness, which cannot be surpassed, and an ability seldom equalled."
The Astro- nomical Observa- tory.
No. XLV. — See pp. 392, 404. THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY.
The establishment of an Astronomical Observatory at Harvard College, having long been an object of anxious solicitude to its friends, a brief account of its history, and of the degree of success with which it has now been commenced, may be satisfactory and useful. In 1816, John Farrar, then Hollis Professor of Mathemat- ics and Natural Philosophy, and the late Nathaniel Bowditch were
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 567
appointed by the Corporation a committee with full authority to APPENDIX, order instruments suitable for an observatory to be built for the °' XLV'
College. Owing to difficulties arising from the European artist, The Astro-
' nomical whom they desired to employ, this power was never executed, and Observa-
nothing of importance was done, except procuring plans and sketches °ry' relative to a building.
The design was revived in 1822, and the same committee exam- ined various positions in the vicinity of the College, for the purpose of selecting the most suitable for an observatory. A report was made very favorable to a position in that vicinity, on land owned by Edmund Dana, and an authority was given to purchase two acres and a half for that purpose. The negotiation, however, failed, and further proceedings were postponed.
In October, 1823, John Q,uincy Adams, then Secretary of State of the United States, addressed a letter to a member of the Corpo- ration, urging that a building should be erected, without waiting for instruments from Europe, and recommending that the site nearest the College should be selected, even should it occasion some addi- tion to the expense ; proximity to the College being, in his judg- ment, important to the health and comfort of both the professor and the students, as the night and the winter are the time and season specially adapted to astronomical observations. Mr. Adams strongly recommended a subscription to be opened for the purpose, and, upon condition that the requisite sum should be raised in two years, authorized a thousand dollars to be put down on his account, but requesting his name to be concealed. The attempt, however, did not succeed. In October, 1825, the time limited in his former sub- scription having expired, he wrote again, to the same member of the Corporation, on the subject, urged a renewal of the attempt, and renewed his offer of one thousand dollars, on the same conditional limitation of two years. About this time, an address to the public was prepared and published, and a subscription opened, but in the result proved insufficient.
No further active endeavour was made for this object until the autumn of 1839. During the interval, the land formerly selected as a site for the observatory had been purchased, and thus one great requisite for success was attained. The house on this land was also large and commodious ; the site for the observatory the best in the immediate vicinity of the College, and satisfac- tory. When the subject was communicated to the friends of the design, their opinion was unanimous, that the opportunity was
568 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, highly favorable for its commencement. Funds adequate to the
°' L ' buildings immediately requisite having been readily obtained, the
The Astro- house was furnished with all the additions, that were needed to fit it
nomical
Observa- for its intended purpose. The observatory has now at its command, from the College apparatus and the instruments belonging to Mr. Bond, a transit instrument and variation transit, by Troughton and Symms; an astronomical clock, one refracting and two reflecting telescopes ; an astronomical quadrant, by Bird ; Gauss' magneto- meter; a small transit, by Bird; a quadrant and sextant, with chro- nometers, thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, dipping and vari- ation needles. To render the observatory as efficient as could be desired, there is wanted a refracting telescope equatorially mounted, a mural circle, and a large transit instrument. These, it cannot be questioned, will soon be supplied in some form, by the liberality of the public or individuals, as soon as the advance already made towards a sufficient apparatus for an observatory shall be understood and realized.
Although the apparatus possessed by Mr. Bond was excellent, and sufficient for the observations in which he was engaged in con- nexion with the Exploring Expedition, yet it was not expressly adapted to the purposes indicated by the Royal Society of Great Britain, in their address to the several scientific societies in Europe and America, on the subject of a conjoined and contemporaneous series of observations on meteorology and the elements of the mag- netic power ; and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in Boston, being desirous to cooperate with the Royal Society of Great Britain on this subject, and to aid, also, the exertions in this direction of the Corporation of Harvard College, appropriated one thousand dollars for the purchase of the requisite instruments, in conformity with the suggestions and request of the Royal Society, deposited them in the rooms of the University, and placed the whole at the disposal of Professor Lovering and Mr. Bond, and have thus enabled the College early to become one of the few magnetic sta- tions yet established on this side of the Atlantic..
A regular series of observations is now, and for these eight months has been making, by Mr. Bond and Professor Lovering, with the valuable assistance of Benjamin Peirce, the University Pro- fessor of Mathematics ; a publication of some of which, it is ex- pected, will soon commence, and be afterwards regularly communi- cated to the public.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
569
No. XLVI. — See p. 399.
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE NAMES OF DONORS OF BOOKS, PRINTS, PORTRAITS, BUSTS, COINS, AND MEDALS, FROM JANUARY, 1780, TO JULY, 1840, INCLUSIVE, t
[Figures followed by a star denote Pamphlets.]
APPENDIX,
No. XLVI.
Abbot, Abiel, 1
Abert, J. J. 2*
Academy of Arts and Sci- ences, Boston, 5
Academy of Music, Boston, 1*
Academy, Imperial Medico-
Chirurgical, St. Petersburg, 1
Academy, Imperial, of Sci- ences, St. Petersburg, 1
Academy, Phillips's, Ando-
ver, 1* 1
Accum, Frederick, (London,) 1
Ackland, Hugh D., (Litch-
field, Eng.) 1
Adam, William, 6* 3
Adams, Hannah, I* 3
Adams, Jasper, 12* 3
Adams, John, 21
including 18 vols. in folio of " Arts et Metiers."
Adams, John Quincy, 180
Of these, 166 vols., chiefly in the French language, were given in 1797, and 13 vols. of Russian works in 1811.
Adams, Joseph, (London,) 1
Adams, Joseph H. (Class of 1837,) 2
Adel, Mr. , 7
Admiralty Commissioners,
(England,) 3
Alden, Seth, — to the Theo- logical School, 2
Alden, Timothy, 7* 6
Alessandro, Pietro, — Bust of the Rev. Dr. Channing, 1*
Alger, Francis. See Jackson.
Allen, Silas, 1*
Allen, Wilkes, 1* 1
Allen, William, (President,) 5* 1
Allen, William, (Class of
1837,) 2
Anderson, Rufus, 2*
Andrews, Ebenezer T., — to
the Theological School, 13
Andrews, Hannah C.r — to
the Theological School, 12
Andrews, John, (Newbury-
port,) 139
This donation, with the ex- ception of one volume, was made in the year 1835.
Andrews, William S., 2
and to the Theological School, for distribution, 100 volumes.
Anonymous, — bust of Rich- ard Valpy.
Antimasonic Committee,
Suffolk, 2
Antimasonic Committee of
Suffolk County, 2* 2
Appleton, Edward, 9* 4
Appleton, John James, 1
Appleton, John S., 1
Appleton, Nathan, 2* 1
Appleton, Mrs. Sarah, — por- trait of her grandfather, Thomas Hubbard, Treasu-
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
t The above list has been carefully prepared by Dr. HARRIS, the present active and exact librarian of the University. Owing to the state of the original records, it cannot be deemed perfect, but only as complete as circumstances permit. Nor is the num- ber of volumes a true criterion of the value of the respective donations. Differences necessarily exist, of which the limits of the work do not allow a specification. — For earlier donations, see Vol. I. App., No. I. and No. XXIII., and above, pp. 484, 525.
VOL. ii. 72
570
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January. 1780, to July, 1840.
rer of the College ; 'painted by Copley.
Armstrong, James, (Dublin.) 1
Armstrong, Samuel T., 6
Ashmun, John H., 2
Association for the Advance- ment of Science, British, 6 Atheneeuin, Boston, 2* Atkinson, S. C., 1» Atkinson, Theodore,
books purchased with funds from his legacy, 3* 90
Austin, Benjamin, 1
Austin, James T., 3* 2
also books to the Theologi- cal School,
Babbage, Charles, (London,) 2
Bachi, Pietro, 5* 30
Bacon, Leonard, 2
Bacon, W. T., 1
Bailey, Francis, (London,) 1* Baker, Nathaniel B. 1*
Baldwin, Christopher C. See
Lincoln, W.
Baldwin, Thomas, 6
Balfour, Walter, I
Ballou, Hosea, 2d, 1
Bancroft, Aaron, 2* 2
to the Theological School, 3
Bancroft, George, 4* 49
to the Theological School, 2
Barrell, Joseph, and other owners of the Columbia and the Washington, a sil- ver medal, struck in com- memoration of a voyage to the Pacific Ocean.
Barrett, George C., 2
Barrett, Nathaniel. " Sev- eral interesting pamphlets written by Mr. De War- ville."
Bartlett, Joseph, 1*
Bartlett, Josiah, 2
Barton, M. H., 1*
Bartrum, Joseph P., 5
Bates, Joshua, (London,) Valpy's edition of the Latin Classics, elegantly bound, 160
Baynes, R., (London,) 1
Beard, John R., (Manchester,
England,)— to the Theo- logical School, 1 Beaufoy, Henry, (London,) 1 Beke, Charles T., (London,) 1 Belknap, Jeremy, 5 Belknap, Mrs. Jeremy, 2 Bell, Robert. " Sundry books printed here, as specimens of the progress of arts, sciences, and manufac- tures, in America."
Belsham, Thomas, (London,) 4
Benson, Egbert, 1
Bichebois, Auguste, 1
Bigelow, Henry, (Class of
1836,) 6
Bigelow, Jacob, I* 4
Bigelow, John P., 1
Biglow, William, 1*
Biot, J. B., 1»
Blanchard, J. P.,
Numbers of the " Herald of Peace," 11*
Bliss, George, 1*
Bliss, Leonard, Jr., 1
Blumenbach, J. F., (Gottin-
gen,) 4
Boardman, Andrew,
A manuscript by President Wadsworth, 1
Bogue, David, (Gosport, Eng.) 1
Bokum, Herman, 1* 41
Bolles, John A., 1*
Boiling, J., (Copenhagen,) 1
Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince de
Canino, (Rome,) 2
Boott, Francis, (London,) 2
Boston Board of Health, 1*
Bottiger, C. A., (Dresden,) 1
Bouterwek, F., (Gottingen,) 1
Bowditch, Nathaniel, 5
Bowditch, Nathaniel, (with Nathaniel I. Bowditch, Francis C. Gray, George Park man, Jonathan Phil- lips, Josiah Quincy, Jo- seph Story, Geo. Ticknor, and John Welles,) Audu- bon's "Birds of America." 4
Also his manuscript trans- lation of the " Mecanique Celeste" of La Place.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
571
Bowditch, Nathaniel, Chil- dren of, 1
Bowditch, Nathaniel I., 1
Bowditch, N. I. See Bow- ditch, N. and others.
Bowen, Abel, 4
Also a view of Faneuil Hall Market.
Bowen, Charles, 1
Bowring, John, (London,)
Bentham's Works, 14* 12
Boyd, Samuel S., (Mississippi,) — books to the Law School.
Boyd, William, I*
Boyle, Isaac, 1
Boylston, Thomas, — Cop- ley's portrait of Nicholas Boylston.
Boylston, Ward Nicholas, 150
Also many valuable books in 1801, the number not specified, and " copies of the best and most valuable antique Roman coins and medals, now in preserva- tion in Rome." Also, by bequest, Copley's portraits of Madam Boyl- ston, Nicholas Boylston, Thomas Boylston, and John Adams, and Stuart & Sully's portrait of John Quincy Adams.
Bradbury, Charles, 1
Bradford, Alden, 2* 2
Bradford, Gamaliel, 1*
Also a set of the Cata- logues of the Graduates of Harvard College to the year 1827.
Bradford, Sophia, 2
Also 2 charts.
Bradford & Read, 1
Brant, Joseph, 3
Brattleborough Typographic
Company, 2
Brazer, John, 10* 5
Breck, Joseph, 3
Breed, William, — a bequest of $2,000, placed at the discretion of his executor, Peter O. Thacher, and by him assigned to Harvard
! College; applied to the
purchase of books.
Breislak, Scipione, (Milan,) 2
Brereton, John A., 1
Brewer, Edward, and D. S.
Richardson,(Class of 1836,) 5
Bridgman, E. C., (Canton,
China,) 1
Brigham, Charles H., 1
Also a file of newspapers. Brigham, William, 1*
Brissot de Warville, J. P., 4
also, in 1788, " valuable books in the French lan- guage, chiefly written by himself," the number not specified.
British Government, through the Record Commission, 99
This munificent donation comprises all the volumes, that have yet appeared, of the Public Records of the Kingdom, printed by au- thority.
Brooks, Charles, 1
Brooks, Edward, — a set of the Italian Poets, in folio, superbly printed and rich- ly bound, 10 Brooks, John, 1 Brown, Charles, 213* 2 Brown, H. B., 1» Brown, James, 16* 1 Also to the Theol. School, 5
Brown, Mr. , 1
Browne, D. J., 1
Buckingham, Joseph T., — his New England Maga- zine, 7 Buckland, William, (Oxford,
Eng.) 2
Buckminster, Joseph S., 2*
Burdett, S., 1*
Buttmann, Philip, (Berlin,) 3
Buxton, J. W., (London,) 27
Buxton, Thomas B., (Bir- mingham,) 2
Cacciatore, Niccolo, (Paler- mo.) 9* 1
Cambridge University, (Eng- land,) 1
APPENDIX, No. XLVt.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
572
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
Canino, Prince de. See Bo- naparte.
Capen, Nahum, 1*
Cappe, Catherine, (York,
Eng.) 6
Carey, Lea, & Co. 1*
Carey, Mathew, 8* 10
Carey, Mathew, & Son, 1*
Carmichael, William, — a su- perb edition of Don Quix- ote, in 4to. 2
Carpenter, Lant, (Bristol,
Eng.) 2
Also, to the Theological
School, 2
Cartwright, John, (Eng.) 2
Chadwick, Edmund S., 1
Champion, Joseph, (Calcut- ta,) 1
Channing, Edward T., 1*
Channing, William E., 5
Also, to the Theological School, 28
Charleston, S. C., City Coun- cil, 1
Chauncy, Charles, 3
Chipman, Daniel, 1
Chipman,Ward, — an ancient manuscript charter of Har- vard College.
Also books to the Law School.
Church, New Jerusalem, Mis- sionary and Tract Board, 6
Church, Second, Boston, — books to the Theological School.
Clap, William T., l«
Clapp, Joshua, — from funds
given by him, 34
Clarke, C., ]•
Clarke, John, (Edinburgh,) books to the Law School.
Clarke, Manlius S., (Class of 1837,) 10
Clarke, Matthew St. Clair, 2*
Clarke, Thomas, — books to the Law School.
Cleaveland, Parker, 3
Cleveland, Charles D., 1
Codman, John, 4* 1
Also, to the Theological School, 42
Codman, John, & Brothers, 4
Coffin, John G., 1*
Coffin, Sir Isaac, — his bust. Coffin, Thomas Aston, (Bart.)
(England,) 18
Cogdell, J. G., — portraitof
Mr. Justice Johnson, to the
Law School.
Cogswell, Joseph G., CO
Coit, Thomas W., 40* 23
Collyer, William, 4
Colman, Henry, 2*
Columbia College, Alumni
of, 4*
Combe, George, (Edinburgh,) 1
Congress. See United States. Conner & Cooke, 6
Cook, Daniel, (Class of
1836,) 2
Coolidge, Joseph, Jr., 10
Coolidge, Joseph, 3d, 1
Cooper, Charles P., (London,) 13* 9 Cooper, John, — portrait of
Lieut. Gov. Stoughton. Copley, John S., (London,)
— seven prints from paint- ings by him. Costa, Joseph, — two Turkish
firmans.
Crafts, Margaret, 1
Craigie, Andrew, — 2 por- traits, Washington and J.
Adams. Crocker & Brewster, 1
See Robinson. Croswell, William, 2
Also his " Map of the Starry
Heavens." Cruft, Samuel B., (Class of
1836,) 5
Cubi i Soler, Mariano, 15* 37
Cuming, John, 1
Cumings, Henry, 1
Cummings, Jacob A., 1*
Cummings & Hilliard, 3
Cunningham, J. L., 1*
Curson, Samuel, 1
Curtis, John, (London,) 1
Gushing, Caleb, 1* 21
Gushing, John, (Ashburn-
ham,) 2
Gushing, William, — to the
Theological School, 3*
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
573
Dabney, J. P., 4
Dall, Charles H. A., (Class of
1837,) 3
Dallas, A. J., 3
Dana, James F., 3
Dana, James F. and Samuel
L. Dana, 1
Dana, Richard H., 1" 1
Dana, R. H., (Class of 1637,) 4
Dana, Samuel L. See Dana,
James F. Dane, Nathan, — books to the
Law School.
Darlington, William, 1
Dartmouth College, 3*
Davenport, Rufus, — includ- ing 1 vol. to the Theologi- cal School, 2 Davis, Isaac P., 1* Davis, Isaac P., and other gentlemen of Boston, Stu- art's portrait of Fisher Ames.
Davis, Jacob S., 1*
Davis, John, (Judge,) 62
Also bust of J. Adams, by Binon.
Also a bust and books to the Law School.
Davis, Wendell, 1»
Davis, William, (England,) 1» 2 Davis, William A., (Class of
1837,) 2
Dawes, Thomas, 2
Dean, W. E., 1*
Dearborn, Benjamin, 1* 1
Dehon, William, 2
Delavan, E. C., 7*
Derby, Richard C., — busts of Homer, Demosthenes, Soc- rates, and Nero.
Devens, S. A., 1
Dexter, Aaron, 2*
Dexter, Franklin, 3
Dexter, Samuel, — Frolhing- ham's portrait of his father, Samuel Dexter.
Dexter, Timothy, 1
Dickinson, Austin, 1*
Dillaway, Charles K., 6
Disney, John, (Rev. Dr.)
(England,) 7
Disney, John, (Esq.) (Engl.) 3
Dixwell, Epes S., — books to
the Law School. Doane, George W., Doubleday, Edward,(Epping,
England,) Drake, Daniel, Drake, Samuel G., DrummondjWilliam H., (Bel-
3*
Duane, William J., Dufief, N. G., Dunnel, H. G., Du Ponceau, Peter S., Durrell, George C.,
Earle, Edward,
Edwards, Justin,
Eichhorn, J. G., (Gottingen,)
Eliot, Mrs. Andrew,
Eliot, John, (Rev. Dr.)
Eliot, John, (Bookseller, Bos- ton,)
Eliot, John, Jr.,
Eliot, Samuel A.,
Also the Warden Library, containing nearly 1200 vol- umes, besides pamphlets, maps, and prints ; Also to the Theological Li- brary,
Eliot, William H., Also the great French work, " Description de 1'Egypte," in
Eliot, Mrs. William H.,— La- borde and Linant's " Ara- bic Petree," folio, splen- didly bound,
Elliott, Stephen,
Ellis, Asa, Jr.,
Ellis, George E., — a collec- tion of pamphlets bound, in
Elmer, L. Q. C., — books to the Law School.
Emerson. George B.,
Also to the Theological School,
Emerson, Ralph W.,
English, George B.,
Erskine, John, (Edinburgh,) began to make donations of books in 1786 ; and in near- ly every year afterwards, to
2* 8* 1*
2 1
3
34 9 2
125 1
23
1
3
13
6
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780. to July, 1840.
574
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- from
7
J:i
anuary, 1780, to July, 1840.
1800, inclusive, he gave many valuable works.
Erving, George W., 1
Erving, William, — by be- quest, his books on mathe- matics and fortification.
Etheridge, Samuel, Jr., 10
Eustaphieve, Alexis, (Russia,) 1
Eustis, John F., (Class of 1837,) 3
Evans, William M., — a splen- did folio volume of Plates, entitled " Le Sacre de Louis XV," 1
Evarts, Jeremiah, 1*
Everett, Alexander H., 1* 9
Everett, Edward, 9* 13
Also a map of Florida.
Ewer & Carter, 1
Exter, Joachim ab, (Ham- burgh,) 8
Faribault, G. B., 1
Farmer, Hugh, (England.) 1
Farmer, John, (Boscawen,) 1*
Farmer, John, (Concord,) 10* 1
Farmer, John, &J.B. Moore, 3
Farmer, William, 2* ,
Farrar, John, 87* 12
Also to the Theological
School, 7
Farrar, Mrs. John, 4
Farrar, Timothy, I*
Faucon, N., 4
Fearon, Henry B., (London,) 1
Felt, Joseph B., 11
Felton, Cornelius C., 1
Fenno, John, 1
Fessenden, Benjamin, 4
Fessenden, Thomas G., 5
Finch, J., (London,) 1 Fisher, Joshua, — including
1 vol. to Theol. School, 2
Fisher, Joshua F., 2*
Fisk, Benjamin F., 3
Fisk, Nathan, 1
Flagg & Gould, 2
Fleet, John, 1
Flagel, F. G., (Leipzig,) 2
Follen, Charles, 2*
Also books to Theol. School.
Folsom, Charles, 61* 59
Folsom, George, 1
Forbes, Philip J., 1
Ford, John, 3*
Foschi, Nicola, (Naples,) 3*
Foster, George James, 3
Foster, Thomas, (London,) 1
Foster, William, 5
Fowle, William B., 1
Fox, Thomas B.,— to Theo- logical School, 8 Francis, Convers, 13* 12 Also to Theol. School, 5 Francis, Ebenezer, — several
pamphlets bound in 1
Francis, Lydia Maria, 1
Freeman, James, 1* 4
Also to Theol. School, 2
Freeman, William H., (Bal- timore,)— Lucas's folio At- las, 1 Frey, Joseph S. C. F., (Lon- don,) 5 Friedemann, Friedrich, (Zwickau, Sax.) See Spitzner.
Frost, John, 1
Frothingham,N. L., 10*
Also to the Theological School, 2
Gale, F. W., (Class of 1836,) 1
Gannett, Caleb, 3
Gannett, Ezra S., 10
Gardiner, William H., 2*
Gardiner, W. H. See Pick- ering.
Gardner, John, — three do- nations, in 1787 and 1791, each consisting of " a num- ber of scarce and valuable books " ; six oil paintings by Brunias, representing the colored inhabitants of some of the West India Islands ; 15 medals by Pin- got, struck in commemora- tion of English victories in 1756, &c. ; and 32 gold, silver, copper, and brass medals and coins.
Gardner, Samuel P., 1
Gardoqui, Joseph Maria de,
(Bilboa, Spain,) 2
Garrison & Knapp, — a file
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
575
of the " Liberator," from
August 19th, 1834, to June
26th, 1835, inclusive. Gassett, Henry, 7
Gavett & Co., 1*
Gebelin, Court de, 6
Genin, T. H., 1
Getty, John A., 1
Geyer, Thomas, — ancient
and modern coins.
Gibbes, Allston, 1
Gibbs, George, (Newport,) 4
Gibbs, George, (New York,) 1
Also books to Law School. Giesecke, C. L., (Dublin,) 1
Gilbert, Davies, (London,) 1*
Gill, C.,— the " Mathematical
Miscellany," eight nos. Gladwin, Francis, (Calcutta,) 2
Also " a number of Oriental
Pieces, translated by him
into English." Glasewald, Christopher E.,
(Wittenberg,) 1*
Glazier, Franklin, Glennie, James, (London,) Goethe, J. W. von, (Frankfort,) Goodrich, Charles B , — books
to the Law School. Goodwin, Hersey B., — books
to the Theological School. Gordon, William, 8
Gore, Christopher, — includ- ing two folio volumes, in
manuscript, 1* 5
Also books to the Law
School.
Gould, Augustus A., 1
Gould, Benjamin A., 1
Gould, Kendall, & Lincoln, 1
Graeter, Francis, 1
Grafton, Duke of, (England,) 1
Graham, J. D., 1*
Also, a chart of Province- town Harbour. Grahame, James, (London,)
— a manuscript note-book
of the donor on American
History, Grant, John,
Grant, Moses, 1*
Gray, Francis C., 2*
Among these books are
1 1
162
127 volumes of Parliamen- tary Papers, and Baber's edition of the Codex Alex- andrinus in three royal fo- lio volumes. Mr. Gray has also given Champollion's " Monumens de 1'Egypte, " which is still in the course of publication. The Law School is also indebted to him for books. Gray, Francis C. and others.
See Bowditch, N. * Gray, G. R., (London,) 1*
Gray, John T., (Class of 1836,) 3
Gray, Thomas, (Roxbury,) 4*
Also to Theol. School, "3
Gray, Thomas, (Boston,) 2
Gray & Bo wen, — several numbers of the " Christian Examiner."
Green, James D., 1
Greene, Benjamin D., 7* 6
Greene, Gardiner, — a series of engravings from Cop- ley's paintings, eleven in number.
Greenhow, Robert, 1*
Greenleaf, Simon, 9* 1
Also many books to the Law School.
Greenough, Horatio, 1
Greenwood, Francis W. P., 72* 87 Grimke, Thomas S., 4* 2
Grimm, J. & G. C., 2
Griscom, John, 1*
Guild, Benjamin, — "a num- ber of valuable books." Guild, Josiah Q. — three cop- per coins from Nismes. Gummere, John, 1
Hale, Enoch, 1
Hale, Horatio E., 1»
Hale, Nathan, — " Boston Weekly Messenger."
Hall, Edward B., 1*
Also to Theol. School, 2
Halliwell, James O., (Cam- bridge, England.) 1*
Hamilton Reading Room, Di- rectors of, 2*
Hare, Thomas, (London,) 1
APPENDIX, No. XLVI,
Donations to the libra- ry from January. 1780. to July, 1840.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January. 1780, to July, 1840.
Harris, Samuel, — his son's Oriental manuscripts, in
Harris, Thaddeus M. — in- cluding Professor Sewall's manuscripts in seven vol-
3* 38 400
To the Theological School, Harris, T. W. — various
pamphlets.
Harvard College, Alumni of, — books purchased with the balance remaining from the subscription* for the Cen- tennial Celebration, 132 Harvard College, Class of 1836, — by general subscrip- tion, and not including those volumes which were given by individuals, and are credited to them, 60 Harvard College, Class of 1837, — by general subscrip- tion, and not including the volumes given by individ- uals, which are credited to them, 10 Haven, Nathaniel A.,— to the
Theological School, 1
Haven, N. A., family of, 1
Haygarth, John, (Bath, Eng- land,) 6 Hays, Moses M., 3 Hay ward, Charles, (Class of
1837,) 2
Hayward, James, 1* 1
Hedge, F. H., 1*
Hedge, Levi, 56* 2
Heeren, A. H. L., (Gottin-
gen,) 4
Hening, William W., 14
Herman, Gottfried, (Leipsic,) 2
Herrick, E.C., 1* 1
Hersey, Abner, — by bequest, 3
Hertzog, Henry, — books to
the Law School. Higginson, Stephen, (Stew- ard,) 4* 1 Also to the Theological School, 14 Higginson, Mrs. Stephen, 7 Hildreth, S. T.,(Class of 1837,) 3 Hill, William, 8 Hillard, George S., 1* 1
Billiard, William, — with va- rious pamphlets, 12 Billiard & Brown, 2* Also to the Theological School, 2 Hilliard, Gray, & Co., 1 Himes, Joshua V., — to Theo- logical School, 1 Bitchcock, Enos, 2 Hodge, J. T., 3* Hodgson, William B., 3* 1 HofT, John, 2
Bolbrook, Mr. , 1*
Holbrook, Josiah, 2*
Bolbrook, Rebecca, — curi- 1
ous specimens of penman- ship, by her husband, Mr. Abiah Holbrook. Bolland, Frederick W.,— books to the Theological School.
Bolland, W. M., 1*
Hollis, Thomas, — books pur- chased in 1802, from funds left by him, 19
Hollis, Thomas Brand, — a very large number of valu- able books, during several years in succession, from 1784 to 1795, inclusive. Holmes, Abiel, 10* 5
Holmes, Nathaniel, — (Class
of 1837,) 1
Bolyoke, Edward A., family
of, 2
Bolyoke, J., several numbers of the " Monthly Anthol- ogy-"
Homer, Jonathan, 9
Also to the Theological School, 2
Bopkins, James D., 1*
Bordynski, J., 1
Hosack, David, 10* 5
Howe, Samuel G., 1
Hubbard, H., & J. G. Seaton,
(Class of 1837,) 21
Hubbard, John, — Thorn- ton's Botanical Works, in folio, with colored plates, and elegantly bound, 5
Hulshoff, Maria Aletta, 1
Humphreys, David, 2*
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
577
Hyslop, William, — many valuable books, purchased in London, with funds fur- nished by him.
Ingersoll, Jos. R., — books to
the Law School.
Ingraham, Duncan, 3
Ingraham, J. W., 1*
Institute, Albany, 2*
Institute of Instruction, American, — their Lec- tures, for the years 1830, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, and 1838. 7
Institute of Education of
Hampden Sydney College, 1* Institute, Western Academic, 1* Institution, London, 1
Irving, David, (Edinburgh,) 24
Jackson, Charles, 7
Jackson, Charles, & broth- ers, — a manuscript by
Henry Flynt, 1
Jackson, Charles T., 3
Jackson, Charles T., and
Francis Alger, 1*
Jackson, James, 1* 5
Jackson, Jonathan, — portrait
of Henry Flynt.
Jacobs, Friedrich, (Golha,) 3
Jamieson , John , (Edinburgh,) 2
Jarvis, Edward, (Boston,) 1
Jarvis, Edward, (Concord,) 2
Jefferson, Thomas, 1
Jeffrey, Patrick, 2
Jeffries, John, 3
Jenks, Francis, 5
Jenks, Richard P., 1
Jenks, William, 14* 7
Jennison. Timothy L., 1* 6
Also Walch's " Charte de
1'Afrique." Jervis, Thomas, (Lympston,
England,) 9* 5
Jervis, T.B., (London,) 1
Johnson, William, 2
Jones, Joseph Seawell, 3
Jones, William and Samuel,
(London,) 7
Jorio, Andrea de, (Naples,) 2* Jowett, William, (Malta,) 1
VOL. ii. 73
Julius, N. H., 1*
Karoly, Nagy, (Bees,) Kastner, C. W. G , (Halle,) Kemp, Fr. Adr. Van der, Kendall, James, — to Theo- logical School, Kent, James, Kenyon, John, (London,) Kettell, Samuel, Kimball, B. G., (Class of 1837,) King's Chapel, Society of.
See Society.
Kingsley, James L., 33*
Kirkland.JohnT., 1*
Knight, Henry C., 1*
Also to Theol. School, Knowles, J. D., Knox, Henry, (Gen.) — "a number of valuable books in folio."
Lamson, Alvan, 12*
Lang, J. D., (England,)
Latham, B., G*
Lathrop, John, Jr.,
Lathrop, Joseph,
Lawrence, Amos, — to Theo- logical School,
Leavitt, Lord, & Co., 1*
Lee, Henry,
including two beautiful Persian manuscripts.
Lee, Rachel F. A., 1*
Lee, R. H. — the manuscripts of Arthur Lee.
Lee, Thomas, — "a large col- lection of highly valuable and elegantly bound books."
Lee, William, — Johnson's portrait of John McLean.
Lettsom, John C., (London,) Also two framed prints.
Leverett, Frederick P.,
Lewis, Alonzo,
Lewis, E., — the " African Observer," 10*
Lewis, Henry R.,
Library Company of Phila- delphia,
Lieber, Francis, 3*
Also books to Law School.
Lincoln & Edmands,
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations L to the libra- 10 ry from
January,
1780. to 2 July, 1840. 4 1 3 1
1 I
3 14
6 3
16
6
G
578
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
APPENDIX, Lincoln, Levi, 1*
No. XLVI. Lincoln, William, 1
Lincoln, William, and C. C.
Baldwin, 2
Lindsey, Theophilus, (Lon- don,) — " several Treatises of which he is the author"; also Priestley's Theological Works, the number not re- corded.
Little, Charles C., — a manu- script work of Thomas Aquinas. 1
Livermore, Samuel, 2
Also a large collection of rare and costly books to the Law School.
Livingston, Edward, 7*
Lodge, Grand, of Mass. 1*
Loganian Library, (Philad.) 2* ] Longfellow, Henry W., 9
Longitude, Board of, (London, ) 7
Loring, Benjamin, 1*
Loring, Josiah Q., 5
Lothrop, Loring, (Class of
1836,) 1
Lovell, Joseph, — books to
the Theological School. Lowell, Charles, 10*
Lowell, James R., 1*
Lowell, John, — a large and valuable collection of cop- per coins.
Lowell, John A., 1*
Lowrie, Walter, — 2 maps & 5
Lubbock, J. W., (London,) 1* Lucas, J. A. H., (Paris,) 2
Mackintosh, Duncan, (Mar-
tinico,) 2
Maclure, William, 1
Maine Legislature, 2
Also one folio volume in manuscript, containing copies of the commissions of the Governors of Que- bec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Manning, Elizabeth B., —
books to the Theol. School. Manning, Joseph B., 1*
Mansfield, Isaac, — to the Theological School, 40
Margatroyd, William, (Brad- ford, England,) 1 Marien, Thomas Antoine de,
(Amsterdam,) 3
Mariolti, Luigi, 1
Marsh, Capen, & Lyon, 2* 3
Maryland General Assembly, 4
Mascarene, Mrs. 14
Maseres, Francis, (London,) 3
Mason, Jeremiah, — bust to
the Law School. Massachusetts General Court, imperfect Files of Docu- ments from 1827 to 1840, inclusive.
Laws of Massachusetts, 2
Eastern Land Resolves, 1
Hitchcock's Report, 1st and
2d editions, with plates, 3
Journal of the Convention
in 1779 and 1780, 1
Catalogue of the Library of
the General Court, 1
Also Documents, &c., to
the Law School. Maxwell, Alexander, (Lon- don,) — books to the Law School. May, Samuel, — books to the
Theological School. Mayo, Robert, 1
McCallum, Hugh,(Montrose,
Scotland,) 1
McClelland, John, (Calcutta,) I
M'Cormac, Henry, (London,) 1
McGee, Henry F., 1
McKean, Henry S., 1* 3
McKean, Joseph, 12* 2
McQueen, Hugh, 1*
Mease, James, 1 *
Mellen, G. W. F., 1*
Mentz, George W., & Son, 2
Metcalf, Eliab W.,— a chart, and 16*
Also to the Theol. School, 2
Metcalf, Theron, 19*
Miles, Henry A., 2*
Miles, Solomon P., 2
Milner, Thomas, (London,) 1
Milns, William, (London,) 1
Minns, Geo. W., (Class of
1836,) 8
Minto, Walter, 1*
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
579
Missions, Board of, (Boston,) "Missionary Herald," Vols. 23 to 35, inclusive, 13
Mittermaier, C. J. A., (Hei- delberg,) 1* Mohl, R~ (Tubingen,) 2 Monroe, James, (Pres.) 1* Moore, Charles W., 1 Moore, Jacob B., 1* 1 Morison, Horace, (Class of
1837,) 2
Morris, E . J. , (Class of 1836, ) 1
Morris, George, 2
Morrison, Robert, (Canton,) 1
Morrison, J. R., (Canton,) 1*
Morse, Jedediah, 7* 3
Morse, Jedediah, and E. Par- ish, 1 Morton, Marcus, — bust to
the Law School.
Mozard, (Mons.,) 1
Munroe, James, Jr., 4* 5
Munroe & Company, 1*
Museum, British, Trustees of, 2
Muzzey,A.B., 3* 2
Naxera, Emmanuel, 1*
Negris, Alexander, 1* G
Nestler & Melle, (Hamburgh,) 5*
Neufville, Mad. de, 2
New York Mercantile Libra- ry Association, 3*
Nichols, George, 19* 2
Nichols, John, (London,) — Dr. Fr. Nichols's "Com- pendium Anatomico-GEco- nomicutn," with manu- script notes in the Author's hand ; and the ''Aphorisms of Hippocrates " in Greek, a manuscript written by John Thomasine, exceed- ingly beautiful, 2
Nichols, John T. G., (Class of 1836,) 5
Nicklin, Ph. Houlbrooke, 1
Niles, H., — several volumes of the " Weekly Register."
Norton, Andrews, 496* 133
Also a bust of Sir R. Liston. Also to the Theol. School, 153
Norton, Andrews, and C. Folsom, 4
Norton, Samuel, 30* 4
Noyes, George R., 3
Also to the Theol. School, 2* I
Oakes, William, 1* I
Odiorne, James C., 1
Osborn, George, 1
Otis, George A., 2
Otis, Samuel A., 4
Owen, John, 3* 10
Also to the Theol. School, 1
Packard, A. S., 1
Page, Edward P., 32*
Paige, L.R., 1* 1
Paine, Martyn, 1
Palfrey, John G., 1* 4
Also to the Theol. School, 1
Pallmer, Charles, (England,) 2
Palmer, Thomas, (London,) by bequest, "nearly 1200 volumes." Also his portrait. Parish, E. See Morse. Parker, Daniel P., 1
Parker, Samuel, 2
Parker, Samuel D., 1*
Parker, Theodore, 1*
Parkman, George. See Bow- ditch, N., and others. Parkman, Francis, 4* 5
Also to the Theol. School, 30
Parmenter, William, — 1 chart. Parsons, Theophilus, Parsons, Usher, 4* 2
Patterson, Albert C., I*
Patterson, John, 1
Pasley, C. W., (Chatham,
England,) I
Payne & Foss, (London,) 1
Payne, William E., — portrait of Christopher Gore, paint- ed by Trumbull.
Peabody, Andrew P., 2*
Peabody, Augustus G., (Class
of 1837,) 3
Pearson, George, (London,) 2
Peck, W. D.,— his father's manuscript lectures on Natural History.
Peirce, Benjamin, (Librarian,) 9* Peirce, Benjamin, (Professor,) 8* 3 Pelham, Henry, — his plan of
APPENDIX, No. XLVf.
Donations to the libra- ry from January. 1780, to July, 1840.
580
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
the County of Clare in Ire- land, and his print of " The finding of Moses."
Pemberton, Thomas, 2
Pemberton, William W., 2
Perham, B. F.,— Plan of Au- gusta.
Perkins, Simon, 2
Perkins, Thomas H., 2
Also to Theol. School, 1
Peterborough, (N. H.,) Com- mittee for the Centennial Celebration, I*
Philadelphia Library Com- pany, 4 Phillips, Jonathan. See Bowditch, N. and others. Phillips, Lydia, 10 Phillips, Willard, 1* 1 Pickering, John, 14* 4 Also a bust to the Law School. Pickering, Octavius, and
William H. Gardiner, 1
Pickman, Dudley L., 14
Also to Theol. School, 6
Pierce, Benjamin, (Newport,) forty-two medals of Rus- sian Princes. Pierce, John, 1*
Also to the Theol. School, 11
Pitkin, Timothy, 3
Plumer, William, 18*
Ponte, Lorenzo Da, 1
Poor Law Commission, (Eng.,) 1
Popkin, John S., 1* 3
Porter, Benjamin F., — books
to the Law School. Porter, Jacob, 13*
Potter, Nathaniel, 1*
Prentiss, Joseph Otis, 1
Prescott, William H., 3
Price, Richard, (London,) 2
Also " a collection of his learned and valuable works."
Prince, John, 4
Also to the Theol. School, 21
Prince, John G., 1*
Probert, William, ( England,) 1
Also to the Theological School, 1
Proctor, John, 1
Putnam, George, — to the Theological School, 7
Quincy, Josiah, 506* 19
Also a portrait of Gen. Lin- coln, engraved by Smith. See Bowditch, N. and others.
Quincy, Mrs. Josiah, — to the
Law School. 1
Rafinesque, C. S. 9*
Ralston, G. 1*
Ram is y Ramis, Antonio,
(Mahon,) 1*
Ramis y Ramis, D. Juan,
(Mahon,) 1* 3
Ramsay, Alexander, (Edin- burgh,) — two prints Randall, Thos., (Edinburgh,)
" a valuable collection of
books."
Randolph, Theodoric T. I
Rantoul, Robert, Jr., — to the
Theological School, 1
Read , John H ., (Class of 1836.) 1
Reader, Thomas, (Taunton,
England,) 2
Reading Room, Theological,
to the Theological School, 9
Record Commission. See
British Government. Reed, David, — to the Theo- logical School, 3 Reed, Sampson, 1 Rees, Abraham, (London,) —
his Cyclopaedia, Vol. 1 to
Vol. 1 1 , Part 1 , 21 parts, or 10£
Regents of the University of
New York, 1*
Reid, William, (Edinburgh,) 2* Rensselaer, Stephen Van, 1
Rich, Obadiah, (London,) 93* 13
Also two manuscripts. Richardson, Daniel S. See
Brewer. Richardson, Lord, & Co., 6* 25
Also to the Theological
School, 5
Richmond, Edward, 1*
Richmond, James C., 1*
Riddle. Charlotte M., 1
Riddell, John L., 1*
Riise, J. (Copenhagen,) 1
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
581
Ring, John, (London,) 1
Ripley, Ezra, — to the Theo- logical School,
Robertson, William J., 4*
Robinson, Edward, and Crock- er & Brewster, 1 Roby, Joseph, 1 Roche, MM. de la, 9 Rodd, Thomas, (London,) 1 Rogers, Jeremiah D., Rogers, Josiah, 2 Rogers, William, 4 Roscoe, Jane E., (England,) — books to the Theological School.
Roy, W. L., 1
Ruggles, John,(Class of 1836,) 4
Rush, Benjamin, 1
Russell, Charles T., (Class of
1837,) 3
Also, subsequently, 1
Russell, John B., 1
Russell, Jonathan, 1
Sales, Francis, 4* 17
Saltonstall, Leverett, 1* 1
Also, to the Theological School, 1
Sargent, Howard, 1
Sargent, John O., 2
Saunders, Charles, 4
Saunders, Mrs. 4
Saunders & Benning, (Lon- don,)— books to the Law School.
Savage, Arthur, (London,) 2
Savage, Edward, — an origi- nal portrait by him of Gen. Washington; also an en- graved print of the same. Savage, James, 2
Sawyer, William, 1
Sayers, Edward, 1* 3
Schaeffer, Godofred Henric,
(Leipsic,) 1
Schlegel, J. F. G., (Copenha- gen,) 2 Schuyler, Philip, Jr.,— an ori- ginal letter of General Washington.
Sears, David, — a collection of French literary works, elegantly bound, 141
Seaton, J. G. See Hubbard. Sedgwick, Catherine M., 5
Sega, Giacomo, 1* 1
Senior, Nassau Wm. (Lon- don,) 2* 2 Also his Tour in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, man- uscript, 1 Sever, James W., — a valua- ble collection of books in Chinese and on the Chi- nese language, 44 Sewall, Stephen, 2 Sewall, Thomas, 4* 1 Sewell, Jonathan, 1* 1 Seymour, Henry, 2 Shaler, William, — in man- uscript, his " Sketches of Algiers," 1 Shapleigh, Samuel, 1* Sharp, Granville, (London,) 5* many valuable books, sent from the year 1781 to 1808, among which was Walton's Polyglot Bible, Republican copy, in 6 volumes, folio. Shattuck, Lemuel, 2* Shaw, Charles, 1 Shaw, Lemuel, — bust to the
Law School.
Shaw, William S., 2*
Shecut, John L. E. W., 3
Sibley, John L., 9* 8
Also to the Theological School, 1
Silsbee, William, — to the
Theological School, 6
Simmons, George F., 2
Also books to the Theologi- cal School.
Simpson, Jonathan, 7
Sinclair, Sir John, (London,) 2
Smith, F. O. J., — books to
the Law School.
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 1
Smith, William, (Quebec,) 2
Smith, Wm., and Charles Storer, — stones from the Giant's Causeway. Snow, Mr. , (Charles- town, Mass.,) 1 Society, American Antiqua-
ian, 3
APPENDIX,
No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
582
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLVI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840.
Society, American Philosoph- ical, Historical and Lite- rary Committee of the, 2
Society, American Philo- sophical, 12
Society, Anti-Slavery, Mas- sachusetts, 3* 35
Society, Anti-Slavery, New York, 1*
Society of Antiquaries, Lon- don, 30 Also " a fac-simile of a Greek inscription on a stone in Egypt."
Society of Northern Antiqua- ries, Copenhagen, 2* 2
Society for discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirit, Penn- sylvania, 1* •
Society for Promotion of Use- ful Arts, New York, 5
Society for the Encourage- ment of Arts, Manufac- tures, and Commerce, Lon- don, 4
Society, Astronomical, Lon- don, 21*
Society, Botanical, London, 1
Society for promoting Chris- tian Knowledge, Piety, and Charity, 4* 13
Also to the Theological School, 3
Society for Constitutional In- formation, London, 1
Society, East India Marine,
Salem, 1
Society of Friends, Salem, —
to the Theological School, 1
Society, Historical, Massa- chusetts, 27
Society, Historical, Essex County, 1*
Society, Historical, New Hampshire, 5
Society, Historical, Rhode Island, 1*
Society, Historical, Penn- sylvania, 1
Society, Literary and Histor- ical, Quebec, 2*
Society, Horticultural, Lon- don, 6
Society, Humane, London, 1
Society, King's Chapel, Bos- ton, 15 Also to the Theological School, 44
Society, Linntean, of New England, 1*
Society, Medical, Massachu- setts, 2* 6
Society of Natural History,
Boston, 1* 2
Society of Natural History, Essex County, 2*
Society, Peace, 10*
Society, Prison Discipline, Boston, 2*
Society of Physics and Nat- ural History, Geneva, 1
Society, Royal, London, — the " Philosophical Trans- actions," for a series of years ; Astronomical Ob- servations of Messrs. Mas- kelyne, Mayer, and Pond, and the Nautical Alma- nac, &c.
Society, South Carolina, 1*
Society, Temperance, Massa- chusetts, 1* 2 Also books to the Theologi- cal School.
Society, Temperance, New York, 5* 1
Society, Temperance, Suffolk County, 1*
Soemmering, Samuel Thom- as V., (Munich,) 1*
Soley, Edward, 1
South Carolina, State of, — books to the Law School.
Souza Botelho, Jose Maria de, — his edition of the Lusiad of Camoens, in folio, with plates, — very splendid, 1
Sparks, Jared, 408* 85
Among the works present- ed by Mr. Sparks, are the " Diplomatic Correspond- ence," " Life and Writings of Washington," "Ameri- can Biography," and " Life of Morris." Also to the Theol. School, 1
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
583
Spelman, Israel M., (Class
of 1836,) Spitzner, Franz, (Wittenberg,
Saxony,) Spitzner, Franz, and F. T.
Friedemann, 1
Spohn, F. A. G., (Leipsic,) 1
Spring, Samuel, 1
Stansbury, Daniel, 1
Stark, John, (formerly Sam- uel H. Newell,) — an an- cient print of Harvard Col- leges.
Stearns, Asahel, 3
Stearns, Eliza F., 2* 2
Stearns, William A., 1
Stearns, William G., — books
to the Law School. Stebbins, Rufus P., 1*
Stone, Edwin M., 1* 1
Slorer, Charles. See Smith, W. Storer, Ebenezer, 2
Story, Joseph, 1* 5
Also books to Law School. See Bowditeh, N., and others. Stuart, Moses, 3*
Sullivan, James, 2
Sullivan, Richard, — to the
Theological School, 3
Sumner, Charles, 5* 1
Also books to Law School. Sumner, William H., 5*
Surault, F. M. J., 1* 1
Swett, Samuel, 1*
Szymanski, Ignatius S., 1
Tannatt, A . G ., — files of the " Nantucket Weekly Mes- senger."
Tappan, David, 1*
Tappan John, — books to the
Law School. Tappan, Lewis, — to the
Theological School, 11
Taylor John, (Bombay,) ]
Taylor, Richard, (London,) 1* Taylor, Thomas, (London,) 1
Taylor, William, heirs of, 70
Ternaux, H., (Paris,) 1
Thacher, James, 7
Thacher, Peter, 1*
Thacher, Peter O., 2*
See Breed, William.
Thorn, David, (Liverpool,)
Thorn, George, (Calcutta,) Also two prints.
Thomas, Isaiah, Also by bequest,
Thorkelin, G. J., (Copenha- gen.)
Thorndike, Augustus,
Thorndike, Charles,
Thorndike, Israel,
Also a donation of $ 500 for the purchase of Theologi- cal works ;
Also the Ebeling Library, estimated at
with J 0,000 maps and charts.
Thornton, John W., — books to the Law School.
Thurston, Lyman,
Ticknor, George, See Bowditeh, N., and others.
Tittmann, J. A. H., (Leipsic,)
Torrey, Jesse, Jr.,
Toulrnin, Joshua, (Birming- ham, England,) Also " several pieces of which he is the author."
Townsend, Shippie,
Trask, Israel E., Among these are several very rare and costly works.
Treat, Samuel, (Class of 1837,)
Trumbull, Benjamin,
Trumbull, John, — two fram- ed prints by himself, and Smibert's copy of Van- dyck's portrait of Cardinal Bentivoglio.
Tuckerman, Edward, Jr., Also to the Law School.
Tuckerman, Joseph, — to the Theological School,
Tufts, Marshall,
Tufts, Simon, — "a manu- script letter of Thomas Hollis to Dr. Colman."
Turner, Judith, and Susan Ward, — Copley's portrait of their grandfather, Pres- ident Holyoket
2* 4 APPENDIX, 5* No. XLVI.
i * m Donations
10 totheliBra- 1* 305 ry from January, 1780, to
52 G 9
3200
1* 12* 22
2* 1* 7
1
29
July, 1840.
584
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Tyng, Dudley Atkins, No. XLVF. Tyson, Job R.,
Donations to the libra- ry from January. 1780, to July, 1840.
Umbreit, F. W. C., (Gollin- gen,)
Unitarian Association, Brit- ish and Foreign,
United States Congress, — Bishop Wilson's Works, folio,
Laws of the United States, Acts of the Third Session, Fifth Congress, Secret Journals, Congressional Documents, from the Seventeenth Con- gress to the present time, Diplomatic Correspond- ence,
Catalogue of the Library of Congress, American State Papers, American Archives, Map of Florida.
Upham, Charles W.,
Also to the Theol. School,
Vanneschi, G., (Sicily,)
Vaughan, Benjamin,
Vaughan, John,
Vaughan, Samuel, (London,)
Vaughan, Samuel, Jr., (Phil- adelphia,)
Vaughan, William, (London,)
Vening, , (Vienna,)
Vergnies, Francis, — very valuable works on Botany, &c., with numerous plates, Also a further donation of " a chosen collection of the most ancient Greek Poets," the number not stated.
Verplanck, Gulian C.,
Vidaurre, Manuel de,
Vidaurre, M. L. de
Vidua, Charles, (Turin,)
Vinal, John,
Wackerbarth, Count Von,
(Hamburgh,) Wadsworth, Benjamin, (Dan-
vers,) portrait of President
Wadsworth.
326 12
1 21
1
2 3
1
1 3
3-2
2*
Wahab, Thomas, (London,)
Wakefield, Gilbert, (Notting- ham, England,)
Walcott, Samuel B.,
Waldron, Daniel,
Wallcut, Robert F.,
Wales, H. W.,
Walker, George, (Notting- ham, England,)
Walker, James, — to Theolo- gical School,
Walker, Timothy,
Wallace, Cranmore,
Walsh, Robert,
Ward, Susan. See Turner.
Ward, Thomas W.,
Warden, D.B., (Paris,) 5
Ware, Henry, Sen., Also to the Theol. School, Also a print of Rammohun Roy.
Ware, Henry, Jr.,
Also to the Theol. School,
Ware, John,
Ware, William,
Also to the Theol. School,
Warren, John C.,
Waterhouse, Benjamin, Also bust of Gen. Hamilton. Also books to Law School.
Waterman Elijah,
Waterman, Foster,
Watkins, Tobias,
Watson, David,
Watson, Elkanah,
Wayland, Francis,
Webber, Samuel, Also a view of Bellows Falls, drawn from nature, on stone, by Mrs. Webber.
Webster, Daniel,
Webster, John W.,
Webster, Noah, Jr.,
Webster, Pelatiah,
Websters & Skinners,
Weed, Thurlow,
Weiss, John, (Class of 1837,)
Weld, Isaac, (Dublin,)
Welles, John, — portrait of the Rev. Joseph S. Buckminster. See Bowditch, N.,and others.
Wellington, Charles, — to the Theological School,
3 1.
1 I
4
1
4
104
8* 5
307
3* 1
29
2
2* 4 9* 18
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
585
Wells, William, 5
Wells & Lilly, 23
Wentworth, Paul, — a map of New Hampshire, en- graved at the expense of the donor.
West & Richardson, 3
Wette, L. de, (Basle,) 1*
VVhately, Richard, (Dublin,) 2* 9 Whately, Mrs., (Dublin,) — engraved portrait of Arch- bishop Whately.
Wharton, John, 1*
Wheaton, Henry, 1
Wheeler, Charles S., (Class of 1837,) 4
Also, subsequently, 23* 5
Also files of newspapers. Whewell, William, (Cam- bridge, England,) 1 Also his researches on Tides, from the " Philo- sophical Transactions." White, Daniel A., 3* 1 White, John I., (Class of
1836,) 3
White, T. W., 2
Whiting, Joseph, 1
Whitney, George, 2*
Whitney, G. H., (Class of
1837,) 2
Whitney, Peter, 2* 1
Whittemore, Thomas, 1
Also to the Theol. School, 5
Whitworth, Miles, I
Wigglesworth, Edward, (Rev.
Dr.,) in 1793, 7*
Wigglesworth, Edward, 13
Wight, J. B., — to the Theo- logical School, 5 Wilkins & Carter, 2 Wilkinson, J. J., (London,) —
books to the Law School. Willard, Francis A., 1
Willard, Joseph, . 1* 2
Willard, Samuel, 1* 1
Willard, Samuel S., 1
Willard, Sidney, 1* 16
Also to Theol. School, 51
Williams, Henry, — books to
the Law School.
Williams, Henry, 1*
Williams, H. & F. S., (Class
of 1837,) 5
Williams, John B., (Shrews- bury, England,) 3 Williams, John D., — to the
Theological School, 42
Williams, R. P. & C., 1
Williams, Stephen W., 2
Williams, William, 1
Wills, John, 1* 3
Willis, William, 1
Wilton, (N. H.,) town of, 1*
Wilson, William D., — to the
Theological School, 2
Windship, Amos, 4
Windship James,
Winthrop, James, 4
Also, by bequest, a collec- tion of 674 coins and med- als.
Winthrop, Robert C., 1*
Winthrop, Thomas L., 1
Also Osgood's copy of an original portrait of Gov. Winthrop.
Wolf, Fr. A., (Berlin,) 1
Wood, Horatio, — to the
Theological School, 1
Wood, Samuel, (London,) 2
Woodbridge, William C., 1*
Worcester, Joseph E., 6* 31
Also to the Theol. School, 3
Worcester, Noah, 4
Worcester, Thomas, 2
Wright, Hezekiah Hartley, 1
Wylie, Samuel, 1*
Yandes, Simon, — books to
the Law School.
Yates, James, (London,) 1*
Young, Alexander, 10* 5
Also to the Theological
School, , 30
Zimmerman, C., (Berlin,) 2*
APPENDIX, No. XL VI.
Donations to the libra- ry from January, 1780, to July, 1840
VOL. II.
74
586 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XL VII.
No. XL VII. — See p. 399. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY.
Library of The University Library is divided into four branches, viz. the Theological, Medical, Law, and Public ; which last, besides books in all other departments of learning, embraces also an extensive col- lection of works on Theology, Medicine, and Law.
The Theological Library is in Divinity Hall. Persons entitled to its privileges must be connected with the Divinity School. The number of books is about 700. They consist of valuable select works, principally in modern Theology, with some of the early Fathers in the original. Means have recently been devised to add to this library valuable modern works on Theology and Morals, as they are published.
The Medical Library is in the Medical College, in Boston. It is placed there for the convenience of students attending the medical lectures. The number of books is about ten or twelve hundred. It contains all the elementary works which are the most important and the most used by students. Besides these, it has the writings of the early Greek and Latin medical Fathers, and the works of the later medical classics ; and with the latter it contains numerous valuable modern works.
This library was chiefly collected by the Medical Professors from their own resources, and was formally conveyed by deed to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, by James Jackson, John C. Warren, John Gorham, Walter Channing, and Jacob Bigelow, in 1819, on certain conditions. In addition to their donations, very valuable contributions were made by Benjamin Vaughan, Edward Everett, and Ward Nicholas Boylston.
The Law Library is in Dane Hall. It is designed for the officers and students of the Law Institution. The number of books is about 6,100. It contains most of the valuable works in English and American Law, and in the Civil Law, together with a variety of others by writers of France, Spain, and Germany.
The Public or College Library is in Harvard Hall. This is much larger than the others, and is rapidly increasing. It is for the com- mon use of the whole University, in this respect differing from the other branches of the University Library. The whole number of books is about 39,161. Of these, about 2,500 are duplicates, and
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 587
1000 belong to the Boylston Medical Library, which is immediately APPENDIX,
.... No. XLVll.
connected with it.
The whole number of books in the University Library is, then, as library of
tnG U nivcr*
follows : sity.
Theological Library, . - . ' . about 700
Medical " . . -c.^J,— " 1,000
Law " < > ijy .--• . . " 6,100
Public " , *-v . . " 39,161
Total, " 46,961
In the Society Libraries of the Students, . . 4,500
Constituting an aggregate of . 51,461
Besides many of the most rare and costly printed books, the library contains a number of valuable ancient manuscripts; and, as there are probably few, if any, others in this country, some speci- fication of them may here be suitable.
In 1819, Professor Everett procured at Constantinople, through Mr. Cartwright, the British consul-general, seven Greek manu- scripts, "belonging to the family of a Greek prince in decay"; of which the following is a list.
I. Sixteen Sermons of Gregory Nazianzen, 4to. It is written on parchment, like all the other Greek manuscripts in the collection.
The titles are in red letters. Quotation marks are used. In the
third sermon, the spurious passages have a dash (called an
o/Sdo'?, spit,) before each line. The Iota subscript is generally omitted, as in all the rest; and, when expressed, it is written as a regular letter, as TJJI TTQWITJI, uidov.
The end is mutilated, and a few of the first pages have marginal notes, written by a later hand. The first leaf contains a part of the life of Saint Nazarius and Saint Celsius or Celsus, and of course it once belonged to another book.
On the bottom margin of the fifth page we find, *JEx TUV TOV 'faxa- /9ou plpliov, 1807, One of the books of James, A. D. 1807. On the bottom margin of the ninth page, 3JEx Ttuv inv 'lyrariov ItQodiccxovov TOV Aiafiiov, «yy', One of the books of the deacon Ignatius the Les- bian, A. D. 1790.
It is probably of the thirteenth century.
588 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, II. Evangelistarium (Evayythov}, that is, the Four Gospels ar- NQ. XLVII. range(j jn iessons as tney are rea(j \a jne Greek Church ; large 4to.
Library of The titles and capitals are in red letters. It is not very accurately the Univer- sity, written. The first three pages and the last six, and four about the
middle, are clumsily written by a later hand.
We may observe here, that the Evangelistaries and the Apostolus, in the collection, have some musical marks written with red ink ; which shows, that the practice of chanting the lessons is very old.
On page first occurs, To naQov &tiov y.ul IfQov tvayythov vndgxsi 'liooTjtp itQO{iovd%ov i$ 'Avdgiavovnohcog, This divine and sacred Evan- gelistary belongs to the priest Joseph of Adrianople. At the end, Ev%ov, <o &via, TO) -/QuyavTi, iv%ov, Pray, O priest, for him toho has written it, pray.
Probably of the thirteenth century.
III. Evangelistarium, 4to. This does not essentially differ from the preceding, except in its smaller size and greater accuracy.
Probably of the thirteenth century.
IV. Apostolus (yfTro'ffToAoc), that is, the Acts and Epistles divided into lessons, 4to.
The rubrics and titles are generally in gold letters. On the top margin of the first page occurs, '/axw'/5ou rtwqylov, This is the book of James the son of George.
Perhaps of the twelfth century.
V. Psalterium (VfetaggMr), that is, the book of Psalms, small 4to. This well-written volume consists of five distinct parts :
1st. Fourteen pages of explanations of the titles of the Psalms, in arl/oi TroAmxo/, i. e. verses whose rhythm is regulated by accent, and not by quantity ; by Psellus.
2d. The Psalms. Facing the first page, there is a picture repre- senting Christ, with the Virgin on the right, and John the Baptist on the left. On the last page there are two pictures ; of which the first represents the combat between David and Goliath, and the second the decapitation of the latter by the former.
3d. The Nine Odes, so called, which form a part of the morning service ("OQ&gog), and of which the first is the song of Moses, and the last, those of the Virgin and Zechariah. Facing the first ode, there is a representation of the passage over the Red Sea, and the destruction of Pharaoh's host.
4th. A part of the prayer book.
5th. This is an abridgment of the Menologium (Mjjvoio'/'oy), that is, a register of Saints, and of their festivals. It contains also astro-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 589
nomical tables and one diagram, for finding the cycles of the sun APPENDIX, and moon, the day of the month, and also for finding Easter and the y°- XLVir.
Jewish Passover. Both this and the preceding part are contained Library of
the Univer- in what is now called the J2goloyiov, sity.
It was probably written about the thirteenth century.
From some writing on .the first three pages, it appears that this volume was once the property of Michael Kantakuzenos, a very rich nobleman, who resided in Anchialos, on the Black Sea, and was, in his own house, first strangled and then beheaded, on suspicion, by order of the Sultan, in the year 1578, March the 3d, O. S. His property was confiscated, according to Turkish law. He is men- tioned by Martin Crusius, in his " Turco-Grsecia." On the second of these pages, there is an Elegy on Michael Kantakuzenos.
VI. A fragment of an Evangelistary, containing twelve pages, large 4to.
The first page begins with Matthew v. 36, [^77] rs lv TT-J xsyaiij aov. It is written in uncial letters, which authorizes us to refer it to the ninth century.
It is undoubtedly the oldest manuscript in the collection.
VII. Michaelis Glycze Chronicon, small 4to.
It has a large number of abbreviations. We observe, also, that t and v, when not parts of diphthongs, are invariably written i and
«j
v, as vvv, agx'ifQfvs.
The first two and the last two leaves, fragments of some martyr- ology, are written by a different hand.
It may be referred to the latter part of the thirteenth century.
On the last page, we find the following sentence in Modern Greek : 3Exomo to fiifiUov vnagxti tov rifilov Jlgodgopov Tricolor Bonnoxovg, xal OTioiog TO ano&viaaii sarta aqxoQiapsvo:, This book belongs to the church of the honored Forerunner [that is, John the Baptist] near Bompoko2ts ; and whoever takes it away, let him be excommunicated*
Among the Latin manuscripts may be mentioned, I. A Latin translation of "the Politics, Rhetoric, and Larger Morals" of Aristotle, well written, in black letter, on parchment of
* The above account of Greek manuscripts has been furnished by Mr. Evan- gelinus A. Sophocles, a native Greek scholar, whose familiarity with manu- scripts of different ages, and thorough acquaintance with Greek learning, give authority to his opinions on such subjects.
590 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, the folio size. This was procured by Professor Everett, at Florence,
XLVIT. an(j formeriy belonged to Petrus Victorias, an editor and commen-
Libraryof tator of Aristotle; and the translation is by him commended, as
the Univer- ... , ,/.,.. ,-, i
sity. having been made many ages before his time, when the Greek
copies of Aristotle were more perfect, and as being very faithfully executed.
II. A fair manuscript of Ovid's Epistles, written on parchment, of the 8vo size. Its date is uncertain, but it is to be referred to a period long before the origin of printing.
III. A splendid copy of the Vulgate version of the whole Bible, very richly illuminated, on parchment, folio size.
IV. A beautifully illuminated Roman Catholic missal, of the four- teenth century, on parchment, 8vo size.
V. A treatise of Thomas Aquinas, written on thick paper ; a good specimen of manuscript books written not long before the discovery of the art of printing. It is of the folio size, curiously bound.
Of Oriental manuscripts, there are four. Three of them are Persian, of great beauty, written on silk paper. The other is a copy of the Book of Esther, in Hebrew. It is in the form of the ancient vohimen, or roll, being about a foot in breadth, and is mounted in the ancient manner.
Besides the above, the library contains manuscript works of dif- ferent learned men of modern times; a great part of which, how- ever, have been printed. The papers of Professor Sewall, of Arthur Lee, and of Professor Ebeling have a permanent literary or historical value ; and the various Prize Dissertations written in the University during the present century, contain essays which in future times may be interesting to the writer of the literary history of the country.
It is hoped, that it will hereafter be an object with the friends of learning and of the University, to collect and deposit in the li- brary, not only ancient manuscripts, but the papers of modern scholars, and especially of distinguished sons of the University.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 591
APPENDIX, No. XL VIII.
No. XLVIIL — See p. 401.
LETTER OF ANDREW RITCHIE, ACCOMPANYING HIS DONA- TION OF MINERALS.
"Paris, 20 October, 1820. Letter of
,, T> jo- Andrew
"Reverend Sir, Ritchie.
" I have lately, with the assistance of my friend Mr. Cogswell, purchased the collection of minerals, which formed the cabinet of a distinguished mineralogist in Dresden. I beg leave to present it to Harvard College. In doing this, my wish is to increase the means of studying a science very interesting to our country, and to express in some degree my attachment and veneration for the University. " I am, Sir, very respectfully,
" Your obedient servant,
" ANDREW RITCHIE. " Rev. John T. Kirkland, D. D., " President of Harvard University."
In February, 1821, the Corporation received this donation, and, at the same time, a relinquishment by Mr. Cogswell, then Professor of Mineralogy in the seminary, of his interest in the abovementioned cabinet. In accepting it, the Corporation expressed their " lively satisfaction at this munificent donation, which supplies one of the pressing wants of the institution, and is an addition to its scientific apparatus of great importance, and which cannot but contribute in a high degree to the advancement of mineralogical knowledge in the University and throughout the country ; " and voted, " that the grate- ful acknowledgments of this Corporation and of the University be presented to Mr. Ritchie, for this distinguished proof of his regard to the place of his education and to the interests of science."
No. XLIX. — Seep. 401. DONORS TO THE MINERALOGICAL CABINET.
The names of these donors were as follows :
Nathan Appleton, Edmund D wight,
Peter C. Brooks, Francis C. Gray,
592
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. XLIX.
Donors to the Miner- alogical Cabinet.
Panorama of Athens.
Horace Gray, Charles Jackson, Patrick T. Jackson, James Jackson, Daniel P. Parker, Samuel Parkman,
Gorham Parsons, William Phillips, David Sears, William Sturgis, George Ticknor, Whitwell & Bond.
The amount of their respective donations has not been ascer- tained ; except that Messrs. Charles, Patrick T., and James Jack- son made up the sum of § 1000, and the other donors gave about $ 100 each.
The names of General H. A. S. Dearborn, Daniel Webster, William McClure, and Henry R. Schoolcraft, deserve to be grate- fully mentioned among the contributors to the mineralogical cabinet of the University.
No. L. — See p. 401. PANORAMA OF ATHENS.
The following letter from the donor was received by the President of the University.
Sir,
Boston, October 2lst, 1819.
" I have just heard from London, that the Panorama of Athens, painted by Messrs. Barker and Burford, and which I was so lucky as to succeed in buying, had been packed up, and was ready to be sent to Boston.
" It gave me uncommon gratification to be able to secure this in- teresting painting for this country. And I am naturally led to solicit the permission of presenting it to the University at Cam- bridge.
" With great respect, Sir,
" Your devoted servant,
"THEODORE LYMAN, JR."
"Rev. Dr. Kirkland."
The College funds not being in a state to justify the application of the sum necessary to erect a building in Cambridge for the per-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 593
rnanent exhibition of this beautiful specimen of art, several friends APPENDIX, of the College, in June, 1820, attempted to raise by subscription
the necessary amount; and the late John Lowell, then a member Panorama
of Athens, of the Corporation, and James Perkins, of the house of James &
Thomas H. Perkins, each subscribed two hundred dollars for the purpose. The object, however, was not attained ; and, in 1821, the Panorama was exhibited in Boston and elsewhere, and Professor Edward Everett, who took a great interest in the subject, delivered a lecture on Athens, in aid of the project, for which was received upwards of three hundred dollars. The result of all these efforts proving insufficient, the design was postponed, and the money re- ceived was put out at interest, in order to form an accumulating fund, which now amounts to the sum of $ 1,424'59, which will, it is believed, soon be sufficient to effect the original design ; the Pano- rama being, in the mean time, carefully preserved, in a state free from injury.
No. LI. — See p. 402. THE PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS.
The Philosophical Apparatus of the University is very excel- ThePhilo- lent, and inferior, probably, to none in this country. It has been Apparatus, considerably increased within the last four years, and now contains a new and splendid Electrical Machine, a fine Air-Pump, and a very complete set of Electro-Magnetic and Magneto-Electric con- trivances, as well as a few articles for the illustration of Thermo- Electricity. It comprises the usual means for experimenting upon Statics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Optics, Astronomy, Electricity, and the kindred branches of Electro-Mag- netism, Electro-Dynamics, and Magneto-Electricity. It is more deficient in the means of illustrating the numerous phenomena known under the title of the Polarization of Light. It may, how- ever, be considered as well nigh complete, at once elegant and valuable ; and the department to which it belongs as one of the best furnished in the University.
VOL. II. 75
594 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LII.
No. LII.— Seep. 402. THE APPARATUS OF THE RUMFORD PROFESSORSHIP.
Apparatus The apparatus belonging to the Rumford Professorship comprises fordProfes- a large number of machines and models for illustrating the principles and practice of the useful arts. Among these, may be enumerated a high-pressure steam-engine, capable of operating with the power of one horse ; a working model of the condensing engine ; models of three different kinds of water-wheels ; complete operating models of cotton-spinning machinery and the power-loom ; a fine slide-rest lathe ; an operating model of the last and block machine ; a model of a railway, locomotive engine, and cars ; a large and very perfect air-pump, with pneumatic apparatus complete; a complete set of mechanical powers; a model of chronometer and common watch and clock escapements ; a large number of models, in plaster, of buildings and parts of architectural structures. During the lectures, many of the machines and working models are put in actual opera- tion by the power of the steam-engine.
No. LIII.— See p. 404.
LOSS TO THE COLLEGE FROM LEGISLATIVE ACTS IN RELA- TION TO CHARLES RIVER BRIDGE.
Loss to The present value of an annuity of § 666-66, at six
fromlegis- per cent, compound interest for 20 years, is . . $8,133-20
lative acts. The present va]ue of an annuity of $ 666'66, to com- mence at the end of 20 years, and to continue for
ever, is 2,744-22
Besides the above annuities, which were the peculiar estate of the College, it is also a sufferer, in common with the other proprietors of Charles River Bridge, by the effect of these acts of the legislature. In 1823, before the intention of the legislature to interfere with the rights of those proprietors was developed, shares in that bridge sold readily at $ 2,000. Two of those shares
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 595
belonged to the College; the confidence in the faith APPENDIX,
of the Commonwealth, rendered it not only a safe but a No- LIIT-
desirable investment at that rate. From the annihila- Loss to
tion of Charles River Bridge as a productive estate, by fr^m \e^
the legislative acts above mentioned, the College there- lative acts,
fore lost, in 1835, $ 4,000 ; which will, at the end of 20 years, at six per cent, compound interest, amount to an actual loss of . . . '' , ., ; . . . . $ 24,523-74
So that the total loss to the College, at the end of 20
years, will be . $35,401-16
if the legislature should continue to disregard, as it has hitherto done, all applications for indemnity for the damage sustained by the proprietors of the estate in Charles River Bridge.
No. LIV. — See p. 407.
LETTER OF THOMAS PALMER, ACCOMPANYING A GIFT OF
BOOKS.
"London, March 1st, 1772. Letter of
„. . Thomas
" Sir, Palmer.
" During my stay at Naples, I was fortunate enough to procure the account of the pictures, statues, &c., found among the ruins of Herculaneum, and published a few years since by order and at the expense of the King. This work has been with eagerness sought after by the most respectable literary societies in Europe, and, I trust, will not be deemed unworthy a place in the Library of Har- vard College. I have sent with it a complete set of views, sections, and elevations, of all the remaining monuments of Roman grandeur, now seen in and about the city of Rome. This work is executed with an elegance and exactness to satisfy the most curious observer. Unfortunately for my countrymen, it is written in a language but little attended to in America, but I hope it may incite some one to dip, at least, into the rudiments of that tongue, generally allowed to be the most elegant now spoken, and, that I may pass another encomium, formed upon the ruins of that, so generally cultivated, and, I flatter myself, as well understood in my own, as perhaps any country upon the globe.
596
APPENDIX, No. LIV.
Letter of
Thomas
Palmer.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
"Present them, Sir, as a token of my gratitude to Alma Mater, and be assured that I shall embrace every occasion to prove that I am not the least worthy of her sons. I have requested my friend, Mr. Pepperell, to be the bearer of this, and to assure you, that I am, with the greatest respect,
" Your most obliged and most humble servant,
"THOMAS PALMER.
" I have consigned the above to the care of Mr. George Bethune, by Captain Jarvis. J
" John Winthrop, Esq."
Letter of
Israel
Thorndike.
No. LV. — See p. 413.
LETTER OF ISRAEL THORNDIKE, PRESENTING THE EBELING LIBRARY.
"June, 1818. "Dear Sir,
"Having been informed some time since, that the late Professor Ebeling, of Hamburgh, had left a very extensive and valuable library, containing many volumes, maps, and charts, peculiarly adapted to be useful in the United States, I determined upon purchasing it, provided it could be obtained at a fair price, considering its in- trinsic value, and to present it to the University at Cambridge, as a mark of the great esteem I feel for those who compose the govern- ment of that seminary, and of veneration for its great antiquity and usefulness.
" You will perceive by the inclosed letters and copies,* that this object has been effected, and that orders have been given for the shipment to the United States, for account of the University.
"I have to request, that your Corporation will be pleased to accept this library, with my best wishes that it may be found
* These letters state, that the part of the library, which relates to America, contains from 3,000 to 3,500 volumes ; and that the sum given for the whole collection, including charges, was about $ 6,500.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 597
conducive to the great end we all have in view, the extension of APPENDIX knowledge in our country.
" I am, dear Sir, with respect, Letter of
Israel " Your obedient servant, Thorndike.
"ISRAEL THORNDIKE. " Rev. J. T. Kirkland, D. D."
No. LVL — See p. 417.
LETTER OF THE REV. FRANCIS PARKMAN, D. D., OFFERING A DONATION OF FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS TO THE THE- OLOGICAL SCHOOL.
" Boston, April 26f h, 1840. Letter of
the Rev.
" To the Honorable and Reverend the Corporation of Harvard Parkman, University. " Gentlemen,
" The present condition and prospects of the Theological School in Cambridge, having recently excited much solicitude among its friends, and learning that they are now the immediate subjects of consideration with your Honorable Board, I beg leave to submit the following proposal.
" My father, the late Samuel Parkman, Esq., did, in the year 1816, establish a Professorship of Theology in the University, which foundation was gratefully accepted by the Corporation, and the necessary documents, conveyances, &c., were placed in their hands. But, by a series of circumstances, that donation, valued at the time and accepted as equivalent to twenty thousand dollars, became greatly diminished, and is now valued with the interest accumulated, in the books of the Treasurer, at somewhat less than five thousand dollars.
"Regretting, as I deeply do, the circumstances by which the wishes of my honored father failed of their accomplishment, and cherishing a deep and filial interest in the prosperity of the Theo- logical School, as of vital importance to our churches and to the community, I propose to add five thousand dollars to my father's donation, provided that, with that and other smaller sums at the dis- posal of the Corporation for the same purpose, it shall be accepted
598
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Letter of the Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D.
APPENDIX, as the foundation of a Professorship of Theology within the Theo- NO. L.VI. iOgicai School at the University ; and provided that, agreeably to the original purpose of the Corporation in accepting rny late father's gift, it shall be called the Parkman Professorship.
" As my simple object is to meet, in some measure, the immediate, pressing wants of the Theological School, I have no wish to add any other condition except that, should the Corporation in their wisdom see fit to accept this proposal, the Professorship shall be im- mediately established, and that provision shall be made for the con- stant and uninterrupted discharge of its duties ; so that the inten- tions of the gift may be fully carried into effect, or the gift itself revert to the donor.
"I am, gentlemen, with sentiments of the highest respect and consideration, your obedient servant,
"FRANCIS PARKMAN."
Whereupon the Corporation
"Voted, That the gift offered in this letter be accepted on the terms therein proposed.
"Voted, That the Corporation, in accepting this token of the interest of the Rev. Dr. Parkman in the prosperity of Harvard Col- lege, and of the Theological School connected with it, express their sensibility at the evidence of a spirit of liberality so coincident with that which distinguished his father toward this institution, for which his memory has so long been the object of its recorded gratitude."
No. LVIL — See p. 420. EXTRACT FROM THE WILL OF HENRY LIENOW.
Extract " The other moiety, or half part of the residue and remainder of
will of my said estate, I give, devise, and bequeath to the President and Henry Lie- peuows of Harvard College and to their successors for ever ; but in trust, nevertheless, for the sole use and behoof of the Divinity or Theological School attached to said College, to be appropriated in such way as will best promote the interest of said School and the promulgation of liberal Christianity. It being my will, that the in- come and interest only of said fund shall be used for the purpose aforesaid, the capital to remain entire. And I hereby submit the said devise, in other respects, entirely to the control of the said
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 599
President and Fellows of Harvard College, either to add this fund APPENDIX, to others created, or to create a new fund ; my only desire being, No- LVir- that it may be applied in furtherance of the Unitarian faith, and the inculcation of liberal Christianity."
No. LVIII. — See p. 435. GORE HALL.
This edifice, intended for the Library, and named in honor of the Gore Hail, liberal benefactor of the College, the late Governor Gore, was com- menced in 1837. The outside is finished up to the pinnacles, and the inside is completed. This building presents a very pure speci- men of the Gothic style of the fourteenth century in its form and proportions, while the hard sienite or Quincy granite, of which it is constructed, made it necessary to omit the elaborate ornaments with which this style is usually wrought. The towers, buttresses, drip-stones, and all the parts which form projections, or the sides of openings, are, however, finished by smooth, hammered faces; while the walls are rough, but laid in regular courses. In its plan, the building forms a Latin cross ; the length of the body being 140 feet, and that of the transepts 8l£ feet. The principal fronts are south and north ; with octagonal towers rising from the ground, on each side of the principal entrances, to the height of 83 feet. These four towers are connected only with the walls of the vestibules ; and in the form and position of these, as well as in the proportions of the body of the building, exclusive of the transepts, the design of the exterior was taken from King's College Chapel, at Cambridge, Eng- land. In its size and ornamental finish, however, it makes no approach to that splendid specimen of florid Gothic.
On entering the interior of Gore Hall, we are presented with two ranges of columns, ten in each range, which rise from the floor to the ceiling. This open space resembles the nave of a small cathe- dral, being 1 12 feet long and 35 feet high. The ceiling is formed of groined vaults, ornamented by ribs rising from the columns and intersecting each other in various points. The appearance of the whole is imposing ; hardly surpassed, in effect, by any room in this country. The books are to be placed in the alcoves, which are
600 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, formed by partitions running from the columns to the walls of the i^l__l building, somewhat in the form of the chapels in the aisles of many Gore Hall. of tne Catholic churches. The partitions, which form the alcoves, rise, from the floor to the ceiling, 35 feet, and this space is divided by a gallery, which is formed over the whole space outside of the columns, at the height of 12£ feet from the floor. The gallery floor is supported entirely by bars of wrought iron, passing from one par- tition to another, across the alcoves. The side of this gallery be- tween the columns, is guarded by a light iron balustrade ; the whole, therefore, intercepting in no essential degree the view of the ceiling, or any part of the interior, from the floor. The ascent to the gallery is made by light staircases placed outside of the columns, and there are narrow openings through the partitions, above the gal- lery, behind each column, to give a passage from one alcove to another. The lower part of the west transept is formed into a con- venient room for the librarian, while above the gallery it forms a large alcove open to the body of the building. The windows are well proportioned, their heads being equilateral arches, and the mul- lions and tracery are copied from buildings of the age to which the design of this belongs. Ground glass has been used in all the win- dows, though it is to be hoped that, hereafter, its place may be sup- plied, at least in the windows of the principal fronts, by paintings.
In the construction of this edifice, it was determined at the outset, to use every precaution, which the funds of the College would allow, to guard the library from destruction by fire. In every part of the structure, therefore, wood has been rejected, where its place could be supplied without a very great increase of cost in the construc- tion, or inconvenience of some kind in the use, by stone, brick, or iron. No timber is used in the main floor, which is formed by brick vaults, filled to a level upon the spandrels, and covered by boards. This covering being thought necessary to guard against the cold and dampness of the great mass of masonry which constitutes the sup- porting vaults. The roof contains no wood whatever, except the boards or laths to which the slate are fastened. The place of rafters is supplied, throughout, by trusses made of light bars of wrought iron, which are supported by the walls and by iron purlins ranged through the building upon the tops of the Gothic columns which rise through the ceiling for this purpose. The thrust of these trusses is prevented by iron rods, which take the place of the tie-beams of wooden roofs. The weight of the iron of this roof is not more than half as great as would be required if it were formed of timber ; while,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 601
from calculation and experiments made with some of the trusses, it APPENDIX, is believed that it would sustain a load, uniformly distributed over No' LVIIf- it, equal to that of a body of men standing close to each other and Gore Hall, covering a space as great as that enclosed by the building.
As none of the other halls of the University present any claims to excellence in architecture, the attention of strangers will probably be directed to Gore Hall, when completed, as the principal ornament of the College square.
On the 25lh of April, 1838, the «/ay on which the corner-stone of Gore Hall was laid, the Building Committee caused to be deposited in a cavity, formed upwards, in the bottom of the stone which con- stitutes the plinth of the buttress upon the northeast corner of the building, a silver plate, contained in a leaden box, the whole im- bedded in resin. The plate bears the following inscription.
HTJJUS JEDIFICII,
PECUNIA, QUAM CHRISTOPHORUS GORE, LL. D.,
UNIVERSITATI HARVARDIANJE MUNIFICE LEGAVERAT,
EXTRUCTI,
FUNDAMENTUM JACTUM EST A. D. VII. KAL. MAI. ANNI MDCCCXXXVIII. J
EDVARDO EVERETT, LL. D.,
REIPUBLICjE MASSACHUSETTENSIS GUBERNATORE, CURATORUM PRJESIDE ',
JOSIA QUINCY, LL. D.,
UNIVERSITATIS PRJESIDE ,'
JOSEPHO STORY, LL. D., LEMUELE SHAW, LL. D.,
CAROLO GREELY LORING, A. M., JACOBO WALKER, S. T. D.,
JOANNE AMORY LOWELL, A. M., THOMA WREN WARD, JERARII PBJSFECTO,
S OC I I S.
THADD^O GULIELMO HARRIS RICARDO BOND
BIBLIOTHECARIO. ARCHITECTO.
VOL. ii. 76
602
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LIX.
Vote of the Corpora- tion on the death of Dr. Bow- ditch.
No. LIX. — See p. 435.
VOTE OF THE CORPORATION ON THE DEATH OF DR. BOWDITCH, MARCH 20, 1838.
" This Board having been this day informed of the death, on the 16th inst., of the Hon. Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., a Fellow of this College, it was thereupon unanimously voted,
" That this Corporation, in common with the friends of science and religion in this and every land in which his attainments and virtues were known, lament the loss the world has sustained by the death of one, not more eminent as a philosopher, than honored as a citizen, and beloved as a man ; who fulfilled the duties of public and private life with an assiduity, an exactness, a fidelity, and a felicity, seldom equalled, and never excelled ; and who, by combining great sim- plicity of manners and singleness of purpose with an integrity through life without blemish and without stain, so acquired the con- fidence of his contemporaries, as to be regarded the pillar and the pride of every society of which he was an active member ; the effects of which never failed to be seen and acknowledged in its prosperity and success.
" This Corporation, in common with all others which have been blessed with his counsels and labors, deem it peculiarly their duty distinctly and gratefully to acknowledge the benefits Harvard College has derived from the extraordinary endowments he possessed, and by which, in the exercise of his characteristic zeal, intelligence, and faithfulness, he ever sustained and advanced all its interests."
No. LX. — See p. 442. FINANCES OF THE UNIVERSITY.
Finances of The following document is the report made by the Treasurer, in conformity with the laws of the University, at the end of the aca- demic year, 1840.
TREASURER'S STATEMENT.
THE Treasurer herewith presents the annual statement of the College funds and property.
There has been received of the Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D., Five Thousand dollars, to be added to the donation of the late Samuel Parkman, Esquire, to constitute with said donation a foun-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 603
dation for a Theological professorship in the University, to be called APPENDIX, the " Parkman Professorship." No' LX"
Mr. William C. Bond having removed to Cambridge and con- Finances of
... ......... the Uniyer-
nected his astronomical and other observations with the University, Sityinl840. subscriptions were received from thirty gentlemen, of one hundred dollars each, towards the establishment of an Observatory.
The donation of the late John Foster, Esquire, of Cambridge, in aid of Students of Law, Medicine, and Theology, of Two Thou- sand dollars, has been received of his executors.
The College, and other institutions, are residuary legatees under the will of the late Henry Lienow, Esquire, of Boston. The in- come of this legacy, when collected, is to be applied to the general purposes of the Divinity School. Its amount is uncertain in con- sequence of unsettled claims against the estate. This matter is in charge of the counsel for the College.
It will be recollected, that the legacy of the late Governor Gore amounted to about one hundred thousand dollars, subject to the payment of certain annuities, for which a fund of thirty-eight thou- sand dollars has been set apart, called the "Gore Annuity Fund." The residue of the Gore legacy has remained on the College books as a part of the general fund of the College, and has been applied, with the interest, principally to the erection of Gore Hall. The cost of this building, it is now ascertained, will be about seventy thousand dollars. This sum has therefore been removed from the general fund and carried to the " Gore Hall " account ; and, in order to show as nearly as may be the actual state of the general and unreserved fund of the College, the following changes have been made in the value of property standing on the College books, viz. two shares owned by the College in Charles River Bridge, and standing in the books at $ 2,000, have been charged off at $ 200, as being their present value ; and the Charles River Bridge Annuity, 666jG08g dollars, which has been unpaid for nearly ten years, and has stood on the books represented by a capital equal to the principal of an annuity at 6 per cent., say $11,111^, has also been discharged from the College books. With these deduc- tions, the general fund is equal to what it now stands on the books, say $156,126!%, the income from which, and from the Term Bills and other sources, will, it is expected, about equal the expenditure of the coming year.
Which is respectfully submitted.
T. W. WARD, Treasurer Harv. Coll.
BOSTON, 21st September, 1840.
604
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer-
sityml840.
No. I.
N ACCOUNT OF THE RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS BY THE TREASURER, (INCLUDING THE WHOLE INCOME AND EXPENDITURE THROUGH THE STEWARD'S DEPARTMENT,) FOR THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1840.
RECEIPTS AND INCOME.
Balance of the Steward's Account, Aug. 31, 1839, for
Term Bills not then collected, -
INTEREST, — received on Notes and Mortgages, - 21,220-54 Less, Interest accrued on Treasury Notes
bought in September, 1839, - - 770-50
DIVIDENDS, — Bank Stock, - - 811-50
Shares in West Boston Bridge and Mid- dlesex Canal, 1,548-00 Shares in Merrimack and Boston Manu- facturing Companies, and Mass. F. & M. Insurance Company, - - 1,360-00 City and State Stocks, - - - 1,225-00
§7,284-26 20,450-04
ANNUITIES, — West Boston Bridge, John Newgate's,
and John Glover's, for one year, - RENTS, — of Houses and Lands, and for Gravel sold, INCOME, — Amount of Term Bills charged Undergradu- ates during the year for Instruction, Room Rent, Care of Rooms, Library and Lecture Rooms, Patron's services, Catalogues, and Commencement Dinners, and received for
4,944-50
700-03 5,641-41
advanced standing, Do.
for Diplomas,
20,113-70 410-00
FOR REPAIRS, — Amount charged Students in Term
Bills for « Special Repairs." - - 338-65 Received for old materials sold, and for services of Superintendent, - 435-85
FOR COMMONS, — Amount charged Students for Board in Commons, paid the Contractor, - FOR WOOD, — Amount charged in Term Bills, - FOR ACCOUNT OF PROFIT AND Loss, — Received of J. Whitney, Contractor for Commons, for the use of College Furniture, and for Breakage, - FOR ACCOUNT OF SALARIES AND GRANTS, —
Received of the Subscribers for payment of
Professor Adam's Salary, 1,100-00
Received from Professorship of Natural His- tory, amount due from this account, - - 434-00
20,523-70
774-50
5,431-14 6,804-55
175-23
1.534-00
Amount forward,
$ 74,263-30
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
605
No. I. (CONTIOTJED.)
RECEIPTS AND INCOME.
Amount forward, FOR TEXT BOOKS, — Amount charged Students for Class
$ 74,263-36
APPENDIX, No. L,X.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
Books, otherwise sold,
3,41221
64-29
NOTES, MORTGAGES, &c.
Amount paid off during the year, - DIVIDENDS on Deposites with the Mass. Hospital Life Insurance Co. to account of
Rev. Daniel Williams's Legacy, - 715-00 Paul Dudley's Legacy, - - 2444
John McLean's Legacy, - - 1,404-93
For W. N. Boylston's Medical Prizes to August, 1840, - Account of Law School and Library, - - - - " Theological School,
" Professorship of Natural History, and Botanic
Garden, -_-_-._ " Count Rumford's Legacy, Income from Trus-
tees in Paris, --_..- " William Pennoyer's Annuity, Income received,
Amount to the credit of Baring, Brothers, & Co. for disbursements by them for Books, &c., and their charges thereon, " Received from the Hopkins Trustees, for purchase of Books for " Deturs," for 1840, .... " Overdrawn, due Suffolk Bank, August 31, 1840, - " of Subscriptions towards the Observatory, $ 100 each,
by 30 Individuals,
" Received of the Rev. Dr. Parkman towards establishing the Parkman Professorship of Pulpit Eloquence and Pastoral Care,
" Received of the Executors of the late John Foster, his Legacy of $ 2,000, Income to Law, Theological, or Medical Students, and Interest accrued thereon, " due from Hilliard, Gray, & Co. in Books received, - " to the credit of the Library for Books for " Deturs," - Received of E. T. Hastings for a piece of Land in Cambridge, sold him,
3,476-50 21,500-00
2,144-37 100-00 7,287-60 2,040-87
413-72
181-29 690-12
520-56
105-00 7,412-08
- 3,000-00
- 5,000-00
2,339-67
102-32
1200
500-00
Received for United States Treasury Notes paid off, 46,812-66
$ 177,902-12
606
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LX.
No. I. (CONTINUED.) DISBURSEMENTS.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840. Paid amount due Suffolk Bank, August 31, 1839, - - - $ 6,86846 " to account of
Salaries and Grants, (including services of
Students,) 28,249-45
Expenses, 6,573-86
Profit and Loss, 4,115-17
Repairs, ------- 5,105-45
Library, 1,173-05
Commons, J. Whitney's bills for board of
Students, 5,431-14
Wood, 6,804-55
Diplomas, 106-25
Text Books, 3,412 21
Term Bills, allowances, being amount over- charged, 102-50
Gore Library Building, - 11,496-92
Houses and Lands, ----- 122-10
of Income on Rev. Daniel Williams's Legacy,
Paul Dudley's Legacy to Jan. 1, 1840, - to debit of Sarah Winslow's Donation, -
Exhibition money to Undergraduates, 1,325-00
on account of Income on Mary Saltonstall's Leg- acy, per vote of Overseers, - 95-00 on account of Income on Joanna Alford's Legacy,
per vote of Overseers, - 25-00
of Income on the Jackson Foundation, - - 690-00
on account of Income on Wm. Pomroy's Donation, 50-00
" Joshua Clapp's Donation, 51-19
" H. C. Andrews's Legacy, 5-30
72,692-65 476-67 - 24-44 138-89
Boylston Prizes for Elocution, for 1839 and 1840, Boylston Medical Prizes, and Advertising, Bowdoin Prizes for 1840, - - - - - for Books for "Deturs," to account of Edward Hopkins's Donation, - - - - -
to account of
Professorship of Natural History, - Theological School, - - - - Law School, - - - . - Count Rumford's Legacy, - - Thomas W. Ward, Treasurer,
105-00 122-08 150-00
73-10
2,11289 4,120-30 6,172-15
881-18 100-00
2,241-49
450-18
13,386-52
to the debit of Baring, Brothers, & Co., for £ 100 remitted,
and Pennoyer Annuity received, - 1,170-12
into the Merchants Bank, a deposite on interest, - - 35,955-45
to the debit of the Observatory account, - 2,083-64
amount loaned on Notes and Mortgages, - 5,500-00
Amount forward,
$ 140,988-51
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
607
No. I. (CONTINUED.) DISBURSEMENTS.
Amount forward, Paid Annuities to the debit of the Gore Annuity Fund,
" for United States Treasury Notes, ... On the other side of this account, the Term Bills are all entered as Income through the Steward's Department; but those of the 2d Term not being due until the first week in September, a considerable portion usually remains un- collected on the 31 st of August, and, the Steward being charged with the whole amount before collection, a bal- ance appears against him on the Treasurer's Books on
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
9 140,988-51 3,900-00 - 23,000-00
that day, and which the present year is
12,013-61
$ 177,902-12
608
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1340.
No. II.
ACCOUNT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDING AND THE INSTRUCTION OF THE UNDERGRADUATES, AND DISTINCT
EXPENDITURE.
Salaries for the year, viz. To President Quincy, Professor Walker, Professor Ware, Professor Channing, Professor Beck,
Do.
for extra instruction under the new system,
$ 2,23500
- 2,000-00 - 1,250-00
- 1,500-00 1,500-00
Professor Felton, -
Do. for extra instruction,
Professor Peirce, -
Do. for extra instruction,
Professor Longfellow, ... Do. for extra instruction,
Professor Lovering, ... Professor Webster, - - - - Professor Adam, - Mr. Farwell, Steward, ... Professor Sparks, .... Mr. Sales, Instructor in Spanish, Dr. Harris, Librarian, - - - Mr. Wheeler, Tutor, and Inst. in Hist, Do. for extra instruction,
300-00
1,500-00 300-00
1,800-00
1,500-00 • 500-00
1,500-00 250-00
1,800-00
2,000-00
1,750-00
- 1,500-00
- 1,200-00
- 1,10000
- 1,200-00
- 1,000-00
- 500-00 1,000-00
1,000-00
29-25
Mr. Bartlett, Tutor, ....
Mr. King, Instructor in Elocution, 6 months, Mr. Dana, Instructor in Elocution, 6 months, - Dr. Warren, .......
Dr. J. Ware,
Mr. Bachi, Instructor in Italian, - 500-00
Do. for extra instruction, - 58-00
Mr. Roelker, Instructor in German, Mr. De Goy, Instructor in French, 6 months, 250 00 Do. for extra instruction, - 81-00
1,029-25 645-00 322-50 322-50 500-00 500-00
Mr. Hubbard, Proctor, -
Mr. Lippitt, Proctor, -
Mr. Devens, Proctor, -
Mr. Ware, Proctor, .....
Mr. King, Proctor, ------
Mr. Clark, Proctor, .....
Mr. Parker, Proctor, -
Mr. Coolidge, Proctor, - - - - -
Mr. C. Mason, Proctor, -
Dr. Pierce, Secretary of the Board of Overseers,
558-00 500-00
331-00
100-00
100-00
100-00
116-20
50-00
50-00
50-00
50-00
5-00
60-00
-27,22445
Amount forward,
$27,224-45
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
609
No. II.
AUGUST 31, 1840, FOR THE GENERAL PURPOSES OF THE COLLEGE, FROM THE LAW AND DlVINlTY SCHOOLS, AND ACCOUNTS IN TRUST.
INCOME.
Interest on the following Appropriations, Legacies, and Donations, the Foundations of various Professorships, for one year, to August 31, 1840, and which is applicable to the payment of Salaries, viz. Appropriations for Professors, $ 353-11
John Alford's Legacy, - 1,321-36
Nicholas Boylston's Legacy, - 1,349-40
Thomas Cotton's Legacy, - ... 7-QO
John Cuming's Legacy, .... 83 33
Sarah Derby's Legacy, - - - - 181-97
Samuel Eliot's Legacy, - - - - • - 1,029-50 William Erving's Legacy, - ... 166-66
Henry Flint's Legacy, - 15-56
Abner Hersey's Legacy, - 83-33
Ezekiel Hersey's Legacy, - - - 396-60
Jonathan Mason's Legacy, - 27-50
Abiel Smith's Legacy, ..... 1,101-90 Esther Sprague's Legacy, .... 87-63
Fund for Permanent Tutors, (including the West
Boston Bridge Annuity,) - 1,440-03
John McLean's Legacy .... 1,000-00
Interest, - ... 6,978-19)
Bridge Annuity, - - - 666-69 V -- 8,644-88
John McLean Fund, - - 1,000-00 )
Received of the Subscribers for payment of Professor Adam's
Salary, .......... 1,100-00
Amount charged in Term Bills, for Instruction, Room Rent, Care of Rooms, Use of Library, Lecture Rooms, Catalogues, and Com- mencement Dinners, - - - - - 19,751-20 Less, amount of allowances on Term Bills, - 102-50
APPENDIX, No. LX.
sity in 1840.
Received for advanced standing,
Dividends collected on Shares in Charles River Bank, New England Bank, - State Bank, .... Massachusetts Bank, ... Mass. F. & M. Insurance Co., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Boston Manufacturing Co., Middlesex Canal, West Boston Bridge, City Stock, Interest, - Massachusetts State Stock, Interest,
19,648-70 362-50 20,011*20
240-00 234-00 172-50 165-00 360-00 700-00 300-00 1,080-00 468-00 725-00 500-00
VOL. II.
77
Amount forward,
4,944-50 $ 34,700-58
610 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, NO. II.
No. LX.
ACCOUNT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Finances of
rity S5: EXPENDITURE.
Amount forward, $27 ,224-45
Paid for keeping Records of the Corporation, - - 200-00 « Treasurer's Books, ... 300-00
Amount paid Students for services, ... 525-00 Sweepers for care of Students' Rooms, Graduates'
Hall, Dane Law School, &c., - 1,144-47
Janitor's wages and ringing bells, ... 406-00 Fairbanks's wages, care of grounds, &c., - - 400-00 Fuel for the Library, Recitation, and other Public
Rooms, Oil, &c., - 259-93
Expenses, freight, wharfage, forwarding and car- riage of bundles, books, and periodicals, 107-92 Care of Privies and emptying vaults, - 110-00
217-92
Expenses in Chemical Department, ... 33-98 Gallery money to First Parish Church, - - 70-00
Advertising Bills, 52-32
Printing President's and Treasurer's annual State- ments, annual Catalogues, Blanks for the Presi- dent and Professors, and Class Reports, Notices, Terra Bills, &c. &c., - - - 362-67
Labor, &c., keeping the College Grounds in order,
Tarring Trees, Tar, Gravel, Carting, &c., - - 534-19 Music at Seniors' Exhibitions, - 55-00
Premium Insurance on Library for One Year, on
$80,000, 400-00
Taxes assessed on Real Estate purchased, - - 8-50 Subscription towards ornamenting Cambridge Com- mon, 200-00
G. G. Smith for engraving plate and printing Certifi- cates of Qualification of Instructors, 127-87 Do. for engraving Invitation Card to public
Ceremonies, - - - - 24-50
Cost of building a Bath House, and care of same, 272-57 Dr. Webster for a Collection of Minerals, - - 27-50 Charges occurring through the President's Depart- ment, Stationery, Postages, Blank Books, and ser- vices of Secretary, ------ 421-65
Charges occurring through the Treasurer's Depart- ment, Postages, Blank Books, Stationery, Ex- penses in going to Cambridge, &c., - 104-86 Charges occurring through the Steward's Depart- ment, Postage, Stationery, Fuel, &c., - - 139-92 Charges occurring through the Board of Overseers and the Corporation. Dinners of Committees of Overseers, and Carriage-hire for Overseers and Corporation, ------- 416-13
Commencement Expenses, Guard, Attendance, Print- ing, Music, Dinners, &c., - 711-56
7,416-54
Amount forward, $ 34,640-99
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 611
NO. II. APPENDIX,
No. LX.
(CONTINUED.)
Finances of
TNrniWF the Univer-
1JNLUMJ1,. sityin!840.
Amount forward, $34,700-58
Taxes on Real Estate, refunded, - 20-38
John Newgate's annuity, collected, ------ 16-67
Whole amount of Interest received on Notes and
Mortgages, and on Treasury Notes, - - 21,220-54 Less Interest on the Library fund to the
credit of that account, - - - 300-00 on various Legacies, Donations, &c.,
towards Salaries, as above, - 6,978*19 credited to accounts of Professorship of Natural History, Theological In- stitution, Exhibitions, Accumulating Funds, and other accounts in Trust,
Particulars under their separate eads, 12,166-34 19,444-53
1,776-01
Amount forward, $ 36,513-64
612 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, ]\o. II.
No. LX.
ACCOUNT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Finances of
the Uniyer- EXPENDITURE.
sity in 1840.
Amount forward, $ 34,640-99
Paid for printing and filling up Diplomas, - 106-25
Repairs on College Buildings, including Salary of
Superintendent, ... 3,911-78
Houses and Lands in Cambridge, - 1,396-37
5,308-15
Paid to account of Library,
by Baring, Brothers, & Co., amount of cost of for- eign Books and Periodicals imported, - - 371-73 for Books and Reviews not imported, - - 481-59 for Binding Books, ------ 275-45
Stationery, carting, and transportation of Books, &c., 44-28
1,173-05
Paid to debit of Profit and Loss,
for binding Triennial Catalogue, - 66-93
Interest and Postage charged in Messrs. Baring, Brothers, & Co.'s account current of the 3 1st December, 1839, - - - - - - 34-24
Dr. Morss of Newburyport, in correction of an error made in calculating the purchase money for a lot of land from the Gary Estate sold to him by the
College in 1821, 14-00
Amount standing against John G. Deane's account,
written off as a bad debt, - 70-00
Dr. Henry Ware, Sen., in full for services, - 4,000-00
4,185-17
Premium of Insurance on Dana House and Philosophical
Apparatus therein, for 1 year, ----- 20-55 Tax Bill on Real Estate purchased, ... - 101-55
$ 45,535-71
No. III. SPECIAL ACCOUNTS FOR THE ACCOMMODATION
Dr. - COM-
For paid J. Whitney, Contractor, Bills, board of Students, $ 5,43M4
Dr. - - WOOD
For paid Bills for Fuel delivered the Students, ... 6,804-55
Dr. - - TEXT OR
For Balance of this Account, 31 August, 1839, - - - 912-31
Cost of Books purchased in the United States, ... 3,412-21
$ 4,324.52
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
613
No. II. (CONTINUED.)
INCOME.
Amount forward, $36,513-64
Amount received for Diplomas, ------ 410-00
charged Students in Term Bills for " Special Re- pairs," arising from wanton damage to the Rooms, College Buildings, &c., and which is assessed as a general charge only Avhen the individuals to whom it properly belongs are unknown, - - 338-65 Received for work done by Superintendent, and for old
lumber and materials sold, - 435-85
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
Received for Rents of Houses and Lands, - of Webb Estate, - of Ward's Island,
- 774-50
- 4,48141
1,100-00
60-00
Received of E. T. Hastings for a piece of Land in Cambridge, sold him, .----..--_ Received to the credit of the Library,
for Books sold to C. C. Little & Co., - - 12-00
Income on Library fund, $ 6,000, for one year, to
31 August, 1840, 300-00
Received from Professorship of Natural History amount due from this account --------
Received of J. Whitney, Contractor for Commons, for Use and Breakage of Furniture during the year, -
Amount paid out beyond receipts, -
5,641-41 500-00
312-00 434-00
175-23 774-93
$ 45,535-71
The balance of this account shows whether the general fund has in- creased or lessened during the year.
No. III.
AND WANTS OF THE STUDENTS.
MONS
By amount charged Students in Term Bills for Board,
By amount charged Students in Term Bills for Fuel, - CLASS BOOKS ------
- Cr.
- $5,431-14
- Cr.
- 6,804-55
- Cr.
By amount charged Students in Term Bills for Books, 3,412-21 " received for Class Books otherwise sold, 64-29
By Balance cost of Books on hand, 31 August, 1840,
3,476-50 - 848-02
$ 4,324-52
614 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, NO. IV.
NO.LX.
ACCOUNTS OF THE LAW, THEOLOGICAL, NATURAL Finances of
the Univer- -,-. TO
sityin!840. Lfr. -------- LiAW bCHOOL
For premium on $ 8,000 Fire Insurance on Library, 36-00
Fuel for the year, 287-54
Repairs, Sweepers' Bills, &c., - 206-92
Furniture, printing, stationery, ... 329-57
860-03
For Books, purchased in the United States, 934-95
Do. imported, __.--_ 114-59
Binding, 343-02
Advertising, 202-10
1,594-66
Paid Salaries, to Judge Story, .... 1,000-00
to Professor Greenleaf, - 1,50000
Additional grant to Professor Greenleaf for the year, 1,000-00 Paid to Librarian, ------- 25-00
3,525-00
Amount of Term Bills remitted, 192-46
For Balance due this account, August 31, 1840, - - 3,063-97
$ 9,236-12
Dr. - - THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION
For paid Salary to Professor H. Ware, Jr., ... $ 2,000-00 paid Dr. Palfrey for Instruction and Lectures to Divinity
Students, 1,000-00
Repairs, Superintendent's services, Oil, Fuel, and
Attendance, 878-63
Books, binding, and printing Blanks, - - - 157-03 Advertising, 7-62
Expense of public ceremonies at the close of the
year, 77-00
1,120-30
For balance due this account, August 31, 1840, - - 11,179-76
$ 15,300-06
Dr. - PROFESSORSHIP OF
For paid Dr. Harris for delivering Lectures on Natural History
in 1839 and 1840, - - 700-00
Repairs on Botanic Garden House and Garden, - 497-44 Hire of Laborers and ordinary expenses, - 539-15 Salary of Gardener, 500-00
1,536-59
Balance due this account, August 31, 1840, - - 20,146-16
$22,382-75
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
615
No. IV.
HISTORY, RUMFORD, AND HISTORY PROFESSORSHIPS.
AND LIBRARY -------- Cr.
By Balance due this account, 31 August, 1839, - - - $ 801-34 amount Term Bills for Instruction, &c., for the year, 7,287-60
Income for the year on Nathan Dane's Donation, - 750-00 Isaac Royall's Legacy, 397-18
1,147-18
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer-
AND SCHOOL AND DIVINITY HALL
$ 9,236-12 - Cr.
By Balance of this account, August 31, 1839, - - $ 12,673-57 Received amount of Term bills for Instruction,
Care and Rent of Rooms, Wood, &c., - 2,040-87 Interest to August 31, 1840, - ... 585-62
2,626-49
NATURAL HISTORY - - - - -
By Balance due this account, August 31, 1839, - Rent of Botanic Garden House received, - Received during the year for Flowers and Plants sold, --------
Interest to August 31, 1840, - - - -
$ 15,300-06
v- Cr.
- 20,857-74 291-83
245-59
537-42
- 987-59
$22,382-75
616 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. IV.
No. LX.
Dr. - COUNT RUMFORD'S
Finances of
the Univer- For paid Professor Treadwell's Salary for one year, - - $ 800-00
sityinlSM). Sundry bills for Philosophical Apparatus, - - - 81-18
Balance due this account, August 31, 1840, - - 26,045-89
$ 26,927-07
Dr. - JOHN MCLEAN'S
(For a Professorship
For paid Salary to Professor Sparks, for one year, 1 ,000-00
Balance, 1 January, 1840, ..... 25,449-08
$26,449-08
No. V. ACCOUNTS OF FUNDS IN TRUST FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES, THE INCOME
Dr. - - " EXHIBITIONS " (A FUND FOR
For amount of "Exhibition" money voted and paid to
Seniors, ....... $280-00
Juniors, ...... 345-00
Sophomores, -._-_- 405-00 Freshmen, ...... 295-00
- 1,325-00
A. 01 -ICMA S Principal, - 21,814-54 Balance, August 31, 1840, | Incon£ ' . . j'^.gg
- 23,601-93
$ 24,926-93
Dr. - - MARY SALTONSTALL'S LEGACY (A FUND FOR
For paid by vote of Overseers, to John B. Henk, - 55-00
Andrew E. Thayer, 40-00
- 95-00
Balance, A0gu.t 3., 1840, j {*** _ ' _ 2,6«H)0
- 3,35500 $ 3,450-00
Dr. - JOANNA ALFORD'S LEGACY (A FUND FOR
For paid per vote of Overseers, to Ephraim C. Robie, - - 25-00 Balance, August 31, 1840, ..... 500-00
$ 525-00
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
617
No. IV. (CONTINUED.)
LEGACY
By Balance due this account, August 31, 1839, Income from Trustees on a part in their hands, Interest to August 31, 1840, -
APPENDIX, No. LX.
- Cr. -
Finances of
$ 25,472-18 the Univer 181-29 6ityinl840 1,273-CO
LEGACY - - ...
of History.) By Balance, 31 August, 1839, on deposite with the Hospital
$ 26,927-07 - Cr.
Life Ins. Co., Interest to 1 January, 1840,
$ 25,044-15 1,404-93
$ 26,449-08
No. V.
OF WHICH IS NOT APPLICABLE TO THE EXPENSES
ASSISTING INDIGENT STUDENTS)
By Balance of this Fund, $ Capital, various sums consolidated, -
OF THE COLLEGE. - Cr.
,814-54 Income, unappropriated, 1,494-60
- 23,309-14
John Glover's Annuity, ----- 16-67 One year's Interest on Seniors' Exhibitions, 60-00
One year's Interest on Principal, less the 1
"Pennoyer Legacy," and " Glover Annui- £ 851-00 ty," amounting to $ 4,794-44, )
Three years' Income on the Pennoyer Legacy, 690 12
1,617-79
ASSISTING INDIGENT STUDENTS) -
By Balance of this Fund, 5 Principal, - - 2,600-00 August 31, 1839, I Income, - 720-00
Interest on Principal, one year, -
$ 24,926-93 - Cr.
3,320-00 130-00
ASSISTING INDIGENT SCHOLARS)
By Balance, August 31, 1839, One year's Interest, -
VOL. II.
78
$ 3,450-00
- Cr.
• 500-00 25-00
$ 525-00
618 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. V.
No. LX.
Dr. JAMES BOWDOIN'S LEGACY FOR
Finances of
the Univer- For paid Prizes, - _______ 150-00
^ ____««_*'££*- .- |;™|°
5,017-37
$ 5,167-37
Dr. - WARD N. BOYLSTON'S PRIZES
For paid Prizes, 105-00
Balance, August 31, 1840, Principal, .... 975-00
$ 1,080-00
Dr. - - WARD N. BOYLSTON'S
For paid Prizes to Dr. W. W.Gerdhard, of Philadelphia, 50-00 Dr. Joseph Sargent, of Worcester, 50-00
100-00
Advertising, _--____. 14-53
Dr. Hale for a Camphor Trunk, 7-50
Balance, August 31, 1840, - 430-24
$ 552-32
Dr. - PAUL DUDLEY'S LEGACY, (A FUND FOR THE DUDLEIAN
For paid Rev. W. B. O. Peabody, Income on this fund for
1839, for delivering Dudleian Lecture this year, - 24-44 Balance, August 31, 1840, Principal, ... 444-44
$468-88
Dr. - - THOMAS HOLLIS'S APPROPRIATION
For carried to the Treasurer's credit, ----- 26-00 Balance, August 31, 1840, 520-00
$546-00
Dr. - - EDWARD HOPKINS'S DONATION
For paid for Books for " Deturs," by the "President's order,
and Binding, 123-10
Balance, August 31, 1840, - - - - - 151-22
$274-32
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 619
No. V. (CONTINUED.) APPENDIX,
* No. LX.
PRIZES TOR DISSERTATIONS Cr. :
Finances of
T, T> i . . ot icon S Principal, - 2,500-00 the Univer-
By Balance, August 31, 1839, j Incom£ ' _ _ 3,437.37 sityinl840.
4,937-37
Interest to August 31, 1840, 230-00
11-83
1,011-83
Transfer from W. N. Boylston's Medical Annuity account, 18-17 Interest to August 31, 1840, - ' 50*00
$1,080-00
MEDICAL ANNUITY - - - - - - Cr.
By Balance, August 31, 1839, 452-32
Annuity for 1840, 100-00
$ 552-32
LECTURE) (Princ. $444'44, on deposite with Life Ins. Co.) Cr.
By received one year's Income from Life Insurance Co., - 24-44 Balance, August 31, 1839, Principal, ... 444-44
FOR TREASURER - - - - - - - Cr.
By Balance, August 31, 1839, 520-00
One year's Interest, to August 31, 1840, ... 26-00
$546-00
FOR"DETURS" ------- Cr.
By Balance, August 31, 1839, 119-32
Received of Hopkins's Trustees, for 10 per cent, on Beneficiary money paid Divinity Students, in 1840, - 105-00
Books ordered from England for Deturs, but when re- ceived not wanted for the purpose, and sold to C. C. Little & Co., 50-00
$274-32
620 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. V.
No. LX.
- Dr. - - SARAH WINSLOW'S DONATION, INCOME TO
Finances of
the Univer- For paid Rev. Horatio Wood, Minister, half Income to 6 Jan-
sityinl840. uary, 1840, ....... 111-11
Schoolmaster, proportion of other half, - - 27-78
2£ per cent. Commission on Interest to College
Treasurer, 5-70
Balance, August 31, 1MO.
. .
- 5,224-15
8 5,368-74
Dr. - REV. DANIEL WILLIAMS'S LEGACY FOR
For paid Rev. P. Fisk, ..... 238-34 the Treasurer of Marshpee, - - 238-33
- 476-67
Balance, August n, 1840,
-- 13-715-00
$ 14,191-67
Dr. - - ... THE JACKSON
(For Poor Theological
For paid Divinity Students, ...... 690-00
Balance of this account, $ Principal, - 10,000-00 August 31, 1840, ) Income, - - 185-00
- 10,185-00
$ 10,875-00
Dr. - - ... WILLIAM POMROY'S
(For Poor Theological
For paid Divinity Student, ...... 50-00
Balance of this account, August 31, 1840, - - 1,000-00
$ 1,050.00
Dr. - JOSHUA CLAPP'S
(For Theological
For paid Divinity Student, - - - - - - 51-19
Balance of this account, August 31, 1840, - - 2,173-20
$2,224-39
Dr. - - HANNAH C. ANDREWS'S
(For Theological
For paid Divinity Students, 5-30
Balance of this account, August 31, 1840, 519-70
$525-00
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
621
APPENDIX, No. LX.
No. V. (CONTINUED.)
MINISTER AND SCHOOLMASTER IN TYNGSBORO' - Cr.
Finances of the Univer- 582-48 sity in 1840.
5,140-82 Interest to August 31, 1840, ..... 227-92
^ 01 icon {Principal. - 4,558-34 By Balance, August 31, 1839, . . '5s2-48
jaotat
PREACHING THE GOSPEL AMONG THE INDIANS
$ 5,368-74 - Cr.
By Balance, August 31, 1839, deposited with the Massachu- setts Hospital Life Insurance Company, . - - 13,000-00 Balance of last year's Income, - 476-67
Received one year's Income of Life Office, - - 715-00
FOUNDATION - Students.)
By Balance, August 31, 1839,
One year's Interest, to August 31, 1840,
DONATION - - -
Students.) By Balance, August 31, 1839,
Interest to August 31, 1840,
DONATION -
Purposes.)
By Balance, August 31, 1839, Interest to August 31, 1840,
LEGACY
Purposes.) By Balance, August 31, 1839,
$ 14,191-67 - Cr.
$ 10,000-00 375-00
10,375-00 500-00
$ 10,875-00 - Cr.
. 1,000-00 50-00
$ 1,050-00 - Cr.
2,124-39 100-00
$2,224-39 Cr.
500-00 25-00
$525-00
622 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, NO. V.
No- Lx- Dr. - - JOHN FOSTER'S
Finances of (For Poor
sity inni84Q~ For Balance of this account, August 31, 1840, - - - 2,339-67
$ 2,339-67
Dr. - NATHAN DANE'S
For amount of Interest received, credited to the Law School
and Library, 750-00
Balance of this account, August 31, 1840, - - 15,000-00
$ 15,750-00
No. VI.
PROFESSORSHIPS ESTABLISHED
Dr. CONSOLIDATED FUND FOR THE PARKMAN PROFES-
To Amount of this Fund, August 31, 1840, - - - $ 15,253-15
$15,253-15
Dr. CONSOLIDATED FUND FOR THE HANCOCK PROFESSORSHIP
THE DEXTER LECTURESHIP To Amount of this Fund, August 31, 1840, - $ 14,992-52
$ 14,992-52
No. VII. Dr. - - STOCK
For amount written off to reduce the value of 20 Shares in the Charles River Bridge from $ 2,000 to $ 200 their estimated present value, -------- 1,800-00
For amount of the Charles River Bridge Annuity, an account on which nothing has been received for several years past, now written off, -------- 11,111-11
For this amount transferred to the "Gore Library Building"
account, being estimated cost of Gore Hall, - 70,000-00
For Balance of Income account, more paid out during the
year than received, ------- 774-93
For Balance, August 31, 1840, 156,126-26
$ 239,812-30
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
623
No. V. (CONTINUED.) LEGACY Students.)
By amount received of his Executors, In Legacy, - Interest received,
DONATION - -
By Balance of this account, August 31, 1839, Interest to August 31, 1840, -
2,000-00 339-67
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
2,339-67
$2,339-67
- Cr.
- 15,000-00 750-00
$ 15,750-00
No. VI.
DURING THE PAST YEAR.
SORSHIP OF PULPIT ELOQUENCE AND PASTORAL CARE. Cr.
By the following sums, consolidated for the establishment of this Professorship :
Samuel Parkman's Donation, George Partridge's Legacy, Eliphalet Porter's Legacy, Francis Parkman's Donation, -
NOTE. Interest thereon, 5 per cent, per annum, - - 762-65 To come from the Theological Institution towards
salary of this Professor, - 737-35
The Professor to be paid for officiating in the Chapel and instructing Undergraduates, from the general College Funds, 500-00
5,457-16 3,519-85 Ij276-14 5,000-00
- $ 15,253-15
2,000-00
Cr.
OF HEBREW AND OTHER ORIENTAL LANGUAGES, AND ON BIBLICAL LITERATURE.
By the following sums, consolidated towards establishing this Professorship:
Thomas Hancock's Legacy, - 5,677-87
Samuel Dexter's Legacy, - 9,314-65
$14,992-52
NOTE. Interest thereon at 5 percent, per annum, $749-62. The residue of the salary of this Professor is calculated to be made up from subscriptions now making, and from the account of the Theological Institution.
No. VII.
ACCOUNT - ... Cr.
By Balance, August 3 1,1839, $239,812-30
$239,812-30
624
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. VIII.
No. LX.
Finances of ACCUMULATING FUNDS,
the Univer- sity in 1840. THE INCOME OF WHICH IS AT PRESENT ADDED TO THE PRINCIPAL.
WARD N. BOYLSTON'S FUND FOR MUSEUM.
By Balance, August 31, 1839, 8,037-08
One year's Income on same, ----- 401-85
on Ward N. Boylston's Donation
for Books, - - - 27-50
429-35
Amount, August 31, 1840,
$ 8,466-43
PANORAMA OF ATHENS.
•D -a i«« * A , at 01 IQQO $ In Hosp. Life Ins. Co., 1,158-20 By Balance, August 31, 1839, j Whh ^^ ^^ ']93.04
Accumulation of Interest for one year to 1 January, 1840,
on deposite with Life Ins. Co., added to Principal, One year's Interest on $ 193-04, to August 31,
Amount, August 31, 1840,
1,351-24
63-70 - 9-65
$ 1,424-59
THOMAS GARY'S DONATION. (A Theological Fund.)
By Balance, August 31, 1839, One year's Interest on same,
Amount, August 31, 1840,
- 4,042-06 202-10
$4,244-16
REV. GEORGE CHAPMAN'S LEGACY. (For Poor Theological Students.)
By Balance, August 31, 1839, One year's Interest on same,
Amount, August 31, 1840,
- 1,584-34 79-21
$ 1,663-55
DR. JOSHUA FISHER'S LEGACY. (For a Professorship of Natural History.)
By Balance, August 31, 1839, One year's Interest on same,
- 26,089-28 1,304-46
Amount, August 31, 1840,
$27,393-74
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
625
No. IX. APPENDIX,
No. LX.
THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT EXHIBITS THE STATE OF THE PROPERTY, Finances of
AS EMBRACED AND BALANCED IN THE TREASURER'S BoOKS, Au- the Univer-
GUST 31, 1840. THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS, WITH THE LIBRARY, eityinl840. AND OTHER PROPERTY CONTAINED IN THEM BELONGING TO THE COLLEGE, AND THE GROUNDS UNDER AND ADJOINING, HAVE NO FIXED PECUNIARY VALUE ATTACHED TO THEM IN THE TREAS- URER'S BOOKS.
Bank Stock, at par, Charles River Bank, Massachusetts Bank, State Bank, New England Bank,
40 shares, 4,000 00
12 « 3,000-00
50 " 3,000-00
39 « 3,900-00
Insurance Stock, Mass. F. & M. Ins. Co., 45 shapes, -
Manufacturing Stock, at par,
Merrimack Co., 10 shares, 10,000-00
Boston Man. Co., - - 10 " 7,500-00
13,900-00 4,500-00
Shares in Middlesex Canal,
Charles River Bridge, West Boston Bridge,
City of Boston Stock, - Massachusetts State 5 per cent Stock,
60 2
18
15,000-00
200-00
3,000-00
16,000-00 10,000-00
— 17,500-00
Notes and Mortgages, 326,087-00
Suspended Notes, payable by annual Instalments, being subscriptions to Professorship of Pulpit Eloquence and Pastoral Care, ... - 120-00
18,200-00 26,000-00
|
326,207-00 |
|
|
Deposite in Merchants' Bank, on Interest, |
35,955-45 |
|
Real Estate, Houses and Lands in Cambridge, as follows : |
|
|
Present |
|
|
annual |
New |
|
income. |
valuation. |
|
Wigglesworth House, - 200 |
2,500 |
|
Sewall House, 325 |
3,500 |
|
Lee House and Shop, - - 100 |
800 |
|
Wiswall House, 225 |
3,000 |
|
Russell House, 210 |
4,000 |
|
Boardman House, .... 300 |
2,500 |
|
House east of Boardman House, - - 140 |
1,000 |
|
Danforth House and Estate, - 90 |
4,000 |
|
Printing Office building and additions (exclu- |
|
|
sive of land), - - - - - 560 |
4,150 |
|
Wood Wharf, and adjoining piece of land, 100 |
2,020 |
|
Corner lot on Foxcroft St, fronting Common, none |
4,000 |
|
Triangular Lot (called the Delta,) opposite |
|
|
Professors' Row, - none |
1,500 |
|
Lot on Foxcroft Street, adjoining the Delta, none |
500 |
|
Lot east of the last mentioned, - - none |
200 |
|
Parsonage Estate, within College Square, 100 |
5,000 |
|
Meeting-House Estate, do. do., |
|
|
adjoining the President's House, - none |
2,000 |
|
Amounts forward, |
$ 40,670 442,262-45 |
|
VOL. ii. 79 |
626 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. IX. (CONTINUED.)
No. LX.
finances of Amounts forward, $ 40,670-00 442,262-45
the Univer- Houses and Lands, continued :
sity in 1840. President's House, - none 5,000-00
Dana Estate, adjoining Parsonage Estate, 500 8,000-00 Bigelow Land, adjoining Dana Estate, and a Triangular piece, corner of Foxcroft and Concord Streets, ... none 1,000-00 Graduates' Hall, Brick House near Court-
House, 1,000 12,000-00
Hilliard Estate, 400 6,000-00
Gannett Estate, 275 3.00000
Janitor's House, in rear of Graduates' Hall, 50 1,000-00 Estate in Charlestown, bought of Hon. P.
C. Brooks, none 2.000-00
Balance of cost of Lot on Mount Auburn, - - 555-20 Lot of Land adjoining the Gannett Estate, none 1,667-29 Gravel Pit in Charlestown, - - - 200 1,000-00
81,892-49
Webb Estate, Boston, under lease to Hilliard, Gray,
&Co., 25,000-00
Ward's Island, Boston Harbour, ... 1,200-00
Reversion in 5 Stone Buildings in Brattle Street, at
expiration of lease, - .... 1,000-00
Pews in Meeting-House, Cambridge, - - 410-00
27,610-00
Property in Text or Class Books, ------ 848-02
Debts and Balances, L. Farwell, Steward, balance due on Term Bills
uncollected, 12,013-61
Baring, Brothers, & Co., London, balance, - 1,142-56
13,156-17
Annuities,— a part are appropriated for special objects.
West Boston Bridge Annuity of $666-66, - 11,111-11 John Glover's perpetual Annuity for indigent Stu- dents, 350-00
John Newgate's perpetual Annuity for general
purposes, ---._.. 350-00 William Pennoyer's Annuity in England, for indi- gent Students, ------ 4,444-44
16,255-55
Count Rumford's Trustees in Paris, value of amount in their hands belonging to Count Rumford's
Legacy, 4,000-00
Deposites with the Mass. Hosp. Life Ins. Co., a part of which is funds in reversion, a part in trust, and a part accumulating funds, viz.
Rev. D. Williams's Legacy, - - - 13,000-00 Paul Dudley's Legacy, 444-44
Panorama of Athens (a part of this fund), 1,221-90
James Perkins's Donation - - - 20,000-00
J. McLean's Donation, ... 25,544-15
60,210-49
Amount forward, ft 646,235- IV
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
No. IX. (CONTINUED.) APPENDIX,
No. LX.
Amount forward $646,235-17 Finance8 of
College Property not producing a direct Income, and to •which the Univer-
no valuation is attached in the College Books. sity in 1840.
COLLEGE BUILDINGS, and Lands under and adjoining, viz. Massachusetts Hall, Harvard Hall, Hollis Hall, Stoughton Hall, Holworthy Hall, University Hall, Holden Chapel, Dane Hall, Gore Hall,
Medical College (Boston). COLLEGE LIBRARY, per Catalogue, Law Library, Theological Library, Medical Library.
Pictures and Statuary, per Inventory. Philosophical Apparatus, " " Chemical Apparatus, " "
Anatomical Preparations
and Museum, " "
Minerals and Fossils, " "
Furniture and Utensils, " " Botanic Garden Estate, including the two houses thereon. Divinity Hall Estate, with the Matron's House and Fur- niture. Apparatus belonging to the Rumford Professorship, and
the Building containing it.
Astronomical, Meteorological, and Magnetic Apparatus, and the Buildings erected over them.
$646,235-17
628
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
No. IX. (CONTINUED.)
AND THE FOREGOING PROPERTY REPRESENTS THE FOLLOWING
FUNDS AND BALANCES, AND is ANSWERABLE FOR THE SAME.
Balance of Stock Account, the common fund of the College, $ 156,126-26
Funds towards Salaries and Grants.
Appropriations for Professors, - - 7,062-23
John Alford's Legacy, 26,427-28
Nicholas Boylston's Legacy, - - - 26,988-00
Thomas Cotton's Donation, - - 140-00
John Coming's Legacy, ... 1,666-66
Sarah Derby's Legacy, - ... 3,639-31
Abiel Smith's Legacy, .... 22,037-93
William Erving's Legacy, ... 3,333-34
Henry Flint's Legacy, - ... 31 Ml
Dr. Ezekiel Hersey's Legacy, - - 7,952-00
Dr. Abner Hersey's Legacy, ... 1,666-66
Jonathan Mason's Legacy, - - - 550-00
Esther Sprague's Legacy, ... 1 ,752-50
Samuel Eliot's Donation, ... 20,590-00
Count Rumford's Legacy, ... 26,045-89
Fund for Permanent Tutors, 26,578-13
John McLean's Legacy for a Professorship of History, -----. Library Fund, - - - - Funds accumulating for various purposes.
Panorama of Athens, including deposite with
Mass. Hosp. Life Ins. Co., - W. N. Boylston's Fund for Museum, -
Do. for Books, to Museum Account, Joshua Fisher's Legacy for Professorship of Natural History, ....
Funds for Theological Purposes.
Balance due Theological Institution, Thomas Gary's Legacy, (accumulating) Joshua Clapp's Donation, ...
Consolidated Fund for the Parkman Profes- sorship, -
Consolidated fund for the Hancock Profes- sorship, .....
176,741-04
25,449-08 6,000-00
1,424-59
8,466-43 550-00
27,393-74 37,834-76
11,179-76 4,244-16 2,173-20
Funds for Law Department
Isaac Royall's Legacy, -
Nathan Dane's Donation, ...
Balance due tlie Law School and Library,
- 15,253-15
14,992-52 47,842-79
7,943-63
15,000-00
3,063-97
Amount forward,
26,007-60 $476,001-53
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
629
No. IX. (CONTINUED.)
Amount forward,
Funds in Trust for various purposes.
Professorship of Natural History and Botanic
Garden Estate, balance of this fund, Gore Annuity Fund, for payment of certain
Annuities under the will of Gov. Gore, Thos. Hollis's Appropriation for Treasurer, Paul Dudley's Legacy, on Deposite with the
Mass. Hosp, Life Ins. Co., -
Sarah Winslow's Donation, (see No. V.) Rev. Daniel Williams's Legacy, deposited with Mass. Hosp. Life Ins. Co. (see No. V.)
The Observatory in Cambridge, -
The Gore Library Building, Balance of amount ap- propriated, __._._.
Funds for assisting Indigent Students.
Exhibitions, (a consolidated fund) (see Ac- count No. V.) - Seniors' Exhibition, - Mary Saltonstall's Legacy and Income, (see
No. V.)
Joanna Alford's Legacy, (see No. V.)
George Chapman's Legacy, "
Sarah Jackson's Legacy, "
William Pomroy's Donation, "
Hannah C. Andrews's Legacy, "
John Foster's Legacy, "
For Prizes.
James Bowdoin's Legacy, (see No. V.) Ward N. Boylston's Legacy for Elocution,
(see No. V.)
Do. Medical, (see No. V.) ...
Edward Hopkins's Donation for Books, (see
No. V.)
Fund in reversion to the College.
James Perkins's Legacy, deposited with the
Hosp. Insurance Company, - Balances due to
Suffolk Bank, -
T. W. Ward, Treasurer, -
$476,001-53
- 20,146-16
38,000-00 520-00
444-44 5,224-15 13,715-00
23,601-93 1,200-00
3,355-00 500-00
1,663-55 10,185-00
1,000-00 519-70
2,339-67
- 5,017-37
975-00 430-24
151-22
APPENDIX, No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
59,110-60
18,939-15 916-36
- 12,849-77
44,364-85
6,573-83
- 20,000-00
7,412-08 67-00 7,479-08
Amount forward,
$646,235-17
630 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. IX. (CONTINUED.)
NO.LX.
Finances of Amount forward, $646,235-17
the Univer- ^ will be observed that from the above amount is to be de-
eity in 1840. ducted the Fund in reversion, _ _ - 20,00000
Leaving in possession of the College, 626,235-17 A portion of the above sum is held in trust for various pur- poses, and is not available for the general expenditure of the College.
These funds amount to 142,754-56
483,480-61
The funds pertaining to the Law and Theological Depart- ments are distinctly pledged for these uses alone, and amount to 73,850-39
Leaving for the more immediate use of the College, 409,630-22 Of this amount the following sums are applied to particular uses by the Donors, viz.
Funds, Income pledged to Salaries and Pro- fessorships, 202,190-12
Library Fund, 6,000-00
Funds accumulating under the designs of the Donors, and not available, ... 37,834-76
246,024-88
163,605-34 Balances due to
Suffolk Bank, 7,412-08
T. W. Ward, Treasurer, ... 67-00
7,479-08
Leaving to the unreserved use of the College, as per Stock Account, No. VII., $ 156,126-26
T. W. WARD, Treasurer of Harv. Coll August 31, 1840.
CERTIFICATE OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE CORPORATION FOR EXAMINING THE BOOKS AND ACCOUNTS OF THE TREASURER, ENTERED IN THE JOURNAL KEPT BY HIM.
THE undersigned, a Committee appointed by the President and Fellows of Harvard College, to examine the Books and Accounts of the Treasurer for the year ending August 31, 1840, have examined from page 129 to 172 inclusive, and have seen that all the bonds, notes, mortgages, certificates of stock, and other evidences of property which were received by him and on hand at the beginning of said year, are now in his possession, or fully accounted for by entries made herein. They have also noticed all pay- ments, both of principal and interest, endorsed on any of said bonds or
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 631
notes, and seen that the amounts so endorsed have b,een duly credited to APPENDIX, the College. NO. LX.
. They have carefully examined all notes, bonds, mortgages, and other Finances of
securities invested during the said year, and are of opinion that all such *^e PnJI?£
J sity in 1840.
investments are judiciously made and amply secured.
They have in like manner satisfied themselves that all the entries for moneys expended by the Treasurer, or in any way charged to the Col- lege, are well vouched ; such of them as are not supported by counter entries being proved by regular vouchers and receipts, with the exception of petty charges and expenses, which from their nature do not admit of this kind of evidence.
The Committee have also seen that all the entries for said year are duly transferred to the Leger, and that the accounts there are rightly cast, and the balances carried forward correctly to new accounts.
(Signed) JOSIAH QJJINCY, » Committee of the
__,T1VT , x /-VTTTT-IT T > Prcsjden t and Fellu r JOHN A. LOWELL, f of Harvard College.
{ Cc
> President and Fellows ', ) of
Boston, September 2Ist, 1840.
MONTHLY REPORT OF THE TREASURER.
The preceding statement of the Treasurer of the College, made in conformity with the system adopted in 1828,* exhibits the actual state of the College funds and finances at the end of the Academic year 1839-40, and constitutes the annual account prepared by the Treasurer, to be submitted to the Corporation and Board of Over- seers, and which, being printed, is annually distributed.
The money of the College is deposited in Bank, in an account with the Treasurer of the College, and in no case is a check ever drawn except for actual payments on account of the College. At every monthly meeting of the Corporation, a statement is made by the Treasurer of all receipts and payments by him during the pre- ceding month, and of the balance remaining in Bank or due to it at the end of that month.
In order to exhibit the method now pursued to insure a perfect and regular accountability in this department, and cause the state of the treasury to be constantly known and kept in view by the Corporation, the report of the Treasurer for the last month of the Academic year 1839-40 is subjoined; exhibiting the receipts and disbursements within the month, and the balance due to or from the Bank at the end of it.
* See above, p. 367.
632
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, THE 121sT MONTHLY REPORT OF THOMAS W. WARD, TREAS-
No. LX. OP MONEY RECEIVED AND PAID DURING
Finances of 1840. the Univer- Aug1. sitj in 1840.
1. Balance of Cash deposited in Suffolk Bank,
RECEIPTS.
6. Received of Count Rumford's Trustees in Paris,
1 year's Income, for 1839, francs 966.90, - - 181-29
6 months' Interest on Ezra Dyer's Note, No. 49, 60-00
Do. on M. S. Lincoln's Note, No. 130, - - 150-00
10. Do. on Isaac Jenney's Note, No. 27, - 60-00
11. Do. on Luther & Lang's Note, No. 28, - - 45-00
12. Do. on John Perry's Note, No. 30, - - 105-00 14. Do. on J.&N. Fisher's Note, No. 130, - - 75-00 20. Do. on F. L. Bates's Note, No. 37, - 81-00 22. John Newgate's Annuity for 1839-40, - - 16-67
S. A. Eliot's subscription towards the Observatory,* 100-00
6 months' Interest on F. Bachelder's Note, No. 44, 69-30
24. Do. on W. H. Montague's Note, No. 116, - 60-00
25. 12 months' Interest on Smith & Sears's Note, No. 96, 10-86
28. John Glover's Annuity to August 31, 1840, - 16-67
29. Legacy from John Foster's Estate, and Interest, 2,339-67 Subscriptions towards Professor Adam's salary, J, 100-00
31. 6 months' Interest on O. Danforth's Note, No. 122, 60 00
- $1,045-98
31. Balance, amount overdrawn on Suffolk Bank this day,
4,530-46
7,412-08
$12,98852
Harvard College, August 31, 1840.
" See Appendix, No. LXIT.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
633
URER TO THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, THE MONTH ENDING AUGUST 31, 1840.
DISBURSEMENTS.
1840.
Aug.
11. Paid C. C. Little & Co.'s bill for Books,
20. " President Quincy's Postage bill, - ...
28. " Medical Prizes to
Dr. Gerdhard, of Philadelphia, - - 50-00
Dr. J. Sargent, of Worcester, - - 50-00
29. " George W. Foster, Music at Commencement, 31. " Dr. Henry Ware, Sen., per vote of the Corpo- ration, and in full of all demands,
" Treasurer's bill, petty disbursements during
the year ending this day, per bill, - - 45-00
" Do. for Messenger's services during the year, 36-00
" Salaries for the Quarter ending this day, to
President Quincy, 558-75 6,946-25
Professor Walker, 500-00 Professor Treadwell, 200-00
« H. Ware, Jr., 500-00 " Adam, 183-33
" Felton, 375-00 Mr. King, 161-25
do. grant, 300-00 Mr. Bartlett, 161-25
« Beck, 375-00 Mr. Bachi, 125-00
do. grant, 300-00 Mr. Sales, 125-00
« Peirce, 375-00 Mr. Roelker, 125-00
" Lovering, 375-00 Mr. De Goy, 125-00
" Channing, 375-00 Dr. Ware, 125-00
« Longfellow, 375-00 Dr. Warren, 125-00
« Greenleaf, 375-00 Mr. Hubbard, 25-00
do. extra, 250-00 Mr. Devens, 25-00
" Ware, Sen., 312-50 Mr. Coolidge, 25-00
" Webster, 300-00 Mr. Lippitt, 25-00
Mr. Farwell, 300-00 Mr. Parker, 25-00
Professor Sparks, 250-00 Mr. Ware, 25-00
Judge Story, 250-00 Dr. Pierce, 15-00
Dr. Harris, 250-00 Mr. Story, 75 00
Mr. Wheeler, 250 00 Mr. Hale, 50-00
APPENDIX,
No. LX.
Finances of the Univer- sity in 1840.
- 26-49 11-95
10000 77-00
4,000-00
81-00
6,946-25
- 8,692-08 $ 12,988-52
(Signed) T. W. WARD, Treasurer Harv. Coll.
VOL. ii. 80
634 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LXI.
No. LXI. — See p. 442.
Officers of OFFICERS OF GOVERNMENT AND INSTRUCTION AT THE
SentTn'd COMMENCEMENT OF THE ACADEMIC YEAR 1840-41.
Instruction
in 1840. CORPORATION.
President. Josiah Quincy, LL. D.
Fellows.
Hon. Joseph Story, LL. D. Rev. James Walker, D. D. Hon. Lemuel Shaw, LL. D. John A. Lowell, A. M. Charles G. Loring, A. M.
Treasurer. Thomas W. Ward, Esq.
OVERSEERS.
The Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Members of the Council and of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Pres- ident of the University, ex offido, and the following persons by election :
Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop, LL. D. Rev. Thomas Gray, D. D.
John Welles. John Pierce, D. D., Secretary.
Artemas Ward. William Jenks, D. D.
John Quincy Adams, LL. D. William E. Channing, D. D.
John Pickering, LL. D. Charles Lowell, D. D.
Samuel P. P. Fay. John Codman, D. D.
Richard Sullivan. Francis Parkman, D. D.
Lemuel Shaw, LL. D. Joseph Field, D. D.
Daniel Webster, LL. D. Nath'l L. Frothingham, D. D.
James T. Austin, LL. D. John Brazer, D. D.
Levi Lincoln, LL. D. Alvan Lamson, D. D.
Leverett Saltonstall, LL. D. Convers Francis, D. D.
James Savage. Samuel Barrett, A. M.
Marcus Morton, LL. D. Ezra Stiles Gannett, A. M.
Edward Everett, LL. D. Alexander Young, A. M.
FACULTY OF THEOLOGY. The President of the University.
Rev. Henry Ware, D. D., Professor of Divinity, Emeritus. Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., D. D., Parkman Professor of Pulpit Eloquence
and Pastoral Care. Rev. George R. Noyes, D. D., Hancock Professor of Hebrew and other
Oriental Languages, and Dexter Lecturer on Biblical Literature.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 635
FACULTY OF LAW. APPENDIX,
No. LXI.
The President of the University.
Hon. Joseph Story, LL. D., Dane Professor of Law. Officers of
Simon Greenleaf, LL. D., Royall Professor of Law. ment and
Instruction in 1840.
FACULTY OF MEDICINE.
The President of the University.
James Jackson, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Emeritus.
John C. Warren, M. D., Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.
Jacob Bigelow, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica.
Walter Channing, M. D. , Professor of Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence.
George Hayward, M. D., Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Clin- ical Surgery.
John W. Webster, M. D., Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy.
John Ware, M. D., Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic.
FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY.
This consists of the President, Professors not exempted by the tenure of their offices, and the Tutors, and has the immediate care and government of the Undergraduates.
The President of the University.
Edward T. Channing, A. M., Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory.
Daniel Treadwell, A. M., Rumford Professor (of the Physical and Mathe- matical Sciences as Applied to the Useful Arts).*
Rev. James Walker, D. D., Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity.
Jared Sparks, McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History.*
Charles Beck, P. D., University Professor of Latin, and Permanent Tutor.
Henry W. Longfellow, A. M., Smith Professor of the French and Spanish Languages, and Professor of Belles-Lettres.
Cornelius C. Felton, A. M., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature.
Benjamin Peirce, A. M., University Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.
Joseph Lovering, A. M., Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Phi- losophy.
Robert Bartlett, A. M., Tutor in Latin.
Charles S. Wheeler, A. M., Tutor in Greek, and Instructor in History.
* At present exempted from the immediate care and government of the undergraduates.
656 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
»
APPENDIX, LIBRARIAN.
No. LXI.
Thaddeus W. Harris, M. D. Officers of
Govern-
ment and
Instruction TicaTWrrrTrtPS
in 1840. R8>
Who aid the Professors in their respective branches.
Francis Sales, A. M., Instructor in Spanish.
Pietro Bachi, A. M. , J. U. D., Instructor in Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.
Bernard Roelker, Instructor in German.
Anatole de Goy, A. B., Instructor in French.
Rufus King, A. B., Instructor in Elocution.
PROCTORS.
Frederick Parker, A. M. George W. Lippitt, A. B.
William O. Moseley, A. B. James R. Peirce, A. B.
James I. T. Coolidge, A. B. John F. W. Ware, A. B. Charles Devens, A. B.
STEWARD. Hon. Levi Farwell.
Number of Students in the several Schools, at the commencement of the Academic year 1840-41.
In the Theological School, - - - - 24 Law " 99
Medical " 74
Resident Graduates, ------ 7
204
In the Academic School, Undergraduates,
Seniors, ------- 45
Juniors, - - -- - - - 63
Sophomores, ------ 71
Freshmen, ------ 6?
University Students, ----- 3
244
Total, 448
Whole number of the Alumni, at the above date, , - - 5607 Of whom were known to be deceased, about - 3650
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 637
APPENDIX, No. LXII.
No. LXII. — See p. 392. DONORS TO THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY.
The names of the donors, each of whom subscribed one hundred Donors to
the Astro- dollars, are as follows, VIZ. nomical
Observato- ry- John Quincy Adams, Thomas H. Perkins,
Nathan Appleton, Jonathan Phillips,
Samuel Appleton, Stephen C. Phillips,
William Appleton, Dudley Pickman,
Peter C. Brooks, Paschal C. Pope,
Benjamin W. Crowninshield, William Prescott,
John P. Gushing, Josiah Quincy,
Samuel A. Eliot, George C. Shattuck,
Ebenezer Francis, Robert G. Shaw,
Francis C. Gray, Nathaniel Silsbee,
John C. Gray, Joseph Tilden,
Abbot Lawrence, Thomas W. Ward,
Amos Lawrence, John C. Warren,
John A. Lowell, John Welles,
Joseph Peabody, Thomas L. Winthrop.
No. LXIII. — See p. 458.
MONUMENT ERECTED TO JOHN HARVARD. * By the contributions of a number of the Alumni of Harvard Uni- Harvard's
, . . _ Monument.
versity, a monument was erected to the memory of its Founder, on the burial-hill, in Charlestown, Massachusetts, September 26th, 1828. The following passages are extracted from the Address de- livered on that occasion by Edward Everett.
"The monument was hewn, by permission, from the quarry of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, in Quincy. It is a solid obe-
* The vignette, Vol. II. p. 458, gives an accurate representation of this mon- ument, and of its situation on the banks of Charles River, which commands an extensive view of Boston and its vicinity. The cupola of Harvard Hall, and the steeple of the First Congregational Church in Cambridge, are visible, at the distance of three miles, and are designated in this view.
638 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, lisk, fifteen feet in height, four feet square at the larger extremity, 1IL and two at the smaller, and rises from a substantial foundation, with- Harvard's Out a base, from the surface of the ground."
Monument. . ......
" I he monument is enclosed by a simple iron railing, surrounding a space nine feet square, and stands in a beautiful and commanding situation."
"On the eastern face of the shaft, and looking towards the land of his birth and education, the name of Harvard is inscribed in large letters, and in high relief; the first experiment, it is believed, of this kind, in working the granite of this country. Beneath, on a marble tablet, is this short inscription in his mother tongue :
" On the twenty-sixth day of September, A. D. 1828, this Stone was erected by the Graduates of the University of Cambridge, in honor of its Founder, who died at Charlestown, on the twenty-sixth day of September, A. D. 1638."
" On the opposite face of the shaft, and looking westward, toward the walls of the University which bears his name, is another inscrip- tion, which, in consideration of his character as the founder of a seat of learning, is expressed in the Latin tongue :
" In piam et perpetuam memoriam Johannis Harvardii, annis fere ducentis post obitum ejus peractis, Academiae quae est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum alumni, ne diutius vir de litteris nostris optime meritus sine monumento quamvis humili jaceret, hunc lapidem ponendum curaverunt."
" While the College which he founded shall continue to the latest posterity, a monument not unworthy of the most honored name, we trust that this plain memorial also will endure ; and, while it guides the dutiful votary to the spot where his ashes are deposited, will teach to those who survey it the supremacy of intellectual and moral desert, and encourage them too, by a like munificence, to aspire to a name, as bright as that which stands engraven on its shaft ;
' clarum et venerabile nomen Gentibus, et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi.' "
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 639
APPENDIX, No. LXIV.
No. LXIV. — See p. 442.
CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.
ON the 2d of July, 1835, at a meeting of the President and Fel- lows of Harvard College, it was " voted, That the President, Judge Story, and Mr. Walker be a committee to consider the ex- pediency, and the mode, in case it be deemed expedient, to take suitable notice of the era of the second century since the foun- dation of the College."
On March 1 7th, 1836, the President presented the following report.
" The Committee appointed on the 2d of July last, to consider the expediency, and the mode, in case it be deemed expedient, to take suitable notice 'of the era of the second century since the foundation of the College, having attended to that subject,
" Report, That, in their opinion, it is an era of which it is highly expedient and proper to take suitable notice.
" In considering the mode in which such notice should be taken, they were first led to ascertain, as nearly as possible, the day on which it would be most suitable to fix for this purpose, and con- sulted on the subject His Excellency Edward Everett, Governor of the Commonwealth, and the Hon. James Savage, from each of whom they have received a letter, (marked A. and B.,) which they request may be considered part of this report.
" Your Committee, after giving all the consideration due to the statements made and views expressed in those letters, are of opinion, in concurrence with that expressed by Governor Everett, that the day ' on which the General Court met,' in the course of whose session the first vote was passed, contemplating the future estab- lishment of a College, may well be considered the origin of the seminary. This day was the 8th of September, — corresponding with the 19th of September, new style, which, modified and ex- plained by the custom of the General Court to hold their first
640 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, meeting on Wednesday, indicates the third Wednesday of Septem- NO. LXI . 1630, as the day on which the Court met, and of consequence
Centennial as tne dav most proper to be considered as the era of the origin of tion. Harvard University.*
" Your Committee therefore recommend, that the day fixed upon for the proposed celebration of the era of the second century from its origin, be the third Wednesday of September next.
"With respect to the particular exercises of that day, your Com- mittee are of opinion, that besides prayer and appropriate solemn music, there should be an address in Latin, and a poem in English, each by a member of the Senior Class of the then Academic year, and a discourse in celebration of the foundation of the seminary, of its founders, and patrons, by the President of the University.
" All which is respectfully submitted, by order of the Committee.
"JOSIAH QUINCY, Chairman. "17th March, 1836."
(A.)
"Boston, 10 February, 1836. "Dear Sir,
" To evince the high respect felt for the subject of your note of 26th of December last, I have postponed all attention to it, until, having complied with my preexisting engagements, full leisure to be accurate should be enjoyed. This leisure for two hours has not been attainable before to-day for two months.
"The time from which the origin of the seminary ought to be dated, is the question proposed ; but the Committee of the Corpora- tion of Harvard College have done me too much honor in asking my opinion upon it. A variety of dates may be confidently ap- pealed to, as times of most interesting facts attaching to this time- honored and blessed school of the prophets. None later than the day of the first Commencement, in August, 1642, needs, however, to be considered, I think ; though this date excludes that from which the Board of Overseers reckons its existence, as it was con-
* Subsequently to the acceptance of this report, it was ascertained, that the 8th day of September occurred on Thursday in 1636, and would fall on the same day of the week in 1836; which led to the adoption of this day and date for the celebration.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 641
stituted a few weeks later. You may observe in the first Thesis, APPENDIX,
that it is dedicated to a committee named nearly five years before, . _^ "
among whom are Davenport, of New Haven, and Peters, of Salem ; Centennial while ministers of Watertown, Charlestown, and Dorchester are tion. not distinctly mentioned. This was, of course, different in next year's Thesis ; but that is not, I presume, in existence.
" Going backwards from the happy day of the first bestowment of the laurels, the entrance of Dunster on his office, as the first President, 27 August, (Stylo Novo, 7 September,) 1640, is per- haps the nearest era of importance. But there was a College before his election; and we shall find two, if not more, interesting events of much earlier date.
"At the General Court, held at Boston, 13 March, 1638, — or, as allowing for the Gregorian correction, we should now entitle it, 24th March, 1639, — 'It is ordered, that the College, agreed upon formerly to be built at Cambridge, shall be called Harvard College.' See page 241 of Col. Rec. Vol. I.
" The order of Court, held at Newtown, 2 (N. S. 13) May, 1638, (page 221,) 'that Newtown shall henceforward be called Cambridge,' may perhaps be passed over, because the new name was undoubt- ly given from regard to the institution there established.
" Great interest attaches to the act of the General Court, held at Newtown, 2 (N. S. 13) November, 1637, by adjournment to 15 (N. S. 26) of same, at which latter time the record appears, ' For the College, the Governor, Mr. Winthrop, the Deputy, Mr. Dudley, the Treasurer, Mr. Bellingham, Mr. Humphrey, Mr. Herlakenden, Mr. Stoughton, Mr. Cotton, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Davenport, Mr. Welde, Mr. Shepard, and Mr. Peters ; these, or the greater part of them, whereof Mr. Winthrop, Mr. Dudley, or Mr. Bellingham to be always one, to take order for a College at Newtown.' (Page 213.)
"Assuredly we may go thus far back for our origin; and, when we consider the greatness of the obligation which is due from the University to some of these names, in that or succeeding genera- tions, I cannot bring my mind to any later era.
"But this is the second notice in our Colony Records; and the phraseology has evident reference to something preceding. Now if the circumstances of the first mention will permit our claim of derivation from the earlier date, it must be a gratification to every son of the College, to mount near to the very cradle of our Re- public, for its erection of the chief glory of its infancy and man- hood.
VOL. II. 81
642 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, " The record is found in the acts of the General Court, holden at No- LXIV" Boston, 8 (N. S. 19) September, 163G, (beginning page 179,) sub- Centennial gequently adjourned to Tuesday, 25 October (N. S. 5 November), tion. (there beginning page 181,) and continuing three following days in
session ; when, on 28 October (N. S. 8 November), being Fri- day, the first notice, being among the latest entries of the Secretary, occurs in these words, (page 183,) — 'The Court agreed to give .£400 towards a school or college, whereof .£200 to be paid the next year, and ,£200 when the work is finished; and the next Court to appoint where and what building.' It may well be doubted whether next year the money was paid ; because the next Court, we see, did not appoint where. The first act of such appointment, as above quoted, was in a later Court, next year. Yet the melancholy condition of the colony, embarrassed with an Indian war to absorb all its pecuniary means, and distracted with internal convulsions about religion to confuse all its mental powers, may, in the judg- ment of their posterity, furnish justifiable excuse as well as full explanation of the short delay of our ancestors.
" Let us remember, that the colony had been established, under its charter government exercised on these shores, less than six years and a half, when this order was adopted ; and let us for ever emu- late the liberality of such action.
" It may be of use to remind gentlemen investigating this subject in our first volume of Records, that there is a double paging to that volume. The doings of the Company of Massachusetts Bay, and of the government of the Company, while remaining in London, occupy fifty-four pages, and this enumeration is continued for several years after immigration. But there are traces of paging beginning anew with the first Court of Assistants, holden at Charles- town, 23 August, 1630, (which we know was actually assembled on board the Arabella, the ship in which the Governor and several Assistants had recently arrived.) The new enumeration is only on the right hand of each right-hand page, and in some places is worn out, in some has a pen drawn through it, and the Secretary has sub- stituted the continuous reckoning.
"With highest regard, dear Sir,
"Your most obedient and obliged
"JAMES SAVAGE.
"Hon. Josiah Quincy,
" President of Harvard University."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 643
APPE.NJMX,
(B.) No- LXIV'
Centennial
" Council Chamber, February 24<A, 1836. tion.
"Dear Sir,
"I return Mr. Savage's letter, which I have read with great pleasure.
" I remain of opinion, that the day on which the Court met might, without impropriety, be adopted. I believe, in Parliament all laws passed at one session are considered as passed at the same time. Where, for legal accuracy, a day must be specified, it is, of course, in our legislation, that on which a law is approved. But as measures of importance are usually some time in train, I think, in a case where you commemorate avowedly the plan and conception, and not the consummation, of any thing, that you are not restricted to the day on which the law passed. The day on which the motion was first made, if it could be identified, would be, perhaps, the most appropriate, on the principle of going back as far as possible.
" With great respect,
"Faithfully yours,
"E. EVERETT. " President Quincy."
"Voted, That this Report be accepted."
"On the 9th of July, 1836, a meeting of the Alumni of Harvard University was held in the Hall of the American Academy, in Boston. It was called to order by the Rev. Dr. Palfrey, and was organized by the appointment of His Excellency Edward Everett as Chairman, and of the Rev. Alexander Young as Secretary.
" The Rev. Dr. Palfrey briefly stated the object of the meeting, and offered the following Resolutions, which were passed unani- mously.
" Resolved, That arrangements ought to be made for a subscrip- tion dinner of Alumni and other friends of Harvard College on the approaching Centennial Anniversary.
644 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, " Voted, That a Committee of Arrangements be raised for this
' LXIV- purpose, to consist of forty Alumni.
Centennial " Voted, That a Committee of five, to be named by the Chair, be lion. ' raised to select and appoint said Committee of Arrangements.
" Voted, That the Committee of Arrangements be authorized to issue cards of invitation, in the name of the Alumni, to a suitable number of friends of the College and distinguished strangers.
" The following persons, having been nominated by the chair, were appointed to constitute the Committee of five contemplated in the second vote, viz.
"Rev. Dr. Palfrey, William H. Gardiner, Esq., Dr. George Hay- ward, Rev. Alexander Young, William Brigham, Esq.
"Voted, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in the newspapers.
" EDWARD EVERETT, Chairman. " ALEXANDER YOUNG, Secretary."
The following Circular Letter was sent by mail to every Alum- nus whose residence could be ascertained.
"CIRCULAR.
"SIR,
" At a general meeting of the Alumni of Harvard University, it was resolved, that on the 8th day of September next, the date of two hundred years since the origin of the Institution, to which our country so largely owes its honor and its happiness, there shall be, besides the services which the government of the College may direct, a dinner of the Alumni, at which your presence as one of them, is desired.
" The price of the tickets for the dinner will be made as moderate as circumstances may permit, in order to have the enjoyment of the celebration most general, and shall not exceed the sum of two dollars. Any extra subscription for the purpose of reducing this price, which you may feel disposed to proffer, will be most accept- able, as the desire of very many to partake in the entertainment may exceed their ability to contribute to its cost. If more money be obtained than is wanted for this purpose, the balance shall be
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 645
given to the College Library, or to such other object as the Alumni APPENDIX, may on the day of celebration designate.
Centennial Class of Class of Celebra-
(Signed) "Harrison Gray Otis, 1783 Charles P. Curtis, 1811 tion'
William Sullivan, 1792 Peleg Sprague, 1812
John Pierce, 1793 John R. Adan, 1813
Charles H. Atherton, 1794 Pliny Merrick, 1814
Francis J. Oliver, 1795 Henry F. Baker, 1815
James Jackson, 1796 William H. Gardiner, 1816
Daniel A. White, 1797 Samuel A. Eliot, 1817
Samuel P. P. Fay, 1798 Sidney Bartlett, 1818
Parker Cleaveland, 1799 Samuel B. Walcott, 1819
Loammi Baldwin, 1800 Alexander Young, 1820
Luther Lawrence, 1801 Josiah Quincy, Jr., 1821
Leverett Saltonstall, 1802 Edward Wigglesworth, 1822
James Savage, 1803 Thomas W. Dorr, 1823
Benjamin Merrill, 1804 Edward Blake, 1824
William D. Sohier, 1805 John G. Treadwell, 1825
Jacob Bigelow, 1806 Samuel H. Walley, Jr., 1826
James C. Merrill, 1807 Thomas K. Davis, 1827
Henry Codman, 1808 Robert C. Winthrop, 1828
George Hayvvard, 1809 Oliver W. Holmes, 1829
Joseph G. Kendall, 1810 Thomas Hopkinson, 1830 "
It was soon ascertained, that, on the 8th of September, there would be a general attendance of the Alumni of Harvard University, from all parts of the United States ; and preparations, chiefly under the direction of Henry F. Baker, of the class of 1815, were accord- ingly made on a corresponding scale.
A pavilion was erected within the College grounds, as a dining- hall for the Alumni, which extended over nearly eighteen thousand square feet ; being one hundred and fifty feet in length, and one hundred and twenty in breadth. It was constructed in successive stories, covered with white canvass, and supported in the centre by a pillar sixty-five feet in height.
The lower story was sustained by forty-four pillars, on which rested a frame-work, from whence beams extended toward the centre, and thus formed a foundation for the scaffolding of the story above, and so on in succession to the top. The pillars were wreathed with evergreens and flowers, and pendants or streamers, of blue and white, radiated from the centre to the sides of the tent. The pavilion was erected on sloping ground, and the tables rose one above another in the form of an amphitheatre. On the lowest
646 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, side of the area, tables were placed on an elevated platform, for the
[ President and Vice-Presidents of the day, and the eldest and most
Centennial distinguished of the Alumni and their invited guests, to the number tion. of one hundred. By this arrangement, every individual seated in
the amphitheatre would face the table at which the President of the day and the principal guests were seated. Behind the chair was an arch covered with white drapery, richly decorated with ever- greens and flowers, on which was inscribed " SEPTEMBER 8, 1836," and between the supporting columns were placed the arms of the University.*
As the day of the Celebration approached, extensive and tasteful arrangements were also made by the Undergraduates for the decora- tion of the College edifices. The entrance to Harvard Hall, and the porticos of Dane and University Halls, were wreathed with ever- greens and flowers ; and arches decorated in the same manner were erected over the three principal entrances to the College grounds. The name of HARVARD was placed over the centre arch, between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls, while those of DUNSTER and CHAUNCY, the first two Presidents of the University, surmounted respectively the two side arches. Arrangements were also made for a general illumination of the College buildings.
On the morning of the 8th of September, 1836, a white banner, on which the device of the first seal of the University was emblazoned,! was raised on the summit of the pavilion. At an early hour all the avenues leading from the city of Boston and its environs to Cam- bridge were thronged ; and by nine o'clock the Alumni and invited guests, to the number of more than fifteen hundred, assembled in University Hall.
There were venerable and reverend divines, — grave and dignified judges, — statesmen and lawyers, — learned, intellectual, and emi- nent men of other professions and pursuits in life, — exchanging cordial salutations after years of separation. There were the young and ardent, looking forward in imagination to a brilliant future, and men of maturer age pleased with the retrospection of the past. The greetings of companions of early days, the efforts at recognition, the fond and fervent recollections not untinged with melancholy, which the meeting occasioned, the inquiries more implied than uttered after the absent, the inquisitive glances, rather than words, by
* The vignette at the close of the Appendix (page 708) was copied from an original sketch drawn by Mr. Thomas Boyd, Architect, who planned the pavil- ion, and superintended its erection ; and was engraved by Mr. B. W. Thayer, of Boston.
t Three open volumes, with the motto " Veritas." See the title-page of this volume.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 647
which each seemed to ask of the other's welfare, constituted a scene APPENDIX. not to be forgotten by any individual who witnessed it.
Blank books were presented for the signatures of the Alumni and Centennial
, , . ,.- Celebra-
their guests, and during the day more than eleven hundred recorded tion.
their names.*
Robert C. Winthrop, acted as Chief Marshal of the Day, and the following gentlemen as Assistant Marshals.
ON THE PART OF THE ALUMNI.
Epes S. Dixwell, Thomas Dwight,
Ezra Weston, Jr. William Gray,
Elbridge G. Austin, George W. Phillips,
Benjamin R. Curtis, Joseph Lyman,
Alanson Tucker, Daniel F. Webster. Robert T. S. Lowell,
ON THE PART OF THE STUDENTS.
Christopher C. Holmes, Samuel T. Hildreth,
James B. Heyward, Benjamin S. Rotch,
John S. Terry, Moses Davis,
George P. Sanger, Alden Southworth.
At ten o'clock, a procession was formed at University Hall, in the following order.
Undergraduates.
Band of Music.
Chief Marshal and Aids.
Committee of Arrangements.
President Quincy and the Chaplain of the Day.
The Corporation of the University.
Ex-President Kirkland and President Humphrey of Amherst College. His Excellency the Governor and his Suite.
The Vice-Presidents of the Day. Senators and Representatives in Congress.
Judges of the United States and State Courts and the Attorney-General. Benefactors of the University, distinguished Strangers, and other Guests
specially invited.
The Oversefers of the University.
Professors, Tutors, and other Officers of the University.
* These books were bound under the direction of Robert C. Winthrop, Chief Marshal of the Day, and form a quarto volume, which is to be pre- served in the archives of the University until the next Centennial celebration
648
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LXIV.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
Gentlemen who have received Honorary Degrees, and who do not
come within any regular Class of Graduates. Graduates of the University in the order of their Classes, from
the oldest Class present to that of 1836, inclusive.
Students in the Divinity School, Law School, and Medical
School, who are not included above.
When the Chief Marshal named the classes of the Alumni, it was deeply interesting to mark the result. The class of 1759 was called, but their only representative, and the eldest surviving Alum- nus, Judge Wingate, of New Hampshire, being ninety-six years of age, was unable to attend. The classes from 1763 to 1773 were successively named, but solemn pauses succeeded; they had all joined the great company of the departed, or, sunk in the vale of years, were unable to attend the high festival of their Alma Mater. At length, when the class of 1774 was named, Mr. Samuel Emery came forward ; a venerable old man, a native of Chatham, Barn- stable County, Massachusetts, who, at the age of eighty-six, after an absence of sixty years from the Halls of Harvard, had come from his residence in Philadelphia to attend this celebration. The Rev. Dr. Ripley, of Concord, of the class of 1776, and the Rev. Dr. Homer, of Newton, of the class of 1777, were followed by the Rev. Dr. Bancroft, of Worcester, and the Rev. Mr. Willis, of Kingston, of the class of 1778 ; and, as modern times were ap- proached, instead of solitary individuals, twenty or thirty members of a class appeared at the summons.
On leaving University Hall, the procession moved along the principal avenues within the College grounds, through the gateway between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls, and, passing through the lines of the escort formed by the Undergraduates, entered the Congregational Church. The galleries of the edifice had been reserved for the ladies, and, after the entrance of the procession, every part of the building was filled by a crowded audience. After a voluntary on the organ, the Rev. Dr. Ripley offered a solemn and fervent prayer. Although more than eighty years of age, he spoke in a clear and powerful voice. Like the Jewish leader, "his eye was not dim, nor his natural force.abated."
An Occasional Ode, written by the Rev. Samuel Oilman, of Charleston, S. C., was then sung.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 649
" FAIR HARVARD! thy sons to thy Jubilee throng, APPENDIX,
And with blessings surrender thee o'er, No- Lxiv.
By these festival-rites, from the Age that is past, Centennial
To the Age that is waiting before. Celebra-
tion. O Relic and Type of our ancestors' worth,
That hast long kept their memory warm ! First flower of their wilderness ! Star of their night, Calm rising through change and through storm !
" To thy bowers we were led in the bloom of our youth,
From the home of our free-roving years, When our fathers had warned, and our mothers had prayed.
And our sisters had blest, through their tears. Thou then wert our parent, — the nurse of our soula, —
We were moulded to manhood by thee, Till, freighted with treasure-thoughts, friendships, and hopes,
Thou didst launch us on Destiny's sea.
" When, as pilgrims, we come to revisit thy halls
To what kindlings the season gives birth ! Thy shades are more soothing, thy sunlight more dear,
Than descend on less privileged earth : For the Good and the Great, in their beautiful prime,
Through thy precincts have musingly trod, As they girded their spirits, or deepened the streams
That make glad the fair City of God.
" Farewell! be thy destinies onward and bright!
To thy children the lesson still give, With freedom to think, and with patience to bear,
And for Right ever bravely to live. Let not moss-covered Error moor thee at its side,
As the world on Truth's current glides by ; Be the herald of Light, and the bearer of Love,
Till the stock of the Puritans die."
The touching allusions of this beautiful Ode excited a deep and solemn enthusiasm, and the Address of President Quincy com- manded, during two hours, the attention of the audience. A prayer was afterwards offered by the Rev. Dr. Homer, and then the whole congregation united their voices in the solemn strains of "Old Hundred."
" From all that dwell below the skies, Let the Creator's praise arise; Let the Redeemer's name be sung Through every land, by every tongue.
VOL. ii. 82
650
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LXIV.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
" Eternal are thy mercies, Lord ; Eternal truth attends thy word ; Thy praise shall sound from shore to shore, Till suns shall rise and set no more."
No one could look around at this moment, without thrilling emo- tions, on this crowded assembly of educated and intelligent men, convened on the high festival of this ancient literary institution, and soon to be separated never to meet again.
The benediction was given by the Rev. -Dr. Ripley ; and, on leaving the church, the procession was formed in the same order as when it entered. The classes of the Alumni were again summoned, and solemn pauses again succeeded, until Mr. Emery walked down the aisle alone, and was greeted by testimonies of applause from his younger brethren. On leaving the church, the procession, including more than fifteen hundred individuals, pro- ceeded to the left across the Common, and then, turning to the right, passed in front of the College edifices. By this arrangement, the graduates of the various classes passed in review before each other.* After passing Dane Hall, the procession turned to the left, pro- ceeded through Harvard Street, in front of the President's House,t and entered the College grounds opposite the pavilion.J
Harrison Gray Otis, the elected President of the Day, was pre- vented by a sudden domestic bereavement from attending the Celebration, and, in his absence, Edward Everett presided at the dinner of the Alumni, and the following gentlemen acted as Vice- Presidents.
* The Frontispiece to the first volume of this History, represents this move- ment of the procession. The Congregational Church, erected in 1833, in which the Centennial Address was spoken, is partially seen in this view. In the grave-yard, beside this edifice, are the tombs of Dunster and Chauncy, — of Oakes, Leverett, Wadsworth, Holyoke, Flynt, — and of many of the other presidents, officers, and graduates of Harvard College. Stoughton Hall, Hoi- den Chapel, Hollis, Harvard, University, Massachusetts, and Dane Halls, are represented in this engraving, and also the arches erected for this occasion over the gateways of the College grounds, and surmounted with the names of Harvard, Dunster, and Chauncy. The white standard in the distance marks the summit of the pavilion erected by the Alumni as a dining-hall for this festival.
t Vol. I. p. 404.
t The pavilion was situated a short distance to the southeast of the spot where Gore Hall was subsequently erected, A. D. 1838; and the procession entered the College grounds a few rods to the east of the avenue to that edifice.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 651
William Sullivan, William Elliot, of S. C. APPENDIX,
Charles H. Atherton, of N. H. James G. King, of N. Y. NO.LXIV.
Loammi Baldwin, Peleg Sprague, Centennial
Levi Lincoln, Franklin Dexter, Celebra-
Leverett Saltonstall, William H. Gardiner,
Wm. Pitt Preble, of Maine, Edward Kent, of Maine,
Alexander H. Everett, Josiah Quincy, Jr.
The tables were prepared to accommodate about fifteen hundred persons, and they were completely filled by the Alumni and their invited guests, except a division on the left of the President's chair, reserved for, and occupied by, the Undergraduates.
" It was extraordinary to see how soon and how quietly fifteen hundred persons found places, each one seated and duly pro- vided for the feast. On the left of the chair, the Undergrad- uates of the University were seated, and thence to the extreme right extended row above row, and class after class, of Alumni, embracing every period of life, from the youth fresh from the stu- dious hall, to the octogenarian, who seemed to live again in the memories of the distant past. When all were seated, a prayer was offered by the Rev. President Humphrey, of Amherst Col- lege. For a time the dining quietly proceeded ; but soon the busy hum of many voices, the laugh, the joke, animated the scene. All were again hushed, as if by magic, when Mr. Ev- erett, the President of the Day, rose to address them. To say that he was most happy, is feeble praise. He was eloquent, bril- liant, touching; — and as he read, in the sea of intelligent faces around him, the effect of his own unrivalled declamation, his fancy seemed to burst away on freshened pinion, and to pour forth lav- ishly the riches of his well-fraught mind." *
SPEECH OF EDWARD EVERETT.
" Friends and Fellow-Students !
"It is known to you all, that a sudden and highly afflictive dis- pensation of Providence has prevented our distinguished fellow- student [Harrison Gray Otis], designated to preside over your fes-
*See a notice of this Celebration, by Charles King, Esq., of New York, published in the "New York American," September 17th, 1836.
652 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, tivities, from occupying this place. Feeling a double portion of the
__1 regret which you all feel at this sorrowful occurrence, and called un-
( entenn'ml expectedly to take the place of one so eminently gifted with all that
tion. is necessary to awaken and promote the spirit of the day, 1 have no
resource but to throw myself unreservedly upon your kind feelings.
And I derive great satisfaction, as I cast my eye along the tables
and consider the nature of the occasion, from the reflection, that
it never could be of less consequence, how the duties of the chair
might be performed.
"Of the numerous historical festivals of the time, I know of none better calculated than this, — few so well, — to awaken a deep interest. We have commemorated, within a few years past, the settlement of Plymouth and Massachusetts, — the foundation of towns and cities. We have made our pious pilgrimage to the plains of Lexington and Concord, and to the heights of Charles- town, — the abodes of the living and the dead; but we have come up to-day to the city of the soul, — the beautiful Mount Zion of the mind, — the joy of the whole land. We come to worship be- fore that pure orb of moral and mental illumination, in which the beams of eternal truth were gathered for the guidance of our fathers at the origin of the colony, and from which, I trust, they will shine out, to lighten and warm our children, ages after fortress and palace have crumbled into dust.
" Yes, brethren, it is the birthday of our Alma Mater, that happy name with which the children of the University of Cambridge, in England, — as old Ainsworth tells us, — were accustomed to desig- nate the place of their education, and which our fathers brought over and bestowed on the infant college they had founded here ; —
' parvam Trojam, simulataque magnis Pergama, et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum.'
It is the birthday of the genial mother of our spirits, who folded us in her arms, and carried us in her bosom ; and not us alone, but all who, for two hundred years, have drawn the pure milk of intel- lectual life and truth from her maternal breast.
" Brethren, there were some recollections of the early history of the College which I intended to recall to you, but our worthy Presi- dent has taken all that ground from beneath me. He has reaped the field, and left nothing for the gleaner. In fact, it is an occa- sion when, oppressed by the multitude of thick-coming fancies that crowd upon the mind, one is far less inclined to speak than to
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 653
muse. An ingenious and accomplished Italian writer has con- APPENDIX, structed a kind of philosophical romance on the idea, that the N°-LX1V-
whole Roman world of ancient times, the emperors, consuls, and Centennial
. . Celebra-
tribunes, the poets, the orators, the great and wise of every genera- tion.
tion, had appeared to him, in shadowy conclave, at the newly dis- covered sepulchre of the Scipios, and wandered under his guidance over the ancient and modern city. As the long procession of the Alumni swept through the academic grounds this morning, extend- ing from one extremity of the time-hallowed precincts to the other, one could almost fancy that he saw also the mighty congregation, the three thousand, of the departed, (with old President Dunster at their head, starting from the tomb in yonder graveyard, in which, as you told us, Mr. President, it was his dying request to be depos- ited,) return to take their station in front of the train. They dwelt in yonder halls, they walked these pleasant fields, their minds were trained up under the influences which still hover in the air ; is it much to fancy they had come back to join us in these festivities ? Yes, brethren, but little less than five thousand four hundred alumni have received the honors of Harvard College. It has stood for more than six generations, by far the oldest institution of this char- acter in the United States. It has stood unchanged, except to be enlarged and improved, and reared its modest head amidst the storms which convulsed alike the mother country and the colonies. Neither the straits and perils of the infant settlement, nor the harassing Indian and French wars, nor the political vicissitudes, the sectarian feuds, the neglect, the indifference, or hostility of England toward America, the trials of peace or of war, essentially obstructed the steady course of its usefulness. It has adapted itself, in each succeeding period, to the wants and calls of the age, as they have been felt and understood, and has sent out generation after genera- tion in the various professions, in the active and contemplative callings, in the higher and the humbler paths of life, to serve and adorn the country. The village schoolmaster, the rural physician, lawyer, and clergyman, — ministers all of unambitious good, — not less than those whom Providence calls to the most arduous and responsible posts, have been trained within its walls. They have come up here for instruction, have received it, have gone forth, and have passed away ; the children have occupied the halls which the fathers occupied before them, and both have been mingled with the dust; and here the College, which guided them all till they were ready to launch on the ocean of life, still stands like a Phiros
654 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, founded on a sea-girt rock. The moss of time gathers on it; the 1 waters heave and break upon its base ; the tempest beats upon its
Centennial sides ; but in vain. Sometimes its lofty tower is reflected fathoin-
Celebra- \ J
tion. deep in the glassy summer sea, and sometimes covered with the
foaming surge, which combs and curls from its foundation, and breaks in a vaulting flood over its summit. Unquenched and steady it shines alike through the tempest and the zephyr. Convoys sweep by it, guided by its beams to fortune or disaster, but its light never wavers. The hand that kindles it fails, but another and another renews its beams. Useful alike to small and to great, the poor fisherman marks its friendly ray from afar, as he shoots out at dusk to try the fortune of a lonely evening hour upon his favorite ledge ; and the mighty admiral descries it, through the parting thunder- clouds of midnight battle, and fearlessly braces his straining canvass to the gale.
" There is always danger, in the enthusiasm of such an occasion as this, of making extravagant overstatements. I desire to avoid the error ; but I think it neither overstated nor extravagant to say, that we commemorate to-day the first occasion on which a people ever taxed themselves to found a place of education. I think this is true. Certainly the ancient world furnishes no precedent, in all its monarchies or republics. In modern times, both before and for some time after the Reformation, places of education were appen- dages to the church, founded and endowed by princes, prelates, or benevolent individuals. If there is such a thing as a precedent for such a foundation as is this day commemorated, it must, of course, be in England. I must appeal to gentlemen around me, better versed than I am in the parliamentary history of that country, to say, whether, before the year 1636, they know of such a thing as a grant of money by the British House of Commons, to found or endow a place of education. I think there is no such grant before that period, nor till long after ; and I therefore believe it is strictly within the bounds of truth to say, that the General Court of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, which met on the eighth of Septem- ber, 1636 (the date which has determined the day of our present celebration), is the first body in which the people, by their repre- sentatives, ever gave their own money to found a place of education. I am inclined to think, that then and there this auspicious precedent was established, of making the support of education a public charge; and I ask whether, from the days of Lycurgus to the present hour,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 655
the history of government records an incident better worthy of APPENDIX, commemoration ? NO. LXIV.
" It was the . practice of the ancient historians, in giving an Centennial account of important deliberations, to represent, in the form of tion. speeches ascribed to the principal personages, the arguments which might have been adduced in favor of or against the measures adopted. The question of an appropriation for founding the College, the event which we this day celebrate, was for some considerable time before the General Court, but no account has reached us of what was said on either side. It is not difficult, however, to conceive what would be the general line of argument of such a man, for instance, as Governor Winthrop, to whom the President in his discourse has justly assigned the first place in the list of the leaders and benefactors of the colony. The Chief Magistracy this year was intrusted to the youthful stranger, Sir Henry Vane. Winthrop was the Deputy-Governor, and, as the representatives did not occupy a separate chamber till 1644, the venerable founder of the colony may be easily supposed, as to the substance, to have addressed both branches of the primitive little legislature somewhat as follows :
" ' Men, Brethren, and Fathers,
" ' The matter of founding a College is beyond question one of the most important which hath engaged our attention since the hand of God conducted us to these uttermost corners of the earth. Hitherto, what we have done hath mostly had respect either to the bodily safety and comfort, or the social ordering, or the spiritual edification of this present generation of planters, that is to say, of ourselves. But a higher object demandeth our care. These houses which we have builded will decay ; these pious teachers that now minister to us, bright and shining lights though they be, will go down to the dust, and we shall be gathered by their side. What then shall be the condition of our children and our children's children, when pastor and parent are gone, if we fail to provide for their training up in good learning and the knowledge of God's word 1
" ' Doth it seem to you, Men and Brethren, a great work to build up a house of learning in the midst of these deep forests ? I grant it to be so, especially in the present exhausted condition of this poor colony, and while a war betwixt us and the heathen is raging. But the parent, though he be starving, spareth a part of his last loaf, that his hungry babe may have bread on the morrow ; and yonder
656 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
4
APPENDIX, poor Indian woman, whom I discern through the window as I speak
NO. LXIV^ to yOUj wju gtrjp tjie k]anket from herself to cover her freezing
Centennial child. Let us, of the frugal means which the good God hath yet
tion. ' left us, lay the foundation, and doubt not that benefactors will rise
up, when they are least looked for. That Being, whose prophet
smote the rock and made it flow with a living stream, is able to
open a spring of beneficence even in this thirsty wilderness.
" ' Doth any one deem, that to erect a seat of science is to go about a work beyond the decency of the day of small things in which we live, and savouring of the bravery of an old and abundant State ? It were so, if we thought to rival the spacious cloisters and lofty towers of our Alma Mater in Old England ; but not, while we seek only to provide for our children those modest means of edu- cation, which beseem an infant commonwealth. There goeth forth ordinarily, in human affairs, a small beginning even to the greatest work. There was a time when Oxford and Cambridge, the twins of learning at home, were struggling into existence by the care of our fathers, albeit at that time under the cloud of a corrupted church, in ages long past. If we now lay the corner-stone of a college, however humble, on a right foundation of piety and truth, now, blessed be God, dispensed among us uncorrupt and sincere, think not, Men and Brethren, I speak the language of extravagance, if I foretell the day, when stately edifices will rise within the en- closure of our modest school ; when libraries and cabinets will open their treasures in these precincts, now scarcely safe from the beasts of the forest : when Nature, tortured in our laboratories, shall con- fess her hidden mysteries ; when, from the towers of our Acad- emy, the optic tube, lately contrived by the Florentine philoso- pher, shall search out the yet undiscovered secrets of the deepest heavens; when a long line of those here formed to the service of God and mankind shall stand recorded in our Catalogue. Yea, Brethren and Fathers, of a truth, I can foresee the day, when, after the lapse of centuries, a venerating posterity, on some festival con- secrated to the memory of its founders, shall gather together, and with solemn prayers, and grave discourse, and decent festivities, heap blessings on our names. When that day shall come, though hundreds of years shall first have passed, the clods shall press more lightly on my bosom, as I shall rest in mine house of clay.
" ' Besides, Men, Brethren, and Fathers, consider, I pray you, the work we have undertaken. It is to build a pure commonwealth on the rock of truth, on the foundation of the Prophets and Apostles,
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 657
Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone. We have no APPENDIX, mines of gold to tempt adventurers, as hath befallen in the Span- °- LXIV.
iards' colonies, southward of Virginia; neither doth our commerce, Centennial
Celebra- though hopefully prospering, yield the abundant returns of the Spice tion.
Islands. But there seemeth a well-grounded persuasion, that this our New England hath, in these last days, been reserved to a great work. Even certain of the heathen poets appear to have enter- tained a foreboding of its discovery ; and Seneca speaketh of the latter ages, when Oceanus shall loosen his bonds, and a vast con- tinent be discovered. To that long hidden region the hand of God hath guided us, to found a Christian republic, and establish a pure church. And think you, Brethren, there can be any other foun- dation laid, than that is laid, — the knowledge of all useful truth, and the apprehension of the Word? Trust me, there cannot ; and this seat of learning, which you propose to found, is not so much advisable as necessary. It is the appointed means of carrying on the great work we were sent hitherto to accomplish. Your harvests may fail, and the coming year will supply the want. Fires may consume your dwellings, and the forest will yield in abundance the materials to replace them. Even a portion of your young men may fall beneath the tomahawk of the savage, and the loss, although most grievous, (as Pericles justly observeth in the funeral oration over the Athenians, who fell in the first year of the Peloponnesjan war, and which, in the second book of Thucydides his History, is ascribed, I know not if truly, to that famous popular chieftain,) may yet be restored. But, if the light of learning shall go out ; if the study of God's word among us shall perish ; if, as these pious fathers one by one are taken away, none shall rise up in their stead ; it will bring a slowly creeping distemper upon the land ; it will strike a wound into New England's heart, which can never be healed.
"'On the other hand, let us found the college now, in the in- fancy of the colony ; let no space, no, not for a day, be interposed, in which ignorance can gain a foothold ; let sound human learning and the study of the Scriptures of truth go hand in hand with the growth of the State, and I tell you, Men and Brethren, the feeble plant will take root and flourish. Though sown in weakness, it shall be raised in power. A succession of the learned and pious, the great and good, shall here be trained up, to make glad the cities and churches of the Lord. Prosperous times may follow, and your sons shall adorn and promote the prosperity of the land.
VOL. II. 83
058 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Dark and adverse days may succeed, but the prudent counsellor and NO. LXIV. jne e]OqUent orator shall not fail ; and, so long as New England or
Centennial America hath a name on the earth's surface, the fame and fruit of Celebra- tion, this day's work shall be blessed. Men, Brethren, and Fathers, I
have done.'
" Such, however presumptuous the attempt to embody them, were the motives and the principles on which the College was founded. It was an institution established by the people's means for the people's benefit. If, in any other quarter of the globe, it has been objected to seats of learning, that they nourish a spirit of depend- ence on power, such has never been the reproach of our Alma Mater. Owing much, at every period before the Revolution, to the munificence of individuals in the mother country, it never was indebted to the Crown for a dollar or a book. No court favor was ever bestowed, and no court lesson ever learned. Generation after generation went forth from her lecture-rooms, armed in all the pan- oply of truth, to wage the battles of principle, alike under the old charter and the new ; and, when the fullness of time was come, and the great contest approached, the first note of preparation was sounded from Harvard Hall. Yes, before the Stamp Act was passed ; yes, before Committees of Correspondence were estab- lished throughout the colonies ; before Otis had shaken the courts with his forensic thunders ; before a breath of defiance had whis- pered along the arches of Faneuil Hall, a graduate of Harvard College announced in his Thesis, on Commencement day, the whole doctrine of the Revolution. Yes, in the very dawn of indepen- dence, while the lions of the land yet lay slumbering in the long shadows of the throne, an eaglet, bred in the delicate air of freedom which fanned the academic groves, had, from his 'coigne of vantage' on yonder tower, drunk the first rosy sparkle of the sun of liberty into his calm, undazzled eye, and whetted his talons for the conflict. Within the short space of twenty-three years, there were graduated at Harvard College six men, who exercised an influence over the country's destinies, which no time shall outlive. Within that brief period, there went forth from yonder walls, James Otis, John Han- cock, Joseph Warren, Josiah Quincy, — besides Samuel and John Adams, ' geminos duo fulmina belli.1
" Yes, fellow-students, if our College had done nothing else than educate Samuel Adams, who, in 1743, on taking his second degree, maintained the thesis, that it is lawful to resist the chief magis-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 659
trate, if the State cannot otherwise be preserved; — or James Otis, APPENDIX, who, by his argument on Writs of Assistance, in the words of one* No- LXIV. well authorized to express an opinion, ' first breathed the breath of Centennial life into the cause of American freedom' ; — or John Hancock, the tion. patriot merchant, who offered his fortune a sacrifice to the country, and placed his name first to the Declaration of her Independence; — or John Adams, ' the colossus who sustained the Declaration in debate'; — or Josiah Quincy (your honored father, Mr. President), who, in 1774, wrote to his countrymen from London, 'that they must seal their testimony with their blood'; — or Warren, who, on yonder sacred heights, made haste to obey that awful injunction; — had Harvard College done no more than train up any one of these great men to the country's service, what title could it need to the world's gratitude and admiration ? But not on one or all of these does the fame of our Alma Mater repose. A hundred kindred spirits, in every calling, in every part of the land, in ancient and modern days, alike assert their claim to her spiritual lineage, and form the crown of her glory : —
' Felix prole virum ; quails Berecynthia- mater Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, Laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes, Omnes ccelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes.'
"It is not, brethren, I own, without peculiar emotions, that I join in this happy celebration. A quarter part of a century is this year closed, since my classmates and myself were dismissed from these venerable shades. In that period, one third part nearly of our number have closed their mortal career, and we have all passed that culminating period of life, from which its end becomes daily, and for the most part rapidly, more visible. During the whole of this period, with scarce an interval, it has been my good fortune to sustain some official connexion, more or less intimate, with the University, and to receive the most signal proofs of its confidence. I deem myself eminently favored of Providence, on this illustrious anniversary, that I am permitted, before this great and enlightened concourse of her children, to lay the honors, with which the un- merited kindness of my fellow-citizens has crowned me, as an offering at her venerable feet. May God prosper her in all after- times, as she has hitherto been prospered ; and a century hence, when we, who now unite in these high festivities, shall long have
* President Adams, the elder.
660 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, passed away, — long after every tongue heard this day shall be NO. LXIV. hyghe^ an(j every eye that glistens around me shall be closed, — Centennial then may our children's children come up with joy, and grateful tion. honors, and still warmer devotion, to celebrate another jubilee!
"I give you, fellow-students,
"Our Alma Mater; mature in youth, vigorous ia age, illustrious always :
' In freta dum fluvii current, dura montibus umbrae Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet, Semper honos, nomenque tuum, laudesque manebunt ! ' '
The following toasts were then given from the Chair.
2. (The whole company rising.)
"The sacred memory of John Harvard, who set the first example, on the American continent, of a union between private munificence and public education, which has bound successive generations, as with links of steel, together, and has given to an unknown stranger a deathless name.."
3. "The memory ^of the founders of our University; like the setting sun, their rays illuminate the world, long after they have sunk below the horizon in this, and risen in glory on another sphere."
4. " The President of the University ; his fame shall not, to use his own language this day, be left to ' a doggrel dirge and a Latin epitaph ' : — we pronounce him, while he lives, in our mother tongue, the ornament of the forum, the senate, and the academy."
President Quincy briefly made his acknowledgments for the honor done him. After the extent to which he had occupied the attention of the company, in another place, he would not now take up their time. If not permitted to have a Latin epitaph, he pre- sumed he might be indulged in a Latin toast, and would therefore say,
" Our Alma Mater ; like Berecynthia,
' Laeta Deum partu, centum complexa nepotes, Omnes ccelicolas, omnes supera aha tenentes.'"
5. " John Thornton Kirkland, Ex-President of Harvard University. His dignified amenity, his urbane wisdom, his discourse savouring of the salt of an attic wit, his heart fraught with the affections which ennoble hu- man nature, his face a benediction ; — when we forget all these, may our right hands forget their cunning."
The Ex-President, in reply, observed that " he was greatly obliged
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 661
to the Chair and to the distinguished company present for their APPENDIX, too favorable notice. NO. LXIV.
" Welcome the opportunity," he said, "which a kind Providence Centennial has permitted us to enjoy, of coming hither to pay respect to the tion. votaries of good learning. Welcome this goodly assemblage of the alumni, friends, and guests of Harvard, on this interesting occa- sion. Behold, rising to our view, a succession of patrons, teachers, pupils, devoted to liberal studies in this peaceful retreat in times gone by. With the existing academic body, the object of our con- fidence and attachment, with the President and Fellows, with the Overseers, and the several Faculties of instruction, we are come to mingle our gratulations on the history, situation, and prospects of this seminary. We hail the students, sooner or later to take our places; we watch their progress, and rejoice in their attainments, intellectual and moral.
" Allow me to express the personal interest I feel in the pros- perity of this institution. I hold in tender recollection the worthy and beloved associates in the several College boards, with whom I acted during the sixteen years and a half in which I presided over this place of education. I can never cease to regard with affection and sympathy those whom Alma Mater nurtured in her bosom, and sent into the several walks of society, during the same period. Of these, a few have finished their mortal probation, — such was the will of Heaven; while a goodly number are spared to obey the call of their literary parent on this occasion. Accept my salutations, sons of Harvard ; good auspices attend you, while you go on in the career of virtue and honor, graced with Parnassian laurels, and earning a Christian crown.
" Taking part in the celebration of the lapse of two hundred years from the foundation of this society, we have to reflect on what we owe to God and man for its gradual enlargement; to all the aids, public and private, of past times. The donations and be- quests of recent benefactors have done much to increase its means. Let it not be supposed, however, that all which is desirable is accomplished. The disposition to enhance the literary apparatus of our University, and extend the sphere of her usefulness, has ample scope. She has wants which demand additional patronage. We should be able on this side the water to look at the heavens through our own eyes and instruments; and for this purpose we require an observatory. We should have our public library com- mensurate with the wants of scholars and authors in all departments
662 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, of inquiry, that every man who wants a book may find it in our
1 treasury of lore ; and the necessary expenses of a liberal education
CelebrT-'^ snou'd ^e reduced, that the stream of knowledge may be open to all Hon. who will drink.
" Our attention has been called to the foundation, the progress, and the condition of our establishment. The sentiment of the great reformer of philosophy is worthy of regard at all seasons." In conclusion, President Kirkland offered the following toast :
6. "Harvard University ; may she hold in respect the precept of Bacon, viz. ' Take counsel of both times, of the antienter what is best, of the later time what is fittest ; to reform without bravery or scandal of former times, yet to set it down to ourselves, as well to create good precedents as to follow them.' "
By the permission of Harrison Gray Otis, the address he had prepared for this occasion is here inserted.
" Gentlemen,
" In announcing that the hour has arrived for the interchange of sentiments appropriate to the occasion of our meeting, I beg your permission to offer my congratulations upon it ; and, though my own feelings incline me to seclusion from every festive scene, I have thought it to be my duty, and I congratulate myself upon the op- portunity afforded, to preside at this most interesting ceremonial, which is of so rare occurrence, and which can occur to nobody but once. It is now fifty-three years since I first received the honors of the University. The surviving number of my fellow- students is small, — of my classmates, very small. To those of us who are present, 'remnants of ourselves,' these years probably appear like the 'tale that is told.' My own career through the long period, seems, in the retrospect, like a rapid journey through a path beset with flowers and thorns; — the wounds received from the latter remaining, while the color and fragrance of the former are gone for ever. In the year in which I was graduated, the Commencement was preceded by the acknowledgment of independence and the treaty of peace, and the English oration was assigned to me. You will naturally presume, that an event, adapted to kindle enthusiasm in an orator of the gravest character and age, would stimulate the fervid imagination of eighteen to paint in somewhat gorgeous colors the prospects unfolded to our country by this achievement of its liberties, and its probable effect upon the destinies of other nations.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 663
I remember that I did so, and indulged the impulse of a sanguine APPENDIX, temperament in building what doubtless seemed to others, and per- No- LXI^-
haps to myself, castles in the air. But, had it been in my imagina- Centennial
Celebra- tion to conceive, and in my power to describe, what we now know tion.
to be reality, I should have been considered as ballooning in the regions of bombast, and appeared ridiculously aiming to be sublime.
" Within this period events have happened, pregnant with (if, indeed, they have not already produced) results more important to the civilized world, than any which have come to pass since the Christian era. Looking to Europe, we find that the principal fea- tures of her communities have been changed. All Christendom has been decomposed, broken in pieces, and resolved into new combina- tions and affinities. Crowns and sceptres have been melted down in the fiery furnace of democracy, and again cooled and moulded into new constitutional forms. Altars shared no better fate than thrones. At one time, we saw a colossus withering the institutions and liberties of Europe by his baleful shade; at another, shrinking into a skeleton, and expiring on a rock in the ocean. We have seen the Roman pontiff, instead of exacting humiliations from em- perors and kings, compelled to go upon a pilgrimage to Paris, and to pour the consecrated oil upon the head of Napoleon, whose sword, at the same time, was suspended over his own ; and the thunders of the Vatican, at which the nations quaked, is now ' vox et praeterea nihil.' The Turkish crescent also wanes, and is likely to set for ever ; while the Northern hive is, in the opinion of great statesmen, again preparing to overrun Europe.
"Turning to the other quarters of the world, we everywhere meet with evidences of great changes and revolution. In Asia, un- counted millions have been added to the subjects of the British em- pire, and a new face has been given to affairs from the mouth of the Ganges to the Himalayan mountains. In Africa, on one side colo- nies of her own expatriated children, and victorious armies on the other, are beginning to introduce civilization and Christianity; while its deep interior is penetrated in various directions, and the twilight of the arts again dawns upon Egyptian darkness. In the Southern Ocean, a fifth quarter of the world, if I may so express it, has been in fact discovered. For though the geographical position of a part of it had been previously ascertained, it was reserved for later in- formation to estimate its stupendous extent, and to know that its capabilities are not inferior to those of the other great divisions of the globe. Passing over to the Western continent, we perceive that
664 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, all its States, from California to Cape Horn, have thrown off their
iZl allegiance to their ancient masters, and (with one exception) have
Centennial adopted republican forms of government ; though still convulsed
tion. with the volcanoes and earthquakes of revolution, more fatal than
those which nature dispenses to their soil, and full of warning and
instruction to ourselves.
" But all these vicissitudes of overthrow and restoration are sec- ondary in comparison with the changes growing out of them in the opinions and feelings of the great communities of Europe, respect- ing the relations which ought to subsist between them and their rulers. Everywhere these relations are the great object of inquiry and investigation, of intense and portentous reflection, and, in many instances, of vigorous and effectual movement. Everywhere the disposition is found among those who live in the valleys, to ask those who live on the hills, ' How came we here and you there ? ' accom- panied with intelligible demonstrations of a purpose in the former, to partake the benefits of the mountain air. In all civilized nations, in fact, the consideration of the mass of the people is increasing, while that of monarchs and privileged orders is on the decline. Coming home to our own beloved country, who, among the eloquent persons that surround me, is competent, in a single speech or volume, to exhibit a full view of the miracles which have been wrought in it under an overruling Providence. Our thirteen States, after being exhausted by the war, distracted by mutual jealousies, victims of contests, dissensions, and insurrections, crippled in com- merce and destitute of financial resources, have been doubled in number, and are ranking with the first-rate powers of Europe. Our population has increased from three to fifteen millions, at least. Agriculture carries her cornucopia into the immeasurable wilder- ness, and is rapidly converting it into fertile plantations, fields, and gardens. Commerce unfurls her flag in every port. Our ships visit every ocean. Manufactures are established upon a basis, which prejudice and infatuation may weaken, but cannot destroy. We have no public debt. Our riches are our only burden. In a word, it may be confidently asserted, that in no period of the world has the sun shone upon fifteen millions of people, among whom the comforts and conveniences of life, and the blessings of civil liberty, have been so munificently and generally diffused. But here we must pause. If this statement of the condition of our confederacy is correct, and we could suppose the great departed, ancient and modern, who made the affairs of state their study, and who have
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 665
left in their writings models of a perfect commonwealth according APPENDIX, to their views, could be permitted to revisit us, and to hear it made, °' LXIV- they would unavoidably conclude, that their fondest Utopian dreams Centennial had been realized, and that confidence in government, individual tion. happiness, and national good-humor, must be commensurate with this universal welfare ; and great would be their amazement and chagrin in hearing a contradiction given to this natural inference. Yet it is certain, that such an inference would not be warranted by facts. It is, on the contrary, lamentably true, that the minds of most reflecting persons are disturbed by a deep and undefinable concern for the duration of the Union, and the fate of their country. They cannot refer, indeed, to any pressing exigency, or immedi- ately pending ruin ; but every such person can say from his heart,
' I feel as if
Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune's womb, Was coming towards me, and my inward soul Trembles at nothing.'
" It will not, I trust, be found foreign to the purpose of this meet- ing, to devote a few minutes to an inquiry into the cause of this general disquietude. Why is it, that
' anxious cares sit heavy on our souls, Not eased by banquets or by flowing bowls ? '
"In replying to this question, I shall not be found to violate party neutrality. An observance of it, in my present position, is due to decorum and to my own inclination. I believe, then, that this un- easy sensation may be traced to the conviction brought home to the bosom of those who feel it, that the great principles of constitutional law and political morality, from which our Union emanated and on which its continuance depends, are loosened, and assailed by open hostility and by war in disguise. That euch standard principles exist, is a truth which 1 do not permit myself to doubt. They are discernible in the constitution itself, — in the contemporary exposi- tion of its framers and glorious defenders, — in Washington's Fare- well Address, and in the books read, lectures delivered, and the course of instruction prescribed, at this and other Universities. It is in these old schools, especially, that the fundamentals of morality, public and private, the example of the great and good of all ages, founders of states, fathers of their country, and friends to mankind, are set forth and illustrated. We all know, that the exact sciences
VOL. ii. 84
666 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, depend upon axioms, and that the great truths of natural philos- ophy rest on experiment. I believe, that the rights and duties of
Centennial this people are, in like manner, referable to axioms, and that the tion. expediency of its future course is plainly indicated by its experience
of the past. But many of these principles are denied, and most of them doubted, by men who aspire to form a new school upon the ruins of the old systems, and to supplant fundamental principles and approved usages by metaphysical politics and eccentric notions, accommodated often to their own objects of ambition and cupidity. These persons do not admit, that the Revolution was completed by the establishment of independence. They would identify revolution with perpetual motion. They would put all ancient institutions, laws, customs, courts, colleges, and schools upon wheels, and keep them whirling for ever with the steam of their own eloquence. Hence it happens, that the plainest provisions of the Constitution become the topics of interminable debate. Hence, mischievous errors respecting State rights and conflict of jurisdictions, the dis- tribution of property, vested rights, the administration of justice, the natural and harmless distinctions of society (harmless because ephemeral and attainable by persons of every class) ; and hence the subtilties by which the working classes, though fully em- ployed and well paid, and inclined to be content, are stimulated to unjust pretensions, and assured that they are victims of oppressions and abuses, against the evidence of experience and their senses ; thus reminding us of the story of the princess of Babylon, who had a slight inflammation of the eyes, which the state physician pre- dicted would end in total blindness. The princess, however, got well despite of the doctor, who took his revenge by writing a learned book to show, that, according to all the principles and practice of the healing art, the princess must be blind, and should be dealt with accordingly.
" Among those who agree with me respecting the fact of this tendency to disregard fundamental principle's, some may be disposed to discern its symptoms in one thing, some in another; — in the faults of an administration, in the growing corruption of the people, the inordinate lust of wealth, the mania of speculation, prevailing in all places, and raging like wildfire through the forests of the far West. To some persons, the most flagrant instances may appear in the policy pursued towards the Indian tribes, in the condition of slavery, in the execution of summary and savage justice upon sus- pected culprits out of court, and the commiseration manifested
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 667
towards real felons in court, by which judges and juries are over- APPENDIX, awed. But I pass over these and other instances that might be No' LXIV.
adduced, and will say a word upon one, in respect to which men Centennial
Celebra- of all parties are in fault. I allude to the disposition manifested tion.
throughout the country, especially in certain portions of it, to inter- fere in the affair of Texas. This I regard as a crying abomination, tending to fix an indelible stain upon the nation, and to accelerate, with a fearful rapidity, the destruction of the Union. It is well known, that the States of Mexico constitute a confederacy of re- publics, analogous to our own in many particulars. Like us they have thrown off the yoke of the parent country, and their accession to the family of free States was hailed with acclamation throughout our Union. It has been considered our interest and policy to culti- vate the relations of amity, and to form a treaty with them. One of these States, consisting of a sparse population of speculators and adventurers, raises the standard of revolt and cry of oppression ; blood is shed, and acts of carnage and cruelty are committed. Upon this, a flame of indignation, accompanied by hostile movements in favor of the revolters, bursts forth in various quarters. Thousands, who are ignorant of the merits of the controversy (which is entirely foreign to the interests of their own country), join in the outcry of murder and oppression, and endeavour to enlist the passions of the people on their side. Meetings are held, resolves passed, money raised, troops equipped and marched into the country, and efforts made to aid in dismembering a sister republic, with whom we are in peace and friendship, without a color of provocation ; and new Pizarros and Fernandos are armed to the chin, and marshalling their legions under standards given by fair hands, intent upon a second conquest of Mexico, — instigated by the same thirst for gold and appetite for territory, which impelled the first barbarous inva- ders to deluge that country in the blood of the unoffending Monte- zuma and his subjects. The good sense of the people is taken by surprise. The still, small voice of justice and honor hardly dares to cry ' Shame ! ' and the public press cowers under the ravings of this popular insanity. It is impossible in the history of nations, to de- tect an instance of aggression more entirely destitute of all sem- blance of justice, than this crusade against a friendly people. Yet among the thousands, who favor it, and are ready to ' let slip the dogs of war,' numbers may be found, deceiving themselves with the illusion, that they are rendering a justifiable and laudable service to the cause of liberty and of mankind.
668
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, No. LXIV.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
" These persons have lost sight of fixed and fundamental princi- ples. Let us test the soundness of their opinions, by supposing a parallel case. It is well known, that the States of Arkansas and Michigan have lately been admitted into the Union. Let us sup- pose, that these should complain (as one of them does complain) of hardship in the conditions imposed upon their admission, or of an infringement of the terms of the acts of Congress regulating their admission, and that a horde of Mexican or Canadian specu- lators in their respective territories should instigate a rebellion against the United States, whereupon the same measures to uphold their pretensions should be adopted by the people of Mexico or Canada, with the alleged and apparent countenance of their several governments, against the United States, which our people are pro- moting to favor the Texan revolters. What would be the public sentiment here of the justice of such procedures ? What power could restrain our people from compelling government to resort to arms and exterminate the intruders?
" I come now to a conclusion, which I respectfully hope may show, that the glance I have taken at this subject of political justice is not irrelevant to the objects of this anniversary. If the public heart is yet sound, and the head only in danger of being turned, it would seem that the only antidote for these popular errors, is to enlighten the understanding of the people, and the true and only source of the light required is education. This all important prov- ince embraces two departments. To one we look for the instruc- tion which teaches the mass of mankind their duty to God, to each other, and themselves. The other includes the institutions pro- vided for instruction in the higher branches of the arts and sciences. Now of these two, the first is altogether the most important. It is of incomparably less moment, that a few persons should wear the gown of the scholar, than that the great body of the community should be clad in the costume of fixed principles. But one cannot flourish without the other. Unless a due proportion of the people be educated in universities and colleges, learning must run wild. There might be plenty of itinerant orators and preachers to the dear people, and of political sportsmen to set mantraps for straggling patriots. It is vain to say, 'The schoolmaster is abroad,' unless he is qualified for his vocation. When the schoolmaster has been edu- cated at a university, or has otherwise, by means of instruction from scholars, become fit for his calling, then indeed he goes abroad a most respectable and interesting member of an honorable pro-
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 669
fession, implanting the seeds of religion and of morality, private APPENDIX,
and public, wherever he goes. Without these, he travels like a ^
pedler, with bundles of trashy pamphlets and orations on his back, Centennial scattering his miserable wares through all the cottages, and work- tion. shops, and kitchens in the country, defrauding the humble pur- chasers. Nobody will deny, that to college education the nation is indebted for by far the greater number of those eminent persons, who, in all times of our country's exigencies, have stood forth as champions of its liberty, and models of the virtues which adorn the man and the citizen. It is this old University, which, as it relates to this State, has been the parent of the good, and the great, and the pious, in State and church, from its earliest institution. The value of this education may be estimated by supposing, that all those, who have had that advantage, should absent themselves for a single session from Congress or the State legislatures; or that popular opinion or prejudice should exclude them, in any one State, from the legislature, the bench, the pulpit, or the bar. Would the aspect of affairs, under such a proscription, be improved ? Would the public business be better done? Could it, in fact, be done at all? I have not need to be informed, that men have constantly arisen in all parts of the country, sometimes self-educated, in other instances with the benefit only of school education, who have been, and still are, benefactors and ornaments of their age ; some of them holding offices in universities, and others patterns of excellence and muni- ficence in private life, not only in the higher but in the middling classes. But it will generally be found, that these persons have been the friends and associates of scholars, or have formed themselves upon their models. If they have not passed seasons at the Heli- conian Springs, they have taken the waters in their closets, retaining all their virtues. These persons, too, are always staunch friends, and often generous patrons, of the higher public seminaries; thus mani- festing their estimation of their importance. Here, then, we may appeal to experience. Establishments, for so many years productive of such an amount of public utility, must be good in themselves. It is from these, that the wants of the legislatures, the pulpits, the courts, and the schools, can be most effectually supplied. They are the mints in which the genuine bullion is kept, and the pure coin stamped. The pulpit, the press, and the school, are the banks of deposit, whence it is circulated ; and, without frequent recurrence to the standards kept in the mints, they will put in circulation base coin and rag money, to the confusion and destruction of the sound
670
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
APPENDIX, currency. Let us, then, improve this occasion and the reflections NO. LXLV. we gnajj carry home with us, to cherish the sympathy, and cement the attachment, which bind us to the interest of our venerable Alma Mater, who has now ' gathered us together as the hen gathereth her chickens under her wings.' Let us cultivate, and adhere to, the principles taught here, and not trust to the promises of the conduc- tors on the modern intellectual railroads, to grade and level the hills of science, and take us along at rates that will turn our heads and break our bones. Let us eschew the vagaries and notions of the new schools, and let each of us, reminded of a quotation which Burke did not think unworthy of him, be ready to say,
' What though the flattering Tapster Thomas Hangs his new Angel two doors from us, As fine as painter's daub can make it, Thinking some traveller may mistake it? I hold it both a shame and sin To quit the good old Angel Inn.'
" I have now the honor to propose for a toast,
7. " Harvard College ; the ' good old Angel Inn,' where the intellectual fare is served up in the old family plate, from which our ancestors and our- selves have been regaled for the last two hundred years."
The President of the Day now stated, that it was proper on this occasion to take an early and respectful notice of the three great Faculties of learning which existed in the University, and accord- ingly proposed,
8. "The Divinity School of Harvard University. The clergy of New England planted here a tree, whose top has reached to heaven, and its branches to the ends of the earth ; may its leaves be for the healing of the nations."
The Rev. Dr. Palfrey, Dean of the Faculty, returned his thanks on behalf of the Divinity School, and addressed the company as follows :
" In calling up the remembrance of the venerated fathers who had been referred to, the clergy of the present day could not fail to find satisfaction in the thought of belonging to a line of pub- lic servants, which in other days had contributed so much to the common weal ; nor could they fail to feel themselves called on to do whatever they might, towards the same object, lest they should
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 671
shame those to whose places they had succeeded. It was true, APPENDIX, that while the institutions of New England had been building up,
the services of the ministers of religion, if rendered in a less con- Centennial
Celebra- spicuous sphere than some others, had been ot the utmost value, tion.
The institutions and the subsequent prosperity of New England, had been the fruit of the early formed character of New England ; its character of intelligence, steadfastness, conscientiousness, and courage. And to whom had the formation of this character been more due, than to those who exercised the sacred office? Each la- boring vigorously in his own separate sphere, — a sphere many times (alone considered) limited and obscure, — they had exerted together a mass of influence which had actually moulded the sentiments and manners of the community. Everywhere, where a minister of re- ligion was, had been seen an earnest and efficient friend of education. They had befriended it in the private walks of their pastoral inter- course, where they excited in the youthful breast an ambition for its benefits, and impressed on the minds of parents a sense of its worth, and pleaded for it silently, by exhibiting wherever they went exam- ples of the dignity and attractiveness of intellectual cultivation. They had befriended it by giving bountifully, from their slender means and scanty libraries, to the institutions which rose from time to time beneath their care. They had faithfully befriended it in the earnest appeals in its behalf, which they had uttered from the desk of public instruction. They had effectually befriended it, through the influence which they exerted in the counsels of those who more manifestly controlled the fortunes of the rising State. It was not doing them too much honor, to attribute to them, as had been done in the sentiment just announced from the chair, the planting of that tree, under whose shelter we to-day were gathered. Nor had they been less solicitous to provide for its security and growth in more recent times. Had the history to which we have been listen- ing, been brought down nearer to the present period, we should have had occasion to hear still of important labors of theirs in the same cause. We should have continued to be told of men, who, looking upon religion and learning as essential aids to one another, gave to both together the use of their powers and their time, the weight of their influence, and the beauty of their example ; men, for instance, like Colman, who, connected with the College during the administration with whose commencement the history to-day related broke off, rendered services to it probably not surpassed by those of any other worthy in its history ; the medium of the splendid
672 HISTORY OF HARVARD UiNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, benefactions of the Hollises and Holdens, an exemplar himself of XQ. LXIV. ^aj. generous spirit, which, he said, when he 'visited the famous Centennial universities and private academies in England, made him proud of tion. his humble education here in our Cambridge, because of the cath-
olic air he had there breathed in' ; — men, in more recent days, like Buckminster, who, in the splendor of his youthful fame, made the interests of our Alma Mater a cause nearer to his heart than any other cause, except that of the Christian faith which he so elo- quently preached. Religion hitherto in New England had been a true friend to the cause of learning ; and learning, on its part, had not failed to enforce the claims and sustain the influence of religion. It was a natural and a mutually beneficent alliance, which it was to be hoped would never be dissolved."
Dr. Palfrey concluded by offering the following sentiment :
9. " Learning and Religion ; twin sisters; united in their origin, united in their imperial sway over man's higher nature ; ' whom God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.' "
The following song was now sung, the whole assembly joining in the chorus.
" COME youth and age, come grave and gay,
Come all old Harvard's line, And pour one honest, hearty lay, To ' auld lang syne.'
" O fields of toil ! 0 scenes of joy !
0 learning's living shrine ! O dreams, O memories of the boy ! 0 ' auld lang syne ! '
" We all have ' run about these braes,'
And sat beneath this vine ; And blessings on the golden days Of ' auld lang syne.'
"Ye rooms, ye halls, ye rough old bricks,
Ye trees, ye walks of mine ! How are ye hallowed by the dreams Of ' auld lang syne.'
" The clouds of care have spread above,
Hope's star has ceased to shine ; And seas of trouble round us flowed, Since ' auld lang syne.'
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 673
" But through the cloud, and o'er the wave, APPENDIX,
One beam has cheered our mind, No. LXIV.
.The thought of our old hearth-stone here, Centennial
And 'auld lang syne.' " Celebra-
tion.
The following toast was now given, in honor of the Law School :
10. " The memory of him,* who added a Seminary of Law to the School of the Prophets. A structure of immortal fame has been reared on his foundation."
Mr. Justice Story, on behalf of the Law School, expressed him- self as follows :
"Mr. President,
"I rise with unaffected diffidence to address you on the present occasion, and to return thanks for the toast just announced from the chair. The novelty of the circumstances under which we are assembled, as well as my own unexpected position at this moment, place me in a state of great embarrassment. In the first place, if invited here as a member of the Corporation of Harvard College, I had consoled myself with the reflection, that a matter of law would be my especial protection for an unbroken silence. I think, that my Lord Coke has somewhere told us, and at all events the doctrine is assuredly as old as his day, that a corporation has no soul ; nor has it any natural body ; but only an artificial existence, or legal entity ; so that it cannot manifest its intentions by any per- sonal act or oral discourse, and therefore it can act and speak only under its common seal, or at all events through its acknowledged living head ; and through that head our Corporation has already powerfully and eloquently spoken this day. But, although I have hitherto had great confidence in the law, as on my side, it seems that it has failed to be my security in the present emergency.
" In the next place, I had placed equal reliance upon a matter of fact. I came here with the distinct understanding, that on this most interesting anniversary, all of us should move in procession, and take our places at the tables, in the order of our respective College classes ; and well I knew, that, as a member of the class of 1798, in the midst of that phalanx, I should be secure from all intrusion from without, so that I might comfortably say, with honest John Falstaff, ' Shall I not take mine ease in mine own inn?' But here,
* Hon. Nathan Dane.
VOL. n. 85
674 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, again, I have been mistaken in the matter of fact; for the place NO. LXIV. ffom w|,jc{j i now address yOUj abundantly proves, that the move
Centennial aruj t))e remove have been wreatly to my disquiet. In short. Sir, I
Celebra- . .
tiou. am in the same unhappy predicament here, in which many poor
gentlemen find themselves in some other places, with a total failure of matter of law and matter of fact for my justification or defence, touching the demand for a speech.
" But, not to trouble you with any further apologies, allow me in a graver tone to say, that few occasions could be of more deep and permanent interest than the present. When I look around me, and see the numerous assemblage of students and alumni who grace this celebration, I cannot but feel a lively sensibility and unaffected gratitude, in being permitted to witness such a scene, under such auspices. I cannot turn my eyes towards the neighbouring collegiate halls and academical shades, without the most touching reminis- cences of former days passed there, in the season of gay and un- suspicious youth. I feel in its full force the beautiful language of the poet :
'I feel the gales, that from ye blow, A momentary bliss bestow,
As, waving fresh their gladsome wing, My weary soul they seem to soothe, And, redolent of joy and youth,
To breathe a second spring.'
" Many of the topics, which naturally crowd upon the mind under such circumstances, have already been in a great measure exhausted in the excellent address to which we have just listened, from the chair, and in the elaborate and powerful discourse, which occupied our attention in the morning. At this late hour, I have little to add to what has been so well discussed in them. My worthy friend who last spoke (the learned Dean of the Faculty of Divinity), has placed before us the labors and services of the Puritan clergy in establishing, and protecting, and aiding this University, in their true light. He has but done them the justice of bestowing warm praise upon their prompt zeal, their untiring fidelity, and their constant devotion to its interests. It was founded by them for the cause of religion and truth ; and I trust it will for ever remain steadfast and immovable in that cause.
" In regard to the complimentary notice of the Law School of the University, in the toast from the chair, I cannot but receive it with
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 675
a deep consciousness of the kindness which dictated it, and of the APPENDIX, small claim that I have to appropriate to myself personally the ____J_ commendation which it implies. No one appreciates more fully Centennial
Celebra- than myself the general importance of the study of the law. No tion.
one places a higher value upon that science, as the great instrument by which society is held together, and the cause of public justice is maintained and vindicated. Without it, neither liberty, nor property, nor life, nor that which is even dearer than life, a good reputation, is for a moment secure. It is, in short, the great elastic power, which pervades and embraces every human relation. It links man to man by so many mutual ties, and duties, and depen- dencies, that, though often silent and unseen in its operations, it becomes at once the minister to his social necessities, and the guar- dian of his social virtues. No one, therefore, can hold in more reverence than myself, the memory of that excellent man, the founder of the Professorship which I have now the honor to hold, whose bounty is worthy of all praise; for its noble object is to in- culcate, through all generations, the doctrine of the supremacy of the constitution and laws. But, although I am conscious of my own inability to carry into full effect his admirable design, I trust that it will not be thought presumptuous in me to indulge the hope, that there may hereafter be found, among the pupils of this school of jurisprudence, some master spirit, who will task himself to its accomplishment, and thereby secure to himself and it an enviable immortality. To such a one I would say,
' Bate not a jot
Of heart or hope ; but still bear up, and steer Right onward.'
"But I confess that my thoughts have been led in a somewhat different direction from that of the law by the festivities of this day. The very spot where we are assembled, is consecrated by a thou- sand endearing associations of the past. The very name of Cam- bridge compels us to cast our eyes across the Atlantic, and brings up a glowing gratitude for our unspeakable obligations to the parent University, whose name we proudly bear, and have borne for two centuries. To her we owe many of our earliest scholars and best benefactors, many of our civil rulers and our ecclesiastical leaders. They nursed our infant institution in their bosoms. They cher- ished the cause of letters and learning with a holy ardor and un- conquered diligence, in this then scarcely reclaimed wilderness.
676 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, They stamped the image of their own exalted piety and patient NO. LXIV. vjrtues Up0n their own age They refined, while they animated, the strong lineaments.of the Puritan character. They planted the precious seed, whose mature fruits 'we are now enjoying in a rich and luxuriant harvest. I do not say too much, then, when I pro- claim, that we owe unspeakable obligations to the ancient and venerable University of Cambridge in old England. Let it be recollected, that there our pious founder, John Harvard, of glorious memory, received his education. There, also, our second Presi- dent, Charles Chauncy, gathered the solid learning, which he so liberally bestowed upon his pupils here. There, also, the first three ministers of the first parish of our own Cambridge, the Rev. Mr. Hooker, the Rev. Mr. Stone, and the Rev. Mr. Shepard were ^matriculated, and in Emanuel College laid the foundations of that ample knowledge of things human and divine, which made them the ornaments of their own age, and the pride of succeeding gen- erations. So numerous, indeed, was the class of educated men from this stock among our civil and clerical fathers, that it has been stated by one of our own historians, of almost unexampled minute- ness and accuracy of research, that there were, as early as 1638, forty or fifty sons of that University dwelling in the sparse villages of New England, being one for every two hundred or two hundred and fifty inhabitants.
" We may, therefore, indulge a just pride in claiming our kindred with and lineage from that University. Nor ought we to desire to trace back to any higher origin our instruction in literature and religion, or our love of science and liberty. That ancient Univer- sity numbers among her sons some of the brightest names in the annals of British renown. Bacon, Milton, Newton, were her own. And where in the history, I do not say of England, but of the world, can we point to men of more extraordinary genius, moie pro- found attainments, more comprehensive researches, or more endur- ing fame ? It seems scarcely the coloring of poetry to declare, thai
1 They passed the flaming bounds of place and time,' and saw
'The living throne, the sapphire blaze, Where angels tremble while they gaze.'
" Mr. President, I will not detain you or the company any longer. I beg leave to offer as a toast,
11. "Our Ancient Mother, the University of Cambridge in old England. 'Salve, magna Parens, — Magna Virum.'"
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 677
The President of the Day then gave, APPENDIX,
No. LXIV.
12. " The Medical School of Harvard University ; her sons have proved the wisdom of the heathen personification, in making
' One god of medicine, poetry, and song.' "
Dr. John C. Warren, in behalf of the Medical Faculty, expressed himself as follows :
"Mr. President,
" After listening to the strains of eloquence which have delighted this assembly, it is with reluctance I can allow myself to take up your attention with any remarks of mine. If such distinguished gentlemen, as those who have preceded me, think it necessary to offer an apology for addressing you, what sufficient excuse can I present for my boldness. Mr. President, I stand here as the un- worthy representative of one of the three great Faculties of the University. The position in which circumstances have placed me, together with the deep interest I feel in our great seminary of learn- ing, from a thirty years' connexion with it, render it impossible for me to pass in silence the honorable notice you have bestowed on the Faculty of Medicine.
" The medical department was the earliest in existence of the three schools of science created under, and superadded to, the Uni- versity. More than sixty years since, my venerated predecessor,* of whom any other could more properly speak than I, conceived the plan of a course of medical instruction in this part of the country. Educated in the midst of the revolutionary troubles, he possessed none of the advantages of those who preceded and followed him. He began the study of anatomy while an undergraduate at our parent University ; and, pursuing it in the midst of the carnage of camps and hospitals, he attained that skill which made him an elo- quent lecturer, without ever hearing lectures from others. His course attracted so much attention, that our President Willard was led to invite him to furnish the plan of a Medical School, and, in conjunction with Professors Waterhouse and Dexter, to give instruc- tion in the healing art, within the precincts of the University. For more than sixty years, the walls of yonder modest chapel have wit- nessed the annual recurrence of the lectures then commenced.t
* John Warren, M. D., first Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, t Holden Chapel, erected at the expense of Lady Holden, and employed for religious services till the erection of Harvard Hall.
678 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, " The medical institution was built up by the contributions of the ' v* two Herseys, of Derby, of Cuming, Erving, and finally of Boylstoa.
Centennial The last named gentleman was born in Boston, but passed a con- Celebra- tion, siderable part of his life in England, and there formed acquaintances
with many distinguished persons of that country, and among others with Sir John Nichols. He was an eminent barrister, who had in- herited a valuable collection of anatomical preparations from his father, Dr. Frank Nichols, a distinguished physician and able anat- omist of the last century. Mr. Boylston prevailed on Sir John Nichols to give a considerable part of this collection to our Medical School, and there it may be now seen, an admirable specimen of the ingenuity and talent of Dr. Nichols, and of the munificence of his heir. This collection was afterwards increased by a donation, from Gen. Hasket Derby, of some valuable wax preparations he had collected while in Italy.
" After these accessions, the improving spirit of the times led to the formation of a Medical School in Boston, under the auspices of the University; and, the liberality of the Legislature having bestowed the means for the construction of a proper edifice to receive it, a new era opened in our medical literature. The establishment of a Hospital, not surpassed in the excellence of its arrangements in any country, soon followed ; and finally, the system of medical instruc- tion was completed by an act of our Legislature, which placed the study of anatomy on the same ground with that of other sciences, — an example of enlightened policy which all nations have admired, and many have imitated. From the period of the removal to Bos- ton down to this time, between one and two thousand pupils have been instructed in this school, and a large part of this number have received the honors of the University.*
" A review of the bounties, which our Medical School and Uni- versity have experienced from natives of England, leads us to reflect on the privileges we enjoy as descendants of Englishmen. This reflection has been forcibly illustrated by the remarks of the elo- quent civilian who has spoken before me, and whom I would much rather have preceded than followed on this occasion. Let us imagine ourselves to have sprung from any other nation of Europe, and how different, probably, would have been our con- dition. To England we ow'e the vigorous freedom of thought, which, there taking its origin, was transplanted by our ancestors to
* An annual course of Anatomical Lectures is also given at Cambridge for the information of resident graduates and students in the Senior class.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 679
a virgin soil, and has grown with a luxuriance beyond example. A APPENDIX, common parentage, a common language, a community of feeling, Nt>' LXIV have given us all the privileges of English sentiment, learning, and Centennial ingenuity. Not a ship returns to us, which is not freighted with tion. the science of that country. Its authors are as well known to us as our own ; and, in the department of medicine, the names of John Hunter, of Abernethy, and of Sir Astley Cooper, are as familiar to us as those of our native physicians. Sometimes, too, we have the gratification of returning these benefits, by sending to England the discoveries which spring from the restless ingenuity of our coun- trymen.
" These are not all the causes of congratulation we derive from our connexion with that country. In our parent England, we have the happiness to see the great supporter and defender of liberal in- stitutions throughout the world. Where would have been the free- dom of Europe, where, we must ask, might have been our own liberties, had not England stood forth to breast and break the over- whelming torrent of despotic power 1 Politicians may speak cau- tiously on these subjects ; but no such caution is necessary to humble individuals; and I do not hesitate to say, that there is a greatness in the conduct of England, during the convulsions of Europe, which has no parallel in the story of admired Greece or Rome. The efforts of these nations were inspirited by a love of conquest, a love of power, a desire of revenge. England was in- fluenced by a higher principle, — a determined and unconquerable opposition to despotism. Can we recollect without a glow of admi- ration, the terrible period when the conqueror of Europe threatened to strike at the very heart of England ; while at the same time she was torn with internal dissensions, and overwhelmed with an enor- mous debt? What did she at that moment? Did she tremble for her existence ? Did she draw in all her resources, and collect all her strength for self-defence? No, Sir; she sent out her untried armies to distant countries. She met her great antagonist on his own ground, and, by her fortitude and courage, broke the iron spell of invincibility which had chained down the spirit of Europe, and the nations were once more free.
" Mr. President, when I regard this great assembly of brethren from every clime of our vast country, and reflect that they have all drunken from the same fountain of literature, and have all gathered the fruits of science in the same fields ; and that this fountain was opened, and these fields planted, by the hands of our English fore-
680 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, fathers, I am struck with awe at the sublimity of the spectacle, and NO. LXI\. wjtjj gratefu] fee]mgs jo those who, under Providence, were its first Centennial authors ; and believing this to be a proper occasion to express these lion. feelings, I would invite my brethren and fellow-students to join with
me in the following sentiment :
13. " Gratitude to the noble country of our fathers."
The President of the Day then gave,
14. " The Bench of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. She owes to Harvard thirteen Chief Justices ; she repays no small part of the debt in giving the present incumbent to the Corporation of the College."
Chief Justice Shaw, a member of the Corporation, then spoke as follows :
"Mr. President,
" The manner in which the sentiment just announced from the Chair, has been received by so vast a number of the alumni and friends of old Harvard, the respectful notice, the kind regard, and cheering encouragement, which it expresses towards the profession of the law and the science of jurisprudence, are so gratifying, that. in behalf of those who are devoted to that profession, and who feel some interest and enthusiasm for that science, I beg leave to express the most grateful acknowledgments.
" Sir, on a day like this, I should feel that I were recreant to a sense of honorable duty, if I did not strongly and most explicitly express, that which I deeply feel on this occasion, a sentiment of strong and unshaken filial affection, of manly and devoted gratitude, to this ancient institution, for the constant and munificent benefits, which for two centuries she has bestowed upon the profession of the law. It is true, that our ancestors, in founding an institution of learning, looked, in the first instance, to the supply of their spiritual wants, — a provision to meet and satisfy the first and most ardent aspirations of the soul, in this scene of their exile and peril, — and, therefore, devoted their institution, in the first place to ' Christ and the Church'; yet, the moment she found her means and resources sufficient, she opened her arms, with the most liberal spirit, to cherish and embrace all those who sought learning, with a view to improve their minds, and enlarge their means of liberal service to the young, growing, but destitute community. Within the first ten years of her existence, I find among the names of those who here
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 681
received their education, the name of one of those honored wor- APPENDIX,
thies,* dear to our early history, who was destined afterwards to No- LXIV.
adorn the early annals of colonial jurisprudence. Very soon follow Centennial
the names of the Dudleys, the Sewalls, the Lyndes, and a host of ticn* *
others, who here laid the foundation of their fame and usefulness,
and who were held in high respect and reverence in colonial and
provincial times. Coming to a somewhat later period, need I do
more than name the names of Quincy, Saltonstall, Trowbridge, and
Pratt ; of Paine, Sargent, and Gushing ; of Bradbury, Lowell, Dana,
Sumner, and Parsons. But I must stop ; our personal recollections
and living sympathies connect themselves too strongly with the names
that follow, and press themselves too deeply on our feelings, to make
them the subject of mere historical illustration. These constitute
a part only of those stars of the first magnitude, selected from that
bright galaxy of Worthies, who have here gathered their brightness,
to enlighten the paths and direct the course of their countrymen in
the ways of jurisprudence.
" But it may be asked, How can an institution of learning do much to promote the knowledge and practice of that municipal law, which regulates the common, ordinary, and daily affairs of life? I answer, Much, every way. The law, indeed, independently of all science, might furnish a series of practical rules, detached from the principles from which they were derived ; a tenacious memory might acquire and retain them, and apply them to many of the cases which are drawn into litigation in courts of justice. Such a system would be without dignity, and, to a great extent, without utility. It is as true in jurisprudence as in elegant literature, ' A little learning is a dangerous thing.' The empiric and sciolist may use his little knowledge of technical language, and his little skill in technical forms, to bad purposes, and thus render those instruments weapons of mischief, which were intended as instruments of defence. But true, thorough, and liberal science is a source of wisdom and virtue, as well as of power. Is it not in the deep and copious fountains of ethical science, that we seek and find those principles of human right, of social duty, of natural justice, and of moral obligation, from which all sound, practical rules of law must be directly or intermediately drawn ? Is it not by the aid of a close inductive reasoning, of well-devised and well-digested rules of logic, that we select, trace, and apply those great principles to the actual regula-
* William Stoughton. 1650.
VOL. ii. 86
682 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, tion of human affairs, however vast or humble, however refined or NO. LXIV. conipiicated? Is it not from the choice and abundant stores of
Centennial rhetorical science, that those well-appointed equipments are sup- Celebra- tion, plied, which serve to give force to justice, and efficacy to truth?
" Yes, Sir, there is, indeed, a true and natural alliance between learning and jurisprudence, highly favorable, not to say essential, to both; for, whilst the law derives from learning its highest dignity, it is enabled in some measure to reciprocate the benefit, by con- ferring on learning its best security. I offer, as a sentiment,
15. "The Law; nurtured by an enlightened philosophy, invigorated by sound learning, and embellished by elegant literature, the most efficient support of constitutional liberty."
The President then gave,
16. " The Ex-Governors of Massachusetts ; the one a lineal, the other an adopted son of Harvard ; they add to their former claims on our gratitude, new titles to honor, by their distinguished services in the Council of the Nation."
Levi Lincoln, in replying to the reference to him, as " a lin- eal son" of Harvard, said, that "he had been twenty-five years engaged in the turmoil of public life, and a farmer when not on duty, and was not therefore prepared, perhaps, to do justice to the occasion which had called such an assembly of the literati from every part of the country. Still he could not repress his desire to express his sense of what Harvard had done for liberty and the country. It had also been the glory of Massachusetts, that she had never for a moment overlooked the interests of literature ; she had ever been forward to foster the arts, and extend the means to ex- pand the human mind, and thereby administer to the happiness of mankind. She had ever acted on the principle, that to cherish the interests of learning was essential to the progress and security of liberty ; and, even beyond Massachusetts, it had ever been the pride, and pleasure, and glory of New England, to participate deeply in the endeavours of the College to advance the interests of learning."
Mr. Lincoln was followed by John Davis, the "adopted son" referred to by the President. He observed, " that though but an adopted son of Harvard, yet no man could feel more reverence and respect for that illustrious and distinguished institution. It was a lasting and magnificent monument of the wisdom and political
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 683
sagacity of our ancestors. It proved, that they were in all respects APPENDIX, qualified to lay the foundations of a free community. They not °"
only built up a community, but they knew the character of that Centennial
Celebra- community. They understood the political system best adapted to tion.
develope their growing powers, and knew that education, thoroughly diffused, was the only means to give perpetuity to that system; and their wisdom was not more manifest in the foundation of the Col- lege, than in the foundation of the Common-School system."
The President then observed, that it was one of the most agree- able circumstances attending the occasion, that it brought together within the academic shades, distinguished gentlemen from all parts of the Union. He felt that he was performing a duty most accept- able to the sons of Harvard, in tendering a cordial welcome to their respected guests. In this feeling, he gave as a sentiment,
17. "Massachusetts and South Carolina; they stood by one another nobly in the darkest days of peril and adversity; may long years of mutual prosperity find them undivided."
On the invitation of the Chair, H. S. Legare, Esq., of Charleston, S. C., late Charge d'Affaires of the United States in Belgium, then addressed the company.
He remarked, " that he had but recently arrived in New England, and, as a lover of nature and a lover of man, he was absolutely overwhelmed with the spectacle presented in every direction, of rapidly developing improvements in every thing which tended to promote the welfare and happiness of mankind. It was apparent, that provision for the moral and intellectual culture of the people, was the fundamental policy of the country, and inwrought in the very structure of the institutions of New England. Here he could perceive on every hand the great nurturers of American principles; the safeguards of liberty, religion, and law, wonderfully exemplify- ing the wisdom of our forefathers. He would therefore give, as his sentiment, the following :
18. " The Fathers of New England ; like the wisest of all men, they sought wisdom first, and with wisdom they found all the blessings of existence."
684
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, > .o. LXIV.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
A Latin song was then sung by Alanson Tucker, Jr., in the following words.
" In ' Doodle Yankee' canlandum.
' ' Qui alicujus gradus lau-
rea donati ' estis, Alumni spectatissimi,
Salvete, qui adestis. Nunc rite gratulandum est,
Nee abstinendum joco ; Peractis binis saeculis,
Desipitur in loco.
CHORUS.
" Nunc rite gratulandum est,
Nee abstinendum joco ; Peractis binis saeculis, Desipitur in loco.
" Majores nostri inclyti,
Quos vocant Puritannos, Errabant, fato profugi,
Per menses et per annos. Ad littus ubi ventum est,
Spernentes egestatem, Condebant, opus maximum,
Hanc Universitatem.
CHORUS. Nunc rite, &c.
" Hie hodie conveniunt Novissimi nepotes, Et senes cum juvenibus, Et pii sacerdotes.
Prensare manus juvat nunc, Post annos, heu, veloces!
Et bene notas, iterum Audire, et dare, voces.
CHORUS. Nunc rite, &c.
" Dum fluvii prsecipites
In mare ahum tendunt, Dum imber, nix, et tonitru
E nubibus descendunt, Dum soliti Catalogi
Triennes imprimantur, Dum ' literis Italicis
Pastores exarantur,' — CHORUS. Nunc rite, &c.
" Dum artibus ingenuis
Tyrones imbuuntur, Dum fides, dumque probitas,
In laudibus feruntur ; Cantanda semper omnibus,
Dum vox, et aura, datur, Vigescat, atque valeat,
Insignis Alma Mater !
CHORUS.
" Cantanda semper omnibus, Dum vox, et aura, datur, Vigescat, atque valeat, Insignis Alma Mater ! "
The Rev. Dr. Ripley, of Concord, Chaplain of the Day, then addressed the Chair, as follows.
" Mr. President,
" Wishing to express, in a single sentence, on the present inter esting occasion, the benevolent feelings and pious wishes of the clergy towards their venerable Alma Mater, I attempt it in the following :
19. "The united influence of wise education and Christian principles, may that influence ever triumph over all opposition in this University."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 685
The President then proposed the following sentiment. APPENDIX.
No. LXIV.
20. "Religious and civil liberty; the history of Harvard University "~" . . proves, that she understands and values them ; her sons have ever claimed Celebra- to be among the foremost and boldest of their advocates ; and in our day, tlon' among those upon whom she has bestowed her honors, she counts one who
has borne a most illustrious part in defending that national constitution which protects both."
As this sentiment referred particularly to the efforts of Daniel Webster in the Senate of the United States, the President of the Day called upon that gentleman to address the company.
Mr. Webster* said, that he could hardly allow himself to take so unmerited a compliment to himself; that he was content to be ranked among the humblest, but the most ardent friends of the Con- stitution, seeking only to make up by fidelity and zeal, what he might want in respect to ability; that much of past honor, of present enjoyment, and future hope, was expressed in those few words, " The Constitution of the United States."
Mr. Webster spoke warmly of the interest he felt for Harvard College, though he had not the honor to be one of her sons. She was part and parcel of New England in all its history. He spoke, too, of the eminent founders of New England and of Harvard Uni- versity, as being among the most extraordinary men of their times. He adverted to the long list of distinguished men, who had been here educated, — the Adamses, Hancock, King, Paine, and other lights of the State and Nation, — and concluded with proposing,
21. "Civil and Religious Liberty, — here and everywhere."
The President then gave the following sentiment.
22. "Boston, the crowning city; the noble spring from which the streams of bounty have ever flowed into the channel of Harvard ; ' whose merchants are princes ; whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth.' "
Samuel T. Armstrong, Mayor of Boston, arose to respond to the preceding sentiment, and remarked, that if those who had drunk of the streams of science and learning, had felt embar-
* It is a subject of regret, that the eloquent and impressive speech of Mr. Webster can only be presented in this unsatisfactory, narrative form ; but the reporter was compelled by circumstances to take a very imperfect sketch, and Mr. Webster, though repeatedly solicited, has not been able, from his high and multiplied engagements, to come in aid of the press, on this occasion.
686 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, rassed upon arising to address such an assembly of the literati, what NO. LXIV. mjght he not feel, who had not enjoyed such great advantages Centennial for his education. He professed only to belong to the industrious tion. class, — so called because they worked with their hands, and not
with their heads. It seemed, however, from the course that things had taken at the festival, that the tax of a speech had been levied on a certain number, who were called out; — levied, no doubt, in proportion to the supposed means of the persons designated to dis- charge it ; and he was not, therefore, at liberty to refuse to con- tribute his assessment, however small it might be. Mr. Armstrong proceeded to remark, that, as the sentiment announced truly inti- mated, the city of Boston had ever entertained and manifested a deep interest in the welfare of Harvard College, and felt, in a pecu- liar degree, proud of its celebrity and just distinction as a seat of learning, and gloried in nothing more than in contributing its por- tion to the means of its high usefulness. He hoped, that the " traf- fickers of the earth," as her mercantile citizens had been so happily denominated, would ever continue to contribute their bounty to her support. "Though not a member of the College," said Mr. Arm- strong, " I still feel and acknowledge the great blessings conferred by Harvard on our common and happy country. Her lawyers, her ministers, and her physicians, have from time to time rendered inestimable benefits to the community ; and it is a most gratifying reflection to me to know, that Boston has done something in return for the treasures of mind which Harvard has for centuries been pouring out with exhaustless liberality.
" We were admonished by the gentleman who preceded me, that the shades of evening approached; but I have ventured to appear under a still deeper shadow ; for a deep shade must envelope those who attempt to follow him; and I feel that I have exhibited far more boldness than prudence in appearing after him."
Mr. Armstrong closed his remarks with a sentiment for the pros- perity of Harvard College.
The President next gave the following sentiment :
23. "New York; distinguished for her extent, wealth, and enterprise; but more distinguished for the munificent endowment of her places of education."
Mr. Chancellor Jones made a brief speech in reply to this toast, assuring the company that in no State in the Union was Harvard College more highly regarded than in New York.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 687
In allusion to facts which had been stated in President Quincy's APPENDIX^ discourse, the President of the Day then gave,
Centennial
24. " The State of New Hampshire, and the town of Portsmouth ; they lent Harvard their aid of old, in a time of trial. Should another day of need arrive, ' they have not so articled their consciences,' but that they will come, like their fathers, to the rescue."
At the request of the Chair, William Plumer, of Epping, N. H., then addressed the company. He said, " that this call, most unex- pected by him, found him totally unprepared both in matter and manner, with words or with thoughts, worthy of the attention of this enlightened assembly. But," said Mr. Plumer, " however much I may be at a loss adequately to express my feelings on this occa- sion, I cannot be mistaken when I assure you of the pleasure with which the friendly sentiment just proposed by the Chair, and so kindly echoed by this assembly, will be received in New Hampshire, and especially in the ancient capital of that State. The donation of the town of Portsmouth to the College, ' in the day of her small things,' was, permit me, Sir, to say, no more than a fair sample of her usual liberality of feeling towards this institution. This friendly feeling was greatly strengthened by subsequent events : by her having given to the College one of its Presidents, and sent to its halls some of its most honored sons. In proof of this latter re- mark, I need only mention the names of Langdon and Buckmin- ster ; the former for many years President of this College ; the latter, known to many here present, and never to be forgotten, while genius, learning, and piety are honored in the land. I will not presume further to enlarge on these topics, — which would, doubtless, have been the grateful theme of more protracted remarks, had you, Sir, seen fit, on this occasion to call on any one of the many worthy sons of Portsmouth, whom I see around me at this festive board. I may, however, be permitted to remark, that not the town of Portsmouth only, but the whole State of New Hamp- shire, has been at all times duly sensible of the value of education, and of its peculiar importance to a people situated as they are. New Hampshire cannot contend with many of her sister States in population, in extent of territory, or in fertility of soil. If she has any thing of which to boast, it is the general intelligence, educa- tion, and consequent activity of her people. Barren mountains, naked hills, a cold climate, an unfruitful soil, might seem, to the inhabitants of a more genial clime, to condemn her to perpetual
688 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, solitude and sterility. Yet, by persevering industry, those hills have _ '_ been covered with verdure, and that soil made to teem with fer-
Ccntennial \\\\^ . wliile the healthful breezes of her mountains have braced the Celebra- *
tion. nerves of a numerous and hardy race, who in war have been fore-
most in the battles of their country, and in peace have held, — do now hold, — high places in the cabinet, at the bar, and in the halls of our national legislation. And what, Sir, under all discouragements has been the true cause of her success ? What, but her early and steady attention to the education of all classes of her people ? The New England system of town schools, paid for by all, and open to all, has nowhere been more thoroughly adopted and enforced than in New Hampshire. Wherever the traveller winds his way, among the valleys or along the hills, in her thriving villages, the haunts of manufacturing industry, through her remotest hamlets, in the moun- tain glens, by the waterfalls, in the first openings of her newest settlements, the district school-house meets his eye, perched on the hill, or peeping from among the trees, swarming with its hardy inmates, bred equally to learning and to labor, prepared alike to improve the farm, and to cultivate the mind. It is from these humble recesses, from these village schools, that genius has gone forth to delight, to enrich, and to improve mankind. Besides what is done for numerous academies in all parts of the State, for theo- logical seminaries, and for the College at Hanover, we raise, annu- ally, in New Hampshire, by a tax on all our people, for the town schools alone, more than twice the sum which it costs to support our State government. We are becoming daily more sensible, that knowledge is the true wealth of nations; and that the seeds of learning, scattered broadcast over the land, spring up in an abun- dant harvest of virtue and honor, of wealth and of power, which richly repays the most assiduous culture. Who is there, that does not wish that his own opportunities of education had been better ? How, then, can we deny to our children what, in preference to every other gift, we would have chosen for ourselves? But I for- bear. I cannot, however, close, without adding one word in rela- tion to the College of my native State. Planted, like Harvard, in the wilderness, — surrounded, like her, in her infancy, with innu- merable difficulties, — long struggling with the general poverty of the people, and the discouragements of the times, — she has yet never ceased to labor in the same great cause of sound learning and good morals. In age, in wealth, in general resources, she cannot compare with the mature glories of our venerable Alma Mater. But, however
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 689
differing from Harvard in these respects, she points, like her, with APPENDIX, honest pride, to the character and the attainments of her numerous No- LXIV. sons. Nor will this assembly be disposed to dispute her claims in Centennial this respect, while the voice of her eloquent and most distinguished tion. r graduate [Mr. Webster] has scarcely yet ceased to vibrate on our delighted ears. Presuming, then, that the friendly sentiment, which should unite all similar institutions in sympathy and regard for each other, is here warmly felt, I propose to you,
25. "Dartmouth College; the sister, not the rival, of Harvard."
William Sullivan, the first Vice-President of the Day, then ad- dressed the company, as follows.
"The experience of this day, now at its close, — even this assem- bly, unlike any that has been, — has inspired me with no joyous hilarity. My propensity has been to receive in silence the thoughts that have come uninvited, rather than, as on many other occa- sions, to give utterance to those which were impatient of confine- ment. One is startled at the question, Who and loliat are this orderly, intellectual assembly ; and whence and how is it, that they are what they are 1 The answer hurries one through the long train of cause and effect, which ascends far beyond the two centuries which we are gathered to commemorate. The founding of this University is only one of the glorious effects of mighty causes, which are still operating against all obstacles, in all the Christian world. One effect of these causes is, that here is an assembly of men (and it is only in the world of Columbus, that such an assem- bly can be seen), that owes no allegiance to royal authority; that cringes before no feudal lords for a precarious and burthened tenure of lands, to draw forth a scanty subsistence ; that knows nothing of hereditary distinctions ; nothing of lawgivers who claim to be such in right of birth ; nothing of coercive military force, exercised by right independent of those of whom obedience is demanded ; noth- ing of mere mortals, who assume, in the name of the Almighty, to do his will in all earthly relations, and to settle the destiny of their fellow-creatures beyond the grave. In this land, and in this only, since the globe was peopled, there is a community, where no man may claim to be civilly or socially the superior of any other, but in virtue of the patent of precedence given by common assent and gratitude, for the useful and honorable exercise of talents for the common good.
VOL. ii. 87
690 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, " Causes, gathering and combining from a thousand minds, and o. LXIV. many ages, struggling against all obstacles, came to be one
Centennial mighty volume, like our own stupendous cataract, and to throw tii.n. itself on the yielding defences of the triple crown, a whole century
before any of those men were in being, who first thought of Newtown School. The mind of man had now learned the great fact, that the essence of its being is the right to opinion ; that the exercise of this right is to find rational truth ; that the duty and the interest of those who do find it, are to make it the common property of all the members of society. It had learned, also, that opinion thus made common and public, cannot exist but under the guardianship of established law and enlightened conscience. But this state of being, best known as civil and religious liberty, may be self-destruc- tive from its very freedom. The virtuous and the wise may toil to keep public opinion right, and the deluded and the crafty may con- trive to make it wrong'. For kings, lords, priests, and praetorian bands, a perverted public opinion may arise, and claim to be supe- rior to the law, and to conscience. This will be so, only because the educated are perverse and iniquitous. It is the educated who are responsible for public opinion in this land, and consequently for civil and social security. If, then, the educated could ask (and be answered from on high) for the best of gifts, it may be comprised in a single sentence :
26. " May the educated conscientiously remember, that they are only trustees of knowledge, for the use and benefit of those who have been less fortunate than themselves."
Loammi Baldwin, the second Vice-President, being called upon by the President, addressed the company ; but was situated at too great a distance from the reporter to admit of a sketch of his re- marks being taken.
The President then gave,
27. " The City of Salem, and her Mayor ; his ancestor received the honor of knighthood from his sovereign ; he derives his patent of nobility from a higher source."
For this sentiment, Leverett Saltonstall, Mayor of the City of Salem, made his acknowledgments as follows.
Mr. Saltonstall "rose to respond to the complimentary notice of the ancient Town but new City of Salem, with whose government he
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 691
had the honor of being connected, as well as to the kind allusion to APPENDIX, himself and his ancestors, in the admirable discourse of the honored °. LXIV- President, and in the sentiment just pronounced. As to himself, if Centennial the notice with which he had been honored, were as justly merited tion. as the tribute of respect to his ancestors, on this occasion, for their early liberality to Harvard College, he should, indeed, feel the most lively gratification. It has been truly said, that they were among the most distinguished early benefactors of the University ; and their descendants have, in all succeeding generations, been among its warmest friends ; and, though it was not in his power to imitate them in their pecuniary benefactions, he claimed to be a true de- scendant, in his ardent attachment to this place of his own and his fathers' education.
"But to pass from what is personal," said Mr. Saltonstall, "to the notice of the place of his residence, a city small and unimpor- tant in comparison with the noble city of Boston, to which so just a tribute has been paid by its chief magistrate, he might be per- mitted to say, that Salem has always been a liberal patron of all our important institutions, and especially of this University, to whose enlargement and improvement she has always been ready to contribute by generous donations, and by confiding her sons to its care.
"We are hardly aware of the debt of gratitude we owe to the founders of this ancient seminary of learning. We have listened with delight to the excellent discourse of the President, and to the warm eulogiums here bestowed upon our fathers, for this work of their hands, in the eloquent addresses this afternoon ; but the half has not been told of the blessings which have flowed from that single act, the establishment of this seminary of learning. Should we attempt to do justice to its results, to trace its influence on the char- acter and condition of this community, the morning light would break in upon us here.
" It is difficult justly to estimate the merit of that noble resolve of our fathers, the vote of .£400, 'towards the erection of a public school or college.' We have been told to-day, how early this was done; that it was in the infancy of the settlement; that they were struggling with great difficulties; — and all this is true. But we may hear general expressions of this nature, and yet form only a very inadequate conception of the true character of this noble deed of our ancestors. We should take a more minute view of their situation. We should reflect upon it, that it was only six years
692 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, after Governor Winthrop and his associates, those great and wise
JVo. LXIV. menj arrived here, with the charter, designed to incorporate a
Centennial trading company in England, which they so adroitly changed into
Celebra- .
tion. a constitution of civil government m America; only six years after
the effective settlement of the colony was begun. We should carry back our imaginations to the very time, and to their situation at the time. It was when they had scarcely erected shelters for them- selves in the wilderness ; when a few little settlements only were made; when their 'poor cottages' were scattered here and there, along the coast, and on the banks of our rivers, interminable forests stretching beyond them ; when the whole population probably did not exceed four or five thousand, and only two years after they had ceased to transact their public concerns in a general assembly of all the freemen. It was under such circumstances, when they were few, and poor, and feeble, and surrounded by dangers and difficul- ties, which would have appalled men of less energy and decision of character than themselves, that they laid the foundation of this in- stitution, coeval, it may be said, with the foundation of the colony. The liberality of the act, too, is equally remarkable ; a grant equal to a year's rate of the whole colony.
"How can we account for all this? We find the solution in the character of the founders. Winthrop and his associates were learned men themselves ; they understood the value of sound and thorough learning ; and they were solicitous to transmit its benefits to future generations. They determined, therefore, to provide for the learned education of their children ; and they laid deep and stronor the foundations of this ' school,' now our venerable Univer-
O *
sity, whose two hundredth anniversary we this day celebrate with grateful joy."
Mr. Saltonstall made other remarks on this topic, and said, " He did not rise to make a speech. The hour was late ; his remarks were unpremeditated. Not that there is any difficulty in finding subjects suited to the occasion ; the occasion is prolific of them ; they crowd upon us from every side. Wherever we turn, we behold the blessed fruits of this institution. Who, for instance, can estimate the value of learning to the clergy, at a time when their influence was seen in every thing, and controlled almost every thing. They were consulted by the civil rulers on all important occasions. Here they were all educated, for several generations. New England has always been blessed with a learned clergy ; and they have always been the champions of civil liberty. Not only in
tion.
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 693
the great revolutionary struggle, but in the early contests concern- APPENDIX, ing the charter, they took the lead, and taught the people what were NO.LXIV. their rights, and that it was their duty to defend them, as a matter Centennial of conscience and religious duty.
" We have been reminded this afternoon, that the great leaders of the Revolution, in Massachusetts, were sons of Harvard, — illus- trious men, whose names are a crown of glory to her. But we may go further back, to the time when the tyrant Andros attempted to establish a despotic government on the ruins of the old charter. We are told by the honored and lamented Librarian, Peirce, in his excellent History of the University, which will be a lasting and hon- orable monument to his memory, that President Mather addressed the freemen of Boston, at a town-meeting which he had been invited to attend, in a strain of patriotic eloquence, upon the question whether they should surrender their charter ; closing an admirable speech with the exclamation, 'Shall we do such a thing? I hope there is not one freeman in Boston who can be guilty of it.'
" The effect of the speech was irresistible. There was a general acclamation, ' We thank you, Sir ! We thank you, Sir!' The vote in the negative was unanimous ; the spirit fled from town to town, with electric speed ; the people resolved to cling to their charter, at all hazards ; and upon a mere rumor of the landing of the Prince of Orange in England, they seized upon Andros and his Council, recalled old Governor Bradstreet, and set up again the good old charter government; — a revolution scarcely less remarkable than that which took place a century after.
" When the great final contest came on, the College was found on the side of liberty and the country. From their Alma Mater, the Adamses, Hancock, Otis, Quincy, Warren, and a host of others, drew in those true principles of civil liberty which they so ably expounded to the people. In 1775, Cambridge, or rather the Col- lege, was emphatically the head-quarters of the American army; the main body of which was quartered in the college buildings. On the evening before the 17th of June, when the detachment was mustered on the Common, near the Colleges, President Langdon invoked the blessing of Heaven upon them, and, thus inspired by the spirit of liberty and religion, they marched to Bunker Hill.
" The influence of Harvard College was felt in all the leading measures of the Revolution, and in the subsequent establishment of the government. Alumni of Harvard ! it is a proud fact in the history of our College, that all the delegates of Massachusetts to the
694 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, Congress of '76, the immortal signers of the Declaration of Inde- yp.LXiv. pendence, were educated here; — John Hancock, Samuel Adams,
Centennial John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry; — their names
tion. are all enrolled in the Catalogue of Harvard.
" It would be pleasant to enlarge on topics of this nature, and to remind you of the benefits the whole country has derived from the blessed light of science and literature, which has been kept burning brightly here for two centuries ; but these, however interesting, are general in their nature ; they belong to all others, as well as our- selves. There are subjects of still deeper interest to us, on this great occasion. Who of us could behold the long procession of the children of the University, — his venerable predecessors, his class- mates, his successors, — without the deepest emotions, the most touching recollections? Whose mind is not carried back to the time when he pursued the same course, side by side with others whom he here meets, and with some whose places, alas, are vacant? Who can salute, without heartfelt joy, classmates, friends, whom he has not seen, perhaps, since the day when they parted to go forth into the great world? For myself, so strong and 5.0 delightful are my recollections of College life, that I never breathe the atmosphere of Cambridge, I never come in sight of the walls of Harvard, with- out warm emotion, without something of excitement. When I entered this pavilion, I was conducted to a post, an honorable sta- tion, which had been assigned to me as one of the Vice-Presidents ; but, however honorable was the place, I did not feel at home. I soon found myself attracted towards the table where my classmates were seated. There I found myself with twenty-two classmates, with whom I graduated thirty-four years ago ; friends, some of whom I have scarcely since had an opportunity of taking by the hand, until this blessed day. It was then that I felt the true value of this meeting. It was then I felt how much we indeed owe to Harvard College ; that to her we are indebted, not merely for laying the foundation of whatever of good learning we may possess, but for those strong and endeared associations, those friendships, which have given life its charm and its value. Here, Sir, surrounded by familiar faces, whatever changes time may have wrought on the face or the head, memory recalls scenes and events impressed upon us in the warmth and confidence of youth, the images of venerated in- structors, and the thousand incidents of College life, which can never cease to interest us, while life lasts.
" Who can join in this joyful festival, and his heart not pay its
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 695
tribute of grateful respect to our venerable University ! The occa- APPENDIX, sion should also remind us of our duty to our Alma Mater. She NO.LXIV. claims of us not only a grateful recollection of her services for us, Centennial but our sincere endeavours to do what may -be in our power to pro- mote her welfare and prosperity, and to enlarge and extend her means of usefulness."
Mr. Saltonstall offered the following sentiment :
'
28. " The Alumni of Harvard. We will love, we will venerate our Alma Mater, the source of our connexion with each other."
The President of the Day having retired, the chair was taken by William Sullivan, first Vice-President, who announced a toast in compliment to Governor Everett :
29. "The President of the Day,"
Owing to the applause with which the toast in compliment to Mr. Everett was received, the reporter was unable to fix more than the first words.
The following sentiment was next handed up to the President, and announced.
30. "Levi Lincoln. By an inflexible and steadfast devotion to the in- terests of the community, he has furnished the best evidence of his being a son of Harvard."
The Rev. Dr. Palfrey read an extract from the will of Josiah Quincy, Jr., the father of President Quincy, by which he left two thousand pounds sterling to the College, in case his son should die a minor. After computing the relative value of money at the date of the will, and its value at the present day, Dr. Palfrey estimated the conditional bequest to be equal to ten thousand dollars, and proposed the following toast.
31. "Harvard College; a strangely fortunate, yet disappointed legatee, who, in losing ten thousand dollars, gained a President."
Peleg Sprague, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Day, being called upon, said:
" Occasions like the present carry us back to the olden time. It has been well said, that we ought frequently to recur to first princi- ples ; and it is no less useful to recur to the history of the men in
696 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX whom great principles have been embodied and illustrated. I de- No. LXIV. light to contemplate the character of our Pilgrim Fathers, — their Centennial high resolve, their indomitable perseverance, their spirit of self- tion6 ' sacrifice, contrasted as they are with that temporizing expediency, of which we see too much at the present day. Policy told them to bend before the blast; expediency never would have landed them on these shores ; and the result of their labors is an eminent illustration of the truth, that 'that policy, which strikes only while the iron is hot, will, in the end, be exceeded by that perseverance which makes the iron hot by striking.' They labored, and we have entered into their labors. We possess the inheritance of their principles. Re- publicans in church government, they have given us religious free- dom ; republicans in politics, they have given us our political insti- tutions ; true citizens of the republic of letters, they have given us our schools and our University. Yes, those men, who have been sometimes called narrow-minded and illiberal, at a time when they had scarcely yet made their bed in the wilderness, while their log cabins were nightly surrounded by the howls of savage beasts and more savage men, while their path was beset by day, and they went forth to fell the forest with the axe in one hand, and the musket in the other ; even then, amid privation, suffering, and want, with an expan- sive and far-seeing benevolence, they contributed from their scanty and hard-earned substance, to erect here an altar to good letters.
" As a devoted son of the Old Colony, the blessed mother of us all, I would not have her passed by in silence on this occasion, and should say something of the deep and early interest which she took in our University, but that I see before me the President of the Pilgrim Society, the historian of Massachusetts, a lineal descendant of that John Alden who first set foot on the Rock of Plymouth. To him this theme appropriately belongs; and, whenever the Old Colony is named, I would say to him as a fair lady once said to his ancestor. Her speech, unlike, I fear, that to which you are now listening, was short and to the purpose ; but needs some preface in order to be fully understood.
"Miles Standish was the military hero of the Puritan Pilgrims. The historian describes him as a man of small stature, but of a great spirit. Being unmarried, he found, as Adam did before him, that, in anew world at least, 'it is not good for man to be alone,' and, therefore, formed the abstract resolution to take to himself a wife. He had cast his eyes on a fair damsel by the name of Priscilla Mul- lins ; but such were his high engagements, that he thought he could
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 69?
not devote his personal attention to what seemed to him so subordi- APPENDIX, nate a matter as matrimony, and he therefore deputed his younger No- Lxiv- friend, the aforesaid John Alden, to make the proposal and settle Centennial the preliminaries. He undertook the commission, and, in all good tion. faith, proposed and recommended his friend. But the lady, it seems, had an eye of her own, which was better filled with the comely form before her, than even by the glare of the military hero, and her only response was, ' Alden, why don't thee speak for thy- self? ' Upon this hint, he spake ; and with what effect, the Alden Bradfords and Bradford Aldens of the present day ate living wit- nesses.
" The name of Priscilla Mullins carries us back to our Pilgrim Mothers, whose exalted and enduring virtues have been less em- blazoned than they deserve, and ' without whom,' it has been well asked, ' what better should we have been for our Pilgrim Fathers 1 ' Having toasted our Alma Mater so much, in particular, and paid some respect to our mothers, in general, it would be high treason to pass in silence by the daughters, the fair pilgrims of the present generation ; especially since to them we are indebted for the adorn- ing of this pavilion, and we of the Committee had the misfortune to find it impossible to comply with the request to arrange for their presence at these festivities. But, upon a theme on which it is so dangerous to indulge, I will trust myself only to offer, what so appro- priately belongs to the sex, — a sentiment.
32. " The Ladies. We will say of them what Cicero says of Letters; — 1 Adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis solatium praebent, delectant domi.' "
When Mr. Sprague resumed his seat, Alden Bradford arose and said, he did not rise to make a speech, or even to attempt it, but to say a single word, as the gentleman who had just taken his seat had not only referred to him, but seemed to call upon him directly. This was his apology for obtruding himself on the notice of the company. He would only say, that though there were not many of'the first settlers of Plymouth who had been favored with a univer sity education, there was one who received the honors of a college in Cambridge, of which notice had been taken by a gentleman who had before addressed the company on this occasion ; but, beside that individual, several others were men of good education, and highly appreciated the benefits of human learning. They early contrib-
VOL. II. 88
698 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, uted, though only a small amount, to the funds of Harvard College ; NO. LXIV. an(j Qne Of ^e flfst cjasg Qf gra(Juates, in 1642, was from Duxbury, Centennial jn Plymouth County. He said, that the venerable man who was
Celebra- J
tion. early and long the Governor of the Colony, was a good Latin and
Greek scholar, and left some writings in those languages, which he had often read, and treasured up; and as the gentleman who had referred to him, had given a toast in Latin, he would try to give one in Greek, which, he believed, would express a sentiment dear to his venerable ancestor.
33. " <I>doao(pla a^&ivrj — T\ Evatfttlag rs xal ngotnaida."
Franklin Dexter being called upon for a sentiment, replied:
" Mr. President,
" I have been so much absorbed in listening to thoughts elo- quently expressed by others, that I have endeavoured in vain to collect my own so as to add, in answer to your call, any thing which may deserve the attention of the company for a moment. I can only give utterance to a simple expression of the delight which I have felt in witnessing the cordiality and joy, that seem to smile from every face, and to flow from every heart around us. It has struck me with peculiar pleasure to observe, that these feelings are by no means confined to those of us who have returned here to re- trace the scenes, and to renew the intimacies, of early life. The same glad spirit seems to pervade every breast. Those whose edu- cation has been conducted in other institutions, and those who, without any similar opportunities, have owed to their own unassisted exertions that distinction in life which has called them here as our honored guests, greet us on this occasion, with the same sympathy which we feel for each other. That we fully reciprocate this gen- erous feeling, our friends must be well assured, not only by the cor- diality of their reception, but by the whole tone of the sentiments they have heard this day delivered. They must feel, as we do, that there is nothing exclusive, nothing confined, in the spirit we have imbibed from our Alma Mater. We have learned here to put a just value, but, I trust, no more than a just value, upon her instruction. We have learned, not that it is to separate us from any one, but to unite us to all. We have learned here to feel more deeply, ' Hu- mani nil a nobis alienum.' We have learned to love excellence of
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 699
all kinds, to love liberty, and to love mankind; and so far only as APPENDIX,
such has been the effect of our academical nurture, does it deserve No- LXiv*
the name of a liberal education. Centennial
" As a sentiment expressive of these feelings, I propose, Sir, tion.
34. " The bond of our brotherhood ; binding us to each other not more closely than it binds us to all the great interests of humanity."
On the call of the Chair, William H. Gardiner, said :
" I rise, Mr. President, in obedience to your call, quite unaware of any other title I may have in this assembly to occupy its time, and forcibly admonished that brevity, which has been called ' the soul of wit,' is likely to be reputed, in the present instance, the essence of wisdom. At any rate, I shall not use the indulgence of speech which you have given me, further than to claim a passing tribute of respect from this lettered multitude to the accomplished gentleman who presided over our previous arrangements, and, but for a most sudden and afflicting stroke, would also have guided these festivities.
" In naming Harrison Gray Otis, all will agree that I speak of one 'quern appellasse, laudasse est'; nor would it have been my • place to bring him to the notice of this assembly, had I not been an humble instrument of the Alumni of Harvard, in soliciting and obtaining his consent to render them so important a service. No person present has participated more deeply than he, in the interest of this solemn occasion. To no one thing, perhaps, are, we more indebted, than to the sanction of his name and personal aid, for the very numerous meeting which we now witness. And I believe in my heart, that no other species of public call would have induced him, at this time, after several years of retirement, to have quitted again the repose which a long life of intellectual activity both en- titles and qualifies him to enjoy.
" One or two facts, learnt partly from himself, respecting his early life, have some interest of their own, and are not inappropriate for this occasion. Mr. Otis happened to be of the class of 1783, the first class which was graduated after the conclusion of our revolutionary war. The treaty of peace was just promulgated, and with it came a full recognition, by the mother country, of our national indepen- dence. He was at the head of his class, and, on taking his Bach- elor's degree, received the highest honors of the University. It was for him, at the age of eighteen, to pronounce the English oration of
700 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, that day. A theme was naturally found in the new and interesting o. LXIV. pOSture of puk|jc affairs, and he seized with avidity an occasion so Ceinlt>nrual inviting, to present, with all that fervor of eloquence and brilliancy ii°n. of imagination, which have ever distinguished him, a splendid
prophetic vision of the great destinies of his country. To the by- standers, this seemed, at the time, but a beautiful dream of the morning, too flattering for truth, and by himself was considered a picture of futurity, not without likeness, but colored as highly as taste and discretion would permit. Would he were here, to have stirred us again with his own eloquent comparison of the present and the past, and perhaps with the view, which, after a retrospect of more than half a century since his Baccalaureate, he would now take, in calmer and maturer years, of the chances and changes which still await us.
" Mr. Otis's after life, it were needless to speak of. Much of it belongs to history, and all is within your knowledge. There are, perhaps, some among us, who may deem it meritorious to have differed from him in politics, when party feuds were fiercest ; some may be unapt to remember, or slow to reassert, their former relations to those times of trial ; and others are still proud to avow their ancient attachment to an extinct political party, the name of which is repudiated far oftener than its principles, and of yvhich, through sunshine and storm, Harrison Gray Otis was a conspicuous leader. But the controversies and heart-burnings of those by-gone days have been long since buried, with their causes. May they slumber for ever ! To-day, at least, we are met on neutral and classic ground. Men of all parties, consecrating the hour to the cause of letters, are glad to forget here the strifes of politicians, and all the jars and jealousies of life. Members of one household, long scattered and estranged, we are at last, and for a few brief moments, reassembled to exchange kindly feelings at our mother's hospitable hearth. One of her favorite children, best loved in his youth, and of whose man- hood she was proudest, one who has taken pains to bring about this happy reunion, and who, if he were here, would by unanimous con- sent have graced and dignified the head of the old family board, sits absent in sorrow, — but not forgotten.
"I venture, Sir, to say, in behalf of this assembly;
p
35. " Harrison Gray Otis ; the first scholar of the first class of a new na- tion ; the career of his life has been according to the promise of his youth ; he has touched nothing which he has not adorned ; he has been rewarded
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 701
with no office, nor honor, nor emolument, to which he was not richly en- APPENDIX,
titled ; and, in the dignified retirement of declining years, he must always No. LXIV.
possess, not the least enviable, perhaps, of the blessings which may accom- Centennial
pany old age, — one which will dwell with him through life, and follow him Celebra-
beyond the grave, — the kind remembrance and most respectful considera- tlon' tion of the Alumni of Harvard."
Daniel Webster then called the attention of the meeting to the fact that Paine Wingate, of New Hampshire, was the oldest living graduate of Harvard College, and thought it might be proper to notice him amidst the festivities of the occasion, although he was not present to partake of them. Judge Wingate, he said, now ninety-seven years of age, was a member of the first Senate of the United States, and afterwards a member of the House of Repre- sentatives ; and, subsequently, till disqualified by his advanced age, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. Mr. Webster closed his remarks with the following toast.
36. " Paine Wingate ; the living link between the past and the present sons of Harvard ; long may he live, an honor to both generations, and to their common Mother."
Mr. Webster then retiring, Josiah Quincy, Jr., the youngest Vice- President, having succeeded Mr. Sullivan in the chair, gave,
37. "Daniel Webster. They may differ as they please in the halls of legislation about him; but in the halls of science, the voice is unanimous in his favor."
Josiah duincy, Jr., after some historical remarks, in which he stated, that Governor John Winthrop, in 1637, was Chairman of a Committee to arrange the organization of the infant University, gave a toast to his memory.
The Chief Marshal of the Day, Robert C. Winthrop, being then called upon for a sentiment, arose and replied as follows :
" At the very instant I received this summons, Mr. President, I was rising in my official capacity, and under the direction of the Committee of Arrangements, to move, that the Alumni do now adjourn to witness the illumination which has been prepared in " honor of the occasion, by the students of the University. But so ioth was I to express, or even to entertain the idea, that the adjourn- ment was to be without day, and that this pleasant company of
702 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, friends and brothers would meet no more for ever on this side of o. LXIV. tjje gtarSj tnat j nat| a]rea(jy framed the motion in my mind, and Centennial fu]jy intended so to give it utterance, that the Alumni do now ad- tion. journ until the next Centennial Day. I would not appear to trifle
with so solemn a thought ; but who is there among us who would have opposed such a motion ? or that part of it, at least, which con- templated the reassembling of this company; yes, even a hundred years hence? If, Sir, — as who of us has not felt? — the spirits of our fathers have been in the midst of us to-day, thronging and clustering beneath this vaulted canopy, listening with an earnest delight to the blessings which have been breathed from every heart upon their memories, gazing with an eager joy upon the luxuriant growth of that goodly vine which here they planted, and beckoning us, with an almost visible finger, onward in the course of its care and its culture, why may we not hope, that some part of the same pleasure, proportioned, indeed, to our far inferior deserts, may be permitted hereafter to ourselves ? Who doubts, at any rate, that the third Centennial Day of the University, will behold, if none of us, hundreds of others in our places, bearing our names, veined with our blood, and many of them made, perhaps, in our very image, — our children, and our children's children, — who will gather upon this same spot, and carry on the great celebration of the event we are now commemorating, in the true spirit of such an adjournment? " But I refrain from dwelling on this idea, at so late a moment of the festival. Let me rather thank you. Sir, for the very kind man- ner in which you have coupled my name with that of a distinguished ancestor, and for your friendly disposition to gild the insignificance of the one, by a ray from the brightness of the other. Yet let me also remind you, that it was only under the cover of that political darkness, which it has been one of the noblest influences of this institution to disperse and drive away ; that it was only under that old dispensation of arbitrary laws and aristocratic usages, of which it was the chief work of our New England ancestors to break the very tables, that either the sins or the virtues, the shame or the glory of the fathers, were visited upon the children, even unto the third and fourth generation.
"Only one word more, Sir, in explanation of the sentiment which I propose to offer. Among the most interesting results of an un- tiring research, which the Orator of the Day has so eloquently dis- played to us, was the fact, that the old inscription, ' Christo et Ecclesice,' which has been so long emblazoned on the escutcheon
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 703
of the College, was not its original motto; but that with a brevity APPENDLX, and simplicity entirely characteristic of men, who themselves were No' LXIV-
Centennial ' as true as truth's simplicity, Celebra-
And simpler than the infancy of truth,'
the Founders of the College wrote only upon its arms the naked word, ' Veritas.' But there is, I must confess, Sir, something a little less simple in the manner in which they placed the several letters of which this word is composed, upon the different quarters of the College arms. The first four letters, were inscribed on the inside of two open volumes; the last three letters, on the outside of a third volume. Happening during my morning duties to overhear some friends in my vicinity questioning the meaning of this mys- tical disposition of the word Truth, I have been endeavouring to extract a moral from it ; and I now ask leave to propose it, in the shape of a sentiment :
38. "The Founders of our University. They have taught us, in the mode in which they inscribed the motto on the College Arms, that no one human book contains the whole truth of any subject ; and that, in order to get at the real end of any matter, we must be careful to look at both sides"
William Elliott, of South Carolina, being called upon, made the following remarks.
"Mr. President and Fellow-Students,
" If it were permitted to your forefathers, who founded two cen- turies ago this seminary of learning, now to revisit it, with what astonishment would they perceive 'the school at Newtown' ex- panded into Harvard University ; their lowly, primitive school-house supplanted by these stately structures! But, if they looked beyond, at this goodly assemblage of the sons of Harvard, comprising so much that is exalted in station, distinguished in literature, and ele- vated in character; her thousand sons come here to do her homage; the thousand among the million ; would not the sentiment of pride, of triumph, mingle with their admiration? And if, turning towards the east, to seek in that direction the wood-covered, three-hilled peninsula, which their early sagacity had fixed on as the site of their town, they beheld that dome-crowned city, that magnificent crea- tion of their gifted and fortunate sons, that emporium of commerce and the useful arts, that chosen abode of learning, taste, and elegant hospitality, more than all, that cradle of liberty, and still its im-
704 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, pregnable strong-hold; — if they beheld that city, which, exceeding Iv' every anticipation of its founders, after extending itself till every
Centennial i,,cn of ian(] was appropriated, now invading the deep, and, with tion. Venetian enterprise, winning whole districts from its empire, —
its streets now traversing arms of the sea, its ships freighted with the spoils of every clime, which fire-driven cars distribute through- out all quarters of the land ; — when this living picture rose be- fore their bewildered senses, would it not seem to them as an illusion ; as something too romantic for truth, too magnificent for reality? Nobly, sons of New England, have you repaid your ancestors for their privations, suffering, and toil! Nobly have you improved the talent committed to your charge ! Yet how much of your tone, character, and success, how much of what you are, and what you enjoy, may be legitimately ascribed to the enlight- ened foresight, which founded thus early this ' school at Newtown,' and other kindred institutions.
" We, fellow-students, who in this day's celebration have been so honorably remembered, are not of the blood of the Pilgrims ; but we know how to appreciate what it has achieved. We are not of the blood of the Pilgrims ; but when, in 1773, the patriot sire of the distinguished gentleman who now presides over this University, visited my native State, to feel the temper of the people, and organ- ize resistance to British tyranny, he found among the descendants of the Huguenot and the Cavalier no uncongenial spirits. He found a flourishing colony and a prosperous people ; yet a people unwilling to parley with Tyranny for his bribe ; eager, on the contrary, to sacrifice their advantages, and make common cause with you in a war of right. From that day forward, fellow-students, we have been one! The first gun fired at Lexington was electrical with us, as with you; and the battle-shout of Bunker's Hill came gloriously echoed back to you from the cannon of Fort Moultrie. Side by side stood our fathers in the struggle of the Revolution ; and side by side did they labor, when the contest was over, to build up that Constitution, which rescued us from the jaws of anarchy. Ties like these are too precious to be idly broken; the memory of them is too sweet to be wantonly cast away. It behoves you, gentlemen, the Alurnni of this venerable institution, to infuse your own enlight- ened spirit into the less instructed mass ; to stamp upon it your own impress : to teach it, amidst all the conflicts of interest, or struggles of faction, to venerate that compact of union, which is the ark of safety to us all ; to sustain it in spirit and in truth ; to hold inviolate
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 705
all institutions that it expressly recognises, and to claim for it no APPENDIX, powers that are not clearly conferred. Is there any thing further ? No- LXIV. It is, that we should forbear to press our rights under that instru- Centennial ment to the injury and oppression of a brother. Thus doing, you tion! F will offer an oblation on the altar of patriotism, for which posterity will hold you honored. Our country will sweep along unchecked, to fulfil the high destinies that await her. The irritations and mis- trust, which have grown out of recent struggles, will be forgotten, and the feeling of brotherhood will be restored, as in the days that are past. Then shall we heartily reciprocate the sentiment of your distinguished orator and statesman ; and as he claimed, as an American, to share in the glory of our Rutledges and Pinckneys, so shall we also delight to honor your Quincys, Otises, Hancocks, and Adamses ; their names shall be familiar in our mouths as house- hold words, and your glory shall be as our glory, and your pros- perity as our own. For my own part, I should be cold indeed, were I indifferent to your welfare, or insensible to the compliment paid my native State. Here did I pass two happy years of my youth ; here did I enjoy the instructions of our literary mother; here formed I friendships, that have strengthened with time ; here it was not permitted me to feel as a stranger in a strange land ; and here do I rejoice to find an occasion publicly to declare, how indelibly the impression of your kindness is engraven on my heart. " I give you, Gentlemen,
39. " The Union, and the Constitution which secures us its blessings Honor to the men of Massachusetts, who have helped to frame, and have been ever prompt to defend it."
Josiah Quincy, Jr., the Vice-President in the chair, being called upon for a sentiment, thus addressed the assembly :
" Friends and Fellow-Students,
"The occasion and the place on which we are now assembled, connect us with the past and the future. The President of the Day has carried us back two centuries. He has entered into the halls of legislation, and our hearts have responded to the spirit of the age which has gone before. A ' mount of speculation,' like that de- scribed by Milton, this day presents itself in our path. While we pass over it, and pause to review the prominent and interesting features of the country already traversed, let us not neglect to cast
VOL. ii. 89
706 HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX, a prophetic glance forward, and note those conspicuous points in No'_!_XIYl *ne distance, which will again be hidden from our view, when Centennial We descend to the ordinary level of our journey. A century will •ion. soon roll away, and there will be another clan-gathering of the
sons of Harvard. They will come rushing, as it were, on the wings of the wind, from every quarter of our land. With what an interest will they look on the reminiscences of this day ! The volume that is now receiving our signatures will be before them ; they will look on the faded characters this day traced, and feel connected with us as individuals. On these pages they will find the names of ' such as did bear rule, men renowned for their power, giving counsel by their wisdom ; leaders of the people, by their knowledge of learning meet for the people ; wise and eloquent in their instructions. Rich men, furnished with ability, living peaceably in their habitations; those who were honored in their generations, and were the glory of their times.' Of some they will say, in the language of the son of Sirach, ' There be of them that have left a name behind them, that their praises might be reported ;' but of the great majority, ' there will be no memorial ; they will have perished as though they had never been, and will have become as though they had never been born, and their children after them.' Though such, Mr. Chairman, will be the fate of most of us, it is a boon U. be permitted to see, even with the eye of the imagination, that promised land which we may not enter. Creatures of a day, it is delightful to multiply our associations with that distant time. In this spirit, the banner that floats over us has been prepared. It will be deposited among the archives of the university. Our hope is, that a century hence it will collect under its folds the Alumni of Harvard. Over what a scene will it on that day display its blazonry ! What a feeling of relationship will it establish between that age and the present ! " I will propose as a sentiment,
40. " The flag that waves over us. May it a century hence see a more wise, a more virtuous, a more prosperous generation than the present. It will never float over Alumni who more justly honor the past, more grate- fully acknowledge the present, or more confidently anticipate the future usefulness and glory of their Alma Mater."
The hour of eight o'clock having now arrived, Josiah Quincy, Jr., moved, " That this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on the 8th of September, 1936."
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 707
This motion was unanimously adopted, and the assembly adjourned APPENDIX,
to
No. LXIV.
" that far day Centennial
When others come their kindred debt to pay. Celebra-
In that far day, O, what shall be In this dominion of the free ? " *
The following extract from the Records of the Corporation, September, 1836, comprises a description of the termination of this festival, and also the final proceedings of that Board, relative to the Centennial Celebration.
" The College buildings, and the edifices appropriated to the Divinity and Law Schools, were brilliantly illuminated by the stu- dents, at the expense of the Corporation. The name of each of the College halls appeared in letters of light, together with the dates of their erection, and appropriate mottos. Over the portico of Uni- versity Hall, the name of 'Harvard' was conspicuously illuminated with variegated lamps. The columns of the portico were entwined with evergreens. The gateways of the principal entrances to the College grounds, were decorated in a similar manner, and on the arches over these avenues, appeared the names of ' Dunster,' ' Chauncy,' and 'Harvard'; in front of the Library, that of 'Quincy'; and 'Dane,' over the Law College. These embellish- ments were arranged and executed entirely by the students. The Gothic windows of the First Congregational Church, and many of the houses of private individuals were also brilliantly illuminated, and bonfires were lighted on several of the neighbouring heights.
"The mansion of President Quincy was thrown open for the reception of visitors, and thronged during the evening by the Alumni, by numerous visitors from Boston and the vicinity, and by strangers from all parts of the United States, attracted by this inter- esting celebration.
" At ten o'clock the illumination was closed. No accident occurred during the day. Every arrangement was executed with perfect order and complete success ; and the festivities of the day were conducted and concluded with a dignity and decorum worthy of the solemn festival of an ancient literary institution.
"Voted, That the thanks of the Corporation be presented to President Quincy, for his highly appropriate, instructive, and inter-
* Centennial Ode, by Charles Sprague. Boston, 1830.
708
HISTORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Centennial Celebra- tion.
APPENDIX, esting discourse, delivered at the late Centennial Celebration, on the ' °' ' 8th of September ; and that he be respectfully requested to furnish a copy for the press.
" Voted, That the President be requested to present the thanks of this Board to the Committee of Arrangements, appointed by the Alumni, at the late Centennial Celebration, and to express the deep sense the President and Fellows of Harvard College entertain of their laborious services and judicious arrangements, whereby that celebration was conducted throughout with such brilliancy, pro- priety, and dignity, and to such universal acceptance and satis- faction."
PAVILION, ERECTED FOR THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION IN 1836.
INDEX.
"** Those names of benefactors and donors, of which there are lists, under appropri- ate heads, in the Appendix, are not repeated in this Index.
A.
Adams, Rev. Eliphalet, i. 505.
Adams, John Quincy, elected Professor, n. 291. His proposals concerning an Observatory, 567.
Adams, Samuel, it. 107,251.
Addington, Isaac, his course respecting Yale College, i. 198, 199, 519. Oc- casional notices of, 103, 480, 498, 500, 596, 602, 606, 611, 612.
Agriculture, Massachusetts Society for Promoting, n. 291, 385, 386.
Alford, Joanna, her bequest, n. 406, 616.
Alford, John, his bequest, n. 141, 142, 406,500-504.
Alford Professorship of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity, n. 141, 142, 323, 387, 388. Account of this foundation, 500 - 504 , 628.
Allen, Mr., John Harvard's administra- tor, i. 453, 457.
Allen, Rev. James, Fellow of the Cor- poration, i. 92, 99, 151, 478, 488, 489, 492, 493, 496, 498, 503, 595, 599, 600, 603,606-608.
Alumni of Harvard University, Society of the, established, 11. 399.
Ames, Fisher, n. 286, 430.
Anatomy and Surgery, Professorship of, See Hersey.
Andover, town of, i. 456. Its donation, 508.
Andrews, Hannah C., her bequest, n. 421,629.
Andros, Sir Edmund, Governor, i. 58-60, 121, 176, 180, 277, 357-359, 417, 422.
^ngier, John, i. 603.
Angier, Rev. Samuel, i. 107,477,493
607, 608.
Antinomian Controversy, i. 7, 166.
Appleton, Rev. Nathaniel, i. 210. His election and course as Fellow of the Corporation, 211,213, 243, 266, 282, 286, 287, 303, 307, 313, 314, 316, 398, 533,545 ; n. 5, 31, 186, 255, 461 . Oc- casional notices of, i. 314, 323, 403 ; n. 1, 44, 66, 67, 81, 83, 157, 507. His do- nations, 488, 528.
Ashurst, Sir Henry, Colonial Agent, r. 91-93,186,479,498,509.
Ashurst, Sir William, n. 140.
Ashman, John Hooker, Professor, H. 378-380.
Astronomical Observatory. See Observa- tory.
Athens, Panorama of, presented to the College, n. 401,592,628.
Atkinson, Theodore, his bequest, n.216, 217, 529.
Austin, Benjamin, n. 198, 199, 485.
B.
Barnard, Rev. John, his life, character, donations, and bequest, n. 213, 214, 490, 527, 523. Occasional notices of, 1.423; n. 6-8.
Barnard, Rev. Thomas, i. 505.
Barrington, Sir Francis, i. 423, 434,540.
Baxter, Rev. Joseph, i. 505.
Beck, Charles, elected Professor, 11. 389.
Belcher, Jonathan, Governor, i. 446, n. 3,6-8, 10, 11.
Belcher, Jonathan, Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia, his donations, n. 483, 528, 531.
710
INDEX.
Belcher, Rev. Joseph, i. 505.
Belcher, Rev. Samuel, i. 505.
Bellamont, Richard, Earl of, Governor, i. 43, 92, 97, 104, 107-109, 116, 179, 197, 200, 277, 479, 486, 498, 523,551, 605.
Belles-Lettres, Professorship of, n. 324, 385.
Bellingham, Richard, Governor, i. 4GC, 507, 586.
Benefactors of Harvard College, modes of perpetuating the memory of, adopt- ed in 1773, n.159. Donations in the 17th century, i. 453, 455-462, 506- 513 ; — to repair the loss of the library in 1764, n. 484 - 496 ; — from 1700 to 1780, 525 - 531 ; — to the Professorship of Natural History, 542, 543 ; — to the Professorship of Mineralogy and Geol- ogy, 544; — to the Theological School, 545 - 553 ; — to the Professorship of Pulpit Eloquence, 564, 565 ; — of books, paintings, &c., from 1780 to 1840, n. 569-585;— to the Minera- logical cabinet, n. 591, 592 ; — to the Observatory, 637.
Beneficiary funds, 11. 356, 365, 368, 403, 616, 629.
Berkeley, Rev. George, Bishop of Cloyne, his donation, n. 481.
Bernard, Sir Francis, Governor, n. 90, 102, 104, 106, 107, 110, 113, 115, 133, 148, 149, 151, 221, 464, 476, 477, 485, 496.
Beverly, town of, its donation, i. 509.
Bible, translation of the, into the Massa- chusetts Indian language, i. 188.
Biblical Literature, Professorship of. See Dexter.
Bigelow, Jacob, Professor, n. 308, 321, 383, 586.
Billerica, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Blowers, Rev. Thomas, i. 505.
Boardman, Andrew, n. 101.
Bond, William, Speaker, i. 596.
Bond, William Cranch, Astronomical Observer, 11. 391, 392, 568.
Books, records of donations in, i. 450, 459,512,513; n. 484-496, 526, 528 - 530,569-585.
Books, the first printed in British Amer- ica, i. 188.
Boston, town of, its donations, i. 455, 508.
Botanic Garden, n. 267. Establishment of one, 328-330, 385, 402.
Bourne, Alexander, his donation, n. 401.
Bowditch, Nathaniel, n. 290. Fellow of the Corporation, 362, 363, 365, 369, 544, 566. His life, character, and be- quest, 435 -441, 602.
Bowdoin College, n. 307.
Bowdoin, James, Governor, Member of the Board of Overseers, n. 107, 192, 193, 478, 517-519. Fellow of the Corporation, 244, 255, 294. His life, character, and bequest, 407 - 410. His donations, 400, 483, 531. Extract from his will, 539. Occasional notices of, 101,174,203,207,223,297.
Bowdoin Prize Dissertations, n. 409, 539, 629.
Boyle, Robert, i. 354. His legacy, 510
Boylston Medical Library, n. 305, 327, 587.
Boylston, Nicholas, his donations and be- quest, n. 214, 290, 326, 327, 486, 528, 628.
Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory, n. 215, 290, 291, 324, 326.
Boylston Prize Dissertations established, n. 305.
Boylston Prizes for Elocution establish- ed, n. 326, 629.
Boylston, Ward Nicholas, his donations, n.305,326,327,586,628.
Boylston, Zabdiel, n. 212, 327.
Bradford, Rev. John, n. 310.
Bradford, town of, its donation, i. 509.
Bradstreet, Simon, Governor, i. 176, 472.
Bradstreet, Rev. Simon, i. 131, 493.
Braintree, town of, its donation, i. 456, 508.
Brattle, Thomas, i. 58. Excluded from the Corporation, 101, 106. Reinstated, 150, 151. His religious opinions, 127, 129-131, 315. His life, services, and bequest, 204,410-414. His financial statements, n. 233, 244. Occasional notices of, i. 88, 200, 201, 474, 493, 599, 600, 603, n. 80.
Brattle Street Church, i 130 - 139, 197, 200,210,329,411,412,417.
INDEX.
711
Brattle, Rev. William, Fellow of the Corporation, i. (!G, 71. His religious opinions and course, 88, 89, 127-131, 136, 137, 204, 314. Excluded from the Corporation, 106. Reinstated, 150, 151. His financial services and state- ments, '207, 208, 410, 411 ; n. 234, 235. His death, i. 209, 210. Notice of his life, character, and bequest, i. 414- 417. Occasional notices of, 101, 156, 157, 200, 201, 276, 278, 282, 489, 492, 493, 504, 600, 603, 606 ; n. 80, 526.
Brattle, William, n. 101, 107, 475, 478.
Brazer, Rev. John, Professor, 11. 389.
Breed, William, his bequest, n.422.
Bridge, Charles River, loss to the Col- lege from legislative acts respecting it, n.271 -273, 403,404,594.
Bridge, West Boston, grant of an annu- ity on its erection, n. 272, 282.
Bridge, Rev. Thomas, i. 493, 494.
Brown, Benjamin, his bequest, i. 418 ; n. 526.
Brown, Rev. Edmund, his bequest, i. 419, 510.
Brown, John, his donation, i. 419.
Brown, Joseph, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, i. 34, 418, 471, 593. His bequest, 510, 513.
Brown, Moses, n. 412. His life, char- acter, and bequest, 414, 415.
Brown, Samuel, i. 418. His bequest, 419, ii. 526, 530.
Brown, William, his bequest (1686), i. 181,417,508,509.
Brown, William, his bequest (1716), i. 418,n.526.
Brown, William, his donation (1764), i. 419, n. 489.
Buck, Rev. Robert, i. 505.
Buckingham, Rev. Thomas, i. 519.
Buckminster, Rev. Joseph Stevens, elect- ed Dexter Lecturer, n. 310.
Bulkley, John, his gift, i. 181, 269, 456. His deed, 505, 510.
Bulkley, Peter, i. 472.
Burgoyne, General, u. 170, 171.
Burnett, William, Governor, i. 445.
Bunill, John, Speaker, i. 611, 612.
Byfield, Nathaniel, Speaker, i. 153, 480, 481.
IByles, Rev. Mather, n. 78, 486.
C.
Calvin, John, his advice to the English reformers, i. 351.
Cambridge, town of, i. 9, 586. Its do- nations, 456,508, 510, 512. First Con- gregational Church in, i. 209, 210 ; n. 309, 310. Congregational church in, erected in 1756, n. 80,81,86. Events connected with this edifice, 463.
Capen, Rev. Joseph, i. 505.
Cary, Richard, n. 141, 500, 504.
Cary, Thomas, his bequest, n. 417, 628.
Centennial Celebration of 1836, i. 1 , n. 442. A ccount of, 639 - 708.
Chair, President's, i. 288, 544.
Channing, Edward Tyrrel, Professor, n. 326.
Channing, Walter, Professor, n. 308, 586.
Channing, Rev. William Ellery, elected Dexter Lecturer, n. 310. Fellow of the Corporation, 544.
Chapman, George, his bequest, n. 418, 629.
Charles the Second, King, i. 352-354.
Charlestown, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Charters, College. See Harvard College.
Charier, first Colonial, of Massachusetts, i. 4, 52, 57, 65, 66, 78, 79, 82,86, 102, 120 - 122, 173-175, 276, 304, 314, 348, 475; n. 136, 137.
Charter, Colonial, of William and Mary, in 1692, i. 3, 4, 55, 57, 59, 65, 68, 73, 78-80, 105, 122, 124, 125, 127, 132, 133, 176, 196, 277, 315, 348, 407, 418, 422, 451 ; n. 110, 137, 464, 470, 477.
Chauncy, Rev. Charles, President, 1. 14. 24. His election and administration, 25-29, 466-470; n. 224, 225. His religious opinions, i. 24, 25. 47, 119. Occasional notices of, 21, 31, 334.
Chauncy, Rev. Charles, notices of his life, character, and works, i. 26 ; n. 27,54, 63-66, 69, 85, 86, 214. No- tices of, as member of the Board of Overseers, 107, 111, 114, 124,135,478, 484.
Chauncy, EInathan, his petition, i. 27, 28.
Chauncy, Rev. Israel, i. 519.
712
INDEX.
Cheeshahteaumuck, Caleb, the Indian graduate, 1. 192.
Cheever, Rev. Samuel, i. 505.
Chelmsford, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Chemical apparatus, n. 334,627.
Chemistry, Professorship of, 11. 267, 269, 270, 305, 306, 308, 309. See Ereing Professorship.
Clapp, Joshua, his donation, n. 421,628.
Clark, Rev. Thomas, i. 134, 136.
Clergy, Congregational, their influence and exertions in the establishment of Harvard College, i. 44-50. Address to Governor Dudley, 504. Success of their design and efforts, n. 457.
Clergy, Episcopal, they claim seats at the Board of Overseers, i. 350, 365- 376 Their memorials, 560-565. Char- ter referred to by them, 587 (note). Answer of the Overseers, 566-571. Their reply, 572. Their donations, n. 115,481,492, See Episcopal Church.
Coddington, William, i. 572.
Cogswell, Joseph Green, Professor, 11. 309,544,591.
College seal, first, 1.48,49,268. Sec- ond, 23, 49. Third, 49, 474, 612.
College Chapel, in University Hall, n. 310
College Societies, Libraries of, 1 1.399, 587.
Cohnan, Rev. Benjamin, i. 127, 129. His election and settlement as pastor of Brattle-Street Church, 131-133, ) 36 - 1 38, 1 42, 200, 203, 502. His elec- tion and conduct as Fellow of the Corporation, 210, 211, 213, 220, 243, 253, 254, 266, 282, 286, 287, 303, 307- 309, 313-316, 326,328, 329, 400-403, 531, 532, 545, 557. His election as President, 331 - 337. Declines the office, 338, 340. His correspondence with T. Hollis, 232-234, 236-240, 244, 247, 252, 256-262, 343, 3a5, 399, 430, 432, 437, 527-530, 533, 538, 556 ; n. 15, 18, 19. Correspondence with White Kennet, 362, 363. Correspond- ence with Samuel Holden, 37, 38. Notice of his life, character, and ser- vices, 76-80. Occasional notices, i. 209, 323, 346, 378, 492-494 ; n. 8, 10, 29, 30, 84, 213.
Colonies, general contributions of the, i 17, 455, 456.
Comets, observed by Professor Win- throp, n. 220, 222, 223.
Commencement, notices respecting, i. 58, 59, 311, 353, 377, 378,386-383, 396 - 398, 444, 472 ; n. 23, 25, 80, 91 - 95, 165, 396, 463.
Commissioners of Charles the Second, i. 29.
Commissioners of the United Colonies, i. 15-17,188,354.
Commons, i. 13, 463; u. 95-100, 541.
Concord, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Connecticut, Colony of, i. 40, 197. Its donations, 455, 456.
Converse, James, Speaker, i. 605 - 607.
Cook, William, i 305.
Cooke, Elisha, Colonial Agent, i. 73, 79, 100, 114, 115, 125,211, 316, 436, 556, 606 ; n. 136.
Cooper, Rev. Samuel, n. 77, 78. No- tices of, as member of the Board of Overseers, 124, 478, 484. As Fel- low of the Corporation, 153, 161, 173, 244, 255.
Cooper, Rev. William, i. 574 ; n, 4, 5, 8, 60-62.
Corporation, Board of, established by the charter of 1650, in the presidency of Dunster, i. 589. Their proceedings in the presidency of Chauncy, i. 21, 23, 190, 462, 514, — of Hoar, i. 32-35, 37, 274, 275, 471, — of Oakes, 35, 274, 275, 472, — of Rogers, 38, 472, — of Math- er, 38, 42, 57, 62, 65, 69-71, 76, 77, 81 - 87, 90 - 93, 97 - 1 01 , 103, 1 28, 276, 474, 477-480, 482, 495-497 501 ; — in the vice-presidency of Wil- lard, 150, 151; — in the presidency of Leverett, 156, 201, 204-219, 223, 235, 237, 238, 241-246, 249, 252 -255, 261, 262, 265-267,— (Name of " The Corporation," how acquired, 274,) — 278 - 287, 291) - 301 , 305 - 313, 318, 321, 322, 328, 342, 386, 492, 493, 495, 503,522,531-533, 544-556; n.233-235. Their proceedings in the election of Sewall and Colman, i. 329 - 331, — in the presidency of Wads- worth, 338. 349,377-388, 393, 394, 396-401, 445; n. 461, — of Hoi- yoke, 1-5, 10-21,26-37,80,81, 83,
INDEX.
713
87-102, 104, 114-119, 126-123, 130 -135, 484,492, 505,— of Locke, 149 -160, 487— ,of Langdon, 161, 162, 165-168, 170-174, 178, 182-200, 237, 239, 242, 243, 506, 509-523, 541, — of Willard, 201-206, 244- 257, 260, 262-283, 394,— of Web- ber, 286-298, — of Kirkland, 300 -314, 317, 319, 321, 324-340, 343 -346, 352-372, 387-389, 395, 396, 440,554,558-563, 591, — of Quincy, ii. 373 - 375, 378 - 386, 388 - 393, 397, 433 - 435, 44 1 , 565 - 568, 598, 602, 639, 707. Fellows of the Corporation, in 1840, 634.
Cotton, Bridget, her gift, i. 427.
Cotton, Rev. John, of Boston, i. 9, 52- 55, 164,358,424,586.
Cotton, Rev. John, i. 57.
Cotton, Rev. Thomas, of England, his gift, i. 401-403 ; ii. 527, 628. Notice of his life, i. 427. 428.
Craddock, Mr., i. 235.
Craigie, Andrew, his donation, ii. 329.
Cuming, John, his bequest,' ii. 422, 628.
Cashing, Thomas, n. 101, 486, 529.
Gushing, Rev. Caleb, i. 505.
Customs, ancient, of Harvard College, n.539-541.
Cutler, Rev. Timothy, i. 364-376,560, 563, 566, 572, 587 (note) ; n. 72, 74, 462. See Clergy, Episcopal.
D.
Dana, Francis, n. 192, 198, 199.
Dane Hall, n. 381,441,586.
Dane, Nathan, his life, character, and do- nations, n. 374-378, 381, 628.
Dane Professorship of Law, n. 374, 375, 378, 380.
Danforth, Rev. John, notices of, as Fel- low of the Corporation, i. 99, 599, 600, 603, 606-608; — as member of the Overseers, 290, 291. Occasional no- tices of, 134, 136.
Danforth, Rev. Samuel, of Roxbury, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 456, 507, 589, 593.
Danforth, Rev. Samuel, i. 505.
Danforth, Samuel, n. 101.
VOL. ii. 90
Danforth, Thomas. Treasurer, i. 450, 457, 589; n. 136. His bequest, 137. His receipts and expenditures, as Treas- urer, 230-232.
Davenport, Rev. John, i. 169, 586.
Davis, John (Judge), Treasurer, n. 293, 364, 544.
Daye, Stephen, first Printer in New England, i. 187.
Dedham, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Degrees, notices respecting, i. 71 ; n. 23 -25,156, 157,167,267.
Delessert, Baron, n. 320.
Derby, Sarah, her bequest, n. 268, 524, 525, 628.
Dexter, Aaron, Professor, n. 267, 270, 308.
Dexter Professorship of Sacred Litera- ture, n. 296,298,310, 311, 373, 374, 389, 392, 622.
Dexter, Samuel, n. 223. His life, char- acter, and bequest, 296-298, 310, 623.
Dexter, Samuel, n. 287, 296, 310, 430.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, i. 186, 450. His gift, 512.
Diploma, conferring the degree of Doctor of Laws on General Washington, ii. 506.
Diploma, general, form of, adopted in 1757, n. 463.
Disney, Rev. John, n. 411.
Divinity, Bachelor of, degree first grant- ed, i. 71.
Divinity, Doctor of, degree first bestow- ed, i. 71 ; n. 156.
Divinity Hall, n. 312, 334, 361, 586.
Divinity, Professorship of. See Hollis Professorship.
Divinity School. See Theological School.
Dodderidge, John, his legacy, i. 186, 507.
Donations and bequests, records of, in the 17th century, i. 450-453, 455- 462,505-513; n.481 - 483 ; — in the 18th century, previous to 1780, n. 481 - 496. 525 - 531 ; — from 1780 to 1840; H. 542 - 553, 564, 565, 569 - 585, 591, 592, 637. See Benefactors.
Donation Book, account of, i. 452; ii 314. References to, i. 269, 461 ; 11 484, 494.
714
INDEX.
Dorchester, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Dover, town of, its donati >n, i. 508.
Downing, Sir George, i. 268, 456. His donation, 509.
Drummond, Robert, Archbishop of York, his donation, n. 115, 492.
Dudleian Lecture, foundation of the, n. 138-140.
Dudley, Joseph, Governoi, i. 148. His measures and influence >egarding the College, 58, 149, 151, 153-162,201, 206-208, 493, 611. Conduct of the Mathers towards him, 152, 201 - 203, 208, 520. His attempts to embarrass the Corporation, 215,216. Occasion- al notices of, 174-176, 179, 180, 205,
212, 276-278, 294, 321, 356, 359, 415, 451, 472, 503, 504, 521,523; n. 138,
213, 214, 226, 255.
Dudley, Paul, i. 215. His attempts to embarrass the Corporation, 216, 218- 222, 283, 284, 543. His life, character, and bequest, n. 138 - 140, 629. Occa- sional notices of, i. 493, 599.
Dudley, Thomas, Governor, i. 9, 424, 572, 586, 591.
Dudley, William, his nomination as Treasurer, i. 206, 207, 215, 494. Oc- casional notices of, 562, 563, 565.
Dummer, Jeremiah, Colonial Agent, i. 227. -229, 526 -528.
Dummer, William, Lieutenanl-Govern- or, i. 307, 312, 376, 377, 380, 387, 547, 560, 563, 565. His character, dona- tions, and bequest, n. 140, 141, 482, 495, 527, 528.
Duncan, Nathaniel, i. 474.
Dunster, Rev. Henry, President, his election and administration, i. 14- 17, 22, 28, 29, 190, 191, 515, 577. His re- signation, 18 - 20, 47, 334. His will, 21, 22. His financial statements and ac- counts, 451, 452, 455-459, 462, 464. Answer to his petition, 465. His donation, 511. Charter granted on his petition, 589. Occasional notices of, 182, 187, 188, 268-272, 473, 512; n. 224, 230.
Dunton, John, i. 461.
Dwight, Rev. Joseph, i. 505.
Dwight, Rev. Timothy, President of Yale College, i. 8, note.
E.
Eaton, Nathaniel, i. 13, 14, 268, 451- 462.
Eaton, Samuel, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, i. 589.
Eaton, Theophilus, i. 169. His gift, 458.
Ebeling Library, n. 413, 590, 596.
Edwards. Rev. Jonathan, n. 54-66.
Eells, Rev. Nathaniel, i. 505.
Eliot, Rev. Andrew, Fellow of the Cor- poration, n. 149, 151, 161, 163, 186,
313, 314, 494, 499. Eliot, Charles, n. 315.
Eliot, Rev. John, of Roxbury, i. 188, 192, 472.
Eliot, Rev. John, of Boston, i. 329. Fel- low of the Corporation, n. 284 (note),
314, 544.
Eliot Professorship of Greek Literature,
H. 312, 313, 315, 317, 388. Eliot, Samuel, his donation, n. 312,
313, 628. His life and character,
315, '
Eliot, Samuel Atkins, his donation, u.
316, 553.
Eliot, William Havard, his donation, n. 316.
Endecott, John, Governor, i. 23, 409, 459, 464, 465, 469.
Epes, Samuel, n. 142. His bequest, 143.
Episcopal Church, introduction and pro- gress of the, i. 29, 58, 154, 155, 197, 314,315,350-376; n. 72-76.
Erving, George, n. 318.
Erving Professorship of Chemistry, n. 269, 270, 308, 309, 383.
Erving, William, his bequest, n. «;69, 628.
Estabrook, Rev. Joseph, i. 505.
Everett, Edward, Professor, n. 313, 316, 341, 342,587. His donations, 586, 590, 593. Extracts from his Address on the erection of a monument to John Harvard, 637.
Examinations, Public, introduced, n 279.
Exeter, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Exhibitions. See Beneficiaries.
Exhibitions, semi-annual, origin of, 11 128-130,132.
INDEX.
715
F.
Faculty of the University, or Immediate Government, i. 278, 391 ; n. 45, 335, 338-342, 344, 352. Members of, in 1840, 635.
Farrar, John, Professor, n. 290,381, 566.
Farwell, Levi, Steward, n. 384.
Fellows, meaning of the term in the College Charter of 1650, i. 266 - 274.
Fellows of the Corporation, i. 266, 267, 275 - 282, 294, 300, 547 - 556.
Fellows of the House, i. 267. Term re- stricted to resident Instructors, or Tu- tors, 278-283.
Fellows, Non-resident, i. 273-281, 556.
Fellows, Resident, Instructors or Tutors, i. 265 - 269, 273 - 287, 540, 556. See Tutors.
Felt, Rev. Joseph B., n. 231 (note).
Felton, Cornelius Conway, Professor, n. 388.
Ferry, between Boston and Charlestown, grant of, i. 40, 41, 322, 453, 458, 463, 467, 510,586; n. 187, 231, 234, 235, 239. The College devested of, 271-273,403,404.
Finances of Harvard College, state of, under the care of Eaton and Shepard, i. 14, 452-455, 457-462;— in the presidency of Dunster, 16, 17, 20, 22, 455-459, 462-465, 473, 474; — of Chauncy, 23,30, 31,40-43, 183, 467 ; — of Hoar, 31 , 32 ; — of Mather, 410,411;— of Leverett, 204, 322, 411 j
— of Wadsworth, 399, 400; — during the treasurership of John Hancock, n 159, 182-209 ; — retrospective survey of, from 1654 to 1776, 230-237; — slate of, from 1777 to 1780,238-243
— from 1780 to 1840,244-257,331, 353- 369. General view of the amount and the investments of the property of the College, in 1840, 402, 403. Re- strictions and deficiencies of its present pecuniary resources, 404. Financial statements, from 1778 to 1803, n. 537, 538; — 1810 to 1827, 557; — in 1828, 558. Treasurer's Annual Statement and Monthly Report, for 1840,602-633.
Fines (Fiennes), Charles, i. 572.
Fisher, Joshua, his bequest, n. 427, 628. Fiske, Rev. Moses, i. 505. Fitch, Rev. Jabez, i. 505. Flucker, Thomas, n. 153, 486. Flynt, Ephraim, his bequest, i. 423. Flynt, Henry, Tutor and Fellow of the Corporation, i. 201, 204, 214, 215, 219, 266, 278, 281, 441, 533 ; n. 5, 31. His account of Whitefield, 42-45. His death and character, 82-84. His be- quest, 527, 628. Occasional notices of, i. 403, 441, 443, 446, 493, 501, 522, 543,571; n. 1,89, 232. Flynt, Rev. Josiah, n. 82. Flynt, Rev. Thomas, i. 423. Follen, Charles, elected Instructor, n.
324 ; —Professor, 384, 385. Folsom, Charles, Librarian, elected In- structor, n. 324. Foster, John, his bequest, n. 419, 603,
629.
Fox, Rev. John, i. 505. Foxcroft, Rev. Thomas, i. 403, 574. Francis, Ebenezer, Treasurer, 11. 363,
364, 369, 384, 565. Franklin, Benjamin, n. 219, 220, 222.
His donations, 491, 529. Freeman, Rev. James, n. 310. French Language, study of it introduced, i. 394, 395, 574 ; n. 275, 281 . See Smith Professorship. Frisbie, Levi, Professor, 11. 327, 328, 387
-389.
Frizell, John, his bequest, 1.421 ; n.527. Frizell, John, (nephew of the preceding,) his bequest, i. 421 ; H. 527.
G.
Gale, Theophilus, i. 184. His bequest, 185,513; n. 481.
Gallatin, Albert, Instructor, n. 275.
Gannett, Caleb, Steward, i. 275, 357.
Gardner, Rev. James, i. 505.
Gay, Rev. Ebenezer, n. 66.
Gee, Rev. Joshua, i. 345, 346, 574 ; n. 3,4.
General Court, or Legislature of Massa- chusetts, their first acts relative to Harvard College, i. 1, 8, 9, 14, 39, 451 , 586. Proceedings of, in the presiden- cy of Dunster, 15-21, 465, 473, 587,
716
INDEX.
589;— of Chauncy, 25-31,467,468, 470, 513, 591 ; H. 224,225 ; — of Hoar, i. 31-34, 37, 592; n. 225; — of Oakes, 225, 226. Grants from 1636 to 1683, i. 39-43,510-512. Proceed- ings of, in the presidency of Mather, i. 56, 57, 68, 69, 73 - 76, 80, 84, 87, 90 -118, 476, 477, 479-482, 490, 496- 498,594-610; n. 226; —in the vice- presidency of Willard, i. 145, 146, 149, 153, 154; n. 226; — in the presi- dency of Leverett, i. 156-161, 205, 206, 211, 278, 283, 284, 286, 287, 294, 301-309, 311-313, 318, 321-327, 546, 611, 612; n. 226, 227; — on the election of Colman, i. 332-337;
— in the presidency of Wadsworth, i. 339, 340, 349, 368, 371, 375, 378-382, 562,563,565; 1 1.227. Acts of, relative to the constitution and government of Harvard College, from 1636 to 1780, i. 586-612. Proceedings of, in the presidency of Holyoke, 11. 9, 10, 35, 100-102, 105, 106,112-116,149,227, 228, 496 ; — of Locke, 151 - 153, 273 ;
— of Langdon, 164, 168-170, 172, 241. Recapitulation of the grants and donations of, from the presi- dency of Chauncy to that of Lang- don, 224-230. Proceedings of, in the presidency of Willard, 244, 246 -254, 270-273; — of Webber, 292- 296 ; — of Kirkland, 301 , 302, 304, 306, 307,331,355,356,358,359.
Geology and Mineralogy, Professorship
of, established, n. 309, 399, 401. Sub- scribers to, 544. George the Second, King, address of
the Corporation on his accession, i.
383. George the Third, King, congratulations
expressed on his accession, n. 103-
105. German Language and Literature, study
of it introduced, n. 324. Professorship
of, 384.
Gibbs, George, his donation, n. 401. Gibbs, Rev. Henry, i. 107, 218, 477,
492, 607, 608. His bequest, 423. Gloucester, town of, its donations, 1.456,
508.
Glover, Joseph, his gift, 1. 187, 459, 466. Gookin, Daniel, 1. 192, 471 ; n. 136.
Gookin, Rev. Daniel, Fellow of the Cor- poration, i. 274.
Gookin, Rev. Nathaniel, i. 595.
Gore, Christopher, member of the Board of Overseers, n. 302. Fellow of the Corporation, 544. His life, character, donations, and bequest, 430 - 435, 599, 603, 629.
Gore Hall, n. 435, 599-601.
Gorham, John, Professor, n. 305, 306, 308, 309, 383, 386.
Graduates of Harvard College, number of, prior to 1646, i. 16 ; — to the presi- dency of Leverett, 192. Catalogue of, in 1733, 450. Number of, between 1745 and 1760; n. 462; — in 1840, 636.
Grants of Land, i. 40, 41, 322, 399, 400, 511, 512; n. 229, 230,250,251,270, 271.
Grants of Money, i. 8, 40, 41 ; n. 224- 228, 247 - 250, 307, 331, 355, 403.
Gray, Rev. Ellis, n. 78.
Gray, Francis Galley, n. 342. Fellow of the Corporation, 362, 365, 544, 564.
Greek, College Professorship of, n. 388. See Eliot Professor if hip.
Greenleaf, Simon, Professor, n. 380.
Greenwood, Isaac, Professor, i. 399; 11. 4,11-22,28,30, 461.
Greenwood, Rev. Thomas, i. 505.
H.
Hadley, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Hale, Rev. Moses, i. 505.
Hales, Rev. John, his donations, n. 481, 528.
Hall, Stephen, Tutor, n. 194-196, 510, 515,519-522.
Hamilton, Alexander, n. 254.
Hampshire, County of, petition for a College in, n. 105. Remonstrance of the Overseers, 107, 464. Circular letter of the Overseers, 475.
Hancock, Belcher, Tutor, n. 36.
Hancock, Rev. John, i. 505.
Hancock, John, his fulfilment of the in- tended subscription of Thomas Han- cock, n. 131, 143, 156, 484, 487, 494. Election and conduct as Treasurer, 159, 182-207, 537. His donations,
INDEX.
717
208, 209, 408, 487, 494. Vote of the Corporation relative to his donations, 505. Letter from the Corporation to him in 1777, 509 - 52-2. Their vote requesting his portrait, 523. Extract from a letter to, from Treasurer Sto- rer, 523. Occasional notices of, 161, 162, 167, 237, 244, 251, 398, 408, 409.
Hancock Professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, n. 130, 131, 143, ail, 246, 247, 259, 264-266, 286, 290, 389, 392, 494, 623.
Hancock, Thomas, his bequest, n. 130, 131,527,623. His life, 143, 144. His promised subscription to the Library, 131, 207, 208, 484. His gifts, 483, 531. Notice of his benefactions in the '' Do- nation Book," 494. Extract from his will, 504. Vote of the Corporation re- specting his donations, 505.
Harcourl, Lord Chancellor, i. 205, 521.
Harris, Rev. Henry, i. 367, 561.
Harris, Thaddeus W., Librarian, 11. 569 (note).
Harris, Rev. William, i. 430, 537.
Hartford, Colony of, i. 455, 456.
Hartford, town of, its donation, i. 456.
Hartshorn, Ebenezer, i. 396-398.
Harvard College. See Harvard Univer- sity.
Harvard Hall, erected in 1672, i. 31, 43, 347, 446, 470 ; n. 88, 89. Destroyed by fire, 111-114,479-481. Rebuilt, 115, 116, 122, 164, 223, 229, 334. In- scription on the corner-stone, 496.
Harvard, Rev. John, his bequest, i. 9, 450, 451, 460-462, 512. His name given to the seminary at Cambridge, 10, 586. His library, 11. Title of " Principal Founder," conceded to him by the General Court, 39. His monument, n. 458, 637. Occasional notices of, i. 162, 268 ; n. 457.
Harvard University, its history divided into four periods, i. 3-6. Origin of the seminary, 6 - 13, 586. Charter of 1642, 587; — references to it, 15, 39,45-50,54,82, 198, 268, 366, 369, 371, 376, 553, 562, 563, 566, 572, 573; n. 173, 444. Charter of 1650, i. 589 ; — references to it, 15, 39, 45 -50, 54,
66, 67, 82 ; — resolve of the Provincial Legislature confirming it, 159-162, 611, 612 ; — references to it, 215, 265 - 273, 277, 287, 294, 296, a50, 493, 547 -554; n 173,230. Appendix to the Charter of 1650, i. 591 ; — references to it, 39, 298, 300; n. 173, 176. Charter of 1672, i. 592 ; — references to it, 32, 33, 551. Charier of 1692, 594 ; — references to it, 3, 68, 69, 71 - 73, 77, 81, 82,84, 128, 149, 451. Char- ter of 1696, 597 ; — references to it, 84 - 86, 128, 277. Charter proposed in 1697, 599 ; — references to it, 86,87, 90, 91, 98, 123, 495-498. Charter proposed in 1699, 602 ; — references to it, 97-104, 197, 483. Charter pro- posed in 1700, 607 ; — references to it, 104 - 109, 151 , 153. Officers of Gov- ernment and Instruction in 1840, n. 634 - 636. See Corporation ; see Over- seers ; see Faculty of the University.
Hastings, Jonathan, Steward, H. 172, 173, 489.
Hatfield, town of, its donation, i. 509.
Haverhill, town of, 1.456. Its donation, 509.
Haynes, John, Governor, i. 169.
Hayward, George, Professor, n. 383.
Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, Professorship of. See Hancock.
Hedge, Levi, Tutor, n. 282. Professor, 304, 387, 388.
Henchman, Daniel, n. 210. His dona tions, 211,527.
Herlakenden, Roger, i. 586.
Hersey, Abner, his bequest, u. 268, 628.
Hersey, Ezekiel, n. 212. His bequest, 213, 267, 268, 527, 628. Extract from his will, 524.
Hersey Professorship of Anatomy and Surgery, 11. 213, 267, 268,305-308, 524.
Hersey Professorship of the Theory and Practice of Physic, u. 267, 268, 306, 382, 383, 423, 524.
Higginson, Stephen, Jun., Steward, n. 357, 384.
Hills, Joseph, i. 470.
Hingham, town of, i. 456. Its dona- tion, 509.
718
INDEX.
History, Ancient and Modern, Professor- ship of. See McLean.
Hoar, Rev. Leonard, President, his elec- tion and presidency, i. 31-35, 274, 471, 592 (note), 593 ; n. 225. His death, fortunes, and character, i. 36 - 38. Occasional notices of, 428, 449.
Hobart, Rev. Nehemiah, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 69, 101, 201,204,206, 276, 278, 280, 493, 595, 599, 600, 603, 606 - 608.
Holden Chapel, n.37,38, 307, 334.
Holden, Mrs., her donation, n. 37, 38, 527.
Holden, Samuel, u. 37, 38.
Hollis, Benefactors of the name of, i. 529.
Hollis Hall, n. 98-102, 223, 273, 334.
Hollis, John, i. 529. His donations, 430, 437; n. 526.
Hollis, Nathaniel, i. 529. His donations, 437 ; n. 526. His death, i. 439.
Hollis Professorship of Divinity, i. 232. Proceedings relative to its establish- ment, 238-264. Letters and docu- ments relative to this foundation, 529 -540. Edward Wijjglesworlh (1st), Professor, 243, 252-256, 265, 495, 533; n. 28, 84, 532, 534. Rev. Ed- ward Wigglesworth (2d), Professor, 130-132, 259. Rev. David Tap- pan, Professor, 262. Rev. Henry Ware, Professor, 284, 285, 311, 393. Dona- tions to this Professorship, i. 438 ; n. 211. Grants to, 227, 228, 241, 538. Occasional notices of, i. 284, 290.
Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy established, i. 232, 3!)8. Professors, Isaac Greenwood, i. 399 ; n. 11 - 22, 461 ; — John Win- throp, 25, 217; — Samuel Williams, 263 ; — Samuel Webber, 264, 286 ; — John Farrar, 290, 381, 566 ; — Joseph Levering, 382, 392, 568. Donations to this Professorship, i. 438. Grants to, n. 227, 228, 241, 245, 247.
Hollis, Thomas, (1st,) origin and com- mencement of his benefactions, i. 186, 227-234. His first donations, 235, 237. He founds a Professorship of Divinity, 232, 239-244. Proceedings relative to his statutes, 245-261. Result of an investigation respecting them, 262
-264. Letters, orders, and docu- ments relative to this foundation, 529 -540. He founds a Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 232, 398. Proceedings relative to it, n. 11 -22, 461. His family, life, and donations, i. 231, 428-439; n. 482, 525, 526. His letters to Oilman, I. 527-529, 533, 540, 546, 556. Occa- sional notices of, 284, 287, 291, 307, 311, 316, 332, 343, 365, 383-385, 401-403, 427; n. 26, 79, 125, 284, 285.
Hollis, Thomas, (2d,) i. 529. His death, 439. His donations, 438 ; n. 463, 526.
Hollis, Thomas, (3d,) of Lincoln's-Inn, i. 529. His life and character, n. 144 - 147. His donations and bequest, 115, 492, 495, 496, 526. 'Occasional notices of, 114, 149, 151, 163, 411, 478.
Hollis, Thomas Brand, his donations and bequest, n. 411.
Hollis, Timothy, i. 529. His donation, ii. 144, 493.
Holmes, Rev. Abiel, n. 298.
Holworthy Hall, erected, i. 184 ; n. 293, 299, 334, 557.
Holworlhy, Sir Matthew, i. 168, 182. His bequest, 183, 50!) ; n. 231, 293.
Holyoke, Rev. Edward, President, his election, n. 2- 10. His presidency, 11 -13,23-53,69,74,77,87-119,123- 136,227,228. Notice of his charac- ter, 119-122. His donation, 489. Oc casional notices of, i. 3, 280, 281, 493, n. 148,214.
Hopkins, Edward, his life, character, do- nations, and bequest, i. 1G8-17'0, 204 -206,507,521; n. 618,629.
Hopkins Fund, trustees of, i. 205. Their letter to Lord Chancellor Harcourt, 521.
Hopkinton, town of, i. 205.
Hubbard, Thomas, n. 101. His services as Treasurer, 158,236. His donations and bequest, 159, 487, 495, 528.
Hubbard, Rev. William, i. 47, 58, 59, 461.
Hull, John, his donation, i. 406, 407.
Hull, town of, its donations, i. 509
Hulton, Nathaniel, his donation, i. 235, 509.
Humphrey, John, i. 586.
INDEX.
719
Hunt, Rev. Jeremiah, i. 399, 429, 433, 537,540; n.15.
Hutchinson, Edward, Treasurer, i. 253, 290, 545, 546; 11. 31, 235, 236, 364, 461.
Hutchinson, Eliakim, i. 493. His dona- tions, ii. 137, 138, 526.
Hutchinson, Elisha, i. 493 ; n. 180.
Hutchinson, Thomas, i. 574. His char- acter and bequest, n. 138, 527.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, member of the Board of Over- seers, n. 100, 114,124,133,135,497. He convenes the General Court at Harvard College, 151 - 153. Address of the Corporation, on his appointment as Governor, 154. His visit to the College, 155. His donation, 487. Oc- casional notices of, i. 400; n.37, 104, 138, 140, 150, 162.
I.
Indian College erected, 1. 192.
Indians, North American, i. 7, 8, 41. Attempts to educate them, 46, 191,353 -355,431,443.
Instructors, Resident, documents rela- tive to their claims to form a part of the Corporation, n. 556. See Fac- ully of the College.
Ipswich, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Italian Language, study of it introduced, ii. 324.
J.
Jackson, Andrew, President of the Uni- ted States, n. 397.
Jackson, Charles, n. 342. Fellow of the Corporation, 343, 344, 362, 365, 544, 564.
Jackson, Edward, i. 474. Hisdonations, 458, 506, 512, 513.
Jackson, James, Professor, n. 306, 383, 586.
Jackson, Jonathan, Treasurer, ii. 293.
Jackson, Sarah, her bequest, n. 420,629.
James the Second, King, i. 356, 357.
Johnson, Edward, i. 22, 163, 424.
fohnson, Isaac, i. 572.
K.
Keayne, Robert, i. 166. His bequest, 168,507,511.
Kennett, White, Bishop of Peterborough, i. 315, 332, 336, 362, 363.
King's Chapel, Boston, i. 359, 365-368, 373.
Kirkland, Rev. John Thornton, Presi- dent, his election and presidency, ii. 300 - 371 , 395, 396, 463, 544, 545, 554, 555,557,558. His death and charac- ter, 372. Occasional notices of, 1. 184 ; n.591,592,596.
Kitchen, Edward, n. 211. His bequest, 212, 490, 527.
Kittery, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Kneeland, William, Steward, n. 172. His donation, 489.
L.
Lafayette, General, his reception at Har- vard College in 1824, n. 396, 463.
Langdon, Rev. Samuel, President, his election and administration, n.161- 175, 182-200, 273, 509-523. His resignation, 176-181.
Larnel, an Indian student, i. 443
Lathrop, Rev. John, Fellow of the Cor- poration, n. 173, 244, 544.
Latin, College Professorship of, estab- lished, ii. 328, 388, 389.
Laws and Customs of Harvard College, in the 17th century, i. 15, 188, 193, 513-519, 577-585; — in the 18th century, 386, 388, 439-446 ; n. 39, 91 - 99, 134, 277-281, 499 ; — in the 19th century, 336, 347, 352, 369.
Law library, n. 425, 586, 587.
Law, membersof the Faculty of, in 1840, n.635
Law School, n. 319, 374, 375, 378, 380, 404, 425.
Law, University Professorship of, n. 319,374. See Dane Professorship and Royall Professorship.
Lee, Arthur, his Manuscripts, ii. 590.
Legislature of Massachusetts. See Gen- eral Court.
Lettsom, John Coakley, n. 399. His donations, 400.
720
INDEX.
Leverett, John, Governor of Massachu- setts, 1.31,37,326.
Leverett, John, President, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 57. Tutor, 58, 66, 414. Receives the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 71. Attempt to exclude him from the Corporation, 87, 489. His religious opinions, 88, 89, 362. His exclusion from the Corporation, 101, 103, 106. Course relative to the foun- dation of Brattle-Street Church, 127 - 132, 502. His election as President, 156 - 158, 492, 503, 504. His induction, 201, 493. His administration, 202- 322. His death and character, 321, 323 - 325. Memorial of his daughters, 326. Its result, 327, 335. Conduct of Cotton Mather respecting him, 153, 340-343. Their characters contrast- ed, 344-347. His letters, 500, 502, 541-543. Occasional notices of, 111, 151, 192, 193, 195, 200, 276, 328, 333, 380, 414, 439, 442, 444, 473, 495, 520, 522, 529, 545, 546, 556, 595, 599, 600, 603, 610, 611 ; 11. 80, 139, 226, 227, 232.
Librarians, 11. 324, 410, 569 (note). No- tice of their services, 390. Library of Harvard College, donations and bequests to, in the 17th century, i. 10, 11, 163, 426, 459, 512, 513; n. 405; — in the 18th century, 1.430- 433, 437, 438. First Catalogue of the Library , 430. Its destruction by fire in 1764, n.113,479-483. Contributions for its restoration, 114-116, 146, 147, 318, 484 - 496. Removed to Andover, 164. Removed to Concord, 106, 169. Restored to Harvard Hall, 172. Dona- tions and bequests, previous to 1780, 525, 526, 528-530; — from 1780 to 1840, 316, 407, 410-413, 425, 569- 585. Sum expended on, between 1810 and 1827, 558. Catalogue of, in 1830, 391. Account of, in 1840, 399, 433, 434, 586 - 590. Gore Hall erected for its reception, 435, 599. Lienow, Henry, his bequest, n. 419,598,
603.
Lightfoot, Rev. John, his life and be- quest, n. 405, 481.
Lindall, Mary, n. 405. Her bequest 406.
Little, Rev. Ephraim, i. 505.
Livermore, Samuel, his life, character, and bequest, n. 423.
Locke, Rev. Samuel, President, his elec- tion and presidency, n. 150-160, 273.
Logic and Metaphysics, College Profes- sorship of, n. 304, 388.
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, Profes- sor, n. 385.
Longloisserie, Instructor, i. 394, 574.
Loring, Charles Greely, Fellow of the Corporation, u. 634.
Loring, Rev. Israel, i. 505.
Lotteries, grants of, n. 162 273, 292.
Louis the Sixteenth, King of France, his offer to furnish plants for a Botanic Garden, n. 267.
Lovering, Joseph, Professor, n. 382,392, 568.
Lowell, Rev. Charles, Fellow of the Cor- poration, n. 544.
Lowell. John, (Judge,) his character and services as Fellow of the Corporation, n. 254, 256. Notice of, 430.
Lowell, John, Fellow of the Corporation, n. 293, 312, 345, 354, 357, 544, 593. Member of the Board of Overseers, 341,350,351.
Lowell, John Amory, Fellow of the Cor- poration, n. 631, 634.
Lowman, Rev. Moses, i. 537.
Lunenburg, township of, reserved, n. 229.
Lyman, Theodore, Jun., his gift, n. 401, 592.
Lyndall, Timothy, Speaker, i. 541, 544.
Lynn, town of, its donations, 1.456, 508.
M.
McKean, Rev. Joseph, Professor, n. 290,
291. His death and character, 324. McLean, John, his life, character, and
bequest, n. 389, 425, 628. McLean Professorship of Ancient and
Modern History, n. 389, 427. Maiden, town of, its donations, i. 456,
509.
Man, Rev. Samuel, I. 505. Manuscripts, Ancient Greek, n. 587-
589. Ancient Latin, 589. Oriental,
INDEX.
721
590. Manuscripts of Professor Sew- all, of Arthur Lee, and of Professor Ebeling, 590.
Marblehead, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Marlborough, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Mason, Jonathan, his bequest, n. 413, 628.
Massachusetts Bay, Colony of, contribu- tions from its towns, i. 455, 508.
Massachusetts Convention, proceedings of the, in 1820, relative to the College, n.331-333.
Massachusetts Hall, i. 220, 221 , 322, 347 ; n. 228, 334, 480, 557.
Massachusetts, State of, articles of its Constitution relating^ Harvard Col- lege, n.l74-17G,507-509.
Master's degree, difficulties concerning, n. 23-25.
Materia Medica, Professorship of, n. 267, 269, 306, 308, 309.
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, University Professorship of, H. 381. See Hollis Professorship.
Mather, Rev. Cotton, i. 55, 56. His di- ary,57,60. His conduct and influence in the witchcraft delusion, 61 -64, 177 - 179. His conduct and influence while a Fellow of the Corporation, 65-71, 89. 99, 102, 105 - 108, 117, 126. His con- duct with regard to the establishment of Brattle-Street Church, 128- 144, 200. Abdicates his seat in the Corpora- tion, 151. Conduct toward Governor Dudley, 152, 153, 201-203,208, 520. His conduct and policy concerning the claim of Pierpont, 219, 224, 225 ; — re- garding Yale College, 226 - 229. His statements respecting the origin of Hollis's benefactions, 236, 237. His claims as a candidate for the presiden- cy, 329-332. His conduct and lan- guage toward President Leverett, 340 -343. Their characters contrasted, 344-347. Extracts from his diary, 482-488. His letters, 523-527. His suggestions concerning Harvard Col- lege, 558. Occasional notices of, i. 17, 33, 34, 37, 38, 163, 424, 461, 595, 600, 603, 606, 607 ; H. 4,139,213,214,
VOL. II.
91
Mather, Rev. Increase, President, his election, i. 38. His political influ- ence, 55-58. His agency in Eng- land, 59, 60. His conduct in the witchcraft excitement, 61 - 63. His administration, 65 -118. His life, char- acter, and writings, 119-158, 200- 203, 219, 235 - 237. Extracts from his diary, 475-482. His letters to Stough- ton, 499, 501. College charters pro- posed during his presidency, 594-610. Incidental notices of, 26, 52, 176, 193, 194, 196, 231, 275, 276, 335, 341, 349, 407, 414, 415, 450, 471, 472, 488-494 ; n. 139, 156, 226.
Mather, Rev. Richard, i. 466, 467.
Mather, Rev. Samuel, Fellow of the Cor- poration, i. 456, 589.
Mauduit, Jasper, Colonial Agent, n. 105, 114, 495. His donations, 493.
Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, his character and writings, u. 54, 66. Member of the Board of Overseers, 107, 111, 124, 135. Occasional notices of, 73, 75, 76, 85, 146. His letter to T. Hollis, 478.
Mayhew, Joseph, Tutor, n. 27. Fel- low of the Corporation, 36.
Maynard, Sir John, his donations, 1. 186, 513.
Mead, Richard, his donations, n. 481, 528.
Medfield, town of, its donation, 1.509.
Medical College, H. 334, 356, 358, 393, 557, 586.
Medical Library, n. 309, 586, 587. See Boylston.
Medical School established, n. 266-268, 305-309, 334, 382, 383, 404, 423.
Medicine, degree of Doctor of, u. 382.
Medicine, Faculty of, in 1840, n. 635.
Merriconeage, grant of land at, i. 41. Law-suit concerning it, 399, 400.
Millford,town of, its donation, i. 456.
Milton, town of, its donation, i. 509.
Mineralogical Cabinet, n. 334, 399 - 401. Donors to, 591 .
Mineralogy and Geology, Professorship of, n. 309, 383, 401. Subscribers to, 544.
Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 456, 589. Occasional notices of, 18, 22, 119, 129, 130, 133.
722
INDEX.
Monis, Judah, Instructor, i. 259, 442;
n. 130. Monroe, James, President of the United
States, ii. 395. Moody, Rev. Joshua, i. 38. Moral Philosophy, Professorship of. See
Jllford Professorship. Morse, Rev. Jedediah, n. 285. Morton, Rev. Charles, Fellow of the Cor- poration, i. 69-71, 85, 90-92, 102,
496, 497, 599, 600. Moulson, Lady, her gift, 1. 182, 206, 465,
474. Mozard, M., his gift as Consul of the
French Republic, n. 400. Myles, Rev. Samuel, i. 365-371, 374,
376, 493, 560, 563, 566, 572; n. 74.
See Episcopal Clergy.
N.
Natural History, Massachusetts Profes- sorship of, n. 291, 328-330, 385, 412, 428. Donors to, 542, 629.
Neal, Rev. Daniel, i. 242, 244, 399, 430, 439,531,532,537,540; n. 15.
Newbury, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
New Hampshire, Colony of, contribu- tions of its inhabitants, i. 30, 508. Province of, donations of the, n. 491.
New Haven, College founded at, 1. 197- 199. See Yah College.
New Haven, Colony of, i. 455. Its do- nations, 456.
Newman, Henry, agent of the Corpora- tion in London, i. 205, 231, 383, 474.
Newtown,town of, College established at, and its name changed to Cambridge, i. 9, 586.
Nichols, Benjamin R., n. 363.
Nichols, John, his donation, n. 326.
Northampton, town of, its donation, i. 508.
North Church in Boston, i, 78, 97, 126.
Norton, Andrews, Professor, ir. 310, 311, 348, 373.
Norton, Rev. John, of Boston, i. 466, 467.
Norton, Rev. John, i. 505.
Nowell, Increase, i. 474.
Nowell, Samuel, Treasurer, n. 232.
Noyes, Rev. George Rapall, Professor,
11. 392.
Noyes, Rev. Moses, n. 462. Noyes, Rev. Nicholas, i. 505, 603. Nuttall. Thomas, Curator of the Botanic
Garden, n. 330.
O.
Oakes, Rev. Uriah, President, i. 34-38, 274, 275, 457, 471, 472, 512, 593.
Observatory, Astronomical, n. 391, 392, 404, 566, 603. Subscribers to, 637.
Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence, Professorship of, n. 308.
Oldfield, Rev. Joshua, i. 537.
Oliver, Andrew, n. 153. His donations, 487, 528.
Oriental Languages. See Hancock Pro- fessorship.
Oriental Literature, Rev. William Adam Professor of, n. 389, 390, 604.
Otis, Rev. George, Professor, 11. 389.
Otis, Harrison Gray, Fellow of the Cor- poration, ii. 544.
Otis, James, n. 101. His gift, 487.
Overseers, Board of, established by the Charter of 1642, i. 587. Their pro- ceedings in the presidency of Dunster, 48, 190, 270, 457, 515, 517, 577 ; — of Chauncy, 23, 25, 2o, 31, 450, 462, 466, 467; H. 225;— of Hoar, 1.32,35,275, 471 ; —of Oakes, 35, 275, 471, 472 ; — of Rogers, 35, 38, 472;— of Math- er, 57 ; — in the vice-presidency of Willard, 145 ; — in the presidency of Leverett, 193, 201, 206-208, 211, 213, 216-225, 237, 238, 244-262, 265-267, 278-282, 285, 286, 289- 306, 308, 310, 31], 317-321, 367, 459, 493 - 495 ; — election of Sewall and Colman, 330, 332, 333, 337; — in the presidency of Wadsworth, 338 - 341 , 366 - 376, 382, 386 - 390, 392 - 400, 566, 574; n. 16, 21; — of Hoi- yoke, 2-5,9-13,23-28, 31-36,39, 43-45, 80, 81, 91-100, 106-111,114, 116-118, 124-132, 134-136, 464, 475, 479, 484, 485, 497 ; — of Locke, 150, 152, 157, 158, 273; — of Lang- don, 162, 165-178, 191-200, 510, 516-521 ; — of Willard, 201 -206, 244,
INDEX.
723
248,251 , 253, 260, 264, 269, 275-280 ; — of Webber, 287-292. Change in Constitution of, 294-296, 301-304. Proceedings of, in the presidency of Kirkland, 309, 325, 326, 332,333, 336, 339 - 354, 360, 366, 369, 370, 372. Ar- ticle of the Constitution of the Com- monwealth relative to the, 508. Mem- bers of the, in 1840, 634.
P.
Palfrey, Rev. John Gorham, Professor,
n. 374, 369.
Palmer, Thomas, his donations and be- quest, n.406,487,595. Parker, Daniel, n. 320. Parker, Daniel Pinckney, n. 420. Parker, Isaac, (Chief Justice,) Professor,
n.317, 319,342,374. Parkman, Rev. Francis, his donations,
n. 401, 416, 597, 602, 623. Parkman Professorship of Pulpit Elo- quence and Pastoral Care, n. 417,603,
628. Parkman, Samuel, his donation, n. 311,
597, 602, 623. His life and character,
415. Parmele, Elisha, founds the Phi Beta
Kappa Society, n. 397. Parsons, Theophilus, (Chief Justice,)
Fellow of the Corporation, H. 288,338,
354, 430, 544. Partridge, George, his bequest, n. 415,
417, 623.
Payson, Rev. Edward, i. 505. Pearson, Eliphalet, Professor, n. 265.
Fellow of the Corporation, 284-290. Peck, William Dandridge, Professor, n.
292. His life and character, 329. Peirce, Benjamin, his History of Harvard
University, i. 12, 22, 145, 329; n.
3. His life, and services as Librarian,
390.
Peirce, Benjamin, Professor, n. 381,568. Pemberton, Rev. Ebenezer, i. 127, 129
-131. Fellow of the Corporation,
201, 203, 207, 209, 211, 278, 314, 443,
493, 494, 520, 522 ; n. 80. Pemberton, Rev. Ebenezer, n. 478. Pennoyer, William, his bequest, i. 185,
186,509,511; n. 235,479.
Pepperell, Sir William, n. 318.
Perkins, James, his life, character, and bequest, a. 428-430, 593, 629.
Perkins, Thomas Handasyde, u. 428.
Peters, Rev. Hugh, i. 182,453, 455,459, 586.
Phi Beta Kappa Society, account of the, n. 397.
Phillips, Rev. George, i. 530.
Phillips, John, n. 101, 102.
Phillips, John, n. 339, 343, 357, 544.
Phillips, William, n. 192, 195.
Philosophical Apparatus, destroyed in Harvard Hall in 1764, n. 482. Dona- tions to repair this loss, 484, 492. Sum expended on, between 1810 and 1827, 358, 558. Account of, in 1840, 401, 593.
Phips, Sir William, Governor, i. 59- 63, 73, 81, 123, 125, 176, 178, 179, 196, 277,551,596.
Physic, Theory and Practice of, Profes- sorship of the. See Hersey.
Pickering, John, n. 290, 391.
Pierpont, Ebenezer, i. 213-220, 223- 225, 523.
Pierpont, Rev. James, i. 519.
Pierpont, Rev. Jonathan, i. 107,607,608.
Pierson, Rev. Abraham, i. 519.
Pitcher, Rev. Nathaniel, i. 505.
Plymouth, Colony of, i. 455, 466.
Plymouth, town of, its donation, i. 466.
Pomroy, William, his donation, n. 421, 629.
Popkin, Rev. John Snelling, Professor, n. 317, 388.
Porter, Rev. Eliphalet, Fellow of the Corporation, n. 345, 362, 544. His life, character, and bequest, 386, 387, 417, 633.
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, contribu- tions of its inhabitants, i. 30, 508.
Poullin, Simon, Instructor, n. 275.
Pownall, Thomas, Governor, n. 89, 103. His donation, 407.
Prescott, William, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, n. 345,544.
President of Harvard College, title of, conferred on Dunster, 1. 14.
President's House, erected by Dunster, i. 15, 18-20, 110, 111, 326, 473, 541. Erected for Wadsworth, i. 350, 378, 380 - 382, 404 ; n. 164, 228, 557.
724
INDEX.
Prince, Nathan, Tutor, i. 310, 441 ; n. 528-37,461.
Prince, Rev. Thomas, 1.229, 528; ii.ll, 30,31,34.
Printing press, the first in British Amer- ica, established, i. 23, 187, 188, 459, 463.
Proctor, office of, established, n. 292.
Professors in 1840, n. 634, 635.
Professorships, in 1776, n.241 ;— in 1780, 538;— between 1810 and 1826, 334, 555, 556 ; — in 1840, 634, 635.
Provincial Congress order the removal of the Library, n. 164.
Pulpit Eloquence and Pastoral Care, Pro- fessorship of, ii. 373. List of the sub- scribers to this foundation, 564, 565. See Park-man.
Puritans, origin of the sect, i. 350, 351.
Q.
Quincy, Edmund, i. 290. Quincy, Edmund, 11. 146.
R.
Randolph, Edward, i. 59, 121, 175. His efforts to establish the Episcopal Church in New England, 353-357.
Ratcliffe, Rev. Robert, i. 58, 355, 358.
Rawson, Edward, i. 465, 467, 470, 514.
Read, John, i. 374.
Reading, town of, its donation, i. 509.
Records, early, of Harvard College, i.
• 449-4G2.
Remington, Jonathan, Fellow of the Cor- poration, i. 201, 204, 278, 279, 493, 574.
Reyner, Rev. John, i. 25.
Rhetoric and Oratory, Professorship of. See Boylston.
Richards, John, Treasurer, i. 274, 276. 410, 450, 471, 593, 595 ; n. 231 - 233.
Richardson, Rev. John, i. 34, 38, 450, 471,593.
Ritchie, Andrew, his gift, H. 400, 591.
Robie, Thomas, Fellow of the Corpora- lion, 1.281,294,295,300,306,309,310, 543, 545.
Robinson, Rev. John, of Leyden, i. 50.
Robinson, Rev. John, i. 505.
Rogers, Rev. Ezekiel, his bequest, i. 423 -427,511,513.
Rogers, Rev. John, President, i. 35, 38, 472.
Rogers, Rev. John, i. 505.
Rolfe, Rev. Benjamin, i. 505.
Rowley, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Roxbury, town of, its donations, i. 456, 508.
Roy all, Isaac, his life, character, and be- quest, H. 317-319, 628.
Royall Professorship of Law established, n.317,374,378-380.
Rumford, Count. See Thompson, Ben- jamin.
Rumford Professorship of the Sciences, as applied to the Useful Arts, n. 320 -322, 383, 402. Apparatus of the, 594.
Russell, Richard, i. 458, 470, 507, 509.
Russell, James, n. 143, 489.
S.
Sacred Literature, Professorship of. See Dexter.
Salem, town of, i. 455. Its donation, 508.
Sales, Francis, Instructor, n. 324.
Salisbury, town of, i. 456. Its donation, 508.
Saltonstall, Dorothy, i. 166. Her be- quest, 421 ; 11. 527.
Saltonstall, Gurdon, Governor of Con- necticut, i. 166, 226-229. His be- quest, 420, 527.
Saltonstall, Leverett, i. 166, 505.
Saltonstall, Mary, i. 166, 420 ; n. 526, 527, 629.
Saltonstall, Nathaniel, i. 421.
Saltonstall, Sir Richard, his character and benefactions, i. 163, 420, 572.
Saltonstall, Richard, i. 164, 165, 507.
Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Can- terbury, i. 353, 355-357, 360.
Saunders, Charles, Steward, n. 384.
Savage, James, i. 13, 462 (note).
Saybrook, College at, i. 226. See Yale College.
Scarborough, town of, its donation, i. 509.
INDEX.
725
Sciences, as applied to the Useful Arts, Professorship of the. See Rumford.
Seal of Harvard College. See College.
Seeker, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter- bu~y, n. 73-75. His donation, 115, 492.
badgwick, Robert, his gift, i. 271, 511.
Sever, Nicholas, his election as Tutor or Fellow of the House, i. 281 -283, 299. Prosecuted by E. Pierpont, 213-217. His several memorials, and proceed- ings relative to them, 265-267, 272, 273, 284 - 301, 310, 311, 313, 316, 318, 546-556. Their failure, 321 , 392, 393. Elected Fellow of the Corporation, 349. Occasional notices of, 309, 328, 543 ; n. 29,30,461.
Sewall, Hannah, her gift, 1.407, 512; n. 234.
Sewall, Rev. Joseph, i. 210. Chosen Fellow of the Corporation, 290. His election defeated, 291-293. Elected President, 329, 330. Declines, 331. Fellow of the Corporation, 401, 398 ; n. 3, 30, 31. Occasional notices of, i. 349,403,493; n. 11. His donation, 529.
Sewall, Samuel, Chief Justice, his noti- ces of the Mathers, i. 87, 89, 126, 134 -138, 150, 488-494. His notices of the election and induction of Leverett, 156, 492. 493. His course respecting Yale College, 198-200, 519. His course as a member of the Board of Overseers, 206, 207, 216-223, 250, 251, 256, 266, 283-285, 289, 290, 292, 298, 317, 336. His life , character, and donation, 406 - 409 ; n. 234. Extracts from his diary, i. 488 -495. Occasion- al notices of, 37, 38, 58, 59, 82, 86, 100, 147, 189, 210, 323, 412, 480, 481, 606 ; n. 462.
Sewall, Stephen, Professor, n. 130, 131, 264, 265. His plan to promote clas- sical learning, 496. His memorial, 535. His manuscripts, 590. Occa- sional notices of, 119, 121.
Shallet, Rev. Arthur, i. 537.
Shapleigh, Samuel, Librarian, his be- quest, n. 410.
Shaw, Lemuel, Chief Justice, Fellow of the Corporation, n. 634.
Shepard, Rev. James, i. 505.
Shepard, Samuel, 1. 14, 450-455, 457 - 459, 462.
Shepard, Rev. Thomas, of Cambridge, i. 9, 15, 48, 460, 461.
Shepard, Rev. Thomas, of Charlestown, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 34, 35, 275, 471, 593.
Sherlock, Rev. Thomas, Bishop of Lon- don, his donation, n. 481.
Sherman, Rev. John, Fellow of the Cor poration, i. 275.
Shirley, William, Governor, n. 24, 87. His reception at Harvard College, 88
Shute, Samuel, Governor, i. 208, 209 211,212,215-218,220-225,250,251 261, 287, 295 - 298, 302, 304, 305, 307 308, 312-316, 321, 323, 358, 385, 434 -437. His reception at Harvard Col lege, 522. Letter from Cotton Mathei to, 523, 540, 545, 546, 557.
Smedley, John, his donation, i. 509.
Smith, Abiel, his bequest, n. 323, 628.
Smith Professorship of the French and Spanish Languages and Literature, n. 323, 324, 370, 385.
Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, i. 359-364 ; n. 72, 74, 493, 495.
Society for Propagating the Gospel in New England, i. 188, 354, 355, 359, 431 ; n. 493, 495.
South Church, (Old,) in Boston, i. 36, 209, 229, 358, 408, 528 ; n. 211, 413.
Spanish Language. See Smith Profes- sorship.
Sparhawk, Rev. John, i. 505.
Sparhawk, Oliver, Steward, n. 384.
Sparks, Jared, Professor, n. 389.
Sprague, Esther, her bequest, n. 423, 628.
Sprague, Richard, i. 409. His bequest, 410 ; n. 527.
Springfield, town of, its donations, 1.456, 508.
Starr, Comfort, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, i. 456, 589.
Stearns, Asahel, Professor, n. 319, 374
Stevens, Rev. Joseph, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 266, 279-281, 533. His death, 290,292-294.
Steward, College, i. 450, 463 ; n. 172- 174, 274, 357, 384.
726
INDEX.
Storer, Ebenezer, Treasurer, his election, n. 197. Notices relative to his official conduct, 201, 203-205, 209, 237- 253 His death and character, 254, 255, 293. His donation, 488. Extract from his letter to John Hancock, 523. His financial statements, 537, 538. Occasional notices of, 180, 509.
Story, Joseph, (Judge,) member of the Board of Overseers, n. 351, 352. Fellow of the Corporation, 362,544, 634. Professor, 375, 377, 378, 425 (note).
Stoughton Hall, i. 180, 194, 347,480; it. 273, 292, 293, 334.
Stoughton, Israel, Governor, i. 9, 170, 171,586. His donations and bequest, 172, 459, 511.
Stoughton, William, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, i. 60, 61,81-83, 95, 96, 100, 108, 112, 128, 134, 136, 137. His death, 116. His life and character, 172. His donation and bequest, 180; ii. 530. Occasional notices of, i. 35, 58, 60, 147, 168, 193, 200, 277, 407, 408,415, 472, 499, 501, 551, 602; n. 232.
Stratford, town of, its donation, i. 456.
Students, alphabetical arrangement of their names introduced, 11. 157. Num- ber of, in 1840, 636.
Studies, College, i. 190-194, 319, 320, 439-442,515,517,577; n. 123-130, 259,275-281,347.
Sudbury, town of, its donations, i. 414, 508.
Sullivan, James,' n. 204
Surgery, Professorship of. See Her- sey.
Surgery, Professorship of the Principles of, and of Clinical Surgery, n. 383.
Swift, Rev. John, i. 505.
T.
Tailer, William, Lieutenant-Governor,
1.217,359,369; n. 140. Tappan, Rev. Christopher, i. 505. Tappan, Rev. David, Professor, n. 262,
284. Temple, Sir Thomas, his gifts, i. 186,
508, 513.
Thacher, James, n. 269.
Thacher, Rev. Peter, i. 99, 107, 274,471,
599, 600, 603, 607, 608. Thacher, Peter Oxenbridge, n. 422. Thacher, Rev. Samuel Cooper, Fellow
of the Corporation, n. 544. Theological School, n. 310-312, 356, 373, 374, 389, 392. Donations and be- quests to the, 412, 414 - 422. Found- ers and benefactors of the, 545-553. Library of the, 586, 587. Finan- cial statements respecting the, 628. Members of the Faculty of the, in 1840, 634.
Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford, his bequest, n. 320, 628. His life, 322. Thorndike, Israel, his life, character, and
donations, n. 411-414, 596. Thorner, Sir Robert, i. 185. His be- quest, 186, 206, 231, 430, 510. Ticknor, George, Professor, n. 324,
385.
Tillotson, John, Archbishop of Canter- bury, i. 360; n.43. Torrey, Rev. Samuel, i. 38, 99, 482,599,
600,603,606-608. Torrey, William, Clerk of the Deputies,
1.465,470,514. Townsend, Penn, Speaker, i. 114, 493,
494, 496, 602. Townsend, township of, reserved, n.
229.
Transits of Mercury and Venus observed by Professor Winthrop, n. 218, 220. Treadwell, Daniel, Professor, n. 384. Treasurer, College, i. 260, 268, 450, 451, 589 ; n. 230-242, 245, 247, 254 - 257, 293, 364, 367, 368, 384, 602. Trowbridge, Edmund, n. 141, 500, 504. Tufts, Mary, her donation, n. 421, 422. Turell, Rev. Ebenezer, i. 544; n. 77. Tutors, i. 265, 281-287, 306, 310, 320, 392, 393, 546; n. 28-36, 83, 132- 134, 241, 278-282, 388, 497, 538. Their services, 390. Tutorship, Permanent, n. 281, 305. Tyler, Royall, n. 101, 488. Tyng, Edward, i. 148. His donation,
507.
Tyng, William, Treasurer of Massachu- setts, 1.450,455, 458, 460-462, 473, 474.
INDEX.
727
u
University, name of, when bestowed on Harvard College, n. 176,258.
University Hall, n. 319, 331, 334, 355, :V5G. Inscription on the corner-stone of, 554. Cost of, 557.
V.
Vane, Sir Henry, i. 165, 171. Vaughan, Benjamin, his donation, n.
586. Vice-President, office of, i. 84, 93, 94,
106, 111, 145, 146.
W.
Wadsworth, Rev. Benjamin, President, i.99,107. His election and conduct as Fellow of the Corporation, 206, 207, 220, 243, 266, 280, 286, 300, 303, 307, 308, 313, 316, 326, 328. His elec- tion as President, 329,338-340,557. His presidency, 350, 377-402. His death and character, 403. Studies, laws, and customs during his pres- idency, 439-442, 444-446. Occa- sional notices of, 314, 323, 327, 343, 449, 450, 491, 493, 510, 531, 532, 534, 538, 545, 599, 600, 603, 607, 608 ; n. 79, 80, 84, 214, 217, 461. His legacy, 527.
Walker, Rev. James, Professor, n. 388, Fellow of the Corporation, 634.
Walker, Timothy, his bequest, n. 418.
Walley, John, his bequest, i. 422, 526.
Walley, Rev. Thomas, i. 422.
Wallin, Rev. Edward, i. 537.
Walter, Rev. Nehemiah, Fellow of the Corporation, i. 101, 151, 595, 599, 600, 603,606-608.
Ward, Artemas, (General,) n. 198, 199.
Ward, Artemas, 11. 310.
Ward, Thomas Wren, Treasurer, n. 384. His financial Statement in 1840, 602-633.
Warden Library, 316, 553.
Ware, Ashur, Professor, n. 388.
Ware, Rev. Henry, Professor, n. 285, 298, 393.
Ware, Rev. Henry, Jun., Professor, n. 373.
Ware, John, Professor, n. 382, 383. Warren, John, Professor, n. 267, 307.
Warren, John Collins, Professor, n. 305, 308, 586.
Washington, George, takes command of the American Army at Cambridge, n. 165. Degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on him, 167. His re- ception at Harvard College as Presi- dent of the United States, 394. Di- ploma presented to him, 506.
Waterhouse, Benjamin, Professor, 11. 267, 400.
Watertown, town of, i. 456. Its dona- tion, 508.
Watts, Rev. Isaac, i. 399. His dona- tion, 430; n. 15.
Webb, Henry, his bequest, i. 181, 508, 511.
Webb, Rev. John, i. 574.
Webber, Rev. Samuel, Professor, n. 264, 282, 283, 286. Elected President, 287 -289. His presidency, 290 -296. His death and character, 298.
Webster, Daniel, n. 332.
Webster, John White, Professor, n. 309, 383, 401.
Welde, Rev, Thomas, Colonial Agent, i. 182, 453, 455, 459, 473, 586.
Wells, Rev. Thomas, i. 505.
Welsteed, William, his election as Tutor or Fellow of the House, i. 282, 283. His memorials, and the proceedings relative to them, 265-267, 272, 273, 234-301, 310,311, 313,316,318, 546 -556. Their failure, 321, 392, 393. Occasional notices of, 309, 441, 543.
Wendell, Oliver, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, n. 205, 286, 544.
Wenham, town of, its donation, i. 509.
West, Rev. Samuel, n. 120.
Westfield, town of, its donation, i. 508.
Weymouth, town of, i. 456. Its dona- tion, 508.
White, John, Treasurer, i. 207, 208,228, 266, 411, 492, 522, 528, 530-532; n. 235. His death, i. 290. Occasional notices of, 107, 600, 603, 607, 608.
Whitefield, Rev. George, i. 392, 574; n. 40 - 54, 58, 59, 62, 72, 73, 77. His donation, 493.
728
INDEX.
Whiting, John, Fellow of the Corpora- tion, 1.278-280.
Whiting, Rev. Samuel, i. 505.
Wiggles worth, Rev. Edward, (1st), his election as first Hollis Professor of Di- vinity, i. 243, 252 - 256, 265, 495, 533. His election as Fellow of the Corpora- tion negatived, 311. Re-chosen, 321. His letter to Whitefield, 574 -576 ; 11. 49-51. His death and character, 82, 84-86. His letter to the House of Representatives, 532, 534. Occasion- al notices of, i. 403; 11. 1,5,28, 31, 461.
Wigglesworth, Rev. Edward, (2d,) Pro- fessor, ii. 130-132,259. His death and character, 261 . His donation, 529.
Wigglesworth, Rev. Michael, i. 101, 457,599,600,606-608.
Willard, Rev. Joseph, President, his election and presidency, n. 244-257, 259, 260, 262-273, 275-282. His death and character, 283. Occasional notices of, 180, 284,286.
Willard, Josiah, Tutor, i. 150.
Willard, Rev. Samuel, Vice-President, his election, i. Ill, 113-117, 145,148. His conduct in the witchcraft delusion, 147. His administration, 150-154; u. 226. His death, 1. 155. Occasional notices of, i. 99, 200, 211, 235, 408, 415, 479, 488, 489, 491, 492, 504, 595, 599, 600, 603, 606 - 608.
Willard, Sidney, Professor, u. 290, 389.'
William and Mary, their accession, i. 359, 360, 481.
William and Mary College, u. 397.
Williams College, u. 307.
Williams, Rev. Samuel, Professor, n.263.
Wilson, Rev. John, i. 9, 164, 586. Hia donation, 507.
Wilson, Rev. Thomas, his donation, u. 481,528.
Windsor, town of, its donation, i. 456.
Winthrop, Filz John, i. 420.
Winthrop, James, Librarian, n. 179, 180.
Winthrop, John, Governor, his influence and exertions in the foundation of Harvard College, i. 9, 162, 586. His donation, 163, 450, 513. His state- ment respecting Harvard's legacy, 460. Occasional notices of, 20, 165, 1G6, 169,171,424, 572; u. 217.
Winthrop, John, Professor, his election, ii. 25-27, 30. Declines the office of President, 149,150,161. His life and scientific works, 217 - 223. His death, 224. His letter to the Legislature, 532. Occasional notices of, 186, 192, 297, 484.
Winthrop, Wait, i. 606.
Winthrop, William, u. 190.
Wise, Rev. John, i. 505.
Witchcraft delusion, i. 61-65, 88, 147, 148, 177-179,407, 408,413, 414.
Woburn, town of, its donation, i. 456, 509.
Woodbridge, Rev. Benjamin, i. 493.
y.
Yale, Elihu, i. 226, 227, 524.
Yale College, i. 197-200,226- 229,364,
519, 525-528; n. 70, 462. Young, Samuel, i. 603.
THE END.
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