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T . I_. IV1 I l_ l_ E R

HISTORY

HEREFORD CATTLE

PROVEN CONCLUSIVELY THE OLDEST
OF IMPROVED BREEDS

By T. L. MILLER

WITH WHICH IS INXORPORATED A HISTORY OF THE HEREFORDS IN AMERICA

By \VM. H. SOTHAM

1902

T. F. B. SoTHAM, Publisher

CHILIICOTHE, MISSOURI

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1903, by

T. F. B. SOTHAM,

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington

All KioMs lie.terved.

INTRODUCTIO]^.

"I have just returned from a trip to the
Pacific Coast, and everywhere on the western
plains found the Whitefaces conspicuous. And
the}' look well wherever they are to be seen.
I know they have a magnificent future. I am
not a boomer, but this is a great country and I
feel assured that our present prosperity will
continue. It has always been demonstrated
that Herefords are great cattle wherever grass
grows, and the settlement of this irrigation
problem now agitating the West will convert
the desert into pastures and open up vast
areas to cattle raising. The more grass, the
more Hereford cattle will be needed, and with
all due respect to other breeds, I venture the
assertion that Herefords will make more beef
on grass than any other breed of which I have
any knowledge.""

When we consider where and by whom the
sentence above quoted . was uttered, and the
unequalled sources of information and expe-
rience that led to this conclusion, we feel, that
at last, the Hereford breed of cattle is coming
into its own.

The speaker was Mr. Alvin H. Sanders,
Managing Editor of the greatest live stock pub-
lication in the world, namely, the "Breeders"
Gazette," Chicago. The occasion was the reduc-
tion sale of the Weavergrace Herd, at which,
in Chicago, Tuesday, March 2.5th, 1902, was
gathered one of the largest representative com-
panies of Hereford breeders the country has
ever seen. With all due respect for the work
of individuals in popularizing pure breeds of
live stock, their work withoiit the aid of the
agricultural press must of necessity be limited
in its influence. The leading advocates of
Hereford cattle in America ever fully realized
the influence of the agricultural press, and as
far as they could have endeavored to utilize it
in spreading a correct knowledge of the Here-
ford breed.

The influence that utilized the power of the
agricultural press to propagate injurious theo-
ries, and their success in that direction, are
thoroughly set forth in the body of this work
and need not be discussed further here. We
are glad to say, however, that conditions and
influences, existent at the time the "Breeders'
Gazette" was founded, have largely disappeared.

Nothing shows plainer the present unpreju-
diced position of the "Breeders' Gazette" than
the fact that it has been accused by prominent
speakers in important meetings of Shorthorn
breeders of being 2>artial to the Herefords; that
on several occasions adherents of other breeds
have asserted that the "Gazette" leaned toward
the Aberdeen-Angus "Doddies," while com-
plaints that the "Gazette" was a Shorthorn pa-
per have been frequent. Each breed in turn,
prompted by some activity of its rivals (fully
reported in the "Gazette"), exhiljiting its in-
born jealousy.

The statement that "Herefords will make
more beef on grass than any other breed,"' made
by Mr. Sanders, has been made repeatedly by
Col. I''. ^I. Woods, the celebrated live stock

WELLINGTO.V COIRT, .\E.4R HEREFORD.

auctioneer, wlieiiever he has conducted a sale
of Herefords. Similar statements have been
made on hundreds of occasions by tliat other
favorite auctioneer, Col. K. E. Edmonson, who
for years was the idol of the Kentucky Short-
horn breeders. This "Kentuckian of Ken-
tuekians" not only makes this assertion in
words, but backs it up in action, having be-
come an extensive breeder of Hereford cattle
on his Texas ranch. These are not to be
counted straws to show wliich way the wind
blows, but rather may be considered goodly-
sized weather-vanes, known and seen of all
men, for witlunit commenting on the influence
of these two great auctioneers we can say of
the "Breeders' Gazette" under the management

I X T R 0 D U C T I 0 X

of Mr. Alvin II. Sanders (so ably assisted by
the greatest master of English language that
ever graced an agricultural editor's chair,
William R. Goodwin, Jr.), that its influence
has been greater than all others combined; for
the "Gazette"' of recent years has been the pat-
tern copied more or less successfully by all
other agricultural journals. The Herefords
now get a lair and impartial hearing; not as a
matter of sulferanee, but of right. All that
their late champions, Messrs. Wm. H. Sotham
and T. L. Miller, fought for has been accorded,
but there is much yet to be gained before the
beneficent influence of Hereford blood, upon
the prosperity of the cattle trade of the world,
is completely felt.

NEW HOUSE. KING'S-PYOX. HEREFORDSHIRE.
(Rear view.)

Much disappointment in years past has fol-
lowed the use of the bloods of certain breeds
of cattle erroneously pushed into prominence.
Farmers have tried animals of certain fancy and
fashionable strains of blood, and found the re-
sults of their use inferior to that obtained by
the use of plainer bred animals to be had for
less money, so that Hereford breeders even at
this late day receive daily inquiries from farm-
ers for prices on "good individual" animals for
farm use. The inquirer usually adding
that he does not care for a "fancy pedi-
gree." A well-bred Hereford, if he has
had care sufficient to develop his inherent good
qualities, should invariably be a "good indi-

vidual," for a well-bred Hereford is descended
from good individual ancestors, and like
should produce like. The "good individual"
character of the ancestor makes the "good pedi-
gree." There is nothing in Hereford breeding
to compare with the "line-bred Erica"' or
"Pride" of the Aberdeen-Angus, or with the
"Absolutely pure Bates"' and "straight Scotch""
of the Shorthorns. The same individual ex-
cellence which recommends a Hereford to the
breeder for the improvement of a pure-bred
herd is the acme of perfection sought by
the breeder of steers; and the same lines of
blood produce the improvement desirable in
both places. In other words, it is primarily
the province of the Hereford breed to improve
the beef cattle of the world, whereas with other
breeds the prime object appears to be the up-
building of certain lines of blood for specula-
tive purposes.

For centuries the Hereford breed of cattle
has been bred for the production of the highest
quality of beef — under the most natural con-
ditions— at the lowest possible cost. " Held
largely during these centuries by tenant farm-
ers who bred them exclusively for practical pur-
poses, theory, fancy and fashion have always
been obliged" to give way to the practical wants
of pasture and feed lot. The Hereford breeder
ever preferred the useful to the iiseless, and,
therefore, despite any and all claims of other
breeds, the Hereford must be considered the
"Utilitarian Cattle,"" and having this backing
of unparalleled usefulness, the Hereford can-
not fail to hold every position gained, and last.
as a prime factor in the production of the
world's beef, when all other breeds are for-
gotten.

The writer had it from his father (born in
1801), who was on intimate terms with the
greatest Herefords breeders of the past cen-
tury, that the Hereford was the oldest of all
the recognized breeds of British cattle. The
writer at all times asserted this truth on the
strength of the information so gained, but feel-
ing that he should have some indisputable data
to back u]) his assertion, he has earnestly sought
for absolute, unimpeachable public records.
Tlianks to the untiring efforts of Mr. W. H.
Bustin, of the city of Hereford. England, we
are able to back up, with such undeniable
proofs, every assertion along this line that we
have made. Mr. Bustin prepared a manuscript,
the following cojjy of which explains itself.
The facts brought out by Mr. Bustin ought
really to have been incorporated in Mr. JIiller"s
history, but as this could not have been done
without meddling with Mr. Miller"s order and

INTRODUCTION

plan, I have deemed it best to leave Mr. Mil-
ler's work just as he prepared it, and to incor-
porate Mr. Biistin's manuscript in this intro-
duction, so that Mr. Miller's history, while re-
maining intact, ma}' be supplemented and cor-
rected in the light of this further reliable in-
formation :

SOME rrRTHEE NOTES ON THE

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

THE TOMKINS HEEEFORDS.

,:^s Managing Trustee of the King's-Pyon
Charities I had occasion to examine the old
parish books to clear up certain obscure points
relative to these ancient bequests. When thus
engaged I came upon much additional infor-
mation about the Tomkins families living in
the parish and neighborhood during the
eighteenth century. These old records show
that they took an active part in parochial
affairs as Overseers, Church-wardens, Road and
Bridge Makers, Apprenticing the Poor, etc. A
careful study of these documents with the
parish registers, added to what I already knew
about these old cattle breeders, enables me to
give a tolerably clear idea of their work and
the part taken by them in the development of
the cattle associated with their name that was
so famous. Read by the additional information
I obtained, the confused statements of eminent
authorities on Hereford cattle history can bo
understood. The question- has been so often
asked, "Did Tomkins found the Herefords?"
and answered in the affirmative and denied that
these fresh facts may l)e of interest to those
connected with the world-wide famed White-
faces.

As early family and cattle history are closely
interwoven together, it will be necessary to
trace them concurrently, giving exact names
and dates. It was owing to Professor Low not
having carefully followed this course when in-
quiring into the origin and development of the
Tomkins Herefords that his account of it was
confused and chronologically inaccurate. When
Low wrote his "Domesticated Animals of the
British Isles," about 1810, he inquired as to
the origin of the improved Hereford cattle, and
found it centered in the Tomkins family, more
especially in Mr. Tomkins of Wellington Court,
near Hereford. He apparently hastily collected
some general information about the life and
work of what he believed to be one man and
a]iplied it to Benjamin Tomkins, Jr., for as a
matter of fact there were two men of that name
of Wellington Court, fatlier and son. Low was
not aware of this and treated their work as that

of one man, namely, B. Tomkins, Ji-. Unfor-
tunately, subsequent writers accepting his
account as correct, committed tiie same mis-
take. This serious error remained uncorrected
until Sinclair wrote the "History of Hereford
Cattle" in 1885, when the writer pointed out
to him Low's mistake. Time did not then
allow me to minutely trace the matter, although
it was of the greatest importance. This I have
now done and am able to correct Low's ex-
planation of facts. Low's confused account of
the origin and development of the Tomkins
Herefords was evidently due to the Misses
Tomkins.

It is well known in the family that they
quite idolized their father, B. Tomkins, Jr. In
their estimation no one could do anything like
him.

Twenty-five years after his death, 1840,
when inquiry was made, they ascribed all the

linKEFORDSHIKt;.

improvement of the cattle to him, altogether
forgetting what tliey might have heard about
their grandfathers share in the work.

They led Low, Eyton, Yeld and others io
believe that the famous cows "Mottle" and
"Pigeon," as well as the "Silver Bull," were
selected by their father, whereas overwhelm-
ing evidence goes to prove that these typical
animals were the ones that their grandfather
began with in 1743, and were the foundation
of the Tomkins bi'ced.

The late AV. A. Walker of the Upper House,
Wormsley, born in 1T!>7, remembered B. Tom-
kins, Jr., and remembered tlie talk about the
Tomkins cattle having obtained consideral)le
notoriety many years before K. Tomkins, Jr..
was married, in 1772. Likewise, Miss L. Gal-
liers, born 1809, well remembered her grand-
father, William Oallicrs, at Frogdon. talking
about the intimacy between B. Tomkins. Sr.,
and her great-grandfather, William Oalliers of

I x 'r i; () I) i; ut ion

K1.\G"S-PY0N CHURCH, NEAR HEREFORD.

Wigmore Grange, born 1?13, and the superior-
ity of their cattle long before B. Tomkins, Jr.'s,
marriage. These recollections and many facts
tliat will be mentioned clearly prove that the
systematic imjirovement of the Herefords was
begun by the elder B. Tomkins in 17-12.

It will be seen on referring to Sinclair's His-
tory of Hereford Cattle that when Kichard
Toinkins of the New House Farm, King's-
Pyon, died in 1T2.3, be left seven children —
six sons and one daughter. The eldest. Miles,
was nineteen and the youngest, Thomas, was
three years old.

He left to Richard, his second son, a yoke of
oxen, named "Spark" and "Merchant," with
ten acres of land. To his fourth son, Benjamin,
a cottage and land and a cow called "Silver"
with lier calf. The others were left small sums
of money, and liis widow, Catherine, the little
New House Farm for life, making her his sole
executrix. His will was proved in the Consis-
tory Com-t at Hereford.

He doubtless had good reason for leaving
these cattle to Richard and Benjamin. Richard
lieing nineteen was old enough to be teamster
and was left bis team. Benjamin being nine
years old would be old enough to take an in-

terest in the cattle, possibly wishing to possess
the Silver cow and calf, which his father after-
wards left him by will. This would be calcu-
lated to give him additional interest in the
cattle and dairy, probably filling the office of
cattleman for a time.

Having two brothers younger tluin himself,
he necessarily would have to leave the small
farm when one of these were old enough to take
his place and seek a situation in the particular
line he had followed at home. This he appar-
ently did, as all the sons but one were brought
up to be farmers, and Professor Low was in-
formed that Mr. Tomkins married his employ-
er's daughter. Low does not give the source
of this information, but it certainly would not
come from the Misses Tomkins.

We find by the parish records that B. Tom-
kins, Sr., married a Miss Ann Preece, of Alton
Court Farm, in the parish of Dilwyn, in 1743.
and began business at tJie Court House Farm.
Canon-Pyon.

In Low's words:

"Mr. Tomkins when a young man was in the
employment of an individiuil, afterwards his
father-in-law. and had the es]iecial charge of
the dairv. Two cows had been broiiirht to this

1 N T II U 1) U ( * T I 0 N

dairy, supposed to have Ijeen purchased at the
fair of XingtoB, on the confines of Wales. Mr.
Tomkins remarked tlie e.vtraurdinary tendency
of these animals to become fat. On his mar-
riage he acquired these two cows and com-
menced breeding them on his own account.
The one with more white he called 'Pigeon'
and the other of a rich red color with a spotted
face he called 'Mottle.' "

Further he says: "He then began a system
of breeding that ultimately completely altered
the character of the Herefords." Low applied
this information to B. Tomkins, Jr., who mar-
ried his first cousin Sarah, daughter of Eichard
Tomkins, of Wormsley Grange, in 1773.
Family tradition and the King's-Pyon register
attest that his father died in 1748, when Mr.
B. Tomkins, Jr., was but three years old, con-
sequently he could not have been in the "em-
ployment of an individual, afterwards his
father-in-law;" nor is it likely that Low's in-
formant would call his first cousin "daughter
of an individual." This expression may well
have been ajjplied to the elder man's wife, as
in the lapse of years her father's name would
most likely have been forgotten. It may be
retorted that it was the widow who employed
him, but Eichard Tomkins left three sons,
Eichard, George and Thomas, aged twelve, eight
and two years respectively. All were brouglit up
as farmers, so that the widow could not have
at any time required the services of her nephew
when old enough even to manage for her. As
to his ever being employed as a dairyman, the
idea is absurd, for his father, as will be shown,
had only two sons, and was a well-to-do man
at the time.

Many other circumstances prove this por-
tion of Low's information to refer to B. Tom-
kins, Sr., on Ms marriage in 1742. Low not
knowing that there had been two of the same
name applied it to the son, on his marriage in
1772.

Again, Professor Low in his "Practical Agri-
culture" (1843) writing of Hereford cattle, says:
"The breed owes all its celebrity to changes
began about the year 1760. The great im-
prover, or rather it may be said, the founder of
the modern breed, was the late Mr. Tomkins
of King's-Pyon, near Hereford, who, from a
very humble stock of cows, but by means of a
long course of skilled selection, communicated
to the breed its most valuable distinctive char-
acters."

There is unmistakable evidence that the
Misses Tomkins let Tjow believe that it was all
the work of their father, conseciuently it is not
surprising that he did not harmonize facts and

dates when ap])lyiiig them all to the younger
man. Low here says the changes began about
1T60. This was nine years before the younger
man connnenced business (as will be shown
later on) and twelve years before his marriage
in 1772, yet, as previously quoted. Low says
he commenced the improvement on his mar-
riage, evidently referring to the elder man.

It is greatly to be regretted that Low never
seriously attempted to harmonize his facts and
dates. If he had done so he must have dis-
covered at once the existence of B. Tomkins,
Sr., and given a chronologically correct history
of the origin and development of the Tomkins
cattle. The correction of his remarkable mis-
take quite allies the hitherto accepted ideas as
to when the systematic improvement of the
Herefords began, which was in 1742, not 1772.

COURT HOUSE, CANO.V-PYON, HERL

Tomkins was at work improving the Herefords
nearly a quarter of a century before Bakewell
began to improve the Longhorns, and a much
longer time before the Brothers Colling, the
Shorthorns; consequently Bakewell followed
Tomkins, not Tomkins Bakewell, as has been
generally asserted and believed.

Thus the Herefords are the oldest improved
breed of cattle in the kingdom.

B. Tomkins, Sr., had evidently formed the
idea of developing a superior breed of cattle
to any then extant some years before his mar-
riage in 1742.

On his marriage ho was at)le to set about it
in a'systematic way. having already selected the
materials. He began with the three distin-
guishing color types of the Tomkins cattle,
namely, the Silvers, reds with white faces, the
mottles and the greys. These three type names
were applied to the Herefords for more than
a century, unfortunately giving rise to endless
controversies amongst breeders about breed.

Low says Tondvius acquired the cows

] X T 1! U D U C T 1 0 N

'"Pigeon" and "Mottle" on account of their ex-
traordinary tendency to become tat, qualities
most likely not manifest in his Silvers, which
we infer would be more of the large bony type,
suitable for draught purposes, like the majority
of the cattle were at that time. The rising
importance of our manufacturing and commer-
cial interests would be creating an increased
demand for butcher's meat. Young Tomkins
saw in this a new sphere of usefulness and
profit in cattle other than the yoke and pail.
He saw manifest in these two cows some of the
characteristics he desired to conserve and in-
tensify for this purpose. Fortunately, we know
under what conditions these cows fed so
rapidly. Artificial foods were not used in those
days, and the Alton Court pastures are by no
moans feeding lands, yet their cows quickly
became fat on them, having most likely come
otf the still poorer Welsh Hills; at any rate they
apparently fed much more rapidly than any
of the others under the same conditions.

Tomkins was impressed with this, and con-
ceived the idea of raising up a race of cattle
that would readily fatten on inferior food. As
the grass at the Court House partook of the
same character, he for upwards of twent}' years
carried out his works on inferior pastures.

Although Kichard Tomkins was but a small
yeoman farmer, the minute books of King's-
Pyon show that the family received a good
education at a time when many of the middle
classes could not read nor write, and the peas-
ants were wholly uneducated.

All the sons appear to have been enterpris-
ing, as they soon became established on farms
in the neighborhood: Miles at the Hill in
17"27, Iiichard at Wormsley Grange in 1734,
Benjamin at the Court House in 1742, George
at Wooton in 1746; John, known as "Butcher
J'&ck," as a butcher in Canon P.yon, afterwards
joining the army as a life guardsman. The
daughter married Oakley, a farmer in Canon
Pvon, and the youngest son, Thomas, remained
with his mother, subsequently going with her
to Calverhill Farm, in the parish of Xortnn
Canon. This shows that thei'e were a whole
colony of the family farming in the neighbor-
hood w'hen B. Tomkins, Sr., w'as at his work
of improvenu'nt. and we know that all these
men and their descendants acquired the Tom-
kins cattle.

B. Tomkins, Sr.. had only two sons who lived
to grow up, Thomas and Benjamin, born 1743
and 174.5. He had one daughter, who married
Williams of Brinsop Court, brother of Williams
of Thinghill Court. Both these men won
prizes for cattle at the early Hereford shows.

When B. Tomkin-s, Sr., increased his holding
by taking Wellington Court, in addition to the
Court House, in 17.58, his two sons were fifteen
and thirteen years old, by which time he had
become comparatively well off, chietly by the
sale of his improved cattle that were then in
possession of all the farming members of the
family and many others throughout the coun-
try. His most intimate friend, William Gal-
liers of Wigmore Grange, had a fine herd
founded on the Tomkins breed, as it was al-
ready called. This was in the recollection of
members of the family still living when Sin-
clair wrote his historj'. From the foregoing
it will be seen that B. Tomkins, Sr., was not
only the first who systematically improved the
Herefords as beef producers, but was actually
the founder or originator of the improved
breed, and pioneer improver of cattle in these
islands on systematic lines. He worked for
nearly fifty years, 1742 to 1789, and his son
B. Tomkins, Jr., worked with him for more
than thirty of them, continuing for twenty-
five years after his father's death.

Unlike Bakewell, he was a quiet, steady
worker, accumulating means rapidly, without
pushing himself for public notice. This char-
acteristic was even more pronounced in his
son, whose name seldom appeared, but when
challenging the boastings of contemporary
breeders, whom he never failed to silence.
This, in some measure, accounts for the great
value of their work not being publicly recog-
nized until years after, when the glamour of
the famous sale at the Brook House in 1819
drew universal attention to the younger man's
work, quite obliterating the elder, by merging
his life into that of the more conspicuous
figure of his son. In the meantime their im-
proved cattle had been quietly absorbed and
helped to build up without exception all the
famous old herds that it has been possible to
trace back to their foundation.

Soon after going to live at Wellington Court
in 1758 B. Tomkins, Sr., relinquished the
Court House to his eldest son, Thomas. The
younger son, Benjamin, appears to have re-
mained with his father until on his contem-
plated marriage with his first cousin he took
the Blackball farm. King's Pyon, 1769.

Writers have been uncertain as to the exact
date when B. Tomkins, Jr., began business at
the Blaekliall. The parish books of King's-
Pvon show this date, as the last signa-
ture of his predecessor appears in 1768 and
B. Tomkins, Jr.'s, first signature in 1769. B.
Tomkins, Jr., undoubtedly had his select breed-
ing cattle from his father's herd at Wellington

INTRODUCTION

Court. Being the favorite son he would liave
his pick of the best of them, and the two herds
were afterwards bred conjointly for twenty
j'ears, when on his father's death, in 1789, he
acquired the stock and farm at Wellington
Court. In the meantime B. Tomkins, Jr., had
acquired the Court House and Brook House
Farms, King"s-P\'on, in addition to the Black-
hall, so that the father and son together occu-
pied three and for a time four farms from 650
to 840 acres in extent. How closely they
worked together is shown by his having his
father's stock and farm on his death. The
lives and work of father and son were so inti-
mately blended together that no wonder after
many years succeeding generations, without
close inquiry, regarded their work as that of
one man. The father worked for 47 years
(from 1742 to 1789) and the son for about the
same number (1769-1815), and they worked
together for about thirty of the seventy-three
years of their Joint breeding career. This oc-
cupying of several farms with separate home-
steads enabled them not only to keep more cat-
tle, but to keep the different strains distinct in
different places, enabling them to carry out
their system of line breeding without neces-
sarily using very near affinities.

It has been imagined that they inbred their
cattle very closely, but this idea is not justified
by facts. It is well known that they Ijred all
the bulls they used, and that they kept several
at each homestead, thus enabling them to cross
in their own herds from selected variations in
desired directions without close in-breeding.
They likewise had a wide family circle breed-
ing the same variety of cattle, which gave them
a still wider range for the exercise of their
judgment and skill.

When working alone we know that these two
men achieved a most marvelous success. What
must have been the ])Ower of their united judg-
ments during the thirty years they worked to-
gether?

Eyton says, 1846: "The Mis.ses Tomkins
have been in possession of the same breed with-
out a cross since the period of their father's
death. They were in the habit of keeping four
or five bulls and whatever is bred from their
stock may be relied upon for the purity of the
l)lood."

Here we have evidence to show that the
Misses Tomkins continued to follow their
father's and grandfather's .system of breeding
in the male line for over thirty years after his
death on a single farm of less than 300 acres.

Eyton says further: "During the latter por-
tion of Mr. Tomkins' life he used none but

bulls bred by himself, and did not cross with
any other stocks."

As Eyton was here treating the work of the
two men as that of one he should have said:
"During the latter portion of Jlessrs. Tom-
kins' lives they used none but bulls bred liy
themselves, and did not cross with any other
stocks."

When B. Tomkins, Sr., practically ceased
crossing from outside sources is uncertain, but
most likely it was about the time he took Wel-
lington Court, in 1758, as there were then
herds of Tomkins cattle more or less pure-bred

at the Hill, Xew House, Weobley's Field,
Wooton, Court House, Canon Pyon, Wigmore
Grange, and probably other places outside the
family circle. How quickly successful he was
is thus shown by the early and rapid spread of
his cattle among.^t members of the family.

Eyton says: '■The bull which is often re-
ferred to as 'Silver Bid!' he always considered
as the first great improver of his stock. There
is a prevailing opinion respecting this bull's
name, that it was given to him because he was
of a silver or grey color, but the fact is that he
was a red Inill, with a white face, and a little
white on his back, and his dam was a cow
called 'Silver.' ''

10

I X T R 0 D L' C T 1 U X

Ej-ton, like Professor Low and others, did
not know that he was treating the work of two
men as that of one; referred this information
to B. Tomkins, Jr., but it must have concerned
his father, whose stock liad become famous
manj- years before the son began business in
17C9. The father evidently at an early period
of his career bred this bull from descendants
of the Silver cow his father left him in his will
in 1720.

Sinclair has shown that the red, with the
white face, color markings for cattle were
fashionable in the country before the
death of Lord Scuddmore in 1671, and
Richard Tomkins esteemed them fifty years
after in 1720, since his favorite Silvers
w^ere thus marked, so that the taste for
these colors dates back much further than has
been generally supposed. Their system of
breeding was essentially the same as that fol-
lowed by Hereford breeders at the present time,
only over a more prescribed area. In one re-
spect it was the opposite, since they always
bred the bulls used instead of purchasing them.
In their case this was necessary, as there was
no reliable source to procure them from out-
side their own herds, in fact no cattle so good
as their own to improve them with were oiit-
side their own herds.

Professor Darwin says: "The power of man
to accumulate the slight variations of our do-
mesticated animals in a given direction by con-
stant selection is very considerable. The im-
provement begins by crossing, different types,
and is afterward continued by constant selec-
tions from the varieties produced. When a cross
is made the closest selection is more necessary
than in ordinary cases between good animals of
an established type or breed. To accumulate
these slight differences, absolutely inapprecia-
ble to the ordinary observer, acquires an ac-
curacy of eye, touch and judgment that not
one in a thousand possesses. A man endowed
with these qualifications, who devotes a life-
time to the work, will effect great improve-
ments."

This work the two B. Tomkins were pre-
eminently fitted for, as they carried it o\it with
consummate skill and success, which the sale
in 1819 demonstrated. They seemed to have
intuitively grasjied the physiological law enun-
ciated by Darwin a hundred years after, "that
given an equal amount of pureness of blood, the
male animal possesses a greater amount of ac-
cumulated variation in a given direction than
the female."

"These variations arc at first artificial, but
after accumulating them for a length of timo

they become typified, and constitute a distinct
variety or breed."

It is remarkable that the elder B. Tomkins
first observed the variation in the direction he
desired in two females, and he and his son
afterwards conserved it more particularly in the
males.

Regret was at one time expressed that Tom-
kins did not exclusively adopt the red with
white face colorings for their cattle, but con-
sidering that the cattle B. Tomkins, Sr., began
with were a gre}', a dark red with white spots
on its face, and a red with white face: one
starting with these animals differently marked,
he and his son would have to subordinate color
marks to the more essential qualities when
developing a fresh type of animal from various
sources. When selecting and blending the best
materials from a limited number of animals,
it would have been impossible, even if desired
at that time, to make the places of the color
spots on the bod}' an all-important considera-
tion. If they had bred exclusively from red
with white face, mottl^ face or grey, they must
have sacrificed some of their best animals and
thus defeated their object. They knew the
business too well to do that, and by continually
crossing their differently marked cattle to de-
velop and fix certain desired characteristics they
kept these color marks on the body, liquid or
movable, consequently when the old red with
white face Herefords were crossed with the
Tomkins cattle the color marks were easily
made to conform to the originals, while the
progeny retained the typically fixed, good qual-
ities of the Tomkins breed, conserved through
a long line of generations.

It is unfortunate that at the time when the
Tomkins were systematically transforming the
Herefords from rough, bony draught and dairy
cattle into a superior beef-producing breed, that
no written records were kept. In the absence
of these the old writers took color markings as
indicating what they chose to call breed. They
spoke of the white-face breed, the mottle breed,
the grey breed; and they took it for granted
tliat breed and color necessarily went together
and could not be separated. The universal ac-
ceptance of this great error led to endless, re-
grettable disputes amongst the old breeders.
This misuse of the word "breed" was most
misleading during the transition state of the
Herefords, and all attempts to trace its history
by color marks completely failed. Marshall,
describing Bakewell's Longhorn in 1784, says:
"Color is various, the Brindle, the Pinchbeck
and the Pye are common. The lighter the
color the better thev seem to be esteemed, hut

I N T R 0 D U C T I 0 N

11

this seems to be merely a matter of fashion."
And when describing the points of a perfect
Longhorn he saj's: "Any color that can be
joined with the foregoing qualificatious, it
being perhaps of little (if any) essential im-
port." Thus Bakewell, like Tomkius, disre-
garded color marks, and his improved Long-
horns varied in this respect, but were not called
in consequence the Brindle breed, the Pinch-
beck breed and the Pye In-eed.

Instances are given in the first volume of the
Herd Book where the sire and dam are white-
faced and the offspring mottle-faced, and vice
versa. In the phraseology of the day, the sire
and dam would belong to the white-faced
breed, and the offspring the mottle breed. This
clearly illustrates the fallacy of taking color
marking as a guide to the breed during the
transition period of the Herefords.

Tomkins never line bred color markings,
but rather used them together in every imag-
inable way. Their system was in the words of
the poet:
"White face. Pick face, Mottle face and Grey,

Mingle, Mingle, Mingle, ye that mingle may."

The Herefords were then in a state of com-
minglation with tlie Tomkins cattle, on whose
bodies color marks had no fixed abode, so that
at that time it was a matter of choice where
these should be placed on the future Hereford.
It could have been constituted a grey, a mottle
face or a white-face breed. The overwhelm-
ing choice was to stick to the old red with
white face markings, and although some old
breeders resisted this for a time, they ultimately
died or gave up the contest.

The red with white face markings left liquid
by Tomkins have now through many years of
selection carefully obliterated the spotted face
and grey markings, and become typically fixed
and the true index of breed, which they were
not during the transition period.

Doubtless the Tomkins cattle would have
spread much faster if B. Tomkins, Jr., had not
been so extremely jealous of others obtaining
his best blood. It is well known that he had
many of his best bulls killed at home for the
harvest men rather than others should have
them, and many of his best cows were resold by
the btitchers for breeding purposes. The old
butchers bore universal testimony that the
Tomkins cattle were the most profitable butch-
ers' cattle they killed.

Day of Credenhill. Bakerville of Weoblcy,
Preece of the Shrewd. Davics of Canon Pyon,
and others used to declare that for quality of
meat, associated with smallness of offal, none
they killed a])proachcd them. And Sinclair has

shown in his history that all the old noted
herds, without exccjuion, that could be traced
went back to what I! ewer tersely called "Old
Tomkins" Prime Cattle."'

* * *

Beside the foregoing manuscript, prepared
by Mr. Bustin, I wish to acknowledge here his
great assistance in the preparation of the illus-
trations in this history. Without Mr. Bustin"s
help this great feature of the work would be
most lamentably lacking. His skillful search
has unearthed drawings and paintings that have

TABLET OF BE.N'J.MIIN TOMKI.N'S, JR.. KING'S-PYON
CHURCH, HEREFORDSHIRE.

been hid for 3'ears; he visited various parts of
England, securing photos of homesteads, farm
views, ancient drawings, paintings and engrav-
ings, etc., etc., which are invaluable to the
student of Hereford history. I wish to ac-
knowledge also the kind co-operation of Mr.
Geo. Leigh, of Aurora, 111., to whom I am in-
debted for many photographs of English Here-
ford breeders, their homes and their cattle.

I would draw particular attention to the fact
that the illustrations in this work are. as far
as possible, reproductions of ]ihotographs from
life. The successful ])hotogra])h of live ani-
mals is only a recent accomplishment, and not

I-.?

IXTRODUCTIOX

as yet so successful in America as in England.
This is one groat work wherein England excels
America, a condition which can hardly be ex-
}x'cted to last. It is only in recent years that
actual photographs of cattle from life has been
the successful method of illustration in Eng-
land. Therefore, the illustrations in this work
of both English and American subjects, prior
to 1895, are reproductions of lithographs,
paintings, engravings, etc., all produced by
hand. I thought at first that it would be best
to have old drawings modernized by an up-to-
date live stock artist, as has been done in some
other prominent works on cattle, but after giv-
ing the matter much thought it seemed to me

W. H. BUSTIN. HEREFORD. EKG.

best to reproduce these old pictures exactly as
they were made. They vary, as does all hand
work, with the ideals of the artists drawing
them, ilcssrs. Gauci, Page. Dewey, Burk. Hill
Pahner, Throop. etc., each had their ideal, so
that were each of these men to ]iortray the same
animals those familiar with their work would
have no difficulty in discovering from the pic-
ture who the artist was liy the peculiar personal
ideal invariably, and perhaps unconsciously,
incorporated into the picture. Some of the
ancient artists painted the forms of the ani-
mals they portrayed upon impossible stems,
representing legs. If the readers of Miller's

History will bear in mind these variations of
the artists' ideals when examining the old draw-
ings of cattle reproduced herein they will form
a much more intelligent conception of the ex-
cellence of those old foundation animals by sub-
stituting in their mind's eye correct impressions
of animal anatomy for the superfine limbs and
heads portrayed by the artists. I have
in the appendix added full page reproduc-
tions of photographs from life of choice
specimen Herefords of ditferent ages, be-
ing correct reproductions of actual pho-
tographs from life; every one knows that pho-
tographs have never j'et been made to flatter
animals, for, as a rule, the}' portray faults
more plainly than virtues. These photo-
graphs, however, give the most correct ideas of
anatomy attainable by any process known at
this day. These illustrations have been selected
carefully from photographs taken in England,
and are specifically included in the apjiendix
of tliis work to give correct ideas of Hereford
form and character.

In closing I wish to say that there are per-
sonal references in this book, mainly of persons
long since deceased, that I regret exceedingly
to see again in print. Yet, to leave otit these
references, would be leaving out facts of his-
tory that would give the reader no conception
of the trials and vexations to which the early
supporters of the Hereford breed of cattle were
subjected. Xo one coming freshly upon the
scene to participate in the breeding of pure-
lired cattle in these days of breecl tolerance
could understand the lengths to which jealousy,
jirejudice and selfish interests drove men in
their opposition to Hereford cattle: in what
was, in veriest truth, the "Battle of the
Breeds." I have personally experienced some-
thing in this line myself. Several old show
ring controversies are, in this work, again
brought to light. Fraudulent entries and false
ages are shown to have been prominent factors
in past conflicts. Let no reader su]ipose that
such things do not exist to-day. They are not
so patent between the breeds, because the show
ring contests between breeds has largely been
done away with, but the fraudulent exhibitor
is, if possible, more prevalent to-day than ever.
He can be found in our own ranks, so much .so
that an exhibitor must take one of three
courses, either one of which is equally unpleas-
ant. I refer to the fact that ages are misrep-
resented (flagrantly, in some cases). Surgical
operations are performed to change the appear-
ance and eradicate defects of animals in a man-
ner that should put the most unscrupulous
horse farrier to shame, and there are, at times,

INTRODUCTION

13

as notorious manipulations of judging commit-
tees in the present day as ever occurred in the
past. As I said before there are three courses
open to the honest exhibitor who desires to
bring his cattle before the public at the great
shows. He must either (first) protest and prove
these nefarious practices; (second) practice
these unworthy methods himself, or (third)
submit tamely and allow the unscrupulous ex-
hibitor to win unmerited prizes and escape
unscathed. The one redeeming feature of the
show ring is that the unscrupulous exhibitors
are a very small minority, so that whenever
those who show fairly and honestly get to-
gether and protest in a body against crooked
practices they can be overthrown, but as a rule
up to this time exhibitors have preferred to
allow these frauds to go unrebuked, because of
the prominence of the parties committing
them, or of a desire to keep peace regardless of
price. Again, the class of exhibitors commit-
ting these depredations on the show ring
usually last but a little while. They are, as it
were, meteors, who come out and, to use their
own language, "make a killing" in the prize
ring for a year or two, and then disappear, only

to be followed by some similar fraud upon
whom their mantle invariably falls. As 1 said
before, these unpleasant parts of the book are
left as their author shaped them. Mr. Miller
and my father had the liabit of calling things
by their real names, and both were accustomed
to tell the truth regardless of who were hurt
or benefited thereby, and therefore I have felt
constrained to adopt the policy that was forced
upon Pontius Pilate and say, "What is written
is written." They could never in life forgive
the garbling of their statements by the editor,
and I could not be party to such action now
that they are not here to protest for them-
selves.

This is Mr. Miller's work, and as such is
submitted as the best work ever published on
cattle. If every stockman in America will read
this work and act upon its suggestions, in the
light of its teachings, more will be accom-
plished in the profitable u]ibuilding of the beef
interests of America in one decade hereafter
than has heretofore been accomplished in a
century. T. F. B. Sotha.m.

Chillicothe, Mo.,

April 11th, lt)03.

Hl.STOKY OF HEKEl-UKD CATTLE

1^

CHAPTER I.

Foundation Hereford Herds

In the year 1627, John Speed published a
work on England, Wales, and Scotland, in
which he says of Herefordshire, "the climate
is most healthful and the soil so fertile for
corn and cattle that no place in England yield-
eth more or better conditioned." (jj 1)

Starting from this data, it is fair to presume
that the cattle of Herefordshire should im-
prove, and that Mr. Benjamin Tomkins, who
commenced the breeding of Herefords in the
year 1742, should have found a class of cattle
of great merit. (U 2) It is well here to give
an account of the Tomkins family.

The Tomkins of Weobley were of considera-
ble note and position in its neighborhood, prior
to the civil war of Charles the First, but being
enthusiastic Royalists, they suffered much, in
consequence of tliat monarch's overthrow.

They were distinguished in music and paint-
ing, being patronized in both arts- by royalty,
and the leading members of the House; they
were great and consistent politicians, for many
generations,- representing Leominster and
Weobley in Parliament.

At successive periods during the seventeenth
century, the branch ' from which the dis-y^
tinguished cattle breeder sprang was known "
as Tomkins of Garnestone, a considerable do- .
main, situated immediately south of Weobley'
which belonged to James Tomkins, hovdroi
Weobley, and M. P. for Leominster from 1623
to 1628, who was much esteemed as a country
gentleman and noted debater in the House of
Commons.

In the beginning of the eighteenth century,
was one Richard Tomkins, of the New House,
King's-Pyon parish (^ 3), who spent his life
there, and became a very successful farmer
and breeder of work oxen. In his will in 1720,
he bequeathed a yoke of oxen, called Spark and
Merchant, to his son Richard, and a cow Silver
and calf to his son Benjamin. Richard Tom-
kins died in 1723, leaving six sons and one
daughter. Five of his sons established them-
selves as farmers in the immediate neighbor-

hood. The fourth son, the first distinguished
cattle breeder, "Benjamin Tomkins the elder,"
was bom at the New House, King's-Pyon, in
1714, and commenced business at the Court
House, Canon Pyon, about 1738. He married
Anne Preece of Alton, in 1742, and subse-
quently moved to Wellington Court in 1758,
where he died in 1789, leaving six children,
four sons and two daughters. Of these four
sons, Benjamin, who has been credited as the
noted breeder and improver of the Hereford
breed of cattle, was the second son of Benjamin
of the Court House and Wellington Court, and
from Richard of New House to Benjamin in-
clusive, there were ten of the sons and grand-
sons, who were all farmers and probably
breeders of Hereford cattle.

Benjamin Tomkins, (f4) the renowned
breeder, was the second son of Benjamin Tom-
kins of Court House, Canon Pj'on, where he
was born in 1745 and commenced farming at
Black Hall, (115) King's-Pyon, in 1766. He
married ''in 1772, his cousin Sarah, second
daughter of Richard Tomkins of the Grange,
Woiirtsley. He occupied Black Hall until
1798 when he sub-let it to his nephew, George
Tomkins, Jr., of Frogdou, and removed to
Wellington Court, which he held as a bytake,
from his father's death.

In 1812 he gave up Wellington Court and
went to reside at his own place, Brook House,
(11 6) King's-Pyon, where he died in 1815.
From James Tomkins, Lord of Weobley, who
was active in politics in 1623-8, to Richard,
who commenced farming at New House,
King's-Pyon, and died in 1723 — nearly one
hundred years — we are without a record.

Returning to Mr. Benjamin Tomkins, the
>ounger, who commenced the improvement of
the Herefords in 1766, we have very little in-
formation as to the course he pursued, except
that his cattle obtained a very enviable reputa-
tion among breeders, and brought large prices
from some of the best breeders during his tiuu\
At one time he took tweutv cows to Hereford-

16

11 1 S T () 1{ Y 0 F 1 1 1-: I! K F 0 U D (' A 1' T L E

shire Agricultural Show and gave a challenge
of £100 to any one who would show an equal
number against him. His uephew, George
Tondvins, after traveling over Herefordshire
and other parts of England, among cattle
breeders, when he came home, reported to his
uncle that of all the cattle he had seen, there
were none equal to his. Mr. Jno. Price, of
Kyall, about the year 1804, became acquainted
with the cattle of Mr. Benjamin Tomkins,
from whom he bought a few cows, using them
to bulls descended from Mr. Walker's stock.
He first attempted to improve the Tomkins
cattle by crossing them with the larger stock
of Mr. Walker, with a view of increasing their
size, but the result was so unfavorable that he
put away all these crosses and returned to the
pure Tomkins variety. Mr. Price continued
to breed Herefords until 1841, his herd being
solely of the Tomkins blood. So that, upwards
of seventy ^-ears at least, this strain, first in
possession of Benjamin Tomkins, and then in
that of John Price, was bred continuously
without an out-cross.

It would appear that Mr. Tomkins was en-
titled to the position of leader in the improve-
ment of the breed, and for giving a fixed char-
acter both as to quality, color, and markings.

and at the same time, the Hewers, William and
John, were close seconds. It was perhaps to
be expected that their friends would take sides,
and a feeling of rivalrv should grow up among
them for the time being; but ultimately as
these diiferent lines expanded and new men
took the places of the early rivals, the best
of each were brought together.

Mr. John Price of Ryall and other eminent
breeders acquired bulls and cows of the Tom-
kins breed and they soon spread widely over
the country. In October, 1808, Tomkins had
a large sale at the Court Farm, Wellington,
which the auctioneer, Mr. William James, an-
nounced in these words : "For sale, the follow-
ing valuable and much admired stock, the
property of Benjamin Tomkins, who is going
to decline breeding cattle; consisting of 20
capital cows and heifers, which have five calves
now sucking, two four-vear-old bulls, one ditto
martin, nine three-year-old bullocks, six two-
year-old ditto, two yearling heifers, one of
which is heavy in calf, three two-year-old bulls,
tw'o ditto yearlings." No note of the prices or
purchasers' names at this sale has lieen ob-
tained, but we are able to give a private valua-
tion of the stock at Wellington Court Farm,
drawn up by George Tomkins in June, ISOS,

SCENE IN HEREFORDSHIRE.— A FERTILE SOIL AND WELL-CONDITIONED CATTLE.

HISTOK'Y OF HEKEFOIM) CA'I'TLK

17

which will indicate the owner's estimate of
their worth: "12 cows and calves at £40
($200) each, £480 ($2,400) ; 12 oxen at £43
($215) each, £516 ($2,580) ; 10 two-vear-olds
at £20 ($100) each, £200 ($1,000) ; 10 year-
lings at £15 ($75) each, £150 ($750)." An
average for old and young, steers and breeding
stock of over £30 ($150) each.

Only a comparatively small nnmber of the
hulls bred by Benjamin T(Hnkins were entered
in the Herd Book, and in few cases are par-
ticulars given of their breeding. Wellington
(4) 160 (f[8) is registered simply as coming
under the division of the mottle faces, and as
having been bred by Mr. B. Tomkins. He
passed into the possession of Mr. Price, and
was purchased at his sale in 1816 bv Mr. Jelli-
coe of Beighterton for £283 10s, ($1,400), be-
ing afterwards sold to Mr. Germaine. He was
considered by Mr. Tomkins the best bull he
ever bred, his Silver Bull (41) 432. excepted,
and also the best stock getter. In Vol. 1 of the
English Herd Book, there is a colored litho-
graph (reproduced herein) of this bull from a
painting by Mr. Welles, re]3resenting a compact,
straight animal, of fine size, with fine bone,
mottle face, white dewlap, and white along the
lower parts of the bodv. Anotlier of Tomkins'
bulls registered in Vol. 1, is Ben (96) 6703,
of which the editor, Mr. Eyton, says that ""Miss
Tomkins informed him that Ben was by Sam

(144) 6704, out of one of Mr. Tomkins' cows
called Nancy." Sam (144) 6704, is without
recorded pedigree, all that is said concerning
him being that he was bred bv B. Tomkins.
Wild Bull (145) 3040, bred by' Tomkins. was,
on Jliss Tomkins' authority, said to be by Sil-
ver Bull (41) 432, out of Tidv 340. Phoenix
(55) 3035, a mottle face, out of Storrell 3030,
bred by Mr. Tomkins and got by Wild Bull

(145) 3040, was purchased at Miss Tomkins'
sale in 1819 for 560 guineas (over $2,800) by
Lord Talbot. Mr. Eyton has this remark as to
his dam: "Storrell, Miss Tomkins informs
me, was out of a mottle faced cow of the same
name (Storrell 3041), bv a Pigeon bull." The
bull called Son of Prices 25 (84) 440, bred by
Tomkins, was out of (Price's No. 25) 439,
"who was out of a sister to the dam of Price's
23, or 'The Slit Teat cow,' hy the Silver Bull
(41) 432." Proctor's bull. " (316) 376, was
bred by B. Tomkins "out of his favorite cow.
'Old P'ink.'" Voltaire (39A) 429, was a white
faced bull bred by Tomkins. dam Price's No.
3. Wizard (59) 6699. was a mottle face of
Tomkins' breeding by Ben (96) 6703. and
was sold to Mr. Germaine for 300 guineas
($1,500). Wedgeman (166) was bred by Tom-

kins, but n<i pedigree is given in the Herd Book.
In the appendix to Vol. XI of the English
Herd Book, Jlr. E. F. Welles gave some inter-
esting recollections of the stock of Mr. John
Price, from which a very complete idea can be
obtainc(l of tlir character and appearance of
the 'JV)nd<ins cattle. It is, indeed, one of the
most valuable statt'ments that 'has been made
on the subject. -Mr. Welles says: "When Mr.
John Price commenced cattle breeding, the
character of bull most in esteem in the chief
]\Iidland districts was one having a throat with
as little loose flesh as possil)le depending from

TYPICAL HEREFORD FAT OXE.M OF THE OLD-
FASHIONED SORT.

it. This character was also introduced by some
cattle breeders amongst Herefords. The cele-
brated Purslow bull, the property of the Hay-
woods of Clifton-on-Teme, had this character.
Mr. Walker of Burton had also adopted it. and
from him Mr. Price had a bull or two. ilr. B.
Tomkins and other Hereford breeders had not
been affected hy this fashion, and Mr. Price,
when he became acquainted with ^Ir. Tomkins'
stock, relinquished it. j)referring. and upon
sounder principles, that character which better
indicated the male animal, a considerable de-
gree of throatiness not being objected to. This
character belonged to Wellington (4) 160, the
first bull, and T think, the onlv one bouErht bv
Mr. Price of :Mr. B. Tomkins. This bull was very
dark in color, with face and bosom both mottled
and speckled. His dam, too, bought afterwards
by Mr. Price (but did not breed with him),
was also of the same color."

"The cows bought by Jlr. Price of ^Ir. Tom-
kins were the following: First, a large cow
with a speckled face, giving a blue appearance
to it, witli what may be termed an arched fore-
head or Roman nose, ti])s of horns blackish,
body of lightish brown, dappled, under part of

18

II I s 'I'd i; V or 11 K i; k foi; d ( ati' lk

body and legs iutlining to Slackness, wiiilo
along Ir'I- liack and well formed, biit ou rather
high legs. Secondly, a cow commonly called
'tlie ilark-iiosed cow' — a red cow with mottled
face, square made, and on sliort legs, ricli
quality of flesh, with a soft and thick pile of
hair "moderately curled. This cow was un-
fortunate to Mr. Price as a breeder, the only
jn-oduce 1 recollect out of her being the
'.Marked faced bull,' alias 'Pyon' at his sale.
Thirdly, a large yellow cow with white face,
rath(>r " long headed, and not carrying much
flesh. She was the dam of Voltaire (39A)
429, by one of Mr. Tomkins' bulls.

"Pig('on, by far the most remarkable cow he
had of Mr. Tomkins — and her own character,
as well as that of her descendants, will well
warrant me in terming her the best — was a
large cow, rather on high legs, somewhat shal-
low in the bosom, with very fine bone, neck
rather light, head good but horn short; her
color a speckled grev, the red parts being dark,
growing still darker about her legs; hair rather
short but soft, quality of flesh excellent, back
and hind-quarters great, excepting thighs,
which were rather light, but with good twist ;
her constitution liardv, and she was a regular

THE NEW HOUSE. KINGS-PYON. HEREFORDSHIRE,

and successful breeder. About this same time
also, ilr. Price had another cow from Mr. B.
Tomkins, which was called the Kough cow,
from her coat being much curled ; she was a
middle sized cow, nothing remarkable in form,
her color dark red, with white hack, and she
had the reputation of being of a family that
were good ox breeders. Mr. Price had a bull
from this cow called 'Rough bull' alias 'Origi-
nal,' but he did not long retain any of his stock.
There were sisters to him by other Tomkins
bulls. Two more cows Mr. Price. subsequently
ol)l!iined from Afr. IV Tomkins — a half-sister to

No. 2^K and a ilaugliler to -Mr. Tomkins'
famous 'Slit Teat Cow' No. 21. The former
of these was a snudl cow out of a very true
form, dark color, with white along her back;
she was the dam of Lord Talbot's Woodcock
(50) ()54, sire of Mr. Price's Woodcock
Pigeon fiSl. 1 am not aware that Mr. Price
had any more cows from Mr. B. Tomkins, but
he afterward o!)tained tw'o cow'S of his blood
— one called Damsel 371 from iMr. T. Tom-
kins, and another from ^Ir. Tomkins of Worm-
bridge, the former the dam of Woodman
(10) 307 and the latter the dam of Diana
638. He also bought a few Tomkins bred
cows from Mr. Jas. Price; among these was
the dam of Peg Murphy 35.59."

These notes, which JEurnish a complete pic-
ture of a large nunil)er of the Tomkins cattle,
fully bear out what has been said as to their
diversified colors. Mr. Price's selections com-
prised animals that were yellow with white
face ; speckled grey ; dark red, with white back ;
red with mottle face; dark color with white
along the back; and lightish brown dappled,
with white along the back, etc. The only
point in which there was an approach to uni-
formity as regards color was the white back.
A few other notes as to Tomkins' cows are
gleaned from the entries in the Herd Book.
The "Slit Teat Cow" referred to by Mr. Welles
was considered bv Tomkins the best cow he
ever had. Storrell 3039 by Wild Bull (145)
3040, was, as has alreadv been mentioned, dam
of Phoenix (55) 3035," sold to Lord Talbot
for 560 guineas ($2,800). Old Bose was out
of the dam of Silver Bull (41) 432, Old
Lovely 657 was a daughter of the "Slit Teat
Cow." All we know about others are their
names, and in some cases those of their sires
— Blowdy out of Old Pidgeon, the dam of ilr.
Price's Pigeon 373 ; Margaret, bv Silver Bull
(41) 432; Stately, bv Wizard (59) 6699; Blos-
som, bv Phoeni.x (55) 3035: Old Lilv, Xutty,
etc.

After the dea'th of B. Tond<ins, in Octol)er,
1815, the herd, which had by this tinu; been
much reduced in numbers by private sales, was
kept on by his daughters, the Misses Tomkins,
until October, 1819, when part of it w'as sold.
Through the courtesy of ^Ir. Haywood of
Blacknu're House we have been favored with a
copy of the original sale bill, containing the
prices and punhasers' nanu's. marked by one
who was present at the sale. The document
has a historic importance, and is reproduced in
full :

"A catalogue of the valuahle stock of prime
Herefordshire cnttie. the property of the late

II 1 sTo i; V ()

II K 1! KTUliD CATTLE

19

J. Tonikins ol' Wclliugtun I'oiirt, which will
be sold by auction without reserve, u])on ihc
premises at King's- Pyon, nine miles from llcrc-
•ford, on Monday, 18th October, 1819, being
the eve of the Herefordshire Agricultural
Show, and two days previous to the great cattle
fair at Hereford:

LOT. NAME.

1. Yearling heifer.

Young Blowdy

2. Ditto. Young Fair-

maid

3. Two-year-old i n -

calf heifer. Young
Blossom

4. Ditto, Young Silver

5. In-calf heifer, Duch

ess

6. Ditto cow. Pigeon..

7. Ditto, SUtely

8. Ditto, Silk ...

9. Ditto, Beauty

10. Ditto. Silver .

11. Ditto, Cherry

PURCHASER. PRICE.

Mr. \V. West .i6 14 0= $28.5

-Mr. Court 99 15 0= 500

12. Ditto, Prettymaid.

13. Ditto. Plot

14. Ditto. Nancy

15. Ditto, Blowdy...

16. Ditto, Fairmaid

17. Ditto, Tidy

18. Ditto, Lovely . .

19. Ditto, Storrell..

Ditto, Pink

Bull-calf off Ditto.

Ditto off Beauty

, Fat Cow, Blossom.

Pair of two-year-
old steers (twins)

Ditto

Ditto

Single Bullock

Pair of yearling bul-
locks

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

. Ditto

Pair of bullock
calves

Ditto

. Ditto

Mr. G. Tomkins, for

Lord Talbot 105

Mr. John Tomkins.. 73
Mr. G. Tomkins. for

Lord Talbot 105

Mr. W. West 159

Mr, G. Tomkins, for

Lord Talbot 52

Mr. Lewis 70

Mr. Cooke 262

Mr. West 210

Mr. G. Tomkins, tor

Lord Talbot 110

Mr. Lewis 99

Mr. Turner 105

Mr. G. Tomkins, for

Lord Talbot 252

Mr. Cooke 273

.Mr. West 65

Mr. Cooke 131

Mr. Cooke 53

.VI r. G. Tomkins, for

Lord Talbot 262

Mr. Edwards 141

Mr. Clarke 147

Mr. Crooke 215

Mr. James 48

Mr. T. Cooke 47 5 0=

Mr. W. Cooke 48 6 0=

Mr. James Price 49 0 0=

Mr. James Price 2U 0 0=

Mr. Smith 24 0 0=

Mr. Patrick 27 0 0=

Mr. James Price 49 0 0=

Mr. Oliver 27 6 0=

Mr. Wedge 25 10 0=

Mr. W. Cooke 20 10 0=

Mr. W. Cooke 16 0 0=

Mr. Wright 16 0 0=

5 0=: 550
15 0= 50O
0 0= 525

5 0= 1260
0 0= 1365
2 0= 325
5 0= 855
11 0= 265

bull

37. Heifer calf .

38. Ditto

39. Two-year-old

of Pink

40. Ditto of Storrell....

41. Four-year-old Ditto

42. Five-year-old Ditto.

.Mr. W. West 147 0 0= 735

.Mr. G. Tomkins. tor

Lord Talbot 588 0 0= 2940

. Mr. Welles 162 15 0= 815

.Mr. T. Cooke 173 5 0= 865

"N. B. — The above cattle are all of the pure
breed, which have been so justly esteemed and
admired by the most competent judges in every
part of the kingdom where they have been in-
troduced, and for which peculiar blood, the
highest prices have been obtained, and particu-
larly No. 23, which is considered to carry the
greatest weight u]ion the smallest bone of any
cow in the kingdom."

SUMMARY OK

SALES.
Total.
£ s d
17 cows 2249 2 0

3 two-year-old heifers 283 10 0

2 yearling heifers 156 9 0

4 bulls 1071 0 0

2 bull calves 362 5 0

28 Head; Total, £4172 6s Od ($20,861.50)
($745.00).

Average.
£ s d=U. S. D.
149 18 9=$ 749.68
94 10 0= 472.50
78 4 6= 391.12
267 15 0= 1338.75
181 2 6= 905.62
Average, £149

It is interesting 1o compare the foregoing
averages with those realized at the great Short-
horn (Durham) sales of the ]5rotliers Colling,
which took place about the same time. At ^Ir.
('has. Ceiling's sale at Ketton, in 1810, the
average for 47 head was £151 8s ($751.00)
(the bull Comet bringing 1,000 guineas or
$5,000.00). At Mr. Kobt. Colling's sale at
Brampton in 1818, 61 head averaged £128 17s
lOd ($6-14.35); and at his sale in 1820, 4() head
averaged £49 8s 7d ($247.14).

A statement has recently been made to the
effect that the Tomkins Herefords, if they had
not from the effects of excessive in-and-in
breeding fallen into disrepute before B. Tom-
kins' death, at least did so almost immediately
afterwards. There is certainly no evidence of
want of public appreciation in the sale list
which has just been given. .Moreover, Mr. John
Price for many years retained without any mix-
ture the blood of Tomkins, and also bred very
closely, and yet when his herd was dispersed in
1841 (26 years after Tomkins' death) the aver-
age for 99 lots was £53 16s 4d ($270). But it is
only necessary to glance at the composition of
the foundation herds of Herefords as recorded
in the Herd Book — those of Knight. Smythies,
Yarworth, Hewer, Walker, Hoskyus, Perry,
Jellico, Smith, T.o^;d Talbot, Sir F. Lawley,
etc., to see how^ largely the Tomkins blood was
infused over the breed. There was scarcely one
of the early herds that was not indebted to the
Tomkins strains for \nirt of its excellence, and
if the results of injudicious in-and-in breeding
had then, as is alleged, been so painfully ap-
parent, the blood would have scarcely obtained
such wide circulation. That some of Tomkins"
cattle went into the possession of those who
were not able to do them justice, and who
failed in the attempt to carry out what they
supposed was his system, is unquestionable;
but that the herd retained uniiajjaired its high
character when Benjamin Tomkins died, is
proved by the results in 1819, and by the fact
that John Price continued for 37 years to suc-
cessfully breed on the Tomkins" lines without
resorting to other blood.

After the sale in 1819 the Misses Tomkins
remained at the Brook House Farm, and c(ni-
tinued to breed Hereford cattle. They had a
second sale in October, 1839, when it -was an-
nounced that they were about to retire from
business. The catalogue of this sale shows that
their cattle still retained considerable reputa-
tion. Among the prices were £108 ($k)40) for
the nine-vear-old cow Pigeon, the ]iurchaser
being Mr". Ctough; £50 ($250) for the eight-
year-old cow Stately (Mr. Davenport): £56

BENJAMIN TO.MKINS. Jr., 1:4-. 1si5.

HISTORY OF n E R E F 0 R D CATTLE

21

($280) for the seven-year-old cow Diana (^Ir.
Galliers); £50 (or $250) for the nine-year-old
cow Lovely (Mr. Galliers); £52 ($260) for the
three-year-old heifer Countess (Mr. Jones); £51
($255) for the two-year-old heifer Tidy (Mr.
Galliers). A three-year-old bull No. 1, got by
a bull from Old Pigeon by the same sire, made
£82 ($410) (Mr. Griffiths). Among the other
purchasers were Mr. Smythies, Mr. Yeld, Mr.
Vevers, Mr. J. Moore, etc. The average for
48 animals was over £30 (or $150). The final
sale was in October, 1854, one of the sisters
having, in the interval, died. The entire herd,
numbering 55 head, ''descended from that
peculiar blood which has for three-fourths of
a century been the admiration of the county,
and which have upon former occasions realized
higher prices than any other breed of Here-
fords in the kingdom," was then dispersed. No
catalogue of this sale seems to have been
printed; the announcement having been made
on a "broadside," specifying the numbers of
the various classes of stock, and there is no
note of prices. The auctioneer, however,
stated that the animals were purely descended
from the herd of the late Mr. Benjamin Tom-
kins, from whom the late Mr. Price of Ryall
obtained that breed of cattle which, at different
times, have been distributed through the
United Kingdom at enormous prices, particu-
lars of which will be found in "Eyton's Herd
Book." From a note in Vol. 1 of the Herd
Book it appears that it was the custom of the
Misses Tomkins to give the same names to their
cows through successive generations, and their
bulls — of which they were in the habit of keep-
ing four or five — were not distinguished by
names but by numbers. From these causes no
bulls or cows bred by them appear in the Herd
Book. We are informed that for some years
the Misses Tomkins had the advantage of Mr.
George Tomkins' assistance, but when he gave
up his farm in 183G the herd does not seem to
have been so carefully managed, though the
system of close breeding was continued.
Doubtless the Misses Tomkins parted with the
best portion of their stock in 1819, and most
of the remainder in 1839; and between that
date and 1854, having only themselves and a
bailiff to depend upon, it was only to have been
expected that their herd should not continue
to possess the special merits by which it was
formerly characterized, and it may be from its
decadence that the idea has arisen, that Ben-
jamin Tomkins' stock had greatly deteriorated
before his death.

Other members of the Tomkins family bcsiiK'
the Misses Tomkins engaged in the breeding

of Herefords. Among them may be mentioned
Mr. Richard Tomkins, Hyatt, Sarnesfield, a
brother of the wife of Benjamin Tomkins. He
was born in 173(5 and died in 1819. After the
death of this geaitleman, his herd was sold in
April, 1819. We have the sale list but it is
unnecessary to print it in full. The prices were
very good for the times. A pair of oxen named
Summons and Merryman were sold for £80
($400); another pair named Merchant and
Lightfoot sold for £60 ($300); Mr. West car
gave £50 ($250) for a pair of three-year-old
bullocks, and £48 10s ($240) for another pair.
Among the purchasers of breeding .stock were
the Rev. Mr. Smythies, and Mr. Jones, Brein-
ton. Mr. Bray tells us that among Richard
Tomkins' stock were a good many of the
"hailed backed" variety, and several of the
animals included in the sale are thus described
in the catalogue. The Rev. J. R. Smythies
purchased two "hail backed" heifers.

George Tomkins of Frogdon, born 1740, died
1797, brother of Benjamin Tomkins, the
younger, had also a noted stock of Herefords,
and he is generally believed to have been a
remarkably good judge of stock.

George Tomkins, son of the gentleman just
named, nephew of Benjamin Tomkins and a
trusted friend of Lord Talbot, also bred Here-
ford cattle. Born in 1776, he occupied the
farms of Wistaston and Frogdon. He gave uji
the former farm to his son-in-law, Thos. Gal-
liers, in 1836, and then retired to the Green,
Norton Canon. The portrait of a cow, bred by
George Tomkins, was often jjointed out by the
mother and father of T. T. Galliers, Wistas-
ton, as being a good representative of the Tom-
kins' "Silver-breed." This cow was purchased
by Mr. Peploe, of Garnestone Castle, and was a
favorite of his, being kept to a great age for
breeding. He had her painted by Weaver in
1814, when she was eight years old, and the
picture hung in Mr. Peploe's study during his
lifetime, and during that of his successor. Cap-
tain Peploe. When the Rev. J. B. Webb-Peploe
succeeded to the property he presented the oil
painting to the late Mrs. Galliers on her re-
questing permission to have a photo taken of
the portrait of her father's Silver cow. (1[ 9)
This painting represents the Tomkins Silver
variety of Herefords. Mr. T. A. Knight, of
Downton, obtained some of his stock from Jlr.
Geo. Tomkins, who died in 1854, aged 79
years.

Other members of |]u> Tomkins family wlio
were breeders of the Hereford cattle were Rich-
ard Tomkins. of Dippers Moor, born 1757,
(bed 1800; William Tomkins. of Wormbridire.

22

TI 1 S T 0 K Y OF 11 E K E F 0 R D (.' A T T L E

born 17.5G, died 1821: and Tlios. Tomkins. of
Court House, born 1743.

Mr. T. C. Yeld (^ lU) in an interesting arti-
cle from which we shall quote, mentions Wig-
more Grange sale, and says "that most of the
purchasers .secured several lots. They were
cows, calves, and young heifers; the oxen,
steers and bulls being sold in the following
spring. The writer has seen a painting of one
of the oxen, four of which, he has learned, from
the family, sold for over £70 ($350) each.

"Old jir. Tully also left three sons in farm-
ing business — one at Huntington, one at Clyro
and one at (J raft on; and these possessed by far
the best of what would be called the white-
faced Ilerefords, if I except Mr. Skyrme, of
Strettcm, but of whose stock I have no reliable
account, except the opinion of Mr. T. A.
Knight, which is certainly most favorable. In

BLACK HALL. KING'S-PYON, HEREFORDSHIRE.

giving an account of the Ilerefords of the last
century. 1 have stated nothing but what is
from correct sources.

"I now ])roceed to name the best herds at the
commencement of the present century, and al-
though Mr. Benjamin Tomkins was in the
highest re])ute there were many who possessed
equally good cattle. The late Mr. T. A. Knight
in replying to my inquiry about the pedigree
of the celebrated White Bull, writes as follows:

" 'Sir: The account which you appear to have
received respecting the bull from which you
have bred is in every essential respect correct,
luif I did not give the calf to Mr. Turlcy. He
bought it of me, and never i)aid me anything
for it. The dam was lircd by Mr. Skyrme, of
Strctton. who at that time possessed, in my
(ipinion, by far the best breed of cattle in the
iDuntry, and which was Mr. Westcar's opinion.
i reared several otlici' bulls from the same cow.

which were very excellcni, and for one of them
at eleven months old I refused 40 guineas. The
sire of your bull descended from a mixture
of the breed of Mr. Tully, of Huntington, and
Mr. Isaac Martin, who possessed very excellent
though small, stock. I do not think a better
bred animal than that about which you have
inquired ever existed in the county of Here-
ford. I never bred above two or three animals
from Benjamin Tomkins' stock, which, I con-
fess, I never liked. With good wishes, your
obedient servant,

(Signed) T. A. Kxight. (Ij 11)
To T. C. Yeld.

Downton, January 8th, 1836.' "

It may be pointed out that ilr. Y'eld was evi-
dently unaware of the fact that there were two
breeders named Benjamin Tomkins. The asso-
ciate of William Galliers, of Wigmore Grange,
to whom he refers, was, as has already been
ex])lained, not Benjamin Tomkins, the younger,
as he seems to have believed, but his father.

William Galliers (Tf 12a), of Wigmore Grange
(^12), -was intimately associated with the
elder Benjamin Tomkins in social and business
relations, and was born in the year 1713, and
died ilay 2Gth. 1779, and his herd passed to his
son, John Galliers.

William Galliers, of Frogdon, was a son of
William Galliers (1| 13A), of Wigmore (U 12B)
(Jrange, and hence a brother of John ; was also a
lireeder of Herefords, and gained thirteen cups
and two decanters before the Herefordshire
Agricultural Society between the years 1802
and 1S1.5. The Wigmore Grange herd was sold
on October 15th, 1795. Prior to this date a
portion of the herd had passed into the hands
of William Galliers, Jr., who went to Oxhouse
in 1765; to Eve in 1790; and to Frogdon in
1799.

The Wigmore sale, October ]5th, 1795, com-
prised 82 head.

The two sons of William Galliers — William,
born at AVigmore Grange (H 13) in 1744, who
died at Oxhouse in 1832, aged 88 years; and
John, born at Wigmore Grange in 1755. who
died at Coxall in 1828 — were both celebrated
breeders. The prize list of the early shows of
the Herefordshire Agricultural Society proves
the character of the stock of William Galliers,
and the sale list given indicates the estimation
in which the herd, after it had jiassed into the
hands of John Galliers. was held, although he
does not seem to have long continued breeding
Herefords after his removal to Coxall in 1795
(TI13B).

Miss Letitia Galliers. grand-daughter of

11 I STO R Y

H K H E FO R 1) (■ ATT LE

23

William Galliers, of Frogdon, remembors some
animals of the mottled-face variety being at
Oxhouse. She believes that at first a portion
of the Galliers cattle were more or less mottle-
faced; bnt they gradually assumed the red
with white face markings, and by selection,
they ultimately became wholly of that color.
Thpre can, in her opinion, be no doubt that her
grandfather won his prizes with white-faced
animals.

Some notes taken from a memorandum book
belonging to Mr. William Galliers, of Frogdon,
show that in 1775 an ox weighed 80 st. -t lbs.
(1,124 lbs.); while in 1787 an ox weighed 89 st.
11 lbs. (1,257 lbs.), and a cow weighed 84 st.
9 lbs. (1,183 lbs.). He seems to have sold his
cattle by weight, at 4d per pound, off grass.

Benjamin Tomkins, the elder, began farming
in 1738 and died in 1789.

William Galliers was born in 1713 (a year
earlier than Benjamin Tomkins, the elder,) and
died in 1779, ten years earlier than B. Tom-
kins, the elder; thus the two men were breed-
ers for forty years or more. Mr. B. Tomkins,
starting in 1766, was a breeder for 23 years by
the side of his father, and for 13 years beside

Mr. Galliers. .John (ralliers continued breed-
ing from this date, after his father's death, until
October 15th, 1795.

It will be seen from this date that the Tom-
kins family had been breeders of Hereford cat-
tle for a century or more; and it is true, prob-
ably, from the time of Speed in 1627, that
Herefordshire had many farmers who were
breeders of cattle of a quality equal to the best
that went into London market.

John Duncomb, Secretary of the Hereford
Agricultural Society, and Historian of the
countj', says: "The cattle of Herefordshire
have long been esteemed superior to most, if
not all, other breeds in the Island. Those of
Devonshire and Sussex approach the nearest to
them in general appearance. A large size and
athletic form and unusual neatness, character-
ize the true sort. The prevailing color is a red-
dish brown with white face. They are shod
with iron in situations which frequently re-
quire their exertion on hard roads.

"The showing of oxen in thriving condition,
at Michaelmas Fair, in Hereford, cannot be ex-
ceeded by any similar collection in England.
On this occasion thev are generallv sold to the

BKOOK HOtTSE. KI.\C,'.S-PYOX. IIEREFOROSHIRE.

24

HTSTOKY OF H EKE FOR I) CATTLE

principal graziers in the counties near tlie me-
tropolis, and then perfected for the London
market." 1 have introduced Mr. Duncomb at
this point, as it is fair to presvmie that his
statement may refer to the past as well as to
his own time.

Mr. Henry Haywood (^ 14), of Blakemere
House. Ih'r'eford. informed Messrs. McDonald
and Sinclair (editors of a history of Herefnrds,
l)uhlished in 18SG) that in the division of John
Haywood's property in ITlo, he especially re-

WELLINGTON (4) 160. CALVED 1808, BRED BY B. TOM-
KINS.
(From an old lithograph.)

fers to his cattle and to one of his sons, and
says further: "My father always told me that
his great-grandfatiier (the said John Haywood)
was considered a su])(rior man of business, and
was a breeder of Hereford cattle. My uncle,
Joseph Smith, of Shelleslcy (who had always
lived in that neighborhood), often mentioned
this John Haywood as a leading man and
breeder of Herefords."

The fact that the Tomkins family and the
Haywoods were breeders, each in the eighteenth
century, and ])robably much earlier, is suffi-
cient evidence that the Herefordshire farmers
were breeders of a superior class of cattle, and
with such a foundation Mr. Benjamin Tom-
kins, Jr., commenced his work.

Mr. J. H. ('am]ibell, of Charlton. Kent Coun-
ty, was a contributor to the "Annals of Agri-
culture," ])ublishcd by Arthur Young. He
wrote two ]iapers for the "Annals" treating on
breeds of cattle and shee)), and mainly relating
to the Herefords. Campbell had a controversy
with Young as to the point that should charac-
terize a model beef animal, and having been
described as a warm advocate of the Herefords,
he said: "I am so. because of long experience.
If I am wrong, it is not for want of painstaking,
or being thoroughly acquainted with several

otherbreeds, and particularly those about which
there has been mucii said, at least in ]irint,
as to which, after a long-continued trial (and
in the outset of the trial, as confident in my
expectation as anybody could have been of
finding them better than the Herefords) in the
end being of the opinion that in most cases
they were greatly inferior to theiu."

CanipbelTs discussion with Young originated
in a dilVerence of opinion as to the merits of
an ox, of the true Herefordshire breed, which
the former had exhibited.

( 'ampbell says that "the opinion of many
who viewed this animal alive was that they
never saw so much beef under a hide of the
size, and upon so small proportion of bone."
He also stated that he "knew, from experience
through trials of various breeds, none that
would fatten on less food and few that would
not require luore than the true Hereford
breed. The difference in thriving, for the food
given, between them and good specimens of
other breeds, which he had fed along wdth
them, did not require weight and scales to
determine."

Mr. Campbell was a farmer in Charlton. Kent
County, and a feeder of cattle for the butcher
in f^ondon market, and commenced feeding
cattle at or before 1779, probably l)efore that
time. The ox, a specimen of the true Here-
fordshire breed, over which the controversy was
held, was slaughtered in 1779 and exhibited at
Greenwich, on account of the fineness of his
flesh, beauty of his shape, symmetry of his
parts, fore and aft, the impartial distribution
of his weight, and the regular fattening of all
his parts. The ox was about seven years old,
and the following are the figures of his size and
weight: Live weight was 3,3()0 pounds; the
foreqiiarters weighed l,01t) pounds; the hind-
quarters weighed 89G pounds. The dressed
weight of this ox was 1,912 pounds.

Mr. John Westcar, of Creslow, Buckingham-
shire, an eminent grazier, identified himself
with this breed. He regularly attended the
Hereford fairs as early as 1779, and the high
jirices at wh.ich he sold bullocks in the London
market doulitless convinced many of their
adaptability for grazing purjioses. We first
note his selling fifteen oxen on September 17th,
1798. for a price in English currenev equal to
$4.1)37.00, an average of $213.00 each. The
same year he aided in the organization of the
^+mitiifielil Cattle and Sheep Society, before
which at their first meeting he took, with a
Hereford, the chaiiqiionshiji for the best ox in
the show Ca 15).

Mr. Gcorse Dood wrote Kev. J. \\. Smvthies

Tl I S 'I' () IM- () F 11 E 1! E F () 1! i ) (A T T L E

25

that he had been permitted to examine ilr.
Westcar's books, and made seleetions as of the
Herefords which he had sold for £100 ($,"•)()())
each, and he found between 1799 and 1811
twenty oxen sold for £2,123 ($10,1)15), or
$531.00 each, and says that if he had selected
such as sold for £80 ($400) each, the list would
have been very largely increased.

Selecting from his sales from 1799 to 1811,
cattle that had sold for $500.00 or over, there
were twenty head that averaged $531.00, and
the highest priced ox sold for $737.00 — all sell-
ing to butchers.

In the year 1812 or 1813 he made a sale of
fifty oxen at Sniithfield for $350.00 each.
These are the sales of which I find an account,
though he fed and grazed 200 head or more
each year, which found a market in London.

I have selected these two feeders, Westcar
and Campbell, as coming nearer or contempo-
rary to the Messrs. Toiidvins' work, than any
other. These men were graziers as early as
1799, and were experienced as graziers, feeders
and sellers.

William Marshall, contemporary historian of
Tomkins, Westcar, Campbell period, wrote in
1788, describing the cattle of the west of Eng-
land, that the great writer Speed said in 1027,
"that the Hereford breed of cattle, taking it
all in all, may, without risk, I believe, be
deemed the first breed of cattle in this Island."
Here we have the fixed data of Speed in the
year 1627, who was a historian, writing of Eng-
land, Wales and Scotland.

Marshall was a native of Yorkshire, and jour-
neyed all over the country, collecting facts
illustrative of the various agricultural districts,
and making inquiries as to the breeds of cattle,
horses, and sheep, for facts to be used in a
work published by him, entitled "Eural Econ-
omy of the West of England."

Marshall gives a description of the Hereford
ox, as he found him in 1788, which it is well
to quote here: "The general appearance, full
of health and vigor, and wearing the marks of
sufficient maturity, provincially oxenish, not
steerish, or still in too growing a state to fat;
the coimtenance open, cheerful, pleasant; the
forehead broad, the eye full and lively; the
horns bright, tapering and spreading; the head
small; the neck long and tapering; the chest
deep: the bosom broad and projecting forward;
the shoulder bone thin and flat. Xo pr(^tubcr-
ance in bone, but full and mellow in flesh: the
loins broad, the hips standing wide and level
with the s]u'nc: the (|uart(>rs ](mg and wide at
the nache: the rump with the general level of
the back, not crooping or standing high and

sharp above the ([uartcrs; the tail slender and
neatly haired; tlie barrel round and roomy; the
carcass throughout being deep and well spread;
the ribs broad and standing close and flat cm
the outer surface, forming a smooth and even
barrel; the hindmost large and full length, the
bone small and snug, not ))roniinent; t!ie thigh
clean and regularly tapering; the leg upright
and short, the bone below the hough small; the
cod and twist round and full; the flank large,
the feet of a middle size; the flesh everywhere
mellow, soft, and yielding to the touch, espe-
cially on the chine, the shoulder and the ribs;
the hide mellow and su]iple, of a middle thick-
ness and loose on the luiche and buckle: the
coat neatly haired, bright and silky, its color
a middle red; with a bald face, the last being
esteemed characteristic of the true Hereford-
shire breed."

We submit that this descrijjtion, written
over One hundred years ago, will pretty well
answer for to-day.

BlI^Vt,K i..uV\. iaIAkh IMiti. llUKll HV UKOKGE

TU.MKINS.

(From an old painting.)

Slarshall also says that "At the Hereford fair
on October 20th, 1788, we saw about a thou-
sand head of cattle, chiefly of the Hereford
breed. A large proportion of them were grown
oxen, full of flesh. The most valuable collection
I have met with," and then he adds : "Out of
Sniithfield, by much the finest show I have ever
seen."

Mr. Fowler, on another page, gives an ac-
count of Mr. Westcar's visit to the Hereford
October Fair with the Duke of Bedford and
Lord Rerners, to which we call attention.

As stated, Mr. Westcar took an active part
in the organization of Smitlifield Cattle ami
Sheep Society, afterwards changed to the
"Smithfi'^ld Club," an .account of wliieh we
liave thouglit best to adopt, supplemented by
items that I find in the "Annals of Asrieul-
ture." (tf 16)

26

II ISTO I! V <i !•■ II K i; K l'<i i; l» (' A'l"l' LE

CHAPTER II.

Foundation Hereford Herds — Continued

JOHN PEICE, OF RYALL.

It was impossible to notice the career of Ben-
jamin Tonikins, the younger, without making
some reference to his greatest supporter and
cliscipk>, Jolm Price. (l| 17) Thanks to Mr.
Price's habit of carefully recording his breed-
ing transactions, and to the industry of liis
friend, Mr. Welles, we know almost exactly the
character of the cows which he purchased from
Mr. Tomkins; and his subsequent method of
ijreeding is clearly narrated in the Herd Book
entries, which were drawn up from his cata-
logues and notes. Mr. Price was scrupulous in
liis attention to pedigrees, and in his case, there
is nil occasion for regret at the absence of de-
tails.

John Price, the eminent breeder, was the
eldest son of Job and Elizabeth Price, who
occupied a farm at Earl's Croome, in Worces-
tershire (II 18), where he was born in 1776.
The .son of an industrious farmer, John Price
was from an early age engaged in all the oper-
ations of the farm. Thus employed, he had
little o])portunity for receiving any other than
a plain village school education. He was
taught to read, to write, and the use of fig-
ures. Whatever disadvantage, however, he ex-
perienced from the want of a more extended
education w-as amply compensated by the pos-
session of great natural abilities — of a mind
powerful and original in its conceptions and
conclusions, and as soon as he commenced busi-
ness on his ow^n account, he let slip no oppor-
tunity of improving his education by reading
and seeking the society of gentlemen of high
respectability, l-'arly in life he became a fa-
vorite witli the Earl of Coventry. These facts
are gleaned from an obituary notice that ap-
peared in tlie "Farmers' Magazine" in 1845.
Mrs. Pumfrey, Mr. Price's daughter, in a sub-
sequent number of the journal, wrote: "All
is true that you state of his humble birth;
not that his parents were of mean grade or
fiii-tnnclei-s; but farmers then lived and
liiiiiigbt u|i their sons so difTerently to tliose of
modern times. My father's transcendanl and

natural abilities and genius, however, sur-
mounted every obstacl(> to improvement; l)y
nature and habit he became a perfect gentle-
man, an ornament to any society, and this
without any assumed polish. Humble and
courteous even in his most palmy days, he was
a favorite with all, the kind and assisting
friend of many, his very faults leaning so much
to the side of virtue as to disarm one of blame.
Not only, as you say, was he an admitted, but
an honored guest at Croome, for even during
the visit of royal personages has the late Coun-
tess of Coventry insisted on my father being
of their circle. I have known the late Earl
of Coventry, with his brothers, to dine at my
father's house five days of the week; the late
p]arl Plymoutli, and many others, too numer-
ous to name individually, none of whom need
to blush in association witli a man mentally
superior to most. His fame as a breeder and
judge of stock will not die for many an age;
m which respect I have often been told since
and before his death, he had no equal."

Mr. Price ultimately succeeded his father as
tenant of Earl's Croome, and he early evinced
a fondness for the live stock of the farm. The
cattle he first possessed of any pretensions to
good lireeding were ])rocured from Mr. Walker,
of Burton. Mr. Welles states tliat with some
of these he was induced to try crosses with the
pure Gloucesters, an old breed famous for their
milking properties, the improved specimens
also making good carcasses of meat and pro-
ducing good steers. An uncle, ilr. Barnes, of
Corse Court, was in possession of an excellent
herd of the Gloucester breed, and Mr. Price
procured a few cows of him. ilr. Welles says
he rcmendiers a cow bred from one of these by
a Hereford bull, making, when fed. an ex-
traordinary animal — weighing upwards of 18
score per ([uarter (1,440 lbs.).

It was about the year 1804 that Mi-. Price
became acipuiinted with the cattle of Mr. B.
Tomkins, from which lie bought a few cows,
using to them bulls dcsccudeil from .Mr. Walk-

11 1 S T < » i; Y U F 11 E i; E E U i; D I' A 1' T E ]•:

Vi

er's stock. Mr. Welles recollected the first bull so
bred, out of the cow Pigeon, bought from B.
Tomkins. But the cross did not suit and the
animal was disposed of.

About 1811 Mr. Price gave up the farm at
Elarl's Croome and bought a small estate at
Ryall, near Upton-upou-Severn. He also took
a large field of pasture, a part of Croome de-
mesne, of about 120 acres, which he held till
his death. In a few years from this time he
possessed himself of cows from Mr. B. Tom-
kins, and his herd began to attract considerable
notice. Among the purchasers of the stock he
was able to draft, being many of the nobility.

MR. T. C. YELD, OF THE RROO.ME.

including the Earl of Plymouth. Earl Talbot,
and the honorable Mr. Germaine. In 1812 he
gave a challenge, to be decided at the Lichfield
Agricultural meeting, to show twenty of his
cows in milk against twenty Longhorn cows
for 100 guineas ($.500.00). the challenge was
accepted by Mr. Meek, and was decided in Mr.
Price's favor. About this date he made a large
speculation in purchasing land. The venture
was not a siiccess, and the estate had to l)e sold
at great loss. A good stock of cattle and sheep
which Mr. Price had collected also came to the
bammer, and the prices showed that much
judgment had been exercised in their breed-
ing and selection.

Mr. Price then carried on his farming opera-

tion.s at Kvall, where he continued to reside,
taking, however, more grass land of excellent
quality at Mytton, near Tewkesbury. But pre-
vious to this he had obtained more Herefords
of Tomkins blood and purchased the bull Well-
ington, and his dam, from Mr. Tomkins. Soon
after ISIG Mr. Price left Kyall and took up his
residence at Poole House, near Upton, still
holding the land of which he had been tenant
for so many years under Lord Coventry.

Mr. Price frequently expressed his views on
the subject of breeding, lie stated that among
cattle the Highland Scot approached more
nearly than any other animal to the standard
of form, which he considered the true one.
"This," he adds, "determined me in adopting
I hem as my model. I was desirous of possess-
ing a breed of cattle on a somewhat larger scale
than the Scotch Kyloes, yet having the same
symmetrical loggy forms, with similar coats
and texture of fiesh.'"' In this opinion, Mr.
Price only repeated that Mr. John Charge had
heard Bakewell many years before state that
from the West Highland heifer he thought the
best breed of cattle might be jiroduced.

In commencing to form a heid which should
jiossess the form and qualities he thought most
desired. Price, as has been indicated, fixed
upon the stock of Benj. Tomkins, from whom
he purchased a considerable numl)er of cows
and heifers and th'-ee bulls. These cattle were
I if smaller size than other herds he .■^aw in
Herefordshire, but had more of the good prop-
crties of the model he had m view than any
nthers he could meet with. As we have seen,
he first attempted to improve the Tomkins cat-
tle by crossing them with the larger stock of
Mr. Walker, with the view to increasing their
^ize, but the result was so unfavorable that he
put away all these crosses and returned to the
]nire Tomkins variety.

Mr. Price continued to breed Herefords until
1S41, his herd being solely of Tomkins blood;
so that for upwards of seventy years, at least,
this strain, first in the ]Kissession of B. Tom-
kins, and then in that of John Price, was bred
continuously without a fresh cross.

For a description of the various animals pur-
chased from Tomkins by Mr. Price the reader
is referred to the interesting notes of Mr.
Welles printed on a preceding page. In refer-
ence to the statement that Price obtained the
best animals that Tomkins possessed, Mr.
Eyton says there was one old cow that must be
excepted, a remarkably good breeder, which
Tomkins alwavs refused to sell, although Price
olTered him €250 ($1.2.i0.00) for her. This re-
mark suffsrests the idea of the sums Price jiaid

28

HISTORY OF HE HKKOL'l) CATTLE

for the animals lie actually bought from the
great breeder at Wellington Court. Mr. Welles
e.\pre.sse.s tlie opinion that ilr. Price had only
one of the Toinkins bulls, the celebrated Well-
ington (4) 1G(). Bui in addition to that animal
lie owned Voltaire (39a) 429, a white-faced
bull bred by Toinkins, and an unnamed bull
of his breeding that appears in some of his ped-
igrees. Price seems to have followed Tomkins
not only in his system of in-and-in breeding,
but also in his disregard of color. It will have
been noticed that the colors of the cows he ac-
quired from Tomkins varied greatly. Then
among the bulls, Wellington was a mottle-face;
Voltaire a white face, and Victory (33) (jj 19)
calved in 1839, bred by Price, was chosen for
illustration in the first volume of the Herd
Book as a typical speeimeh of the grey variety;

THOMAS ANDHICW KXIOHT. ESQ.. PRESIDENT OF THE

LONnO.V HORTICfLTfRAI. SOriETY. BORN 1739.

(From an old lithograph.)

while the portrait of Young Trueboy (32) 630
(^ 20) is also given in ^'olunle 2 as a specimen
of the greys, although in the entry of the first
volume he is stated to have been a mottle face.
One of the most remarkable cows owned by
Mr. Price was Toby Pigeon 308 by Toby (."))
372, dam Pigeon, or Price's \o. fi. 373, bred
by B. Tomkins. It is stated in the entry of one
of this cow's produce in Volume 1 of the Herd
Rook, that nearlv the whole of Mr. Price's

herd sold in 1841 were derived from her. At
19 years of age she had bred 19 calves, having
taken the bull by chance when a ealf, and at
.5 and 4 years old she had twins. The following
is a list of her progeny: Woodcock Pigeon G.51,
by Woodcock (oO) 6.54; bull, Solon (92); bull
died: Miss Woodman; bull. Young Woodman
(12) 238: bull, Paris (19) GG.i7: bull. Plenipo-
tentiary (23); cow, sold to Mr. Monkhouse;
bull. Trusty (15) 643; cow; cow died young;
ditto Burton Pigeon; bull, died; bull, Trueboy
(14) 637; cow. Blue Pigeon 3697; cow. Stock
Dove; cow, Nonesuch; bull, Washington (35).

Price frequently challenged admirers of other
breeds to show their stock against his own,
this, as we shall have occasion to point out,
having been a favorite method of settling dis-
jHited points as to superiority, prior to the gen-
eral acceptance of the more satisfactory arbi-
trament of the show ring. He attended one of
Lord Althorpes' ram sales in Xorthampton-
shire, and after the dinner gave a challenge to
show one of his bulls against any Shorthorn.
He succeeded in getting up a sweepstakes of £5
each, which he won with his bull Lundyfoot
( 1 G) 3560, which, according to the writer of
the memoir in the "Earmer-i' Jtagazine," was
allowed to be the completest animal any of the
fiimpany ever saw. In 1839 he issued another
( liallenge, of which Mr. Haywood, of Blake-
iiure Hou.?e, has furnished a copy. It is as
follows:

"CHALLEXOE! ! ! To all breeders of cattle
in England. Mr. Price, of Poole House (^ 21).
r])ton-upon-Severn, is willing to show a bull
and 20 regular breeding in-calf cows, bred by
himself, for any sum not exceeding £100 nor
less than £25, to be shown before the last day
of Xoveml>er next ensuing, against a bull and a
like number of cows of any sort that have been
bred by, and are now in the possession of, any
Ijreeder of cattle in the I'nited Kingdom. The
judges to decide on this occasion to be chosen
iiy that noble patron of Agriculture and stick-
ler for fair ])lay, Earl Spencer, and his Lord-
ship's friend, Sir Francis Lawley, Bart., or
whom they may appoint. The stock to be
viewed on the farms of their respective owners,
and the judges to be paid by the losing party.
X. B. — It is a well known fact that this herd
has lived on worse and less food, owing to the
dry summer, than any other herd of cattle in
the county."

This challenge was not acce])ted but it led
to a controversv between Mr. Tlios. Bates
(^ 22), of Kirklevington, the well-known Short-
horn breeder, and ^Ir. Price. 'Mr. Hates, writ-

H 1 S T 0 J{ Y 0 F H E 11 E F 0 K D CATTLE

29

uig in 1S40, said lie had visited Ilerefordsliire
about fifty years previously, and was tlieu, and
continued still, an admirer of the best variety
of the Hereford cattle. But he considered then
and had for about 4U years been convinced, tliat
"the very best Shorthorns, which were only a
few, were cajjable of improving all otlier breeds
of cattle in the United Kingdom, as well as the
ordinary Shorthorns which were far from a good
breed, and much inferior to the Herefords, Dev-
ons, and others." Mr. Bates added : "I have at
present two red, twin, one-year-old bulls, out
of the dam of the Duke of Northumljerlaiid,
you may not think unworthy to be put tn your
herd of Herefords for one season, to give yon
an opportunity of testing the merits of this
cross-bred. In my opinion they would prove
an invaluable cross with the best Herefords;
increa.se the growtli of the Herefords. and at
an earlier age be fit for the butcher, with a less
consumption of food, and quality of beef un-
im])aired, and also give that breed an increased
milking quality, both in quantity of milk and
richness, yielding more butter." To this ilr.
Price replied that he had inspected Lord Spen-
cer's Shorthorn herd, and had never seen any-
thing to shake his belief that Hereford cattle
would pay more money for the food they con-
sumed than any other breed with which he was
acquainted. He said he had tried many crosses
all of which signally had failed, where the ob-
ject had l)een to obtain more size and weiglit
by using large male animals with females of
smaller dimensions.

Writing to the "Farmers' ilagazine" in 1841,
Sir. Price gave a description of his farm and
the difficulties under which he labored, owing
to shortness of keep, etc. He said : "The farm
I have occupied since 1829 has not, at any time,
much exceeded 1.50 acres, 20 of which are ara-
ble, totally unfit for the growth of turnips, and
nearly 120 acres, part of the Croome Demesne
(T|2;^), belonging to the Earl of Coventry, in
one ground and rather below second-rate qual-
ity of land, greatly covered with ornamentiil
timber, and neither hiiildings nor fold yards on
my farm sufficient to hold 20 beasts. Yet, on
this land I have usually kept 100 head of cattle,
together with a flock of 1.50 sheep. 40 of which
were rams, besides my cart and other horses.
These are facts well known to the whole of my
neighbors, who have always given me full credit
for being the worst keeper of stock in England.
I have seldom made use of oil cake, and on no
occasion have I given coin or iiicid to ;iiiy of
mv stock."

On October ITth and 18th. ISlC. Mr. Price
had an extensive sale at Evali, which was thus

announced: "The cattle stock are wholly de-
scended from that of the justly celebrated one
of the late Mr. B. Tomkins, of Wellington
Court, in the county of Hereford, and are too
well known to need any comment." The prices
realized at this sale were very large, and the
event forms sucli an important landmark in
the liistorv of tlie Ijreed. that we irive tlie list
of pruH.. •

WIGMORE GUA.XGE. HOME OF WILLIA.M GALLIERS.
1713-1779.

The averages for ilie vai-iniis classes were a.s
follows:

Average. Total.

32 cows .$2T()' $8,().50

13 three-year-old lieifers ... 29.5 ;5,<S;?0

21 two-year-old lieifers .... 28.5 5,995

10 yearling heifers 180 1,820

21 heifer calves 125 2,580

13 hulls . .■ (!(i0 8,595

(> bull calves :}(!() 2.1 70

lltj head averaged $290. $33,640

The highest-priced females Ijiouyht respect-
ively £252, £215, £189, £173, £120 and £110. or,
in American money, $1,2()0, $1,075, $945, $8(!5,
$i(iOO, and $550 respectively.

The bulls bringing over $500 each were
Wa.\y (3) «55, £341. or $L705: Wellins^'ton (4)
IfiO, £283 = $1,415; Kvall (45). £262 =
$1,310; Original (40) 9779, £147 = $735; War-
rior (44), £136 .=.$680; Moses (7) 426. £115 =
$575; Leopold (1) 652, a calf, brought £126 —
$730.

We have also a catalogue, witli a few prices,
of Mr. Price's sale at Mytton. Lodge Farm,
near Tewkesbury, on JIarcJi 21 and 22. 1820.
but it is not necessary to reproduce it. .\ few
Itigh prices were realized. Jh-. Barnes. £109 4^
($550) for heifer Thalia: ]\Ir. .Tellieo <rave £127
Is ($635) for the heifer Vesta. Mr. Price's

30

HIST 0 K Y (J F 11 E K E F O K D CATTLE

final sale took place at Poole House on Octo-
ber loth, 1841. Here the cow Toby Pigeon
was sold in her 22d vear to Sir F. Lawley for
£14 ($rO). The hifjliest price was £16(5 (.1-VS;30)
for tlio bull Washington, Lord Talbot being
the purcliaser. Among the cows. Wood Pigeon
made 150 guineas ($750), going to Mr. Byrd,
Hampton Court, Hereford. The heifer Tube-
rose was taken by Lord Talbot at 100 guineas
($500) and Ceres at £115 ($575), by Sir F.
Goodricke; Mr. Smith, Martly, gave £100
($500) for the bull Tramp; Sir F. Lawley £140

WILLIAM G.M.LIERS. WICmORE GRANGE.

($700) for Young Tiucbdv, and £100 ($500) for
Victory, Mr. Samuel Peploe bought the bull
:\Iurphy DeLaney for 110 guineas ($550). _ The
largest purchasers were Lord Talbot, Sir P.
Lawley, Sir F. Goodricke. Captain Walters, Mr.
S. Peploe, Garnestone, and Rev. J. R. Smythies,
Lyncli Court. Mr. Evans, Pendeford Hall,
Stafford, took The Rejected for 110 guineas
($550). An average for 99 animals was £5:5
Kis 4d ($270), and the total £5,328 ($26,640).
Commenting on the results of the sale, Mr.
Price said: "'.Mthough the average of my sale
in 1816 is a little above the average price of
my last sale in 1841. it will, I think, appear
evident on taking into account the length of
time (25 years) that has elajised between the

two sales, the great reduction which has taken
place during that time (and since the sales of
Messrs. Colling's Shorthorns) in the price of
first-rate herds of cattle, and also of other herds
of cattle, together with circum.stances too well
known to both landlords and tenants to need
any comment from me, that the average of my
last sale was much the best; thereby placing
the herd on much higher ground compared
with all others than they heretofore occupied,
and I do sincerely hope that the hands these
animals have fallen into, will take care that
they keep their jiresent high position. Should
they not continue to do so, and lose caste, the
fault will not be in the cattle."

At the Poole House sale it was resolved to
present Mr. Price with his portrait, and a good
]iicture was painted by Mr. Frederick Tatham.
Mr. Price survived this sale only two years.

At his three, sales of cattle, "in 1813, 1816,
and 1841, the proceeds amounted to no less
than £16,690 ($83,450). A complete record of
the sale in 1820 does not exist, but we should
imagine that if the amount obtained at it could
be added it would swell the total to £20.000
($1()0,()00).

In the article on Hereford cattle contributed
to Morton's Cvclo]iedia of Agriculture, Mr.
Welles has a few remarks on the character of
^Ir. Price's stock. He said he thought it must
be generally admitted that unusual exertions
had been made through great difficulties by an
individual of an adjoining county, who had
been the mo.«t zealous and (if high prices were
the test) the most successful breeder of Here-
f.irds of that day (al)out 18:^()-4()). And little
as his opinions seemed to be in conformity
w ith those of a large portion of the breeders of
the county of Hereford, and though his great
efforts to raise the character of the breed had
been so little under.stood and appreciated on its
native soil, he thought those who calmly and
dis|iassionately examined the principles which
guided him in the pursuit, must be convinced
that there were many points on which he in-
sisted as indispensable in the formation of a
su]ierior animal that conld not safely be dis-
regarded. Instances of failure might be ad-
duced against Itim in some of his practice, but
these often resulted with the most sagacious
from the trial of new combinations: and ilr.
Welles thouglit it very probalde that the rising
generation of breeders would find that a supe-
rior intellect brought to bear so exclusively on
one subject had not been exercised in vain, and
that time would disi)el many of the prejudices
existing in .crlain placrs against Mr. Price's
breed.

11 1 8 T U K Y OF H E E E F 0 E D CAT T L E

31

Mentioning some of the exceptions that
might fairly be taken to Mr. Price's system of
breeding, he said one of the most prominent
was a great disregard of the millcing proper-
ties; and from his late practice of breeding
from near attinities, this fault might be sup-
posed to have been more permanently fixed in
certain families. That it would not be desir-
able in a breed such as the Hereford to make
too many sacrifices to the milking quality, he
thought would be generally allowed; but there
might be, he was convinced, a sufficient dispo-
sition to give a fair quantity of milk and the

ing devoted to more important qualities: and
as the family in which these were most concen-
trated was deficient in horns, he left them un-
improved, thinking he might in the pursuit of
a non-essential run the risk of losing a valuable
property; still Mr. Welles believed the posses-
sion of good iiorus to be quite compatil)le witli
every other valuable requisite, and it was cer-
tainly a considerable advantage to the appear-
ance of the animal.

These observations prove that a prejudice
had arisen in the count}' against Price's cattle,
which, on the evidence of even a favorable wit-

THO.MAS TO.MKIN.S GALLIERS (l^'W), SEATED IN AN ANOIENT CHAIK BEFORC: TYPICAI- OLD HEREFORD-
SHIRE WAIN (WAGON) HOUSE.

cow be equally good fur any purpose required
of her.

There were, however, many cows that from
want of proper care of the udder after calving,
and during the time that the grass was lux-
uriant, were rendered more or less incapable of
a supply of milk afterwards, and he thought
much inattention on that head was often the
case in tlie stock he alluded to. Another ob-
jection that might be raised against Mr. Price's
stock was the shortness and rather mean ap-
pearance of the horns, in inanv of his cows,
not cliaracteristic of Herefords in general.
wliirli had inainlv risen from his attention be-

uess like ilr. Welles, was not without some
justification. But the variety was very far, in-
deed, from being even at the close of ilr.
Price's career, without substantial merit. As
to the late api)earance of Mr. Price's herd, we
have the following interesting communication
from Mr. George Smythies: "I had no intimate
acquaintance with the Hereford herd of ilr.
Price. 1 never saw it until after he had given
up farming: wlicn I knew the herd it was kept
in Lord Coventry's park the greater part of
the )-ear and for a short time, in winter and
>pring, the cattle were tacked out in straw
yards with anybody who would keep them, I

32

HISTORY OF 11 E li 11 1'' 0 IJ D C A T T L E

once saw the bust lot of 14 two-year-old heifers
I ever looked at in a yard where they got noth-
ing but stubble — that is, the straw that re-
mained alter hand-reaping of wheat, only there
was a little clover in it, tlie liekl it came from
having been sowed witii seeds. During the ht-i
few years that Mr. Price kept his lierefords
he changed their forms a good deal. The Tom-
kins breed, which I believe he used exclu-
sively, were very wide over their hips and nar-
row on their siioulders. This he altered, get-
ting his cows much wider on the chine with less
gaudy hips. 'Jliese characteristics were partic-
ularly exemplified in Dove, bought by my father
at the sale in 1841 for 77 guineas ($385), and
by Tuberose, sold to Lord Talbot for 100
guineas ($500). Jlr. Price's cattle were some
of thrill red with white faces, sonic a licantifnl

WIG.MOHE GRANGE. SEAT OF THE GALLIERS FAM-
ILY. (REAR VIEW.)

roan, as was Dove (Dove was a smoky roan, dif-
fering from the roans as bred by Tully), others
being wdiite-backed with mottle faces. The
bulls were brought up differently to what they
are now, running, in almost wild state, with the
cows, until they were fit for service, when most
of them were let and kept from home as much
as possible, Mr. Price having but little accom-
modations for them. Conse(|uently they had a
mean apjiearance as compared with the cows,
which were magnificent animals."'

('o])bitt. in his "Rural Hides" (18:30), writes
from Tewkesbury: "I am here among the linost
cattle and the finest shee]) of the Leicester kind
that I ever saw. My host, Mr. Price, is famed
as a breeder of cattle and sheep. The cattle
are of the Hereford kind, and the sheep sur-
jjassing any animals of tlie kind that I ever saw-.
The animals seem to l)c niade for the soil and
the soil for them. The shec]) are chiefly of the
Leicester breed, and the cattle of Hereford,

white face and dark body, certainly the finest
and most beautiful of all horn cattle."

The Earl of Coventry (^f 24) says: "The
fame of John Price's lierefords still lives in
tiiis neigiiborhood. and there are yet living peo-
]ile who speak of the nolile herd with admira-
tion, and describe them as being possessed of
great scale and extraordinary constitution.
They were accustomed to range the ))asture9
summer and winter, and were ahnost always to
be seen in the well-known 'Cubsnioor,' a large
grass field of great repute among graziers. .Idhn
Price had a bull which weighed 2!) cwt.* (;!,248
lbs.), and a bull calf 9 cwt. (1,008 lbs.) at nine
months old" (^ 25),

In the ajipendix to Vol. 1 of the Herd Book,
a ILst is given of the principal breeders of the
Tomkins and Price stock, from whom iiedigrccs
had been received by Mr. Eyton. They were
the Earl of Talbot, Ingestre; Sir F. Lawley,
IJart.; Sir F. Goodricke, Studley Castle; Mr.
(J. Brake, The Manor Farm, East Tytherly;
Mr. Shepherd, Eastwood House; Mr. Thos.
.luckes. Tern Farm; Mr. X. Smith, Martly;Mr.
Pratt, Xew Field; Mr. Gravenor, Welliiigton;
the Rev. W. P. Hopton, Bishops Froome; Mr.
.1. Smith, Shellesley; Mr. T. P. Wight, Ted-
>tone Park. Only a few of these were resident
in the County of Hereford, and of course there
are others who ought to liave been included in
the list — notably Mr. Smythies, Mr. Welles, and
others.

Lord Talbot, as we have seen, was a liberal
purchaser at the Tomkins' and Price's sales.
There has been considerable uncertainty as to
the reason why he gave up his herd. Mr.
George Smythies, Marlow Lodge (son of the
Rev. J. R. Smythies, Lynch Court), informs us
that he was once at Ingestre about 1810,
and naturally has not a very clear idea
now of what he saw there, but he remembers
lie thought the land did not suit the Herefords.
We are able to give in Lord Talbot's own
words the explanation of the dispersion of the
Ingestre herd, which quite confirms Mr.
Smythies' impression. In a letter to Mr. Geo.
Tomkins, Eccles Green, Norton Pvon, dated
March 4, 1847, Lord Talbot fully "states his
reason for disposing of his herd, and as the
i-omniunication has other interest, as showing
the friendship existing between these two
breeders, we print an extract from it:

"Dear George," wrote Lord Talbot, "Events
of a very painful nature have occurred which
have prevented our meeting, a< we formerly
did, in friendsh']i and good fellowship. The

• Note: The Englisli cwt. Is u: lbs.

HISTOKY OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

33

remembrance of past times of this nature can-
not but be most gratifying to me, and I feel
not otherwise to you. * * * What you
will not perhaps expect, I have to inform you,
that I have resolved to give up being a breeder
of Herefordshire cattle; not, be assured, from
any want of partiality to the breed, but simply
that I find my land, having been now more or
less attended to, and constantly depastured, is
becoming too rich for a breeding stock. Acci-
dents have been so frequent with slipping calf
— with the apoplexy, wliich over condition is
sure to produce, and other causes of disap-
pointment that, however painful the struggle,
I have faced it and have advertised my breed-
ing stock for unreserved sale. The die being
cast, what is to be done in the future? I wish
to feed Hereford oxen largely, w'hich intention
is perhaps fortified by the facility I have of
sending up to Smithfield. The want of market,
which formerly prevented my feeding these ex-
cellent cattle to the extent I wished, is now
removed, and therefore I return with eagerness
to the project of feeding instead of breeding
Herefords." Lord Talbot proceeded to ask Jlr.
Tomkins' co-operation in obtaining suitable
cattle for feeding, and concluded by inviting
him to his sale, which took place on October
24th, 1838.

In addition to animals bred by ilr. Tomkins
and Mr. Price, or descending from their herds,
the sale included specimens from the herds of
the Misses Tomkins, and Mr. George Tomkins.
We have not a list of the prices, which, how-
ever, were not extraordinary; but the influence
of the Ingestre stock still exists. Lord Talbot
seems to have again collected a few pedigreed
Herefords, as we find him purchasing at Mr.
Price's sale in 1841.

Sir F. Lawley, as we have seen, also secured
many of the Tomkins and Price cattle, and Mr.
Duckham tells us that he has heard from old
breeders that he had a very grand herd of heavy
fleshed mottle faces. He had a sale in 1839
of which Mr. George Smythies gives us the
catalogue. Mr. Smythies attended the sale,
when several of the lots were purchased by his
father, and described as having been very good
animals. Mr. Smythies also supplies us with
a priced catalogue of the sale of Sir F. Lawley's
herd, which took place after his death. The
prices were verv h)w, the best being onlv 28
guijieas ($140). '

Lord Plymouth. Karl St. (iermaines, and oth-
ers, had at one time very good herds of this

variety, but they had long since Ijeen dispersed
and- few traces of them now remain. In his
Cirencester lecture Mr. Duckhani mentions that
in 18G3 Mr. Smith, Shellesley. sent some well-
fleshed animals of the mottle-faced sort to the
Worcester show, but they were not successful.
The last he says he remembers to have seen a
winner was the heifer Superb 1824, exhibited
by the Earl of Radnor at Salisbury, and then
purchased for the royal herd, where she was put

WILLIAM G.A.LLIERf

OF KING S-PYON, 1T4-1-1832.

to the red with white face bull Brecon (918)
1810, and produced the heavy-fleshed bull Max-
imus' (1650) 1817 (|| 26), winner of the flrst
jirize at the Warwick and Battersea meetings
of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England.
The marks on his face showed the transition
from the mottle face to red with white face be-
ing larger than those with mottle face and
fewer in number. Mr. Smith used nianv
of Mr. Price's best bulls. In 1856 he
received a letter stating tliat H. li. H.
Prince Albert had been graciously pleased to
patronize the Hereford lireed and an appoint-
ment was asked by the rejiresentative of II. R.
H. in order that Mr. Smith's celebrated herd
might be inspected. ^Ir. Duckham also men-
tions Sir F. (Joodricke, Captain Rayer, Captain
Peploe, Mr. Drake, and Mr. Jellicoe as having
been breeders of this variety.

HISTORY OF H E K E F 0 K D CATTLE

35

CHAPTER III.

Foundation Hereford Herds Continued

HEWER HEREFORDS.

(iy 27) Indebted as we are and as all writers
on Hereford history must be to Messrs. James
Macdonald and James Sinclair for the concen-
tration of facts compiled by them in their
"History of Hereford Cattle'' (1880), we can-
not do better than, with this acknowledgment,
quote them in this chapter almost exclusively.

The student of the Herd Book will find that
nearly every valuable strain of the Herefords
at the present day is full of Hewer blood. The
influence of the Hewer cattle has, indeed, been
remarkable. It is not merely that a few fami-
lies that have become exceedingly valuable are
of this line of descent, but that the modern
character of the entire breed has to a large
extent been determined by this varietj', not
alone as regards color markings, on which the
Hewer impress has been very powerful, but on
the more essential matters of shape and quality.
This being the case, it is needless to say that
a most important section of Hereford history
is that relating to the proceedings of the Hew-
ers. Here again, however, reliable information
is not over plentiful.

It may be explained that the original idea of
the founder of the Herd Book was to confine
it to a record of the Tomkins-Price stock; but
this manifestly would not have been a Herd
Book of Hereford cattle, and the plan was so
changed that all the varieties should be admit-
ted. A Hereford Herd Book without the rec-
ords of the Hewer cattle would certainly have
been a curious production, comparable only to
the performance of the play of "Hamlet" with
the leading character omitted. This was evi-
dently appreciated bv Mr. Eyton, and so in
Yol. "l, 96, bidls bred by William and John
Hewer were entered: but Mr. Eyton was either
unable to collect much information about the
Hewer family and their herds, or he did not
greatly trouble himself about the subject. All
that he has to say regarding them is that Mr.
John Hewer infoi-mcd him "that the breed he

now possesses has been in his family for many
years. A great number of the principal breed-
ers have had bulls from him. He at present
possesses more bulls, most of which are let, than
any other breeder in the county."'" Then if the
pedigrees are closely examined, it will be found
that so far as they are registered the Hewer cat-
tle trace back to a bull called Silver (540) 3.58,
as to whom the only facts vouchsafed are, tiuit
he was white-faced, was calved in 1T9T, and
was bred by ilr. William Hewer, of Hardwick.

Obviously there was not within the covers
of the He/d Book an adequate account of the
Hewers and their cattle, nor had former ^vriters
on Herefords added any trustworthy informa-
tion to these scanty details. An eft'ort was there-
fore made to find whether all the records had
perished, and if it were really impossible to get
some light thrown on this branch of the his-
tory of the breed. Although ilr. John L.
Hewer, Aston Ingham, Ross, has most cordially
seconded our efforts, we regret that owing to
papers having been mislaid and to the habit of
the old breeders to look upon tiie sources and
management of their herds as trade secrets,
which must on no account be disclosed, we have
not succeeded quite so well as could have been
wished. Still, it is possible to remove much
of the uncertainty and misapprehension in
which the subject has been enveloped. The
account of the Hewer family that follows is
chiefly taken from communications furnished
by ^Ir. John L. Hewer.

William Hewer, the father of .John Hewer,
was a native of Gloucestershire, being one of
the Hewers of Northleach and was descended
from William Hewer, so frequently mentioned
in Pepy"s T)iary. He was born in 17.tT and
married a Monmouthshire lady — Miss Hughs,
of Court Morgan, near Abergavenny, about the
year 1787. In order to be near his wife's fam-
ily, he went to live at the great Hardwick and
Dobson's farms, remaining there for 3S years,

36

HISTOKY OF HEEEFOKD CATTLE

and then took a farm at Llanlellen, about a
mile from llanlwick. About the year IS'ib
there was a kind of panic amongst the banks,
and one in wiiich lie had a large sum of money
invested failed. William Ilewer was so over-
come by the disaster that, with his eldest son,
William, he left the country for America, but
he lived only about six months after he ar-
rived, being quite heart-broken. He died in
Kew York in November, ISS-J, and was interred
at the cemetery of St. Mark's churchj^ard. Bow-
ery, New York, on December 2d, being at the
time of his decease 68 years of age.

John Hewer (^ 28) was born on March 12th,
1787, and died September 28th, 1875. His son.
Jlr. John L. Hewer (^ 28 A and B), never
heard him say positively whether he was born
at Kilkenny Farm, near Northleach, where his
father resided before going to Monmouthshire,
or at the Great Hardwick. Abergavenny. John
Hewer, Sr., assisted his father at the Hardwick.
and it was then he formed the idea of having
the Herefords of uniform color and markings.
During that time he had a few cattle of his
'own, and had the benefit of his father's expe-
rience. The statement that John Hewer went
to his relatives in Gloucestershire in 180.5 and
remained with them for several years, is, we are
assured, incorrect. Tie never left home, exccjit
on a visit, until about the year 1817, when ln^
went to Purslow Hall, in Shropshire. Here be
continued for several years. On his departure
for America William Hewer left his wife and
the younger portion of his family in England.
They took a farm called The Grove, in Mon-
mouthshire, and John Hewer managed it for
his mother, and did very well until some mis-
understanding took place between him and
other members of the family: after which he
went into Herefordshire, living first at Hill
House, Aston Ingham. He subsequently pro-
ceeded to iloor House, about a mile from Here-
ford, and from that place to Brandon Cottage.
where he had some land. In 1835 he occupied
Hampton Lodge (^ 29), near Hereford, and Lit-
lev Farm. He gave up the latter holding in
1839, the date of his first great sale. He was
at Hampton Lodge until IS-Ki; then at Lower
Wilcroft. wliere be continued for two years. He
was for two years at Palmer's Court, Holmer
(1[ 30), whence, in 18.50, he went to Vern
Tlouse, ^[arden. where he settled down, having
purchased it in 18.5.5. He resided at Vern
House (H 31) until 1875. when he sold it to Mr.
H. Burr, of .Mdermarston, and took Paradise
Villa (H 32). Marden. where he died in the
Fame year and was buried in the Holmer
churchyard (" 33).

Tliese are the salient biographical facts as
to the two Hewers. We were naturally very
anxious to ascertain, if possible, where William
Hewer originally procured his Hereford cattle,
he being a native of Gloucestershire, living in
Monmouthshire, and never having resided in
the county of Hereford. Mr. John L. Hewer
says he cannot tell us wlxpre his grandfather
obtained his stock, but he always understood
from his father that his great-grandfather had
a herd of Herefords and that William inherited
them. Certain it is, says Mr. J. L. Hewer, he
was a successful exhibitor at the Bath and West
of England shows before the close of the eight-
eenth century. Mr. Tlios. F. Plowman. Sec-
retary of the Bath and West of 1-higland Soci-
ety, has kindlv searched the old records of that
Society, and informs us that it was not until

1

^«l|Hfll|

MR. HENRY HAYWOOD, 1819-1902. WHOSE FAMILY
BRED HEREFORDS FOR CE.N'TURIES.

1794 that cattle were exhibited at its shows as
stock, not as beasts of draught or burden, and
no mention occurs of Herefords until 1799,
when £o 5s ($2fi.25) was awarded to Mr. W.
Smith for the best Hereford heifer. Mr. Plow-
man adds that he finds no further allusion to
the breed until 1810. when £10 10s ($52.50)
was awarded to Mr. Kem]i for a fat cow of the
Hereford breed. Any of the Hewer Herefords
exhibited at the earlier meetings of the Bath
and West of England Society must therefore
have been drausjht oxen. In another letter.

HISTORY OF HEIJEFUI! 1) CAT 'ILK

37

Mr. J. L. Hewer says, in reference to tlie char-
acter of his father's and grandfather's cattle,
that he believes that they were principally red,
with white face's, and from what he has heard
his father say, they must have been in posses-
sion of the family for some generations, as sev-
eral of their relatives in (xloueestershire had
the red with white faces before the nineteenth
century came in. He has also heard Mr. John
Hewer say that his father traced his best cattle
back to the bull, called Silver (.540) 3.58, calved

HEREFORD OX AT SEVEN YEARS. CHAMPION AT
SMITHFIELD, 1799; BRED BY MR. TULLY.

in 1T97, which impressed them with the red
with white face character, and also with tliat
massive, heavy flesh and full eye which distin-
guished all his late father's stock.

It is of course not improbable that the Hewer
family in Gloucestershire had, during the last
century, obtained from the best breeders in the
county of Hereford some good specimens of the
breed, of the old red with white face variety.
Mr. Marshall has told us that the Oloucester-
shire graziers got their o.\en from Hereford-
shire, and it is not likely that the transfer of
cattle from the latter county would be con-
fined to oxen. The Gloucestershire farmers
would doubtless have secured a few of the cows
that produced such excellent bullocks, and it
may be assumed the Hewers were among those
who did so. Besides, it is evident that the
Herefords had penetrated, by the time of Will-
iam Hewer's settlement there, into the county
of Monmouth. There is nothing very definite
in these theories as to the origin of the Hewer
herds and hope of ])cing able to discover a
more precise explanation had almost been
abandoned, when aid was received from an un-
expected quarter. Going through the notes on
herds contained in the apjiendix to the first
volume of the Herd Hook we came across a
statement in the notice of the stock of ^fr. Yar-
worth. New House, Brinsop, to the cilect that

in 1814 he .«old to Mr. Hewer a bull calf by
Trojan (192) 3T8, while at his sale at New
House in 1820, the one-year-old bull Alpha, by
Trojan, dam Ked Kose, was purchased by Mr.
Hewer, Northleach. The bull calf sold in 1814
went to Mr. W. Hewer, Great Hardwick, but
that transaction having occurred a good many
years after he had removed to Monmouthshire,
the fact did not help to an explanation as to the
original foundation of William Hewers herd.
But connected with this sale of a bull in 1814
is an incident that brought some welcome guid-
ance. (H 34.)

In the year 1881 there was a furious newspa-
percontroversy between Mr. William Hewer and
Mr. Y'arworth. It is a matter of regret to have
to refer to this unfortunate affair, but it is
desirable to explain the origin of the misunder-
standing. It appears that Mr. Yarworth, be-
fore going to Brinsop, occupied the farm of
Troy, near Monmouth. On leaving this farm
in 1814 he had a sale described as of valuable
Herefordshire cattle. William Hewer attended
the sale and ])urchased stock to the amount of
£145 (.$r<!5.00). In 1821 Hewer and Yarworth,
probably as the result of .show-yard rivalries,
quarreled, and Yarworth then "wrote to the
Gloucester Journal (Feb. 4th, 1823) a letter ad-
dressed to Mr. W. Hewer, Llanlellen, near Aber-
gavenny, in which he referred to the cause of
the misunderstanding between them, and, as
was the custom in those days, challenged him
for 100 guineas ($500) to show 20, 15, or 10 of
his heifers above three years old, of his own
(Hewer's) breeding, and then in his own pos-
session, against the same number the property
of Mr. White, Upleadon, which were descended
from Yaj-worth's bull Trojan. Yarworth then
proceeded to write to William Hewer as follows:
"I beg to inform you for the first time how the
yearling bull, bull calf, etc., which you pur-
chased at my sale at Troy in the year 1814 were
bred, and from which bulls your stock since
that time is descended. The i)ull calf was got
by Trojan; his dam (which you bought) was
got by the late Mr. William Smith's old l)ull:
his grandam by a bull bought of Mr. Tullv of
the Haywood: his great-grandam by a bull
bought of Mr. Howells of Hadrock, near
Monnioutli: his great-great-grandam hv a
cross-bred bull of little value, out" of
an old brindled Gloucestershire dairy cow.
which was purchased by my father (slie l)eing
an excellent milker) of my predecessor, Mr.
I)ew of Troy Farm, in the year 1 TOT for £8.
The yearling bull was got by Trojan out of the
grandam of the bull calf." 'SU: Yarworth ex-
pressed surprise that Mr. Hewer had not asked

38

IllSTOKY or H EKE FOR I) CATTLE

for information as to tlie breeding of the stock
at the time of tiie sale, and c-aid: "Although
they were only culls 1 then sold, 1 assure you
there were only four of them but were well
bred; three out of tlie four you made choice of
— namely, the yearling bull, the cow, and her
bull calf." ilr. Yarworth advised Mr. Hewer
to part with his stock descended from the old
brindled cow. He added: "When Mr. Bluck
asked how your bull was bred, you answered
that he was got by your old bull, which you
bought of old Tomkins, and that you had let
him that season to two gentlemen in Brecon-
shire for 100 guineas ($500), but I am sorry
you forgot it was the bull you bought at my
sale in lcSl-1, then a calf. The two heifers you
sold at Tredegar your son said were out of the
two old cows you bought of old Tomkins. Now
in a letter I received from Miss Tomkins, of
the Pyon, dated the 12th inst., she assures me
that you never bought any stock of her, and
her sisters, or to her knowledge of her father."
In reply to this attack on the character of
his stock, William Hewer wrote a long letter,
in the course of which he said: "Mr. Yar-
worth's bills of sale were headed thus: 'Par-
ticulars of the valuable Herefordshire cattle, the
property of Mr. Jas. Y^arworth, of Troy Farm,
near Monmouth.' Mr. Y'arworth, in reference
to my purchasing a bull calf at such sale, ob-
serves that it was a most strange and unac-
countable thing 1 did not inquire about the
breed, and whether I did so or not I cannot
charge my memory at this distance of time, but
it is a matter of no importance to me, as I had
stock far superior to any Mr. Y'arworth pos-
sessed; and 1 added to them five cows and
heifers by a purchase I had made 6f Messrs.
Tully, of Huntington, previous to Mr. Y''ar-
wortli's sale in Troy. And as to my old bull
being the calf I purchased at Troy sale, it is
sufTicient, in contradiction, to state one fact,
viz., my old bull was calved at least a year be-
fore Mr. Yarworth's came into existence. I
deny having stated to Mr. Bluck that I ever
purchased any stock of Tomkins, though I can
])rove I have descendants from some of Tom-
kins' prime cattle. . . .His (Mr. Y''arworth's) ad-
vice to get rid of my stock descended from his
brindled cow comes too late by many years, as
I have none of them left." Mr. Hewer further
e.xpressed the opinion that Mr. Yarworth's stock
sold at Troy were, as he himself had publicly
described them, ])ure-bred Herefords, and that
the story as to the brindled cow was an inven-
tion.

So out of this very unfortunate sipialiblc two
most impiirtiint facts are gleaned — that Wil-

liam Hewer had at a very early period in his
career obtained five cows and heifers from
Tully, of Huntington, and th^ he had in his
herd descendants from "some of Tomkins'
jjrime cattle." That of course is not a full ex-
planation of the foundation of the Hewer stock,
but it shows some of its principal ingredients,
and clearly proves its descent in pa4't, at least,
from the herds of Tomkins and Tully. It is
thus apparent, as had always been supposed,
although until the discovery of these docu-
ments we had no means of verifying the im-
pression, that the Hewer cattle were not a new
or mysterious element imported into the breed,
but mainly the result of a most skillful com-
pounding of the old strains.

In the Herd Book there are six bulls en-
tered as having been bred by Mr. William
Hewer, as follows:

Silver (540) 358 of whom all the information
given is, as we have said, that he was reil with
white face, and calved in 1T97: Old Wellington
(507) 290 also red with white face, calved in

DOWNTON CASTLE IN 177;

SEAT OF T.

■<ilor vlrawinR.l

A. KNIGHT.

1801. bv Silver (5(0) 358, dam Primrose, bred
by William Hewer: Young Wellington (505)
29-1, red with white face, calved in 1812, by
Old Wellington (507) 290, dam Silkv 3G2 by
Waxy (403) 356, grandam Silk 404 bv Silver
(510) 358: Old Favorite (442) 292. calved in
1S19. bv Youm: Wellington (505) 2!il. d;un

HISTORY OF HEKEFOrtD CATTLK

39

Cherry 36U bv Wellington (.Jd^ ) -JSiU, grandani
Old Cherry 402 by Waxy (40:5) 356: Waxy
(403) 356, calved in 1811, by Wellington (50?)
290, dam Strawberry; Alpha the Second (457)
528. calved in 1814, by Young Wellingtt)n (505)
294, dam Silk 529, by Y'oung Wellington (505)
294, grandam Silky '362, by Waxy (403) 356,
great-grandam Silk 404 by Silver (540) 358.

Xo do\ibt some of these pedigrees which we
have copied from the Herd Book are erroneou^,
and mistakes have also crejjt into the entries

MR. JOHN PRICE, 1776-1845.
(From an old lithograph.)

of several of Mr. John Hewer's cattle, arising
partly from the evident desire of father and
son to acknowledge no connection between their
herds and other stocks.

Both William and John Hewer were fond
of giving animals the same name and not dis-
tinguishing them by numbers, but merely stat-
ing that they were old and young — an exceed-
ingly confusing system of nomenclature. Mis-
takes of identity therefore occurred, particularly
in the pre-Herd Book days, when records were
not carefully kept. There is little doubt, how-
ever, that both father and son carried out a sys-
tem of close breeding.

In several of Mr. John Hewer's catalogues
the following note is made: "It may not be
unworthy of remark that the celebrated and
justlv admired liiill Old Sovereign (404) 221.
(If 35), the sire of Cotmore (376) 150. the win-

ner of till' lirst premiuiu Inr llerefords at the
lirst meeting of the English Kuyal Agricultural
Society, lield at Oxford. July"' Kth. 1839, as
well as the sire of Wormlow, the pro];ei'ty ol
Sir H. Hoskins, Bart., Ilarewood and many
others of equal merit, was hrcd by ilr. Hewer;
his sire Favorite, grandsire Wellington, great-
grandsire Old Wellington, dam Countess by
Wellington, grandam Cherry by Waxy, great-
grandam Old Cherry. Much has been said and
written by most of the eminent breeders in the
Kingdom against the practice of breeding iu-
and-in, as they termed it; but by referring to
the above i^edigree it will be seen that Old Sov-
ereign was the offspring of an own brother and
sister and acknowledged by (he first Judges the
be.st bull ever bred in the county of Hereford,
and the sire and grandsire of more prize cattle
at Smithfield and elsewhere than anv Imll in
the Kingdom. Old Sovereign was used by the
following distinguished breeders, and died in
his fifteenth year, viz., Robert Tench. Brom-
field. Salop, three years; Lord Sherborne, (ilou-
cestershire: p]arl Ducie. ditto:. Thomas Wells,
Ilamnet, ditto: Richard Kilmistcr, The Grove,
ditto; Messrs. Hewer, Northleach, ditto; Sir H.
Hoskins, Bart., Harewood; Thos. Jeffries, The
drove; Thos. Jeffries. Jr., Cotmore. ditto; Ed-
mund Jeffries, The Cirove: Richard Y'eomans,
Howton: John Turner, Xoke; Messrs. Rogers.
Sternsbach, and by the breeder."" The other
bulls bred by the Hewers were also let out in
many of the leading herds, and their influence
was thus widespread.

Particulars we have obtained as to weights
and measurements on some of William Hewer's
cattle will be interesting:

Weight of the bull Wellington (507) 290, 1
ton, 6 cwt. (2,912 H)s.) in the year 1815. The
weight of the cow Silk 529. 1 ton, in the year
1820. Dimensions of the fat .steer — length
from the nose to the settings of the tail, 11
feet. 1 inch; girth, 8 feet and 10 inches: across
the hips, 3 feet. 1 inch: weight, 1 ton and 6
cwt. (2.912 lbs.). The document from which
these details are taken is dated April. 1822.

Another paper gives the dimensions of the
bull Wellington, as follows: Length from the
setting on of the tail to the end of tiie nose. 11
feet, 4 inches: girth. 11 feet. 3 inches: across
the hips. 3 feet. 2 inches: length from the tail
to the hip bone. 3 feet and 2 inches. The di-
mensions of the bull .Mpha are thus given:
Length from the setting on of the tail to the
end of the nose. 10 feet and 11 inches: length
from the tail to the hip lione, 2 feet and 9
inches: across the hips. 2 feet and 9 inches;
girth. 9 feet and eight inches.

40

Jll STORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

William Ilewcr (•(inducted his operations as
a lirecder under serious ditlieiilties. arising from
tile nature of the land he farmed. He himself
says, "Notwithstanding the disadvantages inci-
dental to half mountain land, and a sharp,
gravelly soil, yielding almost sapless herbage,
which 1 have encountered, I have frequently
successfully opposed at various shows some of
the first Herefordshire breeders."

John Ilewer had, as we have seen, assisted his
father at the Hardwick. He had then a few
cattle of his own, and had the benefit of his
father's advice in their management. It has
already been mentioned that early in the pres-
ent century, John Hewer went to Purslow in
Shropshire. The gentleman who owned the
Purslow estate, Mr. Browning, bought a num-
ber of cattle from William Hewer. He also ob-
tained his consent to John Hewer going to
manage the estate and cattle. There is some
uncertainty as to the date when John Hewer
removed to Purslow, Mr. John L. Hewer men-
tioning 1817, while others say it was a few
years later. Mr. George Smythies says: "I
learned that the whole herd of Mr. Hewer, The
Hardwick, near Abergavenny, was bought by
Mr. Browning, who had purchased the farm
of Purslow. near Cravens Anus, Shro])shiie,
and were taken there by ilr. John Hewer, who
remained as manager of the cattle till the end
of the year 1822, or the early part of 1823.
Among the bulls taken to Purslow were the
famous Wellington, Favorite, and Old Sov-
ereign. This last bull was purchased by Mr.
Tench, of Bromfield. Shropshire, and was given
by him to his son-in-law, \Ir. Edmund Jeffries,
and was the founder of his good herd. In 1824
Mr. Browning was obliged to sell his stock and
let the farm, the tenant taking the cattle. They
were subsequently sold, and Mr. John Hewer
bought some of them."

The more probable date of John Hewer's
removal to Shropshire is, we think, 1817, a
view of which is confirmed by the fact that
Sovereign was calved at Purslow, in 1820. The
change to Shropshire, it will thus be observed,
(lid not cause an interruption of his connection
with his father's cattle.

It was John Hewer who was responsible for
the direction of Mr. Browning's herd, and it
is not surprising to learn that it became the
talk of the country, peo])le going for miles to
see it. Mr. Lloyd Roberts, Crofton Alanor, was
introduced to Mr. Hewer at this time and he
says he never saw a grander lot of cattle in his
life than those he broiight to Purslow. If was
also when he was at Purslow tliaf the late Mr.
Bowen, Crofton, became acquainted with Mr.

Hewer, and he used bulls of Hewer blood for
about 40 years.

When Mr. Hewer returned to Monmouth, it
would apjjear that he took with him a nundjer
of the ilerefords of his father's strains tliat
had sojourned for a time in Shropshire. It is
a very important fact that John Hewer never
lost his control over the stock, in the breeding of
which he had been closely associated with his
father. In the words of Mr. John L. Hewer:
"It was left to my late father (John Hewer)
to finish what his father had begun, to produce
a race of cattle which were beauiiful to look at
and good rent-paying animals of great scale
and splendid quality, and he bred and let more
bulls than any other man. There is not a sin-
gle herd of Herefords in existence but what
traces back to his stock.

"He was a great stickler for scale with cjual-
ity, and some of the older bulls were immense
animals, often weighing from 2.5 to over 'M cwt.
(2,800 to 3,360 American lbs.). The General
(1251) 1677 was 32^ ewt. (3,()40 lbs.) when
six years old. He was let for four seasons run-
ning for the sum of £84 ($420) per season. Gov-
ernor (464) 87, the sire of General, was let for
£100 ($500) per season, and I have heard my
father say he let Favorite (442) 292 for £200

)!YALL COl'UT. WORCESTERSHIRE, HOME OF .lOHX
PRICE.

($1,000) per season, and Defiance (116) 217 for
£200 ($1,000). I have known him have 55
bulls let out at one time about the country, and
he used to let bulls to go into Scotland. He
occasionally sold bulls at long prices to go
abroad as far back as lS;i5. and one Hampton
(5].'3) was sold for £500 ($2,500). He also sent
a lot of cattle to Australia in the year 1840,
and lie saw afterwards in an Australian paper
shown him bv a friend, that one of his bulls
was sold out there for 1,0(H» guineas ($5,000)."

HISTORY OF HEEEFOKD CATTLE

41

About this time liis frieud, \Vm. H. Sotliam,
bought several animals for export to America.

"My father had what he called Ms four favor-
ite strains — Countess, Lofty, Ked Eose, and
Fannj', and those are the ones from which his
cattle are principally descended. Eed Eose
393 (Tl 35 A), by Chance (355) ■^S9, from Bose-
bud 288, was his favorite cow. He kept her
until she was twenty-three years of age, and I
believe she bred him twenty calves. She had
twins when she was seventeen years old — a bull
and a heifer — by Governur (4(;4j 8T. The bull

VICTORY (33), BRED BY J. PRICE, CALVED 1839.

Grateful (1260) 1599 was sold to the late Mr.
W. Stedman, Bedstone Hall. The.re were sev-
eral cases of longevity amongst his bulls, espe-
cially Berrington (435) 3362, who was a stock-
getter at twentA'-one years old; Sovereign (404)
221, at fifteen vears old, and a more recent case.
Above All (2910) 3127, which was only fed in
the winter of 1883 by ilr. Jones, Preston Boats,
Salop, at seventeen years old."

It would be impossible to give here the
names of all the famous animals bred by Mr.
John Hewer during his career as a breeder,
which practically extended from about 1803 to
1873, a period of nearly seventy years. Mr.
Eyton mentions in Vol. 1 of the Herd Book
that he was informed by ilr. Hewer that Pretty
Maid, Primrose, Beauty, and Damsel, were the
four cows from which his herd was originally
descended.

Most of the following biills bred by J. Hewer
were extensively used in the county, and have
left their impress on the breed: Sovereign
(404) 221, Lotterv (410) 185, Bvron (440) 205,
Hope (411) 282,' Chance (355) 289. Defiance
(416) 217. Prince Dangerous (362) 146, Lot
(364) 846, Lotterv 2d (108) 1413, Young Fa-
vorite (413) 350, Wonder (420) 451, Fitzfavor-
ite (441) 366, Hamlet (512) 275, Original 1st
(455) 219, Young Waxv (451) 301, Purslow

(446), and Conqueror (412) 262. But the list
could be largely extended, and the difficulty is
to find a single animal of note in the present
day that does not inherit Hewer blood.

The sum received for the letting of Sovereign
(404) 221 was £640 IBs ($3,205), for Lotterv
(410) 185, £710 ($3,550), for Lotterv 2d (408)
1413 £645 lis ($3,225), and for Defiance (416)
217 £525 ($2,625). The produce of Countess
the 2d 226, was valued at £455 14s ($2,280),
and the produce of the cow Lofty 147 made
£1,289 ($6,445). As illustrative of the weight
of some-of Mr. Hewer's cattle, it may be noted
that the live weight of the cow Eosy 5469 was
one ton and one cwt. 3 qrs. or 2,436 lbs.

Mr. Hewer gained the first prize at the E. A.
S. E. Show at Oxford in 1839 for the best heifer
(Lady Oxford 1414), and also the following
year, at Cambridge, with Duchess of Cam-
bridge. The widespread influence of the Hewer
blood on the breed arose very much from Mr.
Hewers habit of letting out his bulls, as many
as fifty-five having been, as Mr. J. L. Hewer has
told us, let out at one time. In few herds was
the Hewer influence more potent than in those
of Mr. Thomas Jeffries of The Grove (who used
Lottery, Sovereign and Byron), Mr. Y'eomans
of Howton, Mr. Yeomans of Moreton, Mr.
Bowen of Crofton, Mr. Jones of Breinton; Mr.
Turner, Xoke, and Sir Hungerford Hoskyns.
But in this respect again it is impracticable to
make a full list without giving the names of
nearly all the well-known breeders.

In Mr. Jeffries' hands, however, it will be
shown, the Hewer blood was most successful.
The celebrated Cotmore (376) 150, calved in
1836, bred by Mr. Jeffries, and winner of the
first prize at the initial show of the Eoval Agri-
cultural Society at Oxford in 1839, was got by
Mr. Hewer's Sovereign (404) 221, and his dam
was by Lottery (410) 185. Then Chance (348)
119, the sire of the wonderful bull Sir David
(349) 68, was from Victoria 186 by Lottery
(410) 185, the grandam being Countess 264, bv
Old Sovereign (404) 221. Sir David's dam was
also by Chance (348) 119. Instead of going
into elaborate details now as to the influence of
the Hewer cattle, it will be more convenient
to allow the facts to come out when we refer
especially to the various herds.

It has been somewhat positively stated that
the whole of ilr. John Hewer's cattle, as well
as those of his father's, were white-faced. On
this point Mr. .John L. Hewer writes us: "ily
grandfather's herd were not all pure white
faces. He had some ticked-faccd ones; also. T
believe, a few a little mottled, and my father
had one strain of the tick faces (1 36) which he

J 1 1 8 T 0 R Y 0 F n E I! 1-: V 0 H D CATTLE

prized vury highly, the Lolly slraiu irom which
deseeuded Governor (464) 87, one of the best
sires of his day; lie was ticked very much. Mr.
iiowen, who bred mostly from Ilewer stock, had
several ticked-faced ones in his herd descended
from Governor, of which he thought a great
deal. They were heavily fleshed of nice quality,
and with great aptitude to fatten; and, as I
told you before, my father went in for great
scale, with symmetry, weight and quality. There
were one or tvv-o tick faces at his last sale, but
they eai'ly wore out from continually crossing
with the white faces, although now and then
one would crop up.

"Lofty 147, I may add, was also the dam of
Wonder (420) 451, used by the late Lord Ber-
wick in his herd, also of a steer, winner of a
first prize at the Kutland Show at Oakham in
1837, and first at Smithfield. Her produce real-
ized £1,289 ($6,-14.5). I remember her very
well; she was a favorite with me when a boy."

The late Mr. E. Bowen, Crofton, wrote: "My
first remembrance of the tick-faces in Mr. Hew-
er's herd .was in 1838. I have heard him say
that there was a particular strain that had
these face markings, viz.. Old Lofty 147, and
the Lady Byron 218 (1| 36 A) families. In Gov-
ernor (464) 87 the ticks were more blended
than in any others. My Old Lady Wiseman
7723, by Cardinal Wiseman (1168) 2688, dam
a Governor cow, was also ticked-faced; out of
fifteen calves produced by her, there was only
one ticked-faced. That was her last, named
Leah, now in my possession. She is strongly
marked with the ticks but she has produced me
four calves, all of white-faces, so that I think
with a continual crossing with white-faces the
ticks will disappear."

Mr. Forester, Sherlowc, remarks: "Mr. Hew-
er's stock w-ere all what is commonly called red
with white faces. But this description is sub-
ject to a variety of which Mr. Hewer was rather
fond, namely, a ticked-facc — not what is usual-
ly termed a mottle face, that is, one with spots
such as could be counted, but minute ticks of
a bluish tint. The bulls Wonder (420) 4.51,
and Governor (464) 87, had it and their dam.
Lofty 147, by Original (4.5.5) 219. in a marked
degree; al.«o Above All (2910) 3127, and in a
less degree his sire Abdel Kader (1837) 313.5."

But. after all. the outstanding feature of Mr.
Hewer's stock, as regards color, was their white
faces. This uniformity was doubtless produced
by careful selection in breeding. We may as-
sume that the animals originally obtained by
William Hewer jiossessed the white face and
other markings now distinctly characteristic
of the breed, and that in his case, and (hat of

his son, stock that reverted back to the other
shades were not (except in the strain of tick
faces to which we have referred) retained for
breeding purposes; size and quality also re-
ceived great attention, and the impressive power
of the Hewer sires in all these particulars was
remarkable.

Mr. John L. Hewer wrote Messrs. McDonald
and Sinclair: "It seems strange to you, no
doubt, how my father managed to breed from
his own stock for such a length of time, and
so successfully to keep up the size and character
of his herd. But that was his secret. He used
to say that he had five different strains, which
by judicious crossing kept up their stamina."

The influence of the Hewer strains is very
clearly brought out in an analysis of the pedi-
gree of the prize cow Queen of Hearts 1552,
which was drawn up by the Earl of Southesk.
It is seen from it how many of the best strains
traced back to the bull Silver (540) 358 which
Mr. Duckham, in the revised edition of Vol. 1
of the Herd Book, truly remarks : "Appears to
have laid the foundation of William Hewer's
eminence as a breeder."

Mr. John Hewer did not pamper his cattle.
He kept them on plain fare and aimed at de-
veloping robust constitutions. It is believed,
indeed, that his system of management was of
a somewhat rough description. At any rate
there were never any complaints as to his ani-
mals being delicate.

YOUNG TRUEBOV 132) 1530. BRED BY .lOUX PRICE,
CALVED 183S.

Mr. John L. Hewer tells us that his father's
system of management differed very little from
that of other farmers in the district. He tried
to have most of his calves dropped in the early
summer. They ran with their dams in the pas-
tures until they were weaned, and were then
brought into the house and received a little
cake, crushed oats, bran and chaff. witJi a few

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

43

roots. The cows were wintered in the yards on
straw — frequently tacked out on straw. The
only difference he made was with his young
bulls. As yearlings, he never liked to pamper
them, but kept them in good growing condition,
as he said they always lasted longer than ani-
mals that were pampered when young. He had
some rough sheds put up in the orchards with
thatch for covering. The bulls ran out in the
orchards, and had those sheds for shelter from
sun and rain. They had also an allowance of
cotton cake and crushed oats daily.

The only fault that he had was that he was
often overstocked, and one or two of his bulls
were sometimes poor in condition. "But that
could not be altered," remarks our correspon-
dent, "as we frequently had as many as twenty-
five to thirty bulls let out all over the Kingdom.

3I^>

m'^^kJsi-

"POOLE HOUSE," UPTOX-rPOX-SEVERN, HOME OF
JOHN PRICE.

The consequence was that some of them came
home in a shocking plight, and it took some
time to get them in condition again, although
I must give most of our customers credit for
sending them home in good condition — indeed,
some of them took a pride in sending them
home in better condition than they received
them."

Consequent on his frequent removals and
owing to other circumstances, Mr. Hewer had
many sales of stock. The first of these was in
1839 at Hampton Lodge, when an average of
£58 ($290) was obtained. The highest price
was £34G 10s ($1,733) for the four-vear-old
cow Lady Byron 218, got by Chance (3.55) 289,
dam Fatf rumps 276. The purchaser was '^\r.
AVilliams, Bristol, who also bought the cow Red
Rose 393, by Chance (355) 289, dam Rosebud
288, for £105 ($525), and the bulls Baron (418)
2860, for £120 ($600), Dangerous (419) 1699,
for £252 ($1,260), and Lot (364) 846, for £267
15s ($1,340). Mr. Lumsden, Auchry, Aberdeen-

shire, purchased the bull Matchless (415) 2524
for, £105 ($525), and tlie bull Wonder (420)
451 sold for the same price.

Another sale was held at Hampton Lodge
in October, 1843, when the cow Lady, sire
Chance (348) 119, dam Liidv Byron 218, sold
for 100 guineas ($500). A sale was held at
Lower Wilcroft in October, 1846, and sales also
took place at Vern House in 1855, 1861, and
1866.

At the Grove (Jeffries") sale in 1844, Byron
(380) 190, calved in 1842 by Confidence (367)
255, dam Lady Byron 136 by Hewer's Byron
(440) 205, was sold for £75 ($375), Lady" By-
ron 136 going for £84 ($420) to Mr. Price. Con-
fidence (367) 255, tracing to Hewer stock, and
first at the Derby Show of the R. A. S. E., being
sold for £100 ($500) to Mr. Smith.

Faugh-a-Ballagh (368) 5464, by Confidence
(367) 25.5, Regulator (360) 174 fjy Sovereign
(404) 221, dam Ijy Lottery (410) 185 (the latter
well known in connection with the Monaughtv
herd), and Hope (439) 321, by Byron (440) 20.5,
from the same dam as Cotmore (376) 150, from
which many of Mr. Carpenter's (Eardisland)
winners were descended, may be mentioned as
intimately connecting the Hewer stock to some
of the best stock of the present day.

In connection with Herefords in America,
the following bill of sale from the Hewers to
W. H. Sotham is of interest.

The following are the pedigrees of the beasts
sold by me this day. April 10th, 1840, to Wil-
liam H. Sotham, Perch Lake Farm, Jefferson
County, New York, North America:

1. An eight-year-old cow. Lumpy, was sired
by Nelson, dam by Panic, grandam by Alpha.
Nelson's sire was by Trojan, dam Bloomy, gran-
dam Old Bloomy.

2. A five-year-old cow. Gay, and bull calf,
Sir George. Gay sired by Noble, which was
sired by Sovereign, that sired Cotmore which
won the prize at Oxford Royal Agricultural So-
ciety, 1839, and is admitted l)y all breeders to
have sired more prize beasts tjuui any other in
the county of Hereford. Dam by Conqueror,
grandam Spot by Alpha; Alpha by Trojan, tlie
owner of which offered to show against any b\dl
in England for a thou.sand pounds, and was not
accepted.

3. Young Sir George, by son of Sir George
that won the prize at Hereford for best aged
bull.

4. Four-year-old cow iLaria and calf, by
Younsr Favorite, bv a son of Al]iha. dam hv
Noble.

5. Calf Matilda by Major, which won the
prize at Hereford with his dam and sire, for

4t

HISTORY OF HE HE FORD CATTLE

the best bull, cow and offspring, October, 183T,
and the prize for the best yearling 1838.

6. Yearling Victoria, by Major, dam by
Favorite, Favorite by a son of Alpha.

7. Bull calf Young Major, by Major, dam
of Young Favorite.

8. Two-year-old Aston Beauty, by a son of
Old Sovereign, dam of Fitzfavorite, which won
the prize at Cirencester Show.

9. Two-year-old Spot, by Sir George, dam
Gay.

10. Two-year-old Xancy, by Sir George.

11. One-year-old Cherry, by a son of Sir
George, dam Luiiipy.

12. One-ycar-oki Flora, by son of Sir
George, dam by Noble, grandam by Mr. Hewer's
old hull, Son of Alpha.

We hereby certify tliat the above statement
is correct.

W. & JOS. HEWER.
Korthleacli, (Jloucestershire.

THOMAS B.\TES.

THE rKEKIiHATEU .^HOUTHORN
BHEEUEK.

HISTORY OF HEEEFOEI> CATTLE

45

CHAPTER lY.

Foundation Her?:fokd Herds — Concluded

EAELY BEEEDEES IN ENGLAND.

It is appropriate that a notice of the Jeffries
family shoukl follow tliat of the Hewers, but
it is necessary to exjilaiu that before the cattle
bred by the Hewers had attained the great repu-
tation which they ultimately possessed, mem-
bers of the Jeffries family had taken a promi-
nent position as breeders of Herefords. '"The
name of Jeffries," says Mr. Welles, "has been
eminent among Hereford breeders for many
years. Those of the latest date were Edmund
and Thomas Jeffries, both having been taken
off at premature ages and both deriving their
stock of cattle chiefly from those of their father
and uncle.

"For many of the last years of his life Jlr.
Thomas Jeffries had restricted himself to the
white-faced breed solely — those of his brother
Edmund having been more of the mottled
breed." Mr. Welles, of course, knew that a cele-
brated strain of cattle had been in the posses-
sion of the Jeffries family for a long period,
as he did not, as some have done, fall into the
mistake of imagining that their success began
with the victory of Cotmore (376) 150(1} 37)
at the first show of the Eoyal Agricultural So-
ciety of England at Oxford in 1839.

From the early records of the Herefordshire
Agricultural Society, it is found that in 1803,
at the October show, the second prize for a
three-year-old heifer was awarded to ^fr. Jef-
fries of Lyonshall. In 1805 Mr. Jeffries" l)nll
Pembridge was the first for aged bulls, and in
the same year ilr. Jeffries, The (irov(>, won first
for two-year-old heifers. At most of the suc-
ceeding early shows the names of Messrs. Jef-
fries, The Grove and The Slieriffs. are to be
found in the prize lists, their success, indeed,
being beyond comparison, the greatest of any
group of breeders. (^ 37A)

Mr. Haywood informed editors JIcDonald
and Sinclair that the Jeffries obtained their
first Herefords from the Haywoods of Clifton,
on Teme. This opinion is confirmed by the fact

that the Jeffries originally came from that part
of the country. But it is not necessary to trace
the family history any further back than to
ilr. Edward Jeffries of The Sheriffs, Lyonshall,
who is known to have been a breeder of Here-
fords, and who was probably the winner of the
prize at Hereford in 1803.

There were three generations of the Jeffries
family, who were famous breeders of Hereford
cattle, ilr. Edward Jeft'ries of The Sheriffs and
Mr. Thos. Jeffries of The Grove, sons of Mr.
Thos. Jeffries of The Grove (born 1720, died
1807), were both purchasers at ilr. Galliers' sale
at Wigmore Grange in 1795, and there cannot
be the slightest doubt that their herds were at
that time, and for m.any years subsequently,
among the finest in the country. These were
the days prior to the Herd Book, and no record
other than the prize lists exists as to the breed-
ing or doings of their herds.

The three brothers, lidward, Thomas, and
Edmund Cheese, sons of Mr. Thomas Jeffries
(]\ 37b) of The Grove (born 1759, died 1840),
still further advanced the good work accom-
plished by their father and uncle, continuing
to breed from the old strains at The Grove,
and The Sheriffs. Mr. Edward Jeffries occu-
pied Tlu^ Sheriffs where he died prior to 1811.
Mr. Edmund Cheese Jeffries ws at The Grove
and died in 183G. Mr. Thos. Jeffries was first at
The Church House. Lyonshall. then succeeded
his two brothers at The Grove and The Sheriffs.
The Jeffries herds were brought to their highest
))oint of ])erfection under tlie direction of the
younger Mr. Thos. Jeffries.

His two brothers, although ^fr. E. C. Jef-
fries used Hewer bulls, among them being the
famous Sovereign, were not so decided in their
operations as regards the promotion of uniform-
ity of color. Among the other bulls used by
Mr. E. C. Jeffries were Fitzfavorite (4411 3()(i.
and Noble (543) 1174. both from ilr. Hewer's
herd; while of the more celebrated animals he

46

IIISTOIM" OF IIKIIKldKL) CATTLK

bred were The Sheriffs (356) 283,— by Sov-
ereign, a prize bull by Gloucester and sold to
Mr. jMason at The Grove sale in 183G for £(iO
($300) ; Portrait (3T2) 194,— by Lottery (41U)
185, — sold in 1836 to Mr. Rogers for £52
($260); Grove (370) 24? sold at the same sale
for £80 ($400), and Conservative (270) sold for
£70 ($350).

Jlr. Thos. Jeffries is acknowledged to have
been one of the most successful and skillful
breeders of the Herefords. Beginning with the
old Jeffries blood, he seems to have perceived
that the best course for him to pursue was to
infuse a large proportion of Hewer blood. He
had on hire Mr. John Hewer's grand bulls Sov-
ereign (404) 221. Lotterv (410) 185, Byron
(440) 205, and Fitzfavorite (441) 3.66. The cat-
tle thus bred were of the very highest merit,
being of large size, good form, splendid quality,
and generally uuiform in color markings. He
did more than any other breeder to spread
abroad the fame of the Hewer stock, and en-
couraged by his success many of the best breed-
ers of the day imitated his example and crossed
their stock with the Hewer bulls. Indeed, it is
not too much to say that it is largely owing to
Mr. Hewer, Mr. Yeomans, and Mr. Thomas Jef-
fries that the uniform color marking of the

breed was established. It is not necessary here
to go into much detail regarding the many im-
pressive sires that were . distributed over the
country from The Grove herd.

C'otmore (376) 150, bred by T. Jeffries,
calved in 1836 (got by Hewer's Sovereign (404)
221, when he was fifteen years old), dam by
Lottery (410) 185, was considered to have been
one of the linest Hereford bulls ever seen. Be-
sides gaining first prizes at Hereford as a two-
year-old, three-year-old, and later in the aged
class, he was the first prize winner at the Ox-
ford Show of the E. A. S. E. in 1839. His live
weight was 35 old English ewt. (or 3,920 lbs.).
Ho])e (439) 324 (^ 38) from same dam as Cot-
more, was a grand animal and impressive sire
that left his mark on the breed. (f[ 38B)

Mr. Thos. Jeft'ries' services were not over-
looked by his contemporaries. A subscription
list, prefaced by the following notice, appeared
in the Hereford papers in 1839: "ilany ad-
mirers as well as breeders of Hereford cattle
having viewed with feelings of pride the suc-
cess of Mr. Thos. Jeffries of The Grove in ob-
taining at the first meeting of the English Agri-
cultural Society, held at Oxford on Wednesday,
the 17th day of July, 1839, a prize for exhibit-
ing the best Hereford bull, desire to present

KOO.ME COUKT." WORCESTKKSHIKE, SKAT 01'" THE EAKL, OF lUVENTKY.

HISTOIJY OF HEP. Ll-'U J; L) f A 'I'T L E

11

him with a piece of plate,as an expression of the
highest estimation in wliich his services are
held as a breeder of Herefords." (1| 38a) A
very liandsome response was made, and Mr. Jef-
fries at a dinner at which he was entertained,
at Kington'; presided over by Sir Robert Price,
was presented witli a magnificent service of
plate. The service, along with a large number
of cups, are in the possession of Mr. Henry
Jeffries, of Guilford, who treasures them not
only as evidence of the skill of his father and
other members of the family in breeding Here-
fords, but also as a testimony of the esteem in
which Mr. Jeffries was held by a wide circle of
friends.

The most eminent of the early improvers who
come in chronological order next to those al-
ready mentioned, may be appropriately intro-
duced by continuing the account drawn up by
the late Mr. T. C. Yeld of The Broome, from
which a quotation was made in a preceding
chapter:

"No one," Mr. Yeld says, "ever bred better
cattle than the late Mr. T. A. Knight. There

THE KIGHT HONORABLE EARL OF COVENTRY.
(From a photograph taken in 1902.)

was no one who knew the principles of breeding
cattle better, and he took great pains to try the
various crosses, the only success being with
Scotch heifers. His white bull, entered in the
Herd Book as Snowball, or Knight's ^^^lito
Bull (24fi) 328, was used after :\rr. Turlcy. by
Mr. Eea of The Rock, and, I believe, by his

son, Jlr. Rea of ^lonaughty, by his son-in-law,
Mr. Taylor of Eye, by Me.<srs. Hill and Trump-
er of Orleton, and afterwards liy Mr. Yeld of
The Broome."

Mr. Yeld tells us: "There were very few stocks
at this time fit to breed bulls from besides those
of Tomkins, Price, Galliers, Skyrme, Tully,
Hewers, Jeffries, Knight, Mr. Proctor, Black-
hall, Mr. Martin, Wistaston, ilr. Slieward, Lit-
tle Dilwyn, Jlr.- Yarworth, Brinsop, in wliai
may be termed the Pyon district: and in Pem-
bridge district, Mr. Parry, Birley ; ilr. Farrier,
Luntly; Mr. J. Jones, Charbrook; Mr. Jones,
The Lowe, Pembridge; ilr. Powel, ilarston,
and Mr. Turner, Aymestry. On the Hereford
side was also, first, Mr. Weyman, iloreton, suc-
ceeded l)v Mr. Chute Hayton, Mr. C'hirke, Lyde,
ilr. Walwin, Sir Jolin Cotterell, Col. :Matthows,
Belmont." Mr. Yeld adds: "I am speaking
now of the first twenty years of the present
century."

"All the above named herds," says Mr. Yeld,
"possessed form and quality. There was an-
other class of Herefords to appear to have been
bred solely for working purposes, being large

in size, with very heavy bone There was

a third class of vfhat were termed Welsh Here-
fords, red and white-faced, but that carried no
fiesh and when grazed on the best land would
never stretch.

"During the French revohitionary war, and
up to 182i, the return to cash payments, every-
thing sold high, and farmers could pay high
rents, but with the winter and spring of 1820-
21 Peel's Monetary Bill came into full force.
Down went the manufacturers, down went the
bank and down went the farmers. At this time
scores were ruined by force of circumstances.
and those farmers who had not real property to
i'all back upon were bound to go to the wall.
1 have seen whole streets filled with cattle in
the years 1821-22-23, aiul no one a.sked what
they were bought for.

"I well remember the stoek of Mr. John Jones
<>f Charbrook, sold in 1822. They were as
Ljood as anything I ever saw; the cows and
lieifers magnificent. Cows sold from £7 to i;r3
('>r $3.5 to $00) each: most beautiful two-vcar-
old heifers from £fi to £8 ($30 to $40) each.
There was as good a cart team as it was possible
to find: the highest ]n-ice €11 ($.5.5). At Here-
ford Fair in 1822 some very splendid barren
cows, bred by Col. Matthews of Belmont, wen-
bought bv a neighbor of mine at £(i. Ts, M
($34) each.

"At this time graziers found they could make
no profit by feeding, rarely making more than
£1 ($5) for summer profit over price, and farm-

48

HISTORY OF HEKEFOHD CATTLE

ers began to paj' more attention to breeding.

"After 1820, among the very best breeders
were Mr. Ilavton, Mr. Smythies. Mr. J. Monk-
bouse (U 39), and especially Mr. John Turner
(Tf 40) of N'oke Court, who not only bred but
managed his stock in a highly creditable man-
ner, and his three-j'ear-old steers were always
greatly admired. I may also mention two gen-
tlemen who never pushed themselves into no-
tice, but who brought out some of the best
steers 1 ever saw, viz., ilr. Richard Hill and Mr.
Trumper, of Orleton. Besides those before
named, there were many others possessing very
excellent herds, including Mr. Davis, Ladycott ;
Mr. Davis, O.xhouse; Mr. Joseph Edward.s,
Kingsland, and Mr. W. Wheeler, Irving Park.

"At this time, 1825, several new stocks were
creeping into notice and eventually took a lead-
ing plate, viz., Mr. T. Roi)erts (Ijil), of Iving-
tonbury; ilr. James Bowen, of Monkland: Mr.
Yeld, The Broome; Mr. John Morris, Stockton-
bury; Jlr. W. Bennett, Strettford; Mr. John
Thomas and Mr. Vaughan, Cholstrey; also Jlr.
W'm. Parry, Mr. J. Williams, Kingsland; ilr.
Samuel Pcjiloc, and others. (Tj -12)

"Few peo])le at this time had better stock or
were better judges than the Rpv. J. R. Sraythies.
He began about the year 1820, and, regardless
of price, bought the best he could find. He
bought the remainder of ilr. William Galliers'
stock. After retiring from business, Mr. Gal-
liers took the Lynch House, and a portion of
the meadow land, and there took some of the
very best of his herd, all of which were pur-
chased bv Mr. Smvthies, among them the cele-
brated bull Cupid (198) 311 and the cows
Venus and T?rowny, which were equal to any-
thing ever bre(l in Herefordshire. ^Ir. Smyth-
ies also bought some of the finest of ilr. Yar-
worth's (of Brinsop) herd, among which were
Countess and Larkspur. He also bought about
the same time some of the very best of ^Ir.
Sheward's (of Little Dilwyn) herd, which cer-
tainly was on the whole eciual to any other

In addition to the aiil afforded them by ^Ir.
Yeld's statement, Jfessrs. IMcDonald and Sin-
clair were enabled to estimate the position of
the leading herds during the first twenty years
of the nineteenth century tiy analyzing the prize
lists of the shows of the Herefordshire Agricul-
tural Society. These they compiled by the ad-
\ertisements and reports contained in the Here-
ford Journal, the early records of the society
not having been discovered, if, indeed, they are
in existence. They found it necessary to qual-
ify the record liy mentioning, that "of course
there were good herds whose owners did not ex-

hibit," thus on only one occasion did Mr. Ben-
jamin Tomkins send an animal for competition
at the show. The list is, however, interesting
and valuable evidence as to the relative position
of the various herds.

The com})letion of the records mentioned re-
late to the shows eommeiuiug 1798 and con-
cluding 1819, and from them it a])pears that
the largest number of first prizes for breeding
stock were won by Mr. Galliers, Frogdon, who.

WOODSTOCK (24) 164. CALVED 1833. BRED BY J. PRICE.

as jircviously stated, secured thirteen — ^lessrs.
Jeffries of The Grove and The Sheriffs won
nineteen (nine falling to Mr. Jeffries, The
Grove, and five to JIf. Jeffries, The Sheriffs);
Mr. T. A. Knight followed with nine; Mr. Wat-
kins, Brinsop; Mr. Y'arworth, Troy, and Brin-
sop, seven; ilr. Walker. Burton, six; Mr. Tench,
Bromfield, five; ^Ir. Walker, Wessington, five;
^Ir. Saiuuel Tully, Huntington, four; ilr.
]\Ioore, Wellington, four. Each of the follow-
ing gained three fir.st prizes; Mr. Jos. Tully,
Baywood; Col. Matthews, Mr. Y''eoman. How-
ton, and 'Mr. R. Wainright. Hereford. Those
who gained two first jirizes were Messrs. John
Ap]ierlev, of Witliington; ]\Ir. Skvrme, of Stret-
ton; Wiiliams. of Thingehill; Rev. J. R. Smvth-
ies, of Lynch; Kedward, Westhyde; Williams,
Brinsop; Smith,- Gattertop; Deykin, Brierly;
Weaver, Stretton; Hardwick, Wier; Jones, Faw-.
Icy; Cooke, Wintercott. The winners of single
first prizes were: Messrs. Croose of Sugwas,
Smith of Sufton, Powell of Titley, Downes of
Hinton, Clee of Downton, Downs of Ashford,
Tomkins of Wellington; Croose, Ocle; Davies,
The Rodd; Welles, Earl's Croome; J. G. Cot-
terell; Harnet of Ledbury; Lowe, Gattertop;
Prichard, Eaton Jlill; Edward, Dilwyn; Oakes,
Lenthall; Downes, Mansell; Green, Stoke;
Ihighes, ^farcle; Stevens, Cotmore; Hewer,
Abergavenny; Woolaston, Lynch; Salwey, Ash-

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

49

lej- Moor; Proctor, Orleton; Harris, The Marsh;
Wood, Buryhill; Mason, Wooferton; Hanhiiry,
Shobdon; Stevens, Brinsop; Rev. W. Bayley,
Womesley Grange; Bannet, Xetherton; Turner,
Bockleton; E. Jones, King's C'aple; Preece,
Leyecourt; Mrs. Berrovv, The Green, Dew-
church; Symonds, Yatton; E. Walwyn Grave-
nor. The Parlvs; J. Purchas, Fownhope; Price,
Norton (irounds; T. Barnaby, Brockhampton;
Tomkins, Dippers Moor; Parry, Birley; Wood,
Burghillj etc.

"All the gentlemen whose names have been
given, and many more,'" say McDonald and Sin-
clair, "were noted breeders during the first
twenty years of the present century. Their num-
ber demonstrates that the Hereford breed can
claim a broad and solid foundation."

It would be manifestly impossible to give an
adequate notice of these manj' herds. It is, in-
deed, inadvisable to attempt to do so, as many
of them have not exercised a recognizable or
known influence on the modern character of the
breed. Our remarks will, therefore, be confined
to those old herds that may be regarded as
forming links with the present. As to the
herds of Tomkins, Galliers, Tully, Skyrme,
Hewer and Jeffries which are referred to in the
list, all the material facts in our possession have
already been given. It seems necessary to ex-
plain that the number of prizes won at the Here-
fordshire Show is not alone a reliable indica-
tion of the relative positions of the herds ex-
hibited, inasmuch as some of them — notably
those of Galliers, Tully, and Skyrme — were dis-
persed a considerable time before the meeting

MAXIMUS (1C15) 1817, CALVED 1858. BRED BY H. R. H.
THE PRINCE CONSORT.

in 1819, to which the list extends; while others
were represented at the shows during the whole
period.

Mr. Thomas Andrew Knight of Downton
(1[ 43) was one of the most successful exhibitors
at the early shows of the Hereford Agricultural
Society. Mr. Y'eld has told us of the estima-

tion in which his herd was held by his conteni-
'poraries, and in a former chapter reference has
been made to the investigations carried out by
Mr. Knight as to the history of the breed. Born
at Worniesley Grange on August 12th, 1759,
Mr. Knight, after studying at Oxford, retired
to his country seat, and devoted himself to the
im])rovement of the leading industries of the
county.

Prior to ISOG Mr. Knight had become well
known as a practical agriculturist and as an
improver of Hereford cattle. He was instru-
mental in founding the agricultural society of
the county, and to the end of his life he was
almost invariably present at its meetings. In
the letter written by Mr. Knight in 183(5, which
Jlr. Yeld preserved, there is an account of the
breeding of the bull Snowball (246) 328, other-
wise known as Knight's white bull. From this
it appears that Mr. Knight's herd was 'descend-
ed from the stocks of Mr. Skyrme, Stretton;
'Sir. Tully, Huntington; Mr. Isaac Martin, and
Mr. Benjamin Tomkins. Mr. Knight evidently
preferred the first to all others, remarking that
Jlr. Skyrme "at the time possessed, in his opin-
ion, l)v far the best Ijreed of cattle in the conn-

ty." ■

In an article on the Ashley Jloor herd of ^Ir.
Theophilus Salwey, which appeared in '•Bell's
Weekly Messenger'' in 1873, ilr. Houseman
remarked: "The reader, acquainted with more
than the merest rudiments of Hereford history,
need not be reminded that the animals of Mr.
Salwey were descended from those of Mr. T.
Andrew Knight. In describing the Ashley Moor
stock, we therefore shall have occasion to make
frequent allusion to the old Downton Castle
tribes. And here a tribute is due to the mem-
ory of a public benefactor, who was far in ad-
vance of his generation in perception of the
principles of animal and vegetalile re])roduc-
tion, and of hereditary recurrences, and ever
ready to inform and encourage the seekers of
knowledge. His views upon stock breeding are
liss widely known than his contributions to
the stores of horticultural science; yet, u]ion
tlie subject of which we now treat, he could
s|)eak as one who had made himself its master
so far as jiatient observation, with long prac-
tical experience, could give an insight to its
mysteries.

"Sometinu' about the commencement of tlu'
latter half of the eighteenth century. Mr. Knight
had determined to form a herd that should be
well adapted to a somewhat ])onr and uneven
locality, and for that purpose he visited all the
best herds of the county, and selected from
them according to the best of his judgment.

50

ILISTOTJY OF TIEHEFOKD CATTLE

without much regard to size, but keeping m^
view symmetry and good qualitj-. He soon dis-
covered that some very noble cattle of the
larger sorts were not suited to his purpose on
account of their inability to stand and walk
as he knew that animals should stand and
walk. The setting of the legs, their sliape aud
the way of using them were great points with
him, aud often did he repeat to eager listeners,
who availed themselves of his counsel, the
avowal of his strong aversion to 'lamb's knees
and sickle hocks,' which he said were 'quite un-
fit to move npon Bringewood Chase' (near
Downton Castle), where his Herefords were
kept. The result of his antipathy necessarily
was that animals characterized by the unpar-
donable similitudes were mercilessly weeded
out, and after varioiis sifting processes, the final
selection fell upon a few aniihals from the
herds of Mr. Tully of Huntington, near Here-
ford; Mr. Geo. Tomkins and Mr. Skyrme — the
grey element of the stock (afterwards celebrated
as 'the Knight's Greys") deriving their blooil
solely from the Tully strain, the dark red from
the Tomkins, and the pale red from the Skyrme
tribes.

'"None of these varieties contributed remark-
ably large aninuds, but the Herefords thus re-
tained were invariably very thick, and stooil
particularly well on their legs, so that they
could easily move up and down the steep pas-
tures they occasionally had to live upon. So
fastidious was Mr. Knight upon this point that
he would not choose a bull calf to rear for use
as a sire until he had not only made him walk,
but even trot — a practice which drew down
upon him sometimes from his old neighboring
farmers remarks of contemptuous merriment,
which Mr. Knight most completely disregarded.
The issue turned the laugh upon his side as
the progeny of his 'trotting bulls' proved
clever and free in their action to the very last
stage of fattening."

"I well remember," says a correspondent who
in early life knew that original thinker and suc-
cessful breeder, "most of the leading points
which ilr. Knight endeavored to obtain were
the following: Broad nostrils, small from the
nostrils to the eyes, and fine large eyes, broad
bash (scope of forehead down to the line of the
eyes); open and well developed horns, a little
dipping in the first instance and then
gradually rising; large measurements of
girth was always a sine qua non. and
likewise that the shoulder should not be
an upright one, but well lying back from
the neck, the blade being very obli(|ue but
lying open toward the chine. He would have

las animals thick through the heart, with the
forelegs going down straight like two pegs (the
opposite of 'lamb's knees"), ribs broad aud well
arched, especially the last ribs at the adjoining
of the quarters; the table-bones of the sirloin
long, flat, and well developed, particularly the
one adjoining the ribs, thus making a strong,
well-formed back, and joining the quarters.
Hips were always considered to be secondary in
importance, though he never wished to see
them prominent, but so formed and placed as
to stand tolerably even with the sirloin and ribs.
The catch (pen-ends, pin-ends, or fool's point)
he wished to see well developed, with not the
slightest prominence of frame between the
catch and the hips (i. e., the packing of hind
quarters) nor anything in that region which
might come imder the denomination of gaudy.
"Indeed," says the writer, "Mr. Knight's am-
bition was to see an animal as true in its forma-
tion and level as possible from the catch, all

CH.\K.\CTEUIST!C HEREFORDSHIRE FARMYARD.

the way over the back, loin, chine, shoulders,
and as far up the neck as possible ; thighs true,
deep and thick ; purse full and very well spread
over the abdominal region, with indeed a dis-
position to fatten all the way up to the brisket
(lengthwise under the body) ; thick, mellow
skin and long, soft hair."

Mr. Welles has placed it on record that the
variety called grey or roan would obviously arise
irom an intermixture of the red with those
l)ossessing a large proportion of white. They
oljfained their greatest celebrity from their be-
ing favorites with ilr. Andrew Knight, much
of whose stock were of that color; one of the
earliest being a white cow, from which he bred
one or two celebrated bulls. "That he ])ursued
his object with judgment as well as ardor," says
^Ir. Welles, "has been evinced by prizes having
been awarded of late vears to manv descendants

H i 8 T U KY OF H E E E F 0 E D C A T T L E

of his stock, among others the ox bred by Mr.
Hill, Orletou, which obtained the gold medal
at Smithfield in 1839, for the best beast in the
yard."

Few of Mr. Knight's cattle have been regis-
tered. Of these Snowball (216) 328 has already
been referred to. Lawton (223) was also bred
by Mr. Knight, and nsed by Mr. Downes' Aston
Ball in 1811. Stratford (2()4) 309 is entered as
having been from Mr. Knight's celebrated white

JOHN L. HEWER, VEEN HOUSE, MARDEX, HERE-
FORDSHIRE.

cow, and the Gatley bull (501) 3038 was of his
breeding. Among those who obtained stock
from him were Mr. Eea, Monaughty, Mr. Tur-
ner, Aymestery, and Mr. Salwcy, Ashley Moor.
Through all these herds the Knight blood is
still represented. Mr. Salwey purchased from
Mr. Knight four heifers, from which a valu-
able progcnv descended (Tj 4.5).

Mr. Boughton Knight (H 14). of Downton
Castle, some years ago attempted to found a

herd of the old Knight grey color, but finding
the' red with white faces were more easily dis-
posed of, he abandoned the strain. Mr. J. A.
Eolls, The Hendre, Monmouth, is one of the
few gentlemen who now keeps the stock of the
old color. In other herds possessing the Knight
blood, the markings have not been retained, al-
though the fine quality and true shapes, for
which the sort was celebrated, were as conspic-
uous as ever, the heads being true to the old
type.

Mr. Duncomb, Historian of the County, in
drawing up his report on the agriculture of
Hereford for the Board of Agriculture in 180.5,
relied almost exclusively on Mr. Knight's in-
formation for his description on the manage-
ment of cattle. In his observation on the sub-
ject, Mr. Knight said some of the Hereford-
shire breeders had sacrificed the qualities of the
cow for those of the ox. He does not value the
cow according to the price which the grazier
Mould give for it, but in proportion as it pos-
sesses that form and character which experience
has taught him to be conducive to the excel-
lence of the future ox. The cow of Hereford-
shire (1805) is very feminine in its character,
light fleshed when in common condition, but
is capable of extending itself universally in a
short space of time when fattening. It may
here be remarked that there is an extraordinary
difference between the weight of a Hereford-
shire cow and the ox bred from her. Perhaps
other sorts, eminent for producing fine oxen,
are similarly distinguished, but it is a fact that
the Herefordshire cow will not unfrequentiy be
the mother of an ox of nearly three times her
own weight.

Mr. Knight was convinced that the true func-
tion of the Hereford breed was to produce first-
class beef. He did not believe in attempting to
develop the milking properties of the race, con-
sidering that it was sufficient if a cow gave milk
enough to keep its calf fat, and unless it could
do so, it was disqualified from breeding a good
ox. Wliat he says descriptive of the cow bred
in Herefordshire appears to mean simply that
preference should be given to neat, compact ani-
mals. The system in Leicestershire of bestow-
ing most of the attention on the im]irovem('nt
of the cow. and making her an excollont animal
for the purpose of the grazier, was, in his view,
unsound.

JOHN HKWEH. liOKN 1787. UIEU 1875. THE (iHKATKST IMPROVEK OF MKUICKOKl)
(From aa oil patnting preseated to lilm by Ills friends Id 1801.)

BIST OK Y OF HEEEFORD CATTLE

53

CHAPTER V.

A Noted Feeder on Herefokds as Beef Animals

As to the permanent record of the breed we
find that in 1787 J. 11. Campbell was a pur-
chaser of Hereford cattle and a grazier in the
County of Kent, near London, an account of
which is given in the following pages with the
correspondence that was published in the "An-
nals of Agriculture," an agricultural paper,
from 1780 up to 1805. I have given this corre-
spondence fully, not only to show what the breed
was at that time, but to show also that Mr.
Campbell was an intelligent breeder and feeder,
and that his statement was: that the Hereford
breed of cattle were tlie best and most econom-
ical feeders at that time; and in 1788 Mr. Mar-
shall, a noted and intelligent writer on agri-
culture and live-stock subjects, after visiting
Herefordshire and adjoining counties, pro-
nounced the Hereford breed of cattle the finest
in the United Kingdom.

Taking the testimony of Mr. Speed, given in
1627, and the testimony of Mr. Campbell, a
grazier and feeder, and of Mr. Marshall, a noted
writer on live-stock interests of the United
Kingdom, twenty years from the time that Ben-
jamin Tomkins commenced his work, it must
be assumed that although the complete record
is lacking between Lord Tomkins (1570 and
1640) and the time of Mr. Campbell and Mr.
Marshall (1750 and 1820) the breed was in the
hands of good breeders during that time. It is
certain that by 1788, Mr. Westcar, of Creslow,
Buckinghamshire, was one of a large number
of appreciative purchasers of Flereford cattle
for grazing and feeding, and that ten years later
he was a party to the organization of the Smith-
field Cattle Club and a successful exhibitor of
Hereford cattle before that society from its first
exhibition up to the time of his death in 1819.

The winnings of the Herefords before the
Smithfield Club were in evidence as to the mer-
its of the breed, and a very important feature
*in the history of the Hereford cattle, is the fact
that Hereford breeders were farmers and not
exhibitors, that they established weekly sale
days (TI46) at Hereford Citv. and a yearly sale
in October of each vear, as far Ijack as w(> liave

any record, and that' those sale days have been
continued up to the present time.

We have the fact, stated by Mr. Fowler, that
on the annual sale day in October there have
been brought to the Hereford market as high
as 8,000 to 9,000 head, filling not only the mar-
ket grounds but the streets of Herefordshire
with Hereford cattle, and that during all the
time from the first record we have to the pres-
ent, that cattle feeders and graziers of Buck-
inghamshire and other counties near London
have come to the Hereford market on these sale
days and to the farmers and purchased their
steers at prices much in advance of what like
ages of any other breed have been sold for.

It has been claimed by breeders of the Short-
horn cattle that while the Herefords have made
much larger gains before the Smithfield Society
on oxen and steers, that the Shorthorn breed-
ers have made larger gains by the exhibit of
Shorthorn cows. This is explained by the fact
that Hereford breeders were not exhibitors in
the earlier years of this show. The show of
Herefords being made by the graziers of other
counties who bought their stocks in Hereford-
shire (H 47) (1148).

Wehave followed Mr. Benjamin Tomkins and
Mr. John Price in their work, and the Hewers
in theirs ; they were undoubtedly leaders, Tom-
kins and Price breeding more compact and
smaller animals, and the Hewers breeding more
for a larger scale and heavier weights, and be-
tween these two lines, Tomkins and Price, and
Hewers, we know, there has been an army of
breeders through Herefordshire and adjoining
counties equally successful and intelligent in
their works.

We have quoted from J. H. Campbell, of
Charlton, in Kent, on breeds in a jireeeding
chapter. The following is from a letter to the
".Vnnals of Agriculture" ]iublished in Londtn,
dated Charlton, Jan. loth, 1789:

"Sir: Enclosed I send, as you desire, a copy
of the queries I received from a gentleman (who
wislied me to inform him of tlie method I used
in feeding cattle on potatoes), with what I wrote

54

llIS'l'oltY OF HEEEFOED CATTLE

iu answer to tlicm. I have added a few words
whieh I should have put in luy answer, but, be-
ing ratlier busily- employed just at tliat time,
and the season ol tlie year requiring the answer
should not be delayed, my answer was more
hastily wrote than 1 wished, and 1 did not recol-
leet all that 1 ought to have mentioned.

"You were pleased to think so favorably of
my management of the stall-feeding business
that you wished me to communicate in writing,
with a view to its having a place in your Annals,
an account of my method of proceeding
throughout.

"If I conceived that I had really found out or
was possessed of any means excelling what oth-
ers knew or practiced, I should most readily
and without delay (without vagging the public)
give it into your hands, who, we know, would
put it in a way doing the most good to all whom
it might concern, and the community at large,
but 1 am conscious that there is notliing in my

jm

.^^^H

^ -^ i

DAULIN'G, FIK.-^I

way of carrying on that l)usiness that will not
as well or better Ije learned fi-om many other
persons, indeed. Tlie enclosed papers (though
wrote only as answers to inquiries about feed-
ing with potatoes only) tell you almost the
whole of my proceedings. Tliat you may not,
however, suspect me of disinclination to satisfy
you about it, and to show you there is nothing
extra in my management, I just run over the
course here.

"The sort of oxen T fnkc for my stall feeding
are such as should not go to market till there
is the greatest call for prime beef, and for that
time they should be completely fat; so that I
do not propose any material or regular sale, un-
til f'andlemas, and sell so as to clear all the
stalls some time in May. With this view, when
I buy cattle in the spring, and on to August, I
make no objection to good oxen (that is, mel-

low, supple-lleshed ones) for being as lean as
poor keep and hard work can fairly make such;
but from that time 1 look for liaving tliem in
better and better order, till at the last buying
for the year's feeding, at the end of October, I
demand what may be called, full of tiesh.

"1 keep them at tolerable grass during the
summer, mending the quality of that as the
season draws later, and with good latter-math
(to whieh about the beginning of November
or how soon the lioary frosts hang much on the
grass and the nights become long and cold) I
add a small feed of inferior sort of hay in the
mornings. The first of December (or sooner
if severe rains or snow set in) I take them to
the stalls, where at first I give them but small
quantities of potatoes arid a larger proportion
of hay, but increase the potatoes and decrease
the hay till they come to about three-quarters
of a bushel of potatoes and about six pounds
of hay per ox, one with another.

"When they have arrived at their full quan-
• tity of potatoes, I give them in addition some
brewer's grains, beginning with about a half
bushel to eacli, increasing till they will at last,
in general, eat a whole bushel per day. To the
grains after Christmas I begin to add either
pollard or (if to be had proportionately cheap)
pea or bean, meal; of these, also, I begin with a
quart and increase till they come to a peck or
more of pollard, though seldom quite so much
of nieal except to such as are e.xtra size and
therefore fit to be made extra fat.

"Every other particular of my proceeding you
will see by the enclosed paper.

"ilany persons have exjjressed some wonder
at the rapid progress they observe my cattle
made in their fattening.and I believe with some,
I get more commendation than my proper share,
for the credit is justly due to the cattle, not
to their master, who claims no other merit than
having taken extra pains to make himself well
acquainted with different kinds of cattle, giv-
ing a fair and thorough trial to several different
breeds, thereby enabling himself to know what
breed would be most to his purpose to
attend to.

"Of this trne Herefordshire breed (which Mr.
Culley in his book on live stock says he is pretty
clear is neither more or less than a mixture be-
tween the Welch and a bastard race of long
horns), I may venture to say that (by the as-
sistance of my good friend Mr. Samuel Pant-
all, of Warhamear. Hereford), 1 have some of"
the highest blood, n few of which T was very
happy in the opjiortunity of showing yon and
Mr. Macro ; I wished you two would have al-
lowed me more of the pleasure of your com-

HISTORY OF HE R E F 0 R D C A T T L E

55

pan)', and of bringing more of my own bred
flock under your examination, whicli were un-
luckily most of them (cattle and sheej)) at Mr.
Cator's park, at Beekenham-place, and my
working oxen out in teams.

'"I will beg you to remember that 1 do not
suppose the true Herefordshire cattle in re-
spect to kindly disposition for feeding, or deli-
cacy of flesh, to more than equal the true bred
Sussex. But that they are yet more complete
in their make, generally wider and fuller over
the shoulders or fore chine, and the breast or
brisket, also in the after part of the rump,
which is much oftener narrow and shelly in the
Sussex than the Hereford; the mouse-buttock
or ham apt not to be so round.

"It is time to apologize for the tedious length
of my letter and also for speaking so freely
on some of the expressions above alluded to.
Allow me to put you in mind that you have told
us (who are of a different opinion from you in
those points) that one person has 'established
the superiority of his breed to all others beyond
an idea of qiestion or competition/ that the
disposition to fatten, in that person's breed, is
so much greater and beyond all others as to
make a parallel absurd, which was surely rather
unnecessarily treating other people's breed,
other people's opinion, with more contem])t
than they deserved, so I hope to be more easily
pardoned by you; and am, sir,

"Your most humble servant,

"J. H. Campbell.
"To Arthur Young, Editor.

"P. S. — When I had the pleasure of your
company here, I understood you meant to feed
some cattle on bean-meal, and that you had not
practiced it before: if so, it might not be known
to you, or immediately occur, that eliaffing hay
and mixing it with the bean-meal, will keep
the beasts' mouths clean, and stomachs from lie-
ing clogged, and much promote their feeding,
as I have heretofore experienced, which makes
me take the liberty of mentioning it.

"I beg your pardon — More last words.

"When you set down the different articles of
my stall-feeding, from which you cast up the
daily expenses, I believe the grains were set
down at a bushel per day and the meal at a
peck; if so, you will remember I mentioned
those quantities as the largest that the cattle
were brought to eat toward the finishing of
their fattening. It should be noticed also that
some time lapses after their coming into the
stalls before they have any grains, then on
grains some time before any meal is added:
then begin the meal at the proportion of a quart
to the bushel of grains, and bv desirees onlv to a

peck toward the latter end. At tliis present time
of writing they have but one-fourth of a bushel
of grains (this, indeed, because the quantity of
grains I get will not go to more per head of the
number of beasts in the upper shed, and my
people had given grains to all in that shed be-
fore I came home and I did not think it right
to put any of them from it again), and with the
one-fourth bushel of grains they have now one-
fifth bushel of the sort of meal I mentioned to
you.

"So, taking the average of daily cost of food
from their coming into the stalls to their going
out, I believe you will not find me much wrong
in my reckoning one shilling (25 cents) per ox
per day, and supposing the dung to pay for lit-
ter and attendance. My garden having re-
quired supply at different times in ditferent
carts, as I could spare them to carry it, and the
very many matters I had to set to rights on my
farm, etc., since I came here, prevented me,
hitherto, from taking a true account of the
quantity of dung made.

"As to the value per load (what four horses
draw from London to this neighborhood) I
have, since v'ou were here, enquired of a sensible
farmer, my near neighbor, who told me he has
given and should always be glad to do it when-
ever he had occasion for more manure than was
made by his stock, five shillings ($1.25) per

HAMPTON LODGE (NEAR HEREFORD), OCCUPIED BY
JOHN HEWER. 1835-1S46.

such load. Spit dung he allowed not so good
as my stall dung, and when I said the l)ringing
it, he added 7s (id ($1.87) per load, he said, cer-
tainly it could not be called less, he rather
thought it should be more. This is one in-
stance that shows how necessary it is to take
locality into consideration in valuing."

The following is extracted from another let-
ter of J. H. Campbell to Editor Arthur Young :

50

HISTORY OF H E R E F 0 E D CATTLE

■'In your review of Sussex you say the Sussex
are uot so broad and heavy in the shoulder as
the Hereford*, but whether this is a fault will
admit of argument. I wish you would give me
what appeared to you as such, but I can con-
ceive none. Mr. Ellman is plainly of my opin-
ion by the rules given you. Speaking of the
joints as particular in a Herefordshire ox, you
^ay great breadth before; you ought to have
added behind also. No ox, I am sure, will pass

1

P.\L.\1E1{S COURT. HOLMER, OCCUPIED BY JOHN
HEWER, 1848-1S30.

for a good one in Herefordshire which has not
good hind cjuarters as well as good fore ones."

(1149) Copy of Quekies Axent Feeding
Cattle on Potatoes, with the answers which
were written to them, published in the "Annals
of Agriculture."

As Mr. CampbelFs answers will not be ex-
actly to the same terms he will beg to promise
that he is satisfied beyond a doubt (though
aware the contrary is the established custom)
that the weight of an ox can be no rule to judge
by as to the quantity of food he will require to
make him fat, or how much of it he will con-
sume in a day; nothing being easier than to
choose two oxen (of even the same breed) of
e(|ual weight that would require very different
quantities of the same food to make them fat,
and would also consume very different quanti-
ties of it in a day. still greater difference if
chosen from different breeds. A large ox, hav-
ing more lean flesh, will, to be sure, allow, with
])ropriety, of being carried to a greater degree
of fatness than the ox that lias not so much
lean (Icsh to put with it. But the time and the
i|uantity of any food required to make any
beast fat does, in Mr. C.'s opinion, depend
largely upon the thriving disposition (easily
known liy the view and handling) and not in
the least on his weight.

Query 1st. — What quantity of potatoes on
an average may be sufficient to fat an ox of any
good weight, suppose lUO stone (1,400 pounds)?

Mr. C. is of opinion that about 100 bushels
of potatoes, with a little hay added to or given
between every meal of them, amounting on the
whole, while consuming the 100 bushels of po-
tatoes, to aljout ? cwt., would be sufficient to
complete the fattening of any ox that was a
tolerable good thriver.

Query 2nd. — How many in a day, how often,
any preparation or cutting?

Cattle generally take to the eating of potatoes
as readily as any other food, but some will de-
cline them for a few days, but if they take to
them directly, they should be allowed Ijut small
quantities at first and increased by degrees to
any quantity they will come to eat with appe-
tite, always intermixing the dry food and regu-
lating that by the effect the potatoes are ob-
served to have; that is, if the cattle become very
lax, to increase the proportion of dry food until
that alters again. Mr. Campbell-being of opin-
ion that the more an ox can be Drought to eat
(with appetite) in a day, the sooner he will be-
come fat, and consequently the cheaper and
with more profit, never puts them to allowance,
but thinks, when feeding altogether on potatoes
(with only a drying quantity of hay), the aver-
age daily consumption per ox would be about
one bushel, though many could be brought to
eat one bushel and a half, some even two bush-
els some days. With potatoes, as with every
other sort of food, it will be supposed that any
one ox will vary much in the quantity he eats
on different days. Reckoning the potatoes and
accompaniment of hay as one meal there ought
to be at least five servings. Perhaps, when the
days are the shortest there may hardly he time
for so many, but they should be multiplied as
the days grow longer. Mr. C. always begins
with a very little hay: small quantities at the
intermediate meals, but ends at night with as
much as they will be supposed inclined to eat,
not having any potatoes with them at night,
lest (though very unlikely to happen) any
might stick in their throats.

Mr. C. never has any cut, excejjf when an ox
at first rejects them, a few to coax him to eat
them. If they have much dirt sticking to them
they arc washed by ]iutting them in a long
trough under a ])um]i or run of water and rat-
tling them about with a birch broom or some
such operation to clear them from gross dirt,
but that can very seldom be necessary. They
are stored in oblong juts in the dry ground,
as nigh hand the place where they are to be
used as may be, and with care not to let wet

UISTOK-Y OF IIEKKFOHI) CATTL

in ami to cover the end soon when tliey arc
taken out; they keep quite good till grass
comes in.

Query 3d. — Does Jlr. Campbell give any
stated quantity oi' hay, or as much as the ox
will eat?

This is answered by what is said above.

Query 4th. — Is any corn or meal necessary,
and at what expense, if so?

None necessary. An ox may l)e as complete-
ly, and to as high a degree, fattened on pota-
toes and hay, as it is possible he should be on
any food; and beef so fed remarkably good.
But a variety of any such sort of food as men-
tioned in this query, given in addition, does,
in Mr. C.'s opinion, bring the ox on yet faster,
and therefore when such food is to be had at
a moderate price he should always incline for
using it as, according to his way of thinking,
it would tend to make the whole of the feed-
ing come more profitable, and that is
cheaper. Mr. Campbell, in his present sit-
uation, gets some brewer's grains, and to as
many of his feeding oxen as the quantity he
gets will serve he gives, to two about a bushel.
among which is mixed about a peck of pollard
or sometimes pea or bean-meal coarsely
ground, whichever of these or such like matters
happen at the time to be cheapest (he means
a price cheapest in proportion to the feeding
quality of the partieulai- article).

Query 5th. — Is there anything particular in
the management of the cattle thus fattened
which the above queries do not include?

The greatest difficulty that Mr. C. finds in
bringing the people who have the care of the
cattle to the trying of his directions, is to break
them of the practice of giving too much at a
time. If this is done, it disgusts the beast, puts
him off his appetite and wastes the food. If,
when an ox has eaten up what w-as put before
him, he craves, he should have more given him,
but as near a? may be, no more should be given
than he will clear; some will, however, remain,
and before they are served again, whatever is
left should be taken away; and that never
should be wasted. Mr. C. has always some milk-
ing cows or some other cattle tied near, to which
such leavings of the feeding cattle are given.

Jlr. C. ])laces much de])endcnce for the thriv-
ing of feeiling cattle on their being kept clean.
The part of their mangers in which the hay is
given them, is (whenever fresh is put in)
cleaned from dirt and dust, and the division
for potatoes, or (if any) meal, or sucli like feed,
cleaned up with a l)]unt-pointed trowel every
morning after tliey have been served, and whilst
they are feeding on their potatoes, their stalls

are cleaned, all dung and wet litter taken away,
and 'what tolerably dry, shaken up, and suffi-
cient fresh litter strewed over; that invites them
(as soon as they have satisfied their inclination
for eating) to lie down; they seem to enjoy the
clean bed much, and their resting, much. ilr.
('. presumes it must promote their fattening.
Mr. C. thinks that combing and carding their
hides promotes their thriving more than equal
to the very small portion of time it takes up,
and orders that it be done now and then, when-
ever time for it may be spared from the other
business of the attendants.

The following account of an ox fed by J. H.
Campbell is dated 7th April, 1789:

An ox of the true Herefordshire breed fed at
Charlton, near (ireenwich, in Kent, was ex-

1

IHM

I

m

_ ■ - " __

/^3\

"^ ,"'.'?^ ^-^Ptux^fffT!^-'-'

VERN HOUSE, HEREFORDSHIRE. PROPERTY OF JOHN
HEWER, 1S55-1875.

hibited at Greenwich, on account of his size and
beauty. The above-named ox came in a lean
state to Charlton, the beginning of July, 1787.
That summer he was kept on coarse grass. In
the latter end of the autumn, lattermath, but
of very indifferent quality; first of December,
put in the stall and had potatoes and hay:
about Christmas had some grains, also; some
time after that, pollard mixed with grass, think-
ing at that time to have .sold him in the si)ring,
1788, but afterwards determined to keep him
over to another season (expecting a good in-
crease of weight (HI him, as he was then only
six years old): T turned him out to grass the lat-
ter end of Ajiril, and he continued out until the
latter end of October, generally in grass of a
middling quality that many jieople thought he
nmst fall away and said I should spoil him.
The two last weeks of that time he had some
coarse hay in the morning. At the end of Oc-
tober he was taken to tlie stall, and had pota-
toes and hav as before, and then grains after

58

ISTOHY OF H K K E I"() i; ]) CATTLE

some little time, bean aud pea-meal mixed,
added amoiio; the graiu, beginning with a small
proportion and increasing by degrees to one-
lourth of meal to the grains. The 4th of Ajiril,
1789, ilr. Adams, the salesman, sold the ox to
Mr. Cowldrv, at Greenwich, who took him to
show at Smithfield, and afterwards brought
him to (Jreenwieh again. It was remarked that
he walked as well and as easily as any ox com-
monly fat. and his appetite as good as a lean ox,
readily eating any hay or potatoes given him,
and as readily the straw thrown to him for lit-
ter.

L

1^

<w

(1

Mjd.^ai

IS

BilqiA

^IHM^B d^

H^^SSS

^^H^^BhI

1

mi

■H

PAR.A.D1SE \'n.LA, .MAKIiliX, .XEAK HEREFORD,
WHERE .iOHX HEWER HIED IN 1875.

Measure. Feet. In.

Length from poll to end o£ rump S 3

Height 5 2

Girt round the first rib 10 6

Plumbed to the outside of each first rib 3 3%

Girt behind the shoulders 9 0

Plumbed across the hips 2 9J4

Ditto the shoulders 2 S'/k

Ditto the end rump, or tutts 1 4V2

Round the leg below the knee 0 9

Round the hind leg below the hock 0 U

Weights: Live weight was 3,360 pounds.

The carcass dres.«ed was: Fore-quarter.«,
l.OK) lbs.; hind-quarters, 89G; total fore and
hind-quarters weighed 1.013 lbs. Fore-quarters
weighed 120 lbs. more than the hind-quarters.
Tallow weiglied 228 lbs. The hide was not
weighed, but Mr. Cowldrv sujiposed that it
weighed 120 lbs. The tongue weighed 12 lbs.;
heart weighed !) lbs.; the neck pieces weighed
20 ll)s.; leg jiieces weighed 18 lbs. Mr. Cowldry
said, the blade was not thick or of more weight
than one of a beast of only 640 lbs., but the en-
trails were much less than it were commonly in
beasts of small size, and the liver was less than
any he had ever met with in any full grown
beast. Middle sirloin, 62 lbs., sirloin for roast-
ing, 48 lbs.: decrease. 1-1 lbs. This ox was sold
for £70 ($3.J0).

The following is a letter on the breeds of
cattle, by Mr. Campbell, in 1T90:

"Charlton, Jan. 2d, 1790.
"To the Editor of the 'Annals of Agriculture:'

■'Sir: When you favored me with a letter on
receipt of mine, on the 2Uth of A\m\ last, you
wrote me that you had seen the advertisement
of my famous ox, which you said 'was not
much to the purpose, m ])roving the butcher's
opinion, if he did not keeji an account of the
jiroduet of all its parts; otfal, hind and fore-
quarters, tallow, etc., and that such a particu-
lar would, with the live weights, be valuable
for the Annals.' In consetjuence of which I
should have sent such particulars, but that Lord
Sheffield informed me that he had sent them to
you, telling me at the .same time that you were
then gone on a tour abroad. Hoping that you
are returned well, and may now again be some-
what at leisure for such corresjiondence as 1
wish to trouble you with, 1 will beg leave for a
few words in justification of the advertisement
and the butcher's opinion you alluded to, and
whfeh you have before known to be mine also.

"The advertisement 'presumes that the exhibi-
tion of that ox would sufficiently prove it to be
n mistaken notion and direction, that the belly,
shoulder, and neck, should be light, and that if
a beast has a disposition to fatten or to be
heavy in those, it would be four.d a deduction
from the more valuable parts.'

'"You, and everybody conversant on these mat-
ters at all, know that any person, though but a
tolerable judge, could find out, by view and
handling a beast alive, whether it was defective,
either in jiroportionable weights or fatness on
any piece of the whole carcass. If, therefore,
a beast is exhibited and submitted to such ex-
aminatitm, which will be found by everybody
who does so examine it to excel both in weight
and fatness on these forbidden parts, and it is
also found that so far from such excellence
lieing at the expense of, and being found a de-
duction from, the more valuable parts, that
tho.se more valuable parts are also in the same
beast, excellent both as to weighty valuable sub-
stance and fatness, I cannot conceive how it
can be denied to be sufficient proof of the fal-
lacy of the above quotation.

''\\'hen I had the pleasure of showing that
very ox to you at this place I did not under-
stand that you thought the beast defective in the
weight or fatness, on any of those valuable parts,
or on any ^lart of the whole carcass. You will re-
member I liad at that time declared to you how
much I disliked such partial rules for breeding
cattle; and I really then wished much that if
you ilid not see couviuciug facts in that ox that

11 1 s T U i; Y () I- H E i; E F 0 R D C A T T L E

59

you would have been so kind as to have shown
me why you still adhered to that opinion and
where (in that ox) I and all others whom I
heard speak of him were mistaken.

"In my letter, which you inserted in Xo. GT,
I took the liberty of observing that in your
G2d number you (mentioning that the Sussex
cattle were not so broad and heavy in the shoul-
der as the Herefordshire) said, 'whether this
is a fault will admit an argument.' I expressed
my wish that you had expounded the argument
against its being a fault. You did not favor
my wish with any notice, either in the Annals
or in your letter. But as these particulars, by
which the right and best shape and make to
be aimed for in breeding cattle are, as you have
often observed, of much consequence .to public
benefit, as well as to the particular interest of
every individual who breeds cattle, many or
few ; I will still hope you will favor us with the
argument to prove a light and narrow shoulder
to be no fault. I still undertake to produce
you, any day of the A'ear, ocular and manual
])roof, that it may be weighty, broad and fat,
also without being found a deduction from the
more valuable parts.

"As by what you said of the advertisement
above mentioned, I find my last year's weighty
ox, which you viewed and handled here, did not
make the impression on you I thought he must,
and that I had conceived he did by your not
then mentioning an objection to what I said.
I will hope for the favor of your company here
s(;metime this season, when I may have some
of my feeding stock in a state of proof to that
impartial equality all parts of a beef may be
looked for, in respect to weight and fatness, as
well as I shall have lean stock at home which
may afford very intelligent signs of what, with
the greatest confidence, might be expected,
when coming to that proof.

"You mentioned in your G3d number of the
Annals, when sj^eaking of the stock of this
jilaee, that I was a 'warm advocate of the
Herefordshire breed of cattle and sheep ;' I am
so from the result of long experience ; if I am
wrong it is not for the want of painstaking, or
being thoroughly acquainted with several other
breeds, and those particularly about which there
has been most said, at least in the print, as to
which, after a long continued trial (and in the
outset of the trial as confident expectation as
anybody could have of finding them better than
the Herefords), in the end, being of opinion
that in most respects they were very greatly in-
ferior to them.

".\s vou liave iiiiiiied me <if eouneil for the
Herefordshire breed, you will allow me to en-

treat that an evidence, whose testimony (from
the open, plain manner he believes it in and
the candid, as well as intelligent manner in
which he treats every matter of this kind on
which he has written) is, 1 think, of much con-
sequence, and I should presume must neces-
sarily weigh much with the jury, may have ac-
cess into coui-t; I mean ilr. Marshall, whose
'Rural Economy of Gloucester,' never that I ob-
served, found admittance, or was taken the
smallest notice of, in your occasional review--
iug of agricultural books in the Annals.

"Whereas, Mr. Culley's book on live stock
stands forth very conspicuously in them, and
is ushered in with such flattering marks of ap-
probation, and so many very high compliments,
as most certainly add much more weight to his
evidence with the jury, than (with submission)
it seems to me to deserve, and if admitted by
them as recommended by you, would, indeed,
completely upset the cause of the Herefords as
a breed; for he makes the cattle a strange
hodge-podge of Welch and some illegitimate,
that he represents wandering about some two
or three English counties, and the sheep only a
degeneracy from the breed, which, in most re-
spects. I cannot consider as other than one of
the worst in the kingdom.

HOLMER CHURCHYARD, NEAR HEREFORD, WHERE
JOHN HEWER IS m'RIED.

"As Mr. Culley has lirought so strong a
charge against the Herefordshire bre<Ml of cat-
tle and sheep, I will beg he nu\y be confronted
in your court with Mr. Marshall, evidence for
the defendant, and that tiiey may be placed in
manner and form as understated:

Mr. CuUey's book ou Live
Stock. (1794). Page 21.
Mentioning the number of
different breeds of cattle,
and naming fixed breeds

ith intent afterwards.

Mr. Marshall. In Vol. U
of his Rural Economy of
Gloucestershire (1TSS-1T9S>.
Page 226. and between that
and page 2.'!1: "The Here-
fordshire breed of cattle.

he says, to point out the taking it all in all. may.

GO

HISTORY OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

perfection and imperfec-
tions of each kind, com-
pare them with each other,
and then offer his opinion
with regard to which are
best. lie says: "As to
Herefordshire brown cat-
tle they are, I am pretty
clear, neither more nor
less than a mixture be-
tween the Welch and a
bastard race of long horns
that are everywhere to be
met in Cheshire, Shrop-

shir

etc.

Page 39. "It is true they
draw a few oxen in Here-
fordshire."

Page 179. "The more milk,
the less beef; whenever we
attempt to get both we are
sure to get neither."

Page ISO. "If it had not
been for Mr. Bakewell per-
haps we might still have
been groping in the dark;
at least that great breeder
was the first 1 know who
pointed out the valu-
able parts and made those
true distinctions, u n o b-
served. I believe, before
his day."

without risk, I believe, be
deemed the first breed of
cattle in this island." Of
tlie Fair at Herefordshire,
liuth of October, he says:
"The most valuable collec-
tion of cattle 1 have met
with out of Smithfield, and
by much the finest show I
have ever seen."

In Herefordshire working
oxen are the particular ob-
ject of breeding. "Besides
their superiority as beasts
of draught and their being
eligible as dairy stock, they
fat kindly, at au early age,
the strongest proof of their
excellency as fatting cat-
tle. I have seen three-
year-old heifers of this
breed, to use a familiar
phrase, as fat as mud;
much fatter than any heif-
ers of that age I have seen
of any other breed, spayed
heifers of Norfolk excepted.
*•♦*•■ "Viewing the
Herefordshire breed of cat-
tle in this light, which I
believe to be the true one,
how unfortunate for the
rural affairs of these king-
doms has been the choice
of the spirited breeders for
midland counties."

Again, speaking highly in
commendation of the im-
provement in the breeds of
long-horned cattle and
mentioning some of the
differences between them
and the Herefordshire, he
says he "hopes soon to have
an opportunity of digest-
ing his ideas respecting
that breed, and, lest infat-
uated by the fairness of
their form, I may, in their
praise, be led beyond the
truth. I have here com-
pared their general nature
with that of a breed (Here-
ford) which I consider as
the first the island affords.
By having a standard to
refer to, I may be the
better enabled to regulate
my judgment."

"Oliarlton, Feb. 31?, 1790.
"Sir: WliPii I hnd wroto the enclosed (iiiider
date of Jan. 'U\). I found you was not then re-
turned to this kiiitrdoni, therefore laid it aside

till after the receipt of your printed circular
letter, which you favored me with. As answers
to queries in that, from this situation, would
be of no use, 1 will not trouble you on what
you will be much better informed from other
hands. 1 am, sir,

"Your most hundjle servant,

"J. H. Campbell."

Of interest in connection with the Campbell
o.x, which was slaughtered in April, 1789, we
give the dimensions of a Hereford cow, owned
by the Duke of Bedford, some eight years later.

DniEXSIOX.S OF lIEREFOnDSIIIRE COVf

In the possession of the Duke of Bedford.
October, 1797.

\ Hind quarter 4

Height of -! Shoulder 4

I Knee 1

V Hock 1

( Dewlap 1

From the ground to the s Brisket 1

*■ Chest 1

Hind quarter from the
rump to the extrem-

I pneth of the -; ">' °^ "•'^ '"P bone... 2
i^engta ot ine -^ ^^^^^ p^^,, ^^ ^^j, g

Face 1

Horn 1

, Chop 1

I Cheek and forehead 3

Neck 3

Chest 6

J Knee 1

Round of <. Bone of the foreleg 0

Coronet of the fore foot 1

Hock 1

Hind leg bone 0

I Coronet of the hind foot 1
^ Horn 0

(Face across the eye
bones 0
Hip 2

6^4
9Vi

LUTTEKV (410) lS.->. CALVED 1S24, BRED BY J. HiiWiiK.

ii 1 s; T 0 U Y 0 F U E E E F U li D C A T T L E

61

CHAPTER yi.

'Yofatt" ox British ("attle

One of the important events in the cattle in-
terest, especially as regards the Herefords, was
the issuing of what has been styled, "Youatt's
History of British Cattle" (1835), and pur-
ported to be "a full history of the various
races." The author, Mr. W. Y'ouatt, is rated
"a scholar, distinguished for the extent, variety
and elegance of his attainments," "a veterinary
surgeon." His work was published under the
auspices of the "Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge," of which the following
were officers: Chairman, The Right Honora-
ble the Lord Chancellor, F. R. S., member Na-
tional Institute of France; Yice-Chairman,
The Right Honorable the Lord J. Russell, M.
P., Paymaster of Forces; Treasurer, Wm.
Tooke, M. P., F. E. S. ; Secretary, Thos. Coates,
Ko. 59 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London. These
committees were of the leading men of England
in Parliament, in the church and in common
business, but as with members of such societies
in our day, they were not especially interested
or proficient in agriculture. The north pole or
a new star were of vastly more importance to
these scientists. It was with the organization
of the Smithfield Club in 1798 that we begin
to make a connected and reliable cattle record.

That part of Hereford history easiest to es-
tablish is the pre-eminent fact that as early as
1766, B. Tomkins, Jr., evolved from the efforts
of his ancestors a systematic work with a view
to making a standard, by which, or to which,
the Hereford breed should conform later.

Editor Y^ouatt, in giving the history of the
Herefords, says : "The Herefordshire white-
faced breed, with the exception of a very few
Alderney and Durham cows, have almost exclu-
sive possession of this county. The Herefords
are considerably larger than the North Devon.
They are usually of a dull red and soine of
them are brown and even yellow. A few are
brindled, but they are principally distinguished
by their white faces, tliroats and bellies. Tn a
few cases the white extends to the shoulders.
The old Herefords were brown, or red-brown,
with not a white sjiol upon Ihcm. It is only

within the last fifty or sixty years that it has
been the fashion to breed for white faces."

"Whatever may be thought of the change of
color, the present breed is certainly far superior
to the old one. The hide is considerably thicker
than that of the Devon, and the beasts are more
hardy. Compared with the Devon, they are
shorter in the leg, and also in the carcass;
higher and broader and heavier in the chine;
wider and rounder across the hips and better
covered with fat; the thigh fuller ^ind more
muscular, and the shoulders larger and
coarser." He then refers to an ox that belonged
to the Duke of Bedford, and he quotes Mar-
shall's opinion as given elsewhere.

Y'ouatt continues: "They fatten to a much
greater weight than the Devons, and run to 50
or 70 score (or 1,000 to 1,400 lbs.). A toler-
able cow will average from 35 to 50 score (700
to 1,000 lbs.). A cow belonging to the Duke
of Bedford weighed more than 70 score (or
more than 1,400 lbs.). An ox belonging to
Mr. Westcar exceeded 110 score (2.100 lbs.).

"They are not now much used for husbandry,
though their form adapts them for heavier
work, and they have all the honesty and docil-
ity of the Devon ox, and greater strength, if
not his activity.

"The Herefordshire ox fattens speedily at a
very early age, and it is therefore more advan-
tageous to the farmer, and perhaps to the
county, that he should go to the market at three
years old than to be kept longer to he employed
as a beast of draught.

"There are few cattle more prized in the
market than the genuine Hereford. The Dev-
qns and Herefords are both excellent breeders,
and the prejudice of Devonshire and Hereford-
shire farmers being set aside, a cross of the two
breeds will give the Devons more bulk and
hardihood, and the Hereford a finer form and
activity.

"They are evidently an aboriginal breed and
descended from the same stock as the Devons.
If it were not for the white face and somewhat
large head and thicker neck, it would not at all

62

HTSTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

times be easy to distinguish between a heavy
Devon and a light Hereford. Their white faces
may probably be traced ro a cross with their
distant relations, tlie Jlontgomeries."

In his notice of Sussex, lie says: "Of the
Hereford and Sussex, the Hereford beast has
flesh upon the ribs and sirloin, the Sussex
more upon the flank and inside. It cannot be
denied that the Herefords have theirs in the
best places, and it is on that account that the
prize is so often adjudged to them at the cat-
tle shows, and particularly at Smithficld."

Youatt again says: "In some parts of
Glamorganshire the pure Herefords are culti-
vated in preference to any admixtures with the
native breed. Mr. Bradley, near Cardiff, is
partial to the Hereford and his stock does not
yield to many in the neighborhood or the
country generally."

Of Monmouth, Youatt says: "In the vale
district, the farmers were content with the
'Glamorgans, and the better kind of hill cattle.
Of late years, however, the Herefords have, in
a manner, superseded both of these breeds."

Of Dorset. Youatt says: "Concerning the
Hereford on the Dorset stock the points of su-
periority said to be gained over the Devon cross

are larger size, more hardening, and a disposi-
tion to yield a greater quantity of milk."

Of the Devon, after speaking of some trials
that had been made by the Duke of Bedford,
in Devonshire, he says: "We are, however,
compelled to add that the Duke of Bedford has
to a considerable extent changed his breed at
Woburn, and the Dcvons have in a great degree
given away to the Herefords."

These are a portion of the records that You-
att gives, outside of the space given to what
he terms the "History of Hereford Cattle."

We will now take up some of the items that
he might have put to their credit, but did not.
First, the prizes won at the Smithfield Clulj
from 1799 to 183-i, inclusive, are as follows:
88 premiums on Hereford oxen, amounting to
$5,760.00 (£1,152) ; 13 premiums on Hereford
cows, amounting to $750 (£150) : total prem-
iums on Herefords, $(),510.00 (£1,300).

As against 35 premiums on Shorthorn oxen,
amounting to $3,175.00 (£635) ; 17 premiums
on Shorthorn cows, amounting to $925.00
(£185) ; total premiums on Shorthorns amount-
ing to $4,100.00 (£820). Showing 53 more
premiums on oxen at Smithfield for the Here-
fords than for the Shorthorn.

'/nM^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

.1

tl

^_^

JT r\

1 1

'^35

1 -j^ .

SOVEKEION (4fM)

221. CAI.VED 1S20, BRED
(From an old paintlnK.)

UY .1 HEWER.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

63

We have called attention previously to the
fact that J. H. Campbell, of Charlton, Kent,
and Mr. Westcar, were buyers of Hereford cat-
tle, at the Hereford Michaelmas fair in Octo-
ber, 1779, pi-obably earlier and up to 1819. This
is true at least of Mr. Westcar, and he won the
first premium at the first Smithfield show in
1799 with a Hereford ox.

Mr. John Westcar lived at Creslow, Buck-
ingham. There are reported sales of his at
Smithfield at long prices. The first ox that
Mr. Wi'stear exhibited, and which won first

Kightley's oxen were sold by himself, and Mr.
Westcar's were sold by ilr. Thomas Potter. The
old and famous breed of Herefords are not so
large in frame as they were fifty years back,
and are more complete and mature at an earlier
age. Nearly all the above high-priced, gigan-
tic oxen had been worked, and had earned homo
money at the plow and other lalxjr before they
were fed. At that time it was well known that
j\Ir. Westcar had a large close that kept the
whole of the summer 200 large o.ven, and with
the 200 oxen he fed 300 ewes and their lambs.

KED ROSE :i;i:i. BREII BY MR JOFI.X HEWER.
(This was Mr. Hewer's favorite cow.)

prize at the meeting of 1799, was bred by Mr.
Tidly, of Huntington, Herefordshire, and was
a grey six-year-old, fed by Mr. Westcar; weight
2,198 pounds. He showed also a grass-fed ox
the same year at 1,806 pounds.

Mr. Armesley says: "If memory serves me
right, in the year 1812 or 1813. I saw sold in
the Smithfield Christmas market .50 Hereford
oxen belonging to the high-famed Mr. Westcar,
living in the Yale of Aylesbury, that averaged
50 guineas ($2.50) each, making 2,500 guineas
($12,500). At the same time, ^Ir. Richard
Kightley, of Castlethorp, Berks, sold 30 Here-
ford oxen that averaged 47 guineas ($235)
each, making 1,410 guineas ($7,050). Mr.

and all went to market the same year. It is
impossible to overrate the value of the sen'ices
rendered to the breed by the old graziers."

Mr. Westcar is reported as say.ing that the
heaviest Hereford he ever fed, dead weight,
weighed 157 stone. 2 pounds "(14 pounds to
the stone, making 2.200 pounds). It is re-
ported on examination of his books, that they
siiow sales as follows :

In 1799. Dec. 16th. two oxen to Mr. Chap-
man for £200 ($1,000).

In 1800, Dec. 4th. one ox to Mv. Chaimian
for £127 ($635).

In 1800, Dee. 13th. one ox to JFr. Harring-
ton for £100 ($500).

G4

H I STO H Y

II E i; K FO i; D CATTLE

In 1801, Xov. 26th, six oxen to Mr. (iiblctt
for £75(5 ($3,780).

In 1802, Xov. 26th, one ox to Mr. Giblett for
£100 ($500).

In 1802, Xov. liOth, one ox to Mr. t'hapiiian
for £126 ($630).

In 1802, Dec. 4th, two oxen to Mr. Horwood
for £200 ($1,000).

In 1803. Dec. 4th, one ox to ilr. Chapman
for £100 ($500).

In 1803, Dec. 19th, one ox to Mr. Keynolds
for £105 ($525).

In 1803, Dec. 19th, one ox to Mr. (;il)lett for
£105 ($525).

In 1804, Dec. 5tli, one ox to :\[r. (iiblctt for
£105 ($525).

In 1805, Dec. 4th, one ox to Mr. Giblett for
£100 ($500).

In 1811 X"ov. 2.sth, one ox to Mr. Chandler
for £105 ($525).

We have the statenient of the historian, Mr.
John Speed, in 1627, that the Hereford cattle
were the best-conditioned cattle in England.

Mr. Gillam says that the Tomkins family
were breeders for a long time, and Mr. Hay-

wood also confirms the same. In 1779 Mr. J.
H. Campbell takes out one ox to slaughter, and
shows quantity and quality that could not come
from a mongrel race.

In 1798 the Smithfield show brings together
all the breeds of the United Kingdom, and be-
fore this tribunal the Herefords led the breeds
of England, and England led the world.

l']! to 1851 all breeds of cattle were shown
in competition for the best beef animal. As
near as can be ascertained from the records,
the relative standing of the Herefords, Short-
horns, Scotch, and cross-breeds is shown by the
following statement of the prizes won by the
different breeds:

OXEN AND STEERS.

Herefords won 185 prizes.

Shorthorns won 82 prizes.

Devons won 44 prizes.

Scotch won 43 prizes.

Sussex won 9 prizes.

Longhorns won 4 prizes.

Cross-breeds won 8 prizes.

Total prizes, 185 won by ller.'forcls ; 190
won by all other breeds.

The Hereford oxen and steers winning with-
in five prizes as many as all the t)ther breeds
combined.

Mr. Youatt published his so-called "History
of British Cattle," and made no mention of
these exhibits and the extraordinary standing
of the Herefords, as to the prizes won, nor did
he mention the more extraordinary sales they
made.

The following is an extract of winnings as
between the Herefords and Shorthorns, for a
period of 36 years, ending with 1835, when
Youatt wrote his book, and the tabulated state-
ment herewith shows how the breeds stood :

•THE TICK-FACE."

(Fbotograijb (ruiu llJc. In 1901, of a cow bred by the late

K. U. Armour, and descended (rem Hewer stock.)

HEREFORDS.

SHORTHORNS.

No.

of

Guin-

Dol-

No.

o(

Guin-

Dol-

Vear.

prizes.

eas.

lars.

Year.

prizes.

eas.

lars.

62

'260

1799 .

1800 .

IsilO ..

4

80

"466

1801 .

1502 .

1503 .

1 SI13 .

4

40

'260

1804 .

1805 .

1S05 .

2

1S06 .

1S06 .

isn? .

2

30

150

1807 .

1S08 .

X

40

200

1808 .

1809 .

2

40

200

1809 .

ISIO .

3

.50

250

ISIO .

20

100

ISll .

1

10

50

1811 .

20

100

?

40

200

1812 .

isi:! .

•>

40

200

1S13 .

20

100

1S14 .

2

45

225

1814 .

40

200

ISl.T .

4

90

450

1815 .

20

100

1M6 .

40

200

1816 .

20

100

1S18 .

3

50

250

1818 ,

1M9 .

2

40

200

1819 .

25

i25

1S20 .

4

55

275

1820 .

60

1821 .

3

46

225

1821 .

1S22 .

2

23

125

1822 .

1S23 .

4

55

275

1S23 ,

1824 .

1

15

75

1824 .

2

40

200

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

65

Year.

1825 ..

1826 ..

HEREFORDS.
No. of Guin- Dol-

1S2S

1S29

1S30

1S31

1S32

1S33

1831 ,

1S35

Year.

1825 .
1S26 .

1827 .

1828 .

1829 .

1830 .

1831 .

1832 .

1833 .

1834 .

1835 .

SHORTHORNS.
No. of Guin-

From Youatt is Iwirned that throughout the
whole of Gloucestershire the Herefords wore
preferred for working and for fattening. In
the notice of the Sussex cattle, Youatt tells us
that it cannot be denied that the Herefords
carry their fat on the best places, "and it is on
thi.s account that the prize is so often adjudged
to them at the cattle show at Smithfield;" an
observation that proves that Youatt was well
aware of the success of the Herefords, although
he did not mention the fact in his account of
the breed.

He also quotes a remark by Arthur Young,
editor of the "Annals of Agriculture," that
"both in quality of flesh, thriving disposition,
etc., both the Sussex and Dcvons exceeded the
Staffordshire Longhorns and the Herefords left
them far behind."

According to Youatt the Hereford had at
that time spread over much of the kingdom.
In Dorset sogie farmers were, with every prob-
ability of success, engrafting the Hereford on
the Dorsetshire stock. Three points of superi-
ority were said to be gained by the Hereford
over the Devon cross — a larger size, more hard-
iness, and a disposition to yield a greater quan-
tity of better milk.

In Somerset some of the dairy cows were red
with a white face, which marked tiie Hereford
cross. In some parts of Glamorganshire the
pure Herefords were cultivated in preference
to any mixture with the native breed.

"In Radnorshire," says Youatt, "they have
principally had recourse to the Hereford as a
cross with their own cattle, and though they
have thus produced a beast large and too capa-
ble of yielding beef to be perfected on their
poor land, they have obtained one that will
thrive and pay otherwise, and that will find a
ready market."

Of the Montgomeryshire cattle, he says:
"The native cattle hear considerable resem-
blance to the Devons, but in the grazing dis-
tricts they are generally abandoned for the
Herefords, which are found to be suitable to the
soil and climate, and are better feeders. ( Vm-

LAPV LIVUON JIS (TALVKn ls::.;i. niilvLl liV .IMIIN HEWEl:, SOU' 'nK Li-l^ii^, or SI, 7:;" .\ TirK FAl

66

HISTOIJV OF HKKEFOKI) CATTLE

.^idcrabk' attention is heru paid to the dairy,
and particularly to the production of cheese,
which is little inferior to the Cheshire. About
nine months feeding with grass, hay and tur-
nips, will add about three score pounds weight
fo each of their quarters."

In Breconshire, recourse had been had to
the Devons and Herefords. with evident advan-
tage in favor of tiie Hereford both for work

were struggling for superiority on the grazing
ground.

When writing of the Monmouthshire cattle
Youatt said : "The Herefords will never find
their way into the dairy; they belong to the
graziers and butchers," to which he appends a
foot-note ijy ilr. Walker, of Burton in War-
wickshire, who tells him that this is too strongly
expressed, it being his opinion that "they want

CUTMDIiK iDTii) i:u. e'.ALVKLI liM. liKED BY T. JKFFKIE^^.
Weight. 1 ton 16 cwt., English, equal to 3.920 American pounds. Champion and acknowledged the greatest bull
ever produced up to his day. Note.— The above engraving is reproduced from an old paintiDg, on
the face of which all this matter is written, including the following:
"Let each succeeding rac-e employ your . care.
Distinguishing which to slaughter, which to spare;
Mark well the lineage from purest make.
And from pure blood its Just proportions take."
"Robert Hewer, one of the most celebrated herdsmen, fed upwards of 200 winners in different parts of the kingdom."

and grazing. The cattle on the side of Brecon
that was nearest to Herefordshire were in a par-
ticular manner becoming very strongly mixed
with the Herefords.

A cross with the Herefords had been with evi-
dent advantage attempted by the graziers in
Carmartheji shire.

In Bedford, the Duke of Bedford had given
an impetus to the rearing of Herefords. In
Hampshire the Xorman crossed with the Here-
ford was not injured as a milker while she was
improved in size, and disposition to fatten. In
Worcestershire the Herefords and Shorthorns

nothing but management to bring them into
the dairy; being so admirably adajited for the
grazier, their milk is (|uite ncgk'cted. The
Herefordshire farmers want early calves, and
their cows and heifers calve between the middle
of December and Fehruary after living entirely
on dry im^al, and usually by the time the grass
comes they are nearly or quite dry, but if the
Hereford heifer calve for the first time at
grass and about the middle of May, she might
become a good milker. Some of the cows will,
under the present managemeiit, yield from ten
to twelve quarts of milk at one time, and their

H 1 S T O li Y 0 F H E 1! E F U Pi D C A T T L 1-:

67

milk is superior to tliat of any other cow except
the Alderuey. The quantity of milk given by a
cow will greatly depend on her treatment with
her first calf. If she has not proper feed to
swell the milk veins at first starting she will
never afterwards make a good milker. The
Hereford cow seldom has a fair chance here.
I ypeak from experience," he says, "for I liave
had much to do with the Herefords for several
years, and have had many good milking cows
of that breed," to which Mr. Youatt says,
"these are very important observations, and
although we are not sutficiently convinced to
alter what we have written, and what almost
universal exp'erience and belief confirm, the
remarks of Mr. Walker deserve serious atten-
tion."

Mr. Youatt, in making up the history of the
Hereford cattle, quotes from Marshall his de-
scription of the points on which to judge the
Plereford breed, but does not quote Marshall
when he says: "The Herefordshire breed of
cattle, taking it all in all, may, without risk, I
believe, be deemed the first breed of cattle in
this island. Their frame is altogether atldetic,
with limbs in most cases sufficiently clean for
the purpose of traveling (1j 52).

"Their form as beasts of draught is nearly
complete. Besides their superiority as beasts
of draught and their being eligible as dairy
stock, being in this respect similar to Glouces-
tershire, the females fatten kindly at an early
age, — the strongest proof of their excellencv
as fattening cattle. I have seen three-year-old
heifers of this breed, to use a familiar phrase,
as fat as mud: much fatter than any heifers of
that age that I have seen of any other breed,
the spayed heifer of Norfolk excepted.

"Viewing the Herefordshire cattle in this
light, which I believe to be the true one, how
unfortunate for the rural affairs of the kingdom
lias been the choice of the spirited breeders of the
midland counties," wlio had selected the long-
horn varictv for their use. Xor does he quote
Marshall wJien :Marshall savs that "at the Here-
ford fair, in 0(to1ier, 1788, I saw about 1.000
head of cattle, chiefly of this breed, a large pro-
jiortion of them of grown oxen, full of flesh,
sold for, or W(>re worth, at the selling prices of
the day, from £\2 ($(!0) to £17 ($8.-)) an ox,
the most valual)l(> collection I have met witli o\it
of Smithficld market, and by much the (iiicst
show I have anywhere seen."

These statements, as made bv Marshall, were
accessible to Mr. Youatt. .iiiil should have been
used.

Xeither lioes YciUiitl rd'er to the .1. II. Camp-
bell Hereford ox, shown and slaughtered at

Greenwich in 1789, whose live weight was li,.360
pounds and dressed weight 1,91"/^ pounds (for
the four quarters), and was sold to the butch-
ery for $350 (£70). Nor does he mention the
correspondence that grew out of the exhibition
and slaughter of the animal as contained in the
"Annals of Agriculture" in Vols: 11, 12 and 13.

Neither does he refer to the formation of the
Smithfield Club, nor to the fact that from 1799
to 1835, inclusive, the Herefords won 93
premiums, amounting to $7,060, against the
Shorthorns winning 37 premiums and $3,275.

Neither does he refer to the sales of fat cattle
made at Smithfield during the years from 1779
to 1835, and more particularly of the especially
well-known sale by Mr. Westcar on Sept. 17th,
1798, of fifteen oxen at an average of $243, and
of the still better known fact that from 1799
to 1811 Mr. Westcar had sold at Smithfield
twentv head of Hereford oxen at an averaire

COT.MORE. LVONSHALL. HEREFORDSHIRE. HO.ME OF
MESSRS. JEFFRIES.

of $531 as butchers' beasts, or that Mr. Westcar
made a sale of fiftv Hereford oxen in 1812 or
1813 for $250 each.

These are facts that were matters of record
in London and accessiide to Mr. Youatt, as was
the fact that at the London market Herefords
were selling at 5 .•^hillings ($L25) per hundred
])ounds of dressed weight higjier tlian the
Shorthorns (1[ 53).

W\' have made copious quotations from You-
att's "History of British Cattle"' to reiterate the
fact that' he liad inf(n'mation that would have
given the Herefords an entirely different posi-
tion among British cattle if the facts had been,
accredited to the breed in their history. I re-
peat that in quoting from Marshall, the emi-
nent agricultural historian, he omitted import-
ant facts. He recognized that the Herefords
were successful at the Smithfield Club from its

68

I1IS'1'()|;V OF II K l; K FOIM) CA-l'TLK

organization to tlic time lie was writinj:, but
fail;; to give any particular.^ as to thu winnings
before that society, or the sales that were made
in the London market, which were accessible to
him.

Beside the foregoing facts w^hich were in his
possession and ust'd in the description of other
breeds, there were the following leading events
in the history of the Hereford cattle that were,
or nught have been, accessible to him :

First, Mr. John Speed, of London,* in his
history (1627), said of the Hercfords, that they
were the best conditioned cattle in England.
Again, he fails to notice the work of Mr. Ben-
jandn Tond<ins, commenced in 1TG(), and con-
tinued for about fifty years, a successful breed-
er of Hereford cattle and of wide reputation.
A public sale nuide of his cattle averaging
nearly $T50 per head, and attracting the atten-
tion of the kingdom. Fie also fails to notice
]\Ir. John Price, of Byall, who followed Mr.
Tondvins, and was a leadinsr Hereford breeder

'^«. —

_>;,

^''--

jjli

DjUnii

. -,,. -

"irjiB

jy:

|n■rK^ ^^3^Bl

jip^-^

^^^H

^..^^3.

^^1

HHHB

THE SHERIFFS, LYONSHALL, HEREFORDSHIRE,
OCCUPIED BY THE JEFFRIES FAMILY.

at the time he wmte what ])uriH)rts tn lie a his-
tory of Hereford cattle, selling cattle of his
breeding at extraordinary ])rices.

He also fails to notice the work of the Hew-
ers, who were at the time Hereford breeders of
national reputation, having bulls on hire in
manv counties.

(lj -54) He also fails t" notice the weekly
sales of Hereford cattle at Hereford, and al.<o
tiie aiHiual October sales held in Hereford,
which sales were of national reputation ; and
the fact that graziers of cattle in Buckingham,
Kent, and othrr counties near London, visited
tliese fairs and made purchases of cattle to be
fitted for the London market, and for exhibi-

•England, Wales, and Scotland described (162V).

tion iit the Smilhfield show. While he quotes
from Mr. Marshall a description and character
of the Herefordshire ox as he had seen them in
Herefordshire, he fails to notice that Mr. Mar-
shall says: "The Herefordshire breed of cattle,
taking it all in all, may, without risk, Ik^
deemed the first breed of cattle in England,
their superiority as beasts of draught, and thrir
being eligible as dairy stock." All of which,
and more of the same im]iort, a])i)ears in the
same article from which ilr. Youatt (juotes in
his history.

Neither does he take any notice of the forma-
tion of the Smithiield Cattle and Sheep Soci-
ety, which was afterwards changed to the
Smithfield Club, or of the winnings of the
Flereford cattle at the first and subseciuent ex-
hibitions of the society, all of which were a
matter of record in London on the books of
the society.

Having slighted the lending Bi'itish breed of
cattle (the Herefonls) in every conceivable
way, Mr. Youatt deliberately delivered the
preparation of the Shorthorn section of his
work into the hands of a Shorthorn enthusiast,
and in endjodyiug it as part of his work, says,
"for every portion of the text in this excellent
account of the Shoi-thorns we are indebted to
the Rev. Henry Berry, than whom there are few
more zealous breeders of cattle, while there is
no better judge of them."'

In giving a description of the Hercfords he
piesents two cuts, one of a Hereford ox, and
the other a cow, in store condition, while for
Shorthorns and other breeds he gives cuts show-
ing the animals in full flesh.

We are thus particular in criticizing .Mr.
^'ouatt for the reason that his dcscri]itioii of
the Hereford cattle has been (|Uoted from that
time to the present tlay as a correct descri])! ion,
and his work has been used to the disadvantage
of the Hereford breed. It would sei'm that not
oidy the Shorthorns were described by Mr.
Berry, but that ilr. Y'ouatt took Mr. Berry's
prejudiced and selfish view of the Hercfords,
or that he allowed the Shorthorn fanciers (o
revise ami abridge the llert'ford history; cer-
tain it is that he was unfair in writing the de-
scription, and unjust (amounting to carica-
ture) in the cuts that he u.«ed to illustrate the
character of the Hereford breed {^ 50).

When the true character of Youatt's work br-
gan to be realized there was an urgent demand
for an unbiased history. The Hercfords have
ever been in the main owneil by tenant farm-
ers, who had moi'e care for ]iroduciiig a supe-
rior breed of profitable cattle than in advertis-
intr them. There being no Herefordshire

H I s r u i; V (J F 1] 1^ i; i-: f oim ) ( ■ a t t l ]•:

C9

writer to prepare the work, the Scotch editors
whose experieoce in preparing the history of
their favorites, the polled Aberdeen-Angus cat-
tle, qiialified them for such work, took up the
matter. They had no trouble in securing many
cf the facts tliat, though easily accessible to
Youatt, were ignored by him, a portion of
which being so suitable to this work, will close
this chapter (jf 51).

Benjamin Tonikins, the younger, drove 20 of
his cows to Hereford on the day of the agricul-
tural show, and oft'ered 100 guineas to anyone
who would show an equal number superior to
them, but the challenge was not accepted.

In 1810, Mr. Meek, of Lichfield, gave a chal-
lenge to show his Longhorn bull against any
Hereford for 100 guineas. His challenge was
accepted liy ilr. J. W. Walker, Burton Court,
who sent his bull Crickneck (175) 305 to Lich-
field, but when he got there it appeared that
Mr. Meek had made himself acquainted with
the superiority of Mr. Walker's bull, and rather
than submit to defeat, allowed judgment to go
by default in favor of the Hereford.

Mr. Haywood, of Blakemere, and Mr. Hill,
Felhampton Court, have portraits of the Here-
ford bull Prizefighter, bred by Jlr. Sam-
uel Haywood, Clifton-on-Temc. The inscrip-
tion on the painting states that he was "shown
at Shifnal, 29th December, 1800, by Mr. Tench,
of Bromfield, against Mr. Knowles, of Xailston,
Leicester (whose nomination would doubtless
have been Longhorn), to decide a bet of 100
guineas; determined in favor of the Flereford-
shire by Mr. Pestcar, Somersetshire.*'

Mr. Price, of Ryall, issiied two challenges.
In 1812 he gave a challenge to be decided at
Lichfield Agricultural Meeting, to show 20 of
his cows in milk against 20 Longhorn cows for
100 guineas, which was accepted by Mr. Meek,
and was decided in Mr. Price's favor. In 1839
Mr. Price sent forth a public challenge to show
20 cows and a bull of his own breeding agaiTist
the same number of any other person's breed-
ing, or any breed, open to all England, but no
one came forward to accept it.

Mr. Weyman, of Stockton, challenged all
England with his bull Stockton (237) ](i7 for
500 guineas, which was accepted by one of the
Tomkins family, who, however, afterwards
withdrew, leaving Mr. Weyman the victor.

Mr. Turner, of Aymestry, in 1803 offered to
show a si.\-year-old Herefordshire ox, of his
own breeding, against any breeder in the county
of Hereford, or any adjoining county, for 100
guineas, for "weight and least coarse meat."

I\[r. Walker, of Burton, was offered 00
guineas ($300) by Mr. T. Day, the exhibitor

of the Durham ox, for a four-vear-old work-
ing ox.

In 1825, at the Smithfield Club, there was a
sweepstakes between three Herefords belonginsr
to the Duke of Bedford and three Durhams be-
longing to the Kight Hon. Chas. xVrbutliuot,
which was won by the Herefords.

The preparation of an account of what the
Herefords have done in the show yards espe-
cially engaged the attention of ilr. William
Housman, whose intimate acquaintance with

HOPE (439) 324. CALVED 1S36, BRED BY T. JEFFRIES.

the history of the breed is well k^lowIl. In
order, however, to trace the progress of the
breed it is desirable to briefly refer here to some
of their early achievements at shows. The
Smithfield Club and the -Agricultural Society
of Hereford were founded about the same
time. The Smithfield Clul) was instituted
under the title of the Smithfield Cattle
and Sheep Society, at a meeting held in De-
cember, 1798, the name by which it is now so
widely and favorably known having been
adopted in 1802. The history of the club has
been written by the late Sir Brandreth T.
Gibbs. From this valuable little book wc
learn many interesting details regarding the
])osition taken by the Herefords at the early
shows.

At the first show, held in 1799, Mr. We.«tcar's
first prize bullock, a Hereford, sold for 100
guineas ($500), was 8 ft. 11 ins. long, fi ft. 7
ins. high, and 10 ft. 4 ins. girth. In his Ciren-
cester lecture Mr. Duckham said that from the
dimensions given ujion a colored print which
he then exhibited together with the names of
the feeder and purchaser, all corresponding
with the figures given by Sir Brandreth T.
Gibbs, he had no doubt it was intended to rep-
resent this j^rize animal of J[r. Westcar's. If
so, says Mr. Duckham. he was bred bv ilr.

:o

HISTOKY OF 11 b; i; KFUHD CATTLE

Tully, Humiii;,'li)n. noiir I k' re ford ; his weight
was ■U': stone (15,458 lbs.), aud he bore the dis-
tinctive marks of the red with white face, with
the exception of the white stripe which now ex-
tends along the back, and just over the shoul-
ders, being shown in the picture as far as the
hip bones, and it also differed from the modern
markings by the lower jiart of the legs being
red instead of white. We may add that the
drawing in Garrard's book removes any doubt
as to the identity of this animal, whicli was un-
questionably bred by Mr. Tully.

At the sliow in 1799 it is also stated that Mr.
Grace, of Buckinghamshire, exhibited a Here-
ford ox 7 ft. liigli. which weighed upwards of
2(il) stone (3,G4(l lbs.) and measured in girth
I'i ft. 4 ins. Among the other winners at this
inaugural show of the Smithfield Club were
the Duke of Bedford and Mr. John Ellman,
both of whom were breeders of Herefords : the
latter had the prize for the best ox fattened with
grass and hay only, in the shortest time from
the yoke.

It is thus apparent that the Herefords con-
stituted a very important feature of the inaugu-
ral show of the Smithfield Club.

Among other curious details mentioned by Sir
Brandreth T. Gibbs. in connection with the
meeting in 1812, were tlie following: "A Here-
ford with a red ring round the eye," and a
"smooth-coated Hereford." Mr. Diickham
points out that these apparently trivial cir-
cumstances go far to prove that at that time it
was expected that Herefords should have white
faces and rough coats.

From the estaijlishment of the Smithfield
Club to the year 18.j1 all the different breeds
and cross-breeds of cattle were exhibited at its
show in competition with each other, except
during the period from 1807 to 1815, when
there was a classification of ijreeds, separate
classes being assigned for Herefords, Long-
horns, Shorthorns, Sussex, or Kent, Devons,
and mixed breeds. Some of the records of the
early shows are incomplete, but Sir Brandreth
T. Gibbs states that during the time the breeds
competed together — that is, before the new
chissification in 1852 — the general prizes were
thus distributed :

The Hereford oxen won 185 prizes. . .$13,790
The Hereford cows won 22 prizes 1,155

$14,945

The Shorthorn oxen won 82 prizes $ C.995

The Shorthorn cows won 92 prizes. . . . o,G(J5

$12.Gti(l

The result, says Sir Brandreth T. Gibbs.
shows that the number and amount of general
money prizes was vastly in favor of the Here-
fords, their principal winnings being in the
oxen and steer classes. The Shorthorns owed
the fact of their approaching the Herefords in
total amount of winnings to the success of the
Shorthorn cows.

The Agricultural Society of Hereford, we
arc glad to say, under the name of the Here-
fordshire Agricultural Society, conducted with

* 1 i

IlllJVK, CAI.VKIJ IWN. A.SlP CALK. FOIG- A-HALLACU. UKKI) liV T. JKl'KUIES.

HISTORY 0 F H E U E F () R D C A T T L E

n

vigor and success, was established in 1797, ils
object being "to carry the breed of cattle and
sheep as to fleece and carcass to the greatest
points of perfection.''

The old minute books of the society have not
been found, and for notices of the early shows
we are indebted to contemporary newspapers.
At the show of June, 1799, the first prize for
best bull not exceeding 20 months old was
awarded to John Apperley, Withington; and
that for the best bull not exceeding three years
and seven months old, to Samuel TuUy, Hunt-
ington.

At the show in June, 1800, it is reported that
there was an exhibition of cattle of very supe-
rior form and beauty. "Great praise," says
the Hereford Journal of that date, "is due to
those gentlemen who so warmly patronize this
institution, which, whilst it ultimately pro-
motes the interest and advantage of the farm-
ers and breeders, will extend and perpetuate the
fame of the county for a species of stock al-
ready in reputation with competent judges."'

The first prize for best bull was awarded to
Mr. Croose, Sugwas, for a bull bred by Jlr.
Jones, Fawley, for best yearling bull to Joseph
Tully, Haywood, and for best heifer to Mr.
Skyrme, of Stretton.

At the show in March, 1801, it was an-
nounced that the following gentlemen and
farmers intended exhibiting bulls: Mr. Wey-
man, Moreton ; C. Bodenham, Rotherwas ; H.
Moore, Wellington ; J. G. Cotterell, Garmons ;
E. Waring, Lvonshall ; T. A. Knight, Wormes-
ley Grange (2); S. Tully, Huntington (2).
Thirteen bulls were presented for the two
premiums, and the most successful exhibitors
were Mr. Smith, of Sufton, and Mr. H. Moore,
Wellington.

Another show was held in June, 1801, when
the prize winners were Mr. J. Tully, Haywood,
and Mr. Williams, Thingehill. The report on
the show in March, 1802, states that it seemed
to be the general opinion that so many fine ani-
mals of the sort were never seen together be-
fore. The successful exhibitors wore the two
Messrs. Tullv, of Huntington and Havwood ;
Mr. Powell, of Titley; Mr. Galliers. of King's
Pvon, and Mr. Apperlev, of Withington. The
bulls of Lord Essex, Colonel Cotterell. Mr.
Croose, of Ocle; Mr. Lowe, of Gatterton : l\rr.
I^ewis, of Burghill, and ^fr. Moore, of Barton-
sham, were also, it is added, much admired.

Certificates were received from nearly all the
candidates that their animals had not been fed
with corn or straw imperfectly threshed, during
the last six months; and in future, says the
chronicler, tliis is to be made an ex]iress condi-

tion, without which no animal is to be entitled
to a pfemium.

At the first show of the Royal Agricultural
Society at Oxford, in 1839, the Herefords made
a very good appearance, and the Rev. J. R.
Smythies, of Lynch Court, won the first prize
for the best cow in milk, ■"wlucli,"' in the opin-
ion of the judges, "was best calculated for dairy
purposes." Mr. T. Jeffries, of The Grove, was
first for Hereford bulls with Cotmore (376)
150, full of Hewer blood, ilr. Walker, Xorth-

HOPE (439) 3Z4. CALVED 1836, BRED BY T. JEFFRIES.
(From an old painting. I

leach, was first for cows; Mr. J. Hewer first
for yearling bulls, Mr. J. Walker, Burton, first
for bull calves, and Mr. E. West first for heifer
calves.

The favor in which the breed was held by
graziers, the numerous challenges, most of them
resulting successfully for the Herefords, the
victories at Smithfield, and the spirit exhibited
at the meetings of the County Society — all
tend to show that the breed was constantly im-
proving; that tlie farmers of Herefordshire
were proud of their cattle, and tliat their mer-
its were attracting widespread attention.

Narrow in its treatment of the Herefords
and partisan to the Shorthorns as was the orig-
inal Youatt's work, tlic .\merican revised and
altridged edition was narrower and more parti-
san and fraudulent, eliminating most of the
little that Yoiiatt had admitted. Tlie Ameri-
can edition, edited by Ambrose Stevens, issued
in 1851, and purporting to be Youatt's work,
was purely a Shorthorn advertisement. The
almost criminal fraud against the Herefords
being thus introduced in the preface:

"In presenting an edition of Youatt to the
American public, the American editor may
justly say, that of all the treatises on cattle,
none is so valuable as his. ^fr. Youatt was a
man of rare abilitv; a scholar, distiniruished

n

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CxVTTLE

for the extent, variety and elegance of his at-
tainments; for his power of research, historical,
and scientific; for the brilliancy of his style;
and as a veterinary surgeon of profound knowl-
edge, in both the science and j)ractice of his art,
and of devotion to its ])iirsuit. Scarcely any
jii^n of all the world was so happily fitted as
"he to produce a great historical and medical
work on cattle.

".And while he was so peculiarly qualified to
write such a work, the circumstances that orig-
inated it wer(> eminently the ones to insure him
success in the undertaking. An association ex-
isted in England, under the name of '^The So-
ciety for the DifFusion of Useful Knowledge.'
Men of eminence in every variety of learning

were its members; the publication of practical
treatises in all departments of useful knowl-
edge, its ol)ject. Aj)preciating the ability of
Mr. Youatt to give the world a valualde work
on the history, breeds, management, and dis-
eases of cattle, this society enlisted iiini in its
]) rod net ion.

"In preparing this treatise for publication,
the American editor has abridged it of the his-
tory of local and inferior lireeds of cattle in
England, in which the American farmer and
amateur has no interest. There is not a page
in the whole but has been carefully considered,
and where it required its matter advanced
to the present state of knowledge on the
subject."

MONKHOfSl':. THE nUND VETERAN
STOWE.

HIST 0 K Y 0 F II E [{ E E U K D C A T T L E

CHAPTER VIL

The County of Hkkefokd — Herefcmidsiihie

It is of interest to know about the section
of England where the best breed of beef cattle
of the present day originated. Probably no
more authentic or reliable information can be
obtained than the account as given in the "En-
cyclopedia Britannica."

It will be seen in the parliamentary returns
of 1ST3 that some of the well-known thorough-
bred Hereford cattle breeders were large land
owners. The Hon. J. H. Arkwright (who bred
our famous Sir Richard 2d (9702) 4978 and
Mr. Sotham's recently imported sensational
Improver (19206) 94020) having over ten
thousand acres; Sir A. R. Boughton Knight
over ten thousand acres, and Lord Bateman
(^55), who bred the first cattle imported by
Mr. P. W. Stone, nearly seven thousand acres.

"The English county of Hereford is on the
south border of Wales. Its greatest length
from Ludford by Ludlow to the Doward Hills
near Monmouth is 38 miles ; its greatest breadth
from Cradley to Clifford, near Hay, is 35
miles. The country is well watered with nu-
merous rivers and is pre-eminently a grazing
district. The climate is variable, owing to the
damp and fogs, which moisten the earth and
account for its great verdure as well as its large
proportion of timber, not only in parks and on
landed estates, but almost on every hedgerow.

"The surface of the country is undulating
in long ridges (^ 5fi), as if by subterranean
ripples. Ash and oak coppices and larch plan-
tations clothe its hillsides (^59) and crests.
Its low lands are studded with pear and apple
orchards, of such productiveness that Hereford-
shire sometimes, as well as Kent, is called the
garden of England.

"JTcrefordsliire is also famous as a hrrcding
coil lit I/, for its cattle of hriqht red hue, with
moilJed or white faces and sleek and silky coats.

The II err fords arc a slulirart and healthy breed,
and put on more meat and fat at an early age
in proportion to food consumed tlian almost
any other variety. They produce the finest beef,
and are more cheaply fed , than Devons or Dur-
hams, with which they are advantageously
crossed.

"Breeder.s' names from this county are fa-
mous at the national cattle .shows, and the num-
ber, size and quality of the stock are seen in
their supply of the metropolitan and other mar-
kets. Prize 'Herefords are constantly exported
to the colonies.

"Agricultural horses of good cjuality are bred
in the north and saddle and coach horses may
be met with at the fairs, especially Orleton,
Brampton, Bryan, and Huntington."

LIVE STOCK.

Horses 21.200

Cattle 77.402

Sheep 310,741

Pigs 24.1 on

"According to the parliamentary returns of
1873, the county was divided among 13.731
proprietors, owning a total area of .")0r>,.")59
acres, with a rental of £924.640 ($4,623,200).
Of the proprietors 9,08.") (66 per cent) held
less than one acre; 2,478 (18 per cent) held
between one and ten acres. (^ 61)

"The owners of the largest holdings are J.
H. Arkwright (^ .')7), Hampton Court, Leo-
minster, 10,r).~)9 acres; A. R. Boughton Kniiiht,
Downton Castle. 10.081 acres: R. D. Harlev.
Brampton-Bryan, 9,869 acres; Sir Geo. H.
Cornewall. ^loccas. 6,946 acres; Lord Bateman,
Shobdon Court (Ij 58). 6.815 acres; Earl Som-
ers, Eustnior Castle, 6,668 acres."'

74

HISTORY OF II E E E F 0 R D GAT T L E

CHAPTER YIIL

The Smithfikld Club; National Show

The records of the Smithfield Club are mat-
ters of historv, that record the first authentic
victories of the Hereford cattle. The cliaracter
of this great national society, the nature and
importance of its exhibits, are important, as
for over one hundred years they have been the
court of last resort for exhibitors of the meat
producing animals of Great Britain. Gattle
of all breeds and crosses were shown in one gen-
eral class, as fat cattle, before this society until
the year \S52, when the several breeds were sep-
arated and shown by themselves.

"The Annals of Agriculture" contain an ac-
count of the formation of this club, by the
Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society, by common
agreement, December 17th, 1798, being the
market day before Christmas. The Duke of
Bedford in the chair.

"We, the underwritten, do hereby agree to
institute a society open to all subscribers, to
the premiums hereafter mentioned, and subject
to such conditions as should be agreed upon by
a committee to be named this evening. The
subscriptions, lOs fid ($2.62), each to be paid
immediately." (U 62)

Thirty-seven persons subscribed and ]);iid
their initiation fees, agreeing tluit Mr. .Vrthur
Young be empowered to receive other subscrib-
ers, and that each candidate for a prize should
give Mr. Young one month's previous notice;
then Mr. Young should inform the candidate
of the time and jjlace of showing. That it is
the intention of the present committee to give
])reminms to the best beasts fed on grass, hay,
turnips or cabbage; and to the best fed on corn
or oil cakes. The meeting then adjourned to
the Duke of Bedford's Sheep Shearing at \Vo-
burn. the 17th of June ne.\t.

Expenses of the first show in 1709 were flDl
.'«.i05). Receipts were tlOO ($500).

The following extracts from the minutes of
the Smithfield ('iidi from its organization sliow
the si)lendi<l work of this most ]iowerful of fac-
tors in the encouragement of British breeds of
live stock.

179S. At a meeting of the agriculturists

held December 17th, 1798 (being Smithficld's
great market day), the "Smithfield Cattle and
Sheep Society" was founded by mutual consent.
Present : Francis, Duke of Bedford, in the
chair; Mr. J. W. Wilkes, of Measham, the orig-
inal proposer, and twenty-nine others, includ-
ing Lord Somerville, John Hennet, the Earl
of Winchelsea, John \\'estcar, Richard Astlcy,
John Ellman, Arthur Young, etc. ; subscrip-
tions 10s Gd each. Plight other names were
added later in the day, including Sir Joseph
Banks.

A committee was appointed, who decided to
offer premiums for the best beast above a stated
weight, and fed on grass, hay, turnips, or cab-
bages; also for the best beast fed on corn or oil
cake; for the best sheep fed on hay, grass, tur-
nips, or cabbages; or for the best sheep fed on
corn or cake.

Arthur Young, Esq., was requested to re-
ceive subscriptions.

1799. The first show was held at Wooton's
livery stables (The Dolphin Yard), Smithfield.
The three davs' admission money to this show
amounted to £-10, 3s ($2t)0.75). " The first din-
ner of the subscribers took place at the Crown
and Anchor Tavern, on the Friday previous to
the Christmas market. The following account
is given of some of the animals:

"The largest sheep were of the true old Glou-
cester breed (Cotswolds), bred by Mr. Ilaines
and grazed by Mr. Poidton — G ft. 5J in. in
girth, 27 in. across the back, 22 in. over the
shoulders and stood only 26 in. high.

"A Hereford bullock fed by Mr. Grace, of
Buckinghamshire, 7 ft. high, weighed upward
of 260 stone (3.024 lbs.) and measured in girth
12 ft. 4 in. 'Mr. Westcar's champion bullock
(Hereford), which sold for 100 guineas, was 8
ft. II in. long. 6 ft. 7 in. high and 10 ft. 4 in.
around the girth." [We have given a picture
of this, the TuUv ox. in a jireceding clia])ter.
T. L. M.| '

.\niong the winners with llerefords were Mr.
Westcar, the Duke of Bedford. Mr. Edmonds,
and Mr. John Fllman : the latter "for the best

H I S T 0 i; Y ( ) 1-- II E i; E J'" O IM) (' A 'V T L E

75

ox fattened with grass and liay only in the short-
est time from the yoke."

A committee of management of fifteen mem-
bers was appointed.

1800. The pieces of plate oifered this year
as prizes were divided between vegetable-fed
and cake and corn-fed cattle, under 150 stone
(2,100 lbs.), and above 80 stone (1,200 lbs.),
also above 150 stone (2,100 lbs.), and varied
in value from 20 guineas ($100) down to 10
guineas ($50). The pieces of plate offered as
prizes for sheep were for wethers fed the same
as the cattle, and were of the value of 12
guineas ($60), and 8 guineas ($40). The
judges had to select the two best animals, each
class to remain for public exhibition. (^ 63)

The owners of i^rize animals were expected
to agree with the butchers that the "judges
have full power to inspect the killing, for the
purpose of ascertaining the weight of each ani-
mal, distinguishing the fore and hind quarters,
the tallow, hide, pelt, or offal, including blood,
etc., or by some other satisfactory mode, to as-
certain the comparative live and dead weights,"
and, having ascertained such points, the judges
were then to decide which was to be placed the
first, and which the second best in each class,
and report accordingly.

The exhibitors were requested also to furnish
an account of the "breed, age, time of fatten-
ing, sort of food, and the time the animals had
eaten cake or corn," etc. Early maturity in
sheep was to be particularly considered.

The butchers having objected to the condi-
tions respecting the weights, and having de-
clared that they would not buy the animals
under such an engagement, it was resolved that
this be not insisted on, but that the proprietors
and purchasers be requested to furnish such in-
formation to the judges as may enable them
and the public to decide as accurately as pos-
sible on the respective points of the prize beasts
and sheep.

The judges were appointed by a committee,
and were to consist of three graziers and three
butchens, and the instructions to the judges
were, "to look to the quality of the meat, pro-
portion of valuable meat, proportion of meat
to oifal, and time of feeding, and not to
consider certificates satisfactory unless ex-
plicit as to the mode of feeding for some time
back."

The proprietors of the yard received the
money of the admission of the public, and paid
the society 60 guineas ($300). The proprie-
tors hail also to riirnisli hav. straw, etc.

THE COUKT OF N*OKE, PE.MBKIDGE. HEREFORDSHIRE. SEAT OF J. TURNER.

76

HISTORY OF HERE F O H D C A T T L E

The cattle prizes were won b}' Herel'ords,
Suissex, and Loughorns.

At the meeting of the committee December
13, 1800, the Duke of Bedford first made the
proposition of a new constitution of the society,
and "that it be formed into a permanent chib.
to consist of fifty members, viz., the present
committee, together with Mr. Wilkes of Mea-
sham, the original proposer of the society, and
thirty-four to be elected by ballot. Annual sub-
scription 1 guinea ($5)."

f

i ^^S^^^^^^H^^^I

m^ - -^

^^BHl^

L.IL. »■ ' 3rolH

1^^

MfcjJ-BjJUIi.'.''? /iUr

^^^R^ 'J H ^- '■'-\

^^^^Ij^^^^

THE COLKT OF \()KE 1\ VMi2. OCCUPIED BY MR.
EDWARD FARR.

A guinea was paid this year for each success-
ful candidate's servant (nine in number).

Distinct prizes were proposed for oxen, and
for cows and heifers.

It was considered "that if the cattle shown
had nrtt been worked, then early ripeness was a
merit e([ually as in sheep."'

Two oxen were exhibited this year (1800) by
his Majesty the King.

1801. The prizes offered this year varied in
amount from 30 guineas down to 10 ($1.30 to
$50). There was a separate class for cows and
heifers.

K.xhibitors were required to state particu-
larly the condition of the flesh of the animal at
the time of jiutting to fatten.

March 30. l.Sdl. The following were elected
ollieers: President, the Duke of Bedford; Sec-
retary. .\rthur Young. Esq.: Stewards of the
Show. Mr. Rennet and Mr. Ellman.

It was determined to have five judges for the
entire show, and that each mendjer of the club
might suggest in writing the names of such
])ersons as he thouglit ([ualified to be judges.
A selection was made by the committee, and the
president and stewards ultimately appointed
the judges. Tt was recommended that in f\iturc
the state of the tlesh of the animals when iiut

to fatten be attested in the certificates by two
respectable parties. The number of mendjcrs
of the club was now extended to sixty-tive.

1802. It was required that beasts shall have
had no cake, except in the year 1802, and that
the wliole of the food consumed from October
1 to .November 30 be certified.

Heifers were excluded from competing. Only
cows that had had three calves and had calved
either in 1801 or 1802 were qualilied. The time
wlien dried of milk was to be certified.

The title of the SmitliHeld Cattle and Sheep
Clul) last occurs in the minutes December <S,
1SII2. and from that time it is styled the
■•Sniithtield Club."'

Francis, Duke of Bedford, the president,
I lied. John Drake, of Bedford, was elected pres-
ident December 8, 1802. The numijer of mem-
bers of the club was extended to one hundred.

Placards were placed over each animal, stat-
ing l)reed. age, etc.

A guinea was paid this year to the exhibitors'
servants in charge of first-prize animals.

1803. Resolved. That it be a condition of
the prizes to be offered next year (1804) that
no beast shall have been put to fatten previous
to the 1st of January.

Several animals were disqualified, in conse-
quence of the certificates not giving the re-
quisite details as to the mode of feeding.

1804. Several prizes were withheld, in con-
.■■cciuence of no returns of dead-weights having
been sent in. The jirizes were not paid until
the returns of dead-weights were produced.

It was resolved to appoint a penson in future
to attend at the killing and weighing of live
stock, who shall report the results to the club.
Mr. King. Jr., appointed.

The nund)er of members increased to 120.
The sliow was held in the Swan Yard.

180.J. JiesulrnI, That the numl)er of the
members of the club be unlimited. Election to
be ])y ballot, and one-third present to exclude.

A Devon ox was driven 12() miles to the show.
The show was held at Dixon's Hepository.

18(H). Artliur Young, l'"sq., resigned the sec-
retarysjiip. not being alile to attend at the time
the meetings were lu'ld.

The ortiees of tri'iisurer and secretary were
made distinct, ilr. John Farcy was appointed
secretary, with a salary, and "liberty of puii-
lishiTig the ])roceedings and ]iapers of the cluli
for ids own benefit, as Mr. .\rthur Young had
heretofore done.""

^Ir. Paul (liblett was appointed treasurer.
The show was luld this vear at Sadler's Yard,
(ioswell street: II. U. II. the Duke of York
gained a ]iri/.e for a pig. iinrd William Russel

HISTOIfV OF HEREFORD CATTLE

77

was elected cliairnuui during the Duke of Bed-
ford's absence abroad.

Lord Somerville and Mr. 11. King, Jr.. were
appointed inspectors to attend the weighing of
prize animals.

It was determined to offer for next year
(1807) seven prizes for fat oxen or steers of the
weight of 120 stone (1,G80 lbs.) and ujiwards,
viz. :

Class I, Ilerefords, 20 guineas (.$100) :
Class II, Longhorns, 20 guineas ($]00) ; Class
111, Shorthorns, 20 guineas ($100) ; Class 1\',
Sussex or Kent, 20 guineas ($100) ; Class V,
Devons, 20 guineas ($100) ; Class VI, mixed
breeds,. 20 guineas ($100). Also an additional
prize for the best ox or steer in the foregoing
classes, £10 ($50). The following conditions
were added : "The animals exhibited for the
above premiums must have worked at least two
years ending the 1st of January, 1807, and
must not have been put to fatten previous to
the 5th of April, and the whole of the food con-
sumed from the 1st of October to the 30th of
November must be certified. The time of put-
ting to feed, and the state of the flesh, must
be certified, under the attestation of two re-
spectable witnesses."'

1807. There were no exhibitors for the
Longhorn, Shorthorn, and Sussex prizes. Tlic
prize in the cla.ss for Devons was not adjudged,
for want of sufficient merit. There were no
exhibitors for the cow prize.

Resolved, That in future there be three
judges instead of five.

Also that the secretary's salary be :}0 guineas.
The club's dinner was liclil in the Vrw Mason'^
Hall.

1808. The proprietor of Sadler's Yard, (Jos-
well street, paid the club only £50 ($250), he
finding provender as usual. The club also en-
tered into the same agreement with Mr. Sadler
for holding Lord Somerville's show. Again
this year there was no exhibitor for the Long-
horn prize. The only competitor for the Short-
horn prize was disqualified. There was no ex-
hibitor in mixed breeds. The Duke of Bedford
very liberally paid upwards of £68, charged for
three years' use of rooms at Freemasons' Tavern
for meetings, etc. Resolved, That no ])erson
who has gained a prize in either of the first
five classes he entitled to sliow a beast in the
same class next year.

1809. For the Shorthorn and Sussex prizes
there were no exhibitors. Tlie judges were
not to be informed of the nanu^s of the owners
of the animals, but were to adjudicate by num-
bers placed over each. Resolved, That from

next year (liSlO) a prize be oll'ered for pure
JMerino sheep.

1810. The conditions res])eeting Longhorn
and Shorthorn oxen having been worked were
dispensed with. It was decided that in 1811,
Hereford, Sussex, or Kent, and Devon oxen or
steers, be shown in pairs or yokes, of the same
age and one person's breed, the premiums to iie
equally divided between the breedrr and grazier.
A portable weighing nuichine for cattle was
hired from Mr. Shepherd, of Woburn.

1811. There were no exhil)itors for the prizes
for yokes or pairs of oxen in the Hereford or
Devon classes. The arrears of subscri])tion
amounted to 468 guineas.

1812. Memliers were required to subserilie
to the "signature book," engaging to pay sul)-
scriptions {]\ 64).

Some curious descriptions of the colors, etc.,
of the animals occurred:

"A Hereford with a red ring around tlie
eye;" "a red, frosty-faced Sussex;"' "'a red and
white Devon ;" "a smooth-coated Hereford."

1813. The Duke of Bedford resigned the
office of president when about to proceed to the
continent. Th(^ Marquis of Tavistock was re-
quested to acc('|)t this office, but dcclini'd. .\

IVINGTONBURY. SE.\T UK .\li;. T. KoliKUiS, WiiO
BRED SIR TIIOM.\S.

committee of management was elected, consist-
ing of the stewards and thirteen members. Thos.
Coke, ]<}sq., was requested to become president,
but declined. Resolved. That in future the
])rizes ])e in plate instead of money. The num-
l)er of sliow days was reduced from three to
two. The sul)seriptions and arrears due to the
clul) amounted to £1,086 15s ($5,4:M)- Tlie
number of members was 272.

1814. The Duke of Bedford offered 100
guineas ($500) annually for additional prizes.
His Grace afterwards increased this sum to 125

78

HISTORY OF H i: i; i: I'oi; i» cattlh

ELlWARU KARR. PRESENT

OCCUPANT (1902) OF THE

COURT OF NOKE.

guinea;; ($(i25) in onlur that a five-guim-a
(•■j'^.j) nu'dal might be given to the breeder.-; of
the animals in each of the five proposed classes.
These were subsequently styled the "Bed-
fordian" plate and medals. The Duke of
Bedford was requested to continue president ;
Lord Somerville, Sir John S. Sebright, Bart.,
C. Callis Western. Esq., il. P., afterwards Lord
Western, Thos. Mellish, Esq., were elected vice-
nr -:'' !:t-. Mr. Tlionias. of Bond street, was
consulted respect-
ing a die with a
profile of the
Duke of Bedford,
lV)r the Bedford-
lan medals, and
subsequently a die
was engraved by
.Mr. Jos. Porter
of Fleet street,
from the original
model for a bust
iiv Mr. Xollekens.
Mr. Thomas un-
dertook to have
.suitable articles of
jjlate on view for
the successful can-
didates to choose
from. It was ordered that the certificates be
delivered to the secretary eight days before the
show.

1815. The Duke of Bedford was again elect-
ed president. Mr. Farey was elected treasurer
as well as secretary, with 40 guineas salary.
The rule requiring the dead-weights of animals
was rescinded. Resolved, That no animal once
shown be exhibited again except as extra stock.

1816. Arthur Young, Esq., resigned being
a member of the club. The finances were in so
bad a state that the president proposed that
the club should not offer any prizes next year.

1817. The classification of cattle according
to breed was discontinued. Xo prizes were of-
fered this year out of the club's funds, only
the Bedfordian plate and medals, value 2.5
guineas. Xeverthele.^s, the judges reported fa-
vorably of the show. The Duke of Bedford
suggested "wju'ther the ends for which the clui)
was associated were not sufficiently answered ;"
but in case the club should judge otherwise, he
expressed his readine.«s to continue the Bedford-
ian premiums. Sir Jolin Sinclair having ex-
pressed his anxious lin])e tliat the club shoulil
continue its useful exertions in this time of
agricultural depression, it was resolved:

"That it is the opinion of this meeting that
great advantages have accrued to the landed

interest? and tlie comnuinity in general from
the exertions of this elulj, wiiieii have tended
n.aterially to increase the supply of animal food
of sujx'rior quality to meet our greatly increased
jwpulation and consumption. That the late
exhibitions, and the present one in particular,
sjiow tliat the improvements in live stock are
yet in successful progress as to the essential
points of disposition to fatten, early maturity,
and consequent cheapness of production, and
that further and greater benefits may be ren-
dered to tlie community by the continuance of
these exertions : under these impressions it i.s
the decided opinion of this meeting that the
club should continue and receive the utmost
support from its members."

1818. The prizes offered out of the club"s
funds amounted to £50 without classification
as to breed of cattle, but with conditions as to
weight only. The Bedfordian premiums were
also offered as before.

Resohed, That one steward retire each year.
That the judges be taken in rotation from the
list of names which shall be determined on at
the meetings of the club.

That in future there be three judges of cat-
tle, and three of sheep and pigs, to be chosen
from the following lists, viz. :

Experienced breeders and graziers of cattle ;
experienced breeders and graziers of long
wools : experienced breeders and graziers of
short wools; experienced butchers in or near
London.

That the stewards supply, as heretofore, any
vacancy that nuiy occur by non-attendance.

181!). That no exhibitor lx> allowed next
year to gain a prize in the same class in which
he has gained one this year, nor in future to
win in the same class any two consecutive vears
(1165).

That the sheep be shorn before the judges
award the prizes.

A class for cows was re-instituted, the same
as in the year 1815.

The secretary reported the death of Lord
Somerville, a vice-president of the club, and
one of its original members.

X. B. — From the prize sheet for 1819 it ap-
pears that an exhibitor was allowed to enter
two beasts in the same class, but where two
prizes were offered he was only allowed to gain
one.

1820. Mr. Sadler was allowed to charge non-
nu'mbers for the standing room for imple-
ments.

Sir Jose])h Banks, one of the original mem-
bers and promoters, died.

1821. December «. 1821. A letter was re-

H I S T i.) n Y

IIEKEFOKD CATTLE

<9

eeived from the D\ike of Bedford, stating his
determination to vvitiidraw from the club, and
to discontinue the Bedfordian prizes, and ex-
pressing his opinion that "the advantages which
.on the tirst formation of the institution were
held out to the public have been amply realized
and that any further incentive to improve the
breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine is become
wholly useless.

"The only object was to increase the animal
production of the kingdom and this object has
been fully attained. The markets of the me-
tropolis and throughout the kingdom are
abundantly supplied. The best and most profit-
able breeds of cattle and sheep have been
brought into notice, and have made rapid and
extraordinary progress in the estimation of the
breeder and grazier."

It was, however, unanimously resolved by the
meeting of the members after considerable de-
liberation that "the club ought to continue and
receive the utmost support from its members."

Sir John Sebright, Bart., was requested to
become president, but declined.

Resolved, That in future an exhibitor be en-
titled to win in the same class two consecutive
years, provided he be both breeder and feeder.

Lord Strathaven, a vice-president, died.

1822. The judges declared this to be one of
the best shows they ever witnessed. The club
was without a president.

1823. The Duchess of Rutland became a
member.

Resolved, That in future the prizes be in cash
or plate the same as previous to 1814.

That in future the restrictions as to an ex-
hibitor not winning in the same class two con-
secutive years, unless he be both breeder and
feeder, be abolished.

1824. Resolved, That in future there be two
classes of cows, viz., one for fattened dairy
cows, wliich have calved in their full time twice
at least, and have given fair proportion of milk.
TJie other class for cows or heifers ( not spayed )
which may not be eligible for the dbove class.

From the prize sheet for this year, it appears
that exhibitors sending tw'o beasts for the same
class had to select which of the two should
compete for the prize.

1825. Viscount Althorp (afterwards Earl
Spencer) was elected the president of the club.
There was a sweepstakes between three Here-
fords, belonging to the Duke of Bedford, and
three Durhams, belonging to the Rt. Hon.
Charles Arhuthnot, won by the Herefords.

Resolved. That "no motion having for its

IIOWXTON C.VSTLE.
(Krom a. photograph taken iu 1902.)

80

HISTORY OF H E K K F 0 R D CATTLE

object either the disi^oliition of the club, or ma-
terially altering its constitution," sliould lie
ttiken into consideration until a cojjy has been
sent to each member, with a statement of the
position of the club's funds, etc., and a second
meeting being appointed, at least twenty-one
days from the first, for discussing and decid-
ing upon it.

It was ordered to be mentioned in the prize
sheet, tliat "next year the prizes will be dis-
tributed to the successful candidates at the ;iii-
nual dinner."

182(). Mr. John Farey died, having been
secretary twenty years.

Resolved, ''That no officer receiving pay from
the club shall be made a member of the club."

Mr. William Farev was appointed secretary.
(H 66)

Resolved, That in future the ears of one-year-
old sheep be marked to prevent their being
shown again.

That in future no animals be shown without
the exhibitors certifying that they have had
them in their possession six months at least.

Mit. A. .1. u. II. isMi;iir,

II' IKIW.NTOX CASTLE. UI02

Resolved, That the butcher's returns of the
dead weights be again required.

1827. Resolved, That there Ite three stew-
ards.

That there be three judges for the whole
show.

That each steward be expected to procure a

i)reeder of cattle or sheep, or a grazier, who will
be willing to act as judge of the show.

1828. Resolved, That the prizes he in jiounds
instead of guineas.

That in future the officers of the club shall
not be allowed to answer in their official capac-
ities any inquiries respecting the ])roceedings
of the club, except such as are entert'd and writ-
ten in the minute book.

That the judges be paid their traveling ex-
penses, fixed at £5 ($2.5) for 182!).

The president proposed sweepstakes for oxen
and steers, and cows and heifers, to be decided
by the club's judges next year.
" 1829. Resolved, That silver medals be given
to the breeders of the first prize animals in
Classes 1, 2 and 3 this year, and for tln' future
to the breeders of first-prize animals in each
class.

Jlr. Kitelee placed at the disposal of the clui)
the £10 prize awarded to him, to be ott'ered in
a gold medal for the best beast that may lie ex-
hibited in any of the classes at the chili's next
show.

Resolved, That silver medals be given in fu-
ture on extra stock for the best beast, the best
long-wooled sheep, the best short-wooled sheep,
anil the best pig.

IS.SO. Resolved, That in future a gold
nu^il be given to the breeder of the best beast
in any of the classes, and also a gold medal to
the breeder of the best pen of sheej) in any of
the classes. The officers and leading members
of the club decided to raise subscri])tions of a
guinea each, in order to present a jjieee of plate
to ^'iscount Althorp, the president, in testi-
mony of his valuable services in raising the club
to its present eminence.

1831. An extra gold medal (£.5) was voted
for the second best animal in Class 1, there be-
ing no second prize offered.

.\ gold medal (£10) was offered for any ox
not gaining the prize in Class 1, but which
shall, in the opinion of the judges, possess ex-
traordinary merit.

Resolved, Tluit stewards in future audit the
club's accovints, and, if possible, previous to
the Friday's meeting.

That there be separate gold medals in future
for long-wooled sheep and for short-wooled
sheep.

Sir John Sebrighl, l^art., offered to give a
gold medal in 1S:!2 for the iiest ]ien <if three-
year-old Southdowns.

At the diniu'r a candelabrum, value 200
guineas ($1,000), was presenti'd to Viscount
Althorp.

18.32. R'iehard .\stley, l-:s,|.. (h,. then father

HISTORY 0 V H E K E E () 1 ; 1) C A T T L E

81

of the club, ami one of its most aetive sup-
porters, died; also Thos. JMellisli, Esq., a Nice-
president.

His Grace the Dul^e of Richmond was elected
a vice-president.

Resolved, That in future the breeders' certifi-
cates be required.

That any member who shall l)ecome 10
guineas in arrears be e.xcluded from the list ol'
members.

1833. Resolved, That the extra gold medal
in Class 1 be discontinued.

1834. The Dui<e of Richmond won a match
made with Lord Huntingfield for the live best
shearling Southdown wethers.

Messrs. Hoars were appointed the bankers of
the club, the secretary to draw upon them.

1835. The Marquis of Exeter won a match
with Earl Spencer for the best freemartin
heifer.

Mr. Ellman won a match with Thomas Coke,
Esq., for Southdowns.

Resolved, That a silver medal be given to the
butcher who shall purchase animals to the larg-
est amount out of the classes, upon his duly
producing to the secretary the certificates of
purchase. (H 6?)

N. B. — From the prize sheet for 1835 it ap-
pears that only one beast, one pen of three
sheep, and one pen of three pigs belonging to
the same person could be exhibited in each
class.

1836. Humphrey Gibbs, Esq. (afterwards
Humphrey Brandreth), was elected lionorary
secretary.

1837. A comuiittee was appointed to see if
better premises could be obtaine<l for the club's
show.

Resolved, That any member of the club who
has paid up all arrears of his sul)scription, or
any new member on his admission, may com-
pound for all future annual subscriptions by
the payment of 10 guineas.

The Duke of Richmond having called atten-
tion to the importance of the dead-weight re-
turns, the Hon. Secretary offered to be present
at the weighing, which offer was accepted with
thanks.

1838. This was the last year of tlie show
being held at Goswell street.

1839. The show was held at the Baker street
Bazaar for the first time.

Resolved, That in consecpienee of tlic great
increase of stock shown of late years, there be
for the future three judges of cattle and long-
wooled sheep, and three .judges of short-wooled
sheep, and pigs.

Tliat three additional stewards lie a])poinled

for till' purpose of selecting the judge of short-
wooled sheep, and pigs.

That new classes of Scotch and Welsh cattle
be fornuMJ.

1840. His Royal Highness, Prince Albert,
visited the show.

A die for tiie medals, with a ])ro(ile of Earl
Spencer, president, was orcK'rcd to be engraved
bv Wm. Wvon. R.-A.

'1841. (lis Royal Highness. Prince Albert,
was elected a member of the club.

BROCKSWOOD iLsi), CALVED IN 1M.-5. BRED BY J.

RICKETS.

(From an old lithograph.)

Resolved, That in future no animals fed on
milk during twelve months ])revious to the
show, except pigs, be qualified.

The president having expressed a wish that
the meeting would give its opinion as to the
age that drew distinction between a cow and a
heifer, it was found to be the opinion of the
meeting that the term heifer applied until the
animal was four years old. and after that it
should be considered a cow. Also, that the
term steer applied until the animal was four
years old. aftei' that it should iie considered an
ox.

That the butchers" medal be offered for the
future the same as in 1835.

His Royal Highness, the Duke of Cam-
bridge, was elected a member of the club.

1812. A new class for cross-ltred shee]) (long
and short-w-ooled cross) was formed for 1843.

On the motion of the ])resident. l-larl Spencer,
it was

Resolved. Thnt in future the club's gold
medals lie given to the feeders, in place of tlie
breeders.

That memliers who have ]iaid twenty annual
subscri]itions 1h> allowed to coinjiound for five
guiiK^as.

'"That no animal, the ]uoperty of or bred by

85

ri I STO I! V ()

II KK'KFORT) CATTLE

;mv |)crs()ii wlm li;i> lici'ii f\|pcllt'il ri-uiii Miiy
ii<j;rifiiltiiviil society, or otliorwisf (lis(|iii\liKi'(l
from exliiljitiiig stock at any agricultural show
in consequence of having heen proved to have
exhibited stock with a false certificate, shall be
exhibited at the sJiows of the Smithfield Club,
provided: that if the person so disqualilii'd or
expelled shall have taken any legal proceedings
in consequence of such expulsion or disqualifi-
cation and a court of law shall have decided
in his favor, the ease may be submitted to the
club, who shall have the right to determine
whether the ai)ove rule shall ap]dv to his case."

1843. Ilumplirey (iibbs (H. Brandreth) re-
signed the office of honorary secretary.

B. T. Brandrcth Gibbs elected honorary sec-
retary.

Her Majesty, the Queen, and Prince Albert
honored the club by visiting the show Decem-
ber 13.

Earl Spencer, the Duke of Richmond, and
B. T. Brandreth Gibbs were elected trustees.

HEREFORD HIGH TOWX IN isr,ii. SHOWING THE OLD
MARKET HOUSE.
(From an old print.)

Rcsolrrd. Tlial in future a separate gold
medal be offered for the best cow or heifer in
the classes.

That no nieinbcr wlio is more than one year
in arrears of Ids annual subscription shall enjoy
anv of the jjrivileges of the members of the
Smithfield Club.

Lord Weston, a vice-president, died.

1845. The Earl Spencer died, having been
president of the dub twenty years. (IJ 68)

His Grace, the Duke of Richmond, K. G.,
was elected ])resident.

On the motion of Philip Pusey, Esq., P. M..
the following resolution was unanimously
passed :

"That we desire to record our lasting grati-
tude to the late I'^arl Spencer for his long exer-

tions ill the service of the Smithfield Club,
wliieli were neither interrupted by the discharge
of more arduous duties nor damped by the re-
tirement from public life or by the advance of
years; and also to express our atl'ectionate ven-
eration for his manly and noble character."

Resolred, That for the future, in the sheep
classes which are restricted to weights, live-
weights be substituted for dead-weights.

Lord Portman was elected a trustee, in the
room of the late Earl Spencer.

A class for Scotch, Welsh and Irish cattle
was re-established for next year. It was deter-
mined to offer a gold medal for the best pen of
pigs in the classes.

Sir John S. Sebright, Bart., vice-president,
died.

Earl Spencer elected vice-president.

184G. J. M. Cripps, Esq., a vice-president,
died.

Resolved, That in future all restrictions as
to feeding in the oxen and steer classes be done
away with.

That in future non-members ])ay a fee of a
guinea to the funds of the club to entitle them
to exhibit.

That in future the judges be not made ac-
fpiainted with the kind of food on which the
animals have been fed.

That disqualified animals be removed from
the yard before the public exhibition.

That in future the cross-bred sheep be judged
by the sliort-wooled judges.

That in future no return of dead-weights be
re quired from the exhibitors or the butchers.

1848. Resolved, That the restrictions on the
feeding of sheep be done away with.

That the judges be not made acquainted with
the traveling of the animals to the show.

That a new class be formed for short-wooled
sheep, not Soutlidowns.

1849. Resolved, That in future exhibitors
of stock be admitted to a private view of the
show, viz., between eight and ten o'clock in the
evening of the day of adjudication, provided
the judges have signed their awards.

Thomas Gibbs, Esq., the father of the club,
died.

18.50. Her Majesty the Queen, and his Royal
Highness, the Prince Albert, again honored the
clul) by visiting the show.

Full ])nwer was delegated to the president to
admit the royal family of this or other coun-
tries at whatever time he may consider expe-
dient.

Resolved. "That, the club being anxious to
evince and per])etuate its feelings of respect to-
ward the Duke of l?irhmnnd, the president de-

HISTORY or HEEEFORD CATTLE

85

sires that his Grace's profile should aj)pear ou
the reverse side of the club's medals, aud that
his Grace be requested to sit to W. Wyon, Esq.,
E. A., of her Majesty's Mint, for the prepara-
tion of a die."

1851. Resolved, That in future the cattle be
classified according to breed.

That all notices of motion be delivered to the
hoporary secretary on or before the last day on
which certificates are to be received.

That a coi^y be sent by the secretary to each
member stating the meeting at which such mo-
tion is to be considered, etc.

1852. The cattle were classified into distinct
breeds, viz., Herefords, Devons, Shorthorns,
Scotch, Welsh or Irish ; other pure breeds, cross
or mixed breeds.

A committee reported its recommendation to
add poultry to the show, but it was subsequently
found that the space would not admit of it.

1853. Resolved, That it shall be incumbent
on the exhibitors and breeders of animals ex-
hibited at the Smithfield Club's shows to prove
the correctness of their certificates, if called
upon by the stewards to do so.

Separate classes were formed for Welsh cat-
tle. {I (59)

1854. His Eoyal Highness, Prince Albert,
his Eoyal Highness, the Prince of Wales, and
his Royal Highness, Prince Alfred, honored the
show by visiting it.

Resolved, That in future the ages of animals
bo calculated to a fixed date, viz., the first of
December.

That the judges give in a reserve number in
each class, in case of prize animal being dis-
qualified.

That in future no person be eligible to be
elected a steward unless he shall have been a
member of the club three years.

That in future steam engines, etc., may Ije
exhibited down stairs.

1855. Resolved, That for the future, in extra
stock long-wools, and also short-wools, there be
a silver medal for the best wether sheep, and
another for the best ewe.

That in future members wlio shall have paid
their subscription for the current year be ad-
mitted to the private view by a special card.

That a silver medal be awarded to the breeder
of each first-prize animal in the Scotch and
Welsh classes, provided he has furnished the
breeder's certificates.

That the outcoinir stewards shall nominate

THE CELEIiUATEU FEEDER OF I'KIZE STEERS. RICUARU SIllRLEV. .\.\U FA.MILV. OF UALCOTT.

(House built ill :C00.)

86

H 1 S r O K Y OF H E E E F 0 li D C A T T L E

their succcst^orr; to the honorary secretary ])re-
viously to the anuual notice pajjer beinj; sent
to the nieinhers, prior to tlie anuual meeting;
and that no member shall be considered eligible
to be ai)|)oiiited unless he shall have been three
years a member of the club.

A testimonial of plate was presented to B. T.
Brandreth (Jibbs, honorary secretary, at the
annual dinner of the club.

Philip Pusey, Esq., a vice-president, died.

1856. The amount of prizes offered to the
club was still further increased, and additional

YOUATT'S TYPICAL HEREFORD COW.

(Drawn from Imagination. Reproduced from "Youatt on

Cattle. "J

separate classes added for Sussex, Norfolk, or
Suffolk-])olled, Longhorned, Scotch-polled and
Irish cattle.

Resolved, That in future the award be not
read at the dinner, e.xcept the portion relating
to the gold medals.

That in future the certificates be lodged with
the honorary secretary on a fixed day, viz.. al-
ways November 1, exce])t the first fall on Sun-
dav. and then to be on Mondav, the 2d.

"l857. The thanks of the club wore voted to
the honorary secretary for his "History of the
Club,"' and ordered to be recorded on the min-
utes.

That in future the club's accounts and state-
ments thereof l)e made u]) the first of Decem-
ber ; that the statements show the balance car-
ried forward from year to year; and that the
stewards audit the accounts up to the first of
December annually; and that the statement be
that of cash actually received and paid.

Karl Spencer, a vice-president, died.

18.58. The Right Honorable Lord Fever-
sham elected a vice-president. On the nuition
of Mr. John (iiblett, a committee was ap])ninted
to inquire intn the practicability of procuring a

better and more commodious place for the
Smithfield Clui) to iiold its annual exhibitions.

That there be three additional judges, viz.,
three for cattle, three for long-wooled sheep
and pigs, and three for short-wooled sheep and
cross-bred sheep. Those for cattle and long-
wooled sheep and pigs to be nominated by the
stewards of cattle and long-wools.

That in future all the pigs shall have their
dentition examined by a competent authority,
previously to the judges making their awards,
and if the dentition shall satisfactorily indicate
that the age of any pig had been incorrectly re-
turned in the certificate, the stewards shall dis-
qualify such pig and report their having done
so to the first meeting of the club, and that
such disqualification shall be final and without
appeal.

That there be two silver medals for extra
stock cattle, viz., one for steers or oxen, and
one for heifers or cows.

That the judge's award be not read in e.\-
tenso, but laid on the table.

That no alteration be made in any of the
implement stands, except under the actual direc-
tions of the stewards or secretary, both as to
the articles to be exhibited and the arrangement
of their stands.

1859. His Royal Highness, the Price Con-
sort, visited the show.

The show yard committee reported on the
site, etc.. that had been offered for the club's
show, including a proposition from the Crystal
Palace at Sydenham. (Ij ~0)

."\Ir. John Giblett having suggested the for-
mation of a company, the show yard coinmittee
recommended, "That, if a responsible company
bo formed and adequate terms offered to the
club, the club should lease their exhibitions for
a term of not exceeding twenty-one years." The
committee was em])oworod to further consider
the subj(>ct and report again in May. 18()().

That a tabular statenient of the amounts of-
fered in prizes and the number of entries in
the different classes during the last three years
be ])rinte<l and furnished to the members.

That no article (except agricultural books)
exhiliifod in the implement galleries be allowed
to be removed during the time the show is open
to the public.

The Right Honorable Lord Walsingham
elected a vice-president.

C. T. Tower. Esq. (the father of the club),
elected a vice-president.

1800. Preliminary ]>rospectus of the pro-
posed Agricultural Hall Company issued, with
Mr. Jonas Webb as chairman.

The show yard committee reported their rec-

n 1 S T U li Y OF HE 11 E F O II 1 ) V A T T L E

87

ommendation iu favor of the site known as
"Dixon's lair," at Islington :

"That if a responsible company be formed
who will enter into an agreement to erect a
suitable building on this site to the satisfaction
of the club, also to pay the club £1,000 ($5,000)
per annum, and to enter into an arrangement
on similar terms to those now made with Mr.
Boulnois, the club shall lease their exhibition
for a term of not exceeding twenty-one years,
eommeneing 1862."

Several meetings were held on the subject of
the removal of the show to the proposed new
Agricultural Hall.

On the ITtli of July the following resolution
was carried : "That the report of the sub-com-
mittee appointed at the general meeting of
December 9, 1859, to inquire into the practi-
cability of providing a more commodious place
for holding the annual exhibitions of the Smith-
field Club, having been adopted at the special
general meeting of the 22d of May, 1860, and
the report of the legal arrangements committee,
appointed on the same 22d of May, to conclude
the terms of an agreement with the agricultural
meeting held on the 6th of June, 1860, this
meeting does in the fullest manner confirm
those proceedings."

Power was given to the committee, or any
two, to sign the agreement, and a copy of it
ordered to be entered on the minutes.

His Grace, the Duke of Richmond, K. G.,
president of the club, died.

Resolved, That the meeting desires to record
its deep regret at the irreparable loss the club
has sustained by the decease of the late presi-
dent. His Grace, the Duke of Richmond, K. G.,
who has, during a number of years, given the
greatest attention to further its objects and
promote its prosperity.

The Earl of Yarborough, a vice-president,
died.

Her Majesty, the Queen, and his Royal High-
ness, the Prince Consort, visited the show, De-
cember 10, 1860.

Her Majesty, the Empress of the French,
visited the show.

Resolved, That the president be elected for
the term of one year, and that tiu' said presi-
dent be not eligible for re-election for the term
of three years, and that this lie the rule of the
club for the future.

That Right Honorable Lord Rerners. elected
])resident for 1861, be the first of the annual
presidents.

Lord Porfnuui and Mr. Brandreth Gibbs re-
signed their otliees of trustees, and the thanks
of the club voted.

(Jluii'les Barnett, Es(j., Thos.- (ireetham, Esq.,
and Samuel Druce, E.scj., elected trustees.

Resolved, That all exhibitors of cross-bred
animals shall be required to specify the exact
nature of the cross — that is, the l)reed of sire
and dam respectively, and whether the animal
exhibited is the result of a first or more remote
cross.

Prize sheet rearranged and fresh divisions
and classes added, and prizes to amount of
nearly £800 ($4,000) extra.

The following were added to the list of vice-
presidents : Lord Berwick, the Honorable Col.
Hood, the Earl of Leicester, the Duke of Rich-
mond.

Lord Berwick, a vice-president, died.

1861. Lord Tredegar elected a vice-presi-
dent.

Implement committee api)ointed to arrange
as to allotment of space and determine the rules
and regulations for the implement department.

Resolved, That the honorary secretary be rc-
(jucsted to make the same arrangements as to
catalogues that he has been in the habit of mak-
ing with Boulnois. and that the entire arrange-
ment shall rest with the luniorarv secretarv

1151 ~

YOUATT'S TYPICAL SHORTHOR.X COW.

(Drawn to flattor Rev. il. Rcrry. Reproduced from

"Youatt on Cattle.")

of the clui), who is to tix the maximum lu-iccs
at which the catalogues are to be sold hy the
Agricultural Hall Com))auy. (Ij 7\)

1862. This show held at the Agricultural
Hall for the first time.

His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales,
visited the show, accom])anied by his Royal
Highness, the Crown Prince of Prussia. His
K'oyal Highness, the Duke of Brabant (now
king of the Belgians), and his Royal Highnes.s,
the Prince Louis of Hesse; also his Roval High-

1 1 1 s T o i; Y () V 11 !•: \i !•: i" o i; d c a t t l e

ness, tlie Uiikc ol'-Canilnidgc; her Koyal Higli-
ness, tlie Duchess of Cambridge, and her Koyal
Highness, the Princess Mary of Cambridge.

Prize sheet revised and £600 ($3,000) added
to the prizes.

Rcsolrcd, That an implement catalogue be
published on the same terms as the live stock
catalogue.

That in future any member of tlie club who
has duly served his three years as steward of

*1152

■iOLATTb IDEA OF A HERFTORD CORKING-OX.

(Drayin from imagination R( produi ( d from "Youatt on

Cattle.")

the yard shall not lie eligible for reappointment
for the lu'.xt si.\ years.

That both the nomination and election of the
new stewards be in the business of the general
meeting, and that no retiring steward have the
especial right of nominating his successor.

On the motion of Major-General, the Hon-
orable A. X. Hood, it was resolved:

1st, That the management of the Smithfield
Club be vested in a council consisting of the
President, A'ice-Presidents, Trustee, Honorable
Secretary and twenty-four members.

2d, That one-third of the twenty-fonr mem-
bers shall go out annually by rotation, and not
be re-eiigil)le for one year.

3d, That the council shall prepare rules and
regulations for the management of the club,
and shall submit them for consideration and
adoption at a s|)ecial general meeting of the club
in Mav. 180:3.

His 'Royal Mighness, the Prince of Wales,
was elected a mymber of the club.

Two silver cu])s. value tlO, for cattle: three
silver cups, £20. for sheep, offered in lieu of
gold medals, al.^o separate silver medals for
ewes in extra stock.

1863. On ^Unch 5th. the council of the club
held its first meeting and considered the draft nf
by-laws as ])reliminarily prepared by the lion-
nrarv sccrclarv.

Hesulvcd, That the honorary secretary be
empowered to appoint an assistant secretary,
at a salary of 50 guineas per annum ; that the
appointment, removal and control of such as-
sistant secretary shall rest entirely with the
honorary secretary.

Rcaulved, That one month shall be added to
the ages of sheep, viz., to be under twenty-three
months and under thirty-five months, instead
of twenty-two months and under thirty-four
iiioiiths.

That a silver cup, value £10, be offered in
lieu of the butcher's medal.

By-laws of the club finally discussed and
agreed to.

The private view arranged to take place on
the Monday afternoon of the show, and the
public to be admitted at 5s ($1.25) each.

Resolved, That every member of the coun-
cil be invited to send the names of fitting per-
sons for judges in each particular class.

That the council shall select the judges.

That the council shall have power to add
names to the list.

That the members of council sending in any
names shall first ascertain that the respective
parties are willing to act as judges.

That the names be delivered to the honorary
secretary on or before the 1st of Xovember.

Resolved, That there be fifteen judges, viz.,
si.x for cattle, si.x for sheep and three for pigs.

Resolved, That all the judges of cattle shall
be joined to decide the adjudication of the sil-
ver cups, and in case of etpiality of votes, the
stewards shall call in a judge for umpire out
of one of the other divisions.

That the six judges of sheep shall be joined
to decide the last cup named on the prize sheet,
and in case of equality of votes, the stewards
shall call in an umpire, as in the case of cattle.

A special divine service given for the first
time by the Vicar of Islington fur the men in
charge of live stock.

Tlie first report of the eouiuil laid before
the general meeting.

Two stewards of implements a])])oiiifed.

Humphrtn- Brandretli, Ks(]. (formerly honor-
ary secretary), elected a vice-president.

1864. Resolved. That inend)ers of the club
and exhibitors be admitted to the galleries dur-
ing the judging.

That a framed diploma and a sovereign be
given to the man (to be named by the exhib-
itor) who has had charge of the stock winning
first ]irize in each class. The ages in the class
for steers were rearranged. (See prize sheet.)

The marking of the sheeps' ears was discon-
tinued.

HISTORY OF li E R E F 0 R D CATTLE

89

Resolved, That all protests agaiust animals
exliibited at the cluli's show must be delivered
in before six o'clock p. m. on the Tuesday of
the show, and that no protests be received after
that time.

Fines were instituted for the non-exhibition
of animals that had been entered.

Resolved, That the club will not, in any case,
or under any circumstances, hold itself respon-
sible for any loss, damage,' or mis-delivery of
live stock or article exhibited at the club's
shows.

Rosettes placed over winning animals.

Resolved, That for the information of the
agricultural and such other Journals as may
wish to publish the awards the same evening,
the winning numbers be posted on a placard
in the gallery from time to time as the judges
proceed.

That the reporters of the press generally
shall obtain the complete award by applying
at the honorary secretary's otiice at the hall at 3
o'clock, when a clerk will be in attendance to
read over the numbers, so that the reporters
may mark their catalogues.

Veterinary Inspectors fee raised to £1-5.

Judge's fee raised to £7.

Freemartins to be allowed to compete in the
heifer classes.

The Marquis of Huntley, vice-president, died.

Humphrey Brandreth, Esq., vice-president,
died.

1865. Resolved, That the stewards be paid a
fee of £10 each.

That a silver cup be substituted for the gold
medal hitherto given for the best pen of pigs.

That a gold medal be given in lieu of a silver
medal for the breeder of the best ox or steer,
also to the breeder of the best cow or heifer in
any of the classes.

That there be three butcher's cups — one for
beasts, one for sheep, and one for pigs.

The date of the show was put a week later
than usual in consequence of the cattle plague
necessitating early slaughter after the show.

Various stringent rules were enacted in or-
der to guard against the plague, animals ex-
liibited at any show within a month being
excluded; veterinary certificates being required
to be sent with the animals, conveyances l)eing
required to be disinfected : animals to be exam-
ined by a veterinary inspector before being ad-
mitted to the show; constant attendance of
veterinary inspector night and day, etc.

Resolved. That this year the show shall dose
on the Thursday (>vening instead of the l''ri-
dav.

Resolved. That (he stewards of live stock and

implements, not already meinljers of the coun-
cil, be so ex-of!icio, during their terms of stew-
ardship.

Resolved, That it is the opinion of the gen-
eral meeting of the Smithfield Club, held this
12th day of December, 18(;.5, that it is the duty
of the government, under the formidable visita-
tion by which this country has been alHicted,
to issue such orders for the regulation of the
cattle trade in Great Britain as may be neces-
sary to check the extension of the cattle plague,
so that the practice may be uniform throughout
the country; also tliat this meeting concurs in
the spirit of the recommendations made to the
Privy Council by the Council of the Royal Ag-
ricultural >Society of England in reference to
the cattle plague, and begs to jiress on the gov-
ernment the extreme importance and urgency
of its taking immediate steps to insure uni-
foi'mity of action throughout the country.

1866. Resolved, That the condition disqual-
ifying spayed heifers be struck out.

That the butchers" cups be discontinued.

That the rule excluding animals exhiljited
elsewhere witiiin a month be rescinded for this
year.

That all the other rules and regulations in
reference to cattle plague be enforced as last
year, with the exception of that altering the
datfi of the show.

That no steps be taken by the Council of the
Smithfield CIul) to obtain a relaxation of the

s;53

i^W--

TOUATT'S HEREFORD FEEDING OX.

(Drawn from imagination. Reproduced from "Touatt on

Cattle.')

orders of Privy Council in reference to the cat-
tle ])lague.

That a deputation consisting of the presi-
dent and honorary secretary shall wait on the
Privy Council to advocate the following recom-
mendations :

(U 73) 1st. That no fair or market for store-
slock shoidd be opened before the 1st of A]U'il.

90

iiisriM.'V o I' II i; i; K I'o i; 1) cattlk

2d. That tlu' jiivati'st uaiv sliould Iju taki'ii
that the regulations as to quarantine be rig-
idly carried out.

3d. That permanent lairs he estahlished at
the ports of debarkation.

18()7. Resolved, That a list of the winners
of the gold medals and silver cups at the past
shows of the C'luh be printed at the end of the
annual Prize Sheets, the same to be a reprint
and continuation of the tabular statement in
the appendix to tiie honorary secretary's •"His-
tory of the Smithfield Club.''"

That a list of the members of the club be
printed at the end of the Prize Sheets.

That none Init the oflicial placards respecting
the food on which the animals have been fed
be allowed to be jilact'd over the heads of the
animals in the hall.

TI54-

YOUATTR OIUGINAL DURHAM COW.

(Drawn from imagination. Rcproiluied from "Youatt on

Cattle.")

Lord Fevershajn, vice-president, and ('. T.
Tower. Esq., vice-president and fallier of the
club, died; also Thos. ({reetham, a trustee, ilied.

The club entered into arrangements with the
Agricultural Ilall Company respecting various
alterations in the hall, by whicli on the one
lianil the club had to ])ay the Hall Company
f 1.000 ($5,000) in consideration of the en-
largement of the galleries; building of a dining
room, in whicli the club's annual dinners are
to be held ; store room fur animal's food, and
construction of a new building for the pigs, and
other improvements.

On motion of the President (Major-General
Hood).

Rpsolred. That fl.") be given for a ri^jiort on
the animals exliibiled at the chili's show.

The Duke of Marlborough and the Earl of
I'owis elected vice-presidents.

The president was requested to lay the fol-
lowing resolutions before the Privy Council as
recommendations from the Council of the
Smithfield Club:

That all foreign stock be slaughtered at the
])lace of landing.

Tliat sheep be included in the present quar-
antine regulations for store stock.

Mr. H. H. Di.xon was appointed to write the
report of the present year's show.

Resolved, That in future each member of the
Council shall not nominate more than one per-
son to each division of judges, and that the
conditions requiring that the nominators shall
have first ascertained their willingness to act
be remitted.

Her Majesty the Queen exhibited for the
first time in her own name.

His Koyal Highness, the Prince of Wales.
exhibited for the first time.

A donation of £25 ($135) was received from
Her Majesty the Queen in lieu of that of £5
($35) hitherto annually paid by Major-Gen-
eral, the Hon. A. X. Hood.

SillTirFIELD CLASSIFICATIONS.

(TI 74) The following are the Smithfield Show
classifications made on cattle from the organi-
zation of the society to 1835 :

(Note. — A stone was reckoned at 14 lbs. for
live weight and 8 lbs. for dressed or dead
weight, "sinking the offal."' In live weight 2
stone equaled a quarter or 28 lbs. Four quar-
ters made one hundred weight (cwt.) or 112
lbs.)

1709. Oxen or steers. Class for beasts fed
on oil-cake or corn, class for beasts fed on grass
feed, etc., class for beasts under 24 score (480
lbs. dressed or 840 lbs. live weight).

1800. Oxen or steers. Class for beasts un-
der 150 stone (2,100 lbs.), above 80 (1,120
lbs.), grass fed, etc. Class for beasts under
150 stone (2,100 lbs.) above 80 (1.120) fed
on oil-cake, etc. Class for beasts above 150
stone (2,100 lbs.), grass fed. Class for beasts
above 150 stone (2,100 lbs.), cake or corn fed.

1805. Oxen or steers. Class for IfiO stone
(3.240 lbs.) or upwards, not to have cake or
corn before the 5th of Ajiril. 1805. Class for
100 stone (1,400 lbs.), not to have had cake or
corn. Class for under 100 stone (1.400 lbs.),
not to have had cake or corn. Class for oxen
or cows that have gained the greatest weight
from the 1st of .\pril or later, to 1st December,
grass fed.

Ills 'I' < » i; ^ ( ) !•■ H E I! E E OKI) ( ' A 'I' '1' L E

Ul

Cows. Class for fat cows, luut^t have luul
three calves at least.

1810. Oxen or steers. Class for any age,
elassilied separateh^ as according to breed, as
follows: Herefords, Longhorns, Shorthorns,
Sussex or Kent, Devons. Class for anv breed,
5 years, above 100 stone (1,-100 lbs.). Class I'or
any breed, 5 years, under 100 stone (],-400
lbs.). Cows. Class for fat cows, must have
had three calves.

1815. Oxen or steers. Class for any age,
classified separately, according to breed, as fol-
lows: Herefords, Sussex or Kent, Devons,
Longhorns, Shorthorns. Class for any breed
under 5 years, 100 stone (1,400 lbs.) or up-
wards. Class for any breed under 100 stone
(1,400 lbs.). Bedfordian plate for oxen, 110
stone (1,540 lbs.), or upwards. Bedfordian
plate for oxen under 110 stone (1,540 lbs.).

Cows. Class for fat cows that have had at
least three calves.

1820. Oxen or steers. Class for any breed
under 36 months. Class for any breed, 160
stone (2,244 lbs.), not exceeding 5 years. Class
for any breed above 120 stone (1,680 lbs.) and
under 160 (2,240 lbs.), not exceeding 5 years.
Class for any breed under 120 stone (1,(!80
lbs.), not exceeding 4 years. Bedfordian plate
for 1.30 stone (1,820 lbs.) and upwards. Bed-
fordian plate for under 130 stone (1,820 lbs.).

Cows. Class for any breed of cows that have
calved twice.

1825. Oxen or steers. Class for any breed
under 36 months. Class' for any breed 160
stone (2,240 lbs.) or upwards. Class for any

breed under 160 stone (2,210 lbs.) and above
110 (1,540 lbs.). Class for any breed under
110 stone (1,540 lbs.).

Xonc of the above to have had cake, etc., pre-
vious to the September twelve-months preced-
ing.

Cows. Class for cows that have calved twice
at least. Class for cows not spayed.

1830. Oxen or steers. Class for any breed
under six years. . Class for any breed or agf .
160 stone "(2,2-tO lbs.) or upwards, that have
had no cake, corn, etc., before August 1st, 1830.
Class for any breed under 160 stone (2,240
lbs.) and above 120 stone (1,680 lbs.), no cake,
etc., as above. Class for any breed under 120
stone (1,680 lbs.), no cake, etc., as above.

Cows. Class for cows that have calved twice
at least. Class for cows of any age, must have
calved once in years 1828-29. and not been
dried last time ])revious to Xovember 1st, 1829.
Class for cows or heifers not eligible as above,
freemartins and spayed heifers not qualified.

1835. Oxen or stwrs. Class for any breed
under 5 years. Class for any breed under 6
years, 90 stone (1,260 lbs.) and upwards, no
cake, etc., previous to .\ugust 1st, 1835. Class
for any breed under 5 years, under 90 stone
(1,260" lbs.) and above W stone (980 lbs), no
cake, etc., as above. Class for any breed not
more than 4 years. 3 months, under 70 stone
(980), no cake, etc., as aijove.

Cows. Cla.ss for cows under 5 years. Class
for cows 5 years and upwards. Freemartins
and heifers not <]ualified. ■

LORD RATEM.\i\, lS2fl-1901. LOUD LIEVTEXANT OF

llEREFORnSHIKK. ISS2-1W1. THE CELEBRATED

HREEDER OE HEREFORD CATTLE.

92

HISTORY OF IIKKKFOHI) CATTLE

CHAPTER IX.

CoXTK.Ml'OKAKY IlKI'Oiri'S OK SMnill'IKM) ClJ U MaTIKKS

We find that considerable light can be shed
on the cattle history of the early years of the
nineteenth century by giving what was pub-
lished in the agricultural publications of that
day.

The Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society,
gathered in London, Dee. 13, 1799, appears to
liave been a meeting for general business, and
the following classification was publislied:

Class 1. Beasts fed on grass, hay. turnips,
cal)bages, or other vegetables, under the weight
of 150 stone l)ut above 80 stone, a piece of plate
not exceeding £1.5 ($75) for the best, and a
piece of plate not exceeding £10 ($50) for the
second best.

Class 2. Beasts fed on oil-cake, corn, or any
other food except grass, hay and vegetables,
same premium.

Class 3. Beasts fed as tUass 1, above the
weight of 150 stone (2,100 lbs.), a piece of
plate not exceeding in value £20 ($100) for the
best, and a piece of plate not exceeding in value
£15 ($75) for the second best.

Class 4. Beasts fed as Class 2, and the same
weight as Class 3, same premiums as (JIass 3.

"That the cattle be brought, on the following
or any other conditions that the committee may
think proper, to a place fixed upon l)y the com-
mittee on Thursday preceding the Christmas
market day for tlie purpose of being acce])!.')]
by the judges on the day succeeding, who will
be directed to select tjie two best from each
class.

"Those selected to remain at Ihe place fixed
upon by the judges, for the ]mrpose of their
being exjiibited to public view, and that tiiey
be exhiliited accordingly on Saturday, Monday
and Tuesday imuiediatcly following the day of
selection, wlirii Ihey shall l>e returned; but it
will lie exprctcd Ihat the proprietors sliall agree
with wh(iinsoc\cr they may sell them to. tliat
tile judges sliall have full jiower to inspi-ct the
killing for tlie ])ur])ose of ascertaining the
weight of each animal slaughtered, distinguish-
ing the fore and hind-quarters, the tallow, hide,
iill'iil. including blond, etc.; or liv some other

satisfactory mode of ascertaining the compara-
tive live and dead weight, and having ascer-
tained such points the judges are then to decide
on which is the first and which the second best
in each class, and make their rejiort to the com-
mittee.

"Resolved, That one of the conditions be,
that each candidate shall at the time of show-
ing, produce to the judge a paper, signed by
himself, containing an account of the breed,
age, time of fattening, sort of food, and time
they have eaten cake or corn, etc. ; also the
name of the breeiler in ease whci'c it can be
known.

"Resolved, That no candidate shall be enti-
tled to two prizes in the same class.

"Resolved, That the committee be instructed
to direct the judges to take particularly into
their consideration age of the sheep, the society
being of the opinion that early maturity is a
merit.

"Resolved, That the committee be instructed
to advertise the premiums in the following |ia-
])ers once : County Chronicle, Bath, Hereford,
Lewes, Leicester, Stamford, York, Northamp-
ton, Cambridge Litelligencer, Oxford, Canter-
bury, Sherburn, Ipswich, Heading and War-
wick, on tlie first day of publication in the
month of October, 1800.

"Resolved, That it be left to the committee
to (Ix a price to be paid for admission to see the
different prize cattle and sheep.

"Resolved, That the committee be instrnct<'il
to dispose of the surplus arising from the suli-
scribeiv, shows, etc., in sucli manner sis they
think fit, rendering such disposal ))id)lic. and if
there is still a surplus after their oi)jeet is ac-
comj)lished to pay it over to the committe(> for
the year ensuing.

"Resolved, That the commillee be instructed
to have a dinner ])rovided on the Christmas
market day, subject to such regulations as they
may deem proper.

"Resolved. 'I'bat the committee lie instructed
to draw u|i a re]ioi-t cd" the whole of their pro-
ceedings, iiulnding their receipts and expendi- '

I S T () K Y (J F 11 E i; E F U 1! 1 ) (.' A 'J' T L E

!I3

ture, at as early a period as tliey eonvenicntly
can, aud to make the same publie in the clieap-
est maimer."

The first premium equal to ^To for the best
beast in the show and another equal to ^oU for
the best ox fed on oil-cake, was awarded to Mr.
VVestcar, on a Hereford. A prize equal to '1^25
was awarded to the Duke of Bedford's Here-
ford for the most complete beast under the
weight of 48 score (9G0 lbs., dressed, or 1,680
lbs. live weight), fed on oil-cake and grain. The
Duke also gained $75 for the best beast fattened
on grass and hay only. A prize of £10 ($50) was
awarded to Mr. John Edmonds, of Welford,
for the second best ox fed on grass and hay
only, and £5 ($25) to Mr. Ellman, of Glyud,
for the best ox fattened on grass and hay only
in the shortest time from the yoke.

The following are sample certificates pre-
sented with cattle exhibited. The Duke of Bed-
ford's reads :

"Dec. 12, 1800.

"This is to certify that my two oxen were
purchased of tlie breeders, lean from the yoke,
on the 15th of March, 1800; and the Hereford-
shire ox was bred by Samuel Patrick, of l^id-
dleton, near Ledbury, and the Shropshire ox

was bred liy Thos. Bishop, of Moor, Jiear Lud-
low; both were five years old, and have been
fattened with grass and hay only, and have not
eaten anv hav before the Htli of November
last."

.Vnother reads:

"This is to certify that the two Sussex shown
by me for tlie prizes given by the Sniithlield So-
ciety were bred by Mr. .John Ellman, of Glynd,
Sussex; were eight years old last spring aud
worked constantly until the last week in May,
ITili), and have been fed on grass and hav only
until the 14th of December, 1799, by Mr." John
Ellman ; since that time by Henry King, mak-
ing together nineteen months from the yoke.

"Witness our hands this l^th dav of Decem-
ber. 1800.

JoiIX F^LLM.VX,

Hexky Kixu."
At tlie Christmas market at Smithfield, Dec.
21, 1800, Messrs. Hixcock and Farrow made a
show of beasts that was never equaled or ex-
ceeded in the kingdom. Their largest bullock,
a real Herefordshire one, was fed by Mr. Grace,
of Buckinghamshire, and on account of his very
extraordinary bulk and fatness, was conveved
to London by water. He was seven feet high.

MR. WM. PRICE ON HIS FAVORITK HORSE AT ■'THE VEl;N
"The surface of Ibe couiUrv is iiiuluUui

1' BY JOHN HEWER.

94

IlISTOKY OF HEHEFOllD CATTLE

wi'ijrlu'd upwiirds ol 'iiA) trtoiU' (3,(j40 \h^.) and
nicasiu'i'il in tlif j;irth twelve feet, four inches.
The other killed by them was a real Glamor-
ganshire, grazed by Mr. Woodman, of Buck-
ingham, and weighed 220 stone (3,080 lbs.),
and was the fattest ever seen on the ribs and sir-
loin.

A prize Hereford ox was purchased at
'Smithlield in 1800 by Mr. Chapman for $500,
and exhibited to pul)lic inspection in the Fleet
market on Wednesday. This fine animal was
fed by Mr. Westcar, of Buckinghamshire, and
weighed nearly 300 stone (4,200 lbs.), was
eight feet eleven inches long, six feet seven
inches high and ten feet four inches around the
girt. He carried the first prize at the Smith-
field Show of Cattle.

S.MlTll FIELD C.WTLE SHOW, 1801.

Dec. 12, the judges met and examined certifi-
cates of the exhibitors who had cattle to show.
Mr. Westcar, for two oxen fed on cake, six
years old. one bred by Mr. Tully, the other one
by Mr. Holman ; have eaten cakes since last
September, at Ledbury, March 17, 1799: also,
two otliers fed on grass and turnips, bought at
Hereford, October,' 1799, bred by Mr. Williams,
of Thin<jhill.

Class 1. Several cattle were exhibited by
^Ir. Westcar who took the first prize on a Here-
ford ox, and the Duke ol Bedford second prize
on a Hereford ox.

Class 2. The character of the cattle in tliis
class was not sufficient in the opinion of the
committee to be awarded a premium.

Class 3. Mr. Westcar"s white Hereford took
first premium.

1802. The following is a rejjort of the
judges of the Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Club,
bee. 8, 1802:

We, the judges, appointed by the Smithfield
Club to examine and report the merits of the
cattle, sheep and pigs shown for the prize of
this year, having received and read the certifi-
cate of tlie several candidates and duly consid-
ered the instructions this day received from the
club, do adjudge:

Class 1. First prize in this class to Mr.
Westcar, second prize to the Duke of Bedford, ■
for Hereford oxen.

Class 2. The first prize to Mr. Westcar for
the Hereford ox ; second prize to Mr. Ladds.

Qlass 3. Only the Duke of Bedford's
French ox shown — if a prize must be given in
this class the Duke of Bedford is entitled
to it.

■SAY WHEN." .\lli, J. II. .MiKWKKiHT A.NU SO.N TI;OlT ILSULXU .\1 U.I.Ml'lO.N COl'ltT.

H 1 S T 0 U Y OF H E 1{ E F 0 K D C A '1' T L E

95

Class 4. For cows;, the first prize to the
Duke of Bedford.

The following certificate shows that llero-
ford oxen of the Tomkins sort were strong com-
petitors at the early shows :

Class 1. This is to certify that the Duke of
Bedford's Hereford ox just shown for a prize
offered by the Smithfield Society (winner of
second prize in Class 1 ) was six years old when
put to fattening, was bred by Mr. Tomkins in
the County of Hereford, was put to fattening
the 1st day of May, 1801, being then respecting
flesh very poor, having been till then at hard
work; has been fed on cakes, turnips and hay.

Signed Edmund Caetweight,

John Clayton.

Class 2. The following is the certified ac-
count of the food given to Mr. Westcar's grass-
fed Hereford ox :

1802. Tankard turnips Hay Hay

per dav. per day. taken up.

Oct. 1st to Sth 108 lbs. 21 lbs. 'Alb.

Oct. 8th to 15th 108 lbs. 21 lbs. % lb.

Oct. 15th to 22d 108 lbs. 21 lbs. ^ lb.

Swedish Turnips.

Oct. 22d to 29th 94 lbs. 20 lbs. 14 1b.

Oct. 29th to Nov. Sth 94 lbs. 20 lbs. M lb.

Nov. Sth to 12th.... 94 lbs. 20 lbs. % lb.

Nov. 12th to 19th.... 94 lbs. 20 lbs. ■>4 lb.

Nov. 19th to 30th.... 94 lbs. 20 lbs. % lb.

Total 5934 lbs. 1221 lbs. 36',4 lbs.

We, wliose names are hereunto subscrilied, do
certify that the ox Mr. Westcar shows for the
grass-fed prize, was purchased by him of Mr.
Williams, of Thinghill. March 20, 1801, di-
rectly from work, and in store condition.

Thos. Hedges.
Robert Byng.

An account of the food given to the cake-fed
ox, Mr. Westcar's:

Cakes Turnips Hay Hay

1802. per day. per day. per day. taken up.

Oct. 1st to Sth 7 lbs. 24 lbs. 20 lbs. 1 lb.

Oct. Sth to 15th 7 lbs. 24 lbs. 20 lbs. 1 lb.

Oct. 15th to 22d.... S lbs. 17 lbs. 19 lbs. 1 lb.

Oct. 22d to 29th 8 lbs. 17 lbs. 19 lbs. 1 lb.

Oct. 29th to Nov. Sth 9 lbs. 10 lbs. 18 lbs. IVi lbs.

Nov. Sth to 12th.... 9 lbs. 6 lbs. 18 lbs. H4 lbs.

Nov. 12th to 19th.,. 9Vi lbs. 2 lbs. 17 lbs. IVi lbs.

Nov. 19th to 30th... 10 lbs. 2 lbs. 17 lbs. Wz lbs.

Total 512>,4 lbs. 722 lbs. 1036 lbs. 72V2 lbs.

We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, tlo
certify, that the ox of Mr. Westcar shown for
the cake-fed prize, was purchased by liim of
Mr. TuUy, of Huntington, near Hereford,
March 30th, 1801, directly from work in store"
condition, and that the said ox never had any
cake except in the year 1802.

Hob HUT Byng.

TnoM.vs Hedges.
The dressed beef of .Mr. Westcar's enke-fed
Hereford ox (1802), *l)red by i\lr. Tully, was
as follows:

stone. Lbs.

Forc-(jiiarter 72 1 =^ .jT? pounds

Iluid-tiuartcr (i.") 2 = -112

One side 13: ::! =1011) pounds

W"t of u-hole body 274 (I =2038 pounds

Mr. P. Giblett, the celclirated London butch-
er, gives the following particulars of Mr. West-
car's grass- fed prize ox of 1802 :

stone. Lbs.

Carcass 22,5 (> ^1,80() pounds.

Fat 28 6 — 230

Hide 15 2 = 122 "

Liver 1 5 =^ 13 "

Entrails.not emjj'd 22 7 = 183 "

Pluck 1 6 = 14

Head .5 3 — 43

Feet 4 1 = 33

Tongue 1 2%= 10% "

30G 63^=2,45434 "

. ' oi i;t. .-i:.\i oi- loud batemax.

Smithfield Sliow, Dee! 13, 1803. Certificate
.\dniitted. Class 1. This is to certify that the
two oxen I sho^^'ed for the prize offered by the
Smitlifield Society were l)red i)y Mr. Tuliy, of
Huntington, near Hereford, of whom I pur-
chased tlu™ the 12th of April, 1802, directly
from work and in store condition. And T also
certify, the said oxen never ate any corn of any
description while in my possession, nor any oil-
cake, except in the present year, 1803.

John Westcar.

Creslow, Dec. 3, 1803.

Witnesses to tlie above :

TlIOJlAS llEDtiES.

John Roads.
Particulars of the food oaten l>y the large
ox: 5701/. cakes and 01!) j)ouuds hay.

!)G

()

V OF HEIJEFOKl) CATTJ. F

I'nrticiilars of food eaten Ijv the smaller ox:
315 cakes, 1,'Mri ])oiiiuls tuniijis, I.OO.j poiiiids
hay.

Mr. Grace, two oxen eake-leil and two grass-
fed, the grass-fed five years old, and the cake-
fed seven years old, bred by Mr. Farmer, of
Weobly, Herefordshire, and by Mr. ilolines, of
Hereford.

TllOlI.VS liliACIi.

I'remiuins awardi'd as follows: To Mr. West-
ear, lirsf j)remium of $(!0 for beast under 150
stone (•^,100 li)s. ), fed with grass and hay, on
a Herefordshire ox.

To Jlr. Edmonds, first prenuum of $75 for
beast above 15U stone (2,100 lbs.), on a Here-
ford ox.

To Mr. Westcar, first ijrcniium of .$75 for
best beast above 150 .stone, fed with eake and
corn, being a Hereford ox.

To Jlr. Grace, for .second jiremiiiin of $50
for Hereford ox in the same class.

The dressed weight of one of Mr. Westcar's
oxen was as follows: The four quarters
weighed 1,052 pounds, one sirloin and rump
weighed 2-10 pounds, six of his fore ribs
weighed 176 pounds, buttock 128 pound.s, his
leg 20 pounds, his head 28 pounds, his tongue

11 pounds; bouglit by Mr. Chapman, of Fleet
market.

Two oxen were shown by His Majesty at
Smithtield, 1802. One of them was taken from
work Oct. 17th, 1799; he was seven years
old, and worked three and one-half years; he
was fed on hay and grass only, except on a few
potatoes for a few weeks prior to his going to
London; the other was five years old, and
worked nearly two years, and was taken from
work Sept. 12th, 1799, was fed with grass and
hay only, except on a few ))otatoes for about
five weeks; both were bought for the King by
Passey, in Herefordshire.

SMITIIFIELD SOCIETY, 1804.

Certificates of Mr. Westcar's brown ox, oil-
cake fed :

Carcass weight l,f)74 jiounds.

Fat 204

1,878 j)ounds.
Mr. Westcar's dark brown grass-fed ox :

Carcass weight 1,026 pounds.

Fat 193

1,819 pounds.

SCENE AT "THE WHITTERN," KINGTON, PROPERTY OF MR. U. GREEN.
"Ash and oak coppices clothe its hillsides."

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l-AC-.SIMll.i: or Tli.STl.MoMAI, TO T. L. .Adl.l.KU.

I'lvsemivl at Iloivfonl, KnylMii.l. Augii^it I, is,<;t. by the Ileivfol'.l llr l.Ts: of Kng;aiul.

IIISTOUY OF HEREFUIM) CATTLE

ur

SMI'l'llFlELD SOCIKTY, 1805.

Mr. WestcarV prize ox, fed on oil-cake:

Carcass weight l,i)<SS pounds.

Fat 21G

2,204 pounds.
Duke of Bedford's grass-fed ox :

Carcass weiglit l,0(il pounds.

Fat ^'■)■i

1,253 pounds.
Jlr. Westcar's grass-fed o.\ :

Carcass weight 1,439 pounds.

Fat 1(>3 "

l,n03 ijounds.

Th',' Fourtli tSliccp Shearing Gathering of
the Duke of Bedford commenced on Monday,
June the 18th, 1800. A large attendance was
on the ground and the meeting occupied four
days; the time was given almost entirely to the
shearing exhibition, sale and renting of sheep
on Monday. There dined at the Duke's table
160 persons; in the steward's room, 60, making
220 who dined on Monday, and about the same
proportion, 245, on Tuesday; 344 on Wednes-
day, and 138 on Thursday.

The Duke offered and awarded large pre-
miums to those who expended the largest sums
in the purchase of pure-bred sheep in the
county of Bedford.

On the Wednesday, after dinner, Mr. West-
car, of Creslow, Bucks, informed the Duke, in
the hearing of the whole company, that Mr.
Tully, of Herefordshire, and his friends would
produce twenty Hereford oxen at Woburn this
time twelvemonth, fresh from the yoke, for one
hundred guineas, against twenty of any one
breed in England, the Duke of Bedford to ap-
point the judges. This offer of a bet was in-
stantly accepted by Sir Thomas Carr, of Bed-
ingham, in Sussex, who oifered to produce
twenty Sussex oxen against them.

A friend of Sir Thomas Carr's here inter-
fered, requesting explanations, which, in the
opinion of very many, did not appear necessary
for a plain bet explicitly accepted.

A conversation ensued upon fattening the
oxen, and. various other circumstances, on
which Mr. Westcar (who declared that Mr.
Tully would bet on any fair conditions) retired
in order to offer two propositions in favor of
Sir Thomas Carr, that if he liked the second
better than that he had alr'eady accepted, he
might be indulged with it. This proposed the
following extension of the bet, should Mr.
Thomas Carr wish it, which, before reading.

was explained to be distinct from the first
proposition, and not annexed to it as a neces-
sary condition.

"And that such oxen may be fatted and pro-
duced at the Christmas following at Smithfield,
for a second hundred guineas, value to decide
the superiority."

Here a fresh debate ensued. Mr. Ellman, of
Glynd (Sir Thomas Carr's friend), ])ro])osed
an explanation by adding these words: "Dis-
position to fatten and (puility of flesh to decide

SCENE ON THE RIVER AUUOW. COURT HOUSE.

FARM OF JOH.X PRICE.

■■Its low lands are ofteu called the 'Garden o£ England.' "

the su])eriority iritliuut size being a chief ob-
ject of consideration."

This Mr. Westcar rejected, observing that if
size was thrown out of the question, twenty
runts might be shown against Hcrefords of two
hundred "stone (2,800 lbs.).

Propositions and explanations being multi-
plied and mi.xed with conversation, the original
acceptance of the bet slipped from attention,
and the whole was eluded, but not without the
Sussex breed suffering somewhat in the repu-
tation, as it was deemed all escape on that side.

One bet, however, was clinched. Mr. Tench,
of Broonifield, near Ludlow, in Salo]i, offered to
show a Hereford bull against any bull in Eng-
land for one hundred guineas, which was ac-
cepted by Mr. Knowles, of Xailstone, in Leices-
tershire, immediately entered, viz.:

"Afr. Tench befs Mr. Knowles one luindred
guineas that he sliows a Hereford bull against
any Leicester bull to be ])roduced at Shifnall,
the Monday fortnight after the great show at

98

ITISTOl^Y (IF II El! KFUKl) CATTLE

Smitlilickl. The Duku of Bedford to ajipoint
judges.

Robert Texcii.

SAMtKL KXOWLES."

The above trial caiiie off and the Hereford
won.

The editor of the "Annals of Agriculture."
writing in 1800 of a great friend of the Here-
ford and liis sheep shearing show, says: "1
might e.xpatiate on the husbandry of the Uukeof
Hedfonl and tlie imeommon improvement he
has made even since the last sheep show.
The i^how house for the tups is ad-
mirably contrived, but these and various
other articles highly interesting 1 reserve
for that register of observations made at Wo-
burn wliich has been drawn up on a former oc-
casion, and which yet waits for some drawing
not completed.

"The meeting passed otf to the satisl'action
of all present, and it was an animating circum-
stance to see the lovers" of agriculture assem-
bled together from countries so remote, from
the most distant provinces of Ireland, from
Germany, and Irom Switzerland. Several
came expressly Un this purpose aliout five hun-
dred miles, it shows the s])irit with which ag-
riculture is at present jjro.secuted ; it marks the

genius of the age; it presages (may the provi-
dence of the Almighty jjcrmit) the future pros-
perity of this nourishing emjjire.

"To see a prince of the royal blood and
many great lords sit down to the same table
and partake of the conversation of the farmer
and the breeder; to sei' all aniuuited with the
s))irit of improvement, and listt'uing with de-
light to the favored to])ic of the plough, is a
sjjectacle worthy of Britain, and in her blest
isle alone to be beheld : Esto perpctua.

"The conversation throughout the meeting
was entirely agricultural, as it has been on
every formiT occasion, opinions of stock, of cul-
tivation, discussed, facts rclateil, ideas sported.
i|Uestions debated, bets proposed, and emulation
active and promoted.

"He little knows the secret springs that move
the puldic good who does not see the excellent
effects that must flow from prejudices being
worn away by the attrition of contrary .senti-
ments, by exhil)itions of superior stock being
examined and compared, and by the sphere of
rural knowledge being thus extended.

"The Duke announced premiums for the year
1801. ilay the new century open auspiciously
to the jilough ; may the spirit of this sheej)
shearing improve the flocks of Britain : may her

HEKKFORDSlllUK PEASA.NTllY. CHEAP LAUOK

OF LAKUE CHOI'S.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

99

fields smile again with ample harvests : her
wastes b}' a general enclosure covered with cul-
tivation; her farmer rich; her poor well fed
and happy, and may we all, by reverence of
that being from whom all ijlessings flow, en-
deavor to deserve them."

THE DUKE OF BEDFOKD's SHEEP SIlEAIUXCi 1 N'
1801.

On Monday 255 people attended, on Tues-
day 25!), on Wednesday 232, on Thursday 132.
The sale and rental of sheep made a very satis-
factory progress. Liberal premiums were paid

Tliero hung a gloom over the whole business,
which would not dissipate. The succeeding
Duke had given orders for conducting every-
thing exactly as on former occasions. Lord
Somerville presided at the dinners, and the
general arrangement of business was conducted
liy his lordship, and Mr. Coke, with the assist-
ance of the Rev. Mr. Cartwright.

The company was very numerous all the three
days and on Tuesday equal to the appearance
on any former occasion. In addition to the
sale of sheep there was a sale of Hereford cows
and heifers, including two bulls, ten head, all
of the Herefordshire breed. The sale amounted

IIKKEFOKI) ox. CHAMPION AT SMITHFIELD, 1816. (Bred by S. & C. Haywood, Worcestershire!

to farmers of the county for the best cultivated
farms and for the largest improvement of the
sheep, and on ditt'erent classes of farm machin-
ery.

The Duke of Bedford died in the spring of
1802. The Sheep Shearing Shows at Woburn
bearing his name were continued in 1803 by
his son.

Those who attt'ndcil this meeting, hitherto so
bright and cheerful, aniin.ili'd as it was by the
enlivening presence nf a nobleman so greatly
beloved and respected, looked around on cnery
scene with heavy eye and sorrow in Iheir hearts.

to £9T4 ($4,870), an average of $487 a head.
Premiums were awarded and paid to the farm-
ers for the Ijcst conducted farms and the largest
improvement in live stock.

We quote Mr. Young's "Annals of Agricul-
ture" (Vol. 35, p. 91) to show the aims of
Herefordshire agriculturists in founding their
county Society, which, being the oldest and
most flourishing in England, is another proof
of tlu> intelligence of the Herefordsliire fann-
ers ;

"Rules and orders of the Herefordshire Ag-
ricultural Society, with au account of pre-

100

iiist()i;y of 11 k I! k fou L) cattle

iiiiunis annually oireirtl for the encoiira>;enu'nt
of agriculture and industry, lists of nicniliiTs
and subscribers, and directions for the field cul-
ture for the early Lancashire Dwarf Potato.

".Such is the heading in view of establishing
an Agricultural Society in Herefordshire.

"The advantages which have already arisen
to the public from the establishment of Agri-
cultural Societies in the various parts of the
kingdom, first gave use to the idea of a similar
institution in the county of Hereford. The
alacrity of persons of fortune, and of many of
the most res])ectai)le land-holders, in support
of the measure, affords a well-grounded confi-
dence that the exertions of this Society will not
be ineffectual.

"To point out the utility of such an institu-
tion it can only be necessary to state what are
the principal objects of its attention; these are
to excite by premiums and otherwise, a general
spirit of emulation amongst breeders and prac-
tical farmers.

"To encourage industry and fidelity among
servants employed in husbandry.

"To reward laborers who shall bring up. or
have already brought up, the greatest number
of legitimate children, without any or with the

smallest relief from their respective parishes.

"To promote the knowledge of agriculture
by encouraging experiments on those subjects
which are of the most importance to it. and by
distributing rewards to such persons as shall
produce the best and most abundant crops of
grain and grass, in proportion to the quality
of land they occupy.

"To encourage the improvement of waste and
other lands by enclosing, draining and manur-
ing in the most cheap and effectual manner.

"To ascertain from actual experiment that
course of crops ou either light or heavy soils,
which shall prove most profitable, and leave the
lands in the best state.

"To make generally known in this county the
most successful modes of husbandry adopted in
others.

"To promote all improvements in the sev-
eral implements now used by the farmer here,
and to introduce such new ones as e.xperience
has proven to be valuable elsewhere.

"To improve the breed of horses of the cart
kind and to carry our cattle and sheep to the
greatest point of perfection.

"To ascertain and make public the best
means of raising and protecting orchards, of

CHA.MPIO.V HEREFORD OX, SMITHFIELD, 1837. AT i YEARS AND 10 MO.VTHS.
(Bred by J. Hewer.)

HISTORY OF HEREFORD C A T T L E

101

propagating the best fruits; and the most easy,
certain and efKcacious manner of proceeding in
all the stages of manufacturing their produce
into eider and jelly.

"In short, to recommend and bring into prac-
tice all the means of facilitating labor, of ex-
citing and rewarding industry, and of receiving
at the least expense the greatest quantity and
the most approved quality of animal and vege-
table food.

"These objects will readily be allowed to be
of no small importance, and the spirit with
which they may be promoted, and the extent
to which they may be carried must depend

At the meeting of the Bath and West of Eng-
land Societj-, 1797, John Billingsley, Vice-
President, in the Chair; Lord Summordor was
chosen President for the year ensuing.

The exliibition of cattle, sheep and swine for
the premium and bounties were considerable in
number and generally valuable in qualities.

The premiums awarded were £3. 3s. ($15.75)
each.

To ]\Ir. Whipley for raising twenty cliildren.

To Tlios. Lucas for bringing up in lii\e man-
ner eight children.

To Wni. Spencer for bringing up nine chil-
dren.

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CHA.MPION HEREFORD OX, SMITHFIELD. 183S. IBred by H. Cbamberluiii. Lc

much upon the liberality of subscriptions.
And although the Society looks with confidence
to general support, they hesitate not to say
they most particularly invite the aid and con-
currence of practical farmers."

One of the battle grounds where Hereford
cattle have won many honors is the Bath and
West of England Society's yearly shows. The
yearly accounts of this society are meager.

An account of their 1799 show, taken from
Mr. Young's "Annals of Agriculture" (V. 32,
J). 24-1), states that a Hereford heifer won a
champion prize at that meeting.

To John Hooker for bringing up eight chil-
dren.

To John Bartlett for faithful service in one
family for sixty-five years.

To John Thomas for living in one family
thirty years.

To James Batten for like service for twenty-
nine years.

To Josepli Budgell for like service for twen-
ty-seven years.

To Elizabeth Noyes for like service for forty-
five vears.

102

HISTORY OF PI ERE FORD CATTLE

To R(>l)eccci Hunt for like service for twenty-
nine years.

To Mary Batten for like service for twenty-
nine 3'ears.

To Benjamin Reynolds as shepherd in one
family during sixty years.

The e.xhibition and sale of cattle and sheep
was held on the next day. No awards were re-
ported. It is stated there was a respectable
show. It may be seen hero tliat otiier societies
did not cultivate the cattle interest with Here-
fordshire intelligence.

We have thought best, even at the risk of
being tiresome, to give and continue the details
of the organization and continuance of the
Smithfield Club, and the awards to the Here-
ford cattle up to the time that Youatt wrote the
history termed the History of British Cattle.
We have also given an account of the Duke of
Bedford's sheep shearing reports and the awards

tliat he made and paid to those gatlierings for
the improvement of agriculture and live stock
of the farmers of his county, thus showing his
interests in live stock improvement and prov-
ing that it was not for want of care or investi-
gation that the Duke accepted and adopted the
Hereford breed of cattle at Woljurn as the most
valuable for farm purposes. We do this because
Mr. Youatt, while stating the fact that the
Herefords had been adopted by the Duke of
Bedford, failed, except in one instance, to show
any of the numerous experiments that he had
made, and these the American editors left out
entirely.

From 1839 the breeders of Shorthorn cattle
in this country and in England quoted this pre-
tended history of Hereford cattle by Youatt
and abridged it to discredit the Hereford breed,
and advance the interest of the Shorthorn breed
of cattle.

CHAMPIO.V HEHKFOKlJ UX, SMITHFIELD, 1839. (Bred by R. Hill, Orltoii ; cxhibiled by the Earl of Warwick.)

H 1 8 T U ii Y U F H E K E F 0 R D CATTLE

103

CHAPTER X.

Twenty Years of Hereford Breeding — 1799 to 1819 (^ '<'4a)

The Herefordshire Agricultural Society,
naturally, had the largest exhibits of Hereford
cattle, in the early days of the breed, and all
information that can be preserved of its doings
will be of interest to Hereford cattle breeders.

We give a summary of the breeders of Here-
ford cattle who were prize takers at the shows
of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society, from
1799 to 1819. The record says: The list has
not been put into the present shape without a
good deal of trouble, for the minute books of
the society have gone astray, and the record has
had to be made up by a diligent search of news-
paper files, the chief source of information be-
ing the back numbers of the Hereford Journal.
Mr. T. Tomkins Galliers of Wistaston has gone
over these files for us and has extracted the
notes which constitute a useful chapter in the
early history of Herefords.

Herefordshire Agricultural Society — estab-
lished 1T98.

We find no account of live stock shown until
June meeting, 1799, when, for best bull, not
over twenty months, John Apperley, Withing-
ton, gains the premium ; and for best bull not
over three vears, Samuel Tullv, of Hunting-
ton, £5, 5s ($26.25).

1800. Premiums were £5, 5s ($26.25) cups;
second prizes, £3, 3s ($15.75) plate; general
prize decanter stands. At June meeting, 1800 :
for best bred bull, Mr. Croose, Sugwas (this
bull was bred by Mr. Jones of Fawley) ; for
best yearling bull, Joseph Tully, Haywood ; for
best heifer, Mr. Skyrme, of Stretton.

1801. March meeting. Bull, three years,
seven months, Mr. Smith of Sufton; yearling
bull, Mr. Moore, Wellington, Wooton. At this
meeting it was suggested to offer more prizes
for stock.

June meeting. Three-year-old heifer, J.
Tullv, Haywood ; yearling heifer, Mr. Williams,
Thinghill.'

1802. I^Iarcli meeting. Notice is given that
the following gentlemen will show l)ulls in the
several classes at the coming meeting. Class
all ages, M. Crosse, of Ocle; Mr. Tanner,

Hampton Court ; Mr. Verce, Warham ; Mr.
Goode, Dunswater ; Mr. Watkins, Briusop ; Mr.
Powell, Titley. Class three years old : Mr.
Tully, Huntington; T. G. Cotterell, Garmons;
Mr. Tully, Haywood; W. Galliers, King's Pyon.
Class vearling bulls: Mr. Low, Gattertop; Mr.
Tully," Haywood ; T. A. Knight, Elton; Mr.
Apperley, Withington ; Mr. Tully, Huntington.
The prizes were awarded as follows : Best bull,
any age, Mr. Powell, Titley ; best three-year-old,
Mr. Tully, Huntington; second prize, W. Gal-
liers, King's Pyon; best yearling bull, J. Tully.
Haywood; second prize, Mr. Apperley, Withing-
ton. June meeting, best heifer, under sixteen
months, W. Downes, Hinton ; best heifer, under
four years, Mr. Skyrme, Stretton. No stock
mentioned at October meeting.

1803. March meeting. Best bull all ages,
E. Jones, Fawley ; best three-year-old, T. A.
Knight; second prize, Mr. Williams, Thinghill;
best yearling bull, T. G. Cotterell ; second prize.
Mr. Jones, Breiuton. June meeting : Best
heifer, T. A. Knight ; second best, Mr. Jeffries,
Lyonshall. At this show the committee who
awarded the premiums for cattle expressed the
opinion to the public that the heifers exhibited
(but not entered for premiums) by Messrs.
Tomkins, E. Jones, Andrew Knight, and Jo-
seph Tully, were such as would have done credit
to the first breeders in England.

1804. j\Iarch meeting. Best aged bull, Mr.
Barnet, of Ledbury; best two-vear-old bull. S.
Tully, Huntington; best yearling bull, T. A.
Knight. Leominster meeting (Juno). Yearling
bull, Mr. Lowe, Gattertop ; three-year-old bull,
Mr. Fencott, The Broome; three-year-old
heifer, Mr. Williams, Brinsop ; yearling heifer.
Mr. Prichard, Eaton ^lill. Octolier meeting.
Best three-year-old heifer, Edward Wahvyn ;
best two-year-old heifer, T. A. Knight. Only
two stock prizes given.

1805. Jlarch meeting. Best aged bull, ^fr.
Jeffries, Pembridge ; best three-year-old bull.
Mr. Galliers, King's Pyon; best yearling bull,
Mr. Yeomans, Howton. June meeting. Mr.
Tully gained prize for working oxen; Mr.

104

li I S T U n Y OF HEREFORD C A T T L E

Knight for yearling heifer. These are the only
two prizes mentioned, but there nnisit have been
more given. Leominster meeting — Juno. Best
yearling heifer, llr. Williams, Thinghill; best
three-year-old heifer, T. C'lee, Downton. Oc-
tober meeting. Best two-year-old heifer, Mr.
Stevens. Cotmore.

1806. March meeting. Aged bull, Mr. Jef-
fries, The Sheriffs; three-year-old bull. Jlr.
Watkins, Brinsop; yearling bull, Mr. Weaver,
Stretton. The above i)remiums were awarded
by a committee of the following gentlemen:
Mr. Apperley, ilr. Cheese, Mr. Edward.<. Mr.
Jeffries. E. Jones, Mr. Redward, Mr. Knight,
Mr. Tench, Mr. Watkins and Mr. Williams. This
is the first notice of how the prizes were decided.
Leominster meeting. June 20. Best yearling
heifer, Jlr. Watkins, Brinsop; three-year-old
heifer, Mr. Deykin, Brierley; two-year-old
heifer, Mr. Woolaston, Lynch ; tlirce-year-old
bull, Mr. Salway, Ashley Moor; aged bull. Mr.
Proctor, Orleton ; yearling bull, Mr. Downes,
Ashford. (Tj 74 B) "Hereford meeting, June 30.
Best working o.\, T. A. Knight; best yearling
heifer, Mr. Tully, Huntington. Only two stock
prizes given. October meeting. We failed to find
an advertisement of the awards of this show, but
in the general news of the paper of October 2!)

we find the following: "Jlr. Tomkins, Well-
ington, gained the premium for best two-year-
old heifer. The stock shown was very fine and
never surpassed on any former occasion." This
is the only notice we find of Mr. B. Tomkins,
Jr., showing. We suppose he was offended at
something that took place, and never competed
again.

1807. Spring meeting. Best aged bull, W.
Galliers, King's Pyon ; best three-year-old bull,
ilr. Hewer. Abergavenny; best two-year-old
bull. ilr. Weaver, Stretton; best yearling bull,
Mr. Yeomans, Howton. Leominster meeting.
Best yearling heifer, Mr. Kedward, Westhide;
best three-year-old heifer, Mr. Williams. Brin-
sop; best yearling bull. Mr. Green, Stoke.
Hereford. June 30. Best yearling heifer, ^[r.
Hughes of ilarcle ; best working o.x. Mr. Dawes
of Mensell. Octol)er meeting. Best three-year-
old heifer, T. A. Knight; best two-year-old
heifer. T. A. Knight. A notice is inserted to
the effect that Mr. Knight declines accepting
the premiums since he has gained so many, so
William tialliers. King's Pyon, being ne.xt l)est,
takes two.

1812. Candlemas. Best yearling bull. B.
Wainwright. Hereford: best two-year-old bull.
Mrs. Berrow, The Green, Dewchurch ; best

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HISTORY 0 F 11 E E E F 0 K D CATTLE

105

three-jear-old bull, ^Ir. Watkins, Brinsop ; bci^t
aged inill, W. Ualliers, Kini,'"s Pyon. Leomin-
ster meeting. Best aged hull, W. Walker, Bur-
ton; best two-year-old bull, J. Walker, Wesing-
toH ; best yearling bull, H. Moore, Wellingtons,
Wooton ; best three-year-old heifer, Mr. Tench,
Bromfield ; best two-year-old heifer, Mr. Tench,
Bromfield ; best yearling heifer, Mr. Watkins,
Brinsop. Hereford, June. Best yearling heifer,
Colonel Matthews, Belmont. October meeting.
Best two-year-old heifer, Mr. Yarworth.

1813. Candlemas. Best yearling bull, Wat-
kins, Brinsop; best two-year-old bull, not
awarded ; best three-year-old bull, Mr. Galliers,
King's Pyon ; best aged bull, Jlr. Pugh, Thing-
hill. l;eoiiiinster uiei'timi;. June. Best yearling

Inill, T. Jeffries, Pembridge; best aged bull, J.
Wainwright. June meeting. Best yearling
Inill, J. Purchas, Fownhope; best two-year-old
bull, ^Ir. Fluck, Moreton ; best yearling heifer.
Col. Matthews; best two-year-old heifer, T.
Jeffries, Grove. October meeting. Xo adver-
tisement of meeting, but in general news it is
stated that Mr. Welles, Earl's Croome, in Wor-
cestershire, and Mr. Y'arworth of Brinsop, took
prizes for cattle.

181.5. Candlemas. Best yearling bull, ilr.
Price, Norton Grounds, Gloucestershire; best
two-year-old bull, Mr. Yarworth, Brinsop ; best
three-year-old bull, T. Barnaby, Brockhamp-
ton; best aged bull, Mr. Yarworth, Brinsop.
H(>reford June meeting. Bc^t \c;n-line' bi'ifi-r.

ip.

■IIAMPION HEREFORD OX, SMITHFIKLD. IM'i

.1 l-y J.aiii Hil.is

bull, Mr. Symonds of Tatton; two-year-old bull.
Mr. Walker, Burton; best yearling heifer, Mr.
Jeffries, Grove ; best two-year-old heifer, Wat-
kins, Knightwick (late of Brinsop). At the
Leominster meeting it was proposed to discon-
tinue the shows there owing to the low state of
the society's funds. Hereford June meeting.
Nostoek prizes. October meeting. Best two-
year-old heifer, C. Walwyn; Ix'st three-year-old
heifer, James '^'arworth.

ISI). Candlemas meeljng. l?est yearling
bull, Mr. Grovenor, the Parksj best two-year-
old heifer, not awariled ; best three-year-old

John Morris, ^larsh. October meeting. Best
two-year-old heifer. Jlr. Tench, Bromfield ; bi-st
yearling heifer, ilr. Walker, Burton. X. li. —
All bulls to be shown in future at Candlemas,
and heifers at October meeting.

1816. Candlemas. The committee for de-
ciding the merit* of cattle report that the aged
bull exiiibited this day by Mr. Yarworth of
Brinsop is the finest animal ever shown before
this society ; the dam of this bull i's now in the
possession of Mr. Price of ilorton Grounds,
Worcestershire. Best yearling bull, Mr. Tom-
kins, Dippers Moor; best three-year-old bull.

lOG

HISTORY OF H EKE FORD CATTLE

Mr. Jeffries, Grove; best aged bull, Mr. Parry
of Birley, near Stretford. (Yar\vorth"s bull
disqualified, having taken the prize last year.)
June meeting. No stock shown. No account
of other shows this year.

1817. Candlemas. The meeting only noticed
in general news. Yarworth, Wainwright, and
Wood of Burgliill, successful competitors. June
meeting at Leominster. Best yearling heifer,
Mr. Jeffries, Grove; best two-year-old heifer,
Mr. Tench, Bromfield; best two-year-old bull,
Mr. Smith, Gattertop ; best three-year-old bul-
lock, Mr. Jeffries, Grove. October meeting.
Short notice. Mr. Walker of Burton and Mr.
Eckley of Tillington, got premiums, but it does
not state for what.

1818. Candlemas. Best aged bull, Mr.
Smith, Gattertop; best yearling bull, Mr.
Cooke, Wintercott. Leominster meeting. Best
three-year-old bull. T. Jeffries, Grove: best
yearling and two-year-old heifers, Mr. Walker

of Burton. October meeting. Best yearling
heifers, ^Ir. Sniythies, Lynch; best two-year-old
heifei", Mr. Welles, Earl's Croome.

1819. Candlemas. Best aged bull, :Mr.
Dawes, The Rodd; best yearling bull, Mr. Y'eo-
mans, Howton. Leominster meeting. Best pair
working oxen, Mr. Walker, Wesington; best
yearling heifer, Mr. Jeffries, Grove ; best year-
ling bull (f 7-1 C) Mr. Preece, Comberton ; best
three-year-old bull, Mr. Cooke, Wintercott. Oc-
tober meeting. Best yearling heifer, Col. Mat-
thews; best two-year-old heifer, Mr. Smythies,
Lynch.

These records, uninteresting in themselves,
give an insight into the exhibits and exhibitors
of Herefords in a past century and show a
classification not equalled at the time by any
other county show, and proving again the thor-
ough estalilishment of the Hereford breed at
that early day {^ 74 D).

CllA.MPlON HEREFOKl) OX. SMITIIKIELD, 1846.
(Bred by .Mr. Thomas, of Cholstrey, Herefordshire; exhibited by the Earl of Warwick.)

HISTORY OF HEKEFOED CATTLE

107

CHAPTER XI.

Early Hereford Hlstory l\ America

HEREFORD-SHORTHORN CONTROVERSY, FROM 1834 TO 184L

In 183-4 Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
and Michigan were organizing agricultural so-
cieties; and Wisconsin, then a state one year,
was discussing the propriety of such a move.
An agricultural convention was held at Alhany,
N. Y'., in which the different interests of farm-
ing were discussed, and the necessity of state
aid urged. Among those prominent in this
moveiuent were H. S. Randall, L. F. Allen,
F. Eotch, R. L. Allen, J. J. Vail, Jesse Buel
and C. N. Rement.

The American Institute held its eleventh an-
nual fair in October, 1838, and among the man-
agers were Jesse Buel and C. N. Bement of
Albany. At this date there were active efforts
for the establishing of agricultural societies,
but our investigations will be confined mainly
to New Y^ork.

It is probable that at this time the Sliort-
horns had a stronger hold in Kentucky than
elsewhere. A sale was advertised at Powelton,
near Philadelphia, of Mr. Whittaker's cattle,
an eminent English l)reeder. A sale was held
at Bloonifield. N. Y., at which the highest-
priced animals were sold to Gen. Dudley of
Kentucky. At a sale held at Paris, Ky., eleven
head sold for $8,157 ; and ten animals of mixed
blood for $2,580 ; the prices at the Whittaker
sale referred to above ranged from $360 to
$540. H. Clay, Jr., sold this year his cow
Princess for $2,000. At a sale in Cincinnati
ninety-one head were sold, averaging $305, one
four-year-old bull selling for $1,450. Tlieso
prices will indicate the standing of Diirlmni
cattle at this time.

The New York State Agricultural Society
met the first Tuesday in February, 1839. Buel,
Allen, Vail, Van Berger and vSpencer were a
committee to report names of offices, and among
the officers were Jesse Buel. corresponding sec-
retary, and C. N. Bement. treasurer.

In' 1839 the Royal Agricultural Socictv nf
Eiiiiland was organized and received a c'harter

from the queen. A society had existed previous-
ly, known as the English Agricultural Society,
and the Royal absorbed it. At this first show a
premium was offered for the best cow calcu-
hited for the dairy. The first was wcm bv a
Hereford, the second by a Durham cow, ami
this class, we think,_ was dro])ped from tluit
time.

In 1841 the New York State Society held
their first fair at Syracuse. These movements
for the establishment of the Royal in England
and New York Fair at Albany, were made by
those in the interest of the Shorthorns as was
the movement of the writing of the "History
of British Cattle," by Youatt, and each of these
movements, if they had been written and
planned for the advancement of the Shorthorn
interest, and so given out, would have been
legitimate and proper — commendable even ; but
when the Shorthorn men took the machinery
and charter of the Society for the Diffusion
of LTseful Knowledge, to write up the Short-
horn and write down other breeds, it became
dishonest, and so when they, under the sanc-
tion of the crown of England, established tlie
.Royal for the advancement of agriculture and
the improvement of live stock, gave preference
to the Shorthorn race of cattle unfairly, it was
dishonest.

We have made these ])oints — the writing of
the "History of British Cattle"' by Youatt, the
establishing of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, and the New York State Agricul-
tural Society — because to these intluences, more
than any other, the Shorthorns owe their stand-
ing.

Previous to the writing of the "Historv of
British Cattle"' the Duke of Bedford had made
very careful experiments in grazing and feed-
ing of Hcrefords and Sliorthorns, and these
experiments, widely jniblished, resulted in the
adoption of the Herefnrds by the Duke of Bed-
ford on the .score of eeonomv: the details of

108

IMSTOIJY OF IIEREFOIU) CATTLE

those experiments were before thf writer of
that' history, but were not used Ijeoaiisie not
satisfactory to tlie Slioi'thorn breeders. We
have sliown that the Herefords and Shorthorns
were in competition before the Smithfiekl for
thirty-six years; and the Herefords had taken
ninety-three premiums equal to $7,060 on oxen,
while the Shorthorns had taken only thirty-
seven premiums, amountinj; to $3,2T5. and
these facts were not noticed by the writer of
that history.

We have shown that in the London market,
at the time that history was written, the Here-
ford beef was selling at a half penny (one cent)
to a penny (two cents) a jiound more than
Shorthorn beef, and that the writer of this his-
tory did not note this fact. We have shown
that he quoted the sales of Shorthorns by Mr.
Arrowsmith between 1801 and 1808, ranging
per head from $80 to $175, and that he negk'ct-
ed to quote the sales of Herefords made by Mr.
Westcar between 179!) and'1811, ranging from
$500 to $737 (^ 7-1 E). From these and similar
facts we have charged that the history was writ-
ten in the interest of Shorthorn breeders and we
shall be supported in this view l)y all impartial
men. We have not the data to enable us to
dissect the nction nf the Roval. We have given

one case in which the Herefords w-on at their
first meeting, and that, when the Shorthorns
claimed the greatest strength ; and sliown that,
from that time, they did not bring tiieir cattle
into competition with Herefords as milkers.

In later years there has been no question as
to the bias of the Royal in favor of the Short-
horns, and whatever breeders in this country
may claim, English breeders will hardly ques-
tion our statement. As to the New York So-
ciety, we shall present conclusive testimony to
show that it was managed entirely in the Short-
horn interest. We might refer to other socie-
ties, as the state societies of Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Hlinois, and
many others, but for the present we propose to
leave them out.

In 1835 the only reliable experiment, that of
Smithfield, showed the Herefords to be the best
cattle. Reliable records of trials of the Here-
fords and Shorthorns in every instance showed
the former to be far in advance of the latter.
The London market showed the value of the
Hereford to be 10 per cent over the Shorthorn,
and these facts were ignored by the writers of
the "History of British Cattle." From 1836 to
1840 inclusive, before the Smithfield Society,
the Hereford Indlncks tnnk tbirty-seven prem-

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FIRST PRIZE HEREFORD OX AT SMITHFIELD. 1846.
(Bred by T. Roberts, of Ivlngtonbury, Herefordshire; ejchibited by Mr. Trinder )

II I S T (J R Y 0 F II E Pi E F 0 I! D C A T T L E

10!)

iums equal to $1,875, the Shorthorus taking
eighteen premiums, or $740.

With these basis facts established, we turn to
the importation of Mr. W. H. Sotham, and the
correspondence and controversies growing out
of that importation, and these we shall quote
freely. The following extract is from a letter
of Mr. W. H. Sotham, of date June 1, 1840, to
Messrs. Gavlord & Tucker, publishers of the
"Cultivator/' V. 7, pp. 113, 114:

"Of our cattle I shall not say more than that
they are of the Hereford breed, and from the
same breeder who agrees with me that the
Herefords arc decidedly the best and most prof-
itable when taken in the aggregate. The Smith-

of 15 sovereigns at the Kutiand Agricultural
Society's show at Oakham. AlsOj at Smithfield
Club show, the first prize of 20 sovereigns in
class first. Age of this ox, four years and two
months; weight 122 stone (l,708"'lbs.), Itred by
j\Ir. John Hewer of Hereford. It is my ojiinion
that Herefords are better milkers than gener-
ally represented. It is not clear to me that
they are inferior to the Shorthorn or Durham.
When our cows come to grass I will endeavor
to give the quantity. Appearance on the vessel
are much in their favor. I will not say
more on this subject until we have some for
sale ; these are intended for our own use.

"Should it meet the views of improving, in-

CllAMPlO.N HEKKFUHli ().\. SMITHFIELD, 1848. (Bred by H. H. H. Princi- AllnTt.l

field show will acknowledge this, as tlie Here-
fords take top price against all others.

"Other instances are in their favor. The
oxen are excellent workers, the best feeders, and
when in market fetch one-half penny per pound
more than the Durhams. The fat and the lean
is so well interlarded. This assertion is backed
by most of the London Ijutehers, of whom I
made inquiry, and I send you a letter for inser-
tion from Mr. (iuerrier to me, one of the best
salesmen in London, who presented me with an
engraving (jj G;i) of the ])rize ox in 18;!7. the
property of Mr. John Thomas Smitli, I'ortbuid.
Lincolnshire. This ox obtained the first priz.e

telligent, enterprising farmers, such as know
how to lay out their money judgniatically, we
have no oi)jeetion to enter into a trade with
Mr. Hewer, to take the whole of his extra stock
yearly, who says no other person shall iiave
them for exportation. Any other breed of the
first order, or any kind of animal England can
produce, I will endeavor to procure liy the pur-
chaser representing it to me, and tlie highest
])rice hcAvill give in New York, or any kind of
field or garden seeds. But I must admonish
tlie purchasers to show a little spirit, not to l)e
afraid of their shadow in a good cause; the best
ibiiigs in this world cannot be bought at low

110

IllSTOHY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

prices; the expense and risk of shipping is very
heavy, and not a very pleasant business for a
sea-sick sailor."

The following is the letter referred to, from
Jlr. Gnerrier to Mr. Sotham, dated Loudon and
West Smithfield, irth April, 1840:

Dear Sir: As I could not conveniently, dur-
ing the busy engagements of our market, reply
to your inquiry res])etting the breeds of Dur-
ham and Hereford cattle, I take this oppor-
tunity to state that never, during twenty years'
experience as a salesman of cattle of all breeds
in this market (Smithfield), although I have
tried time without number, when 1 have had
some of the best descriptions of Durhams to
sell, could I succeed in persuading my best cus-
tomers at the west end of London to purchase
Durhams when 1 had any well-bred Herefords
to part with ; they one and all stated in cutting
xnp the beef they find in the Herefords so much
more roasting l)eef to that of boiling. To satisfy
your mind still further, just cast your eye over
the particulars (which I send for your perusal)
of our last Christmas show of cattle. There
j'ou will perceive the Hereford takes the top
prize. Attend our Smithfield show and you
would be more than ever assured of the import-
ance of the best breed of Herefords before that

of Durhams. Last year I had Durhams 15
stone per ox (200 lbs. live weight) heavier than
Herefords, but could not realize so much by
4d per stone of 8 lbs. (dead weight) as I could

for the Herefords Wishing you success

in your undertaking,

I am, sir, yours respectfully,

William Gcerrier.
To W. H. Sotham.

N. B. — I need not observe to you the remarks
I have made regarding Herefords are not be-
cause I am at all prejudiced against Durhams,
Scots, or other breeds, but having with my
father grazed all breeds for many years, and as
a salesman, having for twenty years past, dur-
ing which time I have annually sold from 5.000
to 10,000 cattle, consisting of all breeds, from
Ireland, Scotland, as also in this kingdom,
never found any breed of cattle more profitable
than the said Herefords, if well bred.

From the same volume of the "Cultivator" we
quote (p. 104) the following editorial matter:

"One of the most important imjiortations of
cattle and sheep that has ever taken place in
this country has just been made by the Honor-
able Erastus Coming of this city and Wm. H.
Sotham of JeiTerson County. It consists, as
will be seen in the list given in another part of

HEKEKUKIi STEEK, :; YEAKS 11 .MO.XTHS OLD.CHA.MPION AT HIR.MINGHAM AND SMITH l-'lELU. Ibii.
(Bred by T. Carter, Dodmore, near Ludlow, Herefordshire; fed by Mr. Heath of Norfolk.)

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

HI

this paper, of twelve cows, calves and licifers
and twenty-five sheep. The cattle are of tlie
Hereford breed from Herefordshire, and the
very best animals that could be selected. The
sheep are of large size, being the Cotswold, cross
with the Bakewell, and probably as fine animals
of the kind as ever imported. No one can avoid
being struck with the extraordinary size of the
cows, their fine forms, their muscular develop-
ment, denoting strength and power, and show-
ing the basis of the reputation which the Here-
fords formerly had for working cattle, and now
have for feeding. The expense of the importa-
tion was nearlv $8,000.

feeders, and the Michaclnias fair of Hereford
is one of the finest shows of the kingdom.

"We copy the following from the Encyclo-
pedia published by the Society for the Diffusion
of Useful Knowledge, Vol. XII, article, "Here-
fordshire," as an accurate account of the gen-
eral qualities of the breed :

" 'The prevalent breed of cattle is that for
which this country is justly noted; their color
is red with white or mottled faces, and fre-
quently white along the back and about the
legs. Good milkers are occasionally found
among the cows, and it is possible that a race
might he reared from this stork that ironld lie

HEREFORD ox, 4 YEARS OLD, CH.4.MPI0N AT S.MITHFIELD, 1863.
(Bred by T. L. Meire, Shropshire: fed by .Mr. Heath o( Xorfolk.)

"The attention of cattle breeders has within
a few years been much directed in England to
the improved Herefords, and principally in
consequence of the numerous prizes which these
cattle have taken at the great cattle shows of
Smithfield, and lately at the fairs of the En-
glish Agricultural Society. Although they
have not in general reached the great weight of
some of the improved Durhams, yet the rapidity
with which they take on fiesh, l^he superior ex-
telJeiice of the beef and their early maturity
render tliem great favorites witli the English

useful for the pail. But dairy farming is never
practiced here, and the milk of the cows which
are kept only for breeding is given to the calves.
" 'It was formerly the custom to work oxen
at three or four years old, and to feed and send
them to market at five; but there is now a com-
plete change of system. The oxen are no longer
worked, but are commonly fed when they are
two years old and sent to market before iheij
are three. Their early maturity and the readi-
ness with which they fatten make them suitable
for this .sy.^tcm of farming. Graziers from the

115

HI ST 0 Pi Y OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

soutli and middle of England drive a lai'ge
iiuinbur of this popular stock from the Here-
ford Candlemas and October fairs.

" 'T/u' Ilcrefonl o.r fatirua mure rapidly than
the Dcrun and in jirojiorliun to the quantity of
food consumed lays on a greater weight of flesh
than a Durham ox. The result of a trial of this
kind may be seen at page 34 of Youatt's "Cat-
tle." That the flesh of the Hereford is of finer
(juality than the Durhams is proved by the su-
jicrior price per stone which it obtains in the
Sniitiilield market."

"Comparatively few of the Herefords have
as yet been introduced into this country. Mr.
Bement of this city has a bull and a cow of this
breed which are fine animals. The Honorable
W. C. liives of Virginia, and the Honorable
Henry Clay of Kentucky have made importa-
tions of these animals and they have been in
their possession so long that either of these gen-
tlemen could speak fully of their value as com-
pared with the Shorthorns, in the points of feed-
ing, milk, and endurance of our climate, and
we think at this time, when attention is turned
to the subject, they will confer a great benefit
on the American public by stating the result of
their experience and their opinions with regard
to these cattle. We need not sav we should be

happy to be the medium of presenting such his-
tory and opinions to the public.

"We have presented these remarks in the .
hope of eliciting from .•<onie who are (pialified
for the task, a discussion of the comparative
merits of the Herefords and the Shorthorns and
their adaptation to our country for the purposes
of feeding and the dairy. Both are valuable
breeds; the question to be decided is, which, in
all respects, is the most jjroper for us?"

it will be noticed in the foregoing that the
"Cultivator" quotes the encyclopedia publislu'd
by the Society for the Diffusion of I'seful
Know-ledge, Vol. XII, article, "Herefordshire."
It should be compared with tlie Sivme society's
Youatt book. We call attention to that por-
tion of the "Cultivator's" quotations in italics
(which are our own). Will the Shorthorn men
recognize them as facts? In the same volume,
p. 158, a correspondent of the "Cultivator" says
as follows:

"Among the recent importations for imjirove-
ment that have taken ])lace in this state is that
of Hereford cattle and Cotswold sheep, by
Slessrs. Corning & Sotham of Alijany. At-
tracted by a letter of Mr. Sotham that appeared
in the July number of the 'Cultivator,' when
down last month, I made an inspection of tbrsr

llliKKKOItn ox ATI YEAKS; CIIA.MPION AT SMITHFIELD, 18CS.

HISTUUY OP HERE FOE D CATTLE

113

superb animals that gave me a very ditl'ereut
opinion than 1 have heretofore entertained of
these breeds. All other Ilerefords that 1 had
previously examined, in compai'ison with these,
though noble in appearance, had large heads,
thick necks, narrow hips and thin loins, com-
pared with the best Shorthorns, but those nearly
approach them now in all such particulars, espe-
cially in the great width of the hip bones,
showing a capacity, when well fed, to place their
meat in those parts where it is most valuable,
and I cannot hut coincide in the remark of one
of our most distinguished Ijreeders of Durhams,
'that on the right soil they would give the
Shorthorns enough to do to maintain their

native dair}' cows, they could be called even fair
milkers. It is apparent, therefore, that in the
general purposes of imjiroving our native stock
the Herefords cannot lie rivals to the Durhams
at least till they are furtlu>r advanced to good
milkers, which will then make them but in fact
another race of improved Shorthorns. Yet, if
the Herefords yield to the Durhams at the
dairy, in the yoke they must be far superior to
any other of the ox kind, for they have nearly
the quick step, the fine bone, the sinew and
muscle of the Devon, with a much greater
weight and size. I could not but admire the
great length and rotundity of the barrel, the
smooth, powerful structure of their frames, and

4] 74

HEREFORD O.X. 2 YEARS OLD: CHAMPION AT SMITHFIELD.
(lired by Mr. F. Piatt.)

present high position." But how are they en-
abled to accomplish this? Why, only by ap-
proaching Shorthorn perfection in these par-
ticulars. Yet, at present they are only the
graziers' and butchers' stock ; for, tliough Mr.
Sotham talks of their good milking qualities,
I must confess that though 1 eyed them sharj)-
ly, and handled them closely, T was not favored
with any such discoveries in their veins, nor
did the appearance of their udders make up at
all for this deficiency, and T sliould require
some proof of tjie facts l)efore 1 coidd be con-
vinced that even in comparison with our good

clean, elastic limbs. In fact, as workers, they
seem to me to be tliat lia])j)y medium on the
race of o.xen that I am so desirous of seeing
cultivated more generally in horses; neitlier the
light mettlesome racer on the one hand, nor
the slow, fleshy cart-horse on the otlier. but the
superior and more liappily mixed general utili-
tarian. To those wlio are l)reeding working
oxen, or stock expressly for the butcher. I would
strongly recommend tliese Herefords. I should
tliink them particularly well adapted to the
rich interior of the Western states, where cattle
must be driven a great distance to market. lu

114

H T S T 0 K Y 0 F H E I? !-: FORD CATTLE

that case the hlood of tlic Di'vons. to which the
Ih-rc fords arc so nearly allied, could not hut
tell, like that of tiie thoroughbred racer on the
course."'

In the same volume of the '"Cultivator," p. 28,
there is an essay on cattle by Henry S. Kandall.
Of the Hercfords lie says as follows:

/'The Hereford ox is supposed to be descend-
ed from the same stock with the Devon, but is
larger, heavier in tlie bone, usually of a darker
red or brown color, with a white face, throat
and belly. They are shorter-legged than the

UKRRFOlil) rATIlEllKAL,

Devon, hardier and kindlier feeders, but less
docile in temper, and even worse milkers. In-
deed, a Hereford cow is rarely seen in an En-
glish dairy. Their hardihood and great muscu-
lar power give them the first rank among
working cattle. This, together with their su-
perior grazing qualities, has led to their intro-
duction into the United States, by the Hon. H.
Clay of Kentucky and several other individuals.
But it is jirohablc that their deficiency in milk-
ing properties will always ])revent their very
general adoption, cither as a cross or in a jiure
state."

This, as well as what is further stated, is
selected mainly from Youatt (by Berry), and
the essay has the evidence in itself as being
for the purpose of bringing forward the Sh(u-t-
iiorns. Mr. C. W. Bement notices ^ir. Han-
dalTs reference to Herefords in the same vol-
inne, page \25 :

"I was much gratified on perusing the excel-
lent 'E.ssay on Cattle' in the February num-
ber of the 'Cultivator," from your talented cor-
respondent Henry S. IJaiulall, Esq. His short,
l)ithy history of several varieties is well calcu-
lated to arrest the attention of fariners, and
guide them in the selection of tliat lireed best
adapted to the different sections and ))ur|)oses.

for whith they may be wanted, whether for the
dairy, yoke or shambles. For instance, where
the climate is mild, and a full an4 rich bite of
grass at hand, and the dairy and beef the ob-
ject, I would by all means recommend the Dur-
hanis; but where the climate is cold, seasons
short, land rough and hilly, with a short and
sweet bite of grass, with labor and beef the
object, I would recommend the Hereford or
Devon; and at the Northwest, in Missouri, Illi-
nois and Wisconsin, where only beef is wanted,
and where they have to be driven any great
distance to market, from what I have seen and
can learn, the Hereford certainly would be
preferable, being hardy in constitution, good
travelers, of great size, will fat at an early age,
and will make more pounds of beef with the
quantity of food consumed, and when better
known in market will command the highest
price."

Mr. E. L. Allen says, as follows, on p. 112:
"The best specimens I have seen are the Here-
lords recently imported by Mr. Sotham, and
now in the neighborhood of Albany ; but as he
promises a description in your journal, we may
all hope to know more about a breed that has
for a long time assuredly been held in high
estimation abroad."

ilr. J. H. Hepburn, on page 102, says:
"Another matter of surprise, not only to me
but to many others who derive their book knowl-
edge of these matters from your paper, is the
effort now apparently making both in England
and America to elevate a different breed of cat-
tle over the heads of the Durhams. I have par-
ticularly examined the account of the recently
imported Herefords in the few last numbers
of the 'Cultivator,' and read the appended rec-
ommendations. I have never seen a sample of
the Herefords, but have been familiar with
their history as recorded hy ]Mr. You.vtt in his
work on 'British Cattle;' and taking the text
as laid down by him minutely, the recent dis-
coveries of excellencies in these cattle, calculated
to place them before the Durhams or Short-
horns, have been matters of considerable sur-
])rise. This, to some of the advocates of the
Herefords, nuiy sound strange, but the strange-
ness of the observation will disappear, if they
examine fully the chapters devoted hy Mu.
Yor.VTT to the different breeds of cattle, in
what may be now, strictly s])eaking, called their
native country. If I understand the work re-
ferred to, the engrariiigs in it are calculated for
correct representations of the living animals;
and, independent of the writings, they alone
will he sufficient to satisfy any breeder that
some of the allegations made of the superiori-

H T S T 0 E Y OF HEREFORD (' A T T L E

115

ties of the recent importations of Ilerefords,
if they resemble tlieir progenitors, cannot he
correct. If these statenieuts are correct, and
the appearance and test of the animals will prove
it, then improvement has been extended to
them. //' they have now properties that the
breed in the time of Youatt's writings had not
[but five years previous. T. L. M.], it is a very
important question to know how they have ac-
quired those properties. Mr. Youatt says:
'Tlie Hereford cow is apparently a very inferior
animal. Not only is she no milker, but her
form has been sacrificed by the breeder.' These
observations or these assertions of positive facts,
for such we must take them to be wtien from a
standard ivork, do not read well with the recent
assertions of Mr. Sotham and Mr. Bement — the
first of whom holds out the idea that they are
equal to the Shorthorn or Durham, and the
latter that they are very good milkers and large.
The latter gentleman, however, states that he
has understood their qualities for milk have
been 'recently improved.' How have they been
improved in their quality for milk? Not, cer-
tainly, by breeding among themselves, for the
trite and true axiom is settled, I believe, that
'like begets like.' If, then, the Herefords in
the time of Youatt, and for years before that,
were no 'milkers,' how has the present improve-
ment in that quality been effected? It must
have been by the aid of some other breed, cele-
brated for their possession of that quality, and
by whose aid, also, the form of the Hereford
cow has been so materially improved, for Mr.
Sotham says his are fine looking animals, and
so says Mr. R. L. Allen, if I recollect right,
who states that he saw them near Albany.

"Now, Messrs. Editors, may it not be pos-
sible that we are at the commencement of an-
other 'stock mania,' by which John Bull is
about to realize thousands from the farmers of
America by selling them a compound breed of
beautiful cattle, the essential qualities of which
have been derived and that very recently, from
the Shorthorns, that we have been making heavy
importations of, for years back ? Let any candid
man answer the question for his own satisfac-
tion. See what the Herefords were ; hear what
they are now, and then say if there is any im-
propriety in charging their admitted 'recent
improvement' in points in which Shorthorns
excel, to an admixture with them. If such is
the fact, and we have a number of the finest
specimens of the Shorthorns, cannot we, by
judicious crossings and attention to these mat-
ters breed, for ourselves, if I may be allowed the
expression, a breed of cattle without expending
enoi-mous sums to pay our trans-Atlantic neigh-

bors for doing work that we ought now to do
for ourselves? The state of the times is such
as to call loudly upon every man in every sta-
tion of society to do his duty to himself and
to his country; and I state it boldly, without
fear of contradiction, that there is now abun-
dant material in our own country to retain, by
judicious breeding, t\\(.; jjurity of the full-bred
Durham, and to commingle their perfections
with the stock of our own country, in such a
manner as to produce a race of animals equal
to that of any other country under the sun,
for dairy qualities as well as for the butcher."

The reader of to-day will see the Shorthorn
advocate quoting Youatt (Berry). At page
161 is the following letter written by Mr. So-
tham, from Portsmouth :

"Jlessrs. Gaylord & Tucker: I am so far
on my journey with the best lot of stock ever
seen together. They consist of the following
[sheep omitted. T. L. M. | :

'"One Hereford cow [Spot 1074 — alias
Matchless, T. L. M.] that won the first prize at
Oxford, 1839, against all England, and a voung
bull [Young Prize 1070 (:i333) T. L. M.]
from her eleven months old.

"Two five-year-old Hereford heifers. These
heifers are in calf by Dangerous 1619 (-419),

CITY OF HEKEKOkll. CATllEnUAL AX

a yearling bull that is to be shown against all
England next year.

"One half-bred between the Hereford and
Durham to show tlie cross, which I think is an
excellent one, probably better than the pure-
bred of either and from what I saw of Mr.
Cother's stock, of ^liddlc Aston, it might be
extended much further than is generally sup-
posed, for his fourth cross was eqUal to the
first — not the least sign of degeneration. Of
this I will say more when I liave more time, for
it is now precious. * * *

11(1

II I S T () 1} V OF II K H K F 0 I! 1) C A T T L E

"Wo .shall show a muiibcr of our cattK' at the
show at Niblo's, in October, where we invite the
owners of the best cattle in America to appear
against us (with the best of feeling), for it is
opposition and competition that spurs us on
to superiority, but prejudice must be put out of
the question. Let reality be our helmsman and
perseverance our motto, and then our country
can be equal in stock to any on the globe. It
all depends on the people. * * *

"Mr. Hewer has numerous backers, if he will
allow it, to show from one sheep to a hundred
against any person in the world, either ewes or
rums. He has been very careless about showing
his sheep and cattle, having met with a ready
sale without it.

"I am, dear sirs, yours sincerely,

"Wm. Hy. Sottiam.

"Portsmouth, Aug. 24, 1840."

We find the following letter from Mr. Sotham
at page 176. We quote from this:

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker : * * * In
perusing your valuable paper I noticed an ar-

;\i;.\iYAi;iJ scKNl-;.

II Muore's. Suttou.)

tide froDi Mr. Randall on cattle, which dif-
fered widely from my opinion in many in-
stances. I cannot say I agree with him or his
(juotations on Herefords. I am sorry to dis-
jiute a person who has so much zeal for his
country, but I know his good sense will hark
back to a fault if caught on a bad scent. When
he catches me running the same coursi' I will
hail his correction with ])leasure and profit
from his good intention.

"He says: 'They are larger boned, usually of
a darker red, or browner color than the Devon
and even, worse milkers; indeed, a Hereford
cow is rarely seen in an I'higlish dairy.' Prob-
ably he might have nuide these assertions
twenty or thirty years ago without fear of con-

tradiction, but no })ractical man of the present
day will allow them to pass with impunity, un-
noticc<l. The Hereforils, like everything else
that is looking towards perfection, have met
many unjust accusations, and I must say that
breed, with the C'otswold sheep, have had to
contend against prejudice and abuse in Eng-
land more than any other breeds ever ex-
hibited; but they have fought their up-hill
course with great credit; their good qualities
have triumphed even over the most prejudicial,
and have won a permanent standing in the esti-
mation of the first breeders that will not be
easily forestalled. The Hereford oxen have
taken the iirst prize in each class at the .Smith-
field shows for the last two years. * « *

"1 must say to Mr. Randall that the pure
Herefords are not larger and heavier in their
bone; there is as much good breeding shown
in their limbs as any breed in existence. The
working oxen are as good and as docile as any,
and I think I can forward a Hereford cow that
will fill the pail as high as most Durhams or
Devons, and if Mr. Randall will take an ocular
survey of English dairies he will find in them
more Herefords and crosses from them than
;iny other breed, though the best breeds of cattle
ni-e far between, even in England. This con-
iliinnation has arisen more from theory and
hearsay than practice. The best proof of this
is to refer Mr. Randall to Class 5 of the Royal
Agricultural Society at Oxford, 1839, and he
will there find that the Hereford cow w^on the
Iirst prize against all England, in the opinion
of the judges, as tlie best calculated for dairy
purposes; the Durham obtained the second. This
is a quotation that cannot be disputed, and oni'
much calculated to retrieve the injured char-
acter of the Herefords as milkers — though an
animal that can be fattened with facilitj' is
suHicient recommendation, as the steer, the ox
and the cow must ultiuuitcly come to the sham-
bles. A pure-bred Herefortl bull will cross well
with any breed, and I shall be much disap-
pointed if they do not afford more actual bene-
fit to the United States than any other breed
ever imported. It was this impression that in-
duced me to give them the decided preference.
The female Durham is tho'uglit to be a better
cross with other breeds than the bull. Mr.
K'aiidall. in extolling the Durhams, quotes from
the 'Farmer's Series' the following:

"'In early maturity they have confessedly no
rivals, being ready for the biiteber for from two
to four years earlier than the other English
breeds.' I should imagine his author meant
Herefords when he advaiu'cd this; if not. ])rae-
tice and ex])erieiice will admit them to have at

HISTORY 0 F HERE F 0 ]{ i) C A 'J' T L E

117

least one year in advance of all others; bej'ond
this would look too mucli like fiction, for it
must be deemed unprofitable to keep steers over
three years, unless for use of the yoke. Here-
fords decidedly hold the first place in England
for early maturity and a tendency to the secre-
tion of fat. They often go to market at two
years old.

"In my opinion, good hips and rumps with
expanded chest in cow or bull are very promi-
nent points. A kind chop, a straight chine
well lined with good quality of flesh, backed up
by good round sides, straight with the shoulder,
are valuable acquisitions when you cannot get
perfection. There are more cattle fail behind
the shoulders than any other point, and when
this is the case they are apt to show much
paunch, w^hich, to me, is a very great objection ;
reason seems to say : exorbitant belly, consumes
much food, very unprofitable, and are not so
apt to fatten ; this I have frequently noticed
minutely, and invariably found it so. Flesh
hides a multiplicity of faults, but will never
hide this, which I consider a very important
one.

"There is also much to be learnt in f'' ^ing
cattle, and it is very essential to discover the

daily consumption of each beast so as to give
them just as much as they will eat, leaving a
clear manger to sleep over; if they have hay
before them to blow on it weakens the appe-
tite almost to satiety. If a beast is cloyed witli
any kind of food he does not relish it again for
many days. Cattle, when feeding, require niucii
water, and it is very essential. A person who
has a thorough knowledge of feeding, sees, im-
mediately he enters the stable, whether his
cattle have been regularly and sufficiently fed
and watered; if they are at all restless, they
are not satisfied, and it is a certain omen of
something wrong. They should not be dis-
turbed more than absolutely necessary ; the
more quiet they are keyt, the better they thrive.
Much has been said on feeding raw potatoes
to cattle. I think them valuable, given in a
limited degree. The generality of farmers give
too many, which loosens the bowels, without
aiding the body. They can be well supplied
with meal once a day, so as not to affect the
quietness of the stomach. The Swede (better
known in America as rutabaga) may be fed
more extensively. They suit both the palate
and constitution, and are a very profitable root
to the farmer. England would be lost without

■THE WOODLEYS," WOOTON, OXFORDSHIRE ENG
(Estate of the Sotham famUy; birthplace of Wm. H. Sotham.)

118

lllS'l'Oin' OF HEREFOliD CATTLE

it, as it is fed to advantage to many kinds of
animals.

"The breeders of" stock luid tillers of soil
ought to be intimately united, or the antic-
ipated improvement in luisbandry will end in
disappointment. Could we establish agricul-
tural societies and combine in friendship, the
more we met together and the oftener we dis-
cussed subjects connected with agricultural
matters, the greater would be the advantages
that would ensue. 1 hope thi.* feeling will be
established in Jefferson County and that we
shall be able to meet together to awaken the
farming interest and promote the public good.
"I am, dear sirs, yours most sincerely,

\\yi. 11. SoTH.vii.
"Perch Lake Farm. Jefferson Countv, N. Y.,

18-10.

"N. B. — I have met with the last three num-
bers of your valuable paper since writing the
above, and will answer all reference to my com-
munication in your next."

It is most notable that Mr. Sotham advo-
cated a system in 1840 akin to the all-prevail-
ing "Agricultural Institute" of to-day. He was
half a century ahead of his time.

In same volume, pp. 193-4, we (juote II. S.
Randall in full:

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: In the August
number of the 'Cultivator' Mr. Bement of Al-
liany e.\pre.s.ses the opinion that the statement
Uiade by me in a previous numljer. 'that the
Durham would lose in milking properties by a
cross with the Devon or Hereford" was incorrect.
Mr. Bement's skill as a breeder and his candor
as a gentlenuin, to both of which I am happy
to bear ample testimony, entitle his o])inion to
much respect. The subject, too, derives addi-
tional interest from the recent importation of
Herefords and the introduction of several valu-
able herd.s of Devons into our state.

"The essay of mine from which Mr. Bement
quotes was designed rather to correct several
l)opular errors than to furnish a te.\t-book for
the scientific breeder. But brief and imperfect
as was the account it contained of the Here-
fords, much subsequent examination of both
English writers and living English breeders
has only confirmed me in the correctness of the
])ositions therein assumed, particularly of the
one controverted by Mr. B. His evidence,
founded on the results of his own experience,
is good as far as it goe.s, but a few instances
doe^not establish a rule. The entire prepon-
der'aiuf of testimony, both of writers and breed-
ers in F]ngland, is against the milking proper-

TlIK WiJUDI.EYS," OXPORDSHIRE. IBirihplacc of \Vm. 11. Sotham. Rear view.)

HISTORY OF H E R E F 0 K 1) C A T T L E

119

ties both of the Devon and the Hereford. The
uorl- on British Cattle, by Mr. Youatt, is
acknowledged the standard work of the day on
the subject on which it treats. Mr. Bement re-
lies on it as his authority in favor of the Here-
fords. On the same page from which he quotes, I
find the following (one would think) conclusive
statements : 'The Herefords are far worse milk-
ers than the Devons. This is so generally ac-
knowledged that while there are many dairies
of Devon cows in various parts of the country,
none of which, however, are very profitable to
their owners, a dairy of Herefords is rarely
found.' Again, 'the Hereford cow is apparently
a very inferior animal. Not only is she no
milker but even her form has been sacrificed by
the breeder.' Our friend of the Three Hills
Farm, is, I presume, too good a lawyer to at-
tempt to invalidate his own witness. If such are
facts, how are we to suppose that the Shorthorn,
concededly the first breed in England or Amer-
ica as milkers, will suffer no deterioration in
this property by a cross with a breed so decid-
edly inferior? Whatever results individual ex-
periments have led to, such a position would be
at variance with every established maxim of
breeding.

"I desire to be distinctly understood in my
remarks as taking no ground against either the
Devon or the Hereford, except in the single
point involved in this controversy. The stylish
and highbred Devon has always been a decided
favorite with me. Of the Herefords, I know
little personally, hut am prepared from the
English p uh I i cations of the day as well as the
testimony of American breeders, to believe that
in positions suited to them they may be regard-
ed as a valuable acquisition to our American
breeds of cattle. On the large and little culti-
vated prairie farms of the western states, where
early maturity and milking qualities are of lit-
tle consequence and where they must be driven
great distances to market, the Herefords can
have few equals. The Hon. Henry Clay, of
Kentucky, was the first importer of this breed
into the United States, and the following ex-
tracts from a letter which I received from him,
bearing date Sept. 31, will, I doubt not, be read
with much interest:

" 'I first imported, upwards of twenty years
ago, two pairs of the Hereford reds, and bred
from crosses lietwecn them until T was induced
to discoTitinue in consequence of an aj)prehen-
sion that I should breed in too far, which in
some instances I found to be the case. I could
not obtain conveniently crosses from other
females of the same race."

"Mr. Clay afterwards remarks: 'My opinion

is that the Herefords make better work cattle,
are hardier, and will, upon being fattened, take
themselves to market better than their rivals.
They are also fair milkers. On the other hand,
the Durhams, I think, have the advantage iu
earlier maturity, in beauty, and in the quality
of milk which they will yield. They will also
attain greater weight and size even.

" 'The choice between the two races should
be regulated somewhat by circumstances. If
one has rich, long and luxuriant grasses, afford-
ing a good bite, and has not too far to drive to
market, he had better breed the Durhams;
otherwise, the Herefords.'

HEREFORD LOW MATCHLESS ALIAS SPOT

(V 5 P IIJ) 10-4

(Bred by J. Turner, Noke Court, Herefordshire; imported

by Wm. H. Sotham. First prize R. A. S. E. show

at Oxford, 1839; dam of the first prize yearling

bull at the same show.)

"After some remarks in relation to the origin
of the two races, he continues : 'The Herefords
resemble the Devons — the race of Xew England
cattle, and a fine race it is. But the Herefords
have the advantage over them of greater size,
greater length, more power colisequently for
draft, and are, I think, quite as quick in the
step and as good at the pail.'

" 'I have thus,' he says, 'expressed my opinion ;
but I must add that here in Kentucky, the
Durhams are generally preferred to all other
races. Our grasses are rieli and abundant, and
our blue grass especially (a name inijiroperly
given, for it is a green sward) is an object of
great admiration. The Durhams are mueli more
generally distributed than the Herefords, there
being none of the latter, within my knowledge,
but what have .sprung from my importation.'

"Mr. Clay's opinion cannot i)e regarded other-
wise than as strong testimony in favor of the
Herefords, though 1 presume his general state-
ments are to be understood to apply as mucli
to his mixed as to his pure-bred aninuils. Tliat
mixture was with the Shortliorn, and it is not
impossible that this drop of alien blood has had

120

HIS T U i; Y O F 11 E K E V O li D C A T T L E

a significant bearing on tlieir 'lair" milking
proporties. Nor is it to be presumed that this
cross has resulted in very serious deterioration
to the Hercfords in other respects.

"Since writing the above the 'Cultivator' of
November has come to hand, containing a com-
munication from Jlr. Sotham on the subject of
tlie llerefords, in which he takes the same posi-
tion with Mr. Bement in relation to their milk-
ing properties, and also denies the correctness
of other portions of my description of them, in
the essay already alhuled to. Mr. Sotham has
doubtless imported some very valuable animals.
I have not had the pleasure of seeing them init
have conversed with several intelligent bret'd-

Mli. RUST S CKAIiK llKKEFOKLl OX, WEIGHT 3.700 LBS.
(The sensation ot the first N. Y. S. F., 1841.)

ers who have examined them closely, and who
speak of them favorably. One gentleman writes
me: 'They have nearly the size and breadth
of loin of the Durham, but are coarser in the
head and are not so liandsome.'

"This is certainly a very different descriji-
tion from that given by Mr. Youatt. How are
we to account for this discrepancy? It is but
six years since Mit. Y^ouatt wrote, and his re-
marks, therefore, cannot be supposed to apply
to the breed as they existed 'twenty or thirty
years ago," as suggested by ilr. Sotham. It is
well known, too, tliat his great work on 'Britisji
f'attlc" was published under the auspices of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,
and that he was aided in it by the first breeders
ill England, who are equally responsible with
himself for the correctness of his statements.
Writing with little individual inten>st or bias
of his own, it is perfectly api)arent through his
whole work that it is his aim to present every
breed ])osscssing any channs, in its most favor-
able coloring. The rpiotations made by me are
neither isolated nor garliled ones. The history
of the struggle between the Diirliams and the

llerefords, as well as the Devon.*, Lancashires,
etc., is the same throughout nearly all the most
fertile districts of England. In almost every
one the star of the Shorthorns has risen to the
ascendant. It strikes me as idle to talk of 'un-
just accusations," 'prejudice and abuse,' as di-
rected towards any ])articular breed. The con-
test has been a warm one — many severe things
have been said on both sides, but how are we
to sujjpose that the llerefords have been more
'abused" or called on to encounter more 'preju-
dice" than their rivals? One would naturally
infer precisely the contrary. The llerefords
are an indigenous breed — or, at all events, they
separated from the parent stock (the Devon)
at a period 'whereof the memory of man run-
neth not to the contrary.' On the other hand,
it is little less than a century since a little hand-
ful of cattle, in the hands of three or fnur
breeders, on the banks of the Tees, were at-
taining that superiority which has since as-
serted itself beyond intervening oceans, on the
then scarcely discovered Ohio. 'Prejudice' is
ordinarily enlisted on the side of antiquity and
oj)j)osition to innovation. The Herefords were
a known and favorite breed long before the im-
jiroved family of Shorthorns had their origin.
The Shorthorns were the innovators — innova-
tors in size, shape, and last, but not least, in
jiopular estimation, color. Is it not they instead
of their opponents which have been made the
])articular victims of 'abuse' and 'prejudice?" I
confess I have always so regarded it. 1 will cite
one specimen of unfairness and 'abuse' which
has been frequently resorted to against them.
It is this: The advocates of other breeds in
making their pretended exjieriments between
improved Shorthorns and their own favorite
breed, in feeding properties, etc., have repeat-
edly selected the unimproved Shorthorn
(known as Lineolns, Teeswater, Holderness,
etc.) to make the trial with, and then ])ublish
the result to the world as a fair experiment.
But enough of this.

"^fr. Sdtliani differs as widely from Mr. Clay
as from Mr.. Yoi-att. Mr. Clay says: 'The
Herefords resemble the Devons, the race of New
England cattle.' Do the Devons or New Eng-
land cattle a])i)roximafe in size and breadth of
loin to the Durham? A single instance of this
kind might well be deemed an extraordinary
one.

"I will not refer to Marshall, Lawrence, Cul-
ley, Loudan, or the other old Engli.sh writers,
because it may be objected that the breed has
changed since their day [discretion the better
|)art here. '!'. L. M. | It may be riMiiarked,
liowever, that they speak of the Herefords in

HISTORY OF HEREFORJJ CATTLE

121

the same general terms with Mr. Youatt. [Xot
Marshall. T. L. M.] I might cite the opinions
of many eminent English [Shorthorn. T. L.
M.] breeders residing in this country, in cor-
roboration of their opinions, but shall not do it
on this occasion as it would occupy much space
in an otherwise suflRciently extended article.

"I will now ask if the concurrent testimony
of all the standard English writers of cattle,
ancient and recent, corroborated, too, by state-
ments of many eminent breeders, do not prove
that the Herefords have been — have been, too,
if we may rely on the authority of Mk. Youatt,
unchanged until within six years. If it is pre-
tended that any so great and radical a change
has been effected during that period, does it not
devolve on him who asserts it, to show and to
prove when and where, and how that change has
been effected?

"If a few specimens of animals called by
name are relied on alone to prove it, the ques-
tion arises, what certainty have we that they
truly represent the breed, or that they are pure
blooded and unadulterated animals. The Short-
horn cross, for instance, engrafted on the Here-
ford might work wonders if the color was at-
tended to. It would offer a very convenient so-
lution to the physiological enigma of converting
a small, shapeless and milkless cow into a state-
ly, broad-hipped, deep-milking animal, all
within the space of six years. I do not pretend
to state that such a cross has been made, be-
cause I know nothing about it. Mr. Sotham
doubtless ascertained the character of the men
he dealt with. That Hereford oxen, and some-
times Hereford cows, have recently received
man}^ prizes from English Agricultural Socie-
ties, I have no disposition to deny or conceal.
The oxen in such eases are exhibited in refer-
ence to their ripeness for the hands of the
butcher. The Herefords are conceded on all
hands to be a breed that feed kindly, and that
they should occasionally receive prizes is much
less surprising than would l)e the fact that
they did not. But if a Hereford cow has tri-
umphed over the Durham as a dairy cow, it is
certainly a new thing under the sun, provided
the Durhams were properly represented. I pre-
sume that no breeder of Herefords in this coun-
try will be found willing to challenge the breed-
ers of Sliorthorns to sucli a contest.

"But suppose we concede the point that a
few English breeders have approximated tlie
Hereford to the Sliorthorn in size, shape, early
maturity, etc., the ([uestion immediately pre-
sents itself, cui bo)io? If the Durham already
possesses certain ])ro]K'rties in the greatest at-
tainable degree, what is the practical l)enefit of

forming a new, or remodeling an old variety,
only to attain the same properties? Is it not
better to avail ourselves of the skill and indus-
try of those who have gone before us, commenc-
ing where they left off, than it is to spend our
whole lives in trying to overtake them by a road
of our own? What should we say of the stu-
dent of mathematics, who, disdaining to avail
himself of the labors and discoveries of Xew-
ton and La Place, should begin de novo with
the nine digits and attenij)t to build uj) a math-
ematical system of his own ?

"But it is contended that the Hereford, if
made equal to the Durham in its peculiar
points of value, will superadd to them that
hardihood and muscular power peculiar to the
old Herefords. Tiiis cannot be. It is contrar}'
to physiological laws, which every man's obser-
vation has recognized. The wild boar of the des-
ert, or the pencil immortalized 'Land-pike' of
Mr. Allen, is a better traveler and possesses
more muscular power than the quiet and fat-
secreting Chinese hog. The untamed Argall,
that subsists among the rocks and glaciers of
the Alps, is an animal of greater endurance
and muscular energy than its descendant, the

WOODDINE.

(Calved IS.W. Bred by Wm. H. Sotham: property of H.

Bowen. Jr.. Summit. X. V. First prize N. Y. S. F.,

1S53.)

Leicester slieep. That course of breeding which
modeled th(> Chinese hog, the new Leiccstci-
sheep or the Durham ox, has. and inevitably
must deprive the animal from which lliey de-
scended of that flectness, strength and endur-
ance of the rigors of clinuite, which was neces-
sary for their protection before they were
subjected fo the dominion of man.

"The Hereford, if converted into a Durham,
will eeast> ((I be a Hereftml. Marshall, in giving

122

TTTSTORY Of HEEEFOED CATTLE

his eulogistic (Icscription of the Hereford ox
for labor, did not write of a quiet, sleep-loviug
animal, which would become a lump of fat at
two years old. Mr. Clay, in referring to the
same point, said nothing of animals possessing
the size and broad loin of the Durham, and one
year's earlier maturity. He spoke of a race
'resembling the Xew England cattle.'

"But after all. I am not quite convinced that
the Herefords have been converted into Dur-
hams. If Messrs. Walker, Hewer, and other
breeders in Gloucestershire, had possessed such
animals six years since, it is astonishing thai
they should have escaped the notice of Mr.You-

WILLIA.M MILLER (fXCI.E WIIJ.IEl. STORM LAKE, L\,

(One of the Millers at Markliam who bred Mr. Sotham's

kind of Shorthorns.)

ATT — if they have Im'cii t-rrated. so to speak,
since, it is a little short of miraculous. On the
bleak highlands of Gloucester no breed has been
cultivated with any very marked success. In
the vale of Berkeley (a name so cherished by all
lovers of good cheese) the prevailing breed is a
compound of nearly everything, the old Glou-
cester, Hereford, Devon, Durliam, IxMcester,
Suffolk, Dun, North Wilts, etc. Mr. You.vtt
says e.xpressly: 'There are (in the vale of
Berkeley) no Herefords for the pail, a few
Devons, some Suffolks. a few \orth Wilts, and

the rest Gloucesters, with various crosses.' And
not a word does he say of a race of Herefords in
this county equaling the Devons in size and
form, 'filling the pail as high as most of them,'
of one year's earlier maturity, etc., etc.

"Now, who shall decide when doctors disa-
gree ? Mr. Youatt has certainly given as much
attention to the comparison of the English
breeds as any other individual — is thought in
England to be about as well qualified to arrive
at a correct decision as any other individual,
and, above all, had no personal interest in the
result. ■ This last consideration is of no little
import. 'It is according to our gifts,' as the
Pathfinder w-ould say, that every man's goose
should have a most swan-like appearance to
himself. I do not doubt the propriety of Mr.
Sotham's motives, or the sincerity of his con-
victions. He doubtless believes as he would
have us believe. He deserves high credit for
his enterprise for introducing so valuable a
stock of cattle, but when he calls upon us to give
up opinions supported by all the best English
authorities — opinions until now unquestioned,
we must demand something besides the author-
it)' of an interested witness.

"Yours truly,

"Hexry S. Randall.

"Cortland Village, Nov. 16, 1840."

The reader will here recognize the reasons
for placing prominently heretofore the fact of
Youatt's "History of British Cattle" being
written by Berry, a Shorthorn breeder, and why
wo have been so particular to show the record of
the Smithfield Show: the experiments of the
Duke of Bedford; the sales of Mr. Westear, and
the value of Hereford beef on the London mar-
ket.

In replying to Mr. Hepburn, Mr. Sotham
wrote the publishers of the "Cultivator," as fol-
lows :

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: Anxious as I
may appear to defend the Herefords against
all unjust attacks, I hope not to depreciate any
other breed by it. However high I may value
their good qualities, there are other breeds that
are commendable. I think the right sort of
Durhams hard animals to be beaten, and will
never be intentionally depreciated in value
from my remarks. If I advance my opinion to
society, I am subject to public criticism, and
am ready and willing to meet it. I neither
aim at display nor ever expect to derive any
])ecuniary benefit from it : whenever I am in
error, I hope to be corrected, as wliat I advise
is from my own observation and practice, and
I trust founded on facts. When proved so, all
I ask is to have them confirmed. Should thev

HISTOEY OF HEEEFOED CATTLE

123

tend to promote the public good, my hopes are
realized, the obligatiou canceled, and I am sat-
isfied. I will now endeavor to answer the ob-
jections brought against the Herefords by Mr.
Hepburn.

"Mr. H., I see, has read Youatt, and quoted
a passage from him that he would do better to
reperuse. How far Youatt's practical knowledge
extends is to me a matter of doubt, especially
when he says, 'the Hereford cow is an inferior
animal ; not only is she no milker, but even her
form has been sacrificed by the breeder.' I
refer Mr. H. back to his own quotation, and he
will perceive that Mr. Y. acknowledges the
breeder to have tended to form his cow, to breed
a good ox. I would ask Mr. H. if a good ox
can be bred from an inferior animal, or if any
breed of any kind can be kept up with inferior
dams? There seems to me to be something
wrong in the remark of Mr. Y. that does not
read well to a practical man. I will also refer
him to a sale of Herefords twenty years since
that will show that they stood high at that time
in the estimation of breeders. A sale of Here-
ford cattle took place at Wellington, Hereford-
shire, Oct. 18th. 182(1, the property and extra
stock of the Misses Tomkins, at which 29 lots,
consisting of IG cows, 5 heifers, 2 two-year-old
bulls, six calves, were sold for £4,709 7s; the
highest price was a two-year-old bull, which sold
for £588, or $2,910. The average price of the
29 animals was £162 7% nearly $800 each. This
sale can be referred to by any Hereford or Dur-
ham breeder of note in England as a bona fide
sale. If Mr. Youatt had been at this sale prior
to writing his views of Herefords it might have
been couched in a different position, as I can-
not allow the good judgment of English breed-
ers to be so disgraced as to give such prices for
inferior animals. I cannot think Mr. Youatt
gleaned his information from practical men, or
where were the advocates of all other breeds
when the owner of Trojan offered to show him
against all England for a thousand guineas?
This was more than twenty years since. I can
refer to date and all partfculars if necessary.
If he had been an inferior animal it certainly
would have been accepted, or could any inferior
animal breed a bull of this description? Let
England produce a better bull of any breed
than old Cotmore, or Major, of the present day ;
then I will he convinced that Herefords can be
beaten.

"I might trace the origin of the Durhams
from the ancients without any proof that it was
that breed only, deserved from it the ascend-
ancy. I might pursue their advancement and
find them suiiported by the hands of wealthy.

popular men, who nursed them with the most
tender care, who spared no expense in effecting
their improvement, and gave them the advan-
tage of their art, skill and study. In the mean-
time, a better breed may spring up, go through
a less flattering process, and come out triumph-
antly, and I think all will allow that Durhams
have had the decided advantage over Herefords
in this respect.

'•I am sorry that my remarks do not read

CARDINAL WISEMAN", 1202.

'Calved 1S50: bred by Rev. J. R. Smythies, Lynch Court,

Herefordshire: imported by Coruiug & Sotham, Albany,

N. Y. First prize N. Y. S. F., 1853.)

well to Mr. H. after reading a standard work.
I should like him to explain to me the true de-
rivation of that standard, and establish its
firm foundation, ily idea is that the practical
man that makes the improvement is the truest
standard. A man may be proficient in disease,
and effect many miraculous cures, which I have
no doubt Mr. Youatt has done, and is as highly
respected as any man in England, but we are
all liable to mistakes, and are all ojien to cor-
rection. I am sorry that my efforts are called
forth against him. Whatever the Herefords
may have been, they are all they are represented
to be, beautiful, noble animals. And I think
other breeds will find that they are something
to contend against, to maintain the top stand-
ing, and, as our worthy and esteemed friend \.
B. Allen, Esq., says, that good and gentlemanly
judgment is showing itself in Ohio, that is all I
ask to judge, and will cheerfully abide by the
decision. True judgment, and a right spirit in
agriculture, is all that America requires to make
her what she ought to be. the head of all na-
tions. It was that only that kept England up.
and raised her to what she is.

"I cannot agree with Mr. H. when he tries
to deter men from importing, ily idea is that
wo should get the best animals that can he ob-
tained and of evcrv breed that are likelv to

124

HISTOKY OF llEnEFOIU) CATTLE

render service, lenviuj;^ prejudico out ol' the
question, and as many ol' tlieni as the purse will
allow. A good start is half the battle, and now
is the time to make that start. Those wlio wish
to obtain glory and honor in warfare must not
Lonie to the field when the battle is won, but
must share some part of the burden. Money
cannot pay a man for the care, anxiety, and
risk he is exposed to in importing stock. It is
a task that I shall be glad to see others under-
take, as I have done my share of the duty. I
must now do justice to those we have, which
is much the pleasantest part; there is no art,
no science, no study so pleasing, so substan-
tially gratifying to the mind of man, as to fully
develop the good points of animals, in his own
superior skill and management. Jt may be
made the theme of usefulness. 3ily opinion of
securing good stock, with economy in view, is

SWEETHEART 2ND. 6ij2. A.NU VESTA 4TH. 1232A. AT

18 .MONTHS (1S67).

(Bred by F. W. Stone. Guelph. Ont., Canada.)

this: the fanner should procure two lieifers and
a bull of the very best order of that breed his
taste directed, and let no ])rice stop him, if the
purse will sanction it; what says Shakespeare
that 'pur.se is trash;' so say I, compared with
good aninuils. They were wealth of the first
people ; why not continue that of the present ?

"With any ordinary luck the progeny of two
females will soon extend while the male im-
proves the inferior, and adds value to the whole;
this consideration will sustain high ])rices, and
pure animals cannot he ini])orted witho\it pay-
ing high for them.

"I am further of o])inion that jiure breeders
for sires that can lie depended upon, should he
upheld in high ])rices, so as to enable them to
keep their stock without a stain, as I think the
most important part of breeding lies here. The
progeny always degenerates if the sire has tlie
lightest cross: it is not so with the dam: the
stock will iiii]ir(ivr if the sire is well selected.

"ilr. 11. talks of showing spirit in selecting
a breed of our own. 1 should like to hear his
suggestions in commencing the breed, without
having the best animals to resort to; even their
crossing with a bad breed will take a full cen-
tury to make anything out of it, if founded on
the best judgment. I will allow there are a
limited supply of the best Durhams, but not a
tenth part there should be.

''No person can go to England and fetch the
best animals, unless he is favored in freight, for
Ic-is than $500 each.

"I see our friend, Mr. A. B. Allen, .says that
Ohio is the home of the lordly Shorthorns. I
hail their prominent name, and as ours are
principally of the feminine gender, will say
York State is the home of the ladylike Here-
fords. As ladies are considered the first race
of animals, 1 hope the Herefords will maintain
it. I am, dear sirs, yours sincerely,

"Wll. H. SOTHAM.

"Perch Lake Farm, Jefferson Co., Xov. 25,

KS40."

The "Cultivator," on page 1(5, Vol. 8, gives a
correspondence that was published in the
"Farmer's Magazine"' of December, 1840, grow-
ing out of a challenge given In- John Price, a
Hereford breeder of England, to show a bull
and twenty breeding cows of the Hereford breed
against a similar number of any other breed.
This challenge called out Mr. Bates, the noted
Shorthorn breeder of England, and in the cor-
respondence ilr. Batcs*says: "But I consider
now, and have for about forty years been con-
vinced, that the very best Shorthorns, of which
there are only a few, are capable of improving
all other breeds of cattle in the United King-
dom as well as the ordinary Shorthorns, which
are far from a good breed and inferior to Here-
fords, Devons and others."

On ]iage 19, same volume, Jfr. Sanford How-
ard steps in and gives his testimony as follows:

"Messrs. Editors 'Cultivator': I recollect no-
ticing in your paper some time since a reipiest
that those who have any knowledge of the
Hereford cattle would give their opinion of its
relative merits compared witli the improved
Sliorthorn and other varieties. In Mr. Bement's
communication, ])ubli.<hed in the August num-
ber, he says he thinks there has been no impor-
tation of Herefords excejjling by Mr. Clay,
^lessrs. Corning & Sotham, and himself. This
is a mistake. In the year 1825. if my memory
serves me right, the ilassachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture received as a present
from Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the Royal
Xavy, a hull and a cow of the true Hereford
breed, seh^cted either bv himself or his agent in

HISTOKY OF HEREFOKD CATTLE

125

England. There came a.ho with them, as a
present from the same heneficeut gentleman, an
improved Shorthorn cow (Annabella), a bull
of that breed (Admiral) had before been sent.

"The Hereford cattle were kept for one or
two years in the section of the state where I
then resided, on the farm of John Prince, Esq.,
of Koxbury.

"The cow never had a calf after coming to
this country, and, it being supposed that she
would never breed, she was slaughtered, but I
have been informed that on killing her she was
found to be with calf. As to the quality of her
beef, I cannot speak, but presume Mr. Prince
can give information on this or any other point
relating to these cattle. The cow was certainly
considered one of the most extraordinary ani-
mals for shape and size ever exhibited at the
Brighton (Mass.) Cattle Shows.

"I believe the bull was not patronized to a
very great extent while at Koxbury, it not being
a stock-growing neighborhood, and he was sub-
sequently taken into the interior of the state,
where, if I am not mistaken, he was sold. I saw
many of this bull's progeny in the vicinity of
where he was first kept, and have owned some
of them. They were generally highly esteemed.
They made prodigiously powerful and active
draught cattle — there was a majesty in their
gait, and an elasticity and (juickness of move-

ment which I never saw equaled, and which, to-
gether with their beautiful mahogany color,
and strong constitution, made them decided fa-
vorites with the Yankee teamsters.

"For dairy qualities, the progeny' of this bull
was, as far as my observation extended, an im-
provement on the stock with which he was
crossed. I am aware that the Hereford has not
the reputation of a milking race, and, though
this may be generally correct, it is by no means
certain that some grade of that blood may not
be superior milkers. I will mention an instance
in support of that idea. Several years ago some
cattle of Bakewell's celebrated breed of Long-
horns, called Dishleys, or improved Liecestcrs,
were imported to different parts of this country.
They were famous for fattening, but not for
dairy qualities, yet the half-bloods were gener-
ally good milkers, and some of them were un-
commonly superior in this respect. I know not
how to account for this fact, unless on the
ground of the constitution of the cross being
so much strengthened that they were able to re-
sist the inclemencies of the weather and to di-
gest their food more perfectly and make the
most of it.

"I will here remark that I knew many and
owned several of the progeny of the Improved
Shorthorn bull. Admiral, before mentioned as
having been j^resented to the Massachusetts So-

HEBE 469. BONNY LASS 679, BRED BY LORD B.^TEMAN, AND GRACEFUL 545, BRED BY LORD BERWICK.
(Imported by F. W. Stone and foundation of bis Hebe, Bonny Lass and Graceful families.)

12G

H I s 'i' () i; Y () F n E i; ]■: f o ud v a t t l e

cicty l»y Ailininil Collin, iiiid 1 liinc no hesita-
tion in Hiiving that for tlic ordinary nsuf to
whicii cattle are a]ii)lie(l to the northern seetion
of our eouiitrv. I eoiisiiier the stoek of the
Hereford hull'ahove alludeil to, decidedly iird'-
erable.

"From 1830 to 1837 I resided in tlie .State;
of Maine, and my business was the breeding of
various kinds of stock. 1 bad never seen any
lull bud impioxul Sliotthoin'- \\liich appeared
to posstsK suthciint haidiiuss ot constitution to
adaj)! tin ni to -o iigoiou'^ a clunati. and the

EMPEROR AT 2 YEARS lise?).

(Bred by F. W. Stone, Guelph, Canada. First prize

N. Y. S. F., 1S67.)

hard lahor of the yoke to which oxen are there
subjected. Accordingly, on commencing opera-
tions, I purchased of Hon. Jobn Wells, of Bos-
ton, a bull of a cross between the Hereford and
the Inijiroved Shorthorn, witb a slight dash of
the Hakcwcll. This bull was the easiest animal
to fatten that 1 ever saw — and was of very per-
fect symmetry, vigorous and active, and very
heavy in proportion to the bone. His weight at
six years old, a Tier having lieen wintered on
the coarsest fodder that llir larni afl'orded, was
2,000 ])ounds.

"Witli this bull 1 bred some selected cows of
various grades of different families, my object
Iieing to nuinufacturc and establish a breed bet-
ter adapted than any other, to the soil, climate
and pur])Osc of the section of country for whicli
they were intended.

"As my stock arrived at an age to have the
(|ualities tested, they gradually got into favor;
but as the passions of too many was for stock
of enormous size, and mine had been bnil
wholly witb regard to useful projierties, 1 bad
to wait until the sujieriority could be |iroved
before their merits were generally admitted. I,
however, took several prizes on dill'crent descrip-
tions of cattle at cattle shows of the Kennebec
County Agricultural Society. On leaving

iMaine, I sold some of the best stock which I
luid bred, to Mr. J. W. Haines, of Ha Howell. 1
am informed that it is now considered prefer-
able to any stock ever known in that section.
M r. Haines carries several of the highest prizes
at the Kennebec shows; he took the first on
milch cows, with one which was bred by myself
— the first on bulls, and the first on heifers of
the same stock.

"The recent importations of Herefords by
ilessrs. Corning & Sotham, of your city, must,
by all accounts, be very valuable. A gentleman
from Boston, and a good judge of stock, lately
passed through here on his return from a tour
of the West. He had seen the Herefords above
spoken of, and also had seen the fine herd of
Durhams belonging to Mr. Sullivant, near
Columbus, Ohio, as well as much other fine
stock. Ho pronounced the Herefords superior
in fineness of bone and symmetry to anything
he had ever met with.

"Cannot some of your distant readers be
gratified by a sight of some of these fine Here-
fords in the 'Cultivator"? The portrait of ilr.
Bement's bull, Dallimore, is certainly one of
the best figures I have ever seen. His death
must be a great public as well as individual
loss.

"The remarks of Mr. A. B. Alien in the Oc-
tober number of the 'Cultivator' on the working
and fattening properties of the Herefords, 1
have no doubt are correct ; neither have I any
doubt that wherever strong constitutions arc
required, and oxen are wanted for the yoke, the
Herefords will be ])referre(l to the Improved
Shorthorns, and perhaps to all other breeds.

"Air. Allen expresses some surprise that the
lately imported Herefords have wide loins,
and says the Herefords he had before seen were
narrow at these points. T cannot tbiid< the
Herefords are generally deficient in this par-
ticular. Youatt, in his work on cattle, pub-
lished under the direction of the British So-
ciety for the Diffusion of T^seful Knowledge,
speaking of the preference given liy the Duke
of Bedford to the Herefords, after repeated
trials with nearly all the other breeds in Eng-
land, after mentioning some objections to the
Herefords generally, says of the Duke's cattle:
'They retain all the length of quarter, and
much of the wideness and roundness of hip and
fullness of thigh, which have ever been es-
tienied the ])eculiar excellencies of the Here-
fords. .\ few of them might, in their fore-quar-
ters, he mistaken for Devonshires. but with a
hroadness of chine and weight behind, which
the Devons have rarely attained." (Page 211.)

"But in choosing the breed, the grand object

THUS. DUCKHAM. M. V.. 1816-1902, BAVSHAM (DUKT. KOSS. IIEKKFOUDSH IKK.

To whose palustaklng efforts the greatest credit for the malatenaace and accuracy ot the Hereford Herd Book is due.

128

HISTOIJY OF HEIJKFOUI) CATTLE

woulil lji' to obtain tliu brcod best calculated for
tile particvilar situation I'or wliich it was dc-
signud. Each has its peculiar excellencies and
defects, and the one which may be best for some
locations and purposes, may be worst for otiiers.
The great error in public oj)inion of the j)res-'
ent day in regard to all kinds of stock is the
passion for great size. The only correct me-
dium is, I think, that of your corres])ondent R.
in the August number, 'that the only desirable
size is where we find the greatest weight in the
smallest relative compass.'

"Sanford Howakd.

"Zanesvillc, Ohio, Nov. 7, 1840."

Wm. Hy. Sotham thus wrote the "Cultiva-
tor" :

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: In looking over
the back numbers of the 'London Farmers'
^Magazine,' 1 fijid in that of September, 1837, a
portrait of Sir (Jeorge, and as he is the sire and
grandsire of a portion of our llerefords, I copy
the accompanying account :

" 'The subject of the plate is a Hereford bull,
called "Sir George" [* (405) 9999 T. L. M.J,
the projjcrty of John Hewer, Esq., of Hampton
Lodge, near Hereford. In giving some descrip-
tion of him to our readers we cannot do better
than to quote Mr. Hewer's own account of him.
"Sir George,"' now ten years old, was got by
AVaxv, Waxv bv Wellington, his dam Beautv by
Old Wellington, the sire of Wellington, they
are of the old original blood, and I ijelieve con-
fined to myself. Sir George has won five pre-
miums.'

"I send you this account to show you a por-
trait of the original breed ; and it is my inten-
tion to answer, as briefly as possible, the re-
marks of Mr. Randall and Mr. Hepburn. The
latter says: 'I have selected my weakest adver-
sary, confident of an easy victory.' I know not
why, when each derives his information from
the same source, botli making many (piotations
from theory, the language of one may be rather
more classical than the other, each grounding
their hope of success on the name of a standard
work, that standard not written by a breeder.
Mr. R. launches out with similes from other
writers, and then says: 'But, after all. I am not
convinced that the Hcrefords have been con-
verted into Hurhams,' and I see from the ex-
tract of the Hon. Henry Clay's letter, that his
cattle must liave been selected from such breed-
ers as Mr. Youatt describes, not from the best;

therefore I jierceive nothing formidable in any
remark from either that would cause me fearful
thoughts of an overthrow. If 1 cannot gain the
victory justly, I shall not feel entitled to the
reward.

"Now, gentlemen, I am quite willing to take
you individually or collectively; you may quote
theory back to the fall of Adam if you choose,
and breed cattle from that instruction, and if
you do not possess a fallen race 1 shall be mis-
taken in judgment.

"If we are to enter into a detailed contro-
versy, we must suggest some means of bringing
it before the public for inspection and decision.
The 'Cultivator' (according to your account) is
pressed with too much important matter to ad-
mit of long articles; this can be agreed upon,
and winter evenings are best for farmers"
study.

"I do not see anything more to be noticed in
Mr. R."s article, further than this: He presses
me to challenge the Shorthorn breeders for
milking. I am not disjmsed to give challenges,
but as he has called it forth, I will show a milk-
ing cow in May next against him or Mr. Hep-
burn for a silver cup, value $15; mine shall be
a pure Hereford, my op])onent's a pure Short-
horn. I shall not extend it unless it is urged
upon me. Mr. H. says : 'According to my own
showing, many a good ox has been bred from
an inferior animal." I should like to know when
this assertion was made to me. Have I ac-
knowl('<lged this Hereford cow to be inferior,

• Note. Where, In this volume. In early communications
the herd book numbers are given for Herefords. they
have been Inserted by the author for proper Identification,
the herd books not being In existence at the time. As
far as possible the American as well as the English (in
parenthesis) Qumbcrs are given. T. h. M.

■i^a^tX:--

WALFORD (871) 47. CALVED ABOUT 1844.

^Bred by T. Longmore. Walford won many prizes and his

blood has a powerful influence In the improvement

of the breed.)

because "^'ouatt has? Never. This must lie a
wild thought ; probably I have seen as many of
the best oxen in this country as Mr. H., or any
other ])erson. In the fall of 18.18 I purchased
myself, for barreling, nearly five thousand head
of cattle, in the western country in the course
of two months, and was engaged in that busi-
ness four years previous, when from four to six

FHEDKHICK w II II \ \1 McM , i.i i:i.ni, ONT.. CAXAUA.
Canada'^ Buau>t iiii|.uii,i c.i |Mnv-liivd live stix;k.

130

II I S TO i; Y ()

KKFOIM) TATTLE

thousand were slaughtered annually, selecting
the best for the New York market, and the
whole time 1 did not see an ox that was border-
ing on goodness (for what 1 call a show beast) ;
good breeding must be looked to for such an
animal, and requires as much skill as it does to
breed a bull or cow. I should have been much
sur[)rised at this remark from a breeder, bad 1
not known he was led astray by the study of
theory alone. Mr. H. may have seen larger
oxen, but I doubt whether he ever saw the first
quality. 1 shall leave the breeders of our cattle
to answer the unwarrantable attack he has
made on them. I shall only tell him that were
they disposed to steal 'crosses,' represent them
pure when not so, they could not show them for

ERASTUS CORNING, ALBANY. N. Y.

a premium ; a true certificate of their pedigree
is demanded. If they are entered as pure Here-
fords, they must prove so, or the beast is dis-
qualified, the owner erased from the list and
never allowed to show an animal again. Match-
less [Mr. Sotham's cow, entered in the Herd
Books as Spot 1070. T. L. M.] was entered as
a pure Hereford, won the first prize, and I defy
any man to prove there is a drop of Durliam
blood in her veins, or any other of our animals
that I say are Herefords. I hope this is plain
enough for Mr. Hepburn. We have a half-
bred Durham heifer, as I have before stated,
and a man that can distinguish a mule from a

Spanish ass, can see this cross, though I think
her a superior animal. I refer these gentlemen
to a late number of the 'Farmers' Magazine,' to
peruse the letters of Mr. Price and Mr. Bates;
there they may profit from practical knowledge,
and see what the Herefords were forty years
ago in their estimation.

"I was honored by a letter from the Earl of
Warwick a few days since, which I send you,
and trust his lordship will not feel displeased
at his name appearing in your valuable paper.
Much information may be gleaned from it.

"I think I may say, with confidence, we have
just received from R. Lovel, Esq., Edgecott
Lodge, one of the finest Shorthorn heifers, com-
ing three years old, that ever crossed the water.
I will send you her likeness and pedigree at
some future period; she is a pure herd book
animal.

"I could say much on Mr. R. and Mr. H.'s
articles, but will leave it to consult your space,
or some other means, to do it. Their ideas of
arriving into notice as breeders, in six or eight
.years, are quite ridiculous unless at an enor-
moxis expense to start with.

"Yours sincerely,

"Wm. Hy. Sotham.
"I'erch Lake Farm, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Feb.,

1841."'

The following is the letter from the Earl of
Warwick, mentioned by Mr. Sotham :

"r Carlton Gardens, Dec. '28, 1840.

"Sir: I received your letter of the 13th of
November, and accompanied by a 'Cultivator'
paper; your wishing an answer induces me to
send one, but not breeding myself any Here-
fordshire cattle, I fear I have little satisfactory
to communicate; or any breeding stock on my
farm to show you should you visit this country.
I consider they can breed better stock in the
counties where the whole attention of the farm
is devoted to that object. 1 therefore buy in
my stock, poor, between two and three years
old ; fat them, and feed them off for the butcher
as I can get them ready on grass for summer
keep; Swede turnips (on which I mostly de-
pend) and hay for the winter keep, with some
finish only, of oil-cake when necessary. To do
which it would be immaterial to me what breed
1 bought, or where, depending on what would
grow fat fastest as good butcher's beasts, the
butcher being my customer, and I have no
doubt the Herefords are the best breed for such
objects, and notwithstanding well-bred ones are
bought very dear (a ju-oof of their estimation),
I think they pay for their keep, turning into
money fastest for the food they eat, and less
liable to casualties from the thriving disposition

— X

5 H

5 >

13:J

HISTOKY OF 11E1!EF01!D CATTLE

of their constitutions to do well, and lay on
tlesli while growing. I send into Herefordshire
and buy in lean, young stock of the best breed-
ers, not trusting to fairs; I know how all are
bred.

''The ox I won the first prize with at the
Sniithfield Show last year (If 65) (and the best
Least of the class shown, ninety competitors) I
so bought as a three-year-old (with many more)
for £17 ($85), lean. He ran with the other
steers, and was put up with them to fat, and 1
never thought of sending him to the Smithtield
till two months before the show, as I never sent
a beast there before. After the show I sold him
to a London butcher to kill for £70 ($350).
There is a wretched print of him in the London
shops. The painter who did his picture for me
is Jlr. Davis, animal painter to the Queen, and
lives at Chelsea. He has made a very good col-
ored engraving, and one of which I shall be
very happy to procure for you, if you will have
the goodness to write to me when you arrive
ne.\t summer in England.

"We breed some pretty good Leicester sheep
in Warwickshire. My bailiff- will be happy to
show you anything I may have, if you are likely
to be that way. I only breed sheep — we con-
sider nothing like the Leicester for long wool.

and Southdowns for short. A Leicester tup has
been known to let for the season for £1,000.
My House in London is 7 Carlton Gardens.
"Your obedient servant,

"Warwick.

"W. H. Sotham, Esq."

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: Since writing
you, I learn from Mr. Thornton (the person
who has charge of our stock) that the heifer
Spot, by 'Sir George,' coming three years old,
calved on the 18th of January, is now giving
from five to six quarts of milk daily over what
her calf sucks.; he is a fine bull, thriving very
fast, is her first calf and lies loose in the stable
with her; her feed has been cut straw and hay
of about equal quantities, mixed with about a
peck of bran. Gay is the dam of Spot, whose
pedigree may be seen in the July number of the
"Cultivator.'

"Y'ours sincerely,

"Wii. Hy. Sotham.

"Albany, Feb. 20, 1841."

We submit that ilr. Sotham conducted this
controversy in an able and gentlemanly man-
ner. We next find Mr. li. S. Randall coming
to the attack in an article entitled "The Short-
horns and Herefords."

"Messrs. Editors: It is with deep concern

TOMB OF TflE PARENTS OF WM. H. SOTHAM, IN WOOTON CHVKCHYARD. OXFOKUSHIKE.

HISTORY OF HEREFOKD CATTLE

133

that I perceive by a eoiniminication in your
March number that Mr. Sotliani lias lo.st some
of that comity of feeling with which he pro-
fessed to enter into the discussion of the rela-
tive merits of the Shorthorns and the Here-
fords, more especially that he has, without
pausing to consider the pain and injury it
would inflict, spoken in lernis falling little
short of utter disrespect of the breeding skill,
and even the knowledge of what constitutes the
valuable points of cattle, possessed by Mr. You-
ATT, Hon. Henry Clay, Mr. Hepburn, and late-
I)', my humble self. No man, I will venture to
say, intimately acquainted with Mr. Sotham,
values him more highly than I do, and I have
ever believed that he was by no means properly
appreciated by a large portion of our breeders.
"I well recollect with what profound pleas-
ure I hailed Mr. Sotham's communication from
England (published in your October number),
that he was on his way to this country, 'with the
best lot of stock ever seen together,' and his
modest challenge to the owners of the best cat-
tle in America, to meet him at the cattle show
at Niblo's in October. It is an affair of more
magnitude than eVery one may suppose for one
man to buy up 'the best lot of stock ever seen,'
even in the small Island of Enirland. and I

could not helj) fancying the deep mortification,
the unavailing regrets of such men as Earl
Spencer, Mr. Bates, and other English breed-
ers, when they ascertained the fact and found
that the broad Atlantic rolled between the
aforesaid 'lot" and England. What deep and
lasting gratitude then should every American
have felt towards so great a public benefactor.
But alas ! all know that the 'ingratitude of re-
publics' has passed into an adage. The fair
day arrived at Niblo's, and with it arrived Mr.
Sotham, with the Hereford cow (with the
aliases) that 'won the first prize at Oxford,
1839, against all England ;' the cart mare and
cart colt, 'allowed Ijy the best judges to be as
good as England could produce ;' the twenty-
four rams that 'could not be beaten even in
England;' and lastly, 'the pigs of various de-
scriptions, the best that could be procured in
England.' Mark the astounding .sequel. The
cow that 'beat England' was beaten by an Amer-
ican-bred Durham, though rumor says that Mr.
Sotham actually condescended to wait person-
ally on the committee, after they had retired to
their room for consultation, for the generous
purpose of imparting his superior knowledge of
what constituted the true excellencies of cattle,
and to inform tlioii in what low estimation the

WOOTO.X CIIIKI'H, OXFORDSHIRK, KMII.ANI). (The cross marks location of the Sotham tomb.)

13-1

H I s 'J' 0 K Y () J' 1 r !■: I ; i: f o k d c a t t l e

cow that sulisi'Cjui'iitly proved to hv tliu winiUT
would be held ill England. Whether any of the
four-aiid-twenty rams — like the fiddlers of old,
'all in a row," received premiums, I am unable
to say, though I learn that some of Mr. Soth-
am"s sheep were beaten by Mr. C'lift's. And to
show at what an utterly low ebb the taste of
our country is in such respects, 1 will state that
I am credibly informed that those splendid
steeds, as well as those pigs, whose loss it is
feared England will never be able to repair,
were actually laughed at by two-thirds of the
ignorant, impudent Yankees present.

"But enough of this. It only proves that men
in advance of their age are rarely appreciated
by it. Oaliic'O fnuiid it so; Copernicus found

A t.\bli;t in wooton church.

it so ; C'a])t. Symes found it so, and Mr. Henry
Sotham. if he finds it so, should neither be
grieved nor disappointed. It is your empty,
swaggering, conceited fellow, wdio always pro-
claim their own 'best.' who are most successful
in these degenerate days ; for the modest and
nnassiuniiig there is but little chance. The
simple fact that the Committee of the Ameri-
can Institute decided against Mr. Sotham's
Iferefords, proves nothing. That they were 'the
best of the lot' at Niblo's, or that 'were ever
seen,' we have the most indisinitalde authority
— the same which the Marslial Montmorenci

had, that the Dauphin was a brave man, the
Dauphin told him so iiiinself. Will any man
deny that this was

" 'Confirmation strong
As proof of holy writ.'

"But I must say I think it was hardly mag-
nanimous of Mr. Sotham, after seducing
Messrs. Clay, Hepburn, myself and others into
this controversy by honeyed assurances of deal-
ing gently and lenient with us, to suddenly,
without a word of warning, convert a merely
friendly passage of arms into deadly strife. It
might have evinced considerable nerve on the
part of Fitz James to say to a party of wild
Gael, 'Come one, come all.' But Mr. Sotham,
when he says he is willing to stand a brush with "
Messrs. Youatt, Clay, Hepburn, etc., 'individ-
ually or collectively,' well knows that he utters
a safe challenge. True, Mr. Y'ouatt is coneed-
edly the first writer in England on cattle, Mr.
Clay is a clever man in the Senate, and one of
the first breeders of the various kinds of im-
proved cattle in the Western States. Mr. Hep-
burn certainly writes like an intelligent man —
but which of these men ever 'purchased live
thousand cattle in two months,' or belonged to
a concern 'which slaughtered from four to si.x
thousand annually for four years?' If there be
truth in the sage old apothegm that, 'He who
kills fat cattle must himself be fat,' does it not
follow by a parity of reasoning that he who
buys and slaughters cattle must be an adept in
the science of breeding them ? Cannot your
butcher, who wields the knife and cleaver, man-
ufacture these implements better than your
mere blacksmith who, perhaps, never cut up a
beef in his life? We doul)t whetlier this last
process was ever performed liy Mr. Youatt, un-
less in the way of dissection ; and as for the
Kentucky Senator, confess,

'An' thou lovest mo, Hal,'

that there's many a man within half a dozen
miles of .\sliland. who has l)()Ught more, killed
more, barreled more and ate more beef than
thyself, and argal, knows better how to breed it.
The fierce old Hcpburns, of East Lothian, were
drovers and butchers both in a border foray,
but we doid)t whether their peaceable I'ennsvl-
vania descendant has ever drove or slaughtered
."j.OOn cattle in his life. If not, what siiould he
presume to know about breeding fine cattle?

"By the way, we should like to know what
was the 'head and front' of this unfortunate
man's 'ofTending' that he should be selected as
the especial victim of Sotham's ir<^ — used tip —
as little of him left as the famous Kilkeniiv

History of Hereford cattle

13a

cats. Was it for suggesting that the recently
imported Herefords were indebted to a Short-
horn cross for their improved points? Mr. Hep-
burn undoubtedly considered this tlie greatest
compliment he could pay them. Mr. Sothani,
in the October number of the 'Cultivator," page
161, in enumerating 'the best lot of stock ever
seen together," says, 'one-half blood between the
Hereford and Durham, to show the cross, which
I think an excellent one, probaljly better than
the pure breed of either, and from what I saw
of Mr. Cother"s, of Middle Aston, it may be
e-xtended much further than is generally sup-
posed, for his fourth cross was equal to the first
— not the least sign of degeneration." Can
words be more explicit? And what did Mr.
Hepburn do but 'follow in the footsteps of his
illustrious predecessor?" Why, Mr. Sotham is
as difficult to please (the best have their foi-
bles) as the drunkard, who, reeling home at
midnight, declared 'if he found his wife up, he
would whip her for not going to bed when she
ought to have done ; if he found her abed, he
would whip her for not sitting up and waiting
for him." Disagree with Mr. Sotham and you
incur the fate of Clay and Youatt ; agree with
him and the shade of the mangled Pennsyl-
vanian arises warningly before you. Mr. Hep-

burn only surmised (in common with many
others) that Mr. Sotham has been a more for-
tunate man than he hini.'^elf supposed — that in-
stead of mere Herefords he had actually ob-
tained that cross between the Herefords and the
Durhams, which we have Mr. Sotham"s own
authority for su])posing 'better than the pure
breed of either." Why should Mr. Sotham ob-
ject to having it believed that his cattle have
received that last finishing touch, which, by his
own showing, will make perfection more per-
fect. Is it modesty — the fear of claiming for
his own more than they deserve ? Y'et,' he may
be mistaken against himself. He says of the
cow that was beaten at Niblo"s, 'I defy any man
to prove that there is a drop of Durham blood
in her veins.' I presume there is not, but, sup-
posing there was, and a good many of them,
who could testify to it, except the breeder? I
assert that my pig is pure land-pike, and now
grant, for the sake of argument, there are sev-
eral drops of the 'alligator' in him, how is Mr.
Hewer or Mr. Sotham to ascertain the fact if I
see fit to conceal it?

"Finally, Jlr. Sotham challenges Jlr. Hep-
brirn or myself to exhibit a pure Shorthorn
against one of his pure Herefords, as a milking
cow in May next, for a silver cup, value $!.">.

7//I////

m

^'.V''

SIR CHARLES (3434) 543.
(Bred by F. W, Stoue, purcliasi-d by T. L. Miller, 1872, for $1,000 gold. From drawing by E. 11, Pewvyl

13G

HISTOliY OF II K J!E1-"U1;D CATTLE

Now did Mr. Sulliain ever hear of a shrewd
Yankee by the name of Ezekiel Peabody, who,
having tried in vain to dispose of a horse for
$40, rode him one bright morning briskly into
the town of C. (where several sportsmen ri'-
sidi'd), and offered to wager $15 that the afore-
said horse eould out-run anything in C. for a
mile; and how that he finally consented to sell
'Connecticut Eclipse" to young "Squire W. for
$150, before the race came off? But would not
Ezekiel have betrayed a great want of discre-
tion had he suffered his motive for making the
bet to leak out in the presence of a third per-
son who was under no obligation to keep it from
the other parties? I will merely add that this
'silver cup" challenge came to my ears long be-
fore it was openly made to me. Verbum sap.

actual measurement of milk — or, rather, the
pounds of butter made during one week of each
month from the time of calving to the time of
exhibition — the matter to be decided at the an-
nual fair of the State Agricultural Society — 1
hereby distinctly inform him he shall be met.
Satisfactory proof to be had, of course, of tlu'
milk and butter produced by each cow, and the
bet to be forfeited in case either party should
'sell out." If Mr. Sotham accepts this challenge
he will signify it in your next number, to enable
the proj)er steps to be taken.

"IIexry S. Randall.
"Cortland Village, :March, 1841."
We find in this controversy Hepburn charg-
ing fraud in the breeding, and when obliged to
admit the merit of Mr. Sotham"s cattle, then

JOHN R. PAGE'S CONCEPTION OF SIR CHARLES (3434) 543.

"In reply to that challenge I may be per-
mitted to say that I never have paraded my own
stock before the jniblic. I have discussed the
merits of the Shorthorns and Herefords as fam-
ilies without converting my communication into
advertisements setting forth the merits of my
own animals, as the vendors of patent medicines
recount the wonderful virtues of their nos-
trums. My herd, always small, has been ren-
dered still more so by recent sales, and circum-
stances have induced me to turn much of my
attention to crosses between the Shorthorn and
other varieties. Rut if Mr. Sotham is really in
earnest — if he wishes to risk $50 or $100 on the
milking properties of a pure Shorthorn and a
pure Hereford, by the proper tests (say the

claiming the credit due to Shorthorn crosses.
^Ir. Randall there loaves the argument and the
nu'rits of the breeds and proceeds to personal
abuse. These two men are representative Short-
horn men from the time that Berry enteri'd
upon the Hereford-Shorthorn controversy, from
1820 to 1830 down to the present time.

The Randalls, Hepburns, Aliens, Pages, Ste-
vens, Nichols. Matthews, Ander-'^ons. Judys.
Sanders, Rusts, and the entire list are of one
class, and made use of the same measures, and
substantially the same language. They came
before the stockmen of the world in 1834 with
the livery of that august society termed the "So-
ciety for the niffusion of Useful Knowledge,"
oflicenMl l)v the nobilitv of Kn^laiid, and use<l as

HISTOKY OF HEREFOBD CATTLE

137

their scribe a learned and scholarly student, and
asked the world to witness the impartial his-
tory written by this scholar and endorsed by the
nobility of England.

And then follow such men as Randall, Ste-
vens, Page, x\llen, Xichols, Anderson and Mat-
thews, asking the stockmen to believe that his-
tory, and accept their claims on that title. If
a political party had come into power on such
fraudulent claims they would Ix' buried beyond
a resurrection when their crime was brought to
light. If a lawyer, in the interest of the client,
should have committed such a fraud in his prac-
tice as Berry did in the interest of himself and
his associate Shorthorn breeders, he would have
been prohibited from practice.

What Berry did under the cloak of the "So-
ciety for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,"
Randall, Allen and Stevens and their associates
did in organizing the State Board of Agricul-
ture of Xew York, and they used it as Berry
used the English Society, and with this ma-
chinery broke the Hereford interest.

Let us look at this. Mr. Sotham, in 1840,
brought to Albany a herd of Hereford cattle.
Mr. Erastus Corning, a wealthy citizen of that
city, bought an interest in them, and would
have probably furnished capital to any extent
needed but Henry S. Randall used the fraud
of Berry, and copying after Berry organized
the New York State Fair, and used it to defeat
the Herefords, and the result was that Mr.
Sotham and his enterprise was financially
ruined, and on these ruins Mr. Randall and his
associates were enabled to perpetuate the fraud
that Berry inaugurated, and the State Agricul-
tural Societies have been brought imder this
Shorthorn influence and each and all have been
made tributary and obedient to the Shorthorn
behest, and every man that has dared to ques-
tion their right has been broken. Thus, the
Shorthorn breeders again, in my time, have en-
deavored to do with this movement. This was
witnessed by one of the most fraudulent con-
spiracies ever conducted, that was pushed dur-
ing the year 1881 with all the venom and malice
that could be devised. But it was met and
hurled back upon the originators.

Let us see how Mr. Sotham met this abuse.
We find his answer in the "Cultivator," on page
83:

"Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: T have read
with much amusement the highly facetious let-
ter of Mr. Henry S. Randall, in your last 'Cul-
tivator,' and laughed at its contents almost as
much as he says 'the impudent Yankees' did at
my steeds and pigs. Jfy mirth, however, was
mingled with a feeling of regret that I had in-

curred his wrath, and that his good .«ense (of
which I had previously a high opinion) had
allowed him to- stoop to ridicule and ribaldry
as a 'dernier resort,' certain signs of a weak
argument.

"I know nothing of his friend, 'Mr. Ezekiel
Peabody,' and therefore give Mr. Randall all
the credit he can gain by '.is acquaintance; and

THE B.VTES SHORTHORX IDEAL, IMI'iJKI
OF AIRDRIE (12730)
(From a drawing by J. R. Page.)

I leave all such passages, dictated as they are,
by anything but good breeding and gentlemanly
discretion, to pass for what they are worth,
which I think will be very little, less even than
the shadow of one of the Kilkenny cats, so wit-
tily served up in the '011a Podrida' with which
we are regaled. Such insinuations are unwor-
thy of Mr. R., and are beneath my notice. I
will merely answer those parts of his letter
which appear businesslike.

"In the first place, I am aware I spoke highly
and confidently regarding my purchases : but it
was not bravado. I knew the prejudices I had
to contend against, the true worth of my ani-
mals, and was willing to l)ack my own opinion.
I see by 3'our last paper that 1 have raised up
opponents who will throw out every obstacle
against me, but 'Truth is mighty ancl will pre-
vail,' and they shall not drive tne from my pur-
pose. I did not intend to say anything regard-
ing the judges at Xiblo's fair, but only wished
for an opportunity to test their judgment. Mr.
R.'s article has given it to me. I will show
'Matchless' against any cow in the United
States, of any breed, as the most valuable ani-
mal, for a cup of the same value as was there
given, adding the expenses of the judges, who
shall bo selected in the following manner: I
will name mine, my opponent his, these two se-
lecting a third : and to prove that I am not
actuated by any exclusive feeling I will show a

138

H J S T O K Y OF Jl E H K F () i; 1 ) (' A 1' T L K

three-vear-olil Durham heifer lately imported
ajtainst the one produced by my opponent,
whether winner or loser, on the same terms. I
will also show a Berkshire boar and sow now in
the possession ol' Mr. John Thomas, of Albany,
nine months old, which were a part of the iden-
tical stock so cruelly 'laughed at," against any-
thing in this state of the same breed, excepting
Mr. Allen's herd, of Buffalo (as I think him the
best judge to decide), for a prize similar to the
one given by the Institute. I will go still fur-
ther; ilr. C'lift has the two ewes shown at the
fair now in his possession, and 1 presume both
have lived together and fared alike since then;
if so, they shall be exhibited at Mr. C."s farm;
I will accom])any Mr. R. there, Avho shall be
the judge, without knowing to whom either
originally belonged, and 1 will venture a similar
cup to the one Mr. C. gained on his decision.

"As regards the milking dispute 1 shall not
go beyond the ])roposition 1 have made, but am
ready to fulfill that 'in earnest.' ily cow shall
be pure Hereford, but I could not agree to for-
feit if not in my possession. She shall be one
of the 'twenty-four" I imported last summer.
It is not my wish to make any sort of gambling
contest of this business, but to give an excellent
breed of cattle a chance of being appreciated as
they ought to be, and to silence their traducers.

A TYPICAL IlKKKFil!:!! nF IMv ci iTMHUi:. WKICHT

Z.'J-M LUS., AT :• VKAi^S OLIi.

(From an old painting.)

and I refer the public to Mr. R."s various epis-
tles to .say whether or not they have made it
incumbent on me so to do, or whether I had
any alternative but to reply, or to submit in
silence to liis injurious misrepresentations.
Should my offers be taken and the triutnph be
mine, I shall value the prizes as mementoes
worth preserving; should I fail, a second trial
may be more successful, as I am resolved on
jiorseverance.

''ilr. Randall says I have 'seduced" himself
and others into this controversy. Let him refer
back to the 'Cultivator if his memory fails.
He will soon see who commenced it, and I will
leave it to your readers to say whiili of us has
most violated that amenity of feeling which
ought always to accompany us, however eager
we may be to impress our own opinions on the
minds of others, or controvert those of our op-
ponents. I ask Mr. R. what accusation can be
more opprobrious than that of 'stealing?" And
has not ilr. Hepburn endeavored to fix this
charge on the breeders of our cattle? I also
again ask him to cross his pure Berkshire with
the 'land-pike' he sjjeaks of, exhibit the produce
to proper judges, with his certificate of pedi-
gree and purity, and if he is not detected by
them, the said produce and his own conscience,
he may then venture on the 'alligator," and 1
will believe that 'stolen" crosses may be con-
cealed. I say now what I have said before,
that a cross with a Hereford and Durham is an
excellent one, probably lietter than the pure
breed of either, Init cannot lie brought under
the observation of a judge witliout immediate
detection.

"I must now call your attention to ilr. You-
att's text book, to which ilr. Randall and ilr.
Hepburn seem to have pinned their faith with
an obstinacy which regards anytliing tliat may
differ in the smallest degree with its dogmas,
as an innovation and a heresy not to be toler-
ated, ilr. Y'ouatt is unquestionably a man of
great talent and judgment ; he, however, is but
a man and is liable to errors like others; while,
therefore, his opinions have all the weight
wliich they so justly deserve, with practical men
in bis own country, these men do not, like
Messrs. Randall and Hepburn, make an agri-
cidtural Pope of him, or consider his book (ex-
cellent though it be) as the agricultural gos-
pel. Science and improvement are too much on
the advance to rest long on any jiarticular
point. But to return to the text book : On the
nth page he says, speaking of Devons: 'They
have long been celebrated for a breed of cattle
beautiful in the highest degree; and in activity
at work and aptness to fatten unrivaled.'
In sjieaking of the Herefords. page 3'2. he says:
'They are even more kindly feeders than the
Devons, and will live and grow fat where a
Devon will scarcely live." .And, further, in the
same page: 'The Devons will ac{]uire bulk and
hardihood, and the Herefords a finer form and
activity." These are his exact words, (ientle-
men, reflect on these conflicting statements, and
reconcile these contradictions if you can. When
Mr. R.'s classical knowledge, backed by Mr. H.'^

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

139

'intelligence,' have shed their light on them
and converted such language into reason and
proof, I shall then believe there is real and
sound advantage in studying the classics; but
till then I shall be content to make my quota-
tions in humble dog Latin; to 'gaUus meusego
et nunquam animus' notwithstanding Mr. R."s
terrific range of literary acquirements from
the 'Kilkenny cats" and his 'friend Peabody," to
'Galileo' and 'Copernicus,' his high sportive and
illuminating prose, his poetic taste, and
'slaughtering' satire. But enough of this. I
will turn to another attack.

"When I sent you the 'Earl's letter' for pub-
lication I did not expect my motives to be im-
pugned, or my character calumniated by an
illiberal suspicion ; my object was to show that
the men of the highest rank in England know
the value of good stock equally well as the prac-
tical breeder; and the advantages to be derived
from a careful selection. The latter was a
'genuine,' off-hand, businesslike communication,
in which forms and phrases were evidently less
thought of than the sound infornuition con-
veyed in it ; and I very much regret that it did
not please the fastidious taste of your several
correspondents. Doubtless some of them
thought that an 'Earl" should convey his in-
formation on the science of breeding cattle in
a most labored and elegant pastoral compo-
sition. For the criticisms on myself, I care
not; I write with a view only of promoting
the farmer's welfare and the cause of truth.
I am not so easily pulled down, therefore,
by any error dn etymology and syntax. I
have taken my stand and propose to main-
tain it. Now, Mr. Editors, I will be very
much obliged if you would tell me the names of
your private correspondents, or publish their
communications, so that I may distinguish my
friends from my enemies.

"I send you a letter from Mr. Turner, Court
of Noke, Herefordshire, a gentleman well
known in the agricultural world, so that you
may again state that you have seen the 'origi-
nal' from which my extracts below are taken.

" 'It is a well-known fact that there is no
other breed that can compete with the Here-
fords as regards a profital)le stock. For instance,
the incmnrable old Mr. Westcar, the Bucking-
hamshire grazier, at the dinner of the Christ-
mas Cattle Show, some years ago, when the first
prize in the first class was awarded to a Durham
ox, the owmer in the heat of the moment rose
and offered to bet a wager that lie won the same
prize on the following year with an ox of (he
same breed. Mr. W. silenced him with this
public challenge. He would go to the next Oc-

THOMAS BOOTH.
The Great English Shorthorn

tober fair at Hereford and purchase one hun-
dred oxen of the Hereford breed, which he
would feed and show against the same number
of all -the breeds in England, for one hundred
guineas per head, or two thousand guineas,
which offer no one dare accept.' This was done
to show the ricli men who then possessed the
Durhams, that he was ready to support the
Herefords with his purse. 'He then told the
company that during his experience as a grazier
he had fed and sold twenty Herefordshire oxen
to the butcher at
an average of one
hundred guineas
each, and he
would defy all the
breeders of Short-
horns together to
say they had doiir
the like. As re-
gards my own
breed of Here-
fords, I can jjoast
of having bred tln'
last ox sold to tlic
slaughterer f o r
one hundred
pounds, which was
in 18"27, since that
several steers un-
der four years old, from sixty to seventy pounds.
I have much pleasure in saying my herd has
not degenerated," as will appear by the show at
Hereford last week. All the prize cattle were
either bred by, or descended from, bulls of my
own breed. Mr. Perry purchased the "Gold-
finder"' of nie when a yearling."

" 'As regards the Hereford breed for dairy
purposes I can speak from experience that when
well kept few will answer better. I can give an
instance of a prime cow of my father's produc-
ing thirteen pounds of huitcr per week when al-
lowed hay and cabbages the whole of the winter ;
but the principle of the Herefords being llu;
stock, little attention is paid to the dairy. We
all know to keep up cows to their milk requires
the most nutritious food, which is seldom al-
lowed to cows in this country. We have expe-
rienced a very severe winter, and the eiudemic
so prevalent, I fear good stock will not be very
plentiful this spring. The jircsent prices are
very satisfactory to the breeder. The fair at
Hereford wa.s very pleasing to do business at,
a com])lete clearance of all good stock, particu-
larly bulls, of which there was a most splendid
exhibition.'

"I now conclude with one remark for tlie
satisfaction of Mr. R., that 'Matchless' was

140

1 r I S T 0 R Y T) F HEREFORD f ' A T T L E

bred by ifr. TuriuT, j)uruhased by Mr. lli'wcr
for Jlr. James Walker, and the only reason 1
altered her name was 1 had one named 'Spot"
in my first importation.

"1 will give my views on sheep breeding at
some futui-e period. I think nothing is a better
test for profitable animals than those that get
the greatest weight of animal food with the
least vegetables.

"Wm. IIy. SOTIIAJI.

"Perch Lake Farm, April, 1841."
We now give a letter from Mr. Wm. King-
ham, which may he found in the "Cultivator,"'
on page IKJ :

"Messrs. Editors of the 'Cultivator": I have
been induced to take up my pen by the perusal
of a controversy between Messrs. Randall, Hep-
burn and Sotham. I have been acquainted with
the Hereford cattle for the last thirty years, as
a grazier, a dairyman and butcher. My father
used to graze about fifty and dairy about seventy
cows, of different breeds, Longhorns, Short-
horns and Ilerefords, in Oxfordshire, England.
For feeding, the Herefords are not surpassed by
any breed I have ever seen ; for the dairy, I do
not say they are invariably good milkers,
though they are, many of them, very good. I
never kept an account of the produce of a single
cow, but one of my neighbors says he knew a
Hereford cow that made sixteen pounds of but-
ter per week. As a butcher, which business I
worked at in London, and afterwards followed
in Berkshire for eight years, I say the Here-

W4

(First prize, N. Y. S. P., 1867. Krom a drawing by Page.)

forilscut the best stall (d' bcvf I vxrv put a knife
in. .Mr. Hepburn lakes Vouaft for iiis author,
and l)y his dcscrii)tion is led to i)elieve the
Herefords to have been a trifling breed as lately
as six years ago. I know tliem to have been as

good thirty years since as now, and w'henever
they have been shown against the Shorthorns
have oftener gained the prize than their antago-
nists. Mr. Youatt must have been prejudiced
in favor of the Shorthorns, was ignorant of the
qualities of the Herefords, or got his informa-
tion from some one no better informed than
himself. Mr. Hepburn very ingeniously en-
deavors to impose on his understanding by sup-
posing the Herefords of Mr. Sotham to be the
produce of a stolen cross with the Durhams. I
have no doubt but Mr. H.'s experience, if he
lives long, will convince him that his supposi-
tion was erroneous, and that he was misleading
the judgment of the community and doing in-
justice to the breeder and importer by sujipos-
ing them guilty of imposition. I should say,
as a breeder, the Herefords need no such cross ;
but I should say as a breeder, that many of the
Durhams, some of even Herd Book pedigrees,
would be materially improved by a cross with
the Herefords, as having a tendency to lengthen
the rump and widen the hip of those whose
edge or round bones are wider than their hips,
the rump short and low, the tail high, and their
skin as tight over their rump as if stretched
over it with a pair of pincers. Such animals
have a thick, heavy thigh, the thick, coarse but-
tock, supported by a large bone, coarse leg, the
sides, as CuUey describes, being one layer of
black flesh across another, the shoulder bones
large, the points projecting. Such beasts are
sure to be bad handlers, never get very thin, and
never get fat, will get fteshy, but when it is on
is no better than bull beef. With such animals a
cross from the Herefords would be a great im-
l]rovemeiit. 1 have handled many Durhams
with high ]iedigree, with all the above objec-
tions, i never yet put my hand on a Hereford
that was not a good handler. My opinion of
the Herefords is that they are the.nicest breed
of cattle, taken for all purposes, that walk the
t'arth, and would have had some in Ohio long
ago if my means had been equal to my wishes.

"I remain, gentlemen, yours respectfully,
"Wir.r.iA\[ KiNGiiAM.

"Springliebl. Clark Co.. O.. ^\nn-h 11. 18 11.""

We now give a letter from Mr. Wm. Cother.
of Oxt'ordshire, Kngland, to Mr. Sotham. \indcr
date of Middle Aston. Oxfordshire. Fell. I.
IS 11. which mav be found on page 13'^ of the
"Cultivator" for IS If:

"Mr. Wm. H. Sotham: T am happy to in-
form vou that our ram season closed very satis-
factory for the breeders of Cotswolds. Their
superiority is acknowledged by the extraordi-
narv demand and the high prices given for
thci'n. which is verv easily accounted for by

H 1 S T O R Y 0 F H E K E FORD CATTLE

Ul

their being much better sucklers, maturiug
earlier, producing more lean, and heavier fleeces
than the Leicesters. Their fame is now spread
far and wide, and I expect in a very few years
that nearly every long-wooled flock in England
will be 'allo)-ed" by Cotswold blood.

"The heifer you call Eliza is not by Young
Soveceign, but by Favorite, Jr., a son of Fitz
Favorite. Fitz Favorite was by Favorite, the
sire of Old Sovereign, and the latter was the
sire of more prize beasts than any other bull of
his day, and was a remarkable instance of suc-
cessful in-and-in breeding, being the produce
of a mother and son, the pedigrees of which
can be given, if required, for a period of more
than forty years. And I would add that the
dams of each of the bulls I have named were
pure Herefords, the pedigrees of which can be
given with equal accuracy. The dam of Favor-
ite, Jr., I knew well, and it is my firm opinion
that I never saw ten so good.

"This, I should hope, would be sufficient to
satisfy the most skeptical as to the purity of
her pedigree on the male side. Her dam was
bought of Messrs. Brown and Lion, the great
North-country cattle dealers, and was pur-
chased by them at Darlington, in the County of
Durham. It was fortunate that you did not
have her sister, as she has cast her calf.

"The whole of my three years and nine
months old steers by Favorite, Jr., grazed on my
inferior land and finished with £3 worth of oil
cake each, have made this Christmas £-11 apiece,
a price which I am of opinion where very few
Shorthorns or Herefords have arrived at, in
the same time, and under similar treatment.
These were the second cross from Shorthorns,
with a pure Hereford bull each time, a cross I
do not l\y any means recommend you to adopt.
You are in possession of some of the very best
Hereford blood this country can produce (a few
of the heifers are perhaps a little too much in-
and-in bred), and all you now require is a
couple of first-rate bulls, with the addition of a
few heifers of different blood to make proper
crosses with, to start you a first-class Hereford
bull breeder, and depend upon it that your
neighbors will ultimately discern that they can
live harder, work better, feed equally quick if
not more so, and produce a stall of meat su-
perior in quality, with a less quantity of coarse,
than the Shorthorns, and milk as well as the
highest-bred animals of other kinds. In short,
I believe they will ])ay more money for the food
they consume than any other breed, in which
opinion many of the most eminent graziers
agree, some of whom reside in Shorthorn dis-
tricts and travel nearly a hundred miles to

Hereford fairs to buy o.xen — a distance unparal-
leled by graziers in search of cattle of any other
kind in this country.

"I advise you to breed pure bulls, and let
others cross for the shambles, and in so doing 1
think each will benefit his country as well as
himself.

"Hard things, indeed, may justly be said of
some cattle wearing white faces, and with equal
truth it may be observed that there are many
very bad ones of beautiful roan and spotted
color, with Shorthorns; such are frequentiv
good milkers, and so are the Herefords which
are of low breed and bad form. I imagine that
Mr. Youatt and others who have designated
the Hereford cow 'an inferior animal," could
not have done so from actual observation, for it
so happens that in symmetry of form, with sub-
stance and quality combined, a more beautiful
animal (of her species) cannot be found in
Britain. Nor can it be very pleasing to owners

TROMP. BRED BY W. H. SOTHAM.

(Property of A. Ayrault. Gencseo, N. Y. First prize.

N. Y. S. F., 1851. From a drawing by Forbes.)

of such superl) animals as are very many of
the Hereford cows, to have them so dominate<l
in what is called 'A Standard Work on British
Cattle.' Nor do I think such an opinion (libel)
ought to be so uncontradicted, given as it must
have been (one would suppose) from informa-
tion and not from ocular demonstration.
, "However 'astonishing" it nuiy appear to ilr.
Randall that the Herefords in the Gloucester
Hills 'should have escaped the notice of ifr.
Youatt six years since,' they have located tliere
long before that period, and in many instances
cows and heifers have bi>en known to weigh from
fifteen to nineteen scores [:?00 to 380 lbs. T.
L. j\L] per quarter [or 1,"200 to l.^'iO pounds
to the carcass. T. L. M.], when dead, exclusive
of hide and tallow, and the oxen from twenty
to twenty-eight scores [400 to •'StiO lbs. per
quarter, equal to from 1,G00 to •2,"340 lbs. per

WILLIAM II. SOTIIAM. IN HIS HOTii VKAK (1801-1884.)
Fifty years tim Cliauipiuu of Uerefords lu America.

H 1 S T () H V OF HE R K K () H 1) ( ' A '1' T L K

1-13

carcass. These carcass-weiglits wdiild niiikc
the live-weights, according to the fixed English
system, 2,100 to 2,660 lbs. for cows and 3,200
to 3,!)20 lbs. for oxen. T. L. M.]

"A Hereford steer and heifer, both bred in
the parish of Northleach, Gloucestershire, fed
in the County of Wilts and slaughtered at 0.\-
ford this Christmas, the former under four
years old, weighed nearly eighteen scores per
quarter [1,440 lbs. dressed, eipial to 2, .520 ll»s.
live weight. T. L. M.J and the latter three years
and six months old, more than seventeen scores
per quarter [1,360 lbs. carcass, equal to 2,380
lbs. live weight. T. L. M.]

"I now take ray leaye of the 'lady-like" fe-
males, for the purpose of pursuing their iordly"
sons of the Smithfield Club Show, where the tug
of war is annually kept up between the two con-
tending breeds. Of their extraordinary fame
there, let the annals of the club testify ; but I
would observe, by the way, that they are by no
means well represented there, in proof of which
a great number of graziers of high reputation,
viz., Messrs. Rowland, Lidbrook, Terry, Hewett,
Manning, the three Pains, Bull, and many oth-
ers equally well noted, who are purchasers of a
large quantity of the very best steers Hereford-
shire produces, seldom, if ever, exhibit an ani-
mal ; the reason of which, as some of them have
stated to me, is 'that winning a prize entails a
certain loss,' while the breeding and feeding of
them is almost neglected by wealthy owners of
the soil.

"Not so with Shorthorns. They are reared,
fed and shown under the fostering care of the
Marquis of Exeter, Lord Spencer and Brown-
low, Sir Charles Knightly, and other opulent
men to whom expense is not an object. In mak-
ing these observations, do not suppose that I
wish to detract anything from their merits. On
the contrary, I consider them a credit to their
noble owners. But I cannot pursue this subject
further without transcribing the opinion of an
eminent breeder, Mr. Bates of Kirkleavington,
Yarm, Yorkshire, whose cattle bore away nearly
all the Shorthorn prizes from Oxford. He says,
at page 426, 'Farmer's Magazine' for Decem-
ber, 1840 : 'I visited Hereford about fifty years
ago, and was then and continue still an admirer
of the best variety of cattle (Herefords). But I
consider now and have for above forty years
been convinced that the very best Shorthorns,
which are only a few, are capable of improving*
all other breeds of cattle in the United King-
dom, as well as the ordinary Shorthorns, whicii
are far from a good l)reed, and inferior to the
Herefords, Devons, aiul others.' And so would
any moderate judge of stock conclude from tak-

ing a survey of Snuthlield market at Christmas,
where and when some of the meat of nearly
every kind are pitched, the Herefords reigning
paramount to any other breed, in nundjers and
(|ualify ((iiiibincd, making more money per licail
than a like nundier of any other variety.

"Shouhl the position I have taken be doubted
by any of your American opponents I would
say to such, come and see, and do not l)i' satis-
fied with a view of a few inferior of their kiiul,
but go home to the best breeders" houses, where
they will be met with a hosjiitable ri'cc|.)tion
and a hearty welcome, and will find such ani-
mals as are worthy of a place in a lierd book;
but in the absence of their names and pedigrees
in print their own good qualities will be found
sufficient passport.

"It may be asked wliat reason can a nuui-find
for resorting to a cross lireed wlio so extols the

LUTHER TUCKER, SR. 1-4^

(.America's first great Agricultural Editor/)*^

Herefords? The question is solved in a few
words. I was resolved to breed rather a large
size, and it being diffic'tilt to procure large, well-
bred Hereford cows, except at very high prices,
and, not having a long purse, 1 preferred as
good Shorthorns without pedigrees as I could
procure, rather than Herefords under the like
disadvantage, considering, with the liUoy' in my
mind's eye, that by so doing T should procure
a rent-paying, though not a bull-breeding stock,
and I have much reason to lie satisfied with the
steps I took at that tiinc, since which I have
added some well-bred Herefords to it, and am
now in possession of one i)ull by Cotmore. the
Oxford pet, and two others, embracing the blood
of old Trojan and Old Sovereign in a high de-
gree, which, I think, would be likely to do good
in America, as a very near relative of the two
latter has dcuie in Scotland, a son of which won
a prize in London this Christnuis.

"I should deem it impossible to get up a

141

11 1ST OK Y OF HEUEFOKD CATTLE

Hereford herd hook liere. Tlie hreeders are so
satisfied of the superiority of their own hreed
that they are at perfect ease on the suhject. But
I advise you to have a well authenticated pedi-
gree with every ijeast you import, and com-
mence a herd hook of your own.

"Mr. Wm. Hewer's Major, the sire of most
of your heifers, won a prize at Farringdou. beat-
ing a number of Shorthorns, and at Cirencester
he did the same. Major and a daughter of Sir
George and his (Major's) sou won the prize for
bull, cow, and offspring, a daughter of Old
Sovereign winning another prize as the best
breeding cow. And a hull calf, ten months old,
bv ilajor. won another prize as the best under
two years old, and here also they came in com-
petition with Shorthorns. Will it be asserted
again that 'on the bleak highlands of Glouces-
ter no breed has been cultivated with any very
marked success"?

"I say it has been for twenty years, and can
prove it, and I say more : no man has a right to

CASSIIS M. (LAV, WHITE HALL, LEXINGTON. KY.

injure another by an assertion he cannot prove.
These may be considered hard words, but they
are just ones, used only for the purpose of cor-
rection, and not intended to give offense.

"ily three fat ewes, which you saw, were
killed at Oxford last month l)y Messrs. Green-
ing, Alden, and Harr, and weighed respectively
228, 18.5, and 184 pounds.

"Your friends and acquaintances are well,

many of whom speak anxiously of your success,
which 1 sincerely hope may exceed your most
sanguine expectations, nor do 1 doubt it, for I
consider you have fixed on the breeds of cattle
and sheep well suited to the rigor of your cli-
mate; recollect Devons are natives of a mudi
warmer country than the Herefords.

"Yours truly, Wji. Cothkk."

It will be remembered that Mr. Sotham, in
support of his claim for the Herefords as milk-
ers, gave in proof that the year before (1839)
at the first show of the Royal Society of Eng-
land the Hereford cow of Mr. Smythies took
the first prize for the best cow- in milk. On
page 57 of the "Cultivator," Vol. 8, may be
found the following testimony, under the caji-
tion of "The Hereford Prize Cow:"

"We have a letter from our friend, Joseph
Cope, of East Bradford. Pa., in relation to the
statement made by Mr. Sotham that 'a Here-
ford cow won the first prize, as the best cow
for dairy purposes of any breed at the gi'eat
show of the Royal Agricultural Society at Ox-
ford in 1839." Mr. Cope doubts this fact, and
to show that such was not the case he gives a
detailed list of all the awards of prizes to cattle
at that show, quoting from a newspaper and
pamiihlct account in his possession. We have
conii)ared Mr. C."s accoxmt with that published
in the 'Farmers Magazine,' the organ of the
society, and find it aU'corrcct with the excep-
tion of so much as relates to the fifth class, in
which there is no notice of the animal which
took first prize. The first prize of fifteen sov-
ereigns, 'for the best cow in milk, which shall,
in the opinion of the judges, be best calculated
for dairy purposes,' was awarded 'to the Rev. J.
H. Smythies, of Lynch Court, Hereford, for his
Hereford cow, aged nine years, six months."
The second prize was awarded "to Jose|ih Bad-
cock, of Pyrton, for his Durham cow, aged four-
teen years and two months.' "

With this array of testimony in favor of the
Herefords as brought before the public by Mr.
Sotham in 1840-41, the breeders of to-day will
be surprised that they did not succeed in 1840,
and then become the dominant breed for this
country as they arc now in the West and are
bound to become in the East as well.

We find on page 125 of the "All)any Cultiva-
tor," for 1840, a letter from C. X. Benicnt, an<l
take the following extracts from the same:

"In Missouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin, where
only beef is wanted, and where they have to be
driven great distances to a market, from what
I have seen and can learn, the Hereford cer-
tainly would be preferable, being hardy in con-

HISTORY OF HEKEF01?D CATTLE

145

stitution, good travelers of great size, will fat
at an early age and will make more pounds of
beef with the quantity of food consumed, and
when better known in market will command the
highest price.

"Three Hereford and three Durham cattle
were put in the stalls to be fattened on the 3d
of November. The weight of the Herefords was
then 33 cwt. and that of the Durhams 38 cwt.
and 14 lbs. Between that period and the 30th
of March, when all were sold at Smithfield, the
Durhams had consumed 12, 755 pounds weight
more of turnips and 1,714 pounds more of hay
than the Herefords, but the Durhams, notwith-
standing the large size when put to fatten, and
the greatly larger quantity of food consumed,
sold for only twenty shillings more per head
than the Herefords, and such, I believe, will
ever be the results of similar trials, when one
class of animals has Ijeen properly fed and the
other overfed, the merits of the breed equal.

"At the meeting of the Smithfield Club in
December, 1839, the Herefords took the first

four premiums in Classes 1 and v! ; in Class 3
the second prize and second prize in Class 7. In
the prizes for extra stock, the Herefords took
the only prize. In the list of commendation,
the Hereford stands 13, Durham 8, Sussex 1,
North Devon 1.

"I have examined the Hereford cattle lately
imported by our spirited and enterprising citi-
zens, Erastus Corning, Esq., and Wm. H. So-
tham, as noticed in the last 'Cultivator.' I
must confess I was greatly disappoint^'d in the
size and general form of the cows, for they were
apparently as large as the Durhams and possess-
ing the broad loin, large, capacious bodies, deep,
broad and projecting brisket, but with a coarser
head and neck, which, to those familiar with the
Durham, would appear o.xy, if I may be allowed
the expression. The shape and size of their
udders would indicate fair milkers. Mr. Thorn-
ton, the person who has charge of them, in-
formed .me they gave on an average full a mid-
dling quantity of milk."

AL10.\.A.MlKK. LEXINGTO.N. KY.

146

11 1 S '1' U i< ^■ O F 11 K K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XII.

MoRK Eahly American Hkreford History

It is reported that W. V. Rives of Virginia
iniportetl Here fords, the date and number of
which I have no account.

The Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky imported
two pair of Herefords in 1817.

Admiral Cotlin, of tlie Royal Navy, imported
and presented to the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture a pair of Herefords.
The cow, not breeding, was slaughteftd, and
the bull sent to North Hampton, Mass., where
he was kept for several years, and his produce
highly esteemed as work cattle, as butcher's
beasts and in tlie dairy.

In 1839 Mr. W. 11.' Sotham made his first
importation of Hereford cattle. On his arrival
in New York he sold an interest in them to
Hon. Erastus Corning of Albany, N. Y.

Mr. Sotham was born on the 25th of Janu-
ary, 1801, in the village of Wooton (f 73a),
^Yhitechurcll, Oxfordshire, England. His father
owned his own estate of 200 acres, which de-
scended to the oldest son. William Henry was
kept at school until fourteen years old, when
he took a working place on the farm for two
years as under teamster, having a team of four
horses, and a boy to drive. From that time he
was in charge of the sheep, the farm carrying
1.50 Cotswold ewes. Ho then had charge of
the colts, breaking and training them ; thus
for several years having charge of the sev-
eral departments upon the farm, in the hand-
ling of the stock and marketing of the same
until 1832, when he came to .\merica with large
expectations, obtained from descriptions re-
ceived.

Stopping a short time in New York he thence
went to Bufi'alo by the New York Canal, from
there to Cleveland, Ohio. He here met Mr.
Henry Coit, of Euclid, near Cleveland, who
owned a large tract of laiul at Liverpool, Me-
dina County, about twenty-five miles from
Cleveland. He went with Mr. Coit to look at
the land, finding a comfortable brick house with
a small farm cleared. Mr. Sotham made an
engagement to take charge of the farm and sales
of land. He remained here for two years, hav-

ing accumulated a considerable stock of cattle
and horses. He took the cattle to Cleveland
and sold them, and the horses he took to New
York.

After selling the horses and paying the pro-
ceeds over to a brother of Mr. Coit's, Mr. So-
tham returned to England. Before making the
importation of Herefords in 1840 he had been
to Fhigland four times, having brought over in
that time a few sheep.

In 1840 he imported twenty-one Hereford
cows and heifer.s, a two-year-old Hereford Ijull
and two Shorthorn cows. One of the Shorthorn
cows, bred by Sir Charles Knightly, died on the
passage. The other Shorthorn cow, "Venus,"
bred by R. Lovell of Edgecott, was sold to Mr.
Thomas Hillhouse for $1,000.

He again returned to England and brought
out ten Hereford heifers and a bull, six first-
prize Cotswold ewes, shown at the Royal fair
in 1839, and seventeen Cotswold rams.

A third importation was made in 1843, when
he took the whole steerage of the ship Hendrick
Hudson, which he filled with Hereford heifers,
one bidl and several calves. He met a
heavy and severe storm otf the hank of New-
foundland. The severity of the storm made it
necessary to close the hatches for several days,
and the result was the suffocation and conse-
quent loss of the entire shipment.

During this time the Hon. Erastus Corning
was interested with Mr. Sotliam in bis im-
portations. Mr. Corning had large business in-
tt'rests and was infiuential in the political world.
Recognizing these facts, the Shorthorn breeders
made special efforts to detach Mr. C. from the
Hereford interest, and were finally successful.
They went still further and endeavored to ])re-
vent the stock from going to Jlr. Sotham at all.
but on this jioint they failed to carry out their
])lans. Mr. Corning met their endeavors in
this particular way by saying that Mr. Sotham
should have such as he wished and sold to
him at favorable prices and terms.

We wish here to call particular attention to
the chapter which precedes this, and gives the

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

147

details of the Hereford-Shorthorn controversy
as waged iu the agricultural papers and at the
different shows and fairs from 1834 to 1841 ;
the New York Agricultural vSociety heing
founded for the special purpose of promoting
the Shorthorn interest.

We give in the chapter on Fairs and Shows
a full account of the formation of the Xew
York State Fair, as a matter of reference.

It will he seen that the Shortliorn breeders
used every means in their power to defeat Mr.
Sotham. We will follow that controversy from
1841, in which year the Xew York State Society
organized their first show. It will be shown that
that society was under the control of the same
parties that met Mr. S. and his Herefords in
1840, with the correspondence we have given.

The writers of that day speak of the Sotham
importation of Herefords in the highest terms.
A. B. Allen says of them : "that they gave him
a different opinion of the breed from what he
had before."

The committee of judges at the first fair held
by the New York State Agricultural Society
recommended a special premium to the Here-
ford cow "Matchless" (jT 7'4F) and furthei-
spoke of the Herefords belonging to Messrs.
Corning and Sotham as entitled to a class, and
recommended that a class should lie made and
special premiums should be awarded them,
which, so far as we are enabled to find, was not
done.

Mr. T. C. Peters, writing from London Jan-
uary Gth, 1842, says: "One of the best Here-
ford bulls I have seen, indeed one of the best
1 ever saw of any breed, is going out to Albany
by the packet ship Hendrick Hudson."" Major
was purchased by 3ilr. Sotham in person.

We have in our review of the Hereford-Short-
horn interest from 1834 to 1841, brought Mr.
Sotham"s connection with that controversy fully
before our readers. We have shown that he
brought in support of the Hereford claims an
array of testimony that was a complete estab-
lishment of his claims; that it was done in a
manner creditable to him as a man and a
lireeder. We have shown that his opponents
admitted that his stock was excellent, of the
best quality ; that it was better than the history
of Youatt would warrant them in expecting to
see, and they claimed it must have a cross of
Shorthorn to give character. Other and disin-
terested parties came to Mr. Sotham's aid to
biar testimony to tlii' merits of the Herefords.
and their testimony was not oidy for the time
then under controversy, hut covered from a
(piarter to a half century previous, and the only
testimony that the Shorthorn men who opposed

Mr. Sotham brought forward in favor of the
Shorthorns and in ojjposition to Herefords was
Youatt's History of British Cattle. This his-
tory, we have shown by Youatt himself, so far
as the Shorthorn breed was concerned, was writ-
ten by Rev. Henry Berry, a Shorthorn breeder.
We have shown from Youatt's history of the
Herefordshire cattle that extensive experiments
had been made by the Duke of Bedford in the
feeding and grazing of Shorthorns and Here-
fords that had resulted in displacing the Short-

"WHITE HALL." NEAR LEXINGTON. KY.
(Residence of Casslus M. Clay.)

horns and establishing the Herefords on that
estate, and we quote Youatt as saying that the
reason why the date for these experiments was
not given was because they were not satisfactory
to the patrons of the Shorthorns. We have
shown that Youatt, in the history of several of
the local breeds, credits the Herefords as giving
character to tho.se breeds in improving the feed-
ing, grazing and dairy qualities, that, had tliev
been given in the history, would have placed the
Herefords in the first "position at the time he
wrote.

We state distinctly and confidently that ilr.
Sotham produced a class of cattle in" 1840 that
finally established the claims he made for su-
periority, that he brought forward testimonv,
clear and convincing, that these qualities had
been in the breed for half a century, and that
the success of the Herefords at that time was
deft'Hted by a combination of Bates' Shorthorn
breeders, and we have shown that the Xew York
State Fair was organized by these men in 1841
at Syracuse. At this fair Mr. Rust .-jhowed a
fat ox with a mottled face (^ 75). which took
the first premium, for which the Sliorthoru men
claimed the credit. 'Sir. Sanford, one of the
leading writers of that day, and a breeder of
large experience, met this claim by showing that

148

II I S T 0 n Y OF HE 1{ E FORD CATTLE

the Horeforil blood was thu coutrolling element
in his bret'tling, and tliat lie owed his excellence
to the Hereford blood. He says :

"While on my late trip to the East I saw
this ox of Mr. Rust's. He is truly a most
superb animal. His jjortrait in the 'Transac-
tions" docs not do him full justice. He is finer
in the neck and every way more finished than
the picture represents. He has, both in shape
and color, all the leading characteristics of a
Hereford ; his shoulders are well set, his chine
full, back short, loin and hips very wide, rump
long, legs clean and sinewy, and he is consid-
erably heavier than any other animal I ever saw
of so little bone and offal. At the time I saw
him Mr. Rust thought his weight could not be
less than 3,700 pounds, and it has been ascer-
tained by repeated weighings that his gain was
at least three pounds [ici- day. Notwithstanding

following report: "Your committee further re-
port that a new and beautiful race of cattle was
presented for their examination, the Herefords
imported by a distinguished breeder of cattle,
residing in Albany County, which they take
pleasure in recommending to the attention of
those who desire to improve their stock. Your
conunittec recommend a special premium of
twenty dollars for the Hereford cow 'llatch-
less,' as we consider her a very superior animal,
and they would also suggest the propriety of
offering and awarding premiums for the best
blooded animals of each individual breed. Im-
proved Shorthorn Durhams, Herefords and
Devons. at their next agricultural meeting, in
addition to premiums offered for the best ani-
mals of anv breed.'"' (Report of Com., page 49,
Transactions N. Y. Agl. S., 1841.)

In 1843 this fair was held at Albany, and we

MEDAL OF THE N. Y. S. A. S.. AWARDED TO WM. H. SOTHAM. 1856.

his immense weight, he was from the justness of
his proportions very active. When lying down,
he would get up as quick as a suckling calf.

"I saw the man who said he raised this ox
and the history which he gave of him was that
the bull which sired him was 'part Hereford.'
In this both he and Mr. Rust agreed. I cannot
see why this statement need be doubted, for,
according to an account which Mr. Bement has
published, some Herefords were introduced into
this part of the country several years ago. Rut
history and tradition out of the question, it ap-
pears to me there would be as much propriety
in taking an animal which would show all the
principal ])oints in shape and color of an im-
proved Shorthorn as a specimen of the 'native
stock' as there is in taking this ox as such. An
example of this kind would prohahly he re-
garded by the advocates of the Sliorthorns as
not altogether fair."'

At the close of this fair the judges made the

quote from the judges' report, published in
March following, six months after the fair. Re-
port of cows, heifers, etc. :

"In publishing the account of the State Fair
in the November number of the 'Cultivator,'
the following report was omitted : 'The com-
mittee of the New York State Agricultural So-
ciety on Cows, Heifers and Heifer Calves, com-
prising Classes V, VI, VII and VIII, respect-
hilly report:

" 'That they have attended to the duties of
their appointment, in which they experienced
the embarrassment usual on such occasions,
from finding the animals numerous while the
premiums were few, but adopted the rule that
a majority in number of the committee should
of course in all cases be decisive.

" 'Your committee found it no easy matter to
decide among so many fat calves as were show-n
in Class VIII, their respective merits and
faults being alike covered and hidden by flesh,

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

149

so much so that tliey weru really better adapted
for the inspection of a committee of butchers
than of breeders.

" 'The practice, now too common, of fatten-
ing breeding animals for exhibition is not only
wholly without utility, but is so bad and in-
jurious in every point of view that it ought to be
discountenanced.

" 'It will not fail to be noticed that all the
foregoing premiums are given to animals of
the valuable breed known as "Durham Short-
horns," against which kind there were on this
occasion no other breed shown in competition,
except Herefords, of which there was a beautiful
and very creditable exhibition, consisting of a
portion of the herd of Messrs. Corning and So-
tham, some individuals of which this committee
would highly recommend, especially as being
good specimens of that important quality, good
handling, always essential to excellence.

"'Your committee (of which a portion if
not a majority is composed of what might be
called "Shorthorn men," either by preference
or interest, as Shorthorn breeders), from mo-
tives of delicacy, not to say generosity, did not
deem themselves called on to decide between
these two rival breeds and against the Here-
fords, which would liave been, for the most part,
and in effect, their decision, if made on this oc-
casion.

" 'In England, the home of- both breeds, where
beef is the first and almost governing considera-
tion, the Herefords as a breed, it is well known,
have long maintained a sharp and often success-
ful competition with the Shorthorns for feed-
ing purposes, especially as a grazing stock, while
it is claimed and now generally conceded by
well-informed, dispassionate persons in Eng-
land, that the well-bred Shorthorns have the
merit of earlier maturity and are also entitled
to the preference for stall feeding and more
especially and decidedly so for dairy purposes,
in which tlie Shorthorns and their crosses are
believed to excel all other breeds and that the
pure-bred males of this breed are capable of
improving all other breeds of cattle, certainly
a most important consideration, and especially
so in this and all the northern portions of the
United States.

" 'It is understood that the Herefords have
not yet been sutticiently tried in this country as
milkers, in the absence of which there seems to
prevail at present an unfavorable impression
of them as dairy stock, which impression, it is
hoped, may be soon done away, if, as their
friends claim, the Herefords are really a su-
perior milking breed. Some of their crosses
with native live stock, now cxistimi in Massa-

chusetts, descended from an importation of
Herefords made many years since, by Admiral
Coffin, are understood to have proved excellent
milkers.

" 'It is, besides, claimed for the Herefords
that they will make good working cattle, being
strong and active, which is not doubted. It is
also conceded that the quality of the Hereford
beef is excellent. Therefore, taking no more
than a fair view of their case, the Herefords
must in all probability prove a highly valuable
stock in those portions of this country where
the grazing cattle for beef is a primary object.

" 'Under these circumstances your committee
would ask in behalf of the newly-imported
Herefords a fair chance — and that they be al-
lowed after coming from on shipboard to get
well upon their feet before they '"enter the
lists" against the now well-established Short-
horns. If the Herefords are cherished and en-
couraged for a time it is to be hoped that the
now favorite Durhams may by-and-by, in future
competition, iind in them "foemen worthy of
their steel."

JOIIX MEHKYM.^X. OF "THE H.WFIELDS,-- COCK-
EVSVILLE. .MD.

"'If the Herefords were distributed in more
hands so as to give room for competition among
themselves, your committee would suggest the
expediency of hereafter offering ])remiums for
them in a class distinct from other breeds.
.\lso for North Devons. a IukIiIv useful and

150

11 1 s T 0 i{ Y () V HE i; [■: i' o i; 1 1 i ' a r t l i-:

most valuable breed, especially on light soils
and in hilly districts of country.

" 'Your committee cannot, in justice, close
their report without remarking that the want of
information as to how the animals had been fed,
also as to the milking qualities of the cows, and
occasionally as to pedigrees, was much felt by
the committee, who in the absence of this needed
information, were in many instances left to
grope their way in the dark to a decision, of
course in some cases by no means satisfactory
even to themselves. Nor did we find persons
in attendance to lead out the animals for a more
full and careful examination, especially as to
their style of carriage or movement, which, it is
needless to remark, is, as well as form and hand-
ling, an essential clement of any intelligent
opinion or critical decision on their merits. All
of which is respectfully submitted.

'■ 'David C. Collins, Ch'n.
Hartford, Conn.
I. S. Hitchcock,
w. k. townsend,
Chas. Broom,
R. L. Allen.

Committee.

"'Albany. Sept. 29. 1842.'"

We give this (luotation in full. Tlie com-

mittee state that they are Shorthorn iiieiL We
have clearly shown that Mr. Sotham had a con-
test single-handed against the State of New
York. These Bates men had taken that society
and organized it and ran it in their interest.
The report, it will be noticed, states that all of
the premiums were given to Shorthorns, and
that there was no competition except the Here-
fords. With Shorthorn judges it would not be
expected to be otherwise.

Mr. Sotham exhibited his Hereford* at the
New York State Fair for a number of years, as
he did at other fairs in Ohio, Kentucky, Mis-
souri and Pennsylvania. He sold stock to go to
Massachusetts, New Ham])shire, Maine, Ver-
mont, Connecticut, Ohio, Kentucky and Ten-
nessee.

We have found descendants of his stock in
all parts of the country from Maine to the
Hocky Mountains. Whatever proportion of
blood remained they made friends of their own-
ers, and the influence of his work we have met
everywhere and have been benefited thereby.

We met a Mr. Kelly, formerly of Rutland,
Vt., who said he had owned Here fords forty
\ears ago, and they were the best dairy cows
lie ever owned, and the young cattle were always
ready for the butcher.

We met Judge Downing of Denver, who has

UKUKKOItUS. I'liul'hKl V l)K T. R B. Su i

HIST O II Y ( ) 1' H ]■: R E F 0 E 1) ( ' A T T L E

151

Herefords from Mr. Corning, and they were
used as mountain teams at three }-ears old, from
grass, made 1,600 pound bullocks.

A Mr. Gird took a half-blood Hereford to
Colorado and he gave character and reputation
to the cattle of his neighborhood, and Judge
Wilcox, whose herd run with the descendants
of this bull, said the calves from the quarter-
blood were as good at two j-ears old as the others
were at three. We might repeat these influences
almost without limit.

About 1852 Mr. Sotham sold a number to
Mr. H. Bowcn, Jr., Summit, N. Y. (H 76), and
four to Mr. Eemington of Auburn, N. Y. They
bred for several years and were exhibitors at
the Xew York State Fair as late as 1860. We
met Mr. Bowen at the Centennial Exhibition at
Philadelphia, where he introduced himself. We
K cotrnized him at once from what we bad

publication of his "Hereford Journal," a copy
of the first number of which we herewith pre-
sent in full, as again illustrating his aims and
the opposition met with :

HEREFORD

By W. H. Sotham.
Owego, Tioga County, N

J 0 U R X A L.

Vol. 1. No.
Y., April, 185T.

AMERICAN JUDGES OF CATTLE.

Owego, Tioga Co., X. Y., Jan. 21, 1857.
To the Editor of the '"Mark Lane Express"'
(London) :
Dear Sir : As it is a very stormy, snowy day,
and a very severe "cold blow," I will show what
kind of a "judge" Mr. Chapman proves to be,
and I am exceedingly sorry to say there have
been numerous judges of this kind at our stat-e
shows, by whicli more second and third-class

MEDAL OF THE

known of his connection with the Herefords.
He spoke in the highest terms of the Herefords
as the best cattle he has ever had or known,
and to the question why he did not continue to
keep them, his reply was, the Shorthorn inter-
est was too strong for him ; he could not make
sales at paying prices.

Mr. Sotham sold to Mr. Ayrault of Geneseo,
X. Y., and to Mr. Murray of Mount Morris, and
about the same time he sold to the Hon. John
Merryman of Cockeysville, Md.. and Mr. Mer-
ryman continued an active and successful breed-
er fi'om that time and the family are still l)r(>ed-
ing Herefords.

That those he desired to reach should the
better hear Iwth sides, Sir. Sotham began the

Shorthorn bulls have gloried in their triumph
with first and second prizes over those of first
class. The following is my letter to ^Mr. Cha])-
man :

Sir: As you say you treat every person
"gentlemanly," allow nu' to ask you as a gentle-
man whether you put your hand on all or any
of my cattle during the time they were in the
ring? You were closely observed by many,
who feel confident in saying your eve was vour
judge, and that you did not put your hand upon
either of them ]n-o])erly. I have a right as an
exhibitor to ask this (|uestioTi. and you as a gen-
tleman have a right to answer it.

I am, sir, yours, etc.,

W. H. SoTIIAJt.

152

HISTORY OF H E K E F 0 li D CATTLE

The following is ilr. ('liapiiian"s reply:
Mt. Pleasant Farm, Cloekville,
iladison Co., N. Y., Dec. 22, "56.

Sir: In yours of the 15th inst., just re-
ceived, you ask if I put my hand on either of
your animals while in the ring? I answer. No,
sir — hut for you to suppose that "my eye alone
was my judge" is simply ridiculous. 1 think
that the animals "in the ring" would not handle
materially ditferent from animals in their stalls.
And I endeavored to give all animals (cattle)
of any merit a good examination during the
three or four days previous to their appearance
in the ring. For you to feel so sore about the
decision of four such men as composed that
committee, setting aside myself, the fifth, I
think, will lead you to injure rather than bene-
fit your herd. Respectfully yours,

S. P. Chapman.

Wm. H. Sotham, Esq.

My reply to the above:

Owego, Dec. 2fi, "56.

I received yours this morning, and in reply
must ask you one more question, which you are
bound as a gentleman and chairman of that
committee to answer. Did you put your hand
on either of my animals while in their stalls at
Philadeljihia ? Both my young men (students

of mine), my herdsman and myself all know
you; either one or the other, and more frequent-
ly two of us, were witii the cattle; all four will
say you never entered "either stall" in our pres-
ence. When I ask your advice you are at lil)erty
to give it; 1 will risk my herd myself, and I fear
no man. lly object is to know whether you
did your duty as chairman, and you ought to
know, as a breeder, that is my right. If Mr.
Tainter is as rich as Goleonda he is "no judge
of cattle."' What you can say or do will not
injure my herd; it will stand the test under
sound judgment.

I am, sir, yours, etc.,

Wm. H. Sotham.

S. P. Chapman, Esq.

I was perfectly satisfied Mr. Chapman did
not put his hand upon my cattle, and I waited
thr^e weeks for his reply to this, in hopes of
getting something more in Mr. Chapman's own
"hand""-writing; but I suppose he found out his
true predicament and declined to expose him-
self further. Therefore I wrote him the follow-
ing letter :

Owego, Jan. IG, 1857.

Sir: As you did not answer my last letter,
I suppose you silently confess all I said were
facts you could not contradict ; but as you pro-

CITV OK HliKKKOKU AND THE ItlVEH WYE.

H 1 S T 0 K Y OF H E R E F 0 K D CAT T L E

153

fess to treat all men "gentlemanly," why refuse
to answer the questions therein contained more
than the other?

All seem to correspond. I have written an-
other letter to the "Mark Lane Express," in
which I shall copy both yours and my letters. I
also send you a copy of my letter from the
"Mark Lane Express," so that you may answer
for yourself as you deem proper. I have also
sent a copy to each of your associates (one of
whom now owns the four cows I there ex-
hibited), so that you may bring them to your
aid. I know the person who purchased them
handled them thoroughly, both in and out of

1 am prepared to meet you on either horn of the
dilemma, or both, or any of your associates who
choose to take uji this all-important subject. I
consider it "gentlemanly" to send you a coj)y of
everything I write, therefore 1 shall do so, also
your associates on the sweepstakes conmiittee.
I am, sir, your humble servant,

W. H. SOTHAJI.

S. P. Chapman, Esq.

Now, Mr. Editor, I send you the "'Ohio Farm-
er" containing ilr. Cassius M. Clay's answer to
my former letter, published September 15 in
your paper, in which he says, "I made a mistake
in calling his brother's, Brutus J. Clay's, herd

LEO.N'ORA, ■THE INCO.MPARABLE,

BRED L!Y .MRS. S. EDWARDS, WINTERCOTT. LEO.MIXSTER, HEREFORD.
(From a painting.)

the ring, and I also know his opinion of them.
On the other hand, I must confess I never saw
or heard a plainer case of prejudice or ignorance
on cattle than yours. Or, if you mean to infer
bj' saying "I endeavored to give all the animals
(cattle) of any merit a good examination dur-
ing the three or four days previous to their ap-
pearance in the ring" tliat mine were of no
merit, which evidently shows your object, to es-
cape the accusation, proves wilful in tlie super-
lative degree; therefore you can ])lace yourself
on which horn of the dilemma you think best.

his. I therefore transfer the remarks I made on
that herd to where it belongs, and will truthful-
ly maintain all I did say."

Mr. Cassius M. Clay says, "the best judges T
have heard sjM'ak on the subject regard the
Herefords as not a pure breed; and if they
were I have all the more no fancy for them." Ts
this not hearsay -and prejudice of the worst
kind and carrying his fancy to schoolboy ex-
treme without investigation ? Can any man
say more against any l>reed unfoundedly? Still,
he says, "Shorthorn breeders do not attempt to

154

HiST(H?Y OF HKKEFOHl) CATTLE

pull other Itrcpils down to liiiild up their owu."
1 would ask Mr. Clay, as he professes to be
an old breeder and dealer, and also your more
experienced breeders, whether Shorthorns with
long, silky coats are thoroughbred animals ; or
whether the origin of that coat does not l)elong
to the Scots? 1 am j)erfectly satisfied in my
own mind that that coat came from Scotland,
clandestinely bred into Durhams, for it was
never seen in their originals; so say all the
original breeders.

Again he says, "I do not know what Mr. S.
means by proof. The cow of mine which
weighed 2,020 pounds" (I suppose Mr. Clay

^y ^

B^

"''V%^H

|h

- X^

A^^^^

mi

■

mammm

^>um^

^^^^^^^^^^^

1 v^ -A

ftsgag

WM

WKP9

1 t- H

H

m

BH

H

WIXTKK I)B COTE 14253) 3204.

(Bred by T. Edwards. Champion of England. 1871 to 1875.

inclusive. Sire of Leonora. Beatrice, etc. From

a painting.)

here means live weight, much the best way of
selling Shorthorns), "was only stuffed si.x
months, and as good judges as Mr. S. offered
me $140 for her." lie (Mr. C.) challenges any
cow in America to beat this. 1 could have fed
twenty cows of my own breeding that would
have beaten it fairly; all raised on a light soil;
much more, had they been raised on the rich
grazing land in Kentucky, with a close ad-
herence to the breeders' abundant corn cribs in
winter. My cattle never could enjoy such lux-
uries of "stuffing" as Mr. Clay says his "can
bear." My purse was always too light and too
much embarrassed to afford this extravagance.
So, Mr. Clay may boast of stuffing, but I wish
he would produce his balance-sheet with that
"stuffing."

In 1844 and 1845 I took a Hereford cow
and a half-bred Hereford anil Shorthorn cow to
Boston. I sold to Mr. Bennett (the noted sales-
man of Brighton) both cows. The former for
$150 — she weighed 2,313 lbs., when put on the
railroad scales at Albany, and wdien weighed
again at Brighton she weighed 2,247 lbs. The

half-bred Shorthorn weighed somewhat lighter
and fetched a little less money, but was an ex-
cellent cow. 1 did not keep the dead weight of
either. The Hereford was milked once a day
until August 1st ; afterwards grazed as long as
there was a good bite of grass and then put up
to feed. She was in good store condition while
milking and came to her stall good average
American beef. In the last of March I started
to Boston with her. The butcher who killed
her took the meat round Boston for public in-
spection on a sunny day and spoilt the whole
of it ; it had been hanging in his stall long
enough for this jjurpose previous to this, and
for good keeping, and this was the reason I
could not get her dead weight. I never saw a
cow that would sink less offal. She was perfect
in her symmetry and her quality of meat proved
it could not be excelled.

^fr. Clay further says: "As to the Herefords
I have nothing to say for or against them, ex-
cept they have never in public opinion risen to
the rank of contending for the supremacy."

Can Mr. Clay, professing to be an old breeder
and dealer, plead ignorance for this assertion?
Does he know nothing of Smithfield and Birm-
ingham shows? "I guess not." I shall leave
this to you, Mr. Editor, as you are well and
iminirtially "posted" in tliis matter; and you
know how frequently the Herefords have beaten
the Shorthorns while each breed were contend-
ing for the "supremacy" and the former always
met the latter under adverse circumstances. I
see by one of your papers "that a snug little
family party of Shorthorn breeders had pre-
viously controlled the Smithfield Club," but lat-
terly the "march of progress" had taken its seat
amongst them ; the pressure without called loud-
ly for justice, to break up this combined clique,
and has now succeeded. We shall now be able
to see which breed deserves the "supremacy."

The home of the Shorthorns in England is as
rich land as Kentucky, which gives them every
advantage — forces them on in early life. Still
the Herefords have always iieaten th(>m in early
maturity, when brought under a fair trial. No
lietter proof of this could 1)P shown than in the
decision of Mr. White of Upleaden and the Rev.
H. Berry, producing the yearling Herefords
and Shorthorn heifers at Sir Charles Morgan's
shows at Tradegar — Mr. Berry giving the "chal-
lenge" and .\Ir. White ideating him as a year-
ling. Mr. Berry, not being satisfied, challenged
to show Mr. White the second year, the heifer
gaining the greatest weight to be the winner;
Mr. White again accepted the challenge and
boat him in weight 112 pounds. I refer you to
this slalcinent in one of (Ik late Kev. "j. R.

H I S 'P () i; Y OF HEREFORD f ' A T T L E

155

Smythies' letters in your paper a short time
previous to his death, and who was ])rcsent at
both decisions.

The home of the Herefords in J^ngland is
light sterile soil, and they are generally bred
on light soil here. Still, we beat the Short-
horns, both here and there, under impartial and
])roper judges, and with this just treatment will
ultimately rank tirst of all breeds.

You see plainly by the prejudice advanced
by Mr. Clay and Jlr. Chapman what Hereford
breeders have to contend with here; and there
are many such writers as "C. M. C." — fresh
ones springing up every day like mushrooms —
assuming that a breeder can be made in a day
by purchasing "herd-book cattle" and the next
week copy from some one else an article to
teach old breeders. This you will see by the
"Ohio Farmer," which I send you with this.

Such "judges" as Mr. Chapman have been
frequently put on the committee at our State
fairs. When "Halton" took the first prize at
Rochester in the foreign class, one of the
"judges"' was a schoolmaster. This I know to
Ijc true, for I was manager of the whole cattle
department that year and laughed heartily while
they were "judging" of "Belted Will," and

"Halton" (both Shorthorns), the former being
by far the best bull. They call "Halton" an
enormous size, therefore "Halton" was the best.
Whether this was the "schoolmaster abroad" 1
know not. From such causes as these, ilr. F]di-
tor, springs my spirit of controversy ; and in
such defense you cannot l)lame me. Whatever
you see amiss in my letter tell it to the people ;
such conduct will never offend me. I write mv
views on a subject as plainly as lam capable, not
being a "classical man," and solicit information
from the soundest source. If I deviate from the
truth intentionally, trim me with a severe pen
and I will retire from the field disgusted with
my own actions. I am the only breeder who
will write in defense of Herefords against Short-
horn boasting, and I am determined to stand
my ground against unlimited numbers of those
who call themselves "breeders"' and who are
constantly puffing their cattle in this country
either by tongue or pen.

Since my last letter to you I have traveled
through much of Canada, and from casual ob-
servation in the townshi))s of Markham and
Pickering, near Toronto, was impressed most
favorably with the quality of the soil, more es-
pecially for turnips. It is mostly inhabited by

(Bred by .\. Uoge

GRATEFUL (4622) 2572.
Champion of England. 1S76-1SS0. From

156

II I S 'I' () IM" () F II E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

Scotch. The crop of swedes, currots, etc., etc.,
grown by George, William (^1 97) and John
Miller in these two townships proved to me that
they had not forgotten their old Scotch cus-
toms. Their crops of swedes were equal to any-
thing I ever saw in Kngland under a similar
season, and cultivated in a very workmanlike
manner, perfectlv free from weeds and perfect,
straight drills.

Messrs. George and William ililler have
twelve head of Shorthorns, which they imported
from Scotland. Ten of these heifers and a bull
were the best lot I ever saw come from one
man's herd; they were uniform in symmetry,
first quality, size and compactness, "straight
bottoms and large, straight tops," on short legs,

NORTH HEREFORDSHIRE HOUNDS.
(From a photograph.)

free from hollow crops and large' paunches, most
of them long, beautiful "silky coats." My
"hand" was upon the whole of them; and after
"a good examination" I jironounced the breeder
of those Shorthorns' worthy of the name, al-
though I never before heard it, or ever saw it in
print. He would not sacrifice his herd for the
purpose of ruining them for "high shows." I
consider this a wise man and should very much
like to know how' he bred them. I feel very
much inclined to say Scotland and Scotch coats
was the nuiking of that herd. After examining
another bull tliat came out at the same time I
found him second-class. I then began to think
Shorthorns could not be lired uniformly in first-
class (|iiality. imagining this a descent from it,
but ultimately discovered that this bull was not
bred by the same person. lie has searched far
and wide for similar quality to his own: not
succeeding, ho sent the best he could. Here
lies the principal evil in breeding. Had the
Messrs. Miller used this second-class bull, in
what class woidd the offs))ring of these (irst-
class heifers have ranked?' Would they not have

gone back to their sire generally 'i But the
ilessrs. ililler concluded not to use him. I ad-
vised them to search the country through for a
first class, as their means were ample; recom-
mended them very strongly to get "Balco," im-
ported by L. G. Morris, or "New Year's Day,"
imported by the Ohio Company — the two best
bulls of that breed I ever put my hand upon.
Such Shorthorns as these, in a breeder's hands,
are very hard to be beaten by any breed, and
when I see them compare generally with this
herd, or a similar one, my pen shall cea.se to
complain of want of true uniformity in that
breed.

On the other hand, suppose Messrs. Miller
used the one they had, or "Halton," "Meteor,"
"JIarquis of Carabus," "Locomotive" (which
Mr. Cassius M. Clay sa3's "beat the world"),
and many others that I could name, most of
which have gained first prizes at our State
shows, how quickly this herd would go back into
second and third class, or mingling all these
qualities with it. Here the very secret lies:
".hiilges" have not sufficiently studied all three
classes — given prizes more to large size than
any other object ; and purchasers have been in-
fluenced by the endorsement of these Societies.
So long as this principle is allowed to govern,
thus long shall we possess all qualities in Short-
horns, and more frequently third class. I will
call on all proper breeders to deny this if they
can. Mr. George Miller lived in a mud house
built by his own hands. I was much amused by
the description he gave me of the operation
while building it. A man chopped straw with
an ax, mixed it with the mud and served him
with this material while he laid up the walls
with a dung-fork, hewed them straight with a
broad-axe when sufficiently dry. It was after-
wards covered with lime mortar and small stone,
having the appearance of a stone house, costing
him 113 days for one man building.

I am, dear sir, yours sincerely,
Wm. Hy. Sotiiaji.

A CHALLEXOk! — \V. II. SOTIIAM.
JllCHI) HOOKS.

Written for the "Oliio Farmer," by Cassius ^f.
Clav.

Whitehall. Madison Co., Ky., Dec. 18, "5(1.

My Dear Hrown : I was not a little aston-
ished at the article of a Mr. Sotham, which you
copied from an English pa))er. T make a few
remarks in response to his assertions about my
stock, not so much to repel his untruths as to
"vindicate history" for its own sake.

Mr. Sotham seems to think that I ventured

HISTOKY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

157

upon asserting that the "Shortliorn" was the
"best breed of cattle" without "pruuf." Now,
every intelligent agricultural writer and reader
ought to know that the word of a man is not
more worthy of credit because they may go
before a magistrate and make oath to the same.
Each one gives his opinion, no doubt biased in
some extent, by habit and the amiable weakness
of self-interest. But, after all, a man's ability
and honesty will be very properly estimated by
the public, as Mr. S. will no doubt find out
after aw'hile.

The imputation against me as one of those
who are getting up an "excitement"' about Short-
horns need not be proven to you to be untrue,
when you remember that I only write the few
articles in the "Ohio Farmer" by your request.
I am the first breeder of Shorthorns in Madison
County, and a breeder and dealer for more than
twenty years, and yet I never before wrote a line
on the subject. For Mr. Sotham"s consolation
I will say that my herd is very small, and I have
a desire to increase it, rather than sell, even for
"exorbitant" prices ! His remarks about my
cattle at the National fair at Springfield are
rather singular, as I had only one-half of the
l)ull Locomotive (who took the first premium in
his ring against the world) and no other cattle
at all. If through mistake he applied his re-
marks to me instead of my brother, B. J. Clay,
I need only say that he took more premiums
than any other man upon the same number,
and many thought he was entitled to the pre-
mium for the "best herd," which was not given,
I learn, because some other parties were not
willing for additional judges to be called in.

The breeders of Shorthorns do not deem it
necessary to attack other breeds in order to
elevate their own. In giving my views upon
the "best breeds"" I was willing to admit that
the Devons and Ayrshires were the best breeds
in some localities and under certain circum-
stances of climate and food.

Mr. S. complains of our "stuffing" our "cat-
tle." Ours are the cattle that will bear "stuf-
fing" and "pay" well for the stuffing. We al-
ways avowed that they were heavy feeders and
would not recommend them where "heavy feed-
ing" was not desirable, and yet as I suggested,
the Boston "Cultivator" asserts that those fine
ones in Maine and New Hampshire are crosses
of the Shorthorn, Devon and Longhorn. As to
the Herefords, I have nothing to say for or
against them, except that they have never, in
public opinion, risen to the rank of rohtending
for the supremacy, and with Mr. S. for an ad-
vocate I think the day is far distant when an
"excitement" in their behalf will be gotten up !

The best judges I have heard speak on the sub-
ject regard the Herefords as not a pure breed;
and if they were I must say that I have all the
more no fancy for them. 1 know not what Mr.
S. means by ^'proofs." The cow of mine which
weighed 2,020 pounds was only "stuffed" six
months; and the butchers at Albany, X. Y.,
who are, I presume, as good judges of fine beef
as Mr. S., offered $140 for her, w-hich was re-
fused by her owners. Now, this cow- was by no
means the largest or finest of the breed, and
never was much "stuffed," and yet I venture
to assert there is no "Hereford" in America
which will weigh as much or bring as much
money at the block ! The above facts, if not
"proofs'" can be proved by certificates, if we
have to go outside of tlie rules of gentlemen in
this discussion !

What though I admitted that some families
or strains of Durhams or Shorthorns were "deli-
cate," do not facts aver the same of all breeds of
all animals ? I desire to elicit truth and promote
the general good. If I was merely a defender
of Shorthorns, I should say buy any of long
pedigree, without regard to quality, beauty,
form or constitution; but as I profess to en-
lighten others, as far as my knowledge and ex-
perience go, I wish them to use their own judg-
ment : and I give them hints upon which I have
founded my own.

I don't know how Mr. S. could dare to ven-
ture upon the assertion that the many engraved
likenesses of Shorthorns in the LTnited States
were simply copies of the same animal : when

YOKE OF HALF-BUEI) HEREFORn STEERS.
OLD. Ol'T OF DEVON DAMS.
(Favorites of Wm. H. Sotham.)

there are so many thousand living witnesses in
disproof of his allegation I and yet Ills (k/hm'-v-
sinii of a common type and connuon ])eeuliari-
lies, when so proved, are in direct estal)li.-;hment
of the purity of the breed, and their great ex-
cellence in reproducing their like with so much

158

HISTOU'V OF HEHKFOKI) CATTLE

certainty. So far as you and my Irii'iid Allen
are concerned, you can answer for yourselves.
In conclusion, I'll give you one "proof" of
my belief in facts. 1 will, at the next National
fair, to be adjudged by tiie Society's judges of
sweepstake cattle, show two heifers, bred and
now owned by me, of the "short-horned" breed,
one -year old last November, against any two
heifers, bred and owned by any one breeder of
"Herefords" in America, the loser to pay the
expenses of going and returning from the fair.
Or, in case there are no heifers of the same age
or near the same, 1 will show two 'shorthorn
females' of any named age of my own and my

YOUNG HEREFORDS. BRED BY T. F. B. SOTHAM.
ClIILLICOTHE. MO.

brother B. J. Clay's herd against any two
'Herefords' of any two breeders in America.
owned and bred by the same parties.
Your obedient servant,

C. M. Ci-.vv.

Herd Books. P. S. — Any attempt to create
jealousy between American and English l)reed-
ers. or controversy about which is the best herd
book, the .'\merican or the English, is ridicu-
lous. Herd books are simply general and con-
venient rptjisfrrs of pedigrees, and their merit
depends upon the fidelity and ability with which
they are edited. Both the English and .\meri-
can are good authority, and l)oth na'dcd for
cotiretiirnre: and any refusal to put pedigrees
in either is based upon narrow views of the
thing to he answered l)y "lierd books:" for they
neither give nor take away credit due to the
authenticity of pedigrees, further than that the
editors are presumed to be well versed in such
things: and that errors are more liable there
to be corrected, and frauds to be exposed.

C. M. C.

TllO.M.VS BKOWN S EDITORl.VL.
WlLLl.Vil il. SOTHAM.

Mr. Sothani has sent us the copy of the "Mark
Lane E.\press" in which Ids notice and critiipie
of the National Agricultural E.xhibition, of
riiiladelphia, is contained. With the above
came also a letter, over his name, concerning
"Shorthorns," containing a vast amount of
spleen and emphatic, under-lined words and
sentences. We are requested to publish it or
send it back. Now, we don't think it is worth
the attention of the ])ulilic, and not worth
preservation by Mr. Sotham ; we shall there-
fore gently drop it beyond that "bourne" whence
no letter returns.

Since writing the foregoing, we have received
from the same source two other long letters for
publication, made frightful by italics and
III reals; but they have gone the way of the
cither I — Ohio Fariiirr.

ilK. KE.VIiV's ESS.VY.

Mr. Keary, in 1849, wrote an essay on breeds
of cattle, favorable to Shorthorns, for the Royal
Agricultural Society; the Council of which
then comprised Shorthorn breeders, who had
much influence over that society; much in the
>Mme way as they have had over the New York
State Agricultural Society. I can vouch for the
truth, that Mr. Lewis F. Allen and Mr. Fran-
cis Kotch, Sen., and a few other such Short-
horn breeders, have nominated more "judges,"
more presidents and more vice-presidents, more
members of ex-committee, than all the rest of
New York State peo])le put together. The two
former have always been very officious in these
matters. This every one will admit who knows
anytliing of the society; and I think much to
its injury. Mr. Allen, being author of the
Herd Rook, cannot back out of what he has said
so exultingly favoral)le to Shorthorns, although
turned to a Devon breeder.

ilr. Rotch was not satisfied in helping nomi-
nate "judges" but assumed the responsibility
of teaching them the "true points of excellence"'
in the different breeds: which I consider the
most absurd stuff ever penned by a breeder, al-
though the (|uality he advocated, if cellular sub-
stance could be called (|uality, exactly suited
to bis own herd, giving the preference to soft,
flabby flesh, characteristic of the very herd he
then possessed. This was endorsed and ado]ited
bv the New York State Society, and would have
been permanently posted on the books, had not
a few of us strongly o]iposed. These "points
of excellence" died a nattiral death, very com-
posedly, for I have not heard of them since

H 1 S T U K Y () F H E R E F U K D C A T T L E

159

their first appearance at the show at Saratoga,
which 1 believe was the end of them.

I may be called "pugnacious," "fire and tow,"
and many hard names for saying what I do, but
who can speak and write patiently in defence
of Herefords with such men to encounter? I
can be as courteous as any man with reason-
able men to deal with ; but every impartial
man must admit that I have had a certain clique
of Shorthorn men to oppose, who were deter-
mined to drive me out of market with the Here-
fords.

There are some kinds of men in the world
whom the truth cannot reach, and such men are
most apt to accuse others of untruth unfounded-
ly— notwitb-tanding this, I shall speak the
truth boldl", and fear no man. The time will
come when we shall have Just and proper judges
of men, as well as of cattle.

When Mr. Keary wrote his "essay" for the
R. A. S., he found his opponent, Mr. Smythies,
a straightforward, just man, who wrote the
truth, and Mr. Keary found it went home to
him. I did not keep Mr. Keary's letters in M.
L. E., but publish the following challenges Mr.
Smythies gave to Mr. Keary, and his last let-
ter in reply to him, which will show about the
whole of the discussion.

editorial from "jiark lane express"
(loxdox).

Day by day we are coming to a more distinct
classification as to a more becoming recognition
of our several breeds of stock. Without exactly
undertaking to assert which is really the best,
we now give to almost every variety a fair op-
portunity of displaying its merits and attrac-
tions. We have for some time been gradually
approaching this, but never so directly nor so
decisively as during the last Smithfield Show
week. The admiring public is to be puzzled
no longer, but to go methodically through ev(>r\-
class or kind of animal it ever heard of. It
is no longer Shorthorn, Hereford, and Devon
only; but as equally defined, Sussex, Welsh.
Scotch, and any other high-bred cattle that can
prove to a local habitation and a name. All
this is very good. We not only encourage our
breeders and enlighten our visitors, but we e\en
ease the duties and lessen the responsibilities
of our judges. Years back, the upright judge
went into the yard instructed to say at once
which was the best beast there — to pick him out
valiantly from all sorts and sizes, thoroughbred
or mongrel, no matter which ! He owned, per-
haps, to some little sympathy with the Dur-
ham, or to some slight antipathy to the Devon,
and he decreed and got abused accordingly.

Now, however, he can pronounce on a Short-
horn simply as a Shorthorn, without any of
those invidious comparisons which so often
ere this have brought him to grief. To be sure
there is the gold medal still, but then a man
who takes the first honors of his school will
always look with some little philosophy on any
little "mistake" his friends may fall into.

The labours, then, of our judges are consid-
erably facilitated, while their decisions are like
to be freed from much of that angry discussion
which has too often attended the publication
of the awards. And yet, strange to say, there
never was more difficulty in making out an
efficient corps for such duties than there is
just at present. Crabbe, who, whatever his mer-
its as a poet, always wrote with wondrous truth
and fidelity, thus describes the man we are
looking out for:

"He was of those whose skill assigns the prize
For creatures fed in pens, and stalls and sties;
And who in places where improvers meet
To fill the land with fatness had a seat;
Who plans encourage, and who journals keep.
And talk with lords about a breed of sheep."

We will not venture to say how many years
it is since this was penned ; but this we may
say, that the lines are far more applicable now
than they possibly could have been when orig-
inally composed. Where the poet had one or

'fll3 -*'.vv..--:

LO.N'GHORN BULL. REPRODICED FRO.M YOUATTS
BOOK ON CATTLE.

two such models in his eye, we have them in
scores and hundreds. He might perhaps have
pointed to a Bakewell or an Ellman. We turn
at once to the list of the Royal Agricultural
Society — some si.x or .seven thousand strong —
and "tick off" name after name of men who
sit in places where improvers meet, who plan,
encourage, journals keep, and talk with lords

160

H I S T 0 K Y 0 F II E E E F 0 R D CATTLE

al)out a bri'i'd of sheep, or of horses, or of cattle,
or of pigs. The Society would indeed seem to
have been born to "make'" such men; and as,
no doubt, to a great extent it has done. Yet
now it has made them it cannot use them. At
this moment the Koyal Agricultural Society has
nothing more trying to contend with than the
appointment of its judges. Exhibitors must
not be judges; members of the council have
something else to do during this busy week,
and so we return to ilr. A and Mr. B., who have
very often ol)liged us before, and will prob-
ably be kind enough to oblige us again.

That a certain sort of exclusiveness has had
something to do in creating this difficulty there

••SEVENTEEN STEER," SOLD AT CINCINNATI, 1S41.
(From an old print.)

can be but little question. As with the Smith-
field Club, gentlemen have duly gone the round
of their duties, and then like Bloomfield on
his visit to Vauxhall,

"Why, then, they go round them again!"

It has been llr. A out and Mr. B in, and Mr.
('. re-elected, until at last, should we ever get
through our A, B, C we are fairly at our wifs
end. We don"t know what to do. We have
been preparing no one else for the place, and
now that it is vacant, we have nobody ready to
take it. The only thing, of course, is an ad-
vertisement in the papers, which we insert here,
duly free: "Wanted, a few good judges of
stock, etc., etc., for the ensuing meeting of
the Royal .Vgricultiiral Society of l-higiand.
.•\pply by letter or in person, at 12, llanover-
square."

Once more do we ask, do the nicmlicrs gen-
erally of the Society know their own rights
and privileges? .Are they aware, that according
to the rules and regulations of their own body,
they are directly reqiU'sted to send in the names
of anv of their acquaintances whom thoy feel

are competent to assist in any way in the pro-
ceedings? Could they tell us the names of a
few gentlemen qualified to act as judges at the
great national meetings, but who never yet have
acted in such a capacity ? If so, as no doubt very
many of them can, let them oblige, not us so
much as the Members of Council, and send such
names in on their nomination. Never mind if
they are yet untried in so large a field. We
have been working a little too much by line
and rule as it is, and if we want a precedent
of any kind here, it is that every nuui must
have a beginning. So far we appear to have
been selecting men as judges and stewards be-
fore. Let us now extend the classes a little,
as we do with the stock. Let it no longer be
all Shorthorn, Hereford, and Devon, but let
us have grace enough to name a good man for
tiie office, on the very excellent showing, as
we take it, that he never held it before. Tlierc
is precedent even here, if we must have it. One
or two of the very best judges ever enlisted —
for stock or implements, we will not care which
— never acted at all until within the last two
or three years.

The selection, of course, must rest with the
Council, and it is only right they should have
something good to select from. However much
or little encouraged, so far, it is a duty the
members of the Society generally owe to them-
selves to assist in making this list out. We
will not go quite so far as to say that every
member reads the "JIark Lane Express." If he
does not, however, there is the more necessity
lor his being directly invited to ajipreciate a
little more demonstratively the privileges he
enjoys. Why, there is not a man amongst us
who does not meet, every day of his life, some
capital judge of a horse, or Down, or an ox.
The Council of the Society requires the services
of this gentleman. It may be a gratifying and
well-nu'rited distinction to him, and it will be
an essential advantage to them. Send u]) his
name, then, by all means — and if you know of
another as good, don't hesitate to send his. too.
It is impossible to have too many to pick from.

We have said that this selection is made by
the Council ; that is, by as many Members of
Council as choose to attend any meeting ap-
])ointed for that purpose. It is sometimes as-
serted that a large meeting cannot get through
its business anything like so efficiently as some
two or three m<'mbers of it would. But this, on
the contrary, is especially the busiiu'ss, if not
of a large, of a ftdl meeting of Council. Depute
it to two or three, and you will have the old
prejudic'^s and precedents stronger than ever.
Go carefully through the list in open Council,

HISTOKY OF HEEEFOKD CATTLE

161

and if you want a name here or there, you will
be far more likely to get it from the experience
of two or three ami twenty than from two or
three only. Let us never forget the united
fitrength of a bundle of sticks.

MR. SJIYTHIES' CHALLENGE.

In 1849 Mr. Smythies gave the following
challenge: "I will show 100 Hereford beasts,
which were the property of Sir Francis Law-
ley, Bart., on the 1st of January, 1849, and
the same number which were the property of
Jlr. Aston, of LjTich Court, on the same day,
against an equal number, the breeders of Short-
horns or Devons in any part of Great Britain,
on the same day, for one hundred sovereigns.
I am willing to "^ leave the decision to the three
judges at the last Smithtield Show, two of
who'in are unknown to me, even by sight.""

At the same time Mr. S. made the following
offer: "I am ready to place four Hereford
calves, on the 1st of May next, in the hands of
any respectable grazier in the midland counties,
against four Shorthorns, and four Devons; no
calf to be more than four months old on that
day, the twelve calves to be turned to grass
together, to have nothing but grass till the 20th
of'^October following, then to be put in stalls

and to be fed as the grazier thinks proper, but
the food to be weighed in each lot, till the fol-
lowing May, when they shall be again turned
to grass till the following 1st of October ; then
to be again taken into the stalls, and the food
weighed as before; the whole to be shown as
extra stock at the Smithtield Show, at the Ba-
zaar, and after the show to be slaughtered, the
four beasts that pay the best to be the winners."

HEREFORDS VS. SHOETnORXS AXD DEVON'S.

To the Editor of the "Mark Lane Express"':

Sir: It was not my intention to have
troubled vou with any more letters on the sub-
ject of Mr. Keary's essay, but his misinterpre-
tation of my last letter is too gross to allow
it to pass unnoticed. As to what he means by
his assertion that my letter can have no weight
with practical men, I do not understand. Hav-
ing occupied fifteen hundred acres of land for
forty years, and having purchased every beast
on the estate myself, and every animal upon
it having been bred under my own immediate
direction, and the whole management of the es-
tate having been conducted by me, I think I
nm as much a practical man as Mr. Keary. He
accuses me of having liastily arrived at an er-

OX WEIGHING 3,500 LBS.. RAISED IN SANGAMON CO.. ILL.. 1S34. BRED FROM "SEVENTEEN ULOOD.'

(From an oW print.)

162

HISTORY OF II EKE FORD CATTLE

roneous conclusion, in having accused him of
having drawn a comparison between Short-
horns, Devons and llerefords unfavorable to
the latter. Yet, his essay speaks for itself.
Does he not, in everj- particular, claim the pref-
erence for his two favorite breeds; while I, on
the contrary, declare that they are both in-
ferior? and I have offered to test their several
merits and to back my opinion. Mr. Keary
says : "My knowledge of llerefords is questioned
because I have omitted to notice the grey ones,
a pet sort of Mr. Smythies. I cannot call to

"SEVENTEEN STEER." JOHN SHERMAN.

(Bred by J. D. GiUette. Elkhart. III. Champion Chicago

Fat Stock Show, 18T8.)

mind having often seen many of these extra-
ordinary greys, and Mr. Smythies admits him-
self that after a lengthened inquiry and a great
deal of trouble, he could only purchase four."
Four what? Not four greys, but four of the
pure blood of Mr. Tully"s of Huntingdon. I
think no man could mistake the meaning of my
letter who did not do so willfully. If I had
only desired to purchase grey ones, I might,
1 suppose, have got four hundred in the time.
Some of our best breeders had nearly all
greys ; Mr. Jones, of Brierton, who used to
produce as good a lot of steers as most men,
had all grey ones for many years: and Mr.
Ricketts, of Sarnesficld, whose herd was a very
good one, had nearly all greys, and many other
breeders in the county had a good many. As
an excuse for omitting the name of Sir Francis
Lawley as a breeder of Herefords, he said he
did not profess to inention the names of all
the breeders of Herefords that may be ; but still.
it appears singular to me that he should have
omitted the name of a breeder who not only has
the l)est herd in existence at the |)resent day,
but tlie best herd of any breed. Did he do so
with respect to either of the other breeds? ilr.
Keary denies that he stales in his essay that
the voun^ Shorthorns liave rather a liberal al-

lowance of cake, and that he only asserts that
of the Herefords, and requests that I will refer
to it again. I have done so and copy the fol-
lowing sentence from the "Journal": "From
the time of rearing, little or no difference may
be said to exist in the treatment of the young
stock, between the Shortluirns and Herefords.
Warm and well sheltered paddocks, with hovels
or yards with open sheds, form, in both cases,
their winter (juarters, in which they are sup-
plied with hay, roots, and, generally speaking,
a rather liberal allowance of cake, or other
artificial food."

Now, sir, 1 confess I was stupid enough to
consider, from this statement, that Shorthorns
were so treated. I will leave your readers to
determine whether or not I had a right to come
to such a conclusion from the foregoing sen-
tence. I denied in my letter that llerefords
were so treated — at least, that mine were, and
I asserted this on my word of honor as a gentle-
man. Mr. Keary then says: "To practical men
such statements are somewhat startling," or, in
other words. What ilr. Smythies has stated
is false. Xever having heard Mr. Keary "s name
till I saw it at the end of this essay. 1 have no
means of knowing in what society he may have
been brought up, l)ut I beg to inform him that
the men with whom I have passed my life
hold such an assertion as I liave made above
as sacred as the most solemn oath. It is very
difficult to prove a negative, but the doubt
which Mr. Keary has attempted to throw on
my veracity renders the endeavor to do so im-
perative. If Mr. Keary will do me the favor
to accompany me into Herefordshire, I will
bring before him men who have worked on
my farm for many years, some ever since I oc-
cu]iied it. I will produce two of my bailiffs
who lived with me nine or ten years each, and
one twenty-three years. He shall also see the
men who looked after my cattle: he shall also
see a variety of men who have worked on the
farm at various periods, and who were dis-
charged, iind who are not likely to make any
false statements in my favor; and if he can
find any one man who can prove that he ever
saw an oil cake on my estate during the time
I occupied it. excepting the year mentioned in
my former letter, or ever .<aw any lot of steers
of mine eating cake. corn, seeds, meal, or any
artificial food whatever, I will ])resent him with
a Imndred sovereigns and pay all his expenses.
I beg also to refer him to Mr. Rusbridger, the
Duke of Richmond's l)ailiff: to ilr. Rowland,
of Creslow. one of the largest graziers in Eng-
land : to Mr. Senier. of Brousrhfon House, near
Aylesbury; to Mr. Druce. of Ensham; to Mr.

IllSTOHY OF HE

FOlM) CATTLE

1G3

William Trinder, of Wantage; to Mr. Bailey,
near Wolverton, and to a variety of other
graziers who have bought my steers, whether,
when they put them into the stalls to feed, they
took to cake as if they had been accustomed
to it.

I think, sir, I have offered such proof of the
truth of my statement as must satisfy the mind
of anj' unprejudiced man, and if I have not
satisfied Mr. Keary, which I think not unlikely,
for

"A man convinced against his will,
Holds the same opinion still,"

I shall be glad to give any further proof that
the nature of the case admits of, if he will be
so good as to point it out.

Mr. Keary goes on to say that he has learned
that the practice of treating young cattle as
he has described was extensively, if not uni-
versally, used. The best steers at Hereford fair
were usually found in the show yard. When I
was a member of the Herefordshire Agricul-
tural Society, all animals exhibited for their
prizes were restricted from having cake or corn,
and no person could become a candidate for a
prize without first signing a certificate that the
animal exhibited by him had not eaten cake,
corn, seeds, meal, or any artificial food what-
soever. One thing is certain, that if those per-
sons who have been in the habit of showing
their-stock there have told Mr. Keary that their
steers were fed as he says they were, they must
have stated what was not correct in one in-
stance, for the}' cannot both be true. I have
obtained many prizes there, and I always had
to sign such a certificate.

Mr. K. seems very indignant at my accusing
him of knowing but little of Hereford cattle.
I was willing to attribute his unfair comparison
to ignorance from which, indeed, I really
thought it did arise ; but if he wishes to have
it considered willful misrepresentation, I can
have no objection ; he is welcome to place him-
self upon which horn of the dilemma he likes
best.

Another striking instance of ilr. K."s per-
version of the meaning of my letter I cannot
pass over. He says that though I bred seventy
a year for a long period, I never had but one
good milking cow ! ! Does the sentence in my
letter to which he alludes convey any such
meaning? It is this: "I have seen Hereford
cows milk well, and had one myself that ma<le
eleven pounds of butter a week for three
months." Does that imply that I had but one
good milker? Was (hat any reason to infer
that I might not have had a hundred good milk-
ers? It is true that from this sentence it might

i)e inferred that I had only one that would
niake eleven pounds of butter a week, but I
might have had any quantity that would have
made seven or eight ; but to exemplify the argu-
ment I was using, I selected the strongest in-
stance that had occurred in my herd.

He also adds that I admit it takes .several
months longer to make up a Hereford than it
does a Shorthorn. I fancy he is the only man
who read my letter that did not perceive that
that was a sarcasm on his assertion, which I
clearly showed my disljelief of by offering to
place four Herefords in competition with four
Shorthorns, to be slaughtered at two years old.

I will only allude to one more instance of
gross perversion of the meaning of my letter.
Mr. Keary says, "With ilr. Smythies' challenge
I can have nothing to do.'" In this wise decision
he shows his creed. The prudence of the York-
shireman is quite apparent in refusing to ac-
cept a challenge, which he knows he must lose
if he accepts. But the way in which he evades
it is most to be noticed. He says it is im-
practicable; he knows no Shorthorn breeder who
breeds a hundred steer calves in a year. Xor
I, either, nor of any other breed, and I would
ask, is there any other man in the United King-
dom who has read my letter, besides Mr. Keary,
who imagined that I had challenged him to
show a hundred
steers bred by one
man in one year?
What are the
words of my let-
ter? "I will show
one h u n d r e d
Hereford beasts
that were the
property of Sir
Francis Lawley,
on the 1st of Jan-
uary, 1849, and
the same number
that were the
property of ^Ir.
Aston, Lynch
Court, on the
same day, against

the same number that were the property of any
two breeders of Shorthorns or Devons on the
same day in any part of Great Britain." Is it not
clear that 1 meant the general breeding stock
u])on their farms? He then adds. "His next
challenge is equally difficult to carry out impar-
tially and fairly." What, sir, is there no grazier
in the midland counties to be found with suffi-
cient honesty to try this experiment? I could
name twentv mvself who would do it. I am the

WM. I'OWELL. CHANXING.

TEX.. FOK.MERLY OF

BEECHEK, ILL.

Ili4

HISTORY OF II E K E F 0 R D CATTLE

advocate of trutli, and tlu'iTloru court investiga-
tion; I have notliing to cohceal, and therefore
have no occasion to j^iit false interpretations
upon passages as clear as the sun at noon, nor
to make use of subterfuges of any sort. As to
the boasted superiority of the Shorthorns, let
us see what the past says. If Mr. Keary will
search the records of the Smithfield Club, I
think he will find the lierefords have taken
away more prizes than his favorite Shorthorns,
and five times as many as the Devons. Mr.
Westeai' sold twenty Hereford oxen for two
•thousand one hundred and fifty odd pounds. I

"QUEEN OF ATHENS" AND CAL?'. •■.\IV MARYLAXH."
(Bred by John Merryman, Cockeysviile, Aid.)

once stated this fact in a letter in the "Farm-
ers' Journal," which statement was ridiculed
in a letter the following week, written by 5Ir.
Henry Berry [Youatt's authority. T. L.' U.],
who was a great advocate for the sujjremacy of
Shorthorns, as a perfect impossibility. A few-
days after his letter appeared I received one
from a gentleman staying at Creslow, contain-
ing an extract from Mr. \Vestcar"s books, giv-
ing the date of the sale, the name of the butcher
they were sold to, and the sum paid for them,
amounting, together, to the sum I have men-
tioned. Six of them were sold in one deal to
Mt. Giblet, of Bond street, for six hundred
pounds. Have twenty Shorthorn bullocks ever
sold for two-thirds of the money? So much
for the ])ast. .\s to the future, I am ready and
willing to test the respective merits of these
three lireeds in any way Jlr. Keary will ])oint
out. I only wish it to be clearly ascertained
which are the most useful beasts. I am con-
vinced in my own mind that no animal of any
descri|)tion can be fatted on the common vege-
table produce of a farm so soon, or i)rought to
sucli i)erfection on grass, hay and roots only,
as a Hereford, and this appears to me to be
the great desideratum at the present day, that
we sliould be aiile to convert the vegi'tnliji' pro-

duce of our farms into animal matter at the
greatest advantage, and that we should not have
to go to the foreigner to buy oil cake to feed
our beasts when we have enough at home to feed
them with if we select the proper animal. 1 know
it is a notion amongst Shorthorn breeders that
oxen cannot be fatted without corn or cake. 1
once showed a fat cow at Bath, and won the
l)rize with her, and sold her to Mr. Hale, the
celebrated butcher in that town, who told me
she was the fattest animal he had ever seen.
1 had given in a certificate that she had been
fed on grass, hay and roots only. Some people
who saw her thought it impossible she could
have been so fed, and somebody, just before the
judges entered the yard, threw some oil cake
into the manger before her, in hopes the judges
might see her eating it. This 1 was told by
one of the judges when he came out of the yard,
and he added, she evidently had never seen
such a thing before, for she took no notice of it ;
we tried her competitors with it. and they ate
it up in a minute. So convinced am I of the
decided superiority of Hereford cattle for feed-
ing purposes over any others, that I am most
anxious to see them brought fairly into com-
petition, and whenever they are so, honestly and
honorably. If the ''Journal'' committee of the
Royal English Agricultural Society wish to act
fairly, they ought to publish my letters, that
the poison and the antidote may travel together,
and let the world determine who is right. I
have done nothing underhand, or in secret ; I
have referred you by name to many most re-
spectable men. If 1 have stated one syllable
that is not true, I have afforded you every means
of detecting me; if, therefore, you fail to do
so, I have a right to claim from my agricul-
tural brethren an implicit reliance on the truth
of my statements. Regretting that I have oc-
cupied so much of your valuable paper,
I remain vour olK'(lient servant,

J. R. Smytiiies. (H 78)
Grey Friars, (\)lchester. Feb. 10.

r wrote t(i Mr. Thnnias Brown, editoi- of tlie
"Ohio Fai-nu'r," to find out the claiulcsliiic iikiii
who signed himself "Agricola," who wrote on
"in-and-in breeding,'' etc., as I considered the
remarks he made on that subject doing much
injury to the public. His assertions on other
]ioints seemed to me truly ridiculous, and that
a rittiiiiion sriisr editor would refuse to jiublish
such stuff. His teachings on breeding, his
Shorthorn pulling, and his writing anonymous-
ly, condemned him in my estimation. I never
knew a man (who is a man) asluimed to own

HISTORY OF HEREFOUD CATTLE

IGi

his own productions. 'Vhv Inllowini; was Mr.
Brown's reply:

I'k'vciand, Ajiril •.':!, \)^M.
My Doar Sir:

I do not think there is any special danger
of my being seriously used by Mr. Allen. I
know your alarm is honest, and your cautions
well meant, and I therefore thank you for your
letter. "Agricola" is not Mr. Allen, and 1
don"t know that Allen ever met him. He is one
of the "oldest breeders in America," a U. D.
and LL. D., whose fame is as wide as the earth.
He is now president of a flourishing theological
college and professor of Biblical Literature —
and is none other than the Rev. Robert J.
Breckenridge, of Lexington, Ky. Are you sat-
isfied on this point? Keep it to yourself.

I have just received a good article from Aston
on Herefords. I mean to do yovi and your Here-
fords full justice, but I must be permitted to
take my own time and way to do it. I am
obliged to }'ou for any advice, and reproof, even,
given in kindness. I desire, too, to continue on
friendly relations with you.
I am, very truly.

Your friend,

Thos. Brown.

I wrote Mr. Brown that this was the first I
had ever heard of the Rev. Robt. J. Brecken-
ridge, and that it was high time he declined to
give instructions to breeders. If Mr. Brown's
extravagant encomium of the man had gone
still further, and he had said this famed Mr.
Breckenridge had been known beyond "the
earth," I should have believed it quite as read-
ily as many other assertions made by him and
his correspondents on Shorthorns ; but I do and
always shall believe that neither of these as-
sumed writers on breeds of cattle knew how
much mischief he was doing the community by
advising "sire to daughter and continue it."
One of these noted writers and breeders, to my
knowledge, has bred blind calves, calves void
of symmetry and quality, calves minus their
legitimate power of reproducing, calves with
long pedigrees, and who has not gone near so
far into the "in-and-in" system as he recom-
mends others to breed, and at the time he talks
of "CoUing's successful in-and-in breeding in
Shorthorns ; the long Scotch coat was produced
in them, the origin of which no man can dis-
pute who knows both breeds."' Here is a mys-
tery that ought to be solved and who is more
capable of doing it than the man "whose fame
is as wide as the earth?" — a man anxious for
notoriety as a breeder and dictator, a man care-
ful and kind to bis "Hock and herd." a man who
advocates trutli. piwily. imii-ality. hciiiesty. jus-

tice, one who loves his country. I say again,
tliere can be no better man to solve this mystery
than this intelligent and learned divine, ujiheld
and supported by his one-sided editor and con-
temporary, who is so well versed in the im-
provement of his country, and in the protec-
tion of his pet correspondents. This same one-
sided editor speaks of my letters being "made
frightful by underlining." Mark the letter
above, that his readers maj^ "learn and inwardly
digest.'' This is a wide world to live in, and the
])eople are diversified. Some feel "warm when
they have seen the fire," and are satisfied with
the comfort such a blessing bestows. Others,
with more extravagant ideas, heedlessly clench
the flames, and if a man will put hj^ hand in
the fire he must expect to get scorched. Ed-
itors may, in their ignorance, madness or self-
conceit, commit truth to the flames, but can
never destroy; it will, phicnix-like, rise again
from its ashes, to teach such vain editors de-
cency and justice. One-sided editors will fre-
quently add brighter coloring to glaring un-
trutJis from a favored correspondent, while his
opponent is repulsed with editorial power, in
forbidding entrance to his columns what he
knows to be true. But truth will out — nothing
can suppress it. The editor of the "Ohio Farm-
er" will sooner or later find out that "two heads
are better than one, if one is a sheep's head."

^■♦4v> j*i»v.r

"DOLLY VARDEN" (V. 9, p. 279) 5.
(Bred by J. Morris. Madley. Eng.)

I did not see Mr. Aston's "good article on
Herefords," of which Mr. Brown speaks, nor
do I believe it ever appeared. It was in answer
to C. M. Clay, therefore, I suppose it was too
"powerful'' for Shorthorn breeders, and was
committed "gently" to the flames, from whence,
he thinks, such articles never return.

I have been accused of "untruth" unfouniled-
ly by an editor before this, and my accuser had
fairly been convicted of perjury; nothing saved
him from a prisoner's cell but money, untruths.

1G6

1 1 1 s T 0 IM' () !■ 1 1 !■; i; !•: i' u i; i > ( • a 'J' t i. k

and a flaw in tiic iiuli(:tnu'iit ; Ijut tlii.< .same
editor is now relorined, and, 1 seu, strongly ad-
vocating morality. 1 glory in his wisdom, and
therefore freely forgive him. If 1 am "pug-
nacious," unelassical, severe, and forbidding, as
my opponents choose to characterize me, 1 can
forgive. iS'or do 1 consider publishing Mr.
Brown's article a breach of trust, after his con-
duct to me.

* * *
EniTOKS .V.Xl) JUDGES.

There is nothing more important to the agri-
cultural community than just and good judges.
Xor is there any true evidence of a man's being
a good j^idge of cattle because he lives in a
large, exijensive house, and gives high prices
for imported stock. Such men, if reported rich,
are very apt to be looked up to for this depart-
ment— many of which are very fearful of soil-
ing their hands and their clothes, frequently
handle cattle with their gloves on ; some of
kid and others of a different material. Such
men generally consider such labor beneatli their
dignity, while practical men leave not a single
point unexamined, making their hands and
their eyes guide them to a just decision. Such
men will not be swayed from the true points
of an animal by prejudice, favor or aristocratic

inlhkntial nnii, but will give the animal its due
without reference to its owner. All societies
will l)e a curse to the country until such'meu
arc nominated.

Jn the present course of things, a costly ani-
mal, say a "Jive thousand dollar one," must be
the best, because he costs so much, when good,
unbiased judgment would probably pronounce
him in s(;cond or third class.

Tlu'rc is no lack of dis])lay in portraits and
jiublieations, and these enormous prices quickly
go the rounds. Editors of agricultural papers
are generally too an.xious to "obtain first" such
exciting articles, and are very jealous of others
who "copy from them without credit." Neither
do they forget to Hatter and feed the vanity
of those c-xtravagant purchasers, nuiny of whom
never see the aninuils until they arrive home,
spurring them on to this destructive mania, and
when such prices are given without judgment
or discussion, it is a ruinous principle.

Most judges are apt to select animals for
prizes from their "important" ])ulfed charac-
ter, made puljlic by editors, who had probably
been well paid for their puffing — rather than
trusting to their own judgment, and frequently
listen to these dictates as settled facts without
consideration. Tlic owner, too, is an important
man, and frequently niDiiey only has made him

IlKHKI'-OHDS l).\ Till'; PI.AI.NS OK COl.OUADCJ.

li photograph taken In the sprliiK. after a hard winter.)

HISTORY OF II EKE FORD CATTLE

16'?

so. Editors have puffed his cattle — puiled his
management as a breeder — courting an ecjuality
to his exalted society, and to obtain a golden
fee, he knowing at the same time the true credit
belonged to his agents. By this means some
editors are made notorious, their papers popu-
lar, their judgment consulted, and frequently
put on as judges of cattle, some of which find
difficulty in distinguishing the different breeds,
without "guessing" and inquiring. Still they
can write about these breeds with as much con-
fidence as the best judges.

These editors may call me "pugnacious," but
they know my statements are true, and there-
fore they may poke their editorials at me to
suit themselves, if they are only sufficiently
manly to send me a copy and allow me to an-
swer them ; if not, it is no better principle
than stabbing a man in the dark. I think it
will benefit the community if they are "re-
proved in kindness."

There are many editors truly good fellows,
if they did not assume to be judges of cattle.
Many remarks they make on this subject are
truly ridiculous.

It is very gratifying to receive "visits" from
many of them if the more vain would not tell
the public how kindly they had been treated by
great men, in what kind of carriage they hail
been drawn to such breeders' mansions; how
upright and stately they sit in that carriage,
ruminating over the "big" words that should
compose their- description and flattery ; not for-
getting to tell such a man what advantage and
favor it was to have such puffs in their col-
umns.

Some editors are even weak enough to tell
what they had for dinner, and even add to this
the enormous size of the beautiful Tom Turkey
presented to them to carry home for another
"luxurious meal." My readers who have read
agricultural papers must admit all this to be
true, and they must further admit that a mod-
erate breeder who understands his business
practically, lives in a moderate house, with mod-
erate ideas, and possessing substantial judg-
ment, is very seldom noticed, but more fre-
ijueritly avoided and unjustly repulsed. To be
the guest of an honest, plain farmer would not
be etiquette, if he lived in a plain house. Such
editors as the "Ohio Farmer" would deem him
beneath his dignity and unworthy of an edi-
torial remark if he had not a fine pair of mules
or a splendid pair of horses to ride behind,
seated in an aristocratic carriage for the purpose
of taking his observations; a Tom Turkey, how-
ever fat, however "enormously" heavv. would
scarcely be considered a present, while (hat of

the reported great man's would be puff'ed and
stuffed with "enormous extravagance."

Such is the way of the world, and we are
compelled to succumb to it as long as such ed-
itors as that of the "Ohio Farmer" "has his own
way," and is allowed to burn up a proper an-
swer. 1 suppose he is lord of all he surveys
when he beholds the whole of his paper, and
therefore has power to forbid.

There are many agricultural editors who re-
quire more substantial judgment ; more inde-
pendence of character; more sound investiga-
tion into the numerous articles they jjuljlish,
and although some of them are willing to treat
both sides of the question fairly, every one must
admit there is a vast deal of cattle trash pub-
lished only for the want of better judgment to
guide them.

A LETTER TO

TJIE EDITOR OF
FARJIER."

THE OHIO

Owego, X. Y., Jan. IT, ".37.
Thos. Brown, Esq. :

Sir : A friend has sent me your jiaper to-
day, containing ilr. C. M. C'lay"s letter, from
which I see you have ])reviously copied mine
from the "Mark Lane Express."" If you publish
the whole of that letter, 1 am satisfied.

If you publish
my letters just as
I write them 1
will meet Mr. Clay
or any other per-
son on that sub-
ject. "All 1 ask
is a fair field and
no favor." It is
very easy to say
and to print that
another tells an
"untruth," but it
is more difficult
to prove it, nor
can I believe it
gentlemanly to
say so without
proof. When jMr.

Clay or any other person proves an "untruth"'
in any of my letters they are at liberty to con-
demn me as one of "low degree," "low bred,"
"third-class quality," and "no breeder."' T will
then retire from the field disgusted with my
own actions.

On the other hand, I am ])erfectly willing to
admit all that Mr. Clay says as a "gentleman,""
but I cannot agree witli him in opinion, nor in
his jtidgment on cattle, however hnig he mav
have been a dealer or a breeder.

HO.V J. W PROWERS.
WEST LAS A.\1.\L\S. COLO.

168

II 1 S T 0 R Y 0 I'^ 1 1 K n K V O U \) V A T T L E

'riicre is but oiiL' truo ;<taii(lanl of ([uality,
syniiiietry, wuif^iil, t'tc, ami liu who dilfers from
that is no JikI^l'.

1 honor the uainu of "I'lay" as highly as any
other man, and 1 regret that 1 made the mis-
take of calling Jlr. Biutiis Clay's Mr. Cassius
M. Clay's. I fully understood that it was C.
M. C. that took the prizes at Springfield. 1
therefore transfer the remarks 1 made upon
that herd to where they belong, and will fully
maintain all 1 have said in answer to C. M. C.
When we have both had a fair trial, I will leave
to the public, whose just opinion has most
weight in the scale of true judgment.

HEREFORDS BRED BY THE REYNOLDS LAND & CAT-
TLE CO.. CHANNI.N'G. TEX.

Mv desire is to test this matter hoiir.tlh/.
and fear no man.

If you publish this, I will accept Messrs. C.
and B.'s challenge in a fair way in another
communication. If not. I shall answer him in
other papers.

I send you another letter from the "JIark
Lane- Express," for your perusal and publica-
tion, if j/oii rhi)(>itp.

I am. sir. Your humble servant,

W.M. II Y. SOTIIAM.

Jlli. ROTIIAir'.'; ANSWER AXH ACCEPTAXCK OF
C. M. CL.W'S CHALLENGE.

Owego, Tioga Co., N. Y., Jan. 2.'), IS.'JT.

Mr. Editor: In reply to Mr. Cassius M.
Clay's letter. He says, "The word of a man is
no more worthy of credit because he may go be-
fore a magistrate and make oath to the same."
I fully endorse this, ^fr. Editor, and will say
still further: a man who is over-anxious to take
such a course is loss likely to he believed and
trusted.

I take it for granted (inside the rules of
gentlemen) that Mr. Clay had no self-interest

in Shorthorns, but has more of it in Mr.
Hrown's invitation to write for his paper. The
half of "Locomotive,"" and the whole of that
"robust family of Shorthorns"'; the former
"beating the world," and the latter as good as
can be found in it, can have no "exciting inter-
est" to their owner, nor can there be the least
sign of "elevation"" towards these valuable ani-
mals by such expressions from Mr. Clay. He
having "sc//'-possession," "se//-control,"" and an
"amiable disposition"" — rests conii)osed and con-
tented with the increase as it surrounds him —
(enviable position this !) He needs no demand,
has no desire to attract a man in the "habit"'
of giving "high prices," or taking advantage of
his "amiable weakness." Mr. Clay has no such
intentions, his only "habit," object, and self-
interest is in writing for the Ohio Fanner, and
^Mr. C. seems to think "that a Mr. Sotham will
'find out' these profitable advantages in time,
when the public become more familiar with
his character." I must say, Mr. Clay, that I
have no desire for this public "estimate,"' and
rather your "se//-interest" would rest where it
is. Neither have I any desire to excite high,
artificial prices in Herefords. I always sold
at reasonable ones, and it is still my wish to
do so.

Now, Mr. Clay, I see plainly by your letters,
you consider yourself a judge of cattle. You
have studied it practically, therefore you must
know that the herd that takes most prizes is
not always the best ; neither are the judges wlio
award those prizes. Excellent {)roof of this
was shown at Springfield, which every practical
judge must candidly admit. I met a Short-
horn breeder, whom I am well aware ranks "in-
side the rules of gentlemen," and who openly
confessed that Shorthorns there were miserai)lv
lacking in quality, nor did he attempt to hide
the remarks from some of his own herd. A
wliite heifer belonging to Jlr. Duncan was de-
cidedly the best female in that class and the
best in her own. There was another red and
white heifer that compared well with her, still
these two were beaten by one as hard and as
tight as flesh could be forced u])on her — third-
class of the lowest kind. The white heifer went
home prizeless, and, in my opinion, reflecting
much animal or "amiable weakness" on the ma-
jority of the judges. Hence, my minor report.
T have too much regard for my associates to
believe for a moment there was any self-interest
in this decision, for I feel assured they came
inside " the rules of gentlemen."

Mr. Clay says that breeders of Shorthorns do
not deem it necessary to attack other breeds in
order to elevate their own, and further says,

H 1 S T 0 K Y OF H E E E F 0 K i) C A T 'J' L !•:

169

"the best judges I have heard speak upou the
subject regard the Herefords as not a pure
breed, and if they were I have all the less fancy
for them."' This remarkable injustice; this
hearsay ; this fancy ; this self-contradiction, is it
not untruth ? Mr. Clay, I will not have it so ;
neither will I deem it self-interest, if I am con-
sidered by the public "to step outside the rules
of gentlemen."' I cannot help it — I must say
it is your amiable weakness to vindicate history.
Notwithstanding this, your opinion is the same
opinion still. Your robust family is the same
and may still be the best in the world under the
same opinion. Durhams may still be the best
breed of cattle, and Locomotive, who took the
first premium against the world, is still Loco-
motive if his weight has kept such steam pres-
sure from his becoming too exaltingly elevated.
So the world goes — we are all entitled to an
opinion, and niany of them will be remembered
as long as they remain in print.

Again. Mr. Clay says: "As to the Herefords.
I have notliinc to >av. for or against tlicm, ex-

Show at Birmingham ; lie will there find the
Herefords stood far superior to any other breed
classes at that exhibition. Mr. Clay did not
mean to pull down the Herefords by these re-
marks, I know he did not. He had previously
said it was not necessary, and he would have
studied the facts in the case before he had ven-
tured to attempt it, though I cannot help think-
ing there is a little amiable weakness in this
mistake to vindicate history.

As to the animal likenesses. Did Mr. Clay
ever see one of Mr. Page"s bull portraits on
paper show hollow crops? On the contrary,
did Mr. Clay ever see the original except New
Y'ear's Day and Balco with full crops? There
may be more in these two questions than Mr.
C. imagines, and 1 would advise him to con-
sider before he answers them in the name of an
old breeder. I have something further to say
on this important subject hereafter.

I have now to acknowledge the proof of Mr.
C.'s cow weighing 2,020 lbs., and also his own
assertions tliat no Tferoford in Amorira could

(/

3'

H-mI

\ ' '

/;

[:

if

> ".

\ '

y.

l^i^s^

MKIl.AL OF THE CE.\TE.\.\1AL AT PHI LAHELPH I A. is7>i. AWAKHEll TO T. L. .MILLER.

cept they have never in public opinion risen
to the rank of contending for the supremacy.""
Can such an assertion as this come from the
pen of an old breeder and dealer?

They have beaten the Shorthorns five times
out of eight, when each were contending for
supremacy, under the most adverse circum-
stances, and influential nobility on the other
side. T refer. Mr. Clay, to the annals of the
Smithfield and Birniiiigliam Clubs from their
beginning for an endorsement of this fact. I
also refer him to the report of the "Afark Lane
Express" of Decetnber l.")th, of this Christmas

weigh as lieavy, or realize as much as $140. I
have bred more than twenty cows that would
beat her, myself, under the same circumstances,
and to confirm "my opinion" T sold to Mr.
Bennett, the noted salesman at Brighton (who
almost every dealer knows), a Hereford cow
that weighed on the railroad scales at .Mbanv
2,313 lbs., and when in Brighton 2.2fir
lbs.: Mr. B. gave me $iriO cash for her: I
also sold him a half-lu'ed Hereford and Sliort-
liorn cow. a very s>i]H'rior animal, she weighed
somewhat lighter, and sold for less money. The
Hereford was milked once a dav until .\u2:ust

iro

1 1 I S 'I' () l{ V ( » 1" 111-: K J>: F (J K 1) C A T T L E

1st, when she becaine dry. 1 koj)! her on a
crooil hiti' of grass, on a lijjht sandy soil, as
lonij as the grass lasted, then put Ikt up to feed.
She was cconoiuicaHy fed (and not "stuffed" )
until the last of March, when I started to Bos-
ton with her.

This was the e.xtent of her feeding.

1 will now for a iinality, propose to meet Mr.
Clay's "challenge"" in a fair way; I have two
heifer calves, "Prudence,"' calved August 2!),
1856; "Woodlark,"" calved September 30, 185().
These are all I have left this season. They ran
with their dams as long as any grass; when the
cows came to winter quarters, they were allowed

■11124

HEREFORD. SHORTHORN.

(The thickness of Hereford and Shorthorn roasts eompared.
Actual photograph of roasts from Hereford and Short-
horn bullocks dressed at Chicago Fat Stock Show. 1S79,
showed Hereford 33 1-3 per cent thicker than the Short-
horn.)

to suck tlieir dams once a day; about tlie 2()th
of December they were taken away, and now
live on oat chaff and cut cornstalks, mi.xed with
about a pint of oatmeal each per day, mi.xed
with their chaff, one common sized rutabaga
per day, cut up between them regular, and are
ir: growing store order, as I do not believe in
forcing calves; as spring and warm weather
approaches I shall increase th(> roots, and keep
to about the stinie (piaiitity of oatmeal. These
calves shall be turned to grass in the spring,
until next fall, when 1 will bring them with
me to Kentucky, at the Xational Show, ]ilaco
them in any honest Kentucky grazicr"s hands,
against any two heifer calves now owned l)y
Cassius M. Clay, or Brutus J. Clay, of a similar
age; if they have not any exactly the same age,
a few months difference must be allowed for
accordingly. The four calves shall be weighed
when delivered to the receiver, the feed to be
weighed the whole year, and at the end of it
all four of tlieiii again weighed. The following
vear sliall be ])urs\ied with the same treatment ;
coming ill at three, again at four years old.
'i'hey shall be milked both seasons, each as long
as site will hold out in milking under the just
an<l economical management of their receiver;
the liutter regularly weighed, and disposed of

by him, he re]iorting (piality and giving a just
account at diifereiit times, as be deems right.
At the end of this trial they will be live years
old; they shall be fed for one year, or two, as
agreed upon, the two heifers that make the most
butter and most beef, for the food consumed,
to be the winners. The quality of beef at the
"block" to be taken into consideration. Each
pair of heifers to be charged irith what they
cat, of each kind of feed, all living on the same,
and allowing them a good and sufficient
grazier"s quantity through the whole trial, the
losing heifers to be forfeited to receiver, to pay
expenses. Pedigrees of heifers to be given at
the time of delivery. There are plenty of men
in Kentucky that'will act fairly between us.

One more question, Mr. Clay, and 1 have
done for this time. Did you ever see a "Dur-
ham;'' "Shorthorn," or "Teeswater"' with a
"lung, silky coat" that you woulti,'' venture" as
a breeder to pronounce "Ihonnujhbred i" 1 will
"venture"" to assert that kind of coat is de-
scended from the Scots. The original "Dur-
haws" have no claim to it, or ever possessed it;
so say all the old brei>(lers in England with
whom I am acquainted, and they are not a few.
Most of them s])eak from knowledge descended
from tlieir ancestors. Every effort "Short-
hum" men have made to contradict this charge
has createil a stronger desire in me to believe
it and that it was bred into them clandestinely.
I have every reason to believe the noted Hub-
back was half Scotch, no "proof" has ever been
sbown to the contrary, but the more breeders
try to liide this plausible "history"" of him, the
more likely to be true.

1 hope Mr. Clay's nextr letter will contain
more practical teaching, and I heartily wish
him success, though we differ widely in
"opinion."

1 am. etc..

W'm. IIy. Sorn.vM.

WM. IIY. S0TH.\M'.S I.KTTKH TO H. T. .MHINSON,

i:si).
Secretary New York Agr. Society.

Owego, X. Y., Aug. 15, 1855.
B. I'. .Tohnson, Esq.:

Sir : As you have undertaken to write an un-
called-for article in your "New York State
.loiirual" of that Society, i)lacing the Short-
horns iiredominatc in your opinion, in value,
weight, early maturity, etc., I think you have
done great injustice to the Society. No such
body has the right to endorse the opinion of any
man, without his producing the weight of each
breed satisfactorily, and jirices .sold for to the

H 1 S T U K Y O F H E 1{ E E O 1! 1) ( ' A T 'J' E E

171

butchers, also the facts of their early maturity.
You, as editor of that "Jourual," ought to lie
extremely cautious how you advance your opin-
ion, extolling any one breed over another; it is
a ruinous, selfish principle for such a Society to.
adopt. Such opinions adopted Ijy the Society
are puffs unfounded, and very injurious and
destructive to all connected with them.

The Hereford breed is the only one that has
taken first prizes at Smithfield and Birming-
ham Shows at two years old. They have done
this three times, proof of wdiich you can find
by referring to the record of each club. The
Shorthorns have never won a prize younger than
three, and if you refer back to the records you
will not only find one at that age ; they are
generally four and upwards.

Y"ou are the first man who dare risk his repu-
tation in print that Shorthorns are uniform in
quality. I will defy you to refer me to a just
breeder of Shorthorns who will admit this.
They know hriter, but prefer being silent on
the subject. It is those who are ignorant of the
facts, and wish to make themselves notorious
who advance such opinions, and it is by this
abominable system that the Shorthorns have ob-
tained their assured notoriety, and called "first
class."

Societies, especially those of the Empire
State, ought to be impartial and give all breeds
an equal chance. If members of that Society
are expected to look up to its superior officers
for example it is very important that those of-
ficers are upright and just men.

Xow, Mr. Johnson, I ask you (as I know you
to be an honest and just man) whether you
know a herd of Shorthorns uniform in quality?
Xo breed on earth varies more in this respect.
I have seen first, second and tliird quality in
one herd, and that of puffed noturicty. I have
never seen a herd of Shorthorns (and I have
seen a great many, both in England and this
country) without two qualities, and those fre-
quently of second and third.

As j-ou have decided for the Society that
Shorthorns are best, and Herefords are second.
it is high time we show outside the gale, and
challenge to show the Shorthorns inside, as wi-
arc there forbidden to show l)y the remarks ad-
vanced by the secretary of that Society, nor can
Herefords ever succumb to Shorthorns, when
we have shamefully beaten them in England
under the most adverse circumstances and bv
the best judges.

T send you an extract from :\rr. R. Rowland's
letter to me. dated Mnrrh ll), 18.").'). giving
weights of Herefords and jiriees sold to the
butchers. When you can honorably beat them.

you are at liljerty to state all tlie particulars
in your "Journal.""

Hereford breeders challenge you to do so, and
until you can do so truthfully we shall consider
our breed triumphant in reality.

Richard Rowland, E.sq., and successor to the
well-known Mr. Westcar, writes me as follows:

"I will add the prices of some of Mr. West-
car's oxen. The weights 1 do not know, ex-
cept in a few cases. 1 was an exhibitor for
some years after I came here and took three
prizes with Hereford oxen, which wei^ied from
290 to 370 stone, eight pounds to the stone —
these were the four quarters — [ that means dead
weight, or 4,000 to 3,800 lbs. live weight, T. L.
M.], and that is about the weight Mr. Westcar's
large oxen readied. I have shown for many
years, but have now left ott'. Shorthorn men
in the aristocracy always ruled at Smithfield,
and Hereford feeders are very tenacious of feed-
ing there on that account, liut the prize Short-
horns that win there (as you have seen) go to
Birmingham, and get fairly beaten by Here-
fords w'here no favor is shown to breeds of any
kind ; they are there governed by true merit."'

Xow, Jlr. Johnson, if you will give a prize
for the six heaviest breeding cows of any breed
from one breeder, fed on hay, roots and pasture
only, I will be an exhibitor for that prize; the
scales will
then be the
only judge
wanted. I
will also show
the same six
cows for qual-
it}- — also for
butter, sepa-
rately. Now,
sir, you have a
chance of
proving all
you have said
so highly fa-
V 0 r a b 1 e to
S h orthorns,
and you nnist

admit that the course yon have taken in puffing
them in our "State Journal"" will tend to bring
the Society into disrepute. Every judge the So-
ciety selects reads these pufl's and numy of them
are much guided by tJiem in their decisions.

Y'our remarks on ^Ir. E. ('. AForris's bulls,
Balco and Marquis of Carnbus. extolling both
bulls to the highest pitch of eminence (in your
opinion) in the State Society's "Journal." a pa-
]ier destined to be the organ of the Society, is
also very ruinous. Both these bulls were, in

JOHN D. GILLETTE. ELKHART, ILL.

172

II 1 S T 0 R Y OF HE R K F O I{ I) (' A T T L E

the opinion of the Secretary, "hard animals to
beat," both were equally praised for their vari-
ous good qualities. While Balco was an excel-
lent first-class animal, and the Marquis of Cara-
bus a very inferior second-class — very flabby
flesh and very thin skin — this, every man who
is really a judge of cattle, will admit.

Some time before this, I wrote a letter to the
Secretary, condemning ilr. Rotch's "points of
excellence," showing the Society the fallacy of
countenancing such stuff, and told them it was
a direct insult to good judges. These letters
were then read to the ex-committee, and then

T126

FOUR-YE.\K-OLD. THREE-YEAR-OLD.

(Ages of cattle compared by teeth.)

"laid upon the table," which was the last of
them. The influence of Shorthorn men pro-
hibited anything of this kind from having its
proper force.

With the above letter I gave the following
memorandum of the price of twenty fat oxen
sold by the late ^Ir. Westcar, Bucks, England,
taken from his books by his nephew, Richard
Rowland, Esq.

Sold in Fleet ^larket, London :

Deo. Ki, 1800, 2 oxen to Chapman £200

Dec. -i, 1800, 1 ox to Chai)nian 147

Dec. 15, 1800, 1 ox to Harrington 100

Xov. 26, 1801, 6 oxen to Giblett & Co. . . 630

Dec. 31, 1801, 1 ox to Chapman 126

Dec. 31, 1801, 2 oxen to Harwood 200

Dec. 4, 1803, 1 ox to Chapman 100

Dec. 19, 1803, 1 ox to Revnolds 105

Dec. 19, 1803, 1 ox to Giblett 105

Dec. 5, 1804, 1 ox to Giblett 105

Dec. 4, 1805, 1 ox to Giblett 100

\ov. 28, 1811, 1 ox to Chandler 105

£2123
Averaging £106 3s, or $513.01 each.
These proofs were entirely unnoticed — and
there has been a time since when you could
scarcely jiick up a Xew York State agricultural
journal that did not contain a puff for Short-
hern cattle. T ask the members of the Society

whether this is right? 1 have not shown an
animal at our State Society Show, except at
Elmyra, where 1 was bound to sustain our
southern tier of counties, and which will ulti-
mately show what they can really accomplish
when put to the test.

When I found the Secretary of the Society
would not publi.sh my letters I wrote to the
President, whose letter I have now, and will
probably appear at some future time. I asked
him why my letters could not be published in
the "Journal." He said nothing could appear
there unless connected with the Society. I did
not see why my opinion on cattle, as a member,
had not as much right in that "Journal" as that
of the Secretary, and I thought that "the anti-
dote ought to go with the poison." "But no !"
all was of no avail, and here it ended. I ask
my readers to look at this in its true light, for
the next "Quarterly"" may bring something more
for the members to investigate.

Wm. Hy. Sothaji.

pedigree.

My idea of pedigree is to refer back to those
breeders who have universally bred first-class
cattle. Uniform in quality, symmetry and size,
more especially the two former. If like pro-
duces like, of which I have no doubt, when the
breeder understands his business, is sufficiently
versed in the three distinct qualities, and never
allows a second or third-class beast to enter his
herd. From this process and care in breeding
spring all genuine herds. If a breeder has
gained just celebrity in breeding uniformly
best animals, long ago, and the offspring of
that breeder follow his example, inheriting the
true judgment of their sire, and never deviate
from the true course laid down to them, such
animals can be perpetuated. From such a par-
ent tree branches extend their influence, the
old stock is genuine, many of the branches are
genuine, while others should have been cast off
and committed to the flames before it had con-
taminated the original and substantial stand-
ard.

A pedigree from the old stock, conveyed
through the best branches, where no dark stain
has entered, and where sober thoughtfidness has
perpetrated that true delineation of character,
in a long continuance of good, uniform breed-
ing, is worth much, and such ]ieiligrees only
should be recorded in a Herd Book. I contend
that the composer of that book should know,
before he enters an animal in its pages, whether
it inherits quality and symmetry; if not, it
cannot i)e genuine. The princijial point in a
herd is uniforniitv of first (innlitv. ;ind sliould

H 1 8 T O R Y 0 F H E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

1?3

that herd possess first, second and third, does it
deserve recording in the Herd Book 'i I de-
cidedly say no. Such a herd ought not to be
countenanced by judge or breeder, and how
many coarse third-class and flabby second-class
bulls there are in the Shorthorn Herd Book,
with long pedigrees. There is no class of cattle
in the world so uneven in this important par-
ticular; therefore, what good is their pedigree,
which is intended to perpetuate uniformity in
good qualities ? The Herefords and Devons are
generally uniform in first quality, if descended
from proper breeders.

It is no criterion that a man is a genuine
breeder because his name is puffed in almost
every paper by editors and their puffers. I
would rather risk a pedigree from a man whose
name is scarcely known at all. A good judge
can seldom be deceived in the true points of an
animal. And in these exciting times a large,
coarse Shorthorn bull in second or third class,
with a long pedigree, is a curse to buyer, seller
and the country.

The late Mr. Bates, for instance, was puffed
as a breeder in the most extravagant manner;
and whose herd can show more unevenness than
his? He has sent to this country more coarse
second and third-class bulls than any other
breeder. His. name and pedigree have created
a mania which I feel much inclined to say is
bordering much on lunacy. And as I am bound
to tell the truth, I think a pedigree from such
exciting causes, descended from such bulls as
the late Mr. Bates', are worthless. I would
much rather trust my hand and eye, guided by
sober judgment, than such pedigrees, for there
must be something wrong in a herd possessing
three qualities.

I think a pedigree from a man who advocates
in-and-in breeding ought to be avoided. I have
tried this ruinous experiment to my own satis-
faction, and when I come to a "deadlock," as
many breeders have, I will mix with another
breed of cattle where I shall not lose my quality
rather than engender disease.

W. H. S.

I owe an apology to my readers for the hur-
ried way in which this paper is got up. The
next quarterly will explain all.

(end of paper.)

After Mr. Sotham's dissolution of partner-
ship with Mr. Corning he moved to Black Rock,
near Buffalo, N. Y., and from thence to (ien-
esee Flats and to Owego, and finally to Islip,
Long Island, all in the State of New York,
continuing to breed Herefords.

In 1 8.^)0 Mr. John Humphries and IMr. Aslon

of Elyria, Ohio, imported the Hereford bull
John Bull (3885) E. H. B. and 464 of the
American Hereford Record, bred by Mr. E.
Price of Pembridge, Herefordshire, Eng., bv
Goldfinder 2d (959) 474, bred by John Perry,
Machowarne; by Wichend (lllS) 48G, bred bv
Mr. Perry; by Monkland 2d (1012) 498, bred
by Mr. Perry; by Monkland (552) 504, bred
by Mr. W. Perry of Cholstrv; bv Lion (335)
519, bred by Mr. W. Perry;" by a bull of Mr.
Jeffries; and on his dam's side tracing to Sir
David (349) 68. Mr. Humphries also imported
Victoria 478, bred by Mr. Bowen of Markland,
Leominster, tracing to Old Court (306) 60.

T. Aston imported tlie cow Duchess 15, bred
by Mr. Bowen of Markland. For continuance
of her breeding see Vol. 1 of the Herd Book.
Also imported Curly (801) 14, bred by Mr. T.
Roberts, Ivingtonbury, Leominster, Eng., trac-
ing directly to the stock of Mr. BenJ. Tomkins.
From these herds H. and X. Abbie of Elvria,
H. Chappel, Tlios. Clark, Thomas Cox," A.
Dyke, H. S. Kline, N. G. Porter, William Rich-
ardson, H. T. Smith, W. W. Aldrich and G. W.
Byers, all of Ohio, had stock from the produce
of these importations.

Mr. Frederick William Stone of Guelph, Can.,

^, , .^,.afaf^-;.i?^j:ttV>^^*^,^ltt:^^''v • ;t.^/i•^^■s|Ki

"SEVENTEEN" SHORTHORN STEER, McMULLIN.

(Champion Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1881-2. bred by John

D. GiUette.)

imported in 1860 or 1861 quite a number of
Hereford cattle. (H 79-80-81) Among the bulls
imported bv Mr. Stone was Sailor (2200) 12,
by Severn (1382) 24, and he by Walford (871)
47. (^ 82) Mr. Stone's importation was hirge-
ly of Lord Berwick's herd of Shropshire, and
liOrd Bateman's of Shobdon, Leominster, Eng.
Mr. Stone also bred Shorthorns, and while the
Herefords were his favorites, having both
lireeds, he was not a decided advocate of one
more than another, but distributed much very
valuable Hereford blood.

H I S T () R V 0 F II K H K F ( ) I! I ) ( ' A T T 1. I-;

.Mr. Tal't of Willit^loii. \'t.. writing lo the
■'Brt'odt'r's Journal," August t, lS8"-i, says:

"The Albany 'Cultivator' in August, 184(),
contained the following notice of some llere-
fords that were brought to this town:

" 'liev. L. G. Bingham of Williston, Vt., has
lately purchased of Messrs. Corning and So-
tham some fine Hereford cattle. The lot con-
sisted of the imported cow "Aston Beauty,"
two yearling heifers, a yearling bull and heifer
calf. They were animals of excellent qualities,
and we think will prove ])artieularly valuable
to that section of the country. Their vigorous
constitutions will adapt them to the climate,
and on the sweet pastures of the hills and moun-
tains they will easily and quickly thrive and
fatten, while in any fair trials in the yoke or
for the production of butter they will not be
'found wantin<'."

MR. J. H. ARKWRIGHT. HAMPTON COURT, HERE-
FORDSHIRE. ENG.

"The cattle more than ju.^tified all that was
said of them in the above extract. They ])r()-
duced s])lendid oxen, w-ere not wanting in the
production of butter, and one of the best
drovers in the Boston cattle market told me he
was never cheated by buying a Hereford 'in the
luiii]).' But the man who In-ought the cattle
here failed in his extensive enterprises and left
the State, and they were not bred after that ;
i)ut the grades were here and traces of the
blood, with its excellent characteristics, re-
niaini-d in this vicinitv until lateiv. There is

now but one fidl-lilooded Hereford in Vermont,
'High Chief '2i\,' recorded in the English Here-
ford Herd Book No. 5i)GG, bred by Mr. Hawes
in Maine, and now owned by me : ami there are
very few in New England.

"Yours trulv,

"H. S.Taft."

Commenting on wliicli, the editor of the
".lournal" says:

"There are quite a inunber of Herefords in
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and
Connecticut which we know of. A herd was
started in Oxford, Me., by Mr. Holmes." — Ed.

The Kust ok Syraci'se Ox created a sensa-
tion in his day, being proven by Mr. Sothain
and others to have Hereford blood. This ox
was owned and fed by Mr. N. P. Rust, Syra-
cuse, to whom was awarded the iirst premium
of the Xew York State Agricultural Society for
the best fat animal exhibited at the Albany Fair,
in \84'L This ox was eight years old; his live
weight February 19, 1841, 2,3(!0 pounds; on
the ISth of Jiily, 1842, it was 3,400 pounds,
and when exhibited at the State Fair in .Vlliany
S('])teinber 28, 1842, it is said to have weighed
4,200 pounds, which would be a gain of three
]iounds per day for nineteen months. At this
weight he retained his activity and appetite,
;ind continued to take on flesh as fast as ever.
If it is said that the weights and gains are too
large, we have only to say that they are given
liy Shorthorn men, when claimed by them as a
Shorthorn grade. Mr. Rust maile a certificate
as to the feeding of his ox, as follows:

He has been fed nineteen months on corn-
meal, from twelve to sixteen quarts a day, and
(luring the winter he was fed a bushel of pota-
toes or rutabagas each day. During the sum-
mer be was fed four quarts of oil meal in addi-
tion to bis cornnieal. Ifr. Sanford Howard.
one of the careful, practical, painstaking writers
of that time, gave his opinion that the ox owed
bis excellence to Hereford blood and was a
ty])ical Hereford.

(^1 81) Co.NTKMPOR.VRY WITH THE RiST O.X,

a gigantic Hereford ox was being exhibited in
England, of which the following account we find
in the "Chamlier of Agriculture Journal" of
.November 14, 1881. It must be remembered
that the English ton is 2,240 jjounds, which
would niake the .steer the immense weight of
-1, 180 pounds:

'"The records of Hereford cattle are not de-
void of infornuition res|)ecting gigantic oxen.
Some forty-five years ago one animal gained
some notoriety by the nanu' of 'Wettleton Ox,"
on account of his immense scale, deep tlcsli and
wondeiful svnnnclrv. The ox was exhibited upon

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

1'

Ludlow race course, and also at niaiiy of tiie
principal towns in England. To give some idea
of his immense size we quote an old poster call-
ing attention to the animal when it was ex-
hibited in Ludlow race course. It is as follows:
'Stupendous Ox. Now Exhibited on this race
course. The celebrated Wettleton Ox, bred and
fed by Mr. Sheppard of Wettleton, the proprie-
tor. He is of the pure Hereford breed, stands
eighteen hands high, girts twelve feet, three
feet six inches over the first rib ; three feet three
inches across the hijjs, and weighs upwards of
two tons (4,480 pounds).' At that period the
exhibition of the ox created great attention, and
ho animal approaching it in scale has ever be-
fore been exhibited in that part of the king-
dom."

Mr. Sotham never lost interest in the Here-
fords even after he had given up breeding.

Writing to tlie "National Live Stock Jour-
nal," May l-.'th, 1871, Mr. Sotham says, under
the caption of

'■IIKKEFORD.S VS. SIIORTHORXS.''

To the Editor of the "Journal" :

Much has been said in comparison of Herc-
fcrds with Shorthorns, and mucli nuire can lie
said; and as the Herefords are Init little known

in the Wrst I think it only fair to bring their
true merits hcfuiv the jicn|i|c, and as 1 do n(jt
own a single animal of the \ivfv(\ I eannot now
be accused of interested motives. JIuch i)as
lieen said in favor of Shortlujrns, and extraor-
dinary prices have been published to the world,
given by men of money, for none other could
purchase them. There are but few men eajiable
of breeding Shorthorns, and all who know any-
thing about them are aware that they an- a
made-up breed, hence their want of unity in
breeding. Tell me, ye Duchess men, ye follow-
ers of Bates, did you ever see uniformity of
breeding in the herd of Thomas Bates ? A mon-
uneven herd I never beheld, either at liome in
their glory, with their admirers around them, in-
divided in America by those gentlemen who
strongly advocate the Duchess tribe of Bates"
breeding of thin skins and soft liaiidliny. What
is more remarkable, these advocates both in
England and this country were generally men
who knew nothing about breeding; were litei-ary
men who had acquired a fortune by some hici-a-
tive business, became possessed of it bv lu'ir-
ship, or leaped into it by some "lucky" specu-
lation. These men gave high prices because
they had the money, not because they had the
judgment to select for themselves ; because the

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ne

HISTORY OF HEK'EFOIU) CATTLE

Duchess stock had beeoiiie ra>;liion;il>lc in Aiiicr-
iea, anri ni(>n who did not know tiicir true value
paid faliuion.-; prices for thcni. Still, they soon
began to find out that it cost more to keep u])
appearances tlian the animals could realize, and
they retired from the Duchess contest as soon
as propriety would allow, or with as little injury
to the cause as possible — Morris & Hecar retired
in favor of Thorn, — 'J'horn retired in favor of
Sheldon, — Sheldon retired in favor of Waleott
& Camjihell — all Duchess men. Vail retired
from a Duchess to a Devon breeder. Lewis F.
Allen, author of "American Shorthorn Herd
Book," followed ilr. X'ail's examjilc and went

MK. S. W. UinvlCK, ilRKKFORn. ENG.

(For tweuty years Secretary of the English Herd Hook

Society.)

from Duchess to Devon. After spending much
more than he got from them in hawking them
about from place to place with flattering adver-
tisements he finally disposed of the tail-end in
Illinois, after a winter's feeding on corn to lay
on the flesh. He flew to Devons for relief. Then
came Stevens in literary force, with arguments
strong in favor of Sherwood and hiniself. They
imported freely from Bates. What became of
theni. all know. Then came ('hajunan. with
all his Duchesses, full of puffs, portraits and
pedigrees. This ended in smoke, with llalton
at tlu' head of the herd, who sold at the sale
for about what his owner a<lvertised as the price

(if a ciiw. Then eaiue I'age. with his llattering
]ioi'ti-aits made of sti'aiglit lines as if all done
with a ruler, accomi)aiiie(l with constant ])uffs
of the Duchess tribe. But where are Mr. Page's
Shorthorns? They can be mainly seen on paper
and there he gets his profit. Flattery is not
lest upon his admirers, and these pictures
please fancy men of money, and attract novices
by their sameness in straight lines. 1 could
enumerate others to the end of a very lone/ chnp-
tcr, but space in the "Journal" is too valuable.
Let me ask the Duchess men the cause of all
this? Because, in another communication, and
at a more convenient season, I shall show that
Bates could not be compared to Booth in breed-
ing Shorthorns, and I shall endeavor to show
that Shorthorns well bred by scientific breeders,
such as Booth and his true followers, are equal
lo any cattle in existence. Notwithstanding
this, Hereford breeders have pursued the even
tenor of their ways, bred some very superior
anijuals aiul have won more prizes than Short-
horns at the Smitbfield and Birmingham shows
in England, more especially when they have
come in competition with each other. The Here-
fords, being a race, they breed more uniformly,
and the breeders, not being led away by ficti-
tious prices or sham auctions, as the Shorthorn
breeders in England and this country were, they
stick to good breeding, and, being content with
reasonably remunerative prices, made money
and extended the breed all over England, Wales
and Australia ; and now the West Lulies and
Scotland are beginning to encourage them and
they are increasing strongly anumg the farnu'rs
of Ireland. You seldom hear of sales of Here-
fords where they are thoroughly known, be-
cause the demand at home, at reasonable and
remunerative prices, is greater than the supply ;
while Shorthorn breeders, waiting for their
extraordinary prices, look in vain for moneyed
men, who are a long way between, but who pay
well to have their name conspicuous in print,
injure the Shorthorn cause by bidding far be-
yond the value, vainly seeking that fame which
can only be realized by fancy men with money.

As the Shorthorns have many strong advo-
cates among these men of money, let me show
you what Herefords have done against their
strong influences. You have seldom heard of a
Hereford sale, unless when the head of the fam-
ily had gone to bis last home and his estate had
to be divided; while the Shorthorn sales are
everlastingly in ])rint. under the sheriff or, to
attract novices, with tinder-bidders to spur them
on, aided by strong and frequent drinks, to keep
up notoriety. This cannot be tlenied.

In the early part of the Smitbfield shows,

HIST 0 H Y O F H E K E F 0 R D ( ' A T T L E

in

when Shorthorns and Herefords contended
against each other, the Herefords almost in-
variably took the first prizes. Mr. Westcar of
Creslow, Buckinghamshire, took the first prize
with a Hereford twenty years in succession, but
subsequently retired from the contest, disgusted
with the trickery of Shorthorn breeders who,
at length, insisted that Herefords and Short-
horns should be put in separate classes — because
repeated failures drove them to it. Xotwith-
standing this, the Herefords took more prizes
in steers and oxen from that alteration than
Shorthorns, while the cow class in Shorthorns
took the majority of prizes because Hereford
breeders would not sacrifice their best animals
for that purpose. Shorthorn breeders forced
their females from birth for show and appear-
ance, thus producing barrenness, hence their
show cows for the gold medal. This being fash-
ionable, a large majority of Shorthorn cows
over Hereford could always be found in the
show yard, enabling them to win more gold
medals under the forcing system.

Again, Shorthorn breeders were constantly
boasting of early maturity over Herefords, un-
til they were obliged to succumb. In 1862 Mr.
Heath won the gold medal with a Hereford
steer two years old, while there were thirteen
Shorthorns from three to five years old in the
same class. Soon after this, I believe in 1854,
Mr. Shirley showed another two-year-old Here-
ford, winning the gold medal under precisely
the same circumstances. The following year
he did the same. I may be mistaken in the
years of Mr. Shirley's triumphs, but these are
"facts that cannot be denied, for they are on
record, and they silenced the traducers of Here-
fords, and you heard of no more bragging in
print of the early maturity of Shorthorns. Even
Allen, Stevens, Tucker and Tom Brown had U<
knock under and fly to some other plea for
Shorthorns.

Then the great milking qualities were
brought before the public. A prize was given
for that quality at the Royal Show at Oxford,
in 1839, open to all England and all breeds.
There was great competition, Shortliorns pre-
dominating. Mr. J. E. Smythies' Hereford cow
took first prize for the best milker, a Shorthorn
second. This prize was discarded afterward,
because Shorthorn men had control and they
feared a repetition. This somewhat silenced
the bragging for milking Shorthorns and en-
couraged the dairy men in favoV of Herefords.
Mr. Smythies, in a communication to the "Mark
Lane Express," February 5, 1840, discussing
the merits of Herefords as milkers, says: "I
have seen Hereford cows milk well, and had one

myself which made eleven })ounds of butter per
week for three months;" but he observes that
"beef is much more profitable than butter in
this section, and on that account it is not an
object with Hereford breeders to have good
milkers." This is undoubtedly the fact, and
it explains why Hereford breeders have not paid
more attention to the milking properties of
their cattle. Mr. Duckham (\\ 83), in his lec-
ture, says of Herefords : "In the dairy counties,
where the milking qualities of the cow are well
attended to, the most satisfactory results are
realized." He quotes from a letter from Mr.
Reed, to whose experience with the Herefords
as workers reference had been made, the state-
ment, "that they have been used for dairy pur-
poses for nearly half a century upon the farm
and that he believes they yield a larger return
than could be obtained from any other breed
upon a similar class of land." Mr. Duckham
also quotes from a letter of Mr. James of !Map-
powder, Dorsetshire, whose dairy herd of Here-
fords has been formed thirty years. He states
that the stock has been much improved since
he obtained it, and that Hereford dairies are
becoming very common in that country. He
adds : "In proof that they are good for milk,
we let near a hundred cows to dairy people,
and if I buy one of any other breed to till up

MR. J. H. ARKWniGHT.

(First President of tlie Englisti Heni Hook Society: on his

favorite hunter. "liagpipes,")

the dairy they always grumble and would
rather have one of our own lired heifers. We
let our cows at so much a year, finding laud
and making the hay." JFr. D. also quotes from
a Cornwall correspondent, who says that accord-
ing to his experience "the Hei'efords are good
milkers and he is convinced that when the cows
are deficient in their yield of milk it does not
arise from any constitutional defect, but rather
from mismanagement in rearing, or a deficiency

11

HISTOHY OP IIEUEFOKT) CATTLE

of tlie constituents essential to the production
of milk in tlieir food. My cow Piitience," he
continues, "hrcd by Mr. J. Y. Cook, Moreton
House, Hereford, has this summer given four-
teen jiounds of butter per week, and Blossom,
lired liy the late Mr. Ijongmore, Salop, gave
twenty-twociuarts of milk,yieldingtwo and one-
lialf pounds of butter per day. equal to seven-
teen and one-half poiinds of butter ])er week."
The <iiiiic cnrrcspoiideMt says: "1 consider the

Herefords are particularly ada[)ted to this
liUmid, fickle climate, wliere Devons become
small and delicate and Shorthorns grow long
and coar.se." This statement of butter, .seven-
teen and one-half pounds, is somewhat extraor-
dinary, but I know Mr. Duckhani to be a gentle-
man of veracity, who would not state anything
to the j)iiblic but wluit lie knows to be true.
W.M. H. S0TH.\M.

Detroit. Nov. •^^). 1«7U.

C. M. CULBERTSON. NEW.MAN, ILL.
(First President American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation.)

HISTORY Oi' HEREFORD CATTLE

179

CHAPTER XIIl.

Mr. Wm. H. Sotham's History of the Hereforus

We have quoted from the staiKhird jiuljlica-
tions of the day tlie early correspondence of
Mr. W. H. Sotham and his opponents to show
his and their methods. We have proven beyond
doubt that the Herefords were during all this
time the thriftiest graziers and the most eco-
nomical producers of the best beef of all the
British breeds. Before taking up the later his-
tory of the Herefords we feel it but justly his
due to more fully present a history of Mr. So-
tham's connection with the breed. Mr. Sotham
fought a good fight, actuated by the highest
motives; his was a practical mind that, looking
through the fog of fashion, fad, prejudice and
self-interest, saw nothing but the beef-making
qualities of beef-bred animals. Prime beef at
minimum cost was to Mr. Sotham the desidera-
tum in cattle, and no animal had value in his
eyes that did not meet the requirements of our
motto : "Economy of production and value of
product." It is given to few men to have such
a rich and varied experience. His sterling hon-
esty and love of truth added to this e.xperience
founded a character that could not patiently
brook opposition based on inexperience, subter-
fuge, mediocrity and self-interest.

Mr. Sotham gave his life-work to the Here-
ford breed of cattle, without at any time much
hope of financial reward. He came naturally
to look upon the Hereford Ijreed as a ward un-
der his fostering protection, and upon their
thrift and perfect quality as inherent good traits
of faithful adopted children. And undaunted
by vicious opposition he continued his cham-
pionship half a century, till, at. the ripe age of
eighty-three, he died in 18SI at Chicago.

We quote herewith as a suitable place for its
preservation, from Mr. Sotham's own pen with-
out comment his "History of the Herefords."
written for the "Chicago Drover's .Journal'" in
1881, two years before his death.

P.\RT 1.

Stonington Park. 111., Oct. 2.— Referring to
the stock on exhibition at the recent New York

State Fair, the "Country Gentleman" of the 23d
of September says : "The twenty-six Herefords
are owned by two exhibitors, Erastus Corning
of Albany, N. Y., and Burleigh and Bodwell of
Fairfield Centre, Me. Mr. Coming's cattle were
all bred by himself with the exception of one
imported bull, Comus (4457) 6665, and it is
complimentary to the skillful management un-
der which this well-known herd has always been
conducted that it defeated the Maine white-
faces, including, as they did, a number of cattle
recently brought over and regarded as among
the best in England. The Hereford show, alj
things considered, was certainly the best for
years."

I think this pretty good proof of what I told
more than once, that the Herefords were as good
when I imported them to the United States as
they are now. In 1839 I bought the first-prize
cow at Oxford Royal Agricultural Show. The
bull, cow and offspring that took first prize at
Tredegar and Cirencester, England, and several
others about as good in my first importation.
Mr. Erastus Corning, Jr., has only brought one
female into this herd since we first imported
them, and she never bred — a beautiful animal —
and every means were tried to obtain an off-
spring without .success. All the improvement
that has liecn made on the herd to my knowl-
edge has been from the bulls ]\Ir. Erastus Corn-
ing, .Jr., has imported, and they have been good.
I am not at all surprised to hear of his success
over the boasted herd of Mr. Burleigh, as I fully
])elieve that herd and others sold from it was
ini])orted on speculation rather than for good
l)re('ding purposes: and I am fearful that there
will be too much of this, to tlu' injury of the
Herefords. I had supposed that Hereford breed-
ers had profited by the bad exam])!e set them by
Sjiorthorn speculators on pedigree.

The late Hon. Erastus Corning (li 85) was
a true nobleman at heart, and a sincere friend.
Whatever he undertook was based on sound
lirinciple. and. being just in all his dealings,
remarkably liberal in his views, coupled to an
enterprising spirit, he was a true benefactor to

180

1 1 1 S T () m' () 1' II K \l K F 0 R D C A 'J' T J. E

his couiitrv. He did (•vervtiiing in his ])o\ver,
while ohtainiiiff a huge rortuiie, i'or its lieuefit;
though not a speech-maker, while Senator of
his own State, and at Washington, his sound
judgment was the foundation of many that were
made. JIany who were popular for their best
speeches based them on the foundation of his
soundness. This 1 know ocularly and demon-
stratively,, having been present at such consulta-
tions many times to witness his superiority. Un-
fortunately for the Herefords. he was a strong
pr.litii-iiin iiiiil. iililinii-li 111' ilrlighted in im-

T. K. MILLER. BEECHER, ILL.

(First Secretary American Hereford Cattie Breeders'

Association.)

provements, he had but little judgment in cat-
tle.

When T first went to England for Herefords
I had very limited capital, but great faith in
them as being the best breed for this country.
I felt that I understood their true merit when
in England, and some of their best breeders
were my most intimate friends. Having but
little capital, I felt that it was impossible for
me to get anv from mv mother country.

The fall of 18.S9 Thad just finished buying
nearly 4,000 head of cattle in droves for ^fr.
Ebenezer Wilson, as they were making tlieir
way from the West to Albany. I paid a portion
down on each drove to be then delivered at the
price stated per hundred at his slaughter house
for barreling purposes. After contracting for

many droves 1 returned to Albany, and as the
droves came in we selected some of the best and
(^1 8(i) I took them to the Bull's Head (.\. Y.)
for market. Mr. Wilson barreled a little over
si.x thou.sand head that season ; he sold his hides
for cash, his tallow for cash, his feet, horns,
and bones also. His l)eef as soon as in the i)ar-
rel was sent to Xew York to his factor and ship-
per, of whom he drew at sight for the propor-
tion per barrel agreed upon, he holding the beef
as security. The whole of his capital was in-
vested in his beef, and the prospect being favor-
able for higher prices he held on to it.

I had frequently s]3oken of the Herefords in
high praise to Mr. Wilson and he, lieing highly
pleased with my descrijition, propo.sed that if I
would go to England and get credit for a good
lot that when 1 arrived in Xew York he would
nu^et me there with money enough to pay the
whole investment, in which he said he should
liave am)de means from his returns in the
spring. I told him that I would do this, if I
could do it with safety. He assured me that I
could, and with this promise I started.

I purchased twenty-two head, paid what little
money I had of my ow^n, and promised to pay
all on my return to New Y'ork. Among them
were those I have above stated. When I arrived
I found that barreled beef had gone down and
much depressed, that much of his had soured
and was unsalable, as he had involved himself
so much that he was compelled to fail ; but ho
went to the Hon. Erastus Corning, told him in
what way he was situated with me, that he knew
my judgment was good and that the cattle
would be superior.

On this information IMr. Corning sent Mr.
Watts Sherman, then cashier of the Albany City
Bank, of which Mr. C. -was president, to ex-
amine the cattle on board. This gentleman was
highly pleased with them, examined my bills
and prices for them, and drew a draft on Mr.
Corning for the whole amount. T took them
to his farm and, they being about the first Here-
fords ever imported, they raised considerable
excitement; but their friie merit was but little
known.

The Shorthorns had full sway, were owned
by rich men who determined to support them
at all hazards and who had the controlling
power over the executive committee of the N. Y.
State Agricultural Society, and when they (the
PTerefords) came to be shown in the fair by
their side (the Shorthorns), could not avoid
seeing the Hereford superiority for beef-mak-
ing, hence became jealous and full of prejudice,
put on Shorthorn men as judges, who would not
report anything in their favor, but tried to make

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

181

a liiul impression, considered me an innovator,
and were determined to keep them in the baclc-
ground : would not make a class for all breeds,
although I kept constantly urging it, on paper,
and at their meetings. They often insinuated
that the Herefords were far below the Short-
horns, and a portion of them puffed and por-
trayed Bates and his tribes beyond control; he
must have the ascendancy, alwve everything.
This brought me into a controversy with many
Shorthorn men, with whom I had to fight a
hard battle, to which the editors of the "'Coun-
try Gentleman and Cultivator" must confess,
and their paper will prove.

No person could be more kind to me than
Mr. Corning, and my endeavor was to recipro-
cate. He was much pleased with the cattle and
the same year gave me a draft on Baring Broth-
ers, London, to go and buy another lot. They
were similar to the first purchase, and being so
successful in bringing them out I did not in-
sure. Took the whole steerage and tilled it with
cattle and feed. Just before we got to the
banks of Xewfoundland a heavy storm came
upon us, shattered our bulwarks and swept off
our galley. This storm blew us back 300 miles ;
the hatches were closed, and the waves sent
their foaming white-caps and heavy spray over
us in quick rapidity ; no air could be conveyed
into the steerage, consequently the cattle broke
loose, were jumbled up together and died in
their suffocation and confusion. Such a spec-
tacle I never before beheld, as each animal was
drawn up to be deposited in its watery grave.
I had become attached to several of the beauti-
ful animals that thus suffered and perislied. as
I fed and nursed tliem on the voyage ; I thought
of the kindness and liberality shown me by Mr.
Corning and felt that he would blame me for
not insuring.

When the calm came I began to reckon on the
loss, and found that gentleman's would not be
less than $8,000. My embarrassment was most
trying, although I was not ashamed to meet Mr.
Corning, but his loss, under the kindness he
had shown me, weighed heavily. When we met
and he heard my explanation not a murmui-
did I hear from him. He was so well versed in
this world's affairs, and the disasters belonging,
that he saw the situation at once. He never
hinted the loss to me.

After this he became so beset by Shorthorn
breeders, who did everything they could to dis-
courage him, and they being men of capital and
influence, he listened. They tried to make him
l)elieve that the Herefords did not amount to
anything, that I was only a braggadocio, that
there were no other cattle in the world like

Shorthorns, and the fictitious prices they sold
for made him believe there was something in it;
still, they could not get him to adopt them.
Between politics and his other extensive busi-
ness he found he could no longer stand the
worry of the special pleading of Shorthorn
breeders, of their abuses toward me and the dis-
paragement of the Herefords. He resolved to
become clear of it.

I never was so kindly treated by any person
in the world as I was by the late Hon. Erastus
Corning and Mrs. Corning; had I been a near
relative they could not have treated me more
kindly. They did much to lead me into the
best society in Albany. I fully appreciated all
they did, and e.xerted my utmost to reciprocate.
I frequently went to his house to spend the
evening, and in one of those events he said to
me : "Sotham, I know your strong faith in the

ADAMS EAKL. "SHADELAND," LAFAYETTE. IND.
(First Treasurer American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation.)

Herefords, and the strong prejudice that Short-
horn breeders have against you and them. I
like the Herefords and believe all you sav of
them : but T cannot stand the constant pleading
of that body of men to turn my attention to
their favorite tireed. T know nothing of either

182

OIM' ()

II K i; K FOi; I) (' AT'l' LK

breed, ijracticallv ; tluTeroi-L'. if you liavc raitli
in taking the most part of them at half value,
and will get an endorser for the amount, you
shall take them. You may make the papers
to suit your time. 1 will keep three heifers, the
cow Victoria and a bull, to show that 1 am still
a believer in them. You may take the bulk of
the herd, and if you do 1 sincerely hope you will
be successful."' This seemed to me a most rea-
sonable, kind and valuable offer for me, but I
felt that the little capital I had in them was
gone ill our wrei'k at sea. and how to get a

STUDEnAKEH. SOUTH BE.\D, I.NU.

fariii to support tliriu ujion was an important
consideration. Howcmt. 1 secured an endorser
and a fariTi at Black IJock, near Buiialo, and
took the herd there.

PART II.

From my early boyhood 1 had an exceedingly
high opinion of the Ik'reford cattle, and have
since that time been a strong and staunch advo-
cate for them, and think I can fully support
all 1 have said. The uniformity oftheir char-
acter, the superiority of their flesh, eond)ined
with rich milking and substance of body,
induced me to patronize them to the best (d' my
ability.

Jly frecpient visits to the herds of Messrs.
Jiewer of Xorthleach, (Jloucestershire, England,
in an early day, gave me an opjjortunity of see-
ing some good ones bred by them. Mr. Wm.
ilewer, Sr., Wm. Hewer, Jr., and Joseph Hewer,
the father and two sons, did all in their power
to outvie with each other, and each tried his
utmost to get at the pinnacle of good breeding.
They were as earnest in excelling each other as
opposite breeders. All were practical men of
good, common sense. Their herds originated
from that well-known breeder, Mr. John Hewer
of Herefordshire. If either procured a very su-
perior bull, each derived the benefit and each
lired him at pleasure.

They studied together the improvement each
Miiimal made, and vice versa the defects, and
I'V their condjined good judgment none excelled
tliem in good breeding. This prosperous course
of rivalry was pleasant and instructive, and ren-
drreil su])i'rior aid in arriving at superior Judg-
iiicnt, without which no man can become a
proper breeder. The ilessrs. Hewers Hereford
(attle and Cotswold sheep obtained as high a
stand as any in England, and by which all
iii'came wealthy, derived from their practical
knowledge of a superior animal and the coup-
ling of nuile and female. (][ 88)

Jluch care and attention are required in the
effect of improvement, and can only be obtained
gradually. Skill in the advancement is inherent,
wliicli cannot be learnt by lessons or lectures
"1- by professional theoretical novices. The re-
sult must be practically satisfactory to enable
wiu to pursue with confidence; without this you
' annot succeed. He who trusts to the opinion
of others will never make a breeder. Results
from his own experience must be his guide, and
when a breeder arrives at the highest point of
excellence, bis name spread far and wide, it is
a very dillicult matter to keep there. Prosperity
is apt to make men careless and consequential,
which is almost certain to create degeneration,
and when this takes ]dace the downward strides
are long and rapid.

The Messrs. Ilewer made vast improvements
in the Hereford cattle and Cotswold sheep. The
senior held his fame and his untarnished repu-
tation until his death ; Wm. Hewer, Jr., until he
retired: but Joseph was taken away in his early
career, by jumping into the water to save a
favorite ram when he was saturated with per-
s])iration in his haste to arrive. He. in his
uscd'ulness, left a fine herd of Herefords and
Cotswolds to be divided. The Hereford cattle
and Cotswold sheep of my first importation were
derived from the Messrs. Hewer, with the ex-
Ci'ption of tlie first-]irize Ileri-ford cow 1 pur-

H 1 8 T U K Y U F H E 1{ E F 0 K D C A T T L E

183

chased from ilr. James Walker, with her year-
ling bull, which took first prize at the show of
the Royal at Oxford in 1839, and bred by ilr.
Turner.

I showed the kindness I received from the
late Hon. Erastus Corning of Albany. This
gentleman was a pattern to rich men. He was
a princely honest man, and was always ready
to encourage true enterprise. His object was to
do good, and his thorough knowledge of busi-
ness and the world gave him the advantage over
most men. There was no man who ever knew
him thoroughly but that loved and revered him.
He was moderate in all his views, kind, even to
a fault, and no man worthy of support ever
called upon him in vain. He was a true pro-
moter of deserving enterprise. I only wish there
were more such men at the head of our Govern-
ment now. It would then have a solid founda-
tion. His mind was based upon a sound and
solid principle, and being just in all his deal-
ings, he advised others into the same course.
With such a mijid as this, Mr. Corning could
■ not help seeing the true value of the Hereford
cattle when they appeared on his farm, and
after paying all the charges upon them, ad-
vanced me more money to go to England again
for others of a similar character, as they were
admired by all who saw them, (f 89)

The trio, Lewis F. Allen, Ambrose Stevens
and John R. Page, were the scrilies for the
"Bates mania," and to denounce the Herefords,
and, although neither of them had any practical
knowledge of stock, they had an imbounded
conceitedness connected with their bras.s to
teach men more practically informed how to
breed.

Then there were Thos. Brown of the "Ohio
Farmer," Francis Rotch of Bates fame, George
A^ail, an importer and constant puifer of Bates
and his tribes, in connection with S. P. Chap-
man, neither of whom really knew anything
more of Herefords or Shorthorns than a cast-
iron soldier. All wrote and re-wrote, but
neither knew what they were writing aliout.
They might know enough to distinguish a
heifer from a steer. All these scribes went to
Erastus Corning with high praise of Bates and
claiming that Herefords had no character. Al-
though Mr. Corning felt differently, he was dis-
gusted with their familiarity and constant har-
angue, that, with his other important business,
was a great annoyance to him, and on that ac-
count he made me the generous offer which T
e.xplained.

Now, let me show you what bec-anie of all
these scribes and deceivers, l^ewis F. Allen,
editor of the Shorthorn Herd Book, became a

hawker of his Shorthorns ; tried public sales at
great expense, without effect; then sent them
to Illinois to be fed on corn for many months
to make a i)etter appearance, so that he could
dispose of the whole. All wlio piirchas<;'d know
what trouble there was in obtaining correct
pedigrees — in the Red Ladies more jjarticular-
ly. After the disposal of these he went to
Devons. While in Shorthorns and their grades
his diary presents a most laughable tale, with
which I am familiar, and may present at some
future day.

Ambrose Stevens, the bosom and confidential
friend of the editor of the Herd Book, who kept
two Shorthorn cows for him, the only stock of
the kind he then possessed, bred to Allen's bulls,
but bred nothing of character. Allen, finding
they were no profit to him, wished me to take
them until Stevens could find a jjlace for them.
I put them to my Hereford bull Major, and one
of them produced a heifer calf of true Hereford
character, except she had a "sweet head"' so

GEO. F. .M0UG.\.\.^ LINWOOD, K.\N.

(Member Organization Committee American Hereford Cattle

Breeders* Association.)

puffed up by Bates. 1 saw this heifer at Bata-
via, X. Y.. when she was two years old, and
among the "grand importation" made by Am-
brose Stevens, Esq., from Mr. Stevenson, the
noted breeder of the Princess tribe, Ambrose
could not help but admit that she was the best
animal in the lot. She was of pure Hereford
character except in head and horns, which were

184

jiisToHY OF hp:kefukd cattle

short, small aud eriiinpled. I tried to buy her,
but he would not set a price, as he valued her
"sweet head" very highly. 1 never learnt what
subsequently became of her or her progeny.

I now hear but little of John R. Page; his
light seem?: to be "hid under a bushel.*' 1 hear
nothing of his herd, and his notorious flattering
portraits on paper seem to have lost patronage.
John was once a shining light; I should not be
surprised to see him swaggering amongst the
white-faces with as much pomp as he did at
Shorthorn sales. if he can niakeit prove as agree-

THOS. CLAKK. BEECUKU. ILL.

able to Hereford breeders as he did to those of
Shorthorns. John puffed i\Iorris & Becar, who
retired in favor of Jonathan Thorn; he retired
in favor of >Sheldon, who retired in favor of
Walcott & Campliell — all Duchess men. Vail
retired to S. P. Chapman and became a Devon
breeder. Chapman failed when in prime of life
— when he considered himself j\ist in his glory,
while advertising Halton (purchased by Mr.
Vail) at $20 per cow, which was more than the
brute was worth. I should like to hear the first
man say tiiat he ever saw a good one from him.
All Page's puffs and portraits of him at the
head of the herd ended in smoke. Halton sold
at the sale at about the price advertised for a
cow to be bred to him.

Francis Hotch was another Bates puffer and
a fancv pet scri!)e of the ".Albany Cultivator and

Country Gentleman," the organ for tiie Short-
horns, which was solely under these scribes and
breeders. If a Hereford breeder advocated their
i)reed he was either "strongly prejudiced against
Shorthorns" or was no judge of them or of Hcre-
fords. They knew "on which side their bread
was buttered," and they took advantage of it.
Kotch's prestige in Shorthorns failed before he
died ; his herd became extinct ; there is nothing
left of his work as a pleasant memorial, and this
same "C!ountry Gentleman" has ever since
shunned the Herefords, though conscious of
how much they had abused them.

I name some of these gentlemen and their or-
gan because they were the principal ones who
were constantly worrying Hon. Krastus Corn-
ing iiy condemning Herefords and speaking in
high ])raise of the Shorthorns. Thirty to forty
influential men of money against one individ-
ual, who had but little means to defend himself
against such men, glorying in their power. It
was that overbearing power that brought them
to a sense of their weakness, when put into the
balance scale of profit and loss.

It is difficult to say how much they lost. I
do most earnestly wish that good and just man,
the late Hon. Erastus Corning, was here now to
witness the change and realize the true char-
iu ter of those men in their present state, who
did all in their power to influence him in their
well-known deceit, none of which can again
\ isit him for the purpose of deceiving him in
his calm and unalloyed resting place. He is
now receiving his just reward for the good he
lias done on earth.

PART HI.

These Shorthorn men were fully aware they
had something to contend with in the Here-
fords, and exerted their utmost to keep them in
the background. Criticised their white faces and
liellios, the long horns of the cows and the large
liorns of the bulls, their thick hides, not knowing
that the two latter were the best signs of con-
stitution and good quality, of which the most
fashionable Shorthorns were deficient. Bates ob-
tained a name for breeding superior cattle from
in-and-in families, at the same time produced
his best cattle from "outs in the dark," deceiv-
ing his followers, thus condemning himself and
destroying his reputation for "pure lireeding."
Although the truth will out, nothing can su])-
press it, the Bates mania became so strong that
bis ilisciples were not sutficient judges or ob-
servers to detect this fraud, or they were de-
termined to fullv endorse it.

HISTORY OF HEREFOHl) CATTLE

185

The iaets were so plain to a practical breeder,
and, when coming before the public, though
startling, the more they were stirred, the more
plainly the proof appeared. The way Mr. Mat-
thews sifted Mr. Bates" pedigrees in the "Xa-
tional Live Stock Journal" and stating unde-
niable facts of their mixed-up alloys were suffi-
cient proof of his intentional misleadings. Judge
T. C. Jones and J. H. Sanders, publishing these
articles without comment, were at the same time
insane on Bates and his "top crosses," neither
of them being capable of detecting which alloy
had the advantage.

The mania cry was "pure Bates," "absolutely
pure," and men went headlong into this "pur-
ity" like maniacs released from an asylum,
proof of which was so palpable at the Xew York
Mills sale, that "he who runs could read."
Bates and his clique consisted of the men I have
named ; the tongues and pens of those who had
but little money were freely exercised by favor
of those who had.

Mr. John R. Page was a special pleader. Hi'
made in-and-in pedigrees pure, assisted by L.
F. Allen and Ambrose Stevens; to make this
more sure he sketched very flattering portraits
of pet animals, and Lewis F. Allen placed them
in the Herd Book, which was sufficient to create
an excitement. John R. Page had just the tools
to do it. (If 90) (^91) His pencil and ruler
could draw straight lines out of an original
crookedness. He had a faultless art of makiui;'
crooked side-lines straight, could make high
hips low, coarse bone fine, smoothen rough shoul-
ders, transfer thin necks into prominent neck
veins; "sweet heads" was a specialty with him,
as he invariably carries that pattern in his eye,
and his brain was always addled with it. He
always patronizes "up-standing style," conse-
quently could hot shorten the legs to change
that character in the fashionable Dukes, but he
made their bone finer and much out of pro-
portion. John could not make a picture in
Shorthorns without excessive flattery no matter
how uneven the original was ; the one on paper
was all straight lines, and thus they appeared
In the Herd Book and sale catalogue, whieli
were John's principal advertisers, assisted by
Lewis F. Allen's and Ambrose Stevens' tongues
and pens. Examine all his pictures there and
you will find a straight furrow along the back
of those so-called breeding animals, as if made
up of blubber and over-ripe for Christmas show.

Here let me ask any practical man who has
seen the original Dukes (][ 92) whether they
ever saw a full neck vein, a smooth shoulder
point, a straight under-line or full crops on
either of them — all strong signs of constitution

and quality ? Then look in the Herd Book and
see how John R.Page has straightened them and
blended each together, so that the picture on
paper appeared ideal. Can any reasonaljle man
see such transactions with such proof before
him in any other light but that of deception ?
But it fully corresponds with the "ins and outs"
of the Bates pedigrees, and thus all went hand-
in-hand. I am exceedingly sorry that the bust
Shorthorns should be abused by novices which
brought a curse upon them.

The next position was that John should be
the Bates auctioneer. I saw him at his first
appearance on the rostrum sell the noted herd
of Mr. Haines of Elizabethtown, New Jersey.
His audience was looking for a strong "opening
speech"" on the Dukes, and "pure breeding," but
were much disappointed. On going to the scaf-
fold, raised for his exaltation, all eyes were upon
him. expecting great things to come to pass in

BEN HKltSlilCV. MlSCAl 1M:, I.\.

(Member Organizatiiin Comnmuc .\iiuTnaii Hereford Cattle

Breeders' AsisOciaUou.)

the Shorthorn world, and from the tongue of
him who professed to be "the Herd Book in
breeches," — the infallil)le man of Bates.

No sooner had he shullled liimself into ]iosi-
tion. he stood erect as if studying attitude. In
this state of mind he resembled an automaton.
He then moved gracefully, flourishing his right

1^6

H I S T 0 1{ Y O V H E H K ¥ ( ) If 1 > (A T T L E

arm to the assemblage, then, pointing his fore
finger in vacancy, his phiz looked beseechingly.
This was done in silence, to command attention.
Then came the opening: ''Gentlemen," said
he, with a short pause, "you are all aware of
the great importance of the breeding of Bates'
Shorthorns, and how exceedingly po]nilar 1 have
made them in this country and in England,
and I have the honor of being selected above
all other men as the sole auctioneer for that
excellent tribe, the breeders of them knowing
how thoroughly I am posted in their pedigrees;
having every one committed to memory, I can
vouch for their
being correct. As
there are many
in this herd that
have top crosses
in Bates I sliall
expect you to bid
very spiritedly.
This is all I have
to say." He then
looked gravely
at his audience,
but his gravity
was not that of a
cynic, for I sup-
pose he felt like

W. H. TODD. VERMILLION. O. tile aSS wllCU

amongst the
monkeys, that they were all ''making faces at
him."

"Xow, Mr. Haines, liave tlic first animal
brought before me."

"There, gentlemen," said John, "is a most
beautiful animal, one of the most fa.^hionable
pedigrees (which he read) that a fancy man can
desire ; she has four top crosses in Bates, by
Dukes, in-bred to Duchesses, and one in Ox-
fords. Xow, gentlemen, give me a bid." Si-
lence ruled for a while. He calmly repeated,
"f'ome, gentlemen, give me a bid." The audi-
ence looked at John and John looked at the
audience. "I have seen animals not so good as
tiiat, not so high in Bates, sold for five thou-
sand dollars. Give me a bid. gentlemen: she
is to be sold. Shall I say a thousand dollars for
you, Mr. L. F. Allen?" who shook his head.
"You, Mr. F. Rotch ?" who looked over his nose
on to the ground. "\\'hat do you say, friend
Stevens?" who wriggled in his boots, as if he
wanted to bid. bad lie the pur.^e to endorse bim.
A gentleman from Rabway offered him $100.
"Did you say one hundred ?" siiid John : "I sup-
pose you meant one thousand — the very lowest I
exjiected to he the first bid. but as Ifr. Haines
will not allow anv under bidders, and means to

sell, 1 suppose I must take it." S. Vr Chap-
man offered $125; there she stood and John
looked as if he was struck dumb ; twisted his
curled mustache round his fore-finger, hung his
lower lip, looked solenm, mumbled out in his
confusion, "Gentlemen, I am surprised at such
a Rates cow as that going at -Sl'-io; going, go-
ing— remember, I shall knock them down quick-
ly." One dollar advances were afterwards
made, until she reached $133 — "going, going,
gentlemen; I cannot dwell — gone." John
looked like a mummy rising in a muddle when
the next animal came out, and the next sale
went on as in the beginning; he looking inci-
dentally like a "live auctioneer," until the sale
was postponed.

Luther Tucker, Sr., was the "chiel takin"
notes" for the "Country Gentleman," who ex-
pected John to be a shining light, and sustain
the flattering advertisement he had given him.
and more fully su])port the Bates mania. Both
felt gloomy and forlorn in their unexpected dis-
appointment. To make a little amend, John
sketched a flattering picture of the Haines un-
sold bull, so high up in Bates, to be "transferred
on stone," to appear in the "Country Gentle-
man" at the editor's earliest convenience. When
it appeared, John's zeal for the Bates mania
cheeringly revived, and he again considered
himself the leading star of the Bates clan; his
cheek added an additional shade of brass, and
he again felt in his prodigality that he was born
a wonder, was ready for the second sale, and
that he was armed and equipped to again urge
on the Bates fiction with the strictest propriety.
I am sure that all who attended the Haines
sale will vouch for the truth of my statement.

About this time I was preparing a herd of
seven of the Herefords for the State Show at
Poughkeepsie. X. Y.. the first time I ever fed
for show, and they were in fine store condition.
The Shorthorns were always pampered for this
purpose. The Shorthorn breeders controlled
that society, demanded high prizes for them,
wliich were more in the aggregate than all the
other l)reeds put together.

The above gentlemen I have named were the
loading stars to make ]iremi\ims and appoint
judges, and they combined together to shut out
all opposition to them. T made a plea to the
committee for the privilege of showing against
the Shorthorns. They insisted that T had no
right to expect to be heard ; that the Herefords
were so far inferior to Shorthorns that they
could not listen to such a ]ireposterous propo-
sition, notwithstaiuling my stalls were crowded
with admirers and with the novelty of seeing
the "new breed", that the Shorthorns seemed

HIST 0 K Y OF H E R E F 0 K I) C A T T L E

18t

slighted by the visitors. I was treated as an
innovator, a braggadocio, or an adventurer un-
worthy of notice by the clique; men I have
mentioned looked over the other's shoulders
and withdrew with a puff; a few good judges
pronounced them a superior breed of cattle.
Luther Tucker, Sr., was quite taken with them,
and wrote a splendid short article praising
them highly, for which he received many up-
braidings from his pet Shorthorn correspond-
ents. As there was no Hereford Herd Book
when I imported them, this was held as a plea
for their not being worthy of showing against
the Shorthorns, with all their alloys, and many
made a laughing stock of themselves by abus-
ing their thick, mellow hides, and turned their
white faces into ridicule. Then their excuse
was that it was impossible for Judges to decide
between two breeds. I asked them if there
was more than one proper standard for a good
and profitable beefing animal, and whether
there was not to be found unprejudiced men of
good, sound, common sense, capable of Judging,
impartially, a good animal regardless of the
l)reed. I was aware that flesh governed almost
all Judges, but if the Shorthorn men were de-
termined to pamper, and state societies allowed
them to do so, Hereford breeders must do the
same. Shorthorn men would not accept of this.
Neither would they accept of a challenge. When
I offered to show four cows and a bull against
them on the show ground, on my own account,
for $100, they evaded it, well knowing they
would be beaten under good and impartial
judges, as I consider three of these cows were
as good as any of the late importations. One
was the first prize cow at the Oxford Royal, two
others first and second at Tredegar, and the
bull first prize with dam and their offsjjring.
Although they had not been pampered, they
showed evenness of flesh, with substance, .sym-
metry and quality ; they did not require pam-
pering to hide their faults, in their coarseness,
or require long legs, long necks, high crests and
high hips, to make them stylish or fashionable,

hut I OFFERED TO WEIGH TTIEM ON THE SCALES

AT THE SAME AGES. They Considered this "im-
pudence" in me ; they declined to accept. They
knew they were beaten and kept aloof, instead
of embracing the opportunity. I called upon
the officers of the State Agricultural Society in
the following letter to the Alljany "Cultivator,"
September number, pages 2.50-."):? :

"I did not intend to have said anything more
in favor of Herefords. as I had made up my
mind to let them take their chance till their
real value should be proved, but as certain in-
dividuals are continually boasting of particular

tribes of Shorthorns, in your paper, I am anx-
ious to see the Herefords brought into fair
competition with them. I think the State Ag-
ricultural Societies should do something to
bring the different breeds to a fair trial. I am
ready to stand a brush with any breed and in
any way the society will point out. All I ask
is a fair field and no favor, ily idea is that
some of each breed should be placed in the
hands of an honest, disinterested person, to try
the experiment, and the society should pay the
expenses. An accurate account kept of the
weight and kind of food consumed; the beef,
butter, or other products should also be weighed
and disposed of, and the cattle that yield the
greatest return from the weight taken at com-
mencement for cost of food, etc., should be de-
termined the best. I hope the Executive Com-
mittee will take this matter into consideration
and propose an honest trial."

This, and many other such trials, I offered
these boasting men of Bates, but not one dared
to take me up. They were aware that discre-
tion was the best part of valor, in the position
in which they were placed. The tongues and
the pens of these Shorthorn men before named
had given them a widespread notoriety, and
their money gave them a ])artial command of
the press. Most of the agricultural editors and
proprietors were
poor, and money
to them was
tempting. T h e y
puffed and praised,
where no praise
was due, but in
reality censure
might have been
more properly ad-
ministered. Lewis
F. Allen strained
every nerve to
bring the Short-
horns, more espe-
cially Bates, into
notoriety ; but he
took great precau-
tion to keep de-
grading and more important facts in the dark,
as Bates did in bis pedigrees; took great
care to keep the best qualities of the Herefords
out of sight, and exhibit fancied weak points
conspicuously.

I refer you to Mr. Allen's fraudulent book
on cattle. Never were more infamous inten-
tional mistakes printed on paper. He read
Youatt. and grounded his artificial knowledge
of Herefords on this unfounded authoritv.

188

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

Every one of common sense who read liis work
was aware that his object was to make money
out of tlie Sliorthorn breeders who joaid liim for
his putting of Shorthorns and condemning
Herefords"(11 93), by which he had to stretch
his conscience, but his self-contradictions in the
latter partially destroyed the effect which he in-
tended to convey. This is how all such men
lose their prestige. Lewis F. Allen, when he
wrote his book on cattle, had no practical knowl-
edge of breeding. Had he studied it impartially
he would have found while praising the Bates
so highly for purity of blood they had more of
the alloys, even to "the old black cow," than any
other breed ; although he pretended to have the
most horrid abhorrence of the (ialloway cross,
he was aware of the improvement, and procured
it in his repeated mysteries. Still, he stuck to
it that not a particle of it was in his herd,

W. S. VAN NATTA. 'HICKOKY GROVE. ■• FOWLER.

(First Cbalrman Herd Book Committee American Hereford
Cattle Breeders' Association.)

though Mr. Matthews, of Virginia, proved con-
clusively from his own statements in "Bell on
Bates," and other authority, that such a state-
ment was utterly false. Lewis F. Allen, who
was constantly ([uoting Bell, etc., must have
been aware of this fact, l)ut he overlooked all
imperfections in liates and his i)reeding.

All who have ever read Bell on Bates will
corroborate Mr. Alatthews' articles in the "Na-

tional Live Stock Journal." Allen wa.s, like
Youatt, determined to uphold the Shorthorns
with extreme flattery, at all hazards, although
he felt too poor to support them; he patronized
the Devons because they were cheaper, better
and more profitable than the noted herd of
Thos. Bates, who disliked Booth, because he
beat him in almost every instance when they
came fairly into competition together.

Bates was continually condemning Booth
{\\ 94) for his Galloway cross, to which Mr.
Booth openly confessed. Bates contended that
his "pure bloods" were far above Booth's "al-
loys," which ought to have been taken into con-
sideration in the showing. Here lies a .serious
myth. Could it be possible that Bates did not
know how his cattle were bred at the time he
made the statement; that all his families pos-
.sessed it? which has since been proved, by his
own conviction, which his weakness could no
longer hide, for his general positiveness was one
of the certain marks of his weak judgment.
There he allowed his fancies to rule over reason,
and thus they ruled over him. When Bates
showed against Booth he was very desirous of
having such committees favorably disposed to-
ward him, and if he did not succeed in this, liis
rage deprived him of his reason, and made him
a liiiighing stock, forgetting the old adage, "that
lea^oii governs the wise man and cudgels the
fool." it was hard work for his friends to make
Thos. Bates believe this, and no man living
can believe contrary to his convictions, or doubt
when he is convinced : if he affects to do other-
wise he deceives him«;elf.

Thos. Bates proceeded, flattered by his fol-
lowers, some of which were never more happy
than when sheltering them.selves behind in-
trigue, proof of which has been amjjle in the
sales of Shorthorns in this country. 1 .say
much of Bates and his folknvers because I think
they have done much injury to Shorthorns in
this country and in England, and it was their
coml)ined influence intended to injure me and
the Herefords.

There are no better men in the world than
.Shorthorn breeders, and if so many of them
had not bw-n led away by the farcical Bates, the
Shorthorns would have been in high re]nite. I
always liked a good Shorthorn cow, if not pure;
and I shall be highly pleased to see the best
contending against the Herefords under com-
])etent judges, who will reward merit where
it is justly due. It is profitable to have two
breeds that can contend against each other; it
is stimulating to success.

TI I H T 0 1! Y OF HERE F 0 J{ I ) ( ' A T T L E

189

I'AKT IV.

All who have read the descri{3tion of Lewis
F. Allen's comparison of the Herefords and the
Shorthorns in his hook on cattle must have
been satisfied of his extreme prejudice against
the former. It was certainly distinctly plain
to all who read it that it must have been written
to give a very unfavorable impression of the
abused Herefords. [Allen did not mention the
name of Sotham in his book, purporting to
be a history of cattle breeds entitled "Ameri-
can Cattle," referring to Mr. Sotham as "an
Englishman." T. L. M.] He tried to make it
appear that those 1 sent to the East from Al-
bany had no reputation, while, in fact, the
steers bred from tlie bulls I sold to ilr. Bing-
ham, of Vermont, and others, stood higher in
the Boston market than any other, and were
much souglit after by the butchers, althougli
only half-bred.

I refer you to a letter from Mr. Gregory, in
the Albany "Cultivator" of 1851, page 305.
He says : "A car-load of two-year-old Hereford
steers, on ordinary keeping, astonished the Bos-
ton buyers and butchers, and sold higher per
pound than any other." What could L. F. Al-
len have been thinking of when he tried
to injure those Herefords which he said the
Englishman (meaning W. H. Sotham) sent to
Vermont and Maine ? He knew when he wrote
that pretended history that he was deviating
from the truth. I sold several to go to Maine,
where they succeeded admirably.

He knew full well the full history of the
importation of Mr. Corning and myself; fre-
quently sympathized with me for the loss we
had sustained at sea, but I always mistrusted
his sympathy was feigned for a selfish purpose,
and so it ultimately proved. His object was to
obtain the Herefords, if possible, and applied to
Mr. Corning to see if he could purchase them,
by giving him time, but Mr. C. informed him
that if the Herefords were sold that I should
have the advantage, and at half the price he
would sell them to anyone else.

Mr. L. F. Allen did not dream of the state-
ments he made, for he knew the whole particu-
lars. He knew I was dependent on Mr. Com-
ing's generosity. He came to see me at Albany
and went to see the Herefords {^ 95). Mr.
Corning told him that I should have them as
above stated. Mr. Allen had been in tlie Legis-
lature, was a prolific speaker at every meeting
connected with agricuHure, generally chief
spokesman, and was never more happy than
when upon his legs and his tongue going.

Under the circumstances I confided in what

lie told me. "You buy the Herefords,"" said he,
"take them up to Black Rock. My brother will
sell you his cows, eighteen in number, his cans,
and half of the team and wagon, which draw his
and my milk to Buft'alo. The milk business is
good, you can soon pay for the cows from their
milk, and the Herefords will sell there. The
timothy grows as high as the fence, the shady
pastures are always good; 3-ou cannot help but
make money, and you and 1 can send up our
milk together, as my
brother and I have
done." This struck
me as an excellent
opening. 1 made the
purchase and took
possession — sent up
my milk with L. F.
Allen ; but I soon
found out that the
demand for it was
not so good as repre-
sented, the price low-
er, and, for the first
time, I began to sus-
pect that the Aliens
were getting out of it
on that account; but Hereford

I got on in the best (A large exporter of Herefords
T I 1 i\r to America.)

way I could. iMy

milk paid my expenses and a little over. In
about a year I sold to B. L. Allen two Here-
ford heifer calves, to be sent to Cuba, the price
of which about half paid for the Allen cows.
He purchased at the same time about six Short-
horns of L. F. Allen. They were all shipped
together to Xew York; from there by R. L.
Allen to Cuba. The whole of the Shorthorns
died on the voyage, and the two Herefords were
the only ones that landed safely. This Mr. A.
B. Allen published in the "Agriculturist,"
when he was its editor.

After trying the milk business one year, in
connection with the Herefords, I found the ob-
ject of Mr. L. F. Allen getting me there was to
get his brother as well out of it as he could,
and give him a chance to get some of the Here-
fords, of which I sold him three — a bull, a cow
and a heifer calf. He took these three to Al-
bany, with the whole of his Shorthorns, with
one of the most flattering advertisements in
the Albany "Cultivator and Country Gentle-
man" that was ever put into print, and a com-
ment made by the editor of the high value of
this herd of the editor of the "Shorthorn Herd
Book." All of the Shorthorns that were sold at
tlie sale were two, purchased by Mr. Geo. Vail,
of Trov, whose sale was soon to follow, and the

190

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

cause of his buying, as lie told me subsequently,
was to encourage L. F. Albm, and a few weeks
after they were included in his sale. The Here-
fords were the only ones for which he received
the cash. Mr. Erastus Corning, Jr., seeing
Rarity among such a miserable lot of Short-
horns of the "Allen display," which those who
came there expected to see from the tiaming ad-
vertisement, bought her for $100. And Baron
DeLonegdale, of Kingston, Canada, purchased
the bull and heifer.

I must deviate from ray subject here to tell
\oii that L. F. Allen wa?^ not only a very care-
less breeder, but a
most miserable
feeder, to which
I was witness. I
did not see a
spring while I was
at Black Rock but
many of his cattle
had to be lifted
up by the tail in
their weakness.
This was the case
the same spring he
sent his Short-
horns to Albany
for sale, hence
their miserable
appearance. The
best Shorthorns
are an excellent breed, but it is just such novices
as these, under the false pretense of breed-
ers, who have destroyed their reputation.
The clan of Bates men, of which I have
before named, have been a direct curse to
the Shorthorn breed. J. H. Sanders, and
Judge T. C. Jones, who were supposed by
many to be "somewhat sound,"' proved them-
selves to have been almost insane. The latter
does not know which horn of the dilemma
to hang his hat upon, "Booth or Bates." Here
it was where he got himself while recently in
England. He is now in a quandary as to which
side he had better take, and Sanders is in the
same situation as to discover the best way to
advise him.

It is these novices I have described, and oth-
ers of the same sort, that have injured the
Shorthorns. The breed itself is a good one when
in the hands of good and practical men ; and it
is proper to have two such breeds as Herefords
and Shorthorns to contend against each other.
If I was put on as judge of the two breeds I
would give it to the best animal and to the best
of my judgment, notwithstanding some men
suppose I am prejudiced against Shorthorns. I

(Forty years a Hereford breeder.)

may have a dislike to the novices I have named
that have abu.sed the Shorthorns, but I value
the best of the breed ; and I have frequently
been told by some of the best breeders of Short-
horns that I have done them much more good
than those flattering scribes who had not brains
enough to sustain what they wrote.

I found that the supply of milk in Buffalo
was greater than the demand, and when re-
duced to two cents per quart there was no profit.
At this critical point Lewis F. Allen and his
farm manager fell out and a dispute arose be-
tween them that could not be settled without a
lawsuit; at the same time the Grand Island
farm milk had obtained a bad reputation, and
as my milk was sent up with it, and the sour
milk returned was divided in proportion to the
number of gallons of each, I supposed there
was something more than conmion the matter,
as I had so much coming to my share.

Whenever I went to Buffalo the customers
always told me that my cans, which had a spot
of solder on each, to distinguish them from L.
F. Allen's, were always sweet and good [natur-
ally attributed to the richness of the Hereford
milk. T. L. M.], while those without the spot
were always not only inferior but often sour
before half was sold. The lawsuit came on be-
tween Allen and his man, and I was present
through the whole trial. Mr. John Townsend,
his foreman, produced his witnesses to prove
that he had done his duty faithfully, and Mr.
Allen produced his to defeat their testimony.
After the former had brought all in, the wit-
nesses of the latter came. The first on the stand
swore as follows: "Do you work for Mr. Al-
len?" "I do." "In what capacity?" "I milk
part of the cows, and help take charge of the
milk." "What did you do with the milk after
yon put it into the cans ?" "We stood the cans
in the river up to their necks; the night's milk
went to Buffalo in the morning, and the morn-
ing in the evening ; we put ice in the cans to
cool it." "^Vhat else did you do?" "We took
off the cream." "By what orders did you take
off the cream ?" "By Jlr. Allen's." "Did he
ever go with you to do this ?" "Yes." "Did ho
say that it was all right?'' "Sometimes he told
us we did not take off enough, and showed us
how to do it." "What did you do with the
cream?"' "Mrs. Townsend made butter.*'
"What did you do with the butter?"
"Part of it was kept for the use of the
house on the farm, and the other was sent
to ilr. .Mien's house." The second witness was
called, whose name was Edward. He was the
second person who milked and helped take care
of the milk ; he principally corroborated the

HISTOEY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

191

former's statement. Then came the man who
drove the team and delivered the milk to the
customers, who was a German. "Do you take
the milk of Mr. Allen to market?" "I do."
"Was there any complaint of his milk among
the customers?" "There was. Mr. Allen told
them that his man did not send the milk from
the farm according to orders." "Did you take
up the milk of Mr. Sotham at the same time?"
"I did." "Was there any complaint about his
milk ?" "No ; all the customers wanted the
cans with the spot on it, as all sold before it
became sour." "What did you do with the sour
milk?" "It came back and I measured and
put some in both cans, to be divided according
to the agreement made by Mr. S. and Mr. A.
Mr. Allen collected the money every week and
paid Mr. S. his share, deducting the number
of gallons of sour according to the number of
gallons taken up." This settled my determina-
tion to quit the milk business, as I could rely
on the just testimony given, and the witnesses
are now living in the neighborhood of Black
Eock and Buffalo, who will vouch for the facts
just as I have stated them. I then began to
look out for other quarters for the Herefords,
but my means were limited, the times were very
hard, I had gotten into debt, and I had not the
ready cash, without sacrificing my Herefords to
meet them or to procure suitable fresh quarters.

The late banker, Hon. Allen Ayrault, of Gen-
eseo, N. Y., came to see the Herefords, having
two splendid farms of his own, and command
of the late Mr. Spence's, near Geneseo. He
probably was one of the best judges of cattle
in that part of the country, and made more
money by feeding the best than any man in that
part of the country. Some of the most promi-
nent graziers in the United States arc located
in this valley. Such gentlemen as the late Mr.
Jas. Wadsworth, Dr. Fitzhughs, Mr. C. Jones,
the late Mr. Wm. Wadsworth, the Messrs. Bud-
long, Judge Sibley, and other wealthy graziers,
took very active parts, all of whom thoroughly
understood their business and who owned some
of the best land for grazing of any men in the
Union.

The Genesee Flats are as well known through
the United States as any other part of it.
Although a very circuitous, muddy stream
winds its way through this fertile valley, it was
the means by which it was enriched. When the
floods came the sediment remained as a fertil-
izer, and the water did not remain long enough
to do very much damage, and the occupants
were generally prepared for it. I knew the
country well and felt it would be just the coun-
try for the Herefords.

Mr. Ayrault was highly pleased with the cat-
tle. ' He said he had previously seen them at
State Fairs, but he said that the Shorthorns
had got such a strong hold, were so strongly
supported by rich men, that Herefords could
have no chance. He viewed them very closely
in their pastures, and said, "what do you feed
these cattle beside what they get here ?" I told
him the grass was all they had. He seemed to
doubt me, but did hot say so. "To tell you the
truth, Mr. Ayrault, I have not the means to
buy forcing feed for them, and if I had, I do
not believe they require it. They, like myself,
are willing to work for their living, and they
will live upon the roughest kind of feed, which
you see growing in these pastures.'"

He proposed a loan and again looked them
through very steadfastly, and said : "Money
is exceedingly tight now, and chattel security
very treacherous. I will make a proposition to
you. There is a very nice cow ;'' pointing to my
best three-year-old. "If you will give me that
cow, and drive all the others over to Geneseo, I
will rent you the best flat land there is in the
valley, a portion of the late ilajor Spence's
splendid farm, at a very reasonable rate. Re-
member, it is a
very hard matter
to get money now.
You may not get
such a chance
again." I asked
him if he would
not take some
other cow than
the one he had
fixed upon; that
she was my best
cow and was
named (Anne)
after my wife, and
that I considered
her as good a cow
as there was in
America. He said,
"I am better
'fixed' to put her
in condition than you arc. I think it will
be an advantage to you. It is worth more
money than you would ask for her in these
close times." The Genesee Flats were very
tempting, and I thouglit such grass would
so much improve the Herefords that I accepted
the offer. Mr. Ayrault drew a check for the
money, and T made arrangements to leave Black
Rock, and more especially L. F. Allen and the
milk business.

WALTER M. MORGA.N',
IRVING. KAN'.
(Forty years a breeder o( Here-
fords.)

192

11 1 S T 0 U Y O F il E K K 1-' U 1! 1) C A T T L E

I'AHT y.

It wa?; a hard IjIow to part with my favorite.
Not only was she the best cow I had, but 1 be-
lieve she was as good a one as I ever saw. Noth-
ing could have induced me to part with her had
I the means to carry me through. I went back
with him to look at the pastures, and found
them all that he had represented, and rented
a house in the village of Piffard. I felt satis-
fied that the Herefords would get fat in those
pastures "without cake or corn."'

I got the Herefords together and drove them
myself to Genesee, glad to leave Allen and the
milk business,
with the privilege
of his abusing the
Herefords and my-
self to his heart's
content, and that
he, Ambrose Stev-
ens, and John R.
Page, might enjoy
themselves making
pedigrees to suit
their own inclina-
tions, and that the
latter might make
all crooked lines
straight as con-
veniently as he
could stretch out
his conscience to
flatter the i)icture, beyond the original, to its
fullest extent. These were my thoughts as
i traveled slowly behind my cattle to their
new home, and wondered how thinking men
could be led away by such vain ])retenders. who
in reality could not discover (|uality in the live
animal, and wt'rc too indolent to follow them to
the shambles.

Without the practical knowledge of "hand-
ling" (by "scientifics" called "the touch") no
man can become a judge or successful breeder.
It is very difficult to discover real worth from
tinsel, and it is certain that wrong will always
bring its own punishment, therefore I w^ill leave
these worthies in their flatteries and fiction in
their full enjoyment and proceed on my way
to a better harbor, where prejudice is not so
strong and judgment more matured. What
struck me more forcibly was that this trio
should be so conceitedly vain as to attempt to
teach others so much better informed than
themselves.

It has been very unfortunate for Shorthorn
breeders to have such men to lead them into
visionarv schcininir iin<l recklessness beyond con-

Wn.I.IAM A. MORGAN,

IKVIXG, KAN.,

oftheflrmotw. A. .Morgan & Son.

trol. E.xcitcment led them on to speculation,
])ride stimulated them to worship pedigree, and
in their moneyed power rode the hobby with
whip and spur, not having the judgment to
discover the true valualile points to constitute
a perfect beefing animal, which leaves their
faith intact, and their knowledge of quality
only a sham. If Shorthorns are still held up
I must do my best to meet them.

As I traveled through the country I was
asked all manner of questions, mo.<t of them too
tedious to be answered. I turned my cattle
into their pastures, which were lu.xuriant, and
the following morning Mr. Ayrault drove in
with his splendid pair of dappled greys. The
cattle had filled themselves splendidly, some of
them resting themselves from their journey, and
sleeping in the sun. "^Ir. Sotham, I like your
cattle very much; they are just what we want
on our rich flats. There are many rich men
here, and I shall have much pleasure in driving
them here to see them ; most of them visit me
fretpiently. I will send my man for my cow
to-morrow. She is a good one, is she not?"'
"I should like you to show me a better amongst
all your rich men," was my answer. I delivered
the cow to his man, who drove lier to his farm,
and in the midst of a heavy shower put her into
a luxuriant clover pasture, where she bloated
and died, and when opened had a heifer calf,
within six weeks of calving. If some Short-
horn men had had such a truly valuable cow as
this die, they would have said they had lost
$10,00t). When the news came to me, if I had
lost one of my children I could not have felt
more dejected. I thought fate was against me.
After they had been there about a month I never
saw cows improve faster or fatter calves by their
sides — not one but was first-class beef or veal.
The heifers not sucking were thriving too fast.

Mr. Ayrault drove into the pastures, sur-
veyed the cattle with scrutinizing eye. "Well,
sir," said he, "I have been reading your articles
in the Albany "Cultivator and Country Gentle-
man" very carefully. Your reply to ^Ir. Henrv
•S. Handall is practically nuignificent. I think-
neither he nor Judge Hepburn will trouble you
again. That letter is a grand help to the
Herefords, and I suppose all you say is true."
"Mr. Ayrault," I said, "I always endeavor to
Mrite the truth, without which no man is capa-
ble of entering into a controversy. Mr. H. S.
Handall is a prolific and classical writer. Judge
He])luirn a rich and jn-ominent man on the
liench, but my opinion is that neither of them
has sutlicient knowledge of Herefords to write
against them. 1 know notliing of the classics,
and liut little of irrammar, and advance my

H ] 8 T U K Y 0 F H E K E F 0 II D C A T T L E

193

opinions in my own way, and in plain language.
Have you seen the letter of Wm. Kingham?"
"Yes, I have. You could not have had a
better endorser. Although he is not a classi-
cal writer, he certainly is a very practical man,
and seems to write facts." I will here copy the
letter.

[We omit the letter of Mr. Kingham, wliich
we have reproduced heretofore in Chapter XL
— T. L. M.]

Mr. Ayrault asked me if I would not sell him
my best bull for $100. "If you will do so I will
have his picture taken and my name shall be
put under him as the owner, which will go far to
help you, and you know as you are situated you
cannot afford to pay for that picture." I asked
him what I should do for a bull to show at the
State Fair at the head of my herd. "Your
young bull is good enough," said he, "and my
name appearing in the paper under the picture
(If 96) of Tronip will do you great service. I
am so well known amongst cattlemen and liave
great influence with some of them. I lend
them money to buy the cattle they take to New
York market. Remember, the cow I got for
lending you the money, died, from which I had
no benefit; you must sell me the bull lower on
that account." "Had your man known enough
not to have turned her into that wet, young
clover the cow would have been still living,
which you must be aware." This he admitted.

I consented to let him have the bull, though
I thought him worth doulile the money. Tromp
was put in the "Cultivator," but his picture did
not do him justice. The State Show at Roches-
ter came. The prizes were as they always had
been, half in value and half in number, that
for Shorthorns. Mr. Ayrault beat me in bulls,
but I gained most of the others in Herefords,
l)ut they were not sufficient to pay the expenses.
Many who had a strong passion for red had a
forcible effecting prejudice against any other
color; condemned their white faces and long
horns. The Shorthorn men were exceedingly
jealous of them as rivals. L. F. Allen was there
and blew his horn loud and long. The majority of
the Executive Committee were Shorthorn men.
or influenced liy them : many had been so fi-niii
tlie commencement of the New York State Ag-
ricultural Society. It developed that the object
of my money-lending friend was to get these
cattle of me by degrees at very low prices. His
constant plea was that chattel mortgages were
very precarious, and tliat I must consider it a
very great favor to liave money lent upon one.
I sold him two heifers to apply on the debt, for
$60 each, about half as much as they were really
worth. Mv calves were not in the mortgage, so

I sold a bull and a heifer calf to a gentleman
for $'.^00, and the gentleman drove them off'.
I went to Mr. Ayrault and paid $125 of it on
my debt. "Why, you had no right to sell any-
thing without first consulting me. I shall send
my man and have tliem driven back again."
His lawyer lived next door, whom he consulted,
who suli.'iequently informed me that he in-
formed him that I had a perfect right to sell
those calves, and apply the money as I thought
proper. "Now, sir, if you sell another calf of
either sex out of that herd I will have them all
sold."

This transaction made quite a stir in Genesee
and the neighljorhood. Now, my money-lending
friend was known by the familiar name of "Old
Slikey." Numerous men came to caution me
against "Slikey's" tyranny, and told me of
many he had ruined by lending money and tak-
ing advantase of them. Beware of "Old Slikev"'

i:HAS. U STIAIIT. I.AFAYETTK, IN'H

(Framer of the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Astc-

ciation's liulos and By-Laws. I

was constantly brought before me. "He will
catch you unawares, as is his cu.stom." I felt
thai I was in a very precarious situation. T
realized this to be the case, for ho foreclosed,
the sale was advertised, and before I knew of it.
the bills were out and the sale was to take i)laee
ten davs from the date of the bill.

101

11 1 sj'o i; V ()

i;

O i; 1) CATTLE

-Mv case was soon noised abroad, and nianv
caine to sec mc, knowing thai I was fully in the
clutches of "Old Slikey. the money-shaver,"
and 1 received much sympathy. Amongst these
gentlemen was ilr. Murray, of Mount Morris,
but a few miles from Geneseo, and who well
knew the shaving principle of "Old .Slikey." I
told him my situation and showed him the cat-
tle. Although he was a perfect gentleman in
every particular, he was no judge of cattle, but
he .-ulmired them very much. He inquired how
much was the indebtedness, which I showed
him. He offered to lend me the money. .Mr.
.Murray was a large capitalist aiul a true phi-
lanthropist. We
talked the matter
all over and con-
cluded that it
would be niiu-h
better to let "Old
Slikey" sell uiuler
mortgage, and to
1 ;ill my friends to-
;jriliiT. which 1
1 1 1(1. The day came
iiiid I I'.nind'that 1
was surrounded by
t licnds who were
nil strangers to
■"Slikev." He drove
EDWIN PHELPS. POXTIAC. up to the crowd
*"^"- with his pair of

dappled greys and addressed liis auctioneer,
'i'heir faces were familiar to each other.
"Go on with the sale," said "Slikey." The
first cow was ])ut up. The numey-lendcr
was the first bidder — $50. The biddings were
s])irited, and she was knocked down to Mr.
Murray at ^KJo. "Slikey"' looked around with
a little sur])rise, and seeing strangers he could
not recognize he did not know what to make of
it. The next cow came; the hanker offered $50,
she ran up to $1G2. and was knocked down to
Mr. John Lapham, of I'enn Yan, X. Y. The
next came a very good cow, and known to be
a very great favorite of "Slikey's," who put Ikt
in at $75, then bid up to $ion. There she
stood for a while; Mr.ilurray bid $150. lion.
K. Casner, of I'enn Yan. bought her for $1T5.
"Slikey" looked around with astonishment. Al-
though, when he alighted from his carriage he
looked as slick as "Beau Rrummel" ever <lid
look, and as he viewed the crowd, he fouiul he
had some substantial men around him.

Another cow was ordered in. with a young
heifer calf; a wag inquired if the calf was in
the mortgage. "Slikey" looked at him. and said.
"What business have vou to make anv remarks.

sir; I know my business." "So do 1." said the
wag, "and if the cow ami calf is to lie sold sep-
arately, and ] buy the calf, I want to know who
I am to pay my money to." All understood
this thrust at "Old Slikey," and the laugh was
loud and hearty. He stood erect, as if before
the glass after fi.xing his toilet. At length he
said, "The cow and calf will be sold together."
1'he wag said, "Will Mr. Sotham agree to that
without being consulted?" "Slikey" was all
confusion. He began to feel that the public
knew the secrets of his lieart. The cow was of
tlie first-class, and "Slikey" often wanted me to
sell her to him iiefore she calved, at $100. There
was but little choice in ten of them. The cow
and calf were put u]) together. "Slikev" put them
in at $100. Mr. Murrav offered $-.'0() ; Mr. Cas-
ner $•^10; Mr. Lapham $220; "Old Slikey"
$225; Robert Rome, the well-known cattle
buyer of Geneseo, $230; "Slikey" $2 40; Mr.
Mtirray $250, and she was knocked down to him
among huul cheei's from the crowd, and this
was the highest price I ever sold a Hereford.

At this juncture Mr. ilurray and Mr. Casner
cnnu' to mc and asked if I wanted to have any
more sold. I told them that I could not help
myself, "^'ou go tell the banker that you will
have no inore sold," which I did. He looked
almost black in the face. "What right have you
to sto)) the sale? there is not much over half
enough sold to ])ay your indebtedness of iiioiM-
gages and rent. I am surprised at your iuiiui-
dcnce, sir." There were lots of listeners around
to hear what was going to be done. He looked
at me as contcmjituously as he well knew how.
"Go on with the sale. ilr. .Auctioneer; but little
over half of the indelitedness is yet reacbeil."
Mr. ^hirray and Mr. Casner stepped up to him
and tdlil him to make up the balance of },[]-.
Sotham's indebtedness, ami they would jiay it.
The ".<having banker" knew not which way to
look; all eyes were u])on him.

PART y\.

1 have not said much of ilr. Francis Hotch.
of Butternuts. Otsego County, a retired banker,
and a follower of Bates, a pet scribe of the .\1-
br.ny "Cultivator and Country Gentleman." He
was also somewhat of an artist — sketched uumv
animals for tlie ])aper — though they were not
sc highly flattered as those of John R. Page.
He was about generalissimo of these papers and
took the junior editor, Lutlu'r Tucker, Jr.,
under liis care. He made much of him. and he
frequently visited him at his farm. He advised
his father to send "voung Luther" to England,

lilSToKY ()

11 ]■: j; K Foi; d c att i. k

195

and the "Bates ring" jjroinised to do much for
him.

Luther Tucker, Jr., was then but a stripling,
but being the son of a very worthy father, whose
character for integrity and truth was well
known, was an advantage to him. He managed
through Mr. Bates and others, to whom he had
introductory letters, to obtain a good showing
off. He became acquainted with the "Druid,"
a gentleman who wrote much for the "Mark
Lane Express." At that time Luther wrote some
communication for the paper, copying as near
as his ability would admit, the Druid style ; tried
to imitate his style, and in his deep study im-
paired his constitution for a while, which com-
pelled him to give it Tip. Ultimately the young
man began to think himself out of his "leading
strings;"" he could adopt a style and language
of his own. He praised Bates highly for favors
received, gave him a puff in the "Cultivator,"
and returned to America to take the position as
junior. A short time had elapsed before he
])aid Mr. Eotch a visit, who at that time had a
pure Bates Inill. which he contemplated sending
to England to catch the enthusiastic followers
of Bates, whose mania was nearly at full height.
The junior editor in his youthful state was in
ecstasy when flattered by such a man as Fran-
cis Eotdi, Esq., of Butternuts, whom he sup-
posed stood so high in the Bates I'ing and was
\-ery wealthy. "But what went he out for to
see? A reed shaken with the wind,"" or a Bates
hull he had so partially extolled in England.
The truth was evident. They went to the stable
and the bull was ordered out. About this time
the strongest objection to the Ditkes were their
coarseness and sluggishness, even by the most
imaginative of Bates men. "Xow." says Mr.
Kotch, "I want to show you the activity of this
bull so you can explain to the public that the
sluggishness of Shorthorns is unfounded.""

The bull was brought out. He described him
as follows: "He came out of his stall with his
head and his tail up." As he was led to and
fro Mr. Rotch said, "Did you e^'eT see such ac-
tivity in a bull of his great size?" "Xo, never,"
said the junior editor. "He can move like a race
horse, his action is e.xtremely good ; he has such
a beautiful high crest lie cannot help but move
actively, more especially with his large size,
large bor.,~ and large, long legs: he is ex-
tremely active."

"See what a loin he has," said Mr. Rotch.

"And look at his high hips," said the other;
"(hat in horses is an indication of speed."

"Look wliat a cupboard lie carries: that is
what we M-ant to make beef," said Mr. Roteh.

"Then look what a slender waist he has; more

like a Duchess than a Duke,"" said the editor.

Although this may not be exactly the same
lang-uage as was published in the "Cultivator,"'
it is so near that it would be folly for anyone
to dispute it, and I can refer to the original.
After it appeared I wrote a criticism of this ri-
diculous, suppo.sed-puif for Rotch, but it was
refused publication. I sent it to the "ilark
Lane Express," where it was jniblished. \Vm.
Carr, who wrote that interesting book on the
Booth Shorthorns,- embraced the opportunity
and commented upon it, part in poetry and part
in prose, in which 'Sir. Rotch's bull was eulo-
gized as coming to England (^ 97), and the
junior editor of the "Cultivator" was coming
with him to ride him to fox-hounds to show bis
activity as a Bates Duke. The poem was a
laughable one, which I am sorry to say was
burned up with my furniture in the Chicago fire.

This bull that Mr. Rotch anticipated .<ending
to England was one of the coarsest Dukes of
those exciting Bates times. Here let me say.
that there was no man in this country I mor"
highly esteemed than Luther Tucker, Sr. He
was a purely honest man. and 1 believe a sin-
cere Christian ; but the Bates mania overpow-
ered him. He had his family to support and it
was his duty to do
it. I never could
properly blame
the senior editor.
The Bates mania
afforded him a
profit, and he en-
couraged it. He
was not to blame.
T h e Shorthorns
were verv valuable
cattle, but t h e
Bates mania was
a curse to them,
which all who
read must have
learned, and tho.sc^
who adopted it
found it a curse to tiie community. After
the New York State show at Poughkeepsie
the following editorial appeared from the
pen of that worthy gentleman, Luther Tucker.
8r., editor of the "Albany Cidtivator and
Country Gentleman." I copy verbatim from
the "Ctiltivator and Country Gentleman."
page 312, October numlier. 1844: "Herefords.
— The only specimens in this class were eleven
head from the capital herd of ifessrs. Corning
& Sotham, Albany. These were splendid ani-
mals. The two-year-old bulls and hull calf.
which were all of the masculine gender exhib-

H. C. BURLEIGH.
VASSALBORO. .ME.

196

II I S T 0 K Y OF II I-; i; K F O K D CATTLE

ited, were good. They had fine limbs, very spa-
cious chests, round bodies, etc. Several of the
cows were very extraordinary. "I'erfectiou" is
one of the most massive cows of her age to be
found anywhere, and 'Aston Beauty" and "Vic-
toria" 10T.5, for beauty and finish, can scarcely
lie sur]iassed, if equaled. It is but justice to
say that no animals on the ground excited more
])raise than these."

I called upon this worthy and impartial edi-
tor (II !)8) and thanked him for the high com-
jilinient he had paid our cattle, and told him

^l*B

TO.M. C. PONTING. MiiWllA'ir
(The first man to drive Texas . .iiiK- (n

that I thought he had told the truth. 1 asked
him why tlie Society would not allow me to
show against the Shorthorns. He told me that
"it was impossible for anyone to say less of
them, for their superiority was apparent, but
the Shorthorns had become so strongly estab-
lished in this country that it was almost im-
possible to contend against them. Your letters
have been very pointed, although I publish
them. The Shorthorn breeders thought they
were very severe, and my son, who you know
has just returned from England, and is now a
partner, is averse to having them published.
He speaks so highly of Mr. Bates and the hos-
pitality he met with at his house, that he is
highly impressed in favor of the Bates tribes,
and you know how high they stand in this
country now."

Wliether the .son had any influence with the
father I had not heard, but there has never
been an editorial in favor of Herefords since
that time.

After my article was refused publication in
the "Cultivator,"' 1 met tlie junior editor, l)ut
he looked cross-eyed at me. 1 began to joke him
about the Kotch Duke, but he made himself
scarce. A Shorthorn breeder, not of the Bates
clan, was present. I said I intended to
have asked him if he was going to take the
Bates clique with him to England to see the
bull take his fences in a style becoming his
action, as it was admitted by all of that clan
that they were "all stylish; that their heads
and tails were always up," and legs long enough
to get over the ground. Xo editor could be
more conspicuously situated than to be thus
]ila(ed, for all the Dukes, l)uches.ses. Lords and
Ladies in England would be there to witness
such a transaction, and the example would be
great for all such editors to follow.

The poem of Wm. Carr, and the comic way
he described "view halloo"" and "bull bellow,"
was one of the most laughable productions of
the kind that was ever written. It stirred up
the wrath of all belonging to the Bates mania,
as the poem was founded upon my article.

Auctioneers were more in demand, the ring
became more excited, sales more frequent, coun-
t( rfeit prices were obtained to make the Bates
mania popular. Pedigree was all in all. "Pedi-
gree, oh, pedigree, thou art my darling, we
]n'aise thee, we worship thee, we give thanks to
thee with sincere affection. Bates, the great 'I
Am" is pure, he has no 'alloy," he detests it, and
we, his devoted followers, endorse him." Such
were the views and actions of this devoted
tribe.

Thus went on the battle. Shorthorn breed-
ers of Bates tribes were seen traveling all over
the country, to consult each other, as the Here-
fords must be kept down at all hazards, regard-
less of their true merit. The ring was contin-
ued and none admitted unless in secret. Bates
Shorthorns must go up above any other tribe,
and the Herefords must be put down ; there
was no other alternative. Expense was no ob-
j(ct: the time had come for the Bates men to
be u]) and stirring; every man must be at his
post when necessary. Every flunky belonging
to the ring must do his duty. The editor of the
"Shorthorn Herd Book"' must add flattering no-
tices to the preface of his book; Ambrose Ste-
vens' wits must be stirred up to aid him ; Page's
pencil and bni.<h must be kept going, and, if
possible, in more flattering style; nothing must
be left undone that can be done.

Sucli was just the state of things when the
unexpected panic came. The Bates men
dro]>ped off financially, one after another.
Imaginary rich men failed, on whom not the

MlSTOKY OF 11 KK K l-()i; D CATTLE

19;

least suspicicu rcstod, except Iroiii the niaiiiiu-
prices given, which, in the minds of prudeiil
men, was a caution to prevent them from enter-
ing into this mad extreme of s])ecuhition so con-
trary to reason and prudence. Being supported
by men of supposed moneyed influence was the
principal cause of its long continuance. Even
now some of the aristocracy of England con-
tinue the farce, but they, like their fat calves,
decline as the '"milk fails." Those who laid
great stress on the traveling exhibition of tlie
"Bijou" and the "White Heifer," knew nothing
of the rules of good breeding, or they might
have known at once that botli of these animals
were very injurious patterns by which novices
in breeding wished to guide them. Every de-
scription of them has been of extreme coarse-
ness of frame and softness of flesh, and a
paunch purposely made to consume expensive
provender without profit.

Mark how the brains of L. F. Allen and Am-
brose Stevens used this supposed elevation of
the Shorthorns — this portable caravansary, con-
taining the show ox and wliite heifer as an
example of exaltation in "American Shorthorn
Herd Book" (page 5 or 6 of Vol. II). What
would either of these gentlemen say now should
they see an exact picture of either, without flat-
tery, transferred to the "American Shorthorn
Herd Book"' to compare with the flattering ones
of John K. Page?

When all of these flattering gentlemen speak
of these "wonderful animals" they think "they
struck ile," at the same time the Messrs. Col-
lings were taking a cross with the Galloways to
reduce the Durliams" coarseness and improve
their quality. Both were overgrown, overfed
and forced to the extreme to create wonder, by
which they did nmch to the injury of good
breeding. Xotice what stress Mr. L. F. Allen
made on the craft of the ^lessrs. "Collings"
when tliey started this wonderful caravansary.
Barnum never succeeded so well. This, his
strongest plea for Shorthorns, in the second vol-
ume of the "American Shorthorn Herd Book."
There were hundreds of Herefords that out-
weighed them of far more compact character,
supported with less feed and expense, less bone
and ofl'al, that were of far superior rpiality and
held to their original character, whicli liad been
established for over a century without, like the
Shorthorn, changing their pedigree into hodge-
podge confusion, of which all the hidden secrets
are coming to lisrlit.

Old Father Time does much when he under-
takes to .search into the secrets of men's hearts.
Mr. Allen also says in the same volume that
Mr. Ceilings was a close man. Are we to infer

IVom this that he ke})t I lie stuck bull in the dark
and the show bull in the sunshine? What will
he say now, as he discovers those secrets are
ex])osed ? Probably Collings will "be in a fix"
when he is compelled to reveal tho.se secrets he
kept in that clo.set.

There has been more mystery in breeding
Shorthorns than in any other course of breed-
ing, but why should there be such mystery, un-
less these breeders like darkness better than
light? The deceit is far more injurious. It is
now generally believed that the Shorthorns are
a mixture of Durhams; the white cattle witli
red noses and red ears of Chillingham Park;
the Dishley; the Devons; the Galloways; the
West Highland, and last, though not least, the
Herefords; at least "in the Seventeens, which
are now generally conceded to be the best of
the American Shorthorn tribes.

I have no objection whatever to this mixture;
such experiments are beneficial, and are the art
of good breeding, had they not been kept in
the dark; but the deception kills the merit due
to it. Dukes, Duchesses, Lords and Lailies were
superfluous names to exalt, and a sham to de-
stroy "good breeding." They were fascinating
to the moneyed man, who had more of it than
lirains, and who
was extremely
anxious for a con-
spicuous title. The
white-faces hold
to their color and
keep up their
character for sym-
metry, substance
and quality, prin-
cipally derived
from good breed-
ing. Their breed-
ers have not stud-
ied pedigree so ex-
clusively; they
have not jiinned
their faith en-
tirely to it; know quality
metry by the eve, and

A. A. CRAXE. HOUSTON, TEX.

the hand, .-^ym-
being aware of the su-
]ieriority and purity of their own breed over all
others, have jealously exerted every effort to
keep it pure. Here let nu^ quote a letter written
to me by Wm. Cother, ^liddle Aston, Oxford-
shire, England, which I had published in the
Albany "Cultivator." page l.'V2. August number,
1841, soon atter my first importation. [This
letter we omit as it is produced in full in Chap-
ter XI, to which the reader is referred. T.
L. M.]

1 always considered Mr. Cother one of th.^

198

II 1 S '1" O If V ( I

!•; i; K F U li D CATTLE

most practical men and as jjood a jiuljic ol' any
kind of animal as I know, and ho stood as liij^h
as a Cotswold breeder as any in JMigland, being
a son-in-law of Mr. Wm. Hewer, Sr.. of whom
he secured a part of his Herefords and Cots-
wolds: lie was a school-fellow of mine, and we
traveled much together in younger days to the
ditl'crent sales of Cotswolds in (iloueestershiii'
and in Herefordshire to examine the Herefords.
i need not say anything in favor of his sui)stan-
tial mind, as the letter is sutticient proof. When
1 imjiorted the Herefords there was no Here-
ford Herd Book, but 1 had full and correct
]H'digrees of all 1 imj)orted and kept them
strictly so, but the great fire at Chicago, 1S71,
destroyed the whole of my records, with all of

my furniture.

* * *

PART VII.

Soon after the New York Mills sale of Short-
horns Mr. Cassius M. Clay published a chal-
lenge in the "Country Gentleman" that he and
his brother Brutus would show a herd of one
bull and seven Shorthorn cows and two yearling
heifers against any two breeders of Herefords
in the United States. My an.xiety was great to
accept that challenge, but 1 had not the means
to meet it.

Mr. |-"i-r(lci-ii-|.; I'nmpi'lly of Owego, X. Y.. of
whom I rented my
fa r m, saw t h c
challenge and
came to see me.
"Why," . said he,
■'you ought to ac-
cept that. Your
cattle look well
enough to .*how
anywhere."' I told
him 1 had not the
means to meet the
$-iM) deposit, or
the money to get
them in order fit
for .show. "Call
uj)on me for all
the money you
want for expenses,
and 1 will de])osit $"20() in the bank at Louis-
ville, Ky., where he proposes to meet you at the
National Show." I immediately accepted the
challenge.

My cattle, having lately come from the flats,
were in excellent store condition. 1 fed them
corn and oats ground together, in addition to
their pastures, lo harden them for the journey.
I took one aged bull, .seven cows, two yearling

F. p. CRAKE.

CHICAGO, ILL..

of flrm of A. A. Crane & Son.

beifeis, three bull calvi's and one yearling bull,
supposing 1 might sell all of the latter.

1 had at that time never met .Mr. Ca.ssius M.
Clay. (\\ 91)) 1 had the Herefords nicely (i.xed
in their stalls on the show ground and left my
man and a young friend of mine from Boston,
who accompanied me to witness the contest, and
who felt as much interested as if they were his
own cattle. 1 went to the Gault Hou.se and
engaged a room for the week, and then entered
my cattle in the different classes of the Here-
ford dei)artment.

The late Mr. Robert Alexander's (1[ lOU)
Shorthorns were there, loaded in flesh to ex-
treme. I learnt subsequently that the two of
the highest character (Bates) had not had a
calf for two years, and as they walked the blub-
ber shook under their thin hides as if in a jelly
bag. Thinks I to myself, "1 am in for it now.
I might as well have ])ut my head' into a hor-
net's nest as to have come to Kentucky, the
home of the Shorthorns.'"

I had shown the Herefords at the national
shows previously, and had become familiarly
acquainted with Col. Wilder of Boston, who •
was president of that society. The Colonel ust-d
to always call me "Billy;"" that was before I
was old enough to be called '"Uncle Billy."" I
went to his room at the Gault House ; he took
me by the hand and said: "Well, Billy, I am
mighty glad to see you. I sup])ose you have
brought the Herefords here to meet Brutus and
Cassius M. Clay:-'"" I said I had, but I thought
it almost an imjiossibility for me to have justice
here in the midst of .so much opposition. "Never
mind. Billy,"" said the Colonel, "yoti shall have
justice to the utmost, as far as I am concerned ;
and the Kentucky breeders are honorable men.
Kee]i up your former courage and all will come
out right."" "I am awaie ot the honor and in-
tegrity of thi' Shorthorn breeders,"' I answered,
"but a case like this is out of the common way.
1'here is much interest at stake, and 1 am here
alone to contend against so many rich men,
whose influence is great. What can I do amom;
so nianv':'"" "Kec]) u]) your natural courage,
Billy,"" <aid the Colonel, "and you will go
thnuigh.""

In the morning I left for the show grounds,
and I saw a gentleman sitting in a buggy in
front of my stalls. .\s I was looking through
the stock this gentleman descended from his
buggy and came to me. "Is this your stock,
sir?'" said he. "It is. sir, when it is paid for,""
I remarked. "Is your name Sotham ?" "That
is mv name, sir." "My name is C. M. (May.""
We shook hands and congratulated each other
on the meet ins;.

II I sTo i; V

II K i; !■; I'o :; 1) c a tt lk

19!)

Mr. Clay vMv
l)laiii. "Since i

(I iiR' asiilc and hcyaii l<i cx-
wi'Dtc that challciiiiv my cir-
cumstauces are differently shaj>e(l. J cannot
meet you. I have only brought one heifer here
and my brother declines." "Well, Mr. Clay," 1
replied, "I did not expect this; but 1 know you
to be a gentleman, and 1 will endeavor to meet
you as such. No man knows better what it is
"to be in a difficulty than myself. 1 sympathize
with you heartily, and will consider the trial at
an eud."

There was a crowd around my stalls to see
the white-faces; among them Mrs. Dr. Watts
of Chillicothe and her daughter. The Doctor's
reputation is well known as a Shorthorn breed-
er. I had met tlft whole family at their house
at Chillicothe previously, consequently I walked
with them through the stalls of the Shorthorns ;
but I found that Mr. Alexander had been polite-
ly showing them through his previously, and
Miss Watts, being not only a belle, but a very
sensible yoiing lady, he paid her much atten-
tion, and, being a bachelor, it was very appro-
priate.

Jlr. C. M. Clay and I walked together to the
amphitheater, where most of the breeders hail
assembled. There we met Mr. Alexander and
Mr. Clay introduced me. "Well, Clay," said
the former, "I suppo.se you and Sotham are to
settle your differences in opinion to-day."
"No," said Mr. Clay, "we have amicably settled
the difference.'' "Indeed,'" said Mr. Alexander,
"how came that so? I suppose you are afraid ol
each other." "No, Mr. Alexander," said I, "tliat
is not the case. I will leave Mr. Clay to ex-
plain." He repeated, "You are afraid of each
other." With this repetition my blood began to
rise. I then said, "In my lot I have brought
two yearling heifers here to show against Mr.
Clay. 1 will place these two heifers in any
honest, competent man's hands in Kentucky
against any two yearlings in your herd you
choose to place against them. They shall be fed
alike in weight and quality of food, and those
who shall pay the most for food consumed at
two and a half vears old shall be the winners."

(Hioi)

Mr. Alexander turni-d round with rather a
forbidding look,, and said: "11' you come here
to fight, I can fight." I ivplied 'that 1 did not
come here to fight, luil that 1 could light, and
1 had the determination to meet hiiji oil that
score. The atmos])here began to feel warm, and
quite an excitement ensued. Mr. Brutus
Clay remarked to mv that T was just tlie
man for Kentuckians! '{'he difficulty must
be settled, so he said. "I propose that we
all go to .\lexander"s camp, lake a drink, iiiul

buiT the hatchet." This was agree<l upon. On
our way we encountered Jirs. and Miss Watts;
the latter said: "I think, ilr. Alexander, that
you and Mr. Sotham had better compromise."
He said we' were on our way lor that purpose.
We seated ourselves on the rustic seats; tlie
display of the numerous silver cups, all troijliies
of Mr. Alexander's success in tlie Kentucky
show rings, were distributed, and bottles- of
old bourbon, the contents of which were trans-
t\rred to the cups, in which we drank eacli
other's health in friendly terms.

n'^!^

M

M

BtwMiiir/^ ^^

ih

H^nV

^KJ^I^P

^9

^^PHB^oJ. ' A^^tts^

- ^'^d^^^i

^.^^

'^^i

ilH

^B

iv^'^BBfe

m

m

I^^B

HI

■.LAvno ntTSH. SHELD'i::. ill.

luriiiui Hpreford Cattle Breeders'
? friend of all Hereford breeders.)

We adjourned to Jlr. C. il. Clay's tent for
lunch, which was amply displayed on the grass
in true picnic oriler, characteristic of true Ken-
tuckian style at agricultural fairs. Tho.~e not
acquainted with Mrs. Clay and her daugliters
were introduced; here we again met Mrs. and
Miss Watts, and a more ha])pyan(l a more merrv
party never met together. We separated to
look after our own interests in the show ring.

I took all the premiums in llerefonls. as I
had no competition, which jiaid my exjienses.
I drew the two Inindred dollars in a draft on
New York, payable to Mr. Pumpelly, and had
it enclosed to him. Sold my yearling bull to
the weli-kiiown Hon. Holiert Wicklilf of Lex-
ington for $100, which was then considered a
high price, and my hull calves at $80 each;

•iOO

II 1 sTo i; V

11 K 1;E Ful! 1) C ATT LE

tlu'V went to Teuness-w, all of which gave me
great satisfaction.

The next week was the show at Lexington.
Although there were no premiums offered, the
society agreed to give me first-prize cups for
bull and cow if I would exhibit, which I agreed
to do. The Hon. R. Wiekliff. who took much
interest in me and my cattle at Louisville, told
nie to make his house my home while I remained
in Lexington, and Mr. Clay gave me a general
invitation to their picnic lunch on the show
grounds, and I never met with kinder treatment
in my life from all parties.

Mr. Wickliff, although partially blind, or-
dered his car-
riage and took
me out to his

valuable
directly
to Hon.

estate,
opposite
fi e n r v

FO.-^TER. FLIXT. MICH.

Clay. Although he
had no thorough-
bred cattle, he had
some fine grades
with which he in-
tended to lireed
to the Hereford
bull he purchased
of me. I never
heard the result of
this cross. I then
shipped my stock
to Cincinnati, to the Ohio State Fair. There
was no class for Herefords there, and the Short-
horn classes were strong from Ohio and Ken-
tucky. The society gave me a special prize on
each animal of bull, cow, heifer and calf, about
half as much as given for Shorthorns, but about
as much as paid my expenses at the show ;
altogether, 1 returned home pretty well
satisfied.

I presented the cups I received at Lexington
to ilr. F. Pumpelly, with which he was highly
delighted, told me he had received the draft
safely and said that nothing could have given
him greater satisfaction than to know that he
ha<l the power in hel])ing me, and that he felt
proud of the triumph. (^ 102)

Soon after my return I sold ten head of my
Herefords to ilr. John Merrvman (Ij 103) of
Cockeysville, Md., for $l.i)()0": and they were a
very nice lot. ^Ir. Merryman is a nobleman
in heart and soul, and was just the person to
join me in the fight for supremacy against
Shorthorns, but they had such a strong hold
that it seemed to be an impossibility: their
moneyed influence was so powerful over agricul-
tural societies, the press and jutlges, that made

it very discouraging. Still, this $1,UU0 and my
sales in Kentucky helped me much.

I sold Mr. George Clark of Otsego County,
N. Y., four cows. He was a large land owner,
having several farms. 1 had previously sold
him bulls, and he bred some very fine half and
three-quarter-bred steers, one large lot of twen-
ty-five he sold to Mr. Van Alstyne of Kinder-
hook, X. Y., who fed them, and when they went
to the Xew York market made quite a sensa-
tion. They sold readily at half a cent more per
pound than anything present, notwithstanding
what has been lately said in a Kentucky jour-
nal to the contrary ; this was true for I was
present at the sale. Mr. Van Alstyne and many
others will vouch for the facts. This was an-
other of Ambrose Stevens' unfounded thrusts
on the Herefords, which, had it been made to
me instead of T. L. Miller, I would have re-
plied, as I intend to let him fight his own bat-
tle, all I ask of him is due credit for my former
articles. Mr. Miller is just in his glory, and
he may become the '"'father of the Herefords,""
which, if rightly achieved, may be honor suffi-
cient to gratify the ambition of the best of man-
kind, who are engaged in the true improvement
of stock.

Rich and influential men are apt to have their
hobbies and preferences, and the Shorthorns
had their advantage in this respect, and, being
fully aware of the superiority of the Herefords,
found that they had much to do to obtain the
ascendancy. They combined together as one
man in England, where the origin of the well-
known feigned sales originated, where animals
were transferred from one herd to another at
fictitious prices, to present to the world an
artificial value, becoming men of wealth and
character, which, like all such transactions
ended in failure.

Let me here refer you to a small portion of
the text of Mr. Youatt's book. In the eleventh
page he says, speaking of Devons : "They have
been long celebrated for a breed of cattle lieau-
tiful in the highest degree, and in activity at
work and aptness to fatten unrivaled."" In
speaking of the Herefords, page 32, he says :
"They are even more kindly feeders than the
Devons ; will live and grow fat where a Devon
will scarcely live." Further in the same page:
"The Devons will acquire bulk and hardihood
and the Herefords a finer form and activity.""
These, Mr. Editor, are Youatt's exact words.
Let me ask the reader to reflect on these con-
flicting, glaring statements and reconcile them-
selves to these contradictions, if they can. Many
such passages can be found in Youatt on the
breeds of cattle, which convinced me that he was

H I S T 0 H Y OP' HERE E O It J) C A T T L E

•^01

no authority on cither lirced. His ohjoct was
to endeavor to please all, at the risk of his own
reputation.

Let me here refer you to a letter written hy
Hon. Henry S. Randall, in the Albany "Culti-
vator," April number, 1841, and my reply to
kim in the following number. [These letters ap-
pear in Chap. XI. T. L. M.] These two let-
ters will give some insight into the prejudice
1 had to meet against Shorthorns, and here I
will copy the letter published at the same time,
w'hich I received from ilr. Turner, Court of
Noke, Herefordshire, England, who bred the
first-prize cow at the Royal Agricultural Show
at Oxford. 1839, which I purchased of Mr.
James Walker. [This letter appears also in
Chapter XL T. L. M.]

Some time after Mr. Turner's letter appeared
in the "Cultivator" Mr. Richard Rowland, a
nephew of Mr. Westcar, whom I know well in
P^ngland, and who inherited his property, wrote
me a very pleasant letter, giving me the names
of the butchers, the prices each paid, copied
from Mr. Westcar's books, which corresponded
exactly with w'hat Mr. Turner wrote me. T. L.
Miller used this letter, as he did Mr. William
Gurrier's, having the old books to refer to;
every one of my letters were marked so as he
could refer to them.

Notwithstanding the proofs I had given of
the Herefords, the Shorthorn men I have named
had great prejudice against them, knew their
value, and were jealous, and they felt satisfied
that with mv light purse they could drive me to
the wall. They run their cattle up to fictitious
prices — far beyond their value — for the pur-
po.se of running the Herefords out of the mar-
ket. A lot of speculators formed themselves
into a ring (all were underbidders for each
other), with the three flunkies I have named
to do the drudgery, to catch novices with more
money than brains who came to purchase and
who were easily caught in the snare laid for
them.

Many changed hands understandingly, and
were transferred from auction to auction, fre-
quently without any money or notes being trans-
ferred. I know of one instance where four
Shorthorns, sent to a sale at Toronto, Canada,
from Kentucky, were knocked down there at
high, fancy prices up in the thousands. About
I'luii- months after I saw the same animals at
the owner's farm, who sent them there, and
they remained until they were sold by the sher-
iff. Pedigree, regardless of the animal, was the
chief attraction.' (1[ 104)

PART \11I.

It was with much pleasure 1 recently revis-
ited the breeding farm of Erastus Corning.
Esq., the only son and heir of Hon. P>astus
Corning, and who, I know, inherits most of his
late fathers noble qualities. The cattle stables
were familiar to me. I was present at their
erection, and some of the Herefords called to
mind an inheritance of the old sort. Old Vic-
toria, whose likeness Mr. Corning retains in
a painting by Van Zant, was fed at the age of
nineteen, after raising sixteen calves. Some
of her progeny are still here ; two of them took
first and second prizes over Mr. Burleigh's im-
ported ones at the New York State Fair last
fall, but I think Mr. Corning has one better
cow than either, and his young stock are very
promising.

The bull he imported to cross with the old
stock was bred Ijy ilr. Turner, Herefordshire,
England, from which he has bred some fine ani-
mals. I should have liked him better had he
inherited a thicker and more mellow hide, al-
though Mr. Turner has bred some good ones.
The cow Matchless I purchased at the Royal
Agricultural Show at Oxford. England. 1839,
winner of first prize, was bred by him ; he also
bred many winners. He is now breeding for
thicker hides, un-
der a close ob-
servance to mel-
lovraess. Match-
less formerly oc-
cupied one of the
stalls, and there
were four others
equally good, Vic-
toria, Perfection.
Pretty Maid and
Gay, in the first
importation, a 1 1
but Matchless
bred from the
original stock of
Mr. John Hewer
of Herefordshire,
to which all the

best recent importations can be traced, and I
suppose there is not a herd of the present day
but that contains a portion of liis blood, tlu' de-
mand for Mr. Hewer's bulls being so great tliat
he let tliem out by tlie year.

In 18.5() Mr. Corning ini]iorted three heifers
from one of the iiest brec>ders in Herefordshire,
which the high character of the stock proved.
Although he has not kept a register of their
pedigrees, no other breed has been crossed in.

•^02

IIISTOHY OF

KKFOHi) CATTI. K

and altlidUirli only kept in good stori' condition
the}" art' as good and wt-ll-bred ai; any herd.
The good exampio lie has always set in showing
his cattle in natural shape is an excellent one,
and the judges had the ])ractical soundness to
see their situation against pampered ones, hence
his success in the show ring. 1 hope we are fast
coming to this legitimate state of things; the
country would prolit much hy it. (1| 105)

ilr. Corning showed a fat heifer at the Xew
York State Fair last fall against a dozen Short-
horns. She took first prize and was considered
by all who saw her a perfect beauty. At Christ-
mas she was killed, and some weeks since an
appropriate poem
was written of her
by a butcher boy
who admired her
attractive appear-
ance; the poem was
copied into the
"Drover's Jour-
nal." The butcher
who killed iier, ilr.
J. Battersby, told
nie that she was the
best carcass of beef
he ever cut up ; not
only was she of
most excellent
quafity, but steaks
cut from her neck
vein were beautifully marbled and fit to
serve his first-cla.ss customers — better even than
the choice steak of many other animals.

How many times such truths have been told
to nic by other butchers, under similar circum-
■■tances, and of equal standing as ilr. Batters-
liy. whose father was one of the prominent
iiutchers in Albany for the past forty years.
Xo man killed better meat, for which he had
a high reputation, and his customers were of the
highest class. His soli is following his good
example, and I value his testimony, so fully
corroliornting that of many others of a like prac-
tical soundness.

PART IX.

Ri'fore going further into the Ilerefonls. I
must give you an additional insight into what
I lind to go through with in the Bates mania,
iif which, as I have told yo\i Ijcfore. Lewis F. Al-
len. Ambrose Stevens (who were called twin
brntliers) and John R. Page were the leading
|iroselytes to that injurious imposition that so
much injured the Slinrtborn cause. T pro-

A. H. HlLLiS.
WIX.VEBAGQ CITV. MIN.V.

nounced this trio "the three flunkies"" to induce
men of means to join the hue and cry of fancv
and fashion that had taken possession of all
who belonged to it.

The first wrote a book on the different breeds
of cattle, to extol the Shorthorns, and did not
only overstretch his ability in the task, but
m.ade gross misrepresentations, one must sup-
pose purposely, to mislead. All who had pa-
tience to get at all interested in the work, and
read his history of the Shorthorns and Here-
fords, could see his aim to effect high favor to
the former, and create a panic against the lat-
ter, both of which he grossly and, I think, in-
tentionally, 'misrepresented. The case was so
plain to every unprejudiced reader that my at-
tention was called to it by several gentlemen,
among whom were some of the best Shorthorn
breeders. I had an intimate knowledge of the
writer"s character, so 1 did not look into his
book until my friends strongly advised me, and
then the comparison between these two valuable
breeds was all 1 bad the patience to investi-
gate. Fancy and fashion are capable of leading
even the best men astray, and Lewis F. Allen
did everything he was capable of doing to pm-
niote both of these delusions.

The second man was an adventurer precisely
of the same calibre as the first ; they were called
"twin brothers,"' as they constantly couplei!
their visionary brains together, to support thi;
fancy and fashion adopted to boost the "Bates
mania.'" This was their hobby and they ex-
pected to reaj) their reward from the profit
made by the Bates clan, but, like all such the-
ories and profitless scheming, the bubble burst,
which all who read can prove. He was the man
who rewrote the fictitious Shorthorn conii)ila-
tion called history, to defeat the facts published
by Eev. Henry Berry, but his misrepresenta-
tions soon found him out. and the Rev. Henry
Berry's unpleasant truths now stand as firmly
as if this misjudged prodigal had not so
thoughtlessly interfered.

Still further this notorious Batesite brought
out from the Bates herd of such notoriety the
bull Duke of Cambridge. Stevens, after a long
and familiar stay at ^Ir. Bates" house, had jn-r-
suaded Bates that he (Stevens) was the great
"1 am"" of the Siiorlhorn fraternity: thus ])re-
possessefl. Bates ])resented him with this "\ol)le
Duke of Cand)riilge"" as a memento of his kind-
ness in so strongly sup])orting the Bates cause
in America, the urgency for continuance of
which Bates had strenuously instilled into the
anxious mind of this supjiosod exalted breeder.

The bull arrived here with otliers from an-
(tlber liTcedcr. of which I shall hereafter sive a

H

I'o i; ^' () I' II KK E FO RI) (' A TT I, K

203

discription through Mr. Strvriis" k'ttcr in the
"Cultivator" at the time of their arrival hero.
Tlic Noble Duke of Cambridge was taken to the
herd of Col. Sherwood of Aulturn, and the own-
er charged him a very high price for half of
liim. Subsequently Stevens wrote asking ilr.
Bates to state in a letter to him that he (Stev-
ens) had given Bates an enormous price, nam-
ing the sum. At this Mr. Bates became indig-
nant ; ho felt that a secret gift for puffing was
not so profitable to him as represented, conse-
(|uently wrote Stevens in gentle language that
Ik.' was sorry to find he (Stevens) was somewhat
the reverse of a "great I am;" told his house-
keeper if he ever came to his house again to
fcrrbid his crossing the threshold. 1 refer your
readers to "Bell on Bates" to corroborate these
facts.

Xow comes the third chap in the Bates mania
who, in his vanity, supposed himself to be the
b( ad of all, having been selected by James ().
■Slieldon of Geneva, X. Y., to take a portioi;
of his Bates tribe to England. This gentleman,
being so elated with his flattering pictures in
catalogues and Herd Books, placed Page on
equal terms with the other great "I am," and
at that time the Bates mania was at it^
zenith. Page was so fortunate in his pretenso
of the knowledge of pedigree, fancy, fashion.
up.-;tanding style, thin hides, beautiful, snft
Iduch, sweet heads, high hips, extended paunch
ind grand thighs, so peculiarly essential to
denote the Bates tribe, that he had precisel\
what these fanciful, fashionable supporters of
Rates wanted on the other side of that "i)ig
])ond." The only thing against his personal
appearance was his natural swagger, for which
he had no checkrein. He caught the rich com-
moner and dipped a little into the nobility, whn
were at that period anxiously striving to gull
each other at every sale, to find out which couM
build the most expensive castle in the air, conse-
quently Page retiirned home highly elated.

I do not describe this trio with the idea of
injuring them or the Shorthorns; far from it:
biit I do say that it was this kind of men that
did that cause more injury than any other class ;
their tongues and their pens were "too fast"
for their brains, and this short sketch will plain-
ly show how the Bates mania was createcl. and
I challenge any man to deny with truth the
facts as 1 have stated them. I have no malice
against this trio, but 1 had pity for them in
their weakness, wliich I always predicted would
iiiil in the disappointment it did. This trio was
i|uite successful with fancy and fashionable
men. their smooth tongues, in the ]ilenitude of
lliiir |i(iliteness made e.vcessive llaHerv plaus-

ible to them, but when they met togetlier tu
flatter each other ujion the glorious inqiression
they were making upon the Bates mania, Satan
stepped out without interfering.

Bates, with all bis faults, showed much cun-
ning. When 'Sir. Price challenged to show
twenty Hereford breeding cows and a bull for
£100 against any breeder or breed in (ireat
Britain, no man ever showed greater weaknes^
in judgment than Mr. Bates when he accepted
it. He felt that he should be 'sure to be beaten
unless the judges were favorable toward him,
and he would only have the choice of one nf
them. Influenced by this convicfioTi. after de-
positing the forfeit, be began to realize his crit-
ical situation, fully aware that if he did not ac-
cept that the horns of his cattle must be drawn
in much shorter.

JOHN GOSLING. KANSAS OITV. MO.
(America's greatest expert judge.)

Alarmed at his situation, Mr. Bates sent his
confidential man Friday disguised in liis snuick
frock on Sunday, while 'Sir. Price was in church,
to examine the cattle he had to contend witli.
Friday went into the stable under the pretense
that he wanted to hire to Mr. Price as a stock-
man. .\fter looking them through lie left, with-
out leaving his name. Soon after Friday re-
turned home ^fr. Bates became exceedingly ner-
vous: raised the most frivolous t|uibl>les and
excuses amouffst liis iieiffhbors and friends: liis

204

11 I S T () K Y 0 F 11 E K E ¥ O 1{ D L' A T T L E

^;c•hemes to enable liini to l^iek out iiuule hiin
querulous;. He wrote to the ".Mark Lane Ex-
press" that he hail a great aversion to gainl)lin>r ;
advaneeii tliis as a plea, notwitlistaudiiig he had
been showing for money exaetly on the same
principle.

Bates" friends beeame alarmed ; rode over to
Kirklevington to inquire if that plea of gamb-
ling was the only vea;<on ; others wrote witli anx-
ious inquiries. Bates, in his per])lexity, sci'med
to be wandering al)out the farm like a hen Ijy
candle light, in search of his man Friday, to

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GRADE HEREFORD STEER. CONQUEROR. AT 27

.MONTHS.
(Bred by T. L. Miller; the rightful champion of 1S79-80.)

cnution him to 1)C sure and keep his secret ; but,
unfortunately, Friday could not keep from say-
ing that Price's white-faces was a most excel-
lent herd, and that his "master" would have
very hard work to beat him. Friday was asked
many (|uestions by ail coiners to Kirklevington.
At length one Shorthorn l)reeiler came who luid
been into Herefordshire to buy steers for feed-
ing. "Why, Friday," said he. "what were you
doing in Hereford a few day.- ago? T saw you
rilling through that city and tried to hail you.
but you seemed in a hurry as you put the spurs
io vour horse. Had anything gone wrong? You
SI emed to have your India rubber rolled up, as
if you had been a long journey."

This breeder, in op]iosition to ^fr. Bates, be-
gan to he a little quizzical, as be had strong sus-
picion of Friday's visit to Herefordshire, after
reading Bates' letter in the "Mark l>ane Ex-
press." "T hear you have been calling on Mr.
Price. T understand his herd is a very superior
one. How did von like it ?" Friday was as much
confused as Bates. It was the truth, but how
did he know it ? The Shorthorn breeder tried
jo look Friday in the face, but he looked every
wav hut his. He was determined to sift him a
little further: "\ow, Friday. 1 am as good at
keeping a secret as Mr, Bates. Tell me how

you liked Price's herd of Herefords? 1 heard
you were there." "Who told you?" "What
made you take your smock frock along, rolled
up in front of you, to look conspicuously? That
«as not a garment you usually wear on Sun-
days. There is some mystery which voh ought
to explain to me, as I am as much interested
as Bates; I do not want to see the Shorthorns
defeated. Why did he deposit the forfeit and
then withdraw? There is sometliing wrong."
After this it was generally known what was
the object of Friday's visit to Herefordshire,
and for a time Friday was made the market
talk, and one of Bates" myths was made public,
much against his secret wishes. Friday had
kept the West Highland cross confidentially in
secret, but this one, so far from home, was too
much for him.

1 have obtained these facts about as I state
them from a source that can be relied upon,
and I was familiar with the transaction
through the "Mark Lane Express."

In his letter to that paper, Mr. Bates wished
Mr. Price to call upon him. None but a man
of extreme vanity could have expected this.
Mr. Price, being aware of Bates' prominent pe-
culiarity of bribing the judges with insinua-
tions, was the principal reason of his making
the challenge, as he was determined that sucli
a transaction should not be allowed on either
side.

ilr. Bates wrote to Mr. Price, saying he de-
clined to meet him on account of gambling.
This, and more frivolous excuses, he made in
his letter to the "Hark Lane Express." In these
letters he wished ilr. Price to call upon him,
and he would return the call. Here was a
chance for more quibbles on etiquette, but ^fr.
Bates, being a confirmed bachelor, I suppose
did not study that part of his ceremonies, as a
i|uil)ble for delay and a chance to back oiit.
llow th.ey were to settle between themselves
which was the best herd was only a schoolboy
transaction.

Of course each would declare his own the
best, and neither they nor the public would
have been satisfied. At the same time Mr. Bates
said that he had a jiair of twin bull calves of
the Duchess tribe, he thought one of which
would improve Mr. Price's Herefords. Mr.
Price replied, "If you want to back out, tell me
plainly; then I will listen, but I will not have
any more cavil. The three judges having been
agreed upon, can go to Kirklevington, and I
will accompany them : they can return to my
]ilace with your escort, then neither herd can he
removed. I feel very reluctant in taking your
proposition as a direct insult, but circumstances

11 1 S T () If V

11 K H

() I,' 1) (' ATT l.K

305

indicate it. I must say that I was miuli
surprised at such a proposition from one who
professes so nuicli to be a pure breeder. 1 as-
sure you that no sucii cross as that can enter my
herd."

Mr. Price was indignant, and well he might
be. Although Mr. Price might think that such
a cross on the other side might have been made
with impunity in addition to Bates" other outs,
he had more sense than to advise it, and eti-
quette forbade him taking that liberty. When
the news came to America, there was much con-
sternation. The Bates organs modified it to the
best of their ability. The advocates of the
Bates mania, supposed to be moral men, thought
the plea of gambling sufficient, notwithstand-
ing more than half of them would buy pools
or bet on a horse race. The trio of Bates
flunkies — Allen, Stevens, and Page — were silent
for a time, but the other part of the clan, like
Bates, made manv excuses, and ns tlic mania

their noils as if they were familiar accjuaint-
am-es. .Mtliough Joliii liad on his best clothes,
tliere was something more wanting. It is very
difficult for a plebeian in England to know
how to act among aristocracy. Xo matter what
clothes lie wears, he is easily detected under any
display of "independence" ; however, the duke,
lord or baronet in this "independent country"'
lias no privilege, where all men are equal. Here
John had the advantage over them in "inde-
pendence"" ; but dukes and ducliess titles in
cattle were highly honored here, their money
value far exceeding those whose titles were in-
herited under the law of primogeniture, as they
knew not the value of it.

Reckless in their "independence," the English
squandered it : consequently John had an ex-
cellent opportunity to show himself, and his
tongue had no curl) to check it from having its
full scope. John, fully aware the transactions
ill Englanil amongst Bates men would justifv

.\.N .\.MEKICAN SHOW-KING. UNDER THE .\HN.\ESOTA STATE FAIR TEXT

was previously up to fever heat, and the advo-
cates in their glory, it was a difficult matter
for them to form combined action, as the indis-
cretion of Bates was so glaringly ridiculous.
John E. Page, as he made himself very con-
spicuous at the Shorthorn sales, when praising
a Bates pedigree so highly, looked slyly and
cautiously over his shoulder to see if Mr. Price
or any Hereford breeder was behind him. In
this connection I must give you more ex]K'rience
of this "herd book in breeches" as an auctioneer.
All who knew John knew the frivolous airs lie
put on to assume consequence, his call to the
"New York Mills sale" was*supposed to be of
such an exalted nature, and as he bad to meet
some of the nobility and aristocracy of England,
he was com])elled to put on as niueh iiolish as
consistent with his high calling, and to receive

his case in action and attitude, felt independ-
ent, his tongue moved as rapidly as was con-
sidered discreet for him to make it.

After being introduced to the foreigners,
some of whom we knew-, John mounted the
rostrum, and when so elevated, the loftiness was
of a very exciting nature. He stood erect in
silence; not one of the nobility ventured to
say, "Is that a dagger I sec before me?" "His
stature will not compare with our old veteran
Stafford in England," said one. His attitude
was one foot forward, tlie other its rear guard,
l)ut he was evidently confused : be pointed bis
forefinger towards beaven. and the canopy above
was clear. He stammered a little and then said
that be was exceedingly glad to see so manv
wealthy and influential gentlemen around liim
from both countries, "and vou are aware tliat I

:iOG

HISTORY ()

i; K KO i; I) (' A'l"l' L

have to oft'or you to-day soiiu' of tin- umsl fasli-
ionalile blood ik'^ccndcil f'-om Mr. Bates" true
and uiuululterated oriiriual Dukes and'Ducli-
esse.s well known the wide world over, and you
all well know that I am the gentleman who
sold ^Ir. James O. Slieldon's cattle of j)reeisely
the same families at Windsor, at the very gate
of your Queen, and as tiiere are many exalted
Bates breeders among you 1 shall expect you to
bid spiritedly."

Here was John Bull and Jonathan pitted
against each other, regardless of consequences.

W hen i'age asked foi' a bid on the next ani-
mal, he was overcome ; his voice failed, and
when articulation caine, a half dozen bids had
In-en oifered. "'(io on," said Joiin, and they
dill go on like men .on the higli road to ruin.
Wiien the sale was ended, some of them sup-
posed they had been dreaming; others boasteil
of their bargains, and felt as proud as "Luci-
fer." After the Englishman for whom the
Duchess was said to be purchased was inl'ormed
of the transactions he jireferred to pav $ll).0()(i
forfeit rather than $30,000 more and" take the
Duchess, which offer was aece]>ted, and a rich
.Vew Yorker agreed to take her, but she died
before she was delivered. The majority of the
Duchesses were either hopelessly barren or fol-
lowed the fate of the Duchess, who was buried
in utter silence, and in the dark with her thin
skin on, in honor of Thos. Bates, E.=q., Kirk-
Icvington, Eng. I am not posted as to her hav-
ing a marble tomb erected over her to denote licr
>aireil memory. I could tell you much more;
1 have said so much on Bates and his follower*
to sliow how much this clan set against the
llerefords. Now J intend to show what I and
my Herefords went through after this bublile
burst. All 1 have told you abiuit it has been
I nil', which I will challen^-e anv man of truth to

AT .\ CurXTHV l-'AIR I

.\fter the first bid John's flattering tongue was
of no use to liini — nods were rapid and the
order of the day. Fanciful John Bull was so
extremely anxious to bid, and Jonathan out-
numbering them, nodded conspicuously or gave
tongue. The auctioneer became so confused
lie did not know which bid to take first; he
almost fancied that it was he that was up for
sale instead of the Duchess. An automaton
would have answered the same jiurpose as John,
amid such bidders. The representatives- of both
nations acted more like lunatics released from
an asyhim than breeders of discretion, seeking
l)roi)er and profitable animals, as an example
to benefit mankind.

When the Duchess sold for forty thousand
dollars, the shouts from the crowd were loud
and long, neither John Bull nor Jonathan could
command themselves; hats were thrown in the
air, men were crazed in delight; Jonathan and
John Bull shook hands with each other, and
with .such a grip that all sui)]iosed tliat the two
nations would never be divided, and that Thos.
Bates would be king over all. One would sup-
pose that B<'dlam had been let loose, or that the
lunatic asylum at I'tiea was on fire, and tliat
the scattered inmates were attracted, by the
hWlcous noises, to take a iiart.

TAKT X.

You saw ijy the li'tter from Mr. Wm. Cother,
l"]sq., that there was no Herd Book for Here-
fords when 1 imported ; but the breeders from
whom I purchased kept a reliable record of their
own. After the present Herd Book was estab-
lished, some of the liest breeders were very care-
less about entering their cattle. Being so well
satisfied with the jiedigrees kept by themselves,
and feeling confident of their practical .judg-
ment in selecting the sires to maintain the su]ie-
riority of their herds, they felt perfectly safe
in kee])ing the sound doctrine of self-preserva-
tion.

The Hereford breeders were principally prac-
tical men, not easily led away by novices or
theory. The profits of their cattle kept them
inde])endent. Any one conversant with the
Hereford fairs {^ lOti), and seeing the immense
number of white-faces that came in on these
occasions (the money that changed hands
there, aside from that paid to the breeders of
steers, at their liomes), and sent directly to
those graziers spoken of in Mr. Cother's letter,
could not ])ut see their true value.

The graziers, knowing the trutli of the supe-
riority of Herefords f(u- grazing, purchased

II 1 s TO i; V OK II

I! K

I) CATTLK

;.'u;

tlu'iii. Anioiiiist tliciii were Slioi-lliiirn Iu-immK'Vs
to \n\ kiiowli'iigc. 1 will u'ivr Vdii ail iiisiaii(!_-
ol' one of these ol' iiiiu-li pioiiiiiHnu-i.'. wliit-h
came under my obi^ervation. My brother-in-law,
Mr. Marmaduke Matthew;^, lived a elosc neigh-
bor to the well-known rich eoiiniioner, Mr.
Langston of Sarsdon, O.xfordshire (who,<e only
daughter and heiress married Earl Ducie). the
well-known purchaser of the Kates .Shorthorns,
at Earl Ducie's sale, that were subsequently pur-
chased by Mr. Jonathan Thorn and Mr. L. G.
Morris, brought to this country, and with which
all breeders of Shorthorns are familiar.

While staying with my brother-in-law he pro-
posed to drive me over to see ilr. Langston"s
Shorthorns, and a.s 1 had frequently met Mr.
Langston in the hunting field and once sold him
one of the best hunters he ever had in his sta-
bles, at a high figure, and which proved a great
favorite with him, I readily accepted. We drove
to the house of ilr. Savage, wlio was Mr. Lang-
ston's steward, which situation affords him a
splendid home, and one of his best farms, which
he rented. There was another farm he managed
for Mr. L., which surrounded ilr. L."s mansion
and pleasure grounds, ilr. Savage and myself
had previously met at fairs and markets and
were pretty well known to each other ; therefore
etiquette was not called into question, and an
introduction was unnecessary.

We had a good, hearty shake, and I was ten-
dered a hearty welcome. "I will send over to
the house and tell Mr. L. you are here, as I
know he will be glad to see you ; he has the
old hunter you sold him, and althougli now si.x-
tcen years old he is about as good as ever. He
often speaks of the daring way you used to ride
across the country here, and that you were as
close to the tail of the hounds as any of them."'

Here I must digress a little, and may b(
considered a little egotistical, but never mind
Probably there was not a more daring rider i:
the whole of the Duke of Beaufort's hunt, aiu
at the age of twenty-five 1 n^ver knew wh:i ■
fear was. I sold many horses -to the nobilit\
and gentry, and I was a fair,.j€dge of a hunter,
but did not spare them wdien under me and the
saddle. Bnllfineh, broojc, wall, or awa-awa never
came amiss to me. The horse had to take them
if there was the least prospect. By this daring
r was as well known to the Duke of Beaiifort's
hunt as any man. We had just got through our '
"bread, cheese and ale" when Mr. L. appeared,
seated on the old horse. He held out his hand
and gave me a hearty shake, which was the
grip of the true English sportsman. "Do you
know the old horse?" said he. "T do, and it
calls to mind the happy days through that win-

ter 111 which I rode liiiii." ".Vli,"' said lie, •"yiui

. v.'ere enough for any of thciii then, and the old

horse was master of your weight. .My careful

riding has saved him until now, and be is good

yet."

We took a survey througli the Shorthorns,
which were all of the Bates tribes, a draft in
the beginning from the Earl of Ducie. .\1-
thougli then consitlered in tiie height of fasliion
and petted by fancy men, I must say I ne\ir
saw a worse herd. Tliey seemed to me longer
and coarser in the legs than any (i( the tril»'>
I had seen in America, or evi'ii what I had
seen at Kirklevington. I asked .Mr. Savage it
■there was any propriety in keej^ing sucli stock.
This brought out a loiig argument betw'een my-
self and Mr. Savage. He held up for style and
grandeur, and I went for compactness, sub-
stance and quality. I condemned their thin
hides and blubbery handling, at which ilr. Sav-
age was a little inclined to take offense. Mr.
Langston laughed, and ilr. ilatthews said but
little, as he was breeding unpedigreed Short-
horns to a Hereford bull, raising steers and
sending them to market at two years old. by
which he made a handsome profit. There were
lots of young bulls. If I had been a Shorthorn
breeder I would not have taken either as a gift.
"Who do you get to buy these bulls, Mr. Sav-
age ?"" said L "Oh! We let our tenants have
them tn improve their stock." At tliis period I

PR.^CTICIXC KOK THE SHOW.

saw a lot of white-faces in a field at a little
distance. '^Vhat are 3'ou doing with those white-
faces?" I said. "Oh, they are some two-year-
old Hereford steers I bought at Hereford fair
to feed." We took a survey through them :
they were a very nice lot : probably not quite
so good as those of graziers who picked them
up of the breeders before tlic fair, hut they were
even, and showed aood l>reedius;- Thev were

:ius

11 1 S T U IM' () 1' 11 1-: 1! ]•: 1-" U IJ 1) C A T T L E

in a good bite of grass ; soim' of tlicin were
stretched out in the sun sleeping, others stand-
ing chewing their cuds eontentcdly. If we dis-
turbed one from his lair he would twist his
tail round and stretch himself, which satis-
fied Mr. Savage that they were thriving finely.
One of them seemed contented, and with a mild
look in his eye allowed us to handle him. His
hide was thick and mellow, his flesh firm and
ripe; I called Mr. Savage's attention to this
steer's compactness, symmetry, quality and
weight. "Have you a Shorthorn in your herd
that can compare with him ? Is there an ani-
mal amongst them with such a constitution?
Have these and your Shorthorns all lived
alike?" lie said there .was but little difference
in their pastures. "If Shorthorns are so su-
perior to Ilerefords, why did you not go to
Darlington fair or market and buy high-grade
Shorthorn steers jind spayed lieifers, which
could be bought in any quantity, and at less
money than Ilerefords? There seems to be a
myth among Shorthorn breeders that I cannot
understand. I think you are more attached to
fashion, fancy and pedigree than you are to
a rent-paying animal." "I tell you, Sotham,"
said Mr. Savage, "it is of no use disguising the
fact. Tho~p Hereford steers will go to market

a month hence, without cake or corn, but Short-
horns want to be finished on cake, and I am
free to say they fetch the higher price over
the Shorthorns. If Shorthorns make greater
weight, the extra weight does not compen.sate
for food consumed." "I am satisfied, ilr. Sav-
age^" said I, "so let us change the subject,"
which was converted to prospects of things in
America. Mr. Matthews and myself dined with
Jlr. Savage, and spent the afternoon smoking
our long clay pipes, drinking our port and
sherry in moderation, and in the evening sat
down to a game at whist, which we kept up un-
' til a late hour.

Probably it is one of the greatest sights in
the world to see at any Hereford fair so many
superior cattle with white faces, and so uni-
form in color, symmetry, substance and qual-
ity combined, as to make that breed superior
to any other. I was never more amazed than
at my first visit. It confirmed my belief and
a fixture of me, in favor of the Herefords. prob-
ably to the end of my life. I at once felt satis-
fied I was on the right track in cattle breed-
ing, however the Americans might be preju-
diced against them.

Xotwithstanding they were shut out of state
and coinifv shows and driven under tlie lash

,\ "LLMM I' AT \VK,\\KKc;.:.\CI., I'AUM UK T. P. I! SOTHAM.

II I s'l'o i; ^■ o I' II K u K Ko i; D c at

ao!)

of influenced judges, they cDuld iiul ;ihvM\> lie
robbed of their good name and real merit ; the
reputation of the Hereford^ was too well es-
tablished to be forever injured by a moneyed
power or to allow prejudice to long rule over
them. Under such a pressure, however, it was
impossible for Herefords to win prizes, unless
their superiority was so palpable that con-
science, though seared, was compelled to give
way.

Soon after this, the Earl of Warwick won
the first prize at Sniithfield with a Hereford
ox of which the editor of the "ilark Lane Ex-
press" s]ioke very highly. I wrote to the Earl of

no doubt the Herelords an- the best breeds
Tor such objects. -Notwithstanding well
bred ones are bought very dear (a proof of their
estimation) 1 think they pay best for their kee]),
turning into money faster for the food they
eat, less liable to casualties, from the thriving
disposition of their constitutions to do well and
lay on flesh while growing. I send into Here-
fordshire and buy lean, young stock, of the
best breeders, not trusting to the fairs. 1 know
how all are bred. The ox I won the first prize
with at the Sniithfield show last year, 18-10, and
the best beast of any class shown by the ninety
competitors. I bouglit as a three-year-old. witji

THE CATTLE UlXCi .^T THE DETROIT INTEUXATIONWl, FAIR AM) EXPOSITIO.N. T. K II. .SoTHA.M. SECKKTAUV

Warwick lor a little information of the Here-
fords and received the following K'tter :

Warwick Castle. Eng.
Sir: I buy my stock in poor, at two and
three years old; fat them for the butcher;
fat them on grass in the summer and on
hay and turnips in winter, finishing them
on oil cake when necessary. To do wliich it
would be immaterial to me which breed I
bought or wh(>re, depending on what would
grow or fat fastest, as good butchers' beasts
— the butcher being my customer — and I have

many more at seventeen pounds each. lean. He
ran with the other steers, and was put up with
them to fat. and I never thought of sending
liim to Sniithfield until two months before the
show, never having sent a beast there before.
After the show T sold him to a London butcher
to kill, for seventy pounds. There is a wretched
print of him in the London shops. The painter
who did his picture for nie is Mr. Davis, animal
jiainter to the Queen, and lives at Chelsea. He
made a very good colored engraving, one of
which T should be hapi^iy to procure for yon if
you will have the goodness to write to me when

210

H I S '1' ( ) m' () F 11 E If K F 0 R I) C A T T L E

yoii nnivi' iu Eiiglaml next siiiniiuT. My liou~r
in Lomlon is 7 Carltou Gardens.

(Sigiu'd) Wakwu K.

I called at Warwick Castle in \XU, and,
after sending in my card, the Ivirl ordered his
valet to show me iu. As soon as he remem-
bered iny letter to him, and the i)rize ox, he or-
dered his man to bring up two saddle liorses
and he would show me the steers feeding in the
park. The pasture was excellent on the old
sod. They were a capital lot of two-year-olds,
he purchased in Herefordshire in the spring.
We talked of the prospects of the Herefords
in America, and other diiferent subjects, and
he gave me a note to Mr. Davis, to give me one
of the engravings of the ox, which I brought

STOCK BAK.N AT T. L. .MILLKKS ■ HIGHLA.VD FARM,"
BEECHER. ILL.

here and presented to the late Hon. Erastus
Corning, and, if I mistake not, it still hangs
up in the residence in Albany now occupied
by his widow, whose age is 87 years.

This letter to me from so prominent a peer
in P]ngland made quite a stir. Mr. Francis
Kotch felt cpiite indignant. He wrote a clas-
sical criticism upon it, in which he hinted that
the letter could not be genuine. Luther Tucker.
Sr.. called ujwn me, and told me what Mr.
Kotch had written. He did not publish it. but
wrote him that the letter was certainly from
the Karl of Warwick ; tliat his "coat of arms"
was on the seal, and there was nothing relating
to the letter that could be construed into deceit.
1 immediately sat down and wrote Mr. Roteh
as severe a letter as was ever written to an-
other. I knew the circumstances for which he
left New England, and I did not scrui)lc in
asking him if he supjiosed my character was
like iiiito his. obliged to leave home for evil
deeds done in the Itody. I told Air. Tucker
what I had done, who Icnew the circumstances
of the late banker's sinning, notwithstanding I
told him "that he who was without sin. let hiiu
cast the first stone." 'still I felt certain that I

should never be guilty of forgery and for this
liroad insinuation I should chastise him the
first time we met.

.\ few days after, Mr. Tucker came to mc
and said there was a gentleman in his oftice
who wished to see me very particularly. Mr.
Tucker had shown him the original letter,
which he ])ronounced genuine, and Mr. Tucker,
when he told me who it was, asked me to keep
my temper. "Why, Mr. Tucker, I think you
know nu^ well enough that I can always forgive
a man wlio acknowledges himself in error." Mr.
Roteh then walked in out of the back room, and
made me a very satisfactory apology, but there
was much said about this letter in the "'Culti-
vator,'' which can be seen on investitration, in
1841.

Here is another substantial evidence in favor
of Here fords, and 1 have never yet seen a single
instance where Herefords have been fairly tried
but what they were appreciated. The following
is an extract from a letter to me from Mr.
Fisher Ilobbs, ^^larks Hall. Essex, England, one
of the most ])rominent agriculturists of his day:
"Wlien 1 commenced farming and i)rceding on
my own account, in addition to my steward-
ship to Lord Western. I purchased a Short-
horn herd, probably but few. better in Eng-
land. 1 ke])t them and had to )iurse them ten-
derly for five years. Notwith-itanding this. 1
had become almost wedded to them. The no-
bility, with whom I much associated, patron-
ized them, and I followed their ('xami)le. I
]nirchased a small herd of Herefords. because
they sold cheap, and to my utter astonishment
they could live and grow fat, while the
Shorthorns grew poor, all faring alike. Al-
tliough much against my wishes. I sold off the
Shorthorns and took to Herefords, and have
kept to them with much faith."

I sent the whole of this letter to the Albany
"Cultivator" just before the beginning of the
Rates mania, and when the junior editor was
a boy ])1aying marbles in the street. Air. Luther
Tucker. Sr., ])ul)lisbed it and was much ])leased
with it. Mr. Hoi)bs won the first prize for
tlie best cow-in-milk, with a Hereford, against
numerous Shorthorns, and kept to the Here-
fcu'ds until his death. Wherever similar trials
have been imjiartially made, the Herefords have
invariably been successful.

Mr. Fisher Hol)bs and Lord Western were
the originators' of the Essex hogs, the latter
imported the Neapolitan hog ami the former
crossed Ihem with the "old Essex" breed, hence
the improved breed.

W'hru in luigland. aflei- mv secoiul lot of
Herefords. I called uiion Mr. IImI.Ik. nt Essex

TT I S T () i; V 0 F H E R E F () R I) (' A 'I' T L )•:

211

Hall, ami was mviv.M iiio.-l kimllv. We rode
over his farm, viewed the cattle, which con-
sisted of Herefords, and discussed tlie demand
for his Essex hogs, which at that time was very
great. 1 found in Mr. Hohbs one of the most
substantial men I ever met, and never spent a
more jjleasant time than while under his roof.
Jllany of the nobility looked up to liim for ad-
vice. Xo man stood higher as a steward or as
an agriculturist, and he was a leading man at
the principal meetings and exhibitions of the
country. I purchased a pair of his pigs, and
had them sent to Loudon to be shipped with my
Herefords.

The testimony of such men is worth preserv-
iug, while those who write for the sake of see-
ing their names in print copy from others, no
better informed than them'selves, put on airs un-
becoming men of judgment, do a great deal of
injury, much more than they have any idea.
How many writers of the past have been prac-
tical men? Youatt is yet often quoted by edi-
tors, novices in breeding," such as J. H. San-
ders, Judge T. C. Jones and numy others 1 have
named, who have pinned their faith to him,
when all practical men who have read Youatt
can plainly see that he knew little more about
cattle than cattle knew of him, and it was sheer
affectation for him even to attempt so impor-
tant an undertaking. He was educated as a
veterinary surgeon, which profession required a
classical education, and upon which acquired
education such men are apt to place the founda-
tion of their knowledge so that when they write,
they study the classical part more fully than the
more practical.

So it was with Youatt. He looked more to
his orthograi'hy, etymology, syntax and prosody
than he did to the good points and character of
animals, or the true science in breeding them.
He never studied good breeding practically, bu t
gained his information at market ordinaries of
those interested, and his friends were princi-
pally amongst the Shorthorn breeders. It was
mostly hearsay without jjroper foundation.
Any practical man can discover this through
the whole of his work, which I have read close-
ly, and have frequently quoted critically, which
can bo plainly seen in my former letters. He
decidedly shows that he listened attentively
to the dictates of Shorthorn breeders, because he
knew they w'ere rich, and by their riches had
run themselves into a rapid current of notoriety.
Such men have done great injury to the ]>rogress
of good breeding. There are too many who have
followed this e.xam])le. feeling themselves ex-
alted because they have written a book, no mat-
ter whether mankind had receiveil anv lienefit

from it. or it had iiillirted a great and pal])ab!e
injury.

.\ll L. F. .Mien's Works arc bori-owed f|-om
such men as Youatt. while the jiortiou ema-
nating from his own brain rests upon a very
shallow foundation, or smacks strongly towaril
his own interest. You might easily suppose
that L. F. Allen was the founder and self-])re-
server of all the breeds in the universe, but it
was this con.sumnuite vanity that pronqjted him
to borrow the plumage of others in forming
the bulk of his books. Shorthorn men them-
selves saw the exaggerations of Shorthorns and
his desire to depreciate the Herefords. All
knew his motives and his strong prejudices,
and some of them made allowances for sonu-
of his idiosyncrasies. Although L. F. .Mien
was exceedingly anxious to become a noted
breeder of Shorthorns, which was at one tim(>
partially supposed, on paper, he never lired
or owned a good animal of the Shorthorn breed
in his life. He was a man of great notoriety,
without the necessary essentials of true merit
to back him. 1 cannot but believe that iiis
book on the different iireeds of cattle has done
much more harm to the community than he
can ever repair. He supposed in his vanity that
I was so far inferior to him in position, amongst
the cattle men, that there was no paper in this

A MISSOLHI cow .\Nn HER TRIPLETS.

country whose editor would allow me to reply
to him. I am very anxious to liave him reply
to my strictures upon him. backed by the other
flunkies I have named, so intiuuitely connected
with him. T tell them all that the editors and
pro])rietors of the "Drover's Journal" are hon-
est in tlieir purposes, and will jiublish anything
they choose to write. My suggestions to them
are, not to change a word, but give them their
full force, and that they will find the "Drover's
Journal" inqiartial toward either breeder or
breed, and for which they liave been rewarded
for their honesty and independence in the sue-

2 1-2

H I S T () IM' OF II E l; E F 0 H 1) C A T T L E

lusii iIk'v liave achieved in ilie iiehl o( jourual-
ifiiu. iiay they still become more prosperous is
my sincere wish.

My object is to write the truth, and if any
of my former opponents think me in error, 1 am
open to criticism, I care not in what shape it
comes. If I cannot vindicate myself 1 will cry
jiccfiiri. and acknowledge the fault. All 1 ask
is a fair field and no favor.

PART XI.

The Bates ring is now broken up, the Bates
mania defunct ; titles are looked upon with sus-
picion. Jlen who supported them did so to
their hearts" content, but would now gladly re-
turn them to the country in which they were
created.

GR.\DE STEER CALVES IN A.N IOWA FEED LOT.

The wise men at the East have to be fed witli
roast beef by the practical men at the West ;
therefore, they liave to study the best and most
economical way of making it to their own ad-
vantage. They have found out that the Here-
ford has a strong constitution, has a good, thick,
mellow hide to protect it, under which good
quality invariably rests. Their meat being well
interlarded is put on in the riglit jdaces : this
gainecl in tiieir nrtiviiy is unchangeable, which
enables them to take it to market in good shape.

The B.ites tribes under their thin hides and
soft handling, so vehemently supported by their
breeders, cannot stand the hardship they have
lo endure, especially when weaned from their
nur.-iing and jiampering. The character of tlieir
soft flesli is lired in them, under the absurd
doctrine Thomas Bates was constantly preach-
ing to his followers. This flabby flesh wasted
away in their coarseness from the exertion
which com])elled them to travel for their food,
and what they did j)ut on was carried to market

in bad shape, which inaile them only fit for
stockers to be finished amidst plenty, where they
could be indulged in idleness, then the most
profitable parts were deficient, not having been
l)red there; their pedigree must have been a
fraud. So goes the world and the people in it
are subject to many changes. L. F. .Mien and
his herd Itook, J. R. Page and his fiattering
portraits, even with the assistance of Ambrose
Stevens, can never compensate for the injury
tliev have done to Shorthorns. * * »

PART .\1I.

* * * When about in my 2.5tli year, I
used to go to visit my uncle in London,
who lived in White Lion street, a close neighbor
to ilr. William Gurrier, who was salesman for
my father; and being fond of stock, I used to
get up in the morning between 1 and 2 o'clock
to ride with Mr. Gurrier to market, as Smith-
field began at this time by lamp light. He
kindly took me through the cattle as he handled
them in their pens, frequently asking me wliich
was the best bullock. If I differed with his
judgment he e.xjjlained it to me. I was always
on hand at my uncle's door when he called for
me. Mr. Gibiett was one of the best customers,
and wo freciuently went to Bond street to view
the stall of meat killed hy this noted purveyor.
We had not much chance of judging between
the Ilerefords and Shorthorns, as he seldom
killed any of the latter, which were at that
period very coarse and of inferior quality. Mr.
Giblett's principal ])urchases were Herefords
and Scots. Here we had a good chance to com-
pare our judgments of alive and dead, and I
again say here that no man can be a successful
breeder of cattle of any breed unless he can
discover true quality in the live animal. To
do this, his hand must be his guide.

The more (ialloway and Higldand blood they
introduced into tiie crossed Durhanis the more
they improved them, hence, the name of ''Im-
proved Shorthorn."' When the passion for up-
standing style in Dukes and Duchesses became
fashionable and fanciful, this imi>rovement was
destroyed, and good breeding was lost sight
of. Mr. Gildetfs establishment an<l his rejiu-
tation for the best stall of meat was extende<l
far into the country, he killing nothing but
Ilerefords and Scots. It was a great grati-
fication to me to see the display of meat in this
well-known, and extensive estal)li.shment, and
I was a frequent visitor when on a visit to my
Lonilon friends. Everything was ke]it in the

HISTORY OF H E K E F 0 K 1) CAT T L E

213

neatest order, he would not aiiow inferior car-
casses of beef, mutton or veal to enter it. It
was a pattern to all such establishments in that
metropolis. There was not a breeder or farmer
of any note in England, when visiting the city,
but took a pleasant survey of it before they left.
I frequently talked to Mr. Giblett and his son
about the Herefords. They always spoke of
them in the highest terms, and as being the
most profitable beasts for the butcher. I in-
quired of several of the best butchers in sev-
eral of the market towns in the country; all
told me the same tale, but many of them said
that they bought more Scots and Welsh cattle
on account of the smallness of the joints, and
because they could buy them cheaper than they
could Herefords before they reached London.

Go to O.xfor.d and you find that all the first-
class butchers say that they buy none but first-
class Herefords to supply the colleges with beef,
and here much of it is consumed. Go and ex-
amine the extensive meadows rented by the
principal butchers in that city, containing some
of the best grazing land in the world; there
you will see none but the best Hereford steers
and oxen, all belonging to butchers, placed in
the different lots, as a supply when wanted.

It is highly gratifying to the lover of good
stock and well-fed beef to go and examine the
carcasses behind these white-faces, every
meadow containing from twenty to forty head.
I remember Mr. A. B. Allen, when in England,
then editor of the "American Agriculturist,"
being struck with this display of Herefords,
could not refrain from writing a paragraph of
high praise as he viewed them from the terrace
of Christ Church College.

This was the principal market to which the
noted and most worthy supporter of Herefords.
Mr. Westcar of Creslow, Buckinghamshire, sent
his well-fed Herefords. Mr. Kichard Rowland,
his successor, taking all things into considera-
tion, found this his best market; he still holds
to the Herefords as most profitable. Having
become, like his uncle, thoroughly di.sgusted
with the way the shows were conducted, he de-
clined ever again showing an animal, notwith-
standing he feeds the very liest. In a letter
to me, which I published in the Albany "Culti-
vator" of 18-12, he said he never would allow
another animal of his under such treatment as
the Herefords had at their show^s.

TRXAS 2-YEAR-OLn STKERS IN AN OHIO PASTURE.
(Champions at Chicago Live Stock Exposition, 1901. Property of D. W. Black, Lyndon, 0.)

aj4

IIISTOKY OF li EKE I'OIJ D CATTLE

I'ART XI II.

As many of tlie llererords conu'. whuii calved,
with spots 0)1 their faces, let me tell those cou-
f(rned that it is no disparagement to ilie breetl.
1 have seen some of the best witli mottled faces.
Tomkiiis was a prominent breeder of the best,
and preferred the mottled face, and many are
dc.'^cend.ed to his favorite mottled faced cow,
which, at that day, was considered as good as
any, and those that run back to the Tomkins
sort in this respect are generally good animals.

The defeat the Bates Shorthorns have. ex-
perienced at the Bath antl West of Kngland

A BUNCH OF .MISSOURI YEARLING HEIFERS
(Dred by T. F. B. Sotham.)

show, i)y the lierefords. has had a tciidency to
cheek their breeders" vanity. I will here give
extracts from the leading papers o[ England.

The following is from the "Mark Lane E.v-
press" of June llth, 1878, on the Koyal Show
of that year:

"We consider the Shorthorn cow class to be
a disgrace to that lireed..and therefore to the
f.reeders. We are ipiite unaiile to discover the
■grandeur" and 'superii character," and the 'mag-
nificent character' of these old crocks, which
some of the Shorthorn fanciers appear to have
the faculty of discovering, and do not hesitate
to record them as being just a rough lot of cows
If their blood is of the bluest, their carcasses
are of the ugliest, and are not worth anything
lievond contractor's price when they come at
hist to the shambles. We can"t hel]) thinking
that to a really unprejudiced mind there must
bo an evidence of a something outside agri-
culture, and quite useless to the rent-paying
larmer. in this Shorthorn 'fancy." We are sen-
sible of the improvement that has been effected
a heady in the rank and file of our cattle
Ibroughoiit the coiintry by the use of this Short-

horn blood. \\C do not wish to iletract one iota
from its legitimate merits, but simply to point
out wherein it beconu's sometimes a matter of
ridicule to non-believers. We .-^ee prizes
awarded systematically which are not calcu-
lated to imjjrove the j)roduction of either meat
oi milk in their descendants, and we .are told
that there is some marvelous power and virtue
stowed up in their veins, and that although
their bodies— the casket — are unsightly, their
blood — the jewel — is pure, potent anil almost
priceless. Well, we simply do not believe it
as the\- put it. We are perlectly well aware that
any 'terribly in-bred weed," a wretch to look at,
but having an exceptional ])edigree, will, if
uiatched with mongrel-hred stock, ])roduce a
result which is far, very far, in advance of the
mongrel-bred dams. So would aii^v absolutely
purely bred animal. Therefore, we think that
farmers, those who have the production of beef
and milk in view, have a right to expect some-
thing which is calculated to effect their object in
a direct manner; no breeder of IjuUocks would
give herd room, much more a high price, for
the i)lucst blood imll which did not carry a
fiame the character of which it was desirable
to transmit, ^\'hen a lot of highly bred, but
iot correctly fashionable young bulls, are to l)e
bought for about thirty pounds ai)iece, and
bore and tliere one that has been bred correctly
to fashion fetches three thousand pounds and
would not be worth one shilling more to the
food ])ro(lucer, then we think we are justified
in saying that rent-j)aying farmers have already
drawn the line between business and fancy by
refusing to give more than a business price for
a fancy article. We should be glad to see every
young Shorthorn Inill now in the breeders'
hands sold to tenant farmers, who would use
them for meat or milk, as their requirements
might decide, and are firm believers in the gen-
eral usefulness and su])erior adaptability of tin'
Ijieed to any other: but we feel it a duty to |)oint
out the ridiculous position the Shorthorn breed-
ers seem content to occupy at our great shows,
by the mixed qualities and low status of many
of the animals exhibited, which gives oppor-
tunity for pointing the finger of scorn, and
leads to such questions as 'when is the bottom
of this Shorthorn Inimbug likely to drop out?"
We hear a great deal al)out the 'alloy," and if
correctly informed, it means an infusion of
Scotch blood of some kind, and to (uir mind the
very thing the.se Shorthorns are now needing
is another infusion — a strong one of some nl-
litti which will givt' them the thickness of flesh,
the wealth of hair, and flic i)Utchers" form they
so seldom possess, and tbi'u we shoidd be pre-

INS T O K Y 0 i'' 11 E li E E U K D C A T T L K

■ni

pared to expuct great tilings Troiu tlie renovatiMl
blood."

The same paper, speaking of the Herel'ords
at this same show, says:

"They are not so numerous as the more fash-
ionable breed, but the quality throughout is ex-
cellent. Ill the aged bull class there are five
auiiuals of which the Hereford men need not
be ashamed. The heifers in milk numbered
only three, but two of them were such animals
as it was worth while coming to Oxford on
purpose to see. ilrs. Sarah Edwards of Win-
tercott look first and second, leaving Mr. Lutly
the reserve, Imt ilrs. Sarah Edwards' Leonora
{\\ 107) is one of the most perfect animals that
has been shown for years. It was first last year
as a j'Cariing at Liverpool, and will likely be
first wherever it goes. The Champion prize
given by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society
was also awarded to this heifer, as the best fe-
male horned animal in the yard. The champion
heifer, Beatrice (H 108), is also very handsome,
and took second to Leonora's first at the Koyal
last year, as it did last week at Oxford. Mrs.
Edwards may well be proud of such stock as
that. If Leonora had been a Grand Duchess,
Shorthorn, a poem would have been composed
in her lionor. and translated in several lan-
guages by this time, but no Shorthorn that we
have ever seen was cast in such a mold as this
Hereford heifer.'"

Of the award of the champion prize, the same
authority gives the following account:

"One of the most attractive features of tlie
opening judging was the a\yarding of the cliam-
pion prizes given by the Oxford Agricultural
Association, and a great deal of interest cen-
tered in it. For the best Shorthorn animal in
the yard the award was given by the Shorthoni
judges, of whom there were but two, ^Ir. Brew-
ery and Mr. Trindall, and the contest was be-
tween Mr. Linton's Sir Arthur Ingram and ^fr.
Marche"s heifer Diana, and after some litlle
time the l)ull took the ])rize card. To our minds
the white bull calf Prince Victor was a better
Shorthorn than either of them. He would be
a bold man who would stake liis reputation on
a calf, as it may not realize the exjiectation
formed of it, but taking the animals as they
stood simply as merit actually possessed at the
time, w(_' thouglit the calf tlie liest. nor were we
singular in that opinion. Then the whole con-
claves of judges came into the ring to decide
which was the best male horned animal in the
yard, and here the Shorlliorn men were hope-
lessly in the minority, cornered in a manner tliat
does not often ha]i]ien in a show yard. In vain
^Ir. Drewerv contrasted the stroui: points of

Sir Anbui- Ingram with the weak ones of Mr.
Roger's Hereford bull (irateful (1, 10!)); it
was all to IK) purpose; the rest could not get
away from llie Hereford, whose wonderful rib
and forehaiul was too nnieh for the Shorthorn,
and the show of bands showed an overwhelm-
ing majority for the Hereford. There is no
doubt but that, had the Shorthorn judges Ijcen
of sufficient numerical strength, they would not
only have prevented this Hereford triumi)b, Ijut
also that which followed when the best female
horned animal had to be decided upon, for it
went sadly against the grain to award even sucli
a heifer as ilrs. Sarali Edwards' Leonora the
championship over the Shorthorn Diana, but it
had to be done, and we think there were few
outsiders who were not thoroughly satisfied.
These champion awards were an uiKpiesiionable
streak of lean for the 'fancy,' and we niav de-
pend on their not allowing sucli a thing to occur
again if they can help it. This, coming after
Paris, is about as much as they will be able to
bear with patience. We should be glad "to see
sweepstakes judging of this kind more fre-
quently.'"

The Shorthorn men, gaining full control of
the Royal Agricultural Society and the Smith-
field Club, forbade the contest between the
Shorthorns and Plerefords thereafter, well
knowing the consequence, shnidd it again occur
under impartial nii'l - lui- iiKJLiinciif. TIh' edi-.

.\"EBRASK.\ R.4NGE C.-VLVES IN THE K.\XS.\S CITY

STOCK YARDS.

(En route lo Eastorn food lots.)

tonal in the "Mark Lane Ex])ress"' instituting
coni])arison is true and was written by an im-
)iaitial scribe, shows plainly how otliers see it.
The "Mark Lane Exjutss"' su]i]iorted tlie Short-
horns above any other breed, until they saw
their error. The interest in that pajter was
supported by the aristocracy of tlie country.

I will conclude with a sliort sketch of Cap-
tain ^Forgan's visit to ^Fr. Hewer's in Glouces-
tershire. .\s I h.iil crossed the ocean with him

216

HISTOKV ur llEKEFOKD CATTLE

in the old Phihi'lelphia and Hendrick Hud;iOii
seven times and return, we became thoroughly
acquainted, were never more happy than wiien
we could get a good joke on each other. The
Captain's laugh was so hearty that it cheered
everyone who heard it, and this being my third
trip for cattle, 1 engaged the steerage in New
York to bring them in. Going out Captain
Morgan agreed to go with me into the country,
to see some of my friends.

We went into Oxfordshire and tarried all night
at the house of an old acquaintance, who was
exceedingly glad to see us, to talk about the old
country and the new, and, being early spring,
the young rooks were fully fledged and ready
to depart from their nests, a rook-shooting party
was expected the next day. The host, the Cap-
tain and myself went out to view the young ones,
perched by the side of their nests ready to take
their flight when confident of the strength of
their wings. The host asked the Captain if he
was a good shot. "I used to be a good shot
with a rifle when young, and I think I could
hit one of those chaps on the highest tree witli
one." The host fetched his gun and loaded
both barrels ; the Captain brought down his
bird. "Try again,'' said the host ; he did. and
was equally successful. "You may as well kill
enough for a rook pie for dinner to-morrow.

'" '■ '' ■ -' ' " 't' I'- I Mi'p' ill t!)'' ;l fli'l'll'iiiM.""

K.\.\GE CA1.\ I-

; HDlGHT HV T.
EASTERN FEEDERS.

SOTH.\.M FOR

"Why. do you eat crow in England ?" said
the Captain, 'and he gave the American defi-
nition, with one of his hearty laughs.

"We consider young rook quite a favorite
dish with us. and I do not think you will de-
spise it to-morrow, after tasting it." So the
Captain went on shooting until he killed a
dozen, only missing two shots.

"Why. you will do to compete with the liest
of them to-nK)rrow." The uproarious noise the
old and yiiiing rooks made in the rookery at-
tracted a great deal of the Caiitain's attention;

it amused him much. We strolled round the
farm until tea time, looking at the Cotswolds,
all of which were very good.

After, the neighbors called in, to whom 1
was i)rincipally known, and the Cajjtain soon
became acquainted, as he ])ri(led himself on be-
ing a "full blooded Connecticut Yankee," and
knew how to ask a few questions. We smoked
our long pipes, and drank our ale, or brandy
and water, as tastes differed. The Captain told
some good yarns about land and sea that amused
the whole party. He almost made them be-
lieve that roast pigs were in every shop window,
with a fork stuck in their backs, inviting emi-
grants to come in and eat them free of cost.
One old gentleman said he thought it must be
a great country, but that he thought he was too
old to emigrate.

The next day at 1 o'clock we sat down to the
rook pie. The Captain could not help thinking
of crow. He said to me, "Do you eat crow?"
"Certainly," said I, "and I bet you praise the
crow as much as you did the gun with which
you killed them." The top crust was short and
flaky, the under crust savory ; the crow tender
and of very nice flavor. The Captain looked
at me and said "crow pie" as soon as he tasted
it. I said, "How do you like it?" "It is good,
so far, anyway."' All were helped, and all en-
joved it. The Captain began to think it ex-
cellent.

"I challenge you to a glass of wine," said
the host. "t\'hich will you have — port or
sherry?" and after he washed the first servintr
down, he was ready to be served to a second.
Who would have thought a Yankee could have
?u]ipnsed crow so good as this? The Captain
said he never before enjoyed a dinner so much.
The host loaned the Captain his gun. and nearly
every one of his shots brought a "crow." " The
guests thought the Captain a dead shot, and
there was about a wagon-load of young rooks
in a pile from all the guns. All were anxious
for a rook pie. and each took his share, the best
shots having no more than those less successful.
The Captain asked the hostess how she made
that "crow pie." She told him that she took
out the backbone, which was considered bitter,
and jointed the rest, which was finer than even
partridge or pigeon, and the rooks being young
were always tender and of fine flavor. The
Captain said he wished they could convert the
crows into rooks in America.

It was now time to leave for Xorthleach.
Gloucestershire, to visit !Mr. William Hewer.
William and myself being intimate friends from
schonl-ffllows. I was as mucli at liome as if I
had been in mv own hou.ee. William knew we

H 1 s T ( ) i; Y 0 V II E i; i>: !<• () i; I ) ( ' a t t l e

SI?

were coming and met us at the station. 1 said
to him that "this is a Yaulvee L'aptaiu from
Xew England, and 1 advise you to lool< out for
him." "All right/'' said he, "and we will make
a Hereford man of him." We got there just in
time for supper, which was a cold leg of mutton,
bread, cheese and water-cresses. The Captain
said that he had eaten so much "crow pie'' that
he did not feel like eating an}- supper. The
Captain liked water-cresses fresh from the
spring, and that, with the Stilton cheese, re-
freshed his appetite, and we supped together
in merry mood, notwithstanding we had eaten
crow.

After -supper we took our long pipes, and
Miss Hewer brought in some mulled elder wine
for a night cajj. The next morning after break-
fast William ordered his hunter, a mare four-
teen j-ears old I had sold him before I left Eng-
land, as good a hunter as was ever under a
saddle, and as good a pony that he rode around
the farm, as ever was crossed by a man, and
who knew as much as half of them. The grey-
hounds came jumping round, and we were otf
for a course. Hares were plentiful. "Which
will you take, the old mare or the bay ? Sothairi
can ride either, and I will ride the pony," but
the Captain chose the pony. We joked the Cap-
tain on his seat in the saddle, and asked him if
we should tie his legs. The first field produced
a hare, and the greyhounds killed her before she
got out of it. The pony became a little excited,
but the Captain stuck to the saddle, and was
highly delighted with the course, the first he
had even seen. The next field William saw
a hare in her form. "Xow, Captain," said
William, "go start for that tree and you will
see her, whip her up ; a hare will always lie
very close when the dogs are round. We will
give her plenty of law." The Captain could not
see the hare in her form, but he supposed he
must be near her, so he popped his whip. Up
jumped the hare and the pony jumped from
under the Captain. He lay upon his back and
the pony kicked up his heels at his leisure. The
course lav in the adjoining field. Our horses
took the wall in good style (jj 110). The Cap-
tain was soon on the top of it in great excite-
ment. It was a capital course and our mutual
friend was highly delighted ; the wall gave him
the advantage of seeing the whole of it. We
afterwards killed a brace more hares and re-
turned home to eat a coursed hare that had
been hanging in the larder until ripe. It was
fine, with the port wine gravy and currant
jelly. "I tell you. Solliam," said the Captain.
"this is about as good as crow. Why," said the
Ca])tain, as we joined in a glass of wine, "you

English IVllous live well. A fine boiled leg of
Colsuold mutton and turnips, a roast hare, ami
an English plum pudding."

The Captain was as much at home as if he
had known Mr. Hewer his whole life, as they
were two hearty, good fellows, well met.

The next day we ]n-o])osed to go and look at
the cattle and Cotswolds tliat were to l)e
shipped. As it was only half a mile to where
the stock were, .we agreed to walk and take the
greyhounds with us. We walked about twenty
yards apart. "8o-ho!" said William, "there
she sits just before you. Captain; put her up."
The hare being so near the color of the ground
and she crouching into it so closely, the Cap-
tain could not see her until she jumped up. It
was a good, strong hare, and the turnings were

numerous. The hare got a little law, and went
straight for the Captain. A hare, when pur-
sued by greyliounds, never sees anything before
her, as her eyes are always back upon her pur-
suers. The Captain took off his new Ijeaver.
and as she was coming straight to him, put it
between his legs to catch her. She went right
straight into it, knocking the crown partly out,
and the greyhounds being so close, came in con-
tact with the Captain, nearly upsetting him.
The Captain, gaining his equilibrium, gave one
of his most hearty lauglis, which echoed over
the hills and through the vales. Such a bursr
of laughter issued from this, our trio, that will
be remembered to our latter end. The Cap-
tain was highly delighted, and at her deatli. ran
to take tlie hare from the dogs, forgetting liis
hat, which lay at a short distance from him.

"By Jupiter," said the Captain, "did you ever
see anything like that ? It will do for nie to tell
the Connecticut Yankees." We examined the
hat, and the crown was about half circled.
"Xever mind," said the Captain, "I suppose
there is a bat store in Xorthleach."

We then went to see the cargo destined for
America. The Herefords were in one yard,
the Cotswold rams, seventeen in number, in one

iiis'i'diM OF II i: i; i; 1-u 1! ij cattle

|ii'ii, llir l•^^^'^^, i'ij;llt, ill ailotlii'r. I lU'Vi'l- s;iw a
man enjoy anything nioiv than the Captain did
in viewing this stock. •'KeiiR'niber, ilr. Hewer,"'
said he, "1 am a Connectieitt Yankee, and like
to ask questions. How do you manage to raise
such stock as tliis, and keep tliem in such fine
condition? Why, the cattle look all alike, and
the sheep all alike; how can you tell them
apart ?'"

"I know every sheep in my flock by its face,
as you know your children. The cattle are also
familiar to me from calves. I like all of them
as 1 do niv faniilv. 1 do not like to >v\l any of

SO.ME SHADELAiVU M.\TKONS.
(Herd of the late Adams Earl, Lafayette, Ind.)

my best, but as my old friend and I have been
attached to each other from school boys to-
gether, 1 could not do less than let him have
some of them. He bought the Cotswold rams
at my sale and I think they are a good lot.
Five of the ewes took first prize at the Royal
Show at O.xford, 183i). I should be very sorry
to have my culls go to America under such cir-
cumstances."

"There is something in that," said the Cap-
tain, and we all agreed it was an amicable
tiade, and no man could feel more proj)er pride
than the Captain that he was going to convey
such stock to his country.

.\s the Ca])tnin had to leave in the 4 o'clock
coach, we made for home, and on our way had
another course. This made the fifth hare.
"Xow,"' said the Captain, "Mr. Charles Dickens,
of Pickwick fame, is going out in my vessel this
trip, and if you will say which day you will be
in London. I will invite him to dine with us
on the vessel." So we agreed to be there three
days before sailing day. The five hares were
|)ackcd in a flag liaskct. and checked to Captain
Slorgan's quarters in London, and the Captain
departed, saying that he never had such a pleas-
ant time in his life.

At the entrance of the dock we met iiie (, ap-
tain. A.s soon as he caiigiil. sight of us he
hailed us with his new Norlhlcacli hat in hand,
and with a laugh bearing no deceit, a most
hearty grip was exchanged. On our way along
the dock (]j 111) there was one of the greatest
old hags that could possibly be beheld. The Cap-
tain gave me a Hat-handed sla]i on the back.
"Do you see that beautiful female!-'" said he.
"What would yuu do if there was no other in the
w-orld?" "Well, Captain,"" said 1, "1 am at a
loss to decide in haste. What would 3-ou do?"'
"I would wash her up and take her.""

We entered the cabin of the liendrick Hud-
son, full of merriment on our past actions. "We
iline at five,"" said the Captain, "and Mr. Dick-
ens will be on hand."'

Mr. Griswold, then the senior proprietor of
the linn of the London Packets, was in. Lon-
don, and was invited to meet us. About half
an hour before dinner we all met on deck. 1
luid met Mr. Oriswold before, in Xew York, and
after a formal introduction to ilr. Dickens, the
Captain began to give a sketch of his visit in
the country, and his merry way of telling it was
capital. "I ate crow there.'' said he, "and it
was magnificent ;"" he explained why it was so.
Mr. G. understood what was meant by "eating
crow"' in America, ])ut ilr. Dickens did not un-
til he heard the Captain's explanation.

The bell rang for dinner in the cabin; there
was a nice boiled leg of mutton and turnips.
To this we did justice. Then came one of the
coursed hai'es. Had her head been i)ut in a
crouching position instead of up, she would have
resembled one sitting in her form. "So-ho,"'
said the Captain, "shall I cut her up, Mr.
Hewer?"' "I suppo.^e that is what you mean
to do," said he, "and that will be the end of
her."

"Is that the hare that went through the Ca]i-
tain's hat?" said Mr. Griswold. The port,
sherry and champagne was ordered in to wash
her down, and the steward had cooked her to
a charm : the ])ort wine sauce and the currant
jelly to encourage the ajipetite were all tliat
could lie desired.

The Captain"s peculiar history of his visit
was highly interesting, as he told it with such
glee. When we came upon deck the tide had
come in, and the vessel was far al)ove the dock.
Mr. Hewer said. "How are you going to get the
cattle into this vessel?"" The Ca])tiiin looked
at me as much as to say, "we have the joke on
Hewer now."' He called the first mate. "Mr.
Starks." said he. "take ^Ir. Hewer down below
atul show hitn where you are going to cut the
hole bv the side of the s'mp I'or the cattle to

II I STO i; V () F 11 E i; E I'O i; 1) (ATT

•^1!»

enter." Tlio sailors, wiili touls in haiul. coiiiil
not keep straight eouiitriuiiui,-. and .Mr. Ilcwei-
ijegan to suspect, ami with one oi his nio^t
hearty laughs the Captain said, ■"So-lio. Mr.
Hewer, you are floating now." ".Sold," said
William. "I'll pay the line," so he handed out
a half sovereign to the nuite to treat the sailors.

Mr. Dickens invited all to dine with him the
ne.xt day, which we did, and had a very merry
time. All through the trip, not one of us ex-
ceeded what Englishmen call "market merry,"
which is just enough to heconie pleasant to
each other.

When the cattle came in Mr. Hewer came to
the vessel to see them loaded, and as the bull
Major was dangling in the air in a sling, be-
tween heaven and the decks, a tear came into
his eye. When he was landed in the steerage he
went down and caressed his old favorite for the
last time, and so with all the others. He al-
ways disliked to see any of his favorites go
aM'ay.

The vessej was hauled out into the river, Mr.
Hewer returned home, and the Captain and
myself took train to Portsmouth. Here the Cap-
tain was informed that ilr. Dickens could not
leave until the next packet, so we were deprived
of his company.

* * *

The old gentleman (Mr. vSotham) has gone to
his rest, but not until he saw the triumph of
the Herefords. and the breeding of Shorthorns
started safely on the road to iniprovcnient, by

I'alinnai breeding fur |irarti(al results. Tho
Scotch, whicli but recently was rateil plebeian
by Shorthorn breeders, and therefore utterly un-
fashionable, bids fair to revolutionise Siiort-
horn breeding, and is destined to do the breed
great good, if the breeders do not overdo it and
replace the "'Bates mania" with a "cra/.i' fur
Scotch."

Mr. Sothani would rejoice to see the present
state of the Hereford breed of cattle. Coming
into their own has not addled the brains of
Hereford breeders; they remain aloof from fads
and fashion in pedigrees; they insist ever upon
a superior individual with a good pedigree, and
for such animals as embody a large degree of
perfection in this desired combination, splen-
did prices are readily paid. Like the veteran
champion and father of the breed, all influential
Hereford breeders ever bear in mind that the
end of every Hereford is the block, and tliey
deprecate any Hereford that would fail to give
a good account of itself in the Initcliers" hands.

Mr. W. H. Sotham was a half century ahead
of his time : he nuide every sacrifice for the
Hereford breed, beeau.se he knew their true
i'alue. His work must be deemed successful, for
he blazed tlie path that is essential to pioneer
work in every important movement. He laid
the foundation u]5on which the. Hereford struc-
ture rests (^ 112) and he laid that foundation
so soundly that, built U]i u]ion the same prin-
ciple of truth and merit, it will endure so long
as beef cattle nrv bred.

m^l

n

ft

iSk

'j^m

109

HI

sj^^i^ Tf.,-., JSfeiywii

^^1

tiO

HisToKV OF II K i; i; i-() i; 1) cat'I'Lk

CHAPTER XIV.

Early ('attlf. ix Kenticky — Tiif ■•Skvf:ntkkxs'

The following letter, written by Lewi;; San-
ders and published in March, 1849, in the '"Cul-
tivator," gives a full and exhaustive account of
the early cattle interests of Kentucky:

The first emigration to Kentucky — "the
dark and bloody ground," the hunting grounds
of the Southern and of the Northern Indians,
with the view of permanent occujjancy, of hold-
ing the country at all hazards, by men deter-
mined to overcome the tomahawk and scalping
knife by the use of the rifle, took place in
1TT5-G. The country then belonged to Vir-
ginia. A large proportion of the settlers were
from that state, next from Pennsylvania, then
Xorth Carolina, Maryland, Xew Jersey, etc. It
is presumed that the emigrants brought with
them domestic animals, such as were then iu
use. H. Marshall, speaking of General Ben
Logan, in his history of Kentucky, Vol. I, says:
"In the fall of the year 177.5, Colonel Logan
removed his cattle and the remainder of his
slaves to his camp (near where Danville now
stands). Horses and cattle subsisted in the
summer on the range, consisting of a great
variety of nutritive grasses, including the- buf-
falo, clover and pea vines, luxuriant beyond
description, and in the winter in the cane
brakes."

It seems to me that the general characteris-
tics of the cattle of the United States at the
commencement of the jiresent century were very
siiuilar to those of Devonshire, Dorsetshire and
Somersetshire, in England, as represented in
prints of cattle in those counties in the last cen-
tury. I have observed the cattle of Virginia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Xew Jersey, New
York, and the New Fhigland States; they seem
to have had a common origin.

The first improvement of cattle in Kentucky
was made by ifr. Matthew Patton and his fam-
ily, to whom the country is much indebted, for
the introduction of several animals. An his-
torical account is given by Dr. S. B. Martin, a
highly resiiectcd and spirited agriculturist of

Clarke County, in this state, which is herewith
forwarded as a part of this communication.
Judge Beatty, in his very valuable "Essays on
Practical Agriculture" (a book I recommend
to all beginners to own), treats on this sui)ject.
These two papers combine all the evidence it
is thought that can now be obtained relative to
the Patton- cattle. I have heard it intimated
that the introduction of the Patton cattle in-
creased the weight of the four-year-old bullocks
25 to 30 per cent., besides improving the quan-
tity and quality of the milk. This was a great
gain.

The next marked improvement in the breed
of cattle was brought about by the importa-
tion of some animals direct frora Phigland in
1817. At that period and for many years
previous, I lived in Ixwington. My pursuits
were otherwise directed than to agriculture, but
I had early imbibed a fondness for fine stock,
particularly horses and cattle. I admired good
fruits and gave some attention to their culture.
For several years I was in receipt of a variety
of English publications on agricultural subjects
and agricultural improvements, from which I
got a glance of what was going on, in some
respects, in the old country. It astonished me
greatly to see the enormous prices ])aid for par-
ticular breeds. First, the Ijonghorns brought
to a high state of perft'ction by the justly cele-
brated Bakewell, Prime]), ifunday and Fowler.
Towards the close of the last century th(>y were
at the height of their popularity, ilr. Prineep
refused 500 guineas ($2,500) for a two-year-
old bull of his breed. He was offered £100 each
for twenty dairy cows. He refused to let his
best bulls go to liis neighbors' cows for thirtv
guineas ($150) the cow. At this period (1780 )
the circulating medium was gold. The bank
did not suspend specie payments until 1707.
l[r. Fowler refused 500 guineas ($2,500) for
ten bull calves of the same breed, and let his
bulls go out for the season (.\i)ril 1st to .August
1st) for from ffiO to £80 ($;5(tO to $400).

]1 IS'l'O If Y

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II i; H K FO i; 1) CVJ'TL

a2i

Much time ^va:^ rwiuirnl. eoinliiiiing capital,
skill and untiring perseverance, to bring this
breed to such a high state of perfection. Not-
withstanding all this, it was suffered to run out,
almost to disappear, in the coucse of a few
years. About the time the Longhorns were held
in such high estimation commenced the im-
provement of the Shorthorns. Skillful breed-
ers, with Charles Colling at their head, brought
this breed to a very high state of perfection.
Their value was at its height in 1810. In this
year a public sale took place. The list of ani-
mals sold and the very high prices paid for
each has been often published. Countess, out
of Lady, four years old, brought four hundred
guineas ($2,000) ; Comet, six years old, brought
1,000 guineas (.$5,000). He was bought by
four farmers.

It seemed to me that if four farmers were
willing to pay $.5,000 for a bull, there was a
value in that breed that we were unapprised of,
and that I would endeavor to procure it. I
made up an order for six bulls and six cows.
My views were then more inclined for good
milking than for a beef breed. The weight of
the authorities, given by the writers on the sub-
ject of cattle at the close of the last, and the
commencement of the present century was in
favor of the Holderness breed as the best for
milking and the Teeswater and Durham as hav-
ing the handsomest and most perfect forms. I
settled on these breeds. In frequent conversa-
tions with Captain William Smitli about the
contemplated importation, he strongly urged mo
to include the Longhorns. He had witnessed
the marked improvement made by the use of old
Mr. Patton's first Longhorned bull, and he was
extremely anxious to have a bull of that breed.
I had some respect for him as a man, and con-
fiding in his judgment, two pairs of Longhorns
were added to the list. The order was for-
warded in the fall of the year 1816 to
Buchanan, Smith & Co., Liverpool, with in-
structions to cause selections to be made of the
best young animals for breeders. All to be
two years old in the following sjjring.

First a bull and heifer of tlu> Holderness
breed, to be procured fi-om that district in
Yorkshire. Xext two bulls and two heifers of
the Teeswater breed, to be ])rocun>d on the
•river Tees, in the county of Durliain. Then a
bull and heifer of the Durham breed and two
l)nlls and two heifers of the Longborn iireed,
no limit as to ])ric('. If the moiu'v sent was
not sufficient to put that nund)er on board ship,
they were to be reduced so as to have the best
animals that could be had for breeders.

Buchanan, Smith & Co. employed Mr. Etclies

of Liverpool t<> go into the different districts to
make the selections and purchases, and he seems
to have executed the orders with much ability.
The following is the invoice: Cattle shipped
on board the Mohawk for Baltimore, consigned
to Messrs. Rollins & McBlair, merchants there :

1. A bull from ilr. Clement, Winston, on
the river Tees, got by ilr. Constable's bull,
brother to Comet.

2. A bull of the Holderness breed, of Mr.
Scott, out of the cow that gave thirty-four
quarts of milk per day — large breed.

3. A Inill from Mr. Reed, Westholm, by his
own old bull.

4. A bull of the Holderness breed from Mr.
Humphreys, got by Mr. Wase's bull, of Ingle-
ton.

5. A bull of the Longborn breed, from Mr.
Jackson Kendall, out of a cow that won the
premium.

6. A bull from the Longborn l)reed. from
;\Ir. Ewartson. of Crosby Hall — is of a very fat
bi'ced.

SO.ME SHADEL.AM) YE.\RL1NGS

7. A heifer from Mr. Wilson. Staindrop,
Durham breed.

8, 9. 10. Three heifers from Mr. Shi])man,
on the river Tees — his own breed.

11, 12. Two heifers of the Longhorn breed,
from Mr. Ewartson, Crosby Hall— of Westmore.

The ^fohawk arrived in Baltimore in May,
1817. The cattle were safely landed, in good
condition: great pains had been taken in pro-
curing comfortable accommodations for them
in the ship, and an experienced herdsman was
employed to feed and take care of them on the
voyage. On arrival tliey were taken in charge
by my friend. Mr. ,lolin Rollins, who caused
them to be put into the jiasture and ]iarticu-
larly cared for.

After the cattle had been siiipped and be-

•^22

iiisj'oKY OF ij E i; !•: i"o i; I) cattle

lore tlu'ir arrival in Baltimore, I sold to Cap-
lain William Smith, one-third of the concern,
and to Dr. William II. Tegardeu another third;
reservinj; to my.self t)ne-third only. A suitable
ajjcnt was sent to Baltimore for them and they
would be brought to Iventiicky at the joint risk
and expense of the three parties. On their ar-
rival at Lexington they were divided. There
fell to my lot: Xo. 1, which I named Tecum-
seh ; No. 2, named Sam Martin ; No. 8, named
Mrs. Motte; No. 10, named Ueorgiana.

Captain Smith's lot : Bull No. 5, which he
named Bright; No. 7, cow, which he named

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YOU.NG BULLS .KT SH.\DELA.\1) STOCK F.\K.\L

The Durham Cow; No. 9. cow, named Tees-
water Cow.

Dr. Tegarden's lot : Bull, No. 4, which he
named Comet ; No. (!. which he named Rising
Sun; No. 12, Longhorn Cow?

No. 10 died in Maryland; No. 3, bull, became
lame on the travel out to Kentucky and was
left on the way; he was afterwards received
and sold by the company to Captain Fowler,
who sold him to General Fletcher of Bath
County, Ky., where he died.

When the division took place, Captain Smith
I'vineed great anxiety to own the largest Long-
horn bull. Dr. Tegarden preferred No. 4, and,
as neither of them were my favorites, I cheer-
fully yielded, and in consequence they gave me
the choice of the cows. I .^elected one of the
Toeswater heifers and named her Mrs. Jlotte.
It was a very pleasing occurrence to have each
highly gratified witli receiving the very ani-
mals he preferred.

The narrative of a pertinent coincident will
not. T think, be deemed ill-placed.

5Ir. H. Clay being in England in 181G. hav-
ing always had a fondness for other fine stock,
concluded to send home .<ome fine cattle. At
this time the Ilerefords were great favorites

at Smithfield. Either from Mr. Clay's own
taste, or from the recommendation of others,
he selected that stock, purchased a cow, a young
bull, and heifer of that breed, and sent them to
Liverpool to be shipped to the United States.
It so happened that they were put on board the
Mohawk, the same ship with my cattle, and they
arrived together at Baltimore, where they were
placed in the same pasture, and the agent that
was sent for my cattle brought out Mr. Clay's
to Kentucky.

Although Mr. C. and myself at that period
resided in the same city, and had always been
personal and jjolitical friends from the time of
liis coming to Kentucky, in 1789, till ilarcli.
1825, and our social and personal relations have
been unchanged for fifty years, yet, neither .Mr.
C. or myself had the slightest knowledge or
intimation of the intention or views of the other
in regard to importing foreign cattle.

Mr. Clay at one time had a good stock of
lior.ses. He bred the dam of Wood])ecker, one
of our best race horses, and he proved to be a
good stallion. His fiock of sheep were cele-
brated for the fineness of their fieeco.

Having introduced the Herefords, I might
as well finish them.

At this time, 1817, Mr. Isaac Cunningham
owned the largest and best grass farm in Ken-
tucky— the identical farm .■settled by old Mr.
ilatthew Patton, the father of the Patton fam-
ily, who introduced the Patton cattle. Mr.
Cunningham was wealthy, had a good stock of
Patton cows, and had been in the habit of sell-
ing his young ones for breeders. Mr. Clay's
good judgment led him to place the Herefords
in the hands of ilr. Cunningham ; notwithstand-
ing all these advantages, the Herefords made
no impressions. In a very few years they were
unknown as a breed in Kentucky, and at this
day a part blooded one is rarely to be met
with.

As to the Longhorns (^ 113), although there
were two bulls imported, the breed was nearly
run out. Captain Smith kept them for a while,
but he died soon after they were introduced :
his stock was neglected. The Rising Sun left
a good stock in Clarke and Bourbon Counties.
and for a while they were very ])opular with the
feeders in these counties, but they have gradu-
ally yielded to the Shorthorns. A mixture or
Longhorn blood in a remote degree is deemed
bv many feeders of great value (and that is
\\\\ opinion). The hide is thick, the hair is
long and very closely set; they are of very
hardy constitution, well adapting them to our
mode of feeding. Cattle are not housi'd or
sheltered, but fed out in the fields, taking the

I S 'I' () IM' ( ) F H K i; E !■■ ( ) i; 1 ) C A r t l k

weather a? it comes. The Shortliorns have thin
hides, fine, sliort hair, aiid do not stand ex-
posure to tlie weather so well.

The importation of 1817 (alluding to which
it seems that the Ijonghorns are to be omitted)
gradually gained favor with the breeders and
I'wders. The young ones were very much
sought after throughout Kentucky and parts of
Ohio, and wei'e all sold for breeders. The Te-
cumseh and Sam Martin were the principal in-
struments used in effecting this great improve-
ment. Mrs. Motte, the Durham com', and the
Teeswator cow were excellent breeders. The
Durham cow was equal to the best milk cow I
ever saw. Napoleon was her best bull calf. Mrs.
Jlotte was the neatest, the finest animal of the
importation.

A year or two previous to 18.>1 I ol)scrved
that my young cattle w'erc; not up to the nuark
of improvement that I wished to .see progress-
ing, but were rather falling back. The onlv
remedy that I then thought, and still believe
necessary, to arrest this downward tendency
and to give a fair prospect of improvement,
was the introduction of remote blood.

Col. John Hare Powell of Philadelphia im-
])orted a number of animals of the im])roved
Shorthorn breed, several years subsequent lo
1817. He ordered his selections from the best
herds in England, with gi-eat particularity as
to pedigree from the milking qualities, and
without stint as to price.

My attention was directed to this stock to
procure a cross on the Shorthorns of 1817.

In the spring of the year 1831 I procured of
'Sh\ Barnitz of York, Pennsylvania, a young
bull and three yoimg cows of Col. PowelTs
stock. In several points their forms were bet-
ter than those of 1817. The cross was ver\
beneficial to me.

Some few years afterwards David Sutton oi'
T>exington introduced several animals of iMr.
Powell's stock.

Then other gentlemen imported cattle from
Philadelphia, and from other parts of the
Fnited States and from Illngland, so that we
had a number of bulls and cows from the best
known breeds in England and in the United
States. From this basis intelligent gentlemen,
with abundant capital and great skill, have
continued to improve by judicious crossing un-
til we have ai'rivod at a high state of perfec-
tion, as to form and early dis])osition to take
on fat, points most desired of all others by the
gi'azier and the feeder.

Notwithstanding that Col. Powell's stoek
were drawn from the best milking families in
Englan-d, their descendants did not prove with

us to be as good milkers as the si.x-k*m 1817.
nor were they so healthy.

The dairy is hut a secondary consideration
with a Kentucky farmer — bwf is more prolit-
aljle, and, as the great object of all ))ursuits is
money, the one putting most in the purse W'ilj be
pursued. For a dairy of cows where there is a de-
maudjSelling milk is most pi'ofitable, next cheese,
if the climate suits; last, nuiking ijuttcr. Cheese
can be made here as well as anywhere else, but
it costs too much l-abor to save it. Sonu? writers
say that it ought not to be relied on as a imsi-
ness south of 40 degrees. Butter could be made
of the best quality, and in quantities, but it
seems that the farmers ])refer taking only as
much milk from their cows as supplies their
families with milk and butter, giving the re-
mainder to the calves. From these considera-
tions it would seem that the breed of cattle
bringing most nuuiey from the i)utcher at two
and three years old will give the ])reference with
the grazier and the feeder, they using nine-
tenths of the cattle bred in the State.

It will be seen from what has been stated
that great attention has been given to the breed-
ing of cattle in this State for more than fifty
years, and the course pursued has been to pro-
cure the best breeds to cross with, so that we
now have an excellent breed for the grazier and
feeder — forms approaching near and nearer to

niPORTED DULL DIPLOMAT (1S3L'81 M":;:-
(Sold for $8,000; property of C. A. Jamison. Hamlet, Ind.)

perfection, and an aptitude to take on fat at an
early age, but in obtaining these grand objects,
^xrfeet form and early maturity, so mift-h de-
sired by the grazier and the feeder, we have
sacrificed mainly the milking qualities.

Whatever be the breed, there are certain con-
formations which are indispensable to the
thriving and valuable ox or cow. If tliere is om^
part of the frame the form of whicli, more than

224

HlSToK'Y U F II KliLFUKD CATTLE

another, renders the animal valuable, it is the
chest. There must be room enough for the
heart to beat and the li'.ngs to ])lay, or suffi-
cient blood for the purposes of nutriment and
of strength will not be circulated — nor will it
thoroughly undergo that vital change which is
essential to the ])roper discharge of every func-
tion. Look, therefore, first of all, to tlie wide
and deep girth around the heart and lungs — we
must have both. The proportion in which the
one or the other is preponderate may depend
on the service we require from the animal ; we
can excuse a slight degree of flatness of the

THE FOUNDATION OF .AN OHIO HERD.

sides, for he will be lighter in the forehand
and more active, but the grazier must have
breadth as well as depth. And not only about
the heart and lungs, but over the whole of the
ribs must we have both length and roundness
— the hooped as well as the deep barrel is essen-
tial. There must be room for the capacious
paunch, room for the materials from which the
blood is to be provided. The beast should also
be ribbed home. There should be little space
between the rit)s and the hips. This seems to
be indispen.«able in the ox, as it regards a good,
healthy constitution and a propensity to fat-
ten ; but a largeness and drooping of the belly
is excusable in a cow, or. rather, notwithstand-
ing it diminishes the beauty of the animal, it
leaves room for the udder, and if it is also ac-
com])anied by swelling jnilk veins it generally
indicates her value in the dairy.

The introduction of the Patton stock into
Kentucky effected as much benefit to us in the
improvement of our cattle in a little more than
twenty years as was effected in England in more
than sixty years.

.\ printed report of a select committee of the
House of Common-s in 1795, stated that cattle

and sheep had increased on an average, in size
and weight, about a fourth since 1T32.

The average weight of cattle slaughtered for
the London market in 1830 was G5C pounds.
(McCullough's Dictionary of Com.) [Un-
doubtedly dressed w'cight of 82 stone, which
would be equivalent to 1,148 pounds live weight.
T. L. M.J

At Liverpool, about the same period, 600
Irish beasts averaged 720 pounds; 140 English
beasts averaged 730 pounds; 60 Scotch beasts
averaged 810 pounds. [These being dressed
weights would make the live weights 1,148
pounds, 1,277 pounds and 1,417 pounds respec-
tively. T. L. il.J

It would seem that our improved breeds ex-
ceed these weights. Twenty fat cows were sold
in the early part of this month by one drover
at Cincinnati, the average weight of which was
over 1.000 pounds the four quarters [or by the
English system of calculation 1,7.50 pounds
live wi'ight. T. L. M.] These cows were Ken-
tucky bred. All but three had produced calves.

I expected to receive authentic data to state
the average age and weight of the four quarters
of cattle slaughtered at Louisville and Cincin-
nati, for three periods. Though promised, the
paper has not yet come to hand.

In 1833 I took to Xew Orleans three l)ulloeks,
produced by a cross of the cows of the Patton
and ililler stock bv bulls of the importation of
1817.

Xo. 1. red, six years old, live weight, 3,44S
pounds; Xo. 2, red, six years old, live weight,
3.274 pounds; Xo. 3. brindle, four years old,
live weight. 2,868 pounds.

I sold these three animals together at auction
for the sum of $025. 1 was at the Xew York
State Agricultural Exhibiton at Saratoga in
Septemi)er, 1847. I very attentively examined
the cattle stock there shown.

The oxen were better than are generally to be
met with in Kentucky, all others not so good.

The .Ayrshire cattle may be classed with our
half-blond Durhams, from common cows. We
can derive no benefit from a cross of Devon
blood. The diminutive size and ill forms of
the Alderneys would exclude them from our
pastures. Our climate is favoral)le for breed-
ing and rearing cattle. They are free from any
marked disease. I have never known an epi-
demic among them.

It is the custom with some farmers as soon
as the corn is in the roasting ear to cut it up,
giving stalk and all to the hogs. The hogs
masticate the stalk — suck and swallow all the
juice, throwing out the remaining fibrous mat-
ter, which soon becomes dry. Cattle are very

eg ^2
s.g §f;

■ ^ WE
t- -

HISTORY OF HEREFOKD C ATT LP]

235

fond of this refuse stuff, but when taken in
quantities it causes a derangement of the mani-
folds, for which no remedy has as yet been dis-
covered. At first the animal becomes restless,
and is feverish; soon after it begins to rub its
head down and up a post, or anything it can
rub against, manifesting the greatest pain and
misery. It continues rubbing until it dies. I
have seen several so affected with it and after
rubbing commenced I knew of none to be cured.
Upon opening the animal it is found that the
manifold is entirely deranged, dry and hard,
mortification having in some instances already
commenced. The only remedy is to keep your
cattle from the place where green corn stalks
have been fed to hogs.

Cattle of Ohio and Indiana are not so healthy
as are the cattle of Kentucky. I was told by a
Cincinnati butcher who supplied with beef a
portion of the Jews of the city that he was com-
pelled to procure his cattle for these people from
Kentucky. The priest sticks the animal, which
is dressed in his presence by the butcher. Upon
opening the animal if any imperfection of the
intestines is visible, such as blisters on the liver,
etc., the priest remarks : "This one may do for
the Christians, but will not do for the Jews — yovi
must bring up another." The cattle of Ken-
tucky have no blemish ; the intestines are in a
perfectly healthy condition; so, we only can
supply the Cincinnati Jews with beef.

I was informed by Dr. Watts of Chillicothe,
a gentleman of intelligence and great enter-
prise, who feeds and grazes on a large scale,
that he would pay five per cent more for Ken-
tucky raised cattle for either purpose than he
would for Ohio or Indiana cattle. He consid-
ered the risk of life this per cent in favor of
the cattle of Kentucky.

There are three epochs in the history of Ken-
tucky cattle ; first, the introduction of the Pat-
ton cattle, say in the year 1790, and some years
afterwards the Miller stock of the like. These
are generally diffused throughout the State, im-
proving our stock twenty-five to thirty per cent
in a period of twenty-five years.

Second, the importation of 1817. which gave
us finer forms and an aptitude to take on fat at
an earlier age, adding twenty-five to thirty per
cent upon the Patton improvement, in a period
of less than twenty years.

Third, the numerous importations made into
Kentucky and into Ohio, from 1831 to 183(),
from which has arisen the superior breed. To
keep up this breed as it now is requires sound
judgment and unceasing vigilance, or a decline
must follow.

I recommend to the breeders in Kentucky to

import at least half a dozen bulls from the
Xetherlands, Holland, or Xorthern Germany, at
once, and renew such an importation every five
or six years, for twenty years, rather than to
draw their bulls from the best stock to be found
in England. I do not think it is desirable to
have a very large breed, but form and early ma-
turity are not for a moment to be lost sight of.
A skillful breeder endeavors to shape the ani-
mal so as to carry most flesh on the valuable
points, to have the loin and hind quarters much
the heaviest, as these parts bring to the butcher
the most money.

Lewis Sandek.-,.

Grass Hills, Ky., December, 1848.

Dr. Martin, to whom Mr. Sanders refers,
gives the following information :

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 2.5th ult. is
just received, and I will try to answer your in-
quiries. Your first question is. What breed,
cross or variety (of cattle) has been found most
profitable in your region for beef; and what
for the dairy? The improved Shorthorns and

THE EXPOSITION BUILDING. CHICAGO.
(Home of the American Fat Stock Show.)

their crosses are most profitable for beef. They
are of large size and fatten easily at any age,
so as to come to early maturity, and they carry
a large portion of their flesh ujjon the best parts
and their beef is of an excellent quality. They
pay better for food consumed than any other
cattle that I have fattened or grazed.

In regard to the milking qualities of the im-
proved Shorthorns there appears to be much
diversity of opinion, some contending that
they are the best milkers had in the country,
and others that they are worthless. The Irutii
is. that some tribes of Shorthorns are remark-
able for the quantity of milk they give and
other tribes are equally so for their small yield.

I purchased two cows at Col. I'owelTs sale in
183G. One of them, a cow of the Daisy tribe,
was a steady milker, giving from twenty-eight
to thirty-two quartsof milk daily. The other was
scarcely able to raise her calf. And the quali-
ties of each have been transmitted to their de-
scendants for several generations. The cows that

226

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

I imported from England wuro all fine milkers.
and so are their descendants. The cows of these
milking tribes are generally thin whilst giving
milk, but fatten very quickly when dry. The
steers of the milking tribes are equal and gener-
ally superior as gi-azier's stock to the others.
Mine has been superior, which I attributed to
having been better nourished by their mothers.
Second. Which of the breeds imported in
1817, the Longhorus or Shorthorns, have suc-
ceeded best?

There was a close contest, for many years, be-
tween the Longhorns and Shorthorns and Here-
fords. Each had
their advocates
and each pro-
duced a stock that
was a great im-
provement as
grazing stock
upon the native
and "Patton
stock" (as the old
unimproved Short-
horns introduced
by Mr. Patton
were called). This
contest was kept
up until about
1830, when the
advocates of the
Shorthorns became most numerous. The Long-
horus and Ilcrcfords were gradually bred to
tiliorthorn hulls, wiiil the pure breed of the
former are nearly extinct. (1| 114)

Third. How do the Longhorns of that im-
portation (1817) or their descendants compare
with the Patton Longhorns ?

Mr. Patton was one of the original importers
in 1783 of two breeds of cattle. They were then
called the milk and beef breed. The milk breed
was Shorthorns. The beef breed had longer
horns; but / have always supposed they were
the unimproved Ilerefords. I am not aware
that there were ever brought into Kentucky
any of the full-bred beef breeds, so that my
opinion that they were Herefords is based upon
the appearance of the half-bloods that 1 have
seen. Mr. Patton brought to Kentucky the full-
bred milk breed and half-blood cows of the beef
hreed, and Mr. Smith brought also a bull which
was half beef and half milk breed, called Buz-
zard. Mr. Patton's Shorthorns were very fine
animals. They were fine-boned, heavy-fiCshed
and came early to maturity and fattened kindly
and were extraordinary milkers. They were
much larger than cattle that we had in the
State previously. 5L'. Patton brought only one

REYNOLDS, CHICAGO.

cow of this breed, and she had no female de-
scendants, 'i'lu^ ju'oduce of these fine cattle
were very much injured by breeding them to
bulls which were descendants of the beef breed,
such as Inskeep.s, Brindle and Smith's Buzzard.
These cattle produced large, coarse, big-jointed
stock that came slowly to maturity, difficult to
fatten, and when fully grown were of enormous
dimensions. This was the state of things in
1817 when your importation of Shorthorns and
Longhorns was made. I remember well exam-
ining the Longhorn bull Rising Sun, soon after
Messrs. Cunningham & Co. bought him, and I
then thought him the finest animal of the ox
kind I had ever seen. His stock was very fine
— vastly superior to the coarse stock above de-
scribed. I sold a cow (got by Rising Sun) to
a butcher who paid me for a thousand pounds,
net meat [about 1,750 lbs. live weight. T. L.
M.], a very unusual size for a cow in those
days.

Fourth. How do the Shorthorns imported
in 1817, or their descendants, compare with
those that have since been introduced, includ-
ing those of the Ohio Importing Co. ?

The Shorthorns of 1817 were fine-boned,
heavy-fleshed animals that came early to ma-
turity and fattened much easier than the Patton
stock (especially after the latter had been mixed
with the beef breed). They fattened mostly on
the outside, so that they always showed their
fat to the best advantage. Their flesh was rather
inclined to hardness, which was a considerable
drawback upon their excellence.

The best of the improved Shorthorns, intro-
duced within the last twenty years, have all the
good qualities that the stock of 1817 had, and
have these additional advantages: Their flesh
is soft (tender), and they throw a portion of
their fat among the lean so as to marble it.
The beef is of a better quality and they take on
fat much easier. They are as forward at three
years old as the stock of 1817 were at four, or
as the Patton stock were at six. But
the later importations have had greatly the ad-
vantage of the stock of 1817 in having the im-
provement made by the latter to start with.
Some of the finest animals I have ever seen fat-
tened were a mixture of the two breeds. I think
there was some of the importation of 1817 that
did not have that hardness of flesh, but they
soon became so mixed in their descendants that
it was a general characteristic, (jj 115)

Fifth. If you were now to choose a stock for
general grazing purposes in your State, what
breed or breeds would you select from ?

T should have no hesitation in preferring the
im])roved Shorthorns to every other kind of

HISTOEY OF HEIIEFORD CATTLE

stock that I have ever seen, for the grazing in
this region of country.

Sixth. Give as full a description as you can
of the qualities of each hreed, as they have been
developed with you, embracing remarks on com-
parative size, form, activity, hardiness and ten-
dency to disease of the different breeds.

The original breed of cattle in Kentucky
strongly resembled the old unimproved Devon-
shire cattle. They were small, thin and diffi-
cult to fatten — cow weighing when fat from
three to four hundred pounds. [This undoubt-
edly means dressed weight, the corresponding
live weight being 5-25 to 700 lbs. T. L. M.]
These cows were good milkers, giving a moder-
ate quantity of rich milk. I do not know that
they were subject to any other disease but the
hollow horn, a disease brought on by poor keep
in winter, so that the pith of the horn is frozen.
It was cured by boring a hole in the horn.

The introduction of the Fatten stock in 1785
and subsequently made a considerable improve-
ment in these cattle. Cows of the Patton cross
would weigh when fat from 6 to 7 cwt. [Mean-
ing dressed weight, or 1,050 to 1,225 lbs. alive.
T. L. M.] There was such a general disposition
to increase the size that the coarse-jointed,
large-boned animals were selected and saved as
breeders generally, from 1785 to 1817, and the
consequence was at the latter period the Patton
stock (as all these cattle were called) were
very coarse. The size of some of these cattle
was enormous ; but they did not weigh, net, near
equal to their size. The graziers at that period
did not like to attempt to fatten cattle until
they were four years old. The importation of
1817 improved the coarse cattle very much, in-
creasing their disposition to fatten. They came
earlier to maturity, were gentler, better dis-
posed and had much less ofEal. Whatever repu-
tation the Shorthorns acquired in Kentucky
prior to 1830 was owing to the importation of
Shorthorns, and they had great reputation.
(II 116)

The improved Shorthorns introduced within
the last twenty years has been a great improve-
ment upon those imported in 1817, and those
of Mr. James Prentice of Lexington in 1818.
At the last cattle show that we had in Win-
chester I showed a three-year-old steer, a mix-
ture of the stock of 1817 and the improved
Shorthorns since introduced; and the judges
put his weight at 750 pounds. Shortly after
the fair I sold this steer to Mr. Brinegar, who
took him to New Orleans, and when butchered
he weighed 1,242 pounds. I meution this cir-
cumstance to show how much more weight is
contained in the same bulk ; for if this bull had

been of the Patton stock his bulk would have
given him about the weight the judges laid him
at. A few months before I .had sold to a
butcher in Lexington a steer two years and eight
months old that weighed 1,025 pounds. Fsold
a heifer six years old to B. Roberts, that weighed
when driven to Cincinnati 1,487 pounds. Last
year I sold to Mr. Horn a five-year-old heifer
that weighed 1,116 pounds. Both of these were
mixtures of the stock of 1817 and later impor-
tations, and the last was uncommonly small for
her weight. I regret that this last was not
weighed before she was slaughtered that I might
know the difference between her gross and net
weight. However, I can give you the gross and
net weight of a four-year-old steer sold to the
same gentleman. His gross weight was 2,000
pounds and his net weight 1,280 pounds. All
these net weights are exclusive of hide and in-
side tallow, taken out with entrails.

As regards the diseases of all the above,
they are very few, if bred from healthy stock.
The most formidable disease of the improved
Shorthorns with me has been the milk fever.
I lost two of my imported cows and one that I
purchased at Col. Powell's sale with it. It
chiefiy attacks cows that are fat and have their
calves in very warm weather — the attack being
in a few days after calving. I never knew anv
but fine milkers to
have it, and not
until they have
had several calves.
The udder be-
comes very large,
hard and hot.
They soon appear
to lose the use of
their hind legs
so that they can-
not stand. I have
cured some by
large bleeding
and purging
freely with Ep-
som salts. But
prevention is far
better, which may be generally accomplished
by preventing the cows from having calves in
warm weather. Healthy parents generally
produce health}' oll'spring in this re.sion. You
are aware that cattle in most of the adjoining
States are diseased, particularly in the liver.
These cattle produce sickly progeny, which
seldom look as well as stock from more
healthy parents. .And I have noticed calves
from them to be very subject to bowel
complaints.

E.MElty. CHKAGO.

228

lllSTOKY OF HEKEFOlfl) CATTLE

Seventli. What breed of cattle is best for
driving long distances?

This question is more dilKcuIt for me to
answer than any of the others, as I have very
little experience in driving cattle ; but I am told
by persons who have been engaged in this busi-
ness that the improved Shorthorns, when fat-
tened young, do not stand long journeys well.
I should suppose from their make that the
Ilercfords would be the lest travelers. The im-
proved Shorthorns make excellent oxen, as they
never get overburdened with flesh while they
have plenty of hard work to do. The breed is
more gentle and docile than any others that we
have had. Yours res])ectfully,

Sam'l D. Martin.

Xear Colbyville, Ky.. Dec. 4, 1848.

We present these complete and authoritative
statements to show that while the "seventeen"
importations included Herefords and that these
W'Cre not by any means tirst-class specimens of
the Hereford breed, yet they had enough of
the naturally inherent thrift of the breed, so

that the "seventeens" owed considerable (to say
the least) to the Hereford for the thrift and
quality they became jjarticularly noted for. The
"seventeens," as a family of Shorthorns, were
never fashionable because of this Hereford al-
loy. But at the same time no Shorthorn fam-
ily surpassed, if any equaled, them in real
merit.

Evidence of this Hereford blood crops out
frequently in the descendants of the "seventeen"'
importations to this day, as witness the steer
John ShiTuiaii, whose portrait we give. (U 116)
Jlr. Gillette, who bred this steer, reports the
dam a "white-faced cow" of unknown breeding,
descended, as are all his herd (Shorthorns),
from the earlier Kentucky stocks. The so-
called "seventeen" families being given the
greatest credit for excellence of the Gillette
herd.

The presence of this old grazing blood un-
doul)tedly has had a most favorable influence
in making the reputation of "Gillette Short-
horns" for superiority above the pure-bred
Shorthorn for range purposes.

WILLI.' M WATSON

(U.VCLE WIL'LIE).

(Father of the Angus cattle

In America.)

li J S T () m' ( ) F II E R E F O U D C A T T L E

229

CHAPTER XV.

Revival of Hereford Interest in A.m erica

From 1850 to 1871, although Hereford cattle
in America were making friends for themselves
in their immediate vicinity and had very
staunch friends in all who bred and handled
them, they were not so widely known as their
merits deserved.

This, possibly, was owing to the tremendous
upheaval in the political world of America, ter-
minating in the Civil War that occupied the
entire attention of the people from April, 1861,
to 1865. There were very few families either
Xorth or South but what sent their contribution
of father, son or brother to the armies. The
price of all produce of the farm was high. The
])rice of meat was correspondingly high. The
farmers and stock raisers all made money with
such stock as they had, and did not feel that
urgent need of improvement that came later.

In 1871 I determined to spend the balance
of my life upon the farm if we could find a
way to make it profitable ; and in view of this
determination we gave two years to careful in-
vestigation as to the best methods and practices
for obtaining this result, and this investigation
brought us to the adoption of the Hereford
breed of cattle. We were familiar with Mr.
Sotham's fight for Hereford cattle through the
files of the Albany "Cultivator," etc., which we
had preserved, and these cattle were again urged
upon our notice by Mr. William Powell (jj 117),
who was then acting as our foreman. As a re-
sult of our investigations early in February,
1873, we made our first purchase of six or eight
head of Hereford cattle.

In March or April following we bought three
more at the sale of W. W. Aldrich, Elyria, Ohio;
two or three months afterwards we bought of
Dyke and Creed, in Ohio, some twelve or thir-
teen head. Soon after we purchased six heifers
from John Humphries, Elyria, Ohio, and about
the same time we bouglit for $1,000 gold the
Hereford bull Sir Charles (.3434) 543 from F.
W. Stone of Canada.

From time to time as ojiportunity presented
itself, we purchased from others; from D. K.
Shaw of Chautau(|ua his entire herd, and later
the licnl of II. C. Burleigh of Maine, exceiiting

one cow and calf; from H. Woodward's estate
in Kansas, the entire herd, and quite a number
at different times from Mr. Parsons of Pitts-
field, Ohio; several from Mr. Thomas Clark,
then of Elyria, Ohio; several from the Hon.
John Merryman, Cockeysville, Md. (^ 118) ;
and in 1873 imported from England DoUv
Varden (Vol. 9, p. 279) 5, and her bull calf
Success (5031) 2.

When we had become satisfied of the value of
the breed we undertook to make it known
through the advertising columns of the agricul-
tural and live stock journals of the country.
We found a very warm opposition from the
Shorthorn interest as against their introduction,
and ceased to make any strenuous efforts to in-
troduce them among farmers in the States.

In the meantime quite an extensive corre-
_spondenee had grown up with the ranchmen at
the West. There seemed to be a demand from
that quarter that promised success, but it proved
difficult to bring out of that correspondence any
results.

The plains of Colorado {\\ 120) were, in
1874, still the home of the buffalo, but cattle
were being rapidly brought north from the
great breeding grounds in Texas to stock them
with beef animals. Denver, at that tiine, was
the center for cattle men, they coming here for
their supplies and making it their headquarters
when not ofl^ on the range.

We took our first shipment of Herefords that
■went away from home to be sold, to Denver,
Col. This consisted of five Hereford bulls.
Three of these were sold in the spring of 1874
to Mr. Geo. Zweck of Longmont. Col. Thev
were Plato (4843) 590, Duke of Beaufort
<4527) 744 and Hervey (4644) 815. The first
was four years old, the second was two years
old, the third one year old. These bulls were
put upon the range. Plato, the four-year-old,
had been a show bull, and kept in high condi-
tion. He held this condition when on the range
and continued a vigorous stock-getter for eight
years. The other two bulls were reported eleven
years later as still in fine condition ami yet in
service in Wvominir. in the herd helonuinii to

230

II I s T () \i V 0 F II !•; i; 10 1' u i; i > v a t t l e

Mr. Zweck and his nt-pliow. Mr. Zwcck paid
in 1874 for the three bulls named $1,250. Hav-
ing had eight and eleven year.s' service, we
would like to ask ranchmen whether such pur-
chase would seem to them to have been a good
investment? It is simply a representative one
that may be repeated with Hereford bulls in

A CARTOON OF 18S2, BREEDERS' JOURNAL.
("The Shorthorn committee discover the dam of Mr. Mil-
ler's grade Hereford steer Kansas.")

the experience and practice of any ranchman.
Long prices may be, as in this case, the licst
inve.-itment.

Two other bulls taken at this time we S()]<1 to
iMr. Powell at Canon City, Col., for $900. W'r
followed this shipment by another in the fall
of the .same year that were sold to the honorable
P. P. Wilcox, Geo. F. Lord and others.

In 1875 we took a carload of Hereford bulls
to Denver, and they were sold to Mr. John Hit-
son at Deer Trail, Col., about fifty miles east
of Denver, on the Bijou. The grass was fine
there, the country not being overstocked. These
bidls. although in high condition when turned
out on the ranges, not only held it, but ne.xt
spring after running out all winter, never see-
ing a shed or a barn, or any feed except what
they got from the plains themselves, had round-
ed out, and thickened up, and had such splendid
rough, curly coats of hair that they had proved
their fitness for range conditions.

We took two carloads of Hereford bulls to
West Las Animas, on the Arkansas River, Col.,
in the spring of 1876, all thoroughbreds and
good ones, .\fter five months of work, we sold
them to cattle men as far west as Pueblo, on
the river, and south to the Cimarron IJiver in
Xew Mexico. The Hall Bros., John W. Prow-
ers (^ 121), Abe Cronk, the Reynolds Bros.
(^ 122) and the Jones Bros, being among the
purchasers. These shi])ments were followed by
others uj) to 1877, or until a demand was cre-
ated that reached back to the States for grade
Hereford bulls. .And thi.« demand from the
plains for grades made a demand for the ]uire-
urcds to cro.ss uj)on Shorthorns and other cows

to produce bulls for this trade; and from that
lime there has been a steady and increasing de-
mand for Herefords that has more than kept
pace with the sujjply.

While at work among the great cattle herds
of the West to create a demand for the Here-
ford cattle by taking the cattle out to these
gentlemen and showing them what superior
beef animals they were, we were not idle in ex-
hibiting our cattle at the various shows in the
East, and doing all that lay in our power to
secure fair play for the Herefords.

This was a gigantic undertaking, as the fairs
were, as we shall show, under the control of
Shorthorn men. The judges were all appointed
by them. We trust we sliall be pardoned if it
shall appear to any of our readers that we have
gone too much into detail in showing up the
frauds that were practiced; also the opposition
that was encountered by the Hereford cattle and
their breeders.

It was a matter of great expense to fit show
herds, and a further great expense to ship them
over the country for the purpose of educating
the people as to the great merit of the breed.
This was particularly so in 1870 when we took
our show herd to the World's Fair, the Centen-
nial Exposition, held at Philadelphia. This
trip cost $1,200 for expenses only, we being
there two weeks. There were no money prizes,
but we have a bronze medal (^ 123) in our pos-
session that was awarded to us as first prize,
the cattle being spoken of in the following lan-
guage :

"Their exceedingly fine character, form and
quality entitle us to consider them to be first-
class specimens of the Hereford breed and
worthy of our highest commendation." Suc-
cess (5031) 2 was at the head of this sweep-
stake herd. This herd at the Northern Ohio
Fair, held at Cleveland, Ohio, won first sweep-
stakes for best bull and four cows or heifers,
owned and bred by exhibitor ($150), and first
sweepstakes for bull. Success (5031) 2. and
five of his get, $75. This was in competition
with the best Shorthorns in the United States.

We visited Lafayette, Ind., with our herd in
1877, at which time there was no class for Here-
fords, they not being recognized in their pre-
mium lists. The society, however, awarded thi>
following certificate:

"Office of the Secretary of the Tippecanoe
County Agricultural Association, Lafayette,
Ind.. Oct. 9th, 1877. On Saturday, the 8th
day of SeptemlxT, 1877, at a meeting of the
Directors of this Association, on the fair
grounds, the following jiroceedings were had.
to-wit: On motion, the following preamble and

II I S T () 11 Y O F H E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

331

resolutions were unanimously adopted by the
Board :

-Wliereas, Mr. T. L. Miller, Will County,
Illinois, breeder of thoroughbred Hereford cat-
tle, has exhibited his herd of thoroughbred
Herefords at the annual fair for the Tippecanoe
County Agricultural Association for 1877, at
which there had been no ring or class of individ-
ual entries provided in which he could show his
stock, which, of necessity, compelled him to ex-
hibit at great disadvantage, and

"Whe7-eas, The said herd were very generally
admired by the visitors attending the fair, in-
cluding gentlemen conceded to be experts in the
matter of breeding and handling beef cattle, for
their great uniformity of marking and their
general feeding and fattening qualities; be it
therefore

"Resolved, That the thanks of this Associa-
tion are due and are hereby extended to Mr.
Miller for affording the visitors at said fair, in
so substantial a manner, with a pleasing variety
in the show of thoroughbred cattle, and that
he has the best wishes of the Association for
his future success in an enterprise which has
the laudable purpose of improving the breeds
of beef cattle.

"And the secretary is ordered to make out a
certificate of this action of tlie Board and for-
ward same to Mr. Miller.

"(Signed) D.iniel Eoyse, Secretary."

Among those who examined the Herefords
here were Messrs. C. M. Culbertson, Moses
Fowler, W. S. Van Natta, Adams Earl, A. I).
Raub, Eobt. W. Sample, Chas. B. Stuart and
others, whose attention for the first time was
then drawn to the great value of Hereford
cattle, and all of whom afterward became breed-
ers of Herefords, in most instances getting their
start from our herd.

Two weeks later Mr. Culbertson bought five
head that were in this exhibit. Five years later
the show of Herefords at Lafayette in 1882 was
very gratifying and encouraging to the Here-
ford interest, and it seems hardly possible that
such a change could be wrought in five years,
and thus, what had at the time seemed a some-
what discouraging exhibit, really proved one of
the most successful ever made by an exhibitor.

In the year 1879 Mr. C. M. Culbertson sent
Mr. Geo. Morgan (who was then my superin-
tendent) to England to j)urchase as good a herd
of cattle as could be found. The result was.
if we remember rightly, the importation of
thirteen head. In 1880 we imported 109 head
from ICngland, and ^\v. j\Torgan imported for
Mr. Culbertson and Mr. Hcrsliev of Muscatine.
la., somethinjj over 20(l heatl. From that time

the importations have increased, in some years
amounting to over 1,000 head. Public sales
were held in this country at which the higher
range of prices has been from four hundred to
fifteen hundred and odd dollars per head.

Our beginning with Herefords, like Mr. So-
tham's, was up-hill work, and had we depended
upon the farmers" trade of the agricultural
States we should, like him, have been over-
powered by the hostile Shorthorn interest, but
on the plains we -were enabled to promptly show
results, so plain by comparison, that the Here-
ford was victorious from his first introduction.
But we are convinced that the Herefords are
the best "general purpose" or farmers' cattle,
and believe Hereford breeders should never be
content till their merits are well known by
every farming community of the whole country.
On the range, when known, they have the field
alone without a rival, but until every bovine has
assimilated the true Hereford thrift his all-

SHORTHORN COW CONQUEROR. A BREEDERS'
JOUR.N'AL CARTOON' OF 1SS2.
("While the Shorthorn breeders claim the virtue of grade
Hereford steers due to Shorthorn dams, the farmer
looking on decides that the credit is due to Hereford
bull.")

conquering work of improvement must be vigor-
ously continued.

It is easier for some Hereford breeders to "let
well enough alone;" to be satisfied with exist-
ing conditions; to curry favor witli the opposi-
tion, and at the same time reap where they have
not sown from the active sowing of others: and
while the herd of an active advocate of Here-
fords should not be patronized more than these.
Tuiless he really has a breed of Herefords equal-
ly good or superior, if e(]ual. the great bodv of
Hereford breeders always will, as they always
have, yield a loyal support to those whose cat-
tle, pen and voice are ever doing honest, intelli-
gent and meritorious service for the Hereford
oau.se.*and therefore for the betterment of tlie
eliief product of American asriculture, — ijood
beef.

232

HISTORY OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

CHAPTER XYI.

Ax Incident of an Early Chicago Fat Stock Show

Tho Hereford breeders considered that if
they could only have a fair contest with other
breeds on the butcher's block they would
win a victory over all other breeds that could
not be gainsaid. They estimated that a re-
liable and accurate record of every part of the
slaughtered animal would be kept, and facts as
to the percentage of dressed meat to the live
weight, and also the weight, both live and
dressed, would be something that could not be
talked down or hid.

We are very glad that these records of the
Chicago Fat Stock Show of 18T9 are available.
At that show a Hereford, a Devon and Short-
horn were dressed in competition. We present
here an engraving (|[ 124) taken from a photo-
graph of the rib roast cuts from the Hereford
and Shorthorn steers. Both show wcU-marbled
meat, but neither show as well as they would
have, had the weather been cooler. Xeither of
the beeves ought to have been cut ; the meat
of either not being as good for being cut so
warm as it would have been had it had time to
cool. The Hereford suffered the most in this
respect, from being the thicker-fleshed — -nearly,
or quite, 40 per cent. Both show marbling and
well-marbled. Another point is that the beef
was too fat. This is perhaps true. True for
economy in making and economy in use; but
the breeder who came i)efoTe this show or Smith-
field with lean steers would have gone away
with little credit and no honors.

If these steers were made over-fat, there was
a point where they could have stopped, and
their meat shows them to have had good fe<Hling
qualities.

Thus much in common ; but it is fair to give
somewhat of a comparison of the two. The
Hereford steer was one of fourteen steers, all
that there was of the lot, and was from a com-
mon native cow and by a Hereford bull.

The Shorthorn steer was one of si.xty, selected
from 600, and from a herd that has luid an
American an<l English reputation for years as
the best steer herd in America, if not in the

world, and probably no breeder in the two coun-
tries stood higher as a breeder of steers thau
did Mr. John D. Gillette. (^ 125)

Probably no man understood better the char-
acter and merits of a bullock than did Mr. Gil-
lette. There was no man that was more familiar
with the individuals of his herd than was Mr.
G. Under all of these advantages the Short-
horns came to this test with the prestige of be-
ing from the most noted herd in this country.
A seh'ction of one from sixty and sixty from six
hundred — the one of six hundred selected by
the most experienced breeder in America.

It must therefore be conceded that the Short-
horn came to this test with all the advantages
that an animal of the breed could claim or wish.

Mr. G. entered two steers for dressing —
Snowflake and Drake, both three and under four
years, and selected from these the steer Drake
— said to be three years old May 15, 1879, out
of a three-quarter Shorthorn cow and by a thor-
oughbred Shorthorn bull.

The Hereford steer was three years old May
loth, 1879. and it is well to state that the exact
age of the two steers was not a matter of rec-
ord, but were claimed to be three years old, and
dropped as near as could be ascertained in Mav,
and called the 15th.

On the record the two steers stood as to age
alike.

For some reason the Gillette steer was not
measured, and therefore the measurements of
tlie Hereford are not used, as there is no means
of comparison on these points.

The age alike, the gross weight of the Here-
ford 1.963 ])()unds. and the gross weight of the
Shorthorn 1.795 pounds. Stating these facts,
we will give the official statement of the society,
made up by the secretary :

LOT 9. DRESSED BULLOCKS.

Xot less than two entries will be considered.

The l)ullocks to be killed, dressed and weighed

under directions of the awarding committee.

H I S T 0 1{ Y 0 F 11 E 1{ E F 0 11 D C A T T L E

233

The dressed carcasses to remain the property
of the exhibitor. Bullock dressing the largest
percentage of meat in proportion to the live
weiffht. $50.

This is ])erhaps I'liough to say on this sub-
ject here, as we have treated the subject else-
where, but there are some few points of com-
parison that the report does not bring out. The

o

EXHIBITOR.

>

5"
•5

: g
i 5)

,>

S.'^

BKEEl).

N.VMK OK STEEK.

J

T. 1j. Miller, Beecher

1274
1254
1274

I'.)(i3
l(il4
1795

1.56
1.31
1.41

Grade Hereford

"Barney."

'•.lini Loekwood."

2

J. D. Gillette, Elkhart

1267

1790

1.42

Premium : $50, to grade Hereford steer Bar-
ney, exhibited by T. L. Miller of Beecher, Will
County, Illinois.

steers being of the same age, the Hereford had
made 1.5U lbs. per day. The Shorthorn had
made l.-tl lbs. per day, a difference of .15 in

REPORT OF COMMITTEE.

NAME

OF
STEEK.

BKEED.

1
—

1
:3

li

: D

o

■a

1

•a

5"

1

"2.7

^3-

C IT

K

: 1

: §

; =r

Grade Hereford..

Grade Devon

Grade Shorthorn.

1063
1614
1795

1317
1055
1179

C7.09
65 36
65.73

371
277
308

354
275
303

305
2.56
285

287
247
283

55

49
47

106
95
90

113
95
97

178
145
155

175
227

" .Jim Lockwood " .
"Drake"

1790

1183

66.06

318

310

282

272

50

97

198

The superintendent of the Cattle Department
made up on all classes a report of the reasons
as given by the committee for their judgment.
And such a report was commenced on this class
and started off by stating the Hereford steer to
be the oldest by three or four months. We have
sought from the records of the society a copy of
his report on dressed steers, but are informed
that no report was filed.

Learning of his claim, or that of the com-
mittee as to age, the Hereford men called the
superintendent's attention to the heads of the
two steers, which hung near by. The Shorthorn
with a full four-year-old mouth and the Here-
ford with a three-year-old mouth.

To explain more satisfactorily as to the ages
by the teeth, we had engravings made of a three
and four-year-old mouth, (jf 12G)

It will be perceived that the three-year-old
shows for the corner teeth the two calf-teeth;
these were gone in the Hereford steer, one of
the cavities .still empty, and the other showed
the new tooth just above the gum.

The four-year-old teetli represent the mouth
of the Shorthorn (Drake) that was dressed.

favor of the Hereford, 'riie n'tulcr, from the
teeth statement, iiiuy add (u this as per his judg-
ment.

The Hereford head, paunch, stomach, etc.,
■weighed 362 pounds.

The Shorthorn head, paunch, stomach, etc.,
weighed 371 pounds, or, for the Hereford 18.4
per cent ; for the Shorthorn 20.8 per cent. The
Shorthorn 3.4 per cent more waste offal than
the Hereford.

The Hereford show.s hide and tallow, 284
pounds; the Shorthorn shows bide and tallow,
245 pounds, giving the Hereford 14. 46 per cent
valuable offal and the Shorthorn 13. (Jo piT cent
valuable offal, being .81 per cent more for the
Hereford ; and of net to gro.«s weight 1.36 per
cent in favor of the Hereford.

Thus, in every point of comparison the Here-
ford show.s the best record.

The reader must not forget that the Hereford
was one of eiglit three-year-olds, and tliat
five of the eight were selected to show in St.
Louis in October and contracted then to
ht delivered in December. It was intendcxl
to take the best five, and hence five of the

231

II I S T O R-Y 0 F HE K I-] F OKI) (' A T T L E

eight were drawn before this selection was
made.

That the Shorthorn was one of six hundred.

And another point to keep in mind is the two
sets of teeth.

With these facts accessible to each reporter of
this test, the impression attempted to be carried
out was that the Hereford won by main
strength; that is, because of greater net weijfht,
seeking erroneously to convey that if the quality

should have been taken into account the victory
would have been with the Shorthorns. This at-
tempt to detract from the value of the award
we endeavored to make fruitless. It might
have been stated that had the superintendent
had the selection of a committee to pass on the
merits of the steers, it would have gone as the
awards on the three-year-olds, the one-year-olds
and the cows.

^^eTefoT3^. NeYsw'i SVovc-Wovn ,ot Vow

A UUEEDEltS' J0URN.\L CARTOON OF 1S85.

H 1 S> T U K Y U F H E K E F O K D C A T T L E

aSo

CHAPTER XVII.

Opposition Encountered by Herefokd Exiiif.itoks, 1877-8-9

It must be rememljered that during the years
immediately preceding the first strictly beef
show that was inaugurated by the Chicago Fat
Stock Show in 1879, the Hereford cattle were
handicapped at the different State and district
fairs, by having no class provided for them,
or, if there was, small and insignificant pre-
miums were offered for them in comparison
with those offered for the Shorthorns ; and at
the best it was a one-sided affair and it was
intended to be so. Shorthorn breeders or their
friends were made judges in each competition
and the programme was made up for them to
win.

We are aware that the charges of manipulat-
ing Judges for the purpose of carrying any in-
terest is quite a serious charge. We would not
make it did we not believe it to be true; and
with the fullest evidence to. support the charge;
or if we believed the practice would be discon-
tinued without it. We will not be tedious in
bringing ujj a large number of cases, but will
touch on a few of the prominent ones.

First, we will name what occurred at Ottawa
in 18T7. The Hereford exhibitors asked for an
impartial and able committee when they should
come in competition with the Shorthorns. This
appeal was made to the president and several
of the vice-presidents. It was granted that
the Hereford breeders had a right to an impar-
tial committee. And it is possible that the su-
perintendent had instructions on this point;
at any rate, he gave the Hereford exhibitors the
assurance that they should have his best en-
deavor to get an impartial committee or judges.
He advised the Hereford exhibitors that he had
finally selected a referee to complete the com-
mittee, who he believed would be impartial and
competent. That referee was ilr. J. IT. Spear,
one of the leading Shortliorn men of the State.
It is well, however, to state that botli tiie super-
intendent and tlie marshal of the ring who offi-
ciously assisted him were and had been promi-
nent Shortliorn breeders for years ; and the
marslial had lieen tlie salesman for the Short-
horn herds of the entire West.

Again, at Freeport iu 1878, the Hereford ex-
hibitors asked of the hoard that they would take
special pains to see that fair and imjjartial
judges should be selected for herd and sweep-
stakes premiums, and proposed that President
Gilliam and ex-President Reynolds should select
these judges. This was agreed to. They were
so selected and the Herefords in the first contest
took the first jiremium. The Shorthorn breed-
ers made a row and would not submit thei*
claims to this committee for further contest,
whereupon the aforesaid Chief Marshal was
delegated to form and select the committee, and
did select them in the interest of the Short-
horns, when the Hereford exliibitors withdrew
from competition.

Again, at the fat stock show in 1879, when
the Herefords and Shorthorns came into com-
petition, the Hereford four-year-old steer, be-
longing to T. L. Miller, took the first premium
over all the breeds. This was the signal for
another row, the result of which was a partisan
contest.

We have before called attention to this ex-
hibit, and we now repeat some of tlie figures to
show the character of the animals in conijic-
tition, and the challenge given to dress tlie bul-
locks and cows from the Hereford exhibits
against the winning Shorthorn steers.

Our State Board had for many years, perhaps
always, brought all the beef breeds into com-
petition at the State Fair until this year they
followed the practice of the Xortheni Oliio.
Michigan and other State societies in excluding
competition between breeds. This and other
instances positively indicate that when Short-
horn breeders cannot control the decisions they
use their influence to prevent competition. It
is perhaps only another evidence that the Short-
horn men liad influence enough to say what
should be and what should not be at fairs and
fat stock shows.

In the first class of steers in the Chicago Fat
Stock Show in 1879, four years ohl and over,
the winning steers were a grade Hereford first
and a srade Shortliorn second, tlii> former be-

236

H I S T 0 li Y OF 11 E 1! E F 0 K 1) C A T T L E

longing to T. L. Miller and the latter to J. D.
Gillette.

For steers three and under four there was a
large number of entries. The steers taking the
awards were first a Shorthorn and second a
Devon :

Name of Animal. Date ot Birth.

tea
> fc

1. T. Stevens. G. S. H. Apr. 25. '76 1294 1986 1.53

2. Jim Lockwood, D'n. June 4, '76 1284 1649 1.28
0. Barney, G. Hereford May 15, '76 1275 1991 1.56

There were other Hereford steers before the
judges, perhaps better than this, but this is well
enough.

For steers, two and under three j-ears, both
awards went to Shorthorns ; there was only one
Hereford entry. We give below the age, weight
and gain per day of the winning steers and of
the Hereford steer:

i

fi

c .

Name

of Animal.

Date of Birth.

::

C3 «

P:

—

""

be

—

>'Z

0.

<:

C^

<a.

1,

Victoria Diike, G.S.H

Apr.

22,

■77

932

1532

1.64

2.

P. Cooper. G. S. H.

Dec.

14.

•76

1059

1534

1.44

0.

Alex..

G. Hereford

Aug.

lo.

•77

820

1474

1.80

This record needs no comment.

For steers one and under two years old there
were fourteen entries — three or four of tho.se-
wcre Herefords. The first and second premiums
went to Shorthorns. We give the following fig-
ures in reference to the winning steers and one
of the Herefords :

H Name of Animal. Date of Birth.

Mc.Mullen. G. S. H.
C. S. Reed. G. S. H.
Putnam. G. Hereford

Mar. 5. '76
May 15. '78
July 12, '7S

1196 1.97
1300 2.38
1152 2.39

This review of the four classes of grade steers
where the Herefords and Shorthorns were in
competition with the tables showing ages,
weights and average gain per day from birth,
is in each class in favor of tlie Herefords. Tiie
only question remaining open is the one of
quality. To test this Jlr. Miller, the owner and
exhibitor of the Hereford steers, made a propo-
sition to test these awards by dressing the bul-
locks as follows :

Chicago, 111., Nov. 14. '79.
Hon. J. R. Scott. President of tlie State Board
of Agriculture of Illinois:

The object of your Board is (o determine.

among otiier things, the comparative value of
th.; different breeds of beef animals. Among
other ways, expert judges of beef animals are
called upon to pass upon the merits of such
animals as are brought before you. This will
determine the merits — excepting the errors of
judgment and prejudices in favor of different
breeds.

To correct such errors and prejudices, if any
exist, I will submit my cattle that have come in
competition with other l)reeds to the direction
of your Board, to be slaughtered as follows:

My grade Hereford steer "Ben," four years
old, which took the first (1st) premium in Lot
5, against the four-year-old steer that took first
(1st) premium in Lot G.

My three (3) year-old steer Barney against
the first (1st) premium steer in Lot 5.

My yearling steer Putnam against the first
(1st) premium yearling steer in Lot 5.

My yearling steer General against the year-
ling steer that took first premium in Lot G.

My cow Jennie against the cow that took first
premium in Lot 6.

The best of each of these animals to be deter-
mined by the quality of the meat of each ani-
mal, and the greatest amount of dressed meat
to tlie gross weight of each.

Very respectfully yours,

T. L. Miller.

In reply to this proposition the following en-
dorsement Was made, and the papers returned
to me:

Illinois State Board of Agriculture,
Chicago, Nov. 15, 1879.

Kespectfully returned with the statement that
the matter contained herein has been duly con-
sidered by the Boartl, and that the Board has
decided not to depart from the published pro-
gramme for the Fat Stock Show in this request
at this late date.

Jos. R. Scott, President.

The following entries were made for the
|)remiums for dressed bullocks:

Date of Birth.

<

%

>"fc£

< an

Boynton. S. H.

Dee. 13,

'77

697 .

1338

1.92

Snowflake, G. S. H.

June 1,

•7«

1257

1978

1.57

Drake. G. S. H.

May 15,

•76

1274

1799

1.41

Harnev. G. Hereford

May 15.

•76

1274

1991

1.56

Putnam, G. Hereford

July 12,

•76

483

1152

2.39

Jim Lockwood. Devon

June 4,

'76

1254

1619

1.31

The above entries were made by ])arties as
follows : Bovnton. by J. M. Brown & Sons,
Berlin. 111. : Snowflake and Drake, bv J. D. Gil-
lelte, Elkhart, 111.; Barney and Putnam, by T.

HISTORY OF HEREFOIJD CATTLE

237

■L. Miller. Bccclicr, 111.; Jim Lockwood, by L.
F. Ross, Avou, 111. Besides, our Hereford cow
Jennie was entered for dressing. We offered
the owner of the cow taking the premium to
dress his cow against ours, which was declined.
We then offered ten cents a pound for the cow.
This was refused. The dressing would have
been a fitting and proper test by which to have
tried these verdicts.

In the above table there is evidence to show
in the three-year-old classes that the Hereford
was certainly a better steer than the Devon, and
the dressing of these steers proved this con-
clusively, as between the first premium steer
and the Hereford the difference is so light that
only the dressing would determine the fact — the
difference is, however, in favor of the Here-
ford.

In the two-year-old class the Hereford shows
.16 pounds per day from birth the largest gain;
and he was certainly the ripest and smoothest
steer of the lot.

In the one-year-old class the Hereford shows
a trifle the largest gain per daj', and for quality
and thickness of flesh the Shorthorns could not
compare with him, and he would have dressed
ten pounds to the hundred more than either the
. first or the second premium steer.

The large exhibits of Hereford cattle that
we have had made at many of the prominent
fairs were found to be a desirable feature by
the several managers, and we had many cordial
invitations to show over the West. We were
promised fair play and a classification for the
Herefords. To these invitations we gave in Au-
gust, 1880, the following reply:

"Your favor inviting me to exhibit at your
fair this fall is at hand. While I slwuld be
glad to exhibit on your grounds, if I were ex-
hibiting at all, I have to reply that I deter-
mined last fall that I would not exhibit breed-
ing stock in the future, and for these reasons :
that the condition in which stock must be put,
if success in taking premiums is secured, endan-
gers the breeding quality of the animals ex-
hibited, and, beyond this, is wasteful and ille-
gitimate, and the fact that this custom has been
followed for years is no reason why it shoidd be
continued.

"There are none that realize these facts more
fully than the exhibitors themselves. I fol-
lowed the exhibitions for years, with some suc-
cess as an exhibitor. I have had large numbers
on exhil)ition and in good condition. If it has
not resulted in as much loss of good breeding
animals as some others, it has been because the
feeding has not been pushed to such an extent
as others have done, and the feeding has been

conducted with good Judgment and my breed of
cattle lias more constitution to stand the strain.

"Our showing brought the Herefords into
notice and gave them a credit they might not
have obtained without it. We followed this
showing, not that I might prove my cattle better
than other Herefords, but that we might prove
the Herefords better than any other breed, and
this showing of breeding stock has been the only
opportunity that we have had of bringing them
in competition with other breeds. We were
obliged to show under the great disadvantage of
having Shorthorn breeders make our rules and
our judges. We, however, won substantial hon-
ors, even under these conditions, over the Short-
horns, their breeders themselves being our
judges.

"This is not all. Xearly all the societies that
have been prominent at the West exclude this
competition as between the Herefords and
Shorthorns. Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Iowa and St. Louis offer no compe-
tition between breeds.

A TYPICAL BULLS HEAD. CORRECTOR 4S9T6.
(Photograph tram life.)

"The 3iliuneapolis Fair Association, con-
ducted by Col. King, does offer open competi-
tion between breeds, and he offers liberal pre-
miums, and I should be glad to go there and
give that association such Ivelp as my herd and
flock could, to make his fair the greatest success
of any show this fall, and I will give all the aid
I can to see that the Herefords are well repre-
sented there, and should he another year give
the competition he offers now to breeding stock
and fat steers I will agree that the Herefords
shall have a representation that will be credit-
able to his show and to the breed.

"The societies that I have named as having
shut off competition as to breeds are run bv
Shorthorn breeders and in the interest of Short-
horn cattle. Some of the officers of tiiese soeie-

238

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

ties say I cannot afl'onl to kcej) my cattle off
thfir sliow <;roiiiids. Perhaps not. The future
will detiTniine this. There is one thing al>ou(
this: these societies cannot afford to run them
in the interest of the Shorthorn hreed of cattle.
The people are inquiring for the hest breed and
they are looking for the proper tests of merit as
between the different breeds, and they would
look to the State and district societies for a
solution of this question. They have done so
in tlie past, sujjposing that societies taking the
names of our great commonwealths to designate
their special organization, conducted by men
selected from the different congressional dis-
tricts, and holding olTice imder official seal, in
the name of the people, for the purpose of se-
lecting the best kind, and the best of the best
kind : 1 say, it has been supposed that men
acting thus under the great seals of the dif-
ferent States, and ostensibly for the public

benefit, were doing what they professed, and not
for their individual benefit ; and when they, the
people, shall recognize that all this machinery
has been used to advance the Shorthorn inter-
e.st, there will be as mucli use for them as there
is for the old ruined castles and monasteries of
the Old World.

"I have shown under these managements, un-
der this order. I have known when on these
grounds tliat there was as much chance of win-
ning against Shorthorns as there was to l)e

struck by lightning; still, I have gone on, ho]v
ing there might be a time in the future when
this partialisni should pass away. But this hope
has never pissed. When these men could no
longer carry their ends, they say they will not
permit competition as between breeds. Having
decided on this, there is no further object in
visiting the.se show grounds.

"This work of Shorthorn breeders was fairly
illustrated at Ottawa (Illinois State Fair) when
Mr. was sujjerintendent of the cattle de-
partment. I was making a very good show,
and I asked of the president and ex-president
and several of the vice-presidents that they
would see that fair and impartial men were se-
lected as judges to pass on the herd and sweep-
stakes premiums. I claimed I had a right to

this. It was admitted, and Mr. admitted

the right, and after great protestations of try-
ing, said to me he thought he had a good com-
mittee, and the last men selected had been se-
lected after a very careful and laborious search,
a search that had been so burdensome that he
was obliged to get the aid of that other impar-
tial and disinterested vice-president and offi-
cial. Col. , and the combined efforts of

these officials — one the cattle superinten-
dent, the other the marshal of the ring, and,
after a laborious and ]iainstaking search of the
State they found Mr. Spears, another disinter-
ested and impartial man, to place as one of the
judges to pass on the merits of the Herefords
and Shorthorns. Mr. (the superintend-
ent) is and was a prominent Shorthorn breed-
er. Col. is and was all this and, besides,

was the salesman that sold all the Shorthorns
of the great West; and the judge selected was
one of the leading, and perha])s at his best, the
leading Shorthorn breeder in Illinois.

"These are the kind of men that have run the
cattle department of the great Board of Agri-
culture of the State of Illinois. The farmers
(if Illinois and the West wish to know the best
breeds for a given purpo.«e, and they will find
a way by which to determine it. 1 am not pre-
jiared to say that the showing on the fair
grounds of Illinois has not been a benefit to
the Herefords. I think it has ; l)ut there may be
ways and means liy which the Herefords can be
brought before the public. We may find one of
these ways, and find it by bringing breeding
stock in breeding condition and fat stock in fat
condition.

"The steer is the legitimate product of any
beef breed. I will endeavor to show to a rea-
sonable extent this product, and will take the
liberty of using the public shows or find some
other way. For thepresenti will not show breed-

HISTORY OF HE RK FORD CATTLE

239

ing stock in fat stock condition, and will not, if
I can avoid it, show Herefords against Short-
horns with Shorthorn men for judges. A prom-
inent Shorthorn advocate calls my attention to
the premiums offered at Minneapolis — $8"45 in
class and for best herd — and asks if Herefords
are not in full force what will be the reason ?
Well, for myself, I have decided not to show
breedingstock ; butitis somewhat singular that
this Shorthorn advocate is anxious for the repu-
tation of the Herefords.

"Very respectfully,

"T. L. Miller."
First Western Showing Fat Steers. —
The end and profit of all beef herds of cattle
is the butcher's block; but previous to the de-

termined effort made by Hereford cattle breed-
ers to show to the public that their cattle were
by far the best beef cattle, both in economy of
production and dressed carcasses, no effort had
been made at the several State and Agricultural
Shows, to bring out a beef exhibit in the way of
fat steers.

The St. Louis (Mo.) Fair always had, in
those days, much the best attended and success-
ful show in the West. That fair in 1879 made
a move in the right direction, by offering a large
and renninerative premium for the five l)est
fat steers. This was a new feature in their fair
and the premium was awarded to five Hereford
steers, shipped from within forty miles of Chi-
cago and owned by the writer.

PURE HEREFORD COW JENNY.

(Champion Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1878, bred by T. L.

Miller.)

240

II I S T () H Y OF HERE F (J R D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XVIII.

Impartial Judges Needed

It had been remarked upon several occasions,
"the enormity of Miller, that insignificant
Hereford cattle breeder", charging a conspiracy
upon a large number of Shorthorn men, mem-
bers of State Agricultural Associations and di-
rectors of Fat Stock Shows, to suppress and de-
fraud the Hereford cattle of their rightful hon-
ors. To meet this, as well as, to show what
Herefords have had to contend with, we have
gone quite fully into the facts, and presented
the evidence tending to prove our position and
say what we think that it proves, thus giving all
a means of judging whether we were right or
not.

That impartial judges were needed, and also
men of intelligence and fairness, to award the
prizes at the several fairs, w-as so conspicuous
a fact that the leading daily paper at Chicago,
"The Tribune," had the following to say, after
the Fat Stock Show in November, 1881:

"Nothing is plainer to the average observer
than the necessity for improvement in the mat-
ter of selecting judges to act in the various cat-
tle rings at the Chicago Fat Stock Show, and
unless radical changes for the better are made
before another year rolls round, the great show
will lose caste, and become, in the eyes of the
people, simply a place where a certain class of
breeders are given preference over all others,
without reference to merit.

"The members of the State Board are gentle-
men of excellent reputation, who, of course,
would not countenance anything which had the
appearance of unfairness.

"Several of the committee awards of last
week were the subject of unfavorable comment,
and the grounds for complaint and adver.se
criticism were perfectly well grounded. It is
to be deplored that charges of unfairness were
made under any circumstances, but in the cases
referred to, there was a palpable lack of discre-
tion, at least, on the part of the management in
allowing the same set of judges to act in more
than one sweepstake ring. The judges could
take but one course, and that was to simply en-

(l(jrse their own decisions, as to do otherwise
would have amounted virtually to stultifica-
tion.

"In several cases it was unnecessary to take
the cattle into the ring to undergo the 'farce of
an examination by the judges, and it would
have been just as well to have tied the blue rib-
bon onto the winning cattle while in their stalls.

"The force of this proposition may be readily
shown in the case of Mr. Gillette's steer Mc^Iul-
len. (^ 12?) This animal, which, by the way,
is fairly entitled to rank among the very best of
high grade stock, was shown in a ring of
twenty-one steers, composed largely of Short-
horns, for the prize offered for the best steer in
the show three years old and under four. It may
be presumed that the judges were governed en-
tirely by the question of merit, and after a crit-
ical examination the prize was awarded to Mc-
Mullen. This occurred on Wednesday. On the
following day in the sweepstakes ring for the
best steer or cow in the show the same animals
were entered and the judges were called upon
to act. The decision of the men who had al-
ready decided in a ring composed of identically
the same cattle was of course a foregone conclu-
sion, and the examination of the cattleunder the
circumstances closely resembled a farce. The
judges were handicapped by their own previous
action, and were absolutely compelled to again
award the premium to the steer Mcilullen.

"When it is remembered that this animal was
overlooked entirely in a ring where the Here-
ford men were victorious, and did not even re-
ceive second or third place at that time, it
looks very much to a man up a tree as though a
change was necessary. It is not proposed to
criticise the men. but the idea of allowing the
same judges to be placed in a position to pass
upo)i their own previous judgment is a great
mistake, to say the least.

"In the interest of harmony among exhibitors
of the different breeds of cattle, it is hoped that
some bettor method of selecting judges will be
adopted ere another j'ear has passed. It has

HISTORY OF HEREFORD TATTLE

241

been openly charged tliat the Shorthorn ring,
so called, has secured control of the show, and
that other breeders are denied certain rights and
privileges to which they are entitled. 'The
Tribune" does not believe that any ring exists
who can control the management of these
shows, but it does insist upon a better system of
judging, to the end that exact and impartial
justice may be the rule hereafter.

"In this connection the following plan is sug-
gested, by which, at least, disinterested men
might be secured for these trying and impor-
tant positions : the Board should select the best
butchers from eastern cities and pay them for
their services, and thus avoid the scandal that
yearly crops out because judges and exhibitors
are from the same localities. Having good
judges, the rule should be, that no man who
owns an animal shall be allowed to hold it while
in the ring, or to enter the ring under any pre-
text while the judges are at work. The adop-
tion of some such rules as the above, or some-
thing of that character guaranteeing a better
state of things, must be adopted at once, or the
greatest of American shows will become a by-
word and reproach."'

Those who read our great daily papers know
that they are too apt to leave the beef interests
and agricultural necessities of our stock breed-
ers and farmers out in the cold, by saying noth-
ing about them and leaving them severely alone.
But this matter of showing beef cattle, and hav-
ing justice done to the deserving ones, was of
such moment that "The Tribune" in January,
1882, again came out in the following editorial :

"During the past year much has been said
and written upon the subject of choosing judges
to act at fairs, and the matter of these selections
has become one which must attract still greater
attention before another season. There has
grown up in the minds of farmers, a pretty well
grounded opinion that in nearly all exhibition
rings there is a lack of judgment displayed, as
well in the selection of judges as in the method
in which their awards are given, and last year's
experience has not had a tendency to change
their views very materially. During the next
three months many State Boards of Agriculture
will hold their annual meetings, at which ar-
rangements for this year's fairs will be per-
fected, and it is certain that no single subject
in connection with their work demands more
thoughtful consideration than that of an im-
proved method of selecting and working judges.
There will of course be many suggestions
offered, all having in view the employment of
men whose integrity cannot be questioned, and
who, from experience, are competent to pass in-

telligent judgment and discover merit where it
exists, without regard to who may, or may not,
be pleased or Ijenefited. It has been openly
charged, particularly by cattle exhibitors, that
no one but a Shorthorn breeder or feeder can
hope for justice at the hands of Western fair
associations, and breeders of other families
claim that at these fairs the -judges are invari-
ably chosen from localities where Shorthorn
cattle are raised almost exclusively. Protests
against this manner of choosing awarding com-
mittees have been repeatedly made, especially
by Hereford breeders, not a few of whom assert
that the whole system of selecting judges, par-
ticularly in the Western states, is controlled by
what they are not backward in terming the
'Shorthorn ring.'

"If such a combination exists, it is high time
that measures were adopted by which its influ-
ence and power can be broken. The struggle
for supremacy between the different breeds of
beef cattle has become an exciting one, and the

<?I201A

HEART GIRTH OF HEREFORDS AND SHORTHORNS
COMPARED.

consumers are deeply interested in the outcome.
The several associations owe it to themselves,
and the public to whom they look for patron-
age and support, to adopt such rules and regu-
lations governing the award of premiums as
will guarantee perfect fairness between con-
testants. There should be an honest effort made
to stop the wholesale charge of unfairness that
has acted for years past as an injury to the ex-
hibitions, and which has become a matter of
adverse comment, both at home and abroad.
Breeders of fine cattle cannot afford to have
their interests jeopardized through the actions
of incompetent or biased judges, in whose hands
they are compelled to place them. 'The Trib-
une,' during the week of the recent Fat Stock
Show, Xovemher, 1881. -took occasion to criticise
the method then in practice, and unhesitatingly
stamped several of the awards as entirely wrong.
Thoughtful and conscientious breeders in all
parts of the country have heartily endorsed the
opinions given at that time, and nothing is

242

IIISTOKV OF HEEEFOHD CATTLE

more certain than that a radical change is neces-
sary or the usefulness of this particular show
will cease. The practice of selecting local
judges cannot be successfully defended. As-
suming that judges chosen promiscuously from
districts from which exhibitors may come are
perfectly fair, yet, there remains cause of com-
plaint. The mep thus chosen, in many cases,
being friends or acquaintances of exhibitors,
that fact of itself creates a feeling of distrust
which may or may not be warranted, and leaves
the door wide open for criticisms which would
not be possible if the jiidges were selected from
remote localities. This course would entail
quite an expense, no doubt, but associations
can better afford to close their doors without
a profit than to countenance any system by
which their usefulness and integrity can be im-
peached to the .slightest extent.

"It is said that the Illinois State Board, un-
der wliose auspices the Fat Stock Show is con-
ducted, will, at their annual meeting, which oc-
curs this month, take measures to quiet the dis-

sensions that have heretofore existed by adopt-
ing some plan that will guarantee to exhibitors
the utmost fairness, based upon the test of
merit, and that alone. In this the Board will
be unanimously endorsed, and other Western
fair associations should adopt similar meas-
ures."

After the appearance of the above article in
"The Tribune," at the meeting of the Illinois
State Board, the president, Mr. Scott, called the
attention of the Board, in his address, to the
necessity of procuring experts to serve as com-
mitteemen ill making awards.

It must be reiiienibered that two-thirds of the
Board were Shorthorn breeders, and they had
friends outside, and that every move that was
made in the Board was known to these out-
siders. That President Scott was surrounded
with these men. and that they were determined
to hold the Shortliorns in position : and, though
vastly outnumbered, there were men in the
Board that were desirous of having its methods
all that they should be.

UIAGKA.M OK UUTCHKKS CUTS.

.ANATio.N.— 1, neck; 2, chuck; 3. ribs; 4 and r>, plates; 0. shoiilder-clod ; 7, lirlsket; R, shank; 9, short-loin, or porterhouse;
10, sirloin; 11, rump; 12, round; 13, flank; 14, lower-round.

HISTORY OF HEEEFOIU) CATTLE

243

CHAPTER XIX.

American Hereford Record

The Hereford cattle had become so numerous
in America by 1879 that it became a matter of
necessity to have a Herd Book in which to re-
cord their pedigrees.

The English Herd Book was commenced by
Mr. Eyton; he published the first and second
volumes, recording only bulls, numbered from
1 to 901. Mr. Powell followed him with the
first part of Volume III, up to number 1,137.
At this point Mr. Thomas Duckham of Baysham
Court, Ross, took up the work, and published
the Herd Book from 1,138 of bulls up to the
close of Volume IX. Eyton and Powell in their
work recorded only bulls. Mr. Duckham, start-
ing at part second, in Volume III, recorded
cows as well as bulls.

At the close of Volume IX the breeders of
Hereford cattle in England formed the society,
termed the Hereford Herd Book Society, bought
of Mr. Duckham, on March 5, 1878, the copy-
right and continued the publication. Mr. Duck-
ham commenced the publication of the Herd
Book in 1857, and was at that time a tenant
farmer at Baysham Court, in the town of Ross,
in Herefordshire. He was a prominent and
skillful breeder of Hereford cattle.

The first jjresident of the Hereford Herd
Book Society was J. H. Arkwright (H 128),
Hampton Court, Herefordshire. Vice-president
was the Earl of Coventry (^ 129), Croomc
Court, Worcester. The council consisted of
twenty-four prominent and well-known breed-
ers. The editing committee: Sir J. Russell
Bailey, Mr. T. Duckham, Mr. H. Haywood and
Mr. J. Hill. The secretary, S. W. Urwick
(T[ 130), Leinthal, Ludlow.

Mr. Thomas Duckham was prominent in
keeping the Herefords before the public,
through the press, and was the means of dis-
tributing large numbers of them to Australia
and other parts of the world. There is no
man to whom the Hereford breeders, and
through them the stock breeders of the world,
are more indebted. In 1S7(i, at our great Cen-
tennial Exliihitiou al Philadelphia, the man-

agers of that exhibit sent to the English dov-
ernment for a man competent to act as judge on
the Hereford breed of cattle that should be
exhibited at that show. The Duke of Rich-
mond, then at the head of the Agricultural De-
partment, selected Mr. Duckham for that posi-
tion, and he visited this countrj', accredited
from that government.

(H 131) Taking the English Hereford Herd
Book as the foundation, I, in 1879, com-
menced the compilation of the American Here-
ford Record. I realized that in any thor-
oughbred race of cattle the cow was as import-
ant in securing the purity of the breed as the
bull, and that she should be equally well identi-
fied in the pedigree of any animal. To secure
this identification we could not see any better
wav than to give each cow a number as well as
the" bull.

To avoid the great repetition common to other
herd books, that was a consequence of giving
the entire pedigree with every entry, each entry
in our book consisted of only sire and dam, with
their Herd Book numbers, the breeder's and
owner's names, and date of birth.

The Hereford "Times," England, comment-
ing on this, says: "As everyone knows, Amer-
icans never like following a beaten track, and
this volume is certainly most iinique in its
arrangement, and presents a very different ap-
pearance from anything that we have ever
seen."

The first volume came from our press at
Beecher, 111., in 1880, aiul we thought that,
considering the great service which had been
done the Hereford breed of cattle by the Hon.
Thomas Duckham* that he was entitled to the
place of honor in the frontispiece of the first
volume.

There were also twenty-one illustrations of
prominent Hereford cattle. Volume II was is-
sued in 1S82. and carried the number of entries
up to number (5.41.5. the frontispiece being
Mr. Benjamin Tomkins, the oldest known Here-
ford breeder, that being followed by tlie earliest

244

II I STO !{ V

II

F()i;i) CATTLE

advocate of Hercfunls in Ann ricii. Mr. William
H. Sothaiii, and loilowin^'^ in tiiis liunorablo
conipam', our own portrait

As was natural and right, after the forma-
tion of the American Hereford Cattle Hrecders"
Asf^ociation, the arduous work of publishiufr tlie
Herd Book was assumed by them, they ]mr-
ehasing from us the copyright and volumes on
hand. To say that the work and expense of
establishing the .\meriean Hereford Record was
very large is stating the case entirely within
the bounds of truth.

There was a change in the form of the
American PIcreford Record, beginning with
Volume VIII, arbitrarily undertaken, as we be-
lieve, by the Executive Committee., without
jiroper thought and reference to the combined
wisdom of the Association, and we have watched
with interest the spirited and intelligent efforts
of Mr. T. F. B. Sotham to have the form wo
instituted reinrned into \ise.

We therefore derive much satisfaction from
the information recently conveyed to us in a
letter (1889) from Mr. Sotham, as follows:
"You will doubtless be pleased to know that my
repeated attacks on the error of the Executive
Committee in changing your form of record to
the 'old fashioned,' 'out of date' style of other
books, and common to other breeds, is about
to bear fruit. Though laughed at for my pains,
and called a 'pedigree crank' because I insisted
that the tabulated pedigree is the only simple
form, easy of comprehension, 1 have had victory
enough in seeing even the 'pooh-])oohing' mem-
bers of the Executive Committee adopt this
form ; forced to do so because of the custom
everywhere prevailing among Hereford breed-
ers. Your victory is coming, too, for, much
against his will, the leading Executive Commit-

teeman has just told me that owing to the in-
creasing nundjer of Herefords he is obliged to
go back to the original form established by you,
and forms have been ordered for preparing the
copy for Volume XXI after your original and
unique style." Mr. Sotham adds: "It is de-
cidedly unpleasant to set up an ojiinion in oppo-
sition to this willful and too powerful Execu-
tive Committee, but I have the true interests
of the Hereford cattle at heart, and being sure,
first, of being right, I have gone ahead in my
dear old father's belief that 'the right must in
the end prevail.' "

We would only add that when we established
the American Hereford K<'cord we were as sure
as we are now that the Hereford will ultimately
be the world's prevailing cattle, and in found-
ing the American Herd Book we wanted that
foundation simple and solid. We foresaw the
increase of the breed and had we remained in
charge of the Record we should have begun with
Volume III to put more entries on a page.
The only reason we had for limiting the entries
(9) on a page in the Volumes I and II, got out
by us, was, that with our unique form of entry,
more would limit the pages and make too thin a
volume.

We trust that young Mr. Sotham's prediction
of a return with Volume XXI to the original
form may be verified. We believe such a return
inevitable; and further, we believe that the day
will come when the \inwarranted change of form
will be generally condemned and a reprint de-
manded that will praetioally eliminate Vol-
umes VIII to XX, inclusive, from the libraries
of Hereford breeders and prove the indefensible
work of the committee on these volumes a waste
of tlie Association's money.

\ IlliKEOIOltS'
Miller Infornii

JOUUNAI.. CARTOON OF 1SS3.
I'rpsidont Scott of the fr.'iudi
entries.)

UlSTUUY OF llEltEFOlJD CATTLE

245

CHAPTER XX.

American Hekkfokd Cattle Breeders' Association

In pursuance to a general desire for united
action of the Hereford Cattle Breeders of the
United States, a call was made for a meeting.
This was fixed for the 22d of June, 188L Upon
that day there was a meeting of the Hereford
breeders at the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago,
and Mr. C. M. Culbertson {^ 132) was nomi-
nated by Mr. T. L. Miller, Beecher, III, for
temporary chairman, when, upon taking his
seat, Mr.^T. E. Miller (Tj 133) was chosen sec-
retary. The Chairman then appointed a Busi-
ness Committee of the following gentlemen:
Adams Earl (If 134), Lafayette, IncL; J. M.
Studebaker (U 135), South Bend, Ind. ; George
F. Morgan (If 136), Carmago, 111.; Thomas
Clark (If 137), Beecher, 111.; R. W. Sample/
Lafayette, Ind.; B. Hershey (If 138), Musca-
tine, la. ; X. Abbe, Elyria, Ohio, for the pur-
pose of putting the business of the Association
in shape and bringing it before them.

The}' presented the following plan of organi-
zation :

This Society shall be known as the American
Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association.

The officers shall be a President and nine
Vice-presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, and an
auditing committee of three, and nine di-
rectors.

The term of office of President, Vice-presi-
dent, Secretary, Treasurer and Auditing Com-
mittee shall be for one year, or until their suc-
cessors are elected and qualified. The Directors
shall be elected for one, two and three years,
respectively, three for each year.

Any breeder of Hereford cattle in good
standing can become a member by handing his
name to the Secretary, and paying the sum of
$20 for individual or firm.

The officers shall be chosen every year, by a
majority vote of the members present, or by-
proxy, at a meeting called by the President for
that purpose. The President shall have the
power to call a meeting of all members, or of
the Auditing Committee, at any time that lie
thinks jjropor.

Two of the Auditing Committee shall form
a quorum to do business.

The duty of the Secretary shall be to keep an
account of all the doings of the Society. The
Treasurer shall keep all funds paid into the
Society, and pay the same out on the order of
the Auditing Committee.

In case the American Hereford Record is
approved and endorsed by the Society it shall
be the duty of the Auditing Committee to have
the "American Hereford Record"" thoroughly
examined by a competent person or persons,
and if any serious or important error is found,
to take note of the same, so that it may be cor-
rected by insertion in the second volume, soon
to come out. All records and other matter that
go into the second volume of the "American
Hereford Record"' must first be examined and
approved of by the Auditing (,'ommittee.

The object of the Society is to promote
and improve the beef cattle of the country, by
the introduction of the Hereford strain of cat-
tle, more generally throughout the beef-pro-
ducing' region, claiming, as we think, justly,
that where the Here fords have been fairly tried
they have proved themselves far superior and
more profitable as beef cattle than any other
breed known. We claim them as being better
graziers, winter better on rough feed, mature
earlier and bring better prices than any otlier
known breed of cattle, and in ])roof of this we
ask all who have given them a fair trial with
any other strain of cattle to come and testify.

The Committee presented an address to the
Society. Some points made in it were as follows:
"We want it distinctly understood that we pro-
test now and shall at all fairs jirotest, as is our
right, against any man judging as to merit
between diflFerent breeds of cattle who is in-
terested in the breeding of any of the breeds
competing, either directly or indirectly. We
think it would be unfair, as if C. II. ^^cCo^-
mick was to be made judge of the I)est make of
mowing machines, or ^fr. Stmlebaker as a judgi
of the best wagon or carriage at a fair. Wc

246

HlSTOliY OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

approve of fat stock shows. It is the great edu-
cator, for on the block all beef has finally to be
tested. We heard old bulcKers say at the last
fall show that they had been butchers for
twenty to thirty years, but had learned more
in two davs at' the fat stock show than they
had in the past thirty years. Of course they
must have been Bourbons all that time. We
do not want sucli for judges; we want butchers
that try to learn something every day. Our
ambition should be, not how or by what tricks
we can obtain premiums, but rather how to
merit them, then if beaten unfairly, it is some-
times worth more than a victory, where the
spectators see that palpable injustice has been
done.

"Having examined the American Hereford
Record, we have no hesitation in saying that we
approve it for its simplicity and brevity, and
so far as we have examined it, find it correct
and reliable, and in connection with this, we
must say that T. L. Jliller deserves much praise
from the Hereford breeders for not only get-
ting up the Kecord, but also for the long and
steady fights he has made, almost alone, in
championing the Hereford cause, until he
brought them to the front to stay ; for, once to
the front, they will take care of themselves."

The following officers were elected: President,
C. M. Culbcrtson, Cliicago, HI. ; Secretary, T.
E. ililler, Beecher, 111. ; Treasurer, Adams Earl,

A BllEEDERS' JOURNAL CARTOON OF 1S83.
(President Scott stands on the rule.)

Lafavette, Ind. ; Vice-president.s, A. H. Swan,
Cheyenne. Wyo. ; W. H. Todd ('f 13!)), Ver-
million. Ohio: William Hamilton, Flint, Mich.;
K. W. Samjile. Lafavette, Ind. ; G. S. Burleigh
(\\ 140). MechanicsviJle, Iowa; J. M. Stude-
baker. South Bend, Ind.: William II. Sotham,
Chicago. HI.: .\. II. Scalnirv, New Bedford,
Mass.; A. D. Raul). Earl Park, Ind.; N. Abbe,
Klyria, Ohio; ^Ir. Lee of Lee & Reynolds,
Camp Supply. Indian Territory.

Auditing Committee: William Powell,
Beecher, 111.; Thomas Clark, Beecher, HI.; T.
L. Miller, Beecher, 111.

One- Year Directors: H. Xorris, .\urora,
111.; E. R. Price, Chicago, 111.; C. Oudgell,
Pleasant Hill, Mo.

Two- Year Directors: Joseph Frank, Chi-
cago. 111. ; George F. Morgan, Camargo, 111. ;
W. S. VanXatta (][ 141), Fowler, Ind.

Three- Year Directors: Thomas Clark,
Beecher, 111. ; W. E. Campbell, Caldwell, Kas. ;
T. L. Miller, Beecher, 111.

Mr. Earl, Chairman of the Business Com-
mittee, recommended the adoption of the
.\merican Hereford Herd Book, as gotten up in
good shape, and giving correct pedigree of
Hereford cattle in all its arrangements. It was
adopted by a unanimous vote.

Mr. Miller handed the President a copy of
the American Hereford Record to be presented
to Mr. W. H. Sotham, the old champion and
original Hereford advocate, (jj 142) It was
])resented him in the name of the Association.

(^ 1-13) , . .

It was moved and adopted that the Associa-
tion meet annually for general purposes of busi-
ness connected with this Association during the
week of the Fat Stock Show at Chicago, 111.

<1T 1^^) . , . . .

The second meeting of the Association

(^ 145) was held during the Chicago Fat Stock

Show, Friday, November 11, 1881. The same

(iflicers were re-elected and general work

]ilanned. The meeting was very successful,

and the enthusiasm that it produced among

the breeders of Herefords contributed largely

to the success and larger show of Hereford

steers that were made the following year.

The third meeting of this Association was
held on November 17, 1882, in the club room
u( the Sherman House, Chicago, 111. The meet-
ing was called to order by the President, C. M.
( ulbertson, of Chicago. In his opening ad-
dress the President stated that, as the most of
the Hereford breeders had not arrived in Chi-
cago, this meeting would be merely a prelim-
inary one for the purpose of talking over busi-
ness matters that would be brought up before
the regular annual meeting, to be held Novem-
ber 21st.

The matter of the American Hereford Cattle
Breeders" Association purchasintr, as a society,
from ilr. T. L. Jliller. of Beecher. 111., the
.Vnierican Hereford Record, was introduced.
The President appointed a committee of three
gentlemen, consisting of Mr. W. S. YanNatta,
:\[r. R. W. Sample and Mr. J. M. Studebaker,
to wait on T. L. Miller and ascertain from him

HIST () 1! Y O V H E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

24:7

at what price and on what terms the Herd
Book, with its copyright, good will and volumes,
could be purchased, and to also present a finan-
cial plan by which the money necessary could
be raised.

It was moved and carried that T. E. ililler
be appointed a committee of one to submit to
the next meeting of the Association rules to
govern the admission of cattle to the third vol-
ume of the Herd Book. Mr. J. M. Studebaker
gave notice that he would present to the next
meeting a plan for a testimonial to Mr. William
Henry Sotham for his long and efficient service
in the Hereford cause.

The meeting then adjourned to Tuesday
evening, November 21st, to be held in the same
place.

The regular annual meeting of the American
Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association
was held Xovember 21st, at the Sher-
man House, Chicago, 111. The meeting
was called to order by the President, C.
M. Culbertson.

The Secretary read the minutes of
the preceding meeting. The first busi-
ness transacted was the election of offi-
cers for the ensuing year, which result-
ed in the election of Mr. C. M. Culbert-
son, of Chicago, President; C. K. Par-
melee, of Wolcott, Ind., Vice-president ;
C. B. Stuart (\\ 14(3), Lafayette, Ind.,
Treasurer. The three Directors whose
time had expired were re-elected for
three years, viz. : H. Norris, of Aurora,
111.; E. R. Eice, of Chicago, 111.; C.
Gudgell, of Pleasant Hill, Mo.

The report of the Committee on pur-
chasing the Herd Book was then called
for, which was submitted as follows :
Chicago, 111., Nov. 21, 1882.

Mr. President: We, the committee
appointed by your honorable body to confer
with Mr. T. L. Miller regarding the purchase
of the American Hereford Record, published
and owned by him, submit the following report :

The price asked by Mr. Miller is six thousand
dollars, which constitutes the good will of said
Record, including about three hundred of the
first volumes, and five hundred and twenty of
the second, which are nearly ready for distri-
bution, Mr. Miller valuing same at three dollars
each. His desire is that the book shall be con-
trolled by the Society and not by any one indi-
vidual or by a stock company, the latter of
which we, as a committee, heartily endorse. Wo
further state that Mr. Miller represented to us
that this book has cost him twelve thousand
dollars over and above receipts. In conclusion

we simply wish to say that we place this mat-
ter- in the hands of tins Society for their care-
ful consideration and final action, advising that
it take a liberal view of this matter, and pay
ilr. Miller what the unanimous voice of this
Society shall deem a fair and impartial com-
pensation for his untiring efforts in the Here-
ford cause.

Respectfully submitted by the committee.
J. M. Studebakek^
R. W. Sample^
W. S. VaxXatta.

After considerable discussion, it was moved
by Mr. Adams Earl, of Lafayette, Ind., that the
report be placed on file as received, but that the
committee be not discharged, and that the Chair
add four gentlemen to the committee, and that

TYPICAL FEMALE HEAD. GRACE 5S5J3.
(From a photograph.)

they confer further with Mr. T. L. ililler at
once and report to this meeting. The President
named Mr. Adams Earl, Mr. C. Gudgell, Mr.
W. Hamilton, Mr. E. Phelps (^ 147) as the
new members of this committee. Mr. H. C.
Burleigh (^ 148) was sulise(]uently added.
The committee then retired with l\[r. T. L.
Miller, and after considerable delay returned
and made the following re]>ort:

Mr. President:, We, the connnittee ap-
pointed to report on the subject of purchasing
the Herd Book of .Mr. T. li. Miller, have the
following report to make:

Mr. Miller has made the following proposi-
tions to the Association :

First. Proposes to sell the Herd Book and
800 volumes for $0,000, jiayablc in one year.

248

11 I S 'J' O K Y OF HE KEF 0 ll 1) C A T T L E

and to take the obligation of the Society in
payment, witli individuals' names as security.
Second. Agrees to continae the publication
of the Herd P.onk. the Society shall make the
rules for entry, and
the entry fees to re-
main as at present,
$1 for entry and 25
cents for each trae-
ins.

Third. Will sell
it to the Society at
any time when the
Society sees fit to
]iurchase it at a fair
]5rice.

Your committee
\\()uld recommend
to the Association
the acceptance of
the second proposi-
tion, and that an
auditing committee be appointed, to consist of
three, who shall draft a set of rules governing
the future entries to the Herd Book and who
shall supply Mr. ililler with a copy of the rules.

W. S. VaxXatta,

Chairman.
R. Sample,
J. M. Studebaker,
Adams Eakl,
W. Hamilton,
E. Phelps,
H. C. Burleigh,
c. gudgell.

The report was accepted and committee dis-
charged, it being resolved to leave the Herd
Book in the hands of its publisher and proprie-
tor, and that a committee consisting of C. B.
Stuart, G. S. Burleigh and W. S. YanXatta
be made a pernuinent auditing committee to
pass on pedigrees as to their eligibility for ad-
mission to the Herd Book, and also to report a
set of rules as soon as possible to this Associa-
tion which shall, upon ajiproval by this Society,
govern the admission of cattle to the American
Hereford Record.

It was suggested by the President that the
Hereford cattle breeders get together a number
of show herds of Hereford cattle in the year
1883, to the number of, say, 100 head, and
make a circuit of the fairs. An expression of
opinion was called for on the subject.

^Ir. .Tnsc])li Franks, of Cheyenne. Wye, said:
The Western ranchmen were all very favorably
inclined towards the Hereford cattle; that they
would be pleased to see such an exhibit; that

Jiis firm had individually bought over 600
Hereford bulls.

Mr. W. E. Campbell, of Caldwell, Kansas,
said the cross of a Hereford bull on a Texas
cow gave the best satisfaction. Every one now
on the range wants to get Hereford bulls. The
risk of Texas fever was more with him than
it was further Xorth. He used, beside his
Hereford bulls, two hundred Shorthorn bulls
in his herd, of which he had had a good many
die from consumption and lack of constitution,
while among his Hereford bulls he had only
lost two, one from Texas fever and one from
an accident. He takes all his bulls up in the
winter and feeds them, and finds he can feed
two Herefords on the same feed it takes to
keep up one Shorthorn. He would be pleased
to see a large exhibit of Hereford cattle next
year, and thought it would do much good.

Major W. A. Towers, of Panhandle, Texas,
thought Herefords were as liable to take Texas
fever as other cattle. He has been very much
pleased with his Herefords, has taken sixty
head to his ranch direct from England. His
grade Herefords go through the winter much
better than any of his other cattle. Is using
about an equal number of Hereford and Short-
horn bulls. Thinks it would be a good idea to
take a large show of Hereford cattle through
the fairs of Kansas and as far west as Denver,
Colo.

The President then introduced the subject of
grade Hereford steers to show at the Fat Stock
Show. There has been such a demand for
grade Hereford bulls to go west and south
that they have sold at from $60 to $75, and it
has made the steers so scarce that scarcely any
can be got, and proposed that the breeders pres-
ent pledge a certain number of calves to be
altered for the purpose of getting a supply of
Hereford steers. The following responses were
made to this appeal:

T. C. Pouting (H 149), 100; C. M. Culbert-
son. 30; J. P. Holmes, 10; Earl & Stuart. 10
grades and 2 thoroughbreds; Thomas Clark, 1 ;
Hiram Norris & Sons, 12; William Powell, 2;
Lyon Bros., 2; G. S. Burleigh, 3; Charles K.
Parmelee, 20 ; Burnham & Sons, 5 ; J. R. Price,
30; A. A. Crane & Son (H 150-151), 12; Bur-
leigh & Bodwcll, 1 grade and 4 thoroughbreds :
Dr. 0. Bush (Ij 152), 6; Thomas Foster (If 153).
20 ; Wallace Libbev (U 154) 10 ; A. II. Hood, 3 ;
A. H. BuUis (If 155). 4; A. D. Raub, 8; C.
Gudgell, 2 thoroughbreds; W. Hamilton, 5; E.
Phelps, 5; Fowler & YanXatta, 5 grades and
2 thoroughbreds; Seabury & Sample, 15; mak-
ing a total of 310 grades and 10 thorouglibreds.
Besides these, the Western men put down for

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

249

Swan Bros. & Frank, 600; W. E. Campbell. 10;
Scott & Hank, 20 ; total, (530.

The testimonial to Mr. William Henry Soth-
am was then introduced, and the following
amounts, making a total of $53.5, were pre-
sented to him: T. L. Miller Company, $100;
C. M. Culbcrtson, $100; J. M. Studebaker,
$100 ; T. C. Ponting, $25 ; William Powell, $5 ;
Edwin Phelps, $25; William Hamilton, $50;
Thomas Foster, $50; A. H. Hood, $5; W. S.
VanXatta, $10 ; Earl & Stuart, $20 ; 0. Bush,
$5 ; A. D. Raub, $5 ; G. S. Burleigh, $5 ; John
Gosling. $5; (f[ 156) Thomas Clark, $10;
Price & Jenks, $5 ; Charles Gudgell, $10.

The subject of the members of this Associa-
tion making up a purse of $2,000 to be offered
in premiums for Hereford cattle to be exhibited
at the next Fat Stock Show was introduced by
T. L. Miller. It was clearly shown how such
an amount as this offered in prizes to Hereford
breeders, in addition to the amounts offered by
the management of the show, woiild bring out
and encourage the feeding of a very large num-
ber of Hereford steers. The result of this ap-
peal was the circulation of a subscription pa-
per, of which the following is a copy :

We agree to pay the following sums, pro-
vided two thousand dollars is raised, towards
prizes to be given for Hereford cattle at the
Fat Stock Show in 1883, the classification to
be made bv a committee to consist of C. B.
Stuart, T. E. ililler and C. K. Parmelee, and
such classification to be published as early as
possible.

There was about $1,500 subscribed to the
fund, and the committee was instructed to use
every endeavor to make the sum up to the re-
quired amount. The meeting then adjourned
to Wednesday, November 22, at the same place.

The meeting of November 22d was called to
order by the President, C. M. Culbertson. The
report of the former Treasurer, Mr. Adams
Earl, was called for, who reported $260 on
hand. Mr. C. B. Stuart, who was elected Treas-
urer at the meeting on the 21st, resigned his
office for the purpose of having the Secretary
also hold the office of Treasurer. T. E. Miller,
of Beecher, 111., was elected Secretary and Treas-
urer for the ensuing year.

The resolution was adopted that all cattle for
entry in the Herd Book, which clearly came in-
side the rules made for admission of cattle,
should be printed liy its editor without submis-
sion to the Auditing Committee.

It was moved and carried that the Auditing
Committee be authorized to draw the necessary
money from the treasury to pay C. M. Culbert-

son, .Jr.. for his services in examining the
American Hereford Record.

The President suggested that the prizes at
the various agricultural shows should be given
to young cattle, and thus discourage the keep-
ing in the show herds of older cows and large
cattle. After ' considerable discussion and
amendments the following resolution was
adopted :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting
that the agricultural societies throughout the
country should make their highest herd prize
for young cattle under two years and over one
year old; their second prize to a herd under
three years and over two years old.

Owing to a misunderstanding in some of the
Chicago papers, as to the testimonial given to
Mr. Sotham, the following was adopted as the
sense of the Association: "The fund that was
presented to ^Ir. William Henry Sotham was
for the purpose of rewarding him for his ser-
vices for forty years in pushing the cause of
Hereford cattle, and is in no sense a charitv,
but is for the purpose of showing the high
sense of appreciation of this Society for the
services rendered by ^Ir. Sotham in introducing

Hereford cattle."

The attention of the Society was called to
the ages of the Shorthorn steers being shown at
the present Fat Stock Show, in which it was

stated that Mr. D.

M. Moninger. of , ' ' ,^

Galvin, Iowa, en-
tered the steer

called "Champion

of Iowa" as 715

days old, or 1

year 1 1 months

and 21 days old.

He shows six teeth

of full size, and

by the mouth is

over three years

old. The horns

of this steer have

been filed and

dressed to give

him the ap]iear-

ance of being.

younger than his

mouth would make liim. There are several

other steers entered by Mr. iloninger as two-
year-olds whose months would indicate a greater

age than that for which they were entered.
After some discussion it was moved that the

President. Mr. C. M. Culbertson. be requested

to see Mr. J. P. Reynolds and take what steps

were necessary when the matter of the ages of

JIMIGE T. C. JO.VES,
Delaware. Out.

250

1 1 I s T o m () I' 1 1 1<; 1! !•: i'' o u d ( ' a t t l e

Sliortluirii steers eaiiie u]) l)ef()r(' the Shite
Hoard.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. J. Irving

Pearce, proprietor of the Sherman House, for

the use of the rooms occupied hy this Society.

The Society then adjourned subject to the

call of the President and Executive Committee.

(Signed) T. E. Milleu,

Secretary.
Pursuant to a call from the Executive Com-
mittee, there was a meeting of this Association
at 10 o'clock A. M.
on February 2 8,
1883, at the Sher-
man House, (Chi-
cago. The busi-
ness to be brought
before the me(>t-
iiig, as stated in
the call, was as
I'dHows:

Eirst. To con-
sider and act up-
on rules to govern
future entries in
t h e " American
Hereford Kecord."
Second. To
consider proposi-
tions, looking to-
ward the Asso-
ciation owning the
"American Hereford Pecord."

Third. The organization of a life member-
ship society of American Hereford breeders.

Mr. P>. Hershey and Mr. Adams Earl were
appointed by the Chair to confer with T. L.
Miller for the purchase of the "American Here-
[ford Record" and report to the Association.
' After some discussion as to the method of
making entries in the American Hereford Rec-
ord and the undesirable form in which the
English Herd Book was published, an extract
was read froni a letter from Mr. John Tlill, of
Felhampton Court, England, one of (he editing
committee of the English Hereford ?Terd Book.
Tlie Ifon. Thomas Duckham is also one of the
editing committee. The I'xtract is as follows:
"I should like to have your opinion on the
resolution 1 proposed at the last meeting of
the English Hereford Herd Book Society, which
was, that every cow shoiild have four crosses,
and every bull four crosses (which is now the
rule). Mr. Duckham seconded me. btit we were
beaten, of course, being strongly opposed by
men who have short pedigree animals and who
are making up herds from doulitfiil beginnings.
I go even further than this, and T think it

WM. WARFIEI.D,
Lexingtou, Ky.

would, ill a year or two (due notice being
given), do better to have no animal entered un-
less it can trace to a cow already entered in the
Herd Book. This would keep the breed pure,
and prevent any alien from getting in. Jf you
and other breeders in America ajiprove of my
scheme, it would, of course, strengthen my
hands much to have their opinions in writing."

Upon hearing the letter read, the following
resolutions were introduced and carried unani-
mously :

Resolved, That we, as Hereford cattle breed-
ers of America, recognizing the great impor-
tance of keeping the breed in its purest state,
most heartily endorse all that llr. Hill and Mr.
Duckham suggest in the above communication,
and that we hope that the English Society may
take some such action looking to some such end.

Resolved, That these resolutions be made a
part of our records, and a copy of the same be
sent to Messrs. Hill and Duckham.

The committee appointed to report of the
purchase of the Herd Rook submitted the fol-
lowing report from the owner:

Chicago, February 28, 1883.
I propose to sell the American Hereford Rec-
ord to the American Hereford Cattle Breeders'
Association, if they desire to purchase the same,
for the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000),
to be paid for within one year of this date, with
G per cent, interest. In making this proposition
it is distinctly understood it shall be and re-
main in the American Hereford Cattle Breed-
ers' Association. (Signed) T. L. Miller.

The proposition was accepted by the Associa-
tion and the money was raised by assessing each
memJJer of the Association $2.17 for each thor-
oughbred Hereford owned by them on July 1,
1883.

The Chair appointed the following members
'for incorporating the American Hereford Cat-
tle Breeders' Association : W. S VanNatta, C. B.
Stuart. C. M. Culbertson, G. S. Burleigh and
T. li. ]\riller. Mr. J. B. Solliit then introduced
the following resolution, which was seecnuled
and carried unanimously: Resolved, That the
thanks of this Association are due and are
hereby tendered to T. L. Miller for the able and
effective manner in which he has got up and
published the American Hereford Record ; also
for his able and vigorous defense of the Here-
ford interest through the last eleven years.

The rules governing entries to the American
Hereford Record were then brought up by the
(oinmittee, and adopted. ^Ir. C. B. Stuart
moved that Mr. Miller lie aiijiointed a commit-
tee nf one, as he is (■(mteinplathig a trip to

HISTORY OF ]IET?KFOi;i) ("ATTI>

England, to confer with the English Hereford
Herd Book Association, and act in conjunction
with them, taking such steps as may be neces-
sary to place their pedigrees on such a footing
as will qualify them for entry in the American
Hereford Record. The price of entries in the
Herd Book to persons not members of this Asso-
ciation was fixed at $2, and the price of the
Herd Book at $5.

The Executive Committee was authorized to
employ the Secretary of this Association to t;ike
care of the property of this Association and do
the work of this Herd Book and pay him for the
work done.

A resolution of thanks was then introduced
as follows: Resolved, That the thanks of this
Association be tendered to Mr. T. L. Miller for
the Hereford beef furnished for the dinner this
day ; and also to Mr. J. Irving Pearce for the
use of the club room.

Adjourned to meet again during the Chicago
Fat Stock Show in November next.

(Signed) T. E. Miller, Secretari/.

In pursuance of the authority given us by
the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation, to confer with the English Hereford
Herd Book Society, in regard to the rules that
should govern the admission of cattle to the
Herd Book, we attended the Herefordshire Ag-
ricultural Show that was held at Abergavenny,
England, in June, 1883. During this show the
Hereford Herd Book Society held its annual
meeting. It was held in the committee room
on the show grounds. Mr. J. H. Arkwright
presided. After the re])ort of the Secretary,
Mr. S. W. Urwiek, other business was trans-
acted and the Society had its attention called
to the rules governing the admission of cattle
to the Herd Book.

Mr. Miller (America) said he had been re-
quested by the American Hereford Cattle
Breeders' Association to seek an interview with
the Council of the Hereford Herd Book So-
ciety, to see if some arrangement could be made
so that the pedigree entries of cattle in the
Herd Books published by both societies might
be made to correspond. He would be very glad
to meet the members of the Council to consider
the question.

Mr. Chairman: "Have we your liook?"'

Mr. ^[illcr: "Yes, I sent a copy to each
member of your editing committee, I believe.

There were two volumes." The Chairman said
he "had not received a copy.'' He "should
think that the jirojiosed conference would be
very dcsiralde."

Mr. Miller said he "did not know exactly
what the ndes of the Society were, but in the
Association to which he l)elonged four crosses
for dams and five for bulls were laid down,
while in England it was only three crosses for
dams and four for bulls. He wi.shed to confer
with the Council -to see if a uniform arrange-
ment could not be made. The members of tlie
Association desired to know, not only that an
animal was thoroughlired, but how, and why il
was thoroughbred. lie would like to obtain the
views of the Hereford Council upon these mat-
ters, so that he could report to the Association."

The Chairman said that "when the Society
began, a mistaken interpretation was put upon
one of the rules. When the mistake was found
out, they went back to the strict interpretation
of the rule, so that
tlie Society had not
reduced the stand-
ard."

Mr. Miller
thouglit that "it
would 1)e eminent-
ly advisalile for
the two societies
to be in accord m
this matter."

The Chairman :
"We tried it once,
but we were beat-
e II . However, I
will propose tliat
we have a special thomas smith,

meeting." 'Mr. Crete, in.

Robinson proposed that it should be a general
meeting of the members. The Chairman : "I
think the Council should consider it first and
then it should be referred to a general meeting
of the members." Mr. A. Rogers seconded the
resolution, and it was carried.

The Society had their annual dinner, after
getting thi-ough with their l)usiness, under a
monster tent. The dinner was very largelv at-
'tended. .'Vfter this they proceeded with the
toasts and speeches, which, as usual on such oc-
casions, were large in number and long in dura-
tion.

252

11 1 s T o J{ Y o !• 11 1-: i; !■; i' o i; i > c a t t l e

CHAPTER XXI.

Cattlk Frauds — Comparative Treatment in Enoland and America

(If 157) Taking the general proposition
that the Shorthorns won the sweepstakes in
both 1879 and 1880, it would carry much weight
for the breed if none of the facts in connection
with it were known, but when the age and
breeding of the winning animal is made a mat-
ter of record it will modify very much the
credit to be given for this award.

The sweepstakes steer at Chicago Fat Stock
Show for ]87S> was shown as a three-year-old
thoroughbred Shorthorn and called "Nichols."
It appeared later from a statement from ilr.
J. W. Presoott, of \orth .Middletown. Ky.. in
the "National Live Stock Journal," that he \ras
the get of a bull without pedigree, or known
descent, costing $40 at eighteen months old and
out of a grade cow. The steer was sold October
3, '78, W'cighing 1,464 pounds, and said to be.
at that time, three years old. He was shown
in November, '79, as being dropped March 15,
'7C, in the three-year-old class, weighing 3,060
pounds, as a thoroughbred Shorthorn.

This steer won in three-year-old class of
thoroughbred Shorthorns, in the sweepstakes
ring for three-year-olds, the best of any breed,
and for the best beast in the show of any age or
breed, and the "National Live Stock Journal"
cup. •

In three-year-old classes he was not entitled
to show, and the question would turn upon his
merit, considering his age, as to whether be was
entitled to the awards as the best beast in the
show. As a three-year-old, he would be entitled
to the first place considering his maturity and
ripeness, but being a four-year-old he was not
entitled to the first place in either class.

This Kentucky steer Nichols, shown at the
Fat Stock Show in 1879 as a thoroughbred
Shortliorn, three-year-old, taking the first prize
in his class, taking the sweepstakes prize for the
best three-year-old of any breed, and taking the
champion prize as the best beast in the show,
was shown in 1SS0 as a grade Shorthorn, four
year.-* old (HISS).

So far as we are informed, these awards stand
without a challenge or question by the Illinois
State Board of .Vgriculturc with th(> following
testimony on record :

J. W. Prescott sold tliis steer to Mr. Daniel

Nichols, October 3, 1878, weight, 1,464 lbs.,
and as about two j'ears and a half old. The
steer was bred by Jfrs. Mary E. Grimes, now
Mrs. Prescott. ^Vhen Mr. Prescott told his wife
what age lie had given, she then tohl liim that
the steer was a three-year-old. (\\ 1-59)

On the show ground in 1S8U, Doctor Paaren
examined his mouth, with other parties, and
j)ronounced the steer, from such examination,
to l)e nearer six years old than five years old.
When he was exhibited as a three-year-old
thoroughbred he was called by the exhibitor a
"Young ^lary," but when pressed to show his
pedigree, the breeders' certificate simply stated
that he was a thoroughbred, got by a Shortliorn
bull out of a "Seventeen cow." This breeder's
certificate was probably {% 160) from Mr.
Nichols, who never bred him at all, and the
statement that he was a "Young Mary" steer
was made by Mr. Graves, the exhibitor of the
steer in 1879.

This is substantially the record of the steer
as revealed by apparently reliable testimony.
On this record the steer had no right on the
show ground in 1879 or 1880, as we will en-
deavor to show.

His first winning in 1879 was as a three-
year-old thoroughbred; he was a four-year-old
and a grade.

His second winning was in the sweepstakes,
he being four years old. his competitor three
years old. He had no right in this class.

His third winning was in the grand sweep-
stakes for best animal in the show. In this
class any age or breed had a right to show. Had
this steer been a three-year-old of his weight
and finish the award might have been projierlv
made, but being a four-yoar-old. weighing 3,0i;i)
pounds, the proliabilities are that if shown at
liis proper age he would not have won. But
having shown under a misrepresentation, as to
breeding and age. he had no right to his win-
nings of 1879. This being true, the first pre-
mium given to him as the best three-year-old
thoroughbred Shorthorn should have been taken
from him and given to John B. Sherman for
"Eddie Morris," or to F. W. Hunt, for "Thad
Stevens," and the grand sweepstakes should
have been taken from him and placed on some

HISTORY 0 F II E K K F 0 K D CATTLE

253

other steer, if the Board could determine. It
should have been given to one of the first pre-
mium animals in the classes; if this could not
have been determined, it should have been held
for some special meritorious animal.

The above is a fair statement in reference to
this steer for his record in 1879. On this rec-
ord we would claim that he should have had no
standing in the exhibition of 1880, and it was
on this record that C. M. Culbertson and T. L.
Miller made their protest against his being
shown at the show in 1880.

In reference to the entry and the action of
the Board in admitting him to compete for the
champion prize in 1880, the Board placed
themselves in a position where their action
was a proper subject for criticism.

The steer was entered in 1880 as a four-year-
old, while Mrs. Prescott, who bred the steer,
says he was a five-year-old, and Dr. Paaren,
supported by others (If 161), says he was nearer
six years old. The testimony of J. W. Prescott,
until it shall be disproved, was sufficient war-
ranty for rejecting the animal from entering
for the champion prize in 1880. Especially is
this true when Dr. Paaren was selected by the
Board to determine the ages of the animals on
exhibition.

It is clear that an animal may be, for a two-
)'ear-old, in his weight, character and quality,
the best animal in this class or in the show, but
if the animal has another year on him and has
the same weight, character and quality he would
not be the best animal in the class or in the
show. The fact is self-evident ; for at the Smith-
field Show in London in 1879 the champion
prize went to a two-year-old, not because he was
the best steer or best animal in the show with-
out regard to age, but considering his age he
was the best animal in the show.

The protest against this steer secured another
verdict, and that was that the grade Hereford
steer, two-year-old, belonging to T. L. Miller
was the best steer in the show if the Nichols
steer was ineligible. •

There is no reasonable doubt but that the
Nichols steer was over five years old, weighing
2,465. The two-year-old Hereford was three
years younger and weighed 1,845 pounds, and
his carcass was worth as much (or more) on the
block as the Nichols steer. The grade. Here-
ford steer here mentioned. Oon(]ueror, was the
best of the six two-year-old Hereford steers ex-
hibited l)y us. There was not an uneven spot in
him ; he was evenly covered by thick, firm flesh.

Why did the Illinois State Board accept this
steer Nichols as a four-year-old and permit him
to be exhibited as such? Did they require the

cancellation of the awanls on the animals to
which, of a rigiit, tiiey belonged? Why did
they permit the steer Nichol.s — when the ex-
hibitor did not know how old he was, and Mrs.
Prescott had said he was drojjped in 187.5 —
permit him to show as a four-year-old ? Why
did the Board go on and pul)lish the cut of this
Nichols steer, and the reports of the commit-
tee, when they had the evidence before them
that he had been shown under fi-audulent repre-
sentation ?

It would have been difficult for the Board to
explain their actions in this matter in a way
that would have satisfied the public or compet-
ing exhibitors. The facts in reference to his
breeding and age which disproved every state-
ment of the exhil)itor were before the Board be-
fore their report was published, and their atten-
tion was called to these facts ; still the report
was made and no reference made to the misrep-
resentation. This thoroughbred of 1879 was
permitted to exhibit as a four-year-old grade in
1880, when satisfactory evidence was before
them that he was a five-year-old.

To show how the English courts of law looked
at a similar matter (^ 162) of false pretenses, or
of selling an animal with a false pedigree, it
will be well to read carefully the trial of "All-
sop vs. Hopkins," in England, for damages re-
sulting from the sale of a Shorthorn bull, with
fraudulent pedigree. Mr. Stavely Hill, the at-
torney for the plaintiff, in stating his case to
the court and jury, gave the following defini-
tion of the origin of the Shorthorn breed and
of the English
Shorthorn Herd
Book. We repro-
duce this report
because it gives a
clear, concise state-
ment of the origin
and charactei' of
the Shorthorn
breed of cattle.

"Mr. Stavely
Hill, in opening
the case to the
jury, after refer-
ring to the import-
•ant issues raised
by the pleading,
proceeded to give
an interestinsj ac-
count of the origin of the Shorthorn breed,
and of the Herd Book kept by the society.
He pointed out that towards the close of the
last century some experienced farmers had no-
ticed that the breed of large cattle in the south

J. U. GREE.X,
Mariow, Herefordshire.

254

illSTOKY OF JIEIJEFOKD CATTLE

G. H. GREEN,

Of the firm of J. B. & G. H. Green,

Marlow, Herefordshire.

of Durluiiii and in the norlli of Yorksliire had
capahilitifs of great improvement, so as to ren-
der them more valuable for dairy purposes, and
at the same time that they would have greater
cajialiilities for putting on llesh. With this
view Jlessrs. Colling of Ketton and Mr. Bates
of Kirklevington cros.^^ed their breed; the one,
it is said, with a polled Galloway and the other
with a Kvlo, or
West Highlander
( Tl 16 3)— and
after several ju-
dicious crosses
succeeded in pro-
ducing the pres-
ent best establish-
ed and illustrious
families of the
Shorthorn tribe.
It would be clear
that this breed
must be consider-
ed an artificial
breed, and there
would be a ten-
dency to breed
back to the older
breed, which
would take every ojiportunity of reasserting it-
self: and, undoubtedly, if left to a state of na-
ture those points of the animal which might
be called its natural characteristics would reap-
pear, while the Shorthorn points would in pro-
portion be lost. In these circumstances it was
necessary to keep a constant watch with a view
to eliminate any reappearance of the older
breed displaying itself, either by a dark nose
or a straight horn or other characteristics, and
to keep for breeding purposes only those ani-
mals which showed the ])ermanent Shorthorn
features, and for this purpose the Herd Book
has been established as a register of those ani-
mals which might be relied on by the breeder
to maintain the character of the trilie. The liuU
in question in this action, professed to be a bull
of five crosses, and to be thus eligible for entry
in the Herd Book ; and the learned counsel il-
lustrated the difference there would be between
the produce of such an animal and an animal
such as that he should prove the bull really to
be, viz., one got by a pedigree bull upon a dairy
cow, by pointing out that in the latter there
would be much doubtful blood as would amount
— to illustrate by means of a chess board — to
one-half of the board, while in the former
the doubtful blood would be equivalent only
to one stiuare, or one-si. \ty-fourth of the board.'"
Those who have used the Shorthorns to cross

upon other breeds will recognize the truth of
the attorney's statement when he says:

"It will be clear that this breed of cattle
must be considered an artificial breed, and
there will be a tendency to breed back to the
older breed, which would take every op])or-
tunity of reasserting itself; and, undoubtedly,
if left to a state of nature, those points of the
aninuil which might be called its natural char-
acteristics would reappear, while the Short-
horn points would in proportion be lost."

In the action referred to, Mr. Allsop ob-
tained judgment for $3,750, which was not
only the direct damages, but the constructive
damages for the produce of a bull in the herd
of Mr. Allsop, being the difference between the
value of the calves by this bull, and what the
value would have been had he been what he
was represented to be.

The bull in question had been shown at the
Birmingham Animal Show in March, 187'5, a.s
a thuruufjhhred; when these facts, brought out
in the trial, came to the knowledge of the Bir-
mingham society, that society commenced an
action against Mr. Hopkins, which was tried
at Warwick Assizes, February 18, before Lord
Chief Justice Cockburn; of which we present
the following report:

"His lordship having summed up, the jury
retired to consider their verdict at half-past
four, and shortly after, returned into Court
with a verdict of guilty, and his lordship, in
sentencing the prisoner, says: The jury have
found you guilty of obtaining £20 ($100),
given by the Agricultural Society for the ex-
hibition of the best animal in the class. I
think it is a pity to see a young man of your
respectability and position, standing convicted
of fraud, yet I do not think the jury could
have arrived at any other conclusion. You
possessed, no doubt, a very fine animal, but
then you had no pedigree, and by the condi-
tions of the exhibition you were not entitled
to take a prize. Y'ou manufactured a pedigree
— that no reasonable mail can doubt. A man
who does that to gain a prize, gains that prize
by false pretenses, and he robs not only the
society, but the man who otight to have taken
the ])rize, ju,st the same as if it were taken out
of his pocket. If you were not sensible that
this was a dishonest transaction, then I am
sorry for you, for you did not properly appre-
ciate the "turpitude of the act. That it was
robbing another competitor is the real nature
of the case, and if such frauds were allowed
to go on unpunished there would be an end
to opeti and honest competition. The jury
have recommended you to mercy, and I take

HISTORY U F H E K E F O K D C A T T L E

255

that into consideration. A sentence of three
months at hard hilior is tlie lightest sentence I
can pass upon yon."

It is well to note here that the Birmingham
Society did not sit tamely down and let the
exhibitor of this bull come back to their show
the next year and carry off tlie Sweep.stake
prize; but commenced an action against Mr.
Hopkins, and put a stop to his further depre-
dations.

The "Century" for February, 1881, discusses
the different methods now in vogue, by which
parties take that which does not belong to
them. They say: ''He who takes by stealth what
belongs to another, is a thief. He who takes
by violence is a robber, and a robber is properly
supposed to disappear with other predatory
animals before the progress of civilization.
But this is a superficial judgment. The force
that unlawfully dispossesses men of their prop-
erty, passes through many transformations, but
no force is more persistent. Men are plundered
nowadays, plundered in America, more than
in England in the days of Robin Hood. There
are men among us, beside whose robberies,
those of the brigands of Italy and Greece, and
the Bedouins of the desert are merely pleas-
antries. Of all the triumphs of invention, none
are more wonderful than that by which the
hard earned gains of millions are forcibly con-
veyed to the treasuries of the robber princes.
No business is more highly organized, more
stealthily pursued, more successfully managed
than the business of rol)bery. Yet under all
this elaboration of method, it is robbery; and
nothing worse or better. The peculiarity of
the modern method of robbery, is the employ-
ment by robbers of the state, as their enforced
agent and accomplice."

The "Century" here opens and develops meth-
ods that are of interest to iis in the discussion
of the live stock interests of America.

We have called attention to the fact, that
about sixty years ago, the Shorthorn influence,
or, using the term of the "Century," "Shorthorn
robbers," used the English Society, termed the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,
as their enforced agent and accomplice, and as
an endorser for their schemes. Ten years later
they used the State of New Y'ork as their en-
forced agent and accomplice — or as an en-
dorser.' Later they used the State of Illinois.
In November, 1880, standing under tlie author-
ity of the State of Illinois, as President of the
State Agricultural Society, the President per-
mitted these Shorthorn robbers to fraudu-
lently enter and exhil)it their animals, and
under these fraudulent exhil>its, take money
that did not belong to Ibem, and statistics

were publislietl under the authority of the
State of Illinois, based upon fraudulent data.
The "Century" closes the article, from which
we have quoted, by saying: "What have
the people to say about these practices? They
do not appear as yet to have anything to say.
The robber princes are held in high esteem,
they go about to the colleges, some of them,
and doctors of law and doctors of divinity
grovel at their feet. If any Mordecai has re-
fused to bow down before them, his name has
not been reported. Men whose riches have
been increased by spoiling their neighbors, are
held up as shining examples for the imitation
of youth. So long as teachers silently endure
such iniquities, it is not to be expected that
the people will cry out against them. But the
day is sure to come when plain men will clearly
see that no man can get with clean hands in
an ordinary lifetime a hundred of million of
dollars. That such an enormous pile so sud-
denly collected must be loot, not profit. That
will be a day of reckoning indeed, for the rob-
bers and for the judges, and for legislators and
public teachers who
have been their ac-
complices. In the
meantime t h c s e
facts are to be
borne in mind, for
we have among us
a class of men,
who in their rapac-
ity, are bound on
enriching t h e in -
selves by forcibly
seizing the projier-
ty of their neigli-
bors; and they ha\i'
learned how lo
use, for this pur-
pose, the organized
force of the state. Some means must be
found of putting a stop to them. Unless this
be done speedily the respect for law, on
which social order rests, will not long sur-
vive." The writer whom we here quote, had
in mind, when writing, that class of operations
known as star route frauds, but it is equally
applicable to the cattle ring, that organize their
interest under the authority of the state and un-
der this authority organize their society and
shows, select judges in their interest, and pub-
lish the award.s rendered by such judges, as an
evidence of merit in their cattle, or standing be-
tween fraudulent entries and a proper investi-
gation in regard to them. There is a gi-owing
demand throughout the country that these aad
similar frauds shall be exposed.

JOHN PRICE.
Ot Court House, Herefordshire.

25(}

U 1 S T U ii Y U !•■ li E 1! E T U 1{ D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XXII.

The "Breeders' Journal"

The amount of opposition that the Hereford
breed of cattle encountered, durinj; their up-
ward march to popuhirity, in America, can be
but faintly imagined, indeed, it does not seem
possible at this day that the agricultural and
etock journals were so completely dominated
by the Shorthorn men prior to 1880.

We were, from the commencement of our
experience in breeding Hereford cattle, liberal
advertisers in the live stock journals, and while
this, to some extent, opened their columns to
us, to advocate the cause of the Herefords, we
were continually handicapped by their desire
to do or say nothing to offend their Shorthorn
customers.

The following quotation, taken from the
"Xational Live Stock Journal," shows the
standard by which the editor of that journal
measured merit. It evidently refers to the
Herefords as a meritorious, but not widely
pojjidar breed of cattle, and takes the ground,
by implication, that the Shorthorns are the
best breed, mainly, because they are so popu-
lar. The article referred to, says: "In con-
versation with an intelligent and enthusiastic
breeder of a meritorious, but not 'widely popu-
lar' breed of stock (and here we give formal
notice, that we frankly decline inviting criti-
cism, by being more special), we frankly told
him that as far as money making was con-
cerned, we should advise him to select a more
popular breed. If he desired to do the most he
could for his neighbors and the agriculture of
his country, his course would naturally be de-
termined l)y his belief, that his favorite breed
was the best for farmers generally. The breed
in question has been in this country for at least
half a century, but is little more known now
than it was twenty years ago. Our friend ad-
mitted the facts, but marveled at the obtuse-
ncss of the farmers. If any breed has been
and continues to be, popular and fashionable
over a wide region of country, it is u.^elcss to
deny it the possession of substantial merits.
The Shorthorns have, for instance, had their

jjopularity greatly helped in many ways, but
had it not been for substantial merit, this breed
could not, by any combination of influences,
have been made to gain and retain so wide-
spread a popularity.

"It is quite within the possibilities, however,
that some other breed, which has not been so
skillfully handled, is a better one for general
use than the Shorthorns. It now strikes us
we should let their work speak for them, rather
than to indulge in reasoning to show what they
ought to do. If they were mainly fitted for
beef production, we should try to make good
exhibits at fat .stock shows."

This standard of merit would not do for the
Hereford. In our contest for recognition, we
were compelled to call things by their right
names, and if gross injustice was done to so
characterize it.

The "Breeders' Gazette" was established in
1881, by Mr. J. H. Sanders, a year after we
established the "Breeders" Journal." In their
first number, Mr. Sanders gave the keynote, as
to the stand the "Gazette" would take, in refer-
ence to breeds of cattle. It is as follows:
"While the Herefords, Devons, Jerseys, Hol-
steins. Polled Angus, Ayrshires and other breeds
of cattle will each receive due attention and fair
treatment in our columns, yet it cannot be de-
nied that there are ten men interested in Short-
horns to where there is one engaged in breed-
ing any other variety. And recognizing this
very general distribution of Shorthorn blood
throughout the country, we shall endeavor to
make "The Breeders' (lazette" indispensable to
the breeders of that strain of cattle. We shall
keep a vigilant eye upon the business in the
States, (^anada and England, and shall always
have the latest possible Shorthorn news. The
Book (Shorthorn) question will receive due at-
tention, and the views of many of our leading
breeders will be published through our col-
umns. Valuable historical sketches of the
various tribes to be found in the herds of
America will appear from time to time, and a

H 1 S T 0 li Y 0 F II E E E F 0 R D C A T T L E

257

series of articles on the celebrated bulls of tlie
past is now in course of preparation. While
thus incurring great expense in order to make
a Shorthorn department unequaled by any of
our contemporaries, we feel sure that we shall
command warm enough support to justify the
outlay. At least, we shall strive to deserve it."

If the Hereford cattle were to succeed, there
must be a way provided, so that they could
break down the opposition to them, by letting
it be known broadcast over the United States,
their true merits; and also the facts as to
manipulated shows, and have an advocate de-
voted to their interests. Not because they were
Herefords, but because they were the most
economical feeders and best beef cattle that
could be obtained, either on grass or in the
stall.

To meet this want, we commenced the pub-
lication of "The Breeders" Journal," the first
number being issued March, 1880.

Our opening keynote was as follows: "The
Breeders' Journal" will be published in the in-
terest of the meat production of America, the
world as a market. Economy of production
and value of product being the test of merit;
and will rest its claims to public favor on the
merit of these issues, and the ability with which
they shall be maintained."

We claim that we took much broader ground
than did our competitors in this line.

The "Breeders' Journal" was a success as
long as we published it, being until the close
of 1887; and was of the greatest assistance in
placing the Herefords before the public.

ilr. Sanders was editor of the "National
Live Stock Journal" before he established the
"Breeders' Gazette," and his sympathies and
the sympathies of his son who succeeded him,
have always been with the Shorthorn breeders.
Flinging the standard which we quoted de-
fiantly to the breeze, was to our mind manly,
but after flaunting the Shorthorn flag in this
emphatic way, there was little excuse for the .
"Gazette's " contemptuous flings at the "Breed-
ers' Journal" as being a "trade circular."

If the "Breeders' Journal" was a Hereford
trade paper, the "Breeders' Gazette" Jealously
guarded its reputation as being the Shorthorn
breeders' own and only real, authorized, re-
vised version of the Shorthorn trade Journal.

An editor, like any other man, may —
probably must — have his preferences, and for
these we should not criticise them. It is only
when they deny their partiality, and forgetfully
cry aloud their fairness and their equal treat-
ment of all breeds that they merit criticism,
and then we have not spared them.

When an equal amount of money, time and
labor is spent by an agricultural publication to
gather, edit and publish data for the Hereford
breed, as it expends or has spent on the Short-
horn breed, then we shall believe in the impar-
tiality of their editors, and not before. And in
this connection we can say to the impartial
student that a study of Hereford history and
achievements, wall be found a subject surpass-
ing in interest and antiquity that of any other
line of investigation open to the explorer of
live stock lore.

258

11 1 S T 0 K Y 0 F 11 E n E F 0 H D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Shorthorn Men Endp^avor to Gp:t Down Easy

Those who remember the grade Hereford
steer "Conqueror" will say that he was a most
wonderful animal. We propose to give some
of the matter that was written about him and
our other show steers, as we think that the
Hereford steers exhibited in the years 1879,
1880, 1881, and later were largely fonducive
to the ])ronouuced success of Ihe llcrefcird
breed of cattle.

The show of Herefords made at the Fat
Stock Show, Chicago (1880), was made by C.
M. Culbertson, (.i. S. Burleigh and myself. ]\Ir.
C. had one pair of steers that he bought, but
the rest were his own breeding. We nuide our
show of our own breeding. The cow "Maid of
Orleans" was only three years old and weighed
1,750 pounds. Our si.\ two-year-old steers,
two thoroughbreds and four grades, were short
two-year-okls and weighed from 1,G00 to
1,84.5 pounds each, off the cars. These animals
were all the get of the old imported bull "Suc-
cess." The "Maid of Orleans" was put up to
feed in May, and made, iip to the time of the
show, 500 pounds. The two heaviest two-year-
olds made in eleven months, 800 and 850
pounds.

Mr. lUirleigh's were his own breeding and
feeding. Mr. Gillette and Mr. Moninger had
each entered a yearling for slaughter, but re-
fused to kill. The steer "Conqueror" was
dropped on or about the first of August, 1878,
being at the time that he was exliibited in 1880,
27 months old, weighing 1,845 jjounds. The en-
tire lot was choice, one of which was slaugh-
tered at the show and another went to Detroit,
where he was slaughtered by Messrs. Smith &
Co. The other four returned to Ueecher to be
held for another year.

The si.\ steers and "Maid of Orleans" were
sketcheil by Mr. Dewey, and were lithograplied
in colors with the old bull "Success," making
a group of eight head, being the old bull and
several of his get. (See color plate.)

The steer "Conqueror" was not fed until
January. 1880, witli nutre than ordinary keej),
and at fifteen months did. did not weigh over
1,(1(1(1 i)ounds. He had never been kept up.

but had run in the yard and pasture until that
time. He was taken from the cow and raised
on the pail and fed corn and oats, ground, until
beets would do to give, when he had some of
these sliced with his meal, having for the first
six months some oil cake.

The "Mark J^ane Express" has said that a
Hereford calf cannot l)e taken from the cow
and raised on the pail, without detriment to the
character of the bullock. Four of the above-
mentioned six bullocks were raised on the pail
and two on the cow's. We recognize the "Mark
Lane Express" as one of the ablest and fairest
of the live stock journals, but think some of
their claims are based on customs, rather than
on facts. We should have been very glad if
we could have placed "Conqueror" on the
Smithfield show ground, not with the entire
confidence that we should win there, but tliat
Wf miglit have compared our best with the
l)est of England.

Mr. Burleigh's yearlings showed early ma-
turity and ripeness to perfection; one a thor-
oughbred, the other a grade. So with our
grade, which took the sweepstakes for best
yearling in the show and the "Farmer's Re-
view" gold medal.

This exhibit of ITerelV)rds should have gone
far to settle the question of early maturity, and
one other, that is, light hind quarters, com-
pared with fore quarters. Still another charge
of the Shorthorn men was confuted, to-wit:
that the Herefords were small. Of the three-
year-olds tliat were slaughtered, the Herefords
were over tliree hundred pounds heavier than
the three-year-old Sliorthorn; and of tlie two-
year-olds, the Hereford was one hundred
(lounds heavier than the Shorthorn, and in
l)oth classes the Herefords had the advantage
of greater live weight.

Another thing the Shorthorn exhibitors and
reporters made a great ado about was the forc-
ing process to whicli the Herefords had been
subjected; they claimed tluit "It was not so
much a contest for Herefords against Short-
horns, as it was skillful feeding and forcing,

HISTORY OF HEEEFORD CATTLE

259

against the methods of the common farmer."
We fiiid this expression in the "National Live
Stock Journal," and it was a coinmon expres-
sion among the Shorthorn men during the
show. On what base does this claim stand?
Simply that the Herefords were the best cattle,
and they took this way of letting themselves
down easily. We are not disposed to find much
fault with the "National Live Stock Journal"
for using these terms. Their report was gener-
ally fair, as regards this show, but they might
have gone further and said that Cobb & Phil-
lips had a pair of yearling Shorthorns that they
had fed on gruel and milk from birth, and still
a Hereford grade of Miller's that had roughed
it all his life until two months before the show,
beat them on the sweepstakes. Let us see who
these simple farmers were, who came to the
show with their cattle, having used only the
methods of the common farmer.

There was Mr. Gillette, a "common farmer,"
not much of a breeder, not skilled (only having
had about forty years' experience, with only a
small herd to choose from — of about 1,000 bul-
locks), one shoiild not expect much of him ( ?)
Then there was Wm. Sandusky of C'atlin, 111.;
he was only a "common farmer," with "com-
mon farmer methods." Sure, he had been a
Shorthorn breeder ever since he was old
enough to do anything, breeding thorough-
breds, and an exhibitor of cattle, for we don't
know how long — perhaps not more than twenty
years. Tliat is not much and he should not
have learned much in that time (?). Then
there is D. M. Moninger, of Albia, la., another
"common farmer," with a "common farmer's
methods." He claimed to have been breeding
and exhibiting Shorthorns for a quarter of a
century. Btit that isn't much; a man appar-
ently couldn't learn much in that time; he ex-
hibited a show of fat bullocks at the Iowa State
Fair, and the beauty of the show the press
extolled throughout the breadth of the land;
he selected only one out of the entire Iowa
show to bring to Chicago (?). There was John
B. Sherman, General Manager of the Union
Stock Yards, Chicago, another of these "com-
mon farmers," who fed according to the
"methods of the common farmer," and nothing
more. Scrub cattle only, they ought to have
said, still, Mr. Sherman had been picking the
choicest animals that he could find; had a
palace of a stable — large, roomy boxes, every
comfort and convenience, and employed an ex-
pert herdsman from Scotland to feed them;
just "common methods" — that is all (?). We
had forgotten: Mr. Sherman did buy three
yearling steers from Brown Bros., Sangamon,

111. — "common farmers," with "methods of the
common farmer," whose cattle were numbered
by hundreds and acres by thousands. Bah!
This claim at this day is so utterly silly as to
be unworthy of notice, except to show what
lengths a subsidized organ could go in its ex-
cuses for the cause it advocated.

Then there was Wm. Scott. How ridiculous
to term him a common farmer with common
farmers' methods. He bred Shorthorns and ex-
hibited, and sent a cow to be slaughtered, and
there is every reason to suppose that he had
graduated above any common farmer, but .judg-
ing him by his cows and taking his organ at its
word, he must be nothing more. But then there
were J. H. Potts & Son ; should nothing be ex-
pected from them from their almost unrivaled
experience in feeding and showing, boasting of
$40,000 in winnings with Shorthorns? Should
we have allowed them more time to learn that
by and by some-
thing might be ex-
pected from them?
JI e s s r s. Cobb &
Phillips, K a n k a-
kee. 111., were they
just new begin-
ners, without ex-
perience, used only
to "common meth-
ods"? The veteran
experience of Amos
F. Moore, of Pol".
111., we were tn
suppose must count
for naught, as well
as that of Mr.
Graves, of Ken-
tucky; for, taking
the Shorthorn excuse-makers, we should not
expect much from a man living in that state
where they have only been using the improved
breeds of cattle a little less than a centur}'.

We might continue this sarcasm, and speak
of Mr. Dun, of Ohio, Mr. Bassett, of Illinois,
Mr. Higmon, of Illinois, Mr. Green, of In-
diana, Mr. Weidnian, of Illinois, Mr. Taylor,
Mr. Winn, Messrs. Willard & Son, Mr. Bidwcll,
Mr. Ross, of Avon, III. Here is a list of breed-
ers that may challenge the world for experience
and, we presume, in knowledge. All, with two
exceptions, breeders of thoroughbred Sliort-
horns for years. And of the two exce])tions,
J. B. Sherman had an experience in cattle mat-
ters second to no other, and a reputation worhl-
wide. The other exception, Gen. Ross, a
breeder of thoroughbred Devons and of large
experience.

J. WILLIAMS,
Llansannor Court. Glamorgan-
shire. Walfs.

260

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

Now, no animals in the show had rccpived
more carel'ul and intelligent feedinir than tlie
three yearling steers hred by JJrown |->ros., and
fed by John B. Sherman. The steers had made
good gains, but they failed to put on that
heavy, ripe flesh that the Ilerefords had and
there was no use accounting for the lietter

PHILIP TURNER,
Of "The Leen," Herefordshire.

quality of the Herefords in any other way than
that they made better use of their feed, put on
flesh of a better ([uality, and in the hetter parts
than do the Shorthorns. And when the two
breeds conic together, and have fair judging, the
Sliorthorn must go to the wall, while the credit
must go to the breed and not to the feeder. We
do not mean to say that good care and good
feeding does not count. It does count. We have
liad experienced and careful herdsmen, our cat-
tle have been well handled. But is this not
true of the Shorthorns also?

Mr. Culbertson won, we think, whenever he
had an opportunity to show against the Short-
Ixirns, and Mr. Burleigh, of Iowa, took the
champion prize in Nebraska this same year for
tlie best beast in the show, and in this Fat
Stock Show, the PIcreford honors were divided
among tlie three Hereford exhibitors, Culbert-
son, Burleigh and Miller.

Failing to make an impression on the "com-
mon farmer" claim, the Shorthorn scribes
broke out in another place.

To the Editor of the "Journal": I noticed in

your last number an illustration of Mr. T. L.
^Miller's steer "Conqueror. "a very grand Imllock
indeed; but you denominate him a grade Here-
ford, as if produced by crossing a Hereford
bull upon the common scrub cow of the coun-
try— the same as that class of cattle produced
which we call grade Shorthorns, by breeding
our thoroughbred Shorthorn sires to the com-
mon scrub cows of the country. Is not the
term grade Hereford a misnomer? And should
he not be properly called a cross-bred^ as I
understand either his dam or grandam was a
Shorthorn cow? This being true, why not call
him a cross-bred Shorthorn-Hereford, as the
term "grade Hereford" misleads; the great
bulk of cattlemen everywhere understanding
the term "grade" to imply the union of thor-
oughbred and scrub stocks, and not the union
of two thoroughbred stocks, even of different
tribes.

The steer himself, except in color, bore many
strong Shorthorn characteristics, especially in
flank and quarter — a comparison of these
])oints with the pure bred Herefords on exhibi-
tion readily discovers these facts.

Again, his rapid gain per day over his pure-
bred Hereford cousins, even the prize winners,
as set forth in your very instructive tables in
the last number of the "Journal," lends addi-
tional illustration and force to the fact, that
from somewhere besides his Hereford blood he
is indebted for his capacity to lay on flesh
rapidly, and thus come up to the point of early
maturity.

I for one, am perfectly willing that Mr. Mil-
ler should have all the glory possible — and he
deserves a great deal for the skillful feeding
of his stock exhibited — but I do seriously
object to his borrowing any of our Shorthorn
blood to build up his Herefords with, and theh
parading it through the press of the country
as an entirely Hereford variety. "Heiuler unto
Ccesar the things that are. CaKsar's." — T. C.
Anderson.

We find the above in the "National Live
Stock Journal" for January, 1881. We nu't the
same thing in the Kansas City "Indicator'" and
"Farmers' Magazine," of Louisville, Ky. This
statement was made bv prominent Shorthorn
breeders at the Fat Stock Show of 1880. The
leading exhibitor at that show stated to quite a
crowd that had gathered round him, that Mr.
Miller had selected Sliorthorn cows from whiih
to breed these bullocks. Tiiis same exhibitor
said that the cow "Maid of Orleans" had Short-
horn blood, and when asked on what authority
he made this statement, his reply was that
"somebody had said so."

A letter from the herdsman of Messrs. Lee

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

261

& Reynolds, of New Jlexico, was pulili.shed
during the show wi'ek, stating that the Here-
fords were giving the best satisfaction. A few
weeks previous to this, tlie "National Live
Stock Journal" said that on a careful inquiry
among a large number of cattlemen from the
plains they found the Herefords were giving
the best satisfaction; and still Shorthorn breed-
ers reported and Shorthorn journals circulated
that the Herefords were being rejected.

But to return to Mr. Anderson. His state-
ment is made here as though there was no
question as to the truth of what he is saying.
Str. Miller never purchased a Shorthorn cow
and never bred a Hereford bull to a Shorthorn
cow, and there was no cow on his place that
had the appearance of a Shorthorn.

The dam of "Conqueror" was a grade cow,
bought of Mr. E. Parsons, of Pittsfield, Ohio,
seven years previous to this time. While we
never knew or inquired how this cow was bred,
her appearance would indicate some Devon
blood.

We wrote to Mr. George W. Probert, of Pitts-
field, who negotiated the purchase of the cow,
to call on Mr. Parsons and ascertain, if he
could, how the cow was bred. This letter was
written on March 11, 1881; he replied on the
16th of March, as follows:

"I saw Mr. Parsons to-day. He says tlie cow
with the white face and upturned horn (dam
of 'Conqueror") was sired by 'Fairboy' (4574)
475, Mr. Parsons' old Hereford bull, bred by
T. Aston, formerly of Elyria, Ohio. Her dam
was sired by a Devon bull, said to be near full
blood; her grandam was sired by a Hereford
bull and out of a common cow of unknown
breeding."

The ages and breeding of our other steers
were attacked. Of the four grade two-year-old
steers that we showed, "Putnam," "Rob Roy,"
"Bachelor" and "Conqueror," in 1880: "Put-
nam" was shown in 1879, weighing 1,152
pounds; "Conqueror" was estimated at that
time to have weighed about 1,000 pounds. He
had up to this time run in the yard, with fair,
generous keep, but not crowded; and was, as
our recollection serves us, a younger steer than
"Putnam," and "Putnam" had been registered
as July 12, 1878.

The steer "Kansas" was bought in Kansas, no
account taken of his breeding, as he was not
intended as a show steer. When we returned
from England in October we found that Mr.
Watson had put him up to feed. This was
done the week before the State Fair, as he in-
formed us. The only fads we had as to age
was his mouth, and that showed him to be one

)-year-old teeth came in De-
i IniUnck may show by his
ige than his actual age, we
o instance does the liullock
mouth than the actual age

year old; his twi
cember. While i
mouth an older :
believe that in n
carry a younger
would warrant.

The following letter, copied from the "Cor-
respondence" columns of the Kansas City
"Commercial Indicator," was written in answer
to other claims made by T. C. Anderson, from
the breeder of the steer "Kansas," and states
that he was calved in December, 1878, which
agreed with the time his two-year-old teeth
came:

Irving, Marshall Co., Kan. ■
Jan. '.), 1883.

Your correspondent, Mr. T. C. Anderson,
.still endeavors to impress upon the mind the
idea that it is given him to expose fraud, and
especially the imaginary fraud of T. L. Miller.
Now, as I understand the matter, the charge
against Mr. ililler is that he does not give the
breeding and age of the steer "Kansas." In or-
der that Mr. Anderson may be gratified and the
public correctly informed, will say that we bred
and raised the steer "Kansas," and sold him to
Mr. T. L. Miller. We will therefore give his
breeding and age. The sire of "Kansas'" i.s a
thoroughbred Hereford bull; his dam was a
red and white spotted cow. We should judge
from color, horns, build and weight, that she
was a cross between the native and Texas; she
was about six j-ears old at this time. The steer
(Kansas) was calved in December, 1878, and
judging from the quality of the cow, we did not

consider a calf from

her desirable to
keep for a grade
bull, and we there-
fore castrated him
at an early age. He
thrived well with
fine promise. The
cow being farrow,
I shipped her to
Kansas City in the
summer of 1880,
with a car load of
cattle, and she was
sold as a cidl foi-
$1.75 per 100 lbs.,
and weighed 8 5 0
lbs. Judging from the quality of the dnm and
the outcome of the steer, it is fair to conclude
that the merit he possesses was derived from
his Hereford blood.

It appears to exerci,«e the Sho7-thorn mind
that a grade Hereford steer from Kansas, with

JOHN' MORRIS.
Of LuUlam. Ht-relordslli

2G2

HISTORY 0 F II E R E F 0 H D C A 1' '1' E I-:

Diily onliiiarv care up to a few iiiontlis ]ir('vi()us
to thf Fat Stock Show of 1880, should take
sweepstakes over the pampered thoroughbreds
and grade Shorthorns of the blue frrass regions
for the best steer one year old and under two.
At tills time "Kansas" was (iitii days old and
weighed 1,580 lbs., his average gain per day

being 2.27 lbs. (See "Xational Live Stock
Journal," December, 1880.)

Trusting this will be sufficient explanation
to set at rest this cry of fraud against the steer
"Kansas," one of the five ])reniiun\ grade Here-
ford steers, we will leave the charge against
the steer "Will" for other ])arties to explain why
he did not make more than 724 days in age
from November 10, 187!), to November 7,
1881. Wai.teh i\r. MoROAX & Sox.

We were awarded and still have in our pos-
session the gold medal oirered liy the "Farmer's
Review." of Chicago, 111., for tlie best yearling
in the Fat Stock Show at Chicago, 1880. We
won it with the Hereford yearling steer "Kan-
sas." The following remarks were calleil forth
from ^Ir. W. W. Corbett. editor of the "Farm-
er's Review," by that occasion: "Air. 'Miller:
I do not know how long the dream of be-
coming a farmer and stock breeder had haunt-

ed your mind i)efore you entered upon the
career; 1 do not know how long you had
made a study of the characteristics of the
different breeds of cattle, and of ])rinciples
upon which successful breeding and feeding
depend, but 1 do know, tliat it is not very many
years ago that 1 saw you almost daily in the
streets of Chicago, elbowing your way through
the crowds with the same determined look
upon your face tjiat you wear to-day, but the
silver that now tints your hair was then hidden
away in your ])ocket, if you had it at all. You
were then prosecuting an intricate business in
the midst of hundreds of the shrewdest, most
active and energetic men, who have amassed
great fortunes, and done so much to build this
wonderful city, and give to it its commercial
reputation. You won a most commendable
business reputation, and I believe a comfort-
able fortune. The next I knew of you, you had
purchased a magnificent farm at Beecher (1(163)
and were preparing to stock it. You did not
know as much about Herefords then as yo\i do
to-day. But there was auuuig your advertis-
ers that stalwart old Hereford hero, our old
friend Sotham, who, with ]ien and tongue, had
lieen fighting an unsuccessful battle for many
years against rival interests. Let us give the
scarred old veteran the credit of directing your
enthusiastic efforts into this channel. Then
you took off your coat and went to work. Y'our
business tact and shrewdness you took into a
new field. Y'ou took all your pertinacity and
conibativeness. At the time of your first pur-
chase, the white face and symmetrical body of
the Hereford was a curiosity at a Western I<"air.
You boldly entered the arena and threw down
the gauntlet to a noble race of animals, owned
and backed by the money and the brains of as
shrewd and able a body of men as grace any
pursuit in any country. I mean the Shorthorn
breeders of the United States. And now your
favorite breed is known to all men, and your
animals march proudly from every noted fair
grouiul bedecked with the blue and the red.

"I know that your determination and com-
bativeness have led you into many a wordy con-
flict. A great many peojile think that 'you do
protest too much,'' and I have no doubt your
name will go down to Shorthorn posterity as
the Great .\merican Protester. But after all,
I do not believe that there is a competitor of
yours here to-night but will willingly pay trib-
ute to the grand contest you have made and the
victories you have won.

"You, with your able coadjutors, Powell, Alor-
gan and Culbertson and many others who have
more recently enlisted in the service, can retire

H r S T () i; \ () 1' n E R K F OKI) ( ' A 'J' 'I'

2ti:i

from it in your later days with tlic ]>roii(l con-
viction that your efforts will result in addint;
untold millions to the future stock interests of
the farmers of this country, by introducing
prominently the pure blood of the lierefords,
to mingle with the hardy races of the plains.
Indirectly you are accomplishing another thing.
You are stimulating the breeders of other races
of cattle to strain every nerve to add still more
perfect points to their animals, as witness the
noble specimens that have been so unsuccessful
against you at this most important exhibition.
"Mr. Miller, as the representative of the pro-
gressive agricultural press, which has so heart-
ily joined hands with the able, earnest and de-
voted members of the state Board of Agricul-
ture in furthering the live stock interests of
the country, I have the pleasure, through
them, to present to you the prize gold medal
of the ' Farmer's Eeview,' so justly won by that
meritorious young animal that represents in
his own body the success of a long line of care-
ful breeding in the old world, your own skill as
a feeder, and the adaptability of our climate
and productions to give to every domestic
animal the touch of perfection.
"It is the hope of the donors that this beau-
tiful medal will add something to the satisfac-
tion that must result from your competition at
this show, and that those who come after you
will feel a blush of pride as they apply to you
the motto herein inscribed: 'The cultured
mind guides the skillful hand to success.' "

We give the following extract from the
"American Stockman's" report of the 1880 Fat
Stock Show held at Chicago, to show how the
Herefords there exhibited appeared to the gen-
eral public :

Now for a fresh family, the Herefords.
Must we assign to them the premier place in
the hall? Yes, we must; there is no getting
away from it; year by year they creep in, and
year by year they become more deserving of
the premiership. Let us begin with "Alex," Mr.
T. L. Miller's three-year-old (and Mr. T. L.
Miller is the father of the Herefords in Ameri-
ca). Look at that charming countenance, and
that great, full, prominent eye, and there you
will observe what so delights the judge of the
tip-top grazier. The little fellow when he
moves actually groans under the load of prime
marbled beef. What a bosom. How he twists
and straddles those little timbers of his to carry
al)out that great carcass of L030 pounds of
porterhouse steaks. Gentlemen, there is no
offal — you cannot find it, although you look for
it. Examine those crops and chine. Aren't they
wonderful? Touch that back rib and loin. When

had you your hand <m the like? Not for a Imig
time, as Saturday's judgment on the carcass
will ]u-ove. Perhaps he is a little narrow on
the quarters, but the runi]) steaks are there in
abundance, and ripe at that; his twist is deep,
and he carries his beef to his hamstrings, like a
Berkshire pig. Well done, "Alex."

Mr. Miller is surely far seeing, for he called
his last two-year-old steer "Conqueror." Come
to the front, "Con(|ueror," although you are yet
in the meridian of your fame, and let me de-
scribe you to those who have only heard of you
but not seen you. Look what an attractive gait
he has, how beautifully he walks, how' he im-
proves in everyone's estimation the longer he
is looked at; everyone can see that his very vic-
tory is a foregone conclusion, that he is the best
animal in the hall, and that his meat is worth
more than the champion Shorthorn winner by
at least two cents per pound. "Conqueror" is
thick and deep down to the ground. He is
smooth in the extreme; he is lengthy and yet
compact; he is Hesliy and yet fat, and beef from
head to heel. What nmn' is wanted? Tlie re-

mainder of ^fr. ^filler's herd — numbering nine
steers and one heifer in all, were an admirable
display, one rarely to be met with; as several
good judges remarked, the best lot of finished
cattle ever seen, shown by one man in .Vnierica :
all bred and fed at Highland Stock Farm,
property of T. L. Miller, 'Beecher. 111. (H 18S)

264

II 1 S T U 1! Y 0 F H E E E F 0 K D CATTLE

We will not indulge in any nido remarks about
the judges in the defeat of Mr. T. L. Millers
heifer, the "Matchless Maid of Orleans." No, it
is not becoming; they vere old men, and left
home without their spectacles. It is invariably
the case, the cross-bred, sections form one of
the best features of the show and you will see
by the next exhibition that several of the
"Beechers" arc bound to take a prominent posi-
tion in 1881. Perhaps they, instead of the re-
markable Kentucky steers, will get away with
the much coveted "National Live Stock Jour-
nal" silver cup. An eager crowd viewed the move-
ments of the judges with much interest in the
award for the championship this year; it will
be viewed with no less anxiety next year. The
battle is now fairly begun between the Here-
fords and Shorthorns; each have their favor-
ites, and justly so. Stand by your colors until
you see who is the winner, but take care the
black Polled Angus do not take part in the
battle of beef and delay the decision. I am
impartial. There is plenty of room in America
for all breeds.

In grade Herefords, Mr. C. M. Culbertson

produced a grand animal, ripe and well finished,
champion of his class as the best three-year-old
of any breed, l)eating Mr. Miller's three-year-
old "Alex." So decided the judges on Thurs-
day the 18th inst., but little "Alex" told them
he was riper, requested to be dressed and hung
up by the heels and the public would see that
the Highland Stock Farm steer was a better
and more finished carcass than the Hereford
Park one. Alas, it turned out true.

Mr. Editor, my time is limited, otherwise
from memory I should like to enter into details
on the merits of many a worthy animal, such
as General Eoss' lovely Devons, and John B.
Sherman's mammoth steers that appeared at
your Chicago Fat Stock Exhibition. But I can-
not conclude without taking particular notice
of Mr. G. S. Burleigh's three one-year-old
steers, one thoroughbred and two grades, raised
and fed in Iowa by their breeder. They are
perfectly marvelous as to maturity yet full of
robustness and a good future. Mr. Burleigh is
about the last man I want to tackle in one-year-
old competition, and that is a good deal to
confess.

r-

n^ T\\

if? -'"

^ M

^^Jll^

'l|

■'fi

^^^B

pH^y

^^^B

P^

T^P|H|^

5SP|

iiu,.

^•'.^'ig'^^.^t ^,^

^^^

LORD WILTON (4740) 4U5T

Bred by William Tudge: sold at auctinn for 3,800 guineas,

equal to $20,000 (1884). (From a painting by Gauci.)

HISTOEY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

26i

CHAPTER XXIY.

The "Breeders' Journal" ox the Chicago Fat Stock Show of 1880

We find in the "Breeders' Journal" the fol-
lowing editorial :

(II 189) The Fat Stock Show (1880), held
in Chicago, was in many respects one of the
best exhibits of stock ever held in this country.
This show is held under the management of
the Illinois State Board of Agriculture. The'
Board is composed of nineteen members, one
from each of the Congressional Districts of the
state, and, with few exceptions, they are Short-
jiorn breeders.

The time is not far in the past when the
Shorthorn breeders had no one to dispute the
claims of their breed. The Society's plans were
made, so far as the cattle department was con-
cerned, with the express reference to the ad-
justment of the claims among the different
families of Shorthorns and of their different
owners. It is yet difficult for them to get away
from their preconceived notions and prefer-
ences. Xot only is it difficult, but with many
there is a determined purpose not to depart
from them, probably from the fact that they
conceive their breed to be the best, and that
they must stand guard over them and protect
them from the claims that the Herefords are
making upon the position that they have held.
That this is so is not surprising. In the past
there was none to dispute their claims, and
many think now that those who dispute them
should be treated as heretics were in the olden
times.

It has been the practice in times past at the
winter meetings to appoint judges for the dif-
ferent classes. These judges seldom acted, and
Iheir places were filled from among the visitors
on the grounds, sometimes a good selection, but
often the contrary.

At the inauguration of the Fat Stock Show
the selection has been made by each member
of the Board nominating one or more of the
butchers in his district, and from these the
Board select their judges. These butchers have
a country experience; as a rule they do not
slaughter or cut first-class beef or mutton. It

is such as is quoted as "butcher's stock" in the
Chicago markets. This stock ranges in price
from tw'o cents to three cents at the present
time for live weight, while good shipping steers
will range from $3.50 to $5 per hundred, and
choice shipping steers from .$.5.2.5 to $6.50 per
hundred. This latter class comes near the
quality that is shown at the Fat Stock Show,
and is always in demand at the long price. It
is not such a quality as their trade demands.
It is not such as they are acquainted with or
want. Preferring the "butcher's stock," they
are not prepared to give their judgment as to
the best shipping grades. These judges are
selected largely from districts in which Short-
horns have held for years the dominant posi-
tion, and the pai'ties selecting them are Short-
horn breeders; they are likely to be friends of
the members selecting them; the members'
friends are the exhibitors of Shorthorns, and
without charging dishonesty, it is fair to pre-
sume that their associations lead them to give
the preference to Shorthorns. This, then, is
the feature of the present system of judging.
The judges are selected by Shorthorn breeders
from the districts where the Shorthorns are
dominant. They butcher only Shorthorns and
their crosses, and their experience is in butcher-
ing what is technically termed 'butcher's
stock." They are not acquainted with shipping
steers and their value. Two members of the
Board reside in Chicago, but for some reason
there were no Chicago butchers selected.
Among these Chicago butchers are those who
have a knowledge of the wants of our best
markets, and those of England as well, and are
therefore better able to judge as to the value
of a first-class animal. These men have slaugh-
tered and cut animals from every breed, while
the judges selected have never cut a Hereford.

There is one feature, however, in the ex-
perience of the city butchers of large practice;
they know the comparative value of other
breeds with the Shorthorns.

It may seem a singular fact to outsiders, per-

-2W>

HISTORY' 0 F 1 1 1-: H !■: f o k d c a t t l e

THE RODD, PRESTEIGNE, RADNORSHIRE.
Home of the Rogers, now occupied by Aaron Rogers.

liaps it may seem a singular fact to some of the
exhil)itors, perhaps it may seem strange to some
of the members of the Board that in a city of
50(),0i)() inhabitants no butcher could be found
that was suitable for a Judge at this Fat Stock
Show. Or, if none of these practiced butchers
here were suitable, that there might not have
been found at the Union Stock Yards, among
some of the men who are buying and shipping
thousands upon thousands of these higher qual-
ity of bullocks, one or two men that might
have been suitable to act as judges on these
better qualities of cattle. Especially does this
seem singular, when one of the members (J. P.
Reynolds) is a resident of Chicago, has a large
experience, and is eminently intelligent on
stock matters; and another (H. D. Emery) who
has been a resident of Chicago for more than
a quarter of a century, and the editor of the
leading agricultural journal of the West during
all this time. These gentlemen have been mem-
bers of tlie State Board for many years and are
probal)ly among the oldest members. When
these facts are stated, there will be many who
will be surprised that there .should not have
been found two or three competent men in tin-
great metropolis of the state, the greatest li\e
stock market in the world, and that none but

country butchers could be found that would
meet the requirements of the Board.

We have endeavored in this notice to be
moderate in tlie ex])ression of our views. This
much in review of the judges of the Fat Stock
Show.

We are now prepared to notice the exhibitors
and their entries:

J. D. Gillette, Elkhart, Ind. .Exhibited 17

T. L. Miller, Beecher, 111... " 10

C. M. Culbertson, Chicago. " 2
Wm. Sandusky, Catlin, III. " 3

D. M. Moninger, Alliion, la. " 1
J. B. Sherman, Chicago, 111. " G
Wm. Scott, Wyoming, 111.. " 2
Hiram A. Bassett, Jefferson,

111 " 1

J. H. Potts & Son, Jackson-
ville, 111 " 1

J. S. Higinon. Pochcster, 111. " 2

John Weednuin, Farmer

City, 111 " 1

Cobb & Phillips. Kankakee,

Til " 2

A. W. Tavior. Lake Forest,

HI . ..; " 1

head.

HISTORY OF H E R E F 0 K I) (; A T T L E

267

J. G. Willanl & Sou, Harris-
town, 111 Exhiijitt'd 9 head.

Thos. Jiidwell, (iunR-e, 111. " 'i "

G. S. ]5urkM<ili, Mechanics-

ville. la. .'; " 3 "

L. F. Ross, Avon, 111 " 5 "

J. H. (; raves, Kent mky " 3 "

Total 100 head

The qnality was from f.nr to choice. The
interest centered largely between the Herel'ords
and the .Shorthorns, and while the Herel'ords
were in the minority, it may he fairly claimed
that in quality and ripeness they excelled the
Shorthorns. Of this we shall speak more fully
before closing our report. The stock to be ex-
hibited were mostly in their stalls by the 13th.
The exhibition opened on the loth. Monday
morning the Shorthorn men reported that Swan
Bros., of Cheyenne, Wyo., were sick of Here-
fords and were going to dispose of them and use
Shorthorns. This was probably done to coun-
teract the effect of the growing popularity of
the Herefords. C. M. Culbertson telegi-aphed
Messrs. Swan to know whether this Shorthorn
report w^as true. The following is the tele-
graphic correspondence :

Chicago, Nov. 15, 18S0.
To A. H. Swan, or Swan Bros., Chevenne,

Wyo.:

Shorthorn men are circulating a report that
you have had enough of Herefords and will
hereafter buy Shorthorns. 1 think this is done
to influence public opinion at fat cattle shows.
A full and prompt, answer is important. An-
swer at my expense. C. M. Culbert.sox.
Cheyenne, Wyo., Nov. 15.
To C. M. Culbertson, Room 3, Board of Trade
Building:

We are using 150 Hereford bixlls. Intend to
increase to 300. We are also breeding Here-
fords in Iowa, having a thoroughbred herd
there. We are not disgusted with Herefords;
on the contrary, will increase our number
fast as possible. Swan Bros.

The first two days were given mainly to
showing in classes, which called forth but lit-
tle excitement or comment. Some of the Short-
horn exhiiiitors had some little question as to
where the ribbons should be put.

On Wednesday the show opened with grades
and crosses, and the interest centered about this
ring.

First pi-ciiiiuin for three-year-old steer was
awarded to .1. if. Graves, of Kentucky, for
grade Shorthorn.

Second jtremium to C. M. CuUiertson, for
grade Hereford.

First premium for two-year-old to A. F.
Moore, for grade Shorthorn.

Second to J. H. Potts & Son, for grade Short-
horn.

First to D. M. Moninger, of Iowa, for year-
ling, for grade Shorthorn.

Second to T. L. Miller, for grade Hereford.

The judging in this class was clearly unjust,
especially as to the two-year-olds. T. L. Miller's
two-year-olds were very nearly perfect. The
lightest one was dressed, an account of which
will be given hereafter.

The judges in this class, after passing the
grade Herefords, were discharged, as we under-
stand, for incompetency. There is a semiofficial
denial of this, but it is immaterial as to wdiat
the reasons were. It would not have been done
but for a reason, and the one stated above is the
most charitable.

A protest was made by Mr. Miller, and
argued before the Board. There was no differ-
ence of opinion as to the injustice of the aw'ard;
this, the Board admitted, but thev could not

.•\.ARO.\ ROGERS.
The Rodd, Radnorshire.

see a way to remedy the error, whereupon the
protest was withdrawn and the Board relieved
of further res]ionsibilitv.

To test this award, (ine steer of J. H. Potts
was bought l)y Mr. Miller for the purpose of
dressing, and thus test the judgment of the
judges. The privilege of dressing the steer at
the Exposition was asked of the President, but

2(iS

11 1 S T U K Y U 1" 1 1 E K ]•: F OUD L A T T L J-:

he refust'd to permit it. The steer was then
sold to W. Smith & Co., of Detroit, Mich.,
wliore the dressed and live weight will be given.
Following this exhibit came the sweepstakes
for the best three-year-old steer, the best two-
year-old steer, the best yearling steer, and the
best cow of any breed. C. ^I. ('ull)ertson took
first premium on three-year-old; T. L. Miller,
first premium on two-year-old; T. L. Miller,
first premium on one-year-old. Thus 'it will
be seen that the Tlerefords in these classes not
only competed with the grades and crosses of
both Hereford and Shorthorns, but also the
thoroujrhbreds of both breeds were added.

ANXIKTV l"il^-l 223S.
Bred by T. J. Carwardine. (From a painting by Dewey.)
The man in the picture is Geo. F, Morgan, who se-
lected Anxiety for importation to America.

making the Shorthorn show much stronger than
before. The result was a decisive victory for
the Herefords, the judges deciding in their
favor.

In the cow class the award was to the Short-
horn cow, over "Maid of Orleans," a Hereford
cow, belonging to T. L. ]\Iiller. This was pro-
nounced the most unjust award of the week.
Rut ifr. il. has arranged this class so that the
judgment of the committee may be tested.
Roth animals have gone to Detroit, where they
will be dressed by W. Smith & Co., and an ac-
count kept of the weights. Thus, in two-year-
old steer class and cow class, wOien against
Herefords, the test on the block will be taken.
Many of the Shorthorn breeders charged Mr.
M. of protesting and finding fault when the
awards were against him ; but in this case he
will be able to show whether he was right in
finding fault or not. The next show was for
the champion prize for best bullock or cow in
the show. It was admitted that the contest
was between the Kentucky steer, a grade Short-
horn this year, and four years old or over, and
■Mr. Miller's "Conf|ueror." two years old.

Messrs. Culbertson and Miller protested

against this steer showing, as he had been
shown under false age and pedigree last year,
but the Board decided that he should be shown.
The award was made to the Kentucky steer.
As the protest was made, the Board ordered
another award in ease the protest should be sus-
tained, and the next would have been T. L.
Miller's "Conqueror." Messrs. C. and il., recog-
nizing that it would be a good deal of work in
proving his age and breeding, withdrew their
protest, but it did not rest here. There was a
good minority, if not a majority of the exhibit-
ors, that believed the Kentucky steer, after his
record of last year, should not have been ad-
mitted. He was not less than five years old.
Dr. Paaren, after examining his mouth, pro-
nounced him nearer six years old than iive.
He weighed 2,4(5.5 pounds, while the two-year-
old Hereford weighed 1,84.5 pounds, and had
made 2. "27 pounds per day from birth and took
the silver cup for the largest gain per day of any
two-year-old in the show.

We give in another place an account of this
Kentucky steer, as shown last year. The
slniiglitering test was the only remaining test
to be made in the cattle department. We give
a table showing the particulars of this, but we
wish to call attention to the following facts :

That of the three-year-old steers that were
slaughtered, there was one grade Hereford,
one thoroughbred Hereford, one grade Short-
horn. The grade Hereford weighed at the time
of slaughtering 1.812^ pounds; the thorough-
bred Hereford 1,8.50 pounds, and the grade
Shorthorn 1,512|, the Hereford steers weighing
300 pounds more than the Shorthorn.

It will be noticed that there was less differ-
ence between the fore and hind quarter in the
Hereford than the Shorthorn, and the heads of
the Herefords were lighter than the Shorthorns.

The two-year-old Hereford was 14(1 pounds
heavier and had shrunk from the time of leav-
ing home, 4.5i pounds, while the Shorthorn had
shrunk 09 pounds.

The yearling Hereford steer had a clear field.
!Mr. Gillette and ^Ir. iloninger had each entered
yearling Shorthorns for slaughter, but both de-
clined to kill and could not be induced to bring
the steers out.

The awards were to T. L. ^filler, for best
three-year-old; J. D. Gillette for best two-year-
old, and G. S. Burleigh for best one-year-old'.

DRESSED JIE.VT OF THE TltliEE-YEAH-OLDS.

LBS.

C. 'M. Culbertson's steer weighed 1,256

T. L. Miller's steer weighed 1,350J

J. D. Gillette's steer weighed 1.037|

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

269

DRESSED ilEAT OF THE TWO-YE.U{-OLDS.

LBS.

J. D. Gillette's steer weighed 9474

T. L. Millers steer weighed 1,()5()|

G. S. Burleigh's steer weighed (one

year old) '. SKi^

The Shorthorn men will get but little com-
fort out of this show. But they think they will
next year, for they have agreed to pick up the
best steers they can find in the United States,
and put them in the hands of Messrs. J. H.
Potts & Son, for feeding, and to heat the Here-
fords at the next Fat Stock Show. We have
endeavored to make a report of the Cattle Show
as fairly as possible. We are, however, making
the report from a Hereford standpoint, and in-
vite the closest criticism as to the facts. We
shall expect to renew this report after we get re-
turns from Messrs. Smith & Co., of Detroit, of
the dressing of the Potts steer, the Scott cow,
and the "Maid of Orleans." We shall also make
investigation in reference to the Graves steer,
of Kentucky. These three awards reversed, the
Shorthorns would have been entitled to just
what the Herefords did not show for.

It was? admitted that as fine a lot of cattle
was never shown on any show ground by one
exhibitor as the six two-vear-olds shown bv T.
L. Miller.

We present the tabulated statement of the
slausfhter test :

year-old grade Hereford, belonging to C.
M. CLdl)ertson, and the sweepstakes to same
(bullock) establishes his claims. The sweep-
stakes to T. L. Miller's two-year-old "Conquer-
or," contingent best animal in the show, estab-
lishes his claim in grades and crosses. Sweep-
stakes to T. L. Jlillcr's yearling establishes his
claim.

One of the winning grade Shorthorns was
dressed at'Detroit, with T. L. Miller's two-year-
old, and the Shorthorn cow taking the sweep-
stakes was slaughtered with T. L. ililler's
Hereford cow, thus Ijringing these awards to
the test of the block. The honors thus won
gave the Herefords a prestige for 1881 that
they never had before. The report of the
dressing of the Hereford' cow "ilaid of Or-
leans," will be found in the following letter
from Wm. Smith & Son, of Detroit, who were
one of the oldest and most reliable firms of
butchers in the country. Their exhibit of
Christmas beef was the largest and best made
in the United States.

As will be seen by the figures given in this
letter, the Hereford dressed the wonderful
amount of meat to live carcass of 70.48 per
cent. She was butchered in the market and
hung up entire. So it was impossible to weigh
the carcass until it was cut down and (juar-
tered.-

Detroit, Jlich., .Tan. 29, 1881.

Dear Sir: We cut the heifer down vester-

THE

SLAUGHTER TEST OF

THE

CHICAGO FAT STOCK

SHOW, 1.<<S0.

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>'AME OF ANIMAL

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"■?

" Mossv Coat." Hereford .

I860

I81214

1256

69.20

331

320

300

305

32

104

19

103

I6I14

61 14

4S1

75

"Chub."" Shorthorn...

1600

15121/2

1037 '4

68.59

285

285

230

23714

2714

87

16!4

79

146 14

4714

404

7114

" Alex.'" Hereford

1910

1850

1250 '4

67.59

327^

318

295

310

32H

111

I814

120

184

64

.530

6914

"Putnam." Hereford.

1652

1607H

10.50

65.31

27214

272'4

25614

249

28

901.4

16

112

185

55

486

65

" Blank. ■■ Shorthorn..

1560

1461

974 '4

66.70

260

2.53H

227V4

23314

28

90

20

74V2

17414

47

434

53

" Monroe." Hereford.

1265

1217

SlG'/j

67.09

206

203(4

203(4

20314

23

84

15

7014

114

46

3.5214

48

" Grand (hinik.'Sh.H.

1435

917

63.90

2m

70

14

70

2.56

61

492 14

•26

To sum up the Waterloo defeat that we gave
the Shorthorns at this show — the Herefords in
sweepstakes took first for three-year-old bul-
lock; first for two-year-old bullock, and first for
one-year-old bullock.

The awards which we earned, and did not
receive, were in grades and crosses; first on
three-year-old bullock: first and second on two-
year-old bullock, and sweepstakes for best cow
in the show.

The slaughtering of "Mossy Coat," three-

day, after hanging 'M\ days. She weighed as
follows:

One hind-quarter 27:5 pounds.

One hind-quarter 270 "

One fore-quarter 28.5 "

One fore-quarter 289 "

1,123 pounds.

All the butchers in our market asrree with

270

HISTORY OF H E K K FORI) ( ' A T '1' L

us tliat the carcass must have shrunk at least
40 pounds. This would make l,l(i3 pounds,
the most wonderful exhibit v.e have ever seen.
She weighed alive the morning she was killed,
l.fioO pounds. She cuts up well, hut not so
well as the steers, she being very much fatter
than they. Her lean meat is the tendercst and
most juicy we ever saw.

After a careful examination into the merits
of the different animals slaughtered by us for

Christmas, we consider the Herefords far ahead
of any of the other breeds for quality and
profit to the butcher and consumer.

We are very much elated with the success
of our show this year, and our intentions are
to increase it next j'ear. We will try to buy
all your fat cattle next fall. Please let us
know when you are ready to sell.
Very truly yours,

W.M. 8.M1TH & Sox.

HIST OK Y OF HEREFORD CATTLE

271

CHAPTER XXV.

A Conspiracy That Failed

We give this as it appeared in the "Breeders'
Journal," only striking out what we consider
non-essential at this date :

At the Chicago Fat Stock Show of 1880,
the stock was to be gathered by the 11th of
November, to he measured and weiglied, that
the catalogues might be prej)ared by Monday,
the regular opening day of the show. This
four days of preparation was enough to show
the Shorthorn conspirators that something
must be done, or the Herefords were to sweep
the board; and on Monday morning rumors
were rife that the grade Herefords were from
Shorthorn cows; that the grade and thorough-
bred Herefords had been subject to a forcing
process, while the Shorthorns had come to the
show from the hands of common farmers and
common farm methods.

Tracing these reports, those who were circu-
lating them said, "they heard so," and this is
all that could be made; none were ready to
stand father to the report. Another report that
the plainsmen were sick of Herefords, and
that the Swan Bros., of Cheyenne, were sick of
them and were to get rid of their Herefords and
replace them with Shorthorns. This report was
met early Monday morning following the other
reports. Th€ circulators had.no other author-
ity, than that they had heard so. A telegram
from Swan Bros, branded that a lie. A letter
from Lee & Reynolds' ranch showed that the
Herefords were doing betti'r than any other
cattle they had.

All the usual appliances were in use by
these conspirators during the week, that they
know so well how to practice.

Some time after this show one of the con-
spirators (T. C. Anderson, of Kentucky) comes
out into the light and he brings two others
out — one of these, a Shorthorn breeder and
horseman of Wisconsin, another, a banker of
Kentucky. We will leave out the banker and
give some attention to Anderson and the horse-
man, and their victim, Mr. Wm. Watson.

Mr. Anderson starts out with the assertion

that the dam or grandam of Mr. Miller's bul-
locks were Shorthorn cows. This I pronounced
false, and challenged him to prove. He says,
"It is sufficient to say his authority is based
npon an assertion made and repeated to Robt.
B. Ogilvie, of Madison, Wis., James M. Big-
staff, of Mt. Sterling, Ky., and to myself, by
one whom we believe to know the facts." An-
other time he says "The statement was made by
one who was often at my place." I have been
desirous of having this man define his position
and give his authority. I have had letters
from friends advising that Anderson had given
the name of his informer, and that it is Wm.
Watson, until lately, my herdsman. In the
process of dissection, I will give my first at-
tention to Mr. Watson.

Mr. Wm. Watson is the son of Mr. Hugh
Watson, a prominent breeder of Angus cattle
in Scotland, a man who stood high as a breeder
and as a gentleman. His son, William, in-
herited these qualities. He was placed at the
best schools and with the best breeders of
England and Scotland to fit him as a breeder,
when educated he was placed on a farm and in
a position where he could use the inherited and
acquired advantages, and was achieving a sul)-
stantial success. He married and had two chil-
dren.

From Scotland he went to Australia, assum-
ing large responsibilities. Here he remained
a few years and we next find him in Oregon,
in the employ of a Mr. Reid, a wealthy citizen
of that country, with the management of a
large stock of cattle and sheep. From here
he went to California, where the American
l\Irs. Watson met him. Soon after this, we
find him in Kan.'sas, in charge of a large stock
of Shorthorns and Berkshires.

These positions were important ones and
Mr. Watson was entirely competent to fill
them. There was only one drawback — the
curse of liquor had followed him through all
his wanderings, througli all his misfortunes,
wrecking the hopes of his father, his family

272

II18T0KY OF HERP:F0RD CATTLE

and his business. These, T understand, only in
outline. Jly first knowledge of Mr. Watson
was the receipt of the following letter:

T. L. Miller.— Dear Sir: I always read with
interest your articles rewardin<r the Herefords.
a breed 1 had a great deal to do with in Aus-
tralia. They would live and grow fat where
Shorthorns would starve, and at times we had
journeys of 2,000 miles to drive to Melbourne
market. The percentage of death among Short-

horns used to be enormous on a long journey,
while the Herefords used to go right through,
almost as fresh as when thev started.

1 take the "Xorth British Agriculturist." I
clip from the number of June 12th an account
of the Bath and West of I':ngland Show, where
you will see the Herefords came off gloriously
victorious, winning the challenge cups over the
Shorthorns in bulls and cows. They have beat
the crack Shorthorns of the day.

"Wm. Watsox.

After this he met me at the Fat Stock Show
in 1879, and made application for the position
of herdsman. I engaged him. Soon reports
came to me of his habits. I brought these re-
ports to him ; he denied them. T said to him.
"Whatever may have been your past, can 1
depend upon you for the future?" He assured
me that I coidd. 1 tried him. His old habits
proved too strong for him. T talked to him

and he promised reformation. One who has
a di'sire, might feel proud to lift such a man
from tlie vice of intemperance to manhood.

On my second visit to England, taking my
wife with me, I put Mrs. Watson into my house
as housekeeper, and him to take the waiting on
the table, as carver, etc., hoping thus to keep a
restraint upon him, coming three times a day to
the table, but it lasted hardly ten days, before
he got two of my most trusted young men into
a quarrel in a saloon, and this was the last of
restraint.

On my return from England in October, 1
said to Mr. Watson that hereafter I must run
my business without whiskey, and he assented.
Our supervisors had refused licenses, and our
saloons were closed. I earnestly hoped by this
help to keep him from whiskey : Imt he would
contribute, and have the hands contribute, and
buy by the gallon, and have it on the place ;
while assenting to my plans, and professing to
wiirk with me. he was really against me. In
this unfortunate condition the Shorthorn con-
spirators found him a willing tool for their
work.

In the fall of 1878 one of the conspirators
was an exhibitor of Shorthorns at Minneapolis.
Col. W. S. King had the management of this
show and had taken special pains to get com-
petent and reputable judges; among them were
Geo. ifurray, of Tfacine, Wis., and also another
man in whom Col. I\ing had great confidence,
who was a cattle buyer of ]\Iinneapolis, and
another, a Shorthorn breeder of Iowa. The
committee were entirely unknown to me, but
their manner of judging in classes showed an
intelligent knowledge of their business. I was
willing to accept them for the sweepstakes
judges. The Shorthorn conspirators objected,
and ^Ir. Geo. ilurray, one of the most rep-
utable of Shorthorn breeders in the country
was ruled off. A Mr. , then of Mil-
waukee, later of ^finneapolis, was named to
fill his place. When the question was put to
him whether he had any interest in Shorthorns,
he replied "yes," he was a Shorthorn breeder.
Can you judge impartially as between Short-
horns and Herefords? Xo, did not think he
could. He was excused. Another num who
was not interested in Shorthorns was named ;
he could judge fairly as between Shorthorns
and Herefords; had no interest or prejudice
that would interfere with impartial judging.
He was a horseman, and retained. The judges
gavt' the first to the Shorthorns, the second to
mv Herefords. The first prize herd had no
right to the premium, whether as compared
with my herd or other Shorthorn herds.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

273

At the Shorthorn conspirator's special re-
quest, a Young Herd premium was oifered, and
this special premium he had made special ar-
rangements to take off ; but it was too glaring
and he failed to do so. and my young herd
carried off the honors. The man who was ten-
dered as a judge in the place of Mr. ^lurray,
was a personal friend of the conspirator l)efore
and after judging.

The Shorthorn exhibitors claimed that my
winnings were due to greater skill in fitting,
and if they could secure Mr. Morgan to the
Shorthorn interest, Miller and the Herefords
would be nowhere, and the Shorthorns could
regain their former position. They placed be-
fore Mr. Morgan the beauties of Bow Park; the
respectable position that coiild be his at that
renowned institution. But Mr. Morgan could
not be Ijought or sediiced.

But this partial failure at irinneapolis did
not discourage the conspirators; they arose to
the surface again in 1880, at the Fat Stock
Show at Chicago, and took advantage of the
misfortune of my unfortunate herdsman. To
make the fullest use of their tool they must
attempt to prove their assertions as to my Here-
fords by him. ''Miller and his Herefords," they
said, "owe their success over the Shorthorns to
the skill with which Watson has fed them," and
now their desire was to get Wafson away, and
have Miller where Delilah left Samson. They
pictured to him the beauties of the blue grass
pastures of Kentucky ; the high standing of the
Shorthorn breeders in Kentucky — what a re-
spectable standing he could have among them
and in that society. "Break with Miller and
the Herefords and your future is secure," and
unfortunately he sold himself for less than thir-
ty pieces of silver, and no doubt regretfully
wished to hang himself many times before hi'
was done with them.

I have charged that the Shorthorn men
gained the position they hold by other means
than those of merit. I present the course of
the conspirators at Minneapolis in 1878, as an
evidence.

I present the facts of the American Fat
Stock Show at Chicago in 1880, and these jobs
must attach to the exhibitors of Shorthorns at
those shows. These were but illustrations of
the plan in which they picked up the best bul-
locks and show cattle in the country and put
them in the hands of the best feeders they could
find, and by manipulation of the judges come
prepared to beat the Hej-efords.

Judas took his pay in hand ; my unfortunate
assistant, in a time of weakness, took his in
promises, and as soon as through with him

they spurned him, as did the purchasers of
Judas. Benedict Arnold turned traitor for re-
venge, and lived, cursed by those he betrayed
and those who bought him. Happil}', "Uncle
Willie" (Tl U'")), as he is now affectionately
called by his many friends in all breeds, saw
the error of his way, his inherent excellent qual-
ities again predominated, and returning to his
"first love," he attached himself again to his
father's breed — his first and true love, the
Aberdeen-Angus cattle, and has achieved a last-
ing reputation and position, worthy of his splen-
did abilities, that outshine all error, and that
make even this forced reference to earlier fol-
lies repugnant to the writer. All's well, how-
ever, that ends well.

It has never been our aim to stand on the
defensive. Like Mr. Sotham, we ever proposed
to make this Hereford controversy, to the best

MRS. SARAH EDWARDS,
Of Wiutercott, Herefordshire.

of our ability, an aggressive one. The Short-
horn advocates for a time adopted the ])olicy of
letting us alone, hoping that by the let-alone
policy, the Hereford movement would die of
itself. But in pushing their claims, they would
say to stock journals, "If you permit this Here-
ford question to be discussed you must look to

2^4

HISTORY OF HEREKOHl) CATTLE

thorn for ^;^lpport. Wo won't support any jour-
nal that is not wholly in the interest of our
breed." Their patronage wa;:- large, and it had
the influenee they dosirod.

But the time eanie when they could not ig-
nore the Hereford claims. They must meet
the issue, and in their usual manner they did.
Mr. Anderson, of Kentucky, opened the ball.
On Xov. 1. 1S80. ho savs:" "The effusions of

T. EDWARDS.
Wintercott, Herefordshire.

T. L. Miller (the Hereford advocate) appearing
from time to time in the agricultural press of
the country, have puzzled me not a little to
discover why a gentleman of his sense and evi-
dent research, casting aside as if for naught
the experience of the British farmer, and of the
older states of our nation, could prefer the
Horofords (with their heavy nooks, heads, foro-
quartors and light hinil-(|uartors), to the Short-
horn, with his well nigh universally admitted
superiority for anv purpose whatever, for which
the cattle kind is intended."

The above is Mr. Anderson's opening of the
fight; and we wish the reader to note especially
the date of this letter. It was written on the
first day of Novonibor. ISSO; and we wish to

call attention to another fact: that the Fat
Stock Show opened on the Ilth to receive
stock, and on the 15th to receive visitors.
These dates you will fix clearly in your minds,
and we wish Shorthorn breeders as w-ell as
Hereford breeders to take note of this — and
not only Hereford and Shorthorn hreeders, but
farmers of England and this nation to note the
fact, for we propose to make a case that had its
origin at Side View Farm (One-side View, may
we say), a case that will stamp Mr. Anderson as
a conspirator.

After they had got ilr. Watson away, and
magnified his fancied grievances against me,
the conspirators wrote severally to the "Kansas
City Indicator" several communications, to
which I replied as follows in the same paper,
in a communication addressed to the editor:

"I have vour journal with Anderson's letters
of 21st and ^Sth, and Watson's letter of 28th.
Passing Watson's letter with the statement that
his remarks, as a whole and in detail, are false:
."Mr. Anderson, after all his discharge of
billingsgate, closes his letter of the 2Sth with
the statement that the real question at issue is,
that ]\Iiller's show cattle had Shorthorn dams
and Shorthorn grandams, and with the denial
of there being any Shorthorn conspiracy.

"I accept these issues. I gave in the April
number of the 'Breeders' Live Stock Journal.'
and 'National Live Stock Journal,' the
lirt'oding of 'Conqueror's' dam; she was got by
I'arson's Hereford bull 'Fairboy'; grandam got
liy Devon bull, nearly full blood; great-grandara
got by Hereford bull ; great-great-grandam, a
red cow of unknown hreeding. Will Air. An-
derson find the proportion of Shorthorn blood?
(1 l^fi)

"The age of 'Conqueror' was stated substan-
tially correct. He was one of four grades, two-
yoar-olds, one of which, 'Putnam,' was showed
in 1879 as a yearling, and his age was stated hy
Air. Morgan as one year old, July 12, 1879. He
weighed at the 1879 show 1,1.52 pounds; and
'Conqueror' was estimated at that time to
weigh 1,000 pounds, and was the younger steer
as my recollection serves me, and his weight
would indicate this.

" 'Kansas' was exhibited as a yearling on the
record of his mouth; he had a yearling mouth,
and did not change until December. This is
all I know of him. The other two steers were
from common cows. Mr. W. E. Campbell, of
Caldwell. Kansas, and Mr. A. B. Alatthews, of
Kansas City, have both seen the cows and can
testify as to how much of Shorthorn character
they carry. Mr. Fielding W. Smith, of Wood-
landville. Mo., has also seen the cows, and 1

H T S T 0 R Y 0 F HER E F 0 R D ( ; A T T L E

sri

shall be very glad to show them to anybody
who will take the trouble to call on me. So
iiuich for Shorthorn dams and grandams.

"1 shall most cheerfully submit fonr of my
two-year-old steers to the examination of an
impartial committee in comparison with other
two-year-old steers of Shorthorn breed ex-
hibited at Fat Stock Show of LSSO, to deter-
mine the age from the mouth of the several
animals.

"As to Mr. Anderson's denial of any con-
spiracy; the circumstances at Minneapolis,
Chicago, etc., interviews with Watson, the
statements they got from Watson, and the
continued correspondence Anderson holds with
Watson, are against him. When Mr. Watson
left my employ, he immediately writes Ander-
son that he can use his name for authority ; Mr.
Anderson writes Watson to come to Side View;
Mr. Watson goes. The circumstances certainly
favor the conclusion that there was a con-
spiracy, and Mr. Anderson is the victim of an
unfortunate set of circumstances if the charge
is not true.

"The time has come when the Shorthorn ad-
vocates must meet the issues on their merits,
and not by suborning witnesses or forming
rings by which to secure partial and partisan
Judges. Browbeating and bulldozing will not
answer. Yours truly,

"T. L. Miller."

We had taken up the past history of the
Hereford and Shorthorn progress and followed
it from 1743 when Mr. Tomkins commenced
the improvement of Herefords, and Mr.
Charles Colling the improvement of Short-
horns, in about the year 1775, or a little earlier,
to 1834, when Mr. Henry Berry and his asso-
ciate breeders of Shorthorns, took the machin-
ery of the Society for the Diffusion of Fseful
Knowledge, using Prof. Youatt as the author
to write up the Shorthorns and write down the
Herefords. Anyone that will follow the case
cannot come to any other conclusion than that
Shorthorn ascendency was secured and main-
tained by a conspiracy of the Shorthorn breed-
ers to advance their interest.

We had proposed at first to continue and
bring down this history another decade from
1834 to 1851, but a personal and persistent
fight was forced upon us and we were obliged
to take it up and leave our purpose of bringing
up the past and -take the present — not that we
proposed to relinquish our plans, biit simply
to lay them aside temporarily. Tt was our pur-
jiose to show the course that Shorthorn men
have pursued to give their breed a prominence,
that thev never were entitled to; and no

amount of abuse, or any number of conspira-
tors or conspiracies could deter us from this
oljject or change our purpose.

It was said in some leading journal aljout
this time, that if President Garfield should
disturb the Star Route conspirators or con-
tractors, there would be a war waged on him
and lies told .about liim that would surprise
the public. We were prepared for something
similar upon ourselves. We may have had men
about us that could be bought; we may have
had such men sent to us that w-e might take
them into our employ, and they from that
vantage point declare the lies that were used,
but we proposed to weed out this class and
employ men wholly in our interest, for we did
not propose to employ men working wdiolly in
the Shorthorn interest. At this time Mr. Wm.
H. Sotham was writing and publishing in the
"Drovers' Journal" his experience with Short-
horn men and their plans, and the means they
used against him and the Herefords. and we
called the attention of cattle breeders, stock-
men and farmers to this series of articles,
which we have preserved in this book, and to
the fact that the "Drovers' Journal," beside
these articles, was well worth the attention of
every man interested in live stock matters for
the general information on these subjects.

With these statements, we gave our atten-
tion to the issues forced upon us by the advo-

nE COTE (3060) 2243.
Bred by T. Edwards. (From a painting by G.auci.)

cates of the Shorthorn interest: we quote again
from the Anderson letter of November 1, 1880:
"So far as his (Miller's) assertions are con-
cerned, ahout the control of agricultural soci-
eties and the use of the press of both this coun-
try and England and being engaged in dis-
honorable practices to keeji the Hereford down
and the Shorthorn u]h * * * There is an
old saying that right will finally assert itself

2T6

HIST 0 K Y OF HERE F 0 K D C A 1^ T E E

•diul it it: a Toi-y queer state of atTairs if for all
these Joiig years, botii in Enjilaiid and Amer-
ica, Wrong ideas have been prevailing."

Again lie says: "What authority has Mr. Mil-
ler for saying that the Herefords will graze and
feed at less cost than tiie Shorthorns?''

Without quoting further, we inserted Mr.
Anderson's letter in full in the "Breeders'
Journal," that we might not be charged with
garbling, and took n]i the tight as a business.
\\'hi'n we eliargcd a conspiracy, and the pur-

HELI.A.N-THU.S (4S41) 1549.

Bred by the Earl of Southesk. Scotland. Weight at 4

years, .'S.OOO pounds. (From a water-color etching.)

chase of witnesses, Jfr. Anderson felt it neces-
sary to come out with a personal statement to
his cu.^tomers, explaining how he came to be
in Chicago at all; it was merely accidental.
AVell! We will give Mr. Anderson the benefit
of this explanation, which is as follows:

ANDEESOX'S .\POLOOY TO TIIS CUSTOMERS.

Side View, Montgomery Co., Kv.,

March 28, 1881.
To the Cattle Breeders of the West :

For some months a controversy has been
pending concerning the respective merits of
the Shorthorns and Herefords, which in an Tin-
guarded nionient I permitted my opponent to
divert from the point at issue and change into
a matter personal.

As I have nuidc and ])rovod great charges
concerning tlie breeding and ages of the Here-
ford cattle belonging to one of the most prom-
inent if unscrupulous (as it has been demon-
strated) breeders of that tribe in America, if
not in I'jigland; and as many of you are my
personal ac(|uaintances, it miglit not be amiss
to yxiint out the way; how, by accident, I dis-
covered the frauds which my opponent was
practicing upon the Hlinois State Board of

Agriculture and uiion the credulity of tlie cat-
th» breeders of America.

Without any design whatever on the part of
•James M. Bigstaff (a fellow Shorthorn breeder
and President of the Exchange Bank of Mt.
Sterling, Ky.) and myself to attend the Fat
Stock Sliow^ held in Chicago, we left j\It. Ster-
ling on i\ov. 17, 1880, to attend Col. Eobt.
Holloway's sale of Shorthorns at Alexis, 111., on
the 18th, and to be in Youngstown, Ohio, on
tlie 20th, on private business matters. We at-
tended Col, Holloway's sale on the 18th, and
after the sale was over we were prevailed upon
by friends to attend the Fat Stock Show on the
IDth, as by leaving Alexis at night we could
be in Chicago by morning, and laying over
there until the afternoon still be in \"oungs-
tdwn by the 20th. Tlius seeing we could ful-
fill business engagements, we stopped over at
Chicago a portion of the day on the 19th. By
the merest accident, soon after our arrival we
met Eobt. 15. Ogilvie, of iladison. Wis., a thor-
ough gentleman, with all that implies, and an
obi friend, and we three attended the Fat
Stock Show together.

After examination of the live stock, I re-
marked the jmtent dissimilarity between the
quarters, flanks and necks of the said T, L.
Miller's cattle, as noticeable between the grade
and pure-bred Herefords, and expressed a de-
sire to know something of the breeding of the
cattle, Mr. Ogilvie asked me if I knew Mr.
Miller; I replied I did not, when he remarked,
I'll introduce you to him. On looking around
for Mr. Miller he did not see him, but re-
marked, I see Mr. Watson, a very intelligent
gentleman, Miller's su]ierintendent, and per-
haps he can tell you of their breeding. He
tlien introduced me to Mr. Watson, when I
inimcdiately inquired if he could tell me the
liiccdiiig of Certain cattle, pointing them out.
He said be could, and immediately commenced
with "Conqueror," he being nearest at the
time, telling me of his two crosses by Hereford
bulls, and that his grandam was a Sliorthorn
cow, a second of his premium steers being by a
Hereford l)ull and out of a Shorthorn cow, and
so on through the lot, describing each steer's
l)reeding and what ho had fed him. I asked
only such (luestions in tlie natural way as any
breeder would lie likely to ask, concerning more
than ordinary cattle he was examining or had
under consideration.

This was the first time I ever saw Mr. Wat-
.son and I never saw him again until tliis
month of ]\Iarch, 1881. Bigstaff and 1 hurried
ofT on our trip, that afternoon, and 1 never
saw or spoke to a Shorthorn exhibitor on that

HISTOEY OF IIEKEFOKD CATTLE

277

dav. except young Potts, and with him only
passed the civilities of acquaintanceship, nor
did I think anything more specially concerning
Miller's Herefords iintil I saw his pufis and
blowings in the press, claiming all in all for
the Herefords and ranting concerning the Fat
Stock Show, when I reminded him of the
Shorthorn relationship of his cattle, and that
the Shorthorns deserved part of the praise.
(^ 107) On his denying my assertion of the
Shorthorn relationship of his cattle, I wrote
for the first time in February to Mr. Watson,
reminding him of the breeding of Miller's cat-
tle as he had told me at the Fat Stock Show,
and requesting him to put in black and white
his statement concerning the breeding as made
to me at the show in presence of Ogilvie and
Bigstaff, as Miller had denied the same pub-
licly. I sent his letter under cover to a promi-
nent man in Chicago, for him to mail to
Watson, believing if Mr. Miller should get Wat-
son's mail and see a letter post-marked Ken-
tucky, he would not deliver it, as a man who
will deny the breeding of his cattle is not above
tampering with private letters. Mr. Watson
answered this letter in due course of mail, re-
affirming the Shorthorn breeding of Miller's
cattle and added about their being exhibited
under false age.

This is the unvarnished statement of the
whole affair and concerning which T. L. Miller
cries bribery, conspiracy, etc. No man on earth
ever heard or did I ever offer Mr. Watson one
cent or any other amount of money, directly
or indirectly, position, emolument, or anything
else, for the consideration that he would tell
me this or that concerning T. L. Miller's or
any other man's cattle. Any other statement
and from any other source whatever, that con-
flicts with the above in regard to the way I
got my information concerning the Shorthorn
relationship of the cattle which T. L. Miller,
"Beecher," Will County, 111., exhibited at Chi-
cago, last November, is a falsehood out of
whole cloth and the retailer of it a slanderer
per se. Yours with respect,

Thos. Corwin Anderson.

It will ])e noticed that his aim in this article
is to show that he had no special thought of
Miller or the Herefords, and that it was the
merest accident that he should be at the show.
Comparing this apology with his letter of
Nov. 1, 1880, as follows:

Side View. Montgomery' Co., Ky.,

November 1, ISSO.
Editor Kansas Citv "Indicator" :

The effusions of T. L. Miller (the Hereford
advocate), appearing from time to time in the

agricultural press of the country, have puzzled
me not a little to discover a reason why a
gentleman of his sense and evident research,
casting aside as for naught the experience of
the British farmers and the farmers of the
older states of our own nation, could prefer the
Herefords (with their heavy necks, heads, fore-
quarters, and light hind-quarters) to the Short-
horn, with his well-nigh universally admitted
superiority, for any purpose whatever for which
the cattle kind is intended.

His letter of the 19th in your issue of Octo-
ber 28, Just received, makes it perfectly clear,
however, when he say.s, "There is not a promi-
nent Shorthorn herd in America that can fur-
nish milk enough to raise their own calves";
that it is a piece of ignorance on his part; or
that his expression is father to his own wish,
in these respects. To illustrate, Mt. Sterling,
Ky., and within a radius of ten miles, probably
contains a larger number of Shorthorns than
any other ecjual extent of territory in America,

Jlio. LF.lCll.
Aurora, Ul.

yet so far from Mr. Miller's assertion being
true, it is just to the contrary: for there is not
only not a nurse eow in any one of the herds.
Init the cows raise their own calves, and in
many eases the cows have to be stripped after
the calves have done nursing, from the fact
that the calves cannot take all the milk. Can
^Ir. ^liller say so much for his much puffed

2TS

H I S T () i; Y 0 F II K K !•: I'' (> 1! 0 (' A T T L E

Heri'fonl hord, or can lu' iiMiiu- a Shorthorn
herd in Kentucky that does not raise its own
calves with its own mothers"'' We think not,
never having heard of such a herd in this state.
I was well acquainted also vvitii the Shorthorn
herds of Jackson County, Mo., until two sea-
sons past, and there, as here, the cows raise
their own calves. T also visited a very promi-

nent held in Mr. M

C. W. COOK,
Odfbolt, Iowa.

)wn state (Illinois),
this past season,
and found the Win-
slow Bros.' herd
not only raising
their own calve.s,
lint also giving
mmh milk in ex-
cess, which was he-
ing made up into
(|uantities of butter
;ind cheese for mar-
ket. I have also
just returned from
II visit to several
of the prominent
Shorthorn herds in
Ohio, viz., those of
Hills, Jones, An-
drews, and others,
cows raising their calves and
Therefore, I repeat, without

and rmind tlie
no assistants.

fear of successful contradiction, that Mr.
Miller knows nothing of the prominent
Shorthorn herds of the United States, when
he says they don't give sufticient milk to
raise their own calves, and his assertion is
father to his own wish, that such should be the
case. Further, will Mr. Miller deny that the
prominent dairies of Fngland are composed of
high-grade and pure-bred Shorthorn cows?
If he does, the London "Agricultural Gazette"
and "Journal" do not .so report, and they are the
standard stock ]ia])ers of tliat country, so 1 am
informed. I have understood this to be true
also of the large dairies of New York.

Again, when he says, if the claim was good
for anything, it would not add anything to thi:
value of the breed to go to the jilains of Te.xas,
he is in great error, and his as.sertion proves
him anything hut a practical caltlenian, for on
the plains and in Te.xas it is doubly necessary
that an abundant flow of milk be kept up.
There the calves depending entirely u])on their
mothers milk for a steady growlii, if they are
deprived of it, will be stunted, and all jiractical
cattlemen know the result of cattle l)eing
stunted in the first eight months of llieir ex-
istence. They never outgrow it, are that much
longer in ])re])aration for market and worth
that much less when tliey go to market.

So far as liis assertions are concerned about
"the control of the agricultural societies and
the use of the press," if they mean anything,
they mean that the agricultural societies and
press of both this country and England, and,
in short, everywhere (the objectionable features
and uses to him being the same everywhere),
are engaged in dishonorable practices to keep
the Hereford down and the Shorthorn up.
There is an old saying that right will finally
assert itself, yet from the time when interest
was first felt in cattle kind, down to this date
the Shorthorn has ahvays, in the estimation of
the very great majority of beef producers and
butchers, been considered the superior of the
Ilerefords; and it is a very queer .state of affairs
if, for all these long years, both in England
and America, wrong ideas have been prevail-
ing, that self-interest should not have so ad-
justed itself in this respect as to be in accord
with the opinions of Mr. Miller.

Again, what authority has Mr. Miller for
saying that the Hereford will graze and feed
at less cost than the Shorthorn, and when fed
be worth more money?

If this be true, why has not the Engli.sh
fanner more generally adopted the Hereford
than the Shorthorn? The Hereford first ar-
rived in America about the year 181C or 1S17 (a
very few years behind the Shorthorn), and why
have not the farmers in the older states wdiere
the Hereford was first taken adopted him instead
of the Shorthorn ? Certainly, Mr. Miller will not
allege that the agricultural press and societies
have kept the intelligent Yankee farmer, as well
as the British farmer, in the dark all these long
years. Could it be possible that our prejudices,
fed fi'oni these sources, have been cheating our
pockets for near a century in America, and
from the time the memory of man runneth not,
in (^)neen Victoria's realms also? From the
best liglit I can get the Hereford is very near,
if not quite as old a tribe of distinct bred cat-
tle as the Shorthorn in England — there they
have heen bred, grown and marketed side by
side for over a century, both originally confined
to small districts, but now the Shorthorn habi-
tat ion is co-extonsive with British agriculture
an<l the Herefords more restricted than ever,
growing less yearly on account of the steady
encroachments of the former on his native ter-
ritory. The English farmer is given the credit,
I believe, of being the best farmer in the world,
his yearly rental often exceeding in price the
cost for fee simjile of our improved western
farms. Wiy is it. if Mr. Miller's assertion be
true, about the Hereford feeding and grazing
for less than the Shorthorn, and when fed
VMutli more monev. that the Fuirlisli farmer

HISTORY OF H E K K F O K D C A T T L E

279

himself, generally, don't grow the Hereford
instead of the Shorthorn'' It can't be now,
after growing them for a century, they could
not have increased the Hereford numbers so
as to supply themselves if they agreed with
Mr. Miller. Xor can it be the high price of the
Hereford per head that the English farmer, in
the ordinary circumstances, cannot purchase
them, for no one knows better than Mr. Miller
that there never has been a time, nor is it so
now, that the best class of thoroughbred Here-
ford cows in England cannot be bought for as
little money per head as the lowest classes of
thoroughbred Shorthorn cows. Could it be pos-
sible that the English farmer does not know his
own interest? He is certainly a great booby if
Mr. Miller's assertion be true. I said before
that the Hereford put in his first appearance
in America in about the years 1816 and
1817, and his arrival was but a few years be-
hind the Shorthorn in this country. If they
are such excellent cattle, what has become of
all the descendants of all these early importa-
tions? Strange the farmers of the older states,
w-here the Herefords were first imported, did
not discover their usefulness as best beef and
cheap consumers and perpetuate the tribe by
breeding them. The Shorthorn cow imported
"Young Mary" alone, that arrived in America
seventeen years after the first importation of
Herefords, has more known descendants than
the descendants of all the early imported
Herefords put together. The truth is, the
Herefords were weighed in the balance and
found wanting by the farmers of the older
states; they sold them off to the butcher for
what they would bring as a bad investment,
and this is the reason that there are not more
descendants of the early importations of
Herefords in the older states where they were
first imported. Just as after a thorough trial
by the farmers in the new states they will be
disposed of. The idea of such an animal as
the Hereford, heavily developed (as a tribe) in
the head, neck and fore-shoulders (the waste
and least expensive portions of a beef) im-
proving to any great extent our American
scrubs and Te.xans (that are also heavily de-
veloped in the same parts) for any purpose
whatever except work-oxen and freighters
(these two classes need big heads and necks),
seems extremely ridiculous, and no one knows
better than ilr. I\Iiller that the average farmer
in England, as in our older states, has dis-
carded them, and that the new states will also
after a thorough trial. Wherefore the bold
assertions derogatory of the Shorthorn — a
beast unequaled and without a rival by the

united testimony of intelligent farmers in
every clime, for any purpose whatever for
which the race is adapted and intended ?

Very truly, Thos. C. Anderson.

We here give Mr. Anderson the benefit of his
opening and closing arguments. We have no
right to expect, when we follow the trail of
this class of men, that they will stop at any
means to obtain their ends; and we shall bring
the best record of Shorthorn men to show that
this has been their practice. It is possible that
Mr. Anderson was not familiar with our for-
mer herdsman's habits when he made the com-
pact with him; it may be that he did not know
him when he took him into his family. It
may be that Mr. Anderson sent him away from
Side View because he proved less important
as a witness than estimated; it may be that
taking Watson into his family had a bad look
to it and gave support to the charge of a con-
spiracy. It is immaterial why Mr. Watson left
Side View, Kentucky. He left and knew not
where he was going. Mr. Anderson probably
regretted that he took this job in hand, and he
had to make other apologies in his attempt to
make the public believe that he intended an
honest fight.

The following appeared in the ''Xational Live
Stock Journal," June, 1881:
Editor "Xational Live Stock Journal" :

Mr. A. Matthews calls attention to my steers
"Will" and "General," as they appear in the
reports of the Fat Stock Show. He says the
"General" was entered as dropped Xov. 28,
1877, and on Xov. 10, 1879, he would have
only lacked eighteen days of being two years
old; and instead of being 613 days old he was
712; and as he weighed 1,.397 pounds, instead
of gaining 2.28 pounds per day, he gained 1.96.

I find by reference to the Society's report,
page 37, Hereford steers one and under two
years, his age is given as 712 days, gain
1.96. I find on page 96 of the same report.
Lot 6, Sweepstakes ring, he is reported as 712
days old, gain 1.96. Mr. ilatthews ought, with
his large practice in detail statistics, to have
become proficient jn figures, and he shoidd be
very careful not to put forward false or care-
less statements.

Again he says: Mr. Miller entered two
steers at the show, Xov. 15, 1880, "Alexander"
and "Will." Xow if "Will" of 1880 was the
same "Will" as that of 1879, he was entered
at the show of 1880, Xov. 15, "Will," age 1.018
days, weight 1,650 pounds, gain per day 1.62
pounds, and if "Will"' was 1,018 days old on
Xov. 15, 1880, he would have been, 370 davs
before that, Xov. 10, 1879, 6-18 days old, in-

280

S T U K Y O F H E K E V 0 h' I ) C A T T L E

stead of odd; and as he wt'ifihcd at the show
of 1879, 1,114 pounds, his gain per day would
be l.Tl pounds, instead of 2.''.',i.

This steer was entered in 1879 as dropped
June 28, 1878, and his age as 500 days is cor-
rectly stated, and his gain per day 2.23, is
correct. On reference to the copies of my en-
tries as made in 1880, his age is stated as June
28, 1878, and his age at the show of 1880
should have been 870 days old, gain per day
1.90, instead of l.<i2, as "credited to him. 1

CANE IS PRESENTED TO THE MAKER OF PRO-
TESTED ENTRIES.

have written to Secretary S. D. Fisher to re-
fer to my entries, and advise me whether the
error was his in computing days, or mine in
giving age. He was not a winning steer, and
the discrepancy had not been noticed by me.

Again: "Mr. Miller w-on half his premiums
with grade Here fords, and it will be time
enough to discuss the question as to which cross
will produce the best animal when Mv. ilillcr
shows grade Herefords with no Shorthorn
blood." (5[ 199)

In yoiir April number I gave the breeding
of "Conqueror," showing seven-eighths Here-
ford and one-eighth Devon and native. Will
that be satisfactory to Mr. JIatthews? But
then what matters it, if by ]iutting the Here-
ford on the Shorthorn we can make the top
steer? Why not accept the issue, and take the
Herefords and improve the Shorthorns? They
must take the Hereford or Scot. They tried
the Scot in the time of Colling, Bates and
Booth ; and the Kentuckians used the Here-
fords in 1817 to 1830. The Collings, Bates
and Booth Scotch cross has not availed to fix
character and quality, l)ut the breed ha«
gone back to the original loose, coarse animal.
Collings found that with the old Teeswater
cattli' there v.-as no certainty as to the kind of
produce he would get from them, and only
by using Scots could he succeed.

It is a well estal)lished fact that for sixtv

years the "Seventeens" have held their position
as the best of all the Shorthorn families, and
they owe it to the Henry Clay Herefords; and
if Shorthorn breeders will get over their buU-
headedness, and recognize the fact that the
Herefords can improve any breed they are put
upon, and accept and adopt them to improve
their long-legged, wheezing and consumptive
animals, they will be on the road to success.

1 wish it to be distinctly understood that 1
do not claim greater weight for the Herefords
over the Shorthorns, but I do claim equal
weight. I claim better quality of beef, and
I claim greater economy in cost of making
beef on a Hereford carcass than on a Short-
horn; and the difference in favor of the Here-
ford is fully 35 per cent.

I am trying to get some bullocks from the
Texas cow by a Hereford bull, and I want these
to fit and show against thoroughbred and
grade Shorthorns, and propose to win with
them; and I am seriously considering whether
I will show again until I get them.

The Shortliorn breeders have overrun the
country with their breed, until almost every
scrub in the country is tainted with the blood.
And if a good winning steer got by a Hereford
bull be brought forward, they will swear that
he owes his (juality to the moiety of Shorthorn
blood; and if they have not reputation to go
before the community on their cwn statement,
they will hire someone to come forward and
swear for them that the dam or grandam is a
Shorthorn cow.

To show the standing of the Shorthorns of
to-day, I have before me the report of Gales-
burg sales as follows: First day, 42 head,
average $85; second dav, 50 head, average $8():
third' day, 11 head, average $127; 103 head
averaged $90. Thornton's circular shows a
steady shrinkage of the average price of
Shorthorns in England.

Your correspondents are becoming quite in-
terested in this Shorthorn-Hereford contro-
versy. There was a time when they thought
if left alone it would die of itself. " Mr. Mat-
thews is a wordy man and when he has been
fighting in the family I have not taken much
interest in him except to enjoy the family quar-
rel, from the old standpoint that "when rogues
fall out, honest men get their dues."

He has been a long time in picking up mv
letter of 1878. He says, "This is pretty tall
blowing, that he niiller) intends the re]iort
shall go to the mountains, sprefid over the
idains, over the ocean, and come back again
with greater force and volume."

This was one of the prophecies that 1 had

HISTORY OP HEREFORD CATTLE

281

forgotten, at least it was out of my iiiiiul.
You will recoguizo, ilr. Editor, from your
present standpoint, that it was something more
than blowing. What must have seemed such
at that time sounds very much, as we read it
now, as though the Hereford enthusiast of
1878 had a truer conception of the future than
others were willing to credit him with, and I
am rather surprised that Mr. ilatthews should
bring this prophecy 'to light, for it has literally
been fiiltilled.

I will not undertake to burden your columns
with following Mr. Matthews through all his
figures to prove that the Herefords are good for
nothing. It is sufficient that showing against
the Shorthorn cattle with Shorthorn judges,
they have won a position within less than ten
years that the people of the mountains, the
plains, Australia and England recognize. The
press quote their popularity in Australia.
"Bells' Weekly Messenger," of London, rec-
ognizes their importance, and gives a special
place to reporting their progress. Y''ou are
obliged to say, that from a very general in-
quiry, the cattle men of the plains prefer the
Herefords, and I can assure you that this
preference has come back with a force and
volume that is satisfactory; and to you, who
know the influences that have had to be met,
it must be somewhat of a surprise that the
Herefords have met this success.

I will notice Mr. Matthews in his quotations
of my advice to Shorthorn breeders of Ken-
tucky. He says : "Jlr. ^liller advises the Ken-
tuckians to cross their Shorthorns with the
Herefords, saying they will make more money.
He must have forgotten that the Kentuckians
tried the Herefords over sixty years, and seem
to want no more of them."

Does Mr. Matthews know that the best cattle
of Kentucky to-day are descendants of those
Herefords of sixty years ago? And that to-
day, according to Kentucky Anderson, the
mountains of Kentucky and Tennessee are full
of these in-and-in bred white faces, that the
Shorthorns, after sixty years, cannot breed out?

Mr. Matthews follows my advertisement, where
I quote mv premiums taken in Xovember last at
the Fat Stock Show. If the Hereford, by
crossing on other cattle, whether Shorthorns
or natives, makes a better steer or better bul-
lock, then, are they a better beef breed? The
thoroughbred is not now, and never will be
used for the butcher's block. They are of
value as they are capable of improving the
Shorthorns and common or native cattle of
the country, and this, the Hereford will al-
ways do, and, so far as T am concerned, it will
be mv aim to show this: and this T well vui-

derstood when I advised the Shorthorn breed-
ers to ]3ut the Hereford bull on their thorough-
bred Shorthorn cows, and I wish the Shorthorn
breeders to give us the credit of doing it. They
have had the country for sixty years, and if
we can take the produce of their bulls and
make better bullocks let them recognize the
fact, and instead of still forcing their breed
upon the stockmen of the country accept the
issue and verdict.

Mr. Matthews then quotes the "Mark Lane
Express." I recognize this journal as one of
the fairest and ablest published in England or
America — in fact, I consider it stands nearly
alone in its impartial statement of facts. At
the same time I may differ with them on their
facts. They claim that the Shorthorn as a
combined meat and milk producing machine,
has no equal and no superiors. Xow, while I
have great respect for the expressed convic-
tions of the "Mark Lane Express," I consider
their claim of superiority as a combined ma-
chine, while second rate as beef and second
rate as milk, is not tenable. It can only be so
from the fact that they have some other Short-
horn than what we know in this country; and
even then I cannot see how two second-class
things can make a first class, and the time
will come when they will abandon this posi-
tion.

The old Yorkshire cow is a good milker, and
if taken out of the dairy at an early age — say
at six or seven years old — she will go into beef
at a reasonable cost, and have performed good
service as a milker. This I can readily be-
lieve, but then the old Yorkshire cow is a very
different beast from the Shorthorn, crossed up,
and bred in-and-in with Duke bulls. But even
this cow, if kept in the dairy until ten years
old, would be fed at a loss with very rare ex-
ceptions. I have put questions to the "Mark
Lane Express" touching the merits of cattle
and I am under many obligations to them for
the courtesy, and, I may say, patience, with
which they have met my queries. When
younger than now one of the things I gave
myself a good deal of trouble about, was to get
a carriage that would make me a convenient
combined machine for business and family use.
I never succeeded. I could get along with
the thing when I had one child — even when I
had two I could manage — but beyond that I
could not combine. The farmer wants an ani-
mal that will produce beef and milk at the
least cost and at the greatest value. I don't
expect the "Mark Lane Express" to say any-
thing against its convictions, or a Shorthorn
breeder to .say anything against his interest.
Very truly yours, T. L. iliLUCR.

282

HISTORY OF H E R E F O K D CATTLE

CHAPTER XXVI.

Ten Eventful Years; a Constant Request for Tests 1871 to 1881

(II 199) A history of Hereford cattle would
not be complete without giving some account
of that with which they had to contend in the
way agricultural journals met their claims of
excellence, as a beef breed.

It will also be of interest, we think, to read
what efforts were made by Hereford breeders
to have a Fat Stock Show founded, where a
public exhibition and competition between the
breeds, would demonstrate in an authoritative
way what the Herefords could do in America.

The following statement of the case, as
made by us, in 1881, will give some facts of
interest, and also records of value:

It is now nearly ten years since I engaged
in the breeding of Hereford cattle, and from
the time I commenced until within the last
eighteen months, the Shorthorn men have
predicted the collapse of the Hereford boom,
nor have these predictions come from Short-
horn men only; but also from my friends;
and those that wished me well, have feared the
verification of their prophecies. I ask the pa-
tience of my friends when I review somewhat
the course that has been pursued during these
ten years; and of the Hereford breeders I ask
forbearance if it should seem that I give to
myself a too prominent place in this move-
ment. I here make the statement that the
general success of the movement and the suc-
cess of my associate breeders, has a place in
my plans and aims, hardly second to the suc-
cess of my individual interest; and for this
reason there is room for all that may engage
in this business during the present generation
of breeders.

In following the movements of the Here-
fords for these ten years, I shall be as brief as
possible. The breeders then engaged in the
raising of Hereford cattle resided mainly in
I^oraine Co.. Ohio, and vicinity; and of these
Jlr. John Ilum]ihries, of Klyria, deserves spe-
cial mention. Mr. H. was an Englishman,
and, in connection with Mr. Thos. Aston
(^ 200), another Englishman, brought over

from England two cows and two bulls. The
importation was a joint one, and the animals
were named as follows: "John Bull" (3885)
464; "Curly" (801) 14; the cows were, "Vic-
toria" 18(), and "Duchess" 15, of the American
Hereford Record. "Victoria" was bred by Mr.
Turner, The Noke, Leominster. "John Bull"
was bred by Mr. E. Price, of Pembridge, and
"•Curly" by Mr. T. Roberts, of Ivingtonbury.
Other bulls were imported by Messrs. Hum-
phries and Aston, and still others by Mr. F.
W. Stone, of Canada.

It would be an interesting study to take the
American Hereford Record and follow the
produce of these two cows. It would be a sur-
prise, even to those who are familiar with
breeding, to find what a large proportion of
Herefords in the country, previous to late im-
portations, trace to these two cows.

The importation referred to was made in
1851 — thirty years ago. Mr. Aston had sold
out and returned to England before I entered
on the breeding of Herefords. Mr. Humphries
was still breeding, though in feeble health, and
continued a breeder until about two years ago,
when he died, having at the time of his death
a very choice herd, though not a large one.

This stock had been bred by Messrs. Hum-
phries and Aston, and others to whom they
made sales, but no record, beyond the private
one of the breeders, had been kept. My pur-
chases were made from both branches. I
should state that in dividing the stock, the
bull "John Bull" 4(U, and the cow "Victoria"
went to Mr. Humphries; "Curly" and "Duch-
ess" to Mr. Aston.

I had the .stock that I bought recorded in the
English Hereford Herd Book, and this led to
the recording by other breeders. When I com-
menced the breeding of Herefords, the Hon.
John Jlerryman was a breeder in Maryland,
the foundation of his herd being from Mr.
Sotlunn's ini]iortations. ilr. F. W. Stone, of
Canada, had the largest herd then in America
or Canada. There were individuals from the

HISTORY 0 F II E R E F 0 R D C A T T L E

283

C. S. COOK,

0£ the Arm of C. W. Cook &

Sons, Odebolt, la.

Sotliam importation scattered over the country.
]\Ir. rhel|)s. of Pontiac, Mich., had a few from
this importation, and the Crapo estate, at Flint,
Mich., had one of the hirgest lierds in tlie
states. Mr. Shaw, of Chautauqua, Xew York,
had a herd. In Maine there were several breed-
ers, among them Mr. H. C. Burleigh. As my
stock came to a marketable age, I took them to
Colorado and Texas for a market. The Colo-
rado sales resulted in giving the breed char-
acter and prestige,
and whenever the
bulls were used they
gave satisfaction. I
think it was the
fall of 1875 that
two car loads of
grade Hereford
steers were sent
from Denver, Col.,
to Buffalo, N. Y.,
direct from the
range, and sold for
" cents, bringing
nearly $80 per head.
These were three-
year-old steers.

It has been found
that the Herefords
came through the winters on the plains in better
condition than steers of any other breed. This,
I think it is safe to say, is becoming nearly or
quite the universal opinion wherever they are
known. The expense of taking bulls to west-
ern or southwestern centers was heavy. but there
seemed no other way to reach a trial of their
capacity for the range. It proved successful
and I have no doubt it was the shortest road
to success. The growing popularity of the
breed provoked opposition mainly and almost
exclusively from the Shorthorn men; and in
those days I had an idea that it was the
province of live stock and agricultural .journals
to bring forth the facts in regard to the merits
of different breeds of cattle. I was then so
modest and unassuming that I questioned the
propriety of a breeder setting forth the merits
of his breed. It would of necessity be termed
partisan and one-sided. I'nder this feeling, in
a business letter to Geo. W. Rust, the then edi-
tor and proprietor of the "Xational Live Stock
Journal," I said : "I recognize the leading posi-
tion of the Shorthorn interests in ihis country;
but for some time it has seemed to me that as a
journalist you ought to find something to say
in the interest of other breeds. As a breeder
of Herefords, and believing them to be the best
breed for this country, I am somewhat sur-

]irised that they do not command the attention
of the stock journals and agricultural so-
cieties."

I then quoted facts in reference to their
standing. Mr. Rust commented on this as fol-
lows:

"It is not for us to urge the introduction of
either Shorthorn or Herefords, or Devons or
Galloways, to the exclusion of each other in the
beef producing districts. If there has been
more matter published in relation to Short-
horns than other breeds have been favored
with, it has been liecause the gentlemen han-
dling this description of cattle and their grades
are relating their experience more generally,
and because they have succeeded in awakening
a public interest in these cattle, which is con-
tinually bringing out all sorts of inquiry about
them from all parts of the country. Of course
this makes considerable of the Shorthorns in
the papers. But how about Herefords? We
know, of course, that they are a highly merito-
rious race of cattle; that their owners regard
them as even rivals of the Shorthorns; but
when a person asks a question about some mat-
ter connected with Shorthorns it is not proper
for us to suggest that perhaps Herefords will
answer his purpose as well or better. If we
would direct his attention to them by some
statement as to their merits, where are we to
obtain the facts? Are we to say that during
fiftj'-two years in the early history of the
Smithfield Cattle Club the Herefords won 185
premiums against 82 won by the Shorthorns?
The statement is a good one for Herefords, if
true, but will scarcely bear repetition on all
occasions, and at best is only one item in the
long statements which American farmers re-
quire to convince them of the superiority of
any race of cattle over their commonest scrubs.
Who are raising Hereford steers? What do
they weigh at different ages? How early do
they mature for the market? Where are they
sold? What did they bring? What did scrubs
do on the same keep? and wliat did they weigh,
and what did they sell for on the same day?
and what was the net difference in profit result-
ing from the use of Herefords?

"Then, again, if some person, by some sort
of accident, acquires a suspicion that the Here-
fords are a superior race of cattle, and has
a disposition to buy them, where can he get
animals of strictly reliable lilood, and where
is the public record by which he can satisfy
himself of the authenticity of the pedigree
offered him ? If he buys Jerseys, he can iind
two herd books published in this country. If

284

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

he buys Sliorthorns he can find three. If he
buys Dovons he can find one."

In the "National Live Stock Journal" for
July, 18r(), pp. 303-4, the followinjj letter ap-
pears :

"To the Editor of the 'Journar: In the last
number of the 'Journal' you ask : If we would
direct (an inquirer's) attention to them (the
Ilerefords) by some statement as to their
merits, where are we to obtain the facts?
* * * What do they weigh at dirt'ercnt
ages? How early do they mature for the
market ?

"It is proper to suppose that a journal of
the standing of the 'National Live Stock Jour-
nal' would have all standard published reports
of the breeding and fattening of cattle and
other stock; and if Mr. Jones comes into the
office and inquires as to the merits of a par-
ticular breed of cattle, or writes to the office
for such information, you could refer to re-
ports, and give such information, if such in-
formation existed.

"In this country the Herefords have not
such a record published and compiled as would
be conclusive and full as to their merits; but
still there is a fair record in this country. But,
to go to England, there is a record, classified,
comjiiled and ]iublished. in the proceedings of
the Smithfield Club, which is perhaps the most
complete and trustworthy that exists so far as
it goes. And in quoting from this report I will
assume, fir.st. that the merits of a beef-produc-
ing breed must be judged by wliat it can pro-
duce as a beef steer, and the record it can
show, for its oxen and steers, is the true test by
which the trial shall be made.

"I might go outside of the record of the
Smithfield Club, to the record of the other
English societies, where the Herefords have
been sliown as breeding stock — and at some
other time perhaps I may, but at tliis lime I
will confine myself to the Smitlifield report of
the cattle mainly:

"The first show of this Society was held in
1799. The records of that year were incom-
plete, but from other sources 1 learn that ilr.
Westcar took the first premium with a Here-
ford ox. In ]80() the Herefords took -i
I'remiums; 1801-2 the record is incomplete;
1S03 the Herefords took 4 premiums: 1804 the
record is incom)ilete: 1805 the Herefords took
2 premiums: 18(1(1 the record is incomplete;
1807-8-i) the Ilerefords took 7 premiums. I'p
to this date it does not appear that the Sliort-
horn oxen or steers took a premium. With-
out going into detail for each year, the record
up to 1851 shows that: The Hereford oxen and

steers took 185 premiums; the Shorthorn oxen
and steers took 82 ])remiums; and to 1857 the
Hereford oxen and steers took it gold medals;
Shorthorn oxen and steers 10, and from 1857
to 18(i7, Shorthorn oxen and steers took 15
gold medals; Hereford oxen and steers 11.

"In 1869 Herefords and Shorthorns, as to
weights, compared as follows:

Herefords. Shorthorns.
Under 2 yrs. C mos.

weighed 1,781 lbs. 1,(548 lbs.

Under 3 vrs. 3 mos.

weighed ' 1,93G lbs. 1,976 lbs.

Over 3 vrs. 3 mos.

weighed 2,228 lbs. 2,200 lbs.

showing the Herefords in two classes heavier
than Shorthorns.

"In the year 1875 the two breeds compared
as to weights as follows:

Under 2 yrs. 6 mos. . . 1,485 lbs. 1,565 Uis.
Under 3 vrs. 3 mos. . . 2,036 lbs. 1,982 lbs.

Over 3 yrs. 3 mos 2,169 lbs. 2,281 lbs.

Extra stock 2,524 lbs. 2,290 lbs.

'"The three heaviest cattle shown in 1875
were:

1st, Hereford, weighing . . 2,624 lbs.

2d, Shorthorn, weighing 2,444 lbs.

3d, Hereford, weighing. 2,420 lbs.

"I have confined myself to figures showing
the comparison between the +wo breeds of
Herefords and Shorthorns. It is with con-
siderable labor that I have brought together
the information that is scattered over the coun-
try in reference to Hereford cattle. As a
breeder I have no right to present my claims
to the public without something in the way of
facts to back my claims. Because I can see
so much in the Herefords I have no right to
comjilain because others don't see as I do. I
am surprised at times, but I am so sure of the
time coming I can afford to wait.

"As early as April, 1873, I offered to help
make a record for the Herefords and Short-
horns, as compared with each other, as beef
cattle, through the 'Journal.' I have in several
ways repeated the proposition from time to
time since. I now repeat the offer made in the
'Journal' of A])ril, 1873. over the signature of
Miller & Powell. It is true that tliere is no
Hereford Herd Book jniblished in this country.
but there is one published in England, and that
there may be a eojiy accessible to inquiries at
the live stock head(]uarters in this coimtry I
have ordered from the ])ublisher a set sent to the
'National Live Stock Journal,' of Chicago, 111.

"A prominent breeder of Shorthorns, while
admitting to me that the Herefords were bet-

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

285

ter grazers than the Shorthorns, sa3's: 'You
had better take the Shorthorns.' 'Why?' 'Be-
cause it is easier to go with the current than
against it.' I have heard quite lately of this
same breeder paying quite fancy prices for
Shorthorns.

"There is one point I should be glad to call
your attention to, and that is the make-up of
committees at our fairs. In England the Here-
ford men claim that thev have been unfairly
beaten on sweepstakes and champion prizes,
and for years have
sought to remedy
this, especiallv at
the Smithfield." ilr.
T. Duckham, a
prominent H e r e-
ford breeder, and
publisher of the
I^nglish Hereford
Herd Book, suc-
ceeded in securing
the passage of the
following resolu-
tion, to-wit:

"'Resolved, that
the judges of each
breed select an ani-
mal that, in their
judgment, was suit-
able for competition for the champion prize.

"'Resolved, that each committee should
depute one of their own members to act as
judge on the champion prize or regard.'

"These resolutions were passed at the meet-
ing in February, 187G, and will be in operation
at the next December meeting. If the same
or similar resolutions should be passed by the
managers of our State Societies, it would be a
good stride towards an equitable award on
sweepstakes premium. — T. L. M."

Editor's Remarks: "Of course our corre-
spondent will understand that our question as
to what Hereford cattle weigh at different
ages was not made because of our inability to
refer to statements upon this point in the agri-
cultural text books of the day. It was made
for no other purpose than to indicate the ab-
sence of statements covering individual experi-
ence with these cattle from day to day, month
to month, and year to year. It is these state-
ments, and the average results indicated by
them, that carry conviction to the public mind,
rather than results achieved by different breed-
ers in fitting animals for show. The general
public places tlie highest estimate upon what
can be accomplished where cattle are handled

A. E. COOK.

Of the firm ot C. W. Cook &

Sons, Odebolt, la.

in a practical manner for a practical purpose —
i. e.i when fed for beef by practical men with
the sole object in view of producing the best
beef in the largest quantity, with the greatest
economy. But sensible people require some-
thing more than the assurance that, in feed-
ing animals for show where they are forced
by all the arts and appliances the owner can
command, this one or that one was made
to object a greater degree of obesity than an-
other. The statements of farmers handling
these cattle, supplying daily almost fresh de-
tails concerning their merits, is what is wanted.
We desire to indicate that the gentlemen hand-
ling Herefords were, in this respect, neglect-
ing the true interests of their cattle.

"As to the proposed test of the comparative
merits of Shorthorns and Herefords as feeding
cattle, we fear our correspondent will never be
gratified by receiving an acceptance of his
proposition. Xo person has such an interest
in Shorthorns, considered with reference to the
aggregate interest, as will justify him in engag-
ing in this matter. Besides, the reputation of
Shorthorns is so well established that there
would be but little for them to gain in such a
contest. Our corres])ondent, however, has two
courses open to him, either of which seems to
us much more consistent and in everv way
preferable to a 'challenge' for a public and
formal test. First, he can go on quietly and
feed some Hereford steers for market, and
when they are sold let the public know what
they weighed, what they sold for, etc., and just
how they were handled. If handled as ordi-
nary prudent farmers handle their steers, rea-
sonable weights will go much further towards
increasing the reputation of the cattle than a
few hundred pounds of extra weiglit secured by
possible forcing or pampering. It would be
desirable to have a statement of this sort, ac-
companied by a statement of what good native
steers did alongside of them, for the contest is
not so much between Herefords and Short-
horns as between them and the common, infe-
rior stock of the country. If the general
farmer can be made to understand that there
is sufficient difference between Herefords and
natives to justify him in the expense of se-
curing Hereford crosses, the future of the Here-
fords will be bright enough, no matter what
that of the Shorthorns may be. The second
course open to our correspondent, if he is
really desirous of a test between Herefords and
Shorthorns, is to buy some Shorthorns and feed
them alongside of the Herefords, and then pub-
lish the results. If there should be any Short-
horn breeder dissatisfied with the result, ho

28G

II 1 S IH) 1! Y 0 !•" 11 E i; E F 0 K D C A T T L E

could buy t^ome Hcrefords and repeat the ex-
periment."

Since the above was in type the following
has bt>en received from the same gentleman:

"I hand you below the weight of Hereford
fat cattle shown at the Smithfield shows 1871,
1872, 1873:

1871. Under 2 yrs. (i nios 1,(;:51

1871. Under 3 "yrs. 3 nios 1.85(i

1871. Over 3 vrs. 3 mos 2.307

1872. Under 3" yrs. 6 mos 1,G34

1872. Under 3 yrs. 3 mos 1,858

1872. Over 3 yrs. 3 mos 3,137

"I have not the weight classified as to ages
for 1873, but the average weight of all ages
was 1,93+ lbs. I also liand you the average
weight of the fat cattle shown at Binglcy Hall,
Birmingham, in 1873, and these weights in-
clude all ages, as at Smithfield, the same year,
1,9.50 lbs. "

"The heaviest steer shown at Smithfield in
1871 weighed 2,3G0 lbs.; in 1873, 2,(526 lbs.;
in 1873, 2,538 lbs. The heaviest steer showed
at Biriningham in 1873 weighed 2,536 lbs."

And again, from the "National Live Stock
Journal" for .\ugust, 1876, ])p. 349-50 :

"To the Editor of the 'Journal': Keferring
to vour remarks on figures given you on Ilere-
fords in the July number, I had been led to
suppose that the results at the Smithfield show
were the most authoritative of any in existence,
and T had supposed that you had been living in
hopes of seeing just such a show and list in this
country.

"Xow, it is true that in this country the
Herefords have not made such a record as will
be conclusive as to their merits, at least so far
as the number is concerned, but 1 hand you
herewith a memorandum which will, perhaps,
show what they could do. But is not the Eng-
lii^h record pertinent and to the ])oint? As
to comparing Herefords with Shorthorn'^ and
natives, you have established the fact to the
satisfaction of the majority of thinking, prac-
tical men, that they are better than the na-
tives, that the Shorthorn bull on the native
cow is an improvement, that the cross ])ro(luces
a better beef steer, which by grazing and
feeding will make a better quality and greater
quantity at a less cost. I as.«unie this to be true
and therefore do not care tn travel that ground
over again. But taking that paint as settled, I
now assume and claim that the Herefords make
a better cross, in the hands of a practical man
for a practical purpose, with the sole object in
\iew of producing the best beef in the largest
quantity with the greatest economy.

"i believe it is admitted by the best informed
cattle breeders that the Herefords are more
hardy and better grazers than the ShorthornSi
In referring to the Shorthorns I have no wish
to depreciate their merits. I admit them. They
are a fine race of cattle, and the breeders of
these cattle are entitled to much credit for
what they have done. There is perhaps no in-
terest in which the farmer has reci'ived so large
a benefit as has come from the efforts of the
Shorthorn breeder; but is not this step one that
leads to something higher and lietter?
, "N^ow you are aware, perhaps better than
anyone else, that in England — a very small
country compared with this — they have sev-
eral breeds of cattle which are pre-eminentl>
the best for the district-in which they are bred,
and if this be true of England may not the
sup])osition be raised that it may be true of this
country? For seventy-five years the Herefords
and Shorthorns have been the leading beef
breeds in England, There are several large
shows held where the breeding stock has been
shown, but at Smithfield the test has been on
the fat animal, and the Hereford as a fat ox or
steer has occupied a leading position, and I
assume that it is between these two l)rei'ds in
this country that the choice must be made.

"Rev. J. II. Smythies, a prominent Hereford
breeder in England, made the following offer
through the 'Mark Lane Express,' in 1849. He
offered to show four Hereford steers, whose
ages shoidd not exceed two years and three
months, and four whose age should not exceed
one year and three months, at the next Smith-
field show, in December, against eight Short-
horns and eight Uevons of similar ages, for a
sweepstakes of one hundred sovereigns for each
lot, with this stipulation, that eadi lot shall
have bwn In-ed by one man, and that they shall
havi- lain at grass at least four months that
summer, without having had anything b\it
what they got there. He says :

" 'But this is not all. 1 am willing to test
their hardiness as a breeding stock, as well as
their feeding properties. In onler to do this,
I propose to turn my two-year-old heifer, which
gained the first i)rize at Norwich, into a pasture
with the two-vear-old Shorthorn and two-year-
old Devon heifer which obtained the first prize
in their respective classes, and let them remain
there until the next nu'cting of the Royal .\gri-
cultural Soiiety. at Exeter, next July, giving
them nothing luit what they can get, except
a little hay from the 5th of Xovemlier till the
5th of May. the heifers being shown for sweep-
stakes of 100 sovereigns each."

"In February, 1849, y\r. Smythies made, in

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

387

the 'Mark Lane Express,' the following offer:
'To place four Hereford calves on the first of
May next in the hands of any respectable
grazier in the Midland Counties, against four
Shorthorn and four Devon calves, no calf to
be more than four months old on that day.
The twelve calves to be turned to grat:s to-
gether, and to have nothing but grass until
the 20th of October following, and then to be
put in stalls and fed as the grazier thinks
proper — but the food to be weighed to each lot
— until the following May, when they shall be

number belonging to any two breeders of
Shorthorns or Devons, in any part of Great
Britain, for 100 sovereigns.

"These offers were made but never accepted.
As to my offer made through the ".Tournal,' you
fear that I will never be gratified by its ac-
ceptance:

" 'No one person has such an interest in
Shorthorns considered with reference to the
aggregate interest as will justify him in en-
gaging in this uiatter. Besides, the reputation
of Shorthorns is so well e^tiiMished that there

JOHN PRICE (COURT HOUSE, PEMLIRinGE, ENCI.
The Elkingtoii cup and other valuable prizes won by this veteran breeder.

again turned to grass, and have nothing but
what they can get there until the 1st of Octo-
ber; then to be again taken into stalls, and the
food given them weighed as before. The whole
to be shown as extra stock at the Smithfield
show, and after the show to be slaughtered,
the four beasts which pay the best to be the
winners.' Mr. S. also ottered to show 100 Here-
ford beasts, the pro])erty of Sir Francis Law-
ley, on the first of January, 1849, and the same
number, which were the property of Mr. Aston,
Lynch Court, on the same day, against an equal

will be little for them to gain in such a con-
test.'

"This is perhajis true. But is there in this
country such a record for the Shorthorns as
will show that they are entitled to the position
they claim? The different branches of the
family claim the merit is in them only. I go
on quietly, as you suggest, and feed some
Hereford steers, but such tests have very little
value.

"The test which I ]iro])ose will have a value,
not only to the breeders themselves, but to the

288

HIS TOE Y OF HEREFOKD CATTLE

stock interests of the world, and it is a test
that may he made at a profit to tlie hreeders.
On the ground proposed it must he an even
test, hut I am not writing for the acceptance
of the offer. Herefords are heing used in Colo-
rado and Texas. In due time the steers will
come forward. Your closing proposition is for
me to 'huy Shorthorns and feed them hy the
side of my Herefords, as a test, and if there
should be any Shorthorn breeder dissatisfied
with the result, he could buy Herefords and
repeat the experiment.'

"It would not be conclusive. The Smith-
field record complete comes the nearest to be-
ing authoritative of any that has come under
my notice. It is complete in giving the live
weight of animals, hut fails in this, that it
does not give the cost at which these weights
were obtained.

"Judge Downing, of Denver, Colorado, in-
formed me that he sold six Hereford grade
steers in June that were four years old in the
spring, weighing 1,800 ponnds each, and
twelve others and three heifers weighing a frac-
tion under 1,500 pounds each, none of them
having been fed at all, having made their
weights on grass alone," except they may have
been fed some hay sometimes in sto^rms.

"Mr. Church, who lives near Denver, has
turned off thirty or forty grade Hereford
steers for several years past, at three years
old, averaging about 1,250 pounds each, that
have never been fed anything but what they
themselves have taken from the range, and one
lot of these steers was sold in Buifalo at ? cents
a pound.

"Judge P. P. Wilcox, now of Denver, says
that his cattle ran with a herd in which there
was a grade Hereford bull, and from him he
had several white-faced calves, and that these
white-faced calves were as good at two years
old as his others at three.

"Another prominent stockman in southern
Colorado says: 'The Hereford cross on my na-
tive cattle has been very satisfactory. They
stand the winter well, take on flesh ra])idly, and
are really the best cattle for these ranches that
I have ever had anything to do with.'

"Mr. J. Humphries, of Elyria, Ohio, one of
the oldest and most careful breeders of Here-
fords in this country, turned ofF at different
times to the butchers cows and steers, and
generally at Christmas, the cattle having run
to grass through the season and fed grain for
only two or three months as follows:

Seven cows, average weight 1,271 lbs.

Two-year-old steers, average weight. 1,425 lbs.
Three-year-old steers, average weight l,i)ll lbs.

"Such figures are good as far as they go, but
they are not conclusive or satisfactory. The
Hereford breeders in England have repeatedly
sought to make a test, where the teed and care
should be the same, but have failed to obtain.
Now in England the Shorthorns do not stand
so much in the lead of all other breeds as to
nimibers as they do in this country. At the
meeting of the Bath and West of England So-
ciety, held in June, at Hereford, there were
shown of Herefords, 160; of Shorthorns, 55;
all other breeds, 88. Without going into detail
as to the show you will jiermit me to speak of
'Tredegar' (5077) 2478, a Hereford bull that
has quite a noted record in the .*how ring. He
was shown here in the class of bull, cow and off-
spring. It is said of him he was first shown at
Kewport when a calf, and took first in his
class; also at Bath and West of England, at
Bristol, first; next at the Bedford meeting of
the Royal, he won similar honors, and first at
Dudley, of the Worcestershire meeting; first
and special at Ledbury; first at Croydon of
Bath and West of England's Society, and the
champion prize as the best bull of any breed;
beating tliat well known prize winner in the
Shortliorn classes, 'Sir Ingram ;' then at the
Taunton meeting of the Royal, when he re-
peated his previous performance, and at Here-
ford, in the show following, took the special
prize offered for best Hereford bull; at the
Worcestershire Society he also won first prize
for the best bull in the yard.

"In the cows it says of 'Rosalind,' unques-
tionably the most beautiful cow in the yard:
'She was five years old, having bred three
heifer calves, having from a calf stood first
and second in her class, and won some seven
special and champion prizes in the time.'

"It does seem to me that the breeders of two
such breeds of cattle .would find a pleasure in
testing their merits on a scale that would at-
tract the attention of the world, not only of
stockmen, but of all men. And the breeders
of America should feel tbat they were the men,
and that America was the ground on which to
make the test, and this Centennial year, tbe
year to inaugurate and perfect the ]ilan which
should test the merits of these cattle. I will
not undertake to mark out a plan, but will you
not give your influence for such a trial? One
hundred thousand dollars capital would be suf-
ficient—perhajis $50,(100 would answer — ])er-
haps less. Such a test would be worth more
than all the awards that will be made within
the next ninety days — or all the awards that
have been made for the last twenty years by all
the agricultural societies in the United States.

U 1 S T O 1{ Y 0 F 11 E i; !•: I' () H 1) C A T T L K

289

It is well to do as oin fathers have done, if
they have done right. It is easier to go with
the current, but it is sometimes wiser to go
against it. Won't you try it on this question?

"There is now open to the world, and
brought into the world, a stock country the
like of which was never known before. It
changes or will change the whole system of
breeding and the question must and will be
solved as to the breed of cattle best suited
^or it.

"Beecher, 111. T. L. Millek."

Editor's remarks: "We have no interest in
any breed of cattle, and the claim of superi-
ority over the Shorthorn advanced by our cor-
respondent on behalf of the Hereford, is a mat-
ter which we shall leave Shorthorn breeders to
discuss or refute for themselves. We place but
a slight estimate upon the results of the Smith-
field show, for the reason that the animals are
fed for the prize without any reference to cost
— they are stuffed and pampered, and brought
into the very highest state of obesity, regard-
less of expense. The result in a contest of this
kind depends quite as much upon the judg-
ment of the feeder as upon the merit of the
animal. What is wanted is information about
cattle handled in a practical sort of way, with
a practical end in view; such, for instance, as
information about what general farmers can
do and are doing with their stock. We should
be pleased to see such a show as that of the
Smithfield Club inaugurated in this country.
Not because we believe it would settle any dif-
ference of opinion among rival breeders as to
whether the stock of one was superior to that
of the other, but because it would demonstrate
to the general farmers of the country that there
is a substantial benefit to be derived from the
use of improved blood. With the big steers
on exhibition weighed by judges, and all the
details of their keep published, the general
farmers, realizing the impossibility of ap-
proaching such results with their native stock,
would be encouraged to secure better blood.
Of course there are other respects in which
it would be of advantage, but the above is the
principal benefit to be derived from it.

"We know nothing of the challenges to
which our correspondent refers — why they
were made or why they were not accepted.
We beg to .say, however, that in general chal-
lenges are so worded as to seem fair on their
face, while coupled with 'conditions' which no
one can accept. We do not know that the chal-
lenges of Mr. S. were coupled with such con-
ditions as they were only briefly stated; but the
offer to feed 200 beasts' might" not have found

a man in England able to com[)ly with the con-
ditions.

"And, after all. a trial or two establishes
nothing. It is only from a large number of
trials, embracing ail manner of conditions, that
a reliable conclusion can be formed. These ex-
periments would, of course, be interesting, al-
though, considered by themselves, not very im-
portant. We should be pleased to see the ex-
periment made, ss wc are always pleased to
have the details of carefully considered feed-
ing operations, no matter what kind of animals
are the subjects.

"We think there is a jmbiic record in this
country showing the Shorthorn to be entitled
to the high estimation in which it is held. It
is the record made up by the general farmers
of the country who have made a practical test
of the merits of the breed for practical pur-
poses. So far the test has simply been between
the Shorthorn and the scrub. There is no pub-
lic estimate as to the relative value of Short-
horns and Herefords, because the public have
not sufficient experience with the Herefords to
form such an estimate.

"Our own opinion is that it is not so much
a question as to which breed is superior to the
other in itself, as to which breed will make the
most valuable cross upon our inferior native
stock, and for the present there should be a
market for all the bulls of both breeds, with-
out engendering any rivalry between them.

"The details given by our correspondent, of
Hereford beeves, etc., are full of interest. We
shall cheerfully publish more of the same sort
as received. If facts enough of this sort are
furnished, the general fanners of the country
will form an opinion that will not be very far
out of the way. We presume the grades to
which our correspondent refers in speaking of
Colorado were from the Texan stock on the
dam's side; or at any rate from dams not fully
up to the standard of our native cattle. And
it should also be remembered that Colorado
pastures are somewhat lighter than our own."

Again, in the "National Live Stock Journar'
for September, 1876:

"Editor of the 'Journal': 'And, after all,
a trial or two estaljlishes nothing. It is onlv
from a large number of trials. eml)racing all
manner of conditions, that a reliable opiniini
can be formed. These exiicriments would, of
course, be interesting, although, considered by
themselves, not very important.'

"Thus the 'Journal' siiys. on page 350, in
reference to the offers made by Mr. Smythies
to test the Herefords against tlie Shorthorns
and Dcvons. What were these offers:

290

Ji 1 s'lM) i; V

()

1) CATTLE

"First, to take finir Hereford steers whose
ages should not exceed 2 years 3 months, and

"Second, four Hereford steers wliose ages
shoukl not exceed 1 year 3 months, against
eight Shorthorns and eiglit Devons of similar
ages.

"Third, to take his two-year-old Hereford
heifer, which won first at the Royal in her
class, and turn her into pasture with a two-
year-old Shorthorn and a two-year-old Devon,
first winners in their class at the same meeting.

"Fourth, to place four Hereford calves with
four Shorthorn and four Devon calves, no calf
to be more than four months old.

"Fifth, to show 2iW Herefords— loi) from

STEVKN ROBINSON,
Lynhales. Herefordshire.

each of two herds named— against an equal
number of Shorthorns or Devons belonging to
any two breeders in any ))art of Oreat Britain.
"Now, what would these tests have shown if
the offeis had been accepted? The first and
second would have shown what breed would
have made the largest gains in a given time
under the same circumstances. The third
would have shown the hardihood of the dilfer-
ent breeds, by taking animals (hat had hern
forced to large weights by high feed and turn-
ing them from it to roughing it. The lilth

would have shown what the different breed.*
had done under ordinary breeding care. Would
not, then, these tests have shown the merits of
the dilferent breeds under consideration, so far
as the wants of England were concerned — that
is, would it not have been made a prima facie
case ?

"It is of no special interest to the public
what my opinion may or may not be, unless I
can show a reason for the faith that is in me.
And a test is not conclusive unless made with*
the conditions alike. Mr. Jones, a good, care-
ful breeder and feeder, will raise a half dozen
good grade Hereford steers, and carry to large
weights. Mr. Smith, with less care, will raise
a half dozen Shorthorn steers and make light
weights. Now, these tests made in the usual
manner by practical men, don't prove any-
thing. Is there, then, any better way to test
the merits of the different breeds of cattle,
tlKin to place each other precisely under the
same circumstances? To the large majority of
steer breeders it does not matter what ^Ir.
Pickrell can make thoroughbred Shorthorn
steers weigh, or what Mr. Miller can make a
thoroughbred Hereford steer wgigh, and while
it is important that Mr. Pickrell and ]\Ir. Miller
may know what their respective breeds can do.
still it is very much more important for the
public to know what the grades are doing and
can do.

"With this in view we made the following
proposition through your 'Journal' in April,
I8T3, to-wit:

" 'It is our belief that the Herefords are pre-
eminently that stock that must be used for im-
proving the large herds of Colorado, Kansas and
Texas. As beef producers in this country, at
least, the choice will lay between the Shorthorns
and Herefords. In the hands of some men it
will be the one, and in those of others the other ;
and that this question may have a fair solution
we hereby propose to any Shorthorn breeder to
select 100 or 200 cows in this state, one-half
to be served by a Hereford and the other half
by a Shorthorn hull and the progeny to be cari'd
for alike and shown at our State Fair at two,
three and four years old. We propose further
to select in Colorado, Kansas or Texas, from
r>00 to 2,000 cows, and serve one-half with
Hereford and the other half with Shorthorn
Imlls, and their progeny to be kept alike, and a
portion to be brought to our State Fair at two,
three and four years olil each year. The choice
MS to how the stock shall l)e kept we will give
the Shorthorn breeders. All to be kept alike;
;in(l the experiment may be for one or five
\ears.

II I S '1' () IJ \ ( ) I'- HE R E F 0 K I) (J A T T L E

'?ni

" 'We believe that l)eyoiKl the interest the
experiment will have to the Hereford and
Shorthorn breeders, it will result in a very great
good to the entire stock interest of the coun-
try. Signed, Miller & Powell,

" 'Beecher, 111.' "

"Now it is important, in a test that shall be
of value, to make the basis alike, that is, to start
with the same grade of cows — and that the cir-
cumstances of their keeping should be alike.
The proposition of Miller & Powell above stated
would secure this. If Mr. Jones starts with a
high-grade cow and Mr. Smith with a scrub,
the test is not equal ; now if no one breeder has
an interest sufRcient to test this, then let our
own State Society offer premiums for fat steers
without regard to breed or grade, that will in-
duce the farmers of the state to compete for
such premiums. If any of the breeds that are
before the public are worth anything to the
public, it consists in their value to produce a
beef steer. Let our societies make a class for
fat cattle, say : Under 2 yrs. 6 mos. ; over 2
yrs. 6 mos., and under 3 yrs. 3 mos._; over
3 yrs. 3 mos., and under 4 yrs.; over 4 yrs.;
for fat cows that have bred at least four calves,
and offer a first, second and third on each.
There will be fifteen prizes, and the farmers to
compete for — say as follows:

Steer 2 yrs. 6 mos $100, $f)0, $40

Steer 3 yrs. 3 mos $100, $00, $40

Steer 4 yrs $100, $60, $40

Steer over 4 vrs $100, $60, $40

Fat cow . . . .■ $100, $60, $40

"There is only $1,000, and it is my belief
that it will create more interest than all that is
now done. I would suggest these premiums as
only preliminary to something better, and let
the committee to pass on such awards be
butchers of experience.

"It is undoulitedly the large and main fea-
ture of the fairs — the cattle interest. It is
desirable to have pure breeding, and of such
quality as to carry character to their produce,
and it is desirable to follow this produce and
see what it is like. In 1874 the Illinois State
Society paid in premiums to :

Beef breeds, thoroughl)reds $1,SOO

Fat cattle 30

Dairy brwds 745

Dairy products Xothing

Horses 3,.")(iO

"I have never been in the management of a
State Fair, and have no doul)t that there are
reasons that govern the action of the manage-

ment that I cannot see, but from my standpoint
there would seem to be occasion for a change.
Especially does this seem to be true in the prod-
uct of the beef and dairy breeds of cattle.

"T. L. Miller."

The foregoing is substantially the case as
made in 1876. The Shorthorn interest had
been accepted and the cattle interest of the
country adjusted to it ; and it was not surpris-
ing that the introduction of another breed that
promised to interfere with and supersede that
interest should meet with the most determined
and bitter opposition. This had been manifest
from 1839, when ilr. Sotham introduced the
Herefords into this country at Albany, X. Y.
With the press and agricultural societies in
their control, it was not strange that they should
be intolerant, and that a personal fight should
be made upon anyone who should press the
claims of a rival breed. With the agricultural
societies under their management, there was
no difficulty in arranging their Judges and ol)-
taining the awards. This year (1876) the Illi-
nois State Board passed on the comparative
merits of the Herefords and Shorthorns, five
prominent Shorthorn breeders being judges.

When the agricultural journals permitted the
discussion as to the merits of the Herefords as
compared with Shorthorns, it was not surpris-
ing that prominent Shorthorn breeders should
say, "If you propose to make a Hereford jour-
nal of your paper, let the Hereford men support
it." It was not surprising that a leading
breeder and writer should say : "The question
of merit as to which is the best beef breed, has
already been decided, and should not be opened
or discussed." It was not surprising that un-
der such a pressure, journalists that had been
led to believe the claims of Shorthorn breeders
valid, should be influenced, and that while they
did not refuse articles that were intended to un-
settle old beliefs, found it diflncult to find room
for them in their papers. That a journal in the
interest of the Hereford movement should seem
a necessity, was not strange. The necessity ex-
isting, the "Breeders' Live Stock Journal" was
established and put upon its merits, and it met
the necessity — not under any false statements,
but declaring in unmistakable terms its belief
in the merits of the Hereford breed of cattle,
and its determination to press those claims, and
show why they were the best. The establish-
ment of this journal was not without the ex-
penditure of a large amount of labor ami
money. .\s the movement that placed the Here-
fords on the plains, and put them at work where
they could show their produce, had proved a
large success and hastened the acceptance of the

HISTORY OF IIEKEFOED CATTLE

l)rw(l, so the establishment of the "Breeders"
Live Stock Journal" cenientecl and systematized
tlu' work.

These movements were my individual and
personal enterprises, that brought returns with
tliem to a certain extent; but they contributed
largely to the success of all. breeders. They
were a necessity of the hour, and the results
have shown the wisdom of the course jjursued.
The publishing of the American Hereford Rec-
ord and the compilation of the work was under-
taken and carried through by individual enter-
prise, without any other aid than the payment
of a fee for entries that was thought suHicient.

In thus reviewing the course of the Herefords
during an eventful decade we cannot but feel
that the means used to advance their interest
was fairly well selected, and the results reason-
ably successful. That the movement was a
success there is no doubt. This is evidenced by
the character of the men called together at the
Hereford Convention; and another evidence is
found in the manner in which the Herefords
withstood the severe weather of the range win-
ters, which put the seal of permanency upon
the movement. Each step that was taken was
not in the beaten track of others, but on the
contrary, was independent of the movements of
other breeders.

The placing of the cattle on the plains was
done in the confident belief that they would
stand the test to which they would be subjected,
and subsequent events have fully proved this.
The establishing of a journal for the advocacy
of a single interest, and without a general guar-
antee fund, is another experiment that is usu-
ally deemed hazardous, and one that usually
demands a guarantee from the interest which
it is to sup])ort, but the "Journal" became a suc-
cess witliout such guarantee. These ends were
obtained without other aid than the merit in-
herent in the movement.

Another stej) was taken outside of the ordi-
nary methods pursued by breeders, and that was
the estal)lishment of an exhibition at the heart
of this great cattle interest. A commodious
l)uilding was erected in which to place speci-
mens of the breed, and there submit them to the
judgment of the practical cattlemen of the
world. The seeming necessity of such a move-
ment lay in the fact that the Shorthorn men
had for half a century been organizing state,
district aiul county agricultural societies, and
under these inaugurating fairs or live stock
sbiiws. and undi'r the nuinagement of these

Shorthorn judges we must exhibit our stock, or.
if we were not satisfied, stay away.

There was then a necessity for some means
by which we could place our stock before the
world of cattle breeders. We could have organ-
ized an opj)osition agricultural society, but that
would have required large expense, and would
have been subject to the same drawbacks as po-
litical reforms, to-wit, all the dead-beats and
old fair hacks would have jumped on, and we
should have been little better off, and another
reform would soon have been needed. We es-
taldished a simple machine, and it was intended
it should be made the best exhibit possible, and
be at the same time self-sustaining. We be-
lieve it the best move that could have been
made. We thus brought our own cattle before
practical men. We had hoped — had, indeed,
expected — that the managers of the Union
Stock Yards would have gladly extended to the
Herefords accommodations for such an exhibit ;
but they thought it would be establi.^hing a bad
precedent, and declined to do so. We were thus
obliged to take the most convenient location we
could get, using for a time such accommodation
as could be obtained, till the wisdom of the
movement was fully established.

This could hardly be termed a new move-
ment, as John B. Sherman had had such an
exhibit of Shorthorns for several years, select-
ing the best specimens of that breed to place
in his show stable. Thus the two breeds were
brought together in comparison — and this not
for one week, but for fifty-two weeks in the
year. The move was undoubtedly a good one,
and gave the world of cattlemen an opportunity
to examine the Herefords and compare their
merits with specimens of Shorthorns thut they
were familiar with and can find in the yards.
At the close of the year 1881 we summed up
the situation as follows:

"Reviewing the past, what is the outlook for
the future? The standing of the Herefords
is fully established, and the in(|uiry for them
was never so urgent as now.

"The breeders of cross-bred am! grade bulls
have sold almost their last animal, and if there
are any left they are in out-of-the-way places.
The number of thoroughbreds in the hands of
brreders is not large, and there would have been
none but for the fact of a late opening of
spring and consequent late demand for grades.
In conclusion, the past has been reasonably
satisfactory, and the outlook for the future is
very encouraging."

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

293

CHAPTER XXVIL

Quality in Beef; Sound Constitution Indispensap.le to it

It is a fact in history that never, in the
years that preceded these Fat Stock Shows
in America, had the attention of the public and
the interest of the people been so aroused in
the matter of good beef, and good and profita-
ble beef cattle, as at this time.

Many, from not having examined into the
subject, thought good beef was a matter of
chance and not the result of earnest and in-
telligent effort. The Chicago "Tribune" had
the following to say, in regard to the interest
awakened and the quality of beef:

"That the Shorthorn and Hereford forces
are ])eing marshalled, thoroughly equipped,
nnd better disciplined and prepared than ever
before for the great conflict of the breeds,
none will deny, who have the least interest in
this commendable strife between the two rival
breeds of beef cattle. The general public in
both continents will never duly appreciate the
great debt they owe the Chicago Fat Stock
Show, for the improvement from year to year
m the quality of beef that will be exported
from this market as the result of the emulation
in this normal school for the feeder and
breeder.

"And as other countries must compete in the
European markets with this class of goods, they
must keep pace with our feeders or retire from
the trade.

"The Shorthorn breeders have not, until
very recently, manifested much interest in this
contest, which has already created a boom in
the Hereford market, that has at least seriously
alarmed the thousands of breeders of this fa-
vorite class of cattle, who have deceived them-
selves with the impression that they had
nothing to fear from the handful of whitefaced
breeders, or their cattle.

"The number, influence, wealth, unparalleled
energy and enthusiasm Hereford advocates
have developed so suddenly startled the stock
breeders of the country, who have been com-
pelled to recognize the excellence of the com-
paratively new candidate for public favor. The

previous indifference of the Shorthorn men as
to the possibility of their defeat is in striking
contrast with their evident anxiety and the
earnest efforts being made at this date to spare
no pains or expense to regain their former
prestige.

"The grade Hereford steer Conqueror, the
Hereford cow Jennie (If 201), and other re-
markably fine whitefaced bullocks exhibited
during the past four years at the Fat Stock
Show, have opened the eyes of the most
prejudiced friends of Shorthorn cattle as to the
necessity of preparing a much better class of
cattle for future shows, or gracefully confess
a most humiliating defeat."

The butchering and comparing of the dif-
ferent animals at the Fat Stock Shows broiight
intelligent reports from able men and made it
a matter of record; and brought to the people's
notice that fat could be marbled between the
lean; and that it was not necessary to eat blue,
tough meat, if only the right quality of steers
were fed.

It was our great aim and effort to show that
Herefords possess the requisite qualities for a
beef animal, in perfection.

Prof. Tanner of England, in a lecture de-
livered before the Marshbrook Improvement
Society, on the economical production of meat,
states the case as follows:

"We find that the old breeds of cattle, the
vmimproved breeds of cattle, differed very ma-
terially from those of recent date. In other
words, we have modified by careful breeding
the powers of the animals we raise upon our
farms for doing this work. The difference to
be observed in the local breeds, wliicli were
existing in different parts of the country forty
or fifty years ago, were largely traceable to the
local influences of soil and climate. Since then
we have adopted improved and more valuable
breeds, and they have succeeded just in propor-
tion as they have been introduced into districts
that suit their peculiarities of character. For
instance, the produce of tlie Highlands of Scot-

294

H I S 'I' () K' Y 0 F II K IJ K F 0 I! D CATTLE

laiitl were of a haiily cliaractcr, and as we coiiil'
altiTwards to otlier t'xpost'd lands, we have the
Welsli and the Hereford breeds of stock; then,
going into more temperate districts we have the
Shortliorns, and the more tender but nimble
Devons, and so on, to the Channel Islands
stock. But the point is this: that all this pro-
duce obtain their jjoints of character by being
brought up under certain conditions to which
they had adapted themselves, but when the
Shorthorns were sent to Scotland they were un-
suited to the districts and they perished."

Prof. Tanner goes on to say: "Now those
habits, those points of character, which were
existing in the dif-
ferent local breeds,
were modified to
meet the require-
ments of more ad-
vanced farming.
F o r instance, t h e
old system of al-
lowing the cattle to
remain until they
were four, five, or
six years old, be-
I'ore they were
'iimpleted for the
liutcher, gradually
Ljave place to a
much more rapid
habit of growth, a
growth which was
more prompt and speedy throughout its en-
tire range, and the result was that the ani-
mal was finished and ready for the butcher
at a much earlier date. The tendency of
late years has, therefore, been in the direc-
tion of so altering the character of the animals
we breed that they become quiet and docile,
quite disposed to take their food without rest-
lessness, and also to make good use of the food
which is supplied to them. I know perfectly
well that you can appreciate the weakness of
the character, both of the Shorthorn stock and
also many of our delicate breeds of sheep, es-
pecially the Leicester. And how has this dif-
ference arisen? Largely because the alteration
made, in the case of the Shorthorn cattle, in
early years had been carried to an extent which
has probably — but I will not say probably —
which really, has resulted in their obtaining a
weaker constitutional character. Where breed-
ers of Hereford cattle have excelled is this.
they have kejit their cattle under more natural
conditions, and as a consequence by keeping
their cattle under those conditions, they have
submitted to what the Shorthorn breeder would

SIR JAMES RANKIN.
Uryngwin, Herefordshii

say was a sacrifice, during this time, because
they have not made their stock into such rapid
fat-formers as the Shorthorn cattle are.

"It you breed cattle so that they have small,
feeble, or imperfect lungs, you must not expose
such cattle to rough, cold weather with the
same impunity that you might if they had
larger lungs and were fully cajiable of main-
taining the warmth of the body, if you give
them small lungs they become imable to main-
tain that warmth under conditions of consider-
able dilTiculty, and having reduced the power
of the lungs, if you do expose it to inclement
weather, it is said at once of the animal that it
is too delicate, and why? Because you have
reduced the lungs so greatly that the aninuil
cannot keep up its warmth, and becomes
'delicate,' and that is only another phrase for
saying that it is predisposed to disease. Permit
the animal to become delicate, therefore, and it
becomes predisposed to disease. And just in
proportion as you limit the exercise that cattle
take, by keeping them in their confined stalls,
you diminish the size of the lungs, and you
nuike them incapable of resisting the conse-
quence of exposure. Now our Shorthorn cattle
are notoriously more delicate than your Here-
fords, and why are Herefords more hardy?
Because they have been bred and brought up
under conditions which allowed them greater
freedom, which permitted them to take more
exercise, and so they are more hardy.

■"This is one point; and there is aiiotJicr
])oint which has helped to make the Hereford
breed what it is — there has been greater care
shown for the production of milk. The fatal
error which was accepted by the majority of
Shorthorn men was this: We jre breeding to
produce meat, and milk is of secondary impor-
tance; we want pedigree animals which will be
of very high value; you can get milk from very
cheap cows. Now, there has not been a more
fatal opinion in connection with agriculture
than this. The production of milk has been
looked upon as of secondary moment, and just
in proportion as the production of milk has
lieen neglected, so will you find the breeding
|iowers of the aninuil become weaker and nuire
uncertain. It is, therefore, because of the
greater care that has been shown in the man-
agement of Hereford cattle, in reference to the
|)i<)duction of milk, and also the more natural
\\ay in which calves have been allowed to be
suckled by their cows and to run with them
that you have maintained tlie breeding powers
of these animals, in greater excellence and in
greater ])ower. The stronger constitution and
the better breeding character of the Hereford

H 1 S T () I{ Y OF J 1 !•: K J-: F 0 K D ( : A T T L E

305

stock is largely due to the faet that while you
have carried improvements forward, you have
not carried them to such an extent as to en-
danger the stahility of the breed for the hardy
character which it originally possessed, and
for many years past, it has l.ieen my j)leasiire to
refer to the Hereford breed as representing the
cattle of which there was a sutticient power for
the production of meat rapidly, without it be-
ing accompanied by weakness through over
feeding and neglecting the milk, and, depend
upon it, the great future of this breed will be
determined by this moderation that you have
shown in the past. There is nothing peculiar
to the Hereford breed, any more than the
Shorthorns, to prevent you going too far in the
alteration you make in the structure of the
body, and in its general healthy character. It
is quite possible for you, and you may have
seen instances of it, to produce a Hereford
quite as tender and as delicate as the most frail
of the Shorthorn breed. But the interests of
breeders in the past has been shown by carry-
ing the improvements to a reasonable extent —
making them good flesh formers, good feeders,
but not overdoing it by bringing your animals
into too delicate a condition."

Prof. Tanner concluded by saying: "I know
that some of the breeders of Shorthorn cattle
will think that I am doing them an injustice, in
reference to the quality of Shorthorn beef, but
it is my duty to speak the truth, to the best
of my ability and knowledge, whether it
pleases or not; and I feel convinced, that the
excessive limitation which is placed upon the
Shorthorns, tends greatly in the direction of
prod^icing beef which is decidedly of an in-
ferior character. We know, however, that it is
a point of excellence with Hereford breeders,
that you are rather liberal in regard to exercise
— you allow your stock to take rather a liberal
amount of exercise, and this is really a loss of
food producing power; but you cannot have it
both ways. The great end is to obtain that
ha|ipy medium that gives you the rich flesh, ac-
conqjanied by a fair proportion of fat, and not
to fatten to such an extent that the muscular
growth shall attain to a fatty degeneration."

We jjresent Dr. Sprague's report on marbling
qualities of beef from the dressed bullock,s at
the American Fat Stock Show and from others
obtained at the markets. We would call
special attention to the clause which we have
placed in italics:

"So, after thoroughly w"ighing (inj sifting
every feature of the structure^ of fiber and fat,
in the tiro breeds as represented ly specimens,
we cunchide that superinrily must be deter-

mined by EARLY MATURITY, I'OUMJS UF
GAIN UPON A GIVEN AMOUNT OF
FEED, RELATIVE WEIGHT OP OFFAL
AND OF BEST TO POOREST PARTS."

Or as we would state it, economy of produc-
tion and value of product. There is no doubt
that the Doctor reached the rule that must be
the true test. But a further and more careful
investigation reveals the fact that by the touch
and handling, the quality can be determined
with tolerable accuracy. The butcher of long
experience by the eye and handling, will de-
termine whether the animal will die well or
not; he will determine with almost unerring
certainty on the points. This fact is well es-
tablished, but there is as much ditt'erence in
butchers as there is in any other calling. We
will find butchers that by the outside of the
animal will tell almost to a certainty what is
under the hide, and this class of butchers
should be called for judges. Another point :
When a society shall reserve the right to
take competing bullocks that are brought be-
fore them for slaughter, then will they reach
results that will be valuable. Dr. Sprague
says, "The butcher is the only one that
could establish the presence of these desirable
qualities" (marbling). We advocated this and
urged upon the attention of the Illinois State
Board of Agriculture the necessity of making
this test. An oifer was made in the following
language in 1879 in a communication to the
Board:

"The object of your Board is to determine,
among other things, the comparative value of
different breeds of beef animals. Among other
ways, expert judges of beef animals are called
upon to pass upon the merits of such animals
as are brought before them. This will de-
termine the merits excepting the errors of
judgment and prejudice in favor of different
.breeds. To correct such errors and prejudices
if any exist. I will submit my cattle, that have
come in competition with other breeds, to the
direction of your Board to be slaughtered."

We agreed with Dr. Sprague, that the
butcher's test was needed. The Board could
offer such premiums as would make it an object
and inducement for breeders and feeders to
bring their cattle to such a test.

The Duke of Bedford did this over seventy
A ears ago, and the correctness of that judgment
has been recognized, from that time to the pres-
ent, by the graziers and butchers of England.

At the request of the State Board of Agri-
culture of Illinois. Dr. G. Sprague of Cliicago
prepared an exhaustive paper giving tlie re-
stdts of a series of careful microscopical

396

inSTOTtY OF II HUE FORD CATTLE

examinations of samples of meat, cut from
several of the carcasses butchered at tiie Fat
Stock Show held at Cliicago in 1880. It will
be renieiiibered that the hr'X'ders of Shorthorn
and Hereford cattle entered several head of
select steers of the two l)reods in a contest for
the slaughter prize, and also that during the
deliberations of the awarding committee the
feeling ran very high as to the relative supe-
riority of the meat. The microscopical tests
were made at tliat time, but not so thoroughly
as the State F)oard desired. The able paper of
Dr. Sprague has been condensed as follows, and
the result nf that gentleman's examinations at-

Presented to Geo. F Morgan, inscribed as follows: Pre-
sented to Geo. F. Morgan, Esq.. by a few breeders in
England, in recognition of his labors to establish
the Herefords In America, Jul.v 25th, 1SS3.

tracted great attention from the ])roducers,
meat cutters, and consumers of the country.

Dr. Sprague introduces the paper by
anatomical comparisons, which, allhongh tech-
nically of vast importance, do not relate to the
merits of the meat examined, and he then
states that:

"The specimens examined under the micro-
scope, and also su])jected to tests by cooking,
were taken from the loin at the ))oint of di-
vision of the fore, and from (he hind quarters
of the two and three-vcar-old Shorthorn grades.

ami from corresponding parts of the Uereford
grades of like ages, these being animals
slaughtered and dressed in competition at the
recent Fat Stock Show in this city. Specimens
from same part of carcass were procured of a
butcher shop on Adams street, where only high-
grade steers are cut up, and of low grade from
two South Division shops, and also from the
wholesale department of West Jackson street, A
careful examination in every state from
moisture to extreme dryness, running througli
a period of ten days, shows no discernible dif-
ference in color, structure of fiber, or the
equable distribution of the fat vesicles and fat
iiinong the muscular fibers of the show steers.
So after thoroughly weighing and sifting every
Feature of the structure of fiber and fat in the
t uo breeds, as represented in the high grades
piesented as specimens, we conclude that su-
periority must be determined by early maturity
— pounds of gain upon a given amount of feed;
relative weight of offal, and of best to poorest
|iarts, and by the test of public taste, based
njion the exterior form and finish, as from out-
ward appearance some prefer one breed and
I it hers the other. The specimens of high-grade
-teer beef procured on Adams street showed
nearly all the qualities of high marbling of the
exhibition steers, and there was no difference
in coloring, fineness of fiber, distribution of fat
vesicles, nor in flavor or odor when cooked,
tliough there was some difference in the degree
to which the fibers were filled with nutritive
-ubstance.

THE SCRFB MEAT.

"But a comparison of the scrub meat, or that
|iart of it known as scalawags, with the higli
urade, prompts us to ever in the future turn
"ur backs u])on and refuse to take upon our
|ilate a cut from the class referred to. The
lean fibers from this class of carcasses are like
rubljcr, and are held together by a glutinous
substance; and not by cellular tissues and fat
vesicles, filled with fat and easily separated, as
in the case of the high-bred steers. The speci-
men pieces of the scrub meat — and this held
good with the six examined, commenced to curl
as soon as the drying process commenced, and
in three days the pieces were curled up at the
edges and thoroughly dry; whereas the cuts
Ironi the liigli grades remained moist and .juicy,
and lay ilat upon the ]iapcr, though on hand
three or four days before the others were pro-
cured. When dry the cuts of the scrub meat
had no flexibililj, ^f.uld break before Ihey
would bend, and when cooked were without
fat, juiciness or llavoi-, while the specimens
from the hijrii uiadcs maintained all the.se

HISTOEY OF II EKE FORD CATTLE

297

qualities after having been kept for a full week
exposed to the air."

The Doctor made a praetieal test by cooking
samples of all the meats referred to. and his
deductions from the tests are simply a corrob-
oration of the opinion that the HIGH-GKADE
MEATS ARE THE ONLY ONES FIT FOR
THE TABLE.

Upon the question of the excessive fatness,
about which so much has been said and writ-
ten, the examiner, after minutely describing
where this excess of fat is to be found, and the
immediate cause thereof, says:

"It would be very proper, and a step in ad-
vance, to offer a prize on the beast, or rather
to the man who should breed and rear the
beast, capable of showing the highest specimen
of marbling with the least accumulation of fat,
merely as such, outside of and measurably away
from the muscles. Men can express their likes
and dislikes, it costs nothing to do this, but
mere expressions of opinion cut no figure in so
strictly a practical matter as growing meat for
the million. The triie inwardness of the sub-
ject is, as a rule, very imperfectly understood,
though the ways of getting at a better under-
standing are being gradually found out. The
idea entertained by some, generally vegetarians,
that fat accumulated in the system is the re-
sult of fatty degeneration of muscles, is er-
roneous in every particular. Fat in the human
system and in all animals is as natural an ele-
ment as are muscles and skin. That some por-
tion of the muscular system may (as is oc-
casionally the case with the heart, which is
(hollow) muscle) be the seat of deposit of
an unnatural amount of adipose matter, caus-
ing the muscles to become pale and the heart's
motion feeble, is no proof that all fat presents
evidence of degeneration. The blood in perfect
health contains fatty elements which in its
rounds are given off and taken in by the fat
vesicles, these latter holding it in store. The
blood also carries tlie material out of which
finger nails, hoofs and hairs are made, leaving
this at the proper place to replenisli waste; and
it would be just as proper to charge the hair
and the finger and toe nails with being a de-
generation from muscular substance as to
charge this to (he usual accumulation of fat
in the system of man or lieast.

"Cattle breeilers have always been divided in
opinion as to tlie superiority of meat grown
upon the frames of bony steers which ai"e pas-
ture-fed. Some breeders claim that meat thus
uiade must of necessity be of a ])etfer quality on
account of tlu> continued oufdo(n' cNcrcist' af-
forded and the natural food which the animal

takes, while just as thorough and practical men
insist upon the correctness of their views, that

A STALL-FED STEER

would produce as good, sound, hardy muscle
and as choice meat as could be shown upon an
animal fed in the open air and upon natural
food." After stating that no one questions that
exercise hardens the muscles, the Doctor says:

"The notion entertained by some that an
animal cannot be mainly kept in a stall and be
made to produce healthy, sound meat is a non-
sensical assumption not sustained by physi-
ology, nor is it by experience. That such an
animal is liable to fatty degeneration is equally
nonsensical. The evidences of health in the
stall-fed ox are just as apparent, under reason-
ably favorable circumstances, as are the
evidences of soundness in an apple grown in a
fixed position on a limb."

Many of the most prominent breeders of the
country pin their faith upon the idea that they
can by handling ascertain and determine
whether an animal will show marbled meat and
other signs of good blood and thorough breed-
ing. Because a steer presents a soft glossy
hide, and the proper fullness in parts that in-
dicate good blood and equally good care, these
gentlemen have been known to go so far as to
wager large sums of money that animals show-
ing these outside signs of excellence would,
upon being butchered, show highly . marl)led
meat. In fact, they have professed to be able
to locate this choice beef before death. Dr.
Sprague held that this was not only impossible
l)ut preposterous, and that

THE butcher's TEST WAS THE ONLY ONE

that could establish the presence of these de-
sirable qualities. Upon this subject he says:
"We acknowledged to having looked upon
these meat tests with no little interest, in that
we hoped to prove that the outward signs of
a fine handler would ))oint quite unerringly
to the quality of the meat fibre and the mar-
bling of it. So we selected a steer having a
soft, mossy coat and mellow skin, with the
other indications of a fine handler in a marked
degree, upon wliich to ajiply the tests so long
recognized and acted upon- liy breeders. This
steer, upon being cut up, gave no evidence of
any highi>r marbling of flesli tlian either of
the others, no matter what tlieir touch, under
the hand. Failing to find corroborative evi-
dence in this regard, we a]>plied the micro-
scope with care, in the hope of discovering a
muscular fibre susce])tiblo of minuter division
by far than the fibre of other steers in the

298

HISTOL'Y OF IlKKEFOKl) CATTLE

show that came under the butcher's hand. In
this \vc may have been in a raeasure successful,
as the minute fihiments of the muscular fibre
of the fine handling steer appeared under a
lens of high power to l)e a little finer than
others possessed, though the difference was not
pronounced, was, in fact, slight, not manifest
enough to base a distinction upon. This will
be conceded when it is considered that the
slight difference, if any existed, was only dis-
covered through a very high magnifying
power applied to a single filament, being the
100th division at least of a single minute
muscular fibre. One object of this examination
has lieen to discover, if practicable, outward

GOOD BUY aB6S) 76240.
Bred by Earl of Coventry.

signs that would point with tolerable certainty
to the inner structure during the life of the
animal, that we might be able to predict, while
the animal was upon its feet, what its fibre
would be upon the block, and the extent to
which this would be marbled.

"Hence, it is quite fitting, at this stage of
the discussion, to refer to the fact that the
deer, as well as many other animals, have ex-
ceedingly soft coats and pliable skins, yet no
marbling of the flesh. These facts have their
bearing, and point distinctly to the need of
more lessons and closer study. We should
think it doing violence to intimate that a steer
of coarse outward texture and heavy bone,
would show flesh of equal quality with one pos-
sessed of a moderate bone and general marks
f)f fine texture u])on the surface. But, as for
any difference ol>serval)le in the exterior struc-
ture of the steers shown at the late exhibition
appearing to indicate a finer flesh fibre, or
better degree of marbling, we think the evi-
dence brought out through the tests upon the
interior structure point not very distinctly to
either beast.

"It oecurs to us to liint, in conclusion, that
tli<^ HoMrd of .Agriculture .should require ex-

periments upon low as well as high-grade
meats, and that these tests should include the
careful cooking and testing of the cooked
samples. This test is applied to all other kinds
of food entered for prizes. Our bread, butter,
cheese and preserve making do not now need
the safeguards of prizes and tests nearly so
much as do our meats, as the diflej-ences in the
latter are so imperfectly understood, even
among the better class of consumers."

We give herewith the outlines fairly repre-
senting these two breeds — Hereford and Short-
horn— at the heart-girth, (|[ 201a) supposing
them to be cut in two parts, at that point. It
will be noticed that drawing a line horizon-
tally across the centers of these two cuts, the
greatest weight of the Hereford is above, and
of the Shorthorn below such line.

We represent also a cut of a Hereford cow,
and have drawn the lines as they appear, and
marked and numbered the different cuts.

(r^oib.)

The line running from the neck to the but-
tock would correspond with supposed line
across the circular outline, and above this we
may term the top.

In this cut may be found the prevailing or
usual form of the Hereford. They are always
better topped, or in other wOrds they are the
best in the best parts.

The parts numbered 1, 2, 3 and 9 are always
better in weight and quality in the Herefords
than in the Shorthorn; 10 and 11 are equally
good as to weight, and better in quality. On
this the advocate of the Shorthorn would take
issue, for if in any point they have a show
of quality with the Hereford, it is at this
point; 12 (the thigh or round) with the Here-
ford is heavier on the inside and lighter on
the outside, while the Shorthorn is lighter on
the inside and heavier on the outside, giving
the Hereford the largest amount of good beef
here.

The parts 4 and 5 are better in the Here-
ford than in the Shorthorn, and in the Here-
ford better than 2 in the Shorthorn ; 3 is where
the fore roasts, are cut from, and where the
Hereford makes his weight of fore quarter 40
per cent thicker meat, and of the best quality.
The top of the cow in the circle outlini' — broad
and full in the crops — is the rule with the
Hereford and the exception with the Short-
horn. And good meat is carried nearer to the
horns and hocks on the Hereford than on tlie
Shorthorn. The value of the Hereford on any
market where known is above that of the
Shorthorn because he is better in the best
places.

HISTOllY OF HEKMFOKD CATTLE

299

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Tketii as Indicative of the Age of Cattle. Somk Fat
Stock Show Comparisons

We think it will he granted without con-
trovers}', that if a three-year-old is shown
as a two-j'ear-old, and a four-year-old as a
three-year-old, and a five or six-year-old in the
four-year-old class, there is ground for a
very decided protest from the owners of the
cattle that are exhibited at their right ages.
In this connection, at the risk of being tedious,
we shall introduce considerable testimony as
to the reliability of the teeth as indicators of
age in cattle, and as to irregularity and error
in the ages of Shorthorn steers, against which
Herefords were unfairly compelled to show.
We will also reproduce cuts of teeth to better
bring out this method of computing ages.
This we first brought out in the "Breeders'
Journal." In those days the "battle of the
breeds" was a reality, "a condition and not a
theory," as some "milk and water" adherents
of the cattle trade would have us now believe.

Steers were exhibited at the Fat Stock Shows,
that, allowing all due latitude for reasonable
variation, carried around with them in their
mouths conclusive evidence as to their fraudu-
lent ages. It only needed to be utilized and
made a part of the showing to put them in the
class to which they belonged.

To show that the age of animals has been
made a study by educated and perfectly re-
liable men, we were at much pains to procure
from the highest source obtainable the latest
and best information of the age of animals as
shown by their teeth.

While in England we found that Prof.
Brown, who is at the head of the Veterinary
Department of the British Government, had
published under the auspices of tlie Royal Agri-
cultural Soc'iety cuts showing the ages of meat-
producing animals. These cuts agree substan-
tially with the cuts published herewith. From
these cuts exhibitors, judges and visitors at cat-
tle shows may be enabled to judge of the cor-
rectness of the ages of animals wliich are ex-
hibited.

The steers exhibited liy the T.L.Miller Co. in
November, 188'^, at two years and nine months,
showed only four permanent inci-sors; at three
years and nine months only six; and so far
as we have examined we have found the same
results.

Mr. John Price, of Court House, Pembridge,
England, had two steers, one three years and
six weeks, which had four full incisors, and the
adjoining calf teeth were still firm in their
sockets. Another steer at two years and five
months had four permanent incisors, and two
outside ones not yet fully grown. It w-ill be
noticed that Prof. Brown and his associates
acted as inspectors for English exhibitions with
power to disqualify animals from exhibition.

"Early maturity," says Prof. Brown, "is the
sine qua non of breeders and exhibitors of farm
■stock, and it is one of the objects of agricul-
tural societies to encourage them in their efforts
to produce breeds which reach a state of per-
fect development at a comjiaratively youthful
jjeriod.

"In order that judges of stock may be in a
position to decide between animals of un-
doubted merit, the age is in all cases to be taken
into account; and it is presumed that of the
competing animals, which are in other respects
equal, the youngest will receive the palm.

"Whether or not the practice is invariably in
conformity with this theory may be open to
question, but there is no doubt that the prin-
ciple is correct, and in order that it may be car-
ried into effect it is necessary to inform the
judges of the exact age of each animal in every
class.

"Xo argument is re(]uired to show that the
breeder's certificate would afford the most re-
liable evidence of an aninuil's age if scrupulous
exactitude and honesty were inlierent human
qualities; it is equally obvious that in their
absence the evidence of a certificate is more
calculated to mislead than to assist tlie judg-
ment.

300

IIISTOK'Y OF HEREFORD CATTLE

CALF'S TEETH AT
BIRTH.

"It will probably l)e conceded, that persons
who arc concerned with the breeding and feed-
ing of animals are not always free from risk oT
error, and it certainly can be proved by the
logic of facts that all are not scrupulously exact
in such matters as the statement of an animal's
age. It therefore becomes necessary to supple-
ment or correct the exhibitor's certificate, by
such evidence as the
animal itself affords:
and by common con-
sent, the periodical
changes to which
the teeth are sub-
ject, are accepted as
indications of age,
only second in value
to positive proof of
the date of the ani-
mal's birth.

"How far the cul-
tivation of breeds,
by artificial selec-
tion and high feed-
ing, has influenced
the development of
the teeth, in com-
mon with other organs connected with nutritive
functions, can only be inferred from the great
difference which exists l)et\veen the accounts of
the older veterinary writers on dentition of ani-
mals and the facts which are familiar to the
few experts of this generation who have taken
the trouble to investigate the subject for them-
selves.

"In this country the most popular writer on
veterinary science was Jlr. Youatt. whose works
on tile horse, ox, sheep and pig were published
by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge. Youatt's remarks on the teeth are
copied almost verbatim from T\I. Girard's work
on dentition ; and it may be without hesitation
asserted, that if Girard's description of the
teeth of the ox, sheep and pig were correct at
the time when they were written, an improved
system of breeding and feeding must have oc-
casioned a very remarkable change in the rate
of development of the teeth. In the year 1850
I commenced some investigations on the ani-
mals wiiich were bred on the ]{oyal .\gricul-
tural College Farm, for the common purposes of
supplying milk and meat, and not especially for
purposes of exhibition. The cattle on the farm
were chiefly Shorthorns, the sheej) were Cots-
wolds, and the ])igs Herkshires, and none of the
animals were at tliat time referred to as pedi-
gree stock, nor were they fed on the forcing
system. The observations of the first few

months of 1850 sufficed to establish the fact
that the teeth of cattle, sheep and swine were
develo])ed at much earlier periods than those
which were stated in Y^ouatt's remarks, copied
from Girard.

"From the animals on the college farm the
inquiry was extended to Mr. Stratton's valu-
able stock near Swindon, and to Mr. Kearsey's
ram flock at Rodniarten. Among the more
highly cultivated animals on these farms the
yirocess of dentition was not found to be more
forward than among the stock on the college
farm ; and it is not generally more forward at
the present time, after an intervening period of
over thirty years of high feeding and careful
breeding, in the improved races of cattle, sheep
and swine than it was then.

"The contention of exhibitors is, that excep-
tional development is so frequent during denti-
tion as to disturb any calculations which are
Iiased on a rule. In reply it may be stated that
the most competent observers do not accept that
view. On the contrary they are aware that the
alleged exceptions do not often bear a critical
investigation. Numerous inquiries have from
time to time been made in compliance with the
urgent demands of owners of disqualified ani-
mals, and those who have been most sedulous in
searching for the truth are aware how vague
and incomplete the evidence in support of the
owner's certificate has been in most cases. Not
uncommonly the entry has been proved to be
incorrect, and in the few cases where the de-
cision of the expert
has been reversed, it
has been done, only,
on the plea that the
exhibitor should
have the benefit of
the doubt.

"Whenever a con-
siderable number of
disqualifications oc-
cur at the principal
agricultural shows,
the aggrieved ex-
hibitors avail them-
selves of the aid of
the press to vindi-
cate their systems of

recording the ages of their animals, and to show
how im])ossible it is for any mistake to ha])pen.
In no case, however, within iny own recollec-
tion, have any useful facts been brought to
light as the result of these ])eriodical ett'usious.

"On tlie occasion of the exhibition of the
Smithfield Club in 1.S81 .several pens of pigs
were dis(jualified, and some of the exhibitors

■IT -2 0 5^

FIG. :. CALFS TEETH AT
SECOND WEEK.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

301

expressed their views on tlie subject of denti-
tion, as indicative of the age, in the agricul-
tural press. Mr. James Howard, M. P., wrote
a letter to the 'Agricultural Gazette,' from
which the following paragraph is quoted :

'• 'According to m}- own observation the den-
tition varied much according to families, and
to a considerable e.xtent in the same family, but
in the majority of cases dentition in the same
litter is tolerably
uniform when
three months old;
at six months the
boars, and particu-
larly the more ro-
bust ones, show a
marked forward-
ness; at nine
months the denti-
tion is often very
varied; at twelve
months some of the
pigs of the same
litter will show a
state of dentition
from two to three months in advance of others,
and also in advance of the condition laid down
in Prof. Simond's treatise.'

"This definite statement of the results of his
own observations, by an eminent breeder and
exhibitor, was far too important to pass over
without notice. It will be observed that Mr.
Howard's remarks had reference to the most
critical ages, viz., six months, nine months and
twelve months, and I, perhaps not unreason-
ably, indulged a hope that I might obtain an
exact account of the particular variations which
had been noted at the ages named. I therefore
wrote to Mr. Howard for the information. In
reply Mr. Howard enclosed a memorandum
from his farm manager, expressing at the same
time his regret that he did not take notes, add-
ing that the farm manager is a most reliable
and truthful man.

"The memorandum from the farm manager
is as follows :

" 'Britannia Farm, Bedford, Mar. 1, 1882.
" 'The subject of dentition as indicating the
ages of pigs was first brought under my notice
when a pen of your pigs were disqualified at
Birmingham show some years ago, and to prove
for my own private satisfaction whether it
could be relied upon, I from time to time ex-
amined litters when in my possession. I should
think my examinations extended for about three
years, and I know proved conclusively to my
mind that no reliance can be placed on the
dentition of a litter as a true test of the age.

I kept no account or notes of my examinations
at that time, not thinking it would come to
such prominence as at the present time. The
results -were as given by you in a former letter,
from which the enclosed jjaragraph is taken.'

"The enclosed paragraph referred to was the
paragraph (quoted above) from Mr. Howard's
letter to the 'Agricultural Gazette.'

"Another inquiry, which was instituted about
the same time as the above, ended in an equally
unsatisfactory manner.

"Mr. Sanders Spencer informed me that ho
had in his possession a pig of one year old
which had the lateral permanent incisors. As
such an abnormal state of dentition had not
been seen before an opportunity was sought to
inspect this dental phenomenon. Unfortu-
nately the application was made too late. Mr.
Spencer wrote in response:

"'Holywell Manor, St. Ives, Hunts,

" 'February G. 1882.

" 'The yelt I mentioned to you on Thursday
failed to breed, so she was sold to our village
butcher, to whom I will today apply and try
to obtain from him or the purchaser the lower
jaw of the pig and will forward it to you
if not damaged, as they usually are by the
butcher when chopping off the snout. I be-
lieve I did not mention to you the circum-
stances that one of the yelt's central incisors
(temporary) was broken off, so that the ab-
normal dentition may have been caused by ac-
cident.'

"The promised specimen was not obtained,
but in reply to another letter of inquiry Mr.
Spencer wrote as follows:

" 'After finding the velt had cut her perma-
nent lateral incisor^ I cMmincd her molar^
but found nothing
unusual in their de-
velopment. Nos. 1
and 3 were vcr\
much worn, and
seemed quite ready
to move for the pei-
manent ones. No
5 looked very white
but was apparently
fully grown.' "

"It appears from
the above remarks
that the state of
dentition in respect
of the molar teeth was exactly what it is ex-
pected to be at the age of one year, while tlie
incisors indicated the animal to be six months
older. That such a specimen was lost must
remain a subject of regret.

C.\LFS TEETH AT
1 MONTH.

302

II I ST O 11 Y OF HE RE FORI) CATTLE

CALF'S TEETH AT
8 MONTHS.

"It is not iiiteiuk'd in anjtliiug which has
been stated to question the fact of the occur-
rence of irregularities in tlie tientitiou of the
animals of the farm. On the contrary, my sub-
sequent remarks will contain references to
numerous and remarkable exceptions to the rule
of development of the teeth of different animals.
It is, however, contended that the expert is per-
fectly familiar with the exceptions and knows
exactly how to make allowance for them in
forming his opinion of an animal's age. Any
one of common intelligence can become an ex-
pert in judging the age by the teeth if he
chooses to devote
some years to the
patient and critical
study of the sub-
ject, but until he
has thus qualified
himself he ought
not to assume the
right to criticise
o]>inions based on
evidence which he
cannot appreciate.
The events of the
last exhibition of
the society at Read-
ing, without refer-
ring to similar
cases which have been sufficiently numer-
ous in past years, suffice to prove that
what ought to be the unquestionable evi-
dence of a breeder's certificate cannot al-
ways be accepted without hesitation. At the
last show eight pens of pigs were absolutely
disqualified, and exhibitors were cautioned in
respect of the pigs in seven other pens. Pigs
which were shown under the condition that they
should not exceed two months had the dentition
of three months and six months respectively.
Pigs shown under six months had the one-year-
old teeth well up, and other in the same class
had the dentition of eight and nine months.
One man was seen to move a pig, after the in-
spection was finished, from an old class into a
younger one. The attempt to secure for the
animal a ])etter position than it was entitled to
really led to its di.-^(|ualification, a conse-
quence which, however unpleasant for the ex-
hibitor, is not the most serious outcome of the
attempted fraud. Such pr«ceedings as those
which have been referred to naturally tend to
excite universal suspicion, which may often fall
unjustly and witliout sufficient reason.

. "In one sense it may be considered satisfac-
tory that from the first disqualifications have
been recorded chiefly in respect of the pigs of

a few exhibitors, who year after year, in spite
of warning, persisted in trying how far they
might presume on the forbearance of the in-
spectoi's, urging in reply to all remonstrances
that it would not answer for one or two to 'show
straight' unless they all agreed to do so.

"The great majority of exhibitors during the
last twenty years have not given any grounds
of complaint, and in many instances, notably
among the pigs exhil)ited by Her Majesty, by
the Royal Agricultural College, and by Messrs.
Howard, the development of the teeth has been
rather below than in advance of the rules which
have been laid down as the result of long ex-
perience. Altogether the evidence of more than
a quarter of a century justifies the statement
that the evidence of age which is afforded by
the teeth, without being absolutely irrefragable,
is the most rclialile, under all the circum-
stances, which can be obtained."

THE TEETH OF THE OX.

"In the front of the mouth of the ox there
are eight incisors or cutting teeth in the lower
jaw only, an elastic pad of fibrous tissue, cov-
ered with mucous membrane, takes the place
of teeth in front of the upper jaw. The inci-
sors may be distinguished as central.s, or first
pair; middles, or second pair; laterals, or third
jiair, and corners, or fourth pair; the same
term being equally applical)le +o the temporary
and permanent organs.

"Temporary incisor teeth are easily distin-
guished from permanent, cliiefly liy their size.
The fangs of the ti'mporary inci.sor teeth are
nmch shorter than those of the permanent in-
cisors, but this fact is not to be recognized until
the teeth are removed from the jaw. No ques-
tion is likely to arise in the mind of the ex-
aminer as to the distinction between temporary
and permanent organs; in fact, the coninuni
term broad teeth, as applied to the latter, sutli-
ciently indicates their prominent feature.

"Molar teeth are named first, second or third,
according to their position. In tlu^ temporary
set there are three molars on eacli side of the
upper ami lower jaws, and in the adult these
teeth ari' clianged for permanent organs, while
three additional teeth, tlie fourth, fifth and
sixth in position, all of which are permanent
teeth from the first, are added, making iho full
set of permanent molar teeth six in each side
of the U])])er and lower jaws.

"In the mouth of the calf at birth the tem-
porary teeth, molars and incisors are all so far
advanced that they may be seen in outline under
the gum. and commonlv the cutting edges of

11 1 S T 0 K Y 0 F II E K E F OK D CATTLE

303

the incisors and a few points of the niohirs are
uncovered.

"The advance of the teeth and the receding
of the gums proceed very rapidity after birth,
and at the age of one month the temporary
teeth, viz., eight incisors in the lower jaw and
three molars in each side in the top and bottom
jaws, are fully developed.

"No accurate opinion of the age of a calf can
be formed from the observation of the state of
dentition between
the ages of one and
si.x months, when
the fourth molar is
cut; but during
this period the
jaws expand, the
incisor teeth grad-
ually become less
crowded, and the
space between the
third molar and
the angle of the
jaw increases as
the fourth molar,
which is the first
advances to occupy its

FIG. 6. CALF'S TEETH AT 11
MO.VTHS.

tooth

permanent
space.

"At the age of six months the fourth molar
is well developed, but it is in close contact with
the angle of the jaw, and the posterior sur-
face is not quite free from the covering of the
gum.

"Between six and twelve months old there
are no important dental changes, the incisor
teeth become worn, and as the jaws increase in
size there is more space left between them, but
it is not possible to assert from the state of the
inpisor teeth whether an animal is under or
over the age of one year. (Fig. 7.)

"Shortly after one year the fifth molar be-
gins to make its appearance, and at fifteen
months it is well up. The appearance which
the fifth molar presents at this age is very much
like that of the fourth molar at the age of six
months. The new tooth is in close contact with
the angle of the jaw, and the gum covers tlie
extreme posterior part of its surface.

"No change occurs in the incisors, except that
which is caused by the wear of the teeth and
the growth of the jaw, until the age of one
year and eight or nine months, at which time
the two central teeth are loose, and the first
broad teeth sometimes begin to project through
the gum. In very forward animals the central
permanent incisors are cut at the age of a year
and seven months, but they are never level with
the other incisors before one year and ten

months, and liicir perfect development is in-
dicative of the age of two years.

"The illustration (Fig. 10) was taken from
a Shorthorn heifer at the age of one year and
ten months, and may be accepted as indicative
of the general appearance of the incisors at
I hat age.

■'While the first pair of permanent incisors
are advancing to take the place of the tem-
jjorary teeth, the sixth and last permanent
molars push their way through the gum, and at
the age of two \'ears are in position. Any error
of opinion as to the age which might arise from
the premature cutting of the central permanent
incisors may be corrected by reference to the
state of the molars.

"The sixth molar takes the position de-
scribed, and the first and second permanent
molars take the places of the temporary teeth;
this change, in my experience, does not usually
occur until the animal is a month or two over
two years of age.

"From two years and three months to two
years and six months the second pair of broad
teeth — the middle permanent incisors — occupy
the place of the corresponding temporary teeth
in all the cultivated breeds. Instances of late
dentition present themselves from time to time
in which the middle permanent incisors are not
cut until the animal is approaching three years
old. There is consequently a possible variation
of six months in the time of the appearance of
these teeth.

"In the illustration (Fig. 12) the ordinary

IT 210 'T/' I'

FIG. 7 m:akling's teeth at i. months.

condition of the incisor at two years and six
months is shown.

"It must be understood in reference to the
appearance of the second pair of broad teeth
that an expert, looking at a mouth which cor-
responds to the drawings, will conclude that the
animal is two years and a half old, but if he is
required to certify that the age is under or
above that period be must proceed to inspect
the molar teeth, and take into account the ani-

304

iiis'i'oiiY OF ]1K]:efo];i) catti.k

FIG.

. YEARLING'S TEETH
AT 15 MONTHS.

inaTs pedigree, its sex, ;ui(l its grncial ((uiili-
tioii of development.

"If the animal in question is a bull of one
of the cultivated breeds, and has been forced
to a state of earh' maturity, it may be expected
that the second pair of permanent incisors will
have been cut at two years and fo\ir months ;
and if either of the anterior temporary molars
remain in their places, the conclusion that the
animal is under two years and a half will be
strengthened.

"SJiortly after the first and second molars are
cut the third makes its a])pearance; occasion-
ally it appears be-
fore the others,
and the animal at
tlie age of three
years will have
three anterior mo-
lars nearly level
with the other
teeth, but showing
no signs of wear.

"The eruption
of the third pair of
jiermanent incisors
may occur at any
time between two
years and six
moiitlis and three years of age. In cultivated
breeds they are present as a rule before the ani-
mal is three j'ears old, and occasionally they
will be found w-ell developed after two years
and a half. In fact the anterior molars afford
more reliable evidence of the age between two
and a half and three years old than is furnished
by the incisors.

"The fourth pair of broad teeth, thi' corner
permanent incisors, are more subject to varia-
tion in the time of cutting than the third pair.
In well bred cattle they take the place of the
teni])orary teeth soon after tlu' com])letion of
the third year, but in bulls they are not uncom-
monly present at twp years and ten months old,
while in some instances they are not cut until
three years and nine months old. Very little
reliance, indeed, can be placed on the evidence
of the corntT incisors, and the examiner is com-
pelled to refer to the molar teeth for the pur-
pose of correcting his oi)inion.

"With the eruption of the corner permanent
incisors, the fourth pair of l)road teeth, the
permanent dentition of the ox is completed, and
after this period the changes in the form of the
teeth which are due to attrition will assist the
examiner in forming an opinion of the age, but
no exact estimate can l)e based on such evidence.
The five-year-old ox will show a considerable

amount of worn surface in the central, middle
and lateral incisors, and the cutting edge of
the corner teeth will be marked liy a line of
wear, but no one would attempt to determine
whether or not an animal were under or above
the age of five, and as the years increase the
difficulty of judging the age by the appearance
of the teeth is not diminished. The teeth be-
come narrower and more widely separated from
each other year after year, but the changes are
not sufliciently well marked to enable the ex-
aminer to accept them as reliable evidence of
age,"

Tbe Illinois State Board of Agriculture were
given a chance to put them.selves on record as
to whether they wished to have their records of
any value as to weights, gain per day and early
maturity of the cattle exhibited at the Chicago
Fat Stock Show. It must be remembered that
the money of the people of Illinois was used
by this board. We appeared before the State
Board of xigriculture at their annual meeting
held at Springfield, January, 1883. We then
presented them with the following written state-
ment of facts:

"To the Honorable State Board of Agricul-
ture of the State of Illinois: At the late Fat
Stock Show held at Chicago I called the
attention of President Scott to the fact that
cattle were on exhiljition at fraudulent ages,
and requested of him that he would bring the
information to the board to the end that they
might take sucli action in the matter as would
protect the board, the exhibitor and the public
from the effect of such fraudulent entries.
Whether he brought the matter to the notice
of the board or not I am not informed, and, so
far as I know, no action was taken on the in-
formation.

"The interview that I refer to was on the
first day of the show. I again called his atten-
tion to the fact that D. 'SI. iloninger of Iowa
had on exhiliition a steer called the 'Champion
of Iowa' at 71.5 days old, or one year 11
months and 15 days old ; that the steer had
six full teeth, while he was not entitled, if his
age was correctlv stated, to have more than
two full teeth, that J. II. Potts & Son had a
steer entered as 71.5 davs old that had but two
full teeth, and that the T. L. Miller Company
had a steer entered as 714 days old which only
had two full teeth. These two sti'crs had teeth
that corres]ionded with the age that they were
entered at, wliile the teeth of 'Mr. Moninger's
would indicate that he was full three, if not
a four-year-old steer.

"I had several of the steers examined, but I

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

30.'5

.^[2*

i. YEARLING'S TEETH
AT IS MONTHS.

wish now to call your attention to the fact that
not only was the steer 'Champion of Iowa'
entered at a fraudulent age, but that I have
ascertained that the steers 'Tom Brown' and
'Grinnell,' so called, and numbered in the cata-
logue published by your society 111 and 113,
were butchered liy Jlessrs. Eastland & Duddles-
ton, of Chicago, and that the teeth of these
two steers, which
are now in my ])os-
session, show 'Tom
Brown' to have
been at least five
years old, the steer
'(irinneir to have
been at least four
years old, by the
usual standard au-
thorities, instead
of two and three
years old, as shown
in the catalogue,
and these ages may
be established by
comparison w i t h
living animals of today. I also call your atten-
tion to the entries of Messrs. H. & 1. Groff, of
Elmira, Can., for animals Nos. 15, 17, 18, as W)2
days old, 1,2()5 and 1,305 days; the first entered
as two-year-old, the others as three-year-olds.
"These animals were slaughtered by Mr.
John Ford, and from him I purchased the
heads, from which I took the teeth which I
presented to you today. These teeth,- by the
usual standard authorities, would show them
to be from five to six years okVand by compar-
ing them with living animals of today the.se
conclusions woiild be sustained.

"Believing that your board, with. the exhibits
you are making, should go forth to the world
with truthful results, and that it is your desire
to protect the exhibitors who comply honestly
witli your rules, and that you will not seek to
avoid the responsibilities, by the technical form
in which the information may reach you, I
have appeared before you with the witnesses,
to-wit, the teeth of the bullocks. And I charge
these exhibitors, to-wit : Mr. T). M. Moninger
and Messrs. H. & I. Groff, with the entering
of the cattle under false and fraudulent ages,
for the purpose of deceiving the committee, tlu'
public and to obtain a reward by misrepresenla-
tion. T.' T.. JIiLLKR."

The report (if Ihe (■oiiimittcc tn whom the
matter was rcfiTred ])lace(l thi'inselves on record
lis follows :
"To the State Biiard of Agrieiiliure :

"Your comniittee. to wlioin llie coinmuni-

cation of Mr. T. L. Miller in regard to the
matter of determining the age of animals ex-
hibited at Fat Stock Show of 188-2, and com-
jdiiining of the action of the president of this
board in a particular case involving that ques-
tion was referred, beg leave to say that,
primarily, Mr. Miller himself failed' to do
what, by his own statement was clearly his duty,
in not "bringing his complaint to the attention
of the board in a manner recognized by the
established rules of which he was undoubtedly
cognizant. Mr. Miller could not have beeii
ignorant of his own plain duty as an exhibitor,
and having failed to protest in any proper form
against the exhibition of any animal or animals
he mentions, the board has not, in his mere
verbal complaints, any ground to institute an
investigation, or to do any act which could be
made to imply a doubt as to the correctness of
the statement of any other exhibitor. In other
words, your committee Ijelieve that the rules
relating to this subject are clear and practical,
and that Mr. Miller perfectly understood what
his rights and duties were in the premises; that
the president did exactly what the board had
a right to expect its executive officer to do, and
certainly gave not the slightest occasion for the
complaints made by Mr. Miller, and therefore
recommend that no further action of this board
in the premises is demanded.

J. IrVIXG PE.iRCE,

John Virgin,
John P. Reynolds,
Committee.''
It can be seen from this that they eared
nothing for the facts in the case, but shielded

•J12I3

FIG. 10. YEARLINGS TEETH AT 22 MONTHS.

themselves behind a technicality, that a written
])rotest was not entered tiie day the verbal (iro-
tests were made. We then wrote the following
on the subject, which will more fully e\]ilaiii
liow much those in interest knew of the subject

306

HISTORY OF H P: R E F 0 R D CATTLE

lici'dri' aiul during the fontimiaiifc of tlic Fat

Stock Sliow :

■'Kditor "Breeders' Jourual":

■'My relation to this interest is well
Icnown, but in this article I propose to
confine nivself clearly and closely to the
Fat Stock Show of 1882. There has
been, through the live stock journals, in
the interest of the Shorthorns, a great blowing
of trumpets and a heralding as to what that
interest was to do at the coming show. On the
13th of November exhibitors commenced com-
ing in with their stock, and between that and
the 16th items of in-
terest in relation to
the entries were gen-
erally known. When
I came into the exhi-
bition building on
Thursday morning,
the 16th, I was in-
formed that large
numbers of the
Shorthorns were
entered under their
actual ages. Ascer-
taining in a few in-
stances by examina-
tion that the.se re-
ports were true, I
called upon President
Scott and found him presiding at a meeting of
the State Board of Agriculture. He met me in
the ante-room (^ 203) and I advised him that,
from the best information that I could get,
there were a great many cattle in the show
older than the entries would indicate. I asked
him to bring the matter before the board and
have them ta]<e the initiatory steps to ascertain
the truth of these reports. He said to me that
the proper way to get it liefore the board was by
protest. I re])lied that it was not proper to put
that responsibility u])on the exhibitors, and of-
fered to place the animals I had on exhibition
under any test that the board might see fit to
make, and put myself and herd under any ex-
amination that they might direct. Mr. Scott,
however, called my attention to this section :
'In case of protest, notice must be given to the
superintendent of the department before or
during the examination of tlie animal or article
f.rotested, and a written statement setting forth
the reasons for protesting, verified by affidavit,
mu.'it be filed with the secretary on the day that
the notice is given.'

"After leaving Mr. Scott T met Mr. J. H.
Sanders of the 'breeders' Ga:;ette,' and called
his attention to the fact that entries of animals

were made undiT their actual ages, and said
to him that 1 had just come from Jlr. Scott,
to whom 1 had given notice of the fact, and
asked him (Sanders) to use his influence to
see that examinations were made to see if such
fraud exi.sted, and if so to see that it was ex-
posed, to which proposition lie gave his assent,
and said that he would do all that he could in
the matter. Xothing was done by the board.
Mr. Sanders at an early day became the
medium through which a cane was presented
to Messrs. D. M. Moninger and J. D. Gillette,
Shorthorn exhibitors at this show.

"1 had determined two years ago that this
matter of entering animals under their ages
should be exposed. A year ago my health was
such that I was not able to attend the exhibi-
tion, but of the animals that were slaughtered
that year the mouths were all preserved and
properly labeled and given to the secretary of
the board, by him taken to Springfield. These
showed that the Shorthorns were of a greater
age than the Herefords. The secretary says
that he sent them to his house to be boiled for
the purpose of taking the flesh from the bones
and thus putting them in a shape for preserva-
tion. This process destroyed them and their
identity. I have only to say in reference to it
that this being the true version of their de-
struction it showed a want of judgment. I had
in the cour.se of the last 3'ear given notice that
I should make special efforts to expose any
fraud that should be made by entering cattle
under their actual ages. Wishing, however, to
take no advantage of the board, or of the ex-
hibitors, 1 thus gave President Scott notice of
the fact that fraudulent entries were made, and
called the attention of Mr. Sanders, the editor
of the leading Shorthorn organ, to the fact,
and there rested the case until the last day but
one of the show, when I called President Scott's
attention again to the fact that Mr. D. M.
Moninger, of Galvin, Iowa, had a steer entered
as a yearling, called the 'Champion of Iowa,'
and numbered in their catalogue as 112, which
was a long three-year-old or over, and cited to
him the fact, that for the age, he should have
but two permanent teeth, while in fact he had
six ; and that, besides this error, there were
others that were much older than they were
entered for. He again called my attention to
the fact that it was a duty of the exhiiiitor dis-
satisfied to come before the board with a pro-
test, as specified in Section 5. (]f2f)3) hereto-
fore quoted. I advised him that 1 did not come
lu'fore the board as a protestor, and called his
attention to Section 12, which reads as follows:

"'.\ warding committees are instructed that

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

30r

if the}' have good reason to lielieve that any ex-
hibitor, bv false entrv or otlierwise, attempts
to deceive tlie eoniinittee or the public and ob-
tain an award by misrepresentation, they shall
report the fact at once to the superintendent of
the department, who shall report the same to
the board, who may expel such exhibitor for
fraud for at least two years.' He declined to
take any action except I should come to him
as prescribed in Section 5.

"I then went to the Hon. John P. Reynolds,

.V^:

FIG 12. TEETH AT 2 YEARS AND C MONTHS.

a member of the board, and called his attention
to these facts, and to the fact that I had seen
the president and he declined to take any ac-
tion, and that I should bring the matter before
the Hereford Society, which was to meet that
evening, and ask of them to take some definite
action in reference to these frauds. He after-
wards saw Mr. C. M. Culbertson and referred
to the conversation I had had with him, and
asked of Mr. Culbertson that the Hereford So-
ciety should take no action, and that he would
see that an investigation was made into these
facts. In the evening of this day at a meet-
ing of the Hereford Society I brought up the
fact of this steer in particular, and stated that
there were many other entries in the show that
were fraudulent, and asked what action might
be taken on the merits of these entries. Mr.
Culbertson then reported the request of Mr.
Reynolds that no action should be taken, and
that he would endeavor to have an investigation
made in reference to the charges as to the
fraudulent entries of the Moninger steers. At
the meeting of the board on the following day
the matter was brought up. As I understood,
President Scott opposed the action being taken
for the reason that it had not come before the
board in the form and nuinncr jirescribed by
the rules, to-wit : by protest of a competing ex-
hibitor. This view appears to have prevailed,
.'ind no action was taken In asccriain aijes of the

steers on exhibition at this show. The prol)a-
bilities are that but for this promise of Mr.
Rc'ynolds the Hereford Society would have
taken some definite action to determine the
ages of the Moninger steers and others. The
Hereford Society owed it to themselves to
secure a thorough investigation as to the ages
of the cattle on exhibition. It was generally
understood among the exhiiiitors that the Short-
horns were entered under their actual ages. Mr.
Moninger's cattle in jrerticular were examined
in comparison with other cattle in the show, es-
pecially with the Herefords.

"This was known as well by some members
of the board as by the exhibitors at the show.
In my interview with Mr. Scott I took the
ground that it was the board's business to pro-
tect the exhibitors, and that they had no right
to compel the exhibitors to protect themselves.
Following these efforts to get justice from the
board, I found that two of Moninger's steers
had been butchered and three cattle exhibited
by ^Messrs. Groff, of Canada, had also been
slaughtered by Messrs. Eastland & Duddles-
ton. These were 111 and 113 of the exhibition
catalogue; 111 known as 'Grinnell' and 113 as
'Tom Brown.' The others were 15, 17 and 18
of the exhil)ition catalogue, and were slaugh-
tered by ilr. Ford. These teeth I took Itefore
the State Board at its meeting on the second
Tuesday in January; first in an interview with
Messrs. Scott and Reynolds at Mr. Scott's
rooms in the Leland House, Springfield, and
afterwards the full
board at the agricul-
tural rooms in the
State House. The
indications as to the
age of these animals
was discussed as
shown by these
teeth, and after-
wards put in form,
formally charging
fraud upon the ex-
hibitors, as per the
statements herewith,
and with the report
of the committee,
Hon. J. P. Rey-
nolds, J. Irving Pearce and Jolin Virgin.

"This is substantially the case as it pro-
gressed. I was desirous that the board should
know these facts, and hoped that when it was
lu'ought before them they would recognize the
necessity of taking action on the information.
With the same hope in view, the matter was
brought to them on (he last dav but one of the

FIG. 13. TEETH AT ."? YEARS.

308

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

FIG. U. TEETH AT 4 YEARS.

sliow; and still with the sainc hope, action wns
deferred by the Hereford Society, and willi
the same hope I brought the proof as exliibited
by the teeth of these five animals to Messrs.
Scott and Eeyuolds individually and before
going before the board. I had no doubt that
when the matter was fully presented to the
board they would take the facts as the
basis upon which to start an investigation to
determine whether the. frauds had been com-
mitted or not. T confess to some surprise that
the committee named should have made a report
that would carry
the impi'cssion that
if I wished to
bring this matter to
a test it should come
in shape of a protest
as the cattle were
brought into the
ring for exhibition.
It is true that I had
the right to make
a protest as siiggest-
ed l)ythe committee,
but it was not at all
obligatory upon me
to do it. It is true
that the board have a rule that requires of the
judges if they think an exliibitor by false entry
or otherwise has attempted to commit a fraud,
shall report it to the superintendent of the
cattle department, and he shall report it to the
board, and they may expel such exhibitor from
exhibiting for two years, but this would not be
supposed to confine the board in taking cog-
nizance of fraud to these two processes.

"I prepared engravings of the teeth, which
are recognized by long-established authorities as
indicating very closely the age of cattle, at dif-
ferent periods of their existence, and with these
engravings the views of Prof. Youatt's History
of British Cattle, which was published in 1834.
He says at page 279, in reference to the rings on
the horns indicating the age: 'These rings,
proving the first growth of the horns at the
base, have been considered as forming a crite-
rion by which to determine the age of the ox.
At three years old the first one is usually ob-
served. At four years old, two are seen, and so
on, one being added each succeeding year. Thus
is deduced the rule that if two were added
to the number of rings the age of the
animal would be given. These rings, however,
are perfectly distinct only in the cows. They
do not appear in the ox until he is five years
old, and often in the bull they are either not
Been until five or thcv cannot be traced at all.

These rings are not all distinct even in the cow.
The three-year or first may be so, l)ut then
comes a succession or irregularities of surface
that can scarcely be said to be rings, and which
it is impossible to count. Another circumstance
which must also lie taken into account, is that,
the heifer goes to the bull when she is two years
old or a little before; after that time there
is an immediate change in the horn and the
first ring appears, so under the rule a three-
year-old would carry the mark of a four-year-
old. To this may be added that after the beast
is six or seven j'ears old these rings are so
irregular in their appearance, and so little to
be depended upon, that the age indicated by
the two horns is not always the same. I have
repeatedly seen a difference of one year, and
in some instances I could not make the horns
agree by two years at least. Further, regard-
ing this process of nature, it is far too irregular
for any certain dependence to be placed upon
it ; it is a mere general rule with far too many
exceptions. There is also a certain instrument
called the rasp, the use of which has been said
to have made many an arm ache a little before
a large cattle fair. What human being can tell
whether the ring farthest from the head has
or has not been removed, or whether the second
may not have followed the first? If the rasp
is fine and gently used, and a little dirt with
or without soap is rubbed over the part, there
is nothing to tell tales, except the rather too
great smoothness of the horns thereabouts, and
this is said to be obviated by giving the whole
of the horn a smooth and polished appearance.
We have never
liked these small,
smooth, polished
horns. That art.
had been at work
no one could deny,
and we were un-
charitable enough
to suspect that the
removal was
oftener employed
in the removal of a
defect than in the
heightening of a
beauty. Dealers are
not so bad as horse
merchants, but strange stories have been told
of them. We are less scrupulous in describ-
ing this deception because we shall presently
speak of a method of judging cattle where
no roguery can lead us astray." This is
Prof. Youatt's view of the unreliability of
judging the age of cattle by the horns. 'As

TEETH AT 5 YEARS.

HIST 0 n Y OF H E K E F 0 R D C A T T L E

309

to the teeth,' he says, 'far surer marks are
presented in the teeth, and where there can be
little deception from the hands of dealers (or
exhibitors), for their interest would generally
lead them to give a more youthful appearance
than nature has allowed.' (I have preferred
to commence with the ages of the calf as indi-
cated by the teeth, although these have not an
especial bearing upon the question which in-
duced the presentation of these evidences.)
"Youatt savs: 'The mouth of the new-born

S7219

FIG. IB. TEETH OF SHORTIIOR.X ■'CANADIAN CHAM-
PION."
. (Exhibited aa 3 years 6 months 15 days.)

calf presents an uncertain appearance, depend-
ing on the mother having exceeded or fallen
short of the period of utero-gestation. Some-
times there will be no vestige of teeth, but gen-
erally either two central incisors will be pro-
truding through the gums, or they will have
arisen and attained considerable bulk. (Fig.
1.) About the middle or close of the second
week a tooth will be added on either side, mak-
ing four incisors, as seen in Fig. 2. At the
expiration of the third week the animal has six
temporary incisors or front teeth, as seen in
Fig. 3. At a month the full number of in-
cisors will have appeared. (Fig. 4.) These
are the temporary or milk teeth. The enamel
will be seen covering the whole crown of the
tooth, but not entering into its composition, as
in the horse; and it will be observed that the
edge is exceedingly sharp. The only indication
of increasing age will be the wearing down of
these sharp edges, and the appearance of the
bony substance of the tooth beneath.

" 'The two corner teeth will scarcely be up
before the center teeth will be a little worn.
.\t two months the edge of the four central
teeth will be evidently worn ; yet, as the wear-
ing is not across the top of the tooth, but a
very little out of the line of its inner surface,
the edge will remain nearly or quite as sharp
as before. At three months the six central
teeth and at four nioulhs the whole set will

be worn, and the central ones most of all, but
after the second or third month the edge of
the teeth will begin to wear down, and there will
be more of a flat surface, with a broad line in
the center.

" 'About this time a change will begin, but
very slowly to be seen. The central teeth will
not only be worn down on their edges, but the
whole of the tooth will appear diminished. A
kind of absorption will have commenced. There
will be a little but increasing space between
the teeth. The face of the tooth will likewise
be altered, the inner edge will be worn down
more than the outer, and the mark will change
from the appearance of a broad line to a
triangular shape. The commencement of this
alteration of form and diminution of size may
be traced to about the fourth month. Our cut
gives a representation of the two central in-
cisors at eight months. (See Fig. 5.) The
central teeth are now not above half the size
of the next pair, and they are evidently les-
sened. At eleven months the process of dimi-
nution will have extended to the four central
teeth in the manner represented in the cut.
(See Fig. fi.) The vacuities between them will
now be evident enough. Cut (Fig. 8) gives the
mouth of a steer fifteen months old. Cut ( Fig.
9) gives the curious and diminutive appear-
ance of all the incisors in a bullock eighteen
months old. It would appear difficult for him
to obtain sufficient food to support himself in
good condition. It is somewhat so. and it may
be in a great measure owing to these changes
in the teeth and the difficulty of grazing that
young beasts are subject to many disorders from
seven to eight months upwards, and are so
often out of condition. They contrive, however,

T220

FIG. 17. MOUTH OF ■■CANADIAN CHAMPION."

to make up for this temporary disadvantage by
diligence in feeding, and, to allude for a
moment to another aninuil, we have known
manv a not only broken-mouthed but toothless
ewe to thrive as well as any of the floik, for
she was grnzin<; all the dav and ruminating all
night.

" 'At this time, eighteen months old. tlie
corner teeth will not be more than half their
natural size; tlie center ones will be yet more
diminished, and, as the cut very plainly repre-

310

jusToK'v () I' 1 1 i: in: !•■ () K D cattle

sent*, the Viicuities between them will he almost
equal to the width of the teeth. The faces of
the teeth also, sueh faces as remain, will be
Inigtlieni'd ; the trian<jular mark will diminish,
jirincipally in the central teeth, while a line,
more or less deeply shaded, will begin to appear
around the original mark.

" 'All this, while the second set of teeth, the
permanent ones, have been growing in their
sockets and approaching towards the gums, but
not, as is said to be generally the case with
other animals and with the human being in
l»articular, pressing upon the roots of the milk
teeth, and causing them to be absorbed, until
at length, losing all hold in the socket, they
tall out. The process of absorption commences
here in the whole milk tooth, and as much in
the crown or body of it as at its root.

" 'The process of general diminution seems
now for a while retarded; it is confined to tlie

'11221

FIG. iS. TEETH OF "KING OF THE WEST."
(Exhibited as 3 years 7 months 15 days.)

central teeth, and tbi'v gradually waste away
until they are no larger in the body than crow
quills. About the e.\|)irati()n of the second year,
or a little before, the milk teeth are jmsbed
out, or give way, and the two central perma-
nent teeth appear.' I have here given Prof.
Youatt on the growth and alisorption of
the teeth generally termed calf teeth up
to the time that the animal reaches two
years old. Prof. Youatt says : 'It will be
seen here that about the expiration of the
second year the milk teeth are pushed out
and the central permanent teeth apjiear.' We
wish our readers to note the process of teeth
formation for the first two years of calf life.
I have now reached a point where 1 begin to
touch upon the teeth indications as to the age
of cattle entitled to enter for exhibition at the
Fat Stock Shows.

"The illustration (Fig. 11) gives the mouth
of a two-year-old. 'The two permanent central
incisors are coming up, and the other six milk
teeth remain. The bone front of the lower jaw
is taken away in order that the alveoli, or cells
for the teeth, may be exposed. The second pair
of incisors have almost attained their proper
form. The third pair are getting ready, but the
jaw is not yet sufficiently widened for the de-
velopment of the fourth pair. The process of
absorption will still be suspended with regard
to the two outside pairs of teeth, but will be
rapid with regard to the second pair, and a
little before the commencement of the third
year they will disappear.'

"The illustration (Fig. 13) represents a
four-year-old beast with four permanent in-
cisors and four milk teeth. Now the remaining
milk teeth will diminish very fast, but they
show no disposition to give way, and at four
years old there will be six permanent incisors,
and often a])parently no milk teeth, but if the
mouth is examined the tooth that should have
disappeared and the tooth that is to remain
until the next year are huddled close together
and concealed behind the new permanent tooth.
They often are a source of annoyance to the
animal, and the tooth whose turn it was to go
must be drawn.

"It is proper here to state that a four-year-
old mouth is as represented (in Fig. 14). It
contains six permanent incisors and two milk
teeth. Xow this latter engraving ( Fig. 14)
corresponds with the mouth of Mr. Moninger's
steer called 'Champion of Iowa,' entered as a
yearling, or 715 days old. At the commence-
ment of the fifth year the eight permanent in-
cisors will be up, but the corner ones will be
small.

"Another illustration (Fig. 15) gives a five-
year-old mouth, or perhaps one a month or two
over five years; so that the beast cannot he
called full-mouthed, namely all the incisors,
until it is six years old. 'It will be seen, how-
ever, in this mouth of five years, that the two
central j)airs are lieginning to be worn down at
the edges, and that in a flat direction or some-
what inclining inside.'

"I will not follow ^Ir. Youatt further, as I
reach the full limit in which cattle should he
exhibited for premiums at this show, and the
further age is exhibited by absorption and teeth
growing longer and having the apjiearanee of
being longer with spaces between ; tliat is, there
commences from this time on a gradual absorp-
tion and wearing away of the teeth.

"Keferring to the December, 1882, 'Breeders'

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

311

Journal,' it will be noticed that H. & I. Groff
entered an animal, Xo. 15, of the exhibition
catalogue, as dropped May the 27th, 1880. and
another, Xo. 17, May 29," 1879. and Xo. 18 as
April the 19th, 1879. This makes Xo. 15 two
years six months and two days old. I present
a cut (Fig. 20), which shows the mouth of this
animal, 'Young Aberdeen,' stall 15, and I be-
lieve him — Prof. Youatt being the authority —
to be five years old. I also present a cut (Fig.
21) showing the outside of 'Young Aber-
deen's' teeth, and that absorption has already
begun. I also present cut (Fig. 16), which is
taken from the mouth of the steer 'Canada
Champion,' who stood in stall Xo. 17 in the ex-
hibition catalogue, and a cut (Fig. 17), which
shows the outside of the same mouth and from
the same steer 'Canada Champion.'

"Another cut (Fig. 18) was from the mouth
of the steer entered in the exhibition catalogue
as Xo. 18. One half of the mouth was destroyed
in slaughtering, but the other half answered
equally well as though the whole were present.
The cut (Fig. 19) shows the outside of the
same mouth. Xos. 17 and 18, by referring to
the exhibition catalogue, were entered as fol-
lows: Xo. 17, as dropped May 29, 1879, and as
1,265 days old, or three j'ears six months and
five days old; Xo. 18, dropped April 19, 1879,
1,305 days old, or three years seven months
and fifteen days old. My next cut (Fig. 22)
i.? the mouth of the steer entered in the exhibi-
tion catalogue as 111, and as dropped February,
1880, and as 1,011 days old, or two years nine
months and 21 days. Another cut (Fig. 23)
shows the front view of the teeth of this ani-
mal, both cuts showing the full mouth of eight
teeth. Cut (Fig. 24) is from the steer entered
as Xo. 113, dropped August 28, 1879, and 1,174
days old, or three years three months and four
days old. Fig. 25 shows the outside of the
same mouth. Figures 22 and 23 were from the

mouth of the steer that Mr. Moninger called
'Grinnell.' The Figures 24 and 25 are from
the mouth of the steer Mr. Moninger called
'Tom Brown.' From the outside view of 'Tom
Brown's' moiith it will be perceived that the
teeth begin to show space between them, giving
them a long appearance, and showing how ab-

sorption has commenced. Xow I wish to call
attention to the exhibit of T. L. Miller's, as
shown on page 715 in the December number of
this journal. The Messrs. Groff's 'Y'oung
Aberdeen,' Xo. 15 in the catalogue, two years
and si.x months old, has a full mouth. Xos. 78,
79, 80 and 81 (Miller's exhibit) are two years
eight months old, and two years seven months
old. Each of these animals (Herefords) had

11223

FIG. 20. TEETH OF SHORTHORN "YOUXG ABER-
DEEN."
(E-xhibited as 2 years 6 months 2 days.)

only four permanent teeth. They are entered
as practically the same age as Xos. 15 and 111
(Shorthorns), which had full mouths of eight
teeth.

"Referring again to Xos. 83 and 84 (Here-
fords), T. L. Miller's exhibit, one three yeare
eight months, and the other three years nine
months old, reaching well up towards four
years old, had but six permanent teeth each,
while 17, 18 and 113 (Shorthorns) had a full
mouth of eight teeth, and a clear indication
that absorption had already commenced. I
wish to call attention still further to the fact
that the following numbers in the exhiliition
catalogue, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 and 90 (Here-
fords), all reached up well towards four years
old, no one- of which had but six permanent
teeth. Mr. Moninger's 'Champion of Towa'
(Shorthorn) had a mouth corres])oudinir to
Fig. 14, while Xo. 74 (Hereford) of the exhibi-
tion catalogue, dropped Dec. 1, 1880, 714 days
old. or one year eleven months and twenty-
four days; and entry 22, dropped Xov. 3.0,
1880, 715 days old, or one year eleven months
and twenty-five days old; neither of these had
but two permanent teeth. From the indica-
tions of teeth develo])ment in many animals I
have already examined, where the birth of the
animals was recorded at the time of the birth.
1 find very little variation from the authority of
Prof. Youatt, laid down fifty years ago. Sev-
eral of the animals that were exhibited bv

312

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

Jlr. ^[oninjier and others in thu Sliorthorn
interest were examined, and from the teeth
indications, show the entries to be as
fraudulent as those presented by the exhi-
bition of these cuts. I ask the careful at-
tention of painstaking and experienced cat-
tlemen, who keep a correct record of the
births of their cattle, and I ask of these
men, if they will give me the facts that
will prove or disprove the correctness of Prof.
Youatt's authorities. I shall strike off an edi-
tion of these cuts, and a form for entries,
showing the ages from two to four years old.

OUTSIDE VIEW OF MOUTH OF "YOUNG

ABERDEEN."

as recorded at the time of birth, and as indi
cated by the teeth. In figuring the years,
months and days of the ages of the above
steers, I have taken the age in days and divided
it by thirty, to give the number of months,
and that by twelve to give the number of years.
1 propose to follow these issues until the ex-
hil)itors at the Fat Stock Show shall each and
all of them come with honest ages, honestly
entered.

"I propose to follow these until the State
Board shall not rest on technicalities and com-
pel exhibitors to protect themselves; I expect
to follow it until the acting president, for the
-time being, dare act upon information, and
investigate fraud by whomsoever perpetrated.
T expect to follow these issues until it will be
disrcputaljle for any exhibitor to carry away
funds not honestly obtained. I expect to fol-
low these until it shall be disreputable to par-
ticipate in cane presentations to exhibitors
who come before this show in a fraudulent
manner. From this on I shall not be an ex-
hibitor at this show until these things are
accon\plished, but I do recognize that the show
is one of the most important ever inaugurated
in this or any other country, and I shall do
alt that is within my power to make it re-
s]iectable, re])ntal)le and authoritative. I asked
some years ago an English Hereford breeder,
why they ilid not make a more rei)utal)le show
at Smitblield. in London, England. His reply
was that the show was so strongly under Short-
horn influence that there was no chance to
show successfully. I hope that this influence
is broken at this show. At anv rate. I moved

at the Hereford Society meeting in November,
that $2,000 be raised to be offered in premiums
to the Hereford exhibitors at this show. I
wish to say that I believe this sum will be
raised; Hereford breeders owe it to the ex-
hibitors to see that they are properly compen-
sated for their labor and expense in fitting for
this show. The successful exhibitor reaps a
benefit bj" the honors he may obtain at this
show, still it is true, nevertheless, that breed-
ers, as a whole, receive a benefit. No one
knows better than myself the expense and care
that there is in preparing and going throiigh
with a successful exhibit. While I am not an
exhibitor, I shall expect to contribute freely
for this purpose; when I am an exhibitor, if
the time shall come again, I shall expect then
my share of contribution and hope that I may
be the recipient of at least a portion of the
fund. It is hardly to be expected that Here-
ford exhibitors can show yearlings against
Shorthorn three-year-olds, or Hereford two-
year-olds against Shorthorn four or five-year-
olds, or Hereford three-year-olds against
Shorthorn five or six-year-olds; in the past
Hereford exhibitors had this to do, at least
they had a large difference against them.
AVith the vState Board composed of Shorthorn
breeders and very largely under Shorthorn in-
fluence the exhibitor who proposes to expose
the workings of these influences can hardly be
expected to receive impartial treatment. I

'^ZZS

FIG. 22. TEETH OF SHORTHORN STEER "GRIN-
NELL."
(E.xhibited as 2 years 9 month.s 21 days.)

reeognizetl this long ago. and feci that I can
meet these issues more cifectively by not being
an exhil)itor than by being one. I am not dis-
posed to make any promise at present as to
what I nuiy or may not do. I do expect, how-
ever, to do all 1 can to jilace the Herefords in

HISTORY OF HEREFOHl) ("ATTLE

313

the position which tlic

leading hoef jjrodutcrs d

■"1 am vol

are entitled to, the
tlie world.
■s truly,

'•T. L. MiLI.KK."

Directly after the Fat Stock Show (188-2),
we found the following statements in sub-
stance in several of the Chicago papers:

"The Illinois State Veterinarian, Dr. N. H.
Paaren, was called upon to decide the question
raised during the' Fat Stock Show by Mr. T.
L. Miller, of Beecher, as to the age of some of

1220
FIG. 23. OUTSIDE VIEW OF MOUTH OF "GRINNELL."

the steers exhibited by ilr. D. M. Moninger, of
Iowa. Dr. Paaren decided, after a careful ex-
amination, that there was in the condition of
the mouths of the animals nothing to prove
that they were older than Mr. Jlontnger stated.
He considered that a system of feeding which
would make a steer less than two years old
weigh nearh' a ton would hasten the develop-
ment of the mouth in a corresponding degree.
In this view he is supported by a number of
eminent veterinarians."

Hardly believing that Dr. Paaren coiild
have examined the steers, and given as decided
an opinion as this article would indicate, I
wrote him the following letter:

Beecher, 111., Dec. 2, 1882.
Dr. N. H. Paaren,

My Dear Sir : I notice by the Chicago "Trib-
une" that you examined some of the steers of
D. M. Moninger as to their ages, and that you
found nothing to prove they were older than
Mr. Moninger entered them for. Does the ar-
ticle referred to in the "Tribune" properly rep-
resent your action and your views? If you will,
be so kind as to advise me of the fact, and at
whose solicitation you examined them, and
when, and which of the steers you examined.
The ages of these steers will have the fullest
canvass, and I am having cuts prepared repre-
senting the teeth of cattle from birth to ten
years old, as given by the best authorities, and
I propose to verify this testimony by actual
comparison with living animals from a large
range of herds in this country and England-.
You are probably aware that Mr. Moninger
entered a bullock 715 davs old, and that Mr.

Potts entered another 715 days old. Mr. Mon-
inger's steer had six teeth fully develo]ied,
while Mr. Pott's steer had two. You will rec-
ognize that Mr. Pott's steer has a mouth cor-
responding with the age he gave him, while
Mr. M.'s had a mouth that Youatt, on page
322, gives to a four-year-old, and that Youatt
and Martin give to a three-years past, and
that Allen, in liis American Cattle, gives to a
i'our-vear-old. Yerv trulv vours,

t. L. Miller.

I received from him in reply the following:

Chicago, 111., Dec. 8, 1882.
T. L. Miller, E.sq., Beecher, 111.,

Dear Sir: Your favor of December 2d, ad-
dressed to the care of the Prairie Farmer Com-
pany, just received. I only call at the al)ove
office once a week which accounts for delay in
receiving your letter.

In regard to your question about the age of
certain bullocks, at who.se solicitation 1 ex-
amined them, and when and which of the
steers I examined, I have only this to say:
Having accidentally learned that a contro-
versy existed in regard to the age of certain
animals exhibited at the recent Fat Stock
Show in Chicago, my curiosity led me to have
some of Mr. Moninger's steers, said to Ije sub-
jects of controversy, pointed out to me. and
with tlie assistance of a bystander I examined
their mouths as to their age. In two of the

•'V>v„ ■"■'■*^..,
^_ >.„.i'j;(»«»«.,^,.

♦51227

FIG. 24. TEETH OF SHORTHORN "TOM BROWN."
(Exhibited as 3 years 3 months 4 days.)

animals examined 1 found but one vear's dif-
ference in tlu'ir age: and this is, in fact, all
that I know about them. I know neitlier of
these animals by name, number, or otherwise:
furthermore, Jlr. iloninger wms not present at
the time; my examination was not nuide at
that gentleman's instigation: in fact, 1 am
not acquainted with him and never spoke to

314

II I S '1' () 1{ V OF II K R !■: F 0 K I) C A T T L E

liiiii to my knowledge, ami lie knew nothing
about my intention to cNiimiiR' any of his
stock. I repeat it — the examimition of said
bullocks was entirely a private matter with me.
not intended for publication or use in any
way, and it is mtich against my wish to be
drawn into the controversy in a matter with
wliieh I liad nothing whatever to do, officially

or otherwise. That I may not be misunder-
stood in this matter, 1 will say in conclusion,
that I should have had no objection to exam-
ine the said animals in the presence of both
you and IMr. ^loninger; in fact, would have
jjreferred that to my present position.
Yours respectfullv,

N. H. Paauen, M. D.

H2:

PIG. 25. OUTSIDE VIEW OF MOUTH OF "TOM
BROWN."

H 1 S T 0 R Y O F 11 E K E E U 1{ 1) C A T T L E

CHAPTER XXIX.

11 205A Hereford Items in the Early Ekmities

The decade ending 1890 saw great activity
in the Hereford interest, and if full extracts
could be made from the agricultural and stock
journals of that time, they would make good
contemporaneous history.

We cannot hope to give a full account of all
the movements of Herefords in those days,
but will give some extracts from the press of
that time.

HEREFORDS WANTED IN AMERICA.

At the Shorthorn Convention, held at La-
fayette, Ind., 1880, Judge Jones reported that
Shorthorns were preferred over Jerseys, Here-
fords and other breeds in England. Did the
Judge get this information from Shorthorn
breeders in England? Did he learn, while
there, that there were some 500 head of Here-
fords bought for exportation to America, and
that among the purchasers were Mr. Cochrane,
of Canada; Mr. Earl, Mr. Raub, Mr. Fowler
and Mr. Sample, all of Lafayette, Ind., men of
large wealth, of large experience in the cattle
business as packers, graziers and feeders? Did
he learn that C. M. Culbertson, of Chicago, a
packer of thirty or forty years' experience, and
a large grazier and feeder, and that Mr. Ben
Hershey, a man of large experience and great
wealth, and one who owns a large herd of Jer-
seys in Iowa, were large purchasers? That
T. L. Miller, of some reputation and experi-
ence as a Hereford breeder, was a large pur-
chaser? That Messrs. Simpson & Gudgell, of
Missouri, were there purchasing Herefords?
All of these from this country. Did he hear of
any Shorthorns being bought for America?
The Judge may say that these were Americans,
and he was saying what Englishmen preferred.
We will quote what the "Mark Lane Express"
says: "There are few graziers in England who
would buy Shorthorn bullocks if they could
get Herefords." — The Breeders' Journal.

ECONOMY OF KEEP.

The Kentucky "Live Stock Record" said that
five Hereford bullocks, three years old or over,

could be fed where four Shorthorn bullocks
could.

HEREFORDS WANTED ON THE PLAINS.

The "National Live Stock Journal" said:
"Breeders of Shorthorn cattle may not safely
shut their eyes against the fact that the Here-
fords have made tremendous strides in public
favor within the past five years, and that such
of our ranchmen, on the western plains, as
have tried them, almost unanimously give
them -the preference over the Shorthorns, be-
cause, as they express it, they are 'better wrest-
lers," that is, they are I)etter adapted to the
conditions under which cattle are compelled to
exist on these plains than are the Shorthorns.
This, we feel called upon to say, is the almost
universal verdict of the ranchmen that we have
met, in the past two years, and we have met
very many of them." .

HEREFORDS .iT LONDON.

The "Mark Lane Express" of England, in
noticing the letter of a Shorthorn breeder,
written from England, and appearing in the
"Breeder's Gazette," saying that London sales-
men could not sell Hereford bullocks in that
market, says of the writer that it is no wonder
that he did not give his name, and that the
only difficulty the London salesmen experience
with regard to Hereford bullocks, is in getting
enough of them ; and that, as grass-fed beef,
there is nothing that comes into London that
can touch the Hereford. We should not be at
all surprised if the writer of the article re-
ferred to was a resident in or near Chicago,
instead of being a steward and judge at Smith-
field. If he had held the two ])ositions, then
the charge that has been made of Shorthorn
influence in the management of that show has
this to support the charge. — Breeder's Juuniul.

PEDIGREE CRAZE.

The "National Live Stock Journal" struck a
blow at the Shorthorn pedigree craze and prac-
ticallv endorsed ^Ir. Sotham's teachings at this
time bv saving:

316

II I ST () I! V

II !•: H H FO HI) (' ATT L

"Time was when the supposud to bo expert
in jieclif^rces would walk about the sale ring',
catalogue in hand, and when a niafinificent
specimen of the Shortliori' race, compact, ro-
bust, smooth, blocky and vifrorous was led in,
would shake his head ominously and say to his
neighbor, in a patronizing way: 'Oh, yes, she
is a grand cow certainly; but look here — ' and
away Vjack, some six or perhaps ten generations
removed, he would put his (inger on the name
of Mrs. Motte, and say: 'Seventeen.' That

RARE SOVEREIGN (10499) 81118.
Bred by Earl of Coventry.

would .settle it; and the grand cow, a prize
winner herself, and descended from a race of
prize winners, would be knocked down at $1.50.
And then, when a little long-legged, effeminate
looking heifer was led -into the ring, wheezing
and coughing, half-dead with tuberculosis, the
expert's eye would brighten and he would sing
out: 'Here's royalty for you! Look at that
pedigree — perfectly straight, without an out-
cross,' and the devotees of fashion would vie
with each other in their eagerness to show
that they knew what they were about, until
the worthless beast was carried well up into
the thousands of dollars. They bought this
Shorthorn because she was straight Bates, and
rejected that because she had this or that out-
cross five or ten generations back, although of
the two the latter was much the better aninuil.
A good pedigree is one which commences with
a good animal standing before you, and runs
back through an ancestry consisting of good
animals only; and the better the individual
and the longer the pedigree made of such in-
dividuals only, the better the pedigree."

HERKFORD BREEDERS SHOW UNTIRING ENERGY.

(1[2or>.\)

Mr.Coburn.at that time an active Shorthorn
partisan and supporter, wrote as follows:
To the Editor of the "Breeders' Oazette":

The breeders of Shorthorns have not, at anv

one of the four Fat Stock Shows held at Chi-
cago, been represented at all as the numbers
aiul well known merits of their cattle would
justify. The Shorthorns have been frequently
beaten by the llerefords — of which there are
comparatively few — not, as we think, because
the llerefords are so much better in any re-
spect, but, first, because they are valuable cat-
tle, and secondly, but not least, because they
are in the hands of a few men who believe in
them, and who are energetic, rich and intensely
aggressive. They have money — some of them
money made in other than the cattle business
— and they know how to use it along in obtain-
ing the choicest specimens of their favorite
breed, or to combine it with wind, oil cake
and ])rinter"s ink, in the exact proportions that
will best accomplish their ends — viz., capture
the prizes from the Shorthorns and persuade
l)eople to buy the Herefords. They have had a
goodly share of success, and they have earned
it, not by having a breed of cattle pre-enu-
neiitly the best, but by what the world calls
their enterprise; something that has much to
commend it, especially when something besides
wind is to be in it. We like the "untiring
energy" feature of their methods, and like
their cattle; but w-hat we started out to say
was that the Shorthorn breeders must be seized
of that same spirit and go to work, not neces-
sarily to make anything new, but make the
most of the material already in their hands, or
at future Fat Stock Shows they will be left
so far out in the cold that nothing less than a
search-warrant will find them in time for the
next round-up. Unless they rouse themselves
to a sense of the true condition of these affairs;
to the fact that, while they have been resting
on their old-time honors and laurels, the other
fellows have made ready to retire with their
baggage, cups, cake and all the fresher laurels
and honors, they are, indeed, to be commis-
erated.

The zeal and spirit possessed and displayed
by the Hereford men in the last few years,
backed up by plenty of money and a few good
animals, will win whether the llerefords are
generally the best cattle or not. The owners of
Shorthorns owe it to themselves and to tln'
great interest they represent to make a projier
effort to nuiintain, at least, the fair fame and
name of their life-long favorites. It can be
easily done, and there will be no better time to
make a beginnincr in that direction than now.
The competitors are already in active motion
with a view to coming out first best. AVhat
can the Shorthorn men say in response?

'I'here ought to be three hundred model

H I S T DRY OF 11 E R E FORD CATTLE

Shorthorns, rejiresenting the herds of twent}'
different states, at the Chicago Show of 1882,
and live liuudred in 1883.

F. D. COBURN,

Topeka, Kan.

AMBROSE STEVEKS SAYS "OLD WAY's THE BEST."

The "Kentucky Live Stock Record," in an
article on Cattle in America, says : "Xow, what
are our resources for the great improvement of
cattle? Mainly it rests with the Shorthorns. Of
the improved' breeds fitted to add to the beef
production, he is now the chief one. He exists
in so much larger numbers than does any other
breed, that he must of necessity be the chief
source of reliance in improvement, even if it
be claimed that another race was better. But
no other race has shown equal value in im-
proving inferior cattle. Seventy years since,
the Shorthorn was only known in a very lim-
ited region of his own country — England.
Now he dominates in it everywhere, every
other race as the source of improvement of our
inferior cattle. He has been in America, in
forty to fifty years, the chief source of im-
provement of our inferior cattle. He has in
this country at present such a lead as an im-

prover that no child to-day born will see his
position diminished

"But there is a movement to introduce more
largely the Hereford as a source of improve-
ment. There will, this year of 1880, be not
less than five hundred of them imported to
America. We are glad to see this. We shall
have the Hereford put alongside the Short-
horn in some measure, here, to show their rela-
tive value. No one who has seen Herefords
will deny their great merit as beefmakers. But
the question is, will they make head against
the Shorthorn any better in America than they
have in England? In the native home of the
two races, the Shorthorn has almost already
supplanted the Hereford as the source of im-
provement in market cattle. Can the Here-
ford make head in America against the Short-
horn, while he has failed to do so in his own
country? We think not."' ....

Commenting on this, the "Breeder's Jour-
nal" said:

The editor of the "L. S. Eecord's" Cattle De-
partment has been conversant with the means
that have been used to give the Shorthorns
popularity in England and America, and to cry
down and write down every other breed from

iMISSOUKI b'AKM SCE.NE.
"Noontime."

318

11 1 S T 0 K Y O F 11 E 1{ E 1' 0 K D C A T T L E

1834 to this time, lie knows that Kev. H.
Berry wrote what purported to be Youatt's
History of English *L'attIe. He knows that
Rev. Henry Berry was editor of the "Farmer's
Magazine" of London, and a prominent Short-
horn breeder at the same time. He knows that
at this time (1834) the impartial historian

KAK.M.
ona. Kau.

could have found nuiterial in the record of the
Hereford? that would have ]>laeed them, in
England, so far ahead of the Shorthorns that
they (the Shorthorns) would not have a re-
spectable second-rate position. He knows that
the Shorthorn breeders were the active organ-
izers of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land in 1839, and it was organized for the pur-
j)ose of forwarding the Shorthorn interest. And
he knows that it has been held and worked by
the Shorthorn breeders of England from then
until now. He knows the New York fair was or-
ganized in 1841 for the same purpose, and has
been worked in that interest from then until
now, and that for a large portion of that time
he was an active worker in that interest in that
society. He knows that from 1834, whenever
the Hereford and Shorthorn should come into
fair contest, whether in England or America,
that the Hereford would take the first or top
place. Very few men in America are so fa-
miliar with the process by which the Short-
horns have taken position in this country and
England as Ambrose Stevens, cattle editor of
the "Kentucky Live Stock Record"; and still,
knowing these facts, he claims for them pre-
eminence. There is not a Shorthorn breeder
in Kentucky that dare bring their cattle to n
test with the Herefords. [An<l the "Journal"
might have added that Mr. Stevens was the
editor of the revised and abridged American
edition of Youatt.— T. L. M.]

UEKEFOKDS SPKEADING.

The American "Cultivator" (1883) said:

"Though the Hereford breed of cattle has
not as yet been extensively introduced into this
section of the country, its excellencies are com-
manding the situation at many other points,
notably in England, Australia, South America
and in our western country. It is a matter of
record that not only in the London market
have they been quoted at from one to two cents
a jiound above the Shorthorns, but the record
of the Smithtield show is, that the Hereford
steer has a record over the Shorthorn, and the
same record shows that the Hereford steer has
made as good weights as the Shorthorn at any
given age. And now the Bath and West of
England Society has awarded the two cham-
pion prizes for the best male and female in the
show, to the Herefords. Coupling this witli
the fact that during the same record he has
always brought better prices, and another es-
tablished fact that he has always been a more
economical feeder and grazier, is it not strange
that the press and agricultural societies have
not been more ready to encourage them?

"A recent sale of one hundred Hereford
bulls in England for shipment to the grazing
regions of Buenos Ayres shows the estimation
in which this famous stock is there held. The
Herefords have made more rapid progress in
public favor at the west in the last five years,
than ever was made by any other breed of cat-
tle in America in the same time. In Colorado
and Wyoming there are several herds of from
30,000 to 70,000 head, that are using all the
Hereford bulls they can get, and already at the
Union Stock Y'ards at Chicago and at St. Louis
and Kansas City Stock Yards, these steers are
commanding the top prices, while five years
ago they were not known in these yards. In
five years more they will be quoted at all the
markets, as they have been in the London
market in England for the last one hundred
years or thereabouts.

"The Hereford cattle are tough, hardy and
thrive on a diet both in quality and quantity
that would be unprofitable in the Shorthorns.
Tlie cattle are very large sized, make excellent
beef, are fair milkers, especially when crossed
with other kinds, and are withal quite
handsome, being red Irodicd with white mark-
ings and white face, the latter being an invari-
able mark of the kind."

BUTt'llEK.S liKGULATK THE AMOUNT OF MEAT
COXSrMED.

The "I'ittsburgh Stocknuin" is a good paper

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

3iy

for cattlemen. The following is 1'roni its t-ol-
umns (18S0) :

"Butchers regulate, to a greater extent than
most people imagine, the amount of meat con-
sumed in the city markets. Let the supplies
of stock be light or liberal, thej' are in some
wa}' disposed of, without customers seeming to
be stinted or overstocked. Given the same
number of families to supply, the retailer will
work oft' one-half more meat on them at one
time than another. The facts of the matter
are about thus: The butcher goes to market
and finds cattle scarce and high, and is satisfied
that he cannot come out even on his purchases.
But his trade must be supplied, and he calcu-
lates his needs, selects a few steers, and pre-
pares to make a very little beef go a long ways;
his customer calls for two or three pounds of

number in a week of glutted markets. The
heathen Chinee is not alone in bis peculiaritv
■for ways that are dark, and for tricks that are
vain." "

JUDGE JONES, THE DOUBTER (^SOTa).

We took the following from the "Kansas
Farmer" (1881), written by the Shorthorn
breeder and advocate. Judge T. C. Jones, of
Ohio: "Speaking of the demands for Here-
fords in this country, Judge T. C. Jones, writ-
ing to the 'London Live Stock Journal,' says
that 'it is to be observed, in the first place, that
it is of recent origin, that it cannot be predicted
what the future of the business will be, or
whether the Herefords will be so well adapted
to the hardships and privations of our wild
ranges as now anticipated. The Hereford

BARNS AND FAR.MING LANDS.
Weavergrace Farm o£ T. F. B. Sotham, Chillicolhe. Mo.

meat, and the piece is intentionally cut a half
pound lighter than ordered, and the buyer
'makes it do.' Again he goes to market and
finds it overstocked. Cattle are plenty and
cheap, and he sees a good thing, buys heavily,
and goes to work to dispose of the product. A
piece weighing two or three pounds is again
wanted at the block, and by cutting a little
thicker three or four pounds are handed over
to the buyer, who again 'makes it do.' Three
out of four customers will say nothing about
the extra pound or two. and a skillful salesman
will thus work off hundreds of pounds extra in
a single day. The same tricks are employed in
small stock. We have known a single butcher
in this city, who usually kills sixty to seventy-
five sheep in a week, to use nearly double that

breed, like other improved wild breeds of Brit-
ish cattle, has been much improved of late
years, and will not endure the hardships it was
compelled to undergo in some quarters fifty or
a hundred years ago; and it is not likely that
it will prove more profitable than crosses of
the Shorthorn breed, under a system wbicli al-
lows a large jiercentage of the unimproved
cattle of the plains to perish from hunger and
the severity of the cold every winter. It is,
moreover, believed by a majority of intelligent
observers, that the range method of producing
beef — barbarous alike in its influence upon
man and beast — will prove an ephemeral busi-
ness. The grass in these wild aiul unenclosed
districts is scanty and really nutritious but a
few numths in the vear. so that vast ranges

•MO

11 1 S T U 1{ Y U F Jl !•: K !•; !■■ () i; 1 ) (■ A T T L l']

V. FAltWKLL,
Chicago.

are required — it is said from three to five acres
— to graze a single sheep. The most of the
varieties being annuals, the re-seeding neces-
sary is each year, of course, diminished by
heavy stocking; we, therefore, have reports of
increasing scarcity of grass in all the older
districts. It is, in fact, the general opinion of
men best informed in regard to the system of
beef production, that it has already reached its
maximum.' '" To which our "Breeder's Jour-
nal" added :
".hulge Jones will
do well to get as
well posted on
Herefords as on
Shorthorns, and
he wHl then know
that the Here-
fords are doing
well on the
plains; and that,
while Shorthorns
are dying, Here-
lords are thriv-
ing; and by rcfer-
ring to our
September num-
ber he will see
that grade Here-
fords from the plains are selling at $5. "25 per
hundred pounds, while grade Shorthorns from
the same range are selling at $3.60."

WILLIAM WAIiFlKLD's WARNINGS (1[208a).

The^'National Live Stock Journal" published
an article from the ])en of Mr. Warfield, of
Lexington, Ky., the great Shorthorn breeder
and advocate. Mr. Warfield, in answering his
own inquiry, "Is the future of the Shorthorn
interest to be a great one?" opens his article
as follows:

"That is a question which has been present-
ing itself to my nund for solution over and
over again during the last few months. Clearly
its answer depends on many things. But all
these many cluster about and depend on just
one, namely, the conception which Shorthorn
breeders have of what Shorthorn breeding is —
what immediate purpose they have in jirosecut-
ing the work — to what ulterior end they make
it tend. In otlicr words, it is exceedingly plain
that the future of the Shorthorn interest is
now in a yx'culiarly serious sense, in the hands
of Shorthorn l)reeders. It will become just
what they make it become. .\nd it is not so
much energy that is now needed in them, as
intelligence, wisdom, and above all, honesty —

honesty to themselves and the interest in-
trusted to their charge.

"Breeders may determine that there is noth-
ing but money, and money for them, to be got-
ten out of Shorthorns. If so, the future of
the interest is not a bright one. Men will
begin to look at everything from the point of
view of gambling; will, if possible, rouse fan-
cies and fashions, for this color or this strain,
which they can supply, and having roused
them, will pander to them and lose no en-
deavor to keep them at fever heat, and the end
will be — the end of Shorthorns. Breeders in
this case will be simply beasts of prey, preying
on the community. Their interests ought not
to succeed; and by the stern logic of history,
which always works itself out, their prosperity
will be feverish and very short-lived. If this
is what the Shorthorn business is to be made, I
for one, want none of it, and will be among
the first to cry out upon it, and to help choke
it out, like a noisome reptile.

"Breeders may, however, and doubtless will
(I have great confidence that they will) take
another view of the matter. They may remem-
ber that beef is now the real staff of life. They
may remember that America is to supply and
is already beginning to supply the world with
beef. They may remember that the Short-
horn race has, by constant proving, been
shown to be the best beef-producing race of
cattle, and that it has in it still further, per-
haps indefinite, capabilities of improving in the
same direction. And, remembering all this,
they rnay determine to prosecute the business,
because they see in.it a livelihood, and, may-
hap, riches; but they will determine to prose-
cute it for this pur]iose and after this fashion,
viz., in order that they may furnish a race of
stock that will make the most and best beef at
the least cost, and so that they may improve
the stock of the country by their breeding. If
breeders look at the matter in this way, they
are benefactors of their country and of the
world. Their efTorts ought to succeed, and by
the fine logic of history their prosperity will be
steady and long-lived. In a business point of
view, this case differed from the former one
exactly thus: That was the true Shorthorn
policy, this is the true long-siglited policy.
While it is morally true, therefore, that there
is an indefinite deal more of nol)ility in tlii.s
cause than in that, it is equally economically
true that there is an infinite deal more of
money in it also. It offers no sudden wealth,
but it offers steady progress in both kinds of
success.

"This, then, is what I mean by saying that

H I S T 0 II y OF H E R E F 0 E D C A T T L E

321

it depends on the conception of breeding taken
by breeders, as to what the future of the Sliort-
horn interest will be. Let me refer before clos-
ing to what seem to me some dangers now
standing in the road of progress in the right
direction, or threatening to take up position
there. And, first of all, I would name the in-
ordinate rage of fancy pedigree — often to the
exclusion of the better pedigrees. If we were
to breed to stock some nobleman's park, with
slim, deer-like fawns, or to tickle his fancy
with beautifully printed lists of names in royal
succession, such a rage would be legitimate
and correct; but if we are to breed for the
beef-producing interests of America, where no
nobleman has a park, it cannot fail to be ruin-
ous. Not approved paper, even though it
reach the commendation of all experts (a thing
hardly possible to realize), but the butcher's
block is the true test of a pedigree; and that
pedigree is necessarily best which produces the
most and best beef, not that which has at-
tached to it the longest list of 'fancy' names.
Oh, that all could come to see this.

"Xext, the dangers from foolish fashion
threatens iis. The rage for color is now reach-
ing a point which would be !aughal)le were it
not serious. Beyond all quostion roan is the

Shortliorn's iieculiuni, beyond all question it is
its covering of beauty. Yet, imperious fashion
demands a dark red, which is correlated almost
hopelessly with harsh hair and harsh handling.
As a consequence hundreds of the best Imlls
born are every year sacrificed on account of
color alone. The moral is evident. Gentle-
men, if you breed for color you will get — color;
but what we w^ant is beef. To get it we must
breed for it and it alone, and cast off all silly
burdens, carrying which, will delay or hinder
the attainment of our one great end.

"I do not mean the rise of Hereford or
Aberdeenshire interest as a danger to the
Shorthorns. We are alike laboring for the
same end, and I welcome aid in beef-producing
from all other breeds. The introduction of
these new breeds will hel]5 — not clog — our
progress, and their interest and ours need never
clash. They cannot clash unless one or the
other of us lose sight of our great common end,
and seek to pander to fancy or fashion. I am
for beef, and I am for tliat l)reed which will
produce the most and best of it. That lirecd
I believe to be the Sliortliorns, and on, I think,
thoroughly tested grounds; but I welcome all
others to trial on our broad [lastures. Sbiirt-
horn breeders have not them to fear — thev

Cows of the T. L. Mllkr Utrd in early spnug, after a bard winter.

322

HISTOHY OF Tl K R i: FO H 1) CATTLE

need fear only themselves. Let eaeli ask him-
self the question, 'For what am ] breeding?'
His answer to that will declare whether he be
an eneni)' or a friend to the interest.

'•William Wakfield.''

IMI'OKTATIOX OF GUDGELL & SlilPSOX.

On the 15th of April, 1882, Gndgell &
Simpson, of Independence, Mo., shipped 71
head of thoroughbred Hereford cattle from

CHAMliii.> >i:s Al .-..,, iiii .l.i.b. i.-,i.

Cross-bred Hereford sire. Shorthorn dam. Age 3 years

6 months. Weight 2«17 lbs. Bred by Chas. Doe,

Shropshire. E.\hibited by R. Wortley. Norfolk.

England to quarantine them at Quebec. They
came by the way of the steamer Texas. Mr.
Vaughn was in charge of these cattle. — Breed-
ers' Journal.

MR. B. HEESIIEY'S IMPORTATION.

"Wallace's Monthly" has the following to say
of an importation of Hereford cattle: "Our
friend, Mr. B. Hersiiey, of Muscatine, la., has
been across the water and has made a large im-
portation of Hereford cattle, numbering some
sixty odd heifers, and eight or ten young bulls.
They were selected under his own eye, and the
best of judges who saw them on their arrival at
Quebec, pronounced them a very choice lot.
The special object in going so largely into this
breed is their supposed better adaption of the
vicissitudes of ranch life on the plains. It is
claimed that the comparison between this
breed and the Shorthorns, on the plains, has
been fully made and satisfactorily settled, and
that the Herefords are altogether better. This
corresponds with our own judgment of the two
breeds. There can be no doubt, that as a tribe,
thev possess more vigorous constitutions and
are better able to take care of themselves than
the Shorthorns, Init an intimation of this kind
to a Shorthorn man is like intimating to Char-
ley Foster that some of the Lexingtons have
gone blind, and he hurls back at you such

ilioice epithets as 'blockhead,' 'ignoramus,'
'fool,' and every other pet name short of
'thief.' Both breeds have been tried on the
plains, and after trial, the verdict is all against
Shorthorns, and all in favor of Herefords."

T. L. miller's importation.

The second importation of Hereford cattle
by T. L. Miller consisted of 114 head. We
went to England in ilay, 1880, and after visit-
ing the principal Hereford cattle breeders, pur-
chased during the month of June. We re-
turned to the I'nited States on July 1st, and
visited Washington and had an interview with
Secretary Sherman and the President, with a
view to have the nde modified, that required
ninety days quarantine from the date of land-
ing of the cattle in America, but failed to reach
any modification of existing orders. After-
ward the time of quarantine was changed to
ninety days from date of shipment of cattle.

We then returned to England, shipped the
cattle on the 19th of September, via steamer
tiallian, Capt. Moen, Master, to Baltimore.
They were taken in clean box cars from the
dock to the eight hundred acre farm belonging
to-the B. & 0. E. E., seven miles out. Hero
they remained three months, under the care of
Mr. Thos. Smith (^ 209A), who went from our
farm to England to take charge of the ship-
ment.

At the expiration of the quarantine, Mr.
T. E. Miller went to Baltimore to bring the
cattle home. The cattle were loaded, at a
private side track on the farm — from a stqck
yard built for the occasion, into clean new box
cars. The B. & 0. road sent the train through
to Chicago as a special, on fast passenger train
time, running a half hour behind their fast
"Oyster Express," and ahead of their through
passenger train. The . train started at 2:30
p. M. Saturday, September 8th, for Illinois and
reached the farm at Beecher, where all were
comfortablv stabled bv Mondav evening, Janu-
ary 10th.

Thus these cattle were moved by a special
train from Leominster, England, to a steamer
at Bristol, and ])ut directly from the cars upon
the steamer, and ujion arrival at Baltimore
kept entirely away from any other stock, and
the same ]ilan was pursued until the arrival at
Beecher. On the whole route of .5,000 miles
they never were in ]iublic shipping yard or
highway, lu'vei- an animal sick, and arrived at
their destination in as good condition as
though they had been quietly on the farm.

Captain ^focn was to be especially com-
mended for his care in commanding his steam-

H I 8 T 0 K Y 0 F II E R E F ( ) 11 1) C A T T L K

323

er, through a very rougli voyage that came
during the equinox. In the heaviest weather
he put his steamer about, and ran back for
twenty-four hotirs to ease the cattle from the
effect of the very heavy sea. — Breeders'
Journal.

EAEL & STUAKT IMPORTATIOX.

The Breeders' Journal said: "A large im-
portation of Hereford cattle was made by Thos.
Clark for Earl & Stuart of Lafayette, Indiana,
and himself. The_y were shipped from Liver-
pool to Portland, Maine, on March 9, 1882.

In the lot are fourteen animals from the
herd of Messrs. J. B. & G. H. Green, (^ 210A-
211A) Marlow Lodge, Leintwardine, England.
Four from the herd of John Price, (|[ 212A) of
Court House, Pembridge, England. Two
from the herd of T. Lewis, (j| 213A) the
Woodhouse, Hooden, Herefordshire, England.
Four females bred from the old Wm. Tudge
(^ 216A) herd of Adforton, were purchased
from Mr. John Williams (1| 213B) of Llansan-
nor Court, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. Five
cows and calves from the herd of Mr. Phillip
Turner, (Tf 2 14 A) The Leen, Pembridge, Eng-
land. Eight heifers from the herd of Mr. J.
Morris, (H 21.5A) Lulham, Madley. The
largest draft from one herd was twenty-six
animals from Mr. T. J. Carwardine (T| 21TA),
Stocktonbury, Leominster, Eng. To mention
all the animals would not be possible in the
space allotted to this subject. Venus (Y 12,

P152) 10033 by Lord Wiltcm (•;218A) was
considered the plum of the whole collection.

MR. ADAJI.S EAKL's ntPORTATIOX.

The ''Breeders' Journal" said, in 1881 : Mr.
Adams Earl of Lafayette, Ind., made an im-
portation of a choice herd of Heretords this
year, and had at the head of his herd the two-
vear-old bull Grateful 2d, got by Mr. Aaron
Roger's (^219) old bull (irateful, which has
stood at the head of all breeds in England for
some time past. Mr. Earl's herd has come over
in good condition, and are very choice aniiuals.
MR. H. c. Burleigh's importatiox.

The "Breeders' Journal" said in 1880: Mr.
H. C. Burleigh, of Fairfield, Elaine, has selected
for himself and ilr. J. R. Bodwell, of Maine,
fifty-three head of Hereford cattle, from the
herds of Queen Victoria, T. Duckham, T. J.
Carwardine, (H 220A) P. Turner, \\. 8. Powell,
A. Rogers, W. Price, A. P. Turner, {\\ 221A)
and B. Rogers (Tf 222A). The above-named
parties are^among tlie best breeders in England,
ilr. Burleigh has been a l)reeder of Hereford*
for many years. He has been a successful
breeder and exhibitor. This purchase will place
his herd among the first on this side of the
water. Besides the Herefords, Mr. Burleigh
has brought over a few Shropshire Down sheep.
Jlr. Burleigh spent several weeks in the West
looking for Herefords before he went to Eng-
land.

CHAMPION STEER. ROAN BOY.

Bred by C. M. Culbertson, Chicago Fat Stock Show. 1SS3.

Sire a Hereford bull, dam a grade Shorthorn cow.

32-1

HISTOEY OF HEKEFORD CATTLE

CHAPTER XXX.

Hereford Items in the Early Eighties — Coxcluded

HEREFORD COW LEONORA.

Taken from the '"Breeders' Journal," 1880:
The Hereford cow Leonora, belonging to Mrs.
S. Edwards, (\\ 223A) of Hereford, England,
was injured on her return from the Smithfield
Show, so that it became necessary to kill her.
We are not aware of the reasons that induced
Mrs. Edwards to fit and show this cow, and
several others tiiat she has fitted and shown in
the last five years. Of one thing it is quite
certain, that she has given herself a large repu-
tation in the cattle world, but three or four
more good cows have been lost to her herd.

This has been the practice of the Shorthorn
breeders in England and America, of fitting
their best heifers for the show ring, and keep-
ing them there as long as they could walk. A
few years since, one such was kept in the show
ring so long she could not walk — having a-
carriage built in which she could ride from
the cars to the show ground — and such an
animal was exhibited as a breeding cow, and
for breeding purposes, and awarded first hon-
ors. Such awards, on such animals, have been
published as an evidence of merit for the breed,
and it is not two years since a prominent advo-
cate of the Shorthorn interest pointed to these
awards and challenged the Hereford breeders
to show their cows in competition with them.

There was a necessity, apparently, why Mrs.
Edwards should bring the pick of her herd to
the show ring, and that the Hereford cow
Jennie should come upon the show ground at
Chicago and vindicate and sustain the charac-
ter of the Herefords for su])eriority as well in
the cow as in the steer class. This has been
done on both sides of the Atlantic, and the
two winning cows pronounced the best of any
breed that has been exhibited. The cow Leon-
ora in England and the cow Jennie in America
have vindicated the character of the Hereford
breed.

We give herewith the winnings of Leonora.
In Mr. ilillers recent ])urchases in England he
bought a half brother and a half sister of this

cow. Leonora, bred bv ilrs. Sarah Edwards,
widow of the late T. "Edwards (jj 224A), of
Leominster, calved August 11th, 1875, was the
winner of the following prizes: Second prize
at Birmingham, ISTG; first prize at Liverpool,
1877; first prize at Bristol, 1878; first prize
and champion prize for best Hereford female
(][ 225A) at London, 1879; meetings of the
lioyal Agricultural Society of England : first
prize as one of a pair at Hereford, 187 (i; first
prize at Bath, 1877; first prize and champion
prize for the best female in the yard at Oxford,
1878; first prize at Exeter, 1879; meetings of
the Bath and West of England Agricultural So-
ciety: first prize and champion prize for the
best female in the yard at Hereford, 1877; first
prize and champion prize for the best Hereford
female, also champion prize for the best female
in the yard at Kingston, 1878; first prize and
champion prize for best female, also champion
prize for the best animal in the yard at Here-
ford, 1879; meetings of the Herefordshire
Agricultural Society: first prize as one of a
pair at Owestry, 1878; first prize and champion
prize as one of a pair, also champion prize for
the best Hereford female in the yard at Lud-
low, 1878 ; first prize at Shrewsbury, 1879 ;
meetings of the Shropshire and West Midland
Agricultural Society: first prize at Kidder-
minster, 1877; first prize and champion prize
for the best cow or heifer in the yard, also
champion prize for the best animal in the yard
at Malvern, 1879; meetings of the Worcester-
shire Agricultural Society: first prize at Durs-
ley, 1877: first prize at Cheltenham, 1879;
meetings of the Ciloucestershire Agricultural
Society: fir.st prize and champion prize for the
best female in the yard at Newport. (Lord
Tredegar's show) 1877. 1878: first prize as
one of four at Leominster and Ludlow, 187f>;
first prize as one of a jiair. and champion jirize
as the 1)est animal in tlic yards at T^eominstcr
and Ludlow, 1877; first prize and champion
prize for the best animal in the yard at Lud-
low, 1879; first prize and champion prize for

HI.ST()1;Y of HEREFORD CATTLE

325

the best Hereford at I>iriiiin,i;hani (fat show),
1879; first prize and cliainiiion prize for the
best Hereford at tlie Sniithfield club (fat
show), London, 1ST9. Total of her winnings,

riVE UrXDRED DOLLARS BI'TCTIER's PRIZE. (AN"
Ol'EN LETTER.)

No. 3 Board of Trade Bldg.,

Chicago, 111., Sept. 25.
"To Wliom it May Concern: Some of the
breeders of Hereford cattle have subscribed
$aGO, which they have directed me to deposit
with the treasurer of the Chicago Fat Stock
Show, to be called 'The Butcher's Prize.' The
donors have also instructed me to issue an
open invitation to the parties engaged in rais-
ing the fund for the best Shorthorn steer at
the Fat Stock Show, and to any and all per-
sons interested in breeding or owning Short-
horn cattle, to deposit an equal sum of $500
with said treasurer of the Fat Stock Show,
the whole sum, $1,000, to be awarded to the
best butchers' carcass among the breeds en-
tered for the 'Butcher's Prize' at the next Fat
Stock Show in Chicago, November 16 to 2o,
1883. The contest for said Butcher's Prize
shall be governed by the following condition^-
(11 226 A) First, all animals entered must bi
pure bred, or grades not less than half blood
Second, all animals contesting must be slaugh-
tered at the Fat Stock Show at such time as tin
managers of the show shall set apart. Thiid
the slaughtering of each animal entered and tin,
award of the Butchers Prize shall be made by a
practical butcher or by a committee of practical
butchers to be selected by the following ref-
erees: John B. Sherman, Superintendent of
the Union Stock Yards; Wm. 11. Monroe, a
regular buyer for eastern and foreign markets;
and John Adams, a regular commission sales-
man of Chicago. The names of the judges
selected shall not be made public until after
the 2d day of November, 1882. Any two
of the three referees above named may act in
the absence of third, and shall make the selec-
tion of the judges as above, and in case two of
said referees are absent then the third shall
select two reputable Stock Yards commission
merchants to act as referees, and they shall then
select the judge. Fourth, the invitation is
also extended to animals of the polled breed,
Devons, and all other lirceds of beef cattle,
pure breeds or grade not less than half bloods,
iipon their owners or representatives depositing
a like sum of $500 for each or either breed
with said treasurer of the Fat Stock Show, the

whole to be governed by the conditions of tlie
invitation.

"Fifth, the said sum or suras of five hundred
dollars must be placed in the hands of said
treasurer of the Fat Stock Show on or before
tlie lirst day of November, 1882, and said de-
posit must be accompanied by a written notice
of the acceptance of this invitation, whicli
notice must designate the name of the breed in
whose behalf the invitation is accepted, and a
copy of said written notice must be at the same
time mailed to the undersigned. Sixth, all
matters of dispute, whether involving the con-
struction of this invitation, or any question
growing out of this invitation, shall he referred
to said referees, whose decision shall be final.
Seventh, when the judge or Judges appointed
by said referees shall have arrived at a conclu-
sion, they shall make their decision known to
said referees, who shall announce in writing
over their own signatures the winner or win-
ners of said Butcher's Prize, and, upon pre-

BEXTON'S CHAMPIO.N.

Bred by Fowler & Van Natta. A champion at the Chicago

Fat Stock Show, 1SS3.

sentation of said certificate, the treasurer is
authorized to pay over to said winner or win-
ners said sum or sums of money so deposited
as aforesaid, after deducting any necessary ex-
penses of said contest. Eighth, all entries for
the Butcher's Prize must be made to said trea.s-
urer of said show in writing on or before the
1st day of November, 1882, together with tlie
name of owner, name and breed of entry, with
the age in years, months and days as nearly as
possible, and a full statement of the breeding
of each animal. Should tliis invitation not be
accepted in accordance witli requirement, then
said sum of S-'jOO shall be held by said treasurer
to be awarded to the best Hereford carcass,
pure bred or grade not less than half blood.
The contest and award shall be made at the
time and under the conditions above set out.

11 I STO

()

11 K \l K FO i; 1) CATTLE

327

except that the entries shall he iiiiule in writing
to the said treasurer on or hel'ore the Kltli day
of November, 1882. Should there be no entries
for said Butcher's Prize, then the said treasurer
shall hold said money subject to the order of
the undersigned. " C. M. Ci'LBEUTSOX,
"President American Hereford Association.'"
''Mr. V. M. C'ulbertson, above named, has
this day deposited with the undersigned, treas-
urer of the Chicago Fat Stock Show, the sum
of $500, to be called the 'Butcher's Prize,' as
"stated in the above invitation, a copy of which
invitation has also been placed in my hands.
"John W. Bunn.
"Dated at Peoria, Sept. '25th, 1882."

RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE HEREFORDS.

Taken from the Chicago "Daily Tribune,"
December 30, 1882: "There is, in the rapidity
with which the Herefords have spread over this

they carried oil' llirei'
prizes awarded at the
fairly indicates the gen
Herefords, cannot vei'v

of the four butchers'
last Fat Stock Show,
I'ral siqieriority of the
well be gainsaid, until

some proof to the contrary shall have been fur-
nislu'(l. The fact that many Herefords were
slaughtered at that show, while but few Short-
horns were killed, will not be accepted by those
people who know that the total numljer of
Hereford cattle available for such a test is com-
paratively small,, while the Shorthorns number
many thousands. Aberdeen-Angus, Galloways,
Norfolk and Sulfolk polls, and other recog-
nized breeds are not expected to appear in
competition as yet, since there are few cattle
of those breeds which can be spared for slaugh-
ter.

"If the ensuing year does not bring out
Shorthorns which can bear off the honors from
the Herefords, in this the final test of the value

q.j^i'^^^'-^^^-^^.^rS^

HEREFORD.

,^l^*W

'M't''> '^'^ '% 5^^'%^''/ *

SHORTHORN.

Competing steers and comparative types, Smithfield winners, 1S(9.

country in the last five or six years, something
which is, if not marvelous, at least as remark-
able as it must be gratifying to the champions
of that magnificent breed of cattle. How much
of this has been due to the persistent and pug-
nacious use of the press cannot, of course, be
definitely ascertained, but without great merit
to warrant the claims put forth by friends of
the breed it is quite certain it could never have
gained the place it now occu]nes as the favorite
on many a ranch in the West, and as a highly
prized and profitable breed on the farms of the
fertile Middle and Western States.

"In their determination to accept no second
place on the list of beef-making breeds, and
the fierceness of their onslaughts npon all rival
breeds, the Hereford breeders give abundant
evidence as to tlie faith that is in them. It
cannot be denied that they have made a very
creditable show of a right to the first place.
Their claim, that the success they met when

of a beef bullock, many who are now imdecided
will conclude that, how smooth and beautiful
soever the Shorthorn may be, he lacks the
ability to make, when highly finished, the best
and most profitable beef. That the Hereford
can scarcely be surpassed in ability to with-
stand hardship is well known; that he will
make a fair return for any amount of care,
however slight, has been abundantly shown by
experience. That the breeders of Herefords
are content to rest their case upon the single
argument of the superiority of their favorites
as beef producers, as do the friends of the
Scotch cattle, and do iu)t think it necessary
to add the claim that they are good milk and
butter jiroducers. will be by some, especially,
perhaps by the cattlemen of the plains, con-
sidered additional jiroof of the confidence of
the Hereford breeders in the strength of their
cause.

"Whatever the outcome of the contest mav

328

ill STORY OF 11 K 1! K FO 1! I) CATTLE

be between the two breeds, one result may ))e
counted upon as certain; the scrub will be, ere
long, driven almost completely out of sight
and out of mind. Although the Herefords
and the Shorthorns have locked horns with no
such purpose delinitely in view, the result will
he the sauu' as though they had combined their
forces to push the scrub frnm the lield."

HEREFORDS NET TO GROSS.

Taken from the "Breeders' Journal," April,
ISSV : 'i'he five steers winning the sweepstakes

T

.«te«^ ,-•

^%

C /-^

JOHN SCHARBAUER, MIDLAND. TEXAS.

and his favorite bull, valueii at $."i.OiM. Sir James 65916,

by Corrector.

prize oU'en^d at the Fat Stock Show last fall
by Marshall Field for best iive steers in tlie
show, and won by the T. L. Miller Company,
of Beecher, 111., were sold to Wm. Smith & Son,
of Detroit, and .slaughtered by them for Christ-
mas-market. Tliey made tlie following record:

Dressed Meat Beef and

to Valuable

Gross Weight. Offal.

"Conqueror," dressed 69.13% 83.84%

"Win." dressed eS.LW,, 8.'!.a6%

"Kansas," dressed 68.09% 86.44%

"Bachelor," dressed 66.72% 8:{.49%

"Washington," dressed 66.05% 8I.6S%

SOME GOOD HEREFORD G.VIXS.

"The monthly gain of some of T. L. Miller's
TTeref'ords, that are in training for the Chicago
Fat Stock (Ihristmas Show of 1880, makes
quite a favorable showing. Much is being said
about one of John B. Sherman's two-year-old
Shorthorn steers gaining I'^O lbs. last month.
Mr. Watson says he can l)eat that, as last month
Maid of Orleans, two years old, packed on 140
lbs.; Conqueror, 22 months old, 122 lbs.; Bach-
elor, same age, 110 lbs., and Tom Smith, 23
montb.s, lOfi lbs. How's that for an average of
Herefords ?" — Breeders' Journal.

MARSH.\LL FIELD PRIZE.

Taken from the Chicago "Evening Journal" :
"There was more than usual interest manifest-

ed in the Fat Stock Show, although the storm
had the elfeet of keeping many away that
would have wished to attend. The great fea-
ture was the competition for the $250 prize
offered by Marshall Field for the best five head
of cattle of any age or breed. Six herds were
entered by the following gentlemen: T. W.
Hunt, Asbton, 111.; John H. Sherman, Chi-
cago, 111.; J. D. Gillette, Elkhart, 111.; T. L.
Miller, Beecher, 111.; Morrow & Muir, and II.
C. Nelson. Mr. Miller's Herefords carried the
day, the prize being awarded to him. There
was no little jubilation over the result among
the believers in Hereford stock, which they say
lias risen in value 100 per cent with this vic-
tory. Outside of this contest there was no par-
ticular feature of interest in the show to-day,
except what has been seen during the week."

IMPORTATION OF HEREFORDS IX 1883.

"While many Herefords were imported in
1883 to our different quarantine stations in the
I'nited States, namely Baltimore, New York,
lloston and Portland, there were still more
lirought to Quebec, Canada. By a ruling of
tiie United States Treasury Department, cattle
for importation into the I'nited States were
allowed to be held the ninety days required,
on Canadian soil. The following importations
were sent to Quebec:

"Geo. Leigh (Tj 22TA) imported that year in
steamer Texas fifty-six head of Herefords, sail-
ing April 21st from Liverpool. Gudgell &
Simpson brought over twenty Herefords in the
same steamer. M. H. Cochrane shipped 105
head on the steamer Quebec, sailing Mav 19.
C. W. Cook (II 228A) of Odebolt, Iowa, (fim of
C. W. Cook & Sons) ^ 229A and 230A), im-
ported 300 head of Ilereford cattle on the
steamer Quebec, sailing from Liverpool June
30th. Jlr. Cook's cattle were selected from
numerous herds by Mr. Conant, of Illinois,
who had entire charge of the shipment, both
on the ocean and in quarantine. Thos. Brit-
tian imported thirty-seven and H. C. Burleigh
imported ISli head of Herefords on the steamer
Texas, leaving Liver])ool on August 1 for
Quebec. T. L. Miller imported 108 head of
Herefords on the steamship Mississippi, sailing
from Liverpool August 18th. Geo. Leigh im-
ported 13.") Herefords on the steamer Texas,
sailing from Liverpool September 12tb. C. M.
Culbertson imported 11.") Herefords on the
steamer Texas, sailing September 12th, from
Liverpool." — Breeders' .lournnl.

TESTIMOXIAI. HERD.

Looking back as we write, the author cannot

H I S T 0 II Y OF II E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

329

but reflect that there are some parts of the
road which we have traveled, in trying to ad-
vance the beef interest of America, to which
we can look back with undisguised jjleasure.
A man is to be commended tor his etforts to
make "two blades of grass grow where one grew
before," but many times he does not have his
efforts appreciated. We cannot pass the in-
cident of the presentation of a testimonial from
the English Hereford cattle breeders, without
expressing our gratification that our efforts to
give the Hereford cattle their proper position
was appreciated by our English friends. The
following letter from the Hon. Thos. Duckham
to th^ "Hereford Times" was no doubt the be-
ginning of the movement that culminated in
1883. After the opening of the letter, in
speaking of the growing popularity of the
Herefords, he says:

"I must say that the meed of praise is due
to T. L. Miller, of Beecher, Will County, Illi-
nois, U. S. A., whose untiring perseverance in
the cause merits every feeling of gratitude
which the breeders of Herefords can award
him.

"Not only has Mr. Miller patronized the
Hereford by establishing the largest and, I
think I may add, the best herd of Herefords

in the United States, but lie has so placed them
before the stock owners of that great country,
at the various e.xhibitions and by his sound
judgment, untiring perseverance, great talent
as a writer and great influence as a gentleman
of position; he has claimed for them (and to a
certain extent successfully) a front rank in the
great state exhibitions of the United States.
It was Mr. Miller who protested against send-
ing his Herefords to the International Exhi-
bition at Philadelphia in 187(j unless an Eng-
lish judge was selected to aid in awarding the
premiums, which protest resulted in my being
sent out Ijy the British Commission. It was
Mr. Miller who first introduced the Herefords
into the far West to improve the vast herds in
the Western states. It was Mr. Miller who re-
solved to obtain the necessary information and
publish a Herd Book for Hereford cattle in
America. It was ilr. Miller who, knowing the
value of the press in the promotion of any
great object, established a paper in the interest
of Herefords.

"Knowing all this, from many years of cor-
respondence with that gentleman, I feel that I
should be wanting in a proper discharge of
duty to him if I did not place those facts
before your readers. I may add further, that

III''JlEFORDS IN AKIZON'A.

330

H I S T U K Y OF H E K E I" O K D C A T T L E

Mr. Miller was here iu Juue last, wheu he pur-
chased about lUU of our i'ar-i'amed, red-with-
white-faces, and although far past the meridian
of life, he hastened back to use his best en-
deavors to obtain a removal of the restrictions
of a ninety days" quarantine, imposed upon
that side, upon animals imported from this
country. I fear his usual success has not at-
tended his efforts in that direction, and 1 hear
he is now returning, if not returned to Kug-
laiiil, 1(1 arraii,i:r fur .-hipiiiii.ix lii.= pinT-hn=r=.

E.X-LiOVlCllXOU S- B. PACKARD,
Marbhalllowu. Iowa.

"There are .several breeders of Ilerefords in
the United States of much lon<;er standing
than Mr. Miller, but it was left to him to Ijring
them to the front in the manner in which they
are now brought. Jlr. ililler only commenced
as a Hereford breeder in 1871. In 1ST3 his
then partner, Mr. Powell, a Herefordshire
man, came to England and purchased a few
Ilerefords, among tliem the handsome young
cow Dolly ^'arden, bred by Mr. Morris, Town
House. Madley, and her two offspring. Mr.
Powell soon entered upon another business,
and Mr. Jliller was most fortunate in securing
the assistance of one so thoroughly conversant
with the management of a herd as Mr. George
F. Morgan.

"The excellence of 'Mr. Miller's herd which
he sent to the Tntcniational Exhibition, and

the manner in which Mr. Morgan brought
them out and placed them before the judges,
were themes of admiration to all who beheld
them. After 1 discharged my duties at that
cxliibition, 1 visited Mr. Miller and numerous
other Hereford breeders iu order that 1 might
make their personal acquaintance and see how
the various herds acclimated, but at no place
did 1 see them so admirably managed as those
under Mr. Morgan's care on ilr. Jliller's farm.
•'1 would here respectfully suggest that the
Hereford breeders pay some compliment to
]Mr. Miller when he returns to this country, in
acknowledgment of the very valuable assist-
ance he has rendered to them in creating a
demand for their pedigree animals, which, al-
though of great and unprecedented proportion,
is now only in its infancy.

T. DUCKH.VM.

Bavsliam Court, Ros.s, England.
Aug. K, 1880.

The occasion of the writer's visit to England
in 1883' was taken advantage of by the breed-
<is of Hereford cattle in that country to jire-
si lit him with a valuable testimonial to show
I heir appreciation of his labors in securing to
I he Herefords in America their present posi-
tion as the best breed of beef cattle.

The ''Hereford Times," England, August 4,
1S,S3, has an editorial in reference to the mat-
ter, from which we quote: "A\'itliin a very
sliort period three very important gatherings
(if breeders of Hereford cattle have taken place
in Hereford, each being in the nature of a cele-
I nation, and each of such a character as to
warrant the ho]ie that a new era of prosperity
for the renowned white-faces is being entered
u])on. The first was the banquet of Mr. Price,
of the Court House, Pembridge, upon the oc-
casion of his splendid victory at Birmingham,
when he carried off the Elkington Challenge
Cup. (^ 231) The second was the farewell
dinner given a week or two ago by ilr. Bur-
leigh to the breeders from whom he had been
making his extensive purchases for America.
The third, and most important of all, has taken
place in the present week, when the union
lietwecn the English and American breeders
of Hereford cattle has been cemented by the
banquet and presentations to 5Ir. T. L. Miller,
of Beecher, 111., and his righthand man, ^fr.
George F. Morgan, who have done more than
any others to establish the Herefords in uni-
versal favor, and raise them to that po.«ition of
pre-eminence which their excellent and varied
qualities entitle them to hold.

"Advantage was taken of Air. Miller's pres-
ence in England — a visit made purely in the

HIST 0 H Y () !•■ 11 E K E E ( ) IH ) ( ' A T T L E

331

interest of the bteed, and to enable Mr. :MiIler
the better to enhance their popularity in Amer-
ica— to entertain him at a banquet, and the
gathering took place on Wednesday last. Sir
Joseph Bailev. M. P., liemg the president, -Mr.
Duckham, M. P., and ilr. S. Eobinson {\\ 232)
the vice-presidents, and the numerous com-
pany also including the Lord Lieutenant of
the " County .(Lord Bateman), Earl Coventry
(whom we are glad to see is lending the Here-
ford breed an increasing measure of his valu-
able influence), and the member for Leomin-
ster (Major Rankin) (IJ 233) and generally the
leading breeders and farmers of the district.

"The presentation to Mr. Miller consisted of
an illuminated address and a purse of 200
sovereigns; that to Mr. Morgan, of a very
handsome silver cup. (\ 23-4) * * * In
the limits of an article like this, it is impos-
sible to enter into a detail of the steps to be
taken to raise the Herefords in universal esti-
mation; and indeed it would be uncompli-
mentary to assume that the breeders need to
be especially informed on this point. They
know what Mr. Miller intends to do with the
£200 which they have presented to him, and
this is an example of what we mean. He in-
tends to form a herd to be known as the 'tes-
timonial herd,' and managed in a thoroughly
systematic way, with the aid of which he will
demonstrate, among our agricultural cousins
over the Atlantic, 'the capabilities of the Here-
ford breed.' They know, too, what Mr. Miller
has done in the past; how, in the face of .«trong
prejudice and the great power of Shorthorn
influence in America he has made the merits
of the Herefords felt, and by 'fearlessly pre-
senting' those merits has achieved successes for
the 'white-faces' which, ten years ago, would
have been thought impossible.

"We wottld say to the English breeders of
Herefords, 'support, by all means in your
power, the hands of men like Mr. Jliller.' "

The account of the presentation and com-
plimentary banquet to the writer was given in
the same paper, reporting the numerous toasts
and responses. Sir Joseph Bailey, M. P., the
chairman, proposed the toast of the evening,
"The health of our guest, Mr. Miller," in which
he made the presentation arid closed by say-
ing: "Mr. Miller is already somewhat ad-
vanced in years, but when he grows to be an
old man, it will be a proud thing for him to
say that it had been his lot to reinvigorate and
improve the cattle and herds of America."

Lord Bateman proposed the toast, "The
health of the l)reeders of Herefords in England
and America." In the course of his remarks

lie advised farmers to ff)llow his example and
dispose of their half-bred herds in favor of
stock of the pure Hereford breed.

HEREFORD BEEF IN' XEW ENGLAND.

Printed by the "Breeders' Journal" from a
Xew England paper: — "Volumes may l)e
printed and read upon this subject, but the
most convincing argument is that which ap-
peals to the pocket-book, and ort'ers 8I/2 cents
per pound, live weight, for choice Hereford,
and but i cents for the scrub that has eaten his
head off in his maintenance. Hundreds of
practical instances may be seen on any cattle
day in our great markets.

"There is a good profit in rearing good
beeves, and an absolute loss in keeping coarse,
inferior animals. As an illustration, quite a
remarkable steer was brought into Watertown
market two weeks ago by Wells and Richard-
son, raised from the calf by Joseph Xye, of
Fairfield, Me. This animal, a grade Here-
ford, though two months less than three years
old, weighed, when landed in the stock yards.
2,030 pounds. The purchaser was R. H.
Sturtevant, of the well-known (Juincy marker
firm of H. Bird & Co., dealers in beef. There
is no better e.xpert in beef in this city than
Mr. Sturtevant, who pronounced tliis steer as
near perfection in shajie and quality as was
ever landed for sale in this market, ilr. Hatli-

ROMEO (6646) 6420,
.\t IS months. Bred by T. J. Carwardine.

away, one of the largest dealers in cattle in this
market, was of the same ojiinion, and olVered
SY2 cents per pound, live weight, for the steer,
or upwards of $1T2. to ship to England: but
H. Bird & Co. wanted him at still a liiglier
price to cut up for their best city trade. Mr.
Sturtevant informs us that tliis fine steer
dressed I,(i0-1 pounds, counting meat, hide and
tallow, a most remarkable result, showing a
shrinkage of only 21 per cent. Tlie loins cut
from this steer weighed between 100 and lOG

332

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

pounds each, with suet iu. The bouf \v?.s of
excellent quality, well marbled, and showing
that as good cattle can be produced in New
England as anj-where in the world. The loin
which weighed 106 pounds carried 28 pounds
of suet. Farmers should bear in mind, how-
ever, that it will not pa_y to rear or feed coarse,
rough, leggy cattle, in this part of the country
at least.

•'Few cattle are received in this market that
show so small a shrinkage as 21 per cent. Some
of the best quality of Western steers, such as

MR. JOHN PRICE'S ELKINGTON CHALLENGE CCP
WINNER. AT 3 YEARS.

are now selling at TV-; to 8 cents per pound,
live weight, will shrink only 25 per cent. These
cattle the butchers call 'rattling good' steers.
A shrinkage of 26 to 27 per cent, shows well-
fed and profitable steers. Some good cattle
shrink 30 to 35 per cent., and common Xew
England cattle about a third. Coarse cattle,
old cows and the like shrink 40 per cent, or
more."

XEW exglaxd's live stock ixtekest.

Mr. E. E. Parkhurst discussed in the "Am-
erican Cultivator" the question whether Xew
England can compete in beef raising with the
Western cattle range, and says: '"Our markets
are daily supplied with beef from the West,
produced under great difficulties and trans-
])orted to our markets over long lines of rail-
roads and often suffering from hunger, tliirst,
and cold, while Xew England beef, when it is
ri]ie, can he put into the market as fresh as
when it leaves the stables, making it much
more desirai)le as food for the consuming
classes. With good and well-bred stock and
intelligence and care in feeding, we need not
fear competition from any one or any section
of our country. The farmer who has lost
money by raising steers and feeding high to
get them ready for the hutcher at 24 to 30

months has yet to be heard from. The farmer
who cannot make his farm grow better by such
farming had better go West, or change his
occupation."

HEREFOEDS IX EXGLAND.

The Earl of Coventry, who has taken a de-
cided interest in breeding cattle, has given his
views on Here fords in an English paper, and
says: "That for early maturity and aptitude
to fatten the Herefords are very reinarkal)le."
This, combined with "wonderful constitution
and general hardiness," ought to convince every
man who wants to realize the most money on
Ills grass that he cannot afford to be without
Hereford cattle to convert his grass and grain
to money. The Earl of Coventry, Croomo
Court, Worcester, England, is very wealthy, but
breeds Herefords for practical purposes. He
has some of the best cattle in England, and has
been very successful with his stock in the show
ring. The cut of Rare Sovereign (H 236), a
Hereford bull bred by him, was published in
the "Breeders' Journal." His bull Good Boy
(^235), is a most wonderful, thick-fleshed and
massive animal. These facts make the Earl's
opinion very valuable. He says:

".\s you ask me for my opinion of Hereford
cattle, I can only say that after an experience
of twelve years. I am still as great an admirer of
them as I have ever been. It is true that in con-
sequence of the prohibitory duty in America the
demand for this breed has not been so great as
in former years, but I believe the check is only
a temporary one, and that we shall soon witness
a return to fair and steady, if not sensational,
prices again. On my land I find that for their
early maturity and aptitude to fatten, Here-
fords are very remarkable, whilst their wonder-
ful constitution and general hardiness would
point to them as being specially adapted for
crossing with other breeds in our colonial de-
pendencies."

It was on the Earl of Coventr\''s estate that
John Price, of Ryall, did most of his work. —
Breeders' Journal.

jrUGES AXD JUDGING.

While T have undertaken to show the char-
acter of the judging, and the manner in which
our American agricultural and live .stock fairs
are run, I have had very little to say about the
judging in England. "The Agriculturalist," a
live stock journal published in London, has the
following to say on this subject. While it does
not touch the two breeds, Herefords and Short-
horns, it is a point to show what is thought of
the Engli.sh shows;

H I S T () IM' ( » !•■ H E K ]•: K () E^ I) C A T T L E

3:i;i

"This vexed qnestion, of loiiy standing', was
again brought prominently to the front (hiring
the Bath and West of England Show at
Brighton. On that occasion it referred more
particularly to the decisions in the classes of
Guernsey cattle. In fact, every one who pro-
fesses to know what a Guernsey bull or cow is,
was simply shocked at the incompetent judges
who were appointed to adjudicate in regard to
this breed.

"English breeders, as well as breeders from
the islands, have protested in strong terms
against the decisions to wliich they came. There
are certain points in all breeds of animals which
practical men look upon as of importance.
These points ought not only to be understood
by judges, but they ought to be recognized by
them, and thereby acknowledged in the form of
the awards they make. But the breeders in this
case say the judges were so oblivious of the re-
quired points of Guernsey cattle that they
awarded the prizes to inferior animals, and left
unnoticed, or merely commended, those which
were of the orthodox form.

"This comes of the way the judges of agri-
cultural societies are appointed. In this coun-
try the authorities of societies have apparently
merged into bands or cliques, each member of
which seems to say, 'If you will give me a help-
ing hand I will do as much for you some day.'
There seem to be no hold critics or censor of
this baneful practice or organized cliquism.
In America a year or two ago the same per-
sonal favoritism prevailed. But they treat these
matters better in America than we do in the
old country. The system was vigorously at-
tacked in the American agricultural and live
stock journals. One principle laid down by a
leading critic was, that 'any one — no matter
who he was — who made an application to a so-
ciety to be appointed as judge should not be
taken anv notice of.'

"Yet the judging of our live stock is mainly
entrusted to men who push themselves forward,
or ap])ly to the chairman or memljers of the
council for the post. As we have intimated, the
whole subject has emerged into a .'system of
cliquism or something worse. Breeders of dif-
ferent kinds of stock have their crotchets, and
they take care to get themselves elected as jnem-
bers of the council of the leading agricultural
societies. They then exercise their influence in
electing judges who will favor their own
crotchets. Thus some of the worst faults that
the modern herds and flocks of animals have
displa3'ed during the present generation have
been encouraged, and are now being perpetu-
ated.

"We cannot dwell upon these great faults to-
day, but we will do so on an early occasion. One
symptom, however, wo may mention, which is,
the outrageous prices to which interested noble
lords, rich tradesmen and their agents have
puffed up certain tribes of animals, the main
end and object of which is, or rather ought to
be, to produce animal food at the market price
per pound over the scales. This is why we are
having the ground cut from under our feet by
European, American, Antipodean and other
breeders and feeders. Both animal food — be it
beef, mutton or pork — and such animal's prod-
uce as cheese and butter, are now being sent
from foreign countries of superior quality in
many respects, and in quantities that make
home efforts Ijy tenant farmers, who are vic-
tims of the false system in question, anything
but successful to either themselves or home con-
sumers. If our great agricultural societies were
left more open for the services of practical men
there would be no difficulty in appointing
judges who would give encouragement to the
breeders of more paying animals — those that
have a greater tendencv to produce fle.sh than
fat."

OOLDEN TRE.\SURE (V. 13

Bred by Earl of Coventry.

334

J11,ST()1;Y of ll K K K F O K D CATTLil

CHAPTER XXXL

K00T8 A8 Cattle Food

(Tl 237) The value of roots as food for cattle
is too well known to need any argument to sup-
port the assertion. We have in our own expe-
rience found them invaluable as an aid to make
ripe bullocks and keep our herd of Hereford
cattle in the finest condition. We will state
briefly our method of raising sugar beets, as
this variety of roots was what we finally adopted
as giving the best results. (^ 238)

As early as possible in the spring we ploughed
the ground deeply, and then harrowed thor-
oughly, going over the field enough times to
pulverize the soil thoroughly. Then we spread
over the ground, as evenly as possible, well-
rotted manure. Next the ground was thrown
into ridges, three feet from center to center
apart, taking great care to have them straight.
This was done by an ordinary plow, and by
going twice in the furrow, throwing the earth
both ways. This left the ridges with all the
manure under the rows.

We found it advantageous to do this as early
as possible, so that the field could stand in this
condition for ten days or two weeks. There
were two reasons for this: the manure had a
chance to assimilate some with the earth and
so push the young plants more rapidly when
planted, and also the weeds had a chance to
start.

Before planting we started a single horse
through the rows, dragging a plank about ten
feet long edgewise to level off three ridges at a
time, leaving a flat top on which to sow the
seed, and it also destroyed all young weeds
on the ridges. Following this with a seed drill
the ground was in fine condition and the seed
over the fertilizer.

When the plants were half an inch high, cul-
tivation commenced with a single five-toothed
cultivator, then were side scraped with steel
hoes.

The secret of success being preparing the
ground thoroughly first, crop kept free from
weeds and soil kejit loose.

At the second hoeing the plants were thinned

to one in a place and the vacant places filled
with the plants which were pulled out.

In a root field of the T. L. Miller Company,
the field contained ten and three-quarter acres,
the yield was 275 tons of sugar beets. (^ 239)

Labor: Plowing, dragging, seeding, cultivat-
ing and hoeing was $15 per acre, $161.25; har-
vesting, 54 days pulling, topping, hauling and
putting in cellar, 35 davs man and cart, $115.70.
Total cash for labor, $276.95. (1| 239) It will
be seen by the above that they cost a small frac-
tion over $1 per ton. The ground was well
manured ; of this we have not the data for cost,
but for the use of land and the manure, fifty
cents a ton would be ample estimate.

EXPENDITURK OX 18 ACRES OF BEET LAND.

The following statement shows our cost of
producing 310 tons of roots, mainly of the sugar
beets. The average is $1.37 per ton, without
charging for the use of the land ; or to charge
$3 per acre for the use of the land, it would be
$1.50 per ton, giving 300 tons of good feed on
eighteen acres of land :

-Two ploughings at $2 per acre $72.00

Harrowing at 50 cents per acre 9.00

Eolling at 25 cents per acre 4.50

Rising drills, 13| days at $3 per day. . . 40.50
Drilling, one man and horse, 2 days at

$2 i)er day ' 4.00

Artificial manure, 5 tons, charge half. . 60.00

Seed, as per bill 50.00

Ten bovs hoeing ten days, at 50 cents

per day 50.00

One man and horse scuffling 4 davs,

at $2 per day ". . 8.00

TOPPING BEETS.

Si\- boys 145 days at 50 cts. per day $44.25

Three women 5 days, at 75 cts. per day. 11.25

H.VULING BEETS.

Two men 15 days at $1 each per day. . . $30.00
Two boys 15 days at 50c each per day. . 15.00
Fo\ir horses 15 days, at $1 each per day 00.00

Total cost $458.50

Total yield of roots, 310 tons.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

335

CHAPTER XXXII.

Challenge to Test all Beef Breeds ok a Broad S( ale

It was our aim to have a conclusive test
made that woukl go far to prove authoritatively
the position that we took, viz., that the Here-
ford was superior to all other beef breeds in
"economy of production and value of product."
We made the following challenge in 1881, to
test the merits of the Herefords and Shorthorns
by selecting 200 cows in the State of Illinois
and breed one-half to Hereford bulls and the
other half to Shorthorn bulls, and bring the
produce before the Illinois State Agricultural
Society, and there determine the merits of the
two breeds for beef production.

We also offered to select 2,000 cows in Colo-
rado and breed one-half to Hereford and the
other half to Shorthorn bulls, and bring the
produce to a test that should determine their
merits. Neither of these propositions has been
accepted, and neither will be. We then made
another proposition to exhibit before the Chi-
cago Fair Association in 1881 : "25 dry cows
that have bred and suckled their calves since
Nov., 1880 ; 25 calves with them ; 25 yearling
heifers." Of the cows we expected to show in
the contest we said:

"None have been grain fed, except when
milking before grass grew this spring ; and none
having been grain fed since the 15th of May,
and while dry in the winter were on hay and
stalks only. The heifers were on grain in the
winter, but run in the yards, and since the 15th
of ^lay have been on grass only.

"I will show the above named stock against
animals of like age and condition, selected from
any Shorthorn herd in Illinois, Kentucky, Mis-
souri or Iowa, for a premium of $250 on each
class, the cattle to be owned by the exhibitor on
the 1st day of August, 1881.'

"The manner in which the cattle shall have
been kept shall be certified to under oath by
the owner and one of the men who has had
charge of the same.

"The premium money, if not provided by the
Society, to be provided, one-half by the Short-

horn interest and the other half by the Here-
ford interest.

"I will in addition show my old bull Success
and twentj'-five cows or heifers of his get against
any Shorthorn bull and twenty-five cows or
heifers of his get; all of the cows and heifers
to have been on grass since May loth, and with-
out grain, for $250 or $500.

"I will show Conqueror, Bachelor, WiU, Wash-
ington and Kansas, bullocks shown at the Fat
Stock Show last fall, against a like number of
similar ages shown at that show, for $250 for
best bullock, and $250 for best five bullocks."

The following from the "Breeders' Journal,"
prepared by the author, shows a further propo-
sition on the subject : "The discussion as to the
merits of the different beef breeds has been
active. At the commencement it would have
seemed as though the Shorthorns were firmly
fixed, as the leading breed for the production of
beef, and this held for several j'ears after these
discussions commenced. A leading writer, T.
C. Jones, in their interest said, as to the merits
of breeds, that 'it had already been decided that
the Shorthorns held the first position, and it
was not a question to be again opened.'

"This same writer at another time did com-
pare the breeds, and when we took this up and
invited a full and frank investigation as to
merits, his reply was that Hife was too short to
enter ui)on a partisan discussion,' and declined
the invitation.

"In discussing the merits of the different
breeds in England, with three prominent Scot
and Shorthorn men, wo said this, that the Here-
ford would go from pasture to the top of the
London market, while neither the Scot nor the
Shorthorn could go there except through four to
six months in the stall. This our op])onents ad-
mitted. It is here that the merits of the Here-
ford stand pre-eminent ; as a grazing beast, and
from grass, carrying his product to the top of
the market.

"While in England we visited the grazing dis-
tricts. There are such districts in England

336

HISTORY 0 F II !•: R E F () R I) C A T T L E

wlicro 110 lareeding is done, but bullocks are
bought at from one to two \-ears old, mainly the
latter age, and put in a straw yard and on cake
during the winter, and on grass in the spring,
and from these pastures to the London market
in July, August and Se])tember. lu talking
with one of the leading graziers in Buckingham-
shire, he said that whenever he took 'a rear of
Herefords they would all go to market at once' ;
that is, they were even in quality and character,
while with Shorthorns there had to be from two
to three drafts to get them off. There is then
but one reason for the character the Herefords
have taken, and this one is merit.

cattle that dare make the test of merit from
birth to the butcher's block with the Hereford.
"This test having been refused by old and
experienced breeders, we tendered soiiie months
since the pfoposition to Jlessrs. J. Y. Farwell
(t[-<;40--Ml) and T. \V. Harvey, who have been
for the last two or three years establishing re-
spectively, herds of Polled- Angus and Shorthorn
cattle. We could have taken a farm on lease with-
in forty miles of Chicago, well adapted to experi-
mental work in the breeding of cattle. We pro-
posed to these gentlemen to take one hundred
cows and to breed one-third of them to Short- ■
horn, one-third to Polled, and one-third to

IMIW.XY GATHERED AT CHADNOR COURT SALE, Iss
(The X mark indicates Mr. George Pitt.)

".\merica is pre-eminently ii grazing country,
and that breed which can make meat of iirst-
elass quality, from grass, must always be the
top animal, and if the same beast is a first-class
feeder, it will need only a trial to make him the
top lieast of the world. We have been so fully
impressed with this from the start, that we have
offered to ])lace him in competition with other
breeds, letting them choose the manner in which
tlu'y .should be bred and kept, and we would
take them, in any way. This has been declined,
and we say that there is not another breed of

Hereford bulls, for a term of ten years. We
laid before them the estimated cost of such an
experiment; $15,000 would have been the in-
vestment needed, $5,000 for each. We proposed
to take one-third for the Herefords if each of
these gentlemen would take a third each for the
other breeds. We laid before them the fact that
such an experinuMit was needed, and that it
would be a great benefit to the world if such
experiment could be nuule, that would test, dur-
ing a term of years, the character and merits of
the three breeds of cattle. Thev, however, de-

11 I S T 0 K Y OF HE K E F U K 1) C A T T L E

■331

clined to ontcT upon sucli uxperimout. We think
that when friends of these breeds eonie before
the public with their claims for superiority, it
would be their choice to place their cattle under
such tests as would deterniine their merits, and
it has been our aim from the start to bring
about such an experiment, if possible.

'"In relation to the discussion of the merits
of the several breeds of cattle, especially the
Shorthorns and Herefords, it has been said that
'there is room for all breeds.' The 'Live Stock
Journal' says, 'this is probably true, there is
room not only for thoroughbi'ed cattle and the
best breeds. l)ut there is room for scrubs.' But

interest of the world. Tliere is no room for the
poor when the better can Ije iiad.""

The ''Chicago Trdjune" copied and made the
following comments on the foregoing. "The
above is sound in tlieory. The difficulty is to
decide the question of wliieli is the best Ijreed,
taking into consideration the circumstances of
the intending buyer. Using the machinery as
an illustration, it would be more just to com-
pare two spinning wheels, rather than the spin-
ning wheel and the Jack; two plows of modern
make, rather than the stick of prehistoric ages
with the finished steel implement of to-day ; two
engines of similar form and power rather than

SCENE AT CHADNOR COURT SALE,
Dilwyn, Herefordshire, 1SS3.

this does not meet the question as it should be
met. A man may use a wooden plow, if he has
no other means of cultivating his ground ; he
may stir it with a stick rather than not move it
at all. But he would not do this if he had a
good pair of horses and a good improved plow to
work it with. It is well to use the old spinning-
wheel if there is no other means to make your
clothing to cover your nakedness. But the old
spinning-whffl would not be used if the im-
proved macliinery could be had. and steam or
water to propel it. and what is tnic of these and
other industries is also true of the live stock

unskilled brute force tugging to pull a load,
with the highest product of the engine builder's
skill swiftly hurrying a train carrying thousands
of tons over hills and vales. But nitich of the
improvement made in breeds of animals is due
to the keen competition between breeders strug-
gling to gain a first place in popular favor. The
fight has made partisans of friends. The parti-
sans labored with, and aroused an interest in
the minds of those, who. but for tliis. wouhl
have remained indifferent, and induced tliem to
use better blood; to the great benefit of them-
selves and the world in general. Whatever the

338

HIST UK Y OF IIEKEFOIM) CATTLE

result ma}' be to the breeders engaged in it, tlie
battle has done innuensc good to others, and it
is to be hoped that the time will ncxcr eonie
when all will agree that any one breed or rauiily
of eattle is better than all others."

We made an earnest ell'oit to arrange a test
of merit with Mr. James Gaines, of Hidge Fann,
Illinois, on a sutficiently large scale to be of
value, and considerable correspondence was pub-
lished at that time on the subject. Referring to
the correspondence between Messrs. Gaines and
Jliller: Gaines & Sons proposed to take two car
loads of steers from their herd for ten years ;
they afterwards say that they fed 1,-100 steers.
The selection of thirty steers from this number
would not give any authoritative test of the
breeds. It is a well established fact that the
Shorthorns are very irregular and uneven as to
size and quality. Thirty bullocks out of the
large number grazed and fed by Messrs. Gaines
& Sons would be likely to be very good steers,
but their proposition as to the selection would
not give any information as to the cost of mak-
ing; neither would it give any information as
to the general character of the breed ; and
again, there is no such lot of Herefords in the

country to select froni, and therefore it would
be an unequal test.

The T. L. Miller Company's proposition was
to take a given number of cows of uniform char-
acter, and give them a given amount of land,
keeping a correct account of all expenses; this
would, if continued for ten years, have been a
very correct and authoritative test. Such a test
was proposed by T. L. Miller and published in
the "National. Live Stock Journal" some twelve
years previous to this correspondence.

That proposition had been renewed from time
to time, but found no one to accept it, and it
was again renewed at this time. We proposed
to take 100 acres of land on their farm at
Beecher, and select 40 breeding cows to be served
by a Hereford bull ; these cows and their calves
to be kept upon the product of such land, and
the produce to be marketed in December of each
year, after they were two years old, at the Union
Stock Yards in Chicago, if any Shorthorn
breeder wo\iId take a like quantity of land, and
a like number of cows, to be kept and marketed
on the same conditions. We also invited any
breeder of Scotch cattle to join in sucli tests on
same conditions, each party to come under their

COMPANY ATTKNIHNO "THK LKKN" SAbK. 1SS3.
The celebrated Grove 3d (5051) 24ii0. at 9 years, sold for J4,i50. appearing at the left,
standing at his side, umbrella In baud.

His breeder, B. Rogers,

H I s T () u Y () F 11 !•: i; ]•; f o im > c a t t l e

339

individual bond, to nial<L> and keep a correct
statement of expenses each year, and from the
sales of each lot, $500 to be taken and invested
in some good securities, until the expiration of
the contract. The herd tliat showed tlie largest
returns at the end of the ten years should be
entitled to this fund. We suggested that tlio
original cows should be replaced by heifers
bred from this lot, the draft cows to be fed
and marketed with the produce. Should this
proposition be accepted, and it should seem
best to the parties interested, to select land
within fifty miles of Chicago, on the line of
some leading railroad, and divide this land into
parcels and apportion to each breed an equal
quantity, we w-ould have accepted such an ar-
rangement.

li was nut the intention of the T. L. ililler
Co. to bmit this to simply three herds, but the
Shorthorn and Polled cattle men were allowed,
if they chose, to make five herds from each
breed, and breed and feed against five or ten
herds (or any number not exceeding tiiat).

Our object being to get tlie most authoritative
test that it was possible to have. We contem-
plated that such arrangements should be adopted
as would secure an honest administration for
each herd. We believed that it was due to the
I)ublic. that such a test should he made, and
were anxious to submit the merits of the claims
that were nuide for the Hereford breed of cattle,
to the most severe and searching tests that coulil
be made.

THE GROVE 3D (5051) 2490.
Bred by B. Rogers.

340

11 1 S T 0 R Y () F U !•: li !•; F () K D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Champions Contrasted— American vs. English; Ancient vs. Modern

We have devoted considerable space to our
American Fat Stock Shows because the brunt
of the battle between the beef breeds of America
was waged at these shows.

The account of an English Hereford steer
and an English grade Hereford steer, will make
interesting reading, demonstrating, as it does,
the beef quality of the thoroughbred Hereford
and the great merit of the Hereford cross.

We take from the "Mark Lane Express" of
Dec. 15, 1884, abstracts in reference to the
Smithfield Show of that year, referring to the
clianipion ox. a cross-bred (Hereford sire.
Shorthorn dam), age 3 years, six months and
two weeks, weight 2,(117 pounds. Winner of
the Norwich and Smithfield Club Champion
Cups; bred by Mr. Chas. Doe, Burwarton,
Bridgenorth, Shropshire ; fed and exhiliited bv
Mr. R. Wortley, Sufiield, Aylsham, Norfolk.
{^ 242) Our readers will recognize the form
and character of this animal as purely Here-
ford. In other words, the Hereford bull has
given his character and quality to the steer.

The value of any pure breed consists in their
ability to improve other breeds and to improve
the common cattle of this and all other coun-
tries. Our steer Conqueror at Chicago in 1881,
C. M. Culbertson's Roan Boy (^ 243), in 1883,
Mr. Wortley's cross-bred at Smithfield in 1884,
and Fowler and A'^an Natta's Benton's Cham-
pion (^244) at Chicago, in 1884, are notable
examples of the value of the Hereford cross.
The fact that the Shorthorn men claim the
honor for Shorthorn blood is not worth talking
about.

Let us make bullocks, by crossing the Here-
ford bull upon all other breeds, until our live
stock shall give the top place to the white-
FACKD BULLOCK, whether the cross is on the
Shorthorn, the Devon, the Scot, the Texan
(^ 245), the Spanish, or any other breed. And
let us in this establish the fact that the Here-
ford (TOSS will improve every other breed for
producing 'lullocks. tJie test being, "economy of
production and val\;e of product."

The "Mark Lane Express" said : "There is a
very pronounced undercurrent of opinion — led
and fostered by the example which has been
set on American soil — to the effect that in the
immediate future the prize schedule of our lead-
ing Fat Stock Shows should be so framed as to
encourage the production of the earliest matur-
ity, at the least possible cost; and to this end
there must inevitably be classes made, and ade-
quate prize money offered for competitions based
on early maturity, in connection with a mini-
mum cost of production, to lie determined by a
slaughter test. In the United States they have
instituted classes for 'early maturity,' for 'cost
of production,' and for the 'slaughter test';
but it would seem that a competition might eas-
ily be established in connection with the Smith-
field Club Show, and particularly so whenever
it is available for entries from the other prin-
cipal shows — in the shape of one collective class
for early maturity, as demonstrated on the
block, to be determined by a set of judges com-
posed solely of butchers, with separate honors
dependent on 'economy of production,' as at-
tested by breeders or feeders. The butcher's
function should be to determine the best car-
cass; the committee should demonstrate by a
simple statement on paper which had cost the
least, relatively to age, when the butcher's ver-
dict has been given. Something in this direc-
tion, and embracing these salient points, will
certainly have to be done if the great London
Fat Stock Show is to keep pace with or within
measurable distance of — similar educational in-
stitutions on the other side of the Atlantic.

"But there have recently been two very
.striking instances in connection with show-yard
animals which tend to show more clearlv that
maturity does not necessarily consist of mere
'fitness to kill,' although we submit that in both
eases the question of cost could alone determine
■where the feeding process should have ceased,
in ord(>r to afford the most perfect lesson in re-
spect of 'economy of ^iroduction.' The two ani-
mals referred to are Mr. John Trice's Hereford

II I S T U U Y () F HEREFORD C A T T L E

341

ox, with which he won the first Elkiiigton clial-
lenge cup at Binningham, and Mr. R. Wortley's
cross-bred Hereford- Siiorthorn ox, which won
the Smithtield Club champion plate last week.
The statement showing the statistical record of
Jlr. John Price's ox was given in our report of
the Birmingham Show, but it will be necessary
to repeat it in substance here for comparison
with a similar statement in respect to Mr. Wort-
ley's ox, the records of the two years referring
to the two successive exhibitions of the animals
in each case :

MR. J. price's HEREFORD.

Date.

Age
Exhibited at in
days.

Weight

In
pounds.

Average

daily
gain.

1881

Birmingham. . 970

1.918

1.97

1882

Birmingham . . 1,335

2,342

1.75

MR. R. wortley's CROSS-BRED.

Date.

Age
Exhibited at in
days.

•Weight
pounds.

Average
daily
gain.

1883

Birmingham . . 924

1,889

2.04

1884

London 1,289

2,617

2.03

"Now, these two animals afford very remark-
able evidence in support of the growing opinion,
to which we have called attention above, that
mere fitness to kill, at an early age, does not
constitute 'maturity' in the true, or possibly

even in the economical sense of the word. These
two animals show a daily rate of increase Ije-
tween their 2^ and 3i years form, which is
highly suggestive as to theory as well as very
startling in point of facj. The cross-bred has
actually maintained his 2^-year-old cate of in-
crease for one whole year longer — for the differ-
ence of one point in the decimals is due to the
value of the remainder — which we take to afford
a wholly unprecedented experience in our re-
ported show-yartl animals. Clearly the 3 J-y ear-
old form of these two remarkable prize winners
is a great improvement on their 2i-year-old
form — an improvement, however, which cannot
be equitably demonstrated by the figures. For
example, the Hereford steer as a steer was a
more perfect animal than was the cross-bred, so
much so that we contended at the time that he
was as good as a beast need be made ; whereas,
the cross-bred was merely a most promising
frame-work — imperfectly covered — that could
not possibly have stood a chance with the Here-
ford had they been competing side by side at
the same age. Our personal recollections of the
two animals — refreshed by reference to memo:
randa made at the respective dates — enables us
to sav this much. Yet the best Hereford ox yet
shown in a fat stock show comes in rather a bad
second to this marvelous cross-bred. However,

SALE RING AT STOCKTO.VliUUY, LEOMI.N'STER, IIEKEFOUnSHIRE. ENG.. ISJl.

HI ST oil Y OF HEREFOKD CATTLE

;3i3

the Hereford men have no cause to grumble;
it was their blood 'on toj).'

"Our friend, Mr. T. L. Miller, of Beecher,
HI., U. S. A., who is the most persistent and
consistent advocate of Hereford blood, pure or
adulterated in every possible way, provided it
is 'on top,' will have a most unique example to
quote in favor of his long time argument to the
effect that the Hereford bull on the Shorthorn
cow would, could and should work wonders. As
a matter of fact it has produced a champion
prize winner at Chicago in 1883, and a cham-
pion prize winner in London in 1884; the latter
being such a winner as no show has ever before
produced. This is saying a good deal, but we
think it can be sustained. Look at 2.03 pounds
per day from birth, for the heaviest beast in the
show; onlv 148 pounds lighter than the ele-
phantine 'Welsh Jumbo,' which, at Birmingham,
stood, tail, if not head, above the six feet high
partition boards! Has there ever been weight
for age to equal this ? Again, the most remark-
able feature about this animal is the gain of f!
cwt., 2 qrs. (728 pounds) in the interval of one
Year and one week between the Birmingham
Show in 1883, and the London Show in 18S4.
It was not at all difficult to find fault wijth this
animal. He had weak points, from the point of
the shoulder to the outside flank and thigh, to-
gether with a comparatively indifferent cut of
rump steak; but all this was simply nothing
when considering the top, together with his im-
mense substance through the heart, and where-
ever substance is valuable — with but slight
drawbacks. AVTiatever his faults may have
been, his weight was almost all in the best
places, and such a weight in such proportions
we mav not see again. Such results two years
following in America and in England should go
far towards bringing about the life-aim of T. L.
Miller, which — so far as we understand it — is
to put the Hereford bull 'on top' of all the cow
stock of the United States, from pure-bred
Shorthorns to the native scrubs and the long-
horned, half Spanish cattle of far-away Texas.
Indeed, his enthusiasm does not stop here; he
would put the white-face trademark on all the
cattle of the world."

This cross-bred ox took, in addition to the
champion plate of £100 ($.500), the £50 ($250)
cup as best ox or steer, the £30 ($150) breed
cup as the best cross-bred, and the first prize
of £25 ($125) in his class; in all, £210, or
$1,050. He also took the champion prize at
Norwich.

To show the difference in gain per day, and
contrast Mr. Wortlej-'s Hereford steer with the
Shorthorn steer shown in Chicago, we quote

the following from the English '"Live Stock
Journal,'" which was published under the title
of "A Tale of Two Champions": "It may be of
interest to compare the returns made for a
year's feeding by the two animals which may be
deemed the champions of the season here and
in the L'nited States.

"The American champion, 'Clarence Kirklev-
ington,' an almost pure Bates Shorthorn, had
this advantage over Mr. Wortle\''s half-bred ox;
that the trial continued until his carcass was
examined in the butcher's shop. 'Clarence
Kirklevington,' at his death, had a live weight
of 2,400 pounds, at an age of 1,372 days. The
Islington champion had a live weight of 2,589
pounds at 1,292 days — a marked superiority
for the Britisher.

" 'Clarence Kirklevington' had for his last
year's feeding increased 3.55 pounds ; Mr. Wort-
ley's ox in the same period, waxed 811 pounds,
or more than double, and most wonderful of
all, the Islington champion weighed at Xor-

^^^^■■--

m

*■- - 1

CO.MP.\NY ATTEN: -::.:.

AUGUST, 1504.
Lord WiUon (4740) 4057 and two of his sons.

wich, on Xov. 20, 1884, 22 cwt., 3 qrs., 13 lbs.
(or 2,561 pounds), and had on Dec. (>, in spite
of traveling, etc., put on 31 pounds more, show-
ing a steady increase still going on."

Referring to the al>ove comment on "Kirklev-
ington" carcass and tlu> credit given to the Bates
breeding, it is due history to say that it was one
of the worst carcasses in the show ; and the
award was the great and crowning blunder of a
series of blunders committed bv the judges of
the Fat Stock Show of 1884.

In this connection we would contrast, or
rather compare the champion ox at the Smith-
field Club's first show in 1799. At seven years
old, winner of the first prize at the first meeting
of the Smithfield Club in 1799. Bred by Mr.

344

HISTOUY OF IIERKFOHl) CATTLK

Tally, lluiitiiigton, llerclord; fed In -Mr. Wost-
ear, Aylcslmn', JUiuks. (Sec illustration. j

The English Journal, "Agriculture, the Ten-
ant Fanner's Journal,"' says of the o.\ as fol-
lows: "Ju 1799, the vSniithtield Club was
founded. From the Herefords this winner came,
and a noble ox he was, as we find an authentic
record that in height he stood (> feet 7 inches,
his girth having been 10 feet 4 inches while his
weight was 247 stone, or nearly 31 cwt. [;i,4.50
pounds, .Vnicrican weight — T. L. M. | This reads
far above the figures that serve to note propor-
tions at the present time, but as to this it is well
to mention that this ox had attained the age of
seven years, consecjuently his full growth had
been obtained. There is a striking difference
between the Hereford ox of 17!>!) and 1884, al-
though both belong to the same pure breed, but
an interval of eighty-five years .separated them.
During that somewhat long period much was
done to improve the type and characteristics.

,A'^'"'"'^\

^ki ■l^^'^'''^^

Bm i^^^^K n!

^k * .

IS|dj

ri^

^^^^^KfT - .^'-baH

-mmi

DOVVNTON CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE.
(Photo of 1902.)

The ox of 17!)i) had worked three or four years
as was the custom in those days, whereas the
present show specimens for the greater jiart are
spared all efforts in seeking their food, and they
never work. K is not our di'sire to underrate
the oxen of olden time. As working animals
they might have been immensely su])erior to
such as we now possess, and no doubt they were.
Rut for show purposes work is decidedly against
the ox, inasmuch as it bares the shoulders, and
thins the neck, both of which are serious defects
in the opinion of the best judges of stock. If
we make this allowance for our champion, and
a little also for the hollow-back labor frequently
occasioned, we find him a great, fine ox, and can
picture him to have been almost a team of him-
self, although according to our modern standard
of svmmetry he might be somewhat below it.
Be this as it may. we can. however, point to the

fact that Herefords have been vastly im])roved
upon those of last century, and that their repu-
tation was never so wide and pronounct'd as at
the present time. As we propose giving several
illustrations in this journal, giving the early
type of Herefords, a few remarks on the ac-
(■epted history of the breed may be of interest
to our readers.

"The origin of Herefords is obscure, but it
dates back numy centuries, and in all proi>a-
bility to the reign of King John. Speed has
recorded the existence at that period of 'white
cattle' in the adjoining county of Brecknock,
and there is no authentic account or tradition,
even, that the black cattle of the Principality
were other than we now find them ; it is pretty
safe to conclude that no admixture of white
breed has ever taken place. From time imme-
morial Welsh cattle have boon black, and if
occasionally on the borders a Hereford cow pro-
duced a chance calf with black markings, that
calf never became a breeding animal, but was
drafted at tlu' first o])portunity.

"But should these white cattle have been in-
troduced into Herefordshire — and their ex-
istence at the period mentioned seems beyond
reasonable doubt — the origin of the present
Herefords is comparatively easy to acconnt for.
Xow. of what was a Hereford primarily com-
posed ? The answer of the physiologist, viewing
tlie type of to-day, would be that the parents
were red and white. Xothiug is more certain
llian that the markings of the Hereford have
been in a way created by most careful and con-
tinuous breeding. The white face with red
body were not nature's colors, they were not
spontaneous, but came as. the result of mating
the white breed referred to with the red cattle
that possibly had long occupied the valley of
the Wy(>. Lugg, Frome, Arrow and Teme.

"During the Saxon era the county of Here-
ford was strongly guarded by the English
against the inroads of the Welsh chieftains, and
this, no doubt, led to the introduction of red cat-
tle from other parts of the kingdom. In these
early times herds of cattle usually followed in
the wake of armies, and it is extremely probable
that the aboriginal breed of Sussex and Devon,
which stocked the .southern counties, was dis-
jiatcbed thither in considerable numbers where
many of them bred, and thus stocked the Here-
ford district. But whatever might have been
brought about after this manner there is no
uncertainty as to the dark red and mottleil-
faced cattle of Herefordshire having been some-
what plentiful in the last century. For .several
hundred years the horned stock of the country
was ((uniiaratively isolated from its kindred
breed by the inferior cattle of the large dairying

HISTORY OF H E K E F 0 K I ) C A T T L E

345

districts in the counties of Gloucester, Wilts
and Somerset. Owing to this circumstance, and
being surrounded by sorts in no respect of equal
merit, the breeders in Herefordshire were fain
to be content with what they possessed, and
thus, by degrees, purity of blood and fixity of
type were established in their cattle. Much
uncertainty has existed as to the type of Here-
ford that prevailed in the past century. In
respect of this there should not be any. For
ages there has been no record or tradition of
any blending of blood, and in the absence of
such evidence, we may fairly conclude that no
fresh blood has been sought since the amalga-
mation of the white cattle of Brecknock with
the red stock of Herefordshire in the reign of
King John, which produced in the process of
time, the famous race now known everywhere
as 'Herefords.'

"So recent as a hundred years ago there was
no recognized color for the breed ; they were
nearly every color; black,blac]c tints and brindle
alone excepted. Nobody set much store on
color, the test of value having been in the size
and working powers of the oxen. It was then
in the matter of color precisely what it is now
with cart horses ; for oxen then were bred quite
as much for draught purposes as for beef, and

but few thought of fattening three-year-old
.steers. To have done so would have been looked
upon not only as a waste of working power, but
also as a great loss in the production of beef.
The yeomen of the country were exceedingly
proud of their noble teams of oxen, and one vied
with another in breeding and working the best
in his neighborhood. Herds of repute were
then man}-, but a fine choice herd was then
termed a 'good stock' and to have a good stock
was considered a sufficient guarantee of purity
of breed. The grand old ox mentioned is a good
representative specimen of the Tully's variety
of Herefords."

Then again we find in the ''Hants and Berks
Gazette" (1884) as follows:

"How far is early maturity likely in future
to influence decisions at fat cattle shows, and to
what extent ought it to influence them, are
points not unlikely to become of pressing im-
portance. A decision in the agricultural hall
last week bears on this point and is particularly
noteworthy, as it brought two of the sets of
judges into direct collision.

"The Shorthorn judges gave the breed cup
to the Queen's remarkably wealthy heifer, thus
placing her above all the first prize steers, as
well as ^Fr. R. Stratton's first prize cow. but

HAMPTON COURT, LEOMINSTER. HEREFORDSHIRE.
The seat ot J. H. Arkwrlght.

346

msTOlM" OF IIKRKFOHI) CATTLK

when another bench had to deeido for the cham-
pion phite the judges did not take tlie usual
course of deciding l)et\vcen the best steer or ox
and the best heifer or cow, but had up the whole
of the first prize animals for further inspection.
This resulted, it is true, in the champion plate
being awarded to Mr. Wortley's beast, already
pronounced to l)e the best male, but as reserve
to the champion plate, they selected Mr. Hugh
Gorringe's Slioi'thorn steer under two years,
wliich had won the first prize, consequently the
latter was pronounced to be the second best
beast in the show, although he had been pre-
viously beaten for the Shorthorn breed cup by
the Queen's heifer. The circumstance is pecu-
liarly relevant to the point of inquiry I have
just made, inasmuch as prime quality united to
early maturity was what chiefly distinguished
Mr. H. Gorringe's steer — characteristics which
another set of judges had not placed completely
in ascendency over the riper early maturity or
a few months older combined to such greater
wealth possessed l)y the Queen's heifer.

"In speaking recently at a meeting of the
Marshbrook Agricultural Society, Mr. J. Hill,
of Felhampton, spoke of the rare excellence of
the first cross between a Hereford bull and a
Shorthorn cow. mentioning that the champion
ox at Chicago last year was of this varietv as
well as the crack animals in England this year,
wliich has filled highest positions at the Nor-
wich and Smitbfield Shows. Xo doubt !\Ir.
Hill's opinion is worthy of being paid high
deference to in assuming that such a cross is
the very best for grazing purposes that can pos-
sihlv be made, but it should be remembered
that there are very few crosses in the past in
general farming, where both sire and dam have

been absolute pure-breil, owing to the dam be-
ing usually considered far too valuable to breed
to any bull but one of her own breed. The
progeny of pure-bred Devon cows mated with
Hereford sires would prohalily be superior for
grazing purposes even to the Hereford-Short-
horn cross, unless the Shorthorn cow was very
much superior, as much better quality would be
derived. Further, it may be worthy of note that
ilr. ililler. when in England about a year since,
remarked what valuable grown beasts might be
bred by many in the western shires, who have
Devon herds, if tliey were only to cross them bj'
Hereford bulls.

"Another observation of Mr. FTill's in the
speech alluded to is worthy of note, as it was a
reply to the strictures of ^Ir. Coleman, in his
report on prize farms in the Royal Agricultural
Society's Journal, on the method of calf-rearing
as adopted by Hereford breeders. He said the
Royal judges were unable to perceive how it
could pay to keep a cow all the year just to rear
one calf, but he thought if the superior early
maturity of the calf was considered, full com-
pensation woiikl be obtained for the sacrifice of
milk by obtaining a much better beast. This,
however, may be a matter of opinion. The
point of a better animal being produced by con-
tinuing the system than by hand rearing, was
scarcely disputed by ]\rr. Coleman and the Royal
judges. All they ventured to doubt was whether
too much is not sacrificed for the early maturity
and better beast, especially as it comprehends
the probable impairTnent of the cow's milking
properties in the future. The question is prob-
ably one scarcelv admitting of satisfactory de-
cision without absolute experiments."

H I S T 0 li V () F II K i; K F () i; 1 ) (■ A T T L E

34r

CHAPTER XXXIY.

Hereford Movements BE(iiN to Command the Oit'osition's Hesi'ect

The investigation of the opposition to Here-
fords, and the means used by Shorthorn breed-
ers from the time of Youatt until the present,
would shadow and dim the operations of the
Star Route conspirators. These operations, it
will be noticed, have been directed against the
Herefords and those interested in them with
the utmost venom and vindictiveness. When
Mr. Youatt, at the dictation of the Shorthorn
breeders, put forth all the facts he could reach
to advance that interest, and suppressed the
facts that would advance and maintain the
claims of the Herefords, from that time until
now, these tactics have been practiced. In 1834
Youatt wrote in the interest of the Shorthonis ;
in 1839 the Eoyal was established and run in
the Shorthorn interest; in 1851, control of the
Smithfield Club was obtained and run in this
interest; in 1841, the New York Society was
established and officered and run for the benefit,
and in the interest of the Shorthorns, by Short-
horn breeders.

All these schemes have been continuously
practiced. Stating these facts as a matter of
history, we will take up and discuss the oper-
ations of the Illinois State Agricultural Society
and its management. We wish to be fairly un-
derstood in the position we take. Wlien we
charge the Shorthorn breeders of this country
and England, we speak of them as writers would
speak of political parties when they are charged
with corrupt practices. It does not follow that
the rank and file are included in the charges
of corruption ; but it is of those who manipu-
late these corrupt and fraudulent plans. Their
supporters are led and influenced into support-
ing these leaders and their plans. So it is with
the large bulk of Shorthorn breeders. They
accept Youatt as authoritv for the early stand-
ing of the Shorthorns. Thev inquire for some
work that will give them information that may
be considered a reliable guide, and they will
be directed to Allen's work on American cattle,
or to Ambrose Stevens, .Youatt and Martin.
Would we be saying too much, that they havo

done as much as they could to bring the Short-
horns to the notice of the reader, and as little
as they could to bring the merits of the Here-
fords before the public? There is much that
either might have found if thev had wished. As
early as 1840, H. S. Eandall quoted Youatt
against the Herefords in his controversy with
Mr. Sotham. He ought then to have known
that Youatt was the editor for the Shorthorn
work.

The first show held under the direction of
tlie Illinois State Board, we think, was in 1853;
and we think no one will question the fact that
it was largely under the control of tlie Short-
horn breeders and that the claims of that breed
were pushed ; but of the earlier years of this
society we have not much to say. The premi-
imis, so far as we know, were uniform for
Shorthorns, Herefords and Devons.

This was true in 1879, when the Herefords
made their show under Miller and Powell, and
for 1873 and 1874; but in 1875 the Shorthorn
premiums were raised about 70 per cent and the
Herefords reduced about 33 per cent ; and dur-
ing four years a majority of the judges for herd
and sweepstakes premiums were Shorthorn
breeders, and they ignored the Herefords as
completely as though they had not been on the
ground. While the Hereford premiums were
reduced in 1875, the Jerseys were permitted to
stand as before, and Shorthorn advocates would,
under these circumstances, proclaim awards
rendered by Shorthorn judges as evidence of
merit. And this is not peculiar to Shorthorn
breeders of Illinois, but it is the rule, whether
in Illinois, New Y^ork, Ohio, Kentucky or Eng-
land.

In lS7f5 the Illinois State Board put the
Shorthorn premiums back to what they were
previous to 1875, but did not change the Here-
fords. In 1877, the Board still further reduced
the Shorthorn premiums and advanced the
Herefords, making them even, and placed the
milk breeds on the same basis, in which condi-
tion thev havo remained iintil now.

348

HISTORY OF HERE FORD CATTLE

But this equalization was opposed b}' the
Shorthorn breeders outside, and by their friends
in the Board; and while all breeds were per-
mitted to comijete for herd and sweepstakes
premiums, they were ol)liged to do so under
Shortliorn judges; and Shorthorn breeders and
advocates said to the Hereford breeders, "When
you can win before our agricultural shows, then
we want them." We have mentioned in detail,
elsewhere, the show for 1878.

In 1879 the judges were selected previous to
the fair, and no protest was permitted. This
year, and the 3-ear 1877, the judging was fairly
conducted — both 1877 and 1879 followed two
specially partisan years, the first under W. J.
Neely and Col. Judy, and the second tinder Col.
Judy, both Shorthorn breeders. We are not
advised fully, or are not authorized to speak
for the Board, when we say that the partisan
action in 187(1 and 1878 brought the Board to
the determination to do something to cheek the
manipulations of the Shorthorn men. Still, we
believe that it is true.

The inauguration of the Fat Stock Show was
an innovation upon the Shorthorn plans. They

had been showing fat and barren cows ; they had
selected the top animals from different herds,
and often these show herds represented a fair
fortune; and while the country was full of
these show herds and winning as breeding stock,
they could not bring a respectable showing of
cows that would win before the butcher.

At the first Fat Stock Show in 1878, the
Hereford cow "Jennie" took the sweepstakes
premium for best cow in the show. The Here-
ford cow won the sweepstakes fairly in 1879,
though there might have been a chance for a
difference of judgment; but in 1880, of all the
partisan work that had been done, this was the
most glaring; and as an evidence that we do
not express simply an opinion from a Hereford
standpoint, we will say that of all the Shorthorn
writers that undertook to get comfort out of
that show, not one, as far as we know, nuide a
claim for winning the sweepstakes for the best
cow in the show.

The judging in 1880, when the different
breeds came into competition, was first on
grades, and was wholly and entirely indefen-
sible. The judges were discharged for cause, but

CULliT lllJLSE. I'EMLIUIUGE. llEiiEFultUSillKE.
ResideDce of J. Price. Mr. Harry Yeld and Mr. John Price in the foreground.

H I S T O K Y OF II E K E F 0 II I) C A T T L E

349

still the verdict was permitted to stand. A pro-
test was made against the awards on grounds of
gross injustice. This was admitted. "But,"
said the Board, '"we have no way to set aside
an award except on account of fraud." One of
the Board very correctly said, "A court, when-
ever a jury hrings in a verdict contrary to evi-
dence, sets it aside, and the jury is discharged.
We," said the member, "have discharged the
judges, and it follows that the awards should
be set aside."

The next day the Herefords, in competition
with thoroughbreds and grades, took the sweep-

fords, ',] years old ; one .Shorthorn, 2 years old ;
one Hereford, 2 years old; two Sliorthorns, 1
year old ; one Hereford, 1 year old. Of the
yearling Shorthorns, Mr. Gillette entered one
and Mr. Moninger the other, but botli refused to
dress. Mr. Gillette entered and dressed both
the Shorthorns.

The vShorthorn l)reeders, it will be noticed,
did not propose to bring their breed to this test,
except Mr. iloninger, and he refused to fulfill.
The test by dressing is the one that conies the
nearest to a perfect measurement.

While the Shorthorn breeder? r-lniniorl ^'renter

LORD WILTON (474UJ 4057 AND TWO O

stakes for each age — on two and three-year-old
steers. ■ We have already alluded to the award
on the cow. For the best beast in the show
the Shorthorns took this under protest, and
the Herefords took the reserve vote for this
also.

We would now call attention to the dress-
ing of the bullocks. The Sliortliorn Ijrceders
claimed greater size, heavier hind-(iuarters as
compared with tlie fore-quarters, with smaller
heads, feet, etc. Those who tried to detract
from the Hereford victory did not discuss the
details of this test. There were entered for
dressing, one Shorthorn, 3 rears old ; two Here-

size, the three-year-old bullocks ollerod by them
were 20 per cent lighter than the Herefords;
and the two-year-old was 10 per cent lighter
than the Hereford two-year-old. The hind-
quarters of the Hereford premium steer were
40 pounds lighter than the fore-quarters ; while
the hind-quarters of the Sliorthorn were 108^
pounds lighter, while of tlie two-year-olds the
Herefords showed a ditVercnce of 40 pounds,
and the Shorthorns 52i pounds.

Another point the Shortliorn advocates made
was as to heavy heads. By an examination of
the figures it will be found tliat even here the
percentage is with the Herefords. The Here-

350

HISTORY OF H EHK F() i; I) CATTLE

ford exhibitors met every point in contest and
showed Efreater merit for their breed.

These tests, however, do not touch the real
question at issue between the two breeds, to-wit,
the cost of production and value of product.
As a result of these showings, however, the ac-
cessions to the number of Hereford breeders at
that time were large and consisting of men of
large means and great experience in cattle rais-
ing and feeding.

The arguments used to show the unparalleled
cxci'llciici' of tlir Sliortliorns are often of the
flimsiest nature.
In the Seventh
Anniial Meeting
of the Iowa Im-
proved Stock
Breeders' Associa-
tion, Mr. Pliny
Nichols presented
the claims of the
Shorthorns and
stated his posi-
tion. First, to
show the merits of
the Shorthorn as a
combined machine
for milk aud beef;
second, his merits
for beef alone, and
third, his value
for the improve-
ment of natives and other breeds. On the
first he claimed that 75 per cent of cattle
for beef and the dairy in England are of
Shorthorn blood, quite oblivious of the fact,
that on the same principle, he might claim that
as 75 per cent of the cattle for beef and dairy
were scrub stock, therefore it was best. We
quote Mr. C. F. Clarkson, speaker at the same
convention, who preceded ^Ir. Nichols, as fol-
lows: "Our Tuodern breeders claim that they
have improved this stock (the Shorthorn) in
grace and form, while they sacrificed the milk-
ing qualities, until it requires the aid of some
other breed to raise their calves."

With this quotation we will pass the claims
to a combined Tiiacbine and notice Mr. Nichols
on the Shorthorn for beef alone. He said, "For
early maturity, size, hardiness, prepotency, cost
of production and value of product, the Short-
horn excels all others.'' If Mr. Nichols had
closed this schechde of merits by saying he does
not excel ail others, he wouhl have made a
statement that he could have maintained.

The contest that year (1879) for the cham-
pion prize at Smithfield for the best beast in
the show, was between a Hereford and Short-

SAMUEL GOODE,

of Ivingtonbury, Herefordsh
for many years in Australi

hdrii under two years and six months old. They
were of the same weight and ages. On this
point there was no difference, but the award
was given to the Shorthorn, and there were
those who questioned the correctness of the
award. Knowing that a Hereford always sells
for more money per pound in London, we ques-
tioned tlie justice of the decision and had cuts
made of the two steers. (^ S-fG) The "Mark
Lane Express" gave it as their opinion that the
award was right, "although," they say, "the
Hereford was the firmer fleshed animal," and
a little further questioning elicited the fact that
the two bullocks going to the butcher, the Here-
ford would have sold for the most money. If
then the champion steer of this show was a two-
year-old, and the choice was between two, a
Hereford and a Shorthorn of the same age and
weight, and the Hereford was of a quality to
command the larger price in the market, he
should have had the champion place. This
must have been known to Mr. Nichols when he
came before the Iowa Society. He might, with
the same propriety, point to the awards of the
Iowa Agricultural Society as an evidence of
nu^rit for his breed.

Jlr. Nichols then took the Chicago Fat Stock
Show and averaged it for three years, and said,
"Of course exceptional cases can be given where
the Herefords have attained good weights and
creditable gains per day from birth, especially
when they have resorted to the Shorthorn blood
to make the cross on."

Now, ilr. Nichols and other Shorthorn breed-
ers ought to have known that the claim was not
valid. The truth is that the Shorthorn on the
native cattle of the covmtry, has not produced
a uniform bullock. There is no reliability to
be placed upon the character of the bullock
bred from native or scrub cows by the use of
the Sliorthorn bull, and we must give the same
uncertainty to the heifers as to the bullocks,
and these heifers we must use — heifers that no
Shorthorn man would admit bore any resem-
blance to the Shorthorn type — and when we put
the Hereford bull upon these heifers and pro-
duce winning steers, they turn arounfl and
claim the merit for the Shorthorn. But it is
not true, and the claim that was made by An-
derson and endorsed bv Nichols as to the bul-
lock at the Fat Stock Show of 1880 was fraud-
ulent.

Said Jfr. Nichols, "The Hereford breeders
have bv such extraordinary means captured
scarcelv nne-fhir<l the premiums as against
Shorthorns." The managers of the F'at Stock
Show offered a ]iremium, first and second, for
the best grade three-vear-old steer; for the best

H 1 8 T 0 R Y 0 !•' 11 E K 1-: F () K D C A T T L E

grade two-year-okl ^teer; for the best grade
oue-year-okl steer; and sweepstakes for the
best of any breed three years old; for the best
of any breed two years old, and for the best of
any breed one year old ; for the best cow of any
breed three years old, or over; for the best
beast in the show. Here are eleven premiums
in the grades, six first and second. The Here-
fords took two seconds. The judges, in this
ease, the president discharged for cause; and
when the Herefords came into competition
again with these and the thoroughbreds the
next day nnder a committee selected with
greater care, the Herefords took every premium,
and when we take the fact that the judges in
the first case were dismissed -for cause, it was
not in good taste for such Shorthorn men to
claim honor for the awards. On the sweep-
stakes cow a special committee was appointed,
and the Shorthorn cow taking the award was
nothing more than what would be termed a
butcher's beast at the yards, and for the best
beast of the show, the Shorthorn steer taking
the award had been fully discussed in the press ;
and the admission of the animal was not gen-
erally deemed creditable to the Board or the
Shorthorn men. Out of eleven premiums the
Herefords took five, and were entitled to eleven.
For dressed bullocks they took two out of three.
Out of fourteen premiums they took seven and
were entitled to thirteen. The Shorthorns took
on grade steers four premiums on three steers
nnder a committee of judges that were dis-
missed for cause and nnder another committee
the Herefords reversed these awards.

Shorthorns may have improved the common
cattle of the countrv, perhaps, as Mr. Xichols
said. $10 a head, or an addition of $400,000,000
to the cattle of the country. This was pretty
extensive figuring, and we promised to take the
Hereford and put him upon this Shorthorn
produce, and add .$20 a head to the value, and
leave Mr. Xichols to estimate the result. This
is the point we made and continue to reiterate,
that beef can be made on Hereford cattle at 2.5
per cent less cost than on Shorthorn cattle.

Mr. A. S. Matthews, in his efforts to bolster
np the Shorthorns and depreciate the Here-
fords, gave an account in the "National Live
Stock Journal" of the Shorthorns at Smith-
field.

Tn 1879 the champion prize for the liest beast
in the show was between a Hereford and a
Shorthorn under two years and six months old,
to which we have referred. The Hereford was
tlie cfiual ill weight and gain per day, and was
worth more on the market, and still he was left
without the honor. For what reason ? Because

of Shorthorn inlluence in the management and
in the judges. Tiie facts given as to the judges
in. the show of tlie Illinois State Board, is as
applicable to the Smithfield, and from this rea-
son, we presume, the Hereford men have kept
from the sliow.

Jlr. Matthews then devoted considerable space
to show the greater weight of the Shorthorns.
If he had taken the hi.story of Jlr. Charles Col-
ling with the early Shorthorns, he would have
found that a good portion of his life as a
breeder was devoted to experiments to reduce
the size and coarseness by crossing with tlie
Scotch breeds.

Youatt says: "lie (Colling) was sensible
also of the difficulty of breeding, with anything
like certainty, large good animals. He found
the Teeswater like all other extravagantly large
animals, frequently of loose make and disposi-
tion." The Scotch cross helped him out of his
difficulty, and the same is necessary now. Writ-
ers in those days gave the Scot credit, but not so
the writers of iny time.

Quotations were made by Mr. ilatthews from
the "Mark Lane Express" to support his Short-
horn claims of important victory at Smithfield,
1879, and we gave him tlie benefit of that jour-
nal's remarks on the Bath and West of England
Show- in 1878, where they said : "We consider
the Shorthorn cow class to be a disgrace to the
breed, and therefore to the breeder. We are
quite unable to discover the 'grandeur' and the
'superb character' of these old crocks, which

DALE TREDEGAR (5856) 146S2. AT 10 MONTHS.
Bred by H. J. Bailey, e.\i)orted to Australia.

some of the Shorthorn fanciers a))pear to liave
the faculty of discerning, and do not hesitate
to record them as being just a nnigh lot of
cows; if their blood is of the bluest, their car-
casses are of the ugliest, and not wortli anything
bevond contractor's jirice wlieii tlu>y come at
last to the shambles. We cannot hel]i thinking
that to an unprejudiced mind there must be evi-
dence of a something quite outside of agricul-
ture, and quite useless to the rent-paying farm-
er, in this Shorthorn 'fancy.' We are sensible of

352

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

the iiiipi'oveiiiL'nt that lla:^ bwii (.'ircctud already
in the rank aud lilo of our cattle throughout
the country b^' the use of this Shorthorn Ijlood ;
we do not wish to detract one iota from its
legitimate merits, but simply to point out
wherein.it becomes sometimes a matter for the
ridicule of non-believers. We see prizes awarded
systematically to animals which are not calcu-
lated directly to improve the production either
of meat or milk in their descendants, and we
are told that there is some marvelous power or
virtue stored up in their veins, and that al-
though their bodies — the casket — are unsightly,

ROYAL HEAD (44'JOl ISTliS AT 2 YEARS S MONTHS.
Bred by J. Williams. Herefordshire. Exported to Aus-
tralia.

their blood — the jewel — is pure, potent, and
almost priceless. Well, we simply do not be-
lieve it, as they put it. We are perfectly well
aware that any "terribly in-bred' weed, a wretch
to look at, but having an unexceptional pedi-
gree, will, if matched with mongrel-bred stock,
produce a result, which is far, very far, in ad-
vance of the mongrel-bred dams; but so would
any absolutely pure-bred animals. Therefore,
we think that fanners, those who have the pro-
duction of beef or milk in view, have a right
to e.xpect something which is calculated to effect
their object in a direct manner; no breeder of
bullocks would give herd room, much less a
high price, for the bluest blood bull which did
not carry a frame the character of which it was
desirable to transmit. When a lot of highly-
bred hut not correctly fashionable young bulls
arc to be l)ought for about 30 pounds sterling
(ifil.'iO) apiece, and here and there one which
has been bred correctly to fashion fetches 3,000
pounds sterling ($1.5,000) and would not he
worth one shilling more to the food producer,
then we think we are justified in saying that
rent-paying farmers have already drawn the
line between l)usiness and fancy by refusing to
give )nore than a business price for a fancy
article. We should be glad (o see every young
Shorthorn l>ull now in fbe breeders' hands sold
to tenant farmers, who would use them for meat
or milk as their requirements might decide, and

are (inn believers in the general usefulness and
superior adaptability of the breed to any other;
but we feel it a duty to point out the ridiculous
position the Shorthorn breeders .seem content to
occupy at our great shows by the mixed quality
and low status of many of the animals exhib-
ited, and which gives opportunity for pointing
the finger of scorn, and leads to such questions
as, 'When is the bottom of this Shorthorn hum-
bug likely to drop out ?' We hear a good deal
about the 'alloy,' and if correctly informed, it
means an infusion of Scots blood of some kind,
and to our mind the very thing these Short-
horns are now needing is another infusion — a
strong one of some alloy which will give them
the thickness of flesh, the wealth of hair, and
the butcher's form they so seldom possess, and
then we should be prepared to expect great
things of the renovated blood."

The same paper, in speaking of the Herefords
at this show, says:

"They are not so numerous as the more
fashionable breed, but the (|uality throughout
is excellent. In the aged bull class there are
five animals of which the Hereford men need
not be ashamed.

"The heifers in milk or in calf numbered
only three, but two of them were such animals
as it was worth while coming to Oxford on
purpo.sc to see. Jlrs. Sarah Edwards' 'Leonora'
is one of the most perfect animals that has been
shown for years; if she had been a Duchess
Shorthorn, a poem would have been composed
in her honor, and translated into several lan-
guages by this time. But no Shorthorn that we
have ever s(>en was cast in such a mold as this
Hereford heifer."

On the awarding of the champion prizes at
this show we quoted for Mr. Matthews' benefit,
from the same authority, the following account :

"The whole conclave of judges came into the
ring to decide which was the best male horned
animal in the yard, and here the Shorthorn men
were in a hopeless minority — cornered in a
manner that does not often happen to them in
a show yard. In vain they contrasted the strong
points of the Shorthorn with the weak ones of
the Hereford. It was all tf) no purjiose. the
rest could not get away from the Hereford,
whose wonderful rib and forehand were too
much for the Shorthorn, and a show of hands
showed an overwhelming majority for the Hen>-
ford. There is no doubt that had the Shorthorn
judges been of sutficient numrrical strength,
they would not only have prevented this Here-
ford trium])h. but also that which followed,
W'hen the best female animal was to he decided
upon, for it went sadly against the grain to

g^s

HISTORY OF HEKEFOED CATTLE

353

award even such a heifer as ilrs. Edwards'
'Leonora' the championship over the Shorthorn
'Diana'; but it had to be done, and we think
there were few outsiilers wlio were not tlior-
oughly satisfied. These cliaiupiouship awards
were an unquestionable streak of lean for the
'fancy,' and we may depend upon their not al-
lowing such a thing to occur again if they can
possibly help it. This, after the Hereford vic-
tories at Paris, is about as much as they will be
able to bear with patience. We should be glad
to see sweepstakes judging of this kind occur
more frequently."

The honors will be shifted from the Here-
fords to the Shorthorns, and from the Short-
horns to the Herefords, and again the PoUed-
Angus may win over both, so long as the judg-
ing is iipon the animal without regard to cost ;
but when their merits are measured by the "cost
of producing and value of product," there will
be but one result, and that will always be in
favor of Herefords.

Mr. Matthews understood very well that the
Shorthorns, as a breed, had been bred to
"Duke" bulls until in the language of the "Xa-
tional Live Stock Journal," they were a
"coughing, wheezing, consumptive lot"; and
in the language of Thornton's circular, "weedy
offspring, delicate in constitution, and ill-
adapted for crossing purposes."

ilr. Slatthews' statement as to conditions in
England were, however, taken up Ijy the "Mark
Lane Express" itself, which denied emphati-
cally Mr. M.'s assertion and said decidedly that
the Shorthorn breed had not yet driven the
Hereford breed off one acre of ground. In its
issue for July 4, 1881, it said: "There is a
lively controversy respecting the comparative
merits of Shorthorns and Herefords going on
in the columns of the 'National Live Stock
Journal' (Chicago), between Mr. A. S. ilat-
thews, of Wytheville, Ya., and Mr. T. L. Miller,
of Beecher, 111., and they both quote the 'JMark
Lane Express' as supporting them in their re-
spective arguments. In this controversy we
have no wish to enter; we shall enjoy seeing
them fight it out. Neither of these gentlemen
requires any assistance from us, but they each
of them call for a remark or two from us in re-
spect to some of their statements.

"To begin with Mr. Matthews, as his letter
comes first in the 'Journal' and is replied to in
the same number by Mr. Miller: In referring
to our report of the last Islington Fat Stock
Show, l\Ir. Matthews quotes what was there said
of Mr. Grisscl's mixed-bred steer, 'by a Short-
horn bull out of a non-pedigree cow,' namelv,
that he was precisely the sort of animal with

which the British farmer must hope lo wm in
that struggle with foreign competition, an ani-
mal which can be grown by a system of mixed
husbandry, which has the production of meat
and milk on arable land for its basis.' Now,
if this is precisely the sort of animal that the
breeders and graziers on all arable farms of
mixed husliandry in the United States must
grow if they expect to send beef, live or dead, to
England at a profit, and these arable farms of
mixed husbandry on which cattle can be bred,
grazed and fattened profitably, include all the
land east of the Rocky Mountains, and north
of what may probably be termed the 'Cotton
Belt,' in reply to this we have no hesitation in
saying that where conditions of mixed hus-
bandry exist in the United States, equivalent to
those which constitute the essential features of
mixed husbandry in England, the Shorthorn
breed of cattle should, according to our ideas
of the subject, be equally suitable and ser-
viceable there as here. But we were under the

.1X0. G. IMBODEX. DErATVR.
Celebrated expert judge,

impression that east of the Rocky Mountains
and nortii of the Cotton Belt there existed in
the I'liited States vast plains of grazing lands
on which large herds of cattle are !)red. rearinl
and fattened, and it has been in reference to
these sup])osed localities tliat we have ventured
to express the opinion, that Herefords would do
better than Shorthorns. H 'all the land east of

354

HISTORY OF HERE FO KB CATTLE

the Rocky Mountains and north of the Cotton
Belt,' which will include part of Wyoming, part
of Colorado, nearly the whole of Montana, the
whole of Dakota, Nebraska, and part of Kan-
sas, not to mention such states as ^linnesota,
Iowa, part of Missouri, is devoted to mixed
husbandry of the English type, then we have
hitherto been greatly in error, for it was the
district west of Chicago and east of the Rockv

PHILIP D. ARMOrR. CHICAGO.

The great packer and philanthropist was always a patron

and lover of the Herefords.

Mountains in which we imagined the Herefords
could profitably be bred by allowing the calves
to suck their dams, and reared for beef alone.
There is a mistake somewhere. However, Mr.
Matthews says nothing al)out the districts with-
in or south of the Cottrtn Belt, and as we im-
agine tlicsc include .Arizona (Ij 218), Xew
Mexico, Texas and Arkansas, in some of which
localities, notably Texas (^ 247), cattle are
reared for beef alone, there must be at least a
fair chance for the Herefords on the other side
of the Atlantic.

"We have one more remark to make respect-
ing Mr. Matthew's statements. He says: 'After
the Shorthorns have pretty much driven the
Herefords out of England — for they don't seem
to have increased in numbers at all : in fact,
several other breeds seem to be gaining fast on
the Herefords. especially tln' Polled Norfolk,
Sussex and cross-breds — it will be something
.strange if the Herefords are to supplant the

Shorthorns in America. What if Mr. Cochrane
of Canada did buy about forty Herefords in
England last year? What of it? I hardly sup-
pose that forty Herefords would cost as much
as Colonel Cannon gave for one of 'Mr. Coch-
rane's Duchess heifers at Dexter Park last June,
namely, $8,000.' Now, the Shorthorn breed
has not yet driven the Hereford breed off one
acre of ground. The Hereford breed of cattle
is certainly anything but under a cloud just
now. The breed does not extend its area, that
we are aware of, except possibly, in Cornwall,
but it holds its own in its native districts. For
l)urity of blood, uniformity of character and
excellence of beef points the Hereford excels
tlie Shorthorn by a long way, and every score
of Hereford bullocks sold into the Midland
grazing districts displaces so many Shorthorns ;
if forties could be had where only scores are
obtainable, the displacement -would be in the
same increased ratio. Mr. Matthews has not
an. iota of evidence to support his assumption
that the Shorthorns are driving the Herefords
out of England — except across the Atlantic to
take their place. So far as displacement is
concerned, the Shorthorns have crowded out
mongrels to a great extent, but much remains
for them to do in this respect; and they are
pushing the Longhorns — a fine old race of cat-
tli' — to sure and certain extinction in course of
time, because they contend on equal terms. The
Devons and the Norfolk Polled cattle are also
being crowded by the Shorthorns. But nowhere
liave they displaced the Herefords."

To add a little more Shorthorn testimony as
to the condition of the breed in these years of
which we are writing, and when these contro-
versies were being waged, we give a report,
made by 5Ir. George Y. Johnson, secretary of
the Kansas State Fair, to a Shorthorn Conven-
tion held at Topeka :
"Gentlemen of the Kansas State Shorthorn

Association :

"Your last year's essayist, Hon. F. D. Coburn,
came before you, very properly, as the advocate
or partisan of no particular breed, because he
is not a breeder of cattle. I come before you
under different circumstances — as a man. who,
having measured his ability by his pocket book,
his ability to rear by his acreage, his ability to
grow by what his land will produce; measur-
ing with some degree of accuracy, based upon
average intelligence, the relative profit of a
li.mited means devoted to breeding and raising
cattle.

''.\fter careful study and investigation, with
the aid of such information as I was able to
procure, I made my first venture in grade Short-

H I S T O K Y OF n E R E F O K D C A T T L E

355

horns and a thoroughbred bull, and have car-
ried the breeding up from minimum grades
until I find the last product to be an animal
possessing 127 parts Shorthorn and one part
native. I here became convinced that a remark
made by our friend, Colonel Robert HoUoway,
of Illinois, to me years ago, is forcibly true, viz.,
'A fault in form can be remedied by judicious
breeding, but a stain on a pedigree can never be
wiped out.' Hence, I purchased thoroughbred
females of registered, faultless pedigrees, and
have now no interest financially in any breeding
cattle except Shorthorns and their grades. This
nmch to show you that I come before you as a
Shorthorn partisan, and that whatever I may
say upon this subject is said from the standpoint
of a Shorthorn advocate, yet trusting that this
partiality may not blind my e3'e like those of a
fond parent, so that no imperfections are dis-
covered or recognized in my pets.

THE BREEDS AT KANSAS CITY AND CHICAGO IN
1883.

"I find, bv a careful studA- of classes at the
Kansas City Fat Stock Show of 1883. that, ex-
cluding car-load lots, there were 121 animals
entered individually ; of these the following
classification is made: fifty-five grade Short-
horns, twentv-two thorouglibred Shorthorns,
eleven grade Herefords, ten thoroughbred Here-
fords, five thoroughbred Angus, two thorougli-
bred Galloways, thirteen grade Galloways, two
grade Holsteins, and one thoroughbred Hol-
stein.

"Taking thoroughbreds and grades and class-
ing them altogether, we find the following aver-
age results:

KANSAS CITY.

Av. daily
RHFFTKj At. age ,\v. gain
EREEiis. in days. weight. From
birth.

One year and under two.

27 Shorthorns 630 1245 lbs. 1.97

11 Herefords 598 1276 lbs. 2.13

Two years and under three.

12 Shorthorns S92 1519 'bs. 1.73

3 Herefords 992 17.36 'hs. 1.75

3 Angus and Galloways 1,004 1435 lbs. 1.42

Three years and under four.

12 Shorthorns l.•^52 1963 lbs. 1.F6

2 Herefords 1386 2165 lbs. 1.56

2 Angus 1.313 1871 Ibs^ 1.42

CHICAGO ~~

Av At. daily

-^^^--- i^Ti,^ -i^t. f^°

"'"■ birth.

One year and under two.

48 Shorthorns 633 1244 196

43 Herefords ,534 1179 2.01

Two years and under three.

30 Shorthorns 903 1723 191

22 Herefords 942 1543 164

1 Angus 999 1S15 1^31

Three years and under four.

26 Shorthorns 1.370 2041 149

7 Herefords 1.361 20.52 150

1 Angus 1,380 2355 1.70

"From this it will be seen that the results at
Kansas City and Chicago are practically the
same, and hence in treating specifically we in-
clude the other also. In the ^weepstakes rings,
the committee, composed of old, exj)erienced
butchers, awarded as follows:

"In the ring for two years old and under
three there were at Kansas City fifteen entries,
viz. : Ten Shorthorns, one Holstein, two Here-
fords, and two Galloways. The premium was
awarded to 'Benton's Champion,' a grade
Hereford, or more properly a Hereford and
Shorthorn cross. There were nineteen entries
in the ring three j'ears and under four, as fol-
lows: Fifteen Shorthorns, two Herefords, one
Angus and one Galloway. The premium was
awarded to Starlight, a grade Shorthorn —
seven-eighths Shorthorn, one-eighth native.
From, all the foregoing we find the scales pretty
evenly balanced lietween the Shorthorns and
Herefords. the !)lack cattle coming in third.

JAS. A. FV.XKHOUSER,
Plattsburg, Mo,

The ]U'( ponderance really is in favor of the
Herefords.

A POOR EXCUSE.

"It is a poor excuse or explanation to say that
most of the ))reminni animals claiming to be
ITercfords grades are really crosses with the
Shorthorns, as the following query suggests it-
self to every unjirejudiced man: If the Here-
ford is an inferior animal, whv should the cross

35(3

H I 8 T 0 H Y OF II K K !•: F 0 HI) (A T T L F

upon the Shorthorn (n suix'rior animal) pro-
duce an animal superior to the superior? It
may be some solace that at the Chicago show
Starlight, a grade Shorthorn, took the sweep-
stakes prize as best carcass in his class of three
and under four years old, and was also awarded
the grand swee])stakes prize as best carcass in
the show; but even this is somewhat tamed and
dimmed by the fact that the vote of the judges
was a tie on first l)allot between Starlight and a
black steer. Waterside Jock, and another, and

PURE BRED STEER FRED (BY FORTUNE 2080).

Bred by J. S. Hawes, Colony, Kan. Champion dressed

carcass, Kansas City Fat Stock Show, 1885.

that the umpire called in, cast his vote for Star-
light— leaving two votes for Starlight, one for
the black steer and one for a Hereford. Hence,
whatever may be our individual opinions, the
fact remains that it was a plurality, and not a
majority vote, awarding him the grand sweep-
stakes.
wh.\t'.s the MATTin; with on; lordly suokt-

IlOIiNS ?

"From all this, are we not lirought face to
face with the {|uestion for causes? Why is it
that the lorilly Shorthorn, having held undis-
puted sway and acknowledged superior, peerless,
is having to bow before the bald faces and lilack,
hornless Polls? We must admit that there is a
fault somewhere, and that it is aiiout time to
cease much of this mutual admiration business,
and leave off this tooting of Shorthorns with
immeasurable pedigrees, and look to the causes
of these defeats. I feel a delicacy in saying the
following, as it should have been proclaimed in
every Shorthorn meeting for the past ten years
by much older breeders than myself.

"We seem to be crying aloed to make a noise,
to attract attention from sonu-tbing; a kind of
'Great is Diana of the Ephesian.s' uproar; and
while wo are at this foolishness, the Hereford,
Angus, and Gallowav men are intclligentlv and

])ersistently pushing the claims of their pets,
until they are within our very entrenchments
and calling for unconditional surrender. Have
we not rested under the shadow of a great fame,
and relied upon the ancestry of our breed to
carry us through everything, long enough?
Have not Shorthorn breeders carried on a sense-
less war upon strains of Idood, out-crosses, line-
breeding, belittling all others except their own,
and bred many herds into degeneracy? Have
they not sold for bulls to perpetuate faults, ani-
mals that would not make good steers? Have
they not bought and sold with too much regard
for line pedigrees, and not enough care for the
pedigree upon the animal's back ?

JEALOUSY vs. ENTERPRISE.

"Is it not time we were breeding with less
care tor the strain and more for the merits of
the animals? Are there not too many jeal-
ousies which cause a lack of unity of action?
Look at the energy and enterprise of our coni-
jjetitors in ransacking the United Kingdom for
a 'world-beater,' and when he arrived too late
to shijj by the ordinary way, sent him from the
seaboard to the interior — a :^,40U-pound steer at
a cost of $250, that at Kansas City the Angus
breed might have a representative in Black
Prince. See the action of the Hereford men in
putting the knife to an agreed number of their
choicest bull calves, and that they might pre-
pare to make common cause of the contest, con-
trilniting funds liberally to bear the burden in
common. Is it any wcmder that such animals
as these should meet and vanquish so large a
number of Shorthorns, castrated because their
owners could not sell them for 1)ulls, bred with-
out intelligence, and by accident developed into
fair animals? How does such a line of policy
compare with the agreement and its document
which, I am told, was made with a prominent
firm of Shorthorn breeders and feeders, viz.:
To furnish them a specified number of Short-
horns to be reared and prejiared for the show
ring and block, and then attempting, after ad-
mitting the parties to be superior feeders, to
dictate how their respective animals should be
treated, until said feeders refused, in disgust,
to take the animals at all?

"what arh you ooixo to do .vbout it?"
"I am informed that the National Associa-
tion of llolstein Breed(U-s have agreed to fiirnish
and pre)>are a specified number of choice ani-
mals ( tborongblueds') for eom]ietition, both in
the rings and on the block, at the fat stock
shows, and the claim of the breed as an especial
beef animal is new. Similar aelion was also
taken bv the Hereford Association.

II I ST () I! V ()

11 K i; ]■; I'O i; n cattle

357

"Xow, in the language of Boss Tweed, 'What
are you going to do about it ?" Will we leave
these important matters to chance in the future
as we have in the few years just passed, or will
we meet brains with brains, intelligence with
intelligence, money with money, and enterprise
with enterprise, in the production of superior,
well-bred, carefully selected, and thoroughly fed
representative types of our breed ? Or shall we
retire frojn the Show Ring, disgraced, shamed,
humiliated, and hooted out, as the old-fashioned
fogy advocates of a by-gone breed of antiquated
cattle, and be with them laid away to mould,
worn-out relics, outgrown specimens, to make
room for a new order of things for the progres-
sive American, with his progressive animals, en-
larged and improved?

"Returning to my text, I am a Shorthorn
breeder. Despite their neglect and abuse by
their owners and advocates, I believe their capa-
l)ilities of development exceed all others, and
that they are best suited by nature for my pur-
pose and locality. I never expect to become a
Shorthorn King, and to any of my Kansas
friends entertaining such an opinion of their
own future, I will say, whatever I can do to aid
them to accomplish that end, I will cheerfully,

yea, gladly, do; but as an hundjle breeder of
plain Shortiiorns i am interested in this issue,
and while 1 am not able, tinancially, to bear the
brunt, nor have 1 the feeding experience to
qualify me to enter into this competition, yet,
some one must enter in for us all. The burden
should bf proportionately borne in these tilings
for the common good. The gauntlet has been
thrown down and has been taken up. The war-
fare is waged. The combatants are falling, first
on one side and then on the other. Victory
wavers. The reinforcements are in view, com-
ing lip to the assistance of our ojjponents. Shall
we let our representatives go down, or shall we
reinforce them ?

"Such a policy as outlined, pursued by the
advocates of the different breeds, has caused
the present state of things. As a consequence,
grade Herefords and grade Polled bulls are
readily sold to-day at from $100 to $-^00 per
head ; and grade Shorthorns are slow o'f sale
at $40 to $(;0 ])er head ; and thoroughbred Here-
fords and Poll(>d bulls sell at auction at from
$3.'50 to $1,400, and Shorthorns at $100 to $.500.
Therefore it becomes a question that interests
every breeder of Shorthorns awav down deep
in the vacancy of his pockets."

PRINCESS B. 1777.
Bred by G. S. Burleigh, Vassalboro, Me.

358

11 1 8 T U K Y OF 11 K H K F ( ) H 1 ) CATTLE

CHAPTER XXXY.

Hereford Cattle in En(;land in 1884. as Keported by Our Consuls

The L'nited States government requests in-
formation from time to time from its consuls,
stationed all over the world. The information
gathered l\v these men is of value, as giving
the situation at the time of which they report.
We have taken some of these reports, given by
consuls in England, in response to a call for
information on this subject, because of their
value and incidentally to show that facts in
regard to the worth of Hereford cattle are easily
accessible to the investigator.

CATTLE BREEDS OF THE TXITED KINGDOM.

"The great .importance of the information
called for to a vast number of people and of
interests in the United Sfati-s led me to seek
out an authority of undoubted experience and
ability in England, to furnish the desired data
in behalf of American agriculturists and others.
I adopted this plan for the reason that, in order
to make it specially useful, the report should be
full and reliable in every respect.

"As a matter of course I could not be able to
equal an adept in this particular line of investi-
gation, for the reason that the subject is one
covering such a wide field, and one beset with so
many difficulties, that only one having an ex-
tensive acquaintance with English breeders and
breeds of cattle could do the subject justice.

"I was most fortunate in securing the services
of Mr. James Long of Hetchin. England, a
well-known authority on agricultural subjects,
both in England and on the continent, who has
prepared the accompanying clear, strong, and
exhaustive report.

"Tt will be found that great care and at-
tention have been given to this report, and that
its impartiality and fairnes* are beyond ques-
tion. WTiere so many interested dealers in and
bn^eders of cattle have to be consulted, it is im-
portant that the facts about such breeds be
stated bv one who is perfectly free from bias
in anv respect. This has been done in this re-
port, and T submit the siimo with full confidence
that Mr. Long's acquaintance with our agricul-

tural interests through this valuable mass of in-
formation, will lead to a desire on the part of
our agriculturists to follow up the results of his
future investigations, as they may hereafter be
given to the public.

"Albert D. Shaw, Coneul,
"United States Consulate, ilanchester,
"Feb. 19, 1884."
The annexed particulars, by Mr. Long, re-
ferring to the onlv pure races of cattle known in
the United Kingdom which are essentially Brit-
ish, will he found in almost every case very
complete and answer every question put in the
circular. The exceptions are the Shetland, the
Galloway, and the Sussex, alx)ut which it is
most ditlicult to obtain technical information.
Some twenty Sussex breeders have been ad-
dressed, but their answers are not entirely satis-
factory, though the information given will be
found reliable in every way. The Shetland is
an almost entirely unknown race, and the Gal-
loway, to which I desired to give a fuller place.
I hope to supplement; the editor of the Herd
Book, who is collecting information, promising
to send it to me shortly. In all. the fifteen
British breeds are treated and the information
given is based upon that furnished by nearly
a hundred of the leading breeders in the
countr}', and which has been arranged by the
writer, who has added much which an extended
experience has enabled him to rely upon. It
will be noticed that almost every breeder speaks
of his own race as the best ; this is natural en-
thusiasm, and I have in .some cases been com-
pelled to slightly tone the rather exaggerated
praise bestowed upon one breed in opposition to
another. Particulars are added with reference
to breeding, feeding, soiling, shipment, and
scientific dairy instruments, and centrifugal
cream separators, which will be found very
complete, the two last named subjects being
especially familiar to the writer, who had "in-
vestigated them in each European dairy
country." Drawings of wood-cuts were an-
nexed as well of these machines and instra-

HISTORY 0 F 11 E R E F U R I) C A T T L K

35y

iiients and of the chief races of cattle. The refer-
euces to the Herefords are as follows :

HISTORY OF THE HEREFORDS.

"There can be no two opinions on the question
of what Hereford cattle are ; they are undoubt-
edly a distinct and pure breed of great
antiquity. Their early history is like that of
many others, rather shrouded in mystery, but it
is generally allowed that there has been a breed
of cattle, red and mostly with white face and
markings, for at least two hundred years in the
County of Hereford, and the neighboring
counties. When crossed with other breeds the
potency of the Hereford blood (pure for
centuries) is distinctly proved, as it is an ex-
ception for any calves to come any other color
than the red w^ith white faces. This has conn'
from Hereford bulls on Black Welsh cattle
Ayrshire and Shorthorns ; again, if a Shorthorn
bull is put to a Hereford cow, the produce fol-
lows the dam in color, and cases have been seen,
where the produce of the Hereford bull with the
black cattle come black, but still they have had
the correct Hereford marking as regards the
white face and legs.

VALUABLE QUALITIES OF THE HEREFORDS.

"Their milking properties have been so lonji
neglected in the interest of beef, that thiv
are usually not deep milkers, but give very
rich milk. In all cases a cow should be
milked regularly and stripped quite clean.
No doubt this has much to do in forming good
milking tribes of cattle, by encouraging tiie
milk-giving organs as far as possible. Where
calves are allowed to suck in the open field this
cannot be attained, and is one great cause of
the Herefords not giving so much milk as they
would under other circumstances. As beef
makers they are quite at the top of the market,
as market quotations record best Scot and Hero-
fords as being usually quoted together. The
calves are usually allowed to run with their
dams during the summer, and this gives them
a good start, but it is too often lost sight of that
they should be kept growing on, when weaned,
instead of stunted during the winter and follow-
ing months.

"The Hereford fairs have long been noted
for liringing together the best collection of bul-
locks in England, and are attended by dealers
and graziers from far and wide, as they are
highly valued in our great grazing districts.
Breeders of Herefords claim for their favorites
that they are among the most hardy of all
breeds of cattle, can be fed on less feed, and
thrive on coarse, rough food, and thus are

|)articularly adapted for countries where it is
impossible to take special care of the cattle
through bad seasons and winter months.

■'Herefords, except in a few instances, have
been bred entirely for ijeef. One great object
lor breeders is to have their animals as wide on
their chine as possible, so as to carry good, full
crops when fat, and no cow will milk deeply un-
less it is made like a wedge — the lighter the
neck and forepart, the better. If attention were
paid to the Hereford as it has been to the Short-
horn, they could be trained to milk well and
deeply, and the richness of the milk is not gain-
said; but whether they would excel the Short-
horns or become equal to the best of them it is

Kansas Cily

Breeders' Association. 1S97-1S9S

difficult to say, nor do 1 think it worth while
for breeders to try. At all events so thinks an-
other Hereford man. They stand first and fori>-
most as a beef-producing race, and perhaps it
is as well they should for the present take their
stand on that; but if any breeders fancy taking
u)) the milk line, they will proiiably in a great
measure succeed.

HKltEFOIiDS FOR ("ROSSINtJ.

"A celebrated breeder of Herefords in Eng-
land recently addressed the following queries to
a gentlenuin who had tried the cross of a Here-
ford bull on Shorthorn dairy eows for several
years :

HGU

HISTOliV OF JIEKEFOUJ) CATTLE

"(^iR'stion 1. Of Ciilvi's got liy a Shorthorn
bull or l)_v a Hereford bull, which fattvii the
(|uifkust and which are the most valuable if sold
fat to butcher?

"Answer. I consider those got by a Hereford
bull.

"Question 2. Of heifers got by a Shorthorn
or Hereford bull, which do you consider the best
for milk, having regard both to quantity and
quality both as regards cheese and butter ?

HERO C59B4) 43i2.
Bred by J. Price, Pembridge, Eng.

"Answer. Heifers got l)y a Hereford IjuU
are, I consider, equal to the pure bred Short-
liorn for the production of milk, both as regards
(puintity and quality.

"Question 3. As to produce got by a Short-
horn or Hereford bull, do you find any differ-
ence as to their gain of flesh or aliility to thrive
both at grass and in yards? And if so, state
fully your views thereon.

"Answer. My experience tells me that prod-
uce got by a Hereford bull out of a Shorthorn
cow feeds quicker both on grass and when put
up to feed.

"(Question 4. Do you find any difference of
size in the produce; and, if so, which are the
largest animals — the Shorthorns or those the re-
sult of the cross with the Hereford bulls?

"Answer. Produce obtained by the cross, as
mentioned in Xo. 3 (viz., by a Hereford bull)
is the lar<rer of the two.

"Question o. Do you think there is any dif-
ference as to hardiness, or as to liability to dis-
ease between the Shorthorns and the animals
resulting from the cross with tlie Hen-ford bull ;
and if so, to which do you give the preference?

"Answer. T^iuloubtedly the ]iroduce obtained
by using the Hereford bull is the hardier and
has mv preference.

"Question fi. Does the offspring of the
cross with a Hereford bull generally follow the

marking of the sire or of the Shorthorn dam?

"Answer. 1 find that the olfspring obtained
by the cross with the Hereford bull follows the
sire in color in five cases out of seven.

"Besides which answers the gentleman added
as follows:

" 'Having some three years ago bought some
Hereford cattle from you, I think you might
like to know that they have done remarkably
well, though 1 liiid it takes a long time to make
a name as a Hereford breeder. At the same
time I bought the Herefords from you, I i)ur-
chased ten Yorkshire dairy cows — Shorthorns —
from Mr. Gothorp, near Bedaie, Yorkshire, and
after these cows had calved I determined to try
a cross of the two breeds, which I did by using
the Hereford bull I bought of you on the Short-
horn cows. The result was beyond my expecta-
tion. I reared the calves on skim-milk, etc. ;
they had a little cake till they were six months
old, when they took their luck. At eighteen
nionths old I gave them four pounds each per
day when grazing (this would be in Septem-
ber). On the 12th October I put them up to
feed, giving them eight pounds of cotton cake
and linseed cake mixed, and six pounds of meal
with pulp each per day. The week before
Christmas I sold two of them, averaging £21
10s (-$107) each, and also some Shortliorn bul-
locks, which I had also bought from Mr.
Gothorp. These latter were three months older,
and only realized £19 15s (or $99) per head,
though similarly fed. In the second week of
January, I sold some more of the cross-bred
bullocks (they were then twenty-three nionths
old) and they averaged £24 5s (kl (or $121) per
head and the remaining Shorthorn bullocks
averaged £23 17s (or $114) per head, being,
as the others, three months older. I certainly
am of opinion that the bullock obtained by this
cross is Ix'tter tlian the pure-bred Shorthorn for
the quick ])roduction of beef. I have also some
heifers of this cross about to calve, and they
carry plenty of flesh, and promise to make
equally as good milkers as their dams. I con-
sider the result of the cross satisfactory, es-
pecially on this poor, cold clay soil, the grass of
which (as you know) will not feed a mouse.'"

"As to their milking qualities, says a tenant
farmer, 'no doubt breeders have neglected them
almost entirely, as it is the usual custom to rear
the calves on the cows, and bei'f, not dairy prod-
uce, is, as a rule, the end aimed at.' This is.
however, true in a gr(>at degree of other Ijreeds
when the I)cst tribes are kept for breeding pur-
jioses, and it is a question whether a Hereford
does not give as nnich milk, and perhaps even
of a richer quality, than the crack tribes of

HISTOEY OF IIEREFOliD CATTLE

361

other breeds, except those bred especially for
milking purposes. There are few Hereford
dairies kept, but from my own experience, I
believe, by selection, that a grand milking herd
could soon be established. No one will, who has
tried the experiment, agree to the statements
that the Herefords do not cross well with other
breeds. The Americans have found it out, and
now assert that they can sell their Hereford
grade steers for more money than those of other
crosses. It may be trvie that they have not been
very extensively tried, but the experiments that
have been tried will soon 'get wind' ; in fact,
they have already, and the demand is entirely
increasing in consequence.

"One great proof of the Hereford being a
pure and distinct race, is that although crossed
with whatever breed may be desired, the true
Hereford marking is sure to show itself, and if
an animal has only a qiiarter strain of blood,
the Hereford marking is still there. The great
object in America now is to improve the cattle
as beef producers, and to put the good roasting
pieces on the narrow-chined, bad-backed cattle
of the plains; this they believe, and rightly, too,
that the cross with the Hereford will do. An-
other great point in favor of the cross is the
power of the Hereford to endure knocking about
and rough usage better than more delicate cat-
tle, and this is of the very greatest importance
when considering the vast distance the cattle
have to travel through America, and by sea, be-
fore they reach this country as beef. A recent
purchaser of a large herd of Herefords in this
country writes that they had a very rottgh pas-
sage out, and the hatches had to be all battened
down, but had no losses, and all arrived in cap-
ital condition, none the worse for their knock-
ing about. He could only account for this from
the fact that this breed of cattle could stand
such usage better than others, or he should have
had seriotis loss. As to their not feeding so well
in stalls or attaining such great weights there is
proof from many trials, and from Smithfield
statistics, that they are little behind, if not equal
to any other known breed of cattle.
"Says another authority :
" 'The Shorthorn has no quality superior to
thnt which the Hereford possesses; if it has let
it be fairly shown. Take each point in order.
Both breeds have been well tried, both as
grazers and feeders. It is acknowledged that
the Hereford is the best grazer, and it is as-
serted in this country and America that four
Herefords can be fed on the same feed as three
Shorthorns. There is evidence to show that the
milking quality of the Hereford is as good as the
high-class Shorthorn, and their milk is much

richer. The London market bears testimony to
the superiority of the Hereford meat by always
q^uoting it in advance of the Shorthorn. Their
early maturity and weight and age has been
tested again and again, and there is little dif-
ference in either breed. The merit of the Here-
ford for crossing purposes has been disputed,
and now it is an indisputable fact that they are
fast gaining ground in the good opinion of
graziers. A great many bulls are now sold to
dairy farmers to cross with their Shorthorn
cows, as they say they can get their calves ready
so much more quickly for the butcher, and if
kept on for bullocks they beat the ordinary run
of Shorthorns in aptitude to fatten and in
quality. To mention a few instances: Eight
Hereford grade steers were put up to feed, and
sixty Shorthorn grades were picked out of a six
hundred lot, and then the best of the eight and
the best of the sixty. were killed as a beef test.
A large cattle breeder used nothing but Short-
horn bulls to three hundred cows, and could
only make some £3 to £4 ($15 or $30) of his
grade yearling bulls. The same man now In-
using Hereford bulls to the same cows, has sold
his yearUng bulls at £15 ($7'5) each. Again,
another farmer who used to make £6 ($30)
each of his grade Shorthorn heifers, makes £16

ANXIETY 3D (ALIAS SIR GARNET) (6181) 4466.
Bred bv T. J. Carwardine.

(.$80) each of his grade Herefords at the same
age. The fact that these men are no breeding
enthusiasts, but practical American beef-pro-
ducing farmers, goes a long way to show the
turn things are taking in that country.

WEIGirT AND VALUE OF IIEUEFORD CATTLE.

"'At the last Smithfield show. Plereford
steers in the class under two years weighed : iirst
prize. 13J cwt. [or in American weight 1.540
lbs., Eng. cwt. being 112 lbs.— T. L. ^1.1 at
twenty-two months; second prize. 14 cwt.

36«

II I S T () 1! Y O F HERE F () I{ I) V A T T L E

(1,568 lbs.) twenty-three ami one-half months;
and third prize nearly as high. The weights
were tolerably even in all classes. In steers un-
der three, lirst prize wa^; l^I ewt. (1,!)()4 lbs.)
at two years seven and one-half months old ;
second prize, 16^ cwt. (1,8:^0 llis.) at two years
and eight months. In the class under four,
first prize weighed 17^ cwt. (1,988 lbs.) at
three years eight months; second prize, 18|
ewt. (SjOT"^ lbs.) at three years four months.
In heifers, first prize weighed 14f. cwt. (l.li.")'?
lbs.) at three ami one-half years: seenml prize

EH.B , ees^.

ROYAL 16TH (6655) 6-io9.
Bred by J. B. & G. H. Green.

weighed 17 cwt. (1,904 lbs.) at three years two
months. The winning cow w-as 20| cwt.
(2,324 lbs.) at eleven and one-third years.

" 'Xo particulars of value can be obtained as
to the performances of pure Hereford in milk,
butter or cheese. It is not used for draft of any
kind, and it is chiefly bred in the west of Eng-
land, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire, al-
though many successful breeders are scattered
throughout the country upon all soils. Here-
fords are driven to all the great midland fairs
for farmers, who purchase them largely for fat-
tening. The chief grasses grown are clovers,
vetches and the best perennials. That the Ilere-
fords will do well on heavy as well as light land
is now admitted. We can point to cases within
our own knowledge, where at the Christmas
markets Herefords brought in to fatten, have
beaten everything else in realizing top prices,
although in a county where they are compara-
tively little known.'

MILKIXCi QI-AI.ITIES OF TTIE HEREFORDS.

"The milking qualities of the Herefords
have no doubt been seriously neglected in
the past, and are similarly treated by breeders
generally at present; but there is no. reason for
doubting that as milkers the existing herds
show a very considerable improvement. As a
rule the Hereford cows, when contrasted with

extremely large bulls and oxen, are somewhat
small, but of cour.se in no way small as we
apply this term to Kerries, Ayrshires, or Chan-
nel islands cattle. The cause of the undevelop-
ment of good milking qualities in all Hereford
herds is not far to seek. The soil of the locality
which saw the breed originate, is admittedly not
suited to dairy cattle, consequently there is not
that attention given to the improvement of the
herds as milkers as would be the case were they
in a district better suited to further their dairy
properties. In its original habitat the custom
which prevails is to regard the steers as the
source of pecuniary profit, and whereas in most
other parts it is the general practice to give the
females the preference in rearing, it is much
more usual for both male and female Hereford
calves to be similarly treated, the preference be-
ing given to the males. This practice largely
obtaining, is obviously calculated to prove detri-
mental to milking properties. The outcome of
all this is that, as a rule, the Hereford is want-
ing in dairy qualifications. But, on the other
hand, the exception does not strengthen the
nde, even if it proves it, for where pure-hred
Hereford stock is kept purposely for dairy re-
quirements, where the good milkers are kept,
and the bad and indifferent are weeded out, it
is soon very obvious to the most prejudiced that
high milking qualities are resident in the Here-
ford."

HEREFORDSHIRE AND HEREFORD
CATTLE.

REPORT PREPARED FOR COXSI'L DOCKERY. OF

LEEDS, BY MR. JOHX KERSLEY FOWLER,

PREBENDAL FARM, AYLESBURY, JUDGE

AT PARIS EXPOSITION", 1878.

DESCHIPTIOX OF HEREFORDSHIRE.

"In writing an account of this very valuable
and beautiful trilie of cattle it is necessary to
give a descri])tion of the county which gives its
name to the breed and also of the soil and
climate, as well as the general characteristics of
the di.strict, as this particular breed of cattle is
especially adapted to certain localities in Eng-
land, and altliough I will not venture to atfirm
that they will not thrive under other climatic
and geological c'rcumstances than their own
county, from my own personal experience, I
find that they are more adapted for those dis-
tricts which partake more or less of the char-
acter of Hereford-shire.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

3G3

"This county is situated in the west midland
district of England, adjoining the Welsh
counties, and is bounded on the north by Shrop-
shire, on the east by Worcestershire and
Gloucestershire, on the south by Monmouth-
shire, and on the west by Radnorshire and Bre-
conshire. It will, therefore, be seen that it has no
sea coast, but the river Wye running through
the county gives it communication with the sea,
through the Bristol Channel. It is well sup-
plied with railway communication, the Midland
giving it a direct route to the north, and the
Great Western to the south and west, and also
to the metropolis. The city of Hereford itself
is, also, connected with the Northwestern line,
via JIalvern and Worcester, thus giving the
county every means of supplying the various
grazing districts of England with numbers of
excellent store cattle, as also for the dispatch of
fat animals to the markets of the great me-
tropolis and the teeming populations of the
many thriving towns in the North.

"The soil of the county is varied, the larger
portion is a red clay, as also strong loam.
Around the town of Ross, where some of the
choicest specimens of the breed are found, the
soil is a loamy gravel or light loam. The old
red sandstone forms also a considerable portion
of the county, and some of the hills are lime-
stone. The valleys are particularly adapted for
the feeding of cattle, as they are moist and rich,
and the soil is of a mixed character, from the
continuous washing away of the hills, and the
debris finding its way to the lower grounds and
forming a rich alluvial deposit well suited for
the production of the finest grasses. The hill-
sides and higher portions of the county are
eminently suited for the breeding and rearing of
cattle, and the comparative mildness of the
climate is favorable for the health and early
development of the calves.

"The acreage of the county is 532,890 acres,
divided into or about the following proportions :
"Orchards, 27,000; woodlands, 37,000; and
the remainder for agricultural operations. Ac-
cording to the last Government returns there
were under — •

Acres.

Corn crops 95,21)9

Green crops 32,813

Clover and rotations grasses. 34,108

Permanent pasture 265,661

Bare fallow 11,247

Hops 6,416

"It will therefore be seen that the permanent
pasture far exceeds all the other portions of the
land put together. The population in 1881 was

118,147. Very few of the people are employed
in manufacture, but many find employment in
the autumn in hop and fruit gathering.

THE GREAT CATTLE FAIR IN HEREFORD.

"The city of Hereford is situated somewhere
near the center of the county, and is in latitude
52° 4' north and longitude 2° 54' west. The
climate is on the whole temperate. The city is
small and has been the seat of a bishopric from
the earliest times, for more than twelve hundred
years. The cathedral is very beautiful, but does
not rank among the largest of the English
fanes. It has portions of Norman work in it,
and since its restoration has been made one of
the handsomest interiors in the Kingdom. The
city proper is rather poor, but some of the
streets and the market place are large and spa-
cious, and at fair time their appearance is very
wonderful. Every portion of the streets, even
up to the cathedral yard itself, is crowded with
the 'white-faced beauties' of the county; while
Shropshire, Monmouthshire, Breconshire, and
even Gloucestershire send their contingents. It
is indeed a remarkable sight, being different
to anything of its class in England, as the thou-
sands of cattle brought together are all of one
type, deep brownish reds with white faces, and
some other portions of the body and tips of tail
white. There is no interspersing of Shorthorns
or other breeds ; an occasional Devon is seen, but
that seems to be an accident, and the shouting of

PRINCE EDWARD (G61C) 7001.
Bred by T. J. Carwardine.

drovers, the bellowing of the cattle, and the gen-
eral hum of conversation whilst the deals are
made, form a singular and very amusing sight.
The great fair takes place in the third week in
October, and as many as from 8.000 to 9,000
head of cattle have been brought for sale during
that time. Some years ago, dealers like Car-
wardine, Pardington, Jones, Knight, and Price

3G4

11 I S T 0 K Y OF 11 E II E F 0 K D CATTLE

were accustoiiu'd to Ijriiif,^ some hundreds, and
generally sold them to the graziers of the mid-
lands or to other dealers who brought them up
to tiie great markets at Baubury, Aylesbury,
and Northampton, where there was always a
ready sale. The trade now seems quite changed,
and hut few good animals ever reach the mid-
land markets, as the graziers themselves go
down by rail in a few hours and buy largely of
the breeders or dealers, who get together on
their own premises lots of from 30 to 100 for
their selection, and it is only rarely that men
can be suited at the old markets.

HISTORY OF THE HEREFORD BREED.

"I am greatly indebted to the writings of the
late Mr. Dixon, a well-known agricultural
writer, for much of the information contained

DOWNTON ROSE (V. 10. p. 172) 44S6.
Bred by T. Fenn. Downton Castle. Eng.

in this paper, as well as to my good friend Mr.
Duckham, meniiier of Parliament for Hereford-
shire, who was the editor of the Hereford Herd
Book, and who has done as much, or perha])s
more than any other man, to bring this noble
race of cattle jirominently before the public at
the present time, who has given me so much
valuable information, and I cannot do wrong in
quoting from these most reliable authorities for
many statements which I shall make in this
paper. I will also give you my own personal
experience as a grazier, and judge at the Eoyal
and other agricultural shows, where T had
many opportunities of getting well acquainted
with this breed.

"Old Fuller, who was a quaint writer of more
than two hundred years ago, says of Hereford-
shire, 'that it doth share as deep as any county
in the alphabet of our English commodities,
though exceeding in 'W for wood, wheat,
wool, and water,' and, that 'i(s wheat was
worthv to jostle in puren(>ss with that of Heston,
in Middlesi'X, which furnished manchets for the
kings of England, and its Wye salmon were in
season all the year long.' And before his day
'painful Master Camden' described the county
as 'not willingly content to be accounted second-

shire for matters of fruitfulness.' Yet both
writers are silent as to cattle, and Drayton sang
of "Fair Suffolk's maids and milk,' of the hogs
of Hampshire, and the calves of Essex, and how/

Rich Buckingham doth bear '

The name of 'bread and beef;' i

yet he says nothing of these attributes of Here-
fordshire.

"Many writers were of opinion that the Here-
fords were descended from cattle from Devon
and Normandy, which were of a deep reddish
brown color, and that the white faces were an
accident from a singular sport of the breeding
of a whit'-faced bull by a noted breeder of the
last century, Mr. Tully, of Huntington, near
Hereford. The story I have heard related as
follows : That the cow-man came to him, on his
coming out of church one Sunday, and told him
that his favorite cow, who was daily expecting
to calve, had produced a bull calf with a white
face, and this had never been known before.
Report says the master ordered it at once to be
killed, as he dared not let it be known that he
liad such a stain of blood in his well-known
herd ; but the man begged him to go and see it,
as it was the finest calf he had ever seen. Mr.
Tully when he had seen it, agreed with his man
that it was a wander, and that he would, out of
curiosity, rear it. He did so, and he proved to
be a very remarkably fine animal, and he used
him on all his best cows, and his progeny be-
came celebrated for their white faces.

"Many old chroniclers say that the county was
noted for its breed of white cattle on the banks
of the Wye as far back as the tenth century, but
they had red ears, and it is recorded that Lord
Scudamore in, or about the year IGGO, intro-
duced some red cows, with white faces, from
Flanders, and this may have been the reason
that the noted Tully bull, after a lapse of more
than a hundred years, might have cropped up.
as a sport, from the well-known deep red cattle
of the country.

"It must not be considered that the white
face is the only type of the purity of this breed,
as the mottled face is considered by many breed-
ers as of greater value than the pure white, and
1 can myself testify that some of the finest cat-
tle I ever grazed, and some of the best I ever
saw, have been mottled faced, in fact those of
the last named type have shown the greatest
aptitude to fatten, on the grass, of any, and
many graziers have told me the same.

"Mr. Evton, of Evton Hall. Salop, was the
founder of the Hereford Herd Rook in 1845,
and when he commenced it, he found it neces-
sary to divide the Hercfords into four distinct

11 1 S T () \l Y 0 F 11 K li E F 0 if D C A T T L E

MZ

classes, viz., the mottle faced, the dark gre}', the
light gre}' or white, and the red with white face,
yet, after the lapse of only thirty-eight years,
people question the purity of the lireed, if they
have not the characteristics of the well-known
white face and markings.

'"Mr. Duckham says, "the present uniformity
of the color is due to the influence of the bull,'
and this is a remarkable corroboration of my
views, expressed in a paper on 'Breeding, facts
and principles,' which I read at a meeting of the
Central Farmers' Club, some few years since,
when I propounded the dictum (which, by-tlie-
bye, was not new), 'that the male exercised the
external characteristics, and the internal organ-
ization followed the female,' in nearly every
class of animal.

"liOng before the commencement of the Herd
Book, the Herefords had made 'a reputation
and a name,' by being continually successful at
the Smithfield Club annual fat stock show,
from its establishment in 1799, by Mr. West-
car, of Creslow, near Aylesbury, Bucks, and
who for twenty years in succession won the
premium prize with Hereford oxen, against
all kinds of cattle. I had not an opportunity
of knowing Mr. Westcar, as he died before my
day, but I had been for many years on intimate
terms with his relative and successor, Mr. E.
Rowland, who gave me many interesting stories
of Mr. Westcar, who was, undoulitedly, the first
man to bring the Herefords to the front against
all the world. I remember Mr. Rowland telling
me, whilst standing in the midst of the far-
famed Creslow Great Ground, and on a spot
marked by a clump of trees, where Mr. West-
car's lifeless body was found, he having fallen
dead from his horse, how the Duke of Bedford,
in the latter part of the last century, was down
with j\Ir. Westcar to Hereford in his carriage
and four post-horses, taking two days for the
journey, and stopping one night on the road at
the well-known country inn, the Staple Hall, at
Witney, and accompanied by Lord Berners, in
another carriage and four, with some ladies and
other members of their families, to attend the
great fair at Hereford, and where the Duke de-
sired Mr. Westcar to order dinner for a hun-
dred persons at the principal hotel, and to in-
vite all the more celebrated breeders and dealers
to meet him. He described the annoyance of
some of the dealers at the iiol)lemen being
brought down to see these grand bullocks, which
they had only seen in the Creslow pastures, as it
had the efEect of raising the price of the cattle
in the fair at least £1 ($5) per head. After
dinner his grace and Lord Berners announced
their desire, to have from ten to twenty of the

best cows that could be found, and two bulls, to
bring into Bedfordshire, there to establish a
herd on their estates. Lord Berners, who was
a breeder of Longhorns, gave up the breed and
took to Herefords. This visit of the Duke of
Bedford, with the continued success of the
breed in the show yard at Smithfield, by Mr.
Westcar, brought them prominently into notice,
and fairly estal)lished their merits.

"Sir Brandreth (Jiblis, the honorary secretary
of the Smithfield Club, in his history of the
club, states that at their first show ilr. West-
car's prize ox measured 8 feet 11 inches long,
6 feet ? inches high, 10 feet 4 inches girth, and
that he was sold for 100 guineas. This animal
was bred by Mr. Tully, of Huntington, and
weighed 247 stone (1,976 lbs.) dead weight, 8
pounds to the stone [making, according to the
English rule, the live weight 3,458 lbs.— T. L.
M.] Enormous as the dimensions of this ox
were, they were far exceeded by another Here-
ford, fed by Mr. Grace, of Putlowes, near Ayles-
bury, which was 7 feet high, 13 feet 4 inches
girth and weighed 2(!0 stone (3,080 lbs.), dead
weight (or 3,640 lbs. live weight). Mr. Duck-
ham mentions that about the vears 1812 or
1813, Mr. Potter sold for Mr. Westcar at the
Metropolitan Christmas market, fifty Hereford
oxen that averaged 50 guineas ($250) each,
making 2,500 guineas ($12,500) ; and he men-
tions that Mr. Smythies, of Marlow, Salop, ob-

PEERESS (V. 12. p. l.->2) 10002.
Bred by T. J. Carwardine.

tained the following extract from Mr. Westcar's
book for the sale of twenty Hereford oxen at
different periods from 1799 to 1811, and which
I can corroborate, as the same was shown me l)y
Mr. Rowland, when visiting him at Creslow.
The list was confined to those which sold for
£100 ($500) and upwards:

3GG

ItlSTOKY OF IIEJREFOIID CATTLE

Date. Oxen Sold. Value.

Dec. 16. 1799, 2 oxen to Mr. Chapman £2O0=tlO0O

Dec. 4, 1800, 1 ox to Mr. Chapman 147= 735

Dec. 13, 1800. 1 ox to .\lr. Harrington 100= 500

Nov. 26, 1801, 6 oxen to .Messrs. Giblett & Co.... 63U= 3150

Nov. 26, 1802, 1 ox to Messrs. Giblett & Co 100= 500

Nov. 31, 1802, 1 ox to .\lr. Chapman 126= 630

Dee. 4, 1802. 2 oxen to .Mr. Horwood 200= 1000

Dec. 4, 1802. 1 ox to Mr. Chapman 100= 500

Dec. 19, 1803, 1 ox to .Mr. Reynolds 105= 525

Dec. 19, 1803, 1 ox to Mr. Giblett 105= 525

Dec. 5, 1804. 1 ox to .Mr. Giblett 105= 525

Dec. 4, 1805. 1 ox to .Mr. Giblett 100= 500

Nov. 26, 1811, 1 ox to Mr. Chandler 105= 525

"The whole 20 sold for £-^,123 ($10,615) or
an average of £100 (is ($501.50) each. I have
also seen at Mr. Ledbrook's, who succeeded Jlr.
Grace at Putlowe's a few years since, when the

VENUS (V. 12, p. 152) 10133.
Bred by T. J. Carwardine.

price of moat was lower than in the beginning
of the century, 50 oxen tied up for Christmas
at the end of November, for which he had bid
£2,500 ($12,500) ; the price was rather under
OS ($1.25) per stone (or about 9 cents per
pound live weight), but this would have made
them average over 200 stone (2,800 pounds
each, alive) per head. The class of animal I
have been describing is now no more. They
were five-year-old worked beasts, and even older
which had been for two or three years harnessed
in the yoke, and had therefore attained great
size. Working in the plow is now comparatively
rare, and early maturity is the aim of all the
best farmers in England, and the Hereford
breeders are not likely to be left behind. It is
a rare thing now-a-days to purchase a Hereford
steer at a fair over three years old. ^^^len I
began farming, thirty years ago, I bought a lot
of beautiful three- vear-old Hereford steers in
OitolKT at €13 10s ($67) each, in poor con-
dition. T gave them the run of the straw yard,
and three pounds of oil cake per day, and
turned them out to grass in May, and sold them
in .\ugust and September at from £23 to £24
($115 to $120) each, giving me some excellent
manure and a good profit on the animals. The
price of this class of beast rapidly rose, and now

they can scarcely be bought under £21 to £22
($105 to $110) each, and as they only make
about £2(i to £27 ($130 to $135) each when off
the grass they do not pay enough. 1 once went
to a Hereford fair at Easter and bought 10 of
the finest old worked beasts 1 ever saw at £29
10s ($147) each. They were large tine trained
animals, and when they arrived at Aylesbury,
Baron Mayer de Kothschild saw them and beg-
ged 1 would let him have them, and 1 consented
on condition that he gave me a round of one of
them for my Christinas dinner the same year.
He took them to Montmore, and some made £4G
to £47 ($230 to $235) each at Christmas and
others went off the grass in October at £38 to
£40 ($1!)0 to $200) each, but such aged beasts
are not found now. Amongst the most noted
graziers of these cattle was the late Mr. Senior,
of Broughton pastures, near Aylesbury. This
gentleman was a very successful exhibitor of
Herefords after Mr. Westcar's death, but of late
years he grazed Sussex beasts, as he could not
get the worked animals from Herefordshire.
Mr. Duckham and other writers on Hereford-
shire cattle say that the county is not by any
means a good grazing district, but eminently
adapted for breeding and rearing cattle, and
that no class of animal thrives so well, when
changed onto the fine pastures of Buckingham-
shire, Leicestershire, and Xorthamptonshire.

"As Mr. Westcar's name and his residence at
Creslow has been so often quoted by all writers
upon the Herefords, I must be pardoned for
giving a slight sketch of this famous grazing
district. 'The great ground,' as it is called at
Creslow, is, as before stated, about 330 acres
and is very undulating, and bounded on two
sides by a brook, a tributary of the Thames, and
on the other two sides by a large double ox
fence, with large elm trees afl'ording shade to
the numerous head of cattle grazing there. I
have seen nearly 250 head of horned stock and
500 sheep and lambs, with 20 mares and foals,
grazing in this one field, and all getting fat.
It is jocoselv said that the cattle are turn(>d into
the field in "May and by the time they have
walked around the inclosure they come out fit
for the butcher. The old mansion bas formerly
been a monastery, and the estate belongs to the
Lord de ClifFord, in whose family it has been
for some centuries, and it is stated that T?osa-
mond de ClifTord, 'Fair I^osamond,' was born
there. Nothing can exceed the rich ]iastoral
beauty of this district. From the upper ground
the eye wanders over the far-famed vale of
Aylesbury, the old town, the 'Aegelsbireg' of
the Saxons, standing in the midst of the nVh
pastures of ^V^litcchurch; Quarrenden with its

H 1 8 T 0 R Y U F 11 E K' E F 0 If D (.' A T T L E

ruiued chapel of tlie lifteeutli century; and
Pleet Marston, in which parish is Futlowcs,
formerly nieutioued as the rival ol Creslow as a
feeding pasture, and a rare tract of grass land
stretching away fur more than 15 miles along
the valley of the Thames.

"Sir Brandreth Gibhs, in his History of the
Smithfield Club, mentions an incident of some
interest in lS'2o. There was a sweepstakes be-
tween three Herefords belonging to the Duke
of Bedford and three Durhanis belonging to
the right honorable Charles Arbuthnot, which
was won by the Herefords.

'"Mr. Duckham says that from the establish-
ment of the Smithfield Club in 179!) to 1851 all
the different breeds and cross breeds were shown
together, but since that time tliey have been
exhibited in distinct classes, and, as far as can
be learned, during the time they were shown to-
gether, the Hereford oxen and steers won 185
prizes ; the Shorthorns 82 ; the Devons -44 ; the
Scotch 43, the Sussex 9 ; the Longhorns 4, and
the cross breeds 8; thus showing tliat the whole
of the prizes won by all the other breeds and
crosses in the Kingdom were 190, or only 5 in
excess of the number registered by the Here-
fords alone.

"Mr. Discau says that during fifty-three
years to 1851 the Shorthorns by their females
made up considerably to the total of the Here-
fords, as they numbered 174 prizes to the Here-
fords 207.

"It is interesting to know how the Herefords
have retained their former renowa, by their
comparatively youthful prowess at the present
day. We find that Mr. Heath showed his grey
beast at Birmingham, winning first honors, with
a girth of 9 feet 7 inches ; and his Hereford
cow at three years and ten months measured 9
feet in girth. Mr. Shirley's gold medal steer
at two years and seven months girthed 8 feet
7 inches. And he averred that up to seventeen
montlis old he had had onlv an ordinary calf
and stock treatment. It will therefore be seen
that the breed is not only not deteriorating but
is likely to maintain its position against all
competitors.

THE ITEREFOEDS AS DAIRY CATTLE.

"Having said so much of the feeding qualities
of these animals, I must now allude to their
milking qualities. Generally thev are not con-
sidered such good 'fill-pails' as their rivals the
Shorthorns or Ayrshires, nor such butter pro-
ducers as the Channel Islands breeds, yet their
butter making qualities are of a high order. I
quote from IMr. Duckham, who says Mr. T?ead
of Elkstone finds the Herefords retain their

general aptitude to fatten, and that in the team
they are excellent, and that they have been uscU
for dairy purposes for nearly fifty years on tlic
farm, and that he raises his calves by hand after
a few da^-s old.

"Mr. James, of Mappoutlei, Court Bland-
ford, Dorset, says that Hereford dairies are be-
coming very common in that county ; that they
let nearly 100 cows to dairy people, and that if
he buys one of any other breed to fill up the
number they always grumble. His system is to
let the cows at so much per year, finding them
in land and making the hay; the calves being
reared by hand with skim milk and linseed
until three months old, and they are then
turned out to pasture.

"Mr. Oliver, of Penhallow, Cornwall, says:
'I rear my calves on skim milk. It is generally
said Hereford cows are bad milkers. That is
contrary to my experience. My cow Patience,
bred by Mr. Cooke, of Jloreton House, had
given 14 pounds of butter in a week, and Blos-
som, bred by Mr. Longmere, Buckton, Salop,
gave 22 quarts of milk yielding 2| pounds of
butter per day.'

"From Ireland and Scotland, reports sliow
that excellent results have been attained. It is
fair to say that my own experience is contrary
to the opinion that they are better for the dairy
than Shorthorns, as when I was judge of cattle
at Hereford some few years since, there was a
milking competition, and we had all the com-
petitors in the class very carefully milked, and

VICTORIA 10r)3 AT 9 YEARS.
Bred by T. L. Miller.

both tlie first prizes w'ere obtained by Short-
horns of high-class pedigree, beating all com-
petitors, even including Ayrshires and Jerseys.

THE HEREFORD IX FOREIGN COrXTRIES.

"The Herefords have proved themselves well
adapted for foreign and colonial countries. Mr.
F. W. Stone, of Guelph, Ontario, says:

" 'I am an extensive breeder of Shorthorns,

368

11 1 S T U 1! Y 0 F H E K E F 0 K D C A T T L E

which Ijrofd 1 think very liighly oi'; but I have
also purchased some Herel'ords from Lord
Balcniau's and Lord Berwick's herds and am
highly pleased with them. The climate is very
variable, varying in twenty-four liours from 30
to 40 degrees, but the Ilerefords stand the
changes equal to any breed.'

"ilr. Edwards, Knockalva, Jamaica, says
that for many years they liad no change of
blood till 1,S.")3, when Sir Oliver (1732) and
llalcolm (l()4(i) were imported, and that they
did the greatest service in tlie island ; that this
breed are good workers, hardy and of great
aptitude to fatten. Mr. ilerryman of JIaryland,
and Mr. John Johnston, of Xew York, testified

SIR GARNET (6180) 2489.
Bred by B. Rogers.

to the breed standing the variations of the
climate remarkalily well. Mr. W. Dangau, from
Hiinter's Eiver, Australia, in addition to their
feeding powers and hardiness of constitution,
found they were excellent in traveling long dis-
tances ami that they would do from 250 to 300
miles better than any others. I have therefore
shown that the Ilerefords are admirable for
foreign countries. Amongst the most noted
strains of blood I find Leo]iold (1) and Wel-
lington ( t), which bull was sold in ISlfi for
£283 (.$1,415), from whom the mottled faces
are mostly descended, and Victory (33), which
was a dark grey, and Cotmore (37(i), which was
a white-faced bull, and Broekswood (485),
which was a light grey, were all specially noted
in the first number of Mr. Eyton's Herd Book.
"^Ir. Dixon remarks that there were not
many points of difference between the dark
greys and the mottled faces, tlie latter of wliii'h
were known as Ben Tomkins' sort; and that
Rev. Mr. Smythies.of The Lynch. was one of the
best and most spirited breeders of his day, and
offered to show a hundred TTerefords against
the same number of Shorthorns from any herd
in England. All these remarks show that much

pains and infinite care has been taken in per-
fecting this noble breed, and for the best lines
of blood the Herd Book must be consulted.

"The breeders put their heifers to the bull at
from eighteen months old to two j'ears, and the
calves generally run liy the side of their dams
for several months. The cows are put to the
bull at a certain time, so that they may gener-
ally come due to calve in the early spring, and to
meet the grass; although some others like the
cows to calve about October or Xovember, hous-
ing the calves and keeping them on with a little
milk and cake, so as to be strong by the summer.
Some breeders think that by letting the calves
suck the mothers it prevents the cows coming
into season for the bull as early as if they were
weaned at once, but from incpiiries I have made
I find but little difference in it. This is con-
trary to my own and other breeders' practice,
as I have found the cow lies barren, especially
Shorthorns, for some months after calving, if
the calf lies night and day with the dam.
Several Herefordshire breeders are in the habit
of giving their calves, at a very early age, good,
old beans, which should be given wliole, and in
a few days they begin to crack them after roll-
ing them about in their mouths, and secreting
that frothy saliva which seems to be so con-
ducive to a calf's well doing. I have tried the
plan and can speak highly of the practice. No.
food can be better, as beans are peculiarly fitted
for forming bone and muscle.

"On the whole, I believe the Hereford breed
as a i^esh forming animal is second to no breed
in the world. The meat itself is equal, when
well fed, to the best Scotch, and every authority
proves they do well when imported into other
climes. In England it is found that the best
grass lands are most calculated for their flesh
development, and when tied up, liberally fed,
and well cared for, they can hold their own in
the show yard against any breed in the country.
As dairy cattle tlie Shorthorns beat tliem, but.
taking all things into consideration. England
mav well be pro\id of her white-faced Herefords.

"JoTTN Heksley Fowler.
"I'relKMidal Farm, near Avlesburv,
"Jan. 7. 18S4."

Consul S. B. Packard, of Liverpool (^12)0),
reported:

"HEKEFORD CATTLE. This breed takes
its name from the county where they were first
bred, but they are to be found also in the adjoin-
ing counties. They are also grazed on most of
the great grazing farms of the midland coun-
ties, and there are also breeding herds in Scot-
land and Ireland. The Queen's celebrated herd

HIST 0 R V OF J 1 1-: u !•: F oil I) ( ; a t t l e

309

is kept nwir Windsor, Berkshire. This breed
adapts itself easily to tlie severe climate of the
North, as well as the milder climate of the
South. In America, some are to be found in
ranches 6,000 feet above the sea level, and no
better proof can be given of the hardiness of
the Herefords. Of this breed the Earl of
Coventry says: '1 have observed Hereford cattle
for twenty years, but I only commenced form-
ing a herd nine years ago. During that period
I have tried them alongside pedigree Shorthorns
and other breeds of cattle, and I am so satisfied
of the superiority of the Hereford breed for
feeding purposes, that I have disposed of other
sorts. They are a hardy breed, doing well out
of doors all the year around. Their quality of
meat is very superior ; they have less rough meat
about them than the Shorthorns, hence, first-
class butchers prefer them to other sorts.' ( Oct.
21, 1883.) They are a perfectly pure race of
cattle and have been brought to their present
excellence by the judicious selection of both
male and female animals, and not by the intro-
duction of crosses of other breeds. This strictly
pure blood gives them the great value they have
for improving other breeds.

"Color. The distinguishing color is red
with a white face, chest and belly, white flank,
and white tip to the tail; white on the legs,
white mane and often white line along the back.
The red with white face is invariable, and the
white predominates, more or less, on different
animals. There are also grey Herefords, but
these are now confined to one or two herds.

"Herd Book. The date of the first Herd
Book is 184.3.

"Increase. The demand for exportation
principally for the United States and Canada
has increased the stock of the district, owing to
more farmers breeding." Consul Packard had
a tabulated form that he copied in his reports,
with each British breed, showing the products,
average weights and other important statistics
very useful, in this form, for comparing the
breeds, from which we take the following sta-
tistics for Herefords :

AVERAGE WEIGHT AT irATURITY.

Cow 12 to 14 En?. rwt.=Am. wt. 1S44 to 1568 lbs.

Bull 16 to 20 Eng. (■wt.=Am. wt. 1S24 to 2240 lbs.

Ox 20 to 22 Eng. cwt.= Am. wt. 2240 to 2404 lbs.

Age at maturity: 3 years.

IIoiv long hred pure: From a verv remote
period.

Annual average pnuniJ.t of milk: Xine thou-
sand five hundred ])ounds.

]\filk to pounds of butter: 30 lbs. to 1 11).
butter.

A good cow has been, slioiru to yield 14
jiounds of butter per week at grass.

One gave 55 pounds of milk, yielding 'i^
pounds of butter per dav.

Aleat Product: 1,770 lbs.

Labor: Little or none.

Method of housiug: Open yards during
winter, with a run out l)y day; summer, out in
rough pasture.

Feeding: Hay, straw, and roots in wiiit<-r;
rough pasture in summer.

Breeding: Heifers have calves at two-and-
a half years, and continue to breed until they
are old.

Grasxes: Clover, rye grass, meadow, fox-tail,
and English natural grasses.

Lire weiglits of fatted cattle of this breed :

No. 1* (pounds) 2,394 1,724 1.621

No. 2 (pounds) 2.135 1,862 1,764

No. 3 (pounds) 3,024 1,S84 1,855

No. 4 (pounds) 2,500 1.778 1.832

*No. 1 ox of the above table is the property of Mr. J.
Price, and was the winner of the Elkington challenge cup,
which has never been done except by this Hereford.

"Price. At the recent total dispersion by
auction of two old established herds the average
price was just $37.5, including cows, bulls and
suckling calves. At one sale, the leading bull

TREGREHAN (6232) 6203.
Bred by Waj. Carlyon.

.sold for $1,139; at the other sale 12 two-year-
old heifers averaged $652 each; the highest
priced cow was $1,329; there were 117 animals
in one sale and 91 in the other.

"The soil of Herefordshire is various, from
clay to light sandy soil, much of which is of in-
ferior quality. The substratum is principally
limestone, clay and gravel. The temperature

iro

IIISTOltV OF II H 1{ K KO HI) CATTLE

at the altitude of Km to ;ioo reel alwve sea-level
is in siimiiier t)0° ; 'u\ winter :ili° : the mean (lur-
ing the year, 4 9°.""

REPORT OF I'OXSLL I, ATI i IKIl'. Ol' lililSTOL, EXG-
LAMJ.

"I have the honor to I'nelose a report on
Hereford cattle in answer to Department cir-
cular of the 18th of July, 1S,S3. This con-
sulate has in its immediate vicinity three breeds
of cattle, viz., Devons, a fine tribe of Short-
horns, and Herefords.

"I have selected the latter breed as the sub-

CHERRY 24th. 2410.
Bred by J. B. & G. H. Green. Herefordshire.

ject of my report, to the exclusion of the other
two, for tiie following reasons: (1) On account
of the wide celebrity already enjoyed by these
two breeds, making a report unnecessary; and
(2) on account of the fact that the Hereford
seems to be, of all breeds in the United King-
dom, the one most suited to the needs of the
stock of the United States. While much of
what I have written is undoubtedly familiar to
our breeders, yet I trust that this report may
contribute .somewhat tow^ards diffusing widely a
knowledge of the great merits of this sterling
breed.

"Hereford cattle in the herd are a peculiarly
impressive sight. Their grand development,
their firm agilitv and light activity, their intel-
ligent faces and placid expression, and possibly
more than anything else, tlieir wonderful
similarity to each other, all combine to nuike a
spectacle pleasing to even the most indifferent
observer. He cannot fail to note liow closely
they conform to a common type, and that typo
a striking one. Tts main feature is suggested
W'hen T say that they are oftener spoken of as
'wliite-faces,' or 'red-wilh-white-faces.' than as
Herefords. But ircrefonl eaitle have not
ahvavs thus assimilated so closclv to a common

tvpe. L'p to well within the present century
there were four distinct varieties of the breed,
di tiering widely from one another in appear-
ance, but they have succumbed so completely to
the 'red-witli-white-face' that a Hereford not
thus marked is as rare as a white crow,

"Tlie origin of the breed is doubtful. The
best iuithorities consider it aboriginal; others
claim its importation from Normandy or Flan-
ders; others, again, think the climate and con-
ditions of Hereford County have made what
they have, out of an animal that originally in-
hal)ited the shire of Devon. Be its origin what
it may, its environment in Hereford County
and surrounding counties has resulted in one of
the finest beef producing breeds of cattle in the
world, nor is the breed to be despised for the
dairy under conditions more favorable than are
to be obtained in its home county.

"The authentic history of the breed begins
about the year 1800. In the year before this,
occurred the first cattle show of the celebrated
Sniithfield Club, and a Hereford ox was the
winner of the first prize; a more general ac-
knowledgment of merit, then, than now, be-
cause at that time, and indeed up to the year
18.51, all breeds were shown in competition with
each other. This ox was 6 feet 7 inches high,
10 feet 4 inches girth, and dressed 1,976
pounds meat ; his success was maintained by the
l)reed so well that up to 18.51 the Herefords are
credited in Sniithfield Club records with one
hundred and eighty-five prizes for their oxen
and steers against one hundred and ninety for
all other breeds together, including Shorthorns,
Devons, and Scotch. The records for prizes
won bv Hereford cows and heifers is, however,
liv no means so good, being tw-enty-two for them
against one hundred and eleven for all other
breeds. Mr. Duckham in his interesting and
valuable little work on the breed, comments
thus upon this disparity between the success of
the males and females. He says:

" 'This is certainly great falling off compared
with the oxen and steers and goes far to prove
the correctness of my remark respecting the
st\idy of nature's laws in the cultivation of the
soil, and of the adaptation of stock to it. The
soil of the county of Hereford being neither
applicable for dairy or feeding purposes, those
who have ctiltivated it for ages, made it their
duty to breed steers and oxen which should by
their superior quality and aptitude to fatten.
command the attention of the distant grazier.'

"Herefordshire has .'i.'jO.OOO acres. About
mo.ono acres are utilized neither for pasture
nor agriculture: the balance is divided equally,
almost, between these two pursuits. The sub-

H I S T U H Y OF II E K E V U li IJ (J A T T L E

371

stratum it; a light red sandstone, and the soil
generally is a deep red heavy loam, some-
times with some clay in it. The surface of
the county is hilly, and averages ahout 'ioO feet
above sea level. There are some small but
beautiful and fertile valleys. The culture of
tree fruits, notably apples, and of hops is largely
pursued. Damp fogs prevail at some seasons
and help to keep the grass beautifully green all
the year round.

"Mr. Southall has kindly furnished me with
the following particulars of temperature, rain-
fall, etc., the results of his own observations at
his house in Eoss, the southern part of Hereford
county :

Temperature. 1882. 1883.

Absolute maximum 84'1' 77'0'

Absolute minimum 19°6' IS-g'

Average maximum 57°1' 56^9'

Average minimum 42^3' 41^6'

Mean 49°T 49'>25'

"The temperature reached the extreme height
only on three or four days in the year of 1884,
and in 1883, on one day only. The rainfall
amounted in 1883 to 31. .52 inches, being 1.34
inches more than the average. There were in
this year 197 days on which rain fell.

"The ideal Hereford is thus described by Mr.
Duckham : 'The face, throat, chest, or lower
part of the body and legs, together with tlie
crest, or mane, and the tip of the tail, a beauti-
fully clear white ; a small red spot on the eye
and a round red spot on the throat, in the mid-
dle of the white, are distinctive marks which
have many admirers. The horns are of a yel-
low or white waxy appearance, frequently
darker at the ends; those of the bull should
spring out straightly from a broad, flat fore-
head, whilst those of the cows liave a wave and
a slight upward tendency. The countenance is
at once pleasant, cheerful and open, presenting
a placid appearance, denoting a 'good temper
and that, quietude of disposition which is so es-
sential to the successful grazing of all ruminat-
ing animals; yet, the eye is full and lively, the
head small in comparison to the substance of
the body. The muzzle white, and moderately
fine thin cheek. The chest deep and full, well
covered on the outside with mellow flesh ; ker-
nel full up from shoulder point to throat : and
so beautifully do the shoulder blades blend into
the body that it is difficult to tell in a well-lVd
animal where they are set on. The chine and
loins broad ; hips long, and moderately broad ;
legs straight and small. The rump forming a
straight line with the back, and at a right angle
with the thigh, which should he full of flesh
down to the hocks, without exuberance; twist

good, well tilled up with flesh even with the
thigh. The ribs should spring well and deep,
level with siioulder point ; the flank full, and
the whole carcass well and evenly covered with
a rich mellow flesh, distinguishable by yielding
with a pleasing elasticity to the touch. The
hide thick, yet mellow, and well covered with
soft, glossy hair having a tendency to curl.'

"A glance at the cuts presented here will show
us immediately how closely the animals whose
portraits have been selected to accompany this
article answer to this description. Tlie bull
Komeo (^ 250) is perfect. He was bred by Mr.
Carwardine, of Leominster, in Herefordshire,
and was sold in 1882 to Messrs. Earl & Stuart,
of Lafayette, Ind., where he now is.

"The ox pictured here (Tf2.51) was bred by
Mr. J. Price of Pembridge in Herefordshire.
He won the Elkington Challenge Cup at Bir-
mingham in 1881, and again in 1882. This
challenge has never before been won twice by
the same animal, and, in recognition of his
great feat, the portrait of this ox is to have

EDWARD PlilCE.
Father of .lolin Price, Court House, Pembridge.

the place of honor, the title page, of volume
14 of the Hereford Herd Book, just about to be
issued. The general rule is to admit to the
Herd Book only cuts of such animals as take
first prize at a Koyal Agricultural show. The

372

Ills T o n Y 0 !•' 1 1 !•: i; !•: F () 1(1 ) ( • a t t l e

thirteenth volume, I lueiition here, contains tlie
names of 1!)!) breeders, oi' whom 11 are either
in the United States or Canada. The four-
teenth volume, which is to be issued in Feb-
ruary next, contains, I am informed, a much
larcrer number of breeders' names. I hardly
think it necessary, but still I venture to su<jf;est
that no American owner or breeder of Here-
fords eligible for entry should omit to register
them. The Herd Book is under the control of
S. W. Urwick, Esq., of Leominster, and all
breeders of these cattle are under obligation to
him for the accuracy and completeness of the
work. T take iilmsurc in acknowledging here

ANXIETY (518S) 2238.

Bred by T. J. Carwardiiie, Herefordshire. Founder of

the Auxiety family. (From a drawing by Dewey.)

the obligation I also am under to Mr. Urwick
for assistance rendered and information ex-
tended in connection with this report.

"The two cows portrayed here are both royal
prize winners at late shows. Golden Treasure
(1J2.5'^) has a little too much white for a per-
fect Hereford, but in other respects she is all
that a pure-bred Hereford should be.

"Herefords were formerly used considerably
in the yoke, where 'they combined the activity
of the Devon with the strength of the Short-
horn.' There, as well as in grazing, their placid,
(|uiet tem]K'r rendered them doubly valuable.
In those old days when they were put to the.
yoke, when the demand for meat was not so
])ressing as now, nor money requiring so rapid a
turn-over, they were often kept until six oi
seven years olil ; and their flesli developed 'that
beautiful marbled appearance caused by the ad-
mixture of fat and lean which is so much prized
by epicures.' But the Hereford is now consid-
ered ready for the market at from twenty to
thirtv months old. Grass with a little oil cake
is all they need, and their abilitv in grazing and
facility for fattening make the steers much
sought after to graze in the midland counties

for the Jjondon market. They arc in their
j)rime at three, but will grow up to four, and
their live weight at maturity is from 1,800 to
■v\500 pounds. The calves are dro])ped generally
from A])ril to July. Yearling heifers are sel-
dom put to the bull. The calves run on their
dams for (i or 7 months and are rarely weaned
on oil-cake. The young steers are fed upon
grass, and get turnips and cut straw aiul some-
times a little oil cake in winter.

"I subjoin to this report a table showing the
live weights of all the cattle of all brceils exhib-
ited at the eighty-sixth annual show of the
Smithfield Club in December, 1883, prepared
l)y me from the official catalogue. It is pre-
sented more as a matter of interest than for
any deductions that might be drawn from it.
'Tlie youngest and oldest Hereford classes as a
general thin? at these shows,' Mr. Duckham
writes me, 'are the heaviest of any exhibited.'
The superiority in weight of the younger classes
proves, of course, their earlier development ; the
superiority of the oldest indicates tliat eventu-
allv they attain a greater size than other breeds.
But T have already said that Herefords are not
commonlv allowed, for various reasons, to ob-
tain the age which in the past made them so
remarkable for their size and w-eight.

"Another reason for the lack of 'tall figures'
in these days for cattle weights is the partial
aliandonment of the time-honored practice of
feeding up stock until it becomes so fat as to
be literally useless for any other purpose than
to take a prize. Mr. ]\rcDonald, in his report to
the Royal Agricultural Society upon the stock
cxhiliited at the society's meeting at York in
.Tulv. 1S8.1, says on this point: 'Overfeeding
has been disappearing somewhat in recent years.
There is still too much of it. however.' He says
elsewhere: 'Preparation for modern show yards
is a severe ordeal and only good constituted ani-
mals can endure it. It leads to many bnH'ding
mishaps and failures — hut when one iinds the
sires and dams of so many of the prize winners
themselves in prize lists, as was the case at
York, one is forced to the conclusion that suc-
cessful showing and breeding go hand in hand
to a considerable extent and to a larger degree
than is commonlv imagined ; and one is led to
beliove that high feeding is not so detrimental
in skillful hands to successful breeding as is
generally imagined.'

"'Herefords, and onlv Herefords. are found
in HiTcfordsliire, Shro]ishire. 'Monmouthshire,
Uaduorshire. Breconshire. and also in Worces-
tershire, and Jlontgomervshirc. Large num-
bers are also found in rorinvall and Ireland,
and there are herds of them in many other

H 1 S T U 1! Y OF H E 11 E F 0 K D C A T T L E

373

counties. The)' are seldom crossed with the
Shorthorn, though they are said to blend well
when it is done ; the same statement holds good
with the Ayrsliires. Hereford on Devon has
been tried, resulting in a progeny inferior in
some resix'cts. Hereford on Alderney is said
to produce satisfactory results, improving the
cow of the first cross as a feeder and not injur-
ing her milk in quantity or quality. A cross
with the West Highland Kyloe was a failure,
but with Galloway Polls was a great success.'
These statements of the results of Hereford
crosses are taken from a prize essay from the
Eoyal Agricultural Society made by the late H.
H. Dixon, a notalde authority on such matters
when alive.

"Evidence establishes beyond question that
the Hereford, when removed to almost any
climate, does not degenerate as a beef producer.
The females, too, of the breed are found most
satisfactory for the dairy, under ditferent con-
ditions than can be found in their home coun-
tries. Both of these conclusions are contrary
to an opinion I have heard many express to the
effect that Herefords deteriorate away from
home. But I have observed that while such an
opinion seems very general, it is maintained by
tliose without special knowledge of the breed,
and I think it an inherited prejudice, which a
litth investigation would disprove to the satis-
faction of the holder. 'Old prejudices die hard'
is true and trite. In Bedfordshire and Dorset
h' r;ls have been maintained for many years,
firtv in some cases, and these herds are fully up
to the standard of the homebred ones ; in every
case, that is, in which due care has been taken
to get an occasional infusion of fresh blood.
In the wet and changeable climate of Cornwall
the breed is established largely and maintains
its reputation, though Devons and Shorthorns
are said to deteriorate there. In the counties
near London, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kent,
Herefords have done well ; also, in Wales and
Scotland. They withstand the severe climate
of the latter country without any seeming diffi-
culty, and will live where many Shorthorns can-
not. In Ireland they are much esteemed and
their number is constantly increasing. They
maintain in all these places their characteristics
of early development and rapid and even fat-
tening.

. "The Iireed seems to stand the heat with the
same indifference it does the cold. In Jamaica
the progeny of some imported Hereford bulls
have proved the most valuable and useful stock
in the island ; and tlie heat of .\ustralia has not
affected in the slightest degree the cliaracteris-
tics of the large number of Herefords there.

Of their success in the United States I shall
speak further on.

"1 have' thus far considered the Herefords
mainly as a butcher's breed. I will now speak
of their qualifications for the dairy. In the
shire of Dorset, one of the crack dairy districts
of Eiigland, producing a butter much sought
after, there are many Hereford dairy herds.
The owner of the largest of these herds wrote
twenty years since as follows: 'Our herd of
Herefords has been established nearly thirty
years, and so far from their being degenerated
with us they are much improved and Hereford
dairies are becoming very common in this
county. In proof that they are good for milk
with us, we let nearly 100 cows to dairy people,
and if I buy one of any other breed to fill up
the dairy, they always grumble, . and would
rather have one of our own l)red heifers. Our
system is, we let our cows at so much per v'ear,
finding them in land and making the hay; the
calves being reared by hand with skim milk and
linseed until three months old, when we take
them and allow a quarter's rent of the cow for
the calf at that age; they are then turned into
the pasture.'

"The proprietor of this herd and writer of

EARL OF SHADEL.^ND 22D, 27147.

Bred by Adams Earl. Called "the Record Breaker." never

being dtftated.

this letter was ilr. James, of Bland ford, Dor-
set. His son writes me under date January
19th, 1884, that the same system is still i)ursm'd
and that the Herefords are as great a success
as ever. He says: '.My late fatlier and myself
have kept and bred Herefords for dairy cows
for forty-eight years and have always used the
best blood we could get. I have won a number
of prizes for "dairy cows" and "dairy cows and
offspring" against Devons and Shorthorns.' ^fr.
James further savs: 'In a cold, wet, sour place
there is notliinij like the Herefords: their good

374

11 I 8 T t) 1{ Y OF H E K E F 0 K D CATTLE

coats are a protection in the winter. The but-
ter that is made is a splendid color and taste.
There are lots of Hereford dairies in this
county. In the ye^r 1881 I sold two bulls to
cross Shorthorns, and I know parties who have
crossed Herefords with Shorthorns and have
come back again to the llereforils.'

"Jlr. White writes nie from Wiltshire as fol-
lows: 'I keep a dairy of ninety pure-bred Here-
ford cows, which bri'cd has bei'U kept on this

RUDOLPH (6660J 13478.
Bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire.

farm for the last sixty years, and I have at all
times endeavored to obtain the milkiest strain I
could, and I think I have now a herd of cows
more adapted to dairy purposes than any other
Hereford herd in this country. I have made
fair trials between the Hereford and Shorthorn
as to profit, and I give my decided preference to
the former.'

"The testimony from these two herds is the
most valuable that could possibly be obtained
as to the dairy capabilities of the breed, as they
are the largest, and have been longest estab-
lished of any in existence. I have received let-
ters similar in tenor to the above from various
smaller breeders in different counties, and I
have not been able to discover an instance where
breeders or dairvmen have changed back to
other breeds after starting in with Herefords.
I had hoped to send with this report some fig-
ures giving actual milk and butter products,
etc., but I must leave them for a supplementary
report, as I have already detained this one over
a month, waiting for the promised statistics.
But it is not so much as milkers that the Ignited
States are interested in the breed, but as b(x'f
producers ; and that in this capacity they are
indeed largely interested will be proved when
T say that the extraordinary demand for pedi-
gree Herefords from the Hnited States in the
last few years has so increased the price of these

cattle that the Hereford breeders are looked
upon with envy by other breeders throughout
the kingdom as having 'struck a bonanza.'
That Herefords will repay a large expenditure
is undeniable. Their tremendous development of
flesh, their activity as feeders, their insensibility
to changes of climate, their hardiness, their
quiet and placid tempers, are just precisely the
qualities needed for the improvement of our
western, Texas, and Spanish cattle. Their
l)ulls, too, have a marvelous faculty of impress-
ing their qualities on their get, and there is
many a half breed Hereford which is absolutely
iiidistinguisliable in appearance and quality
from a pure bred one, so completely is the in-
fluence of the dam eliminated. Another point.
The Hereford is especially strong just where
our western cattle are weak, viz., in the de-
\clopment of the flesh on the back. The back
id' a wi'll-ripened Hereford steer has been com-
pared to a table, and the back of a Texas steer
(i) a wedge. Volumes could not say more.

"There were two remarkable sales of Here-
Inrds during the past year; one, the dispersal
"f -Mr. Pitfs (^253) herd at Chadnor Court,
(TT"^54) and the other the dispersal of Mr.
Turner's herd at The Leen. (Ij-^oo) Mr. Pitt
established his herd in 1842, from four cele-
brated cows of the day. I present a little state-
ment of the amounts received by Mr. Pitt at
this sale.

Number of Animals. Value. Average.

.■!2 cows with two calves $13,450.00 $420.00

25 calves 4.961.63 198.47

12 2-year-old heifers 7.818.05 651.50

3 2-year-old heifers 1,113.67 371.23

12 yearlings 3.995.87 333.00

7 bulls 2.800.00 400.00

"Ninety-one animals averaged about $375
each. The average of $051.50 for 12 two-year-
old heifers has never before been equalled in
England in any breed.

"ilr. Turners herd has been established for
about eighty years, his grandfather being the
founder. Since 1854 Mr. Turner has won with
individuals of his herd 111 first prizes, liO
second prizes, 11 third, beside 52 special prizes.
He received an average of $3(59 apiece for his
animals, his cows and calves averaging a little
higher. His chief stock bull, The Grove 3d
(5051) 24il0 (1I25(;) liroiight over 830 gs.
($4,150).

"These two herds were e-\ceptionally fine and
had a wide celebrity, ilany of the animals
went to the T'nited States, making, with all
others forwarded, a total of 1,800 pedigree
Herefords sent to the Ignited States from Feb-
ruary 1, 1883. to February 1, 1884. This in-
cludes one lot of 300 sent to Baltimore in

HISTORY OF H E E E F 0 R D C A 1' T L ]•:

3T5

January of this present year. The question
naturally comes up now, whether this demand
for the Herefords is a fancy or a fashion, likely
to die out and let down prices. It is worth
considering. I have said that the principal
demand for the Herefords in the United States
was as beef makers, but I did not intend at all
to intimate that their merit as milkers was
overlooked. On the contrary, many breeders
in the United States are enthusiastic over them
as a dairy breed and quite a number of wealthy
men are forming herds. Some go so far as to
claim that the Hereford is the coming breed,
which is going to carry all before it, and that
the Shorthorn will eventually fall before the
Middlehorn, just as the Longhorn went down in
the past. The high esteem in which the breed
(111[ 256A, 256B, 2o6C, 25GD, 25{JE) is
held in the United States and the growing
appreciation of its merits which exists in Eng-
land preclude, it seems to me, the possibility
of a fall in prices in the near future, or, in fact,
for many 3'ears. It is even possible that for a
time prices may go higher than now. A man
writes me from Hereford County thus : I am
now looking out for a lot of pedigree Hereford
cattle for America ; they are more difficult to
get, as the demand has been great and prices are
much higher.

"How TO Export Herefords.— By far the
larger proportion of the Herefords sent to the
United States go via Liverpool, though several
large herds have been sent by way of Bristol.
I am of the opinion that in many cases better
facilities could be obtained via Bristol than are
obtained via Liverpool. One reason I have for
this opinion is the fact that several of the
steamers plying in the lines from Bristol to
New York are unusually high between decks,
and extremely well lighted and ventilated — an
important matter. Another advantage is that
cattle can be brought from Hereford in the cars
directly alongside of the ship's deck.

"The Great Western Railway Company quote
the following to me as about their average rates
for transporting cattle from the town of Here-
ford to Bristol or to Avonmouth decks (a port
of Bristol) :

Half wagon load, consisting of 4 cattle $ 5.46

Small wagon load, consisting of 7 fat cattle 8.20

Medium wagon load, consisting of S tat cattle 9.23

Large wagon load, unlimited (holding about ?0) 11.00

"The Great Western Steamship Company,
plying between Bristol and New York, inform
me that their rates average from $25 to $30 per
full grown animal. The ship provides water
and stalls and their bills of lading contain this
clause: 'Ship not accountable for mortality or

accident from any cause whatever.' A herd of
109 Hereford cattle was carried on this line
some time ago at the following rates: Cows
and heifers, $24.33; calves, $12. 1() each; suck-
ling calves, $4.8(1 each. A herd of fine Jersey
cattle carried on this line subsequently, when
freights were higher, paid an average of $30.50
each for full grown animals. In order to take
proper care of valuable cattle in ocean transit,
there should be one man for each twelve cattle.
Competent men for this purpose can be hired in
England for about $1.25 per day and all ex-
penses paid, including a pass back to the port of
departure. Wiien a steamer gives rate for car-
rying cattle, the pass over and back for a cer-
tain number of cattle tenders is included. The
foreman in charge of the tenders would of
course get more than $1.25 per day, but in most
cases he is the American agent or buyer, or is
connected in some permanent capacity with
the farm or the business of the purchaser.
Such cattle of course are insured to their full
value almost invariably, and are admitted, be-
ing breeding animals, into the L'nited States
free of duty. Certificates from a veterinary
surgeon and from the Consul at the point of
de])arture invariably accompany such consign-
ments.

"Hekefords in the United States. — Any
account of Herefords in the United States
would be incomplete without mention in con-

PRINCESS (V. 13,
Bred by T. Marston, He

nection therewith of the name of Mr. T. L.
Miller, of Beecher, 111. He was the first, or one
of the first, to perceive what a boon to the stock
of the United States the almost unknown Here-
ford would be, and for years he has ]iersistentlv
and enthusiastically advoi^ated him in his
'Breeders' Live Stock Journal.' In 1S73 he im-
ported from Hereford a two-year-old heifer,
Dolly Varden, with a calf at foot. She has
brought a live calf everv vear since, one of the

376

HIS T GUY 0 F 11 1-: 1! K F () K 1) C A T T L E

first being the bull 'Success," hitlicrto acknowl-
edged as the best Hereford bull in llii' United
States, and still alive and active. Dolly V'arden
and Success have been re})eatedly exhibited and
never beaten, whilst the get of Success has in
several instances brought $1,000 per head.

"The 'Hereford Times,' of Oct 18, 1883, says:
'To this purchase of Dolly Varden and lier calf,
combinetl with the indomitable energy and
perseverance of Mr. Miller, the brisk demand,
present high favor and repute in which Here-
ford cattle are held is attributable.' Mr. Mil-
ler's neighbors in Illinois are following his ex-
ample in importing Herefords. Messrs. G.
Leigh & Co., of Bcecher, HI., have bought eight
animals within the past few weeks from the
herd at Felhampton Court; Mr. Culbertson, of
Chicago, two; and Jlr. J. V. Farwell, also of
Chicago, 1(5, all from the same herd.

"AcKXOwLEDGMicxTS. — In conclusion I wish
to acknowledge the extreme courtesy with which
my re(|uests for information have been re-
sponded to by the breeders of Herefords. It is
not always easy for a consul to obtain informa-
tion. His requests sometimes are met with dis-
courtesy, sometimes with indifference; but in
this case only five letters out of about a hundred
and thirty-five dispatched by me remained un-
answered. In every case in which I had a per-
sonal interview with Hereford men, except one,

every facility was placed at my disjiosal for a
thorough investigation. I have to acknowledge,
especially, the kindness in connection with this
nj)ort of Thomas Duckham, Esq., M. P.; of
8. W. Urwick, Esq., secretary of the Hereford
H erd Book ; of J. Bowen Jones, Esq., of Shrop-
shire; of Lord Moreton, j\I. P.; of E. G.
Clarke, Esq., of Bristol; of X. J. Hine, Esq.,
assistant secretary of the Smithfield Club."

From the table prepared by Consul Lathrop,
showing the respective weights of the cattle
exhibited at the eighty-sixth annual show of
the Smithfield Club, December, 1883, we con-
dense the following table of wi'ights for the five
heaviest steers uiuler two years old of each
breed, as showing the early development and
heavier weights of the Hereford yearlings over
all other breeds, their winning* evidencing their
earlier maturitv :

Herefords.

Shorthorns.

Sussex.

Devon

Cross-breds.

15S8

1544

1.540

1186

1536

1558

1498

1537

1162

1456

1468

1426

1425

1140

1455

1424

1423

1424

1115

1392

1364

1369

1370

1028

1365

While mere weight decides nothing, without
consideration of the cost, this table, taken with
other statistics, shows that there is not and has
never been any preponderance of weight — age
considered — of the Shorthorns, over the Here-
fords and other large breeds of British cattle.

THE EQriXOX 27.-S.

by J. Mcrryman, Maryland.

11 1 S T 0 K Y OF H E E E F 0 R D C A T T L E

3T7

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Herefords as Dairy Cattle

Those who have had experience with Here-
ford cattle know that some families are fine
milkers, and that the milk of all the Hereford
cows is rich in butter. Our experience with
grade Herefords as milkers has been highly
satisfactory; these grades proving to be good
milkers and the quality of the milk rich. One
herd of thoroughbred Herefords that we !)ought
of D. K. Shaw, of Xew Y'ork, were all of them
good dairy cows.

We have also given elsewhere much testimony
on dairy Herefords, especially in the preceding
chapter. Mr. Sotham, in his controversy with
the Shorthorn scribes, mentioned that a Here-
ford cow was champion dairy cow at the first
show of the Eoyal Agricultural Society at Ox-
ford, 1839; in a letter to the Albany "Culti-
vator" for January, 18-1-1-, headed "Herefords —
their Dairy Properties, etc.," Mr. Sotham says :

Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: According to
promise I send you the result of my dairy;
but it will not be any criterion to judge from,
although the actual weight is taken from the
book of Mrs. Sheldrick, who has kept a correct
account of every pound made.

I had no dairy to keep my milk in the mouth
of Fel)ruary, when six of my cows were milk-
ing, and not one pound, was made from them
during that month. Three of them calved in
January.

There were nine three-year-olds, two four-
year-olds and one seven, milked during the
montli of March. T sold Cherry, a three-year-
old heifer, on the 2d of April. From that time
until the first of October I milked eleven, at
which time I sold my milk to the milkman. Th(>
following is a trvie statement :

From March 1st to Oct. 1st. butter 1,4SGVS lbs.

35 cream cheeses, 3 lbs. each, equal 105 lbs. butter

113 quarts cream, sold, equal to 113 lbs. butter

1.674H

My opinion is that the same cows next vear
will make nearly doul)le the (|iiantity; for iiiv
first cow, Tiucy, 4 years old, calved Nov. 28,

and made 8 lbs. 2 oz. last week; the only cow
I have now in milk. I quote from the "Mark
Lane Express" the following remarks from a
speech made by the celebrated breeder, W.
Fisher Hobbs, Esq., at the annual meeting of
the East Sussex Agricultural Societv, Oct. 11,
1843 :

"He could not, however, conclude without
making a few observations as a successful candi-
date. H had frequently been his good fortune
to appear before them in that character, but he
never felt so much pleasure from the circum-
stances as on the present occasion ; for it must
be admitted on all hands that except in a few
instances the competition was very good indeed,
and in some cases -very sevtn'e struggles.

"He was the more happy /is a great victory
had been gained for a breed of cattle for which
he was a strong advocate. He did not think,
as judges were generally prejudiced in favor of
Shorthorns, that Herefords could have been so
successful as they had that day lieen.

"When he first liecame a farmer he was de-
termined to have a good breed of cattle. He
first tried Shorthorns, liecause he thought they
were the best; and at a sale in Sutt'olk he
purchased several, better than which could not
be obtained. He also purchased some Her(>-
fords, and kept them together for twelve
months and the result was most decidedly in
favor of the Herefords. He was, tlierefore,
compelled, contrary to his own wishes, to give
up the Shorthorns and take to Herefords ; and
he had from that time continued to do so,
being satisfied that with his soil and climate
they paid the best. (Hear, hear.) He trust^Ml
the farmers whom he was addressing woulil do
as he luul done, and judge for themselves what
descrij)tion of stock was best suited to their
farms; and when they were satisfied tliat t]u>y
had a breed which would ])rove most profitable
to them, he would advise them to keep to tliem ;
and if they came here to exhibit them and were
occasionally unsuccessful, lie would advise them
to go home with a determination of meeting

378

IIISTOUY OF IIKKEFOKD CATTLE

with nioi'L' suri-a'ss on a I'uturi' occasion.
(Cheers.)

Be it remembered that Mr. Holibs gained the
first premium as the owner of the best, cuir in
milk, of airy breed, with a Hereford. What
will the pen depressors of milking Herefurds
say to tliis? Will thev not have to put on their
"studying caps" to find some endorsers for
"YouaWr

Again, I refer you to a sale of Herefords in
the "Mark Lane Ex])ress'" Oct. 30, page 12. the
property of Mr. John Hewer: "An in-calf
cow, Tjadv. bv Chance, was knocked down for

"^m.

QUEEN Of THE LILLIES 4367.
Bred by T. E. Miner, Beecher, lU.

100 guineas ($500) ; two-year-old Victoria at
87 guineas ($435) ; yearling heifer, 40 guineas
($200) ; an aged bull, Dangerous (the sire of
some of my heifers), 100 guineas ($500) ; Lofty,
and bull calf, 51 guineas ($355), and several
others at similar prices."

What does this say for the Herefords? Will
it not "prove" that some writers knotv nothing
about them'? and will it not teach some of them
to search for facts before they "abuse the
Herefords'?"

I refer you again to a sale at Algarkirke
of an excellent herd of Shorthorn cattle belong-
ing to Mr. Rogerson, same paper for Oct. 23,
page 12 : "Nonesuch, two years and six months
old, was knocked down at £27 10s. ($13(5.G8),
a very fine animal ; others fetched from £20
to £25 ($100 to $125). Altogether the sale has
been highly satisfactory, and reflects equal
credit on the breeder and the auctioneer. Young
Speetator was on the ground and was much ad-
mired."

Such coini>arisons as these are the true stand-
ards for other breeders and it is gratifying to
find such authority to substantiate the facts I
have previously stated. 1 have an own sister

to Lady, several half sisters to Lofty, and two
half sisters to Victoria; and they came from
the bleak hills of Gloucestershire, from the
herds of William, John and Joseph Hewer. 1
do not think an "extraordinary" nulker is a
profitable animal for the farmer. If 1 caii keep
my cows up to from 6 to 8 lbs. each, for nine
months, I will be perfectly satisfied ; nor do I
think tliat three herds in twenty will do more, .
unless selected entirely for that purpose. We
all know that a great quantity of milk requires
to be forced with extra feed; and when such a
cow is dried for the grazier or feeder, 1 want
him to keep an accurate account of food con-
sumed, and the price sold to the butcher.

One more statement and I have done. I do
not think there are many breeders in this coun-
try who are willing to give a remunerating
price for a good animal. The butchers have
far more spirit than the breeders, and my ob-
ject in future shall be to serve them. If breed-
ers want this stock, let them go to England
and fetch them; they will then know their
true value. At present, I intend to nuike steers
of all. Nor do I intend to show another animal
for a premium in this country, so long as a
combined prejudice exists.

I conclude by saying that the Hon. Erastus
Corning has rendered me every assistance with
his purse, and deserves as much credit for this
noble spirit as the best of the nolilemen in
England. They know agriculture is the only
support of the country. Directing members of
this country know equally well the benefit they
render it by such praiseworthy transactions, and
such are the true supporters of a prosperous
and enterprising country. It is such men only
that can place America in the exalted station
she ought to occupy.

Wm. H. Sotiiam.

Hereford Hall, near Albany, Nov. 30, 1843.

A notable instance of Herefords used as dairy
stock in England has been mentioned in the
Consul's report, that of the experience of the
Messrs. James of Dorsetshire.

Several years since Mr. Duckham, in writing
us of the Herefords, gave an account of their
use by the said Mr. James, of Ma])p(nvder, near
Blandford, Dorsetshire, England ; referring to
their use at Mappowder to show their adajjta-
bility to different sections of the country.
When in England we had occasion to visit his
lierds and some of the neighlroring herds. We
learned from Mr. James that his father estab-
lished this herd in 1837. and that, at his father's
death in 1S57 or 1858, he came into possession
of the herd and has bred them from that time

HISTORY OF HEREFORD ( ' A T T L E

379

until the present, a continuous experiment of
nearly one-half of a century — from 183? to
1884. We were desirous of knowing as nearly
as possible the character of this work. We
found that he used bulls from such breeders as
Mr. Turner, of The Xoke ; ]klr. Jeti'ries, of The
Grove; Mr. Stephens, of Sheep House; Mr.
Stedman, of Bedstone Hall; Mr. E. Price, of
Court House; Mr. Thomas Rea, of Weston-
bury; Mr. Tudge, of Adforton ; Mr. Phillip
Turner, of The Leen ; Mr. Thomas Rogers, of
Coxall, and Mr. Myddleton, of Llynaven.

These breeders, from whom Mr. James se-
lected his sires, will be recognized as among
the leading ones in England; Mr. James does
not milk or work his dairies himself. He keeps
eighty cows in milk. These are rented to two
dairymen, 40 cows to each. The cows com-
mence calving in March, and the calves put
upon the pail until the 15th of May; to which
time the milk is used for making butter, and
from that time for making cheese and butter.
The bull calves go to the butcher, and the
heifer calves are carried on to keep the herd
good. The rental is so much per head for each
cow, and if from any cause the cows of another
breed are brought in, the renters are not as well
satisfied as when they have the entire comple-
ment made up of Herefords. Mr. J. has not
kept a record of their breeding, but the animals
show as good a character as any Hereford herd
we saw in England. This is especially shown in
the three-year-old heifers, the two-year-olds,
and the yearlings; and had a record been kept
the character of the cattle would have placed
Mr. James' herd among the best. There were
nearly or quite 20 three-year-old heifers that
had lost their calves ; and Mr. James, instead
of holding them for further breeding, was graz-
ing them for the butcher.

It was early in August when we were there,
and we had seen no better three-year-olds. They
would have compared favorably with any others,
as would the yearlings; all were raised on the
pail to the 15th of May each year, and then
on grass from that on. The cows of the herd
are drafted out for the butcher at from 6 to 8
year^ old, unless an exceptionally extra cow
for the dairy is kept further on. The rule is,
however, to draft for the butcher at from 6 to
8 years. They are then grazed and fed, and
bring the top price for butcher's beasts, either
from local butchers or at Smithfield.

Mr. James is satisfied from this half cen-
tury's experience that he can make more
money from thoroughbred Herefords than from
any other breed, or mixture of l>reeds. The
spread of this blood in the vicinity of Mappow-

der for 15 or 20 miles is constantly on the in-
crease, and the different dairies seen, passing
through the country, show a large proportion of
white-faced cattle. Since the herd has come
into the hands of the present ilr. James, he has
taken some pains to exhibit cattle largely at the
county and district fairs, and has kept a record
of the winnings, a copy of which we took. He
has not only taken prizes at local shows, but at
the Bath and West of England, the Royal,
Smithfield, and the Birmingham Shows; and
whether showing in competition for dairy hon-
ors or in competition for the butcher, he has
been a very successful exhibitor. In the dairy
competition his competitors have been largely
of Shorthorn and Devon blood, and these tests
have been made strictly in view of the dairy
class of animals. The use of Herefords at
Jlappowder for half a century as dairy cattle,
or, if you please, as general purpose cows, com-
bined milk and beef, has given a record that
scarcely any other breed can show for the two
purposes of beef and milk combined.

Anyone at all conversant with the production
of beef, milk, butter and cheese who will come
and examine this herd and inform themselves
as to its best doings, will recognize that Messrs.
Berry and Youatt were not properly informed
when they made the statement that the Here-
fords were not a desirable milk breed, and
those who have adopted the theory promulgated

SILVIA (V. 17, p. 2SS) S649.
Bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire.

through "Youatt's History of British Cattle"
would find occasion to change their views after
becoming well posted as to the results of these
48 years' use of the Herefords in the dairy.

We here make the statement, based upon
this experiment, that the Hereford used as a
dairy cow may be nuule a success; and that
the bullock produce from such a dairy, and the
draft cows, will pay more money than any other

380

IIISTOltV OF HEREFORD CATTLE

breed. Ami we c-all attention es])i'cially to the
following prcniiuni.s awariled to the aniuialt-
from this herd :

PRIZKS WON BY UK. J. W. .lAAfES, ON 11 AlliY-BRED
IIKHKFOliDS.

First prize at Sturminster for Yearling Heifer.

First prize at Bath and West of Eugland Show for

Yearling Heifer.
First prize at Bath and West of England Show for

E.xtra Stock.
First prize at Dorchester for Yearling Heifer.
First prize at Sturminster for Y'earling Bull.
Second prize at Sturminster for Fat Cow.
Second prize at Sturminster for Fat Heifer.
Second prize at Sherbourue for Fat Cow.
First prize at Y'eovil for Fat Cow.
First prize at Birmingham Fat Stock Show for Fat

1860
1860
1860
1860
1860
1860
1860

1861
1861
1862
1862
1862
1862
1863

1863
1863
1863
1863
1863
1S63

Heifer
First prize at Smithfleld Club Fat Stock Show for Fat

Heifer.
First prize at Sturminster for Bull.
First prize at Sturminster for Bull.
First prize at Sturminster for Steer.
Second prize at Sherbourue for Steer.
First prize at Yeovil for Steer.
First prize at Dorchester for Steer.
First prize at Bath and West of England Show for

Yearling Steer.
Third prize at Bath and West of England Show tor

Y'earling Steer.
Second prize at Bath and West of England Show for

Two-year-old Heifer.
Second prize at Sturminster for Cow and Offspring.
Second prize at Sturminster for Cow.
First prize at Sturminster for One-year-old Heifer.
First prize at Wincanton for Two Dairy Cows.
First prize at Sherbourne for Two-year-old Heifers.
First prize at Sherbourne for One-year-old Heifer.

1863 First prize at Y'eovil for Two-year-old Heifers.

1863 First prize at Yeovil for One-year-old Heifers.

1864 First prize at Sturminster for Cow and Offspring.
lsri4 First prize at Sturminster for Two-year-old Heifers.
1864 First prize at Sherbourne for Two-year-old Heifers.
1864 Second prize at Sherbourne for Dairy Cow.

18G4 First prize at Dorchester for Fat Heifer.

1864 Second prize at Dorchester for Fat Heifer.

1865 First prize at Bath and West of England tor Two-

year-old Heifers.
1867 First prize at Sturminster for Fat Cow.
1867 First prize at Sturminster tor Cow and Offspring.
1867 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1867 First prize at Yeovil for Pair Two-year-old Heifers.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England far Dairy

Cow.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England for Two-
year-old Heifer.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England tor One-
year-old Heifer.

1868 First prize at Dorchester for Dairy Cow.

1868 First prize at Dorchester for Two-year-old Heifer.

1868 Second prize at Sturminster for Cow and Offspring.

1868 Second prize at Sturminster for Fat Cow.

1868 First prize at Sturminster for pair Yearling Heifers.

1868 Second prize at Sherbourne for Fat Cow.

1868 Second prize at Sherbourne for Dairy Cow.

1868 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Yearling Heifers.

1S68 First prize at Yeovil for Three Dairy Cows.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England for Fat
Cow.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England for Fat
Heifer.

1868 First prize at Bath and West of England for Best
Cow.

1868 Second prize at Bath and West of England for Fat

Cow.

1869 Second prize at Bath and West of England for Year-

ling Heifer.
1869 First prize at Stalbridge for Stock Bull.
1869 First prize at Stalbridge for Yearling Heifers.
1869 First prize at Stalbridge for Fat Heifer.
1869 First prize at Sturminster for Fat Heifer.
I.>ifi9 Secniid prize at Sturminster tor Bull.

Bred by J. Davie

llOKACE (3877) 2492, AT 15 YEARS.
(From a photograph from life by Dustin.) Horace has been unsu
au improver of the breed.

HIST ( ) i; Y 0 !•' II E R E F 0 K D C A T T L E

381

1869 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Two-yfar-old

Heifers.
1869 Second prize at Sturminster for Pair Yearling

Heifers.
1869 Second prize at Sherbourne for Bull.
1869 First prize at Sherbourne for Fat Heifer.
1S69 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Yearling Heifers.
1869 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Yearling Heifers.
1869 First prize at Yeovil for Bull.

1869 First prize at Y'eovil for Pair Two-year-old Heifers.
1869 Second prize at Yeovil for Y'earling Heifers.
1869 Second prize at Yeovil for Fat Heifer.
1869 First prize at Bath and West of England for Fat

Cow.
1869 First (extra) at Bath and West of England for Fat

Heifer.
1869 First prize at Bath and West of England for Fat

Cow.

1869 First prize at Dorchester for Fat Cow.

1870 Second prize at Birmingham for Fat Heifer.
1870 Second prize at Smithfield tor Fat Heifer.
1870 First prize at Plymouth for Fat Cow.

1870 First (special) at Plymouth for Best Cow.

1870 First prize at Southampton tor Fat Heifer.

1870 First prize at Sturbridge for Fat Cow.

1870 First prize at Sturbridge for Fat Heifer.

1870 First prize at Sturminster tor Fat Cow.

1870 Second prize at Sturminster for Fat Heifer.

1870 Second prize at Sturminster for Pair Yearling Heifers.

1870 First prize at Sherbourne for Fat Cow.

1870 Second prize at Y'eovil for Fat Cow.

1870 First prize at Yeovil for Pair Two-year-old Heifers.

1871 First prize at Bath and West of England for Bull.
1871 First prize at Dorchester for Bull.

1871 First prize at Dorchester for Three Heifers.

ISil First prize at Stalbridge for Bull.

1871 First prize at Stalbridge for Cow and Calf (Dolly V).

1871 First prize at Stalbridge for Pair of Heifers.

1871 First prize at Sturminster for Bull.

1871 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Two-year-old
Heifers.

1871 First prize at Sturminster for Dairy Cow and Off-
spring.

1871 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Yearling Heifers.

1871 First prize at Sherbourne for Bull.

1871 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Two-year-olds.

1871 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Yearling Heifers.

1872 First prize at Bath and West of England Show for

Two-year-old Heifers.
1872 Second prize at Bath and W'est of England for Little

Bull.
1872 First prize at Stalbridge for Two-year-old Heifer.
1872 First prize at Sturminster for Two-year-old Heifer.
1872 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Yearling Heifers.
1872 Second prize at Sherbourne tor Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1872 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair One-year-old

Heifers.

1873 First prize at Bath and West of England for Two-

vear-old Heifers.
1873 Second prize at Bath and West of England for Calf.
1873 First prize at Sturminster for Bull.
1S73 First prize at Sturminster for Two-year-old Heifers.
1S73 First prize at Sherbourne for Two-year-old Heifers.
1873 First prize at Smithfield for Fat Heifer.

1873 Second prize at Bath and West of England for One-

year-old Heifer.

1874 First prize at Sturminster for Bull.
1874 First prize at Sherbourne for Bull.

1874 First prize at Y'eovil for Bull.

1875 First prize at Bath and West of England for Two-

year-old Heifers.
1875 First prize at Royal Agricultural Society's Show for
Two-year-old Heifers.

1875 First prize at Dorchester for Bull.

1876 First prize at Sturminster for Fat Heifer.

1877 Second prize at Sturminster for Bull.
1877 Second prize at Sturminster tor Bull.

1877 Second prize at Shelbourne for Fat Heifer.

1877 Third prize at Smithfield for Fat Heifer.

1878 First prize at Smithfield for Fat Heifer.

1879 First prize at Sturminster for Dairy Cows.

1879 First prize at Sturminster for Pair Two-year-old
Heifers.

1879 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1880 Second prize at Blandford for Dairy Cow.

1880 Second prize at Blandford for Two-year-old Heifers.
1880 Third prize at Blandford for Two-year-old Heifers.
1880 Third prize at Blandford for Yearling Heifer.
1880 Second prize at Sherbourne for Dairy Cow.

1880 First prize at Sherbourne tor Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1881 First prize at Sturminster for Dairy Cow and Off-

spring.
1881 First prize at Sturminster for Dairy Cow.
1881 First prize at Sturminster tor Two-year-gld Heifers

1881 First prize at Sturminster for Pair One-year-old

Heifers.

1882 First prize at Dorchester for Bull.

1VS3 First prize at Dorchester for Dairy Cow.

1S.S2 First prize at Dorchester for Two-year-old Heifers.

1SS2 First prize at Sherbourne for Dairy Cow.

1S82 Second prize at Sherbourne for Cow.

1882 First prize at Sherbourne for Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1SS2 Second prize at Sherbourne for Bull.

1882 First prize at Yeovil tor Pair Two-year-old Heifers.

18S2 Second prize at Yeovil for Bull.

1882 Second prize at Yeovil for Yearling Bull.

1SS2 Second prize at Y'eovil for Cow and Offspring.

1SS2 First prize at Sturminster for Yearling Bull.

1882 First prize at Sturminster tor Pair Two-year-old

Heifers.

1882 Second prize at Sturminster for Cow and Offspring.

1882 Second prize at Sturminster for Fat Cow.

1883 First prize at Sherbourne for Three Dairy Cows.
1883 First prize at Sherbourne for Bull over 2 years.
1883 Second prize at Sherbourne tor Bull under 2 years.

BULLS THAT HAVE BEEN IN SERVICE AT .MAPPOW-
DER FROM 1837 TO 1884.

1836 Hot, son of Old Sovereign, bred bv .Mr. Turner, The
Noke.
Goldflnder, bred by Mr. Turner, of Westhide.
1839 Y'oung Cotmore. bred by E. Jeffries, of The Grove.

Y'oung Sovereign, bred by Mr. Turner, of The Noke;
dam Countess Cow.
1S46 Wallace, bred by Mr. Turner, of The Noke.
1S77 Bertram, bred by .Mr. Turner, of The Noke.

Chance, bred by Mr. Stephens, of Sheephouse: dam

from a cow purchased at Mr. Jeffries" sale.
Valentine, bred by .Mr. Stedman, Bedstone Hall.
1857 Statesman (1744), bred by Mr. E. Price, Court House.

DICTATOR 1989.
Bred by T. L. .Miller, Beecher. 111.

1859 Happy Lad (2561). bred by Mr. E. Price. Court House.

Sampson (22081. bred bv T. Rea. Westonburv.

Dundee (3080), bred bv Mr. Tudge. of Adfortbn.
1869 Leopold (3912). bred by J. W. James.

Prince Chance, bred by T. Rogers, of Coxall.

1875 Taurus, bred by Mr. Tudge, of Adforton; sire Gane-

ster (4594).

1876 Baron .Munchausen (.5207), bred by T. Myddleton.

Llynaven. Clun, Salop. •
Chance, bred bv J. W. James.
Wonder (3602). bred bv T. Rogers.
Baron the 5th (6735), bred bv j. W. James.
1881 Northern Light, bred by Mr. Lester. Cefn Ha. I'sk.

Monmouth.
1879 Lord George, bred by J. W. James. Not entered in
Herd Book.

At Sherbourne. England, at the Agricultural
Soeiotv's Show held in 1883, Air. James, J[ap-
|)o\vder Court, Blandford, was very suoeessful
in showing lleret'ords against Shorthorns as
dairy cattle, taking tirst and second ])rizes for
Ilerefords, with a first for three dairv cows, of

382

II I S T () i; Y 0 F Jl E K !•: F U li D C A T T L E

which one took the first ])rizi' in tlie cow class at
Sherbourne the preceding vear, and the other a
first 23rize as a lieifer.

From the foregoing aceuunt it will be seen
that Mr. James and his father before him had
a dairy of eighty Herefords for a half century,
that were successful beyond ordinary dairy
herds, for the purpose for which they were
used.

The "Mark Lane Express" of May 24th, 1880,
says : "A correspondent writing from the Vale
of Blackmore in Dorsetshire states that he finds
Hereford cattle the better in that district than
any other breed, both for dairy purposes and
for beef, and keep themselves in better order,
with the same amount of food and under the
same conditions of life. They are not such
large milkers as some other breeds, but their
milk is richer than that of the Shorthorns."

In a paper on "Pedigree Cattle in Dairy
Herds," by Mr. Joseph Darby, in Vol. 15, third
series of the Journal of the Bath and West of
England Agricultural Society, the following
testimony is given to the values of the Here-
ford cross-bred cow as a milker.

"The Hereford has never been considered
much of a dairy animal, yet strange to state,
when allied to the Sliorthorn, the effect causes
latent lacteal fertility of the breed to spring
at once into full development. Probably this
fact has not been stated so authoritatively be-
fore, but those who doubt mav be referred to
Mr. E. C. Tisdale, Wolland Park Dairy, Ken-
sington, and it will be found that two or three

of his very best cows are of this variety. In
tact, the one styled therein 'Old Hereford'
yielded twenty-three quarts per day in the first
month, and twenty-two quarts in the second and
third, going on in profit for eleven months, and
averaging for the whole of that period fifteen
(juarts per day. There is not one in the entire
list that affords anything like such a record as
this, but another Hereford-Shorthorn, styled
'Comalis,' averaged 14.61 quarts per day for
19 months. Facts like these cannot be brought
too prominently before the public eye."

It does not appear how these cows were bred ;
whether by Hereford bulls out of Shorthorn
cows or by Shorthorn bulls out of Hereford
cows. But the facts, as stated, show the value
of the Hereford blood in a cross with the Short-
horn for the dairy, because none of Mr. Tis-
dale's pure-bred Shorthorns were such good
milkers as these crosses, whatever they may
have been — Hereford- Shorthorns, or Short-
horn-Herefords. It is quite certain that the
cross of the Hereford bull on the Shorthorn
cow will produce a better grazing animal than
the pure-bred Shorthorn, and the facts given
above show that cross-bred Herefords have
beaten pure-bred Shorthorns — to put it t)nly in
that way — in one of the most noted herds of
dairy cattle which England can show. This
shows that what we have constantly advocated
is absolutely correct, namely, that where there
is sufficient keep, the Hereford bull on the top
will produce the most useful cattle to meet gen-
eral requirements all over the world.

WABASH. PURE-BRED STEER.
Champion 2-year-ol(l at Chicago, 1882. Weight 1910 lbs.

HISTORY OF H E R E P^ 0 IJ D CATTLE

383

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Herefords in Australia, New Zealand, South America, West
Indies, and Jamaica

The Hereford cattle have been successful in
all the countries to which they have been taken.
Their history in other countries than ours
proves their value as beef animals and their
hardiness and strong constitution, their worth
as grazing beasts.

We quote the following from the "Mark Lane
Express," 1880:

"Reports are continually coming to hand
relative to the success of the Hereford breed of
cattle in various parts of the LTnited States, and
they do equally well in the Australian colonies.
In an excellent report on the live stock of the
colony of Xew South Wales, Mr. Alexander
Bruce wrote as follows in 1876 : 'The Here-
fords have proven themselves in Australia to
be an excellent race of cattle, with distinctive
type, characteristics and form, thoroughly es-
tablished, and capable of being transmitted to
any other race with which they may he inter-
bred. They are principally located in the north
of Sydney, in the eastern and northeastern por-
tions of the colony. The effect of the introduc-
tion of Hereford blood into our herds has so
far been satisfactory, and if a constant supply
of pure bulls of this breed is kept up, in the
herds in which it has been tried, still further
good results may be expected, as the Herefords
are hardier, more active and carry heavier and
thicker coats than the Shorthorns. They are
better suited than the Shorthorns for inferior
jiasturage and outlying runs, and they stand the
read and winter better. A good many owners
are now breeding from Herefords, and it is to
be expected that they will eventually displace
the Shorthorns on the lighter soils and colder
country, and on the more distant runs.'

"This is precisely the same sort of testimony
wc see almost daily in the Ignited States press;
and from occasional notices in Queensland and
New South Wales paf)ers w(! find that the Here-
fords are found to be better 'wrestlers' as well
as better beef makers in Australia as well as in
the United States."'

We give the following extract from a letter
of a friend in Australia : "I am glad to see that
you still stick up for the 'white faces.' I have
taken the 'Hereford Times' about 45 years,
and I see that you are a 'thorn' in the sides of
the Shorthorn breeders. 1 am glad to find that
you are succeeding so well in America with the
Herefords. It seems to me from the reports
that you are pushing the Shorthorns off the
ground. I wish I could say the same here, but
I am sorry to say that that cursed thing called
fashion takes the lead in evervthing. The
Shorthorn is the most aristocratic, as most of
the nol)lemen of England breed them. The rieh
colonists here follow their example. Now that
the ports are thrown open, some of these rich
men have gone to England and purchased many
of the best Shorthorns they could find. I be-
lieve it is nothing but pride, to show the Eng-
lish noljlemen the depth of their purses. One
gentleman in this colony has bought about 20
head, which are now in quarantine. He l)reeds
Herefords as well as Shorthorns. He bouglit
his Herefords from me and told me he could
keep three Herefords where he could kee]) two
Shorthorns, but he must 'follow the fashion of
the noliles.'

"I do not think I liave written you since I
was at Sydney last April twelvemonth. I was
there judging the Herefords. There were sonu>
first-class Herefords there. I intended to have
shown a pair of heifers at the Sydney exhibition,
but the breeders were determined to hold their
show in April. My heifers were too young to
show for a prize. 1 offered £5 ,5s. for the best
pair of heifers of any breed under 2-t months
old. I am very sorry that I could not go to see
the sliow. I gave the prize on purpose to put
the Herefords against the Shorthorns, and am
happy to tell you that the Herefords were vii-
torious. There was but one pair of Herefonls
against all the Siiorthorns. The white-faees
were so good that there was no comparison.
The Shorthorns had not a chaucr with them.

384

( ) i; ^' () 1- 11 !•: 1! ]•; f o n d cattle

The Herefords wore shown in- Mr. Frank
Revnokl.s of Tocal. He is the leading breeder
of Herefords and Devons in New South Wales.
He will be able to give yon every item of in-
formation about them, as I eould not. 1 sold
a bull and three heifers to go to West Aus-
tralia ; the same person had one bull from me
two vears since; he turned out so well that he
came all the way — 1,500 miles by sea — for
more. They are the first Herefords sent to
West Australia; they all arrived safe, and are
in cn^iitMl hamls; they will lie well done by. 1

ARCHIBALD (fi290) 11129.

Bred by A. Rogers. Herefordshire. Weight 3,000 lbs. (From

a painting.)

allowed him to take some of the best I had, so
that they should have every chance to make a
good start.

"I must now tell you how my little herd is
getting on. 1 have the vanity to think that I
have as nice a herd as I ever saw on one farm.
It consists of about 200 head, all so near alike
that it is difficult to know one from the other.
I can and do make double off my beef to what
any breeder in the colony does, as I make as
much off my two-year-and-a-half old steers as
any of them make off their five and six-year
okis. G. Price."

We find the following in the "Queenslander."
Australia. It will be seen that Australia has
good Herefords, but the feature of greatest in-
terest is that Lady Claire 4116, the dam of
Lord Wilton, at Ki years of age, should make
a trip from New Zealand to Queensland. There
is no doul)t but what some of the t)est of the
Hereford breed of cattle have gone from Elng-
land to Australia, and there is no doubt but
that they will take an active ]>art in the pres-
ent effort to improve cattle in (hat country.

"Messrs. McConnel & Wood's recently im-
ported Herefords from New Zealand deserve

more than a passing notice, inasmuch as they
include some of the highest class of Herefords
ever landed on these shores. The draft con-
tains a cow now become celebrated throughout
all parts of the civilized world where the Here-
ford lireed is known. This cow is Lady Claire
(\o\. 9, p. 336), the mother of the celebrated
Lord Wilton (-1740) 4057. (H 257) This bull
is recognized throughout England and Amer-
ica as the best living representative of the Here-
ford breed of cattle, being alike unapproach-
aiile as a show animal and as a stock-getter,
no bull of any breed having begotten so many
prize-takers. Lady Claire was purchased by
^Ir. Stuckey, of Xew Zealand, before the im-
mense value of Lord Wilton as a sire had been
fully appreciated. Otherwise she never would
have been allowed to leave England. She is
iiy Marmion. bred by Mr. Tudge, her dam be-
ing Lady Adforton, by Pilot, by The Grove.
She is in calf to Chippendale (6865), a bull
(if e(|ually valuable strains. Chippendale — now
ill Xew Zealand — is bv Lord Wilton, dam Judy
(Vol. 11, p. 157) 14419. He also was a most
successful show-yard bull, and his value as
sire is known by the fact that after Mr. Stuckey
had ]»urchased him he was offered .£5(10
(■$2,500) on his bargain by an American buyer.
His stock have realized long prices in England.
Chippendale is the first of Lord Wilton's stock
that have come to the souihern liemis])here.

■'Another of the importatioiis is Duke of
Chippendale, a 17-months-old son of Chip|)en-
dale, from Amethyst (Vol. 9, p. 216), a cele-
brated cow of P. Turner, The Leen. This bull
contains eight strains of the celel)rated Sir Ben-
jamin. Mr. Stout, another young bull selected
by Mr. Wood in Xew Zealand, is also by Chip-
pendale, and of the Amethyst trilie. The twins
Castor and Pollux, nine months old, are by
George 4th, by Coomassie, their dam Charity
2(1, being by Horace 3d (5386). bv the celc^-
brated Horace (3877) 2492. We learn that
Jlr. Wood purchas(Hl four more Cbi]i]H'ndale
calves not yet old enough to wean. This addi-
tion to the Durundur herd is a most wonderful
one, and had our ports been open for the im-
portation of English stock the enterprising
owners could not have seltH-ted in England an
e(]ual number possessing more valuable or more
fashionable strains of blood."

HEREFORDS THE BEST CATTLE.

A correspondent of the "Queenslander," Mr.
Reginald Wyntham, writing from Leeksfield.
says :

"1 have sold scores of Hereford bulls myself
for use in Shorthorn herds, and hope to sell

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

385

many more. A buyer came to me only a few-
days ago wantinff Hereford liulls for liis Short-
horn cows, his Shorthorn bulls having all died
during the late drouth, and I ventured to say
that there were few cattle breeders who have
not seen and admired the first cross between
the pure Hereford bull and Shortlwrn cow. As
Australia is the finest cattle country in the
world, particularly the Queensland portion of
it, and as the day must come, sooner or later,
when they will be worth double what they now
sell at, we shall do well to consider the merits
of all the different breeds, that the more suit-
able breeds may be k&pt on the different classes
of coimtry. In a drouth it is a fact — and a
well known fact, too — that Shorthorns will die
long before Herefords and Devons, or, I be-
lieve, any other breed. Xew Zealand, I should
say, is better adapted for the Shorthorn, where
an acre of land will provide him with sutficient
grass and water, and where he will not have
to travel a great distance to market ; but in
Queensland, on very many runs, the Herefords
or Devons should be kept."

HEREFORD CATTLE IX AUSTRALIA.

Referring to the assertion of a writer, that
Hereford cattle grew wild when turned on
ranges in New Zealand, Jlr. A. J. McC'onnel,
of Queensland, in a contribution to the '"Live
Stock Journal," London, says: "With regard
to the Hereford cattle of Xew Zealand, I wish
to say that all I have seen were extremely quiet
and docile, and could not, by any stretch of im-
agination, be said to have any inclination to
wildness or even unsteadiness, and I have heard
enough of their ways to convince me that the
ferine Hereford cattle, of which Proteus writes,
must be the result of some terrible neglect.
With respect to the Hereford cattle of Australia
I must ask you to receive a novel writer's state-
ment with great reserve. It is really not worth
alluding to, for the paragraph in which the
author writes of the imsteadiness of the Here-
ford cattle was merely a repetition of the usual
talk on cattle stations in years past, when this
particular trait of wildness was insisted upon
by men who had never seen a well-bred Here-
ford herd. I have the author's authority to
say that his only experience, in a large wav, of
Hereford cattle was with a neglected herd
where some white-faced bulls had been used.
These by no means could be called pure, and
that after a short period of careful manage-
ment this particular herd was (|uieter than tlie
herds on any neighboring proj)erties. I should
like to add a few words about my own experi-

ence. On the property with which 1 am con-
nected Hereford cattle have been bred since
186.5 in mountainous and broken countrv, and
care was taken at the start to get the liest pure-
bred bulls obtainable in New South Wales,
where Herefords had been bred from imported
stock since 1825. Before we commenced with
Herefords we had a very quiet and highly bred
Shorthorn herd. We made the change because
we were of the opinion that the Herefords were
better grazing cattle and more profitable alto-
gether, and the event has proved that we were
right. But the point I wish, to make clear is,
that the very quiet and tractable herd of 7,000
Shorthorn cattle has been succeeded by a herd
more tractable still of Hereford cattle. The
same care and the same treatment was shown
to the cattle in both instances. There can be
no doubt that a Hereford is more agile in his
movements than any breed except the Devon.
That I concede readily, and 1 hold it to be one
of his excellencies, for it enables a grazing
Hereford in Australia to range about for food
in times of scarcity, and do well, when a softer
breed gives up the struggle for existence. I
suspect the truth to be that when we hear of
an inclination to wildness on the part of any
cattle of any breed, if we knew the circum-
stances, they would show that neglect of owners
and a want of knowledge in working numbers of
cattle together on the runs is at tlie liottom of

FISHERMAN (5913) 76239.
Bred by T. Rogers, Herefordshire.

this inclination to wildness. I affirm that the
Hereford is not more prone to ferine habits in
Australia than any other breed. I have seen
neglected Shorthorn cattle as wild as it is pos-
sible for cattle to be — in fact, they were use-
less, for they could not be got when wanted."

A CHALLENGE.

"To the Editor of the 'Queem^lander' :

"Much has been written and published in your
columns during the past two years of the

386

H I S T () H Y 0 F H E 1{ E F 0 U D CATTLE

merits and ck-iiierits of the different breeds of
cattle. The majority of the writers are gentle-
men engaged in breeding Hereford cattle for
stud purposes, some of whom have had very
little experience with the cattle they were (to
use a colonial phrase) 'cracking up.' as they
had, to my knowledge, been engaged in their
production oidy a few years. The object with
all Hereford advocates, clearly, has been to
provt' that their cattle will sul)sist and make

TARQUIX (12717).

Bred by P. Turner. Herefordshire, first prize yearling

bun R. A. S. E.. 1SS7.

condition on poorer pastures than Durhanis;
that they were of sounder constitution, and
hence better able to withstand the effects of a
long drouth than Shortliorn cattle. Well, it
seems to me, llr. Editor, that all the correspond-
ents possible will never lead the public, for
whose benefit you permit the ventilation of the
sul)ject in your columns, to a just conclusion,
for gentlemen who have invested a consider-
able capital in Hereford cattle, with a view to
making a profit by the disposal of their male
calves as young bulls to their neighbors, are
quite sure to do vigorous battle against other
breeds, but I am of the opinion that sound,
practical tests afford the best ])roofs of all.

"Let tile Herefords and Durhams be brought
into coni)ietition. uiuler exactly similar con-
ditions, and the results made ])ulilic, and the
question of wliich is the be.«t breed for our
climate and pasture will quickly be settled. We
have had one such test, the result of a challenge
I issued through your paper, and T will now,
with your permission, issue another challenge,
as we have now unfortunately a most favorable
op|iortunity of proving wliich breed has come
throujrli the drouth the best. 1 liave a lot of
pure-bred nurham cattle here in a ]iaddock that
is stocked at the rate of a beast to six acres.
About 1-50 of these are breeding cows, and I

would show am- number of them, not being less
than 15 per cent, of the whole, for condition
against a like proportion of Herefords, not be-
ing less than ten head, to be selected from any
one herd in Lecclihard district that has been
sustained by the natural pastures for at least
two years. The only conditions I impose are
the cows comjjcting must be four years of age
or over and breeders, the test to take place
within two months.

"W. K. Pebekdt.
"Gellenbah, 22d Jan'y, 1881.'"

THE CIIALLEXGE ACCEPTED.

''To the Editor of the 'Qucenslander :

'"I have to-day seen W. K. Peberdy's chal-
lenge of the 22d of January. If I read it aright
it is merely a question as to which breed of
cattle show the best condition after the late
drought. I will therefore take to Rockhampton
twenty Hereford cows that are four years, with
their twenty suckling calves by their sides, and
show them against W. K. Peberdy's twenty
Shorthorns with their twenty calves. They shall
lie there before the 22d of ^larch, on a date
to be named by W. K. Pelicrdy. the best con-
ditioned cows to win the prize, which I projiose
to be a ten-guinea cup, such as I gave at the last
show, and the loser also to give ten guineas to
the hospital.

"I am glad to see ^Ir. Pebcrdy so very philan-
thropic as to breed Shorthorns for other pur-
poses than for sale and to make money. Un-
fortunately I and Archer Rignall Windom and
Frank Reynolds and Loder are compelled to
breed for the dirty dollars. Of course the cat-
tle shown are to be pure brcds. out of the two
stud herds. I name Albert Wright of Xullal-
bin as judge on our side, and I recommend one
of these three gentli'iiien as umpire, namely,
Vincent Bowling, John Button, or James Ross.
"I am sir, etc.,

"Beardmore of Tooloombar.
"•32d of Feb'y. 1881."

the IIEREFORD-SHORTHOIiX COXTROVERSY THAT
FOLLOWED.

The acceptance of this challenge, it was sup-
posed, would result in a trial that would bo
valuable to the Hereford interest in that coun-
try.

Tender date of I'Mh of 'March, ifr. Peberdy
replies to this and ol>j(>ets to showing calves
wifh the cows, and that the distance to Rock-
ham]>ton was some SO miles further for him to
travel than for ^Ir. Beardmore. and then pro-
poses to issue another challenge to Mr. Beard-
more, privately, through his agent at Rock-

II 1ST 01? Y OF HEREFORD CATTLE

387

hampton. The eocond challenge by Mr. Peberdy
is as follows :

"To definitely settle which is the best breed
of cattle for the central districts of Queens-
land, Herefords or Durhanis, I now issue the
following challenge to Mr. 0. C. I. Beardmore,
he having written viciously against Durham
cattle and warmly in praise of Herefords.

"The conditions of the challenge are as fol-
lows :

"1st. The cattle exhibited by Mr. Beard-
more shall be pure Herefords, and the cattle
exhibited by me shall be pure Durhams.

"2d. The definition of the word 'pure,' as
applied to the different breeds or pens of cattle
exhibited, shall be taken to mean that the cattle
exhibited as Herefords shall have no admix-
ture of Durham or Devon blood in their veins;
that the cattle exhibited as Durhams shall have
no admixture of Hereford or Devon blood in
their veins. Should cither pen contain one or
more beast that, in the opinion of the judges or
umpire, is not 'pure.' then the pen shall be con-
demned, and the opposing pen be awarded the
l^rize.

"3d. That judgment shall be given on differ-
ent points of merit and awarded by points as
follows :

"Condition of cows, ten points.

"Best cattle for pastoral purposes generally,
ten points.

"Aggregate weight of pen, five points.

"Greatest yield of milk, five points.

"4th. That the judges be requested to make
their award on the merits of the pens placed
before them by the exhibitors, independent of
any prejudice they may have against either
breed.

"5th. The cows exhibited shall be in full
milk, but it shall be optional with exhibitor
whether he pens the cows' calves.

"'6th. Should the judges desire it, the whole
of the cows shall be milked in their presence,
after being fourteen hours apart from their
calves, to decide their qualities as milkers.

"7th. Should the points be awarded in equal
number to each breed, then the umpire and
judges shall examine the cattle again as one
body, and shall, having taken into considera-
tion the points of the contest, decide which is
the best pen of cattle on the whole, and award
accordingly bv majority.

"Should j\rr. Beardmore be dis])osed to ac-
cept the above challenge as it is given, 1 will
meet him in Rockhampton with ten cows of
mine to compete with t(>n cows of his for a piere
of plate to be selected by the victor, of the
value of $100, at any time he may please be-

tween now and the date of the 1*. A. and H.
•show in the above-named place, or daring the
wec^i that show is held. It is, perhaps, better
that Mr. Beardmore should understand that
1 will not travel my cows that are rearing calves
150 miles to meet him, but if he accepts the
challenge, I will truck them down. 1 omitted
to add that the cattle exhibited by either party
shall have been his property for, say, six
months prior to the issue of this chal-
lenge. 1 am quite willing to accept Mr. A.
Wright as judge on Mr. Beardmore's side, and
will also accept either Mr. Vincent Dowling or
Mr. James Eoss as umpire; and will appoint
either Mr. Cunningham, of Rannes Station ;
i\Ir. Wood, of Calliangai, or Mr. Lamond, of
Stanwell, as judge on my side. I shall not
consider myself bound by this challenge unless
I receive notice of its acceptance fourteen days
before the date fixed for the contest. I may
add, I make condition a leading point to suit.
Jlr. Beardmore ; I also make weight a minor
point, so that it may tell against myself, and
destroy any objection he might otherwise have
to the condition.

"(Signed) W. K. Pebekdy."

To which Mr. Beardmore makes the follow-
ing reply :

"To the Editor of the 'Qiieenstaiidci-' :

"Sir : I have to-day received a copy of a sec-
ond challenge from Peberdy on the subject of
Herefords vs. Durham cattle. In your issue of
the 9th of February Peberdy issued a challenge
which I accepted without alteration and left
him to name the day. To that I adhere, and
will do so two months longer ; after that, 1 shall
have to wean my calves and not be in a position
to produce twenty mothers with their progeny,
and I now- again call ^Ir. Peberdy to stick to
his challenge as then issued or hand over two
guineas to the hospital and then retire into
obscurity.

"With regard to his second challenge, my
Herefords are not milki'rs, and therefore I
could not compete for milkers, ily Herefords
are not broken in, and could not be put in a
yard singly to be haiulled. and I have yet to
learn how cows are to be in full milk and have
no calves. Peberdy's words are : 'The wliole
of the cows to be milkers.' In his fifth clause
calves are to be optional, in his sixtli it is
jU'ettv evident there must be calves in the con-
test. " Again, Mr. Pehenly states thai he can't
drive his cattle 150 miles, but must truck thcni.
Xow. all H(>ref(U'd nu'u Jiave contended tliat
Herefords are better travelers — (his is one of
the very points I took uj) — and Peberdy's de-

388

II J S T 0 K Y U i' II E J! K 1' O R [) C A T T L E

sire to avoid traveling liis cattle down, shows
the weakness of his breed of Durhams. As he
says he has 150 miles to travel to go to Koek-
hainpton while I have only 9(1 miles to go, I
will travel my Herefords another (iO miles to
make up the 150, and so give him no cause of
complaint. Again, what does he mean by mak-
ing 'condition' a leading point to suit Mr.
Beardmore. It is 'condition' and 'condition'
only that he 'challenged on' in his letter of the
9th of February. I look on Mr. Peberdy's chal-

KLIuX 1ST (Vi^;..! 11-10.

Bred by Earl & Stuart. Celebrated son of Sir Richard 2d

C49S4) 9T0A.

lenge as a piece of 'blow' and nothing more, and
that he has no intention of bringing things to
a point. I am, sir, etc.,

"Beardmore of Tooloojibar.^'
(There is no date to Mr. Beardmore's letter. —
Ed. Q.)

We have several other letters pertaining to
this controversy. ^Ye give but one of these, and
that signed by John Fulford, of Lyndhurst, and
dated the 21st of April, and which appeared in
the "Queenslander" of May 10th :

"To the Edilur of the 'Queenslander' :

"Sir: I note in Mr. W. K. Peberdy's chal-
lenge letter of 2'2d January a sneer at the lim-
ited experience of some of the Queensland
breeders of Herefords, who, he says, liave been
engaged in their production only a few years.'
I do not know to whom he refers when he makes
that statement, but he evidently loses sight of
the fact that the majority of the Hereford
breeders w-ere breeders of Shorthorns before
they commenced to breed Herefords, and there-
fore can lay claim to a larger experience than
men who have bred Shorthorns only, and should
be in a bettor position to know whicli breed is
most suitable to this country. All cattlemen
know that no breed of cattle were more abused

than Herefords were for many years in Aus-
tralia and the fact of their coming into favor
at all — considering how little capital has been
invested in them, and how few have been im-
ported, compared to the fortunes spent in im-
jiorting Siiortliorn bulls and cows from Eng-
land, and animals bred in the Colonies — speaks
volumes to the mind of the unprejudiced per-
son. However, it has not taken our American
cousins many years to find out the superiority
of the Hereford breed over Shorthorns under
conditions almost identical with our own
(Queensland — namely, where the cattle have ex-
isted on grass alone, as they do in Texas, Col-
orado and other states, and where they are sub-
ject to drought, cold and wet, and have to
travel long distances to market, as most of the
Australian cattle have to do. Xo one can say
that Hereford cattle have as yet had a fair trial
in (Queensland, as putting a few white- faced
l)ulls into a herd for a year or so, and then re-
verting to Shorthorn bulls is not giving them a
trial at all, and with the exception of a few
lierds that is all the trial they have had. How-
ever, I am told that Messrs. Archer, of Grace-
mere, who, I think, were the oldest breeders of
jiure Shorthorns in North Queensland, are
using nothing but Hereford bulls in their gen-
eral herd, and many others are following their
example, I believe, in the neighborhood of Rock-
hampton ; and I know of several stations fur-
ther north that are doing the same. Mr. Peb-
erdy says that correspondence on the subject
should come from proprietors of fattening pad-
docks, drovers and butchers, and not from the
lireeders ; but I think if we had to w-ait for
their views (in print) on the subject we should
not be enlightened very soon. But I can give
one instance of the estimation Hereford cattle
are held in, by one practical man. who, I believe,
fattens largely, by referring to an advertisement
in the '(Queenslander,' signed J. M'Connel (of
Durundur, Brisltane River), a short time since,
wanting to purchase a thousand Hereford store
bullocks. He, too. is an old breeder of Short-
horns, yet he evidently prefers Herefords for
fattening on his country. Mr. Peberdy evi-
dently thinks his challenge to the few Hereford
breeders of the Leechard district is, as he terms
it, 'a true invasion of the Hereford strong-
hold," while to me it appears as a very cheap
means of letting the jiublic know that he has a
certain number of pure Shorthorn cows, bred in
South Wales, for wliicli he paid large sums of
money ; and it might be some of those identical
cows, that probaliiy had the advantage of Eng-
lisli grasses and hand-feeding (and in conse-
iiuenee may be well-grown, heavy cows), that he

HISTORY OF II EKE FORD CATTLE

389

wishes to show against the Ilereforils in his dis-
triet, and liis country may be (and prulialjly i»)
very superior to the country tlie Herefords are
pastured on. I have no desire to write against
Shorthorn cattle or their breeders, as they are
a breed of cattle I hold in high estimation, when
in their proper place, and that. I take to be,
is where English grasses abound in sunimer,and
where plenty of fodder is available in winter,
and the few favored parts of this great colony of
Queensland where there are no frosts, and the
best descriptions of natural grasses and fattening
shrubs and herbage ; and, as the despised Here-
ford has not had a fair trial under the latter
conditions, I claim that no one can say that the
breed is not quite equal, or superior, to the
Shorthorns for any part of Queensland. I will
now assert what I can prove to be the fact —
that we lost far less cattle on this run during
the late drought than any of our neighbors
within a radius of 100 miles, who have herds of,
say, 5,000 head or over on one run, and I may
state that we have the largest herd in this dis-
trict (on one run) — namely, about 20,000 head
— in fact, the usual 5 per cent allowed annually
for losses for the past twelve months.

"I am, sir, etc., John Fulford.

"Lyndhurst, 21st April."

(Mr. Fulford begged hard to be allowed to
say one word more on this subject, and our reso-
lution gave way. It must not be supjjosed, how-
ever, that we have reopened our columns for a
continuance of the controversy. — Ed. Q.)

We also give the "Queenslander's" report of
a Charters Towers Show. It will be noticed that
this Hereford question has become fully as in-
teresting in Australia as in America, and the
discussion is likely in the end to bring that
breed which has the greater merit to the front.

"Unlike the National Shows, the cattle are
here displayed in all their native simplicity, all
purely grass fed, and exhibited in yards. Al-
though few beyond Mr. Parr's laid claim to
purity of blood, they were, with very few excep-
tions, when looked at from a general standpoint,
a magnificent collection. The bulls were few
in number, and far from first-class, a passable
animal, originally from the Mount Noorat herd,
Victoria, being awarded principal honors; and
Mr. Hann showed a promising Sir Roderick
calf. Owners, no doubt, were unwilling to risk
bringing valuable bulls from a distance. The
bullocks, cows and heifers, however, more than
made up for the deficiency in the bull classes.

"The principal exhibitors were Messrs. Mur-
ray-Prior, of Bulli Creek; Ful fnrd (Messrs.
Barnes and Smith), Lyndhursl ; Ilann. Van-

neck ; J. and \V. 1). Clark (:\Ionahan), Lol-
wortli ; Glissan, Uottswood ; B. C. Parr, New-
stead; and AUingham, Hill Urove. It was well
known throughout the North, thanks to the ex-
tensive circulation of the 'Queenslander,' that
this show was to be the scene of a grand tilt
between the 'Ballys' (Herefords), and the red,
white, and roans (Shorthorns), and the interest
of this great contest never flagged from the
time the cattle entered the show grounds until
their carcasses were displayed in the butcher's
shop. It may be safely asserted, that as much
money was depending on the butcher's scales,
in this contest, as is usually risked upon an or-
dinary cup race.

"In the Shorthorn division, Jlr. Parr's lilood
told in the heifer class — 13 entries — Mr. Van-
neck securing second. Mr. Parr also carried off
the 100-guinea prize with a pen of three highly
bred heifers, which were, however, in very low
condition in consequence of the drought.
Messrs. Clark, of Lohvorth, secured the prize
for the best cow bred north of Rockhampton,
and the championshi]) of the yard, with a grand
roan cow of beautiful shape, and showing lots
of quality.

"In Herefords, Messrs. Barnes and Smitli
(Mr. Fulford) had nuitters entirely their own
way. Their ))en of three fat bullocks, entered
to do battle with the

Shorthorns, and a

pen of six bullocks.

were as near perfec-

tion as can well i>e

Im

K

imagined of purely

^ft

Bh .SL

grass-fed cattle.

"Up to this point
all had been plain

1

\

sailing with the

■^^^

T

judges, each particu-

^^^^H

flB_i

1 a r breed having

di^^^^B

3ail i

been judged within

^^^^^^1

Hk ■

itself. On entei'iiiL;

s^0if

^I^P^ w

on the miscellaiie-

^rSir^

r

ous division, hmv-
ever, cattle of 'any
breed' came into

A. C. REED.
Evanston, HI.

competition, and the

work of

the judges,

therefore, became much more dillieult. F'or the
best pen of three heifers in this division, there
was an exceedingly good class, the judges com-
mending the whole class. Three Herefords
here secured a victory, Mr. Ful ford's pen inn-
ing been placed first. ^Ir. Parr's second,
and Mr. Monahan's (Lohvorth) third. Then
came the great contest of the meeting, the best
pen of three bullocks, number 0 brand — that is.
four-year-olds — and although Messrs. Clark,

390

IIISTUIIY OF 11

KFOKl) CATTLE

Vannc'tk, and (ilisuan entert'd, it was clearly
seen from the first that only Mr. ]\Iurray-Prior's
Shorthorns and Mr. Fulford's Herefords were
in the race. Jlr. Prior's three were heautii'ully
matched, pure wliite, massive, and well topped
up. Air. F'ul ford's were well selected. These
were judged on Thursday morning, and the
whites awarded the coveted prize. They were
slaughtered on Friday morning in the presence
of a large concourse of breeders and the shop
(Harvey's) in which they were hung up was
for a time besieged with persons eager to obtain
results.

"The weights were as follows : Prior's, 1,003
lbs.. 9S-? lbs., and 1.020 IKs., a total of 3,005
lbs., giving an aver-
aije of 1,001. (Hi lbs.;
Fulford's, 1,024 lbs.,
il!)6 lbs., and 933
lbs., a total of 2,9.53
ll)s., giving an aver-
age of 984.33 lbs.
^Ir. Prior, therefore,
won b}' an aggre-
irate of 52 lbs., and
an average of 17.33
ll)s. The plucky
owners, however,
were not content to
accept this a? a final
decision between the
two rival herds, but
arranged a meeting
' on the same show

grounds next year with Xo. 0 cattle, which will
be then 5-year-olds. It is but justice to Air.
Fulford to state that his cattle had been driven
240 miles to the show, being 100 miles in excess
of the distance traveled by Mr. Prior's, and
that they were got together on the 1st, 2d, and
3d of May. For the champion prize, for the
best fat bullock on the grounds, any age or
breed, Air. F\ilford was first, with a splcndiil
cross-bred animal, which on being slaughtered
weighed 1,079 lbs.

"The above weights fall dead weights. T. T..
M.] were considered really good, considering
the severity of the season, and they point to
the Kennedy as being one of the best cattle dis-
tricts in .\ustralia. There were only two ex-
hibitors of Devons — Alessrs. TIann and Farren-
den. These exhibits, however, showed evident
signs of Shorthorn origin. Air. Ilann's showing
most of the Devon characteristics."

The l)attl(' of the breeds has come in Aus-
tralia, as well as in America. The above ac-
count of the Cliarter's Towers Show shows th'^
Herefords first on the best pen of three heifers.

and the champion prize for best fat indlock in
the show, the Shorthorns taking first in the
bi'st three bullocks, showing an aggregate of
52 pounds greater weight in the three carcasses.
The Shorthorns were driven 140 miles, and the
Herefords 240 miles to the show.

In response to a k-tter from the author, we
received the following from an Australian cor-
respondent :

"F]ditor 'Breeders' Journal' : 1 am in re-
ceipt of your favor dated Dec. luth, and also
the six copies of your journal, which you so
kindly forwarded; you may rest assured that
I will do my best to get the 'Journal' a large
circulation in Australia. I never lose an op-
portunity, when cattlemen are about, of show-
ing your paper, and numbers have promised to
write for it, having given them your address.

"I am extremely glad to sec the forward
movement of the Herefords in America. Now
that they have got a start, and such a start,
nothing can stop their onward progress. Their
good qualities alone would send them to the
front as beef producers. Our herd has been
established over forty years, and every yi'ar
makes me love them more, and, I am hap]3y to
say, every year is a blow to prejudice and an
advance to the Herefords. I think in the course
of time they will occupy the first rank in .\us-
tralia. It is a great drawback to Australia,
the total prohil)ition of stocl: from F^nglaiid,
aiul I am sorry to say that the cattle trade in
Australia has been very bad for some years,
prices ruling very low, and now many parts of
the country are suffering from a severe drought,
which will test the Shorthorn hardiness.

'"What price do you charge for your best stud
bulls, and could arrangements he made to ship
at San Francisco, and what would be the prob-
able cost of so doing? They have admitted
slieep from America and I do not see how they
can prevent cattle from coming. However, I
will in()Viire. I will be glad to send you sonu-
information al)out cattle when I can find time,
and opportunity occurs, and I enclose you a
copy of a letter received from a large and
wealthy squatter, who, being a practical nuin,
makes his opinion doubly valuable. I would
like to got from you, if possible, all the num-
i)i'rs of your journal from the start, if you can
lay yo\ir haiuls on a copy of each, aiul let me
know the cost and the best way of remitting the
money, .«o T can send it.

"Would be glad if you had an agent here in
this country. Continue my subscription. 1 start
this week to Xew Zealand to rt'cruit my health,
and on my retiirn in a couple of months I will
communicate with you again, and it is possible

11 1 STO i; Y () F II

K FO i; I) CATTl. F

391

that next year 1 may \k- al)le to run acniss ami
see you. Y(nu\< vitv truly.

"F. IJlCVXOLDb.

"Toeal, Tattcrson, Xew South Wales, Austra-
lia."

The copy of the letter that :\Ir. lleynokls re-
fers to is as follows :

"F. Eeynolds — My Dear Sir : Press of work
and absence from home prevented my replying
to yours of the 6th inst. 1 have been working
Hereford cattle since 1859, and consider them
better suited to the requirements of squatters
on inland stations (ranches), especially those
situated long distances from market. If in good
paddocks of artificial grass, close to market, or
stall fed, I consider Herefords quite equal to
Shorthorns. They may not, perhaps, be quite
so heav)-, but they fatten more rapidly and at
less cost, and die better than the Durhams —
namely, they cut up less waste, and the meat is
certainly superior. There can be, no doubt of
the superiority of the Herefords on stations
remote from market. They travel better and do
not cut up. Being more active, they can do
the long dry stages more easily. They are nat-
urally more hardy, and after a long journey die
better. Their meat is less livery, and they don't
lose their inside fat like the Durhams. Jly
old drover will tell you that if he had a Here-
ford in his mob of fats, this beast always looked
best at the end of a long Journey.

"On large stations where at any time the
water is scarce, and stock compelled to travel
long distances from the feed to the water and
back again, the difference between Herefords
and Durhams is very marked, the Herefords
traveling in good condition long after the Short-
horns are poor. Again, after a long drought,
the Herefords pull themselves together more
quickly and get their condition in less time.
I have heard men argue that Herefords arc
wilder than the Durhams and in nine cases out
of ten I have found they knew nothing person-
ally of the matter, never having had a herd of
Herefords, but they had been told. My experi-
ence teaches me that if Herefords are properly
looked 'after, they are actually much quieter in
the lots and quite as steady on the runs as the
Durhams. I have worked both, and 1 also know
from my own knowledge that a neglected band
of Durhams is worse to deal with than Here-
fords under the same conditions. I am, of
course, spcniking from actual experience.

"Not long since, with my partners, I pur-
chased three stations in (Queensland, all Dur-
ham cattle, about m.OOO. My first active move
was to remove the Durham bulls and substitute

Herefords. 'i'liis will give you, better than a
volume of writing, my opinion of the respective
breeds after 2o years' work among both; and
after a careful study, I have come to the conclu-
sion that Herefords are the best and most prof-
itable all-round cattle, less suijject to disease,
and better constitutions, cpiite as steady on the
I'ange and steady in the yard. They cross well
with the Durhams and are better mothers. A
Hereford cow will never leave her calf as long
as a Durham. If you wish for a proof of the
merits of the breeds, just put 100 of each breed
into paddocks equally l)adly grassed — that is to
say, in a dry time — and 1 will guarantee you
will find the Durham fall away much more
rapidly than the others; in fact, the Herefords
will be in fair condition when the Durhams are
actually dying. Both lots, of course, are to be
in equally good condition when put in the pad-
docks.

"In conclusion, I am quite certain if breeders
would put aside jirejudice and give Herefords
a fair trial they would find all I have said true
enough, and be content to drop the Durhams in
the future.

"You are at liberty to make any use you like
of this letter. Yours very truly,

"ViNCEXT DOWLIXG.

"Lue, livlestone,

"N. S. \V., Australia, 18S->."

A later letter shows the Hereford movement
growing.

Editor "'Breeders' Journal"": The Sydney
Show has just
closed. The Here-
fords were not in
large force, but
were well repre-
sented by drafts
from the herds oi
Mr. Frank Rey
n 0 1 d s , who had
about a dozen vci
good ones. Your old
fi'iend, Mr. Clias.
rrice, was a judge
at this show on
Herefords, a n d
bought a splendid
bull calf bred bv
Mr. Frank 1? e v-
nolds. The lleie-
fords are growing in po])ularity, and those who
have been breeding for some years are greatly
encouraged.

The "Breeders' Journal" is fully appreciated
by them, and they are very glad to hear through
it of the great success the Herefords are mak-
ing in .\merica and Enghnul. Thev wish to

.). U. McELDOWNEY,
Chicago Heights. 111.

392

11 I s'i'o i; V

i; H FO II I) CATTLE

estalilish an Australian IK'n'Tonl Ixirord, and
will be glad if you will give them some facts
and a plan for doing so.

Jlr. Frank 1^'vnolds and Mr. Chas. Price are
both having a better demand for their young
bulls than ever before. All that try Herefords
are fully satisfied that they are the best cattle
for our runs, and it looks as though "our time
was coming." 1 shall endeavor to see that you
have a largely increased subscription list from
Australia. Yours respectfully,

Qdeensl.\nd.

Adelaide, Australia, Sept. 19, 1883.

HEREFORDS CONSIDERED THE BEST IN AUSTRALIA.

We find in the "South Australian Register"
(1883), published at Adelaide, an account of a
discussion as to beef
breeds before the
Royal Agricultural
a n d Horticultural
Society of South
Australia. In the
discussion we find
the following from
Mr. Chas. Price, of
Hindmarsh Island,
wdio had been a
breeder of Hereford
cattle for nearly or
(|uiti' hair a ccnlury.

or. HON (;n:n.

about 200 thor-
oughbred H e r e -
fords, bred for
breeding purposes.
Mr. P. said he had "had a good deal of experi-
ence in the breeding and rearing of Herefords
and Shorthorns and had given some careful at-
tention to the relative (|ualities of the two
breeds. The Polled Angus breed he had had
nothing to do with. They were all agreed that
the best beast was that which would produce the
most and best beef on the smallest quantity of
feed, and he held that the Hereford possessed
these qualifications. II will live and thrive
where the Shorthorn will not do at all. He has
brought his Herefords out at two and one-half
years and that could not he done with tlio
Shorthorns. lie had looked over his sales fur
the past ten years and found that his steers had
averaged .$()'i..50. at two and one-half years. He
found that Shorthorns would not average that
or anything a]>pn)acliing to it. He was ]iositive
lie could carry three llerel'onls where he could
not carry two Shoi'thorns. He had one Here-
ford cow that had jirodueed fourteen calves be-
fore she was fifteen vears old, and would have

her lilteenth l)efure she was si.xteen years old,
and was now tit for the butcher. He started
with four Hereford heifers and bought .some
Shorthorns. He got a Hereford bull. A friend
from Melbourne, named Saddler, who had been
Ijuying cattle, came to look at his cattle antl
told him that it was madness to try to breed
such cross-bredswith a Hereford bull from those
cow.s, and that he had better get a Shorthorn
bull. From his experience he found that his
Shorthorns lost flesh, that they only bred once
in eighteen months, whereas the Herefords bred
once in twelve. Last year when the rains were
six weeks to two months late, the Shorthorns
would have died where the Herefords looked
well. He had no change for his cattle, and
there was not one living on that dry feed that
was not fit for the butcher. He considered the
Hereford the best cross and worth all the cat-
tle in the world for that. It might be put to
a scrubber, and even then a good deep Ijreed
would be got. With the Shorthorns, long-
legged, useless brutes were got. He had been
at Sydney Shows for years, and the Hereford
bullocks had taken first prize in every year he
had been there. He maintained that there was
no dilference in the weight, and to prove this
quoted statistics from the Smithfield Show as
follows:

"In the year 1869 the Herefords under two
years and six months weighed 1,731 pounds;
Shorthorns the same age, 1,()-18; Herefords
under three years and three months, 1,9;?()
pounds; Shorthorns, 1,976 pounds; Herefords
over three years and three months, 2,228 ;
Shorthorns, 2,200. In 187.5 Herefords under
two years and six months, 1,-185 pounds; Sliort-
horns, 1,.565 pounds. Lender throe years and
three months, Herefords, 2,036; Shorthorns,
1,982 pounds. Over three vears and three
months, Herefords, 2,l(il ; Shorthorns, 2,281
pounds. Extra stock, Herefords, 2,524 pounds;
Shorthorns and Norfolk cross, 2,290 pounds.
Three of the heaviest cattle shown in 1875
weighed, first, Hereford, 2,62-1 pounds; sec-
ond. Shorthorn, 2,444 pounds; third, Hereford,
2,420 pounds."

SUPERIORITY OF UF.REFORDS AS RANGE CATTLE.

In ]uililishing the "Breeders' Journal," we
reeeiveil a large number of congratulations and
commendations from parties in the dilferent
parts of the States and Territories, on the
course that we have taken in advoeating the
Hereford interest in this country, and not only
from America, but from Australia and Eng-
land as well. Among these, none were so highly
appreciated as one from the veteran Hereford

HIST () R Y OF H E K E F 0 E D C A T T L E

393

advocate, Mr. William H. Sothani, in which he
expressed great satisfaction at our course in
exposing the frauds at the Fat Stock Shows.
Probably next we esteemed the endorsement of
a veteran breeder, nearly 80 years of age, in
Australia, who has been a breeder of Herefords
in that country during an ordinary lifetime,
expressing the warmest sympathy and commen-
dation for the course that we have taken in ad-
vocating the merits of the breed that he has
given a life work to. In speaking of his expe-
riences in that country, we find that it is not
dissimilar to ours in this country; while in
some parts of Australia the Herefords early
became popular, and are becoming the domi-
■ nant breed, still they have met the Shorthorn
opposition, that has retarded their movements,
and it must be admitted that the Hereford men
have seemed to lack that nerve and push that
was necessary to overcome the opposition ; but
Hereford breeders in Australia as well as Eng-
land felt the influence of the Hereford move-
ment in America, and began to move with more
strength and system for the permanent estab-
lishment of their breed of cattle in that coun-
trv'. We valued highly also a letter from that
veteran breeder, Mr. Duckham. at Baysham
Court, in Eoss, Herefordshire, England. An-
other from Mr. Hill, Felhampton Court, Salop,
England, both speaking warmly in commenda-
tion of our efforts. Mr. Hill had quite a trade,
and has had for some years, with South Amer-
ica.

About this time we received a letter from Mr.
Fulford, of the firm of Fulford & Williams,
Spriughill Station, Queensland ; in referring to
a purchase of Herefords from Mr. J. Barling,
of Casino, Xew South Wales, he says: "The
cattle arrived at Springfield a short time since,
after a journey of nearly 1,300 miles, with only
the loss of three head, and were in excellent
condition on arriving, notwithstanding that for
the first 500 miles grass and water were very
scarce, and that quite half the cows were suck-
ling calves. As an instance of the superiority
of the Hereford over the Shorthorn as a trav-
eler, I will mention that just as our cattle were
passing near Rockhampton a draft of pure
Shorthorn heifers started from there for the
Flinders River, and traveled almost the same
stages for about fiOO miles, when they parted
company. The Shorthorn heifers were miser-
al)ly jioof, while the Herefords that had traveled
from Richmond River, New South Wales, to
Rockham])ton, then (iOO miles in com]ianv with
the Shorthorns, and then about 300 miles to the
end of the journey, arrived in excellent condi-
tion, half of them having calves at foot, while

the Shorthorns were dry heifers. As there hare
lately been some interesting letters in the
'Queenslander' in reference to Herefords vs.
Shorthorns, I have taken the liberty of send-
ing you these particulars, thinking they may
be of interest to some of your readers.

"I may add that we have a herd of about
17,000 Hereford cattle in Lindhurst, not having
used anything but Hereford bulls for ten years
past, owned by Messrs. Barnes & Smith Bros.,
of which I have been manager for nearly twelve
years, and I think that I may say that for qual-
ity and docility the herd will compare favorably
with any herd in North Queensland, worked
under similar conditions."

Thus was the Hereford movement receiving
evidences of prosperity in all parts of the world.
A reference to the map of Australia and South
America will show somewhat the relation that
this movement has to the meat production of
the world. Australia as well as South America
and our western range from Panama to ^lani-
toba, are great grazing districts, and these
ranges must supply the beef of the world. The
testimony is but one way by all those who have
used the Herefords on these ranges.

IIIXDMARSII ISLAND AXD JIR. CHAS. TRICir's
IIEUEFOUD HERD.

The "South Australian Register" (18S4)
gave an account of the farm of Mr. Charles

BEAU REAL U055.

Bred by GudgeH & Simpson. Independence. Mo. Favorite

stock bun of Shockey & Gibb.

Price, of Hindmarsh Island, and its surround-
ings. We give this full statement that our
readers may see the conditions under which one
of the largest Australian herds of thorough-
breds has been bred and reared. ^Ir. Price was
then a man something over eighty years old,
and we think was on the island for something
over fortv vears. He was one of the most active

394

11 1 S T (,) K Y OF H E K E F 0 R D C A T T L E

Hereford breeders in the world, and one who
took a very active interest in all that pertained
to the Hereford breed of cattle, especially in its
struggle for merited recognition.

He had the usual ditticulties on the show
grounds and elsewhere in carrying forward his
operations; still, he never c|uestioned the ulti-
mate outcome, and bred (making a fair paying
business) for bullock breeding mainly. He,
however, built up his herd, retaining the fe-
males until he had suuietluiig over "300 head.

ANXIETY 4TH <M'ti (i:;s;i.
Bred by T. J. Carwardinc, sire of Beau Keal.

We give this full statement from the "Aus-
tralian Kegister" that it may be seen that it is
not the most favorable country in which to de-
velop a breed of cattle, but it will be found
that under just such conditions as these, one of
the best herds of Hcrefords in the world has
been reared, and ifr. Price lived to reap very
large returns in Australia for his breeding
stock. With these remarks we give the state-
ment as apjiearing in the journal referred to:

'"Every South Australian who takes the
slightest interest in live stock of any dt'scription
must have heard of ilr. Charles Price and his
herd of Herefords, but for several years past
very few have had the pleasure of seeing any
of the beautiful animals, because they arc rather
diflicult to get at upon their island home.

"Being one of the privileged few whose busi-
ness it is to see all that is to be seen and is
worth seeing, I availed myself of an invitation
from Mr. Charles Price and visited his farm at
Hindmarsh Island on the IMii ult. Hindmarsli
Islam] is alxiut eight miles long, and averages
two miles in width. The I.iver Murray, after
jm.<sing tiirough the middle of Lake Alexan-
drina. divides, one arm going down by Goolwa
to within about half a mile i<f the sea. and then
runs eastward parallid with the beach, from
which it is divided onlv bv a sandhill, for sev-

eral miles, until it reaches the Murray mouth,
where it is joined by the other branch, and the
space of land enclosed is known as Hindmarsh
Island. There is another large island to the
eastward, known as Mundoo Island, and a num-
ber of small islands are to be seen dotting the
surface of the river in various directions. The
water is sometimes perfectly fresh, often brack-
ish, and occasionally perfectly salt, so that the
farmers have now and then been put to great
straits for want of fresh water, and once a large
number of cattle died through scarcity of it.
At the same time there were wells existing at
the western end of the island, at the base of the
sandhills, in which there was and still remains
an inexhaustilile sup])ly of beautifully fresh,
sweet water. These wells are merely oblong pits
sunk at the foot of the large sandhills, having
planks around the sides to keep the sand from
breaking in, and the water is the result of soak-
age. The soil, as is usual where sandhills exist,
is clay at a foot or two below the level of the
land upon which the sandhills rest, and the
water is chiefly the result of absorption from
the hot, moist atmosphere in summer time.
When the clay is gone through, in most cases, a
brackish or salt-water stratum is encountered.
Upon ilr. Price's farm there are fresh pools
and salt pools within a few feet of each other;
but the salt water is always upon the lower level.
"From the ferry, which is close to the west-
em end of Hindmarsh Island, a metaled road
proceeds southward for about a mile, and then
turns eastward through the length of the island.
The whole of the land from the road to the
river on the right-hand side of the road for
two and a half mik's belongs to Mr. Price, and
he rents a large block on the left proceeding
from the ferry. Further along on the west
side there is a large block which has lately been
takeii into the possession of Mr. West-Erskine.
This land has been terribly mismanaged, and
through being broken up too much the fibrous
roots of the grasses and other heritage which
bonded it together have been destroyed, so that
hundreds of acres may be seen on a windy day
traveling from place to place, or flying al)out in
the air. If the wind is from the south the
river rweives tlie greater portion, but if it
comes from the north then it becomes the prop-
erty of Mr. Price, covering up the herbage to
the de]>tli of several feet. In some places for
]H'rha]>s fifty acres the sand has blown away for
several feet in dejith, and pieces of limestone
stand up like the 'boys' left by contractors for
railway cuttings to show the depth to which
they liave excavated, except that there is no
sod left on (op, to which the excavators are so

H I S T 0 K Y OF n E E E F () It 1) C A T T L E

395

partial that they will soniutinu's even add two
or three spits rather than not show enough.
The sand which is carried by the north wind
into Mr. Price's land to-day may be removed
into the river by the south wind a week or two
after, and thus a deal of harm is done. The
metaled road is also covered in many places
with several feet of sand. The Council, Mr.
West-Erskiue, and Mr. Price are all doing what
they can to prevent this undesirable state of
things, but it is probable that it will not be
stopped until the shifting sands have been cov-
ered with. boughs and planted with grasses.

"There are very few trees now upon the is-
land, but the settlers are inclined to encourage
their growth. The Shea oak seems to thrive
there, and in one place where a large tree has
been cut down there are a himdred or so of
seedlings, so that if the settlers chose to obtain
seeds and sow them there would be good hopes
of covering the place in a few years. Mr. Price
introduced the tobacco tree (really a species of
tobacco), which grows to a height of twelve to
eighteen feet in favorable localities. This took
kindly to the sand and soon every one was anx-
ious to use it along his boundaries as a hedge

and breakwind; but the people did not cut it
back enough, and the trees grew up with long,
straggling branches, which broke down with the
winds, and now the plant is being negkx.-ted on
all hands. I have seen the tobacco tree made
into a very effective wall or breakwind, about
ten feet high, l)y continually stopping all
l)ranches that lireak beyond bounds. The Agave
Americana, or 'American Aloe' or the century
plant, and the common Opuntia, or prickly
pear, have also been used with some success for
stopping the shifting sands. Attempts have
also been made with couch grass and by sowing
with rye grasses and other plants to fix the
sands, but too often before they get roots the
wind comes and blows seed and soil away to-
gether.

"Mr. Charles Price has been an enthusiast
in respect to Here fords ever since his boyhood,
and by this time ought to be a jiretty good judge
of what a Hereford should be. He believes that
he now possesses 200 beasts which will compare
favorably individually with anything in the
Australian colonies, and as a herd, with any in
the world, and prol)ably he is not far out in his
estimate of their character. He was brought

PRIZE WINXIXC lli:i:ii
Jlodosty 2d, 242S4. Mcliidy li,

riF THE IOWA
1S522. Foreloe

396

inSTOKY OF HEEEFORD CATTLE

up at Bringowood, on the Downton Castle es-
tate, which belonged to the late Mr. T. A.
Knight, and was acknowledged to be one of the
best judges of that breed in those times. This
gentleman always kept fifteen picked Hereford
cows for the use of the Castle — for milk sup-
ply— and of their calves four of the best heifers
were annually selected to keep up the herd, and
the remaining calves, whether male or female,
were sold to such of the tenants on the estate
as desired to have them at the uniform rate of

IIESIOU (Wsl) 11C75.

Bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire, founder of the

Hesiod liue.

$10 each, which was the butcher's price for
calves.

"Mr. Price's father was a dairyman and his
farm was close beside the Castle, so that his
sons, who had taken a great liking for the
Hereford breed, knew pretty well to a day when
there would be a calf for sale, and being always
among the jieople who had to do with the breed-
ing of the animals, they had already gotten a
pretty fair notion of what constituted a per-
fect Hereford. They knew the pedigree of
each of the fifteen cows, and could give a good
idea of what might be expected from each cow.
When the calves were a fortnight old, Mr.
Knight decided whether they were to be kept
for his own herd or whether they were to be sold
and the Price boys generally came in ahead. It
was not very long ere they got together a large
herd of j)ure-bred Herefords of the 'Knight'
strain, and they found the business so profitable
that they gave np the dairy business and de-
voted themselves to l)reeding pure Herefords, to
which they have continued to give their almost
undivided attention ever since, both at home
and here, the Knight strain being the founda-
tion of the herds in both jilaees. and the purity
of the strain is being maintMin<'d with scrup-
uloiis cnre iiv till- t'innilv. nol willislniidiiig the

fact that many thousands of miles of sea sep-
arate the one herd from the other.

'"There is no indecision when I have to de-
scribe Mr. Charles Price's character. He is
most decidedly gone upon Herefords. His sit-
ting room is decorated with numerous portraits
of Hereford cattle, and his library is filled with
books and periodicals relative to Herefords. He
is filled up with Hereford lore, which leaks out
at every opportunity. Among the portraits of
cattle is one of a bull named 'Cotmore,' which
was the property of Mr. Jeffries, of The Grove,
Herefordshire, and won the premium at Oxford
in 1839. This animal, Mr. Price informed me,
was the grandest Hereford bull ever calved,
and if the portrait is a faithful representation
it seems to fully bear out the encomiums passed
upon it. The ne.xt portrait is that of Emperor,
the winner of the l^jyal (England) Agricul-
tural Society's Show at Shrewsbury in 1874,
and bred by Mr. Thomas Sheriff, of Coxall.
Xext to this comes the portrait of 'Conqueror,'
attached to whicli is a short interesting history.
'CoiKiucror" was bred in the same herd as the
celelirated 'Cotmore' above mentioned. He was
))urchased by Mr. Price when he was farming in
Herefordshire, and after he had used him for
three years he took the bull to market, where
he was offered $160 for him by a butcher, but
he wanted ten dollars more, and had to take
him home again. He let him for seventeen
cows, at $5 each, and then took him to Leo-
minster, in Herefordshire, where he let him
from October till Christmas for $100, and the
n( xt fall let him from Christmas until ilav
for $100.

"The next year the same person hired him
for $'250 and when that term was expired Mr.
Price sold him for $"250. Another portrait con-
nected with the historv of Herefords in South
Australia is that of Bringewood 2981 E. H. B.,
which was bred by Mr. J. Price, of Bringewood.
and was purchased from him by Mr. Charles
Price, of ITindmarsh Island, brought out here,
used by him for four years and then sold by
auction in Adelaide, to Mr. J. H. Angas, for
117 guineas ($.585). being then the first and
only ])ure-bred Hereford bull imported into the
colony. There are several other portraits hang-
ing around and one group of Herefords and
grade Herefords which the '"Breeders' Jour-
nal" (America) has thought worthy of illus-
trating in colors. They are very nice beasts,
especiallv the three pure-hreds, but there are
better on Hindmarsh Island. Gratitude, or
love for a perfect specimen of his class, induced
Jlr. Price to ha\e a portrait of a bull, which
he owned quite a short time ago, named 'Mon-

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

39r

arch,' which was the sire of fully :it)0 head of
calves, each of wliieli was a s])len(li(l, level,
square and perfect type of what a Hereford
should be.

"The pure strain of Hereford has been main-
tained in this herd all through, as will be seen
by the list of bulls employed, since he first com-
menced in South Australia. First came Bringe-
wood (2981), the best bull that could be found
in England, and the first Hereford bull im-
ported to South Australia. As stated before
he was sold to Mr. J. H. Angas after four years'
service on the Island. Neptune, his progeny,
was used for a short time only on account of
being too nearly related and Mr. Price not be-
ing favorable to in-and-in breeding where a
bull of equal quality can be got from else-
where. The successor was Mount Aitkin, then
Hindmarsh Island, and Merman took his place,
these being followed in due time by Chief of
the Isle — by Mount Aitkin out of Alpha. After
him for one year came Goolwa and Xeptune,
the last having been sent back to the island by
Mr. Richard Holland, of Turret Field, South
Australia, previously to sending him away to
Sydney for sale. Xext came Monarch, whose
sterling qualities caused his portrait to be
taken, which portrait, by the way, is rather
marred by exhibiting him full face to the spec-
tator. After him came Myrtle Bank, and then
Benefactor, who will very shortly give place to
a young bull named Earl Tredegar. Thus it
will be seen that during a period of less than
thirty years twelve bulls have reigned over the
Hereford herd, and if the herd book is turned
up it will be found that each lias a famous pedi-
gree or ancestry attached to its name.

"Mr. Price landed in South Australia in
1853, and hearing that 2,000 acres were being
surveyed on this island he started to have a
look at it along with Mr. Samuel Goode
(1[ 258), now of Goolwa. It was a wild place
then, and the first night they stopped with the
blacks, who were fishing. He was pleased with
the land — or sand — and having secured what
he wanted has never had occasion to regret his
choice. He pities the poor fellows who have
to grow wheat for a living, and does not envy
those who have to grow wool for a subsistence.
He thinks he can produce one Hereford where
another man would have his work to do to main-
tain three sheep, and does not think that the
cattle waste as much food or cut up the land as
badly as the sheep would do.

The Herefords are in splendid condition, ow-
ing to the great quantity of grass, which is even
now quite green — a thing that has never been
noted in the previous thirty years' history of

the place — and there is iiot one cull in the
whole herd. One beast is so like the other in
shape, size, color and appearance that it is not
possible to tell them apart. Mr. Price him-
self, who is always among the cattle, can only
tell by such minor distinctions as would escape
the casual observer — such as a small spot of red
near the eye or some other trivial distinction.

"I have given the history of the first Hereford
bull that was imported into South Australia,
but the story of- the first cow was not accom-
panied with so fortunate results. In 1863 Mr.
Charles Price purchased the best cow he could
find in England, and paid £60 ($300) for her,
which was the highest price that had been paid
up to that time for a Hereford. She was
named 'Maid of Coxall' by North Star, and was
bred by Mr. T. Rogers, of Coxall, Hereford-
shire. She was in calf to Battenhall before
named, and had a heifer calf by her side named
Queen of the Ocean. On the voyage, during a
storm. Maid of Coxall was washed out of her
box and both of her hind legs were broken, so
that she had to be killed, but Queen of the
Ocean was saved, and thus Ijecame the first
pure-bred Hereford female in the colony. She
was calved in 1863 to Bringewood and has pro-
duced a calf every year for fourteen years. Her
pedigree is found in the Hereford Herd Book,
and also in the Xew South Wales Herd Book.

"Mr. Price calculated upon raising fifty head
every year and for
some time past his
calculations have
been verified. Last
year he was a little
short of his number
through an accident
to the bull. This
was only a tempo-
rary affair and this
season his calcula-
tions will again
most probably be
carried out. The
following is the his-
tory of the Queen
of the Ocean's pro-
geny: La Peer.'Mii'li.

"Alpha, a heifer
by Bringewood, sold for 120 guineas to "Messrs.
Kirkham Bros., along with her heifer calf
Resalama. This Mr. Price informs me is
the only cow the firm ever bought, but they
also purchased the bull Hindniarsli Islaml,
then aged about five years, at the .simc
time paying 100 guineas for him. Since then
the brothers have been famous for their fat

398

11 1 s lU) i; Y 0 F J I !•: i; i£ f o i; i » c a t t l e

cattle, and they arc How a vory respectable herd.

"Meptune, a bull by Bringewood, sold when
a yearling for 150 guineas to Mr. R. Holland,
afterwards used by Mr. C. Trice, for a short
time, and then sent to Sydney, where lu' was
sold.

"Mermaid, a heifer who was shown several
times and always took a prize. When about

four years old in returning from a show she fell
over a cliff and was killed. On the day of her
death Mr. Price received a letter from Mr.
Frank Reynolds, Tocal, Patterson, X. S. W.,
offering 1-50 guineas ($750) for her.

"Merman, a bull by Bringewood, sold to ]\Ir.
W. J. JIaidment as a yearling for loo guineas
($500).

"Chief of the Isle, a bull, bv ilount .Vitkin
(4800), sold to Mr. Haywood' Porter for 150
guineas ($750) as a yearling.

"(ioolwa, by Hindnuirsh Island ( l(!47). a
l)ull, sold as a yearling at Svdnev tor SV guineas
($410).

"Queen of the Murray, a heifer bv (Ioolwa
(4647), had one calf and then died.

"King of the Murray, by Monarch {20(t in
N. S. W. Herd Book)! sold as a calf for 100
guineas ($500) to Mr. Ramsey, Western Aus-
tralia, who pureluisi'd two bulls and Ibi-cc heif-
ers from Mr. Price.

"The next two bulls were made into steers, in
consequence of no ])urcluisers lieiiig ready for
them.

"Queen of the Murray, by Monarcli, now ris-
ing two years and in calf to Benefactor.

"Altogether, (^ueen of the Ocean has pro-
duced ten bulls and four heifers, seven of which
realized over 800 guineas ($4,000), and what
with prize money and other odds and ends in
the shape of steers ami heifers still unsold, her
progeny has proven to be a valuable source of
iiiconu'.

"The next cow worthy of special notice is
l^ffie, by Bringewood, out of Pigeon, imported
From Tasmania. Pigeon was purchast^d by Mr.
Price from Mr. John Chambers in 1853, along
with two other lieifers, for $1.S0. She is a splen-
did animal, and was a great bargain. Pigeon's
lirst calf was a heifer named Jennie Deans,
\vhich was sold with a calf to Mr. J. H. Angas
for 200 guineas ($1,000). EtTie was the next
iiifspring of Pigeon and was dropped on Jan-
uary 9, 1872, and had her first calf on De-
(cniber 3, 1874 (Dolly Varden, by ilerman).
Since then she has given a calf every year, and
is now in calf again. She is a splendid cow,
with every point from head to tail, from back to
lioofs, hair, horns, skin, color and everything
I Ise to character, but this is equally true in re-
sfiect to the whole herd. They are so alike in
( \ery particular that a stranger can scarcely dis-
linguish the worst from the best.

"Sturt Pea is another beautiful cow, got by
Monarch, out of Etfie, by Bringewood. She was
calved on October 17, 1877. Fler first calf was
Sweet Melon (another first-class beast, now run-
ning on the farm, and one of the grandest heif-
ers that was ever calved). On January 15,
1882, she gave birth to a bull calf, which was
sold along with eighteen other bull calves to
Messrs. Grant & Stokes for a run np in the far
north. Her last calf by Benefactor was also a
liuU and was dropped on July 30, 1883, and she
is now in calf again. Hit ])rogeny are all like
the rest, without a bad ])oint in any part.

"Effie 2d was calved on .\ugust 15. 1879, by
^Monarch, out of Etfie. She is full sister to
Sturt Pea, and is now in calf to Benefactor.

"Little Dorrit, by Mount .\itkin. out of Jen-
nie Deans, took the ten-guinea cu]) at Adelaide
some years ago for best Heri'ford cow. She
had her first calf in 1877, and has given a calf
regularly every year since. Little Dorrit 2d,
by Goolwa (4(!17), Little P)orrit 3d, and Little
Dorrit 4th are all tlie progeny of this fine
cow, and are all good specimens of pure-bred
Hercfords.

"Botli the bulls now in use on the farm were

11 1 S T ( » K V o F II E K E F 0 T^ ! ) (A T T L F

399

puirlinseil in Sydney at. the time of tlii' late
Melbourne Exliiliilioii ami are nf u'ckkI pedigree
and sj)lendid eliaraeter. The fullowinu- i)artie-
ulars will be interesling to breeders:

"Benefactor, ealved Febriiarv ](i, IJSKi, bred
by ^rr. F. Reynolds, Toeal. Patterson, X. S. \V.,
sold to Mr. F. C. Coyder for $;575 on
April 25, 1877, and purchased from him by
Mr. Charles Price, who has had him three
years. There are between (SO and 70 calves
on the farm belonging to him, and another
GO or 70 on the road for the present season.
He took the first prize at the ilaitland Show in
1877. Benefactor, by Sir James (4975), bv
Royal Hero (4094), dam Fairy, by The Cap-
tain (1409), imported g. d. Fancy, by Thurs-
ton (1422), imported g. g. d. Favorite, by The
Captain (1409), g. g. g. d. Wanton, imported,
by Radnor (ISGfi).

"His successor, just commenced duty, was
also purchased by Mr. Price, on August 30,
1883, from Mr. F. Reynolds. His pedigree is
as follows: Earl Tredegar, calved at Tocal on
September 17, 1883; sire Dale Tredegar
(585()), imported; dam, Last Day 1st, h\ Sir
James (161 X. S. W. H. B.) ; g.'d. Last'Dav.
by Sir Hercules (160 N. S. W. H. B.) ; g. g. d.
Eattie, by Garibaldi, imported; g. g. g. d. Re-
becca, imported (N. S. W. H. B. — Vol. XI, p.
393, E. H. B.) Last Day is dam of Last Day
1st, 2d, 3d and 4th, all noted good animals.
Last Day 1st won first prize at the Singleton
Show in 1878; was very highly commended at
the Maitland Show in i879 ; took second prize
at Sydney in 1879, and, coupled with Fancy
1st, won the Challenge Cup given by Mr.
Charles Price, of Hindmarsh Island, for the
best pair of yearling heifers of any breed. Sh(!
took the second prize at the Singleton Show in
1879 and the first prize at the Maitland Show
in 1880. Her daughters, 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th,
have taken a number of prizes at various shows.

"To those who are pleased with the sight of
really well-bred animals, and others who are de-
sirous of learning all that is known about Here-
fords, I can confidently recommend a visit to
Hindmarsli Island."

AN AUSTRALIAN CATALOGUE.

We once received a catalogue of Hereford cat-
tle bred by Mr. F. S. Reynolds, of Tocal, Pat-'
terson. New South Wales'. The Hereford bulls
were fifteen in number. Many of them are by
Dale Tredegar, a bull imported from Eng-
land. Dale Tredegar (5s:,(i) (]\ 259) was
calved August 11, 1879, and was bred by ^Ir.
II. J. Bailey. Rosedale, Tenbnry, England, was
got by Tredegar (5077) 2J7S; dam Rosa 2d,

by King of the Dale (:!<s;)l ). This bull, under
the name of Dale Tredei,'ar. has his jiieture at
ten months old in \'ol. .X'l of the English Herd
Hook. He won first |)rize at the iJoyal Agri-
cultural Societ\'s Show at <'arlvle in ISSO, sec-
ond at the Bath and West of Hngland Show at
Worcester iji ISSO, first at the (ihnicester Agri-
cultural Society's Show in ISSO, first at the
Hay -Agricultural Show in JSSd, and third at
tlie S. & W. Midland at Hridgeiiorth in ISSf).
It gave us great ]>leasu re to receive a Hereford
catalogue from this distant country, indicating
as it did the Hei'efords were making their way
to the front in all parts of tlie world.

AX Ar.STl!AL[AX SHOW.

We have an account of a sliow held in Aus-
tralia. We (|Uote from the "Sydney Mail" of
April 15, 188 1, of tlie meeting of the Agri-
cultural Society of that city. Of the Cattle
Department it says: "In the rosy period be-
tween 1874 and 187 8, when four figures for a
well-bred bull was no uncommon figure, tbe
Agricultural Society was each year favored by
very large entries. Alfred Park has had as
many as 450 head displayed, and its sale rings
used to 1)0 crowded. The show afforded proof
that in the matter of breeding, low prices have
not proven potent enough to lower the stock's
quality. In the half hundred or so of the
Shorthorns shown,
there were several
animals which liear
comparison with th(>
champions of past
years. The score of
Ilerofords show dis-
tinct evidences of
progress, and the
Devons, of which
there were about
ten, prove unmis-
takably that the
hardy red breed
are still favorites.
There were over
twenty Ayrshire
cattle. The judg-
ing commenced on
Saturday morning.
^^"e note the awards of (he Herel'ords as follows:
I'.ull. tliree years old and over, F. S. Reynolds,
Kenilworth :"for two years old and under three.
lirst and swond, F. S. Keynolds; bull one year
old and under two, first to Percy Reynolds, sec-
ond to F'. S. Reynolds; bull calf six months old
and under twelve. F. S. Reynolds: cow three
vears old and over, F. S. Revnolds; heifer two

J. S. HAWES.
Reading, Mays. (Formerly
Colony, Kan., and Vas-
salboro, Maiue.}

400

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

years old and uiidtT three, Terey Reynolds ;
heifer one year old and under two, F. S. Rey-
nolds first, W. McLeod, second ; heifer calf six
months old and under twelve, F. S. Reynolds
first, H. ilcLeod second."

THE "liKKEDEKS' JOUKXAL" OX AUSTRALIA.

Commenting upon the Hereford situation in
1884. we said in the "Breeders' Journal":
"Australia is the one competitor with the

siii K\'i;i.Yx iTi:';:;i 9650.
Bred by T. J. Carwardine.

American continent for the European trade.
The inland lines on which cattle must be
moved in Australia are as long and as expensive
as those in America. The water transportation
is an average of twelve weeks or more, while
the water transportation from America is les-s
than that many days. The quality of the Aus-
traluui cattle to-day is better tlian that of the
American cattle from the plains. This gap
must l)e closed ; that is, the quality of the plains
cattle must be improved, and this can be done
no way better than by use of Hereford blood.
This for two reasons ; there is no other race of
cattle so hardy, and which adapt themselves
so well to the conditions to which cattle must
live under as the Herefords. And whatever
may be said of other breeds claiming merit for
this purpose on the ground of grazing, there
are no other cattle in the world that can com-
pare with the Herefords. This being true the
future of Hereford breeding is a sure success.
"When these facts are fairly considered and
the other facts that are behind these there is
a certain and sure profit in the bullock breed-
ing, we can say to all inquirers as to the fu-
ture outcome of Hereford breeding, make it as
large as you can, as successful as you can, and
you will always find very large returns."

A LETTER FROM AUSTRALIA.

We received the following from Mr. Price:
'^T. h. Miller: T must now tell you that I

have had an oil painting taken of two of my
breeding cows. They were full sisters, got by
a Lord Ashford bull. I have sent you a rough
copy of them, as I want you to tell me what
you think of them. They were taken at the end
of the summer, when they had nothing but dry
grass for the last five months. They have never
tasted a bit of anything in their lives biit what
they got from pasture, where all my herd run
together. You will see that Effie 'id is in bet-
ter condition than Sturt Pea, as she did not
suckle her calf. Sturt Pea suckled a great calf
all through the summer. I do not know, but
I think I never saw a better Hereford cow than
Effie 'Sd in my lifetime. Jlost of my cows and
Inifers are descended from the same strain as
I :i''se two cows. I think I told you in my last
that I had offered ten two-year-old heifers for
25 guineas each. The gentleman took them and
four bull calves to commence a Hereford herd.
I hope they will manage them well ; they are
a grand lot. I must now close, hoping this will
find you well. I am now far gone in my eight-
ieth year, enjoying first-rate health, taking
pleasure in my "white-faces,' as I have got them
to such perfection.

"Y'ours very truly, Chas. Price.
"Hindmarsh Island. Australia,
"April 27, 1885."

The pictures spoken of were received in good
order and they certainly represented grand
specimens of beef cows. H liardly seemed pos-
sible that they have not been fed grain. They
were an inspiration to make it a life-work to
breed as good Hereford cattle as has ilr. Price.
^Miat can be more satisfactory than for a man
to have around him a herd of cattle that he has
bred himself, which for massive beef qualities
cannot be excelled.

LIGHT ox THE AUSTEALIAX SITUATION".

"Editor 'Brecckrs' Journal':

"I received a letter from you dated October
15, 1884, saying you have received my name
from Mr. Charles Price, Hindmarsh Island,
S. A., and a slip of the 'Queenslander,' con-
taining a letter of mine on Herefords from Mr.
A. J. McConnel, and I feel quite pleased to
think it was made use of by you in your 'Breed-
ers' Journal.' I would have rei)liod to that
letter sooner, but wished to be in a position
first to give you an account of our doings for
half year just past on this station. I may first
inform vou that we are experiencing our sec-
ond season of drought, and as the cattle in this
country on the large runs (ranges as you call
them) have nothing but the natural grasses to

HI ST OK Y

HEREFORD CATTLE

4U1

subsist upon, of course a siiort supply ol' rain
means a short supply of grass.

"We have on this Vtation about 2->,<.nn) cattle,
and they have about 1,000 square miles of
country to make use of, the greater extent of
which i.s good grazing country, and I think our
management of cattle is very similar to that
on your ranges; but I think our cattle do not
get so mixed up in this country as they do on
your ranges, as in the more settled districts
here a great deal of fencing is done; more for
sheep than for cattle, to save the cost of shep-
herds, as sheep in unfenced country without
shepherds would be useless, while cattle, if
bred in a certain locality, will not roam far,
even in unenclosed country.

"I am glad to say that our cattle are standing
the effects of the drought exceedingly well, and
last year we were able to muster fat cattle at
a time of the j'ear (Xovember) when no other
station in the district could do so, which I at-
tribute to the fact of our cattle being Here-
fords and the others in the district Short-
horns. The herd here were originally Short-
horns, the station having been formed in 1863
with Shorthorn cattle from New South Wales.
I took the management of the herd in 1870,
and the year after we commenced with Hero-
fords, both to breed them pure and putting pure
Hereford bulls into the general herd.

"We started our pure herd by purchasing 15
pure heifers from Mr. Frank Reynolds, of To-
cal, N. S. Wales, and purchasing a bull named
Cato, whose dam, Green Lady, was bred by
Mr. Green, of Hereford, England, and im-
ported to this country in calf with Cato, his
sire being Julius Caesar (3187). Cato was
purchased at two years old in Sydney, and was
in use here nearly 13 years, and got us a very
fine lot of stock. He was only fed two winters
(on oil cake), and I think would have been alive
HOW if we had had suitable feed for him, but
having no cultivated land here (except a veg-
etable garden), and no means of getting fodder
from tlie coast except by horse or bullock teams,
at about $125 per ton carriage, we do not as a
rule get up any fodder. We have had other
stud bulls in use also, bred in N. S. Wales, and
added to our stud females by the purchase of
about thirty pure cows and heifers from the
same colony. We have now about 250 pure
Hereford cows and h'eifers and all the bulls wo
have in the general herd are pure Herefords,
and have been for the last ten years, and the
herd now is getting to lie all red, with white
faces, as I spay the cows when 8 or 9 years old,
and also cull and spay all inferior heifers every
year.

"Wc got sonic rain last Deceniijer and Jan-
uary that caused a spring in the grass that en-
abled us to commence work among the ('attle,
branding and spaying, etc. Since January 28th
we have branded close on 4,000 calves, spayed
1,400 females, mustered 3G0 fat cattle for
butcher and 1,100 fats to go to be boiled for
their hides and tallow to the coast, and have
still about 500 more to muster for latter pur-
pose.

"Our great want in North Queensland is a
certain and regular market for fat stock. We
have not a large enough population to con-
sume one-half of the stock fattened here, and
owing to lack of railways, we have no means of
taking them to the principal markets to the
south of us, and to take cattle to Sydney over-
land means about 1,500 miles of a drive, and
to Melbourne, a great deal further.

"I consider we are fully 50 years behind you
in America in advancement, and we seem to
be still crawling on our hands and knees in-
stead of marching. You seem to manage mat-
ters more systematically in America than we
do, and have better plans of thoroughly testing
the capabilities of live stock than we have in
this country.

"You will scarcely credit that there are no
cattle ever weighed alive at the stock shows in
Queensland, and no prizes given for ti^- i—t ,.nr.

LOVEr.Y 2d i,V. 15, p. iXl), ilV".
Bred by R. W. Hall, Herefordshire. A celebrated Michi-
gan winner.

casses of beof, and, generally speaking, judges
at shows go for size more than quality in the
fat cattle classes.

"I exhibited some fat Inillocks about a year
ago at a stock show about 200 miles from this,
and won every prize I comjieted for but one.
That was for a pen of three bullocks from 3i
to 4 years old. I met five pens of Shorthorn
bullocks and prize was given for the heaviest

40-3

11 1 ST () i; Y

11 El! i; KO lil) (■ ATTLK

cattk'. Cattle weiv slauglilcn'd ami weighed
the day after the show. A pen of Shorthorns
won that dressed an average of 1,005 jiounds
eaeh; our three drej^sed !>.S,S pounds each. But
our cattle traveled 100 miles further to show
than the Shorthorns, and of course the whole
distance was traveled iiv the cattle on foot. 1
wanted to Ijet the owners of Shorthorns that
ours were the hest butchers' and consumers' cat-
tle and leave it to the decision of the butchers
who purchased both pens, liut they would not
make the bet, but agreed to leave the matter to
the judgment of two butchers whom we knew,

CASSIO (6S49J 13352.

Bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire. Rated the best bull

ever seen in Canada.

without having a bet on it. The butchers, not
knowing which was the Hereford carcass and
which the Shorthorn when hung up in shop,
decided that the Hereford carcass was far and
away the best. I may say that we decided to
each select one carcass from our three, and
have the decision on that. I then offered to
enter into a sweepstakes of from $100 to $250
each and show a pen of bullocks this year same
ages (3i to 4 years), the prize to be awarded to
the cattle that show the best beef for butchers
and consumers.

"The Shorthorn men would not enter into the
matter on those terms, so I decided not to be an
exhibitor this year. The following were the
classes we won in last year: First prize for
best fat bullock in the yard, any breed or age;
first prize for best pen of tliree fat bullocks, any
breed or age; first prize for best pen of four fat
bullocks under -I years old: first prize for i>en
of three heifers from "2 to '^ years, any breed;
first prize for pen of si.x fat Hereford bullocks,
anv age: first prize for best Hereford cow bred
in district; first prize for best Hereford bull
bred in district.

"Our pen of tlirec Hereford lioifcrs beat a

pen of Shorthorns that were awarded a prize of
$500 for the best pen of Shorthorn heifers. The
latter was a great honor, as the pen of Short-
horn heifers were the best that had ever been
shown in North Queensland, and were stud cat-
tle out of a stud herd, while our three heifers
were grade heifers (about three-fourths bred),
out of our general herd. I could have show'n
pure heifers from the stud paddocks very much
superior to those I won with, but they were too
valual)le to travel 200 miles to a show and the
same distance back again.

"With regard to the great opposition to
Herefords from the breeders of Shorthorns in
this country. 1 fear it will last much longer
than it has with you in America, simply because
the breeders of Shorthorns outnumber the
breeders of Herefords in this country by at least
five hundred to one, and our leading journal,
the 'Queenslander,' stopped all correspondence
on the subject last j-ear. We want someone like
your-self in this country to start a journal in
the interest of Herefords. However, I hope a
great deal of good will arise to the breed in this
country, when people are more acquainted, gen-
erally, with the great success they are having
with you in America, particularly if they go on
prospering and giving satisfaction on your
ranches and ranges, W'here, I presume, your cat-
tle have to exist on the natural grasses aB they
do in this country.

"1 am quite sure they are gaining ground in
Australia, and that Shorthorns are gradually
losing favor with cattle breeders, particularly
in the poorer pasture districts. Of one thing I
am certain, that is, that pure Shorthorns have
decreased in value quite 50 per cent, in Aus-
tralia in the last five years and as no cattle are
permitted to be imported from England, it looks
bad for the breed.

"One of the largest stud herds in Australia,
and also the very best, has lately been sold at
auction and realized very poor prices, compared
witli what cattle from the same herd brought at
annual sales four or five years ago.

"I refer to Messrs. Robertson Bros., Colac,
herd in Victoria. About eight years ago they
bought out another celebrated breeder called
Moreton, of Mount Derrimut, and gave him
close on $200,000 for about 400 head of pure
Shorthorns (his entire herd), and now I see,
looking over the sale lately held, that their
whole herd of cattle, numbering over 850, near-
Iv all of which were pure bred and 350 of them
stud cattle, brought a total of $95,575. Tn this
number were included several out of and got by
imported higli-class English cattle.

"The liighest price brought by a bull was 525

HISTORY OF HE K !■: F ( ) H 1 ) ( ' A T T L K

K);5

guineas, and higliest price for a cow 4"^0
guineas, but the average lor 21 stud l)ulls was
a fraction over $410, and lor 12 stud eows $440,
those being the very pick of the herd.

"Tliere are verv few stud Hereford herds in
Australia, not more than about ten, I think, and
the largest number are in X. S. Wales. How-
ever, in the last few years a few of the largest
Queensland cattle owners have taken up Here-
fords, and have been using nothing but them in
the general herd, but the majority are still firm
believers in the Shortliorn. The Devon is also
coming into favor and Shorthorn men fancy
that breed crosses better with the Shorthorn
than Herefords do. But it is nothing but
prejudice that makes them think so, as it has
not been thoroughly tested in many parts of the
country.

"I see you use Hereford grade bulls very
largely in America. I confess that I am sur-
prised at that, as we cattle breeders in Australia
are of opinion that it is a great mistake to use
a grade bull, particularly a grade Hereford or
Devon, and I must confess that I have always
seen bad results in this country from so doing,
as cattle so bred go to be inferior in the long
run. All breeders of any note in this country
use nothing but pure bulls. I have forgotten
to mention that we have a great deal of the
same Hereford blood, both in X. S. Wales and
Queensland, as Lord Wilton has in his veins,
as the firm I am connected with imported two
bulls named Lord Ashton and Lord Brandon,
some years ago. The former by Adolphus, dam
Lady Ashford, by Carbonel (1525), and the
latter by Avon (3393), dam Lady Brandon by
Brandon (2972), g. d. Lady Adforton, by
Pilot (215(1), the last two mentioned cows be-
ing the g. d. and g. g. d. of Lord Wilton.

"I fear the length of my letter will tire your
patience, so I will stop. I enclose ten shillings
to pay subscription to the 'Breeders' Journal'
for this year, and if suflficient, for 1886, also,
and hoping to hear from you again at no distant
date, I am,

"Yours very truly,

"John Fulford.
"Lyndhurst Station. Xorth Queensland, Aus-
tralia, June 13, 1885."

of winter and llie ilroutlis nf summer, steady
and satisfactory prolits can be realized. An-
otlier fact as shadowed I'orllj in the articles is
that Australian l)reeders usually, if not always,
look for thorougiibred sires to put with their
herds.

In Australia, as in America, it took hard
times to drive away erroneous prejudice and
predilection, that prevented the dispassionate
consideration of the value of biveds, iis the fol-
lowing correspondence will show:

"Editor 'Breeders' JournaV :

"I send you two letters I lately issued in our
local press. Jly challenge, you see, was not
taken up. Herefords are steadily gaining
ground, and there is a good demand from drov-
ers for our coast country; Sliorthorns no-
where.

"This awful drouth is not over yet. Sheep
dying in millions; cattle by thousands. It has
been on now near three years. The openings
are gradually drying up and the big water holes
getting lower and lower. Our bullocks at Lales
Creek generally average 820 ll)s. dead carcass;
this year they will hardly average 700 lbs. I
fear our interior will yet be a desert, as it must
have been when our early explorers, betw-een

J^t

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mL f"" '

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jA

mUSL

J

U. R. HALL.

^

Orletnn, Herofirdsliirc

STAND THE DROUTn IN AfSTRALlA.

We have the following from .\ustralia. wliich
we commend to Hereford breeders, ranchmen
and farmers of America. We would especiallv
call attentioji of range cattlemen to the facts set
forth in these letters and articles. If the range
cattle can protect themselves from the storms

1830 and 1850. went out and rcliM-ne<l with the
report, 'AH desert.'

"Our sugar industry lias 'gone to ])ot.' The
German beet sugar and want of relialde black
labor has closed many large plantations.
"Y'ours faithfully,

"Rkakdjiore of Tooloomba."

404

II I S|- o i; V () F II K H E FO I! I) (' ATT 1. K

Tiic following arc the lettiTs R'lViTL'tl to:
"Editor 'Daily Xortheni Argm' :

"I see by ncwspajxT corresi)oiuk'iRe that
iiianv people would like to see the trial be-
tween llerefords and Shorthorns come off, and
I think it just a good time to challenge Mr.
I'eberdy to produce his 'id cows against mine.
The season has been the worst ever known up
here. On the 29th of November last, the first
rainfall for many montlis, and my Hereford
females were very poor, nearly all of them hav-
ing to feed their calves and support themselves
on the bare ground. I have had since then
about one month's fair rain, hut no floods. and
no wet season, and
strange to say, al-
though the grass
appears 0. K. it has
none of its usual
fattening qualities
in it. There could
scarcely, therefore,
be a better time to
show the hardiness
lit these llerefords
and their vast re-
cuperative powers.
"1 now challenge
:\Ir. reberdy. of
.lelimbah, to bring
down to the next
race at Rockhamp-
ton ten Shorthorn
cows with their ten sucking calves not under
four months old, and ten dry Shorthorn cows
(may also have calves if owner prefers, must
be breeders), to show against a similar lot
of Hereford cows from my herd. The stock
book to be produced so that the Judges can see
they are pure bred. The cattle on both sides
to be driven by land, and not railed, to the
ground, and as I live nearer to Rockhampton
than Mr. Peberdy, 1 bind myself to drive mine
sixty miles extra to make me even with his dis-
tance. The judges to decide which are the best
breed of cattle for the Central District, and the
loser to give the winner a ten guinea cup prop-
erly engraved, and five guineas to the hospital.
"I shall also give Mr. Peberdy the right of
examining my drovers as to whether I fed my
cows on hay during the drouth, or whether I
had them slung up in slings in trees to keep
them up, and I shall expect the same from him.
as T understand he had a very suitable tree near
his house occuiiiid with a eow in slings, and
had to import hay from ifelbourne to keep them
alive. The Herefords did not require that. I
have only my own herd to pick from ; ^fr.
Peberdy has the pick of Ts^. S. Wales, as he has

H. W. TAYLOR.
Showle Court, Herefordshii

bought his cows from several herds, and 1 don't
bind him to produce cattle of his own breeding.
"Yours, &c.,

"Bk.vrdmoue of Tooloomb.\.
"May 7, 1885."

"Editor 'Daily Northern Argus' :

"Mr. Peberdy 's reply on the 14 th May to
mine of the Tth is what I expected, declining
the challenge, abusive, spiteful. The gentleman
evidently forgets that ai)use is not argument,
and that this is not the first time he has made
an otherwise interesting controversy a medium
for personal abuse. I shall write no more in
reply, but 1 shall state a few facts for the bene-
fit of the public.

"Mr. Peberdy might also with advantage re-
member that running down my cattle does not
raise the value of his or further the interest of
the Shorthorn breed. Mr. Peberdy also intro-
duces a novel idea that those gentlemen who do
not win the cup or stakes contended for shall
advertise in the papers that they have not
gained it. Will he kindly set the example?
He also makes the same .mistake made by sev-
eral Shorthorn men before him, viz., of stating
that the Hereford men have got a dose of Dur-
ham in their cattle, when they put a few fine
cattle in the show yard. Will Mr. Peberdy tell
us what quality a Hereford can get from a
Shorthorn ? Is it color, constitution, traveling
capacity, smallness of bone, decrease of offal,
depth of brisket? What quality is it? I only
know one thing that might be gained (I speak
for myself only) viz., a square hind quarter
and with it perhaps a few more jiounds in
weight at the expense of all the foregoing qual-
ities. To conclude, is not this letter-writing
of ^Ir. Peberdy's a cheap way of advertising
that he has some 200 cows to dispose of ?

"Three mobs of bulls have lately passed
Toolooniba from the south, one from the Logan
of TO head, very poor and dying, one of 300
from the Clarence poor, not fit for work, not one
sold from the time they left, mostly Short-
horns, and the few half-breed Herefords in
them far better in condition than the rest, and
lastly a mob of p\iri'-bred Herefords from the
Clarence, 200 strong when they left. Of these
some ten head were Shorthorns, and the drovers
had to sell them for what they could get, be-
cause they could not travel with the Herefords.
150 Herefords ho sold on the road up to Rock-
hampton, and as he passed Yaamha, Mr. Shan-
non, of Salt Bush Park, a Devon breeder, met
them, and was so struck with their general con-
dition and beauty after traveling 850 miles, that
he bought the lot, 50 liead, and a lucky man
I considtT him to be. Some of those fiftv were

HIST 0 K Y () F II E R E F OKI) V A T T E !•:

405

actually fat and all fit to put in a herd at onc-e.
Some \:20Q head of bulls have lately passed
Koekhampton, and this lot of "-^OO Herefords
is the only one sold out. Xo one seeing these
three mobs of bulls could help being struck by
the difference in their condition on a long jour-
ney, and it would appear also that these letters
on Shorthorns and Herefords are doing their
work, for while not a Shorthorn was sold, the
whole of the Herefords were cleared out.

"The last two mobs of bulls came from with-
in eight miles of one another. 1 would also ask
Mr. Peberdy if it is true that ilr. John Living
is going in for Herefords? No man in this dis-
trict has spent more money on or brought up
better Shorthorns than Mr. Living, but this
last two years' drouth seems to have shown him
that Mr.Wright's Xalabia Herefords alongside
of his (Living's) Shorthorns have proved the
hardier and better cattle.

"Wishing now the gentlemanly (and the
printer's devil need not put a ? after it, for it
is not required) Mr. Peberdy a pleasant three
month's western trip. Yours, etc.,

"Beaudjioke of Tooloomba.
"June 2, 1885."

THE DURUXDUR HERD.

Some very interesting history of the Here-
fords in Australia is supplied in the following
letter :
"Editor 'Breeders' Journal':

"Sir: I enclose a postottice order for 5s. in
payment of postage of the three volumes of the
'Journal' that you sent me. They arrived a few
weeks ago. I called npon Gordon & Goch, and
inquired about the pictures of Success. They
informed me that the pictures had arrived, and
they would distribute them among people who
would appreciate them. I received one some
time ago with the 'Journal.' I have had it
framed. Some little time ago a Hereford Herd
Book society for the publication of Australian
pedigrees was started in Sydney. 1 requested
the Secretary to send you a copy of the rules,
etc. Unfortunately Hereford breeders are few
and live far apart in Australia, so we cannot
meet as often as we should, and form plans for
pushing the breed to the front. At present the
continued drouth prevents the sale of cattle on
any j)ost. When this drouth ceases there is no
doubt there will be a denuind for bulls to re-
place those that have died, and it is probable
that Hereford bulls will be used by many who
formerly had Shorthorns. The former cattle
are proving themselves best adapted for this
part of the world, where the s(^asons are so try-

ing. We also find they mature early. It is
rarely that we keep a lierefonl bullock to four
vears old, we sell a great numlier at three years
old. In fact, it is only a fnu'slion of size; the
condition is always tiiere. In yi'ars past we
owned a very well-i)red herd of Shorthorns, the
direct descendants of imported stock. They
were excellent cattle, of good quality, first-rate
color, with big bodies, on short legs; but in a
few years the constitution gave way, they be-
came delicate and narrow, in spite of money
being spent and care taken to change the bulls
frequently, and taking care to get good ones.
In 1872 it was decided that Hereford bulls
should be introduced and the breed adhered to. '
The result has been quite satisfactory. We
breed and wean a greater percentage, the cattle
are quieter, and we can keep more stock on
our freehold. It has been interesting to notice
the gradual change of the herd as each succes-
sive draft of pure sires has been introduced.
About the second cross a good number of the
females were unshapely, bad colored, and of
nondescript appearance. The pure bulls again
corrected all that, and now we have reached a
stage in which 80 per cent, of the calves are
properly marked with characteristic colors and
appearance of pure Hereford cattle. They are
hardy, vigorous and fat from the start, and in
our opinion there is no breed like them for
making prime bullocks at 3i years old, weigli-
ing 750 pounds dressed, and this is to be done
entirely on grass.
All our bullocks are
fattened on grass.
We buy and fatten
a great many store
bullocks, and we
notice that the few
H eref ords we get
in this way fatten
about two months
.sooner than tlie
Shorthorns. We
fatten store bul-
locks on an averau''
of about nine
months. The tim-
ber haulers in our
neighborhood i)re-
fer Hereford to

Shorthorn bullocks for tlieir work, and give
us five dollars per head more for tliem than for
other breeds. At our slinws at Brisbane we
were fairlv successful with our Hereford cattle.
Unfortunately there is not much competition in
the Hereford classes. There is, however, a prize
given for the best hull in the show, of any breed.

Sbropcibi

4()()

II I S'l' () i; Y OF II H i; K FO 1! I) (ATT L H

Last year wc sliowcd our bull Blooil Koyal
(7424), init as he had to walk fit'ty-two iiiik's
from here to Brisbane and from Brisbane back
again, we could not get him very fat. He was
beaten by a ^'ietoria l)ul! tliat came by steamer.
He w'as a very fat animal that could scarcely
walk; however, he beat our bull. Last August
we showed our bull Prince Leopold under the
same conditions as l)efore. This time, however,
we were more successful, beating animals of
Shorthorn, T)evon and Anjrus breeds from the

^^^^^F

%

.

m

f

A.

Wintei

E. HUGHES,
cott, Herefordshire.

best herds i]i .\iistralia. Our bull is nine years
old, and weighed seven pounds under a ton. He
walked home in five days, and did not seem to
feel the journey in the least.

"1 enclose some particulars of our herd. We
have a catalogue in the jiress, and when it is
printed 1 will send you a coj)y.

"The Cressy Company's herd, from which a
good many of our stock are descended, was
formed in 18"^ 5 by the ])urchase of a bull and
three cows from one of the best herds in Here-
fordshire. I'nfortunately their pedigrees have
been lost, i>ut all tlie cattle bred from them
were recordcil in the |ii-i\ntc bci'd books of the
companv. (Iniid rnlllc wi'iT bred from these
cows, bulls in the early days sibling for SO and
1110 guineas.

"The following imported sires were us'mI.
The pedigrees of manv of them have been lost:

"1. Billy (43.53), imported in IS-^o.

"3. Cressy 1st, importeil in 1837. He was
bred by Mrs. Jeffries, of The vSherifFs, near
Kniffhton. Herefordshire, and was ]nirchased
by IVfr. .1. I). Toosev when a yearling for 80
guineas.

"3. Trojan (b'.si). iMi|"M-ted in ls:i;i by
Mr. Edward Brvanl.

"4. Trojan (.5083), imported 1840 by Mr.
Thomas Williams, and sold on arrival for 300
guineas to Mr. Toosey.

"5. Hereford, imported with Trojan
(5083).

"6. Cronstadt (lli)8), imported by Mr.
Robt. Keate, with the cow Cressida, was bred
by E. Williams, Llowes Court. She was by
Glasbury (709), dam by Quicksilver (353).
She was a fine cow and had good calves.

"7. Zealous (182"3), imported by Mr. J. Cox,
of Clarendon. This well-bred bull cost 400
guineas in England.

"Mr. Toosey used bulls of his own breeding.
and had two fine animals, one called (iaribaldi.
by Garibakli (2005), and another called I'nder-
graduate, by the Oxford Lad (4192). Under-
graduate was sold for 300 guineas and is now
in Xew South Wales.

"Many of the Hereford cattle in Australia
are descendants of this fine herd, which is now
disjiersed, the late owner, Mr. J. 1). Toosey.
having died a year or two ago, ageil about 80
years.

"It is much to be regretted that our jiorts are
closed against foreign cattle, or we might take
advantage of the valuable importations to
America that have been going on for some time
past. Yours faithfullv,

•■A. J. ^FCCONXI-L.

"Durundur, Brisbane, Queensland, Nov. 8,

1885."

"P. S. — I omitted to tell you the following
interesting conversion of a Shorthorn breeder
into a breeder of Herefords.

"A cattle-owner breeds very good Shorthorns,
and his neighbor very good Herefords. The
two herds mix on the boundary of the res]iective
runs. The owner of the Shorthorns musters his
cattle on the boundary to sell the fat bullocks
to the butcher, and in so mustering unavoidably
collects on the same oanij) his neighbor's
Herefords. To his dismay he finds the butcher
at once picks oiit all his neighbor's bullocks and
drafts them first; then the butcher takes the
Shorthorns. This has been too much for the
breeder of Shorthorns. He has sold his Short-
horns and replaced them with Hereford bulls."

I'EDIGREKS OF HKREFORDS IN .\rSTl!.\LI.\.

We find in the "Breeder.s' Journal" for 1885,
taken from the "Queenslander." the following
account of the Hereford herds in .\ustralia.
There was a ]ilan for establishing an .\ustralian
Hereford Herd Book, and we sent to the breed-
ers who had the matter in charge cojiies of the
".Viiieriran Hereford Record," so far as they
wei-e then publi.shed. The Association of

HISTORY OF HEP. EFOIM) CAT'I'I.K

tor

Breefk'r:^ as^siinied form and they received appli-
cations lor entry. They, however, found tluit
their breeders had not kejjt records in all cases,
and in some of them, where the records have
been kejit, owing to the death of ])arties, the rec-
ords were lost. There is one fact clear, that
many of the best of the breed have Ijcen taken
from England to that country, and that each
herd can show% not the detailed data that would
be desirable, but, as a rule, they can show the
line of sires. It will l)e seen that the first im-
portation was in 1825, some twenty years before
the Herd Book was established in England.

There is no doubt that herds referred to here
are pure bred and the editing committee prob-
ably found not much difficulty in determining
what were pure bred, and they should give the
facts as fully as possible upon which they admit
animals to entry, and unless the breeders
showed that they raised only thoroughbred sires
and dams of the Hereford breed their animals
would not find places in tlie pul)lic record.

The admitting of animals of doubtful pedi-
gree is not raising their value, but is lowering
the value of all better-bred stock, and a loose
policy at the beginning will be felt for all time.

Commenting upon the proposed herd book at
the time, we said in the "Breeders' Journal"' :
"There will probably be clear evidence, as it
permits of breeding in the majority of the
Hereford herds of Australia, although special
dates may be wanting, and this evidence should
be spread upon the record as fully as possible.
We have a right to an interest in the action that
the Australians shall adopt at this time, and
we urge upon their attention the fact that the
policy they now adopt will be felt for all time
It will be felt in the general reputation of th( ir
herds, and, what is of greater importance, it
will be felt in the character of the herds them-
selves, or, we might say, in the character of tjic
individuals in their herds. There is now a uni-
formity in the individual character of the Here-
fords that does not exist in any other breed.
This should be kept in mind, and cross-bred
animals will damage this individual m(>rit.

"If, then, the Australian lireeders shall have
in mind the ultimate good and value of the
breed, rather than the supposed value of in-
dividuals, in securing a place in their record
for animals of doubtful merit and of doubtful
breeding, then they will be laying the founda-
tion that will result in great good to the stock-
men of their country.

"The Herefords are to occupy the lead in
beef production the world over; and we would
Ihal we could impress this truth upon the .\us-
tralian breeders at this time, so that thev might

fully realize the necessity of building upon
such foundation as will staml the test of time,
and of the closest scrutiny. With these thoughts
we give the article from the 'Queenslander'
referred to :

Tilt: IX)t"\T.\!\ !IF.,\I)()F At.STKAI.lAX IIEGE-
FOUUS.

■"There are very few, if any, Australian Here-
ford herds that do not trace i)ack either di-
rectly or indirectly to the t'ressy Hereford herd
of Tasmania. As this breed of cattle is coming
so rapidly to the front, particularly in our coast
districts, a brief history of that herd will be of
interest to many. I'nfortunately the work of
compiling a public Herd Book had not been
undertaken until the Cressy Herd Book, which
w-as so carefully kept by the late ilr. James
Denton Toosey, had been lost, a circumstance
which has rendered the work of tracing the
pedigree of the herd one of considerable diffi-
culty. Fortunately, however, ilr. A. J. Mc-
Connel, of Durundur, a gentleman who is well
posted up in Hereford lore, is in possession of
a number of letters written by the late Mr.
Toosey a short time l)ei'ore his death, and these,
which have been kindly placed at our disposal,
throw considerable light on the origin and
history of the herd. The Cressy Company's
herd was founded by the late Mr. Tooscv, who

■THE LEEX, ■ PEMrmiDGK. HEREFORnsHIUE.
Home of the Turners.

brought with him from England a bull and
three cows. They left England in November.
1825, and were landed in Hobart Town in Mav.
182G, and were tlius the first Herefords that
arrived in the Australian colonies, llr. Toosev
had a number of other cattle and liorses in his
charge by the same slii]i. The bull's name was
Billv, entered in the En<;lish Herd Book
(J353). The cows were :Matchless. Beauty, and

408

H I H T 0 I{ Y OF 11 E R K V OKI) C A T T L E

oiiu uiuiaiiiud(tlie dam oi' Diana). The pedi-
grees of tlie cattle have been lost, but ilr.
Toosey states that they were purchased at higli
figures from one of the first breeders in Here-
fordshire, and that he bred some of his best
stock from them ; bulls in the early days bring-
ing from 80 to 100 guineas. Beauty and
JIatchless were splendid cows, and much ad-
mired in the herd. Diana was calved in 18"J8.
She was a very fine cow, and was sold by aucticjn
in 1841. Her dam died in 18v'9. Beiiutv died

"LYNHALES," HEREFORDSHIRE.
Home of S. Robinson.

early in 1832, having bred five calves. Mr.
Toosey used Billy for some years, and<then re-
placed him by his son, Comet, who was born in
1830. Comet's dam was Matchless. He was a
splendid bull and good stock-getter. Comet
was succeeded in the herd by Cressy 1st, a liull
purchased as a yearling by Mr. Toosey for 80
guineas from his breeder, Mrs. Jeffries, of
The Sheriffs, near Knighton, Herefordshire.
Cressy was a noble bull, well shaped and of
excellent quality of flesh. He was used for sev-
eral years in tlie herd and then sold by auction.
His pedigree, which- was a good one, was given
to the purchaser, but, unfortunately, no copy
has been preserved. Mr. Jeffries was the
breeder of the celebrated bull Cotmore (376
E. IT. B.), whose live weight at tlie Royal Show
at Oxford in 1839 was declared to be 35 cwt.
(3.920 lbs.) The next bull used was Trojan
(4384 E. H. B.) Ho was imported in 1833
by Mr. S. Bryant, and after being in the col-
ony some time, was sold to Mr. Toosey, wbn
described him as a very fine symmetrical bull.
After him was added another bull, also called
Trojan (.")083). He was iiiiported about the
year 1840 by 'Mr. Thomas Williams, of Tiaunces-
ton, and purchased by ]\[r. Toosey for 300
guineas. He is described as a bull of good

quality and great weight. He was a success-
ful stock-getter, and was the sire of Dainty
1st, calved October, 1843; Lady Bird, calved
November, 1840; .luniper, calved June, 184();
Trojan was afterwards sold to Mr. Wier, of
Victoria, who has his pedigree. ^Ir. Williams
at the same time imported the bull Hereford,
who was afterwards used at Cressy with good
results.

"After this bull Mr. Toosey used two of his
own breeding, Baron and Duke. The former
was calved 14th Novemljcr, 1845, and was by
Trojan (5083), dam Blowdy, by Cressy 1st,
g. d. Bashful, by Billy (4353) ; Belinda, by
Billy (4353) — Beauty. Duke was calved 1st
September, 1848, and was by Baron, dam
Darling by Trojan (5083); g. d. Daphne, by
Cressy 1st— Dan'isel, by Billy (4353) ; Diana by
r>illy, from imported cow. He was a very good
1iull and was used in the herd till 1854, when
he was sold to Mr. Sloper Cox, of Mudgee, Xew
South Wales, for seventy guineas.

"Jlr. Toosey next used Priam, purchased in
April, 1850, from his breeder, Mr. David Gib-
son, of Pleasant Banks, near Launceston. He
was by the celebrated Hampton (513), who was
sold for 500 guineas on his arrival at Launces-
ton, out of l\Iiss Stockton, a fine cow, imported
from England by Mr. Gibson.

"In June, 1854, Mr. Robert Keate purchased
for the company the bull Cronstadt (1198). and
the cow Cressida, then three years old. These
cattle arrived at Cressy in November, 1854.
They were bred by Mr. Edward Williams, of
Llowes Court, Hay.

"Cronstadt was succeeded by Zealous (18?2),
a bull purchased by Mr. James Cox, of Claren-
don, Tasmania, for 400 guineas, that price
being paid in England. He was bred by Mr.
George Pitt, Chadnor Court, Dilwyn, and was
a remarkably wt41 bred bull, coming from a
long line of illustrious ancestors. His sire. ]Mil-
liani (1321) won first prize at the meeting of
the Hay and Wyside Agricultural Society in
1855. His g. d. AVhite Rose, by Young Cotr-
more (fiOl), won second prize at the Royal
meeting at Norwich and was one of the six cows
to which the first prize was given in 1855 at
Tiudlow. Young Cotmore ('iOl) won first prize
at the Leominster Agricultural Society's meet-
ing in 1841, and with cow and offspring at a
subsequent meeting. His third dam. Rose, won
first prize in her class at Hereford in 1845;
fourth dam. Blossom 3d. by Young Favorite
(4fiO), was a winner of the first prize at Here-
ford, 1851. She was a dam of the celebrated
bull Big Ben (2tS).

"Young Favorite won first prize in 1837, and

HIST () 1! Y OF 11 E 1{ 1-: h' ( ) 1! 1) ( ' A T T L E

409

with c-e\v and offspring, first at the meeting of
the Gloucestei' Agricultural Society in 1839.
2j€aIous' pedigree traces back three more genera-
tions to the esteemed blood of Mr. Knight, one
of the breeders of the best cattle of his time.
Two years ago Mr. Pitt's herd was dispersed,
when ninetv-one animals averaged £77 Is i)d
($383).

"The next bulls used were Cressy 2d (4474),
Clarendon, and Garibaldi, all bred at Cressy,
the two former being sons of imported Cressida,
and the latter out of her daughter Countess, by
Cronstadt (1198). Clarendon was by Cron-
stadt, was calved 1st September, 1860. Cressy
2d was bv Zealous and was calved 29th July,

"Mr. Toosey considered Undergraduate a
magnificent animal, and sold him to Mr. Vincent
Ddwling, of Lue, for 300 guineas ($1,300).
Soon after Mr. Toosey gave up breeding. Some
of his principal sales were the following: Mr.
Learmonth, of Groongal, many years ago pur-
chased a number of heifers, and, mating them
with English bulls, formed a very fine herd.
The cattle there, as seen by a well-known
Queensland Hereford breeder a few years ago,
were very large -and thick. A number of fe-
males from this herd were exported to found a
herd in New Zealand.

"About fortv-five years ago, Mr. Toosev sold
a bull to Mr. Hobbler, of the Hunter. This is

Bred by H. W. Taylor. Invincibl

for $7,500 gold. Exported to Argentine. S

MAIDSTONE (SS75) 791UU.
English show rings. Champion at the Paris World's Exposition, 18S9.
where he was again champion. Weight 3.200 lbs.

1861. He was a fine animal and after being
used many years was sold to Mr. R. Q. Ker-
mode, of Ross, for fifty guineas. Garibaldi was
calved 19th November, 1862. He was by Gari-
baldi (2003), a fine bull imported by Mr. W.
Field, of Enfield, Tasmania. Mr. Toosey used
Garibaldi for some time w-ith success, and even-
tually sold him to Mr. James Cox, of (Clarendon.
The next bull used was Undergraduate, calved
13th June, 1873. He was bred by Mr. Robert
McDougall, of Arundel, Victoria, and was got
by his celebrated bull. The Oxford Lad (4192),
afterwards sold to Mr. (Jeorge Tjoder, of Abbev
Green, for 600 guineas ($3,000). Undergrad-
uate's dam was the Cressy cow Jessie, by Zeal-
ous, she being a descendant of Matchless.

probably the animal named Hobbler's Trojan,
a name met with in some of the Tocal ped-
igrees.

"About thirty years ago ten or twelve heifers
and the bull Young Cronstadt (3030) were sold
to Mr. Lyall, of Western Port, Victoria. These
heifers were ])rineipally by Trojan (5083), and
from them, by Jerry (1288). 'Mr. Lyall bred
cattle equal to anv in .Vustralia.

"About the year l.SfiS. Mr. J. T). Cox, of
Cullcnbone, bought seven heifers, most of which
were by Cressy 2d. In 1S72 he purchasiMl six
more, these and four others that he bought in
1874 being by Garibaldi.

"^fessrs. IfeConnel and Wood's fine cow
Duchess 5th is from one of these, ilr. Cox

410

1 STo i; V

()

K i; i;

1) lATTLE

sold drafts rroiu his herd to .Messrs. J. Cav-
diner and I. Irving (Tonii\i). lie also sold a
cow to Messrs. Arclu'r, of Urawnion-, for eighty
guineas, and in ISS'i Messrs. ilct'oniiel and
Wood, of Diirundur, ]nircliased the whole of his
herd descende(l from the Cressy cattle.

"In 187"? Mr. Reynolds hought some ln'ifers,
and Mr. (i. Loder a l)ull caile<l Julius, and later
on Mr. Vincent Dowling bought the bull Un-
dergraduate and all the voung females by that
bull.

"Finally, owing to old age, Mr. Toosey dis-
posed of the whole of the remainder of his herd

to Mr. John Taylor, of Winton, near Cleveland,
Tasmania, who still continues to breed from
them.

"Mr. Toosey, as already stated, kept a record
of his breed up to the time of his death, but
since then his son states that the Herd Books
are not to be found, and must have been de-
stroyed. This is very nnieli to he regretted, as
a detailed record of the earlier cattle of the
foundation herd of Australia — a herd the blood
of which is to be found in every herd in Queens-
land, and perhaps in every Hereford herd south
of the equator — has prol)ably disappeared for
all time. The loss is all the more to be de-
plored that arrangements have almost been com-
pleted for conii)iling a reliable Hereford Herd
Book for the whole of the colonies."

THE DnuNnri! i;xri;ini:xci;.

It is the source of great gratitication to us
when we can secure the opinion of men who
have had a large exiierience in the use of the
Hereford in its jjurity and in crossing on other
breeds. There is no (piestion l)ut that our large
western range is valuable for the ])urpose of
breeding cattle and producing beef, and the
question which they wish to determine is. as to

the liest iirced for the purpose of improvement
on that range. The improvement of Texas and
range cattle has moved very slowly and is of
comparative recent date, but the discussion of
these ipiestions in this country has had a very
wide influence and is bringing out in Australia
the experience and practice that cover a half
century's time under similar contlitions to those
on our own ranges; we find in the "Queens-
lander"' the following article from a correspond-
ent of that journal, which we published in the
"Breeders" Journal," leaving out some remarks
as to individual animals and giving what might
be termed that general experience, which will
be of value to our breeders, and to which this
correspondent refers. The experiment has been
in operation for 36 years, and we refer to the
article itself to see with what results:

"I must honestly confess that I have gener-
ally viewed the Hereford breed with an unfavor-
able eye, induced from personal experience of
their general wildness when bred or running in
mountain districts, though I never denied the
excellence of their beef-producing qualities.
After some days' experience of the Durundur
herd T must admit the error of my views, for a
quieter and more kindly dispositioncd herd,
from aged bulls, through every grade, down to
the year's calves, could not be found even in
their original homes in the English counties.
The cattle I worked amongst in earlier days
were a bastard breed, Herefords only in name
— iiingni iwmiiiis umbra — badly worked and
worse managed. At Durundur exactly the op-
posite is the case. The cattle are worked on a
very different system ; the con.sequence is they
are as (|uiet and docile as a mob of milkers,
looking upon man as their best friend, rather
seeking his company than avoiding it.

"The original source from which all Here-
ford herds in Australia s])rung, either directly
or indirectly, is that of the celebrated Cressy
herd of Tasmania, started by the direct impor-
tation from England of three cows and one
bull in lS->."). In IS.iO, Hereford cattle were
first introduced into Durundur by the pur-
chase of some pure-bred bulls from Mr.
Ifeynolds, of Tocal. New South Wales. The
general herd then consisted of Shorthorns, and
the proprietors for some years oscillated be-
tween the two breeds, in reality making some
costlv experiments, aiming more at quality than
(juantity. In 1873, however, a final decision
was come to, and since that time nothing but
Hereford bulls have been used, their prepo-
tency being so assured that in a few generations
the original strain of Shorthorn blood was en-
tirely eliminated. In 1882 the pure herd was

HIST () R Y 0 F HE R E F U R 1 ) ( ' A T 'J' L J-:

411

first formed by the pureha:^e of 4!) pure Here-
ford heifers from Mr. Reynolds, of Tocal, hav-
ing sudi grand blood in their veins as eould
be introduced by the imported bulls Lord Ash-
ford, Royal Head (j| •^60). The Captain, Thrux-
ton, witli many colonial-bred bulls, all of high
breeding and man\' of them Royal prize win-
ners. Misfortune followed their importation,
however, as many of them fell victims to that
dire disease, pleuro-pneumonia. Later on, 15
cows were purchased from ilr. J. D. Cox, of
Mudgee, Xew South Wales, whilst in 1883 eight
more were obtained from the same gentleman,
all descendants of English cows, imported to
Tasmania, many of them prize winners them-
selves or the produce of recipients of show
honors.

"Since then the stud cattle have been aug-
mented by the purchases from such well-known
and successful breeders as the Messrs. White,
of Muswell Brook; G. Eouse, of Mudgee, and
G. Loder, of Singleton. These later lots are all
undeniably pedigree, descended from such
splendid sires as Defiance, Oxford Lad, etc.,
and all bred from cows, winners of first prizes
at the great English shows. These females
numbered 123, to which may be added about
"200 more, being a choice herd of high-grade
cows, bred by thoroughbred bulls from dams
that have been carefully selected for several
generations.

"The general herd are deserving of much
credit, being large framed, of a good uniform
color, and very even as regards shape and make.
One feature in the raising of Hereford cattl'
is especially noticeable. They come to perfii -
tion for butchering purposes at an earlier age
than other breeds. Rarely is a bullock kept
after reaching four years of age; in fact, the
Hereford beast at three and a half years will
fetch as good a price in the open markets as
one of the other breeds at five years of age.
Consequently the breeder realizes on his stock
far earlier than he otherwise would. The intro-
duction of Herefords and the adhering to that
breed has been most satisfactory. The Herd
Books show a greater percentage of branded
and weaned calves, the stock are quieter, and
the estate carried a larger quantity. Most in-
teresting must have been the gradual improve-
ment of a herd as each successive draft of pure
sires was introduced. Mr. Wood tells me about
the second cross. A good number of the fe-
males were unshapely, bad colored, and of
nondescript appearance. The pure bull again
corrected all that, and now the stage has been
reached when 80 per cent of the calves are prop-
erly marked with the characteristic colors and

appearances of the Ilei-eford cattle. They are
vigorous, hardy, fat from the start. There is
no breed like them for nuiking prime bullocks
at three and a half years old, weighing ?.50
pounds, dressed, and this done entirely on nat-
ural grass. Further, there is no breed like them
for accommodating themselves to the changes
and chances that grazier's cattle are exposed to
in the capricious climate of Australia.

"This station buys large numbers of store
bullocks yearly, aiid it is a curious fact that the
few Herefords they get in this way fatten about
two months sooner than the Shorthorn cattle.
From personal experience I know that Here-
fords travel long distances to market better than
Shorthorns, with less lameness, and keeping
their condition better; further, that a Hereford
beast in hard times will fight for his living
where a Shorthorn simjjly lies down and dies.
F'rom inquiry I find the timber getters are al-
ways ready to pay $5.00 per head more for
Hereford bullocks than for Shorthorns to break
them into the yoke, as they find them more
active, hardier and more docile.

"The owners of this herd have evidently cre-
ated an ideal till they have succeeded in pro-
ducing a highly satisfactory result. The ex-
periments have no doubt been costly, but the
primary difficulties appear to me to have now
been surmounted, and thev are now fairlv in

I.Mi'ORTKIi i,lll;l> WII.TON r,7i9. AT I! YEARS,

Bred by C. .M. Culbertson. Son of the champions. Lord

Wilton and Pretty Face.

the straight run for the goal of success. There
is not a doubt that their stock will be constantly
sought after by breeders desirous of inii)roving
their own herds. The three runs of nuruudiir.
Corondale. and AFount Kilcoy have wonderful
capacities for fattening stock — splendiil flats
and gullies, while the ranges are clothed with
lurbage to their very summit, and jiermanent
streams of water. It is marvelous to me, how

412

1 1 1 S T ( » H V () F II E R E F O R D C A T '1' L 1-;

little the residents of Brisbane know aliout this
vahiahle district.

"When we see a long-established herd of eon-
siininiate excellence, the result of one man's
mind, we naturally ask ourselves the (juestion
how that man becomes possessed of the judj;-
nicnt and aeconipanving qualifications to enable
him to do that work, the results of which are
before us. Accident could never accomplish
such high and uniform results. Some men are
amongst stock all their lives and never acquire

REPRESENTATIVE SUSSEX COW.

that knowledge. They can multiply animals
already improved for them, but for their lives
they could not breed up a family or tribe to any
preconceived pattern. This Messrs. McConnel
and Wood have done; their good example is-
well worthy of imitation. The great error many
make is expecting, after the purchase of high-
bred aninmls, that great results will come with-
out effort and unsought. The best animal is
nothing unless well fed. Their growth and de-
velopment comes of liberal feeding, and full
growth and symmetry from full feeding to fat-
ness.

"The cattle on these runs are a proof of our
argument; witness the eagerness with which
they are sought after and the quantities sup-
plied. The man who, after buying select ani-
mals, retreats to his shell like a turtle under
the idea tliat he is possessed of property which
through the innate force of circumstances will
retaiTi all the good it has about it at the time
of purchase will wake up — Rip Van Winklelike
— to find out the error of his ways. This fault
Messrs. McConnel and Wood have not been guilty
of. Slowly, step by step, with every possible
care and forethought, they have sought to im-
prove their stock. Well have they succeeded,
and if breeders have any wisdom for their pains
they ought to rea]) a rich harvest in the future;
they most certainly have deserved it."

In closing this section of our work we quote
again from the s])ecial T'. S. Consular Reports

(page ()4.5) on cattle, heretofore mentioned.
Consul Griffin, of Auckland :

NEW ZEALAND CATTLE IX THE TXITED STATES.

"The high class of cattle in this colony, and
the low ])rice at which they can be obtained, has
very naturally attracted the attention of cattle
breeders in the I'nited States. In August,
1883, Mr. A. W. Sisson, of California, dis-
patched Mr. Eolin P. Saxe, a cattle expert, to
Xew Zealand, to purchase for him a band of
pure-blooded Ilerefords. Mr. Saxe arrived in
AucJvland in September, 1883, and after visit-
ing several of the cattle districts in the colony,
punliiised '^0 two-year-old heifers in calf and
'M Indls from one to two years from the New
Zealand Stock and Pedigree Co., of Aucklaml.
^Ir. Saxe was not only surprised at the su])erb
condition of the company's cattle, but at the low
prices at which they w'cre sold. They were
shipped to San Francisco by the Pacific ^lail
steaiiH-r City of Sydney, in October last, being
the first shipment of Xew^ Zealand-bred cattle
ever made to the United States.

"Mr. Saxe is of the opinion that Hereford
cattle can be more easily and economically
brought to California from Xew Zealand than
across the continent by railway from Illinois
and other states celebrated for this particular
breed. In Illinois these cattle sell at from
.$.500 to $.5,000 per head, whereas thev can be
bought in Xew Zealand at from $100' to $700
per head. * * *"'

XEW ZEALAND IIEEEFORDS.

"The Xew Zealand Stock and Pedigree Com-
pany of Auckland has one of the largest herds
of pure-bred Here fords in the world. This
breed has long Wvn a favorite one here. They
are tough, hardy, and able to pick their food on
poor soil, and when two or three years old out-
weigh any other breed, and are famous for their
high-priced meat ; that is to say. their loins
are well develo]M'd, and their yield of succulent
porterhouse and sirloin are proportionately
heavy. The hindcpiarters of the pure-bred
Hereford are long from the hip backwards. The
thighs are large and full and well meated at
the hocks. The wdiole carcass is set square on
good, short legs, standing well apart. The fiesh
is firm, the hide mellow, with soft hair, not too
fine, but giving the impression that it can be
stretched to any extent.

"The color of this breed is a distinct red with
white face, mane, and white breast and legs
as far as the knee. As an evidence of how they
stand hard feed, it is said that during the long
drought of 1878 and 1879. in Australia, about
five per cent of the Ilerefords were lost on a

HISTOKY OF JIEl! K FOi; 1) C A T T L K

413

run in Queensland, against 10 \)rv t-cnt of tln^
Shorthorn herd and 20 per cent of the stud
Shorthorn. In one hirge paddoek there were
TO Shorthorn and TO Hereford bulls, one and
two years old. The Shorthorns got so poor
that "they had to be turned out on the run, the
paddocks being bare of grass, but the Herefords
kept in good, strong condition.

"When Captain Cook first visited New Zea-
land there were no cattle in the country, but
at a subsequent period some were introduced
from Australia. In the early settlement of the
colony the length of the time occupied in a voy-
age from England and the many difficulties
which had to be overcome by the pioneers pre-
vented any special attention being given to the
improvement of the breed of cattle by importa-
tion, as that necessarily involved a heavy ex-
penditure of money, not to say anything of
the time and patience required to introduce
them; but at last the colonists began to im-
prove their herds by the introduction of thor-
oughbreds from Europe, and I have not the
slightest hesitation in saying that nearly all the
imported cattle thrive better in Xew Zealand
than in their native homes, and that this supe-
riority is developed to a still higher degree in
their offspring."

HEREFORDS FOR THE ISLAND OF .JAMAICA.

Hereford cattle have done reiuarkably well
on this island, and purchases of thorouglilireds

are still continuing in England for exportation
to that island.

On the 10th of Xovember. 1885. a little knot
of Hereford breeders gathereil at the Southwest
India docks to see tin- shipnu'nt, by the ship
Catib, of six thorouglibred Herefords to that
distant island. Mr. John JIalcolni, of Paltal-
loch at Knockalba, and Ketrieve, Penn., in
America, was the purchaser. Mr. Malcolm
personally superintended tlie loading, and he,
in company with other friends who had come up
from Hereford to see them off, were entertained
at luncheon by the captain, Mr. Vicary. The
lot of Herefords comprised two bulls and four
heifers. The bulls were Lemon Boy Sd, bred
by Mr. P. J. Hughes, and Benjamin 17th, bred
by Messrs. J. B. & ({. H. (xreen, of Marlow,
Leintwardine. This bull was a year and a half
old, and said to be a good one. The four heifers
were all yearlings past, and named, respectively.
Miss Hamar 3d, Countess 10th. Miss Silver
Tth, ]Miss Xobleman Sth. Thev were all bred
by Mr. Thomas ]Myddleton, of Beckjay, Aston-
on-Cluni. and were an extraordinary good lot.
These four heifers were picked out of ten
heifers shown by Mr. Myddleton at the Glouces-
tershire show, they going to the show off the
grass and beating a like number shown by
John Price and others. These cattle are going
to join a large and valuable herd of Herefords
that have been bred iii .Taniaica since ISS.j.

REPRESENTATIVE DEVON COW.

414

IIl.STUKY OF il i: K i: FO UD CATTLE

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Hkkkfokd.s on the Block

The following items in regard to the beef
price of Hereford cattle as they ranged from
1881 to 188G, taken as they are from publica-
tions of those dates, give information as to the
actual cash value of the Herefords :

n F.REFOItD BULLOCKS IX LOXDOX.

Mr. (Jeorge T. Turner says in a letter to the
"National Live Stock Journal": "The Here-
ford bullock in London is quite a season animal,
and conies only as grass-fed beef in the late
summer and autumn, then it tops the market,
for there is no better grass beef sent to London
than the Hereford, except the West Highland-
ers, wliich are older and few in number. These
generally make prices which are above the ordi-
nary top quotations. The Polled Scotch cattle
are stall-fed, and do not ^ome under the same
category as the Herefords."

THE LOXDOX lIETliOI'OLrrAX CATTLE MARKET.

On Monday. .Tan. H!, 18S-2. the best supplies
comprised a fairly cctnditioned assortment; a
few choice Scots brought (is. per stone, but the
more current topping rates for first cpiality
Scots, Devons and Herefords were os. 8d. to
5s. lOd. ; Shorthorn, 5s. 4d. to 5s. 6d., occa-
sionally OS. Sd. Some Danish cattle were on
offer, and ranged from 4s. 8d. to .5s. 4d.. and in
a few instances 5s. 6d. At Deptford there were
about 1.100 head, comprising Dutch, F'rencb
and American ; the top rates for the two latter
were about 5s. 4d." to 5s. fid.

Tliis. in the language of .\nierican reports,
would lie quoted about as follows:

Live, Drosspcl.

per cwl. per lb.

West Highland Scots, extra rholoe.$ lO.T.'j 18%c

rhoiee Herefords. Scots and Pcvons. in..^n 17%®18>4e

Shorthorns, extra choice inOO 17%c

Choice Shorthorns 9..^>(VfP 9.75 ini;4@17c

Danish and French S.250 9..'i0 14%®16',4c

Americans 9.50® 9.75 16>/4@17c

It is said that the quality of the best Amer-
ican beef is siieh that wlien dressed it is often
sold as British raised, and that it is impossible

to do this with the product of any other coun-
try.

IlEKEFOKD COW JEXXIE.

The Hereford cow Jennie, that won and took
the champion jjrize as the best cow at the Fat
Stock Show in 1ST8, and \von, but did not take
it at the same show in 18T9, was slaughtered
and dressed at Providence, R. 1., December 5.
18T!), by T. M. Lincoln & Co., of that place.
We give below a letter of Messrs. Lincoln & Co.
to Mr. Imboden (Tj 261) (one of the best judges
developed by the American Fat Stock Show),
showing the dressed weight and their opinion as
to the character of the meat :

Providence, P. I.. Dec. 11, 1879.
ilr. J. (J. Imboden.

Dear Sir: In answer to your letter of Nov.
21st, concerning the Hereford heifer, Jennie,
will say that she was dressed last Friday. The
day before dressing she was exhibited in front
of our store, and attracted considerable atten-
tion. She dressed a very pretty color, and is
very thick, and mixed beautifully. Her per-
centage of shrinkage was the lightest of any-
thing that has been dressed about here.

Her live weight is given as she weighed
the day she was dressed, which you see is 98
pounds less than her Chicago weight. Live
weight. 1,522.

DRESSED WEIGHT.

Lbs. Lbs.

.Meat 1,110 Liver 12

Hide 92 Heart 8V4

Tallow 154 Tongue 5

Total 1,356 Total 25'/5

Shrinkage Hi. 39 per cent, and meat (18.44.
The caul, which weighed 3T pounds, is included
in the 154 pounds of tallow. The weight of
the meat in quarters, hinds being cut with one
rib on them, is 207 and 2(il for hinds, and
2S; ami 292 for the fore.-;.

^'ours respeetfullv,

T. 'SL LixcoLX & Co.

t)n .Xoveiiiber 27. 1882. the beef market in
liondon, England, was quoted as follows;

HIS'rol.'Y OF II ERE FORI) L' A T T L E

415

"Cattle, which aru not at all plentiful, main-
tain steady value. Herefords, Scots and I)ev-
ons were quoted at 18 J to 19 1 cent.< per lb.
dressed; Shorthorns at 17| to 18;J^c."

The "Chamber of Agriculture Journal"'
(Eng.), of Monday, December 4, 188"^, speak-
ing of the cattle market in London, says :

"Herefords sold for 18i|c to 19-ic; Shorthorns
at ITfc to IS^c," making a difference of IJc
per pound in favor of the Herefords. Danish
cattle quoted at 17c; Canadian from 14|c to
15c; Swedish, 14c to 14^c.

HEREFORD STEERS DRESSED.

We republisli from an eastern paper the fol-
lowing account of two Hereford steers which
were exhibited at the New York State Fair
(1882), where they won first and second prizes.
They were purchased and slaughtered by John
Battersby, butcher, of Albany. The beef of the
two weighed in the aggregate 3,370 pounds.
The beef in the carcass of the steer George was
63 per cent of live weight, and of Pierre, G!)
per cent. With hide and tallow the former
turned out 80 per cent, the latter 87 per cent.
The lean was finely streaked with fat, and was
of a rich texture. The following was the result
in detail :

Pierre. George,

lbs. lbs.

Weight before kiUing 2.310 2,575

Beet 1.590 1.668

Tallow 147 215

Hide 128 141

Liver 23 19

Tongue 10 10

Heart 7 8

Total 1,905 2,074

This beef was graded at the West All)any
market as first-class. — Breeders' Journal, 1883.

THE FIRST HEREFORD EAXCiE STEERS.

Some very fine distillery-fed cattle were re-
cently marketed at Chicago. They were half-
blood Herefords, originally from the Wyoming
ranch of Swan Brothers; in fact, they were the
first fruits of the bulls of that breed which they
took out to the ranch some three or four years
ago. The lot numl)ered 75 head, averaged 1,380
pounds, and sold at $(!.13 per cwt., which was at
least 25 cents per hundred niorc tlian any other
cattle sold for on the day ol' their arrival. They
sold to Armour & Co. ('^ 2(i2), to dress at Chi-
cago and be forwarded in r(>frigerator cars to a
New York butcher who makes a specialty of
handling the best grades of liccf. The' lot
dressed sixty-four i)ounds jier hundred, an ex-
traordinary recoi-d, being about eiirht pounds
above the average. The lot attracted much at-

tention, and was in
ers of note, the ni(
express ]nir])ose of
lot of Hei-efords th
the same day and w
shipment of ordinar
slop-fed the same 1
bloods, which avera
at $5.75. A feu-
showing in actual fi
blood, carry more
amount of theorizini

spi'cted by numerous breed-
ist of whom came for the
.■seeing the first really large
at has been marketed. On
ith the same lot was a large
y range cattle tiiat had l)een
ength of time as the half-
d 1,301) pounds and sold
practical lessons like that,
gures tlie value of improved
weight than almost any
5. — Breeders' Journal,lSS3.

COMPARATIVE I'RICKS I\ LOXDOX.

From the "Farmer and C'haml)er of Agricul-
ture Journal" (England) we get the market
reports at Smithfield on the 2d of June, 1884.
There were in the Jletropolitan Cattle Market
on that day about 2,400 beasts, and the best
Scots, Herefords, etc., were 5s. 4d. to 5s. (id.
(or l(5^c to 17|e dressed, equal to $!).50 to $10
per cwt. alive) per eight pounds. The best
Shorthorns were sold at from 5s. 2d. to 5s. 4d.
(or IGe to KJ^c per lb. dressed and $9 to $9.50
per cwt. alive) ; the second quality beasts,
which were made largely from Shorthorn blood,
were selling at from 4s. to 4s. lOd. (or 12ic to
15c dressed and $7 to $8.50 per cwt. alive)".

The above are aliout the regular comparative
quotations that appear in the English jour-
nals from week to week. The Scots and Here-
fords stand within the range of 5s. 4d. to 5s. 6d.,
which means about $1.33 to $1.37^ for a stone
of 8 pounds weight. The best Shorthorns stand
at $1.29 to $1.33, and then comes in a (jualitv
below the best, which makes from $1 to $1.20.
Dividing these sums liy (>ight siiows the price
jjer ]:)0und of meat, making no account of the

TYPICAL STlOr.TIIORN

otl'al. TJiis second (|uality is a feature that
exists in all markets in reference to the Short-
horn cattle, which brings the average very
much below the Scots and Hereford^. The
Scots and Herefords have that unjfprm char-

416

HISTUKY UF UK KEF OKI) CATTLE

actor lliat is represented between $1.33 and
$1.3Ti. — breeders' Journal, 1884.

ANOTHER SALE OF RAXGE STEERS.

The Swans showed at Union Stock Yards,
^Chicago, Hereford steers raised on the range,
and fed at their feeding stables at Omaha dis-
tilleries.

A lot of 20 choice two-year-old grade Here-
ford steers, averaging 1,235 pounds, sold at
$6.75 to Bailey & Co., of Evanston. At tlie
same, time a car of natives of the same age,
weighing l.lKi pounds, sold to Armour & Co.,
at $(J.1(), and twenty-eight tailings sold at $5.75.
They had sold the week previous sixteen head

»>-».— j.

mm

::a-_.

^<*-
^ V

,,,--- ^^^

jf.-ijai

m^p

i^°r7 ' ._-.-' >-^r.::-

' ~~- _

-^' . 7^^ ■- !

SHORTHORN STEER, SCHOOLER.
Winner in class at Chicago and Kansas City, 18S3-4-5.

of grade Hereford steers, averaging 1,443
pounds, to AVolfe & Pfaelzer, at $6.30. This lot
dressed 64^ per cent of beef. — Breeders' Jour-
nal 1884.

MR. FUXKHOUSEK's STEERS.

James A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg, ilo.. sold
in Chicago, on Dec. 10, 1886, seven yearling
grade Hereford steers at $6.50 per hundred.
They were shipped to Albany, X. Y., where
they were killed, and from Chicago to New
York they only shrunk fourteen pounds per
head.

Weight of seven steers in Chicago. Dec. 10,
1886, 9,490 pounds; killed bv Wilev Bros., Al-
bany, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1 886: "

Gross Wt.

in Albany.

1 Steer 1280

1 Steer I.IIO

1 Steer 13.^0

1 Steer 1350

1 Steer 1390

1 Steer HIO

1 Steer 1300

826

887

63.0.^.

65.70

64.14

884 .

63.60

918

65.19

828

63.69

Total Weight ....9390 6044. . .average of. .64.36

Weight of hides, 660 (lounds; weight of tal-
low, 747 pounds ; per cent of profitable weight

(carcass, hide and tallow) to gross or live
weight, average 79.36.

\Ve wish to call attention to the fact that
through a journey of 836 miles the seven
steers made a shrinkage of only 100 pounds,
or 14 pounds each.

It is a peculiarity of the Herefords that they
make less shrinkage than any other breed in
traveling, whether by rail or foot.

Another feature — the average price for these
yearling steers at Chicago was a fraction imder
$84. — Breeders' Journal, 1887.

SOME MAIXE STEERS.

At the New England and Eastern ilaine,
Maine State and one local fair. North Kenne-
ln'c, Messrs. Burleigh & Bodwell, Vassalbor-
iiugh, Maine, exhibited 18 Hereford steers on
which they were awarded 33 premiums, 24 of
which were first prizes. These cattle took every
first premium offered for pairs of fat cattle
o\er two years, and every first prize on matched
cattle. They were then taken to Boston and
arranged in front of the Quincy House, and
then arrayed before Faneuil Hall Market, with
their beautiful red coats and white faces, their
symmetrical forms, combined with the rarest
quality, which, added to their great weights,
considering age, made this a sight of a life-
time. They were then slaughtered. The dressed
weight and shrinkage of these steers were as
follow;^ :

Age. Shrinkage, Net Wt.

Description. Yrs, Per cent. Lbs.

1 Pair 5 20Vs 3356

1 Pair 5 20 3253

1 Pair 5 26 268S

1 Pair 4 20% 2829

1 Pair 4 23H 2781

1 Steer 3 • 19 1403

1 Steer 3 23 1451

1 Pair 3 24 2457

1 Pair 3 22 2341

1 Pair 27 months 24V4 1942

— Breeders' Journal, 1885.

KANSAS CITY FAT STOCK SHOW, 1885.

Awards were as follows :

F''or best three-year-old carcass— Te.xas Jack
(Hereford bull on Texas cow) ; W. E. Camp-
bell, breeder, feeder and exhibitor.

For best two-year-old carcass — Fred (Here-
ford) ; J. S. Hawes, breeder, feeder and exhib-
itor.

For best one-year-old carcass — Kansas (Gal-
loway) ; M. R. I'latt, breeder, feeder and ex-
hibitor.

Sweepstakes for the best carcass in the show
—Fred (U 264) (Hereford steer) ; J. S. Hawes,
breeder, feeder and exhiliitor.

These animals do not show as heav^' weights
or dress so large a per cent as the dressed car-
casses at the Chicago Fat Stock Show, but the

ins T t) K Y (J F 1 1 E U K F 0 11 1) C A T T L !•:

417

question may he fairly raised as to wlietiier. for
the eonsiuncr, they may not l>e fully as good.

We call attention to the faet that a cross-bred
Hereford and IVxan takes the first as a three-
year-old, and a thoroughbred Hereford wins as
a two-year-old, and also sweej)stakes for fiest

We tliiidv we may safely say that Jio e(|ual
display of high-fed and ripe bullocks. ]}|-i/.c
sheep and winnlcrful hogs was ever niad(> hv
any 'one man in this country, and those who
had seen like exhibits in England .^aid they had
never seen The i|uality id' the meat surpassed.

DRESSED CARCASSES AT THE KANSAS CITY FAT STOCK SHOW FOR

Live

weight

at time of

slaughter.

IBSo

. ...I7i;0

Left

fore

quarter.

W. E. Campbell Hereford and Texan Te.tas J

W. Morgan & Son Herefold Jock ..

J. S. Hawes Hereford Fred ..

G. S. Burleigh Hereford Star 1300

H. Blakesley Shorthorn Arabella Beauty. 1715

W. H. H. Cundiff Shorthorn Angelica 13th. ...1510

E. B. Millett Shorthorn Queen 1475

J. H. Potts Shorthorn Hopeful 1535

A. B. Matthews Galloway Matthews' Pet. . .2090

M. R. Piatt Galloway Kansas 1320

W. R. Estill Aberdeen Angus Bloom USC

Right

fore

quarter.

Left Right

hind hind

quarter, quarter.

carcass; a (ialloway taking first as yearling.
Thus a two-year-old Hereford takes the sweep-
stakes at Kansas City and Clucago Fat Stock
Shows as the best dressed carcass.

At the Kansas City Show, in the cornix-ti-
tion between breeds, the Herefords took only
one premium, and that went to Mr. Jas. A.
Funkhouser for Challenge, under one year old,
by Invincible, by Success. But on carcasses
they took two out of three, and sweepstakes.
That is something like old-time reading. —
Breeders' Journal, 1885.

TRIZE BEEF -VT DETROIT.

At tJie late Fat Stock Show (1880) at Clii-
cago the judges decided, we hope, to the best
of their ability, but the only true criterion fm
beef cattle to be judged by is the butcher-
block. Eecoguizing this truth, ilr. T. L. ilil-
ler, of this place, wishing to see his Herefonl-
slaughtered in competition with the animal-
against which he showed, having bought soiii-
of the latter, sold three head of Herefords, ami
the J. H. Potts & Son's two-year-old Shorthorn
steer to Wm. Smith & Son, the best butchers ii
Detroit. Mr. Smith had already bought tb^
first and second premium Shorthorn cows ii.
their classes, to the largest of which cows tin
able ( ?) judges also awarded ' the champion
prize for the best cow in the show. These ani-
mals with many others w'ere all purchased by
Mr. William Smith to make his usual display
of Christmas beef. The hanging u]) (d' so nnicli
valualile meat, and particularly (he o]i]iortiiiiity
■which it afforded of seeing Hereford and Slnu't-
liorn beef hung up side by side, drew together
large crowds. Stock breeders wei-(' there from
Canada, Ohio, and Illinois, and even men from
the distant Western plains.

In faet, the displav Untk all by >t(jnii, and it
was universally acknowledgc<l by all who saw
it — and there were thousands — that it was im-
possible to make a better show.

Mr. Smith occupies stall Xo. 1 and 2 in
Mansfield Market, Detroit. His Christmas dis-
play consisted of twenty-eight head of prize
beef animals, one hundred and twenty head of
prize sheejj (quite a number of them having
won honors at the Chicago Fat Stock Show),
and prize Suffolk and Esse.x hogs.

Mr. T. ]j. MillerV prize three-year-old Hert^
ford heifer, "ilaid of Orleans," hung in a cou-

^- WD,

At 497 d-.:'. t Shorthorn

bullcicK . V. r linian. ..,1 iii .Mil. ri. ^i iTiictically

appro.ximating the Hererord type.

spieuous place, and was a center of attraction;
her massive form and deep meat, comliined witli
rounds and chine that could not l)e excelled,
drew forth the praises of all. The carcasses
nf the two Shorthorn cows that showed against
the "'Maid of Orleans" for sweepstakes at Chi-
cago were quartered and liuug up, so an exact

418

illSTOlJV OF JI K I! K KO 1! I) CATTLE

opinion of their value as beef animals could be
formed. Mr. Wm. Smith, who, by the way,
is one of the best judges of a beef animal,
either alive or dressed, in the country, pro-
nounced the meat of the Sliorthorn cow that
took the sweepstakes not worth within a cent a
|)ound of what the secoiul Sliorthorn cow was,
and that the Hereford cow "Maid of Orleans"
was worth a cent more per pound than tlie
best Shorthorn, making her two cents per pound
better than the cow that was awarded the sweep-
stakes.

Mr. Smith said the meat that he considered
the best of the whole exhibit were the Here-
ford carcasses, and that he could not ask for
anything better ; the marbling of the meat was
perfect, and that the following were the live
and dressed weights of three of the steers :

Live
Weight

at
Detroit.

Ilressed
Weiglit

at
Detroit.

Percent

Dressed

to

Live

Weight.

.. U3IJ

971

67.6

T. L. Miller's two-year-old Rob Roy
.J. H. Potts & Son's Sliorthorn two-
year-old 1.590 1045 G5 G

G.S. Burleigh's yearling Hereford.. 1300 881) r.7 ft

The above figures show that the Hereford
steer Rob Eoy dressed two per cent to the hun-
dred more than the Shorthorn steer of J. H.
Potts & Son. The quality of the Hereford steer
carcass could not be excelled. He dressed a very
white, nice color, and the fat was distributed

throughout the lean, presenting one of the best
samples of marbled meat that we ever saw.
Wishing to test the quality of meat by taste
as well as sight, we procured some juicy steaks
from this carcass, for which Mr. Smith could
not hear of pay, and we returned him our
hearty thanks. These steaks were cooked at
a restaurant, and partaken of by a party of
stock breeders, who are well calculated to judge
of its qualities, having largely traveled both
in this country and P]urope. The unanimous
verdict was "unsurpassed." — Breeders' Jour-
nal. 1S81.

It was by the constant publication in the
"Breeders' Journal" of such facts as these that
we were able to get and keep the Herefords be-
fore the public. We were among the first agri-
cultural publishers to send large numbers of
free sample copies to lists of people we desired
to interest, and by this method we not only
brought the "Breeders' Journal" to the notice
of agriculturists, thereby gaining largely in our
paid subscription list, but we brought the Here-
ford breed and its merits before the farmers
and ranchmen of America in a manner never
before attempted.

We have been deeply gratified by the fruits
born of these efforts, liut confess that at the
time they were made we were secretly some-
what annoyed that they were not fully appre-
ciated bv the verv men most benefited.

GRACE, PURE-BRED COW. WEIGHT l,87.i LBS.

Exhibited at Chicago Fat Stock Show. Fed by John

Gosling.

11 1 S T O U Y O F II E E E F 0 11 U C A T T L E

419

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Fair and Fat Stock Sikjw^ Rki'outs

OKHANIZATIOX OF THE NEW YOUK STATE FAIU
AND CATTLE SHOW IN IS-ll.

The following is the record:

Senate Chamber, Albany, Jan. 11, 3 i>. m.

Met pursuant to adjournment, 11. D. Grove,
Ksq., one of the Vice-Presidents, in the chair.
The committee appointed to nominate officers
made their report, which was read and ac-
cepted, and the following gentlemen were unan-
imously elected officers of the Society for the
ensuing year: Joel B. Knott, of Albany, Presi-
dent. Vice-Presidents: 1st District, Jeromus
Johnson, of Kings; ■2d, Kobert Deniston, of
Orange ; 3d, Caleb N. Bement, of Albany ;
4th, Edward C. Delevan, of Saratoga: 5th,
Benjamin P. Johnson, of Oneida; (ith, Lewis
A. Morrell, of Tomkins; 7th, Willis Gay-
lord, of Onondaga; 8th, T. C. Peters, of
Genesee. Additional Members of the Execu-
tive Committee: Alexander Walsh, of Eensse-
li'.er; George Vail, of Rensselaer; Henry D.
Grove, of Kensselaer; A. L. Linn, of Schenec-
tady ; John D. Mclntyre, of Albany ; Henry S.
Kandall, of Cortland, Corresponding Secretary;
Kzra P. Prentice, of Albany, Treasurer; Lu-
ther Tucker, of Albany. Recording Secretary.

On the third Wednesday in March, at a meet-
ing of the Executive Committee, consisting of
Messrs Knott, Bement, Vail, Prentice, jMcIn-
tyre and Tucker, committees were ap])ointed for
each county. At a meeting on the third Wednes-
day of May, present, Bement, Knott, Prentice,
Walsh and Tucker, the time and place for hold-
ing the first Fair was fixed to be at Syracuse,
Sept. 29th and 30th, and the premium list was
nrranged and published. At a meeting of the
lOxecntive Committee of the New Vork State
Agricultural Society, held at Syracuse, Aug.
].S, 1841, ]>resent: Messrs. Knott. Johnson (of
Oneida). Gaylord, Randall and Tucker, the fol-
lowing Viewing Conmiittees were apj)ointed to
award the premiums offered by the Society at

their cattle Show and Fair to be held at Syra-
cuse on the 29th and 3()th days of SeptemlDer:

ON CATTLE.

Class I. — Bulls of any breed, 3 years old and upwards —
Henry S. Randall. Cortland; A. B. Allen. Erie; C. X.
Bement, Albany; William Garbutt, Monroe; J. D. Mc-
lntyre, Albany.

Classes H and IIL— Bulls of any breed under 3 vears old —
Francis Rotch, Otsego; Henry Rhoades, Oneida: J. C.
Hathaway, Ontario; Geo. Vail, Rensselaer; George J.
Pumpelly, Tioga.

Class IV.— Cows of any breed, 3 years old and upwards —
Anthony Van Bergen, Greene; E. P. Prentice, Albany;
Thomas Hollis, Otsego; Ira Hitchcock, Oneida; Hiram
Bostwick, Chemung.

Classes V and VI. — Heifers, any improved breed under 3
years— Lewis F, Allen, Erie; Silas Gaylord, Onondaga;
Thomas Weddle, .Monroe; John Gaskin, Otsego; Jonah
Davis, Chemung.

Class VII.— Grade cowis— Garret Sacket, Seneca; C. S.
Button, Wayne; M. Bullock. Albany; Thomas Goodsell,
Oneida; William Ottley. Ontario.

Class VHI. — Grade heifers- S. W. Brace, Onondaga; John
M. Sherwood, Cayuga; William Alexander, Otsego; D. D.
Campbell, Schenectady; Rufus Boies, Cortland.

Class IX. — Cows, native breeds — Myron Adams, Ontario;

Thomas S. Meacham, Oswego; Aaron Barnes, Oneida;

Crane, Herkimer; Tyler Fountain, Westchester.

To Breeders — F. Rotch, Esq., having given
the Society $30, for that purpose, premiums
will be awarded to l)reeders as follows: To
the breeder of tiie best thoroughbred bull,
$10; to the breeder of the best thoroughbred
cow, $10 ; to the breeder of the best thorouijh-
bred heifer, $10.

FOR WORKING OXEN.

William Gaylord, E.-;q., having contributed
$20 for that purpose, a jjremium will be given
for the best yoke of working oxen. $12 ; for the
second best yoke of working oxen, $8. In award-
ing this premium, particular reference will l)e
had to the close matching, excellent training
and docility of the animal.s, as well as to their
general good appearance. Committee: Abel
Baldwin, David Bundy, and Dan Hibbard.

Fat Cattle — Mr. Rust offers a sweepstakes,
twenty dollars entry, for the best yoke of fat
cattle. Committee: B. P. Johnson, B. D.
Xoxon, and if. D. Burnett.

A plowing match, under the direction of the
Onondaga County .Vgricultural Societv, will
take place immediately after the trial of jilows,
on the second dav of the Fair.

420

HISTORY OF II E H i: IM) U 1) CATTLE

The first Agricultural Fair was held at Syra-
cuse, on the ^yth of September C^D-SO), 1841.
About 1,200 sat down to dinner at the Syracuse
House. An address was delivered by the Hon.
ilicah Sterling, followed by L. E. Allen and
others.

The following are the awards given at this
show :

CATTLE.

Class T— Bulls
To .r. M. SIhtw.

3 Years Old and Over.
I, Auburn, for his bull
Archer, bred
liy F. Eotch,
Butternuts, 1st
prize.

To E. P. Prentice,
Albany, for
his bull Nero,
bred by him-
self, 2d prize.

To C. N. Bement,
Albany, for
his bull Asto-
ria, l)rcd by
h i m s e 1 f, 3d
prize.
I. M. FORBES, To Silas G a v -

Henry, Ul. , -, ,,,

lord, Skanea-
teles, for his bull Splendid, 4th prize.

"There were several others animals (in this
class) on the ground, possessing, in the esti-
mation of your committee, high grades of excel-
lence, and they only regret that the premiums
were not more numerous. Among these your
connnittee particularly noticed the animals of
Mr. :McIntyre, ^Mr. Van Bergen, Mr. Fonda,
and Mr. Sears." — Eeport of the Committee.

Class II— Bulls— 3 Y^^ars Old.

To John Johnston, Favette, Seneca Co., for his

bull Royal Williain, bred by G. V. Sacket,

Seneca F'alls, 1st prize.
To Thomas A. Clark, Chittenango, for his bull

Young Warden, bred by Thomas Hollis.

Gilbertsville, 2d prize.
To I). D. Campbell, Schenectady, for his luill

Rotterdam, bredliy himself, 3d prize.
To Xicholas Gamer. Burlington, for his bull

, bred by himself, 4th prize.

Class III— Bulls— 1 Year Old.

To Aloses Kinnev, Cortlandville, for his bull
Daniel Webster, bred liy G. V. Sacket. Sen-
eca Falls, 1st prize.

To Enoch Marks, Navarino, for his bull Brutus.
2d prize.

To Benjamin Stoker. Cortland Co., for his bull
— — , 3d prize.

To Joseph Baker, Onondaga Co., for his bull

, 4th prize.

"Your committee beg leave to express their
regret that tliough the exhibition in Classes
II and III were very numerous, yet but few of
the animals were in what they considered com-
mon store order, which rendered the effect of
comparison with such as were high fed very
difficult. " — Uepori of Committee.

Class IV— Cows.

To John JI. Sherwood, Auburn, for his cow
Stella, bred by F. Rotch, five years old, 1st
prize.
To Ezra Prentice, Albany, for his cow Daisy,

3 years old, bred by himself, 2d prize.
To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his cow

Daisy, 12 years old, 3d prize.
To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his cow
Pansy, 5 years old, bred by F. Rotch, 4th
prize.
To Corning & Sotham, Albany, for their Here-
ford cow JIatchless, imported, an extra
prize, equal to the highest premium
awarded on cattle.
"Your committee further report that a new
and beautiful race of cattle were presented for
their examination, the Herefords, imported by
a distinguished breeder of cattle, residing in
Albany County, which they take pleasure in
recommending to the attention of those who
desire to improve their stock. Y'^our commit-
tee recommend a special premium of twenty
dollars for the Hereford cow Matchless, as we
consider her a very superior animal, and they
would also suggest the propriety of offering and
awarding premiums for the best blooded ani-
mals of each indi\idual breed — improved Short-
horned Durhams, Herefords, and Devons. at
their next Agricultural Meeting, in addition to
the premiums offered for the best animals of
any breed." — Report of Committee.

Class V— Two- Year-Old Heifers.

To John ^I. Sherwood. Auliurn. for his heifer
Sylvia, bred by F. Hotcli. 1st prize.

To E. P. Prentice. Alljany, for his heifer Diana.
bred by himself. 2d prize.

To (^orning & Sotham. Albany, for their Short-
horn and Hereford lieifer Eliza, imported,
3d prize.

Class VI — Yearling Heifers.

To Ezra P. Prentice, Albany, for his yearling
calf Charlotte, bred by jiimself. 1st prize.

To John M. Sherwood, Aiilnirn. for his year-
ling calf Xorna. lired by H. S. Randall,
Cortlandville. 2d prize.

To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his yearling

HISTUKY OF llEHEFORD CATTLE

421

heifer Dianthe, bred by J. Alexander, Bur-
lington, 5d prize.
To William Fuller, Skaneateles, for his heifer

calf , bred by himself, -ith prize.

"All the animals on which the above prizes
were awarded, with the exception of the Here-
ford cow and the Shorthorn and Hereford
heifer of Messrs. Corning & Sotham, were thor-
oughbred Shorthorns." — Report of Comntittec.

Class YII— Grade Cows.

To Wm. Ward, Camillus, for his eight-year-old

half-blood Holderness cow, 1st prize.
To W. H. Sotham, Perch Lake Farm, for his

half-blood Durham cow Xo. 1, 2d prize.
To W. H. Sotham, Perch Lake Farm, for his

half-blood Durham cow jSTo. 2, 3d prize.
To W. H. Sotham, Perch Lake Farm, for his
; ,': half-blood Devonshire cow, 4th prize.
'The best grade cow which came under our
observation belonged to 6. V. Sacket, of Sen-
eca Falls, but he, being one of the committee,
generously withdrew her from competition.'" —
Report of Committee.

Class Till— Grade Heifers.

To H. S. Randall, Cortlandville, for his roan

heifer, bred by himself, 1st prize.
To G. V. Sacket, Seneca Falls, for his red and

white heifer, bred by himself, 2d prize.
To G. V. Sacket, Seneca Falls, for his roan

heifer; bred by himself, 3d prize.
To H. S. Randall, Cortlandville, for his red

and white heifer, bred by himself, 4th

prize.

Class IX — Xative Cows.
"The Committee on Xative Cows would re-
port that very few cows, and those of inferior
quality, were to be found ia the pens ; and they
probably not intended for exhibition. They re-
gret that the farmers in this vicinity should
have refrained from taking advantage of the
very liberal encouragement offered by this So-
ciety, by the false impression that cows were
going to be brought from a distance which
would have eclipsed the cows of this neighbor-
hood. We are unwilling to believe that there
are not cows in this village and vicinity that
would have honored the exhibition and made
a credit to the State. They regret that a mat-
ter so important as the improvement of our
native cows does not excite more attention.
Such cows must, of necessity, be the ground-
work of much of the imjirovement in cattle. If
a farmer has a cow possessing some excellent
qualities, he is prepared to imjirove in any de-
si ralile point. The general dissemination of
high-blood animals renders such crossings easy

and cheap, and it is a matter yet at issue
whether such crosses will not make the most
desirable animals for the common farmer. We
want the best native cows for such crosses, and
the committee are of the opinion that the Ex-
ecutive Committee of the State Society are hold-
ing out liberal encouragement for active com-
petition in the matter of improving our native
cattle. In conclusion we would add tliat we
hope that no future committee will be under
the necessity of reporting 'no competition,' but
let the farmer, the lawyer, the merchant, and
mechanic bring forward their best cows, and
render it a matter of nice discrimination to
decide between them." — Report of Committee.

WORKIXG OXEX.

To Caleb Gasper, Marcellus, 1st prize.

To Samuel Allen, Jr., Xew Haven, 2d prize.

FAT CATTLE.

To p. X. Rust, Syracuse, for the best yoke of
fat oxen, one of which was bred by G. V.
Sacket, 1st prize.

BULL CALVES.

To Ezra P. Prentice, Albany, for his thorough-
bred improved Durham bull calf Homei-, 6
months old, bred by bimself, 1st prize.

To Samuel Phelps, Ira, for his grade Devon-
shire, 3d prize.

TO BREEDERS.

To Francis Rotch, Butternut

of the best bull
To the same, as the

breeder of the

best cow, prize.
To the same, as the

breeder of the

best 2-year-old

heifer, prize.
"The premium to
lireeders having
been offered by ^Ir.
Rotch, he decliiuHl
receiving more than
a certificate of the
award, leaving the
money ($30) witli
the Society to be of-
tered m premiums Hcnry. in.

for the same pur-
pose next year." — Report of Committee.

The foregoing we copy from the Xew York
State Agricultural Report. 1841. We call at-
tention to the extracts from the report of com-
mittees. This system should be enlarged and
revised in present-day sliows. Judges should
be obliged to give written reasons for awards.

as the breeder

prize.

422

IllSTOUY OF li EIIKI'UIID CATTLE

It will bo noticed that all thoroiighbrods
showed in the conipetitionif;; that the commit-
tee made the recommendation that clause:*
should be made for each l)reed ; that thev would
not allow the Hereford to coniiiete, l)ut rec-
ommended a special premium to the Hereford

'f^^f>^^:,.

Bred by P. Turner. Heretordsliire. .Sensational bull, ex-
hiblled at Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1S75.

eow Matchless, exhibited by Messrs. Corning
& Sotham; and in looking over the names of
the officers of the Society and the names of
exhibitors, that they are in many instances the
same; among them, ilr. H. S. Eandall. who
took so prominent a position in opposition to
Mr. Sothain and the Herefords.

We are not disposed to charge fraud on these
managers, but we have the right to show, as
we have done in the Sotbam-Eandall contro-
versy and the Youatt-Bcrry History of British
Cattle, that these parties were in the interest
of Shorthorns, and if Randall. Prentice, Allen,
etc., as Shorthorn men, took the control of the
New York State Fair, they would, as a matter
of course, give the preference to that breed of
cattle.

This was manifest in the Rust ox, which took
the first premium as best fat ox. While they
gave him the premium, they claimed him as
a Shorthorn, and gave that breed the credit,
whereas he undoubtedly owed what (piality he
had to the Hereford.

THE TI.LIXOIS ST.VrE HOAItD OF AORlCrLTT'HT:
liECORD.

From the published records of the Board,
we have taken jjains to get together tlie names
of the important ollieers and of the juilges on
Herds and Sweepstakes in the cattle depart-
ments. Leaving nothing to memory, we sub-
mit here the names of these .judges and their
residences so far as the reports of the society
give them. It will i)e remembered that these

judges passed upon the merits of cattle of dif-
ferent breeds, competing against each other.
In 1872 John P. Reynolds was superintendent,
and the Judges on Herds were as follows:
John -M. .MilUken, Ohio; John H. Bacon, Iowa;
il. Smith, ilcLeau Co., 111.; J. Reece, Warren
Co.. 111.; W. H. Russell, .Marion Co., HI.
Judges on Herds got by one Bull : J. R. Miller,
Casevville, 111.; John Kellv, Hevworth, 111.;
John H. Potts, Jacksonville^ 111.;' J. W. Hop-
kins, Granville, HI.; J. F. Coe, Sterling, 111.

1873: John P. Reynolds, President; Emory
Cobb, W. H. Russell, Superintendents. Judges
on Herds: G. Barnes, Canton; D. Rankin,
Biggsville; J. C. Mosier, Kanlvakee; H. C.
K'eed, Princeton; E. F. Smith, Morning Sun,
la. Judges on Herds from one Bull: M. W.
Robinson, Des Moines, la. ; W. W. Parish, Mo-
nience; J. R. Skelton, Skelton; Jos. Kelso,
Tazewell Co.; H. J. France, Woodford Co.

1874: John P. Reynolds, President; Emory
Cobb and W. H. Russell, Superintendents.
Names of Judges not given.

1875: D. B. Gillham, President; W. J.
Neely, Superintendent. Herds — Judges: P. A.
Coen, Washburn ; A. Kershaw, Wayne ; W.
Noel, Paxton; M. Sumner, Warren; W. Ful-
ler, Clinton.

Herds from one Bull — Judges: Hugh N.
Cross, Jerseyville; J. H. Potts, Jacksonville;
H. Burruss, Carrollton ; H. K. Parr, Seneca ;
W. Noel, Paxton. Sweepstakes — Judges: J.
S. Overholt, Streator; C. L. Hostetter, I\ft.
Carroll; J. Barnes. Ottawa, III; C. R. Wood,
YorkviUe; W. H. H. Holdridge.Tonica.

ISTfi: T). B. Gillham, President; W. J.
Neely, Superintendent ; J. W. Judy, Marshal.
Iler(is from one Bull — Judges: J. 1). Van
Dovcn, P^isks Corner, Wis. ; J. H. Spear, Tal-
lula; H. E. Williams, Dixon; A. Herford,
Perona ; J. W. Hundey, Champaign. Herds —
Judges: James Mix, Kankakee, 111.; J. R.
Shaver, Ottawa ; J. Brown, Galena ; J. L.
Moore, Polo; H. M. Winslow. Kankakee.

1877 at Freeport: D. B. (iillbam. President;
Samuel Dvsart, Superintendent, J. W. Judv,
:\Iar.shal. " Herds— Judges : S. Riegle, D. C.
.May, A. JefFry, N. Hawks, A. J. Wilbeck. Herd
from one Bull — Judsres: Edward Tsett, W.
Stocking. Simon Sheaf, J. ^M. Swaney. F. T.
Seward. Judges of Sweepstakes: W. Rathje.
John Gosling. Lewis Steward, W. MofTatt. C.
T). Hart.

1878: Judges on Herds: D. Gore. Carlin-
ville: Thomas Murray. Polo: Simon Sheaf;
W. W. Rigsjs. Riggston. Judges Herds from
one Bull: E. H. Stewart. Marengo; T. C. Ster-'
rett, Warrensburg; H. Tennison; W. Vorhies,

424

lllSTOliY OF 11 K UK FORD I'ATTLK

Vorhies; T. W. Sheltoii. Judges Bivuders'
YouagHerd: L. W. Sheldon, Uuioii; \V. \'oi-
hies, Vorhies; T. C. Sterrett, Warreiisl)urg;
H. Tenuison, White Ilall. Judges Sweepstakes:
Cieorge Eeed, Belvidere; David Shatf, Hol-
coinb; J. E. Cronk, Belvidere; Wm. Stocking,
Kochelie; Chas. il. Saxliv, Freeport.

It will be found, after careful examination,
that a large majority of these judges were in
the interest of the Shorthorn breed of cattle.
It was claimed that it was difficult to get judges
that were not interested and partial to special
breeds or interests; and, admitting this, we
then urged the necessity of slaughtering, to test
the award, and to our insistence on disinterested
and impartial judging by men not interested
in any breed can be traced the incipiency of the
Fat Stock Show in America.

We hoped that breed prejudice might disap-
pear when competition w^as limited to steer and
fat cattle destined for slaughter, and that at a
Fat Stock Show, "individual merit and prime
cjualitics of meat" might be discussed, weighed
and fairly judged. We hailed, therefore, the
advent of the American Fat Stock Show with
comfort, even tliough we knew it must be con-

ducted under the same Illinois Board. We
were destined to learn, however, that country
initchers selected by Shorthorn breeders and
tiieir friends were lial)le to be, as we have felt,
too loyal to the appointing power; nevertheless,
to the estaidishment ol' the Fat Stock Show
may be ascribed the cumuu'ucement of Hereford
supremacy.

In 18T5 we api)ealed to the Illinois State
Board of Agriculture for e(jual and even-
handed justice at their hands. We were told
"you are doing well; you are making head-
way as fast as you ought to expect; time will
cure all your complaints." We replied by giv-
ing figures to show that the Here fords had a rec-
ord that entitled them to an even classification
and that we had a right to claim that the State
Board of Illinois should not discriminate
against them, but j)romised tliat, witli or witli-
out the aid of this Board, the Hereford should
go to the front. We said then, "They are reach-
ing it; they will attain it; they will hold it."
To prove to the Board that our claim to equal
recognition of the Ilerefords with the Short-
horns was well fouiuled, we prepared and pre-
sented to the Board the accompanying table:

CKAIlK STKKK '■lIK.l.l l.l .-, a; . il..ii...
Champion over all breeds, Chicago Fat Stock Show. IKN'i. Bred

I'"owlor. Ind.

xhibiled by Kuwlcr & Van .Nalta,

HISTORY OF HER K FORD CATTLE

425

Tabiilar Statement, Showing the Xumber of Prizes and Amount of Money won b)' each Breed
of Catth', during the period that all Breeds competed together, from the j-ear ITSt'J
up to 1851 ; after 1851 the Classification of Breeds took place. Excepting the years 1799,
1801, 1802, 180-t, and 1806; the records being incomplete are omitted in all Breeds.

SHORT-H'NS. HEREF'DS.

L'G-HORNS. SUSSEX. SCOTCH, etc. CROSS-BR'D.

ZCiZC ZOZin Z^2

►a ? 13 ?■ t;

7. O V. T. -y.

1805 ..

1806 ...

1807 ..
1S08 ...

1809 ..

1810 ..

1811 ..

1812 ..

1813 ..

1814 ..

1815 ..

1816 ..

1817 ..

1818 ..

1819 ..

1820 ..
•1821 ..

1822 ..

182.'! ..

1824 ..

1825 ..

1826 ..

1827 ..

1828 ..

1829 ..

1830 ..

1831 ..

1832 ..

1833 ..

1834 ..

1835 ..

1836 ..

1837 ..

1838 ..

1839 ..

1840 ..

1841 ..

1842 ..

1843 ..

1844 ..

1845 ..

1846 ..

1847 ..

1848 ..

1849 ..

1850 ..

1851 ..

40 1 10 2 40

1 £10 1 £10 4 £65

20 3 35 3 45

4 90 1 10 1 20

1 20 Cs

45 7 100 1 10

35 2 30 1

In 1821 there is a Prize of £10 adjudged to a Cow. but no breed rerorded.

BREEDS. No. of

Prizes.

Herefords l.'^S

Short-liorns 82

Devons 44

Scotch 43

Sussex or Kant 9

Long-horns 4

Cross-breeds 8

r Steers.

Cows

or Heifers.

No. of

No. of

£ s d

Prizes.

£ s d

Priz->s

2758 2 0

92

231 ft 0

207

1399 n ft

92

n.32 15 0

174

662 10 0

4

40 10 0

4S

500 15 ft

43

178 10 0

3

36 0 0

12

89 5 0

6

63 IS 0

10

lOS 5 0

6

101 10 0

14

426

1 1 1 s T ( ) iM- OF 11 !•: i; !•: y o n. d c a t t l e

We exprossl)- called the attention of the Board
to the following table as jjroving the standing
of the Herefords at Sniitlilield Ironi the time
Youatt's dishonest history appeared till Short-
horn control abolished the competition between
breeds.

Winnings before the Smithfield Club from
date of Youatt's history to 1851 :

No. of No. of

y Prizes Guin- l)oI- Prizes Guiii- Dol-

" Hereford eas. lars. Sliortli'ii eas. lars.

Breed. Breed.

1836 3 45 225 1 20 100

1837 6 95 475 1 15 75

1838 5 85 425 1 10 50

1839 S 100 500 2 35 175

1840 5 50 250 3 70 350

1841 6 100 500 5 45 225

1843 7 100 500 3 45 225

1843 6 70 350 3 60 300

1844 8 95 475 3 60 300

1845 5 65 325 2 25 125

1846 S 120 600 1 15 75

1847 2 30 150 3 65 325

1848 4 85 425 6 70 350

1S49 5 50 250 4 85 425

1850 5 65 325 6 80 400

1S51 9 140 . 700 1 15 75

16 ys. 92 1295 6475 45 715 3575*

Every cattle superintendent at the Illinois
State Fairs from 1871 to 1874, inclusive, except
Mr. Reynolds, was a Shorthorn breeder at the
time of holding the position. At Peoria in 1871
there was a vacancy in the Committee of Judges
on Herds, all breeds showing, when an outside
man was called in. This man was the only one
that examined the Hereford herd, and he
said afterward that the other members of
the Committee would not look at the
Herefords. At Ottawa, in 187(), the Here-
ford exhibitors made a sjiecial appeal to
the president, D. B. Gillhani, to the superintend-
ent, and other members of tiie Board, that the
judges on herds be selected from men that were
not Shorthorn breeders — men that should be
impartial in their judging. The superintend-
ent was active to get such a committee, and
secured the assistance of the marshal of the
ring (both Shorthorn breeders) in making the
selection. They said to the Jlereford exhibitors
that they had taken special ])ains to get an im-
partial committee and that they had found a
referee from the central part of the state.

Who? Why, , the noted Shorthorn

breeder, to pass upon the merits of the Short-
horns and Herefords. There were probably no
men in the state of Illinois more nnsuiteil to
occupy the place of a judge, or to select impar-
tial judges when the Herefords and Shorthorns
came into com])etitinn. The refen^e was the
head of the Shorthorn interest in Illinois; the
marshal was the hand ; the superintendent in

his fealty to the Shorthorns, was all the Short-
horn men could desire in managing the Cattle
Department to secure them in their position.

Now, if the Hlinois State Board of Agricul-
ture intended to be impartial, we submit tiuit
it was not in good taste to place Shorthorn
lireeders in ab.solute charge of the cattle dc-
j)artment, and that they ought to have known
that Shorthorn breeders alone were not compe-
tent to act as judges when Shorthorns comj)etcd
with other breeds. Men who have been men-
tioned advocated special legislation in the board
in favor of Shorthorns and against all others;
while the Illinois State Board so organized
their committees that control of the awards — at
least a majority of them — was in the hands of
Shorthorn breeders.

Th(_' Herefords were, therefore, forced to ap-
peal from prejudiced societies, run by self-
seekers, to that higher tribunal, the public. In
voicing this appeal to the public, we became the
target for ridicule. When we voiced the com-
plaint of the Hereford men to the Agricultural
Societies, we were called a "chronic kicker,"
and "anything to beat ]Miller" became an axiom
of the opposition. When we saw certain con-
temporary Hereford breeders using this "any-
thing to beat Miller" crusade, to further their
own immediate ends, we abandoned the show
ring and worked the more zealously through our
"Breeders' Journal."

Not being able to prevent the publication of
the "Breeders' Journal," our opponents at-
tempted to lessen
its influence b y
calling it n '"ti'ndf
circular" and henji-
ing abuse upon its
editor, and by suli-
tly currying favor
with other Here-
ford breeders in an
attempt to have our
work discredited in
the Hereford camp.
But they were un-
successful, for al-
though some so-
called H ere ford
lireeders allowed
their temporary sel-
fisii interests to Iie-
little them into a

jealousv, for what they conceived to be their
own position as Hereford men, tlu' great and
overwhelmiiig majority have ever conceded us
flint recosriiition that has so gratified us.

J. J. HILL,
St. Paul. Minn. Celebrated rail-
way magnate and lover of
fine stock.

HIST () u\ () I' 1 1 i: im: F 0 i{ I ) c a t t r. e

427

Xo honest, ouriK'st. insjiiriiig adviK-atc of a
cause can hope to present its merits witiiout
encountering opposition ; an intelligent advo-
cate will expect opposition. Honest opposition,
from those representing a conflicting interest, is
commendable; but underhanded opposition
from within one's own camp is treason, despic-
able treason, that will be found born of Jealousy.
We would caution future generations of Here-
ford breeders to avoid the appearance of such
contemptible evil. If there spring up Hereford

new suneriiiteiideiit eiiterc(l upon his duties
here with the determination to give to all ex-
hibitors a fair show, and selected committees
with this in view. We were enabled to take
on herds open to all breeds, the second premium
for the best bull and five cows; and first pre-
mium for the best five cattle, male or female,
the get of one bull ; the second for the best cow
or heifer of any age. During this exhibition,
in competition for herds and sweepstakes pre-
miums, a prominent Hhorthorn breeder of Mis-

GRADE HEREFORD STEER "UYSART," AT 3 YEARS. WEIGHT l.SUU LUS.
Exhibited by C. M. Culbertson, winner of the Breeders' Gazette gold challenge shield for best beast
bred and fed by exhibitor, Chicago, 1S95.

advocates (as there have and will) willing to
devote their time, talents and money to spread-
ing the Hereford gospel, nil that he may do or
say may not be pleasing to each individual
Hereford man ; but take care that the overbal-
ancing good be weighed against the objection-
able little, and, above all, sink your jealousy and
encourage such a man, for "appreciation is all
there is in life."

The fair in 18T7 was held at Trcepori ; a

souri had an animated conversation with the
superintendent, the drift of whicii 1 did not
hear, but to which the superintendent re])lieil :
"Jim, Miller is going to have a fair show." In
18T8 the State Fair was again held at F'"rec^
port, the regular su]>erintendent being in
France. .\t tliat show 1 said to the Vice-Pres-
ident: "I am entitled to liave a fair show,
and should like to have it without quarrels,
and I am willing to submit to auv committee

428

HISTORY ()

II K

I) CATTLE

of judges lliat President (lillhain and ex-1'resi-
dent Keynolds may select." Says he, "That is
fair, and 1 will see that it is carried out."

He went to (iillham and Reynolds, and they
made a selection of a committee under which
were shown herds, open to all breeds, five cattle,
male or female, the get of one bull. I took,
with Success and his get, the first premium.
This raised a row among the Shorthorn exhib-
itors. They took their complaints to the mar-
shal of the ring, refusing to submit to the action
of this committee, and for the competition for
the balance of the herd and sweepstakes pre-
miums, tTic Shorthorn representative made the
selection of the judges and ran them entirely
in the interest of the Shorthorns. Failing to
get a hearing, T withdrew my cattle from the
competition. The result of the Shorthorn
men's action at this show I suppose to have
been the means of changing the policv of the
Board for the Fair of 1879, held at Springfield.
They selected with care competent and impar-
tial judges, whose services were paid for, and
against whom no protests were to be heard. The
Shorthorn exhibitors felt themselves at a dis-
advantage under this policy, and endeavored to
break it up and select judges on the ground, but
did not succeed in their scheme. They sub-
mitted, the Board refusing to change their
plans.

It was not only known to me, but it was
known to the Board, and it was known to the
exhibitors who have met on the grounds, that,
as far as the cattle department at the Illinois
State Fair was concerned, the Shorthorn men
undertook to control the judges so as to secure
the awards themselves. They were in a great
measure enabled to do so by their knowledge of
men, by their associates, not exhibitors, and by
members of the Board in their interest; and
against these odds the Herefords had to contend
for ten years.

The plan of the Shorthorn men during these
vears made the competition over the compara-
tive merits of the two breeds a warm and
exciting contest; ami to avoid this, instead of
following out the jilan adojjted for the judging
at S])riiigfield in 1S7!), by carefully selecting
judges before coming u])on the ground, they
have withdrawn the competition as between
breeds, thus shirking responsibilities that prop-
erly belong to them to meet.

What breeders and feeders want to know is
this very thing, to-wit, the best breed. This
test the Shorthorn men do not intend shall be
made, unless they C'an nuike the judges. To this
demand of the Shorthorn lireeders. the State
Board of Illinois, the State Board of Michigan,

the St. Louis Fair Association, the Xorthern
Ohio Fair Association and others have all sur-
rendered, and discontinued the practice of
bringing the Hereford^ and Shortiiorns in com-
petition. They demand the right to name the
judges, and if not conceded, that the competi-
tion between breeds shall not be continued.

1879. The American Fat Stock Show was
inaugurated by the Illinois State Board of Ag-
riculture .in 1879. We hailed it as the opportu-
nity of the Herefords to exhibit their inherent
thrift in a more practical way. The character of
the awards at this show was the subject of com-
ment by the press of the country. We have
had something to say oif them in Chapter XVII.

1880. The Herefords made a large show at
the fairs of America in 1880. While most of
the societies prohibited the competition of breed
against breed, and thus lessened the interest in
the shows, still the Hereford made rapid strides
in numbers and qualities. At the New Exg-
LAXD Faik held at Worcester, Mass., J. S.
Hawcs, of South Yassalborough, Maine, exhib-
ited sixteen head, and Burleigh & Bodwell, of
Fairfield Center, Maine, exhibited twenty-six
head. Both herds made an excellent show for
the breed, Messrs. Burleigh & Bodwell taking
the herd premiums. • At the New Yokk
State Fair held at Albany, the Hereford
exhibitors were Messrs. Burleigh & Bodwell,
of ilaine, and Erastus Corning, of Albany. At

HOTSPUR (T028) 93oh.
Bred by J. Price, Herefordshire.

the Pkxxsylvaxia State Faik. tiie Hon. .Tohn
ilerryman, of Maryland, made a very fine ex-
hibit from his herd. At Jlinneapolis, Minn.,
Col. W. S. King brought all breeds in
competition. The leading Shorthorn herds of
the .\ortlnvest were there. One of these had a
.$4,000 Duke bull at its head. The Hereford
exhibitors here were C. M. Culbertson, of New-
man, Douglas Co., HI., and Shaw & Bull is, of
Minnesota. The exhibit of Herefords was re-

II I S T 0 R y OF HER E F 0 R D (' A T ^r L E

439

markably good, Jfr. Culliertson taking tlu' lienl
premiums over all breeds. At the Xebkaska
State Fair Mr. G. S. Burleigh, of Meehaii-
icsville, la.; Messrs. A. A. Crane & Son, of
Osco, 111., and Messrs. Swan Bros., of Chey-
enne, Wyo.. were the exhibitors. This show of
Herefords was remarkably good, both in num-
ber and quality. The "Xcbraska Farmer" of-
fered a special premium for the best cow, steer
or heifer in the show of any breed. This was
W'on bv Mr. 6. S. Burleigh, of Mechanicsville,
la., with his Hereford Princess B. (Tf-^GS).
Thus at the only two fairs where breed was per-
mitted to compete against breed, the Herefords

In ISSl. at the Chicago Fat Stock Show, the
followiuK Herefords were exhibited :

A TYPICAL JERSEY.

were the winners. At the Iowa State
Fair the Herefords were in strong force, but
were not permitted to compete with Shorthorns.
At the Illinois State Fair, Jlr. C. M.
Culbertson was an exhibitor, as was Mr. Thos.
Clark, of Beecher, and Tom C. Pouting, of
Stonington, Illinois. The show was very good.
At the St. Louis Fair, the exhibitors were
Culbertson and Clark.

It was out of place, when the stockmen and
farmers of the country were making earnest
inquiry for the best breed, that the Shorthorns
should be drawn off. This list that we have
given, though far from complete, shows how
wide the range the Hereford had taken, in
1880. From Maine to Cheyenne on the north,
and from Maryland to St. Louis on the south.
A complete account would have carried us to
Kansas City and Central Kansas, and when we
further consider the fact that five hundred
Herefords were brought from England that
year and that none of these reached the show
ground except the herd of ]\Icssrs. Burleigh &
Bodwell, of Maine, the Hereford Tireeders had
a right to feel encouraged by the progress the
breed was making.

PURE

HEREFORD

Av. gaiL

Name

Age

Wt.

per day

Name

of

ill

Nov. 4

in ll)S.

of

Exhibitor.

days.

18«1.

since

Animal.

birth.

t.

L,

.Miller Co.

.. 1224

1965

1.60

Will.

T.

L.

.Miller Co.

.. 1242

1930

l.Jo

Wa.shini;ton.

T.

L.

.Miller Co..

.. 943

1700

1.84

Crystal.

T.

E.

Miller

.. 2243

1560

0.69

M'd 01 the .Mist 1365.

T.

E.

Miller

.. 1326

1335

1.00

Lady Elliott 2150.

t.

CI

ark

.. 1777

1410

0.79

May Queen 11th.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 1082

1215

1.12

Roxana,

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 365

SSO

2.41

Anxittv 4th.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 209

500

2.39

Manito.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 251

520

2.07

Emeline 2d.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 256

565

2.20

Helena 6th.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 249

610

2.44

Calico.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 329

745

2.26

Beatrice.

C.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 199

500

2.51

Magnet.

c.

K.

Parmelee.

.. 193

400

2.07

Lady Tuscola.

GRADE

HEREFORD.

T.

L.

Miller Co.

. . 1190

2145

1.80

Conqueror.

T.

L.

.Miller Co.

.. 1190

2035

1.71

Bachelor.

t.

L.

Miller Co.

.. 1054

1925

1.S2

Kansas-

T.

L.

.Miller Co..

.. 1145

1700

1.48

Tom Brown.

t.

L.

Miller Co.

.. 1135

1550

1.36

Oxford.

c.

M.

Culbertson.

.. 1039

1485

1.42

Spot Face.

c.

M.

Culbertson

.. b85

1025

1.49

Curley.

c.

M.

Culbertson

.. 1056

1675

1.58

Left.

c.

M.

Culbertson.

.. 1056

1715

1.62

Right.

c.

M.

Culbertson.

.. 1291

1835

1.42

Broad Horns.

c.

M.

Culbertson

.. 20.59

1925

0.93

Beefy Back.

S.

Burleigh..

.. 267

725

2.71

Rose.

S.

Burleigh..

.. 622

1280

2.05

Bailey.

(}.

S.

Burl'igh..

.. 1065

1675

1.59

Ah. Piatt.

R.

Burleigh. .

.. 1694

2600

1..53

Star.

ni

In

d. Univ....

.. 1129

1670

1.47

Burnham.

III

In

d. Univ....

.. 806

1335

1.65

Junior.

The following premiums were awarded :
Lot "2 — Hereford, Thoroughbred.

Best steer 3 and under 4 years — First pre-
mium. Will; second. Washington; both exhib-
ited by T. L. Miller Co., Beecher, 111.

Best cow 3 vears old and over — First pre-
mium, Maid of the Mist, exhibited by T. E.
Jliller, Beecher, 111.; second, Mav Queen II,
Thomas Clark. Beecher. 111.; third. Ladv El-
liott, T. E. Miller, Beecher, 111.

Lot 5 — Grades and Crosses.

Best steer 3 and under 4 years — First pre-
mium, Hereford steer Conqueror, bred and ex-
hibited by T. L. ililler Co., Beecher, 111.

Best steer, 2 and under 3 vears — Third, grade
Hereford, Kansas, T. L. Miller, Beecher, 111.

Best steer, 1 and under 2 years — Third, Bai-
ley, grade Hereford, G. S. Burleigh, Mechan-
icsville, la.

Best cow, 3 years old and over — Second,
grade Hereford, Beefy Back, C. M. Culbertson,
Chicago, 111.

Lof 9 — Dressed Bullocks.
Best carcass of steer, 3 and under 4 years —
First ])reniium. grade Hereford, Broad Horns,
C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111.

430

ITISTOnV OF II F. RE FORD CATTLE

Bost carcaiis of sttHT, "^ ami iiiulcr ;i wai^^,
grade Ht'i-eford — Ali. I'iatl. (i. S. Burlcifili.

Best tarcas-s of steer, 1 and under 'i years —
Prciuiuin to Bailev, grade Hereford, (i. S. Bur-
leigh, Mechauicsville, Iowa.

Lot 10 — Dressed Bullocks, Sweepstakes.

Best carcass of steer of any agc^ — Preiuiuin
$75, to grade Hereford steer Broad Horns, C.
M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111.

Special Premium.

:\Iarsiiall Field, Chicago, $->.30, for best live
head cattle, any age or hn'ed, awarded to T. L.
Jliller Co., Beeclier, HI., for five Hereford
steers — Conqueror, Will, Washington, Baclieior
and Kansas.

A Chicago daily tlius comments on this show:
"The event of this siiow was the contest for tlie
prize of $2.50 offered by Marshall Field, of Chi-
cago, for the best five head of cattle, of any age
or breed. It was the largest prize of the show so
far as value was concerned. Tliere were seven
herds entered bv the following exhibitors:
Shorthorns: T. W. Hunt, of Ashton, 111.; John
B. Sherman, of Chicago; John D. Gillette, of
Elkhart, 111.; Luther Kawson, of Oak Creek,
Wis. ; llorrow & iluir, of Cliutonville, Ky.,
and H. C. Nelson, of Canton, HI.

"The T. L. Jliller Co., of Beecher, entertxl
a herd of five llerefords. The ring was com-
pletely filled, with the finest animals of the
siiow, and the judges experienced some diffi-
culty in getting about. The gentlemen chosen
to decide the merits of this grand herd ring
were James Peltz, of Polo, 111.; Frank Gerpi-
ser, of Springfield, and Edward Leize, of Chi-
cago. The handling fpialities of every animal
was determined and every jjoint of excellence
thoroughly discussed. So far as close searching
and complete work was concerned no set of
judges ever more fully satisfied the exhibitors
or the public of their desire to do even and
exact justice. After two hours of conscientious
work the unanimous decision was in favor of
the Herefords, to whom the ])rize was awarded.
It was, indeed, a glorious and crowning victory,
and to say that the fortunate winners were de-
lighted but feebly expressed the state of their
feelings. The aggregate of the five winning
animals was exactly 10, 000 jiounds, making the
average 2,000 pounds to the ounce — a showing
that speaks volumes for the 'white-faced'
breed." — ( 'li irago Trih line.

William Houseman, writing from England in
IHH'i to the "National Live Stock Journal,"
Chicago, said :

"While trade in pedigree stock is, in general,

(juite at a stantlstill, and the sus])ension of busi-
ness, usual at this time of year, may be marked
by the lack of those advertisements of public
sales, and of cattle to be disposed of by private
bargain (which crowd the columns of the agri-
cultural pajiers during 'the season') an uncom-
mon commotion has been raised in the Hereford
breeding districts by the presence of American
Hereford breeders, who are buying up all the
best Herefords they can lay luiTuls on for very
large shipments in the spring.

'"In favor of the Hereford, it must be allowed,
as the results of competition with other breeds
during this past year, this breed has proved
signally successful; at the Royal Dublin
Society's show, where not only last year but for
two years consecutively, a Hereford bull has
won the Chaloner plate, value $775, as the best
of any breed; at the Worcester County Show,
where a Hereford heifer ( ilr. Carwardine's
Pretty Face), since exported to America by
ilr. Culbertson, won the championship over
ilr. Acker's famous Lady Carcw 3d, the first
])rize Shorthorn cow of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, and at some other shows.

1883. — The campaign of 1882 was a memor-
alile one.

The Tippecanoe County Fair at Lafayette,
Indiana, for 1882, offered unusually liberal
premiums for the beef breeds, consisting of
three prizes for aged herds respectively $500,
$150, and $50. They also offered a sweepstakes
prize for the best herd of thoroughbred beef-
breeding cattle, one bull, and four heifers under
2 years old, $100, $50, and $25. Also a swic])-

< -

1

1)

1

^'■S:-^

\ini-

W7:>iAS>^3!

J:

_„

A WEST HIGHLA.ND BULL.

stakes for the best bull of any age or breed, the
best cow of any age or breed, and the best steer
of any age or breed.

The Hereford exhibitors consisted of Messrs.
Earl & Stuart, of Lafavette; C. M. Culbert-
son, of Chicago; 0. Bush, of Sheldon, 111.: C.
K. Parmelee, of Wolcott, Ind.; Fowler & Van
Nafta, of Fowler, Ind.: William Constable, of

11 I S T ( ) i; Y () F II E K E F 0 R D (A T 'V L E

431

Bcc'cluT. 111.: Thos. Clark, of Bocc-licr, 111.; B.
Ht'i>liev, of Muscatiue, la.

Mr. Hershey's herd eonsi,<ti'(l of five year-
lings, four heifers and one i)uil, whieh wi're
jmrehased at the close of tin- fair Ijy (,'. K.
Parnielee for $3,000.

The Shorthorn exhibitors were J. H. Potts
& Son, of Jacksonville, 111. ; Harvey Sodowsky,
of Indianola. 111.; L. Palmer, of Sturgeon, Mo.;
Crofton Bros., of Winona; Thos. Wilhoit, of
Jliddletown, Ind. : Wni. Stephenson & Son, of
Little Indian. 111.; Harper & Mason, of
Wabash, Ind.

The great interest and e.xcitement of the
whole fair was in the sweepstakes ring. Here

GROUP OP RED POLL CATTLE.

on I'Vidav morning were drawn up in grand
array nine aged herds, all two years old and up-
wards, to compete for the $500 prize. Three of
these herds were Herefords and six Shorthorns.
Each herd consisted of one bull and four
females. The committee after a long and care-
ful examination gave first to J. H. Potts & Son's
herd of Shorthorns, while the Hereford herd
of Mr. C. M. Culbertson, although considered
by many to be the best, had to be content with
second. Mr. Culbertson certainly exhibited a
grand herd and if his cow, Pretty Face, a prize
winner in England before she was imported to
this country, and considered an extraordinary
])lum there, had been the equal in size with the
other three females in the herd, we think there
would have been no doubt of his carrying off
tlie first prize.

Owing to the time consumed in awarding the
al)ove premiums, it was now after one o'clock
on the last day of the fair, so the committee
tliat made the above awards was discharged and
a fresh committee put to work on the sweep-
stakes for the best young lierd under two years
old. Here tlie Herefords and Shorthorns, as
to number of herds, were equal, six competing,
three Shorthorn and three Hereford. The su-

periority of tile Herefords was more marked in
this ring, and the committee were unanimous
in placing the first prize on the Hereford herd
of Fowler & Van Xatta, the second going to the
Shorthorn herd of J. H. I'otts & Son, and the
third to the Hereford herd of C. K. Parmelee.
The young herd of Fowler & Van Xatta con-
sisted of entirely American bred cattle. The
four heifers were remarkably even, and were
universallv admired. Two of them were bred
by T. L. ililler, and two by T. E. Miller. The
Inill was a very blocky, heavy-fleshed, good-
coated animal, bred by C. M. Culbertson.

In the contest for the best bull upon the
ground, fifteen animals appeared in the ring,
seven Herefords and eight Shorthorns. The
display of Hereford bulls was remarkably fine,
while among the Shorthorns there were only two
that approached goodness. The prize was car-
ried off by Messrs. Fowler & Van Xatta, with
their bull Tregrehan, a very smooth, even,
short-legged bull. Mr. Con.stable's bull Hero,
which won the sweepstakes in this same ring.
the previous year, was shown here again, but
failed to win, although he was in far better
form than he was the year before.

The following is a list of the premiums
awarded :

TiroKOt'CillBRi;!) HEREFORDS.

Bull three years old and over, 1st, Hero,
{]\2iu) W. ■ Constable. Beecher, 111.; ^d,
Anxietv 3d, (1| a<iS) Thomas Clark, Beecher,
111.

Bull two years old and under three. 1st.
Poyal 16th, (1I269) Earl & Stuart. Lafayette,
Ind. : 5d, Borneo, Earl & Stuart.

Bull one year old and under two, 1st, Prince
Edward, (11270) Earl & Stuart; "^d. Anxiety
oth. Fowler & Van Xatta, Fowler, Lid.

Bull calf under one year old, 1st, Juml)o,
Earl & Stuart; 2d, El" Paso Boy, W. Constable.

Cow three years old or over. 1st, Downton
Rose, (l[2n)"C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111.;
2d, Lady 3d, Earl & Stuart.

Heifer two years old and under three. 1st.
Peerless, (11272) Thos. Clark: 2d. Venus.
(If 273) Earl & Stuart.

Heifer one year old. and under two. 1st, Jliss
Broadgaugo 2d, Benj. Hershev. Muscatine, la.;
2d, Prettymaid, Earl & Stuart.

Heifer calf under one year old, 1st, Rachel,
C. M. Culbertson; 2d, Crocus 3d. Fowler &
Van X^atta.

The above exhibit of Herefords in their class
was a beautiful sight, but we think that of all
the classes that of the yearling heifers was tlie
finest. Eighteen of these choice youug things

432

II 1 STO i; Y () F II K 1!

()

1 ) I A 1' T L E

WLTu broLiglit out in i.-oiiii)L'tition, ami it was a
dillicult matter for the judges to select tiie best.
The first prize female. Hiss Broadgauge 'id
by Horatius, was a very choice animal, with a
square, massive top which won her, prol)al)ly,
the premium, altiiough the winning heifer the
following week at Crawfordsville was \'iola,
a heifer bred by T. L. Miller, from his fine old
cow Victoria. (U '^74)

The money that it would have taken to have
bought this string of heifers would have been a
small fortune of itself, as Messrs. Fowler &
Van Xatta were said to have refused $5, ()()()
for the five that they had in the ring.

The following week, nearly the same parties
showed at Crawfordsville, Ind., with the follow-
ing results. The breeders of Hereford cattle,
thinking it would he better to make a combined
show of their cattle, resolvwl after their exhibi-
tion at Lafayette to keep together during the
rest of the fair season on the principle that
their combined forces could do more to break up
the Shorthorn rings than they could if they
separated and exhibited in smaller numbers
over the entire country. In pursuance of the
above resolution ten cars were ordered and the
Hcrefords swept over to Crawfordsville in full
force. Such an exhibit of stock had been un-
known at this fair, and they were compelled to
erect fifty additional stalls for the accommoda-
tion of the Herefords. They met here many of
the Shorthorns with which they had competed
the week before, and in the contest for the
sweepstakes prize on young herds under two
years old, the Shorthorns did not get a ribbon,
the first, second and third premiums being all
awarded to Hereford cattle.

The attendance at this fair was very large,
and the weather being good was a great success.
The prizes to Herefords in their class were as
follows :

Thoroughbred Herefords : Bull three years
old and over, 1st ])reiiiiuni. Hero, Wni. Con-
stable, Beecher, HI. ; 2d, Sir Garnet, (Tf 275)
C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111.

Bull two years old and under three, 1st,
Tregrehan, (11276) Fowler & Van Natta,
Fowler. Ind.; 2d, Royal 16th, Earl & Stuart,
Lafayette. Ind.

Bull one year old and under two, 1st,
Anxiety 4th, C. K. Parmelee, Wolcott, Ind.;
2il, Prince Edward, Earl & Stuart.

Bull under one year of age, 1st, El Paso Boy,
W. Constable; 2d, Jumbo, Karl & Stuart.

Cow three vears old and over, 1st, Ladv 3d,
Earl & Stuart; 2d. Cherry 21th, (11277) C. M.
Culbertson.

Heifer two vears old and under three. 1st,

Wnus, Karl & Stuart; 2d, Winnie 4th, Earl
& Stuart.

Heifer one year old and under two, 1st,
Viola, Fowler & Van Xatta; 2d, Prettymaid,
Earl & Stuart.

Heifer uiuler one year old, 1st, Crocus 3d,

Fowler & Van Xatta; 2d , C. M.

Culbertson.

Sweepstakes for best aged beef herd, 1st, J.
H. Potts & Son, Shorthorn; 2d, H. Sodowsky,
Shorthorn ; 3d, C. H. Culbertson, Hereford.

Sweepstakes for young herd under tw^o years
old, 1st, Earl & Stuart, Hereford; 2d, Fowler
& Van Xatta, Hereford; 3d, C. K. Parmelee,
Hereford.

Sweepstakes for best bull, any age or breed,
11 entries, six Herefords and five Shorthorns,
1st prize, Tregrehan (Hereford), Fowler &
Van Xatta.

Sweepstakes on cows, Harvey Sodowsky,
Shorthorn, Indianola, HI.

It w'ill be seen by the above awards that the
premiums w^ere changed somewhat from the
Lafayette awards. Sir Garnet is given here
the second place, where he was overlooked the
preceding week. This was a fine large bull, by
The Grove 3d, who is the sire of some renuirk-
ably good cattle.

In the two-year-old bull class, Tregrehan is
here given first place, while at Lafayette in his
class he was overlooked, while winning sweep-

AN All l;lebkity. dlack prince.

Bred i: J at Chicago and Kansas City

Fat Stu. k Sbowi. Isiu 1. This steer did more to bring
the Angus breed to notice in America than any other
animal of the breed.

stakes for best bull upon the ground. In the
yearling. Anxiety 4th is here given first, while
at Lafayette he was overlooked entirely.

In bull calves, the position of the winners is
reversed. El Paso Boy here taking the first, and
Jinnbo the second. For aged cows. M(>ssrs.
Earl iS.- Stuart's imported jirize winner Lady 3d,

lll.ST(;l!Y OF UEKKFUliD C A TT L K

435

takes first here, over Cherry vMtli, who did not
win anything at Lafayette. Lady 3d had seen
her best days as a sliow animal, breeding as she
did a calf every year.

In heifers one year old and under two, the
heifer Viola, bred by T. L. Miller, took first
here, while at Lafayette she was overlooked.

Fair at Springfield, III., 1882. — Much to
the disgust of the Shorthorn exhibitors, the
breeders of Hereford cattle, with their grand
display of over seventy head of white-faced
beauties, loaded their cars at Crawfordsville,
Ind., and sped away to the home of the Short-
horns, and pitched" their tents at Springfield,
111. The Shorthorn men wanted to know what
right the Hereford men had to come out in such
force, and fill the spectators with enthusiasm at
the sight of such mountains of beef comprised in
such compact bodies, mounted on short, fine-
boned legs and covered with mellow hides and
good coats of hair. These Shorthorn breeders
felt particularly grieved that the Hereford men
concluded to exhilnt their cattle in mass, and
concentrating their forces, thus make a display
that the Shorthorn men had no chance of
beating. They even went so far as to say it
was a bulldozing movement, inaugurated to
awe the different fair associations. As far as
we heard the different fair managers express
an opinion they were anxious to have this grand
display come to their grounds, as it attracted
many thousands of spectators, who liked to see
improvement and did not want to be compelled
to always see the same old barren Shorthorn
cows from year to year.

The prizes of Herefords in their classes were
as follows at this fair:

Bull three years old and over, 1st premium.
Hero, Wm. Constable, Beecher, 111.; 2d,
Anxiety 3d, Thos. Clark, Beecher, 111.

Bull two vears old and under three, 1st,
Royal l(;th. Earl & Stuart, Lafayette, Ind. ; 2d,
Tregrehan, Fowler & Van Xatta, Fowler, Ind.

Bull one year old and under two, 1st,
Anxietv 5th, Fowler & Van Natta; 2d, Anxiety
4th, C' K. Parmelee.

Bull calf under one year, 1st, Jumbo, Earl &
Stuart; 2d, Exchange, Earl & Stuart.

Cow three A'ears old and over, 1st, Cherrv
24th, C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111.; 2d, Lady
3d, Earl & Stuart.

Heifer two years old and under three, 1st,
Venus, Earl & Stuart; 2d, Peerless, Thomas
Clark.

Heifer one vear old and under two, 1st,
Prettvinaid. Earl & Stuart; 2d. Viola. Fowler
& ^'an Xatta.

Heifer calf under one year old, 1st, Crocus

3d, Fowler & Van Natta; 2d, Hachel, C. M.
Culbertson.

Sweepstakes, best bull. Hero, Wm. Constaljle.

Sweepstakes, best cow. Cherry 24th, C. M.
Culbertson.

Sweepstakes for l)est aged herd. Earl &
Stuart (Herefords) 1st; C. -M. Cullx-rtsou
(Herefords) 2d.

Sweepstakes for best young herd under two
years old, J. H. Pickrell (Shorthorns) 1st;
Earl & Stuart (Herefords) 2d.

The show of grade Herefords at this fair was
very fine,' and in the grade classes the Here-
fords of Mr. J. R. Price, of WiUiamsville, 111.,
won all he showed for, over all competitors.

Splendid exhiljits were made at ilissouri,
Kansas, and Nebraska fairs in 1882 by F. W.
Smith, and Whaley & Young of Missouri, and
Fowler Bros., J. S. Hawes, and W. Morgan &
Son.

Birmingham, Exg., Fat Stock Snow,
1882. — We give the following account taken
from the "Birmingham Post" of the winnings
of the Hereford cattle at this English Fat Stock
Show :

"Herefords. — This breed is not so strong in
point of number as it was last year, the stalls
being 24 against 31, but it is again dis-
tinguished above all other competitors by con-

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WASHINGTON (8152) 22815.
Bred by A. E. Hughes, Herefordshire.

tributing the premier animal of the show. Mr.
John Price, (11278) of Pembridge, once more
beats everything with his grand ox by (irand
Dukc> — Satin. The bullock has added about
four hundred and twenty pounds to its weight
by the year's additional feeding, and has de-
veloped still further the fine qualities which
excited so much admiration at its previous
exhibition. At the age of three vears it now
pulls 21 hundred weight. 1 qr., 14 lli. (2,3!)4
lbs.), and every ounce of its meat is in the

436

IllSTOKY OF UKUEFOltl) CATTLE

proper place. As it i;^ liivd and led ijy the ex-
hibitor, it carries tlie president's £25 sterling
cup, as well as the £50 sterling, as best Here-
ford, and the Elkington challenge trophy, of
the value of 100 guineas. As this last prize has
been won by ilr. Price two years successively,
it now becomes his own pro])erty. It is to be
noticed as a remarkable and unexpected cir-
cumstance that this repeated victory has been
gained by the same animal. The Queen's
Shorthorn heifer was the most dangerous rival
ifr. Price had to encounter in the final award,
and there were loud shouts of applairse in the
hall wIh'11 it was announced that the subject

with bullocks which are all the progeny of
Pegulus."

The Ejlkington challenge cup, of tlie value
of $500, won hy Mr. John Price with a Here-
ford bullock, for the best animal in the show,
was first placed on offer in 1873, and to be the
pro]H^rty of the winner must be won two years
in succession. (T| 279) We copy from the "Mark
Lane E.\press" the following statement : ''The
cup was won in 1873 by Mr. E. Wortley, in "74
by Mr. Kobert Wright, in '75 by Mr. Richard
Stratton, in '7G by Mr. Samuel Kidner, in '77
by Mr. Richard Stratton, (H'^BO) in '78 by
Lord Lovat, in '79 bv Mr. H. D. Adainson. in

PURE-BRED STEER. RUDOLPH, JR.
Bred, fed and exhibited by Geo. F. Morgan, winner of grand .sweepstal^es Chicago Fat Stocl< Show ISSfi.

had defeated his sovereign — not on account of
that feature of the case, for a royal victory
would have been just as warmly welcomed, but
as expressing the congratulations of spectators
on an exhibitor having at length scored the
double event required by the conditions of the
Elkington Cup. This feat, however, is not the
only sign which the show affords of the strength
of the l\'mbridge herd. Mr. Price also takes
the second prize for oxen, and both first and
second in the younger class of Hereford steers,

'SO liv Mr. Peter Dunn, in '81 and '82 by Mr.
John Price, Court House, Pembridge, Eng."

1883.— The Illinois State Faiu.— Here-
ford class awards were as follows :

Bull three years old or over, 1st, Wyoming
Hereford Association: 2d, G. S. Burleigh. Bull
two years old and under three, 1st, G. S. Bur-
leigh ; 2d, T. M. George. Bull one year old and
under two, 1st, (icorge Leigh; 2d, Fowler &
Van Natta. Bull under one year old, 1st, C.

n I S T U U Y () F 1 1 K R K V OKU C A T T L E

■137

M. Culbertson; 2d, 0. TerrelL Cow 4 years old
or over, 1st, C. K. Parmelee; 3d, T. M. George.
Cow three years old and under four, 1st, and
2d, Thos. Clark. Heifer two years old and
under three, 1st, Thos. Clark; 2d, C. K. Par-
melee. Heifer one vear old and under two. 1st,
Fowler & Van Natt"a; 2d, Thos. Clark. Heifer
under one year old, 1st and 2nd, C. il. Culbert-
son. In the sweepstakes: Hereford herd to
consist of bull two years old or over, and a
three-year-old, two-year-old, one-year-old, and
under one-year-old female, the prize went to the
Wj-oming Hereford Association, of Cheyenne,
Wyoming. At the head of this herd stood the
remarkable bull Eudolph, {^[281) a grand
animal, which combined great scale, with a
smoothness and finish unequalled among his
competitors. Best bull of any age, 1st,
Wyoming Hereford Ass'n, Eudolph. Best
female, any age, 1st, C. K. Parmelee, Princess.
(T[282) Sweepstakes: Herd, all breeds compet-
ing, 1st, to Fowler & Van Natta's Herefords.

New York State Fair, 1883. — In the
Hereford class the herd prize was awarded to
the Hon. E. Corning, of Albany, for his bull
Comus, and cows Fil1)ert, Edna, Dorcas 5th,
Duchess 8th, and Edna 2d. On aged bulls,
E. Corning took first with Comus. On two-
year-old bulls, J. L. Northrup, of Westfield,
took first with Santa Claus. In bull calves, E.
Corning took first with Kenwood. For aged
cows, E. Corning took first and second with
Filbert and Edna. In. yearling heifers, E.
Corning took first with Edna 2d. J. L. North-
rup took first on heifer calves with Charmer
3d. On fat cattle there was a premium for
oxen over four years old and under four years
old. G. Ayrault, of Poughkeepsie, won first on
the former and first and second in the latter;
also second for aged fat cows and first for fat
heifers. Hon. Erastus Corning, of Albany,
took first for fat cow over four years old with
his Hereford cow, Topsv Turvv. * * *

In 1883 Mr. W. E. Campbell, an extensive
ranchman and cattle raiser of Caldwell, Kans..
exhibited at the Kansas State Fair a fine
herd of Hereford cattle right off the prairie,
where they had grazed the entire season, and
had had no other feed of any kind whatever,
this fact being established by the affidavit of
reliable parties posted on the stalls of the cattle.
Notwithstanding these facts, the cattle were in
excellent condition, and proved the superioritv
of the Herefords over all other breeds as grass
or range cattle. The Equinox 27.58 (11283)
standing at the head of this herd had proven
an excellent stock getter as well as invincible
show bull. He won first prize in the grand

sweepstakes ring open to bulls of any age or
breed, in a strong field of eighteen show
bulls, representing the best Shorthorn, Here-
ford, Polled Angus and Galloway herds of
Iowa, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. He
also carried off the first prize in his class, and
his bull calf Jumbo and his heifer calf Lady
]\Iaud 4th each won first honors in their re-
spective classes. In the sweepstakes ring for
the best bull and five of his calves, open to all
Ijreeds, The Equinox again came to the front
and won second honors, though his calves were
very young and showed to bad advantage on
that account. Queen of the Lillies. (^ 284) out
of Jessamine by Winter de Cote, that was first
at Bismarck, was assigned a second place here
after much hesitation. The winnings of this
herd are unprecedented. It was a trump card
for the Herefords as grass cattle. The merits
of any thoroughlired race are best demonstrated
by the quality of their progeny, and to l^rac-
tically demonstrate the stiperiority and potency
of the Herefords over other breeds, Mr. Camp-

SAMLKL WEAVER,
Decatur, 111., America's greatest cattle feeder.

bell exhibited the yearling heifer Texas Jane.
This heifer was sired by a thoroughbred Here-
ford, and was out of a little scrub Texas cow.
She wei,£;hed about 900 pounds, and had all tlie
character and markings of a thoroughbred
Hereford. She was universally admired and
attracted much attention and comment from

438

111ST()I;V OF 11 H R H FO R I) CATTLE

the public, to wlioiii she gave the following
account of her birth and breeding, through a
placard conspicuously posted over her stall :

"1 was born on W. E. Car.ipbell's ranch, Aug.
19, 188"^, and was at once christened Texas
Jane.

"My father was a Hereford thoroughbred,
My mother a wild 'Texas scrub.'

The cross makes me easily fed.
And I am able to rustle for grub.

"Don't stare at the meat on my back.
Or be surprised at my snow-white face;

For it was all the work of papa,
That gave me this Hereford grace.

The Ilerofords won sweepstakes on bull of
anv use or breed : first and second sweepstakes

Thomas Clark exhibited Anxiety 3d, a son of
old Anxiety; and Mr. C. K. Parmelee ex-
hibited Sir Garnet, a son of The Grove 3d, re-
cently purchased from Mr. Culbertson. The
result was, first prize to Mr. Thos. Clark's
Anxiety 3d, and the second to Fowler & Van
Natta for Tregrehau. There were no two-
year-old bulls exhibited. On yearling bulls
Messrs. Earl & Stuart took the first prize with
Jumbo, and the second with Lord Horace. In
bull calves the first prize went to Emperor 2d,
owned by Earl & Stuart, and the second to
Beckjay Hero, owned by Thos. Clark.

Of cows three years old and upward a
splendid exhibit was made. The first prize
went to Mr. Thos. Clark for his cow Peerless

on bull an<l five calves and second in sweep-
stakes on cow of any age or breed.

The Lafayette Fair, 1883.— The best
Herefords in America were again pitted
against each other at the Jjafayetfe fair. In
the show for aged bulls there was Messrs.
Fowler & Van Xatta's Tregrehan who won the
sweepstakes in 1882 as the best bull of any age
or breed over a combined show of .seven llere-
fords and eight Shorthorns of the year. Mr.

by Lord Wilton. This cow took the sweep-
stakes as the best Hereford female of any age
at St. Louis. 1882. The second prize went to
C. K. Parmc'lee, of Wolcott. Ind., for his cow
Silvia. (11285) In the two-year-old class the
exhibit was an extraordinary one, and was most
hotly contested, as there is seldom seen such a
grand display of in-calf heifers. The first
prize was awarded to Princess, a prize heifer,
imported and owned by C. K. Parmelee. The

HISTORY OF H E R E F 0 K D CATTLE

439

second prize wont to Duchess l"<ith, also an
imported heifer, and owned by Mr. Thomas
Clark. In the yearling class, Messrs. Fowler
& Van Natta took first prize with Crocus,
Messrs. Earl & Stuart taking second with Belle.
For heifer calves the first went to a calf by
Tregrehan, bred and owned by Messrs. Fowler
& Van Natta; the second went to Earl &
Stuart for a calf by Lord Wilton.

In the sweepstakes ring for best herd, the
Herefords and Shorthorns competed against
each other. It will be remembered that at
previous year's show, the aged herds consisted
of one bull and four cows, and that the judges
placed the first prize on a herd of Shorthorns,
while the Herefords were forced to be contented
with second place. This year, the rule was,
herds to consist of one bull two years old or
over, one cow three years old or over, one
heifer two years, one heifer one year, and one
under one year old. This year the fortunes
were reversed and the first prize was placed on
Fowler & Van Xatta's herd of Herefords, at
the head of which stood Tregrehan, and among
the females were Viola, Crocus and Actress.
The second place went to Mr. Wilhoit's Short-
horn herd. The third prize went to Mr.
Thomas Clark's Hereford herd, at the head of
which stood Anxiety 3d, and the females of
which were Peerless, Duchess 12th, Silver and
Flossie.

In the young beef herds, under two years old,
the Shorthorns did not draw a prize. The
first prize was awarded to Messrs. Fowler &
Van Natta's young herd of Herefords; the
second was awarded to Messrs. Earl & Stuart,
who had a choice herd of young things, at the
head of which stood the bull Jumbo.

New ExGLAXD Fair, 1883. — The New Eng-
land Agricultural Society, which held its an-
nual meeting at Manchester, N. H., Septem-
ber 4th to 7th, 18S3, had a good display of
stock. In the Hereford class there were
awarded to J. P. Kimball, of Canterbury, N.
H., first and §ecdnd for two-year-old bulls,
second prize for yearling bull, first for bull
calf, first and second for aged cows, first for
two-year-old heifer, first for yearling heifer,
and first for heifer calf. To "Seth (Juimby, of
Bow, N. H., first prize for yearling bull. The
sweepstakes gold medal for best bull was given
to J. P. Kimball for his bull Major, and a
silver medal for his cow l\Iollie Holmes. Mr.
Kimball also took the Hereford herd premium.

Mr. W. P. Small, of Canterbury, N. H., in
the grade class showed Herefords and won first
and second prize for two-year-old heifer and
first for heifer calf, against other breeds. He

also took first and second prize for two-year-
old steers broken to the yoke, and first prize for
yearling steers broken to the yoke. The
"Country Gentleman" had the following to
say of tlais fair:

"The Herefords attracted great attention.
One point of value operating to make this
breed and the Devons popular in New England
is the beauty and usefulness of the oxen. The
best yokes of working oxen and fat cattle at this
show were of these breeds. W. P. Small, of
Canterbury, and J. P. Kimball, of the same
place, showed over twenty head each, and
there was not a poor Hereford in the pens.
The New England Hereford breeders call these
cattle excellent in the dairy as well as for work-
ing and the shambles. Judging from the in-
terest shown at this fair the Hereford is gain-
ing in popular favor in the Eastern States."

At the Iowa State Fair, 1883. — The
Hereford breeders were: Wyoming Hereford
Association, of Cheyenne ; Mr. Ben. Hershey,
of Muscatine, la.. Swan Bros. & Kaufman, of
Indianola, Iowa ; G. S. Burleigh, of ilechanics-
ville, Iowa ; W. C. McGavock, of FrankUn, Mo.

Best aged bull, first prize, Wyoming Here-
ford Association (Rudolph) ; second, G. S.
Burleigh. Be^t two-year-old bull, first prize,
G. S. Burleigh. Best one-year-old bull, first

BURLEIGH'S PRIDE.

Cross-bred from Angus sire and Hereford dam by H. C.

Burleigb, Vassalboro, Me.

and second prizes, Wyoming Hereford Ass'n.
Best bull calf, first prize, Wyoming Hereford
Ass'n.

Aged cow, first prize, G. S, Burleigh ; second,
Wyoming Hereford Ass'n. Best two-year-old
female, first prize. Swan Bros. & Kaufman ;
second, W. C. McGavock. Best one-year-old
heifer, first prize, Wyoming Hereford Ass'n ;
second, G. S. Burleigh. Best lieifer calf, first
and second prizes, Wyoming Hereford Ass'n.

440

II 1 s T () R\ () F 1 1 1-: H )•; F () i; 1 ) v \ r t l e

Sweepstakes: All breeds competiug. Third
prize, Wyoming Hereford Ass'n.

The Platt Phize Hereford Steer. — The
champion Hereford steer at Smithfield, 1883,
was bred by Mr. Frederick Platt, of Upper
Breinton, Hereford, England. This steer was
two years, four months and two weeks and four
days old, and was bred from the Hereford stock
of ilr. Aaron Bogers on the dam's side. His
sire was Horace 2492 (3877). (If 280) This
bnll Horace was the animal that Mr. Platt paid
$2,500 for when he was tvn years old. He had

PLLSH.

Grand sweepstakes carcass, Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1S86.

Fed by John Gosling.

been the stock bull in Mr. John Price's herd at
Court House, Pembridge, Eng. He was a bull
of remarkable substance, and covered with a
curly coat of hair that is seldom equaled. He
was such a prepotent sire that he conveyed his
good qualities to most of his descendants, and
many of his get have been prize winners in the
show ring.

The steer weighed 1,680 pounds, and won in
a ring of ten competitors. There were shown in
the same ring a steer bred by Mr. Thos. Lewis,
of Woodhouse, sired by Young Sir Frank 2()()!)
(4274) ; two more steers bred by Mr, Lewis
Lloyd, of Monks Orchard, sired by Lord Wilton
4057 (4740), of which so much was said as a
stock getter; another, bred by J. R. Hill, by
Commander 3209 (4452), tlie Mrs. EdwanU
bull. The second prize in the ring, however,
went to a second steer exhibited by Mr. Platt,
which was also by Horace. The (bird ])rize
went to a steer bred by the late Mr. Morris, of
Weston.

We quote the following from the "Breeders'
Journal" report of the Kansas City Fat
Stock Show for 1883 :

The two important exhibits of live stock in
America for 1883, the first at Kansas City, the

second at Chicago, have made a long stride
toward settling the merits of the breeds.

The Kansas City Show was the first that had
been held there, and was a very creditable open-
ing. The Herefords were represented by W.
E. Campbell, of Caldwell, Kansas, with a year-
ling heifer and steer from Texas cows and a
Hereford bull and five heifer calves. This
exhibit was one of the most interesting and at-
tractive of the show, as indicating the potency
of the Herefords and their ability to improve
the common cattle of the country. They were
of fine (|uality. and would have passed without
many doulit^ for thoroughbreds.

Fielding W. Smith, of Woodlandville, Mo.,
had on exhibition five yearling steers, the get
of Dictator, (^287) the champion bull at St.
Louis in 1881 and 1882. These were out of
Siiorthorn cows, and were of great substance;
one of them was as perfect a beast as there was
in the show, and we hope to see him and his
master another year, the steer having passed
the interim in the hands of a good feeder.

Messrs. Scott & Broaders, of Leavenworth,
Kansas, exhibited a half-blood Hereford steer
— a very smooth, level animal, not fat enough
to win, but an excellent butcher's beast.
]\Iessrs. (iudgell & Simpson, Independence,
Mo., exhibited a very good pair of pure-bred
Hereford steers. Messrs. A. A. Crane & Sons,
of Osco, 111., exhibited a pair of thoroughbreds
and one grade Hereford bullock. T. E. Miller,
of Beecher, 111., exhibited a pure-bred, fat
Hereford cow. Messrs. Seabury & Sample, of
Lafayette, Ind., exhibited a yearling grade
Hereford steer of good quality. Messrs.
Fowler & Van Xatta, of Fowler, Ind., made
an exhibit of the grade Hereford steer Benton's
Champion. Thomas Clark, of Beecher, 111.,
exhibited his yearling grade Hereford steers
Xip and Tuck. These attracted a good deal of
attention, and were very creditable steers.

The Herefords made a very creditable show,
Adams Earl winning on Hereford bullocks
three and under four years old, with Wabash
(T128S) first premium; A. A. Crane & Sons
taking second. A. A. Crane & Sons also took
first premium on Hereford bullocks two and
under three years old. Gudgell & Simpson
took first and second on Hereford steers one
and under two years. T. E. ^filler took first
])remium on Hereford cow three years old and
over; (Judgell & Simpson taking second.
Adams Earl took special premium, a farm
wagon, for best Hereford animal in the show,
on pure-bred steer Wabash. W. E. Campbell
took special premium of $25 on Hereford cow.

The Shorthorns were fairly represented, J.

H I S T 0 R Y 0 F IT E K E FORI) ( ' A T '1' L J-;

441

H. Potts & Sou taking the champion prize for
best steer in the show with the three-year-old
Shorthorn steer Starlight. Fowler & Van
Natta took champion prize over all breeds for
best two-year-old in the show with Benton's
Champion. Thos. Clark took champion prize
for best yearling beast in the show with the
steer Tuck.

With the figures before us, it is well to make
the comparison tliat they enable us to do. The
champions by ages for the highest honors — the
best beasts in the show — were Starlight, Ben-
ton.'s Champion, and Tuck. Their ages and
weights were as follows:

Age in G'n p'r Name of

days. Wt. day. Exhibitor. Breed. Bullocls.

1382 2170 1.57 J. H. Potts & Son. G. S'horn. Starlight.

911 1885 2.06 Fowler & VanNatta. G. H'ford. B. Cham.

526 1240 2.35 Thos. Clark. G. H'ford. Tuck.

1408 2350 1.66 Adams Earl. T. H'ford. Wabash.

It will be noticed that Starlight is one year
three and one-half months older than Benton's
Champion, and only weighed 285 pounds more.
The only open question is the one of quality. I f
Starlight was in quality much better than
Benton's Champion, it might be an excuse or
reason w'hy the championship should have been
given him, but we think that the steer Benton's
Champion was the better quality. And if Tuck
was slaughtered he would show a better quality
of meat than either, though ho had not as much
weight for age as had Benton's Champion.
There is a tendency with judges to give the
awards to the larger bullock.

It is perhaps well to compare the merits of
Starlight and Wabash. Wabash is 116 days
or nearly four months older than Starlight, and
weighed ISO pounds the most. Although four
months older, he has made a gain per day of
l.liT), while Starlight has only made 1.57.

A feature at this show was the sale of Here-
fords by Mr. Adams Earl, of Lafayette, Ind.,
making an average of nearly $600 — nearly or
quite $100 more than the best sale of Angus or
Galloways.

The Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1883,
opened (to quote the "Breeders' Journal" re-
port), with one of the largest exhibits ever made
since its first opening, and with more satis-
factory financial results. We have no need to
call the attention of our readers to the manage-
ment of the show held a year ago; to the gross
and glaring frauds as to the ages of steers ex-
hil)ited by Shorthorn exliil)itors, and the pro-
tection which they had from the president of
the board and the Sliorthorn element in and
out of the board.

We have no need to call th(> attention of our
readeis to the strenuous elforts made liv the

jiresideiit and his associates to defeat the
resolution requiring all animals that should be
exhibited at future shows to undergo a critical
examination by a competent veterinary surgeon
and two conqietent and experienced breeders
of cattle, to determine their ages by the denti-
tion of teeth, being able to defeat the resolu-
tion at the January meeting, but were not able
to defeat it at the February meeting.
' The show opened on the 14th ult. with the
following entries: 95 Herefords or their
grades; about 300 Sliorthorns or their grades;
a few Scots and Holsteins. In the classes
where all breeds competed, the premiums
awarded to Herefords were as follows :

Grades or crosses: Best steer or spayed
heifer three and under four years, 1st, C. M.
Culbertson, Eoan Bo}^, grade Hereford. Best
steer or spayed heifer two and under three
years, 1st, Fowler & Van Natta, Benton's
Champion, grade Hereford. Best steer one
and under two years, 2d, Thomas Clark, Tuck,
grade Hereford. Sweepstakes : Best steer
or cow in this class, C. M. Culbertson, Roan
Bo}-, grade Hereford. Sweepstakes: Best steer
or spayed heifer three years and under four,
judged by feeders, Mr. Culbertson's Roan Boy.

Grand Sweepstakes: Best steer or heifer any
age or breed, awarded to Mr. Culbertson's Roan
Boy.

Best lot of eight cattle three years and under
four, all breeds competing, 1st. John B. Sher-
man. Hereford and Shorthorn.

443

HISTOliY OK II E UK F U i; I) CATTKK

Best twL'lvo cattle one year and iiiuler two,
all breeds, 1st, Fowler & \'an Xatta, Here-
fords; 2d, C. M. Culbertson.

In the competition for cost of production,
the Hereford* won in the class for steer or
spayed heifer two and under three years, first
preniiuni on spayed lieifer Ilattie, exhibited by
G. S. Burleigh, Meehanicsville, la.

And again in the class for steer or spayed
heifer one and under two years, first preniiuln
to steer Stonington, exhibited by E. J. Stone,
Stonington, 111.

A large amount of cash in special premiums
given at this show from fund collected by the

American Hereford Breeders' Association was
won bv the following exhibitors: Adams Earl,
A. A. "Crane & Son, C. B. Stuart, C. M. Cul-
bertson, Fowler & Van Natta, B. Hershev,
John B. Sherman, Thomas Clark, F. W. Smith,
Tom C. Pouting, H. Xorris & Son.

The special premium offered by McCormick
Harvesting Machine Company, for best five cat-
tle, was won by John B. Sherman, with grade
Herefords.

There were a large number of beasts slaugh-
tered. For the best three-year-old carcass we
think the Herefords improi)erly beaten, the first
premium being given to the Shorthorns, and
also for the best carcass; and we believe the
Culbertson steer. Roan Boy, was the best bul-
lock, the most level, and of the best quality.
The Potts steer was uneven. Tf the judges gave
the award for the greatest amount of outside
fat. tlien perhaps there was less room for criti-
cism.

Till-; SHOWS OF 1884.

A good showing of Herefords was made in
1884 at the leading shows. At the Illinois
Statk Faik by Thomas Clark, Geo. Leigh &
Co., E. Essnn and .fas. Caldwell.

At t. ;■ St. Louis (.Mo.) K.viii the Hereford
prizes \,ere divided between Jlessrs. C M. Cul-
bertson, Earl & Stuart, Win. Constable, and
K. \V. Smith.

A determined effort was made this year by
the Hereford herds of .MlcilIOAX. marshaled by
the veteran Hereford advocate, \Vm. H.
Sotham. The leading herds, those of Thomas
Foster and Wm. Hamilton, of Flint, were
placed in preparation under the management
of T. F. B. Sotham, who was given an interest
in their winnings. These and other Michigan
herds made the rounds of the leading County
and District fairs, and at the State Fair made
the greatest Hereford show ever seen on its
grounds. Mr. E. G. Hart, of Lapeer, and
Ivlwin Phelps, of Pontiac, adding their herds
to those aljove mentioned.

A special fund of .$'2.()00 was raised among
the Hereford breeders for Herefords at the
American F.\t Stock Show, and much good
work was done by enthusiastic effort.

The Herefords at the Royal Agricultukal
Show at Shrewsbury (1884) scored an unpar-
nllelcd success; the number of Hereford entries
largely exceeded those of any other breed of
rattle, and the quality throughout was so
marked that they monopolized the attention of
visitors. There were 144 entries, but though
they have no class for family groups, there were
classes for pairs of bulls, classes for pairs of
heifers, and classes for four heifers, so that the
number of animals exhibited was much larger
than that.

The first prize for old bulls fell to ^Ir. Aaron
Roger's Archibald (!T289), the second to Lord
Coventry's Fisherman (^290).

The first prize for cows in milk or in calf
was awarded to Lord Coventry's Ciolden Treas-
ure.

The first ]irize for cow and two ofFsjiring was
awarded to Mr. H. W. Taylor I'or the cow Ros-
amond and her produce.

The first prize for four heifers went to the
executors of Mr. T. J. Carwardine, and the first
for pairs of heifers was awarded to ^Ir. John
Price (11291).

There was never such a show of Herefords
made in the world before.

188,5. — vt tttk rvtrs (1|292.)

The Illinois State Fair was held at Chi-
cago, on the grounds of the Driving Park, near
Douglas Park, in the western part of the city.
A Hereford exhibit creditalile to the breed was
made by Messrs. Fowler & Van Xatta. of Fow-
ler, Ind. : Iowa Hereford Cattle Co., of Indian-
ola, la.; J. C. Bertram, of .\iirora. III. : C. M.

IIISTOin' OF HEUKFOIM) CAT'l'LK

443

Culbertson, of Chicago; A. C. Rml (Tlv'93),
of Goodenow, 111.; E. E. Esson (TI<i!»4), of
Peotone, 111.; Jas. H. McEldowney (ll--i95),
of Illinois, showing about 60 head all told.

At the Fair at Bismarck, Kansas, the Here-
ford exhibit was by J. S. Hawes. Shockev &
Gibb (1I2!tG, If 297), Liieien Scott, G. A. Fow-
ler, all of Kansas {^ 298).

At the Iowa State Fair, for the sweepstakes
for the best herd, there were ten herds shown
of the different breeds. Third premium was
gained for the Herefords by the Iowa Here-
ford Cattle Co. (11299). A. A. Crane, of Illi-
nois, and Ford & Drunimie, of Iowa, made up a
fine exhibit (IJSOO).

The Michigan State Fair witnessed another
splendid show of Herefords. This. year the ex-
hibit came from the herds of William Hamil-
ton, Thos. Foster, Foster & Pearsall, Edwin
Phelps, E. G. Hart (If 301), of Michigan, and
F. H. Johnson & Co. (Tf302), of Indiana.
There was as usual in Michigan no competition
between breeds.

At the Indiana State Fair, the Herefords
were represented by the Indiana herds, F. H.
Johnson & Co., of South Bend, and the Indiana
Blooded Stock Co., of Indianapolis, making a
most creditable show.

The Herefords were exhibited at Nebraska
State Fair 1885, by J. S. Hawes (^ 303), Kan-
sas, his herd being headed by Sir Evelyn
(If 304). The rest of the exhibits were made by
Chas. M. Sears, of Aurora, Neb.; E. E. Day,
of South Bend, Neb. ; A. A. Crane, of Osco,
111., the latter herd headed by Equinox 2d, a
2-year-old weighing 1,700 pounds. There was
no sweepstakes between breeds (11305, ^300).

At the English Royal Show, 1885, there was
no competition between breeds. The Here-
fords were well represented. Exhibitors were :
J. Price, Earl of Coventry, H. R. Hall (If 307 ),
H. W. Taylor (If 308), J. Rankin, M. P.; W.
Tudge, C.'Knott, T. S. Minton (11309), J. II.
Arkwright, A. Hughes (If 310), F. J. Gougli.
S. Miller, A. P. Turner (If 311), J. Navlor, J.
R. Hill, S. Robinson (If 312).

The Show was a very creditable one to the
Hereford cattle.

At the Gloucester AGRicn.TURAL Siio\v,
among the Shorthorn exhibitors were some of
the best of the Shorthorn breeders. "Bell's
Weekly Messenger" says of the Herefords:
"They made a magnificent display." The aged
bulls'were H. W. Taylor's Maidstone (If 313),
Lord Coventry's Good Boy, II. R. Hall's Hot-
spur (If 314). They stood first, second and
third in the order named. Mr. Taylor's Maid-
stone took the champion prize for the best male

animal of any breed in the show, and his Tan-
it}- 7th likewise for the best female in the
show. "If these honors had not been repeated
so often in England this year," says the "Mes-
senger," "we might attempt to enlarge upon
these awards." An interesting fact in con-
nection with these sweepstakes awards is that
of the three judges, two were Shorthorn
breeders.

At 1;he Royal Counties Show, 1885, at South-
ampton, all breeds in competition. Earl Coven-
try took the champion prize with his Hereford
bull Goodbov, defeating the Shorthorn, Sus-
sex (If 316) and Devon (If 317) breeds.

Mr. John Price took champion prize for
bull and offspring at Brighton.

At the Oxfordshire Fair, 1885, the Earl of
Coventry won sweepstakes with Hereford IjuU
Goodboy and Hereford cow Golden Treasure,
in competition with all breeds. Mr. Joseph
Darby, writing to the "Farmer," savs: "Mr.
Handley's Self Esteem 2d (If 318), which here
came into collision with the Earl of Coventry's
Good Boy, had for the past two seasons been
the crack Shorthorn of the period."

Chicago Fat Stock Show, 1885. — At
the American Fat Stock Show, 1885, the
Herefords scored a splendid victory. The ex-
hibit was one of the l)est made at this show,
and the Illinois State Board of Agriculture was
entitled to great credit for the advancement
they had made in the selection of Judges. It

,,^^:.

1

^fc'- ioi-d

'^ T%ij||^H|

M -:

^fe*^^^^^^^^^^^^

P

1

PURE-BRED STEER.
Bred by F. Piatt, Barnby Manor. Newark-on-Trent, Cham-
pion at Smituaeld, 1SS6.

was claimed by the Shortiiorn men that they
had not suitable preparation for this show.
This statement was made by them to aecoimt
for their defeat, but they proposed to come the
next year with a stronger exhibit. It is well
to consider whether this claim for want of read-
iness for this show was valid or not. First in
their three-year-old class, Messrs. ilorrow &

444

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

Reiiick came with Schooler (TJ31'J), Bedlonl
4th, Reiiick Sharon, aud Weatliers, the pick of
the Kentucky herds, and high up in the l)est
class, and they ought to be good representatives
of the best Shorthorn ijlood, and we believe
were fully up to anything that the Shorthorn
men ever exhibited at this show, having indi-
vidual and uniform merit. Their two-year-old
exhibits were very creditable to the breed, and
in their one-year-old, they may consider them-
selves fortunate if they can produce another
Cleveland (11320). Under one-year-old thev
were certainly very
weak. In grades
and crosses they
were represented by
such breeders as
George Elliott, of
Harristown, 111. ;
J. H. Potts & Son,
Jacksonville, 111. ;
B. Waddell. Ma-
rion, Iowa ; John
B. Sherman, Chi-
cago, 111.: C. S.
Barclav, W. Lib-
erty, la.; J. R.
Peak, Winchester,
111.: Forbes Bros.
(TI 323 and 323),
Henry, 111.; T. W. Hunt, xVshton, 111., and
John D. Gillette. Our readers will recognize
among these some of the leading Shorthorn
breeders of the country.

Mr. Gillette, especially, came with a world-
wide reputation as a bullock breeder, and is
supposed to have done more to give reputation
to the Shorthorn breed of cattle than any other
living man, and while his cattle rank high as
grades and crosses, the fact still remains that
Mr. Gillette gave his life work to developing
the Shorthorn as a butcher's beast, having all
this time selected the best sires from among
the Shorthorn families.

The Polled Angus breeds were represented
by six thoroughbreds and fifteen grades or cross
breeds.

The Holsteins had a small representation in
thoroughbreds and grades.

The Hereford exhibits were creditable to the
breeders (11321, 1f324), both in thoroughl)reds
and grades. For the winnings we refer to our
account in the different classes. The judging
for the different breeds in their ])urity was com-
paratively a tame affair.

The interest culminated when the three-
year-okl grades and crosses were brought into
competition, and the exhibits were as follows:

Exhibitor and animal. Weight. Blood.

C. M. Culbertson. Scott 2140 G. Hd.

C. .M. Culbertson, Schuttler 210G G. Hd.

C. M. Culbertson, Reynolds 2055 G. Hd.

C. M. Culbertson, Dysart 1S90 G. Hd.

C. .M. Culbertson. Pearee 1945 G Hd

J. B. Sherman, Albright 2220 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Xatta. .McGregor 2345 G. Hd.

Kowler & Van Natta, Regulus 2345 G. Hd.

Adams Earl. Dick 2160 G. Hd.

Adams Earl, Excelsior 2070 G. Hd.

Lucien Scott, Jersey um Hd & J'rs'y

Uid. Bl'd S. Co., Stoningtoa 1900 G. Hd.

J. D. Sherman, Warfleld 2125 S. H. G.

J. B. Sherman. Richland 2185 S. H. G.

.1. B. Sherman, Longmore 2220 S. H. G.

John D. Gillette, J. P. Reynolds 2100 S. H. G.

John D, Gillette, Right-About 2050 S. H. G.

John D. Gillette. .\IcCue 2015 S. H. G.

George Elliott. Little Britain 1765 S. H. G.

J. H. Potts & Son, Champion 1940 S. H. G.

J. H. Potts & Son. Surprise 1685 S. H. G.

Swan & Bosler, Jake 232(y S. H. G.

Morrow & Rcnick, Bales 2320 S. H. G.

John D. Gillette, Barney 2245 S. H. G.

John D. Gillette, Cherry 1750 S. H. G.

B. Waddell. Dan 2080 S. H. G.

Lucieu Scott, Boots 2050 H. G.

James J. Hill, Hutcheon 2455 An. G.

James J. Hill, Turitf 2140 An. G.

The first premium went to Fowler & Vnn
Xatta, and the second and third to Mr. Cul-
bertson. The exhibit of two-year-old grades
and crosses was large and as follows:

Exhibitor and animal. Weight. Blood.

C. S. Barclay, White Cedar 1900 S. H. G.

Charles B. Stuart. Texas Boy 1500 G. Hd.

Seabury & Sample, Joe 1705 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta, Dandv Boy 1905 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta. Benton Will 1805 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta. Adams 1930 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta, Peter 1304 G. Hd.

B. Hershey, Prospect 1920 G. Hd.

J. H. Potts & Son, Red Cloud 1810 G. S. H.

J. H. Potts & Son, Victor 1805 G. S. H.

J. H. Potts & Son, Major Taylor 1580 G. S. H.

J. H. Potts & Son, Richmond 1545 O. S. H.

J. H. Potts & Son. Billie S 1640 G. S. H.

J. H. Potts & Son. .Mack 1610 G. S. H.

J. R, Peak & Son, Roan Boy 1685 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Son. Wild Bill 1580 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Driver 1760 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Rocket 1900 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette. Victor 1775 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette. Doc Woods 1865 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Col. Mills 1595 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Constance 1655 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Red Plum 1560 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Cuba 1770 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette. Cain 1730 G. S. H.

J. B. Sherman. Gem 1840 G. S. H.

J. B. Sherman. Turk 1620 G. S. H.

Forbes Bros., R, Brodus 1800 G. S. H.

Forbes Bros., Varna 1690 G. S. H.

Lucien Scott, Captain 1920 G. Hoi.

In the two-year-old class grades and crosses
the Herefords found their weakest place. The
first premiums went to J. H. Potts & Son, the
second to Jolin B. Sherman, both first and sec-
ond Shorthorn grades, the third to Fowler &
Van Xatta's grade Hereford.

The yearlings were as follows :

Exhibitor and animal. Weight. Blood.

Adams Earl. Sir Bartle 1st 1470 G. Hd.

Adams Earl. Sir Bartle 2d 1515 G. Hd.

Adams Earl. Sir Bartle M 1420 G. Hd.

Adams Earl. Sir Bartle 4th 1295 G. Hd.

Adams Earl, Sir Bartle 5th 1325 G. Hd.

Adams Earl. LaFayette 1220 G. Hd.

Swan & Bosler Co.. Roan Dan 1155 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta. Sam 13S5 G. Hd.

Fowler & Van Natta. Matthews 1280 G. Hd.

Ind. Blooded Stock Co., Lindall 1555 G, Hd.

Ind. Blooded Stock Co.. Leland 1475 G, Hd.

Ind. Blooded Stock Co., Photograph.... 1290 G. Hd.

HISTORY OF H I E E F 0 R D V A T T L E

445

Exhibitor and animal. Weight. Blood.

Seabury & Sample, Bob 143.i G. Hd.

Seabury & Sample, iMort 1390 G. Hd.

Seabury & Sample, Sam 1185 G. Hd.

Seaburv & Sample, Jack 1630 G. Hd.

J. H. Potts & Son, Bob .Moore 1325 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Sou, Tommvlin 1140 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Son, Henry 1275 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Son, Maruus 1155 G. S. J.

J. R. Peak & Son, Richard 1170 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Son, Arch 1290 G. S. H.

J. R. Peak & Son, Rover G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Roy 1470 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Champion 1505 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Rob 1260 G. S. H.

John D. Gillette, Lightfoot 1280 G. S. H.

B. Waddell, Philip 1065 G. S. H.

T. W. Hunt, Billy 1210 G. S. H.

T. W. Hunt, Reliance 1200 G. S. H.

Lucien Scott, Last Chance 1300 G. Hoi.

Wm. R. Estill, Flash 1360 G. An.

The first, second and third premiums went
to Adams Earl for Hereford grades, sired by
Sir Bartle Frere (f 325).

Tlie foregoing tables are interesting as com-
paring the weights of Herefords with other
breeds and prove that by the scales test the
average for Hereford lias no superior, if indeed
they are equaled.

The show of calves numbered twenty-eight
entries, one-half of which were by Hereford
bulls. The first and second premiums went to
J. R. Price, Williamsville, HI., on Herefords.

For best grades, any age, Fowler & Van
Katta's Eegulus (T| .326) was winner. In sweep-
stakes by ages the show was confined to winning
steers in the different classes, and in the three-
year-old class the competitors were the pure-
bred Shorthorn Schooler, and the pure-bred
Hereford, Suspense, and the grade Hereford
Eegulus. The Fowler & Van Natta steer Eeg-
ulus took the champion prize as the best three-
year-old in the show. It is well to state here
that Suspense, the pure-bred Hereford, would
have undoubtedly taken this prize but for the
fact that he was somewhat overdone.

In the two-year-old class, Leigh & Crane's
pure-bred Hereford steer Sampson took the
champion honors. In the yearling class the
pure-bred Shorthorn steer Cleveland took the
champion prize. This beautiful Shorthorn may
truly be said to have appropriated the Hereford
type.

In the calf class Mr. J. R. Price's grade
Hereford heifer was the champion winner.
Thus, in four classes, three-year-olds, two-year-
olds, yearlings and calves, the Herefords took
three of the prizes and the Shorthorns one.

There was considerable complaint among the
losing Shorthorn exhibitors that the sweep-
stakes should be confined to the three first prize
steers in the different classes; hence another
ring was created by the Board, which was
termed the "consolation sweepstakes by ages."
It is quite safe to say that no amount of com-

plaint by Hereford exhibitors had ever lirought
al)out such a concession.

The four regular winning i^teers above
named, not being admitted to this ring, enal)led
Schooler, a Shorthorn, to take a first prize as
a three-year-old; Mr. J. J. Hill's (11327) Ben-
holm (Polled Angus) to take first as a yearling,
and J. H. Potts & Son's Diamond, a gratle
Shorthorn, to take the first as a calf.

Messrs. Morrow & Renick carried ofl^ the
prize for the best pen of cattle three years old
and under four, with Shorthorns, and the In-
diana Blooded Stock Co. the second with Here-
fords. For the best two-year-old under three.
Fowler & Van Natta, first with Herefords;
John B. Sherman, second with Shorthorns.
For the best pen of yearlings, Adams Earl,
with Herefords ; second to the Indiana Blooded
Stock Co., with Herefords. The best pen of
calves, J. A. Funkhouser first, and the Swan
Live Stock Co. second, Ijoth Herefords.

The Shorthorns won all three prizes for heav-
iest fat steers with overgrown oxen tliat can
only be produced at a loss. The only merit in
the exhibit for heaviest bullock is, that it grati-
fies the curiosity of a good many city visitors,
there being no merit in either of the three bul-
locks. The Board later abolished this class.

For the greatest gain per day in the three-
year-old class. Fowler & Van Xatta won both
first and second
with Herefords. In
calves, Mr. Bt>nj.
Hershey took sec-
ond with a grade
Hereford.

For the grand
sweepstakes for the
best beast in the
show, the compe-
tition was between
Elbert & Fall's
Shorthorn steer
Cleveland; the In-
diana Blooded
Stock Co.'s thor-
oughbred Hereford
Suspense : Mr. J.
J. Hill's Benholm,

Polled Angus; Messrs. Fowler & Van Xatta's
Regulus. grade Hereford, and a group of cows
not eligible elsewhere in the sJiow.

Fowler & Van Xatta's grade Hereford Ri\2-
ulus was awarded the honor as the best beast
in the show. The "Breeders' (iazette" prize
for the best animal in the show, bred and raised
bv the exhibitor, was awarded to ^Ir, C. M,
Culbertson, on Dysart (11328).

KEES KKKXE,
Pencraig, Careleou, Mon-
mouthshire.

446

H 1 S T () 1{ ^■ ( ) I'^ FI E R !•: F () H D (' A T T L E

.Shrinkage.
Trimmings

Hide

I.unKs

Heart

Tallow ....

Cuts

I.iver

:? S ;{! :i!

:S ;!!:«:? ;«

:S :S :H ^ ;? ;S :S ;^ ;f! :? ;? ;f!

;S:?! :S;S^ ;S

I'amich

O X

^ 3

O %

S »

< %

a S

H 5

liiooil

Left hind-
quarter

KiRht hind-
quarter

Left fore-
quarter

KiRht fore-
quarter....

a I a : : : : :
ID m m ^ ^ ^ ^ £

sSSo'S'S'pt:

n W

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. e s- = r

i a; e * w

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t w H >^

^|B *>>" £o-o

HISTORY OF HERE FORI) CATTLE

447

In tlie dressed carcases contest, for l^est two-
year-old carcass, Seaburv & Sample's Joe, a
grade Hereford, was winner, which also gained
the sweepstakes for the best carcass of any age.
For carcass showing the greatest amount of
edible beef, Mr. Hill's Turilf won. The carcass
exhibit was one of the most interesting in the
show. With very few exceptions the carcasses
were creditable. The weather was very unfa-
vorable for the best appearance of the meat,
and it was decided that for future shows some

KATHLEEN'.
Bred by A. P. Turner (sire. The Grove Ml. winner of
first and champion prizes; exported to Argentine. S. A.

provision should l)e made by which meat could
be cooled, that exhibitors might have the benefit
of the best apj)earaBce the different carcasses
might make.

Xot a carcass of all that were killed was
properly cooled or set, and this had been true
up to this time in the majority of all the
slaughtering tests. A table of results is in-
cluded on opposite page.

The judgment on the whole was fair, impar-
tial and intelligent, and it may be fairly stated
that more value may be attached to the awards
made at this show than at any former show.

At the Kansas City Fat Stock Show in
1885 (mentioned also in chapter 38), for the
best three-year-old dressed carcass, first pre-
mium was gained by W. E. Campbell, with
grade Hereford.

The Hereford? scored again for best two-
year-old carcass, J. S. Hawes taking first pre-
mium. Mr. Hawes also gained the champion-
ship for best dressed carcass in the show with
the same two-vear-old Hereford.

Although in competition between breeds, on
foot, the Hereford took only one premium,
that to James A. Funkhouser for Challenge
under one year old. for carcasses they took two
out of three sweepstakes.

We present a table on the results of the
slaughter test:

Per ct. of eaicass. ^

Net to livewciglit. g

Iiii;hthiinl.iiiarti'r. S

Left liindqiiarter.. 5

Hightforequarter.. "

Left forcquartcj-... g;

Hide 'I

" Tallow S

> Weight of lieuil ... S

C

X Weight of feet ^

Weight of paunch. =S§=^'^2n"°°""^

-li

** ' 'r-'" "" K"i^-- ■

^

Wr'ight of spleen..

rn

Weight of liver...

<

CO

Weight of heart..

H

Weight of tongue -

<

Weight of lungs...

Weight of blood..

X

Live weight time

u

o
tr.

5

1

X

B
C

u

•s

<

>.

3

u

a

X

a.

e

a

c

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448

1 1 I S T () m ( » I" H K H K I" () 1{ 1 ) ( • A T T I. !•:

THE ENGLISH SHOWS FOR 1885.

The '"^lark Lane Express" said of the Bath
and West of England Sliow at Brighton :

"There was one feature in eonneition with
tlie show at Brigliton which did not a])pear on
the surface, but wlien culnuuated jjroved to he
of a very important and striking character.
This was' the large and good class for groups
of animals, hull and two of his get, all i)ure
breeds competing. As very many of the ani-
mals whicli formed the several family groups
were entered in the
ordinary breed si'C-
tions, no idea of the
actual scope of this
class could be formed
until the several
groups had been made
u)) from the rank
and file of the cattle
and marshaled in the
ring ; then it formwl
the finest sight of
the kind which any
show yard in the
country has ever af-
forded. Those who
witnessed the judging
of this remarkable
competition in the great horse ring will not be
likely soon to forget the sight of the twenty-
one different lots, comprising groups of Here-
fords, Devons, Sussex, Shorthorns, and even
of the Highland breed. But of this more in
its place. It is to be hoped that the Royal and
other leading societies will do more to encour-
age similar competitions, as they are of great
interest, and likely to prove practically useful.
The Royal does not pit breed against breed in
its class for groups, but the Essex society has
been doing good work in this way. A prize or
prizes, worth winning, and open to all comers
— of pure blood — would be sure to make breed-
ers try their best not only for themselves but
also for the prestige of the particular breed in
which they are interested. This particular
competition will be something by which to re-
member the Brighton meeting, for it was really
a show in itself.

"Herefords were in about the usual numbers,
all very select, and all exceedingly well shown.
In the small classes for older bulls, Mr. H. R.
Hall, of Holme T^acy, won with one of Lord
Wilton's get. Hotspur (772(1), bred by the
late T. J. ("arwardine; ilr. .lolin Price's Hot-
spur (7028) (Ti;32i)), by Regulus (4076), came
in second, so that the position of these two ani-

mals was the same as at the Essex show. Lord
Coventry's Good boy (7(568) was entered in this
class, but as he had won the first i)rize in it last
year he was not eligible to compete, ilr. II.
\V. Taylor's Maidstone (887.5), winner of the
champion ])rize at Dublin this year, iiad really
no competition at Brighton, as he did not com-
])ete with the two Hotspurs as at \\ althani
Abbey. In the younger class Mr. J. Price's
Pembridge. by Hotspur (7028), was first, as at
Waltham Abbey. The class for yearling heifers
was commended througiiout by the judges, as it
deserved to be. Hereford breeders will be not
a little indebted to the persistency with which
the Earl of Coventry exhibits his stock; the
cattle are good, he is always ready to send them
far and near, and the successes he has met with
are no more than he deserves.

'"The competition in the class for bulls of
any pure breed with two of their offspring, to
which reference has already been made, really
demands more space than we can devote to it.
The scope of a competition of this sort is really
greater than appears at first sight, because the
whole of the cattle sections can l)e drawn upon.
As we have said before, the object of it is pri-
marily to show the character of the bull's stock,
and also to create a wholesome rivalry between
the several breeds. At the recent Es.<ex show
there was a precisely similar class, and two of
the groups competed again at Brighton, with a
different result, as will lie presently seen. The
competition, which was under the head of 'any
breed,' comprised 20 entries of family groups,
namely, five families of Jerseys (1|3;50), four
of Herefords, four of Sussex, two Devons, two
Shorthorns, two Guernseys, and one Highland
Scotch (11331). We are not in a position to
say positively that all these groups were in
their places before the judges, because of the
difficulty of making a complete examination
whilst they were in the ring, and many of thi-m
had elsewhere no loriis standi as a group. It
will suffice to say, howi'ver, that they not only
'filled the eye,' but they filled the great horse
ring — the only decent ring there was on the
ground. As an educational institution it far
and away exceeded anything else at Brighton,
and we take it that it was the best competition
of its kind which has ever been before the Brit-
ish public. The Hereford groups were from
the lierds of Mr. ,7ohn Price, Mr. S. Robinson,
Lord Coventry, and Mr. T. nuekham, .M. P.
^fr. Price's group won the chief prizes, which
consisted of a first prize in the class, value 30
pounds sterling ($1.")0), and a silver cup offereil
by the ^larquis of Bristol: they were the four-
year-old bull Hotspur (7028), th» two-year-old

HISTORY OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

■1-19

heifer Dowager, dam by Horace (3877), and
the yearling heifer Venus, dam Ijy Theodore
2d (5707). This group was in competition
with Mr. Handley"s Shorthorns at tlie Essex
sliow the other day, namely, the white bull
Hovingham (43363), now nearly six years old,
sire Sir Arthur Ingram (3-3-i90) ; the noted
bull Self Esteem 2d, dam by Sir Robin
(■40720), and the bull calf Royal Hovingham,
dam i)y Alfred the Great, Self Esteem being
probably the best Shorthorn bull of the day.

'"At the Essex show the Shorthorn group was
placed before the Hereford group, but a protest
has been lodged against the award on the
ground of an informal appointment of judges.
At Brighton this Shorthorn group was simply
'not in it,' and it is worth bearing in mind that
the bull Hotspur (7028), which headed the
winning group of Herefords, was second in
the older bulls' class at Brighton to Mr. H. R.
Hall's Hotspur (772G). The second place was
awarded to Messrs. E. and A. Stanford, of The
Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex, for the Sus-
sex bull Goldsmith (391), coming eight years
old, the bull Reading (51G), over four years
old, dam by Clayton (319), and the cow Dorset
8th (23G5), over five years old, dam by Dor-
chester (325). All the cattle comprising this
group were excellent, and whilst the win of the
Herefords was unquestionably just, the sec-
ond place given to the Sussex breed was a very
popular award."

One of the leading English journals said of
this award : "All this goes to show that when
the Shorthorns are not made secure by pre-
ponderance of influence among the judges, as
they have been in the main for years past, they
do not win every time when they come in com-
petition with other breeds."

The "Hereford Times" said:

"Breeders of Herefords, and people of the
country generally, will be much gratified to
hear that the famous 'whitefaces' have again as-
serted their splendid qualities in a strikinir
manner, the Earl of Coventry having carried off
the champion bull prize at the Royal Coun-
ties Show at Southampton, on Tuesday, with
his wonderful Goodboy, defeating the Short-
horn, Sussex and Devon breeds. The Royal
Counties Society is, after the national society,
one of the most important in the country, and
this fact makes Lord Coventry's success all the
more creditable. That it should not be said we
are unduly lauding the breed, or too highly ap-
praising its future, we will let an impartial
critic speak. The 'London Times,' in its notic'c
of the Show, says: 'In all the 51 entries of
Shorthorns, 48 of the Sussex breed, 26 Devons

and six Herefords, there is nothing that is not
of a high order. In the interesting competi-
tion for the ten-guinea prize, given by Mr. Wal-
ter, jM. p., for the best bull in these four breeds,
the champion is the Earl of Coventry's Here-
ford bull Goodboy, a surprisingly good animal
both in front, along his level and broad back,
and his hindquarters, more particularly his re-
nuirkable rounds and flank.' "

The Fairs of 1886.

At the Minnesota State Fair, 1886, in the
sweepstakes ring, six herds contested for the
honors; two herds of Shorthorns, three herds
of Whitefaces and one of Devons. The judges
in this class were Mr. R. H. BuUis, of Winne-
bago Citv; Mr. J. T. Mather, of Illinois, and
Mr. Baker, of Hustisford, Wis. The Herefords
took all the honors in this contest. J. 0. Curry,
Aurora, 111., took sweepstakes for the best herd ;
Iowa Hereford Cattle Co. second.

At the Nebraska State Fair in 1886, Here-
fords made a grand show in their classes and in
the grand sweepstakes for the best herd of any

breed; Shockey & Gibb took first sweepstakes
premium for their Hereford herd, consisting of
Beau Real, Lady Wilton, Downton Ringdove,
l)y Auctioneer; Pinktie, by Remus, and Sarah
Miller, l)y Success.

The Fair at Lawrence, Kansas, in 1S8G,
was in all respects a creditable show. The

450

1 1 1 S l' ( ) in OF II E R K FOR L) CATTLE

Herefords wore from tlie herds of Sliockey &
Gibb, Lucien Scott, Walter Jlorgan & Son,
and George \V. West.

Bangou, Mainu, Fair, 188U. — This great ex-
hibition of agriculture and domestic industry
at Bangor proved to be throughout the greatest
success of its kind ever recorded in New Eng-
land. It was succes.sful at all points, in the
list of fine cattle and horses shown, in the ex-
tensive collection of farm implements and ma-
chinery, in the multitudes it drew from all
parts of Xew England and beyond, and finan-
cially. The two agricultural societies whose

joint efforts, directed by experienced manage-
ment, secured this triumph and presented the
interests of farming in so attractive a light be-
fore the public, had the most substantial rea-
sons to be satisfied with their work, which has
received such endorsement from the people.

We noticed in the awards made, Burleigh &
Bodwell, of Yassalboro," took 15 first and 7
second prizes with first for best herd of Here-
fords, and first -and second for best Hereford
bull three years and over.

The working oxen and steers, the town teams,
the trained steers, matched oxen, and pulling
oxen, with the rest, filled the exhibition park
with attractions such as no true farmer could
but be plea.sed with. Such a display of fine
stock it was worth the trouble to cross New
England to inspect and admire. The equal of
it had not been seen in that, if indeed in any
other, section of the country before, and it all
imparted a solid character to the exhibition
which it would not have been possible to supplv
by an indefinite extent of exhibition of any
other kind.

M the Iowa State Fair, 188f), all the de-
partments were W(>]1 filled, and the cattle ex-
hibits were especially fiiie, cousigting of five

herds of Herefords, twelve herds of Shorthorns,
seven herds of Holsteins, five herds of Jerseys,
one herd of Ked Polled (TJ332), and one herd
of Aberdeen Angus (^33"^A). For the best
sweepstake show, all breeds. Swan & Bosler Co.
took first premium for grade steer calf, with a
Hereford. In Hereford sweepstakes, the Iowa
Hereford Cattle Co. took first for best bull of
any age and best cow of any age. For grand
herd premiums, all breeds competing, the Iowa
Hereford Cattle Co. took second. Best herd of
three fat cows, any breed, sweepstakes to Swan
& Bosler on Herefords.

At the Illinois State Fair, 1886, live stock
commission firms at the Union Stock Yards
offered grand sweepstakes prizes for the best
beef herd; first, $500; second, $300; third,
$•^00. The Hereford herd of Fowler & Van
Nafta, of Fowler, Ind. (^333), won first prize
of $500 over a ring of eleven herds, comprising
three Hereford herds, three Black Polled herds
and five Shorthorn herds. This same herd took
the sweepstakes at Chicago in 1885. It would
be diliieult for the Black Polls or Shorthorns
to present a stronger show than this of 1886.

To describe the fever heat with which both
exhibitors and audience awaited the result of
this award would be a ditticult undertaking.
There were Fowler & Van Xatta with tlieir
Herefords, Adams Earl with his Herefords
(11334), Thos. Clark, Herefords; Billy Potts
with his Shorthorns; Harvey Sodowsky with
Shorthorns; Walker & Son, Shorthorns; Olin
& Son, Shorthorns; Anderson & Findlay with
Polled Angus; the Brookside Farm Co. with
their Galloways, and J. S. Goodwin of Kan-
sas, Polled Angus.

There is hardly a doubt but what each owner
was convinced in his own mind that he had the
best herd. The onlookers took pride in this
show. It was a hardly fought battle, but the
winners deserved the honors. When the blue
ribbon was tied on the Herefords, the excite-
ment brokf'out in cheers and throwing up of
hats by the appreciative crowd. The second
prize of $300 went to Harvey Sodowsky's herd
of Shorthorns, and the third prize of $200 to
Walker & Son's herd of Shorthorns.

In the ring for young beef herds, any breed,
the Herefords were again victorious in this
show. There were two Hereford herds and one
Black Polled herd comprising the competition.
The result was the Hereford herds each received
a vote, and the casting vote was placed on
Adams Earl's herd of Hereford cattle, making
him the winner of the young herd ]irize.

The sweepstakes for best Hereford bull, any
age, was awarded to I'ywlcr & Van Natta's

H I S T () H V () P H E R E F 0 R D C A T T L E

451

bull Fowler 15899. The sweepstakes for best
Hereford female, anv age, was awarded to
Thos. Clark's Flossie" 10915.

Indiana State Fair, 1886. — The depart-
ments were all well filled, and there was an
exceptionally good exhibit of cattle in both beef
and dairy breeds. Herefords were represented
by Adam's Earl, Tom Clark, the Iowa Hereford
Cattle Co., and the Indiana Blooded Stock Co.
llorrow & Renick, of Kentucky, were on hand
with their choice herd of Shorthorns, as was
also Thos. Wilhoit. of Middletown, Ind., and
Jacob Henn, of Illinois. R. C. Auld, of :\Iidi-
igan, was on hand with his Aberdeen-Aiigns,

After a long and tedious examination of
the different herds, Mr. Adams Earl of Lafay-
ette. Ind., was awarded first prize on his grand
herd headed by Sir Barlle Frere. This is an
honor of which Mr. P^arl has a right to be
proud, as it is seldom that there is as strong
competition as there was in this ring. In the
young herds the contest for first place was be-
tween Tom Clark, of Beccher. and Adams Earl;
although there were very credital)le Shorthorns
in this ring, it was evident from the commence-
ment that the first ribbon would go to the
Whitefaces. Mr. Earl w^as again successful
with as even a herd as wi' bnvr I'ver had the

^T1!^■;TT0.M COURT. HEREFORDSHIRK.
Home of the Yeomans family.

and Judge Goodwin, of Kansas, also showed a
fine herd of "Doddies."

In the beef breeds the contest was for grand
sweepstakes. This was a grand ring of cattle.
The judging w-as good except on the young
herds, where we were of the opinion ilr. Clark's
magnificent young herd was entitled to first
honors. In the ring for aged herds the com-
])etition was exceptionally strong, there being
no less than four herds of Herefords, three
herds of Shorthorns, and two herds of Polled
Aberdeen-Angus.

pleasure of looking at. Morrow & Renick tak-
ing second; how the judges could go l)y the
herd of Tom Clark and give the Renick herd
second is '"one of those things no fellow can
tell," as every individual Hereford was far
superior to the Shorthorns. Swwpstakes for
the best l)ull, any age or breed, was given to
Washington (^1335), owned by the Iowa Here-
ford Cattle Co. Sweepstakes on cows was cap-
tured by the Shorthorns, it going to a roan
cow owned by Thomas Willioit.

The cattle department at the Kansas Cixv

452

11 1 S T U J{ V U F 11 E K !•: 1' O KM ) C" A T T L E

F.vu! OF 1,S8(! was tliu I'eatui-L' of tliu show. Tlio
.Shorthorns, Angus, and Galloways were in
large force, and of good average merit. The
Hereford force consisted of 3(] head; F. W.
Smith. Columbia, Mo., had 11 head; Iowa
Ilerefoi-d Cattle Co., 7; Lucicn Scott, Leavcn-
wortii. Kansas, !); Walter IVIorgan & Son, Irv-
ing, Kansas, 8; Mr. Gregory, Missouri, 1.

The judges were : G. W. Henry, Kansas
City, a breeder of Angus cattle; Mr. Joe Dun-
can, Jlissouri. m Shorthorn breeder, ami ^Fr.

Till; MXTIi ANNUAL A.MEIUCAN FAX STOCK

SHOW, 1S8G.

The following breeders showed Herefords :
Adams Earl, Lafayette, Ind. — One yearling
thoroughbred. Grades: Two three-year-olds,
two two-year-olds, one yearling, two calves.
Fowder & Van Natta, Fowler, Ind. — Grades:
one four-year-old, two three-year-olds, one two-
year-old, one yearling, two calves, one three-
vcar-dld Ilcrc^fdrd .Tcrscv. Georire Leijrh, Au-

.\IK i;i:'i V,-. iii^MCi s CK

Newt. Winn, also a Shorthorn breeder, of ilis-
souri.

The Hereford herd sweepstakes prize was
given to the Iowa Hereford Cattle Co. Sweep-
stakes for best Hereford cow went to W. Mor-
gan & Son. There was a good deal of interest
tlirinigbout the entire exliiliition, thougli some
disap|)ointnient manifested among the exhib-
itors not winning. The exhibit was a good one,
and it was not always easy to draw the line.
The judging was according to the i)est judg-
ment of the committees, and may be pro-
nounced satisfactorv as a whole.

rora. 111. — One two-year-old thoroiighbred, one
three-year-old, one two-year-old, one yearling,
and one calf; grades. Wyoming Hereford As-
sociation, Cheyenne, Wyo. — One two-year-old
thoroughbred, one two-year-old Angus Here-
ford, one two-vear-old Hereford Angus. J. !?.
Price & Son, Williamsville, 111.— (;rades : One
two-year-old, two yearlings, six calves. Iowa
Hereford Cattle Co., Indianola, la. — Two two-
year-old thoroughbreds, two yearling grades.
C. M. Culljcrtson, Newman, 111. — tirades: One
four-year-old, one two-year-old. G. W. Henry,
Ashkum. 111. — One tiH)rouirhl)rcd calf, two

H I S T 0 R Y 0 F n E li E F ( ) R D (' A T T L E

453

grade calvus. C'has. Saunders, Greentield. 111.
— Five yearling grades. Wallace Libl)ey & Co.,
Ottawa, 111. — Two three-year-old grades. But-
ton & Wilkinson, Maple Park, 111.— Two grade
calves. Swan & Bosler, Indianola, Iowa. — One
two-year-old grade. Samuel Weaver, Forsyth,
111. — One thoroughbred calf. Xuniber of ex-
hibitors, 13; number of thoroughbreds, 7;
number of grades, 46 ; total, 53. There were
exhibited 71 Shorthorns, 31 pure-breds and 40
grades, by 15 prominent exhibitors. The seven
Angus exhibitors included Gudgell & Simpson,
of Independence, Mo., who at the same time
also owned some Herefords, which we predicted
would in time convert them from their error in
selecting the Black breed, this prediction being
amply fulfilled at this writing. There were
nine pure and 10 grade Angus. Four Devon
exhibitors showed 13 pure and one grade
Devon. There was aLso one Sussex and four
Holsteins. Shorthorns were judged fir.st.

Herefords came next. There were no three-
year-olds shown. In the two-year-old class the
Wyoming Hereford Association took first on
Rudolph, Jr. (T|336); George Leigh, second
on Slasher; Iowa Hereford Cattle Co., third on
Stars and Stripes. In the yearling class, Adams
Earl took first, having no competition. In the
calf class Samuel Weaver took first on Christ-
mas Gift; G. W. Henry, second on RosslandV
Eoyalty.

Probably no exhibitor ever entered a ring
more loyal to true cattle interests or with more
faith in the Hereford than Samuel Weaver
(Tl 337), of Forsyth, 111. (11338). Mr. Weaver
had attended the 1885 Show and Hereford
meeting and went home determined to try his
skill on a pure-bred Hereford steer. A month
later an extra good calf was dropped on Christ-
mas day. Mr. Weaver made the steer Christ-
mas Gift of it and brought him to Chicago
in 1886, a winner, as noted above. Mr.
Weaver is an unassuming man of sterling hon-
esty and wealth. His wealth then, as now,
consisted of upwards of 4,000 acres of the l)est
land in central Illinois. He had been a cat-
tle feeder, and prepared cattle to successfully
top the market at Chicago for forty years; a
thoroughly practical and successful man in
every way. He looked upon the ephemeral
cattle fanciers who had made their money in
other lines as men who should be villing to
learn from, rather than teach, the veterans.
The jealousy of exhibitors disgusted Mr.
Weaver and when the President of the Here-
ford Society, a prominent grain dealer and
packer, came up to him and said authoritatively,

"WtM must not expect to beat ^Ir. Lumber-
man's calf,'" it was the "last straw."

■Mr. Weaver knew he had the best calf, the
judges sustained his judgment in their awards,
and, believing that the way of the show yard
is hard, and to a man of his means unneces-
sary, he quit showing in disgust, selling Christ-
mas Gift to an Ohio feeder, who again brought
him out a winner in 1887.

W^e always regretted Mr. Weaver's action in
abandoning the show ring, though in our own
experience we could sympathize with him, and
we have been glad to see that he kept up his
interest in the Herefords and that his herd fell
into such capable hands as young Mr. Soth-
am's, and we have had great satisfaction in
learning from Mr. Sotham that he owes all
his present standing as a business man and
breeder to Mr. Weaver, calling his farm and
herd at Chillicothe, Mo., "The Weavergrace
Breeding Establishment," because of the gra-
cious helping hand extended to him unselfishly
l)V Mr. Weaver, when help was sorelv needed.
In helping ilr. T. F. B. Sotham, Mr. Weaver
unwittingly built himself another monument
and at the same time proved a tower of
strength to the Hereford cause, in the day of
their need.

In closing this resume of the shows of a

vital year in Here- _

ford history, we
present the differ-
ent classes when-
all breeds competed
together at Chicago
Fat Stock Show,
1886, in full. The
tables will be found
an interesting
study.

Grades and
Crosses. — Their
was a good show
of three-year-old,-,
but the contest was
narrowed down to
J. H. Potts &
Son's Champion, "Morrow iS: TJenick's Cyclone,
and George Leigh's roan Hereford steer. The
judges disagreed and the referee was called in.
who gave the first to ilorrow & Eenick, second
(o Potts & Son, and third to George Leigh. The
judging was criticised and the correctness of
the awards called in question. The following is
the list of three-year-old grades and crosses
exhibited, together with their age in days,
weight, and average gain per day, since birth:

454

HISTORY OF 11 K i; i: FO HI) CA T T L

Age in

Exbibitor and Name of Animal. days.

J. H. PoUs & Son. Champion. Short'n.l252

B. Waddell. Jumbo. Shorthorn 1103

Adams Earl. Hobson's Choice. Her'fd.l303

Adams Earl. Quality. Hereford 1242

F. C. Stevens. Francis, Holstein 1273

F. 0. Stevens, Hiram. Holstein 1267

Fowler & Van Naita. Peter, Heref'd..l237
Fowler & Van Natta, Benton Will,

Hereford 1409

Fowler & Van Xatta, Jerry, Heref'd..l3o2

Morrow & Renick, Gaines, S. H 1290

Morrow & Renick, Cyclone, S. H 1300

Morrow & Renick, Golden Slipper,

S. H 1115

Geo. Leigh & Co., Tom, Hereford 1265

J. Richardson, Robertson, S. H 1278

B. F. Waters, Snowball. S. H 1237

b. F. Waters. Bob Harrison, S. H.. 1329

B. F. Waters, George, S. H 1155

Wallace Libbey & Co., Jerry, Herefd.1261
Wallace Libbey & Co.. Tom, Hererd..l263

C. C. Bllsh & Son, Bob, S. H 1288

In the two-year-old class the show was ex-
cellent, the Wyoming Hereford Association

Wt. Av.

gain

per

day.

2055

1.64

1715

1.55

1970

151

1860

^.h^)

2140

1.69

2115

1.67

1620

1.31

2145

1.52

2240

1.68

1900

1.47

1933

1.49

1795

1.52

2190

1.73

2015

1.58

1900

1.53

2020

1.52

1745

1.51

1920

1.52

1775

1.40

2065

1.60

P. A. NA\'i:,
Attica, I Till

taking first, J. H. Potts & Son second, and B.
F. Waters third. The first prize steer. Nigger
(TJ33!)), was a eross-hred Polled Angus and
Hereford, and well entitled to the place. The
following animals were entered in the two-
year-old class for grades and crosses, their
age in days, weight and gain per day:

Exhibitor and Name of Animal.
J. H. Potts & Son, Conqueror. S. H
J. H. Potts & Son. Snowflake. S. H

B. Waddcl, Whitefacc. S. H

Adams Earl. Sir Bartle 2d. Heref'd..
Adams Earl. Sir Hartle 4th. Heref'd

B. C. Rumsey. Buffalo Tom, S. 11..

C. M. Culbertson, Frost, Hereford..

Age in

Wt. Av.

gain

days.

per

day.

.. 951

1790

1.8.8

.. 968

1780

1.84

.. 761

1485

lltS

.. 955

1925

2.02

.. 931

1760

1.90

..1081

19.V)

1.68

..1066

1790

1.68

Age in Wt. Av. gain

Exhibitor and Name of Animal. days. per day.

E. T. Doney. Fashion. Devon 927 1885 2.03

Fowler & Van Natta. Matthew, Herefd 973 . 1735 1.78

Morrow & Renick. Fred Young. S. H..1002 1855 1.85

Morrow & Renick. Barnaby, S. H 992 1605 1.63

Morrow & Renick, Overton, S. H 1086 1555 1.43

George Leigh & Co., Norris, Herefd.. 932 1550 1.66

B. F. Waters, Nip, S. H 948 1740 1.84

B. F. Waters, Joe McCarthy. S. H.... 943 2045 2.17

B. F. Waters, John Kincaid, S. H....1094 2025 1.85

B. F. Waters. Washington. S. H 1043 2010 1.90

Swan & Bosler L. & C. Co., Plush.

Hereford 786 1540 1.96

Hugh W. Elliott. Clarence, P. Angus. 971 1730 1.78
Wyoming Hereford Association, Nig-
ger, Hereford 914 1540 1.68

Wyoming Hereford Association, Ran-
ger, Hereford 963 1820 1.89

In the yearling class J. H. Potts & Son took
first on Diamond, grade Shorthorn; T. W.
Harvey second on Eobert Peel, Polled Angus;
J. E. Peak & Son third on Frisk, grade Short-
horn. The following animals entered the year-
ling ring :

Age in Wt. Av. gain

Exhibitor and Name of Animal. days. per day.

M. H. Cochrane. Dominionist. Angus.. 559 1200 2.15

J. H. Potts & Son, Diamond. S. H... 661 1390 2.10

Adams Farl. Sir Bartle 6th, Herefd.. 694 1565 2.26

F. A, Townley, Pedro, S. H 367 1085 2.96

T. W. Harvey, Robert Peel, Angus.. 696 1465 2.11

T. W. Harvey. Duncan Gray, Angus.. 614 1405 2.29

Ned Price. Express, Hereford 713 1470 2.06

Ned Price. Excelsior, Hereford 681 1420 2.09

Fowler & Van Natta. Jacko. Hereford 606 1135 1.87
Morrow & Renick, i4th Amendment,

Short Horn 567 1180 2.08

Geo. Leigh & Co., Adams. Herefd.. o.iS 1.355 2.42

J. R. Peak & Son. Ed.. S. H 726 1450 2.00

J. R. Peak & Son, Crown Prince. S. H. 703 1420 2.02

J. R. Peak & Son. Lord Thomas, S. H. 623 1425 2.28

J. R. Peak & Son, Wm.Westlev. S. H. 722 1495 2.07

J. R. Peak & Son, Frisk, S H 537 1305 2.43

Iowa Hereford Cattle Co.. Model. Hfd 70S 1330 1.88

Iowa Hereford Cattle Co.. Shield. Hfd. 683 1335 1.96

Chas. Sanders. Jack, Hereford 601 1250 2.08

Chas. Sanders. Buster. Hereford 626 1220 1.95

Chas. Sanders. Curly, Hereford 5S2 1120 1.92

Chas. Sanders. Clipsy, Hereford 572 11T5 2.05

Chas Sanders. Fred, Hereford 569 1020 1.79

Swan & Bosler Co., Scotch Gray. An. 599 1195 1.99

In the calf class, Fowler & Van Xatta took
first on Sam Jones, grade Hereford; Sainui'l
\\'eaver. third on Dandy, grade .\ngus; J. H.
I'ntts & Son, second on Captain, grade Short-

liorn. The calf class consisted of the follow-
ing animals:

Age in Wt. A v. gain

Exhibitor and Name of Animal. days. per day.

Overton Lea, George, Sussex 345 745 2.16

J. H. Potts & Son. Captain, S. H 345 825 2.40

Adams Earl, Eclipse, Hereford 315 780 2.47

Adams Earl, Exeter, Hereford 264 765 2.96

Ned Price, Bashful, Hereford 350 794 2.27

Ned Price, Bonanza, Hereford 326 845 2.69

Ned Price. Business. Hereford 319 925 2.90

Ned Price. Broncho, Hereford 296 810 2.73

Ned Price, Bruno, Hereford 276 760 2.75

Fowler * Van Natta. Sam Jones. Hd. 338 980 2.90

Fowler & Van Natta. Sam Small. Hd. 338 960 2.84

Morrow & Renick. Bright Light. S. H. 346 690 1.99

George Leigh & Co.. Ancutt. Herefd. 2."i6 715 2.79

Samuel Weaver, Bald Hornet, Herefd 307 840 2.74

Samuel Wet/er. Dandy, Angus 355 945 2.66

G. W. Henry. Rossland's Improve-
ment, Hereford 320 910 2.84

G. W. Henry, Bourbon Prince. Heref'd. 340 775 2.28

Wilkinson & Dutton. Alphonso. Hfd. 280 800 2.86
Wilkinson & Dutton, Fanny Field,

Hereford 302 825 2.73

The SWEEPSTAKES for best grade or cros.-
hred was given to the Wyoming Hereford As-

HISTORY OF JIEKKFOKl) CATTFK

455

soc-iaiioii s Angus-Hereford two-year-old, Mg-
ger, which was also awarded sweepstakes for
best two-j'ear-old, any breed. Fowler & Van
Natta took the calf sweepstakes (all breeds)
on the grade Hereford calf Sam Jones. Tin;
Grand Sweepstakes for best beast in
the show was awarded the thoroughbred Here-
ford steer Rudolph Jr., exhibited by the Wyo-
ming Hereford Association.

Dressed Carcasses. For best three-year-
old, the sweepstakes was awarded to Wallace
Libbey & Co., grade Hereford steer Jerry, sired
by Monitor 284:8, by Illinois 920, by Success 2 ;
his dam was a grade Shorthorn cow.

For best two-year-old. Swan & Bosler's grade
Hereford steer Plush (^340) (prepared and
exhibited under the management of John Gos-
ling, the veteran and expert) was awarded
sweepstakes. This steer was sired by Cheyenne
1913, by Eidgeville Boy 14T(}, and his dam
was a grade Devon cow. The dam of Cheyenne
was Peerless 1157, by Success 2. Plush also
won the grand sweepstakes for best dressed car-
cass in the show.

This finished the cattle awards. A cross-
bred Hereford won the sweepstakes as best two-
year-old in the show, and a thoroughbred Here-
ford won the grand sweepstakes as best beast
in the show. On the block, a grade Hereford
won sweepstakes in both the three-year-old and
two-year-old classes, and a two-year-old grade
Hereford won the grand sweepstakes as best
carcass in the show. The Hereford breeders
had a right to be well satisfied with results of
the season and with the show.

H had been a common practice for years for
Shorthorn men and others to charge that the
forequarters of Herefords are heavier than the
hindquarters as compared with Shorthorns.
We reprint from the "Breeders' Journal" the
following figures as made up bv the American
Fat Stock Show, 1886. Dressed carcasses, 3
years and under 4:

HEREFORDS.

Adams Earl Dick 77S 720 58 .08

Adams Earl Excelsior 753 664 89 .13

Luclen Scott Jessie* 445 484

Swan & Hosier Jim 618 581 37 .06

Fowlpr & Van Natta.. .Regulus 808 752 56 .07

Ind. Blooded Stock Co.. Suspense 789 730 59 .08

Total 4.191 3,931 260 M^

*This animal's hind-quarters weighed 39

pounds more than the forequarters. Per cent
gain, .08.

SHORTliOR.NS.

J. H. Potts & Son Surprise 561 .".25 36 .07

J. D. Giiietle Lookout K» 5»S 1«1 .16

Total 1.260 1,123 137 .12

POLLED ANGUS.

J. J. Hill ..Hutcheon 857 7.57 100 .13

J.J.Hill Turriff 707 637 130 .20

J. J. Hill Kinioss 740 667 73 .10

Total 2,364 2,061 303 .U'k

In drcs.'^eil caroasses, 2 years and under 3, a
similar result was to be seen:

HEREFORDS.

Seabury & Sample Joe 582 546 36 .06

Adams Earl Elkington 550 505 45 .08

G. Leigh & Co Bendigo 495 437 58 .13

Fowler & Van Natta... Dandy Boy 635 580 55 .09

Luclen Scott Faith 517 453 64 .14

B. Hershey Champion 540 483 57 .12

Total 3,319 3.004 315 .10

SHORTHORNS,

C.S.Barclay Snov/ball 587 493 94 .18

J. R. Peak & Co Roan Boy 577 536 41 .08

J. D. Gillette Driver 601 553 48 .08

W. S. White Roan Twin 684 656 28 .04

Forbes Bros Rub'nBro'dus 621 532 89 .1614

Forbes Bros Varna 580 512 68 .13

J. D. Gillette Red Plum 523 462 61 .13

Total 4,173 3.744 429 .1H4

POLLED ANGUS.

J. J. Hill Bcnholm 707 637 70 .11

It was publishing such disconcerting facts as
these that made the opposition dislike T. L.
Miller, It is not pleasant to fight battles; only
the sincere belief that we were doing the agri-
cultural interests of America and of the world
a real service kept us firm in our resolve to
have the Hereford merits fully known. We
know that the Hereford needs only to be known
to be appreciated, and we have fought his bat-
tles, knowing that our efforts would sooner or
later be appreciated. The Hereford will never
lack for a competent advocate, and we arc glad
to let our mantle fall upon one ,so able and
well equipped as young ilr. Sotham. He has
been doing splendid service and we are glad to
see him successful and well supported. We
note with great satisfaction that he is a suc-
cess as a breeder of Herefords as well as he is
as an advocate, his great bull Corrector (11341)
having already proven worthy to stand in the
company of Success, Horace, Grove 3d, Lord
Wilton and other great epoch-marking bulls.
The Hereford breeders would make a serious
mistake were tii(>y not to rally in every possible
way to his support.

ioti

HIS T () K V OF II I-: i; i: f o n u c \ t t i, f

Trlminiiigs

(^ss&ss^s&OSabooco

tffit-ifjiS^'^S^

«if:i/5-*'i-^St--4'if

Tongue.

Left liindqiiar-

Riglit liindquai-

Left foreqiiar-

Kight forequar-

sssasssssss

I'oiinds net to
gloss weight.

Dressed weight.

Weight at
slaughter

S^A

.^ge In days.

O fc.
OS

c;ss<;3:cc« <; M<;<;ai<:u-to

■ g :fe4§

^«!a « £ o

61."^-=*

■ -^r'.:iH-:f-CH

H 1 S T O K Y () F H E K E F O K 1) (' A T T L E

457

TUii ENGLISH SHOWS OF 188(_!.

The "Hereford Times," in speaking of the
Smithfield Show of 188G, said: Another
great distinction has this week fallen to the
Hereford cattle, a representative of the white-
faces having carried otf the championship of the
Smithfield Club Cattle Show on Monday. The
successful animal is the grand ox belonging to
F. Piatt, of Barnby Manor, Newark, and it
made a clean sweep of all the honors within its
reach. The show of Herefords was the best
seen at Smithfield since 1881. The entries num-
ber five more than last year, and among them
were some marvelous specimens, especially in
the classes for young steers and heifers. In
all the youngsters numbered a baker's dozen,
the winner turning up in a charming creature
with a beautiful head and splendid body, shown
by L. Loyd, West Wickham, Beckenham. The
animal is just a year and ten months old, and
weighs just over 12 cwt. (1,350 lbs.) ; it had
very little difficulty, however, in beating a two
montlis vounger beast, the propertv of H. F.
Eussell '(!I342, T1342A), Westonbury, Pem-
bridge, who took third prize at Birmingham.
The first prize taker last week, shown by A. P.
Turner, Pembridge, and by far the heaviest
animal in the class, was now but highly com-
mended. L. Loyd also received third prize.
The Earl of Coventry was commended in this
class. The steers above two and not exceeding
three years were small in number, the prizes
going to J. F. Hall, Kijjple, Tewkesbury, the
third prize taker in Birmingham; J. Andrews,
Ivingtonbury, Leominster; and T. Duckham,
Baysham Court, Ross. The Queen was highly
commended in this class at Birmingham, but
this time her representative was without recog-
nition. The steers above three and not exceed-
ing four years were a very fine lot. The prin-
cipal feature was the first prize taker, the
three-aiad-a-half-vear-old ox, weighing 21 cwt.
(2,350 lbs.), shown by Mr. Piatt. This was,
as we have already indicated, a magnificent ani-
mal, of perfect shape and superlative excellence
in respect to quality. Xot a fault could be
found with it, and it frequently elicited admira-
tion as it was paraded before the judges. It
took first prize in its class, as at Birmingham,
but now it went further, and not only received
ihe breed cup for the best Hereford, beating Mr.
Turner's famous Kathleen, its Birniinghain
conqueror, but also won the .silver cup, value
50 pounds sterling, offered for the best steer,
or ox, and, further, the champion plate of 100
guineas for being the b(>st beast in the show.
This was totallv different from Birmingham.

Mr. Piatt's representative only had a '"look
in"" at Birmingliam, but now the Bingley Hall
champion was just as much out of the run-
niiig. The win, however, was a popular one,
loud cheers greeting the decision of the judges.
The champion animal is thus described in the
catalogue (1|313): "Xo. 57. Frederick Piatt
(If 344), of Barnby Manor, Newark, Notts, 3
years 6 months 3 days, bred by the late T.
Oliver, Hide F'ield, Weobly, Hereford, sire San
Juan (61(i), dam Beauty. Sire of dam, Mausel
(3240)." The full details of its winnings on
Monday are as follows: 1st prize in its class,
25 pounds sterling ($125) ; silver cup as best
of its breed, 30 pounds sterling ($150) ; silver
cup as best steer or ox in the classes, 50 pounds
sterling ($250) ; champion plate, as best beast
in the show, 105 pounds sterling ($525) ; and a
gold medal. Total, 220 pounds sterling

CLEM GRAVES,
Bunker Hill, Ind.

($1,100). In the older steers the class prizes
fell to the same animals as at Birmingham,
the second going to R. Keene (T|345), Pen-
craig, Caerleon, ^fon. ; and tlie tliird to W.
Groves, Baucott, Wellington, Salop, with two

458

H 1 S T U K Y (> 1' 1 1 !•: H E FORD CATTLE

liiR' animals. The heifers under four years old
made a good display, Kathleen (^f 346) (weigh-
ing 2,000 lbs.), a much older beast than Mr.
Piatt's, but over 3 cvvt. lighter, again winning
the 1st prize. Many people thought Kathleen
would follow up her victory, as at Birmingham,
but it was not to be. She is certainly much
superior to Vanity VII, a slightly older heifer,
belonging to H. W. Taylor, Ledbury, which
took second prize. Tlie Earl of Coventry, who
was highly commended at Birmingham with
Tunic, was now placed third; but the second
prize taker at Birmingham, shown by R. Shir-
ley. Baucott. Salop, was not on this occasion

The Shows of 1887.

Good exhibits were again made of the Here-
fords at the Minnesota State Faiu. The
following were the exhibitors: Fowler & Van
Natta, of Indiana; the Cosgrove L. S. Co.
(11 347), and \V. G. Sawyer, of Minnesota.

The creditable exhibit at the Nebraska
State Faik was contributed from the herds of
Shockey & Gibb and J. S. Hawes, of Kansas,
C. M. Sears, and E. E. Day, of Nebraska.

Messrs. Fowler & Bassett. G. W. Price, Geo.
W. Henry (H 348). (II 351). Thomas Clark, Tom
('. Pontinij. of Illinois, ami Fowler & Van

SUCCESS (5031) 2.
Bred by J. Morris, Herefordshire. Favorite slock bull of T. L. .Milk-

noticed. A very good class of cows resulted in
J. H. Arkwright, Hampton Court, Leominster,
taking first prize, and II. W. Taylor second;
the positions being the same as in Birmingham.
J. Watson, M. P., Berwick Hall, Shrewsi)ury,
was third — a substantial advance on the Bing-
ley Hall commendation.

.\t the Bath and West of ENfii.AND Snow
held at Bristol. ISSCi. champion ]irizes were as
follows: The best bull in tile show, H. W.
Taylor, for Hereford bull Maidstone. For the
best cow in the show in calf. Hereford, A. E.
Hughes; reserve, H. W. Taylor, Hereford.

Xatta, of Indiana, furnished the splendid ex-
hibit at the Illinois State Fair. The event
of this show was the contest for the grand
sweepstakes prize for herd of beef cattle, any
breed, which was won again and for the third
year in succession by Fowler & Van Natta for
"the Herefords. Mr. Thos. Clark had in his
Hereford cow Peerless '2(\ the champion female;
while Messrs. Fowler & Van Natta's great bull
Fowler scored again for the Herefords as cham-
pion bull of any age or breed.

At the Kansas State Fair the victorious
Hereford herd of Shockey & Gibb headed by

HIST 0 R Y OF H E K K F () U D C A T T L E

459

Beau hV'al wa:< ivinfon-od by Jlr. J. S. Hawt's'
herd headed by Fortune (1|;5-i9). Mr. Jackson
and Mr. Miedlin also had winning Herefords,
Shockey & Gibb's young herd gaining tlio
sweepstakes over all breeds.

The Iowa Hereford Cattle Co., under the
management of Henry Yeomans (1|350),
Shockey & Gibb, of Kansas, Fowler & Van
Xatta of Indiana, Moffatt & Sons and Wm. A.
Tade (1|352) of Iowa, put up an excellent e.x-
hil)it at the Iow.\. State Fair.

The Textk Annual Axieiucan Fat Stock
Show, 1887.

In the three-year-old ring, grades and crosses,
'i2 entries, third prize was awarded to Mr. Xed
Price (Hereford). In the same class for
' yearlings there were thirty-one entries, first
sweepstake premium awarded to Fowler & Van
Xatta, grade Hereford. In the calf ring of
twelve entries Mr. Price taking first, second to
Fowler & Van Xatta, and Mr. Funkhouser the
third premium (all Herefords). In the
dressed carcasses for the greatest percentage of
profitable meat, jjremium was awarded to Here-
fords.

And so we close an incomplete but rej)re-
sentative resume of Hereford winnings at the
period when w^e closed out our Herefords, retir-
ing to the more favorable climate of Florida.

We had made a good fight, the merit of tlu'
Hereford was by this time acknowledged in
every part of our country — not only to equal
the Shorthorn but to surpass it. The Here-
fords had been defrauded of their liirthright,
but we had forced a restoration. About
this time the fight had been well nigh
whipped out of the opposition, and finding they
could no longer control the agricultural socie-
ties, the opposition began to use its influence
subtilely to do away with the contests between
breeds. No Hereford man ever advocated a
cessation of the contests between breeds and so
long as their opponents could fully control the
judging Just so long they were anxious to con-
tinue these contests. It was not until the Here-
ford began to get a measure of justice that the
Shorthorn men began to carp of the fruith^s-
ness of such contests. Journals that were
formerly proud to jjroelaim themselves the
official exponents of Shorthorn lore, were forced
by the onward march of the Hereford to take
on the semblance of neutrality, but it cannot be
gainsaid that they have used their powerful
influence to prevent these comjietitions between
breeds that were being more and more con-
clusivelv settled in favor of the Herefonls.

Some weak-kneed Hereford men, unhappily
for the Hereford breed, will get seated in the
powerful and controlling positions of the
American Hereford Society. They arc willing
to take every advantage of the work of more
intelligent and aggressive Hereford advocates,
and at the same time covertly belittle the work
of those advocates to the opposition, while suing
to meet personal ends, for the opposition's
influence and favor. Such treachery is sure to
react on politic self-seekers in the future, just
as similar double dealing has reacted on tlicir
ilk in the past.

What is the olijection to the competition be-
tween breeds? We reiterate that no true Here-
ford man desired or desires to abolish these
contests, and w'e repeat that no Shorthorn man
demanded their cessation so long as the Short-
horn interest controlled the awarding of the
premiums. "A fair field and no favors" is all
the Hereford ever asked, and when' at last it be-
gins to come within his reach the Shorthorn
interest interposes its power and stops breed
contests. To give the demands for a cessation
of breed contests a semblance of impartiality,
they must chiefly come from seemingly neutral
sources and so the subtle methods of the past
are not abandoned, but having proclaimed itself
neutral, the Shorthorn press that wore its collar
openly in days past, but wearing it secretly in
the heart still, conies forth with the trumped up
claim: "Breed contests engender ill feeling,
they settle nothing, I'.or prove anything, one

lii'eed wins at one .•^how and at the next the
award is reversed. One year one breed wins
most and the next year favors another breed.
And so it proves nothing for either to win. Let
us have peace and let eacli breed develop
within itself."

Pretty argument this, but we know its crafti-
ness and deceit. Wliat does it prove within the

460

HISTOKY OK

i; i( i; !• () i; 1) cattle

Hereford breed when one year, or at one show,
Mr. Nave's (^ 353) herd beats Mr. Sothani's
and at the next the awards are reversed and at
still the next Mr. C'leni (iraves (U 35 1 ) conies in
first best over them botli, while at tiie I'ourtii
show honors are equally divided?

What was proven by our herd beating the
herd of Mr. Culbertson one week and the tables
being turned the next week and our mutual
competitor, iVfr. Earl, beating both of us a week
later, all within the Hereford camp and under
honest judges?

This is proved : AH parties to the contest

RED CAP 4th, 3507.
A favorite cow of T. L. MiUer.

had good cattle; the judgments of their merits
varied with diU'erent judges. Each must have
been good or it could not have been at any time
recognized in the contest, and thus so far as
the comparative merits of these Hereford herds
are concerned the awards have proven nothing
else. The whole contest has resulted in throw-
ing the struggle to that only safe tribunal — the
])ublic, an infallible tribunal that always sooner
or later rewards true nu'rit and genius.

So it has been, is, and over will be with con-
tests between breedi?. The Hereford may beat
the Shorthorn at one show, and the Shortluirn
may return the compliment at tlie next and the
Angus nuiy then conn- in and down them bnlli
and nothing will be proven conclusively liy tlic
awards themselves, but the o])en competitimi
has afforded an interesting and instructive ex-
liibit, enjoyed by the spectator and ])rofitable
tf. exhibitor and exhibition. The agriculturist,
for whom all the exhibitions are sujiposed to
be held, will have a proper and deservecl o]v
portunity to c()Ui])are ami form his own con-
clusions.

Yea, verily, the abolition of breed contests is
bom of deceit and selfishness. The Herei'ord

and Angus have ever been eager for it. Trace
the origin of this aiiolition crusade to its lair
and it will be found within the Shorthorn camp
or its followers. They would pose the Short-
horn as the old "co.smopolitan" breed, the "old
stand-liy," and would have all others considered
interlopers, tliat must not be considered as
competitors.

The spirit that dictated Youatt's history and
controlled the agricultural societies and ))ress,
dies hard — but die it must. But self-asserted
neutrals, who declare their im])artiality, while
working night and day to rehabilitate one breed,
and at the same time by every possible way en-
deavor to make themselves indispensable to
that one lireed and masters of its lore, to the
neglect of other breeds, must not feel hurt or
slighted if the advocates of other breeds ques- |
tion their loyalty to them.

We have grown old in the advocaey of Here-
fords. We do not now, and have not for many
years owned a '"Whiteface," but we love their
merits still and know their peerless value in the
upbuilding of the world's agriculture. Let the
Hereford breeders and all intelligent cattle-
men take an octogenarian's words in all sober-
ness, for thev are written in all seriousness and
Inith.

T. L. MILLEirS HEREFORD V/IXXINGS.

It is fitting to here record the following list
of jjremiums that were awarded to the T. L.
Miller Hereford herd at the Illinois State
Fairs from 1ST5 to 1879 on breeding stock. In
the year 18T() they took premiums at this show
in their classes only; but going from Illinois
State Fair to the Xorthern Ohio Fair, they
took the two herd premiums over one of the'
strongest Shorthorn shows, David Selsor, of
Ohio, being one of the principal exhibitors, and
from there to the Centennial at l'hiladel])hia,
where they won the first honors iu their class.

ILLINOIS STATE FAIR.

1875.

iiull I vears old or over — 1st jn'emitiiu. Sir
Clmrles 543.

Uidl 2 years old — 1st jireniiuTu. I'riuce Sill,
by Sir Charles 543, out of Beauty 2d; second
]U'emium, Success 2.

Hidl 1 year old — 1st ])remium Royal Briton
S82, half brother to Success; second premium
Sir Charles 2d 013.

Bull calf over (! and under 12 months — see-
oiiil premium. Parsons 857.

Hull calf under li months — first jiremium,
.\dvaiuv \.

H I 8 T ( ) in' () I" H !•: R E F 0 R D C A T T T. E

Hi

Cow 4 years old and over — First |)r(iiiiuin,
Dolly ^'ardeu 5.

Co\y 3 years old — first pn-iniuiii, Laura 853 ;
second premium, Katie 113!).

Heifer 2 years old — second preiiiium, (irace
1086.

Heifer 1 j'ear old — 1st premium, Charlotte
1102; second premium, Victoria 1053.

Heifer calf — 1st premium, Prairie Flower
1159.

ISTG.

Bull 4 years or over — 1st premium, Sir
Charles 543..

Bull 3 years — 1st premium. Success 2.

Bull 2 years — 1st premium Royal Briton 882,
half brother to Success.

Bull calf, over (i months — 1st premium, Se-
ward 906, by Success; 2d premium, Uncle
Sam 934, half brother to Success.

Bull calf under 6 months — 1st premium,
Dore; 2d premium. Prince 2d 862, by Success.

Cow 4 years or over — 1st .premium, Dolly
Varden 5, dam of Success; 2d premium.
Beauty.

Cow 3 years — 1st premium, Grace 1086; 2d
premium, Katie 1139.

Heifer 2 years — 1st premium, Victoria 1053;
2d premium, Charlotte 1102.

Heifer 1 year — 1st premium, Prairie Flower
1159, by Success; 2d premium, Mary Hughes
1149, by Success.

Heifer calf, over 6 months — 1st premium.
Peerless 1157, bv Success; 2d premium Eugenia
1130, by Success.

Heifer calf under 6 months — 1st premium
Jlaid of Honor 1145, by Success; 2d premium,
Jliss Humphries 115:2, by Success.

The reports of the Illinois State Board for
1877 and 1876 do not show the names of the
winning animals, but simply credit the awards
to the owner of the cattle. So far as we re-
member the animals, we have put them down.
It is tnie of the awards of those two years
that they were largely of the Success (^355)
stock, and the winnings of the two years must
have been at least three-fourths on Success and
his get.

1877.

Bulls 4 years old or over — 1st premium. T. L.
Miller, Success; 2d premium, T. L. Miller.

Bull 1 year old, 3 entries — 1st premium, T.
L. Miller."

Bull calf under 6 months, 1 entries — 1st and
2d premiums, T. L. MillcM-.

Bull calf under 6 months old — 1st and 2il
premiums, T. L. Miller.

entries — 1st premium, T.
a \)vc-

Cow 4 years old,
L. Miller.'

Heifer 2 years, 4 entries — 1st and
miums, T. L. Miller.

Heifer 1 year, 4 entries — 1st and 2d pre-
miums, T. L. Miller.

Best heifer calf over 6 months, 4 entries —
1st and 2d premiums, T. L. ilillcr.

Best bull, any age, 8 entries — sweepstakes to
Success.

Best cow or heifer, any age, 15 entries —
sweepstakes to Dolly Varden.

Best bull and five cows or heifers, 1 year old
and upwards, and owned by one individual or
previously e.xisting firm, 12 entries — 2d ]>re-
mium, T. L. Miller, Success and five cows and
heifers.

Best 5 calves of anv breed, male or female.

JAMES C. WILLSON,
Flint. Mich.

under 1 year old, and owned by one individual
or firm, 8 entries — 2d premium, T. L. Miller.
Success calves.

Best 5 cattle, male or female, of anv age,
without regard to ownership, the get of one
bull, the sire to be shown with the herd and

463

H I S T 0 R Y OF II K R !■: F 0 R D C A T T L E

considered in making tlie award ; '3 entries —
1st premium, T. L. Miller, Success and 5 cows
and heifers.

Best cow or heifer of any age or breed, 45
entries — 2d jjremium, Dolly Varden.

18T8.

Bull 4 years old, 2 entries — Ist premium,
T. L. Miller, Success.

Bull 2 years — 1st premium, T. L. Miller, a
sou of Success.

Bull 1 year, G entries — 2d premium, T. L.
Miller.

NANNETTE (V. 11. p. 246) 4511.
Bred by T. Middleton.

Bull calf over Ci months, 4 entries — 1st and
2d premiums, T. L. ^filler.

Bull calf under G months — 1st premium, T.
L. Miller.

Cow 4 years old — 1st and 2d premiums, T. L.
Miller.

Cow 3 years — 1st and 2d premiums, T. L.
Jliller.

Heifer 2 years, 3 entries — 1st and 2d pre-
miums, T. L. Miller.

Heifer 1 year — 2d premium, T. L. Miller.

Heifer calf, oyer 0 months, 3 entries — 1st
and 2d premiums, T. L. Miller.

Best bull, any age, 5 entries — T. L. sillier.
Success.

Best cow or lieifer of anv age, 6 entries — T.
L. Jliller.

Best 5 cattle, male or female, of any age or
breed without regard to ownership, the get of
one hull, the sire to be shown with the herd and
considered in making iij) the a^ya^d ; (i entries
• — 1st premium, T. L. Miller, Success, and 5
cows or heifers.

1879.

Bull 3 years old or oyer, 4 entries — 1st pre-
mium. Success 2.

Bull calf under 1 year old and over fi months,
3 entries — 1st jiremiuni. Dictator 1989.

Cow 4 Years old or over, 2 entries — 1st pre-
mium Prairie Flower 1159 (U 356), by Suc-
cess; 2d prize, Victoria 1053.

Heifer 2 years, U entries — 1st premium,
Highland Queen 1141 (T135^) by Success.

Heifer calf oyer 6 months, 4 entries — 1st
premium. Miss Filley 1899, by Success.

Best cow or heifer of any age, 8 entries —
])remium, Highland Queen 1141, by Success.

Bull and 5 cows or heifers 1 year old or
oyer, owned by one indiyidual or previously ex-
isting firm; 2 entries — premium, Seventy-si.x
1093, Victoria 1053, Prairie Flower 1159,
Highland Queen 1141, Charity 708, Maid of
Orleans 1146.

Five cattle, male or female, of. any age or
breed, without regard to ownership, the get of
one bull, the sire to be shown with the herd
and considered in making the awards; 4 entries
— 2d premium, Success 2, Prairie Flower 1159;
Highland Queen 1141, Charity 708, Beatrice
742, Maid of Orleans 1146.

Five cattle of one breed (all breeds com-
peting), male or female, over 1 year old. bred
and owned by the exhibitor; 5 entries — 2d
premium. Victoria 1053, Prairie Flower 1159,
Highland Queen 1141, Charity 70S, Ma\d of
Orleans 1146.

WIXNIXGS OF THE T. L. MILLER HERD OF HERE-
FORDS AT TilE AMERICAN F.\T STOCK
SHO\V, CHICAGO.

1878.

Hereford steer 4 years old or over — 1st pre-
mium, T. L. Miller.

Hereford steer 3 y-ears old and under 4, 3
entries — 1st premium. Miller.

Cow 3 years old or over, 3 entries — 1st pre-
mium, Jennie.

Sweepstakes ring, open to all breeds, for best
cow three years old or over in the show, Jennie.

1879.

Hereford steer 4 years old or over, 4 entries —
1st premium

Hereford steer, 3 years, 2 entries — 1st pre-
mium—

Hereford steer, 2 years — 1st premium- —

Hereford steer, 1 year — 1st premium — ;
2d premium. Will, sire Success 2, dam Mollie.

Hereford cow 3 years old or over — 1st
premium.

GRADES OK CROSSES, OPEN TO ALL BREEDS.

Steer 4 years old or over, 16 entries — 1st
premium.

Hereford steer, 2 years, 3 entries — 1st pre-
mium. Will, sire Success, dam Jlollie; 2d pre-
mium, Washington, sire Success, dam Miss
Smith 1083.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

-K.3

Hereford cow 3 years — 1st preniiuin, Maul of
Orleans ll-tG, sire Success 2, dam Laura.

Grades or crosses, open to all l)reeds. — Steer,
1 year, 23 entries — 2d premium, Kansas.

Sweepstakes — Steer 2 years, any breed. Con-
queror.

Sweepstakes — Yearling steer, any lirccd, Kan-
sas.

Dressed Carcass. — Steer any breed 3 years, 3
entries — 1st premium.

Prize for early maturity, open to all brcHMls.
— Steer 2 and under 3 years. 11 entries — ])re-
mium. Conqueror.

1881.
Hereford steer 3 years — 1st premium, Will,

1S,S2.

We liclii'ved that the cDndition in which
breeding slock must he shouu at tlie pub-
lic exhibitions in this country was tlamaging to
the stock exhibited and discouraging to the
average farmer. We therefore endeavored to
secure a class for grass-fed cattle. We have,
however, failed to get such a class, managers
of fairs alleging that such an exhibit would
not interest visitors or be creditable to the
management. We determined, however, that we
would bring some of our stock from the pas-
tures and exhibit at the Fat Stock Show of
1882. We reproduce from the official state-
ment or catalogue of the show, this exhibit. We
headed the exhibit with our breeding stock, giv-
ing the age in years and months instead of days.

T. L. MILLER COMPANY'S EXHIBIT, CHICAGO PAT STOCK SHOW, 18S2.

Exhibit
No. Sex.

67 Bull

68 Bull

69 Bull
. . . Cow

91 Cow

92 Cow

93 Cow
92 Cow

75 Steer
79 Steer

50 Steer

51 Steer

82 Steer
77 Steer
77 Steer

76 Steer
76 Steer

83 Steer

84 Steer

85 Steer

86 Steer

87 Steer
89 Steer

89 Steer

90 Steer

215 Steer

216 Steer

217 Steer

218 Steer

219 Steer

220 Steer
75 Cow

Name.
Dauphin 18th ..
Winter de Cote
Success

Weight.
...2330
...206U
.2030

Victoria abt 1700

Highland Queen abt 1600

Charity abt 1600

Beatrice abt 1500

Nightingale abt 1600

King William 1655

Wallace 1720

Highland Lad 16S0

Beecher 1815

Conqueror II 1705

Bertie 1310

Bachelor 1435

St. Paul 1232

Eighty-one 1155

Pythias 1870

Damon 1990

Barnum 1980

Jumbo 1920

Abbey 1710

Buck » 1450

Bright 1600

Prince 1560

Napoleon 1475

Murat 1395

Ney 1355

Marion 1245

Ohio Chief 1470

Douglas 1437

Princess Alice Maud 1800

Age.
yrs. 8
yrs. 2
yrs. 9
yrs. 0
yrs. 7
yrs. 6
yrs.
yrs.
yrs.
yrs.
yrs.
yrs.

mos.
mos.
mos.

1 yrs. 9
yrs. 8
1 yrs. 6
1 yrs. 6
1 yrs. 6
; yrs. 9
yis. 9
I yrs. 10
; yrs. 10
; yrs. 10
; yrs. 10
' yrs. 7
yrs. 6
yrs. 6
yrs. 10

mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.

mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.
mos.

Breed.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.

Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford,
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.

Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.
Grade Hereford.

Hereford.

! From the pastures to the show,
V each cow having raised a calf
during the season.

Fed for exhibit.

Gra

zed on

gra

3s an

d wi

thout

oth

•r food

until

Sept.,

when

they

wer

e f<?d

cornstalks

and

light

gra

n feed

sire Success 2, dam Mollie; 2d premium, Wash-
ington, sire Success 2, dam Miss Smith.

Grades or Crosses open to all Breeds. — Steer
3 years, 34 entries — 1st premium, Conqueror,
sire Hereford bull, dam one-half Hereford.

Grade or cros.s-bred steer 2 and under 3 years,
33 entries — 3d premium, Kansas, sire Hereford
bull, dam native cow.

Steer showing the greatest average gain per
day since birth, 3 and under 4 years, 10 i>n-
tries — 2d premium, Conqueror, sire Hereford
bull, dam one-half grade Hereford.

The Grand Special Pn^mium, offered liv
Marshall Field, $2.'J0, for best 5 head of cattle
any age or breed, was given to T. 1j. Miller for
5 Hereford steers — Conqueror, Will, Washing-
ton, Bachelor and Kansas,

This table shows an average weight on five
2-3'ear-old past steers of 1,715 pounds, on two
even 2-year-olds, 1,372 ])ounds, and three
1-year-olds, 1,284 ]iounds. These steers had been
stall fed, and would, but for the burning of our
barn, have made 100 pounds more weight per
head. Our three-year-old grass steers made
an average of 1,(>.")3 pounds, our 2-year-old grass
steers made an average of l,3ti0 pounds. These
two lots may be taken as the standard weights
for the ordinary farm management. Sudi an
exhibit is of value and perhaps of more value
than our stall fed steers 2-year-old averaging
I.T.tO pounds. We were criticised by some par-
ties for taking our grass steers fo the sliow,
but we had grown used fo criticism, and if we
had heeded it we should not have been breeders

4G4

JllSTOPtY OF 111:1!I:F()HI) lATTLF.

of HereforJs, aud tlu- UtTL'l'oicl.s would not have
occupied the position they do today. We
thought if we could show that with ordinary
methods of hay and grass the fanner can put
his three-year-old steers on the market at an
average weight of l,()r)0 j)ounds, and his two-
year-olds at nearly 1,-100 j)ounds, he would rec-
ognize the Herefords as better beef animals
than he has been in the habit of handling from
any other breed.

We called attention to the fat cow nearly 11
years old, weight 1,800 pounds. We believed
such an exhibit a credit to the breed, breeding
for more than the average life of the Short-
horn, and then going to the butcher as first-
class beef, weighing 1,800 pounds. It is a
credit to the breed that it can fit three-year-old
heifers to 1,750 pounds, but greater credit to
take an aged breeding cow and make 1,800
pounds of first-class beef.

In this exhibit of our breeding stock we
had the three-year-old bull, Dauphin 18th, bred
bv ilr. J. B. (ireen, Marlow, England, weigh-
ing without fitting Sjl^.SO pounds, and Winter de
Cote, a brother to Mrs. Edwards' celebrated
Ijeonora, and then old Success, nearly ten years
old, with all the vigor of a two-year-old. and no
sign of age upon him. .Vlso four of his heifers,

and the nine-year-old cow, \'ictoria (l)y old Sir
Charles), the dam of Dictator, owned by Mr.
F. W. Smith, of Woodlandville, 5Io., who won
with him the sweepstakes of the best Hereford
bull two years in succession, at St. Louis, «ver
(he best Hereford bulls of England and
America.

The bulls in this exhibit were from ordinary
stock keep, and the cows from pasture only.
We expected the time was not far distant when
stock from the pastures would form an im-
portant part of the live stock exhil)its of our
leading shows, aud if this exhibit of ours would
hasten that time, we would have accomplished
what we intended to do. The advice of the best
and most experienced breeders is to never buy
fitted stock, and whatever may be the breeder's
reputation in the show ring, his home exhibit
must support it, or very few will wish to choose
from his herd. The five cows exhibited dropped
within three years, including the year they were
shown, fourteen calves.

Whenever the time shall come that grass fed
cattle and cows with calves at foot shall be a
feature at our leading fairs, the Herefords will
show character to which no other breed can
attain.

n. p. WILLIAMS.
Guthrie Center, la.

H I S T 0 11 Y OF HEREFORD (. A T T L E

465

CHAPTER XL.

Letters

FROM :

T. L. Miller, 1881.
W. Danger, 1879.
S. C. Skidmore, 1880.
Geo. Leigh, 1880.

Geo. T. Tl-kxer, 1880.
Thos. Dlckham, 1880.
H. M. Yaile, 1881.
J. C. Wilson, 1881.
Dakota, 1881.
John Merrtman, 1881.
James Funkhouser. 1884.
Hugh Craig, 1884.
S. D. Fisher, 1884.

Theodore Whyte, 1884.
C. M. Culbertson. 1885.

FROM :

D. P. Williams, 188U.
W. S. Ikard, 1880-87.
F. 0. Skidmore, 1886.
¥. W. Smith, 1882.
W. E. Campbell, 1882.
Henry Lane, 1882.
James W. Cox, 1882.
H. BowEN, 1882.

Kennedy Bros., 1882.
Cephalus Black, 188.'S.
Amos Bissell, 1883.
H. C. Burleigh, 1880.
r. Mehan, 1886.
A. M. White, 1886.

MR. MILLER'S POSITION.

The following is an open letter from T. L.
Miller to the "Farmer's Magazine" of Ken-
tucky (1881) :

It is satisfactory when another states your
position, if he shall do it correctly; hut the
editor of the "Farmer's Magazine," in his edi-
torial entitled "What will he do with it ?" is not
exactly fair in giving me a position, or in stat-
ing that position, hut on this point we will not
quarrel.

The Hereford hreedcrs have not heen block-
heads. They have attended to the hreeding of
their stock, and have produced a race of cattle
that have held the top price, both with the
grazier and butcher. The breeding intelligence
and practical brains have not been with the
Shorthorns. The agricultural societies and
press have been controlled in the interest of the
Shorthorns, and that control has not been fairly
ol)tained, because they have been organized and
managed, as stated in the preamble, for the
purpose of bringing forth the best, while they
have been worked to advance the Sliorthorn in-
terest.

"The prpfs and the agricultural societies were

taken covertly and by storm in the interest of
Bates or Booth, and wrong was made to look
right and right wrong." This is a fair state-
ment of my position, and I propose to prove it
by the record.

Again you say: "Tliose who have observed
Mr. Miller closely, as we have done, must be
impressed with the contem])t he manifests for
all those who think differently from him."

There are writers in the interest of the Short-
horns who are forever pointing to the past his-
tory of the Shorthorns as an evidence of merit,
as certain persons are pointing to the history
of their parents or grandparents, or great-
grandparents as an evidence of their ability.
For such I have no great respect. I think if
you will go back in the Shortliorn history to
1817, that time of the Sanders and Clay im-
portations, and follow the brtx>ding of those
cattle through their crosses, you will find that
the Hereford blood in that importation and
their produce, went a long way towards giving
to the Kentucky cattle the character they have
had in the past times. You will find to this
time those markings that denote Hereford
blood ; and you will find tliat with these mark-
ings there is a quality that T claiin belongs to
the Herefords. Now there is no question but

II I ST () i; V OF II ]■] H K F() 1! 1) C ATT

\V. S. IKAUD,
Henrietta, Tex.

lliMl till' lIiTfrorilj wore an iinpurtant clciiiciit
in till' cattle interest of Kentucky from liSlI to
1840, and you will find men now living that
will recognize this fact. You will find another
fact: that the Kentucky reputation for good
cattle is based more upon the Seventeens than
upon the Bates, Dukes and Duchesses, and when
the latter are forgotten this will be your boast.
One of your prominent breeders told me in
Kansas City several years ago that he knew the
Duke bulls were damaging the character of the
Shorthorn cattle,
but they could not
sell any others to a
profit. Further-
more, there are
none of your best
breeders but know
that Kentucky cat-
tle are poorer for
liaving used this
blood.

What vou sav of
:\Ir. God'dard "will
be said of many of
your best breeders.
They can take tlie
Seventeens and
make a breed or
family that will top all other families of Short-
horns in the state.

After you have investigated the cattle his-
tory of Kentucky from 1817 to 18-10 turn your
attention to the operations of the breeders in
England, at the time they took possession of
the machinery of the Society for the Diffusion
of Useful Knowledge, and notice with what tact
they obtained the endorsement of that society
for their breed. Eev. Mr. Berry might have
written over his own signature and in his own
name the history of the Shorthorns and the
history of otlier breeds of JCnglish cattle but
that would not have appeared well. He there-
fore olitained the appointment of Mr. Youatt,
a scholarly gentleman of that period, to write
their historv at his (Rev. Ilenrv Berrv's) dicta-
tion.

Will there l)e any (piestion but that the Rev.
Henry Berry su])ervised the writing of the liis-
tory of other breeds of English cattle that ap-
pear in the same volume, "^'ouatt on British
Cattle"? If you should have any doubt on this
point after a careful investigation I should be
pleased to enter upon this study with you.

After a careful study of Youatt and his his-
tory, I would recommend to you a careful ex-
amination as to the organization of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England in IS:!!). You

will llicrr liiul that some of the Shorthorn
breeders usetl some of the best and most noble
of England's nobility and gentry for the en-
dorsement of that breed, known then by the
name of the Shorthorn or Durham lireed of cat-
tie; while the breeders and advocates of this
breed were the judges and committeemen who
managed the awards and you will find that the
press published these awards on the report of
these judges and of these committeemen.

Y'ou will find that your State Societies were
under the same sort of management, and you
may look into the history of the Herefords and
Shorthorns in 1834, at which time Y'ouatt
wrote, and you will find that at the public sales
of blooded stock and butcher's stock in Eng-
land, the Hereford sold at longer prices usually
than the Shorthorn.

Y'ou may then go to the records of the Smith-
field Society and you will find on the records
of that Society that the Herefords and Short-
horns were competing, and that up to 1834 the
Hereford oxen and steers had taken eighty-
five premiums amounting to l,"i9.3 pounds
sterling ($6,475), while the Shorthorns had
taken thirty-two premiums, amounting to 58.")
pounds sterling ($2,f)"25). This showing was
a matter of record in London at the time I'rof.
Y'ouatt was writing.

In the history of the Herefords Prof. Y'ouatt
gives one experiment of the feeding of three
Shorthorns and three Herefords, showing
about thirty per cent in favor of Herefords.
He gives seven pages or more to the report of
sales of Shorthorns, and no account of the
sales of Herefords, while he might have had
access to the records of such sales.

He gives two pages (31"^-313) to quoting
the Duke of Bedford's experiment of feeding
different breeds of cattle, but as far as Here-
fords or Shorthorns are concerned, he says:
"Although the Herefords are now establisheil
at Woburn . . ." and in a foot note adds:
"To the many records of ex])eriments on the
comparative fattening fpialities of the Hereford
and Durham cattle, we will not now refer. One,
although not then assigned to its proper author,
the present Duke of Bedford, was detailed on
page 34 of this work. We will content our-
selves with referring to that. The ])atrons of
the Shorthorns, however, have not considered it
altogether satisfactory in its details." .

This is disposing of the Duke of Bedford's
experiments as a historian has no right to do.
Will anyone doubt that if these experiments
had resulted in favor of the Durham, they
would have found a place in this ''History of
British Cattle?"'

HISTORY 01'' HER E F 0 R D (" A '1' '1' L E

467

Between the years of 1834 and 1840, covering
the time when the Royal Agricultural Society
of England and New York State Agricultural
Society established their fairs, the report of
the Smithfield Club shows that the Herefords
took thirty-five premiums, amounting to 465
pounds sterling ($2,325) ; the Shorthorns took
fifteen jjremiums, amounting to 230 pounds
sterling ($1,150).

In 1839 Mr. W. H. Sotham brought an im-
portation of Herefords to Albany, X. Y^., and
nearly every Shorthorn breeder in Xew Y'ork
State quoted Youatt against him, and the en-
tire Shorthorn interest of that state fought Mr.
Sotham from the start, compelling him to ex-
hibit with discrimination against him and un-
der Shorthorn judges. Mr. Sotham had a fight
at that time, with Justice and merit with him,
but was overpowered by numbers and beaten
by such men as H. S. Randall, Lewis F. Allen,
Ambrose Stevens, backed by such men as E. P.
Prentice, C. M. Bement, Stephen Van Rensse-
laer, George Vail, J. M. Sherwood, and others,
and these used the Xew Y^ork State Agricul-
tural Society to aid in this defeat.

If my success with the Herefords had de-
pended upon the introduction of them among
the Shorthorn men, who were aided by the Illi-
nois State Agricultural Society, I would have
likely found the same result that Mr. Sotham
did. I, however', took my field among the breed-
ers of the plains, and their acceptance of the
Herefords secured the success of the enterprise.

The Smithfield continued to show all breeds
in competition up to and including 1851, when
the Shorthorn men took the management of
the society, "covertly and by storm," changed
the showing from the old plan of showing all
breeds in competition to class showing. From
1840 to 1851, the Herefords had taken sixty-
five premiums, amounting to 920 pounds ster-
ling ($4,600), the Shorthorns had taken thirty-
seven premiums, amounting to 365 pounds
sterling ($1,825). During these years, say
from 1800 to 1851, Hereford beef had sold on
the London market at a higher price than
Shorthorn beef by one or two cents per pound.
And during all this time tlie results of careful
trials were published and accessible, showing
that Hereford beef could be made at from 15
to 30 per cent cheaper than that of the Short-
horn. These arc facts accessible to Shorthorn
iireeders and editors, and still they make claims
that ignore them ; and societies that are sup-
])orted by the State funds give special encour-
agement to the Shorthorns and discriminate
against other breeds Is it singular that I
should not honor men that will put forth claims
that the entire record will condemn ?

Y'our correspondent, Mr. T. L'. Ander-son,
under date of Xovember 1, 1880, in an article
to the "Kansas City Indicator," says: "What
authority has Mr. Miller for saying that the
Hereford will graze and feed at less cost than
the Shorthorn, and when fed are worth more
money ?" Any breeder having been engaged in
that business as long as Mr. Anderson should
understand the history of the cattle he breeds,
and the breeds with which he competes, better
than to put such questions — he ought to be bet-
ter posted in cattle history. He may be ex-
cused, being a breeder, for making the best
show he can for his breed, as a lawyer may be
for quoting law and facts that will favor his
client. But you occupy rather the position of
the judge. Y^our position may be termed a
judicial one, and you are supposed to stand as
the instructor, and not as the advocate.

Y"ou should know the history as the judge
should know the law, and when the advocate
presents his case you should not give a verdict
by silence or endorsement that will work an
injury to your readers. I am aware that the
]io;;itioii 1 lia\c taken i- rcvolutioiiarv. 1 pro-

^'^
^

N

^

,f

1

^j|

GEO. W. RLST.
Eminent Shorthorn authority.

pose it shall be, and had I not the facts to sup-
port my position I might be written down a
fool. And it becomes you to look well to
precedent before you commit yourself to claims
that liave no basis in equity.

Very truly, T. L. Mi 1.1.1:15.

4li8

11 1 S TO li Y () F H K i{ K F () 1! I) C A T T 1. E

lIKliKroKD.S I'Uli CKUSSI.XO.

In the "BnedtTs" Journal," Vol. 11, p. 3, Mr.
II. il. \'aile, a leading Bates Shorthorn l)reeder,
says :

"While they (the Herefords) are uniform in
color and markings, thoy are not uniform in
fattening eapaeity, and it is the experience of
unprejudiei'd men, that they are a failure in
cro.ssing u]ion other cattle, or comparatively so."
To which we replied, "I would credit Mr. V.
with an Jionest intention of stating what he
believes to he true. But this statement is wide
of the mark. There is no l)rced tliat carrv their

l)een, and 1 caiuiol helieve they will ever be the
equal of the Shorthorns." At that time we
said: "I would advise Mr. V'aile to spend some
time among the cattle men of Kansas t'ity, and
talk with them as to the character of the Here-
ford and Shorthorns. The Merefords will top
all other cattle, not because of my zeal, hut of
the merits of the cattle."

In reply to Mr. ^'ailc we (|Ui)tc Mr. .1. ('.
Wilson, as follows :

" 'Breeders' Live Stock .TournaF : In the Jan-
uary numi)er of the 'Journal' I see an article
headed 'Shorthorns vs. T. L. Miller,' in which

Property of Mrs. C. Adai

HEREFORD BULLS ON THE TEXAS RANGE.
(R. Walsh, manager), Paloduro, (From a photograph taken in the spring after wln-
. tcring without feed or hay.)

quality so uniformly uijon their ])r()diice as do
the Herefords, and I siiould lie glad to show-
Mr. V. the produce from widely dilfering
dams.''

Mr. Vaile closes by saying, "the Herefords
have been in the hands of good breeders; yet,
for one hundred years they have not extended
their limits, and scarce increased in numbers,
until Mr. ^liller became their champion. He
has given theiri new life by his great zeal, and
1 expect this will continue for a time, for they
are not without merit. But thev never have

ilr. Vaile is ipioted as saying: 'While the Here-
fords are uniform in color and markings, they
are not uniform in fattening capacity, and it
is the ex])erience of unprejudiced men that they
are a failure in crossing upon other cattle, or
comjjaratively so.'

"Xow, Mr. Editor, 1 wish to say that Mr.
Vaile cannot be jHisted in cither particular of
which he speaks regarding Herefords, when he
makes such a statement as the above. It is not
the experience of men who breed Herefords,
that thev fail either in fattening uniformlv or

H 1 S T 0 11 Y 0 F 11 E 1{ E F () K L) V A T T L E

469

in crossing successfully with other cattle. We
have been breeding beef cattle for profit for
twenty years, and for sixteen years we have bred
and fed a large number of grade Hereford
cattle, both steers, heifers and cows, and we find
them more profitalde than either Shorthorn or
Devons, witli both of which we liave experi-
mented.

"In the winter of 1878, in an address before
the Farmers' Institute of Michigan, held in
Flint, I had the honor, and pleasure also, of
giving these experiments in detail ; and the ad-
dress has been ])ui)lished in full in the Agri-

cannot say we were uiijirejudiced breeders and
feeders, for we started out strongly prejudiced
in favor of the Shorthorns, but the Herefords,
on their merit alone, have worked themselves
into our favor so far, that at present we breed
and feed none l)ut the white faces. We have
now over 200 grades of this breed on our farm,
and we are satisfied that they make us more
dollars and cents than we could possibly get
out of Shortiiorns. They will produce more
beef in shorter time with less outlay of food
and less care, than the Shorthorns. They are
a hardier race of animals, stand our winters

SHORTHORN BULLS ON THE TEXAS RANGE.
Property of the Farwell syndicate. (From a photograph taken in the spring after i

intering on hay and cotton seed.)

cultural Eeport of ilichigaii for that year, to
which I would most respectfully refer Jlr.
Vaile for proof demonstrating the error of the
position he assumes with regard to the Here-
fords, both as regards fattening evenly and
crossing successfully with other cattle. An
application to Prof. Baird, at the Agricultural
College at Lansing, will enable anyone wishing
the report to get one.

"Our grade Hereford steers have always stir-
passed both the others in early maliirity, in
being more easily and cheaply kept, and in
market value when readv for the shambles. I

better, and are less lial)le to disease than the
Shorthorns.

"Jamics C. Wilson. M. D. (H 358)

"Siipt. Crapo Farm,

"Flint, Mich,
'■p. S. — Our experience with the Herefords is
supplemented by that of our neighbors. iLr.
Thonuis Foster, a celebrated Devon breeder and
feeder, has changed to the Herefords, and finds
them more prolitable. The Hon. Win. Hamil-
ton, a celebrated Shorthorn man of this coun-
trv, and also the Hon. S. Howard, another
Shorthorn breeder and feeder, have become

470

HISTORY OF IlHHKFOKl) CATTLE

converted I'roiii tlie error of their ways, ami
gone into the lireeding of Hereford i;ra(h> and
full-hloods. They all lonfirni wliat 1 have just
said about the lierefords. W."

AN AUSTRALIAN S EXPKHIENCE.

We take the liberty of quoting

a letter

(1879), from W. Danger. Esq., of Hunters
Kiver, Australia, to the lion. Thomas Duck-
ham, England :

"Previous to my leaving the Colony for Eng-
land, 1 had not any pure-bred Herefords, my
importation having been Shorthorns, but Mr.
Plobler, who occupied an adjoining station, had
Herefords, and his bull occasionally strayed
among my cows. The result was, I had a good
many white-faced cattle. Thus it frequently
happened that five or six of these cross breds
w'ere among a draft lot of probably 150 to 200,
and when the dealers were taken to them, the
white faces were sure to be pointed out as the
right sort, and tlie expression made, 'T wish all
of the lot were like those beasts. Prime beasts!
Eeal plums !'

"I had opportunities of seeing them when
slaughtered at Sydney, wdien the carcass butch-
ers told me their quality was excellent; that
(hey equalled the Shorthorns in their rough fat.

and that they ]>referred the whiti'-faeed bullocks
to those of any other breed.

'T also found that they traveled the long dis-
tance from the station to Sydney — say 250 to
300 miles — better than any others; a less num-
ber became lame on the journey, which is, I
consider, very greatly in their favor.

"For what 1 have seen in other herds, the
Herefords readily became acclimated and fully
retain their general character, dis])laying equal
or greater aptitude to fatten than the Short-
horns. And from these combined advantages
1 lost no time, on my arrival in England, in
purchasing and exporting bulls.

"My nephew has now my station, and he
has recently purchased a three-year-old bull,
bred by Mr. Reynolds, of Tocal, Patterson,
Maitland. He was winner of the first prize as
a yearling, a two-year-old, and a three-year-old,
successively. The Herefords are now more nu-
merous than the Devons, and tiearly equal the
Shorthorns in number."

EARLY TEXAS EXPERIENCE.

Aransas, Bee Co., Texas.
Dear Sir: Your note is at hand and contents
noted. You wish to know how the Herefords

we bouglit of vou the winter of ISTii are getting

IIEIiEFOUn.^ ON TIU'
photoRraph lakrn in \hc sprinn after w

RAN'CE IN TEXAS.
iiU-rIng on llie range witliout h.ny or feed.)

11 1 S T 0 1{ Y 0 F II K K i: V U 1! D (A T 'I' L E

471

MAJARIS CANYON.
.\'car the Canadian River. Panhandle

along. M_y son and 1 only kept five head, Hope
and Venture, the largest and smallest grade
heifer and one grade bull. All five are
living and doing well. We like them better
than Shorthorn stock. I think you can sell
some here in this portion of the country as
everybody is pleased with them. They can live
and do well where other stock will die. We
have some beautiful half-breeds coming on. I
would like if you would bring down some Here-
fords next fall. 1 want some of your he.-;t thor-
oughbreds. Yours truly,

S. (.'. Skidmoue.

MORE EARLY TEXAS EXPERIENCE.

Taseosa, Oldham Co., Texas.
Octol)er 17, 1880.
Editor "Texas Live Stock Journal":

1 am on the ranch of Messrs. Lee and Hcvn-
olds, and thought a general sketch of the im-
proved land and blooded stock owned by them
might perhaps help to prove the value of such
stock, and that they can be bred and raised
with less expense as well in Texas as other
states.

These gentlemen have for the last few years
been importing thoroughbred" bulls from Can-

ada and the Eastern states, and now they have
their herd graded up to such a standard of
excellence, that it has no equal on this conti-
nent. For the past two years they have been
unable to sujaply the demand for young stock.
To meet this big and growing demand, they
decided last year to make a specialty and breed
with the express view of supplying Texas ranch-
men with improved and thoroughbred bulls.
Being thorough and practical cattle men, well
versed in the wants and recjuirements of the
trade, and possessed with unlimited means, they
have and will make the venture a success.
To show their confidence and earnestness in
the business, I would state that for the ranch
now occupied by them, thev paid something
over <$40,000, which is, by the way. the best
situated and adapted for business of anv I
have seen. I feel my inability to give a de-
scription which will do justice to either ranch
or cattle.

Shorthorns.— .\niong their first imjwrta-
tions, besides a fine lot of heifers, were twenty
head of two and thrw>-year-old bulls, bred by
Mr. F. W. Stone, of Canada. A grander and
more massive set of fellows it has never been
our pleasure to see. Next in order are a lot

472

IllSTOKY OF Jl KK E1'U1;D CATTLE

bird ill Mow I'ark, t'aiiatla, tliu lirst of wliicli
we would iiit'iitiou is the Earl of Airdrie 3(1, out
of Hose of Kaciiie, by Imported 4th Duke of
C'lareuee, the latter of which is the purest bred
Duchess bull in existence and cost in England
the snug little sum of $i;5,()0(). The Earl of
Airdrie is a solid red, unusually large for his
age, and of great bene and substance. Next
conies Gauntlet, a rich roan-colored yearling,
sired by the same famous animal, out of 8an-
pareil 12th. Gauntlet was shown when a calf,
at all the leading fairs, both in Canada and
the United States, taking the silver medal at

JIehefuhus. — Now, having brielly made men-
tion of a few of the most noted Shorthora
males in use on this ranch, we will also briefly
notice the Hereford part of the herd, and in
doing so think it sufficient to merely mention
that they are the best that money would bu}',
the most of them being the get of T. L. ililler's
Imported Success, Seventy-six and other im-
ported bulls, costing way up in the hundreds
per head. There is a great controversy going
on between cattle men as to the relative merits
of the breeds, and having handled Shorthorns
all my life, I am naturally prejudiced against

GKADE YEARLING HEIFERS IN THE ADAIR HERD.
J. A. Brand, Fanhaudle of Texas.

Ottawa, ofTered l)y ilie (lovernor-Genernl for
the best calf of any kind in the Dominion, and
has also taken the first premium wherever
shown. There arc too many of these pure and
excellently bred Shorthorn males in this herd
to give anything like a minute description of
all of them; we will, therefore, merely mention
one other, and pass to the Herefords. Tliat
one is Prince Artliur, which is in all ])robabil-
ity the purest bred animal on the continent ;
resembling in form a huge Berkshire ])ig.
Prince Arthur is out of Princess Hoyal. Im-
ported, by Vanguard, out of the grand ^lantai
line tribe.

Herefords to some extent, but since experiment-
ing with them on the range for the past year
I must admit that the Herefords are unques-
tionably the best "wrestlers." We are now
s('])arating the males and cows, and I only wish
the editor of the "Journal" was here to pass his
opinion upon the relative merits of each bnuul.
T will state, liowever, that while the |)urhams
are in fair flesh the Herefords are rolling fat,
and that each have had the same opportunities
and facilities: except, it is claimed by the herd-
ers, that notwithstanding the better condition
of the Herefords that they have done more
service during the season than have the Dur-

H 1 S T () U Y () I-' H K n K F 0 H D C A T T L E

473

hams ; proving very conclusively that they are
the thriftiest and best cattle for Texas. What
Texas ranchmen want is a blooded bull that
will take his place by the side of the Texan
and wrestle through the winter in good flesh,
and consequently be in good condition for ren-
dering valuable services early in the spring,
which want can be supplied by no other as
satisfactorily as by the Herefords. Parties
wishing to purchase fine males with a view of
improving their herds cannot do better than
to correspond or call on the proprietors of this
ranch. Geo. Leigh.

It is only necessary to add that starting in
with these excellent and representative stocks
of both breeds, the Herefords won the prefer-
ence of their owners and the Hereford sup-
planted the Shorthorn on the Reynolds ranches
and are still (1898) doing so. " T. L. M.

AN englishman's TESTIMONY.

We give below an extract from a letter of
George T. Turner, Knockhalt, England, to the
"j^ational Live Stock Journal" :

"The Carlisle meeting of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society was once again very unfortunate
on the score of weather, but the north country
people, who do not mind rain, because they are
used to it, came in goodly numbers and 'did'
the show as thoroughly as though the sun had
been shining all the time. They came on pur-
pose, and the mere rain and mud could not hin-
der them from seeing all there was to be seen.
In spite of good attendance, however, there was
a loss to the society of about 9.50 pounds ster-
ling. There is a grim sort of satisfaction to be
derived from the fact of fewer hundreds being
lost by the society this year than there were
thousands last year. The show was on rather
a smaller scale than usual, but it was very
select. Xearly all the stock was good, and the
Carlisle meeting does not rank second to any
former show held in connection with the society
in point of interest and general utility.

"Herefords were a long way from home, and
were consequently small in numbers, but the
classes included some of the best cattle that the
county of Hereford can, at the present time,
produce. At the head of the list of bulls was
Mr. Aaron Rogers' Grateful, which is, without
doubt, the best showyard Hereford of the day,
now that Mrs. Sarah Edwards has lost the in-
comparai)le cow, Leonora. He wears well. too.
and is in good show form a coujtle of seasons af-
ter the famous Shorthorn show bull Sir Arthur
Ingram has played himself out, both bulls being
of the same age. These two animals contested

the open chaiiipionshij) of the Oxford meeting
of the Bath and West in 1878, when the Here-
ford won easily, and at the same time and place
the Hereford cow Leonora won the open cham-
pionship prize for the best cow or heifer in the
yard quite as easily. These open championships
have not been since offered, nor will they be,
so long as the Shorthorn men retain the influ-
ence they now command, in the councils of the
agricultural societies. Two of the Hereford fe-
males which took first prize in their respective
classes have, I understand, been purchased for
the United States, namely, Mr. T. Middleton's
cow, Nannette (^ 359) — a winner of many
prizes — and Mr. Thomas Fenn's heifer, Down-
ton Rose, also a very successful animal in the
show yard, and both of them Herefords of the
first water. They should prove of great value
to their new owners. Hereford cattle are now
being sent into the chief show yards of the
kingdom in first rate form, and the breed has
been brought to a very high state of excellence.
The different strains of blood have been fairly
intermingled, and families have not been bred
in-and-in, as the so-called fashionable Short-
horns have been, consequently they have not
lost constitution. I shall be deceived if they do
not work theniselves into greater favor than the
Shorthorns in the great breeding districts of
the Fnited States."

MR. DUCKHAM COMMENDS OUR WORK.

To the Editor of the "Hereford Times" :
Sir: It was with much surprise that Tread in

A .Mol>i:i. sri'.KACK TANK IN A TEXAS rASTVRE.
(Capital syndicate.)

an article in the "Hereford Tinu^s" of the 7tli
inst., under the heading "Hereford Cattle in
America." that "tlie numerous breeders of pure
Herefords may be congratulated on the new
market which has been opened to them by the

4T4

II I sTo i; V

11 !•; i; K I'o i: d cattle

enterprise, juilgiiu'iit ami Imsiiietfs tact of ilr.
Morgan and Mr. Thos. Rogers." Now, sir, 1
have no desire to detract in the slightest degree
from the honors really due to those gentlemen,
hut quite the contrary, as I know full well the
value which is to he attached to the judgment
and eare of one who can so successfully select
and make up animals for the show ring as Mr.

W. E. CAMPBELL. OF WINCHESTER. OKLA.

(Nicknamed •'Shorthorn CampbeU, " and later "Baldface

Campbell.")

^forgan, as also, to an auctioneer, wlio so per.sc-
veringly uses his Ix'st efforts in the discharge
of the duties he undertakes, as Mr. Kogers. At
the same time, I must say that the meed of
praise so profu.«elv given in that article is due
to Mr. T. L. Miller, of Beecher, III, U. 8. A.,
whose untiring perseverance in the cause mer-
its every feeling of gratitude which the breeders
of Herefords can award him.

Not only has Mr. ililler j)atronized the Here-
fords by establishing the largest, and I think
I may add, the best herd of Herefords in the
United States, hut he has so placed them before
stock owners of that great country at the vari-
ous e.xhibitions. and by his sound judgment,
untiring perseverance, great talent as a writer
and great influence as a gentleman of position,
he has claimed for them (and to a certain e.x-

leiit successfully so) a front rank in the great
state exhibitions of the United States. It was
Mr. Miller who protested against sending his
Herefords to the International E.xhibition at
Philadelphia in 1870, unless an English judge
was selected to aid in awarding the premiums,
which protest resulted in my being sent out l)y
the British Commission. It was Mr. Miller
who first introduced the Herefords into the
far West to improve the vast herds in the west-
ern states. It was Mr. Jliller who resolved to
obtain the necessary information and publish
a Herd Book for Hereford cattle in America.
It was Mr. Miller who, knowing the value of
the press in the promotion of any great object,
established an agricultural paper in the in-
terest of Herefords.

Knowing all this from many years of cor-
respondence with that gentleman, I feel I
should be wanting in the proper discharge of
a duty to him if I did not place those facts
before your readers. I may add further, that
Mr. Miller was here in June last, when he pur-
chased about 100 of our far-famed red with
wiiite faces and, although far past the meridian
of life, he hastened back to use his best en-
deavors to obtain a removal of the restrictions
of a ninety days' quarantine, imposed upon that
side upon animals imported from this country.

I fear his usual success has not attended his
efforts in that direction and I hear he is now
returning, if not returned, to England to ar-
range for shipping his purchases.

There are several breeders of Herefords in the
United States of much longer standing than
Mr. Miller, but it was left to him to bring them
to the front in the manner in which they are
now iirought. Mr. Miller only commenced as
a Hereford breeder in 1871. In 1872 his then
partner, Mr. Powell, a Herefordshire man,
came to England and purchased a few Here-
fords, among them the handsome young cow
Dolly Varden, bred by Mr. Morris, Town
House, Madley, and her two offspring. Mr.
Powell soon entered upon another l)usiness and
-Mr. Miller was most fortunate in securing the
assistance of one so thoroughly conversant with
the management of a herd as ilr. Morgan. The
ex<'ellence of Mr. ililler's herd which he sent
to the International Exhibition, and the manner
in which ilr. Morgan brought them out and
placed them before the judges, were themes of
admiration to all who l>eheld them. After I
discharged my duties at that e.xhibition, I vis-
ited Mr. ^liller and numerous other Hereford
breeders, in order that I might make their per-
sonal ai<|uaintance and sec how the various
herds acclimatized, but at no place did I see

H I S T 0 K Y 0 F H P] R p: F 0 R 1) C A T T L E

475

them so admirably managed as those luider
Mr. Morgan's c:are.

I would here respectfully suggest that the
Hereford breeders pay some compliment to ilr.
Miller when he returns to this country, in ac-
knowledgment of the very valuable assistance
he has rendered to them in creating a demand
for their pedigree animals, which, although of
great and unprecedented proportions, is now
only in its infancy. T. Duckham.

Bavsham Court, Ross, Aug. 1~, 1880.

marbled to perfection, after one, or sonietiiiies
two winters' feeding in stalls, with ground feed.
I have in mind now, one pair of them that 1
slaughtered, one of which made eighty pounds
and the other eighty-one pounds of dressed
meat, hide and tallow, to the 10(J pounds alive.
Those were o.xen of si.x to seven years old, and
had been worked before feeding. I notice, how-
ever, that now-a-days your prize steers beat it,
but for that day I considered it extra fine. So
you will readily see that twenty-five years ago

SAMPLE OF A MODEL RANGE HERD

A IIARTFOI!D (CON'X.) BUTCHEK's EXPERIENCE
(1881).

The following is an extract, from the letter
of a gentleman in Dakota, and it will be no-
ticed, that from cutting and marketing, ho has
had an experience that sustains the position wc
have taken as to the quality of Hereford beef:

"For many years at Hartford, Connecticut,
my old home and birthplace, I handled very
many fine cattle, and was for many years in the
niarki'ting business, and in that ricli city, cut
uj) many prize cattle and always cut first-class
beef. But in those days, from 1853 to 18(52,
I used to get some Hereford cattle, fed by Con-
necticut valley farmers, and they were always
superior beef to the Durhams, or the noted
Connecticut red oxen of that dav. Fat and lean

i preferred the Herefords to anything for fine
beef animals. But enough. I am now up here
in the richest valley in the United States, which
aside from wheat is to be a great stock country
in the future. I am just getting a stock farm
started to make Hereford beef."

A MAKYLAXD IjREEDER's EXPERIEXCE.

John Jferryman was one of tlie oldest breed-
ers of Hereford cattle, and thus stated his ex-
perience :

At the New York State Fair, held at Water-
town, in 185(), I purchased from Messrs. .\. &
H. Bowen, a yearling bull. Catalpa. and a
heifer. Lilac. My next jnirchase was from ifr.
Sotham, and consisted of thirteen cows and
heifers,and two bulls, including BIenlieim.lS79.

My next purchase was from the State Board

476

HISTORY () F 11 ]•: H !■: F O I! 1 ) ( ' A T T L !•:

ol' .Ma.ssaeluisi,'ttt;, iiiulucliiii; tlif iiii])urt('(l t-ow
Jlilton, l)rcd liy John Longinore, of Orleton,
ami her four-year-old cow and heifer Promise.
Jlilton was brought over with the bull Cronk-
hill, bred by Lord Berwick, and he was sire of
t'ora and Promise. Tlu' same year, 1 purchased
five more head from Mr. Sotham. Curly, the
Ashton bull, died while in my possession. 1
luid given Col. Edward Lloyd, Blenheim in ex-
change for him. He got out of Milton, a bull-
calf, ilarion, and out of Miss Tully, also an
imported cow, a heifer, Hattie. She broiiglit
me a number of superior calves by Sir Kichard

A SA.MI'LK CASK ]W)M KANS\S (ISS^').

]^Ir. Editor:

Before eonponting to cxhiliit my Ilerefords at
Wichita Fair, 1 saw the president — who is an
honorable gentlcnuin — and he lu-omised me that
no Shortiiorn breeder siiould be ))ut on the
sweepstakes awarding committee, but tlirough
the intent or carelessness of some subordinate
officer, three Shorthorn breeders were chosen
as judges of sweepstakes. Two of them were
uidvnown to me; the other was the Hon. Wm.
Ross, an old acriuaintance, who had been an

SAMPLE OF SO-CALLED HEREFORDS TOO OFTEN FOUND ON THE RANGE AND ELSEWHERE.
(Every wbitetace Is not a Hereford.)

2d, including Belle JIcAl])in, dam of Stonie
Williams. 1 have had two bulls from Mr. F.
W. Stone, Admiral and Canadian; also im-
])orte(l Sir Kichard "^d, who was bred by J. IL
Arkwright, ]']s<|. I afterwards used Illinois,
son of Success, lired by T. L. Miller, anil now
have Prince of the Wye, bred by Mr. T. Diick-
liam, M. P. I have l)een a breeder of TIerel'ords
for twenty-five years, and am. perhaps, entitled
to tlie position as the oldest breeder now in the
business. Respectfully yours,

John Meruyman.
Cockeysville, Md.. Aug. 9. 188L

exhibitor of Shortiiorns at previous fairs.
F^rom such a per.sonage 1 expected even-handed
justice. My bull had been ]u-onounced the best
bull in the sliow by quite a number of Short-
horn breeders, and wa.<s aimo.st the universal
choice of the multitude, 'i'liey were so out-
spoken in his favor that 1 thought I had an
easy Avalk-away. Imagine my surjirise when I
found lie was not noticed by the judges any
more than a yellow dog would have been outside
the ring, and the 1st and 'h\ ribbons were tied
u]ion Shorthorn bulls.

As I led my bull from the ring a prominent

ins T O II V () 1^' 11 E K !•: F () i; 1) C A T T L E

477

Shorthorn luveckT remarked: "Well, the white-
faced hull is the best bull on the grounds, if he
did not get a ribbon."' "That's what I say."'
"I say so too," and other like remarks from
the bystanders, caused a crowd to gather around
the deeply-wronged animal and he was viewed
over and over again, and in ten minutes he had
as many friends as anybody. 1 felt the in-
justice so keenly that I could scarcely conduct
myself with proper decorum, and when the
Honorable Hoss came round to see what the
row was about, I addressed him thus: "Well,
Uncle Billv, I would like you to take a look

the result was the same as in the bull ring and
the crowd became so outspoken that the super-
intendent announced, that, owing to the dis-
satisfaction among the "outsiders,"' he would
postpone the exhibit of herds competing for
sweepstakes honors until the next day and then
he would try and secure new judges to pass
upon them.

My protest was substantially as follows:
"To the Officers and Directors of the Sedg-
wick County Agricultural, ilechanical and
Stock Association :

"Grounds of Protest: 1st. That the Hon.

A MODEL RANCH HEADQUARTERS.
Spring Lake Ranch of W. B. Halscll. Bovina

at my little bidl ; I don"t think your committee
has ever seen him. I would have felt highly
complimented had you noticed him while in the
ring." This was more than bis PTonor could
bear, and he replied: "The Herefords have no
right to show against Shorthorns anyhow." To
which I replied, "If that is the case, I will leave
my cows in their stalls; tlie public will give the
Herefords justice if you Shorthorn judges will
not." T then announced that 1 would ]>rotest
the awards. The crowd then shouted, "Show
your cows; you shall have justice." T con-
sented, and did show them under protest. But

Win. IJoss is now. ami has in the ])ast been a
breeder aiul exhibitor of Shorthorn cattle at
our annual fairs, and that he is interested ia
the success of the Shorthorn breed ; and fur-
ther, that he has shown great prejudice and
bitterness against the Hereford breed in certain
newspajjcr articles published over his signature,
in the papers of this city, and in our belief,
he could not do justice to any animal eoni-
])eting for sweepstakes lionors that was not a
Shorthorn.

"2. That the other two committeemen are
Shorthorn breeders and interested in the success

478

II 1 ST () i; Y

II K i; i: F() If 1) CATTLE

of the Sliortliorn lircod, ami that both of tlu'iii
have ackiiowk'dgi'd that they knew nothing of
the Hereford breed, one of them stating to
myself that he did not know anything about
Hereford?, wliether they were good for milk or
anything else, and that the other (Mr. Roberts)
made substantially the same statement to Mr.
E. L. Houston.

"3. That the Shorthorn bull that said com-
mittee awarded the second sweepstakes pre-
mium, entered the ring dis])laying a blue rib-
bon in token of a first ])n'inium in bis class,
and, although his attendant was re(juestc(t to

my business and paid no further attention to it.
But the Shorthorn men were better posted than
I (this being my firs-t experience, 1 admit I
was not prepared to meet all the tricks), and
l)ut their heads together, selected Mr. Koss and
Mr. Blakeley (my competitor), to go before the
Board and defeat my protest at all hazards. I
had left the grounds when the Board met and
the Shorthorn men supposed the field was clear.
But as 1 could not be found, my friend, the
lion. John Kelley, who is also the vice-president
of the society, took notes, and after the objec-
tions were heard, championed the white-face

A "ROUND-UP" ON THE RANGE.

remove the same, said display was continued
throughout the entire showing for sweepstakes
honors, contrary to all rules, regulations and
customs governing such exhibitions and may
have had an influence upon the aforesaid sweep-
stakes awarding committee.

"4. That Section 30, of Rules and Regula-
tions, adopted by your society for the govern-
ment of sweepstakes, was wholly ignored and
disregarded by the aforesaid awarding commit-
tee, which is evidence of their incompetency
to act as judges upon sweep.stakcs, or of doing
willful justice."

After filing the above protest, I went about

cause. The protest was sustained, and a new
committee ordered to be chosen. The Short-
horn exhibitors ruled off quite a number of
committeemen, hut finally three were selected.
Two of them I had never seen before. One
was a city butcher; one an Englishman, who
had extended experience in England, New Zea-
land and this country: the other was an old
feeder and shipper, and non(> of the three were
interested in any breed of cattle. A number
of the Shorthorn breeders pledged themselves
not to bring their cattle into the ring again,
which caused considerable delay and excit(»-
ment. But the sujierintcudent enforced th«

H 1 S 'I' () i; \ 0 F H E R K F 0 U I ) V A T 1' 1. E

4?t)

rules and they were compelled to bring out
their stock or forfeit their class premiums.

When the bulls were led out a dense crowd
gathered around them and it was with diffi-
culty that the police cleared the way. Hon.
John Kelley and a uumljer of prominent cattle
men then inspected the display and then stepped
aside and cast a vote as to where first and
second premiums should go. This was done
secretly before the judges came into the ring.
Scarcely any time was taken upon the first,
and the committee was unanimous in favor of
mv bull. The second went to ilr. Blakelev's

walked olf witliout any interruption, followed
by a few of their admirers, whose faces looked
fully two inches longer than the day previous.
I am free to acknowledge that this was one of
the proudest days of my life. Xot so much on
account of this victory, but because I had re-
sented the insult and wrongs done the dumb
brute and had secured for him even-handed
justice.

Next came the cows. My three-year-old cow,
Ella 3d, with a good strong bull calf tugging at
her, was awarded first; and last, but not least,
niv vvhitefaced herd was declared the bi-st on

FAMILIAR SCENE OX THE RANGE.

Shorthorn, and the bulls that got first and
second the previous day got nothing. The
action of the committee and the outside judges
were precisely the same, and ga\-e general satis-
faction. I was completely overwhelmed with
congratulations, and the little hull was patted
and stroked by many a man that had never
seen a Hereford before. "Ain't he a good one."
"He is the best bull I ever saw." ".Just look at
his back." "Yes, and his quarters, too. He
comes out behind like a Berkshire pig." "Tf it
was not for his horns he would be perfection,
wimldirt he?" and other like exclamations,
fiune from all sides. The deiValed iSlwrthonis

the grounds. The judges were unanimous in
all these awards and the bystanders shook their
hands and congratulated them ujion their judg-
ment.

I supposed the battle over and the victory
won beyond all question; but in this I was mis-
taken. The secretary notified me that the
Shorthorn men had protested and ordered him
to withhold my diplomas and premiums; that
the Hon. Mr. Ross denied writing the news-
paper articles referred to in my protest, etc..
etc. They then employed a lawyer to manage
and attend to their ease. 1 then sought tlie
llou, Jylm J\elley, but Uv had gouc home and

480

HISTORY OF HEHEFOKD CATTLE

■DRIFTIXG.' A SCENE ON THE RANGE OF COL. C. C. SLAUGHTER.
North Texas and New Mexico line.

I was left alone to fight it out as host I eould.
1 could see no reason why 1 could not make all
the showing necessary without the aid of a
lawyer, therefore, I did not employ one. I sus-
tained every point taken, and the word of the
editor and old files of the newspaper proved
that Hon. Mr. Koss' memory was treacherous,
to sav the least. Judge Little finally proposed
to withdraw the Shorthorn protest, which was
urged upon technicalities only, and to sustain
the first judgment, if I would divide the pre-
mium money with Mr. Rhikeley. To this propo-
sition. T replied : "It is not the money 1 am con-
tending for — thirty dollars is hut a trifle — !mt
there is a principle involved and underlying
this matter that I am contending for. I have
won the awards hy fair and impartial Judgment
and I am determined to maintain my rights if
I have to resort to the Supreme Court to secure
tliem." This was a clincher and after another
half day's ]iarley among themselves, they with-
drew their protest and the secretary paid nie my
money. A delay of four days was caused hy
these proceedings. W. K. Campbeil.

Mr. Camphell. now of Kiowa. Kansas, was
then at Caldwell; he first introduced Sliort-
horns, and was known as "Shorthorn Campbell"'

for many years until the merits of the Hereford
became appreciated by him. After the above
experience, in true western fashion, to his
countless friends and acquaintances he wiis
known as "Bald-face Camj)bell."

EARLY EXPEKIEXCE IX VEKMOXT.

Cornwall, Yt., May 8, 1882.

The year that 1 was twenty, which was thirty-
eight years ago, I visited with two of our best
farmers. Corning and Sotham's herd of Here-
ford cattle at Albany, X. Y. At the same time
I saw the Prentice herd of Shorthorns, and
have since seen some of the finest herds of
Shorthorns in the country, but have never seen
a herd of cattle that so completely filled my
eye, as Corning and Sotham's Herefords did.

The two farmers that were with me purchased
two bulls of Mr. Sotham and I raised a few
calves from the IniUs out of common grade
cows, and from their calves I had .steers the
fall after they were two years old, on grass
alone, L3r)0 pounds, live weight; dressed, 800
pounds.

Oiu' sjiring T purchased two steer calves, half-
blood, one-vear-old. that had been wintered on

II J S'LM) \l V

II Kit K FORD (; ATT I. E

481

lowland hay. They wcrt' not large anil not in
good condition. 1 turned tlieni into a pasture
with a lot of two-year-olds, with no feed except
the pasture; I dressed the following December
r>16 and 633 pounds, and the finest beef I ever
tasted. What the live weight would have been,
1 do not know.

A few years after these bulls were brought
into our town, there was a great Shorthorn
fever, and bulls of that breed were introduced
and the Herefords neglected, and I never had
as fine steers, or saw as fine steers in our town
of the grade Shorthorn, as there were of the
Herefords, and I have heard several of our best
farmers make the same remark.

I had several half-blood cows, some of them
very fine, but now and then would have one
that would not make good milk cows, but would
make nice beef. I am, with most of the farmers
in Addison County, engaged in breeding Merino
sheep, and at present prices it is for our in-
terest to devote the most of our energies iu
this direction. But the Chaniplain Valley in
our county is as fine grazing for cattle as any
section in the country, and I shall be pleased
to see Herefords again introduced.

The chromo of eight premium Herefords
you wrote of sending me, I have not received ;
shall be pleased to receive one.

Yours trulv. TTenky TjANE.

.MK. COKKIXG S SEW YOliK EXPERIENCE.

The following
'Breeders' Journal

,'tt('r was written to the

t'lirning Farm, Albany, X. Y.
May 13, ISsi.
Mr. Editor :

In your article on Wm. Henry Sotham, Esq.,
I noticed an assertion upon which I should like
to throw some light and which I expected Mr.
Sotham would do in the following May number
of the "Journal." Paragraph No. 2, second col-
umn, page 194,- states: ''Recognizing these
facts the Shorthorn breeders made special
efforts to detach Mr. Corning from the Here-
ford interest and were finally successful."

To be sure, they were by their efforts suc-
cessful in proving to Mr. Corning the superior-
ity of the Hereford to the Shorthorn.

Many of Mr. Coming's friends were inter-
ested in Shorthorns at that time, and when he
took a fancy to the Herefords, they endeavored
to detach him from whatever favorable views
he had of them, but being a very practical gen-
tleman, he resolved to test the merits of the two
breeds himself, by a trial under conditions he
knew would be perfectly just and similar to
Ijoth breeds. At that time Mr. Corning owned
a choice herd of Shorthorns, and these with the
Herefords were bred from, fed and killed, both

A SAMl'I-IO OK C-Ol,. C. !■, SLATdHTKU S (DAM, AS. TKX.) LAZV "S" BKAXD. NORTH TKXAS.

482

HISTOKY OF II K H !•; FO RD (," A T T L K

having the same care and treatment. The ani-
mals were weighed reguhirly, as was also the
feed consumed by each.

Mr. C. and his son, the present Hon. I-Irastus
Corning, wtre so far convinced of the superior-
ity of the Ilerefords, that the Shorthorns were
sold, and the descendants of the same herd of
Herefords can now be seen on the farm.

The Ilerefords in the trial exceeded the
Shorthorns in the number of pounds gained and
put the gain in the most desirable portions of
the animal for market.

In the forty-two years the Herefords have
been on the farm, there has never been a Here-
ford cow but what has given plenty of milk to
raise her calf, whereas some of the calves of
the Shorthorn cows would have died of starva-
tion but for outside help.

The Corning herd of Herefords are kept in
breeding condition only and are exhibited in
that state.

As prize winners they rank among the high-
est in the country, having won the New York
State Agricultural Society's Large Gold Medal
three times. Imp. Comus has won seven first
premiums. Marchioness 2d, Katy, and Victoria
6th have all won first prizes as cows, when com-
peting against some very noted herds.

The demand for Herefords in the last six
months has been unprecedented.

While in Colorado some time ago, I asked
an extensive cattle man what he thought was
the best breed for beef. "Well, there isn't much
doubt about that, when a man can get five
dollars more a head for white-faced steers, from
Kansas and Illinois buyers, than for any other
steers, no matter how well-bred we tell them
they are." James W. Cox, Jr.

A NEW YORKER ENDORSES MR. SOTHAM.

Meslina, Orleans Co., N. Y.
June 5, 1882.
:Mr. Editor:

The "Breederf?' Journal" of April last was
put into my hands a few days ago by a friend,
and while I have not had time to examine it as
much as I wish, I have read the article u])on
the life and career of my old and valued friend,
Wm. H. Sotham, as a breeder of Herefords,
and much of which came under my own knowl-
edge. It is a truthful history, and his likeness
recalls to my mind many pleasant memories,
and I am glad to know that he is yet living
and sees his favorite breed taking rank where
he always claimed they would if given anything
like a fair chance alongside the Shorthorns;
many men less resolute than he would have

succumbed to the great pressure against him in
the early introduction of the Herefords. I
have witnessed many an argument between him
and the Shorthorn men, besides those wielded
by his able pen. Mr. Remington, of whom you
sj)eak, is a brother-in-law of mine, and has
started a small cattle ranch in Holt Co., Ne-
l)raska, and purchased a Hereford bull of Eras-
tus Corning, of Alban}'. His son, M. C. Rem-
ington, Jr., is attending to it. I am still of the
opinion there are no better cattle for the
shambles or for working oxen than the Here-
fords, but as beef is now produced so much
cheajjer in the West, we have to resort to other
branches of farming. ■ I purchased some very
good animals of Mr. Sotham, one heifer two
years old, and calf by her side. Woodbine, il-
lustrated in transactions of the New York State
Agricultural Society in 1853, took first prize at
Saratoga. I then sold the late John ^Merryman,
of Cockeysville, Md., the first Hereford he ever
purchased. I last met Mr. Sotham in Detroit
some four years ago, and through his recom-
mendation i purchased some Bcrkshires of ]Mr.
Smith, with which I have been very successful,
carrying off first prize in our state. I should
like to be informed of Mr. Sotham's address.
Sincerely yours, H. Bowex.

SUCCESSFUL IN DAKOTA.

Mr. T. L. Miller, Beecher, 111.

Dear Sir: Have intended writing you for a
considerable time, but between getting in a new
lierd of Minnesota cattle, and putting up our
hay crop, have had little leisure since the first
of May. We are now in position to give the
results of our first year's experience with
Herefords, and am glad to say it is most satis-
factory. We used the yearling bulls we bought
of you in June of last year on a limited number
of native cows during July and August. Every
cow they served had a calf last spring and all
are alive and doing splendidly. They all show
the Hereford blood distinctly — and some of
tliem are as well marked as their sires. After
the season was over, we turned the hulls out
en the range and let them run all winter. Did
not stable them or feed any hay or grain.
They came out this spring — thin in flesh, but
in, good thriving condition, and filled up very
fast when tlie new grass came. Altogether, they
])roved themselves a very hardy lot of cattle
and well adapted to roughing it on the range.
Have used them on our entire herd this S(>ason,
and if next year's calves prove equal to tbo,<e
we now have, the Herefords will unquestionably
have the lead here. All our neighbors conceded

HI STOKY OF HEEEFORD CATTLE

483

to us the best lot of calves to be fouud in this
section.

Some parties who have been using Shorthorn
bulls, are negotiating with us for grade Here-
ford bull calves. Hoping you are enjoying good
health and the '"Highland herd" is flourishing,
we remain, yours trulv, Kennedy Bros.,

Fort Sully, D. T.

Oak Creek Eanch, D. T., Sept. 8, 188^.

GRADE HEREFORD SIRES IN MISSOURI.

Concord, Mo., Jan. 9, 1883.
T. L. Miller, Beecher, HI. :

I wish you would be kind enough to tell me
what is the trouble, if any, in the breeding of
uiy bull, or rather, I should say, the marking of
juy grade Hereford calves. I have been told
that he (the bull) puts too much red in their
faces. Last spring, I had dropped twenty-three
grade Hereford calves, sired by Eed Cloud
5086 (5538), and out of high-grade Shorthorn
cows. They (the cows) are all red, some few
with white spots, and deep red roans. The
calves are without exception deep reds, with
white bellies, white feet, white ends on their
tails, and white faces back to their ears, with
a broad red spot over the nose and some of them
extending up to the eyes, covering one-third of
the face. They have short legs, broad hips,
straight lines top and bottom, well sprung ribs
and deep briskets. In short, everyone was a
good one, without a runt or dwarf, and to-day
are fat, living on hay, staying out of doors on
the prairie. Is the bull at fault? Are the
spots all right and as they should be? I have
bred to him for this year fifty choice grade
cows, and will in a few days. have more calves.
Xow, if the spotted faces are all right, the calves
are.

I am a Hereford man from honest convictions
and because I believe the Here fords to be the
cattle. A hedge fence alone separates my herd
from a herd of Shorthorns that for pure breed-
ing and fancy strains of blood stands pre-emi-
nent in Central Missouri, but as they emerge
from their warm barn and well-filled boxes,
sliowing the kindly attention of an intelligent
and good master, and in themselves most splen-
did specimens of a splendid breed, they excite
not the slightest sense of shame, for the .jolly
little whitefaees, that go scampering away over
the frozen snow to the music of the jingling
icicles that hang to their soft and mellow hides,
and who wouldn't know an oar of corn if they'd
meet it in the road. Please answer me the
question of their faces, and oblige.

Yours truly, Cepiialus Black.

Note. — The man who buys grade Hereford
bulls should first convince himself that they
are by thoroughbred Hereford bulls, and then
that the form of the calf is good; and then, if
the calf has a brockled face, it will not hurt
him.

MORE NEW YORK EXPERIENCE.

Amos Bissell & Son, of Milford, X. Y.,
wrote in October, 1883, as follows:

On April 13tli last, we placed a pair of grade
Hereford steers in a stall together, and told the
man who grooms our stallions to see what he
could make of them. That day they weighed
2,100 pounds and were so good that two weeks
later the butchers offered us $143 for them to
kill. Five months and eleven days later we
drove them to the village (one mile) and they
pulled the scale at 3,180 pounds, but had on a
pine yoke which we think will weigh 35 pounds,
but is safe at 40 pounds. Thus the cattle gained
1,050 pounds during that time, or an average
of 6.44 pounds per day for the pair. Both
weighings were honest in every particular and
on the same scales. Age, three years last spring.
Their daily feed consisted of small potatoes,
hay, nine quarts wheat middlings, and two
quarts oil meal. August and September, hay,
Bassano beets, four quarts of oil meal and
twelve quarts of middlings. They are now eat-
ing potatoes and some quantity of grain. We
hope to grow them a ton during the experiment
year.

These steers have no straight breeding in
them, but are doubtless three-quarters Here-
ford, as we have much of that blood mixed
through our dairies.

By the way, Mr. Geo. Clarke, our neighbor,
had at one time over 300 pure-bred breeding
cows of his own importing and breeding — many
years before you gentlemen at the West adojited
the breed.

MR. FUNKIIOUSER A MISSOURI CONVERT.

Mr. Jas. A. Funkhouser, of Plattshurgh, ilo.,
writes as follows (1884) :

In regard to my calves by Dau]iliin, T will
say I have eighteen, ten bulls and eight heifers.
The ten bull calves average weight is 711
pounds and their average age is 'iii days, or
eight months. The eight heifers' average weight
is 601 pounds, and their average age is "23!)
days. They certainly are a choice lot, in fact,
the best lot of calves of any breed I ever saw.
My Shorthorn friends, even, acknowledge they
are an extra lot of calves, but claim they would
be good from such cows by any bull. It occurs

484

HISTORY 0 I' 1 1 !•: K !•: V OKI) ( : A T T L E

to me they are acknowledging just what you
have been preaching for years, that a Hereford
bull bred to a Shorthorn cow makes an im-
provement. 1 am well satisfied witli the cross,
and my only regret is that I did not get the
Hereford sooner. I have forty-three cows in
calf to my young bull Invincible, and he has
proved himself to be a very sure breeder. He
was two years old October 18, 1883, and weighs
over 1,;500 pounds, after a hard season's work.
I am very much pleased with him and think
he will yet be a credit to his breeder. The
heifer I had of you did not do so well Jast
season ; this season she has improved amazingly
and now I am not ashamed to say she is by
Dauphin ISth.

FAVORABLE CALIFOKNIA REPORT.

San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 3, 1884.
Mr. Editor:

Last evening I read up what your correspond-
ents have to say about local Herefords, and
from experience can say the Hereford has been
found the animal par excellence for New Zea-
land and Australian pastures. After the severe
cold weather in South of New Zealand winters
he will flesh up in half the time it takes the
Shorthorn on rough outdoor feed.

In 1883 Mr. E. P. Saxe was sent from this
city by Mr. A. W. Sisson to select from the
herd of the New Zealand >Stud Company, forty-
four head of Hereford bulls and heifers. These
arrived without any loss and were sold here at
prices from $450 to $750 per head.

Every buyer v/ithout exception has expressed
his delight with the stock and especially the
favorable manner in which they go through the
winter, compared with the Durham.

I note in your last number that Mr. A. Gala-
tin, of Sacramento, who purchased from us, is
applying for registration of his stock in the
American Hereford Record. This may be done
with every assurance of tlie pedigrees furnished
hy this gentleman being authentic and reliable.
They were sent to us direct from the stud and
pedigree company.

Last year they sent us twenty-five Herefords
and five Shorthorns. The first-named came
through by steamer without loss. Of the five
Durhams two died on the vovage. We sold one
of the Durhams, "Spring,"' for $400 to Dr.
Lillerneranty. He won the blue ribbon with
him, at.the (iolden Gate Fair, Septeml)er, 1884,
and resold him. I note he is again a winner
and held at a very high price by the owner.

The Herefords won prizes at Alameda, Stock-

ton, Sacramento and San Jose fairs, and were
sold at an average of $290 per head, and
siiipped in every direction, from San Diego, in
the South, to Frazer River in British Columbia,
in the North.

From every direction we hear nothing but
satisfaction. The company have at Auckland
a herd of 800 pure Herefords.

I think we can match, if not show a superior
bull to Success, from our herd. The Hereford
bull for British Columbia had to foot it inland
250 miles to reach the run.

Yours faithfully, Hugh Craig.

AN oft-repeated ocouerence.

Illinois State Board of Agriculture,
Secretary's Office.
T. L. Miller, Esq., Beecher, 111.,

Dear Sir: Yours of the 23d received, and in
reply will state that it was surely an oversight,
the omitting to print your specials at the Fat
Stock _Show in the 5,000 edition of the premium
list, until the whole edition was printed.

It will appear in nice form in the 5,000 addi-
tional editions and also in the 2,000 printed
separate from the State Fair list.

It occurred in this way : Y'our offering was
made at the time the Board met in Chicago, and
was pasted in the record book. I knew this, of
course. All the remaining specials I separated
and kept in a file by themselves.

When the printer reached this part of the list
and wanted copy, I was very busy with my cor-
respondence and turned the matter over to Mr.
Mills to arrange, and when prepared I gave
copy to the printer not thinking but all were
in. Nor was it discovered, as stated before,
that you were left out, until the edition was
jirinted ; was very sorry, of course, but among
the thousand things to watch, sometimes it will
hapi^en that an error or an omission will occur.
Yours trulv, S. D. Fisher.

Springfield, 111., July 25, 1884.

TX THE HIGHLANDS OF COLORADO.

Editor "Live Stock Record":

In your paper of the 30th inst., I notice that
Mr. i'ryor, the "Shorthorn Stalwart," flings
broadcast to all Hereford lireeders certain ques-
tions which are so evidently pro]iounded, only
after deep thought and careful consideration,
that it is with great hesitation that I venture
to answer them. Mr. Pryor asks :

First. "Do you not all find the Shorthorn
cross indispensable when you wish to get good
high-grade bulls?"

II 1 sTo i; V

II K i;

<)i;i) CATTL

485

By no means. For, although tho Shorthorn
is an unquestionably good I'ouudation, upon
which to build up a grade herd, 1 consider that
equally good results as to form, and sujjerior
as to color, can l>e obtained by crossing the
Hereford bull with the Devon or red Sussex
cows. And 1 have good reason to think that no
animal will catch the butcher's eye much
quicker than the grade produce of the Hereford
and Polled-Angus, or Galloway. Mr. Pryor
asks :

Second. "Are not nine-tenths of all your
bulls sold for range purposes from grade Short-
horn cows?"

Taking as an example my sale of bull calves
for next spring, a correct notice of which I see
in your columns, my answer is, certainly not.

Third. "What proportion of them, if any,
are from grade Hereford cows?"

In the above-mentioned bunch the proportion
of calves had from grade Herefords cows,
ranging from first to fourth cross, is somewhat
in excess of two-thirds.

Six years ago I was fortunate enough to buy
thirty grade Hereford cows and heifers, pre-
sumably first and second cross. I have since
bred them to first-class Hereford bulls with
most satisfactory results. The increase has
been considerably above the average — the death-
rate almost nothing. Twenty-six out of the
thirty original cows will to-day face the tally ;
and yet these delicate cattle have been obliged
to "sniff the breeze and stem the blizzards" at
an altitude of 8,000 feet, without the assistance
of either 15 cent cribs of Kansas corn, or suc-
culent alfalfa.

I do not wish to enter into the question of
superiority of herds; so long as my own pud-
ding finds favor I am satisfied. But when Mr.
Pryor claims, or rather insinuates that the re-
sult of a first cross between Herefords and
Shorthorns produces a better calf than can be
obtained by inbreeding to third or fourth cross
Hereford cows, I must respectfully beg to differ
with him, always supposing the would-be pur-
chaser to be looking for "Hereford grades."
Yours truly,

Theodore Wiiyte.

Estes Park, Jan. -fth.

Mr. Theodore Whyte was a breeder of Here-
ford cattle, and Mr. Pryor was a breeder of
Shorthorns in Colorado.

MR. CULBERTSON TO ILLIKOIS BOAKI) OP AGRI-
CULTURE.

ricnth'inen : Tnasniuch as many absurd
awards were made at our last Fat Stock Show.

which have caused wide comment among cattle
men, 1 beg leave to submit the following expres-
sion of my views, feeling assured, from con-
versation with many there present, that 1 speak
the sentiment of a great majority of breeders,
feeders, exhibitors, and cattlemen generally,
independent of affinity for any particular breed
of cattle. So far as my own exhibit was con-
cerned, I expected nothing, and consequently
was not disappointed.

I have just passed through our sixth Annual
Fat Stock Sliow, and I am pleased to say that,
from year to year, we have continually im-
proved in the exhibit in the cattle department,
our last exhibit being adjudged the best ever
seen together on this continent. I wish the
same could be said of the judging. This is,
and ought to be, the Great American Beef
Show, the result and report of which is heralded
not only all over this country, but over Europe
also, hence, the very great importance of having
just awards made. But how and what are the
facts in regard to the awards ? I do not believe
that there is one of you who does not feel deeply
mortified and ashamed of most of the more
important awards. The errors were so glaring
that it would seem no good excuse could be
made, or one, at least, that would have any
force in it. This show was created for a school,
at which all might come to compete and learn.
Inducements have been held out to make steers
and prepare and exhibit them — the best beef
animals to win. We have been promised, from
year to year, the best judges obtainable. We
have never had them (in my opinion). Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky, Kan-
sas, Minnesota and Canada, have come up here,
bringing with them their best cattle for judg-
ment. Has justice been done them ? I think
you will say no. Please pardon me when I say
to you, in all sincerity, that if, in the future,
you cannot obtain more competent judges, it
will not be long before those who have taken
great pains to make steers, "using both skill
and patience in preparing their cattle," will
become completely discouraged and di.*gusted.
and the show, and the purposes for whicli it
was create<l, will be pronounced a by-word and
a mockery.

In my criticisms of the awards I shall touch
only on a few of the most important ones, fear-
ing that I may tire your patience. In the first
day's judging the .Shorthorn steer Schooler
took third prize. He was the best two-year-old
Shorthorn in the .show by all odds — a credit to
the breeder and feeder — hard to beat in any
ring, and worthy to comiwte for grand swi'ep-

48ti

lllSTUliV OF llEKKFOltD CATTLE

stakes. By this award he was l)arrc'il Inmi eoiii-
peting for the grand sweepstakes.

Ill the three-year-old Hereford ehiss but two
animals were sliown, to-wit, a eow belonging to
Fowler & Van Natta, and the steer Hoosier,
belonging to Adams Earl. The cow took first
prize, and no one was more surprised than ilr.
Van Xatta himself. The steer Hoosier was
perhaps the most skillfully fed and fattened
animal in the show, and the most evenly
fleshed animal in the show — not a lump as large
as an almond could be found on him from his
horns to his hocks. He, likewise, was barred
from showing for the grand sweepstakes.

In the three-year-old class for grade Here-
fords, Benton's" Champion took third prize.
This, of course, barred him from the grand
sweepstakes prizes. This Benton's Champion
was such an extraordinary good steer that ilr.
John D. Gillette publicly said "lie was as good,
if not the best, beef steer he had ever seen."
Mr. Gillette is perhaps the most noted and suc-
cessful steer breeder and feeder in the ^Yest —
a man of integrity and rare good judgment.

But the greatest wrong that was done was the
awarding the grand swcH?pstakes carcass prize
to the steer Clarence Kirklevington. Of all
the carcasses on exhibition — 30 in all — this
carcass, with but one exception — was the most
objectionable of any. After hanging on the
hooks for two days and nights, the weather be-
ing cool, it was as soft and springy as when first
killed — its outer coat of fat handling as soft
and slippery almost as a sponge filled with oil.
As a proof of what 1 have said about this, it
may be interesting to know what became of this
carcass. I find that the butcher, Mr. John
Ford, at the special request of the proprietors
of the Grand Pacific Hotel, bought the carcass;
that the carcass weighed some l.fioO pounds;
that lie paid VU cents per pound for it — costing
aliout $200 ; tliat he sent about 600 pounds to
the Grand Pacific Hotel; that the hotel sent
back to him aliout 300 pounds; that he got
about $90 for 300 pounds from the hotel, and
that Mr. Ford estimated that the loss on the
carcass would be about $50. If such is the case,
he could not have realized quite 5 cents per
pound for the balance, 1,350 pounds. One of
the proprietors of the hotel said that the meat;
■was the worst they ever had in the hotel. And
this, gentlemen, is the grand sweepstakes car-
cass for the year 1884.

The truth is, gentlemen, that Clarence
Kirklevington as a beef animal never deserved
a ribbon of any kind. He was a beautiful
animal for a picture, groomed and polished to
the very highest degree, but as a beef animal

he, to say the least, was a delusion. The
judges on carcasses, in liS83, gave the grand
sweepstakes to a very lean and only about half
fattened animal. In 1884 the very reverse was
the case.

My opinion is, that no half-fat animal will
retain its form in cooking. The marbling or
fat strands, or tissues, not being solidified
among the lean, will melt out in cooking. The
fattv part, it is thought, contains most of the
flavor, hence when cooked out leaves the lean
minus the flavor. Mr. Kinsley's cook hits the
nail on the head when he says : "A beef aninuil
is like an apple — 1st, the green stage; 2d, the
ripe stage, and 3d, the over-ripe stage — when it
begins to deteriorate."

Xow who is to blame for all this blundering?
I am of the opinion that it is mainly charge-
able to the management. You were very un-
fortunate in choosing your judges, but when
you saw their incompetency, which was made
very apparent the first hour they acted, I think
it was your bounden duty — a duty you owed
to all the exhibitors — to have promptly dis-
charged them, and substituted other judges.
Mr. Dysart, in 1881 or 1882, when he was the
superintendent of the ring, on the first half day
of the judging, promptly discharged the judges
when it became apparent that they were not
competent, and had other judges substituted
who gave very general satisfaction.

The only places where you arc likely to find
expert judges of beef is among men who con-
stantly use none but the choicest of beef, and
for carcass judges none so good as the men
who do the cooking and serving up.

It was reported that all judges who served in
1883 would be barred from serving in 1884.
How does the judging of 1884 average with
that of 1883? In the Polled yearling class
you allowed a steer to lie led into the ring to
compet^e for the prize that had been protested
by about all the cattle exhibitors and expert
judges on ages, as being one year older than he
was entered for. I must say that much sur-
prise and dissatisfaction was manifested on
account of this action.

I have from the start taken great interest and
pride in our fat cattle shows and have made,
from time to time, many suggestions about ar-
ranging and making our show and system more
perfect. I am still with you, but I must say
that if better judging cannot be had, your sliow
will lo.sc the confidence and respect it sliould
have and the people and exhibitors will lose
interest in it.

In what I have said T have tried to state facts
as they appear to me, and have also tried not to

III.S'J'OIJV () F

E R K KO H J) C ATT J>1-:

487

give oli'ense to anyone. If I have saitl anything
that is not true, 1 shall be glad to make the
correction at any time. I have tried to make
.what I have said to you as non-partisan as it
was possible to do, and make my meaning un-
derstood.

With best wishes for your lioard, and all that
it implies, and hoping that you may be able in
the future to procure judges of note, whose
opinions all will respect — judges who, as it
were, will be blind as to breeds, who can dis-
tinguish the true line of merit, let it be ever
so delicately drawn, and will hew to the line,
then will you have true educators. Then, and
not till then, will you have fully accomplished
the purpose for which our fat show was created.

C. M. CULBERTSON.

Chicago, III, Jan. 8, 1885.

IOWA IIEABD FROM.

Editor "Breeders' Journal": We are butch-
ers of eight years' experience, and during that
time, occasionally getting hold of a grade Here-
ford, found by comparison with all others, they
were par excellence as beef cattle, giving a
larger percentage of the most valuable cuts to
the butcher. We notice also a great difference
in heft of hides— no small item to us. The
Hereford's hide is 20 to 30 per cent heavier
than scrubs or Shorthorns. This, we believe,
in part accounts for their great ability to with-
stand cold. These facts led us to breeding
Herefords. About four years ago we com-
menced quietly saving the best grades we found
in our business, and two years ago we crossed
them with a Wilton bull, and one year ago
we bought four imported cows hard to beat.
We have a bull calf from one of them, now ten
months old, that is perfect in form, marking
and color, and weighs 950 pounds. This is the
first thoroughbred dropped to us, and we pride
ourselves on our commencement. At our
County Fair last fall, with strong competition
in Shorthorns, Holsteins, etc., we took sweep-
stakes on best cow ancT got one vote of three on
a yearling bull, these all being aiiy age or
breed. Herefords are now booming in Guthrie
County, where but two years ago Shorthorns
were all the rage.

Yours respectfullv,

D. P. Williams (HSGO).

Guthrie Center, la., Jan. 28, 1886.

TEXAS TURNING.

Mr. Editor: T write you a few lines about
how the Herefords are doing in this countrv.

1 Ijouglit two heifers and one bull of T. L.
Miller and a heifer and bull of Tom C. Pont-
ing in January. They are very fine and doing
well. I have six thoroughbred Hereford bulls,
all in fine condition, and thirtj'-five little
whitefaces that are looking fine, and more to
come. There is more talk about Herefords this
season than ever before. At the convention
of the North Texas Cattle Raisers' Associa-
tion at Weatherford the hall was beautifully
decorated. There was a beautiful Texas star,
just back of the President's stand, with two
United States flags supported by a point of
the star on each side. In the center of the
star — the most appropriate thing that could
have been placed there — something that was
suggestive of what we are striving for : also of
the best breed of cattle, and the breed that is
taking the lead and will hold it; the best
rustler of all fine blooded cattle and next to
the Texas bullock of any breed that has ever
been tried in the state — was a beautiful pic-
ture of T. L. Miller's noted Success bull. Suc-
cess to the Convention, success to the business,
and success to the Herefords, as the name of
the bull indicated. I don't think anything
more appropriate could have been put in the
place of the picture, as the name of the bull
represented all we could ask for.
Yours trulv,

W. S.'Ikard. (^61)
Henrietta, Tex.^ Mar. 20, 1886.

In March, 1887, Mr. Ikard wrote us again as
follows :

"Stock have never wintered better so far in
Texas. There will not be any loss in this part
of the state to speak of, and from what I can
learn stock are wintering equally as well all
over the state. My Herefords are doing very
well indeed. They are fat enough to butcher,
and have not been fed any this winter, winter-
ing as well without feed as any common Texas
breed of cattle. They are the chief rustlers of
any fine breed of cattle that I have ever seen,
and they have certainly proved equal to the
common Texas bullock as a range animal, rust-
ling for his own living. There was but little
raised last season, and no feeding done this
winter except to work stock."

MORE FROM TEXAS.

Mr. Editor: Thinking that you would like
to hear from this corner of creation I pen these
few lines. I have, up to date, lost five head of
the twenty-one cattle that I bought of vour
townsmen and estimable gentlemen, T L. and

488

11 I S'l' ()

11 K i; K I'o i; 1) (.A TT L ]•:

T. !•;. Miller. I Uam' l.ccii hivcdiii.i,^ llnvloi-.ls
iiuw aliDul iiiiir vi'ar.-^, liavinj; lioiijiht livi.' lu'atl,
tlirw hulls ami two iii'llVrs, iiiiu' yi-'ars ago in
San Antonio, Texas, of Mr. T. E. Miller, and
can say, not boastingly, but with truth and
candor, that I tliink Herefords are the cattle
for the range, ^fy grades stand it better than
even the native Spanish cattle. 1 am a true
friend to the Herefords, and hope to see them
universally used as a beef producing animal.
The people here are taking to the whitefaced
cattle right along. All seem to want them, but
the price somewhat scares most of them. They
are used to buying other and less desirable
cattle much cheajjcr, and they are loth to pay
a good price for a good animal, but it pays
better to pay a good price for a good animal
than to get a mean one given to you. I have
said all I can say in their favor, and none too
much, and I hope to see them crowned king,
which I don't think will be long now. The
black Muley, Durham, Devon, and all others
will have to take a back seat; they cannot shine
when they come in contact with the Herefords.
Long may the "Journal" flourish. 1 am well
pleased with the paper.

Yours truly,

F. (). Skidmore.
Arkansas, Texas, Mar. 30, 1886.

TEXAS GETTING HEKEFORDIZED.

I have handled Hereford cattle for two years,
and have during that time found that when it
comes to rustling they have not only shown
the ability to down the Shorthorn and other
improved breeds of cattle, but they can suc-
cessfully hold their own with our native Texas
cattle, which have always been admitted to be
the rustlers par excellence.

The winter of 1885 wo had five Shorthorn
bulls at the pen and five Herefords. The Short-
horns were good average specimens of the
Shorthorns, the Herefords were four registered
ones, and a bull from old Success, but cannot
say if he is recorded. The Durhams were fed
oats twice per day with all the cotton seed they
could eat, the Herefords were f\'d once a day
and sometimes not that, for wlienever a bulling
cow would come near the pens the Herefords in-
variably took out after her and would not return
for two or three days, hut Mr. Durham could
not be tempted to k'ave the sunny side of a
corn crib by a herd of I)ulling cows whilst a
norther was blowing, and would always be on
deck at nu>al time with unfailing regularity.

In the following sjiring the Herefords cam(!
out fat, strong aud hearty and by March 1st

were out on the range busy as Ih'cs. The Dur-
hams were also turnetl out, but they were far
from being fat, in fact they were not even in
good iix, and later in the season when the,
warm weather set in, one had no troubk' in
iinding out which breed of cattle, the Durham
or Hereford, could stand the heat best, as the
former sought the most shady places in the
])asture, and stayed there; but the Herefords
kept on chasing cows all over the range, and
seemed to mind the heat Imt little, and they
just got about TO per cent of the calves gotten.
Last week 1 brought these same bulls home for
the winter, and the Herefords, after an un-
usually hard summer's w^ork, look first rate, the
Success bull Joe being as fat as the steers are
on the same range (and cattle are in fine shape
here at this time) whilst the Durhams look
like a good many bushels of "4 bit" oats will
have to be pumped into them before they will
be in half the shape the Herefords are now. I
would like some admirer of Durham cattle as
range cattle to notice the vast ditt'erence ther(>
is in the grade Hereford and the grade Short-
horn calf raised on the range, and if that don't
convince him of the superiority of the Here-
ford I don't know what will.

The range raised Hereford calf of seven
months is a big lusty fellow, with a beautiful
red body and white face, whose sole object
seems to be how big he can grow and how fat
he can keep, and he "gets there," too, whilst
the grass raised Durham is a long haired, miser-
able looking fellow, who grows, too, but mostly
in length of leg and poorness, and who doesn't
confine himself to the red color of his aristo-
cratic Kentucky sire, but mostly catches on to
the plebeian brindlc, black or yellow of liis
Spanish mother, and it is from her that he
inherits what few good qualities he has.

The day is coming when Texas will send
out many a train load of whitefaced steers.
as Texas is a grass country from way back, and
all that a Hereford wants is a trial and plenty
of grass. Given these, he will be sure to please.
This section is fast getting Herefordized, but
it will take time, as there are lots of Dnrliam
cattle here whose owners are going to "wait and
see." Yours, A. "W. White.

Woodward's Ranch, Milam Co., Tex.. Oct. 29,
18,S(>.

EARLY STRUGGLES IN" NEW E\(!LANI).

Mr. Editor: In accordance with your ox-
pressed wish, I send you a short article u])()n
that — to us — important topic, "Herefords in
Xew England." But first allow me to ask the
leuiencv of vour readers for so brief an article

HIS T O R Y 0 V 11 E K E F ( ) lU) ( : A T T L E

4«9

on so important a suljject on account of long
continued ill-health. As perhaps very few of
your readers are aware, I will say the second,
and by far the most important importation of
Hereford cattle into the United i^tai:t•s was
made by Sanford Howard for the Vaughn
Bros., of Hallowell, Maine, in 1830. The first
being imported by Henry Clay into Kentucky
in ISIT. The Vaughn Hercfords were a
splendid lot of cattle, and were kept on the
farm since and now owned by Hon. J. R. Bod-
well and occupied by Burleigh and Bodwell for
quarantine and sale purposes. These cattle,
like the next importations into Massachusetts,
Sotham & Corning, Albany, N. Y., and Capt.
Pendleton, of Scarsport, lie., in 1841, all met
terrible opposition by Shorthorn men, of which
your humble scribe was one. Never in the his-
tory of any state did the worthy "red with
white faces" have stronger opposition than in
the Dirigo State. But when we look back and
see the Shorthorn blood they had to contend
with — the best in the known world — such bulls
as Y'oung Denton, Comet, Fitz Favorite, and
a host of othei-s which stood within three miles
of my door in the great grass valley of the
Kennebec, you w'ill admit with me the white
faced pilgrims had a hard, nay, an unequal
battle to fight. It seemed almost like march-
ing a little army of untrained volunteers
against a mighty host of veterans strongly en-
trenched behind fortifications of years in build-
ing. But what a mighty change has been
wrought in a half century and less. A few men
had courage to try the Herefords; among them
was Mr. Joseph Underwood, of Fayette, Me.,
and Wingate Hains, of Hallowell. Me. The
former's enterprising sons, G. and G. Under-
wood, still are breeding a large fine herd, and
it is a treat to a Hereford man to sit before the
open wood-fire on a winter evening at their
hospitable home and listen as they relate their
earliest experience (as boys) with Hereford
steers. I advise no Western breeder, wlio visits
Maine, to miss a call on the Messrs. Underwood.
It was not until 1854 that any stockman
had courage to take a Hereford bull upon the
sacred soil of my native town (Fairfield), as
Shorthorns had held full and undoubted sway
there. But Henry Lawr(>nce, who, by the way,
was a gn'at judge of eaftle as w-cll as his uncle,
conceived the idea of buying the old Pendleton
(Hereford) bull Kiinroe, (lien fifleen years old.
Quite a number of the best stockmen patronized
liim largely because they liad great faith in Mr.
Lawrenc(-'s judgment, not from tlu' apjiearaiu'O
iif (lie bull, for the poor old fellow had had
inugh usage since hv, left his hoiue near Car-

diff, South Wales. This poor old bull was used
one season and died, Imt his progeny were not
prepossessing in appearance at a tender age,
say up to two years old, yet their feeding qual-
ities and net weigiit was the means of convert-
ing many a "shorthorner,"' of which number
the writer of this article was one.

As 1 said, less than fifty years lias made a
wonderful change in the cattle interests, and
the appearance and breeds in Xew England.
Thirty years ago you would hardly see a Here-
ford at any show except the old l\.ennel)ec;
not one at our State Fair; all were Shorthorns.
But if you will go with me to the New England,
or the Maine State Fair, during the month of
September, 1886, I will show you nearly 300 of
the finest steers ever seen in any country, and
more than seven-eighths of the number will
show the unmistakable evidence of the well-bred
Hereford. Y'es, they will be there, and well
did a certain agricultural writer say of them
last year: "It was a sight worth seeing, and
long to be remembered." There will be whole
teams of steers there, and some heifers, tliat
will weigh a ton apiece. What has wrought this
change? Necessity is the mother of invention.
So, also, competition compels us to look to
"cost of production and value of products."'
Western competition has driven us to give up
Shorthorn cattle and take a breed that we can
produce five pounds of choice market beef from
as cheaply as we could four pounds with Short-
horns, and not only the difi'erence in the
amount, but the finished Hereford will com-
mand nearly or quite a dollar per hundred
more in the market.

Y'es, the Battle of the Breeds, so far as the
Shorthorn is concerned in the East, is forever
settled. Although so strongly entrenched be-
hind seemingly impregnable fortifications, and
fighting to the death, their flag is shot away,
their munitions of war are expended and what
was once a little insignificant s(|uad of red with
white faces, have become an overwhelming host,
and New England is agriculturally saved. She
need not be dependent on any .ejection of our
country for beef. But I would not have your
readers think that the Herefords have no ene-
mies, or the Shorthorns no friends, even in Xevr
l']ngland. in proof of wliich T will cite you to
the fact that at the great agricultuj'al show to
1)0 held liy the New Massachusetts Society at
Boston, in Octolier, there is otTered a s)iecial
lirize l)y the State Board of ^Vi't for the best
Shortiiorn herd, Init nothing for a Hereford
herd, and this, noiwitltstanding there is more
than< four times the vahu> in p\ire-brei1 Here-
ford cattle in New England, that there is in pure

490

HISTORY OF HEKEFOKl) CATTLE

Shorthorns. The fight for supremacy will go
on in the West and Southwest, and while the
backbone of the Shorthorns is broken there will
be a new rival come up, and it will be a rival
worthy of your steel. Don't ignore the Sussex,
you will find a harder foe than the Shorthorns,
or I am very much mistaken upon a three and
a half years' acquaintance.

In 1S5G, although a strong and ardent ad-
mirer of Shorthorns, which breed of cattle I
had bred, handled and fattened from boyhood,
I happened by mere chance to obtain some of
Kiniroe's stock, i. e., steers of his get, others
by sons of him. They fed so rapidly, weighed
so heavily and were of such wonderful quality
I could hardly believe that my vision was quite
right. After being thoroughly convinced of the
fact that my sight was all right, then I thought
I would decide to go largely into Herefords,
when, ever and anon, my long-cherished idea
of the perfect animal — the Shorthorn — would
cause me for a time to delay my purpose ; Init
not long. I started to breeding Herefords in
earnest — after feeding Hereford steers about
eight years — in 18G6. In 1S6S I bought the en-
tire Hillhurst herd of Herefords, of Hon. M.
H. Cochrane, the advent of which marked a
new era in live stock industry in Xew England.
At the head of this herd was the bull Compton
Lad (-3764) 13"^7, which for quality, style and
general make-up, was never surpassed. Showing
this bull with the herd at all principal fairs
from the eastern borders of Xew England to
Pennsylvania, where he won seventy- four prizes,
including gold and silver medals, out of seventy-
five prizes competed for, and seventeen of these
against all breeds, and which was the means
of making a host of friends for the Herefords.
The march of improvement has been onward.
Of the 840 head of stock imported by our firm
— Burleigh & Bodwell — too many have been al-
lowed to go West for the interest of New Eng-
land, yet, the showing here is to be viewed with
pride by the friends of the great and cheap pro-
ducing race of cattle.

The sale of Hereford bulls to the resident
stockmen for the year 1886 has been very fair
considering it is an off year, and as the years
roll on, following each other with rapid flight,
so will the panting and pulling engine steed
with fire and steam bearing their heavy loads of
noble bovine beauties, with the unmistakable
signs which the Hereford never fails to imjiress
upon his progeny, to the great nVanufacturing
centers, to the joy and satisfaction of the con-
sumer, and profit and pleasure of the producer.
Yours truly. H. C. BrRi.Kioii.

Vassalboro, Maine. September, lSS(i.

A CHICAGO BUTCHER S TESTIMONY.

About the first of October (188G) Messrs.
Fowler & Van Xatta, the well known Hereford
breeders of Fowler, Indiana, sent to the Chi-
cago market a car load of yearling half-blood
Hereford heifers, that averaged 885 pounds in
the yards. They were purchased and slaugh-
tered by Mr. P. Mehan, for his meat market at
Xo. I'Dll South Park Ave., Chicago. After
disposing of the meat of these heifers, Mr,
Mehan wrote the following letter:

Chicago, Nov. 1, 188G.
Messrs. Fowler & A'ax Xatta,
Fowler, Ind.
Gentlemen: In regard to the twenty-five
Hereford heifers, bought of you for my market,
I wish to say that those heifers killed the best
of any cattle I ever slaughtered, and gave the
Ijest satisfaction both to myself and customers.
They carried their weight on their backs, where
it is most valuable, and dressed a larger pro-
portion of high-priced meat than any. other cat-
tle I ever used. Y'ours trulv.

P. Mehax.

These twenty-five heifers were raised on grass
and went direct from the pastures to the sham-
bles. The above letter, coming as it does from
a practical butcher, doing business in the city
of Chicago, is valuable testimony for the Here-
fords. About this time a correspondent of the
''Breeders' Gazette" had asserted that the Short-
horns were the l>est cattle, because they carried
a larger proportion of first-class meat than the
Herefords. Mr. Mehan says these half-blood
Hereford steers raised on grass, "carried their
weight on their backs, where it is most valuable,
and dressed a larger proportion of high-priced
meat than any other cattle I ever used."'

Messrs. Fowler & Van Xatta with their
large herd of thoroughbred Herefords have
shown great enterprise in pushing the breed to
the front, that cannot be too highly commended.
They went to large ex])ense in fitting cattle for
show purposes, and have carried off niany prizes
at the large Fairs and Fat Stock Shows, in-
cluding the champion herd prize at the Illinois
State Fair three years in succession, and several
times they exhibited the grand sweepstakes
steer at the Chicago Fat Stock Show. The ex-
ample they have set of making steers of their
grade bulls and spaying tlieir grade heifers,
and putting them in the market, was followed
by many more of our large breeders. If con-
sumers once get accustomed to the Hereford

11 1 rS T U U Y U F HERE E U K D C A T T L E

■lyi

beef they will Ijuy uo other, and the only way
to get them accustomed to it is for all the
breeders to do as ilessrs. Fowler & Van Natta
did — send their grades to market.

OLD BLOOD I\ VEKilON'T.

We make the following extract from a letter
received in 1882, from Mr. Henry Lane, of
Cornwall, Vt. : "I saw at Mr. 0. S. Bliss', of
Georgia, in this state, a very fine oil chrome
of Herefords, which jDleases me. Thirty-eight
years ago I went with two of my townsmen to
Alban}', X. Y., to see Corning & Sotham's herd
of Herefords, and we purchased two bulls that
were brought into this town and the stock from
them made the finest beef cattle we have ever
had."

Commenting on this letter in the "Breeders'
Journal" (p. 392, 1882) :

We take pleasure in calling attention to this
testimony, as showing that the work of Mr.
Sotham forty years ago comes to us to aid in
our work. There is no way in which Vermont
and Xew England farmers can advance the
farming interest of those states so well as by the
introduction of Hereford cattle. Two years
ago we sold a bull and some heifers to go to
Mr. H. 0. McKnight, of Locust Hill, Penn.
Mr. ilcKnight, after two years and six months'
experience, returned here last week and bought
of the T. L. Miller Co., the Hereford cow,
Hampton Olive 3d, and a Hereford bull calf
from British Lady, the mother of T. L. Miller's
heifer Prairie Flower. Mr. McKnight's experi-
ence has given him the fullest confidence in the
Herefords as a good butter dairy cow and beef
breed. The bull purchased by Mr. McKnight
in 1879, was by Success, and has proved a
duplicate of the old bull. His purchase now
is a young bull by Winter de Cote; it will be
recollected that Winter de Cote was bred by
ilrs. S. Edwards, and is a brother of the cele-
brated Hereford cow Leonora. The cow Hamp-
ton Olive was bred by J. H. Arkwright, of
Hampton Court, Leominster, England, and im-
ported by the T. L. Miller Co. in 1880. The
price paid for the cow and calf was $900.
This gives Mr. ^IcKnight a herd of some twelve
females, all thoroughbred and very choice ani-
mals. Besides these he has a large number of
grades, among them yearling steers weighing
about 1,000 pounds. We call attention here to
Mr. McKnight's experience, showing, in con-
nection with our extract from our Vermont cor-
respondent, what farmers in an ordinary prac-
tice of dairv and stock business can do.

Vermont can breed Hereford grades, making
a very good butter cow of the heifers, while
the steers will sell to the butcher at from twelve
to eighteen months old at $75 or more. Men
who, like Mr. Lane, liave had an old-time ex-
perience with Herefords, will recognize the cor-
rectness of our predictions. The grade steers
that we have now, 21 months old, would sell
in Chicago for $100 per head.

KAXSAS IX EAUXEST.

Editor "Journal" :

I had my white faces, at the Wichita, Kansas,
fair again this year and "downed the Short-
horns" worse than ever. The .Shorthorn breed-
ers made their usual amount of "wind pudding"
and abused the white faces as usual, but to uo
purpose. They wanted to show for "big money"
they said; so I proposed to show "The Equi-
nox" against any Shorthorn bull they could
bring against him at anv time during the week
for $1,000 cash, and if they wished they could
increase it to $.5,000, and I would put uj) $1,000
forfeit just to accommodate them and put the
ball in motion, but these "high-toned" gentle-
men preferred eating their own words rather
than losing their money and meeting inevitable
defeat. The following clipping gives what
stock I had there :

"Mr. W. E. Campbell, of Caldwell, Kan., had
on exhibition fifteen head of his famous Here-
fords, among which was noticed the bull Equi-
nox, Ko. 2758, weighing 1,920 pounds, two
years old. Mr. C. values this animal at $1,500,
which he has refused. Among his exhibit was
the Duke of Eosewood, the Queen of the Lillies
by Prince Royal, Ella 3d, Mermaid, Jessamine
l\v Miller's Success, Empress by Emperor, all of
which are two years old. The yearling. Third
Duchess of Somerset, by Emperor, was also
among the collection. Mr. Campbell has over
6,000 head of stock on the range in southern
Kansas and the Indian Territory. Mr. Camp-
bell offered to show his bull Equinox for a
grand special sweepstakes ])rize of $1,000 cash,
open to exhibitors of both fair associations, but
the offer was not accepted."

And the following from the "Caldwell Com-
mercial" of September 14, 1882 :

"Our friend, W. E. Cam])l)ell, the great Hero-
ford and Shorthorn breeder of Sumner County,
better known as Shorthorn Campbell — to dis-
ting^iish him from the numerous other Camp-
bells, imported nearly or remotely from the land
of oaten cakes — visited both fairs with his
Herefords. and we are pleased to state. ea]>t\ired
the class premiums and carried off the sweep-

492

HISTOEY OF UEREFOKD CATTLE

stakes for the best thorouglihrcd herd, the best
bull of any age or breed, and the grand $100
sweepstakes for the best bi'll of beef breeds,
against all competition at both fairs.

"In this triumph Mr. Campbell laid out C. A.
Botz's Shorthorn prize bull, which had never
been beaten before, and had been ruled out of
competition of other associations, because of its
supposed overi>owcring superiority to all ani-
mals of that class."

I have just bought two more ranches, cattle
ranges, etc., and have not time to write more.

Respectfully yours,

W. E. Campbell.
Caldwell, Kan., Sept. 27, 1882.

P. S. — "The Equinox" was never stabled
twenty-four hours all summer, but ran in the
pasture with the cows the entire season and was
only stabled nights.

E. s. SnOCKEY.
Kansas City. Mo.
Ir. Miller's assistant in the rstablisbment of the
I'cders' Journal," and later of the firm of Shockey ft

H 1 S 1' 0 1{ Y ( ) 1' H E R K V OKI) C\ T T L [•]

493

CHAPTER XLL

The Hereford Versus Shorthorn — Mr. Mh.ler Kp>States
His Position

As we have had considerable to say about
the methods used by Sliorthorn men in Amer-
ica to hold their cattle in the position that
they claimed for their lireed, before the Here-
ford came into the arena demanding a fair field
and no favors, we considerately put what we
have further to. say on this subject at the end
of the Histor}'.

In the times of our great activity in the
Hereford cause we received a letter from an old
ex-editor, who says: "I regret that the fight
between the Shorthorns and Herefords has
assumed a personal and bitter character, which
is so damaging to the breeders taking part in
it. The press may gain somewhat from the in-
terest thus excited, but is not the sacrifice of
individuals too great and in a great measure
unnecessary? If I ever take up the cause of
any breed of stock, it will be to advocate its
merits, and not to expose the demerits of their
opponents. I regret that you have become per-
sonally the object of such bitter attack, but at
the same time, know of no one who could more
successfully ward off the blows."

In reply to the remarks of our ex-editor, we
contended that an erroneous situation had been
fraudulently established by the Shorthorn in-
terest.

To meet the claims and the demands of the
Shorthorn advocates, we went back in history
one hundred years, and brought up their rec-
ord. This record shows that Youatt's History
of British Cattle was fraiululent, in that it
suppressed facts detrimental to Shorthorns and
favorable to Herefords. We brought out the
record showing the organization and manage-
ment of the agricultural fairs to have been in
the interest of the Shorthorn breeders. We
showed that the advocates of the Shorthorns
used Youatt's History of British Cattle and the
awards rendered at the Agricultural Societies
to support their claims. We charged that the
press supported the Shortliorn braed on the
evidence thus produced by the Shorthorn man-

agers. We brought forward the record of the
Herefords, and this record placed them in the
lead of all other breeds as beef producers. The
course we have taken has not been based on our
own opinion simply, but upon recorded facts,
tests and experiments, that are accessible to the
Shorthorn advocates as well as to ourselves.
These Shorthorn advocates have never met the
facts, but have resorted to personal abuse, hop-
ing thereby to mislead the bullock breeders,
and by so doing retain their position.

In years past the press accepted Youatt's
History of British Cattle as authority; the)'
accepted the awards rendered at the agricul-
tural societies in this country and England as
fairly made and rendered; and basing their
actions on these facts, gave their support to
the breeders of Shorthorn cattle, as did their
predecessors and those especially interested in
Shorthorns. We claim that the facts we pre-
sented were entitled to the attention and ex-
amination of said press, and that those failing
to give this attention and examination are, or
were, parties to the fraud that has been handed
down to them from their predecessors.

The press occupies another and more import-
ant relation to tliis question. They are bound
to know whether these facts are true ; they are
bound to investigate; they are boimd to give
the results of this investigation to their readers,
if they would act in good faith. They claim
to be disinterested, to have no interest in any
breed, and they ask their readers to believe not
only what they say is true, but they ask their
readers also to believe that they are intelligent
and well-informed on these subjects. Failing
in this investigation and examination, they per-
petuate the fraud that has been handed down
to them. We are now projiared to ask, by what
terms should the acts of these Shorthorn advo-
cates and these editors, be characterizeil ? We
believe that it is fraudulent to present issues
that have no foundation in merit or fact ; we
believe that the editor is bound to know the

494

STOIIY OF llEKEFOKl) C A T T L K

lacts. They assume to he teachers ami guides,
and taking this position and proving false to
the responsibility, they should be held aeeount-
able. Our friend says if he "were to take up
the cause of any breed he should advocate their
merits, and not expose the demerits of other
breeds." We should like to know by what stan-
dard he would measure the merits of his own,
unless he compared them with others.

In entering u]>on the breeding of beef cattle,
we found the Shorthorns the dominant and
accepted breed for that purpose, in this country.
We appeared before our state agricultural so-
cieties and placed the Herefords beside the
Shorthorns ; we asked our societies to pass upon
the merits of the breeds as represented by those
upon exhibition. The question, then, was
opened, as a matter of course, as to the com-
parative merits of Herefords and Shorthorns;
from this point the discussion was continued.
Our State Society discriminated in favor of
Shorthorns by giving them larger premiums,
and thus, by inference, declaring to the world
that they were the better cattle. They sub-
mitted the question of merit between the breeds
to men selected from or by the Shorthorn breed-
ers to act as judges. The question then as to
the merits and demerits of breeds was here open-
ed ; we had to accept of it, and when they claim-
ed a half century's acceptance of their cattle as
evidence of merit over the Herefords, it compell-
ed us to go back of the merits of the individuals
as they stood upon the show grounds and in-
quire as to the methods by which the Short-
horns had obtained their endorsements. We
have placed the result of these examinations
before our readers and the world. On these
facts we appealed to the cattle raisers of Amer-
ica and the verdict has been reversed; the
Herefords are now accepted as the best and
have taken the place among the cattle breeders
of the country to which their merits always
entitled them. Such a revelation could hardly
be accepted without more or less bitter feeling ;
it was to be expected that the Shorthorn breed-
ers and advocates, with their associates, certain
editors of live stock jourruils, finding the facts
against them, should resort to vindictive and
bitter personal attacks to cover the w-eakness
of their position.

Presenting a breed of cattle, as we have,
claiming an advantage on the score of economy
and value of ])roduct over this dominant Short-
horn breed, wo were compelled to show wherein
this value consisted, and the weakness of the
Shorthorn claims. All we asked was a full and
fair investigation into the claims and facts that
we presented ; if they had not merit, then we

Were not entitled to the verdict; if they had,
we expected the Herefords to find acceptance
and we expected to have that position as an
advocate of these claims that belongs to us.

So influential was the opposition that a few
contemporary Hereford breeders, actuated by
jealousy, were prevailed upon to cravenly criti-
cize our methods and to belittle our work;
while at the same time taking every possible
advantage of what we had done almost single-
handed. The opposition called us a "kicker,"
knowing full well, that only a persistent and
consistent "kicker" could make the slightest
headway against their adverse and perverse
machinations.

On account of our activity, this fight became
for a time a personal one upon the writer. Hav-
ing control of the shows our opponents made
our retirement from the show ring imperative.
Other Hereford breeders might get a semblance
of justice, but we could not. Having estab-
lished an agricultural journal in which our
Hereford writings would not be garbled and
misrepresented, the opposition press was forced,
as it were, to gnash their teeth in their im-
potent rage and vent their spleen in personal
abuse of us.

At this writing (1898) history appears to
bo repeating itself in the case of the leading
Hereford advocate. Let Hereford breeders be-
ware, that they play not into the hands of their
opponents by a failure at all times to recognize
and publicly acknowledge the value of the work
of those who have fought and of those who still
honestly, openly and courageously fight the bat-
tles of their breed.

With this word of warning brought forth of
much experience, and having given our reasons
for engaging in the unpleasant task of contro-
verting the position assumed by the Shorthorns,
we will reproduce what was said at the time
in the "Breeders' Journal," in regard to the
court before which the adverse claims were
brought.

We will consider our Illinois State Board of
Agriculture. Has it been of a partisan character
in the past? Has it been run in the Shorthorn
interest? We answer these questions again in
the afTirmative, and will bring more proof to
sustain our position from the records of the
society.

Up to and including 1870, excepting a few
Devons, there were no breeds to dispute the
su])eriority of the Shorthorns. The question as
to partial judgments was confined to the breed-
ers of the different families of Shorthorns. We
find that Mr. A. B. McConnell, in his inaugural
address as president (18G5), says that "the so-

H 1 S T 0 tl Y 0 1^ li E R E F 0 R I) < ' A 'I' T L E

49o

ciety has now entered its thirteenth year, and
its advancement has been, and is now, a high
source of gratification to its projectors; but
since the organization of the society, each suc-
cessive executive committee have failed in get-
ting full reports from the awarding commit-
tees. The simple fact published to the world
that a certain animal, article or implement has
received the first prize of the society, is shorn
of half the value to the public, unless the rea-
sons for the award are given by the awarding
committee, fully setting forth its merits and
the reasons for the award. If some plan can
be devised by which full reports can be
received from all the awarding committees,
I am satisfied it will add very much to the value
and usefulness of our annual exhibitions, and
also to the transactions of the society." Dr.
William Kile, on assuming the presidential
chair (1869), after referring to the great suc-
cess the society had met with since its organiza-
tion, says: "We should not forget that every
citizen, of himself or by his representative, has
the undoubted right to call in question the wis-
dom of any line of policy we may adopt, and
to criticize freely every act we perform. On
all questions, therefore, which admit of argu-
ment and diverse views, and especially every-
thing which affects seriously any interest com-
mitted to our fostering care, let us continue
to be circumspect and to act so that every step
we shall take shall commend itself to the sound,
reflecting judgment of all. As your presiding
officer, and as a member who has been identi-
fied with the society from its origin, I beg leave
to call your attention to the following points:
You are aware of the great and delicate duty
performed by the awarding committees at our
fairs, and have found that a full attendance of
those (the judges) originally appointed by the
Board is rarely secured. I have thought that
perhaps the system practiced in Indiana, of
paying committeemen by the day for their
services, would be attended with good results,
and respectfully ask that you will take the mat-
ter under consideration."

We would call attention especially to this
recommendation of President Kile. We for
many years urged, and in this were joined by
all the more conservative and painstaking mem-
bers and exhibitors, that the procuring of com-
petent judges should be by selecting experts
and paying for their services. The objection
given was the extra cost of such judges. Wo
shall discuss this further on.

At the fair held in 1871, Mr. Wm. W. Al-
drich, of Ohio, appeared on the show ground
with a herd of Hereford cattle, and in compe-

tition with Shorthorns on the same premium
list. But besides class premiums, there were
offered for herd and sweepstakes $825, for
which the Herefords had a right to compete,
but must compete under judges in the Short-
horn interest, and often composed of leading
Shorthorn breeders, making their awards a dis-
crimination in favor of Shorthorns.

President D. A. Brown, in his inaugural ad-
dress that year, says : "The state, gentlemen, has
confided the management of its institutions
to our peculiar care, and I feel bound by the
trust reposed in me to recommend for your
consideration the adoption of such rules for the
regulation of our exhibitions as will give to
them that high moral character their import-
ance demands."

We have quoted from Presidents McConnell,
Kile and Brown, showing that they realized the
responsibilities in assuming the management of
the state's agricultural interest, and that they
were under obligations to so manage and direct
the operations of the State Agricultural Shows
as to bring forward the best, and see that such
awards were made as would command the re-
spect and confidence of the world. At this
time, 1871, a new act of incorporation was had
from the legislature of Illinois, creating a de-
partment of agriculture, the objects of which
should be the promotion of agriculture, horti-
culture, manufactures and domestic arts. See
"Transactions of the Illinois Department of
Agriculture, 1872."

In 1872, Messrs. Miller & Powell were ex-
hibitors of Herefords under the same classi-
fication as in 1871. One of the awarding
committees in sweepstakes that year was com-
posed of John M. Millikeii, of Ohio; John H.
Bacon, of Iowa; William M. Smith, of ilc-
Lean Co., 111. ; J. H. Reese, of Warren Co.,
and H. Russell, of Marion Co. ; a suitable com-
mittee to pass upon Shorthorns, a majority of
them being among the prominent and leading
Shorthorn breeders of the States.

At the reorganization of the society in Janu-
ary, 1873, under the new constitution, a newly
elected president, the Hon. John P. Reynolds,
in his introductory address, reviewed the his-
tory of the old society in its twenty years' ex-
perience, calling the attention of the new Board
to what had already been done and the responsi-
bilities that rested upon them for the future :
and reminded them that tlie Board is placed
in solo charge of the agricultural department
of the state, and for the establishment of
county agricultural boards, and that whatever
the state might do will be entrusted to, or en-
joined as a duty upon, this Board. While recog-

496

u 1 8 T () i; 1" ( ) I' n E 11 K 1" < 1 1; i > c a t t ]. e

iiiziug tlif ditliculty surroiiiicling the apjwint-
iiient of awardiug comiiiitt(.rs, ami prescribing
rules to govern their action while serving as
such, he respectfully referred the subject to the
careful consideration of the Board, when revis-
ing their list of premiums in the live stock de-
partment.

The published premium list shows that the
Board increased the premiums on Shorthorn
heifers and cows 27^ per cent, leaving the Here-
ford classification as before. The awarding
committees on herd and sweepstakes premiums
were so composed that Ilerefords had no con-
sideration at their hands. A member of one of
these committees said that a majority of the
committee would not consider the Ilerefords.

In 1874, Shorthorns and Herefords, in class
premiums, exhibited on an even classification
as to premiums.

At the organization of the Board in January,
1875, Mr. 1). B. GiUham, president, in his in-
augural address, on assuming the duties of the
office, says: "It is a noteworthy fact that from
the magnitude of the exhibitions of the Short-
horn element in class A, Cattle Department,
and the peculiar circumstances surrounding it,
the general participation by the people in it,
and the interest manifested by all, that our
present system of selecting awarding commit-
tees fails to render the satisfaction so desirable
by the Board, to either their exhibitors or the
public. It may be well to effect some change
in regard to that department. In calling your
attention to the matter, gentlemen, I will leave
you to suggest the plan and to act in the prem-
ises as your better judgment may direct." The
records show that at this fair the Board had ad-
vanced the class premiums on Shorthorns about
70 per cent, and reduced the Herefords some-
thing like l-'j per cent.

For the fair of 1876, the Board reduced the
class premiums for Shorthorns to the same
amount- as in 1874, taking off the increase of
70 per cent made in 1875. still leaving the
Herefords with their reduction of 15 per cent,
or 50 per cent less than the Shorthorns. Hav-
ing been subject up to this time to the decisions
of Shorthorn judges in the herd and sweep-
.stakes competition, we made a special efPort to
have this feature of the awarding committees
corrected and to this end we made a special
application to President Gillluim, that the
awarding committees for this competition
should be sclec-ted from impartial and intelli-
gent men. We also made a special request of
President Scott to the same end. Our right
to such committees was freely conceded. Mr.
W. J. Ncely, who was the superintendent of the

cattle department, was also appealed to, and
his first committee was five Shorthorn men,
composed of James Mix, H. M. Winslow, of
Kankakee; J. It. Shaver, of Ottawa; John
Brown, of Galena, and J. L. Moore, of Polo.
I'rotesting informally, Mr. Xeely undertook
(according to his statement) to get an im-
partial committee and professed to find a good
deal of difficulty in doing so, and was obliged
to get the assistance of Col. Judy to aid in
selecting and completing the committee, and
J. H. Spear, of Tallula, the townsman of Col.
Judy, and one of the prominent and winning
Shorthorn breeders at previous fairs, was se-
lected to hold the balance of power in this new
committee.

In coming to the fair of 1877, the Herefords
came on an even classification, the Shorthorn
premiums in classes having been reduced about
15 per cent, and the Hereford increased some-
thing over 20 per cent. The Hon. Samuel
Dysart had been chosen superintendent of the
cattle department, and for the first time in the
herd and sweepstakes competition the awarding
committee were selected with a view to make
the awards upon the merits of the cattle ex-
hibited.

In 1878 the two breeds in class premiums
stood upon an even basis. When approaching
the competition between Herefords ami Short-
horns, for herd and sweepstakes premiums
(ilr. Dysart then being absent in Europe), we
said to Mr. Cobli, of Kankakee, that Herefords
were entitled to fair and imjmrtial committees,
which he admitted. We proposed to him that
President Gillham and ex-President Reynolds
be requested to choose the awarding committees
for this competition. He said, "That was right,
and he would see that such an arrangement was
carried out." The committee was selected by
these gentlemen, and the Herefords won the
first premium for the b(>st five cattle, male or
female, in the show, the get of one bull, the sire
to be shown with the herd. Officers of the
society attached to the Shorthorn cattle interest
of the country, then took charge of the selection
of the judges, and selected them in the interest
of the Sliorthorn exhibitors. So clear and un-
mistakable was the partisan character of this
work that the Board changed the manner of
selecting judges for the fair of 1879, when the
Board was organized, with Col. J. W. Scott,
as president.

In his inaugural addre.«s President Scott
said : "It is needless for me to call attention
to the magnitude of the interest involved in an
effort to promote the advancement of agricul-
ture, horticulture, manufactures, and the do-

iiisToiiY ui-' 11 E in-: 1" u i; D cattle

497

mostic arts in the leadiug agricultural state of
the Union. The state, through tiie legislature,
has been very liberal, and given much latitude
to the operations of the Board in creatilig the
same, leaving the free exercise of our better
judgment in the promotion of the interest in-
volved, and thereby increasing the responsibili-
ties of this Board. One of the more prominent
methods for the promotion of agricultural in-
terest has been, and will be for some years, the
exhibition of the annual State Fair. It seems
that the great importance of a just and com-
petent award of our premiums would justify a
departure from the old custom of selecting com-
mitteemen, at least in the more important de-
partment of live stock, where the competition
is sharp. It is important that some means
should be devised to secure competent men to
act as judges, whose attendance can be de-
pended upon, and relieve the Board from the
necessity of selecting from the visitors men who
are frequently not as skillful as the good repu-
tation of the Board should require."

The committee to whom was referred the
president's address, reported as follows, on the
matter of awarding premiums :

"Fully realizing the importance of more care
in awarding premiums, especially in the classes
of live stock, we would recommend the passage
of the following resolution: 'That the presi-
dent, together with the superintendents of the
several classes, be, and are hereby constituted a
committee, and empowered to employ as com-
mitteemen such gentlemen of recognized fitness
in the several departments as may be deemed
necessary, the remuneration in no case to exceed
the actual expenses of such gentlemen.' "

Under this resolution, committeemen were
selected, who were deemed competent and im-
partial, to judge the different lots in Class A
(cattle department), which committeemen
having been selected with care and without
outside influences, were to act as judges and
no protests were to be allowed. We were ad-
vised of this action on coming to the secretary's
office on the show grounds at Springfield, be-
fore the opening of the show, we gave it our
hearty approval and urged upon the superinten-
dent that under no consideration should the ar-
rangement be broken. It was carried out, al-
though the Shorthorn exhibitors imdertook to
break it up.

For 18S0 the class premiums for both breeds
were the same, but competition between breeds
was suspended.

For 1881 the classification of TTerefords and
Shorthorns was even; the sweepstakes confined
1o competition for a herd consisting of bull and

four cows or heifers of any age. We have not
the data before us for 1SS3, but premiums in
class stand on an even basis.
■ This, then, in a concise form and up to the
year 1882 when we ceased showing, is the rec-
ord of the society as it stood between breeds.
Each of the incoming presidents recognized
the necessity of a change in the manner
of selecting judges. Each recognized that
the system on which they had worked was de-
fective, and so far as the record shows, but one
change was made, and that in 18?9, and that
only held in practice one 3'ear. Each and all
of the presidents recognized the responsibilities
that rested upon this Board, the importance of
the issues that were submitted to their manage-
ment, and that the live stock interest was one
of the largest and most important that they
had to deal with. They appointed awarding
committees at each and every annual meeting,
with the knowledge that these committees were
not likely to act, and have depended upon
judges selected from the crowd of visitors;
men who were, in the language of President
Scott, "frequently not as skillful as the good
reputation of the Board should require." This
custom was in vogue for thirty years, and we
submit that under such a system the awards
had very little value. The Shorthorn interest
sought to perpetuate this custom, that under
the excitement of the show ring they might
select men in their interest.

Leaving the State Fair and the action of
the Board in reference thereto, we are prepared
to take up the management of the Fat Stock
Show. The first of these shows was opened
December 2, 1878, the Herefords winning the
sweepstakes for the best cow in the show, and
no other. The second was held Xovember 10,
1879; third, Xovember 15, 1880; the fourth,
Xovember 7, 1881.

The action of the Board in reference to se-
lecting judges for this show was to take them
from the different sections of the state, recom-
mended by different members of the Board.
Men, as a rule, who had no experience with
first-class bullocks, such as would be exhibited
at this show, whose decisions did not carry
weight or authority where the judges are known.
Of the four shows mentioned, we only wish to
call attention to a few facts therewith, and these
mainly as regards ages at which cattle have
been exhibited.

At the show in 1879 the slaughtering test
was introduced with results as set forth on
page 147, Vol. XVIL, Illinois State Report,
which we show in a schedule in Chapter 16.
Each of the bullocks represented in this sohed-

498

11 1 S T 0 K Y 0 F 11 E li E ¥ 0 R D C A T T L E

nil' was tliive yuars did, [he grade llcrulonl
al tlircu years six iiiontlis and I'ourtei'ii days,
with a iiioutli showing six [lerraaneut teeth,
the grade Shorthorn represented at the same
age, with eight permanent teeth.

At the show in 1880, of steers, three and
under four years old, there were slaughtered
two Ilerefords and one Shorthorn. One of the
Herefords was three years seven months and
thirteen days old, and the other three years
eleven months and thirteen days, each .with six
permanent teeth. The Shorthorn was repre-
sented as three years six months and fifteen
days, having a full mouth of eight teeth, but
somewhat broken, and difficult to tell from the
teeth his age.

In the year 1881 the slaughter test revealed
in the Shorthorn three-year-olds an older
mouth than the age for which they were en-
tered would indicate, while the mouths of the
Hereford bullocks corresponded with the ages
for which they were entered, as per standard
authorities. These mouths were preserved and
placed in the hands of the officers of the society
for preservation. The facts in reference to these
indications were fully before the Board through
its officers. An effort was made at the opening
of the show of 1880 to have the animals on
exhibition examined by a veterinary surgeon, to
determine the correctness of the entries that
had been made. He entered upon his duties
and met with a decided rebuff from one of the
leading Shorthorn exhibitors, while the Here-
ford exhibitors and several of the Shorthorn
exhibitors tendered their co-operation in mak-
ing such examination; they were not, however,
completed. This brings us to the show of 1882.

With our experience of the past shows, with
reference to entries of animals at fraudulent
ages, there came a determination to expose, if
possible, such frauds, if any existed at this
show, and cattle were generally examined by
experienced cattle men, exhibitors and others,
and it was found that a large number of cattle,
judging from the indications of the mouth,
were entered at ages much imder what tliis
evidence \vould indicate.

Among the rules governing the Fat Stock
Show was one as follows: Section 5. "In case
of protest notice must be given to the superin-
tendent of department before or during the ex-
amination of the animal or article protested,
and a written statement giving the reasons for
protesting, verified by affidavit, must be filed
with the secretary on the day notice is given."

.\nother rule. — Section 12. "Awarding com-
mittees arc instructed that if they have good
reason to believe that any exhibitor, by false

entry nr otherwise, attempts to deceive the
tonimittee or the public, and obtain an award
by misrepresentation, they shall report the fact
at once to the superintendent of the depart-
ment, who shall report the same to the Board,
who may expel such exhibitor for fraud for at
least two years."

liule. — Section 17. "Decisions of awarding
committees shall be final, and no appeal will
be considered except in cases of fraud and pro-
test."

These were the only published rules relating
to the subject of frauds in entering and ex-
hibition of cattle at this show. Sectron 12 pro-
vided for the disqualification and expulsion of
any exhibitor who attempted to deceive the
committee or the public, and obtain an award
by misrepresentation. It is true that this rule
made it obligatory upon the awarding commit-
tee to bring this matter to the notice of the
superintendent, and that he should bring it to
the Board, that they might expel such exhibi-
tor. The life of this rule is that an exhibitor
who, by fraud or misrepresentation, attempts
to deceive the public, shall be expelled. This
would be a fair construction of the rule, and it
would be a strained and unnatural construction
to say that the Board or its officers could not
take cognizance except it come through the
awarding committee, and from them to the
superintendent, and from him to the Board.

It was a well established fact among ex-
hibitors and members of the Board that entries
were made at fraudulent ages, and when we
brought this matter directly to the president it
was properly before the society, and to say that
we had no right to a hearing until we came
before them through the prescribed routing of
Section 5, of the Rules, had no place in justice
or equity. The animals had not yet been be-
fore any committee, but they had been entered
and a catalogue of the entries prepared. The
animals thus catalogued were in the charge and
under the control of the society, and they had
a right to enter upon any investigation that
would tend to advance the best interests of the
show. The cattle were entered in classes one,
two and three years old, respectively. The ex-
hibitors had undertaken to give the exact age of
each animal. This was done among other
tilings, that the society might determine the
growth and gain per day, and upon such growth
and gain per day an award was to be made.
They had schedules which provided for an
elaborate detailed statement of the results to
be obtained.

The fraud as to age committed the great
state of Illinois, through the Agricultural De-

HISTORY OF JlEli Kl-'OlM) CATTLE

499

partmeut, to a fraud and makes them a party
to it. The State Board, representing the Agri-
cultural Department of the state of Illinois,
were assembled on the opening of the show on
the morning of November 16, to make their
preparations and arrangements for the week's
work that was before them. While thus assem-
bled the facts of these frauds were brought to
their notice. We called on President Scott,
and advised him of these frauds and asked that
he would bring the matter to the notice of the
Board, that they might take the initiatory steps
to determine the ages of the animals in the
cattle department before they should be brought
before the committees. When we entered the
outer room. President Scott, who was with
the Board, left the inner room and met us, the
Board still in session, and we tendered our
herd of cattle then on exhibition for the open-
ing of such an examination as they might see
fit.

Mr. Scott referred us to Eule 5, as his remedy
in the premises. We advised Mr. Scott that we
came not as a protestor, but to bring a fact as
to fraud, which was well known throughout the
building in which the show was to be held, and
advised him that he might find this report
sustained by members of the Board, and ex-
hibitors of Shorthorn as well as Hereford cat-
tle; and urged him to take such measures as
would protect the interests of exhibitors, who
were there under the rules of the Board.

On leaving this room we met Mr. J. H. San-
ders, editor and proprietor of the "Breeders'
Gazette," and called his attention to the fact,
and asked his aid in having an investigation
made in reference to this fraud as to the ages
of cattle. Mr. Sanders promised to give all
the aid that he could in the premises, and do
all he could, if fraud was found, to expose it.
By his public act. ilr. Scott, or the State Board,
so far as we know, took no action in this mat-
ter of fraud, but had the cattle brought before
the committees, who made the awards based
upon the fraudulent entries.

We wish to state, in reference to Rule 5, that
the protest of an animal when in the show ring
is substantially a farce. The notice of protest
filed, the committee would go on as if no pro-
test was made, the Board would go about their
business, close their show, and go to Springfield
on the first of January following, where the
protestor might appear before them, get a hear-
ing, or, should he find an opportunity to argue
his case on the week of the show, there was so
much haste, so much business crowding upon
the members of the Board, that it was difficult
to get at the merits of the question.

We again appeared before the president on
the last day l)ut one of the show, and again
called his attention to special animals exhibited
by Mr. 1). M. Moninger, that the Board migiit
take some action that would disqualify Mr.
Moninger as an exhibitor, and forfeit the pre-
miums that had been awarded to him. Mr.
Scott again referred us to Rule 5, and said that
we had our remedy through it. We informed
him that we came not as a protestor, but to
bring a fact to them of a fraud that was
flagrant, and such a one as the Board ought to
take cognizance of.

Failing to get satisfaction from Mr. Scott,
we then went to the Hon. John P. ReA'nolds, a
member and e.\-president of the Board, and
called his attention to the fact, and asked that
he would give his influence to the exposing of
the fraud that had been committed upon the
society and the public, and called his attention
to Rule 12, as authority for asking that the
societ}' should take some action in the premises.
We also advised him that as this was the last
day of the show, but one, we would be obliged
to bring the matter to the notice of the Here-
ford Society, which would meet that evening,
and ask them that they would take action to
protect themselves and the public from the con-
sequences of these frauds. Mr. Reynolds went
to Mr. C. M. Culbertson, the president of the
Hereford Societj', and asked him to use his
influence so that the Hereford Society should
not take any action in the premises, and he
would bring the matter before the State Board
on the following day and urge an investigation
into the charges of fraud that were made.

The matter was brought before the Hereford
Society, when Mr. Reynolds' request and prom-
ise were made known by Mr. Culbertson. Xo
action was taken other than to request Presi-
dent Cull)ertson to take such action in connec-
tion with the State Board as might seem
desirable. The charges were brought before the
State Board the last day of the show by Mr.
Re}Tiolds, and the investigation was urged by
Mr. Dvsart and Mr. Revnolds. It was opposed
by President Scott and Col. J. W. Judy. Xo
other action was taken, so far as we know, other
than to say to ilr. Moninger that charges were
made that his steer, Champion of Iowa, was
said to be older than the age for which he was
entered. On Mr. Moninger stating that the age
for which he was entered was correct, the mat-
ter was dropped. The steer was entered at one
year eleven months and fifteen days, showing
a mouth of six full teeth.

There were two other steers exhibited by ^Ir.
Jfoninger, one as a two-vear-old. called Tom

500

HISTORY OF HEKEFORD CATTLE

Browu, that were slaughtered in Chicago, and
we obtained their mouths. We took these and
others that we were able to obtain, went to
Springfield and met the new Board at its or-
ganization, and asked that they would consider
the evidence that we brouglit before them. We
submitted to them standard authorities as to
the ages of animals as indicated by the teeth,
referring to the information we had given on
the week of the show, and submitted the mouths
as evidence of the frauds, and asked whether
Mr. Scott had not failed in his obligations to the
public and to the state in not making investiga-
tions in reference to the information that was
brought to him as to the fraudulent ages of the
cattle exhibited. On motion of Mr. D. B. Gill-
ham, we were requested to put our charges in
writing. These charges and the report of the
committee to whom they were referred, we
presented in Chapter 28, on dentition. The
committee saw fit to shield the president behind
a technicality of rules of the Board, to-wit:
Section 5 and Section 12, which we have given.
It will be remembered that this information
was brought to Mr. Scott before the cattle were
brought into the ring at all. We could not have
acted under Rule 5, and in a manner recognized
(as the committee say), by established rules. In
fact, we said to President Scott that we did not
come as a protestor, but we came for the pur-
pose of placing facts before the society, before
there was any complication of awards, and
asked that the Board would take the initiatory
steps to determine the correctness of the
charges, and relieve the exhibitors from becom-

cers would not recognize fraud except it comes
to their notice through their awarding commit-
tees or their superintendent?

This is what they substantially said in the
committee's report, and what the Board said in
adopting this report. As illustrating Mr. Scott,
in his peculiar position, we reproduce, in Chap-
ter 28, a cartoon from the "Breeders' Journal,"
which we had prepared at the time to better
illustrate the Board's effort at sustaining him
on this untenable and dangerous ground. We
repeatedly called attention to the quotations
from the inaugural addresses of the different
presidents of tlie Board, in which they recog-
nized the necessity of measures to make their
awards authoritative and of value to the pub-
lic. If it was to be understood that the State
Board of Agriculture of Illinois would not take
cognizance of fraud, except it come through
these two mediums, the power that had been
delegated to them by the state should be re-
voked, and the state legislature should provide
some other means to encourage the agricultural
and live stock interest.

If no record had been kept of the facts de-
veloped at the different shows, grave injustice
would have been done the Herefords. It is a
matter of fact that all the Hereford two-year-
olds showed with half as many teeth as many
of the Shorthorn two-year-olds had, at the Chi-
cago Fat Stock Show in 1882. This proves
conclusively that the Herefords were much the
younger. We give herewith the facts of this
matter which we published in the "Breeders'
Journal" at the time:

STEERS TO WHICH PRIZES WERE AWARDED. ORADE AND

SWEEPSTAKES CLASSES. FAT STOCK SHOW,

1SS2.

9

Name mf Exhibitor.

1

A.;k.

i

g

_ 5;

Pi

Breed.

PUmUVS iTlBDES.

f

p

^

2

1

1

I?

1174
126.5
1011
1034
715
.574
715
1355
l:t78
1170
97«
972
9«6
866
714

3
3

2
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1

3
6
9

10

11
7

11
9
9
8
8
8
8
4

11

4

5
21
14
15
24
15

5
28
10
18
12

4
26
15

1945
2400
1850
1905
1600
1410
1665
1870
1990
16.55
1720
1680
1815
1705
1380

1.65
1 90
1.83
l.W
2.23
2.45
2.31
1 31
1 44
1 71
1.75
1.73
1.88
1 97
1 93

a

8
8
6
2
Calf
6
6
6

»(;ra<le Shorthorn

•Grade Shorthorn

•(Jrade Shorthorn

Grade Shorthorn

Grade Shorthorn

1st -$30
3d— 10
1st— 30
2d - 20
1st— 30
2d- 20

$so

Fowler «; Van Natta

♦Grade Shorthorn

T L MllliT & Co

T. L Miller & Co

T I, lllller & Co

T. I.. Mill, r* Co

•In Chapter .V.KVIII on Dentition, we present Illustrations of the mouths of some of these steers.

ing prosecutors. The committee reported that
we could not have been ignorant of our own
plain duty as an exhibitor. Was it fair to say
that the exhibitors are under obligations to
prosecute, and also that the society or its ofli-

"We give a table, showing the catalogue num-
ber, name of exhibitor, age in days, and age in
years and months, weight, gain per day, number
of teeth, and the premiums awarded, and the
age as indicated by the teeth. We have also

H 1 S T O K Y 0 V 11 E R E F O li D' C A T T L E

501

taken the steers as exhibited by the T. L. Miller
Co., that were stall-fed, and of the ages three,
two, and one j'ear old, with their ages, weight,
gain per day, and age as indicated by the teeth.
It will be seen by this that Mr. Moninger's No.
113 was entered as three years three months
and four days old, weighing 1,945 pounds, to
whom was awarded the first premium in the
three-year-old grade class, and sweepstakes for
the best three-vear-old in the show.

"By referring to Nos. 83 and 84 of the T. L.
Miller Co. exhiliit, they were by the entries six
months older than Mr. Moninger's steer, and
weighed about the same, but they had only six
teeth, while the Moninger had eight. And re-
ferring to No. 17, H. & I. Groff, which won
third premium in the grade class for three-
year-olds, was represented three months younger
than Nos. 83 and 84, and had eight teeth.

"Eeferring to Nos. Ill and 109, D. M. Mon-
inger's, the first represented as two years nine
months and twenty-one days old, and weighing
1,950 pounds and having eight teeth, taking
first premium for the best two-year-old grade;
109, entered as two years ten months and four-
teen days old, weighing 1,905 pounds, had six
teeth, taking the second premium for grade
two-year-old. For steers one and under two
years, the premium was awarded to J. H. Potts
& Sons' Eed Major No. 22. There were twenty-
six entries.

"Referring to 78, 79, 80, 81 and 82, two-year-
old grades of T. L. Miller Co.'s exhibit, averag-
ing about two years eight months, and average
weight 1,717 pounds, it will be found that none
of them had over four teeth. Eeferring to J.
H. Potts & Sons' No. 22 and T. L. Miller Co.'s
No. 74, they are substantially the same age and
the same mouth, to- wit, two teeth in each.
Again, referring to No. 112, D. M. Moninger.
one year eleven months and fifteen days old,
weight l,fi65 pounds, with six teeth. This steer
was entered by Moninger in the class of year-
lings at the ages and weights as stated. Mr.
Potts, competing with him, said to Mr. Jlon-
inger, that if that steer No. 112 was exhibited
he should protest him. Mr. Moninger did not
bring the steer before the awarding committees,
which is prima facie evidence of the fraud upon
the society in making the entry. The ]irotest
of an influential Shorthorn lirecder would be
too sure to be recognized, while it was tolerably
safe to ignore the "kicks" of the Hereford men.

"Mr. Moninger exhibited what purported to
be ten two-year-olds, of an average age of two
years nine months and twenty-four days, weigh-
ing 1,8()1 pounds, making a gain of 1.81 pounds
per day. But it will lie borne in mind that seven

of these steers had eight permanent teeth and
three had six, while the T. L. Miller Co.'s steers
averaged two years, seven months and twenty
days old, two months younger as per entries,
than Mr. Moninger's.

■'And we wish to call special attention to the
fact that neither of these last-mentioned steers
had over four full teeth, a little more than one-
half as many as the Moninger steers; or, in
other words, Moninger's steers averaged over
seven teeth, while Miller's averaged less than
four. We submit on that showing whether the
Herefords were not entitled to class prizes in
this show.

"Again, referring to Section 12 of the Eules
of the State Board, governing awarding com-
mittees, on page 4 of their fat stock premium
list, and page 52 of their animal premium list
for 1882, they are instructed, that if they be-
lieve an exhibitor, by false entry or otherwise,
attempts to deceive the committee or the public,
they shall report to the superintendent, and
the superintendent to the Board, and they may
expel such exhibitor from exhibiting "before
the society for two years. We intended to put
the responsibility of fraudulent entries upon
the State Board before the show opened ; in
fact, we determined this at the show a year ago.
The Hereford breeders in the state of Illinois
must look forward to the time when they can
come before the society at its shows and receive
fair and impartial treatment. This is not only
to protect their own rights, but that they may
bring before the farmers of Illinois the evidence
that the claims they make for the Herefords
are founded upon a sure and solid basis. The
majority of the citizens of Illinois suppose that
the awards that are given at their state shows
have a value and that they can judge from these
somewhat as to the character of the difi'erent
breeds.

"We have no desire to convict Mr. Scott or
any other officer of the Board of using his posi-
tion to protect fraudulent exhibits, or of using
his position in a partisan manner to ]iroteet
any class of exhibitors. We have no desire to
charge or convict the Board of such practices,
and that they might be fully protected from
such suspicion or such charges, the facts that
we show in this table were brought fully to the
notice of President Scott at the opening of thi'
show, and, as we suppose, througli him to the
Hoard. Again, it was brought before them on
the day but one before the close of the show.
Again, we followed them to Springfield and
souglit an interview with ^fr. Scott in his room
at the hotel, ^fr. Reynolds lieing present, pre-
senting him with the evidence of this fraud and

502

II I STORY OF 11 EKE FORD CATTLE

urging upon him that at-tiim should lie takeu
that would protect exhibitors in the future.

"One manner suggested was by employing a
veterinary surgeon who understood the teeth
indications of age in animals, and associate
with him two good, practical cattlemen, to ex-
amine all the entries that should be presented
to them in future shows. He replied to this
that such an e.xamination as this would break
up the show. Again, we took these evidences
before the State Board ; we made our verbal
statements, and were asked to put them in writ-
ing, and the committee appointed l)y the Board
say that Mr. Scott did what the Board ought
to expect of their chief officer in refusing to
make these examinations. When afterward a
motion was made that such examinations
should be made in the future, the Board refused
to order such examinations.

"The 'Breeders' Gazette,' 'not a trade circu-
lar,' says of T. L. Jliller's charges before the
State Board, in reference to fraudulent entries
of cattle: 'The standing of parties accused is
such that their motives or veracity cannot be
impugned.' Mr. Sanders occxipies, in this case,
a position somewhat analogous to that of the
Tombs lawyer, appearing for his client, and vm-
dertaking to get a verdict in his favor by trying
to prove the previous good character of his
client. As to the report of the committee, Jfr.
Sanders says: 'They were impartial men, who
have no prejudices against breeds or breeders,
and the fact that the report was luianimously
adopted relieves the Hon. J. W. Scott, the late
president, or the retiring members of the Board
of Agriculture from any want of a desire to
protect the exhibitor from imposition or
fraud.' "

In the April (1883) number of the "Breed-
ers" Journal"' w'e said:

"We learn that at the meeting of the State
Board in February the question of determining
the ages of cattle that were to be exliibited at
the Fat Stock Show of 1883 was to be deter-
mined by examination. This was the re-opening
of what the Shorthorn interest supposed was
fixed at the January meeting. They, at that
time, determined that such examinations should
not be made, but they found in the month that
intervened between the two meetings that there
•was a determination to press that issue. We
understand that it was decided to emjiloy a
veterinarian and two competent and disinter-
ested cattlemen, not exhibitors at the show, to
examine all the cattle that should be placed on
exhibition at the next show.

"How much our ex|)<ise of the frauds perpe-
trated at the last show had to do with this we

are not advised; in fact, it is immaterial. We
h.ave had a severe and protracted fight before
the State Board to secure for the Herefords an
impartial hearing. There have been men in the
Board, from the commencement of this contro-
vcr.sy to the present time, who have desired to
see fair play, and if the inside and outside his-
tory of the Board could be written we think
that the lobby, or the outside influence, has
been the strongest. When Mr. Scott said to us
in Springfield in January that such a rule
would break up the show, we thought then, and
we think now-, that he believed that the Sliort-
horn men Avould not show under such a rule,
and hence the conclusion that the show w^ould
be broken up. We do not know that these con-
clusions are correct, but ^ve believe they are,
and we believe that Mr. Scott at the last show,
had it not been for this fear of Shorthorn influ-
ence, would have undertaken then to have ex-
posed the frauds that were being perpetrated.

"At the February meeting of the Board it
was decided that the State Fair for the next
two years should be held in Chicago. We be-
lieve that this is a wise move, and we under-
stand that the citizens of Chicago are making
lil)cral provisions to make the Fair a success.
And we hope and expect that the changes that
were made in the management of the Board at
its election in September, and the rules that are
likely to be adopted by that management, will
put the State Agricultural Society of Illinois
in the front rank of a reformatory movement
that the great cattle interests of the world re-
quire. We are not advised as to whetlier any
action has been taken in relation to the selec-
tion of judges. This is needed. One of the
movements a year ago in this direction was to
ask several State societies to send judges to act
at the Fat Stock Show of 1883. Among the
societies responding to this request w^ere those
of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and
Ohio, each of which have made discriminations
against Herefords in favor of Shorthorns for
years. It seems strange to a large proportion
of fair-minded men, and men well posted in
public matters, that these states should run
their fairs and shows in the interest of any
breed or for partisan purposes. We are not
sur])rised that such men should think we arc
actuated by partisan interests in making these
charges and entering upon this contest. We are
not surprised that they should charge it to the
fact that we did not get all the premiums we
tliought we were entitled to.

"So soon as the Hereford breeders came for-
ward to make the exhibits at the State fairs in
force we witlidrew as an exhibitor. We should

HISTOKY OF IIEKKFORD CATTLE

503

have withdrawn from the Fat Stock Show two
years before but for the fact that we were
strongly urged not to do so. There has been no
breeder in the State of Illinois that has done
more than we have to make the stock exhibits
before the State Board a success. Our exhibits
have always been creditable, they have been
large. Not one of the breeders of cattle in the
State of Illinois represented the State at the
Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 187G
but ourselves, and although we have claimed
our rights, we believe that to-day a large ma-
jority of the Board during the last eleven years
will credit us with having prosecuted our claims
in a fair and gentlemanly manner, and that a
majority of the Board are personally friendly
to us. We shall assume that in the future the
Board will not need any promptings from us
to make its shows, its exhibits and its awards
creditable to the State and the world.

''We have made our contest with the State
Board of Illinois because Illinois is our home.
We had a right to a hearing, and to fair and im-
partial treatment, that we would not have in
any other State or before any other society. We
believed if this Shorthorn influence was broken
here it would he su1)stantially broken elsewhere,
and we see no reason to change our views. The
State Board of Indiana has been, if possible,
more under Shorthorn influence than the State
Board of Illinois. So with the State Board of
Ohio, so with that of Michigan and Iowa; and
they will do well to profit by the experience of
the State Board of Illinois. The Indiana State
Board, at its late meeting, for the first time
gave other l)reeds a classification equal to that
of the Shorthorns.

"The State Board of Illinois has now a presi-
dent that has no interest in Shorthorn breeding,
a man independent of all Shorthorn influence,
as we believe, and we think that the Shorthorn
members of the Board and the Shorthorn breed-
ers outside of it did all they could to prevent
his election. He was nominated, and the Board
has elected the Hon. John P. Eeynolds as the
superintendent of the cattle department. Mr.
Keynolds has been connected with the Board
for a great number of years, perhaps from the
start. He has been its secretary, its president,
and we think that the Board owes to him more
of the good there is in its management than
to any other man who has been connected with
it. We know somewhat of the course pursu(>d
by the Shorthorn interest in and out of tlie
Board, and so far as the cattle interest is eon-
ccrned lie has l)een for a fair, impartial and in-
telligent management, botli as to classification
and judging, and we would submit our interest

as we have before stated, to his judgment alone.
He has undoubtedly exerted a larger influence
in the board than we could have done in his
place, and with Mr. Landrigan as president and
Mr. Eeynolds as superintendent of the cattle
department we can scarcely doubt but that there
will be a fair administration in the manage-
ment of the cattle department.

"Although the Shorthorn interest will die
hard, and will leave no stone unturned to in-
fluence action in its favor, the Hereford
breeders are strong in the merits and right of
their cause, to meet the issues in a fair and
candid spirit. They are destined to win the
world over, and perhaps they had no right to
expect a larger success than they have already
attained. While we are not an exhibitor, we
trust that the Hereford breeders as a whole
will make such a show and such an exhibit at
the State fairs and fat stock shows that will
show their confidence in the present manage-
ment. Should Mr. Scott's predictions be
realized as to the Shorthorn breeders, let the
Hereford men make good the deficiency.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

"Since writing the above we have received
from Secretary Fisher a copy of Mr. Moninger's
statement, which was read at the February
meeting, and is as follows:

" 'To the Honorable Board of Agriculture of
the State of Illinois: The cattle belonging to
me, referred to by T. L. Miller in the state-
ment made to your Board in the January meet-
ing, were of my own breeding and feeding,
ages as recorded in my list of entries at the late
fat stock show. A sworn statement of the ages
of the steers named, with others shown in tlie
herd, is in the hands of the Iowa State Board
of Agriculture.

" 'Tom Brown, winner of the sweepstakes
jirize for the best three-year-old steer in the
show, dropped August 28, 1879, is well known
by many cattlemen in Iowa. He was a prize
vvinner at the Iowa State Fairs of 1880, 1881
and 1882. The fairs w-ere held during the first
ten days of September each year. His weight
when shown as a yearling was QUO pounds:
at 2 years old. 1..500 ])ounds: and at three years
old 1,900 ])ounds. When shown at a few days .
over twelve montlis old and 9(i0 pounds weight,
is the time, according to T. L. Miller's state-
ment, when he was at least tliree years old (not
far from the age of his sire at that time).

"'This Is a brief statement of the histori/ of
the prize u-inner Tom Broini. that seems to
trouble one T. L. Miller greatly, inasmuch as

504

lllSTOK'V OF

!•: I' () 1{ 1) ( ■ A T T 1. 1-:

his lee til were irroiiy, he says, when really it
was his back that made him a troublesome steer
in the ring to competitors — of the squealing
kind.

" 'I will here state that at the Iowa State
Fair of. 1880, when Tom Brown's show career
commenced, Hon. James Wilson, of Traer, was
superintendent of cattle. He selected for
judges on herds of fat cattle Hon.C. Clarkson,
of Des Jloines, agricultural editor of the Iowa
State Register; Hon. Oliver Mills, of Atlantic,
and C. W. Norton, of Duraut, Iowa. These
gentlemen, as well as many other well known
stockmen, such as Col. Scott of Nevada ; Robert
Miller, of West Liberty; Hon. W. T. Smith,
of Oskaloosa, now president of the Iowa State
Board of Agriculture, I might refer to, who
well remember my exhibit at the Fair, and espe-
cially the little yearling steer, since named Tom
Brown.

" 'Grinnell, Xo. Ill, dropped February 7,
1880, was shown in my herds of one and two-
vear-olds at the Iowa State Fairs of 1881 and
1882. At the Fair of 1881 his weight was
1,370 pounds, age 19 months; at the Fair of
1882 his weight was 1,800, age 31 months.
The weights here given are home weights. This
steer was always shown in a herd of five steers
of remarkable similarity, and he is not so easily
distinguished from his mates. However, the
correctness of his age can be proven by a good
cattleman who has known and admired him
from a sucking calf up to the date of his trial
in the ring at the late show in Chicago.

" 'The steer Iowa Champion, No. 112,
dropped late in November, 1880, was a prize
winner in mv herd of vearlings shown at the
Iowa State Fair of 1882. This is his first ap-
pearance in the show ring.

"'The steer Champion, 102, dropped Dec.
7, 1879, is the largest steer that I ever raised
for his age. He was first shown as a suckling
calf, with his mother, at the Marshall County
(Iowa) Fair of 1880; was winner of first prize
for best yearling at Iowa State Fair of 1881 ;
was next shown at Chicago Fat Stock Show of
1882 weighing at twelve months old 1,100; at
twenty- four months old, 1,700, and at a few
days under thiee years old, 2.200 ])ounds. This
steer, I lielieve, is not named in the protest. I
mention him here on account of his remarkable
size and growth. He was, however, beaten by
Mr. Gillette's steer Mammoth, 1-18, weighing
2.220 pounds at seven months younger, and I
do not question the age in the least in this ring.
However, ^tr. T. L. ^filler juit in bis usual
proti'sl. As will be reiuenibcrcd. an examina-

tion of the teeth of the animals in this ring
was made, and the awards announced as made
by the judges. This is the ring in which Grin-
nell referred to. was awarded the first prize.

" 'In regard to my exhii)it for the late show
I will state that they were fed for exhibition
from almost the date of birth. I am not one
of those who claim to have matured a steer of
1,84.1 pounds weight at a little over 27 months
old and only fed him 12 months preceding the
show, as I understand to be the age and care
of the steer Conqueror, shown bv T. L. ililler
at the show of 1880. While l' do not say it
is impossible in Mr. Miller, yet an exact state-
ment of the prize steer would be of interest to
many. As i\Ir. ^filler in his communication
states the importance of -"going forth to the
world with truthful results," I would suggest
that your secretary, in editing these results,
make nuirginal notes of explanations where
needed, viz.: In the table on page 182, Vol. 18,
Report of 1880, in which Jlr. Miller reports
sale of his show cattle at 1214 cents jier ])ound
live weight while Mr. Ross, Mr. Highniore. Mr.
Sodowsky and Mr. Scott fail to reach an aver-
age sale of 7 cents per pound for their prize
cattle, the price for choice exporting cattle for
the week of the show not being over (>i/4 cents
per pound. In Vol. 19, Report of 1881, ilr:
T. Tj. Miller reports sale of his show herd at 12
cents per pound, while Mr. Hunt. Mr. Nelson,
and others only reached 8 cents for their best
prize cattle.

" 'A due regard for Mr. T. L. ^tiller's earnest
desire for "truthful results" might justify some
explanation of these tables for the benefit of
readers who may not know the superiority of
ilr. Miller's kind of cattle and the wherefore of
the great ditl'erence of price obtained. I would
further suggest that these tables, which are val-
uable if correct, be published in the stock jour-
nals, ^foney is what we are after and if ^Ir.
Miller's cattle will sell in the open market for
beef for from 4 to G cents per pound more than
other breeds of cattle, they are the kind, and he
can well afFord to retire from — to him, the
trouble of the show ring, as he threatens to do.
"Truthful results." Truthful Results. Who
can better cry fraud than the man who has
"been there?" D. M. Moxinckr.

"'I'. S. — A sworn .^tatenu^nt from the man
who dressed the steers Tom Brown and Grin-
nell. is being jirepared. and will be sent you.
Also a sworn statement from me as to their ages
will accompany it. By the way, the steer Grin-
nell is going to come out the champion of any-
thing on record, dressing over 72 per cent.

" 'To S. n. Fisher. Secretaiv. D. M. M.'

II I ST 0 1{ ^ 0

II K i; K I'O i; I) (• A TT L

5U5

"This was rd'erreil and tlif coiimiittt'e made
the following re])orl :

" 'To the State Hoard of Agriculture : Your
committee to whom was referred the communi-
cation of Mr. D. M. lloninger, of Galvin, la.,
would heg leave to report that they have
duly considered the matter; that as no formal
protest has been entered against the entries
made Ijy him as prescribed by the published
rules, no action of the Board should be taken,
and the committee recommend that the com-
munication be placed on file with other papers
in the case.

J. IliVIXG I'E.UiCE,

John P. Eeynolds,
John Virgin,

Committee.'

"There is but little to Mr. Moninger's state-
ment beyond what his entries would show. He
says a sworn statement of the ages of the steers
named, with others shown in the herd, is in the
hands of the Secretary of the Iowa State Board
of Agriculture. It would have been well if Mr.
Moninger could have had a sworn copy of these
statements. In reference to the steer Tom
Brown, Mr. il. seems to think 'it was his back
instead of his teeth that was troublesome to
competitors of the squealing kind.' This, we
think, is the only reference that Mr. M. makes
to the fact that a three-year-old steer carried
eight teeth with evidence of absorption already
commenced. After some considerable general
talk about this steer, the Judges and the parties
who know something about him in the show
ring, we would call attention to the fact that
Mr. M. states that Tom Brown received his
name some time after those exhibits were made,
which may or may not be a convenient way of
covering his identity.

"As to Grinnell, a two-year-old steer, he does
not undertake to explain how he could grow
eight teeth while he was only entitled, accord-
ing to standard authorities, to four. We
wi.«h to call special attention to the remark in
Mr. ]\Ioninger's statement in reference to this
steer, 'that he was one of five steers of remark-
able similarity, and he was not so easily dis-
tinguished from his mates.' But he suggests
that he can prove his age by a man that has
known him from a calf. It would have been
well for Mr. Moninger to have produced this
testimony, (leneral statements are not as easily
refuted as certificates giving age by dates, and
sworn statements, if not true, subject a man
to charge of perjury.

"As to the steer, Iowa Chaniiiion. Xo. ll'i.
he gives no explanation as to how he could liave

grown six lectli when entitled to only two.
There are some general statements made about
the steer Champion No. 102.

"On the whole, the statement that Mr. Mon-
inger makes will hardly convince anyone that
his entries as made at the Fat Stock Show were
truthful. But he promises some further data,
and we defer any further notice of this reply
until his case is made and placed on record.

■'Mr. Moninger undertakes to draw attention
from his case by reviving the charges of Tom
Corwin Anderson, in 1880. We met these at
the time, we believe satisfactorily to everybody
who took any interest in the case, and
especially to Mr. Anderson. We hope when
Mr. Moninger has his affidavits prepared they
will be in such shape that -they will have
some value in and of themselves, and that they
may contain some explanation as to how such
abnormal teeth develo))ments may be secured.

"The committee in reporting upon this state-
ment, say that as no formal protest has been
entered against the entries made by him (Mr.
D. M. Moninger), as described by the published
rules, no action should be taken, and the com-
mittee recommend that the communication
be placed on file with other papers in the case.
Mr. Miller has never undertaken to make any
protest; each and every time that he has come
before President Scott or the Board he has
stated distinctly that he has come to advise the
Board of facts, and not as a protestor."

On page 86 of Vol. 4 of the "Breeders'
Journal," appears the following humorous bur-
lesque, written by an unknown Kansas corre-
spondent (thought to be W. E. Campbell),
which shows so thorough an appreciation of the
truth of the case that it cannot be left out of
this history.

TRIAL OF D. M. JtOXIXGER.

''Kditor '.lournal":

"You will probably find the following of
interest to your readers :

"D. M. Moninger, the great Shorthorn
breeder of Iowa, and the exhibitor of the
crimson herd of Shorthorns at the leading
Western Fairs last fall, was arraigned in Chi-
cago before the Court of Public Opinion at
the November Term, Judge Breeders presid-
ing, J. H. Gazette appearing for the defense
and T. L. Whiteface for the prosecution.

"The indictment charged the prisoner with
frauds per])etrated u])on the public, and of ob-
taining moneys and valualile premiums by false
jiretenses and misrejjresentations to and before
the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, on or

506

1 1 I S 'JM ) I! Y () I- 11 10 R l'] F 0 J{ 1) C A T T J. E

about the Kith ilay of Novciiibcr, ISS-.'. Tlie
indictment further charf^cs and sayetli that on
or al)out the llJth day of November, 188^, the
aforesaid D. M. Moninger did enter; or cause
to be entered, a number of Shorthorn steers
under false ages and misrepresentations, there-
by defrauding honorable exhibitors out of largo
sums of money and valuable premiums. And
the indictment further sayetli that on or about
the 16th day of November, 1883, the aforesaid
D. M. Moninger did wilfully, knowingly and
fraudulently enter the Shorthorn steer Cham-
pion of Iowa, as being one and under two years
old, when the aforesaid Moninger knew said
steer to be three years and eiglii months old. The
indictment further sayeth that the horns of the
aforesaid steer, Champion of Iowa, had been
filed, scraped, shortened, and otherwise dis-
figured for the purpose of deceiving the public,
in making said steer appear much younger than
the said D. M. Moninger knew him to be.

"A motion was made to quash the indictment
on account of informality, but was overruled
and the defense forced to trial.

"A. Herdsman was the first witness called,
and testified that the ages of cattle could
readily be determined by an examination of
their mouths; that he had examined the mouth
of the steer. Champion of Iowa, entered by the
defendant as a yearling, and found that said
steer had six full grown, second-growth teeth,
and that he was about three years and eight
months old.

"On cross-examination he said that he had
examined the mouth of the Shorthorn steer
Red Major, entered and exhibited by Potts &
Son as the same age to a day as the defendant's
steer; that the Potts steer had but two second-
growth teeth, and that the Moninger steer had
six second-growth teeth and must have been
about two years older than the Potts steer.

"John Ranchman was then examined and
testified that he had bought end sold thousands
of cattle in Texas and Colorado ; that whenever
there was any dispute or doubt ahout the ages
of cattle when delivering and classifying them,
they were lassoed, thrown down and their
mouths examined. If the animal had no
second-growth teeth it was classed as a calf or
yearling; if two second-growth teeth, as a two-
year-old ; if six second-growth teeth, as four
years old, which is the highest and most valu-
able class they have, and are commonly called
beeves. The two first second-growth teeth ap-
pear at about eighteen months, and at twenty-
four months they are fully developed, and so
on each twelve months, until the animal has
what we call a full mouth.

"The counsel for defense then produced some
printed matter clipjied from the 'Breeders'
Gazette' and the "Chicago Times," which they
asked leave to read and submit to the jury as
evidence, to which the prosecution objected,
and after some discussion the court ruled that
the printed matter could be read, but that the
jury were at liberty to use their own judgment
as to the value and weight of the same.

"The articles were then read to open court,
and represented that the world-renowned Dr.
N. H. Veterinary had examined the mouths of
the steers in question and found that they were
entered in accordance with the ages their
mouths or teeth indicated.

"J. H. Gazette then volunteered his testi-
mony ; was placed upon the stand and testified
that he had known the defendant many years,
and had always considered him a very fine
Shorthorn breeder. He admitted that de-
fendant's cattle had an unusual number of
large teeth for their age, but he thought they
had beeii forced out by the feeding of very
hard, flinty corn, which was known to grow on
Mr. Moninger's farm; and the crushing of this
flinty corn (in his opinion) had forced the
second growth of teeth through the gums at a
very early age, and thought l5r. N. H. Veteri-
nary based his conclusions upon the same
theory, and that the Doctor was very high au-
thority in steerologv.

"T. L. Whiteface, believing that Dr. N". H.
Veterinary had been grossly misrepresented
and used as a scape-goat, to his detriment for
the benefit of the defendant, asked that the
Doctor be subpojnaed and brought into court,
which caused quite a rustling throughout the
court room, that did not subside until the Doc-
tor had been sworn and placed upon the witness
stand.

"He testified that he had not authorized the
statement made in court by Mr. Gazette, much
less the articles read by the defense; that he
was not interested in the matter, and did not
know any of the steers involved, either by name
or number, and very much regretted that he
had been dragged into so disagreeable a posi-
tion.

"Court then adjourned until Monday, when
it is expected the prosecution will introduce
testimony of a startling nature.

"Yours ever. Bovine.

"Grass Plot, Kansas, Dec. 25, 1882."

That the Hereford winnings made a decided
impression on the breeders of Shorthorns is
shown l)y the following from the "Breeders'
Journal" :

iiisTOKY OK II K i; i; K() i; I) cattlk

507

"A writer in the 'National Live Htoek Jour-
nal' under the heading of 'The Present and
Future of Shorthorns', says in reference to
showing at the Fat Stock Show that 'in the
future we must insist on its being between
thoroughbreds of the different rival breeds, so
there will be no doubt about how much Short-
horn blood there is in one that is shown as a
Hereford grade. It is manifestly unfair to
breed the pick of the Hereford bulls imported
into this country on some of our best cows,
and then exhibit their progeny as grade Here-
fords. It is no grade, it is a cross-bred. If
this practice is continued by the Hereford men,
the Shorthorn men should retaliate by selecting
several of the best Hereford cows and breed
the best Shorthorn bulls upon them, and show
the calves of these Hereford cows as grade
Shorthorns. And nothing would be settled by
this course. It would show only the unfairness
which Hereford men have been practicing in
the past, and every time the blue ribbon has
been awarded on the Hereford grades in the
best fat stock shows in this country, doubtless
one-half or more of the ribbons should have
been labeled, "A Shorthorn cow has proved
true to her ■well-established character, namely,
she makes a half-breed better than the average
of the sire's race." And we understand that
these Polled Angus friends follow their Here-
ford friends' practice in this regard, and their
crosses will be harder to detect, as we are told
these Polled Angus bulls are such prepotent
fellows that at one sweep they knock both horns
and color off the finest Shorthorn cow in the
land and bury the unfortunate cow's calf in a
dark grave and deny them the privilege of be-
ing recorded alongside of their mothers. Re-
taliation upon these Polled Angus men is prac-
tically denied the Shorthorn men, from the fact
that we arc told that no Shorthorn bull in the
world can make these pokers grow out at the
top-nots of those black cows, or the orange color
to blossom upon their smelling tubes. So it
appears at the present time the Shorthorn
breeders are put to a disadvantage with these
Polled Angus breeders, and the only way left
us to beat them is to fight them as we propose
to fight the Hereford breeders — thoroughbred
against thoroughbred.' — [This is part of an
article signed W. H. H. Cundiff.]

"Will our Shorthorn friend state how many
tlioroughbred Shorthorns have been winning
honors at the Fat Stock Show? Can he remem-
ber that it was the thoroughbred Hereford cow
Jennie tliat won the s.weopstakes for the best
cow in the show in 1879? Will he state how-
much Shorthorn blood the steer Conqueror

had? Here we i-all to his attention that every
grade Hereford that has Iktu shown at the Fat
Stock Show was a well marked Hereford. Our
friend is in trouble, and considers himself at
a disadvantage with tlie Hereford. He must
have the white face and the usual markings.
If he puis the Shorthorn bull upon the Here-
ford cow he must bring affidavits upon the show
ground if he would claim any merit from the
Shorthorn, for the produce will be a Hereford
in appearance and character. We cannot at the
present time see any way by whicli he can be
successful upon the show ground, except to fol-
low the pi'actiee in vogue at the last show, to-
^^'it, showing cattle at from two to three years
older than the ages for which they were entered.
But we fear even here he will be at a disad-
vantage, as we understand that the rules of the
Board are to be enforced at the next show."

It is hardly necessary to say that at this time
the "Breeders' (Jazette" was not in any sense
of the word a partisan of the Hereford breed of
cattle.

We had the following to say at the time, in
regard to this matter:

"We have no desire to prolong this contro-
versy, but we wish to state our lieliefs. Some-
thing about three years ago there was formed
a syndicate, a Bates corner in that class of the
Shorthorn breed of cattle. We believe that out
of that syndicate grew the establishment of the
'Breeders' Gazette,' and that the parties inter-
ested in that movement were the main support-
ers of that journal.

"We believe that out of that syndicate was
formed the plan to break the Hereford interest,
by charging T. L. Miller with frauds at the
Fat Stock Show as to the ages of his cattle.
That that syndicate was a signal failure there is
no doubt."

From the "Breeders' Journal," April, 1883,
we quote : "Mr. J. H. Sanders of the 'Breed-
ers' Gazette,' in noticing Mr. Moninger's state-
ment before the State Board in reference to
the entries of his cattle, says: 'We have been
favored, as heretofore stated, with a copy of
the communication sent by Mr. Jloniuger, of
Iowa, to the Illinois State Board of Agricul-
ture, in replv to the recentlv published state-
ment of T. L. Miller, of Beecher, Illinois. The
action of the State Board in refusing to con-
sider the tardy protest of T. L. Jliller. months
after the awards had been made on the cattle
in question, has generally been endorsed by tlie
public, who liave never. questioned the integrity
or the motives of this body of honorable gentle-
men. The untarnished rejnitation aiul high
standing of the Board, individuallv and col-

,■)()«

11 1 s T 0 1! Y OF i I !•: i; 1-: i' u i; d c a t t l ]•:

Icctively, h:\< iinl sull'cml in tliu sli^iitrst de-
gree with till' uiipi-fjudiccd ])ul)lic i'nuii Mr.
Miller's at^persioiis. His (Mr. Miller's) motives
are generall}' uiulerslood and liave Ih'cii mani-
fest from tiie beginning of the movement, to
advertise certain interests in every possiiiie way,
regardless of courtesy or even common decency.
Mr. Miller was requested by the ollicers of the
Board at the proper time, iluring the show, to
reduce his verbal complaints to writing and
make specific charges against the steers ex-
hibited by the Messrs. Moninger, (iroff ami
others. He was assured that his protest, if so
made, should have proper attention, and he well
knew that recognized experts would thereupon
be called to determine the matter of the ages
of the steers in question. But Mr. Miller failed
to do this until long after the steers were killed,
and now the evidence he presents, the alleged
teeth of the steers in question, is no more con-
vincing to the friends of the parties than the
positive statement of Mr. Moninger, a breeder,
and the other man he names, as to the age of
the steers, even if the identity of the teeth has
been established, which has not been done.'
To which we replied in the 'Journal,' Vol. 4,
page 230: 'Mr. Miller appeared before the
Board in the morning of the day that the show
opened and advised Mr. Scott of the frauds
that were being perpetrated upon the Board,
exhibitors and the jniblic, and asked that the
Board might take the initiatory steps to ascer-
tain the correctness of the entries and protect
the exhibitors that were honestly before them
under the rules.'

" 'Mr. Miller again appeared before Mr. Scott
the last day but one of the show, and again
called his attention to these facts, and asked
that an investigation might be had. and with
witnesses, if need be, to prove the fraudulent
ages of the steers in question. Failing to get
a promise of any action from Mr. Scott, he
then went to Mr. John P. Reynolds. Mr.
Reynolds promised to give his efforts and in-
fluence, as did tlic Hon. Sam'l Dysart, another
member of the Board, which was opposed by
Col. Scott and Vo\. Judy.

" 'Mr. Miller secured the teeth of several of
these animals that were slaughtered in Chicago,
and met the newly elected Board at their meet-
ing in January, and laid before them again
these facts and this evidence, and charged there
and then that either Mr. Scott had failed in
meeting his responsibilities, or that the Board
had failed in theirs. These facts were brought
to the notice of tlie Board not in the shape of
protest but in the sliajie of information, which

the Board ought to have taken cognizance of
the week of the show.

"'Mr. Sanders says "the action of the State
J'xiard in refusing to consider the informal pro-
test of Mr. Miller months after the awards
hail been made on the cattle in question, has
generally been endorsed by the public, who have
never questioned the integrity or motives of
this body of honorable gentlemen." Mr. San-
ders knew when he wrote this article that ilr.
Miller had so informed the Board on the open-
ing day and the closing day but one of the
show, and he knew that ^Ir. Miller, instead of
nuikiug a prjjtest, took the first opportunity
when the new Board was organized to meet the
Board with these facts. Mr. Sanders knew that
there was a strong feeling in the Board in favor
of these charges having an investigation, and
he knows, and knew then, that the investigation
of these charges was opposed by the Short-
horn influence, in and out of the Board. He
knew that when the effort was made to have the
rule passed by which, at future Fat Stock Shows,
a proper and authoritative examination should
be made as to ages of the cattle on exhibi-
tion, it was opposed by the Shorthorn mem-
bers, including Cols. Scott and Judy, who were
perhaps the leaders in the opposition. He
knew when he wrote that article that the follow-
ing resolutions were passed at the February
meeting, providing for such an examination at
future sliows as would prevent the repetition of
these frauds:

" 'Resolved, That the President be, and he
is hereby, authorized to select and secure the
attendance of three gentlemen, one of whom
shall be an experienced and practical veterinary
surgeon, and two of them experienced cattle
feeders or breeders of neat cattle, who shall
examine every animal entt'red for competition
in Class A at the Fat Stock Show, and re-
port in writing to this Board, previous to the
commencement of work by the awarding com-
mittees, their judgment as to the ages of the
resj)ective animals so examined.

" 'Resolved, That the committee on ages shall
act independent of the statements of exhibitors
as to the ages of their respective entries.'

"AVhen Mr. Sanders says that that action nf
the Board at its January meeting has generally
1)een endorsed by the public, he knew, when tlio
sentence was jienned, that public sentiment liad
compelled the Board to provide for future ex-
aminations. When he says that Afr. Miller's
movements are generally understood, and have
been manifest from the beginning of the move-
ment, to advertise cortdn interests in every pos-

H 1 S T O H Y 0 F 11 E K E F U U D C A T T L E

509

sible way, regardless of courtesy or even com-
mon decency, he kne\y that he was occupying
the contemptible position of a pettifogger.

"It is true that Mr. Mouiuger entered steers
at this show as two years old with eight teeth,
as one year old with six, and when Mr. Sanders
was asked by a prominent exhibitor at this
show to make an examination of the mouths
of these steers, he excused himself by saying
he could not tell by the teeth the age of a bul-
lock. Still, he claims to be the 'pioneer jour-
nalist' in the live stock interest of America.
He knew that Mr. Miller went before the Board
to advise the Board of these facts. He knew
that Mr. Miller advised him (Sanders), and
that lie had promised to give his influence in
aiding Mr. Miller to expose any fraud in the
entries of animals that were entered at that
show.

"These are facts, and Mr. Miller's record in
this matter has been open and above board.
Mr. Sanders' position in undertaking to defend
Mr. Moninger in these fraudulent entries might
be excused in him as an individual, being a
personal and intimate friend of Mr. Moninger,
but as a journalist there is no excuse. Mr. San-
ders might inform himself that two-year-old
steers cannot grow eight teeth, or one-year-old
six, and he knows that these bullocks had such
teeth, and we are not confined to the teeth
that we have secured to show this. We can,
whenever the time comes and it becomes neces-
sary, bring such an array of witnesses to prove
these statements as will make it conclusive be-
fore any court in Christendom. Mr. Sanders
says that 'Jlr. Miller failed to make his protest
in a formal manner until long after the steers
were killed, and now the evidence he presents
(the alleged teeth of the steers in question) is
no more convincing to the friends of the parties
than the positive statements of Mr. Moninger,
a breeder, and the other men he names.' Mr.
Moninger's referring to certain names is not
presenting them in evidence at all. They have
had nothing to say as yet ; when they do have,
we will discuss the merits of their statements.

"We would call attention to the 'Gazette,'
which professes to give a correct copy of the
statement made by Mr. Moninger to the State
Board, that it has left out a i)ortion, which we
have put in italics, commencing with 'this is a
brief statement' etc., etc."

From the "Breeders' Journal," .Tune, 1883,
we quote: "We have heretofore given Mr.
Moninger's statement in answer to our charges
of fraudulent entries at the lat(> Fat Stock
Show. The 'Bre(>ders' fla/ette' of the .5th inst.
introduces Mr. Moninger as follows: The re-

markable percentage of net to live weight made
by the grade Shorthorn steers Grinnell and
Tom Brown, exhibited at the last American
Fat Stock Show in this city by D. M. Moninger,
of Galvin, la., have already been reported in
these columns as tending to set at rest the
fraudulent charges as to how the bullocks died,
as the English say. We herewith jjresent the
affidavits of Messrs. Moninger and Duddleston':

MB. MONINGER^S AFFIDAVIT.

"'The steer Grinnell, winner of the first
prize for best two-year-old steer in the Chicago
Fat Stock Show of 1882, was dropped Febru-
ary 7th, 1880. The steer Tom Brown, winner
of first prize for best three-year-old steer in
the same show, was dropped August 28th, 18'i'9.

" 'D. M. MONINGEU.

"'Feb. 24th, 1883.

" 'Subscribed in my presence and sworn to
before me by the said I). M. Moninger, this
24th day of February, 1883, as witness my
hand and seal notarial.

" "Henry Stone, Xot. Pub.'

AFFIDAVIT OF GEO. DUDDLESTON.

" 'Chicago, March 27th, 1883.
" 'This is to certify that I, George Duddles-
ton, a butcher doing business at Nos. 83 and 85
Fifth Ave., Chicago, 111., purchased the prize
steers Grinnell and Tom Brown from D. M.
Moninger, of Galvin, Iowa, during the last
Fat Stock Show held in this city ; that the live
weight of the steer Grinnell, allowing fifty
pounds for shrinkage (his show weight having
been 1,850 pounds), was 1,800, and that said
steer Grinnell's dressed weight was 1,310
pounds, a percentage of 32 to 77 of net to live
weight. The show weight of the steer Tom
Brown was 1,945 pounds, from which 50
pounds is to be deducted for shrinkage, leaving
his live weight at time of slaughter 1,895
pounds; the dressed weight of the steer Tom
Brown was 1.340 pounds, a percentage of net to
live weight of 31 to 70. Having seen the car-
casses dressed at each of the Fat Stock Shows,
I can truly say that T have never se(>n so deep a
fleshed bullock as the steer Grinnell above
mentioned. Furthermore, it is my belief that
the ages of the above named steers were sub-
stantially as given to tlie managers of the
show by Mr. Moninger.

"'Geo. Duddleston.
" 'State of Illinois. Cook County. Attest. _
" 'Subscribed and sworn to before me this
27th day of March. A. D. 1883.

" 'Geo. Buaiiam, Xot. Pub.'

)10

II i S T 0 K Y OF HEREFORD CATTLE

"Of which the 'Breeders' (iazette" says:
'The aUowance of 50 pounds shrinkage from
show weight will be generally regarded as none
too large, especially in view of the fact that the
champion Il^'reford steer imported Sir Rich-
ard's shrinkage, as we are informed, was 75
pounds. The statement of Mr. Duddleston de-
rives additional weight from the fact that he
has a decided preference, as a rule, for Here-
ford cattle, and his experience as a hutclier is
such as to render his clearly expressed opinion
as to the age of the steers worthy of some
credence.'

"Jlr. Miller obtained the teeth of the steers
from Jlr. Duddleston. Mr. Moninger makes
affidavit as to the age of the steers, but does
not show or explain how a steer at two years old
can grow eight teeth; neither does he explain
how Tom Brown at three years old could grow
eight teeth, while the first was entitled to only
four and the latter to six. As to the net to
live weight as given by Mr. Duddleston it is
foreign to the questions at issue. It will be
remembered that the steers had lived something
over one month from the time they were
weighed; that they ought to have gained 75
pounds instead of shrinking 50. But this is
immaterial. Mr. Duddleston's opinion may be
valuable, but it would seem to us that Mr.
ifoninger is bringing to his aid very weak sup-
port. We had hoped to see Mr. Duddleston,
but have not been able to inquire as to who
sought his affidavit and how he could reconcile
the fact that these steers carried a full mouth
of eight teeth at the age they were represented
to be. Not seeing him, we have written him a
line, and may be able to give his answer next
month. We have received a letter from a
responsible party and have had it in our pos-
session for some time, waiting for some testi-
mony from Moninger. The letter is as follows :

"'Feb. 32, 1883.
" 'T. L. Miller, Esq.

"'Dear Sir: I attended a farmer's sale of
stock, etc., to-day, and while there was engaged
in conversation with three gentlemen with
whom I am well acquainted. Two of them arc
breeders of Sliortborn cattle, aiul the other a
large feeder of cattle. The conversation turned
upon j'ourself and your cattle, when one of the
breeders above referred to said that a man work-
ing in his neighborhood who formerly lived in
Iowa, near D. M. Moninger, says >ou are cor-
rect about the age of the steer Tom Brown,
shown by Moninger last Novcmlier at the Fat
Stock Show. He said this party stated that he
knew the steer well, and that his age is about
the .same as you consider it to be, and that there

are many persons in the vicinity who know the
same thing. Yours trulv,

'"E" w. p.'

"We arc fully satisfied that the proof might
be had from several parties as to the ages of the
steers exhibited by Mr. Moninger last Novem-
ber. Mr. Moninger undoubtedly relied upon
having his steers passed through the exhibition
without question as to the correctness of his
entries, and we have no doubt that the fact
that the steers exhibited greater age than they
Mere entered for, and that the dressing would
have exposed this, is the reason why the bul-
locks were not dressed at the show. It was
well known by the exhibitors at this show, and
that of 1881, that the Shorthorn bullocks that
were dressed in 1881 showed an age by their
mouths largely in excess of that for which
they were entered. They knew that the Here-
ford exhibitors had these mouths preserved and
placed in the hands of the officers of the State
Board as an evidence of the fraud as to age.
Our persistency in calling attention to these
frauds and bringing forward these evidences
(for it will be borne in mind that the
'Gazette' admits that Mr. Duddleston gave us
these teeth) has secured action by the State
Board which will prevent any such frauds in the
future. We are advised by members of the
Board that this rule will be rigidly enforced,
to-wit: That all cattle offered Tor exhibition in
1883 will be examined by a competent veteri-
nary surgeon and two practical men to deter-
mine the ages without reference to the entries.

"It is now nearly five months from the time
these charges were made, before these affidavits
were given, and no evidence now beyond what
was before the Board and the public on the
Kith of November. This is not a matter as to
whether a Shorthorn exhil)itor or a Hereford
exhibitor shall be successful at the Show. It
is beyond and above this. It is a question as
to whether the State Board of Agriculture of
Illinois shall publish to the world, under its
authority and sanction, data that are based
upon an erroneous and incorrect basis."

Gn.vnKs .wd Crossks. — The journals that
were advocating the lordly Shorthorn could not
bear to have the Herefords win a prize, and
when they did win with a steer that was the
most distantly related to the Shorthorn they
claimed all the glory for their breed.

Strictly speaking, at the date of which we are
writing there were very few, if any, cross-bred
steers, as we understand the term; that is, a
thoroughbred Hereford bull bred to a thorough-
bred Shorthorn cow, and there were certainly

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

511

none bred the othor wa}', or the calf would
come red with white face. Our grade Herefords
were bred from all kinds of native cows, with a
thoroughbred Hereford bull for sire. On this
subject we quote from the "Mark Lane Ex-
press" as follows:

"The 'Breeders' Gazette' (Chicago), a jour-
nal which appears to be laying itself out as far
as possible to further the interests of Shorthorn
breeders and fanciers, admits that the Here-
fords come nearer 'dividing the honors as beef
producers with the Shorthorns than any other
breed in America.' This is pretty well from
the 'Breeder's Gazette,' especially when it is
seldom contended by even the warmest par-
tisans of the Shorthorn breed in this country
that Shorthorns excel the Herefords purely as
beef producers. However, the 'Gazette' goes
on to say: 'They (the Herefords) are an old
and well established breed, and have long been
known in this country; but it has only been
within the past six years that they may fairly
be said to have made any material advances in
popular favor. Since then, however, the de-
mand for improved bulls, for use in the vast
herds on our western plains, has led to the
extensive use of the Herefords, and so far as we
have heard an expression of opinion, with most
excellent results. Certainly the demand during
the past three years has been largely in excess
of the supply, and prices have risen materially.
Within two 3fears past the importation from
Great Britain, notwithstanding the hindrances
of an expensive quarantine, have very greatly
exceeded the sum total of importations to this
country previous to that date, and there is no
perceptible falling off in the demand for them
by our ranchmen. Their great merit as grazing
beasts is unquestioned. That they possess great
hardiness is clearly evidenced by their heavy
shoulders, well sprung ribs and general
make-up. As a rule, there is no breed of cat-
tle extant the structure of which more clearly
indicates strong vital organs than the Here-
fords. The breeders of Herefords in this coun-
try have manifested much spirit for several
years past in pushing the claims of these cattle
to the front, and have undoubtedly met with a
good share of success at our Fat Stock Shows.
It has been frequently alleged that the excel-
lence w'hich has characterized the animals shown
as Hereford grades heretofore was due largely
to the admixture of Shorthorn blood — that, as
a rule, they have not been any more pro])erly
grade Herefords than grade Shorthorns, and
that they miglit as well have been shown in the
one class as the other. The Hereford breeders
have accepted the issue, and have declared their

determination to make a bold stand and face
the music hereafter with purely bred Here-
fords at our Fat Stock Shows.' "

Commenting on which the "Mark Lane Ex-
press" said:

"No doubt the Hereford men will be able to
'face the music' with butchers as judges; we
shall see when the time comes. Meantime, w^e
do not clearly understand the sense in which an
animal called a grade Hereford could be with
equal correctness described as a grade Short-
horn. We can very well understand that an
animal which has any proportion of Shorthorn
blood in its veins, whether much or little, would
have its merit — should it possess any — ascribed
to the admixture of Shorthorn blood, by par-
tisans who are blind to everything but their
own hobby ; but whether such merit could be so
claimed or not, there should be no question as
to whether any particular animal was a grade
of one breed or that of another. If the sire was
of one breed and the dam of the other, the off-
spring would not be a grade but a cross-bred.
We cannot tell what the word grade may be
understood to cover, as used in the L^nited
States, and it is not used at all in this country ;
but we should take it to mean a step, or one of
a series of steps, in remove from a thorough-
bred sire out of a mongrel dam. The question,
then, is simply whether these animals at the
Chicago show were sired by Hereford or by
Shorthorn bulls. If, as we have already stated,
they were from pure bred sire and dam of dif-
ferent breeds, then they were crosses and not
grades; and if the sire was a 'grade,' the off-
spring would clearly class as a grade of the
breed represented by the sire. As for the merit,
let both parties claim it, but there should be
no sort of question as to the classification. At
our Fat Stock Shows cross-bred, grade and
mongrel animals are all classed together as
'crossed or mixed bred,' a very unsatisfactory
arrangement to our thinking; nevertheless it
covers the whole ground, which the term 'grade'
used alone evidently does not."

In closing this chapter we give an extract
from the "Breeders' Journal" for June, 188."?,
written just prior to our departure for England
to purchase an addition to our Hereford herd.

"We are glad to have an opportunity to reply
to Mr. Sanders and Mr. Moninger's defense.
We shall be absent for some months, and should
anything come up in reference to this matter,
and there is a delay to notice it, it must be
attributed to this reason. It would be well for
the "Breeders' Gazette' to explain somewhat in
reference to the teeth indications of age. Mr.
Sanders claims to be the pioneer live stock

512

11 1 S T () IM' O i>' 11 E K !•: F 0 R D C A T T L 10

journalist of AmcTifa, and whether the claim
is worth anything or not, he should sink his
personal friendship and sympathy for .Mr.
Moninger in his higher duties as a journalist.
Mr. Sanders knows, or may know, that no two
or three-year-old steer can have eight teeth.
The rule requiring the examination of teeth to
determine the ages of animals in the future
was opposed vigorously by a large portion of
the Shorthorn element of the Board, and they
were able to defeat such action at their Jan-
uary meeting. It was, however, re-opened at
their February meeting and carried.

"In the issue that has been made between the
Herefords and Shorthorns during the last ten
years, the Shorthorn advocates have never at-
tempted to meet the positions that we have
taken, but have undertaken to throw mud and
dirt instead. We advised a prominent member
of the Board that, while we should do all that
we could to advance and forward the success
of the shows made under the auspices of the
State Board of Agriculture of Illinois, until
some of these questions which have given rise
to a good deal of controversy were settled and
disposed of we should not be an e.xhibitor. We
received for a reply the following, which we
feel at liberty under the circumstances to make
public. We do withhold, however, the name
of the writer. We will say that he is not a
Hereford breeder and never has been, and so
far as we know, never expects to be. He says:

" 'I am anxious to see your herd well repre-
sented at our large shows. You have done
more to bring a very valuable and meritoriou.'?
breed of cattle to the attention of breeders and
the public than any other gentleman on the
continent, and for the persistency in which you
have pressed the just claims of a meritorious
breed to a successful end, you deserve the praise
of the whole agricultural community. Indeed,
your zeal and determination in making known
the real merit of your favorite breed of cattle
has been and will be of untold benefit to the
breeders of Shorthorns, for it has aroused them
to the necessity of cultivating and developing
the better qualities of the Shorthorns, instead
of resting their claims on fancy pedigrees.
Pedigree is all well enough in its place and
for the purpose intended, but real and unifoim
merit has a vahie more important.' ''

We have done very little in bringing forward
notices of commendations to our course in this
controversy, but we have much pleasure in
many letters we have received. The contest
which we have had to meet has been one of
trial and annoyance, but our work is done, and
inures not to our benefit but to the world, to

the breeders of cattle and to the consumers of
iheir product.

<Jur exposure of these frauds was not to
blacken or damage Mr. Moninger, or any other
man, but to secure fair, impartial and intelli-
gent judgment in passing upon the claims of
the different breeds of cattle; and we wish to
state that we never considered Jlr. Moninger
a sinner above all others, but there came at
last a feeling among exhibitors that they must
protect themselves, because those who were
managing the societies would not protect them.
From this on the decisions were, as a rule,
fairer, improving as the judgment and intelli-
gence of the managers allow it. This is all that
we asked and to this we had a right.

The foregoing is a repetition of part of much
similar matter published in the seventies and
eighties that at this writing (1898) has already
yielded much fruit of vast benefit to American
agriculture. We cannot refrain in this con-
nection from quoting a more recent correspon-
dence. There had been a tendency on the part
of the Board to lessen its vigilance, and on the
18th of February, 1898, we wrote to Mr. J.
Irving Pearce, then president of the Illinois
State Board of Agriculture, calling his atten-
tion to the necessity of adopting some definite
rule to determine the ages of live stock to be
exhibited at their annual fairs, and suggested
that the teeth indications w-ere the surest
method of determining this question, and after-
wards sent to him cuts of teeth of horses, cattle,
sheep, and hogs, as adopted by the Koyal Agri-
cultural Society of England. In replying to
my letter of the 18th, Mr. Pearce wrote as fol-
lows :

"Chicago, March 4th, 1898.
"Mr. T. L. Miller, DeFuniak Springs, Fla.

"Dear Sir: I have your letter of the 18th
ult. before mo and note with pleasure the in-
terest you still continue to take in the annual
exhibitions of the Illinois State Board of Agri-
culture. 1 think it is not probable that there
will be another Fat Stock Show held soon in
Chicago, the Board acting very wisely in mak-
ing fat stock divisions to the cattle and sheep
departments of the State Fair. The carcass
prizes, of course, have to be abandoned, as it
would be impossible to save the meat without
incurring more expense than the Board can at
this time stand. On account of the weather
and the likelihood of fat hogs to suffer from
the three or four loadings required to gel them
to the Fair, it was thought im]iractitable to add
a fat stock division to that department.

"Your table giving descriptions of the mo\iths
of cattle of different ages is very interesting to

HISTORY OF H E E E F 0 R D CATTLE

513

ine, and doubtless will be to the Board, when
1 have an opportunity to have it read at the next
meeting. The rule of the Board of Agricul-
ture at present is to appoint a Jury of three
veterinarians to pass upon the exhibit, as to the
ages of cattle, sheep and hogs competing for
fat stock prizes. This rule has proven very
satisfactory, and has on several occasions
'passed out' an animal for being over age. If
you have cuts of the mouths of cattle, sheep
and hogs, and would care to loan them, our
secretary would, I know, be glad to include
them in our Annual Report of 1897, the copy
of which is about ready for the printer.

"The progress of the Fair for 1898 is, I be-
lieve, beyond your anticipations, and I hope
to have the pleasure of seeing you there.
"Very truly yours,

"J. Irving Pearce."

Mr. Pearce showed my letter to ex-President
John P. Reynolds, and from^ ^Ir. Reynolds I
received the following, dated March 10, 1898 :

"468 LaSalle Ave., Chicago.
"Mr. T. L. Miller,

"My Dear Sir : Our mutual friend, J. Irving
Pearce, handed me your letter of 18th ult. to
him, touching the show of fat stock at the
State Fair, with request that I express to you,
as I did to him, my approval of your sugges-
tions as to the careful determination of the
ages of the contesting animals by the examina-
tion of their teeth.

"Your demonstration years ago fully con-
vinced me that your position on that question
is absolutely correct, and that the adoption of
your views by the Board is entirely practicable.

In no other way does it seem to me possible
to insure accuracy as to ages, which fair deal-
ing and justice to exhibitors demand.

"I was under the impression that the speci-
mens of teeth illustrating the subject, which
you showed us at Springtield, were left in pos-
session of the Board and placed in the museum.
At least there ought to be a complete series
there for comparison on occasion of controversv
or differences of opinion among the judges. 1
suggested to Mr. Pearce that possibly you might
be induced to meet the Board at some con-
venient time and give them a talk on the sub-
ject. I know of none so well informed and
prepared to impart the much-needed informa-
tion as you are, and hope such opportunity may
offer. Very truly yours,

"JoTix P. Reynolds."

On the 20th of March I received another
letter from President Pearce. as follows:

"Chicago, March 20, 1898.
"T. L. Miller, Esq.. De Funiak Springs, Fla.

"Dear Sir : Your good and interesting as
well as instructive letter of the 9th came duly
to hand. I am glad to know that you keep up
your interest in cattle breeding and feeding.
Y"ou have done more than any one I know to
further that interest and do not keep your light
under a bushel. I am glad that you or your
son are agreeing to furnish me with such in-
formation that will enable us to adopt the teeth
test. If you can get it to me by the 10th or
11th of April I would be glad. Thanking you
for your good letter, and. hoping we may see
)ou at our next Fair, I am. Yours truly,
"J. Ievixg Peakce."

51i

H 1 S T U K Y U F 11 E U K 1' (J K D C A T T L E

CHAPTER XLII.

MUNGUKL I'KDKiKKKS MaKK MoNCiRKL 13rEKDS; CoNXLlSIVELY

Demons THATKi) ox the Range

In December, 1881, Mr. Geo. W. Kust,
(If 362) the eininent Shortbiorn historian and
authority, wrote an article for the '"Breeders'
Gazette," Vol. I, page 29, on the Shorthorn
Herd Book question, and its relation to the
Shorthorn breed of cattle — their merits and de-
merits. In January, 1882, in the "Breeders'
Journal," ^'ol. 111, page 43, we quoted from
this article that ^Mr. liust wrote. Mr. Kust
took us to an account for quoting him incor-
rectly, and that the matter might be fairly be-
fore our readers we quoted Mr. Rust as pub-
lished bv the "Breeders' Gazette," on page 29,
Vol. I, Dec. 8, 1881, as follows:

"The action of the Shorthorn Association at
the late Jacksonville convention will commend
itself to the great body of breeders, and the
more as it comes to be discussed and under-
stood. The Record of Pedigrees — the integrity
with which it is conducted and the degree of
confidence placed upon it — e.xerciscs so direct
an influence uj)on the prosperity of the breed-
ing interest that there can be no questioning
the fact that it should be in the hands and
thoroughly under the control of the breeders
themselves, acting in some associate ca])acity.

"The record, as such, should have been insti-
tuted in the first instance l)y them, but through
the force of circumstances and the want of
proper co-operation, tliis was not the case. But
the interest is now so vast, and has been already
so seriously prejudiced, and its extension likely
to be so influenced in the future by tiie unfor-
tunate conditions surrouinling the Pedigree
Records, that it is an imperative necessity, that
the breeders should take these records under
their own control and direction, purely as a
iTiattcr of •iclf ])rot('ction, if for no otlier reason.

"There are many ways in which the unsatis-
factorv conditions of the Pedigree Reconls have
))rejudiced the interest of breeders, some of
wliich it may lie well to enumerate.

"Througji Ihr lark of si/sirm and mrlhod in
the Herd Hook (Shorthorn) ^tself, the editor

[L. F. Allen, mentioned by Mr. Sotham in his
histor}', Chapter 13 of this volume. — T. L. M.J
has been unable to detect and exclude improper
pedigrees from record, and in a great many
cases his judgment has been uarped by his per-
sonal interests to admit pedigrees and classes
of pedigrees which a disinterested person would
probably have exhaled. As a result the records
have fallen into such shape that none but an
expert can tell much about them; and innumer-
able pedigrees of a doubtful chara(Mer hare been
given the sanction of a record. The general
public, unable to discriminate between the true
and the false, has, under these circumstances,
been imposed upon by unscrupulous persons,
who have not hesitated to sell, as genuine
Shorthorn, animals that were anything but as
represented. [A pretty incsinnnation, truly. —
T. Tj. JI.J And when a rascal sells an honest
man such an animal, the mischief is broader
than it first appears; for the honest man has a
reputation upon which the produce of this
spurious animal can be sold to others and scat-
tered far and near into other herds, and as he
is unconscious of the fraud that has been put
upon him, he innocently passes it along and
involves his friends and his neighbors.

"An extensive demand for bulls among farm-
ers and in the grazing regions should bring a
rich reward to the breeders who have cultivated
and maintained the excellence of Sluirthorn
cattle. Init they find themselves brought into
competition with other people who have bulls
to sell, which, in the unfortunate condition of
the records, they are able to substitute for
pure Shorthorns, and which they are glad to
sell at such prices as would restrict, if not in
many cases utterly destroy, the profits of legiti-
mate breeding. Thus, the public record of
pedigrees [Shorthorn. — T. L. il.], instead of
being a means of public protection , as it should
he. has come to he a means of public impo-
sHion.

"Hut time tries everything; and the people

HISTORY OF HEKEFOJiD CATTLE

515

who have been iiiipused upuii trilh .s'// //;•/'(> ».s <iil-
tle, and those who have been deceived into siijj-
posing they were introducing well bred bulls
into their grazing herds, fail to realize the an-
ticipations which they entertained. They had
heard and read much of the excellence of Short-
horn cattle, and felt they had a right to realize
something of it in their own herds. But time
brought only disappointment. Unfortunately,
however, instead of placing the cause of the
failure where it belonged, uj)on the Record,
upon the rascals who, through it, had perpe-
trated fraud upon them, and upon the partic-
ular animals which had been imposed upon
them — instead of placing the cause of failure
where it belonged, they, still relying upon the
fidelity of this record, the integrity of the
men who sold them the cattle, and the purity
of the animals themselves, committed the mon-
strous error of ascriljing their failure to a want
of merit and excellence or adaptability in the
great race of Shorthorn cattle. And their de-
sire for improvement not being satisfied, there
immediately sprung up a demand for somt'
other breed of cattle which does have the power
to favorably impress itself upon the stocks
with which it is interbred.

"The respective merits of different breeds of
cattle need not be brouglit inlo this discussion,
and would indeed be f oivign to it ; but the fact
cannot well be disputed that the Shorthoi-iis
had such a start, both in respect to the estima-
tion of the public regarding their merits and
the number of animals and breeders, that the
advancement of any other breed of cattle to a
position of nominal rivalry should have been
very slow and difficult, if not impossible. And
it would have been impossible, had the esti-
mates of everybody regarding the character and
adaptability of Shorthorns been based upon ex-
perience with genuine specimens of the breed.
And if the facts could be all ascertained, it
would doubtless be found that those whose ex-
perience with Shorthorn cattle is said to have
been unsatisfactory in an intelligent effort to put
them to practical use, have not generally had in
their possession well-l)red representatives of the
breed. They were imposed upon with irnpureh/
bred cuttle, and, disappointed in the results,
have acquired impressions concerning the
Shorthorns which not only do this whole
breed of cattle, but the breeders of it, great in-
injustice. The extent of this injustice can
scarcely be estimated ; but in the grazing re-
gions, individuals here and there are paying
for bulls of other breeds two or three times tlie
price for which Shorthorns can be obtained; and
among the general farmers evervwherc through-

out the country the same i'alse imjjressions,
springing from precisely tlie same .source, are
operating to discourage the purchase, restrict
tlie demand for and depreciate the price of
every Shorthorn calf that is dropped.

"This unfortunate condition of affairs has
been growing worse from year to .year; and it
is high time the breeders, acting through a
regularly organized association, should move
for a reformation of the record, and the pro-
tection of their personal and pecuniary inter-
ests, which are being so .^^eriously prejudiced.
To hesitate longer about a])])lying a remedy
would be little less than criminal.

"There must be a public record of pedigrees.
Tin's record must command the confidence of
the pidjlic. To connnand this confidence the
record must be conducted with honesty, with
care, and without bias or prejudice of any sort.
A dishonest management cannot be guarded
against ax lung as the record is the private
properli/ of mir num. who can admit or reject
at plciisiiri' mil/ piiligrre offered. Care in its

T. F. U. SOTHAM.
Chillicothe, Mo.

compilation cannot be secured where the com-
])iler is respon.sible to no one but him.telf for
j7.s' accuracy. It cannot he said to be free from
bias where tlie editor wlio passes upon a [vdi-
gree receives a dollar if he approves of it and
loses a dollar if he rejects it. It cauuot be said

516

11 i S T U K Y O F 11 E 1! K F O 1! 1) C A T T L E

to be free from prejudice where tlie rule:- for
the admission of jjedigrees arc made to con-
form to the views of one man, and the great
body of breeders whose interests are affected
have no means of expressing or enforcing their
views of tlie matter.

"Thus it is seen that to secure for the record
of pedigrees the character, reliability and qual-
ity necessary to such a record, and also neces-
sary for the protection and advancement of the
interest of breeders, it must be controlled and
published by an association of the breeders
themselves — and in no other way can the de-
sired end be obtained ; and as the matter is dis-
cussed there can be no question about the great
body of breeders approving the action had at
the Jacksonville meeting of the association,
looking for an association record. It can be
made purer, more reliable, more accurate, more
systematic, more methodical, and, therefore,
more intelligible than under any merely private
management. At the same time it will cost
less money, and be a bond of union between
breeders sufficient to create and maintain a
strong and active association, the existence and
work of which will be a source of pleasure and
profit to all legitimate breeders.

"There are some other features of the mat-
ter referring to how the record should be con-
ducted, what it should be, and how it can be
reduced in bulk and cheapened in price, tliat
are reserved to another occasion.'"

This is Mr. Rusfs entire article, from which
we quoted, of which quotations Mr. Kust com-
plained.

We now give our quotation, as found on page
43, Vol. Ill, of the "Breeders' Live Stock
Journal" for January, 1883:

"Geo. W. Rust. — Many who read the above
name will remember the man who bore it, as
the editor and maker of the 'National Live
Stock Journal.' a man who wrote fearlessly and
ably. We met an article of liis written in tlie
interest of the new movement for a Shorthorn
Herd Book. In speaking of those who have
endeavored to improve their stock by using
Shorthorn bulls, he says: 'They had heard
and read much of the excellence of Shorthorn
cattle, and felt they had a right to realize
something of it in their own herds. But time
brought only disappointment. And they com-
mitted the monstrous error of ascribing their
failure to a want of merit and excellence or
adaptability in the great race of Shorthorn cat-
tle; and their desire for imi)rovement not be-
ing satisfied, there itnmediately sprang up a
demand among them for another breed of cattle
wliich does have the power to favorably im-

press itself u])on the stock with which it is
interi)red.'

"(Rioting this much from Mr. Kusfs article,
we will .say that it is well stated, and that .Mr.
Kust has always been considered good authority.
But it is due to Mr. Kust to say that he as-
cribes this failure to the old Herd Books, and
not to the Shorthorn race of cattle. But the
fact remains, and the farmer or bullock
breeder does not care whether this inabil-
ity of the Shorthorn race of cattle to im-
prove the common or native cattle of the
country comes from an original defect in
the breed, or the admitting of bogus Shorthorns
to record, and therefore giving them a diploma
to go forth to deceive the purchaser; or whether
it comes from speculative mal])ractice in breed-
ing. The cause is immaterial — the fact remains
the same. They fail to improve the stock upon
which they are bred, and the breeders want
something else — some breed that will favorably
impress itself upon the stock upon which it is
bred, if they have to pay two or three times
as much as they can buy Shorthorns for.

"Mr. Rust intimates that the manner to re-
form and improve the Shorthorns is to estab-
lish another record — of course, if there is to be
any imjjrovcment it must be l)y recording only
the best Shorthorns.

"The Shorthorn men are in a bad fix, and
they will find it difficult to get out of it by
using Shorthorn bulls. Their only sure and
quick remedy is by using Hereford bulls upon
Shorthorn cows. Many have accepted our ad-
vice and are taking this course, and are finding
good results.

"A prominent bull dealer who has been sell-
ing Shorthorn bulls to Wyoming, advises the
bull breeders to breed Hereford bulls to their
Shorthorn cows if they wish a better price.
And another equally prominent bull dealer and
breeder, who has been selling Imlls to Wyoming.
says Hnrefords are a failure in Wyoming, but
he knows what he states is not true, and many
of whom he has bought Shorthorn bulls are
buying Hereford bulls, and some of them are
getting thoroughbred cows as well.

''\\'e would advise the Shorthorn breeders to
take the Hereford remedy and not to try and
patch u]i a breed with consumptive Shorthorn
liulls, and establish a cross-breed record. Start
new, gentlemen.

"We will quote Mr. Rust again. He says:
'This unfortunate condition of affairs has
grown worse from year to year, and it is high
iime the breeders, acting through a regularly
organized association, should move for a reform-
ation of the Record, and the protection of their

HISTUKY OF 11 EKE FORD CATTLE

iir

personal and pecuniary interests, which are be-
ing so seriously prejudiced. To liesitate
longer about applying the remedy would be lit-
tle less than criminal."

"Too late, George. The horse is stolen; no
use locking the barn now."

We now quote Mr. Rust, of February 7, 1884,
in the "Breeders' Gazette":

IIEREFORDS VS. SHORTIIOKXS MR. MILLER AND

MR. RIST.

"There is no form of misrepresentation more
annoying to a man than to be perpetually mis-
quoted, or to have one's expressions garbled and
used in a different sense from that in whicli
they were originally employed. And for a year
or two past — I don't know how long — I have
been annoyed by the persistent efforts of ilr. T.
L. Miller, in a paper published by him in the
interests of his herd of Hereford cattle, and
for the advancement of his private interests as
a breeder, to place me in the position of having
asserted certain things with reference to Short-
horns and Herefords which I have never said or
written, and which Mr. ililler knew I never in-
tended to say and did not believe. During the
past fifteen or sixteen years I liave had frequent
occasion to write something of these cattle, and
scanning this matter, Mr. Miller selects isolated
sentences here and there, which, by separating
from their context and using on a different
subject from that of which I was treating, he
attempts to make me say, what he would like
to have me say. And not only this, but when
my language does not entirely suit him, he
does not hesitate to change it — to rewrite my
sentences — to put parts of different sentences
and paragraphs together; and make up such
a statement as he pleases, and then to quote
tile whole as my words; and if tliey are my
words, they must, of course, represent my o]iin-
ions. In the last issue, now before me, in an
article on 'Beef Breeds,' he says:

" 'One has but to learn from the Shorthorn
journals that their reputation is gone, and they
may account for it by bad and dishonest prac-
tices, bad breeding or any other reason. The
fact remains, and there is no better expression
in accounting for it than that of Mr. Geo. W.
Bust, in a letter to the "Breeders' Gazette," in
one of the earliest issues, in which he says that
"farmers had heard much of the Shorthorn
breed of cattle and of tlieir ability to improve
the common stock of tlie country, and having
tried them and been disappointed, tliey were
seeking some other lireed tliat would aceoni]ilish
this purpose." '

"Xow, I never wrote any such stuff to the
'Gazette" and never expect to, until .1 lose all
mj' sen.<e of honesty, together with the use of
m'y eyes and my ears. And I do not remember
to have written but one article over my proper
signature for the earlier numbers of the 'Ga-
zette,' and I find but this one in looking over
tlie files, and tlie aljove quotation bears evidence
of having been twisted out of tliat article. It
was on the subject of the Shorthorn Herd Book
— an entirely different subject from that to
which Mr. ililler a])]ilies my language, after
having perverted it to suit his purpose. It will
be found on page 20, of \<)\. I ; and I trust I
may be given space for a brief extract or two.

C. B. SMITH.
Hereford Park. Fayette, ^to.

"I liad stated in sid)stance, that the demand
for bulls among farmers and graziers should
bring a rich reward to those wlio had cultivated
and maintained tlie excellence of Shorthorn
cattle ; Init I)reeders found themselves brought
into competition with other people with im-
purely-bred [yet these were recorded as pure —
T. L! M.] bulls to sell, which, in the unfor-
tunate condition of tlie records, tht\v were able
to substitute and sell for pure Shorthorns. .\nd
then conu's the Icil lowing paragraph:

"'But time tries everything; and the proplr
who had been impoxptl upon irlth spurious nif-
ilc. and those who had been deceived into sup-
posing they were introducing well-bred bulls

518

UlSTOUV OF 11 i: li K FO IM) TATTLE

into thoir grazing herds, faiknl to realize the
anticipations which they entertained. They had
heard and read much of the excellence of Short-
horn cattle, and felt they had a right to realize
something of it in their own herds. But time
brought only dimjypoinimcnt. Unfortunately,
however, instead of ])lacing the cause of failure
where it helonsred, Tipon the Kocord, upon the
rascals who, through it, had perpetrated the
fraud upon them, they, still relying upon the
fidelity of the Record, the integrity of the men
who sold them the cattle, and the purity of the
animals themselves, committed the monstrous
error of ascribing tlieir failure to a want of
merit and exceHenco or adaptability in the
great race of Shorthorn cattle. And tlieir de-
sire for improvement not being satisfied, there
immediately sprang up a desire among them
for some other breed of cattle which does have
the power to favorably impress itself upon the
stocks with which it is interbred.'

"So far as the quotation Mr. Miller assumes
to make from me is based upon anything I have
said or written, it is based upon those portions
of the above paragraph which are printed in
italics. It will be observed that aside from the
changing of expression, ho purposely omits the
context and matter coming between the portions
which he pretends to take in such a way as to
give my meaning precisely the reverse.

"I need not comment upon the unfairness of
this sort of misrepresentation, but I wonder
whether it is necessary to make the same allow-
ance for other things which the same gentleman
states. Tn his own testimony about the value
and merits of Hereford cattle, docs he- repre-
sent the real bottom facts, as accurately as he
does what T have written? Tie publishes from
time to time testimonials and letters from peo-
ple showing the excellence of Hereford cattle,
and I wonder if he transcribes what they have
written with the same candor and fairness as
he displays in rewriting my sentences.

"Is it necessary to resort to these tricks and
subterfuges, to descend tn this jugglery of
words, in order to make and sustain a reputa-
tion for Hereford cattle? I hope not. I be-
lieve the cattle to be better than one would infer
from the tricks and tactics to which Mr. ^filler
finds it necessary to resort in their behalf.
They ought to be good enough to make their
way in public, holding up their heads with all
other breeds, and standing solely upon their
merits, with all the facts known, and every-
body's experience and opinion fairly stated and
considered. They ought to he good enough for
this, but Mr. Miller seems to think they need

some additional support, of a kind wliich he is
specially qualified to give.

"I do not suppose my opinion upon the com-
parative merits of Hereford and Shorthorn cat-
tle is worth anything to anybody, even if I
have given the matter some attention, and for
that very reason the misrepresentations of Mr.
JMiller are the more exasperating.

"tiEo. W. Rust."

OUR liEI'I.Y.

We did not give the article in full from
which we quoted in January, 1882, because of
its length, and not because we were not willing
to put all that Jlr. Rust had said before our
readers. We submit that the article as a whole
is more damaging to the Shorthorns than the
cpiotations that we made, and that we did Mr.
Rust full and ample Justice in the quotation
by saying, "But it is due Mr. Rust to say that
he ascribes this failure to the old Herd Books
and not to the Shorthorn race of cattle. But
the fact remains, and the farmer or bullock
breeder does not care whether this inability of
the Shorthorn race of cattle to im])rove the
common and native cattle of the country comes
from an original defect in the breed or the ad-
mitting of bogus Shorthorns to record, and,
therefore, giving them a diploma to go forth to
deceive the purchaser, or wh(>ther it comes from
speculative malpractice in breeding. The cause
is immaterial — the fact remains the same."

We have always had great respect for Mr.
Rust's abilities, fearlessness and integrity, and
we may have occasion to still further quote
from what he maysay or what he has sai<l in
times past. Xow, if it is true that it is diffi-
cult to tell where the bogus Shorthorns are,
and where the true ones are, it is immaterial
how this difficulty originated. That it exists,
Mr. Rust himself admits, and he is still writing
in the current numbers of the "Gazette" on the
inaccuracies, errors and frauds of the existing
Herd Book, and in the article from which we
quoted he was urging that the Herd Book
should be in the hands and under the control
of breeders for the purpo.se of purifying it of
existing errors. Since that time the Short-
horn Society has bought the existing Herd
Bonks with all these widely advertised frauds
and errors and ado])ted them without" revision
as the standard, and if a new beginner, or an
old beginner, wishes to select an animal he
must go to that record, and it is folly for ^[r.
Rust or anyone else to undertake to claim
merit and value in the Shnrthorn breed and

HISTOKY OF IIEEKFOltl) CATTLE

519

still admit that parties have been selling bogus,
impurely bred animals, and that the Herd
Books have made a record of these until it is
dirticult to tell which are pure and which are
impure.

We should not take up so much room in this
matter except for the high standing that ilr.
Bust has occupied in the live stock interest of
this country. Xo man knows so well the frauds
that have been committed in the Shorthorn in-
terest as does Mr. Rust. Xo man understands
better the great damage that has been done to
the breed through the bad practices and specu-
lative tendencies of those who have been lead-
ers in the Shorthorn movement for years past,
and it is true, we think, that no man has done
more to expose these frauds than Mr. Geo. W.
Eust, unless it is ourselves. And we will here
refer to what we said of Mr. Rust in the Febru-
ary number of the "Journal," page 77. In
speaking of the Shorthorn Herd Book he says :

"It affords no means of ascertaining any-
thing beyond the names of the various animals
in the successive crosses and the names of their
breeders, and these mere names repeated in a
meaningless way from volume to volume, six,
seven, ten or twenty crosses, all detailed with
careful perspicuity, long lists of names of bulls
and cows with no information as to whether
either had anything beyond their paper record
to show they were Shorthorns."

Later he says: "I made the statement that
while all public records were more or less de-
fective, the .system of Shorthorn records, while
most important of all because of the number
and amount of capital invested in the breed,
was worst of aU."

We submit the foregoing facts to the public
and our readers. The entire article from which
we quoted is much more damaging to the Short-
horn interest than where we left it. While it
is true that the article was intended to discredit
the Herd Book, it still brought out most clearly,
and from the most authoritative source, the
frauds and speculative practices of those per-
sons who had been engaged in breeding and sell-
ing Shorthorns, and the movement which ^fr.
Rust hoped would remedy these evils, instead of
purging itself, has adopted the very record
which he condemned.

Mr. Rust when writing this correspondence,
was residing in Boulder, Colorado, where he
had unsurpassed opportunities to personally in-
spect the sorry state Shorthorns got into when
left to rustle for themselves on the open rauije.
Truly a more forlorn s])ectacle cannot exist in
the eyes of a cattleman than a herd of Short-
horns in winter on the range ; too shiftle-ss to

range for a living and literally waiting for
death.

Our quotations of Mr. Rust seemed to him
to make it imperative that he get something in'
print derogatory to the lierefords to counteract
the light we had set him in, and the following
is republi.shed from the "Breeders' Jonrnal" for
June, 1884:

Geo. W. Rust gives what he terms some
"Practical Experiences" as to the Best Plains
Cattle, and is somewhat personal in his re-
marks; but we give the following extracts from
the article in question, which appeared in the
"Breeders' Gazette" of Jlay 29th, 1884. The
article referrecl, to commences by saying:

"I always enjoy a talk with ilr. Carey
Culver, whom I call my neighbor, although he
resides twenty odd miles away, over on the Big
Thompson, who, with his brother-in-law, Mr.
Mahoney, a business partner, were among the
earliest introducers
of improved cattle
u))on the plains, be-
cause he has had
an experience ante-
dating and cover-
ing more years
than anyone I
know about, con-
cerning the adapta-
bility of different
Ijreeds of cattle for
use on the plains,
and he never fails
to tell me some-
thing which inter-
ests me.

"He was at my
house recently and I had a more than usu-
ally interesting cattle talk with him, in
which he gave me a more connected ac-
count of his cattle operations and more of the
results of his experience and observation in
breeding cattle than he had ever felt inclined
to impart. I showed him a recent number of
:Mr. T. L. Miller's Hereford paper (the
'Breeders' Journal") in which that gentleman
states: 'We think Messrs. Culver & Mahoney
look lierefords first, but they felt that the price
was so high that they could not aflford to Iniy,
and being able to buy Shorthorns and Scotch
cattle tliey took them, and this has been true,
we know, of some other firms.'

"1 expressed my sympathy to Mr. Culver
at the ]ioverty which jirevented him from buy-
ing such cattle as he felt he needed in his
business."

We can imagine ^Lr. Eust meeting Mr.

MURRAY BOOCOCK.

520

H 1 S T U K Y OF II !■: I! K V O K D C A T T L E

Culver on tlio utrwt and condoling with him
upon what ilr. Miller had said as to his pov-
erty, and inviting him to his house to show him
the "Journal," and warming up on this suhject,
hoping therein- to elicit something in favor of
the Shorthorn cattle. We would say in refer-
ence to the foundation for our remarks on this
that somewhere in 1874, we should think, we
met Mr. Culver at liis home, and in discussing
the propriety of buying Hercfords he said that
we hdd them too high; that he could buy
Scotch cattle for less, and he thought they
would do him just as well. We will see further
on whether Mr. Culver was correct in his con-
clusions in 1874. It is not Mr. Culver alone,
but the ranchmen state distinctly that they can-
not atford to buy thoroughbreds (and many of
these are perhaps more wealthy than Messrs.
Culver and Mahoney), and therefore buy
grades, and w'hen they cannot afford to buy
grade Hercfords they take Shorthorns.

Mr. Kust goes on to state that Messrs. Cul-
ver and Mahoney bought, in 1873, Shorthorns,
Scots and Hercfords ; that they used these for
about four years in their herd at home and in
Wyoming, and at that time sold to Mr. Alex.
Swan their herd of range cattle at $24 per head,
when the largest price that had been paid be-
fore was $16, and that Messrs. Swan were so
•well pleased with the Hereford cross that they
found in this herd that they said to Messrs. C.
& M. that if they could gel Hereford bulls and
put them upon their cows they would buy all
the bulls that they could raise, and as the result
of this proposition Messrs. C. & M. bought two
bulls for themselves and one for a neighbor, Mr.
Blore ; that Messrs. Swan took the crop of bulls
and sold them to other parties (we presume at
a profit). Two of the steers that went to
Messrs. Swan m the herd sale, it is stated, went
to John B. Sherman, of the Chicago Stock
Yards, and were shown at the Fat Stock Show.
(We think this is a mistake, but as to the qual-
ity of the steers there is no question.)

THE IIEKEFOED CROSS.

Mr. Rust says the cross of the Hereford
upon the Shorthorn cow was also jiroductive of
the most satisfactorv results. These Hereford
bulls that i\rcssrs. C. & M. bought to meet the
proposition of Swan Brothers to raise bulls for
them were bought of T. L. Miller, and ^fr.
f'ldver persuaded Mr. Dick Blore to buy one
also, and Mr. lilore has l)oen so well satisfied
of the advantage of using a Hereford bull in
preference to a scrub that be keeps a Hereford
bull to this day, and he walks over to 'Mr.
Culver's fence and points out to Mr. C. the

grades from Culver's Shorthorn or high-grade
Siiorthorn cows as specimens of Hereford breed-
ing.

This is fairly quoting Mr. Rust on the Here-
ford cross on Shorthorn cows as exhibited on
th(> Big Thomp.-ion. We will now follow this
herd still further in the hands of the Jlessrs.
Swan. Mr. Ru.st says that these gentlemen
(Messrs. C. & M.) bought these diflferent breeds
of bulls. Shorthorns, Scots and Hercfords, in
1873, and that in about four years they sold
to Messrs. Swan for $24 a head, when the high-
est price at which cattle had sold before had
been $16 per head. This would have brought
them to 1877. In that year Mr. Swan came to
T. L. Miller and bought about fifty Hereford
bulls, and we presume and have always under-
stood that iiis purchase was occasioned by tiic
very good results that he found of the Here-
ford cross upon the Culver & Mahoney herd,
and it appears at the same time he made a
proposition to C. & M. for all the Hereford
bulls they would raise.

At about the same time he made a contract
with jMr. C. M. Culbertson for his crop of
grade bull calves, but took a lot of thorough-
breds, and in a year or two after the first pur-
chase from T. L. Jliller he bought another
lot of fifty, and again in 1881 or "82 a similar
lot. These were some of the results that grew
out of Messrs. Culver & JIahoney's purchase of
Shorthorns, Scotch and Hereford thoroughbred
bulls in 1873, and the Swan interest was so well
])leased with the result of these operations that
in the fall of 1882 they went to England and
the result was the purchase of nearly four hun-
dred cows to establish a herd of thoroughbreds
at or near Cheyenne, and again in 1883 they
brought over another large shipment, reaching
to nearly, or quite, three hundred head. They
are probably using in their different herds five
hundred thoroughbred Hereford bulls, and a
thousand or more high grade Hercfords.

ili>ssrs. Culver & Mahoney ought to be
very proud of the great results that have come
from their purchase in 1873, and we hope that
the Hereford breeders of America will a]>])reci-
ate these efforts of Messrs. C. & ^I. and that
they will not be unmindful of their obligations
to Mr. Geo. W. Rust for opening up such a
mine. Mr. Rust says, near the close of his
article, "I should be pleased to gather from
the 'Gazette' the real experience of the other
firms which are quoted as not buying Here-
fords for the same financial reasons, and still
7nore gladly would I give if the true inward-
ness of the thing could be arrived at, the private
o])inions and the bottom ex]ieriences of those
who did l)iiy Hercfords and are sus])ected

iiisToKY OF II ERE FOR D~ Cattle

521

of being constrained to stay with them for the
same financial reasons." Perhaps the "Gazette"
and its Shorthorn patrons were satisfied with
what Mr. Rust had already done, and asked him
to leave the matter for Mr. Miller or someone
else to develop.

Xear by Messrs. Culver & Mahoney's home
^[r. Geo. Zweck has a herd of cattle, and the first
bulls that we sent to the plains in 1873 were
sold to Mr. Geo. Zweck, a man who is fully
posted in the cattle business. These bulls were
Plato 590, of American Hereford Record, Duke
of Beaufort 744, A. H. R. All of these bulls
were in Jilr. Zweek's possession doing good
service up to the fall of 1883.

Plato when sold was three years old, and in
the summer or fall of 1882 for some cause
that we do not now recollect, died, but not be-
cause he was not vigorous, at the age of 12
years. Both of the other bulls were still in
service, the Duke of Beaufort, 10 years old,
and Hervey, 11 years old.

In 187G or 1877 we sold to Mr. Zweck an-
other bull, and Mr. Zweck won as a premium
for the best show of grade Herefords another
Hereford bull that we offered at the Colorado
State Fair, taking five bulls in all. One of
these last bulls Mr. Zweck lost by eating poison
weed, and the other wore out to a good old age
in his service; the other. Major, dropped in
1877, by Old Success, worked over ten years
and was a bull in which Mr. Zweck took a great
deal of pride. From these bulls we imderstand
that Mr. Zweck has made very satisfactory sales
of bulls, from that time to the present, and at
last report we had of him he had something
over 1,000 good grade Hereford heifers, the get
of these bulls, and he was negotiating in the
fall of 1882 for ten thoroughlired Hereford
bulls to put into his herd. We urged upon
Mr. Zweck from time to time that he get new
bulls for this herd, and have said to him that
it would inure very largely to his income if he
would do so. ilr. Rust refers to Mr. Geo.
Zweck in the following language :

"A neighbor of j\Ir. Culver's, Mr. Geo. Zweck,
says the way to breed good Herefords is to use
Shorthorn cows, but perhaps Zweck ought not to
be quoted, although he has handled and bred
the Herefords and their grades quite extensively
for many years, for George is now getting on
the fence with some leaning towards Short-
horns, and has lost caste with T. L. sillier, and
perhaps other authorities, and (lOO. F. Morgan
declares that Mr. ililler asserts that Zweck
never had any pure Herefords from him. How-
ever this may be, Mr. Zweck has had three or
four bulls from Mr. Miller. One of them.

Plato, had little short horns, standing forward
and inclined inward, and everybody always said
he had Shorthorn blood in him, although Zweck
always stoutly maintained that he was straight
Hereford and obtained at headquarters of the
breed. Another Hereford bull owned by Mr.
Zweck was a prize bull offered by Mr. Miller for
the best display of Hereford calves at the Colo-
rado State Fair. Zweck made a large display
and carried off the prize in high glee. He is
esj)eeially displeased at being told now that his
calf was not pure."

To this our answer at the time in the "Breed-
ers' Journal'' was :

"Xow, all that Mr. Rust says about Mr.
Zweck's bulls not being pure is made up from
Shorthorn sources. Mr. Zweck is not on the
fence. 5Ir. Morgan never said that Mr. ililler
asserted that he never sold Mr. Zweck any thor-
oughbred bulls ; Mr. Miller never asserted any
such thing, and Mr. George Rust never believed
when he gave these statements currency that
they were true ; and we here give the pedigrees
of each of these four bulls, and if Mr. Zweck
will give us the name of the other bull we will
publish that.

"Plato (4843) 590, A.H.R. Bred by G. W.
Byers, Nevada, Ohio; property of Geo. Zweck,
Longmont, Colo. ; dropped Oct. 27, 1870. Sire,
Guelph 401 (2023); dam. Beauty 2d 3; g.d.
Beauty 1st 7; g.g.d. Duchess 15; g.g.g.d. Count-
ess 31; g.g.g.g.d. Venus 4th 61; g.g.g.g.g.d. Ve-
nus 3d 109; g.g.g.g.g.g.d. A'enus 2d 175;
g.g.g.g.g.g.g.d. Venus 251.

"Duke of Beaufort (4527) 744. Bred by J.
Humphries, Elyria, Ohio; property of Geo.
Zweck, Longmont, Colo. ; dropped March 15,
1872. Sire Marquis of Bath 745 (47fi4) ; dam
Louisa 598 ; g.d. Princess Louisa 595 ; g.g.d.
Princess Royal 488; g.g.g.d. Victoria 478; g.g.

g.g.d. ^ 491 ; g.g.g.g.g.d. ^^

503 ; g.g.g.g.g.g.d. 518.

"Hervey (4G44) 815. Bred by T. L. Miller,
Beecher, 111.; property of Geo. Zweck, Long-
mont, Colo. ; dropped ilarch G. 1873. Sire
Sir Charles 543 (3434) ; dam Sophia 754: g.d.
Blossom 532 ; g.g.d. Duchess 15; g.g.g.d. Count-
ess 31; g.g.g.g.d. Venus 4th 61; g.g.g.g.g.d.
Venus 3d 109 ; g.g.g.g.g.g.d. Venus 2d 175 ; g.g.
g.g.g.g.g.d. Venus 251.

"Major 1027. Bred by T. L. Miller. Beeclier,
II!.; property of Geo. Zweck, Longmont, Colo.;
dropped Feb. 2, 1877. Sire Success 2 (5031) :
dam Fanny 541 ; g.d. Princess ifary 786 ; g.g.d.
Princess Roval 488; g.g.g.d. Victoria 478; ff.g.

g.g.d. : — 491 ; g.g.g.g.g.d. 503 ;

g.g.g.g.g.g.d. 518.

"Everv Hereford breeder, or anv man that is

522

11 1 STO i; Y 0

II Ei; K FOl! 1) CATTLE

at all acquainted with Hereford breeding, will
see by these jjedigrees that they were among the
very best breeding in England or America, and
with these remarks we leave Mr. Kust to make
what he can out of it.

"Near by Messrs. Culver & Mahoney's and
Mr. Zweck's, say twenty-five miles distant, on
the road to Denver, lived a Mr. Church, who
bred Herefords before Messrs. Culver & Ma-
honey or ilr. Zweck, and wc presume their
preference for Herefords was largely from what
they saw of the results of Church's work. Of
Mr. Church Jfr. Eust says, in speaking of a
cow that had come into the possession of Mr.
Culver from the Church herd :

" 'Speaking of the Church Hereford cow
brings to mind the bad luck of the Church herd.
It was a very fine one, but the grass on the
home range did not appear to maintain it well
and so ilr. Church moved it over onto the rich
grass on the slope west of the range, and the
next winter most of them died. I don't know
that Shorthorns would have done any better
under the same circumstances, but no l)reed
could have done much worse.'

"We would say in reference to Mr. Churcli
that he bought from Mr. Stone of Canada, a
Shorthorn and a Hereford bull, as early as
1870, possibly earlier, and he went over into
York State and bought two Hereford cows, one
of which had a Hereford bull calf by her side.
This comprised Mr. Church's investment in
Herefords, and his experience as between the
Hereford and Shorthorn led him to discard the
Shorthorn and use Herefords solely. His ranch
was twelve miles north of Denver on the road to
Ijongmont. He bred them on that range up to
the fall of 1874, we think, and the range be-
coming short he moved them east of Denver
to Hugo; but before moving, he took out two
or three car loads of three-year-old grade Here-
ford steers that he sold. They went to Buffalo
and sold on the market with no other feed than
they had taken from the short range, at seven
cents a pound live weight, and brought an aver-
age of some $90 nt three years old.

"When Jfr. Church moved his cattle to Hugo
other ranchmen made great objections to their
coming onto that range: but they went, and in
the spring following at the round-ujis the
Church cattle were in so much better condition
than any others that nearly all of the ranchmen
on that range and in those round-ups becanu'
converted to the Hereford l)reed of cnttlc. T\Ir.
Church stayed on thi> range near Hugo until
he moved his cattle to the west side of the
mountains. We have always understood that
the object in moving was to reach a point where

he could keep his own herd by themselves and
make better improvement, and get the benefit
of his own bulls more fully than he could on
the range near Hugo.

"We have met a gentleman from the range
since this letter of Mr. lUist's was published,
and have learned that Jlr. Church, in moving
his cattle, reached a point of the range which
the Indians had burnt over, and relying upon
the hardiliood of the cattle, he started to drive
them through this burnt range and get beyond
it to where he could find feed ; that he drove
for some six days without feed or water, and
then, not knowing how much further he would
have to go, he turned and drove them back.
This resulted in a great loss, and the next win-
ter was a severe one, with heavy snows, whicli
prevented the cattle getting any feed, and a
large portion of the remaining cattle were lost,
owing largely to their sufferings on the burnt
range. This w(> suppose to be a true version of
the Church loss, but, of course, Mr. Kust did
not understand anything about these facts, or
he would have stated them and not left his
Shorthorn friends to build an argument on the
loss being occasioned by ordinary circumstances.
So much for that part of !Mr. Rust's state-
ment.

"There is in Estes Park, perhaps thirty or
forty miles from Messrs. Culver & Mahoney's,
another herd of Hereford cattle, known as the
'James herd of Herefords.' There have been
connected in this herd with Mr. James Messrs.
Ewart & Hart, and the last season Messrs.
Ewart & Hart bought out the James interest in
the Herefords, as we understand. Mr. Hart
was at Beecher last fall with a view to buying
Hereford bulls to give fresh blood to this herd.
He did not buy at Beecher, but we understand
that he bought elsewhere, and he proposed to
sell the bulls that they had been using.

"In the Jlay number of the 'Journal,' on page
30.5, Messrs. Ewart and Hart offer a choice lot
of grade Hereford bulls well bred, well marked,
and in fine condition, and four choice thorough-
bred Hereford bulls for sale; and in sending
their advertisements, they said nothing of any
losses that might have been had."

In the winter ^Ir. James was at Beecher look-
insr for Hereford bulls, and {<[ ^Cs) was buy-
ing a large number of cows and heifers in Iowa,
largely of the Shorthorn blood, to take to Colo-
riuio to establish a new herd. He did not buy
his Hereford bulls at Beecher, but he bought
them of Mr. T. J. Lewis, of Odebolt, Iowa.

Air. TJust says: "The James herd of Here-
fords and high grades in Estes Park is said to
have lost 100 head out of 140 during the past

11 1 S T 0 U V U 1-' U K i; E F < ) 1! D C A T T L E

-y>:i

winter," aiul he say?: he "does nut know tliat
Shorthorns woukl have done any hetter under
the same circumstances, but no breed could
have done much worse."

We wrote a letter of inquiry to Mr. James
which, with his rejily, we give as follows:

Beecher, III., May 31, 1884.
Mr. W. E. James, Hotel-keeper," Estes Park,
Colo. :
Dear Sir: — I have a report written by Geo.
W. Rust, from Boulder, that the James lierd of
Herefords and high grades have lost 100 out
of 140 head of cattle. Please advise me what
foundation there is for such report, and the
circumstances and oblige. I understand you
l)ought a lot of thoroughbred bulls from Mr.
T. J. Lewis, of Odebolt, Iowa. Any informa-
tion in reference to the cattle interest will be
appreciated. My bulls have all been sold that
are old enough for service.

Very truly yours, T. L. Miller.

Estes Park, Colo., June 7, 188-4.
:Mr. T. L. Miller, Beeclier, 111. :

My Dear Sir: — Yours of May 31st just at
hand and contents noted. I know no reason
for such a report, as there has been no such loss
in Estes Park. In fact, 100 head will more
than cover the whole loss of the Park. My loss
was twenty-seven head out of 144 head of Iowa
heifers, and most of those were heifers that got
injured in shipping. Yet, we have had a very
hard winter for this part of the country. I
believe the loss of cattle to be very large in
North Park, as the snowfall was very heavy
in that Park and laid on the ground for about
three months. Our Hereford cattle have done
very well indeed the past winter, and there has
been a lively inquiry for young animals, both
tlioroughbred and grades, but they could not
be found sufficient for the demand, which ought,
and shortly will, stimulate the breeding of
more Hereford cattle.

Yes, I with my friend, Mr. P. J. Pauly, Jr.,
bought fifteen head of thoroughbred Herefords
from T. J. Lewis, of Odel)olt, Iowa, and I wrote
you from Marshalltown, Iowa, of my purchase,
stating that I shoukl not be back to Beei'her on
that trip. I think I wrote you on the 29th day
of December. Glad to see that the demand lias
lieen good for thoroughbred stock. 1 remain
yours sinccrelv in anything that can be truth-
fully said or done for the white-face cattle.
Yours respectfully. W. IL Ja:\[es.

In Vol. V, page 503, of the "Breeders" .lour-
nal," we republished the following letter from

'Sir. \V. ]•]. Campbell to the "Breeders' Gazette":
■"Much has been said of late through your
columns in reference to Shorthorns and Here-
fords as range cattle by (}eo. W. Kust, and others
who have had little practical experience with
rival breeds upon the plains, where cattle are
compelled to rustle for a living, not wholly
when the air is soft and balmy and the grass
green and abundant, but when it is dry and
hard and even covered with snow for days and
perhaps weeks at a time, the thermometer indi-
cating 20 degrees or more below zero, driven
before pitiless winds or forced to seek shelter
beneath the rugged banks of hollows and ra-
vines, with only snow for a bed and an angry
sky for a cover. These are the conditions
through which all range cattle are compelled
to pass or perish; and this is why our ranch-
men have been testing the merits of rival breeds,
and have generally adopted the Herefords on
account of their hardihood, activity and self-
reliance in time of need. This, coupled with
their aptitude to fatten on grass without other
feed, and their wonderful impressiveness as
sires, will always make the white-faces more
popular than any other breed with our ranch-
men.

"I was once as staunch an advocate of Short-
horns as my friend Mr. Rust. Being familiar
with them from early childhood I almost lived
and swore by them, and I was one of the first
men to attempt the improvement of Texas and
range cattle in the Indian Territory by the use
of thoroughbred Shorthorn Imlls. ^ly atten-
tion was first called to the Herefords by the
early articles of T. L. Miller in a paper pub-
lished in your city, and though I thought his
claims very extravagant and unreasonable, 1
decided to test their merits at my own expense
for my own satisfaction and, notwithstanding
the abuse and criticism I then received for us-
ing my own sweet counsel, I have never had
cause ito regret my experiments, one of which
I will relate to your readers just as the facts
occurred, and they can draw their own con-
clusions,

"After making a number of small tests that
were decidedly favorable to tlie Herefords, I
determined to test the breeds thoroughly on a
rigid and extended plan. I therefore went East
and bought a carload of twenty-six Shoithorns
and a carload of twenty-five Herefords and
shipped them on the same train to the terminus
of the 7'ailroad. and then drove them some
ninetv miles to my rancli, where they were all
turned loose with my ranch cattle. Wlion the
heat of summer came tlie Shorthorns couid V»e
seen standing along the streams or in the shade,

524

HISTORY OF H EKE FORD CATTLE

while the lltTefordt: wore busy grazing or rust-
ling around, endeavoring to obey the first and
most important commands of scripture — in ref-
erence to multiplying and repleuisiiing the
earth. Both breeds were allowed to ri'main on
the open range the entire winter without any
artificial food or shelter of any kind, and were
compelled to rustle for a living or die. The
winter jjroved to be one of unusual severity,
aiul Ijefore spring came almost fifty per cent of
my beloved Shorthorns had died, and the re-
mainder were but reeling skeletons. With the
Herefords the test was perfectly satisfactory,
and every one of the twenty-five showed up in
good shape, a number of them being fit for the
butcher's block by the 10th of May. This and
previous tests satisfied me that Mr. Miller's ex-
travagant claims for the white-faces were noth-
ing short of facts when applied to them as range
cattle; and I have been a friend to them ever
since.

"Notwithstanding the foregoing I am still a
friend of the Shorthorns, and think them a
grand and useful race of cattle in their proper
place; but experience compels me to differ with
my friend Rust, and to say most emphatically
that their place is not on the plains. The Here-
ford bull is king of the range, and ^Ir. Rust
will live to hear him bellow triumphantly over
every grazing region from the snow-capped
peaks of Mexico on the south to the British
possessions on the north.

"(Signed) W. E. Campbell (^ 3G9)."

Few men have had the long and vari(>d expe-
rience of Mr. Cam]ibell, and at this writing
(1898) he is still ranching and breeding Here-
fords in the vicinity of his early range experi-
ence. It is a pleasure to us, giving the utmost
satisfaction, to recall the countless friends of
the Hereford, who have become their staunch
advocates after ample experience with other
breeds, that cannot be marred by even a very
few contrary incidents. We have yet to learn
of a single Hereford man who has abandoned
his breed for another.

We commend this correspondence of Mr.
Campbell's, selected for repulilication liere from
countless articles of less merit, Ix'cause he was
and is a master of the range business and he
deals directly with facts. We ever had a con-
tempt for flowery or caustic rhetoric such as
is here used by Mr. Rust and has been used by
Shorthorn advocates constantlv and by some
ephemeral clmmpinns of the Tferefords.

This correspondence came out in the "Breed-
ers' Gazette" and was repu1)lislicd in the
"Breeders' Journal" in 1884 :

To the "Gazette" :

Theories invented by professional "quill
drivers" look very well on paper; but as T am
not skilled in this profession I am compelled
to rely» wholly upon facts and actual experience,
to judge of the superiority of any breed as
range cattle, and therefore will not attempt to
theorize upon Mr. G. W. Rust's theories in your
issue of October 2, but will cheerfully give
further details as per his request, though I fear
his controversies with Mr. T. L. Miller have so
embittered him against the Herefords that it is
impossible for him to look upon them or their
friends with any degree of fairness. So far as
] could learn, the twenty-five Herefords and the
twenty-six Shorthorns referred to in my former
article were fed and handled in substantially
the same manner up to the time of their pur-
chase, and were allowed to run in open pasture
for sixty or seventy days prior to their ship-
ment, after which they were turned in with
my range cattle as heretofore stated. Now it
nuiy be that the twenty-five Herefords rustled
round, and selected all the choicest morsels of
grass and therewith put on a thick armor of
tallow which withstood the fiercest storms of
winter, while the unsuspecting Shorthorns were
quietly snoozing.

But be this as it may, twelve of the Short-
horns died and the remaining fourteen were as
])oor as crows, and had not shed their old coat
when the spring round-ups came.

On the other hand, every one of the twenty-
five Herefords lived and were in good flesh, and
as sleek as moles at the roundup. If one breed
is as hardy as the other, as Mr. Rust claims,
why was the mortality so great among the Short-
horns W'hen there was none at all among the
Herefords, on the same range and under pre-
cisely the same circumstances?

I am willing to admit my experience is some-
what limited, as I have only handled cattle on
the plains for sixteen short years, and that tests
made by such an amateur as myself are very
tame affairs, when compared with the theories
of one who has had long experience in cattle
matters in the way of quill-driving. (^ 370.)

In conclusion I will say. for five or six years
past I have been steadily sup])lanting my
Shorthorn bulls with Whitefaces, and last year
alone I dis])Osed of over 200 head of. the aris-
tocratic "red, white and roans," and hope to
never own another. The Herefords are good
enough for me, either on the broad prairie
ranges, in our tame jiastures. or in the feed
yard.

Bv the way, I will state that I fed a car load
of Shorthorn bulls last winter, including one

HISTORY OF II E R K V 0 R D C; A T T L E

525

disabled Hereford, all of which had hirii in
service on my ranch up to November 1st. The
Hereford received an injury about Octoljcr 15th
which resulted in a stricture, and in consequence
had to be thrown, cut open and operated upon
by a veterinarian at three different times. Not-
withstanding these disadvantages and the tor-
tures connected therewith, he laid on flesh much
more rapidly than the Shorthorns, and when
the lot were sold in Kansas City, the Hereford
brought one and three-quarter cents more per
pound than the Shorthorns, and all were sold
to the same party.

Mr. Rust will in all probability theorize
again, and theoretically prove to your readers
that these surgical operations were an advant-
age to the Hereford, that it relieved him of a
vast amount of bad blood which enabled him to
fatten more rapidly and evenly, and to lay on a
superabundance of flesh in the most valuable
parts, and had it not been for this favorable
chain of circumstances the Shorthorns might
have out-sold him in the market.

W. E. Campbell.

THAT EXPERIENCE OF MR. CAMPBELL^S.

To the "Gazette":

I have not, I believe, manifested any dis-
position to underrate the experience or ques-
tion the accuracy of your correspondent, Mr.
W. E. Campbell. And having mentioned
my name, in relating his experience with
Hereford and Shorthorn cattle, in such a
way as to invite my examination of his state-
ments, I think he should have done me the
courtesy to have treated what I said in reply
with the same candor with which I treated what
he had said.

The only object I have in the discussion of
these ' questions, and the only object anyone
should have, is to get at the facts. If there is
one breed of cattle superior to all others, it
would be interesting to ascertain which breed
it is; but we will never arrive at that knowl-
edge without a most careful scrutiny of all the
facts and experiences which lead up to it. If
there are localities where one breed is more
successful than other breeds, or purposes for
which one breed is better adapted than other
breeds, these facts should be shown, and thef
can only be arrived at by a patient and candid
examination of the experiences of individuals.
What I have said about the comparative claims
of the several breeds has been dictated by a
desire to bring out the real bottom facts, in
each case, and not from any desire to advance
personal pecuniary interests, for T have none
whatever in the issue. (1J 371.)

yir. Camijbell states that he turned out a car
load each of Herefonl and Shorthorn bulls; the
Herefords grazed well during the summer, while
the Shorthorns did not. The next winter was
one of unusual severity, and about half the
Shorthorns died, while all the Herefords came
through in excellent shape. This I believe was
about the substance of the statement of Mr.
Campbell to which my attention was directed,
and I have no doulit every word of it is true,
and had it stood alone by itself I might have
been disposed to accept it as conclusive on the
point of indicating a superiority of one breed
over another in hardiness, but it did not stand
alone, and I was bound to consider it in connec-
tion with other facts and experiences. In the
first place, it appeared from Mr. Campbell's
own statement that he had for many years pre-
viously used Shorthorn bulls, and while he
claimed to have found the Herefords more sat-
isfactory, he did not state that in his long ex-
perience of sixteen years, he had ever before
experienced losses anywhere approximating the
case under review, so that even in his own ex-
perience this case seemed to be exceptional.
Then I knew scores and scores of men who had
used Shorthorn bulls with satisfaction upon the
plains, and without any special loss, and some
who preferred them to Herefords after having
given both a trial. And under all the circum-
stances I could not but regard the case detailed
by Mr. Campbell as exceptional and its results
as due to something else besides a difference in
the hardiness of the breeds. And I suggest
that perhaps it was caused by some difference
in the manner in which the two lots of bulls
had been raised and treated ; that animals
reared mainly upon corn, are not well adapted
for immediate range use, as compared with ani-
mals raised upon grass. But it was mere theor\',
it is true, in my supposition, that this may
have bo^n the trouble here, for it may have been
something else, but my theory appears, for all
I can see, to be as good as ilr. Campbell's, for
he does not say he had any positive knowledge
on this subject, or that having it in mind he
made special inquiry on that point in purchas-
ing. He simply does not know or has not been
informed that there was any difference in the
previous handling, and on the strength of that
theorizes there might have been. But ilr. Camp-
bell, if he desires to impress his conclusions
upon the public as good, safe rules for other
men to follow in their business, will surely not
attempt to deny that the manner in which bulls
are raised is a matter of some importance, and
the attempt to sneer at it in mere theory will,
J am satisfied, prejudice his position more than

52C

HISTOUY OF HEKEFUKD CATTLE

mine. I't'ople in this country who have ex-
amined and tested the matter to their satisfac-
tion, are firmly convinced tliat the manner in
which hulls are raised does have very much to
do with their adaptability for jjlains-use, and if
tlie matter is new to Mr. Campbell 1 trust he
will not dismiss it as a mere theory but, like an
impartial investigator, look into it with the
hope that after sixteen years' experience he may
yet find "some strange things under the sun."

There was another thing referred to in my
previous letter, to which Mr. Campbell makes
no reply. I referred to the necessity in all
cases of comparisons, where accurate results
were desired, that there should be an equality
of blood. Whether it was secured in this case
or not, the public does not know, for Mr. Camp-
bell gives no information as to where or of
whom he purchased either class of bulls or
whether they were both the best and most robust
of their kind. 1 know Mr. Campbell has an
ambition to own as good Herefords as anybody,
and I understand his herd will compare favor-
ably with the best in the land, and if I am not
mistaken in the matter he has had an ambition
for jdace as a successful exhibitor of Herefords
where the competition was the strongest. This
is, of course, all right, and I am glad it is so.
But when he was using Shorthorns, did he have
an equal ambition to own the best of that breed,
and was his experience based upon careful tests
as to what the best could do?

Mr. Campbell expresses a fear that my "con-
troversies with T.,L. Miller have so embittered
me against the Herefords that it is impossible
for me to look upon them or their friends with
any degree of fairness," and yet, in the very ar-
ticle to which he is replying, I had referred
to having seen a few days before "a grand herd
of Hereford cows and calves at grass" at George
Morgan's, and in the issue before that, had re-
viewed that Hereford herd at length, and in
such terms as to elicit from Mr. Morgan person-
ally the expression that it was the fairest and
best article on a Hereford herd of cattle, which
had appeared in the American press for many
a day (T[372). However that may be, Mr.
Campbell may rest assured that no man can so
eml)itter me against any breed of cattle, that I
cannot and will not recognize their merit when
I see them. My experience is not so great, per-
haps, as that of Afr. Campbell, and T may not
perceive some things so quickly, but while i
may not agree with him in many things, I trust
he will not regard me as seeing but one side
of anv question. T should have had no con-
troversies with T. L. ^Tiller, nor had occasion
to say many things which have been said, if he

had not sought by persistent misciuotation to
make me a^jpear as denying all merit in the
Shorthorn, just as lately he would place nie in
the attitude of denying all merit in the Here-
ford. 1 am certainly entitled to staiuling room
somewhere, ami as 1 have never been the enemy
of either 1 have the right to occupy my own
ground as the friend of l)oth, criticizing accord-
ing to what I believe fair and just, and accord-
ing to merit in all cases, whether as to the cattle
themselves or the methods of those who are
pushing their claims before the public, and en-
tirely in this spirit of independence and im-
partiality I must again repeat that so far as I
have been able to make up my mind, from the
experience of a large number of people whose
opinions I have sought on this question (and
who have not been altogether harmonious in
their views, some holding to one breed and
some to another), I cannot see that there is any
perceptible grounds for honest preference be-
tween Herefords and Shorthorns for plains use
on the score of hardiness; that is, where animals
themselves are in all respects equal and equally
conditioned for the work. But it is undenialde
that there are some Herefords better for this
purpose than some Shorthorns ; and it is equally
true that there arc some Shorthorns better for
this purpose than some Herefords. But while
I believe both to be sufficiently hardy, there
may be some difference as to their feeding qual-
ities, to which I have sought to direct the atten-
tion of Hereford breeders, as the question of
importance. And this has been the main pur-
pose I have had in view, and have continually
brought to the front, and I do not think be-
cause I have urged the consideration of this
question that my friendship for the Herefords
should be challenged. How will thev feed ?
Xot wholly upon the plains, but as compared
with each other, how will they feed when taken
to the States to be finished? For their beha-
vior there will be a very important element in
determining values.

Geo. W. ErsT.

THE PLAIXS CATTLE PROBLEM.

To the "Gazette" :

It is not creditable to Mr. W. E. Campbell's
candor that he still declines to consider on its
merits and continues to dcnoimce as mere the-
ory what 1 had said about the nuinner of rear-
ing and previous treatment affecting the hardi-
hood and usefulness of bulls brought upon the
plains. Tt is not a mere theory, and the fact
can be abundantly verified from the experience
of any ranchman who has eared to investigate
the nuitter. I regard the instance cited bv Mr.

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CAT'JF.

b-il

Campbell some time since, from his own expe-
rience, where two lots of bulls, Herefords and
Shorthorns, were turned upon the range to-
gether— the Herefords all thriving and proving
useful and valuable, while the Shorthorns did
poorly and many of them dying the first win-
ter^ — 1 regard this experience of ilr. Campbell
as abundantly establishing the fact that the
manner in which bulls have been raised and
treated has very much to do with the value of
bulls when brought upon the range. I say his
experience proves this position, because there
appears to be no other reason why the results
attending the introduction of these two lots of
bulls should have been essentially different, the
experience of others not justifying the pre-
sumption that there is such a material difference
in the breeds as would account for the results.
And if necessary T could name many cases in
which the facts support my position in this mat-
ter. Not to go outside of my own county I
eau say that Mr. Carey Culver purchased of the
Illinois hreeder Mr. Gillette, last December,
some Shorthorn bulls which had been raised
npon grass; turned them into enclosed fields
where they roughed it all winter with the other
cattle, and came through to the spring in fine
shape and increased in weight. His brother,
Robert Culver, brought in at the same time Gal-
loway bulls purchased at public sale at Chicago,
and evidently highly fed, and he had to feed
them all winter; one of them could scarcely be
trought through at all, and none of them were
of any account until midsummer. At the same
time Mr. Hart brought in some Hereford l)ulls,
purchased of an Iowa breeder of high standing,
who had probably pushed them along on corn,
and they had to be kept up and fed all winter,
and they came through in such wretched shape
that Geo. Zweck, who kept one of them for its
use until it was taken away July 1, w^as unable
to secure calves from him, and hnd to send his
cows to another bull. Those three lots of bulls,
representing these three breeds, came into this
county within about ten days of each other last
December, and were all kept within a radius
of ten miles, and the difference I have related
of their hardihood and vigor shows that the
previous treatment to which they were sub-
jected, was the important matter in determin-
ing their immediate and permanent usefulness,
and that so far as mere hardiness is concerned
the breed counts for nothing (1|373).

1 am afraid Mr. Campbell does not care to
profit either by his own experience or the expe-
rience of others else he would liasten to exam-
ini: so important a matter as this as soon as
suggested, instead of attempting to "sneer it

down the wind" as a mere theory. And while
unwilling to open his own eyes to all the facts,
he .does not appear to be willing that the public
shall have the benefit of them. Believing that
he had the very l)est Herefords which he could
iniy, 1 asked wliether he was equally liberal and
careful in his selections of Shorthorns, and
whether the unfavorable experiences he relates
of Shorthorns were based upon trials with the
best Shorthorns he could buy. But in his reply
he evades this point and fails to give the pub-
lic the means of estimating at its worth the per-
sonal experience which he had advanced as
showing the relative merits of these breeds of
cattle. In a discusssion, where the demonstra-
tion of truthful facts should be the only oliject,
this sort of evasion or concealment of important
matters is not to be commended. Xo one should
endeavor to win his case on technicalities. And
besides I am told that Mr. Campbell, in giving
his experience, has only given a part of it, and
that a long time ago he confessed to Mr. Pliny
Nichols, in Iowa, after having purchased two
Hereford bulls, that one of them died before he
got him home, or very shortly after, and that he
had previously owned still another which had
done him no good. As a candid gentleman Mr.
Campbell should have stated such matters as
these. To withhold them is to treat the public
unfairly. In getting no benefit from two out
of three, it would be interesting to know
whether it was considered due to the breed or
to the manner in which these individuals had
bei?n handled before he got them.

In his last letter Mr. Campbell remarks:
"In the language of Xapolcon I will say, 'I
have but one lamp by which my feet are guided,
and that is the lamp of experience.' "

I do not believe Xapoleon ever said it. Pat-
rick Henry had been in his grave many years
before the great Corsican donned the purple,
and I do not believe he ever had occasion to rob
the dead American of his laurels, ilr. Camp-
bell is unfortunate. His literary experience
and observation do not appear to have been
more careful and accurate than his observations
and experiences with cattle, and both are
equally in need of correction. I am not at all
surprised at the confession of Mr. Campbell
that he has been studying the cattle qxu^stion by
lamplight. It was quite evident that his range
of vision was very limited, and the light he was
enjoying very feeble. Perhaps he cannot stand
a stronger light, but if he can, I would advise
him to throw away his lamp, and come out into
(lie dayliglit where he can see everything, and
some things at least, in their true relations to
each other. Gko. W. Rust.

528

II I .S T U R Y OF HE R E F 0 R D C A T T L E

SIOliK OF JIK. CAlirBELLS EXPEIUEXCE.

To the "dazi'ttc":

In rci)ly to -Mr. G. ^Y. Rust's IcttLT whidi ap-
peared in your issue of Deceniher 4th, I will
say my former letter was written away from
home while awaiting the arrival of a train,
hence Mr. Rust's previous letter was not before
me. I have since referred to it and find every
essential point fully answered liy well-authenti-
cated facts. Had the gentleman but known my
views in reference to the proper manner of
breeding and rearing bulls for range use, he
would have saved himself the trouble of writing
a whole column to convince the public of my
stupidity in not rushing headlong, at break-
neck s])eed, to catch on to his wise suggestion.
I have never deemed it necessary to dispute self-
evident facts, which seems to be Mr. Rust's
strong forte, from which he discharges his
heavy theoretical guns. Xow, in order to dis-
abuse the gentleman's perverted mind and to
set him right on the point in question, I will
quote the following from one of my letters that
went the rounds of the public press years ago,
at which time (according to ilr. Rust's views)
I was a competent judge :

"The weather by this time has become ex-
ceedingly hot, and the aristocratic bovine dukes
and princes that have so suddenly been deprived
of elegant quartiTs and epicurean diets begin to
languish and dwindle away until there is
nothing left but an unsightly rack of hair and
bones. The result is nothing more than could
have been expected under the circumstances.
These animals have been bred and fed to sell,
without any regard to their future usefulness.
Many of them have been in the stalls all their
lives, up to the very day of their shipment, and,
as a natural result, have accumulated soft,
spongy flesh and but little sinew, bone or mus-
cle, so essential to all range cattle. Such ex-
perience has led many ranchmen to believe that
thoroughbreds are not hardy or profitable for
the plains, when in fact the fault should have
been placed upon the breeder's shoulders. The
truth is, no cattle are more hardy than the
thoroughbreds, when properly bred and re/ired,
and none so profital)lc to the ranchman. The
stall-fed, pampered bulls that have never felt
the summer's heat or winter's cold, never have
and never can give satisfaction when taken to
the plains. Our ranchmen cannot use too much
care in the selection of their bulls. In reality
the bulls are half their herds, for upon them
depends the number and quality of their in-
crease. Thev should select good, hardy young
bulls, showing pK^nty of masculine vigor and

constitution, and such only as carry pl(>nty of
flesh and show an aptitude to fatten without be-
ing tied up in the stalls and stull'ed. Bulls of
this character that have lieen raised in open air
always have Ix'cn profitable ami given the best
of satisfaction to western ranchmen."

So much for my stupidity and ilr. Rust's
recent discovery. He contends that one breed
is as hardy as another, which he knows is not
true. Would it not be ridiculous to contend
that the beautiful little Jerseys were as hardy
as the shaggy-coated West Highlanders or Gal-
loways? I assure you the difference between
the Shorthorns and Herefords is as w-ell estab-
lished, and this marked distinction has resulted
from the different manner in which they were
bred and reared. Furthermore, Jlr. Rust's own
writings justify this conclusion. I am glad he
has named ^Ir. Gillette in this connection, and
he might have added the names of William
Warfield, the Messrs. Potts, Col. Harris of this
state, and a few other intelligent gentlemen who
have labored hard and unceasingly to l)uild up
and improve the Shorthorns by breeding for in-
dividual worth, constitution and the butcher's
block, which is the ultimatum of all beef ani-
mals. Unfortunately, while these gentlemen
were trying to improve the Shorthorn race,
thousands of their fellow breeders were as ener-
getically breeding down, breeding pedigrees in-
and-in, and individual merit, constitution and
vitality out, until the entire race was almost
engulfed and the country flooded with wheez-
ing, coughing, consumptive weeds, unfit for
use in any herd. This is very near the lan-
guage once applied to Shorthorns by Mr. Rust,
and fully explains why Shorthorns have proven
so inferior to other breeds when put to the test
in the open plains.

Mr. Rust is very anxious to know how it
happened that I lost one of my first Hereford
bulls, and why it was that a previous one for a
time did no good. He says, "As a candid gen-
tleman, Mr. Campbell should have stated such
matters as these." Xow that I have been placed
on the witness stand, I shall give my evidence,
from which I trust Mr. Rust will extract solid
comfort. The first animal referred to was
killed in my absence by an irritable, half-wit-
ted wretch by the name of ]\Iagee, who lived on
an adjoining farm. The bull was a good one
and I wished I had more of the same sort. The
latter, that he alleges did me no good, was tem-
])orarily di.^abled by the formation of a fibrous
tumor, which I removed by the u.<e of the knife
( I have done the same with a number of Short-
horns'), after which he proved a vigorous
server and an excellent getter. After leaving

IIISTOKY OF H EKE FORD CATTLE

529

my hands he was used for several years by Geo.
Hendricks, who only parted with him to pre-
vent in-breeding. He was next purchased by
Col. W. E. Colcord, and now stands at the
head of his herd of Shorthorns, and though well
advanced in years he is still actu^e as and vigor-
ous as a calf, and is giving perfect satisfac-
tion. The Colonel is as clever a gentleman as
ever left the blue grass regions of Kentucky,
and if desired I have no dou))t he would be
pleased to give further particulars concerning
this aged bovine monarch of the plains.

Mr. Eust, like Geo. Morgan's friend, "Eed,
White and Roan," evades the principal ques-
tions at issue, and now that the hunting and
trout-fishing has been monopolized by Mr.
"Eed, White and Eoan/' he pitches into me per-
sonally, and virtually says my literary attain-
ments are inferior to his, and that my hat band
is smaller than the one worn by him, which is
certainly very strong argument in favor of
Shorthorns as range cattle, all of which I am
willing to concede rather than neglect the cattle
or quarrel over so trifling a matter. He is not
even satisfied with this, but accuses me of
studying the cattle business by lamplight. A
grave charge indeed, but nevertheless true. 1
confess even more. I have studied it by the
glimmering light of tallow candles, in lonely
and isolated dugouts, far beyond the reach of
civilization; by silvery starlight, while making
my tedious nightly rounds guarding slumber-
ing herds, when the country was infested by
hostile savages; by brilliant sunlight, when my
herds were slowly wending their way northward
through the burning sands of a southern clime.

Yes, I have studied the cattle business by the
light of as fierce and vivid death-dealing light-
ning as ever flashed from an angry sky, and a
time, too, when comrades were laid low in death
by the fury of the storm. When the artillery
of heaven made the very earth treml)le by the
force of her cannonading and peals of thunder,
that scattered my herds in the wildest and most
terrific stampedes. Yes, my lessons in the cat-
tle business were all learned in the stern school
of experience, and of course cannot be com-
pared to Mr. Rust's theories or "liook larnin'."
W. E. Campbell.

MATTERS .AFFECTTXG USErULXESS OF PLAIXS
CATTLE.

To tlie "Gazette":

There is, I presume, no occasion for further
discussion between W. E. Campbell and myself,
he having, in the matter at issue between us,
acknowledged in his last letter that the position
I had been endeavoring to maintain was cor-

rect. I had stated that the manner in which
bulls were raised had more to do than anything
else, with their practical usefulness and vigor
upon the plains, and that to this, more than
the matter of breed, was due the conflicting
experience of individuals with the different
kinds of bulls. Mr. Campbell would not listen
to any such talk, and denounced it as mere
theory. After considerable discussion back and
forth, which I trust has not been wearisome to
your readers, Mr. Campbell concedes that the
position I had assumed was correct; that the
manner in which bulls are reared — as to
whether pampered, housed and forced to early
and excessive growth, on com and other con-
centrated foods — does afi'ect their usefulness
and capacities for plains life. And he even
goes further and submits an extract written
by himself and published years ago, in which
the same idea was advanced. This is all right;
I claim no originality in the idea. The '"the-
ory" is a sound one, and so long as it is ad-
mitted, I am quite willing that Mr. Campbell
shall himself have the credit of having first
conceived it. It is certainly worthy of the "ex-
perience" of which we have heard so much,
and of the study of the cattle problem under
the discouraging and appalling conditions he
describes. Having brought him to the point
of publicly confessing what he knew all the
time to be facts, I congratulate him upon his
candor and bid him sood-bv.

The difference in the breed of bulls for use
on the plains, so far as the points of present
discussion extend, appear to me to be much
overestimated. The only point which has been
seriously urged is one of hardiness. And con-
sidering the fact that the loss among plains
cattle, with all the vicissitudes and inclemen-
cies to which they are exposed, are practically
as small, if not smaller, than the losses upon
the farms and cultivated fields east, it cannot
be contended that a matter of increased hardi-
ness in plains cattle is one of very great im-
portance, as compared witli some other matters.
A very trifling difference in quality or weight
■would cut much more figure in the profits of
the ranchman than anything he could possibly
secure through increased liardiness in cattle al-
ready hardy enough for the practical purposes
of their surroundings. A very large proportion
of these plains cattle, almost all of them in
fact, save those brought from Texas and the
regions bordering upon the Gulf, have a strong
admixture of Shorthorn blood — not as much
as they ought to have, but still more or less of
it. And their hardiness, so far as the require-

530

1 1 I S '1' () K' \ OF 11 1-: K l-: FOR D (' A T T L K

iiR'iit^ of these ])laiiis are ediicernecl, or capa-
bilities of denioiistratiiig the point, being suffi-
cient, it is (litliciilt to understand the necessity
of looking furtlier on that score. A good many
Herefords have been introduced, and tlie in-
fluence of this l)lood can l)e seen here and there,
but not so widely dissendnated and tried as
the Shorthorns; as a general thing the Here-
ford blood has had the advantage of being rep-
res(>nted upon the range by animals more deeply
bred than the animals representing the Short-
horn blood. That is to say, a great many of
the animals brought upon the range and classed
as of Shorthorn blood have had but a meager
proportion of that blood, while of those brought
upon the range and classed as Herefords, most
of them have, until recently at any rate, been
fairly crossed with that blood. There appears
to be no lack of hardiness in the range animals
showing Hereford blood, and in this respect
they are fully equal to those owning Shorthorn
blood, but, I do not believe, any better. If in
the years to come experience shall finally indi-
cate a permanent preference for one breed over
another it will be,T am satisfied, not on the score
of hardiness, but to difference in maturity,
quality and kindly submission to feeding oper-
ations farther east.

But while the treatment of bulls before they
are brought upon the plains has much to do
with their usefulness, the manner in which the
ranchman conducts his business will have
much to do with the satisfaction derived from
their use and is a factor which accounts for
much of the diversity in the related experiences
of individuals, with the various breeds. On
one range, for instance, either belonging to the
owner or his neighbors, an unusually large per-
centage of steers are maintained, which very
materially reduces the calf crop, and this is
sometimes wrongfully imputed to want of vigor
on the part of the bulls. Another range is not
favorably situated as to water, and animals have
to travel far to get it, and become more widely
scattered, and, in consequence, the bulls do not
have as free and constant companionship with
the cows as on ranges where the cattle find their
food and water nearer together. Then some
ranchmen turn their bulls uj)on the open range
and expect them to stay there the whole year
round, the same as other kinds of stock. The
result is that the bulls are working more or
less the whole vear, which tells on them strong-
ly, and then the calv(>s come at all seasons,
many are lost before the owner ever sees them,
and the shortage in the crop is charged to the
inefficiency of the bulls. If the owner happens
to inepect the stock and compares experiences

with some other ranchman who separati's his
bulls from the herd during a portion of the
year, and feeds them during the most inclement
season, he will be apt to acquire a very unfavor-
able imjiression concerning his own bulls and
what (hey can accomplish. But about the last
thing he will do, will be to ascribe the ditference
to the treatment which his bulls receive. It
is very poor policy, especially with thorough-
bred bulls of high tvpe, to require them to
make a living the whole year round on the
range. If they rough it through, it detracts
from their condition for service the next season,
and with good bulls it does not pay. A great
many ranchmen have discovered this and are
careful to bring in their best bulls where they
need not be exposed to the vicissitudes which
may come to other cattle.

I have it from a personal acquaintance re-
siding near Mr. Campbell that this is his prac-
tice, and that he is careful to gather up his
thoroughlired Hereford bulls from the range at
the close of each season and bring them into the
ranch, where they can be cared for during the
winter, and brought into proper condition for
next season's work. The practice should be
commended. No other course will sec\ire the
full advantages which should be secured from
the use of thoroughbred hulls.

Geo. W. Rust.

of the same opixiox still.

To the "Gazette" :

IVfr. Geo. W. Rust, in his article in your issue
of January 1, says: "There is. I presume, no
occasion for further discussion between Mr. W.
E. Campbell and myself." Thus far he is emi-
nently correct. The Herefords have been shown
to be superior to Shorthorns, not only as hardy,
impressive range cattle, but as feeders also; and
furthermore that they bring more per pound
when sent to market. All these facts have been
demonstrated by actual tests made by wealthy
and reputable stockmen, the names of whom I
have already given, and not by theories in-
vented by correspondents who practically know
nothing of the subject at issue.

To more fully explain my position I will
state: Several years ago I bought a herd of
Texas cows and calves for $18 for each cow and
calf. Allowing the calves to be worth $6 per
h(>ad, the cows cost $12 per head. Some of
these cows escaped from the common herd and
lodged with my fine herd some ten miles away,
and thus were accidentally bred to Hereford
bulls, and afterwards dropped calves that were
as shapely and well marked as thoroughbreds
and when yet yearlings weighed from 1,015 to

HISTORY OF HEREFORD C A T T L E

531

l.l'iiO poumis each. The lightest, a heifer that
had suffered severely from pinkeye and had
been on grass all sunnner, was sold to a Chi-
cago butcher for eight cents a pound, amount-
ing to $81.80. 1 sold two others for $1()5 and
the heaviest one for $100, which (to me at
least) are satisfactory dividends on my $12
Texas cow investment, topped by a Hereford
cross.

I have bred some good Shorthorn grades on
the range, and have taken more prizes at fat
stock shows with them than any other ranch-
man in the land. In fact, the only time
my Shorthorn grades ever met defeat was when
they came in competition with a carload of
range cattle that had Hereford blood in their
veins. The moment I saw them I knew defeat
was inevitable, and I received a second pre-
mium very complacently. I have never seen any
Shorthorn grades from the range that could
compare with grade Herefords, either for
weight or quality off grass, or that would bring
as much per pound when sent to market, and
these are the reasons why I prefer the White-
faces. Fiirthermore, I am willing to show half-
breed Herefords, ont of these little $12 Texas
cows, against an equal number of half or even
three-fourths bred Shorthorns, owned and bred
on the range by exhibitor, at any railroad point

within fifty or 100 miles from Caldwell, for a
purse of $.500, the money to be donated to any
charitable enterprise the exhibitors or judges
may designate.

Mr. Rust claims I have conceded his position
as correct, though he knows such is not the case.
In my last I showed that it was simply ridicu-
lous to claim that one breed was as hardy as
another, and gave good reasons for this conclu-
sion, namely, the manner in which they (the
breeds) have been bred and reared, not for the
past twenty-four hours or twenty-four weeks,
as Mr. Rust teaches, but for generations, or a
term of fifty or one hundred years.

I further assigned reasons why the Short-
horns in particular were inferior to other breeds
when put to the test on the open range. I stated
that '"the majority of Short-horn breeders had
followed the family or fashion craze for years,
breeding pedigrees in-an-in, and individual
merit, constitution and vitality out, until the
country was flooded with wheezing, coughing
weeds unfit for use in any herd." If this is
conceding the correctness of ^Ir. Rust's opinion
(and he has so stated) there is certainly no need
of further argimient. I therefore respond to
his courteous "good-by" with an humble bow
and a hearty farewell shake.

W. E. Campbell.

532

II 1 s T () m' () !■' 11 !•: n !•: i" o h d c a t t l e

CHAPTER XLIII.

CoNCLrsioN — The Present and Future

OPEN BATTLE OF BREEDS BENEFICIAL TO ALL. BEWARE OF SUBTLE MANIPULATION.

It has come to be the settled principle of the
advanced nations that they go to war only to
obtain peace. That is to say, that in the case
of the more intelligent and, therefore, leading
nations, the sacrifices of war are followed by
the establishment of a beneficent peace that is
generally wortli all the cost. Justifiable war
is a duty.

The "Battle of the Breeds" has likewise been
beneficial beyond measure to all sound cattle
interests. Our position in the "Battle of the
Breeds," and that of our predecessor, the Here-
ford champion, Mr. William H. Sotham, was,
likewise, one of duty and not of pleasure. Each
in turn maintained a sturdy fight, and put up
with all the hardships and trials incident to
battle. Yet, we dare say that the efforts of both
were prompted by a well-founded knowledge
that ultimately we must accomplish great good ;
not sim])ly to the Hereford cause luit to the
whole cattle interest, and therefore to agricul-
ture generally.

At the time we joined in the fight that Mr.
Sotham had been maintaining singlehanded for
over two score years, we found that the better
class of Shorthorns were kept in the back-
ground, and the efforts of leading Shorthorn
breeders were directed towards forcing upon the
Shorthorn breeders an inferior type of Short-
horns and this at fabulous prices. Our efforts,
directed as they were towards bringing a more
com])aet type into public favor, by proving the
Herefords and their type the more practical
and profitable for beef production, were in no
wise intended to menac(! the Shorthorn breed,
but rather, it was a crusade directed particu-
larly against the selfish wishes and ill-conceived
plans of those Shorthorn breeders who were
booming what Mr. Sotham aptly characterized
as the "Bates mania."

Unfortunately for the Shorthorn interest,
the breeding of the Bates family of Shorthorn
cattle had gotten — as the saying was — into the
hands of "men with more money than brains,"

or rather, as we would put it, into the posses-
sion of "men of means without practical cattle
experience." Or, in other words, the Short-
horns were the pets and playthings of men who
bred for pedigree rather than individuality.
These men, and others less opulent, who aped
them, were free handed in spending money with
agricultural papers to puff and flatter them in
their vain desires to appear as benefactors to
American agriculture.

We have shown conclusively that beginning
with the first agricultural paper, viz., "The
Albany Cultivator," then the "Ohio Farmer,"
the "Michigan Farmer," the "National Live
Stock Journal," the "Live Stock Record," the
"Farmers" Magazine," etc., down to the "Breed-
ers' Gazette," as they were each in turn estab-
lished, all were controlled in the interest of the
Bates Shorthorn, and the early files of the last
named journal, though now unquestionably the
leading agricultural journal of the world, prove
that it was, in its ineipiency, fostered by the
Bates clique, though run ostensibly in the whole
Shorthorn interest.

Most of these papers, still in existence, under
different management, now emphatically con-
demn what they formerly advocated, and stren-
uously deny their partiality for any particular
breed. Yet, regardless of denials, it must be
noticed that the old "first love" prevails very
marked in some instances. We can see some
reason for this, in their self interest, because,
although the Hereford is now acknowledged
the beef breed par excellence, and his type has
been as far as possible appropriated and adopt-
ed by the meritorious families of Shorthorns;
yet, the Shorthorn advertisers predominate and
there has been extreme effort on the part of
certain of these editors to collect and publish
favorable Shorthorn data that wo\dd be com-
mendable, were they not by comparison ex-
tremely and unwarrantedlv negligent in their
efforts to collect and publish similar informa-
tion in regard to the Herefords.

HISTORY OF HEHKFORD CATTLE

533

The Hereforil iiion nowadays are very lib-
eral advertisers, by reason of which they liave
been allowed to toot their own horns unmo-
lested, but it is a most notable fact that even
yet certain leading live stock papers of their
own motion do comparatively nothing toward
collecting and publishing Hereford data, while
sparing no pains or expense to perfect and pub-
lish their knowledge of Shorthorns. Even the
Angus have had a goodly share of editorial in-
terest exhibited in them, and corresjiondents
have been paid to dig up their family history
in a connected and extended w'ay that has not
been accorded to the Herefords.

This state of affairs has nuade our Hereford
History a necessity to the Hereford breed. As
a matter of course, we have had to republish
the history of many things that were unpleas-
ant at the time of their occurrence, yet a history
is a history, and we have always been in the
habit of calling things by their right names and
stating facts in their utmost baldness. If, in
our work, we say or have said anything offen-
sive of offending Shorthorn breeders or their
offending friends, we entertain the sincere be-
lief that it has been to the benefit of the Short-
horn breed, for in placing the Hereford promi-
nently before the American beef raiser we have
as is now everywhere conceded, compelled a
modificatnon and improvement of the Short-
horn breed of cattle.

To our certain knowledgi>, Scotch Shorthorns
(for years the most meritorioiis family of the
breed) in the days when we were making our
hardest fight for the Herefords, so lacked ap-
preciation that the breeders of these plebeian
but splendid beef cattle, were compelled to
make steers of their bulls, and place them in
their feed lots. To meet the Herefords in the
show ring, a demand sprung up for Scotch cat-
tle when the victories of the Duke of Eichniond
and his get in the show ring were the only
bright spots in the Shorthorn campaign. Tt
was the Herefords that forced value into the
Scotch blood for show ring purposes, yet for a
while, though splendid Scotch animals brought
hundreds each, at the same time, Hates' Dukes
and Duchesses — manifestly inferior to the
Scotch in every beefing particular — sold for as
many thousands.

As the result of persistent Hereford aggres-
sions, all things are changed to-dny. and now
we see in the Sliorthorn breed tlie highest jtrices
paid for indivi(hial excellence in animals
that formerly were considered "unfashionable
blood," their only danger now appearing to be
in the direction of a "Scotch craze," based on
the similar erratic lines of the "Bates mania,"

but the competition betwi'en l)reeds niay, we
think, be trusted to ki'ep them within bounds.

The effective assistance rendered to the beef
intetests by the National Shows, and the im-
petus to State Shows, given by the intelligent
use of the funds of the Hereford, Shorthorn,
and Angus Associations, will, we trust, tend to
keep down any craze in either of these breeds
for special lines of blood not identified with the
excellence of the individual. In this intelli-
gent fostering of a great industry, we note with
pride the Hereford breeders leading the way.

Were some of those who now most ardently
support "individual merit" in Shorthorns, as
against "pedigree fads," to rise uj) too quickly
to criticize this, the closing work of our life, we
should of necessity be obliged to quote some-
what further from their favoring connection
with the grave errors of Shorthorn history, and
if, in the quotations we have made, anything
be said that is unpleasant to anyone that is or
was connected with the Shorthorn interest, our
plea in extenuation is that only by such plain
statements of facts are the best interests of
cattle breeding subserved.

The Hereford movement in America, in
which we arc accorded the leading position, not
only brought the Hereford into notice Init
helped the Shorthorn breed as it never was able
to help itself. This being conceded on all sides,
we may be pardoned for making some sug-
gestions.

Ap])reciation is all there is in life. The
Hereford Society has in many instances been
liberal in the matter of encouraging Hereford
breeders by the disbursement of prize money,
but when the matter is given thought, I am
sure I will be endorsed in saying, that, though
unint<'ntional, perhaps, through their associa-
tion they have been ungenerous in other direc-
tions.

In a previous chapter, the brief list of con-
tril)utors of a testimonial purse to Wm. H.
Sotham for his many years' championship of
sound cattle interests is an instance. Though
not at any time a man of wealth, lliere never
lived a more independent man ; and having
some mind of our own, wo can fi'cl for the vete-
ran when at a later meeting of the Hereford
breeders, he appeared l)efore it with tlie inten-
tion of returning the purse, because it had been
said tlnat if was a "charity." Nothing could
iiave fired the old man's indignation further.
Happily the leading Hereford brwders apjire-
ciated Mr. Sotham's work, and having his con-
fidence, were able to convince him that paltry
as the purse was. it was presented in the spirit
of ajipreeiation for his work, and a resolution

534

II 1 S TO 1{ Y

II

I) CATTLE

was passed unaniiiioui^ly in acconlance with
these assurances.

That was in the clays of individual subscrip-
tion before the Association owned the Herd
Book, or had any fixed source of revenue. To-
day, it is difrerent. With an overilowing treas-
ury, the liberality of Hereford breeders should
yet show itself in an appropriate monument,
expressive of appreciation fur the great work
Mr. Sothani did. The Shorthorn Association
should join in this movement, for Mr. Sotham
was ever a friend of their best cattle and solici-
tous of the true interests of the Shorthorn
breed. Likewise, the Angus had his good will,
for they were favorites with him, while the lit-
tle West Highlander was probably his ideal of
a perfect beef animal. While Mr. Sotham ad-
vocated particularly the Hereford breed, it was
because, as a breed, they had a higher standard
of uniform excellenc<' than any other breed;
their standard if ('(|ualled at all by any other
breed being api)roache(l only by its best speci-
mens.

Our own experience at the recent meeting
(1899) of the American Hereford Cattle Breed-
ers' Association, leads us the more to believe
that a irian's work may not be appreciated at its
full value during his lifetime, or while jealous
contemporaries liold the machinery of organi-
zation. We fully appreciated Mr. Sotham's work
during his lifetime, but, in the stress of the
fight, we were unable to stop and bind up his
wounds, although it was fully in our heart to
do so; but time presses anil waits for no man,
and we are thus tardily doing our very best to
have the works of Mr. Sotham appreciated.
Feeling that Mr. T. F. B. Sotham would aj)-
- predate this recognition of his father's work
for the improvement of American cattle we
can state that our unpleasant experience at the
"recent meeting resulted unexpectedly in one
source of gratification, for it led us to confer
with Mr. Sotluim, through which conference
we agreed with him upon the revision and pid^-
lication of our work, independent of any un-
friendly censorship.

As was known to many members of tlu' Here-
ford Cattle Breeders' Association, we agreetl
with the Executive Committee of the Associa-
tion to write a History of Hereford Cattle for
the Association. We entered into this work
in no narrow mood, but with a love for the
labor and a broad feeling of assurance that we
were e(]uip[)ed better than anyone else to do
this work, and in the firm belief that such a
work was needed and would be appreciated.
After spending a year upon the work, we found
that at our time of life it was a much sjreater

and more arduous task than we had estimated;
several years having passed since we had retired
from active business. While the money that
we had agreed upon with the Executive Com-
nuttee as compensation would have been a con-
veni(>nce, we, at no time, felt as though we were
working for a money consideration. As we got
into tlie work, reviewing our past struggles and
triumj)hs, we renewed our youth in a revival of
our interest in beef cattle improvement. The
splendid enthusiasm of the Hereford men at
their shows was encouraging.

When, therefore, we came to the meeting
with several hundred pages of manuscript, ready
to show what we had accomplished and to out-
line what we further wished to do in comple-
tion of the work, we suggested to the Executive
Cotnmittee that we could use a part of the com-
pensation, and were pained on meeting the
committi'e to learn that our work was by them
considered a mere dollars-and-cents matter, and
that even when completed we could have no
assurance that the work would be published.
At any rate the Executive Committee crawled
behind a technicality, and although they as-
sumed unbridled authority in many directions
in other matters they pleaded that they had no
authority to turn over any part of the money
until the entire work was completed.

To show how utterly devoid of sincerity the
committee's plea was I would add that a little
later, in honeyed phrases, they offered to take
the data and uncompleted work as we then had
it, and pay the full amount of money ($.500)
for it, uncompleted. The design of the Kxecu-
tive Committee ruler was so plainly evident
that we would not, under any circumstances,
allow our work to go into his hands to be re-
vised and edited; and therefore we resolved to
cancel our agreement with the Hereford Asso-
ciation. Our friends, however, were not con-
tent to let the matter remain in this condition,
and it was brought before the meeting, but the
Executive Committee, carrying in proxy votes
tlie ]io\ver of the Association, was enabled, by
an empty subterfuge of allegeil business prin-
ciple, to defeat what was unquestionaldy the
will of the Association.

It is beyond our comprehension how the
American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Associa-
tion continues to submit to the rule of a com-
mittee of three men who arc known to be domi-
nated by one of its mendiers. The Executive
Committee of the American Hereford Cattle
Breeders' Association, as now (1899) con-
stnicted, amounts to one-man rule, and accord-
ing to the Constitution and By-Laws that man,
as the head of the Executive Committee, is the

HIST OK Y OF HEKEFOKD CATTLE

535

ruler of the Associatiou. The forbearance and
conciliatory spirit in the great majority of the
Hereford Association are matters for wonder,
as well as for great congratulation. The Con-
stitution and By-Laws of the Association were
unquestionably good and sufficient for the time
when they were made. It was well to have
then, and it is well to have now, and I hope we
always will have the most stringent rules in re-
gard to registration, and the iirniest safeguards
against those rules being thoughtlessly or hastily
changed ; but the other by-laws and all other
business, outside of the registration rules, should
be subject to the will of the majority at meet-
ings, and not subject to the will of a single man
and his clique, as it has been and will be under
existing conditions, or until some leader rises
up, and facing the unpleasant and demoralizing
situation, declares the facts to each member of
the Association. It has been demonstrated
that the Executive Committee as at present
constructed will not relinquish their power with-
out a struggle, so that it is not difficult to
prophesy that their narrow, selfish policy will,
in time, make a revolution imperative.

When we think of what the Hereford breed
of cattle is, in the importance of its relation
to the beef interests of the world, we are amazed
that a few Hereford breeders will come together
once a year at the annual meeting to listen to
the same old sort of a report, and to act upon
cut-and-dried business prepared for them by
the Executive Committee in the same old way,
and to which cut-and-dried preparation they are
limited in the action and business of the con-
vention, iluch against the will of an offensive
oligarchy, the association elected Mr. T. F. B.
Sotham (|[377) president at the recent meet-
ing (1899). We mistake the character of Mr.
Sotham, and he will not be true to his position
as champion of the Herefords, or worthy of
his father, if he does not throw light on this
"clique" and the subtle errors of their way.

The Executive Committee passes npon all
constitutional legislation to be submitted to the
Association. If they decline to submit the prop-
osition of a member that proposition cannot
come before the meeting. If they condescend
to present such proposition they present it in
a form that must be adopted or rejected with-
out the charging of a single word. This sys-
tem except as concerns rules for registration
is absurd, silly, and ought not to be tolerated.
The idea of a body of men of the character,
intelligence and wealth of the American Here-
ford Cattle Breeders' Association submitting to
any such little narrow plan is preposterous, anil
I am convinced from much commuuicatiou with

the members of the Association that the system
needs only to be aired properly by a well-mean-
ing, loyal and influential breeder to insure a
prompt and profitable change. We therefore, in
closing, devote a little space to this matter.

Why should the Hereford interests submit to
any such narrow control ? We concede that the
members of the present (1899) Executive Com-
mittee may be considered just as intelligent and
worthy as any other members of the Association,
but we insist they are not more so. There never
was a body of men constituted that has more
good material for effective work than the Amer-
ican Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association, and
the Association falls very far short of its dutv
in not availing itself of this material. There
is positively no good to be gained and an op-
portunity for much harm in giving any man a
life tenure of office. The course for many years
has been for the annual meeting to assemble in
Chicago on one evening in Xovem.ber, ostensibly
at 8 o'clock, although it is nearer 9 before the
meeting is called to order; and when the clock
nears 11 there has always been an urgent and
very ajjparent desire on the part of the Execu-
tive Committeemen to have the business over
and an adjournment agreed to. The business
has consisted of the reports of the Executive
Committee and Treasurer, the latter being a
member of the Executive Committee. They
report their work of the last year, and propose
their work for the ensuing year, merely asking
tlie sanction of a necessary appropriation. If
they can possibly get these reports adopted and
agreed to in full, at one stroke, the plain desire
of the Executive Committee is then fully car-
ried out. Committee matters of interest to
breeders, discussions of what would be helpful
to them in their work, matters that can only
be elucidated by full and complete discussion,
that would make tlw conventions of the Asso-
ciation interesting and profitable, are ignored,
that a cut-and-dried program may be carried
through in the most expeditious manner pos-
sible. The better acquaintance of Hereford
breeders, the discussion of their experiences, the
reading of appropriate papers, and the free and
full discussion of pertinent Hereford matters,
such as breeding problems, feeding experiments,
judging systems, selection of judges, etc.. would
create and renew such (jcnrrnl infrrrst that the
accruing benefit.s would make a general desire
for the longest sessions convenient rather than
the shortest farces possible.

We have no more pecuniary interest in the
Herefords, and of more than eighty years of life
we have spent thirty in the Hereford interest,
and therefore know that we can sav what we

536

11 1 8 T O K Y OF HEREFORD CATTLE

are saying without anyone rightly feeling that
we have "an ax to grind." On this matter we
write as we have in the rest of our work, without
any hif.l(lc'n meaning. Straightforwardness has
ever been our method. When we began prepar-
ing this work, knowing that it must be sub-
mitted to the Executive Conunittee, and know-
ing well each memljer of that committee, to
meet what we conceived would be their require-
ments we were constrained to clothe our words
with a little of that hateful subtlety which has
ever characterized our opponents from without
as well as within the Hereford camp. But
when we felt obliged to cancel our agreement
with the Executive Committee we were relieved
of a distressing position, and we at once deter-
mined to renounce subtlety and all its works,
and confine our efforts to those methods and to
that system of language wliich had ever been
inseparable from our work.

We know with what reluctance a Hereford
breeder would take up the leadership of a cru-
sade against existing, offensive and retarding
conditions and dangerous tendencies in the
American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Associa-
tion. Xo one rushes, without grave provoca-
tion, into a family row. The Association, even
under the prevailing system, has been, as if
ought to be, in the advance of any similar or-
ganization. But the system makes for one man
control and an autocrat generally resents the
.slightest criticism, and having control of the
machinery of the As.sociation uses it more or
less effectively to the detriment of his critics.
An octogenarian, however, out of business,
speaking for the good of others in a cause he
loves so w-ell, need fear nothing, even if he
speaks freely. Incidents illustrating our mean-
ing may be enumerated, but one will suffice.

It was the hal)it of the Treasurer of the
American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Associa-
tion up to 1898 to give a personal bond, the
strength of which up to that time, we are safe
in saying, was never properly investigated. Now
we do not question the validity or sufficiency
of the bond, but call attention to the careless-
ness of the Association in regjird to it.

Let us go further. The Treasurer's bond was
passed upon by the Executive Committee, of
which the Treasurer was the active, leading and
ruling member. Again, a large surplus f\ind
amounting to $50,000 had accumulated, which
the Association ordered to be kept invested in
T". S. bonds. Willi the consent of the Execu-
tive Committee, of which the Treasurer was
THE puF.v.viuKO MF.MBKR, this surplus was kept
by the Treasurer for many years in unregis-
tered United States Government bonds. These

bonds needed no endorsement, being exactly the
same as cash, thus placing the entire funds of
our Association at the disposal of and for the use
and benefit of the Treasurer without interest,
upon a personal bond furnished to and passed
upon by the Executive Committee, which was
essentially himself. We consider it fortunate
for the Hereford Association that our Treasurer
was able to weather the panic of '93. We have
no reason, however, to believe him any more
honest than the treasurer of the Shorthorn As-
sociation, who, as is well known, became finan-
cially embarrassed, and, doing his best, turned
over real estate of questionable value to the
Shorthorn Association in lieu of a similar
amount of cash. Again, in the office of the
Treasurer there was no systematic accounting
system. We are not specifically charging dis-
honesty on the ])art of the Treasurer. We mere-
ly call attention to the looseness of the Associa-
tion's system and to the chances for loss occa-
sioned by this delegation of all power to the
Executive Committee trio, without a proper and
annual accounting. Many another breeder
tossed in the financial storm and paying high
rates of interest would doubtless have been able
to profit greatly by the free use of this great
sum of ready money in the hands of the Treas-
urer.

Now, let us illustrate liy a little unwritten
history how l)adly this loose system acts for any
individual who may have enough interest in the
welfare of the Hereford breed and its Associa-
tion to make suggestions for the improvement
of the system of this all-powerful and criticism-
hating committee.

The late Mr. G. W. Henrv, of Chicago, and
Mr. C. B. Smith (1|378), of'Fayette, Mo., were
particularly friendly in their relations. When
Mr. Smith was elected President of the Associa-
tion— like other presidents, he had to learn that
the office of President of the American Hereford
Cattle Breeders' Association was intended for
a mere figurehead ; that in fact the President
had no duties, or at most very simple ones, for
whicli ample preparations were made that they
might be performed by the Executive Commit-
tee in ease the figurehead neglected them. Mr.
Smith, however, happily for Hereford interests,
decided that in tlie estimation of the Associa-
tion the President's office held some import-
ance. He therefore took it upon himself to in-
vestigate somewliat of the condition and practice
in the office of the Association. In the first
place it was found that the Secretary and Treas-
urer were not the employes of, nor are they re-
sponsible to the Association. They belong, un-
der the constitution, body and soiil to the Exec-

HISTORY OF UKRKFOED CATTLE

537

utive Cominittoo. They must make all reports
to the Executive Committee, are responsible to
that committee, and hold their offices by the
power and command of that committee. In the
second place he found the office was located at
Independence, and that aside from its being the
office of the Hereford Association it was the
office of the Treasurer, and also of the Hereford
cattle breeding firm of which the Treasurer was
the active partner.

Further, it was discovered that the funds of
the Association were kept in the private bank
accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer, and
that the machinery of the Hereford office was
used to conduct the private commission busi-
ness of the Secretary and the business of the
Treasurer's firm. Further investigation showed
a lack of system in the methods of the office,
and particularly a very lax and unbusinesslike
system of accounts. Still further investigation
showed the unregistered bonds, equivalent to
greenbacks, added to the cash in the hands of
the Treasurer. Having the best of will, and
we may say without fear of contradiction, a sin-
cere friendship for both the Secretary and
Treasurer. Mr. Smith was extremely reluctant
to take action, but being himself an expert ac-
countant and a business man, experienced with
and high in the esteem of great corporations,
he felt that action on his part was a duty, and
thus he conferred with his friend, Mr. Henry,
also a business man of high standing and fa-
miliar with corporations. In the kindliest and
friendliest way possible they quietly but plainly
laid some of the facts as they saw them before
both Secretary and Treasurer, suggesting vari-
ous changes in the system of accounting in both
Secretary's and Treasurer's office, and insisting
that the Treasurer should at once exchange the
unregistered bonds, that were as negotiable as
greenbacks, for bonds registered in the name
of the American Hereford Breeders' Associa-
tion; such bonds not being transferable with-
out the signature of the President in addition
to that of the Treasurer of the Association.
Wilfully misconstruing the motives and dis-
trusting the evident faith and good-will of
Messrs. Smith and Henry, the Execiitive Com-
mittee appointed two breeders, neither of whom
were accountants, as an auditing committee to
pass upon the accounts of the Association,
which committee made a report dated January
12, 1808. We do not call in question the hon-
esty of that report, and it is not particiilarly
our intention to call in question the honesty of
the existing administration, but we do say that
the appointment by the Executive Committee
of an auditing committee to pass upon their

own work is a farce too silly, after sober
thought, to be countenanced by a body of men
as intelligent as the members of the Hereford
Cattle Breeders' Association.

We need not prolong the details of this mat-
ter, and would not have presented it at all in
this, a history of Hereford cattle, were it not
for our firm belief that the Hereford breed of
cattle is to be the prevailing and leading breed
in the improvement of the world's beef cattle;
and that being the case, that the organization
of the breeders of Hereford cattle must wield
great influence upon the breed, and therefore
any failures and mistakes would, in the end,
have a bad effect upon the beef interest of the
country, and therefore upon its agriculture.

We feel that most members of the American
Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association take too
lax a view of their duties and responsiijilities,
and of their individual importance in the great
work of uplifting American agriculture. We
say this with the welfare of the breeders of
Hereford cattle sincerely at heart. We say this
because the members of the American Hereford
Cattle Breeders' Association annually receive
from the Secretary a circular letter announcing
the date of annual meeting and giving copies
(sanctioned by the Executive Committee) of
rules to be adopted or rejected at the coming
meeting, and accompanying this they receive a
blank proxy, and too little importance has been
attached hy memhers to those proxies. The
great majority of the proxies fell into the waste
Ijasket, with the proposed rules, members
promptly deciding there was nothing to be done
at the meeting to interest them, or to be worth
the expense incurred in attending. This would
be well were it not that other members, noting
the name of the Secretary printed in large let-
ters at the head of the proxy, have felt that
some attention should be paid to it, and though
taking no personal interest in the meeting have
endorsed their name on the proxy and returned
it to the Secretary; and enough have usually
done this to place the power in the hands of
the Secretary to accomplish at the meeting
whatever his will might be, regardless of the
will of those Hereford breeders who think
enough of the Hereford breed and its organiza-
tion to pay their money to attend the meeting
in person. These proxies the Secretary would,
of course, divide among the Executive Commit-
tee trio, and their clique, in order that on the
face of the returns the power of one man might
not be too offensively visible.

We are glad that we can say that in most
instances this power has been used in (he inter-
est of projects redounding ultimately to the

538

II I S T () IM' () F 1 1 K R K F 0 \l D C A T T L E

good of the Hereford breed, for in the main no
one can gainsay the fact that the Hereford As-
sociation has done a great deal of good, but il
might hare done and can do more, for this
power unwittingly invested in the Secretary,
who is the employee of the Executive Commit-
tee, has also been abused, to the detriment of
the Association's best interests. Note the case
which we have introduced, viz., that of ex-Presi-
dent Smith, for the death of Mr. Henry left
Mr. Smith to work out these desirable results
alone. Neither Jlr. Smith nor Mr. Henry de-
sired to make public the condition of the As-
sociation's office, preferring that the necessary
changes be made without the knowledge of the
general public, or even of any large number
of members of the Association, and they were
so made. . Much that was thus secretly sug-
gested by Messrs. Henry and Smith was as se-
cretly adopted in the Hereford office. But nev-
ertheless those who made the suggestions in-
curred the bitterest enmity of those who adopted
those suggestions, and here lies the point that
we wish to make, and we trust that it will not
be lost in the coming and yet more prosperous
years of the society. Let no one deceive him-
self; the open, boldly honest way may be the
unpleasant way, but it is the only sensible, safe
and enduring way.

Ex-President Smith and ^Ir. Henry made
their suggestions, as we have said, quietly and
in good faith as true friends of the Association's
officers, and not in the slightest sense as their
enemies. They made their suggestions in the
truest interest of those officers of the Hereford
breeders and the Hereford breed. They partic-
ularly wanted the officers, to whom the sugges-
tions were made, continued in office; because
they had always had faith in the honesty of
those officers and because they wanted no hint
of fraud or irregularity to get before the public
or even before the Association itself, and thus
important changes were made in the system and
finances of the American Hereford Cattle
Breeders' Association, diplomatically and with-
out those W'ho so thoroughly deserved it being
publicly criticized. Mr. Henry, unfortunatelv
for the Hereford breed, died at Kansas City,
where he went to attend and put life (as none
but he could) into a public sale of Herefords.
and the resentment of the Treasurer and Sec-
retary and their associates did not affect him.
Ex-President Smith, therefore, came in for the
brunt of their hatred. How they have been
wreaking their spite u])on Mr. Smith can best
be judged by others. We have been too far
from the scene of leading Hereford operations
to discuss this, but we have been creditably in-

formed that the spite has been exhibited in
every possible way, and with most virulent
venom.

The American Hereford Cattle Breeders' As-
sociation has never had a thorough or proper
investigation and auditing of its accounts bv
an expert accountant since its organization,
though we are advised that the Shorthorn As-
sociation has of late years had an expert ac-
countant, appointed by an outside and
unquestioned authority, namely, the First Na-
tional Bank of Chicago, which duly appointed
expert having at his first investigation gone to
the very beginning of the Association's accounts
has, to this sound foundation, annually there-
after added each succeeding year's accounts.
Here is the one lone instance which we can copy
with profit from our friends of the Shorthorn
camp.

In discussing this matter we have referred to
a point which we wish to illustrate, and this
point is illustrated throughout the entire his-
tory of our work, as well as throughout the
history of our predecessor, the Hereford cham-
pion, W. H. Sotham. This point is the fact
that open war in the end produces greater,
more lasting, and more beneficent results than
any subtle scheme of dijilomacy. ilessrs. Smith
and Henry accomplished great good quietly by
diplomacy, but the result of that diplomacy,
while beneficial to the Hereford Association,
has been pointed to as the beneficent work of
officers who would not inaitgurate reforms of
their own motion, but who were actually com-
pelled by the force of circumstances to bring
about this result ; while at the same time, those
officers have used their offices and their personal
influence as far as possible to harm the diplo-
mat. Verily, diplomacy will react, for there is
no enemy like the one that poses as your friend ;
we ever preferred an open foe.

Here at last let me make the main jioint,
which this entire matter is intended to bring
out: Let the Association create wider and
freer councils and broaden the scope of its
work : let the annual meetings of the Hereford
Association be of such interest as will bring
out the largest attendance. Let the program be
filled with discussions that will benefit every
participant in the meeting. Let it be assumed
that more than one, or three members, have wis-
dom and brains. I>et these meetings discuss
oiH'nly, frankly and with spirit every matter of
interest appertaining to the good of the Here-
ford breed and the beef interest. Change the
constitution and by-laws at once, that sugges-
tions may he made and publicly discussed, that
no individual need suffer for doing a good to

HISTORY OF HEREFORD CATTLE

i:i9

the Association and breed. Let the majority
rule. No loyal Hereford man need fear to pre-
sent his case and abide by the decision of a true
Hereford majority. No man is worthy of a
Hereford oflfice who is afraid of such majority
and resorts to proxies.

We submit tliis matter reluctantly to a
hook that will go before the world as a History
of Hereford Cattle, but we have endeavored to
make this book of wider interest than an ordin-
ary historv : to make it valuable for the future
as well as' the past, and to give the light of the
past for the better illumination of the future.

Tliere is no fear of the future if the menace of
a "close corporation" be subdued. In this as in
all other things we speak plainly, in words of
no uncertain meaning. The Hereford breed of
cattle have nothing to fear from any competitor
on the score of absolute inherent merit. In-
telligence and honesty in the future conduct of
the Hereford breed will make their improve-
ment steady, maintaining their present lead hy
keeping them apace with any improvement pos-
sible to other breeds, and consequently keeping
them in the forefront of beef cattle for all time,
in the future as in the past.

APPENDIX

5il

APPENDIX.

THE LATE MK. MILLER, ()E ILLINOIS, U. S. A.

HOW HE BENEFITED HEREFORD BRKEDF.ES.

It will doubtless be with a feeling of sincere
regret that many breeders and others interested
in Hereford cattle will receive the news of the
death of that veteran champion of the breed in
America, Mr. T. L. Miller, which took place at
De Funiak Springs, Florida, IT. S. A., on
March 15, 1900, at the age of eighty-three.

Mr. Miller had, in spite of his great age,
been in the enjoyment of excellent health, un-
til a short time before his death, when he had a
severe fall in the street, causing concussion of
the brain. Although the serious nature of the
accident was apparent from the first, he
lingered on for some six weeks, until congestion
of the lungs supervened, and was the imme-
diate cause of death.

Mr. Miller was born in Connecticut, but
early in life settled in Chicago, and engaged
successfully in the insurance business. He then
made one of those kaleidoscopic changes in
business, so frequently made in America and
the Colonies and so rarely with success in
England, and exchanged city life for agricul-
tural pursuits. For this purpose he removed
to Beecher, where he had a large farm, about
thirty miles from Chicago, built a large house
and elalK)rate farm buildings. It was here,
having discovered the merits of the breed, that
he established and carried on for many years,
his famous herd of Hereford cattle.

It is not too much to say that he w^as prac-
tically the pioneer of the breed in America,
and it was mainly due to his persistent advocacy
of their good qualities that American farmers
realized how well suited to their purpose the
Herefords were, both as a pure breed and also
for crossing with native cattle. This result he
achieved in the face of the strong opposition
of the Shorthorn influence, which was at that
time paramount in the United States.

Breeders in Ibis country have cause to re-
member with gratitude his untiring and suc-
cessful efforts to make the Herefords widely

■ known on the other side of Atlantic, for his
action was the means of bringing about the
great boom, of some years back, which enabled
those who were fortunate enough to possess
pure pedigree herds to reap a golden harvest.

In 1883 he visited England, accompanied by
Mrs. Miller and their niece, and bringing with
him his rock-away carriage, pair of black horses,
and American harness, with which to drive
about the country and visit the principal breed-
ers. This turn-out excited a great deal of in-
terest and curiosity wherever it appeared.
Among those who entertained ilr. and Mrs.
Miller were liOrd Bateman at Shobden Court,
'Mt. J. H. Arkwright, Hampton Court, :\[r. T.
Duckham, at Baysham Court, Messrs. Goode,
at Ivingtonburv, Mr. J. Price, Pembridge, Mr.
T. Powell, at the Bage, etc.

The home breeders availed themselves of Mr.
Jliller's presence in England, to show their
appreciation of the valuable work he was doing,
l)y presenting him with a public testimonial,
in recognition of his efforts. On August 1st,
he was entertained at a public dinner, at the
Green Dragon Hotel. Hereford, at which a very
large and representative gathering assembled,
to do him honor, including Lord Glauusk —
then Sir J. E. Bailey — who was in the chair.
Lord Bateman, Lord Coventry, the county
nu'mbers, etc. The chairman then presented
to him. on behalf of the subscribers, a beauti-
fully illuminated address, signed by one hun-
dred breeders, and a purse of £200. A silver
cup was also presented to his able lieutenant,
Mr. (leo. Morgan.

Characteristically, he declined to spend th?
nu)ney in silver plate, but bought with it a num-
ber of animals, which he took on with him and
which were known as the ''Testimonial Herd."
Successful though he was, fortune was not al-
ways kind to him. Twice over, the costly and
handsome buildings on his farm were Inirned
to the ground. The first time thev were struck

A 1' 1' E N I) 1 X

543

by lightning and the second conflagration was
believed to be the work of an incendiary. Ulti-
mately he disposed of all his Herefords, and
sold the Beeclier property.

In order to escape the cold winters of the
North, the last years of his life were spent in
Florida. - An indefatigable wofker always, his
energies were by no means confined to looking
after. his farm and the breeding of cattle. He
became the mainstay of the church at Beecher
and of its pastor at a time when the little com-
nmnity was too poor to jirovidc for thrir own

A FARM SALE.

religious requirements. But his religious activ-
ities did not consist solely in giving liberal
financial support, for both in Chicago and
Beecher he was ever a regular and earnest Sun-
day school teacher. Xo stress of weather or bad-
ness of roads sufficed to . keep him and his
faithful wife — whom he always found an able
seconder in all his plans — from his work in
connection with the church. He contril)uted
largely to the agricultural press, and eventiu\lly
himself established a printing office and ran a
newspaper mainly in the interest of Herefords
for some years, and to which he subsequently
added a monthly publication. It was also at
Beecher, under his own editorship, much of the
work being done by his own hands, that he
started the "American Herd Book of Hereford
Cattle," and continued until the work became
too large to be carried on by private enterprise,
and was therefore transferred to the manage-
ment of the society in Chicago.

Altogether he was a fine specinu>n of the
type of men who have made the United States
the great and prosperous and progressive nation
that it is to-day. A man of strong will and
untiring energy, he put his hand to many

things, and to none without some measure of
success. At an age when most men are content
to rest, he was still strenuously working, and
the last work of his life, a task which he had
only Just completed when he met with his fatal
accident, was to write a "History of Hereford
Cattle," thus showing that his old interest in
the "white faces" had not abated. Of him it
may truly be said, as Chas. Dickens once said
of himself, "that he never put one hand to
anything, on which he could not throw his
whole self." — Hereford (Eng.) Times.

RESOLCTIOX.S.

Unanimously adopted by a rising vote of
the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation at Chicago, December 5, 1901 :

Whereas, Through the mysterious working
of a Divine Providence, one of the most promi-
nent and enterprising of the pioneer members
of this association, Mr. T. L_. Miller, has been
summoned to other fields; therefore, be it re-
solved by this association, in Annual Conven-
tion assembled :

First." That we freely and unhesitatingly
accord to him the position of originator and
leader in the propaganda of the Hereford in
America.

Second. That to his enterprise and courage
is largely due the position the Herefords have
attained in this country.

Third. That as a breeder of Herefords and
a citizen, we commend him and deplore his
loss.

Fourth. That we condole with his family
in their bereavement and sympathize with them
in their affliction.

Fifth. That this association appropriate
the sum of $500 to erect a monument as a
tribute to his memory.

Si.xth. That these resolutions be spread
upon the minutes of this meeting.

Cttarles Gudgell,
W. S. Vax Natta,

T. F. B. SOTIIAM.

Committee.
Chicago, 111., Decemlier 5, 1901.

DEATH OF T. L. MILLER.

Mr. T. L. :\Iiller died on Thursdav. :March
15, 1900. at De Funiak Springs. Fhi.. at the
ripe age of S3 years. To the cattle breeding
world he was universally known as T. L. Miller,
of Beecher. 111., and his Highland Stock Farm
was the Mecca of all admirers of Hereford
cattle for manv vears.

02

A P P E X U I X

545

Suppleiiu'iiting. cnlargiiip and j^ucceeding
the work of their first importer, the late Wni. H.
Sotham, Mr. Miller may truthfully be said to
have done more for the upbuilding and dis-
semination of the Hereford cattle than any
other man who has connected himself with the
breed. There were some differences between
Mr. Sotham and Mr. Miller, mainly growing
out of some methods of procedure during the
thick of the "Battle of the Breeds," and be-
cause these two old generals were so alike and
forceful in their temperament. Xevcrtheless,

was always a lover nf farm life, and after a
very successful business career in Chicago, he
retired to Highland Farm, at Beecher, HI., a
tract of 1,000 acres, which he improved by
tiling and careful cultivation and embellished
with the most extensive suite of farm buildings
ever attempted up to that time. The famous
Miller barn with its double-headed wind-mill
was the talk of the live , stock world until it
was destroyed by fire, only to be succeeded by
another more modern and convenient structure
two hundred feet square. It is douljtful if this

•". B, SOTHAllS SALE. Is!i6.
Weavergrace Farm.

my father frequently told me before his death
that Mr. Miller had done a noble and un-
paralleled service for the Hereford breed of
cattle and for all sound cattle interests, while
several years ago Mr. Miller wrote me that,
"during the thick of the fight I could not stop
to l)ind up the old man's wounds, l)ut now that
the battle is won, I will tell you what will no
doubt interest you: Al! tlie information I had
to make my fight for the Here fords I got from
your father and liis writings."

Mr. Miller was born in 'tJie East, in Massa-
chusetts, T believe. .After receiving a fair edu-
cation, he was employed in a butcher sluiji, and
later carried on tlie Imsiucss f<ir himself. He

J\Hller barn has ever been equaled for capacity
and convenience, nor can it ever be surpassed
as an ideal cattle home.

No abler advocate ever championed the cause
of improvement in cattle. Like my fatlier, he
was a fighter when it took a fighter to make an
impression on existing erroneous prejudices and
preferences. What the tenacious fighter in the
courts of law of to-day a<lds to the value of an
attorney, were the qualities essential to the suc-
cessful consideration by the court of American
cattle opinion, brouglit to the Hereford bi'eed
by T. L. ililler. There was jealousy of him
among those who should have been his guileless
friends, but pinned down to a fair estimate of

APPENDIX

547

the work of T. L. ililler, no cattknium whose
opinion is worth having, ever failed to give Mr.
Miller that great measure of praise and appre-
ciation he had fearlessly and honorably earned.
Breeders of Hereford cattle to-day, with their
breed the acknowledged leading beef improver,
with their organization leading all others in
willing submission, with all the homage paid
to breed and breeders that proves again the old
adage that "nothing succeeds like success," can-
not from the very nature of the present situa-
tion understand the bitterness of the fight that
waged during "the battle of the breeds," when
Hcrefords were denied a classification in the
premium lists of the fairs, when space in the
agricultural press was denied to Hereford writ-
ers, when the strong arm of a George Morgan
was compelled to intervene to prevent bodily

at Lafayette, Ind. Although there was no
class for Herefords, Mr. Miller took lus show
herd there for exhibition. He was not allowed
to' compete with Shorthorns, but the Board of
Directors met and voted him a special purse,
and promised a class for Herefords nest j'ear.
Messrs. Culbertson, Earl and Van Xatta there,
for the first time, saw the Hereford cattle. Mr.
Culbertson and Mr. Van Xatta bought their
first Herefords soon after of Mr. Miller, and
I think the same is true of Mr. Earl.

Under the able management of Geo. F. Mor-
gan, Mr. Miller's herd won great distinction,
beating herds of all breeds, including the im-
ported Herefords of some of the contemporary
breeders above mentioned. His great sire was
"Success," whose lithograph in colors adorns
thousands nf farmer^' liomcs throughout tlic

THE VETERAN FEEDER, JOHN LETHAM,
odenow. 111., and his two champions. (Photo from life.)

violence to such men as T. L. Miller. All well
enough is it to-day to chime and re-echo in the
effulgent light of a supreme peace secured by a
universal acknowledgment of Hereford merit,
but let us never forget that the Hereford breed
owes the greater part of the security of its posi-
tion to the efforts of T. L. Miller, in his in-
cisive, insistent, neverrfaltering, effective meth-
ods, by which he compelled the cattle world to
investigate and the powers that were to ac-
knowledge the merits of Ilerefor.d cattle.

Tbe Hereford's merit is easy to see if only
people have a chance to sec and try for them-
selves. Chas. M. Culbertson, Adams Earl and
W. S. Van Natta were all naturally Shorthorn
men ; the first Herefords they ever saw were
T. L. Miller's. It came about in this way. The
Tippecanoe County Fair was then, as now. held

country. I well remember with what pride and
satisfaction Mr. Miller showed me the splendid
matrons of his herd by "Old Success" on the
occasion of. my last visit to Highlands. Like
my father, Mr. ^Miller loved Hereford cattle
better than wealth, ea.se or life itself. No etTort
of labor, no sacrifice of time or means was too.
great for him to render in the interest of the
Hereford l)reed. Not getting a fair hearing in
the agricultural press he founded a paper of his
own. "The Breeders' Journal,'' and maintained
it at great saeritice of time, labor and money —
a paper that was widely read, and copies of
which are kept by Hereford l>reeders to-day. as
jjriceless soiivenirs of a crisis long and happily
past.

When the depression came, it caught ^Ir.
^Filler as it has caught nianv another iionest.

r

-V I

^aM».rMlBCi^a».:;

A I' I' H X 1) 1 X

549

earnest worker, striving for principles and facts,
rather than for greed and mammon. He had
been trying for years to induce the Farwells
to put Herefords on their great 3,000,00n-aere
range in Texas, had contracted with them (or
one of them) to furnish them a thousand bulls
at a fair price, when his difficulties overtook
him, and Mr. John V. Farwell bought the en-
tire herd at a song, singing it himself, and
figuratively buried it on the great Capitol
Ranch in Texas. No records were kept of the
increase, and so when recently it was deemed
advisable to restore the herd to the records,

book will show that, beginning with Youatt, all
the books ever written on the breeds of cattle
have been biased toward and in favor of other
breeds. In Mr. Miller's work, we will have
the exploits of the !)reed portrayed by a Here-
ford advocate and l)reeder. I consider it a
godsend that in the ri]jeness of his years he
was spared with robust health, and keen, clear
intellect, thus to complete and round out his
work, and for the thousandth time again place
the Hereford breed and fraternity under lasting
obligations to him.

The immediate cause of ilr. ]\Iiiler"s death

ALBION (15027) 7B960.
The great Enrlish sire and prize winner. (Photo from life.)

only a few of the remaining old cows could be
identified, and thus it is that the blood of Mr.
Miller's Highland Herefords was largely sub-
merged in the flood derived from the latter
importations.

Mr. Miller's last work was practically com-
pleted— a modern history of Hereford cattle.
This is a work of vast importance to tlu- breed-
ers of Hereford cattle. It is the first authorita-
tive history of the Herefords ever written by a
loyal Hereford breeder. It is a labor of love.
Hereford breeders have too long taken their
literature from writers who are distinctively
at heart advocates of other breeds. Jlr. Miller's

was an accidental fall. He caught his heel in
the sidewalk and fell, never after gaining full
consciousness. Four children survive him.
Interment took place at Evanston, 111., from
the home of his daughter, on Sunday, March
IS, 1900. I have, as President of the Amer-
ican Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association, re-
quested of the family the privilege for our
association of erecting the monunu'iit to mark
his last resting placi' — a duty and privilege
alike that is all that it is possible for us to do
for him as a last mark of our respect and appre-
ciation.— T. F. R. Sothani. in Ftrf filers' Gmetic,
ilarch -.^l, 1900.

:5 a

2£

APPENDIX

551

A TRIBUTE TO T. L. MILLER.

For those of you who had the privilege of
personal acquaintance with Mr. Miller, niy
heart is full of sympathy, realizing as I do that
your loss must be greater than mine — and miiuj
is great — for our acquaintance was one of cor-
respondence. Nevertheless, the kindly nature,
the broad, public spirit, the generous impulse
which shone from those pages from the hand
of T. L. Miller, with a reality and magnetism
never to be forgotten, lent counsel and en-
couragement to one of the youngest breeders
in the Hereford Association in his daily tight —
not only in the "battle of the breeds," but in the
"pioneer" work of developing and promoting
the great live stock industry of the South.
More than all others, Mr. Miller has been in
sympathy and in touch with my work and 1
publish his first letter as an example of a noble,
generous spirit, in the hope that its suggestions
may help other breeders whose experience may
not yet be ripened into years of silver-gray.

Mr. T. F. B. Sotham appreciates the neces-
sity of steadfast devotion to one's aims and
principles in the up-hill but winning fight for
good cattle, and probably Mr. Sotham is best
qualified of any breeder jiving to do justice to
.Mr. Miller — and Mr. Sotham has done so ad-
mirably.

After Mr. Miller's retirement from his active
business to the milder climate of Florida, he
saw the possibilities of the successful raising
of good beef cattle in the South, and labored
constantly for the advancement of this project.
He believed, and he knew when he believed,
that the breed par excellence best suited to the
climatic and other conditions in the Southern
States is the Hereford, that the South is eager
for an improvement on their small stock and
that the Hereford — "native" cross — is the one
to produce the desired result. Mr. Miller had
already secured agreements with the L. & N.
railroad, the Plant System, and the Florida
Central to give free transportation on pure-bred
stock into that territory and expected other
roads to do the same. He was also promoting
Hereford interests in other equally broad-
minded ways, and I am glad to have the oppor-
tunity of paying this tribute of admiration
and respect to one about whom it may be said :

To those who know thee not, no words can

paint :
And those who know thee, know all words are

faint !
— Murnty Hoocorl-. in Brecdrrs' Gazette, April
11, 1900.

Mr. Boocock (^ 379) forwards the following
letter for publication, written to him by Mr.
Miller from De Funiak, Fla., under date of
March 2•^, 1898:

"I notice your purchase of the $3,000-bull at
Emporia. This brings you and your letter of
July 1 before me again, and gives you promi-
nence among Hereford breeders. How long have
you been breeding Herefords? The late Hon.
John Merrvman, Cockeysville, Md., was one of
the earlier breeders. I think he commenced in
the fifties — his widow and son are botli breeders
now, as I presume you know.

"Permit me to call your attention to the fact
that in Herefordshire, England, the breeders
there carry a given number of cows, it may be
twenty to sixty — as many as they care for —
never more, never less — and after a cow has two
to four calves she is turned off and a heifer
has taken her place. Cows thus treated bring
close to steer price for beef. Could Virginia
or Pennsylvania adopt this plan they would
find a profitable business. This refers to the
average farmer, who would keep common cows
and use a Hereford bull. If I were in Virginia
or Pennsylvania, I would cultivate such trade.

"Say with twenty cows, there would be ten
steers a year to go off. At two years old they
would weigh 1,200 to' 1,400 pounds, and when
the heifers come of age he would turn oft' twen-
ty beeves a year, or say close to -$1.000 ; in thi;^
way he would improve his farm. He may let
his calves run with the cows until six months
old, or wean and use the milk, feeding skim
milk to calves. There is no better butter cow
than the Hereford.

"This is what Eastern farmers need. If you
would cultivate such a trade and make Wash-
ington your market, 1 think you woidd find it
a success." — Breeders' Gazette, April 11, 1900.

It was singularly appropriate that among the
pall bearers at the funeral of the late T. Ti.
Miller, held at Evanston, HI., March IS, 1900,
were Mr. T. F. B. Sotham, President of the
Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association; Mr.
George F. Morgan, the veteran Hereford breed-
er, who assisted Mr. Miller in his early days as
a Hereford breeder, and Mr. Tom Smith, long
manager of Mv. Miller's Highland Farm and
herd at Beechcr. 111., and prominent now as a
breeder of Hereford catUe. ^Breeders' Gazette,
March 28, 1900.

552

xVi'i'KN nix

FAC-SIMILE OF LETTER FRO:\I 'I'. I.. MILl.KI?
TO T. F. B. SOTHA.M.

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554

APPENDIX

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APPEXDIX

555

d.<-^-^i^^i,~<)il

A 1' I' !■: \ 1) I X

COPY OF FOREGOING FAC-SIMILK
LETTER.

De Funiak Spring^;. Fla., April 14, IS!)!).
T. F. B. Sothain, Ks(i.. C'hillifOtlie. Mo.
Dear Tom :

1 ret'. your.>i of Jlar. 'M).
I am reading up the record of my fight for
the Herefords, and have jnst met the following,
written in Feb., 'S"2.

The History of Mr. Sotham and his connec-
tion with the Herefords. Although he did not
receive an immediate and direct success, his
work had a great influence, and made the way
easier for us. I have found all along those
who were Hereford men from what they knew
of his cattle.

I met a man of seventy years, who said of
the Herefords, they are the best cattle 1 ever
knew. When I asked, what do you know of
them, his reply was, I bred and owned them
forty years ago in Vermont. The cows were
the best I ever owned, and the young things
were always ready for the butcher.

I have met his cattle on the Rocky Moun-
tains, carrying goods where horses could hardly
travel. I met a Mr. Bowen at the Centennial
from New York state, who introduced himself
and had a good word for them. What do you
know of them, I asked. Says he, I bred them
years ago from the Sotham importation, and
when I asked him why he did not continue
them, he said the Shorthorn influence was too
strong for him ; and he was a man of more than
ordinary intelligence and enterprise.

That Shorthorn influence has put its foot
upon many a movement that let alone woiild
have bettered the country.

The Hon. John Merryinan of ]\raryland
started his herd from the Sotham importation,
and forty-seven of this herd went to Messrs. A.
A. Crane & Son of Osco in this state, in Jan.

The Shorthorn men and editors have called
Mr. Sotham a failure. He was not a failure;
our work has been easier for what he did. He
made a record that time cannot deface or dim.

He made a case and placed it on record that
was perfect in its detail and make-up. The
work that he did I have used and felt. The
friends that he made have been my friends. I
have used the facts he gathered. When attacks
have been made upon me, I could not always
stop to say where my ammunition came from,
but I am now where I have reached a breathing
place.

Gathering up this data of his, T am placing
it on record, and ])assiiig it to his credit, a fight
of forty years from the i)rime of life to old age.

Starting witli the best race of cattle and the
liest specimens of that race, for it will be no-
ticed that in the record we are Ijringing up
none of his opponent's question the merit of
his cattle, they try to rob him by claiming the
merits as belonging to a Shorthorn cross. Start-
ing as I may say with the best l)reed and the
best specimens of the In-ced, with a friend in
the person of the Hon. Erastus Corning of
ample means; with those prospects and the
skill necessary to carry out the enterprise to
a large success, those Shorthorn men were en-
abled, by force of numbers and the control of
the press and the Xew York Agricultural So-
ciety, to destroy those prospects and retard this
Hereford movement for K) years.

But while they were able to do this, they
have never been able to break his spirit. He
has stood for forty years as defiant and aggres-
sive as though he had Erastus Coming and a
herd of Herefords behind him. He has stood
in their path as faithfully and fearlessly as the
angel stood in the path of Balaam.

While I was in the thick of the fight, I could
not stop to bind up his woimds; I could not
stop, as perhaps I ought, to notice his aid.

He has perhaps had occasion to feel that I
neglected him. and that same fearlessness that
has kept his face towards his old enemies, led
him to strike at me occasionally. 1 should have
been glad that it were not so, but 1 have no
enmity.

I at my first breathing place, gather up his
record and give it to his generation, and I will
place the Hereford flag in his hands and the
Hereford crown on his head.

Well, Tom, that is wdiat I wrote and pub-
lished in Feb., '82. It is a singular fact that
1 from 1839 — and during this Albany contro-
versy— took the Albany Cultivator, and kept
the files. Truly vours. " T. L. JIiller.

THE ILLFS1'R.\T10XS OF THE APPENT-
DIX.

In accordance with the announcement at the
introduction, in addition to the copious illus-
trations pertinent to the body of this work a
nuniljcr of fuU-pago reproductions of photo-
graphs from life of choice specimen Herefords
of different ages and both sexes are herewith
included. It has been thought best to confine
tliese specimen illustratiinis to photograplis
from life rather than from drawings, as it is
believed that they will give more accurate rep-
resentations of Hereford anatomy, and thus
train tlie inexperienced eye to a knowledge of

A I' 1" ]■: X J) 1 X

559

-the formation of a good Hereford, so that all
readers of Mr. MiUer's History nia}^ reap full
benefit of its teachings, and be enabled to take
fullest advatitage of the merits of Hereford
blood.

It is believed the illustrations comparing
prime beef with that found in the ordinary
markets will serve a particularly useful pur-
pose.

Few people realize that it is impossible to
have a real prime beefsteak on their tables
unless the animal from which it was taken
possessed some of the blood of our improved
lieef breeds.

C'HAXGE IX ADMIXISTEATIOX OF
THE AMEEICAX HEEEFOKD CAT-
TLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIA-
TION.

In Chapter XLIII of this history, on "The
Present and Future of the Hereford," Mr.
Miller criticizes the old administration of the
Hereford Association aifairs by an Executive,
Committee of three, that was provided for in
the Association's by-laws. Members of this
committee were elected for terms of three
years, one member being elected each year,
their terms thus interlapping and forming an
endless chain.

Since Mr. ililler's death, a private investiga-
tion by prominent members of the Association
showed that this committee and the by-laws
creating it were unauthorized by law, and a
subsequent appeal to the courts of Illinois (un-
der whose laws the Association was chartered),
brought about an official investigation which
declared the committee illegal, resulting in tlie
resignation of the entire Executive Commit-
tee and its officers in January, 1903, and the
assumption of the administrative duties of the
Association by its legally authorized Board of
Directors.

Adhering to the charter of the Association,
the law vests all administrative authority in a
Board of five directors, who shall be elected
annually for terms of one year, and the laws
of Illinois compel this Board to assume and
discharge these duties, making them responsi-
ble for the conduct of the Association.

Coming into this responsibility unex])ectedly
and without desire or effort on their part, the
Board of Directors reluctantly assumed con-

trol, and at this time (July, 1902) have cor-
rected much of the error Mr. Miller essayed to
point out.

The unfortunate dissensions whicli brought
about the aforesaid investigation, and the re-
sultant shifting of authority, naturally engen-
dered considerable feeling in the Association,
so that the Board of Directors was obliged to
assume its rightful, but unsought and unex-
pected power, under very unpleasant circum-
stances. It is due them to say that they took
up their duties, inspired by that loyalty to
Hereford interests that is common to the Here-
ford fraternity in general, and which has ever
been the great source of the Association's
strength. There -is a reasonable hope enter-
tained generally by the members of the Asso-
ciation, that a wise administration by the di-
rectors will result in a fair and lasting reunion
into one intelligent and aggressive association
of the factions caused by the temporary breach.

Mr. Miller pointed out the evils of the pro.xj'
system, which unfortunately without new laws
cannot legally be entirely abolished. The
proxy system has been the root of most Asso-
ciation evils, not only in the Hereford society,
but in countless others, and the tendency on
the part of many members of the Hereford As-
sociation is to refuse to give^ proxies. The
trouble about proxies is that they are too often
given for one purpose and voted for another.
Proxies are largely used by the holder to pro-
mote his own selfish interests. It is safe to say
that hundreds of proxies have been voted di-
rectly opposite from the way the members giv-
ing them would have voted, had they been per-
sonally present. As a general proposition,
those members who do not care to go to the
expense or trouble of attending the annual
meeting, ought to be satisfied with the will of
the majority of those who do attend, and not
put a weapon in the hands of the minority to
defeat the will of those members who do pay
their money and expend their time to attend.
If every member of the Association who cannot
attend the annual meetings in person will re-
fuse to be re])resented by proxy, Hereford dis-
sensions will be annihilated for all time, for, as
^Ir. Miller truly said: "No loyal Hereford
man need fear to present his case and abide by
tlie decision of a true Hereford majority.''
And, "No man is worthy of a Hereford office
who is afraid of such majority and resorts to
proxies."

^s

£ i

nnTniEn's niAr.RAM. a sipe of good grape TTErEFORn ukef.

ShowlnRniittiod of PiitHnR ii|> lilKli-cl.Kscarnissos. 1. Tlio liouiul. ■.'. Tlio Kmnii. a. The slilolii or llroad T,oln.
I,ulii. 5. The Kl;iiiU. c. TliP Niivi>l I'Icit. 7. Tin- Rllis. s. The rhiicU. or StioiildiM- linast.
!1. Till' llrlsUct. 1(1. The Npcli. II. Tho Shank.

BUTCHER'S TERMS-
Takf-ri from a good grade Hereford steei

'THE ROUXD."
{.See Fig. 1 of butcher's diagram.)

lUITCHER'S TERMS-" THE KOUXD."
Taken from a steer classed as common butcher's stock. (See Fig. 1 of butcher's diagram.!

BUTCHEirS TERMS— "THE RUMP."

n] «rade Hereford steer. (See Fig. 2 of butcher"

BUTCHER'S TERMS-"THE HUMP."
From a stPor classed as common butcher's stock. (See Fig. 2 of butcher's diagram.)

BUTCHER'S TEKMS--THE LOIN."

From a good grade Hereford steer. (See Fig. 3 of butcher's diagram.)

nVlTCllF.U'.S TKIi.MS-"THI! LOIN."
From a steer classed as comnioii Imtelier's stock. (See Fig. 3 of butcher's diagram.)

^P^^^^^^ ^ ' ^^H

^r^

,x

^408

liUTCHEK'S TERMS-"TII1': I'l M; I I.IMH TSl.-
From a good grade UurefurU steer. (See J i^'. 4 ul l.iitelier- Jiaaram.)

r.riTiii:K s timims ■thi- roi;TF,T;iiousF.-

From a steer elassed as eoiiimoii buleliers stoek. iSee Fig. 4 ol luiteher's diaRram.)

HUTCHEirSTEliMS ■llil', rni;Ti:i;ilnrsK EM>."

(ThiTUt that divides ttie fore qiwrtrr from tin- liiii.l. S.i' I'is;. 1 of iMitclicr's diagram.)

From a good giadu liert-ford stfcr.

lU'TCflFirs TI'IiMS ■TIIK i'DirilHlliufsIC KNli.

(The rut that divldi-n ttw fore (luarler from the hind. Sre Fie. 4 of hiitcliiT's diagram.)

From a steer classed as oomnioii butcher's stock.

BUTCHEK'S TEKMS— '-THE EIBS."

From a eood grade Hereford steer. ^See Fig. 7 of butclier's diagram.

HITCHEKS TERMS-" THK EIBS."
From a .steer classed as common butclier's stock. (See Fig. 7 of butcher's diagram.)

BUTCHER'S TEEMS-" THE CHUCK, OR SHOULDER ROAST."

From a good grade Hereford steer. (See Fig. 8 or Imtcher's diagram.)

BUTCHER'S TERMS-"TnE CHUCK. OR SHOUI-DER ROAST."
From a steer classed as eommon l)\itdipr's stock. (See FIr. 8. of Imtcher's diagram.)

I'.r'RHEi; s ■n;i;.Ms--TiiE bhihkkt. ■

I'roiii a good grade IlLTuluid steer. (See I'ig. y of butcliers diagram.)

ruTciiKirs TKims- -thk uriskkt."

I'rom a .-iteir elassed as coinmoii liiitcl\ers .sioi-k. iSee Fig :i of hmphers .liasrai

lUTTCIIKKS TKRMS--THE SHANK."

)ii Kiaiit' liriefonl >tfer. tSi'e Fig. U of butcher's diaffr;ini.i

lU'TCHKR'S TKKMS-"THK SHAXK."
From a steer classed as commou butcher's stock. (See Fig. 1 1 of butcher's diagram.)

nUTCHER'S TERMS "TnE SIIOULDEU Cl.Ol).'
From a good grade Hereford steer. The sliouhUir is ordinarily classed as cheap meat, but iu a good Uorcford carca>
shoulder Is better meat tUau the lolu of an ordinary carcass.

cHoHE iiki;i:f(ii:i> i;ii\st.

-■I.'hrati-.l ( liicae.) I.ii'clli-l . :i- :i lno,i.-l iif t!i:it ol;iss of l.crf .ic-
-iipl'ly Mt tills chiss ul li.- I 11. -wr .'iiuils tlii> di'inaiul an. I ,t al.-

■.I bv thi' vi-vv \ii'~t AmiTi
iiiiinaii.UliiKii \<t\n<.

KiiAsT ill' CiiMMuN Kl.l.l'.

Such as Is found in the ordinary markets of tlio cotmiry. Tliero Is Ri'iiprally a IiIr supply of tills class of lii-ci auil tlu' price Is

always low. People eat tills class of iieef hi'oause they can usually get no other, but they would

not eat It If tliey knew and could get the other.

^^^^^^Hv j^^^^^^^^^^H

■

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'

^^^K -v^.^^^ l^^^

H

i

»
i
1

1

- .^

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^Jj^- ,^t ■^.

INDEX,

NOTE.— The invertel P, or paragraph mark (1), is used in tills work to iDdicate a portrait or picture. 'Wlierevei' tliis
sign (1) is used, in liraekets, followed by a uumlaer, it indicates the number of an engraving tliat appears in tills work. Tliese
pictures or eugravings are arranged consecutively, with few exceptions, throughout the work.

Portrait of T. L. Miller Frontispiece

INTRODUCTION.

Page.

Tl A. Wellington Court, near Hereford '4

^B. New House, King's- Pj-oii, Herefordshire (rear view) 4

Some Further Notes on the Origin and Development of the Tompkins Herffords, by W . H.

Bustin .5

110. Alton Court, Dylwyn, Herefordshire 5

il D. King's Pyon Church, near Hereford (i

IE. Court House, Canon-Pyon, Herefordshire 7

F. Tablet of Benjamin Tomkins, !Sr., iu Wellington Church, Herefordshire !l

to. Tab'et of Benjamin Tomkins, Jr., King's-Pyon Church, Herefordshire 11

%H. W. U, Bustin, Hereford, England 12

CHAPTER I.

Foundation Hekefokd Herds I.t

1 1. Scene in Herefordshire. A fertile soil and well conditioned cattle 16

^ 2. Typical Hereford Fat Oxen of the old-fashioned sort 17

*i\ 3. The New House, Iving'a-Pyon, Herefordshire 18

If 4. Benjamin Tomkins, .Jr., 174.5-1815 ... 20

1 5. Black Hall, King's-Pyon, Herefordshire 22

^ (5. Brook House, King's-Pyon, Herefordshire 2'i

i 8. Wellington (4) 160, calved 1808, bred by B. Tomkins 24

1[ 9. Silver cow, calved 1806, bi-ed by George Tomkins 25

jlO. Mr. T. C. Yeld, of The Broome 27

'\\ 11. Thomas Andrew Knight, Fsq., born 17.59 28

T|12. Wigmore Grange, home of William Galliers, 1713-1779 29

lil2a. William Galliers, Wigmore Grange 30

1| 126. Thomas Tomkins Galliers, 1902 31

^1 13. Wigmore Grange, seat of the Galliers family (rear vi- w) 32

i\3a. William Galliers, Jr., of King's Pyon, 1744-1*32 33

"|13/<. Some of the silver cups won by the ^Messrs. Galliers 34

J 14. Mr. Henry Haywood, 1819-1902, whose family bred Herefords for c nturies 36

ijlo. Hereford ox at seven years. , Champion at !>mithtield, 1799; bred l)y .\Ir. Tullv 37

il6. Downton Castle in 1775, seat of T. A. Knight , ! 38

CHAPTER 11.

Foundation Hereford Herds — Continued. John Price, of Ryall 26

T117. Mr. John Price, 1776-1845 39

1[18. Ryall Court, Worcestershire, home of John Pi ice 40

il 19. Victory (33), bred by J. Price, calved 1839 41

IiO. Young Trueboy (32) 630, bred by John Price, calved 1838 42

21. " Poole House,'" Upton-upon-Severn, home of John Price 43

32. Thomas Bates, the celebrated Shorthorn breeder 44

23. " Croome Court," Worcestershire, seat of the Earl of Coventry 4(>

124. The Right Honorable Earl of Coventry ." 47

t25. Woodstock (24) 164, calved 1833, bred" by J. Price 48

1(26. Maximus (1615) 1817, calved 1858, bred by II. H. II. the Priuce Consort 49

CHAPTER III.

Foundatton Herepo"D Herds— Continued. Hewer Herefords .'?5

T127. Characteristic Herefordshire farmyard 50

583

5S4 I N U E X

rage.

\i8a. John L. Hewer, Vern House, Marden, Herefordshire 51

1128. Joha Hewer. Born 1787, died 187.i. The greatest improver of Hereford cattle 52

TMh. Darling, first bull ever bred by Mr. J. L. Hewer 54

T|29. Hampton I^odge (near Hereford), occupied by John Hewer, lb35-l«4U 55

II .iO. Palmer's Court, Holmer, occupied by John Hewer, 1848-1850 56

1,31. Vern House, Herefordshire, property of John Hewer, 1855-1875 57

T6i. Paradise Villa, Marden, near Hereford, where John Hewer died in 1875 58

433. Holmer Churchyard, near Hereford, where John Hewer is buried 59

T34. Lottery (410) 185, calved 1824, bred by J. Hewer 60

1,35. Sovereign (404) 221, calved 1820, bred by J. Hewer G2

\iia. Hed Kose 393, bred bv Mr. John 1 lewer 03

1 36. " The Tick face " <i4

YiHa. Lady liyron 218 (calved 1833), bred by John Hewer, sold for £346 lUs (|1,730). A " ticli-face " 65

CHAPTER IV.

I OUNDATION Hekefoed Herds— Concluded. Early Breeders in England 45

\6~i. C'otmore (376) 1.50, calved 1836, bred by T. Jeffries 6ii

\6'ia. C'otmore, Lyonshall, Herefordshire, home of Messrs. Jeffries 67

7376. The Sheriffs, Lyonshall, Herefordshire, occupied by the Jeffries family 68

T138. Hope (439) 334, calved 1836, bred by T. Jeffries 6:t

TdSa. Lady Grove, calved 1838, and calf, Foig-a-Ballagh, bred by T. Jeffries 70

1386. Hope (439) 324, calved 1836, bred by T.Jeffries 71

139. J. B. Monkhouse, the blind veteran of The Stowe 73

^40. The Court of Noke, Pembridge, Herefordshire, seat of J. Turner 75

1|40rt. The Court of Noke in 1902, occupied by Mr. Edward Farr 76

li41. Ivingtonbury, seat of Mr. T. Roberts, who bred Sir Thomas 77

f i2. Edward b'arr, present occupant (1902) of the Court of Noke '8

143. Downton Castle 79

1[44. Mr. A. J. R. B. Knight, of Downton Castle, 1902 80

1[45. Brockswood (4So j, calved in 1843, bred by J. Rickets 81

CHAPTER V.

A Noted Feeder on Herefords as Beef Animals . 53

1146. Hereford High Town in 1850, showing the old market house 82

|47. Hereford October Fair, 1881 83

1148. Hereford October Fair, 1901 84

1149. The celebrated feeder of prize steers, Richard Shirley, and famiiy, of Baucott 85

CHAPTER VL

" You.\TT " ON British Catti-e 61

|50. Youatt's typical Hereford cow 86

1 51. Youatt's typical Shorthorn cow 87

1 52. Youatt's idea of a Hereford working o.\ 88

1 53. Y'ouatt's Hereford feeding ox 89

T 54. Y'ouatt's original Durham cow 90

CHAPTER VIL

The Countt of Hereford— Herefordshire "'3

•[55. Lord Bateman, 1826-1901, Lord Lieutenant of Herefordshire, 1852-1901, the celebrated breeder

of Herefurd cattle '••!

•l56. Mr. \Vm. Price on his favorite horse at "The Vern," once occupied by John Hewer 93

1j57. '• Say when.'' Mr. J. H. Arkwright and son trout fishing at Hampton Court 94

VW. Shobdon t ourt, seal of Lord liateman 95

1159. A scene at -The Whittern," Kington, property of Jlr. R. Green 96

Facsimile of Testimonial to T. L Miller opp. 96

^60. Scene on the river Arrow, Court House, farm of John Price 97

liei. Herefordshire peasantry. Cheap labor for the rearing of large crops 93

CHAPTER VIII.

The Smithfield Cujb; National Show 'i*

1162. Hereford ox, champion at Smithfield, 1816 '•*

63. Champion Hereford ox, Smithfield, 1837, at 4 years and 10 months 100

64. Champion Hereford ox, Smi'hfield, 1838 101

65. Champion Hereford ox, Smithfield, 1819 1^'^

1166. Champion Hereford ox, Smithfield, 1841 1*^*

^i67. Champion Hereford ox, Smithfield, 18J6 l*'^

1169. Champion Hereford ox, Smithfield, 1846 1"''

I X 1) E X 585

Page.

1l 69. First prize Hereford ox at SmitUfiekl, 1846 108

JTO. Champion Herefurd ox, Smittifield, 1838 109

^71. Hereford steer, 2 years 11 montlis old, cliampion at Birmingham and Smillilield, 18o!) 110

1JT2. Hereford ox, 4 years old, champion at Smithfield, 1863 Ill

"[73. Hereford ox at 4 years, champion at Smithtield, 1868 112

174. Hereford ox, 2 years old, champion at Smithtield, 1882 113

CHAPTER IX.

COXTBiMPORART REPORTS OF S.MITHF1ELD Cl.UB MATTERS 92

CHAPTER X.

Twenty Years of Hereford Breeding — 1799 to 1819 103

•pia. Hereford Cathedral 114

Tl 74i. City of Hereford, cathedral and Wye bridge 115

^74c. Herefordshire farmyard scene 116

CHAPTER XI.

Early Hereford History in America. Hereford Shorthorn Controversy from 1834 to 1841 107

f74rf. "The Woodleys," Wooton, Oxfordshire, Eng.. estate of the Sotham family 117

^74e. "The Woodleys," Oxfordshire, birthplace of Wm. H. Sotham (rear view.) 118

CHAPTER XII.

More Early American History 146

1'74/. Hereford cow, " .Matchless," alias " Spot " (V. fi, p. 1 13), 1074 119

1175. Mr. Rust's grade Hereford ox. weight 3,700 lbs 120

1[76. Woodbine, bred by Wm H. Sotham 121

t77. William Miller (Uncle Willie), Storm Lake, Iowa 122

^78. Cardin.ll Wiseman. 1202 123

1179. Sweetheart 2nd, 602, and Vesta 4th, 1232A, at 18 months (1867) 125

1180. Hebe 409, Bonny Lass 670, bred by Lord Bateman, and Graceful 545, bred by Lord Berwick.. 125

1181. Emperor at 2 years (1867) ." 126

11S:H. Thos. Uuckham, M. P., 1816-1902, Baysham Court, Ross, Herefordshire 127

1[82. Walford (871) 47, calved about 1844 "108

1(84. Frederick William Stone, Uuelph, Out., Canada 129

CHAPTER XIII.

Mr. Wm. H. Sotham's History of the H^refoeds 179

U85. Eras; us Corning, Albany, N. Y 130

1}8fi. "The Woodleys " (Sotham estate), Wooton, Oxfordshire, Eng. (view from the fields) 131

1187. Tomb of the parents of Wm. II. Sotham, in Wooton churchyard, Oxfordshire 132

1f8S. Wooton Church, Oxfordshire, England 1 33

1189 A tablet in Wooton Church 134

1190. Sir Charles (3434) 543, bred by F. W. Stone 135

pi. John R. Page's conception of Sir Charles (3434) 543 136

1192. The Bates Shorthorn ideal. Imported Duke of Airdrie (12730) 137

1[93. A typical Hereford of 1840. Cotmore, weight 3,920 lbs , at 9 years old 138

1194. Thomas Booth, the great English Shorthorn breeder 139

1i95. Marchioness, bred bv E. Corning, .Tr., Albany, N. Y 140

196. Tromp, bred by W. H. Sotham 141

1197. William H. Sotham, in his 80th year (1801-1884) 142

1198. Luther Tucker, Sr , America's first great agricultural editor 143

1199. Cassius M. Clay, White Hall, Lexington, Ky 144

UlUO. R. A. Alexander, Lexington, Ky 145

11101. "White Hall," near Lexington, Kv 147

1(102. Medal of the N. Y. 8. A. S., awarded to Wm. H. Sotham, 1856 148

1[103. .lohn Merrvman, of "The Hayfields," Cockeysville, Md 149

fl04. Herefords.'property of T. F. B. Sotham 150

l|l05. Medal of the N. Y. A. S., awarded to Wm. H. Sotham, 1859 151

11106. City of Hereford and the river Wye 152

11107. Leonora, " the incomparable," bred by Mrs. 8. Edwards, Wintercott, Leominster, Hereford.. . 153

11108. Winter de Cote (42.53) 3204, champion of England 1871 to 1875 154

tl09. Grateful (4622) 2572, champion of England 1876 to 1880 155

H '■ 10. North Herefordshire hounds 156

If 1 11. Yoke of half bred Hereford steers, 2 years old, out of Devon dams 157

11 112. Young Herefords, bred by T. F. B. Sotham, Chillicothe, Mo 158

586

I N 1) K X

CIIAPTKl! XIV. Pag,

Early Cattle in Kentucky — The " Sf.venteens " 220

'113. LoDgliorn Bull, reproduced from Yuuatt's book on cattle 151>

il 1 14. " Seventeen Steer," sold ;it C'lminniiti, 1841 160

1115. Ox weighing 3,500 lbs., raised in Sangamon county. 111., 1834; bred from " Seventeen lilood ". 161
T[116. "Seventeen Steer," John Sherman 16^

CHAPTEU XV.

Revival of Hereford Interest in America 229

^117. Wm. Powell, Channing, Tex., formerly of Heecher, 111 IS'i

I'l 18. " Queen of Athens " and calf, " My Maryland " 164

tll9. "Dolly Vardpn"(V. 9, p. 279)5 165

1120. Ilerefords on the plains of Colorado 166

121. Hon. .1. W. Prowers, West Las Animas, Colo 167

f 123. Herefords bred by the Reynolds Land and Cattle Co., Channing, Tex IfiS

11 123. Medal of the Centennial at Philadelphia, 1876, awarded to T. L. Miller 16»

CHAPTER XVI.

A-N Incident of an Early Chicaoo Fat Stock Show 2.32

1124. Hereford and Shorthorn. (The thickness of Hereford and Shorthorn roasts compared i 170

11215. .John I) Gillette, Elkhart, 111 171

1126. Four-year-old and three-year-old. (Ages of cattle compared by teethj 172

CHAPTER XVII.
Opposition Encountered by Hereford ExHiiiiTOKf, 1877-8-9 235

CHAPTER XVIII.
Impartial .Judges Needed 240

1127. "Seventeen" Shorthorn Steer, McMullin 173

CHAPTER XIX.

American Hereford Record 243

1128. Mr. J. H. Arkwright, Hampton Court, Herefordshire, Eng 174

1 129. The Right Hon. Earl of Coventry, Croome Court, Worcestershire 17.5

1130. Mr. S. W. Urwick, Hereford, Eng 176

1131. Mr. J. H. Arkwi-ight, on his favorite hunter, " Bagpipes " 177

CHAPTER XX.

American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association 245

C. M. Culbertson, Newman, 111 178

T. E. Miller, Beecher, 111 180

Adams Earl, "Shadeland," Lafayette, Ind 181

J. M. Studebaker, South Bend, Ind 182

Geo. V. Morgan, l.iiiw((id, Kan 183

Thos. Clark, P,c,.(lHr, 111 1^4

Ben Ilershev, Muscatine, la 185

W. H. Todd, Vermillicjii, 0 186

G. S. Burleigh, Vassalboro, Me 187

W. S. Van Natta, '• Hickory Grove," Fowler, Ind 188

W. E. Britten, Hereford, Eng 189

J. II. Burleigh, Mechanicsville, la 190

Walter M. Morgan, Irving, Kan 191

William A. Morgan, Irving, Kan 192

Chas. B. Stuart, Lafayette, Ind 193

Edwin Phelps, Pontiac, Mich 194

H. C. Burleigh, Vassalboro, Me 195

Tom C. Ponting, Moweaqua, 111 196

A. A. Crane, Houston Tex 197

F. P. Crane, Chicago, III 198

Dr. Orlando Bush, Sheldon, 111 190

Thos. Foster. Flint, Mich 200

Wallace Libbev, Ottawa, III 201

A. n. BuUis, Winnebago City, Minn 202

John Gosling, Kansas City, Mo 2U3

•132.
1133.
1134.
1135.
n36.
1137.
1138.
1139.
1140.
1141.
1142.
1143.
1144.
1145.
1146.
jl47.
1148.
1149.

Hit

ll.',2.
1153.
11154.
11.55.
1166.

INDEX 587

CHAPTER XXI. p.,g^

Cattle Frauds— Comparative Treatment ik England and America 252

11167. Grade Hereford steer Conqueror at 27 months 204

1il58. An American show-ring. Under the Minnesota State Fair tent 20.5

^lf9. At a country fair in Missouri 206

1|160. Practicing for the show 207

^161. A "line-up" at Weavergrace, farm of T. F. B. Sotham 208

TI162. The cattle ring at the Detroit International Fair and E.xposition. T. F. IJ. Sotham, secretary 209

CHAPTER XXII.

The " Breeders' Journal " 250

^lfi4. A Missouri cow and her triplets 211

tlC5. Grade steer calves in au Iowa feed lot _. 212

Ti 166. Texas 2-year-old steers in an Ohio pasture 213

1[167. A bunch of Missouri yearling heifers 214

■ TI168. Nebraska calves in the Kansas Ciiy stock yards 21.5

T[169. Range calves bought by T. F. B. Sotham for Eastern feeders 21 ti

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Shorthorn Men Endeavor to Get Down Easy 2.58

11163. Stock barn at T. L. Miller's "Highland Farm," Beecher, 111 210

11170. A row of stock bulls at Shadeland farm, Lafayette, Ind 217

11171. Some Shadeland matrons 218

1[172. Out for an airing 219

1il73. Some Shadeland yearlings 221

1[174. Young bulls at Shadeland stock farm 222

1(175. Imported bull Diplomat (18328) 81537 223

11176. The foundation of an Ohio herd 224

Hereford group, bred by T. L. Miller Co., Beecher, 111 opp. 224

CHAPTER XXIV.

The " Breeders' Journal " on the Chtcago Fat Stock Show of 1880 265

11189. The Exposition building, Chicago 225

1(190. John P. Reynolds, Chicago 226

11191. H. D. Emery, Chicago 227

CHAPTER XXV.

A Conspiracy that Failed 271

11195. William Watson (Uncle Willie) 228

1(196. A cartoon of 1882, " Breeders' Journal " 230

1 197. Shorthorn cow Conqueror. A " Breeders' Journal '' cartoon of 1882 231

11198. Hereford vs. Shorthorn, or how the Shorthorners came to grief. A " Breeders' Journal " car-

toon of 1885 234

CHAPTER XXVI.

Ten EvENTPtjL Years: a Constant Request for Tebts — 1871 to 1881 282

11 199. A typical bull's head. Corrector 48976 237

1(200. Thos. Aston, Elyria, 0 238

CHAPTER XXVII.

Quality in Beef; Sound Constitution Indispensable to It 293

11201. Pure Hereford cow Jenny 239

11201(/. Heart girth of Herefords and Shorthorns compared 241

11201fc. Diagram of butchers' cuts 242

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Teeth as Indicative of the Age op Cattle. Some Fat Stock Snow Comparisons 299

11202. A " Breeders' Journal " cartoon of 1883 244

11203. A " Breeders' Journal " cartoon of 1883 246

1(204. Fig. 1. Calf s teeth at birth 300

11205. Fig. 2. Calf's teeth at second week 300

1206. Fig. 3. Calf's teeth at third week 301

11207. Fig. 4. Calfs teeth at 1 month 301

11208. Fig. 5. Calf's teeth at 8 months . . 303

1(209. Fig. 6. Calf's teeth at 11 mouths 303

588 INDEX

Piige.

"210. Fig. 7. Yearling's teeth at 12 months 303

•211. Fig. 8. Yearling's teeth at 15 ni«)iilh.s 304

•;212. Fig. 9. Yearling's teeth at 18 months 305

1;213. Fig. 10. Yearling's teeth at 22 mouths 305

11214. Fig. 11. Teeth at 14 months 30«

tai5. Fig. 12. Teeth at 2 vears and 6 months ^U7

f 216. Fig. 13. Teeth at 3 vears 307

1 217. Fig. 14. Teeth at 4 vears . . 308

^aiS. Fig. 15. Teeth at 5 Vears 308

T219. Fig. 16. Teeth of Shorthorn " Canadian Champion " 309

1:220. Fig. 17. Mouth of " Canadian Champi .n " 809

T221. Fig. 18. Teeth of "King of the West" 310

• T222. Fig. 19. Outside view of the mouth of "King of the West" 811

T223. Fig. 20. Teeth of Shorthorn " Young Aberdeen " 311

^"224. Fig. 21. Outside view of mouth of " Young Aberdeen " 312

II225. Fig. 22. Teeth of Shorthorn steer " Grinnell " 312

1i226. Fig. 23. Outside view of mouth of "Grinnell" 313

^227. Fig. 24. Teeth of Shorthorn "Tom Brown " 313

1J228. Fig. 25. Outside view of mouth of " Tom Brown " 314

CHAPTER XXIX.

Hereford Items in the Early Eiohties 315

•^205(1. Typical female head, Grace 58563 247

'206a. F. 0. Coburn, Topeka, Kan 248

%201n. .Judge T. C. Jones, Delaware, Ont 249

^20Sa. Wm. Warfield, Lexington, Ky 250

\20Qa. Thomas Smith, Crete, 111 251

i2Wa. J. B. Green, JIarlow, Herefordshire 253

iziU. G. H. Green, of the firm of J. B. & G. H. Green, Marlow, Herefordshire 254

1|212a. John Price, of Court House, Herefordsliire 255

5213a. T. Lewis, of "The Woodhouse," Herefordshire 257

12136. J. Williams, Llansannor Court, Glamorganshire, Wales 259

t214(i. Philip Turner, of " The Leen," Herefordshire 260

t215'!. John Morris, of Lulham, Herefordshire 201

t216(«. William Tudge, Adforton, Herefordshire 262

1|217n. T. J. Carwardine, late of Stocktonbury, Herefordshire 263

•i218'i. Lord Wilton (4740) 4057, bred by William Tudge 264

Ii219a. "The Kodil," Presteigne, Radnorshire 266

•i2196. Aaron Rogers, " The Rodd," Radnorshire 267

T230a. Anxiety (5188) 2338, bred by T. J. Carwardine 268

1;221a. A. P. Turner, of "The Leen," Herefordshire 270

^222<(. B. Rogers, " The Grove," Herefordshire 272

CHAPTER XXX.

Hkbeford Items ix the Earlt Eighties— Conchided 324

'2^^3fl. Jlrs. Sarah Edwards, of Wintercott, Herefordshire 273

Ti24(i. T. Edwards, Wintercott, Herefordshire 274

1'225i/. De Cote (3060) 2243, bred by T. Edwards 275

iZ26a. Helianthus (4Sil) 1549, bred by the Earl of Soutliesk, Scotland 276

!'227o. Geo. Leigh, Aurora, 111 277

•■228a. C W. Cook, Odebolt, Iowa 278

•^229. Cane is presented to tlie maker of protested entries 280

• 229a. C. S. Cook, of the tirm of C. W. Cook i Sons. Odebolt, Iowa 283

• 230. A. E. Cook, of the firm of C. W. Cook it Sons, Odebolt. Iowa 285

•'231. John Price (Court House, Pembridge, Eng.) The tlkington cup and otlier valuaVde prizes

won by tliis veteran breeder 287

•"232. Steven Robinson, Lvnhales, Herefordshire 290

'233. Sir James Rankin, M. P., Bryngwin, Herefordshire 294

•"234. Loving cup, presented to Geo. F. Mori.'an 296

•"235. Good Boy (766S) 76240, bred bv tlie Karl of Coventry 298

•;236. Rare Sovereign (10499) 81118, bred by Earl of Coventry 316

CHAPTER XXXI.

Roots as Cattle Food •'^^

•237. Missouri farm scene. "Noontime" 31 1

•;238. Stock bulls on a Kansas farm. Property of tlie late C. S. Cross, Emporia, Kan 318

1'239. Barns and farming lands. Weavergrace farm of T. F. B. Sotham, Chillicothe, Mo 319

INDEX 589

CHAPTER XXXII. I>.,g,.

Challenge to Test all Beef Breeds on a Broad Scale 'di'>

Ti240. John V. Farwell, ( hicago 3i0

^241. Scene on the Farwell ranch, Texas. Cows of the T. L. Miller herd in early spring, alter

a hard winter 321

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Champions Contrasted— American vs. English; Ancient vs. JIodern 340

^242. Champion ox at Smithfield, 1884, bred by Chas Doe, Shropshire 322

1[243. Champion steer, Roan Boy, bred by C. M. Culbertson 323

1[244. Benton's Champion, bred by Fowler ifc Van Natta 325

f245. Grade Hereford calves, half, three-quarters, seven-eighths and fifteen-sixteenths blood, on

straight Te.xas foundation 326

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Hereford Movements Begin to Command the Opposition's Respect 347

11246. Hereford and Shorthorn. Competing steers and comparative types. Smithfield winners, 1879 327

11247. John Scharbauer, Midland, Texas, and his favorite bull, valued at f 5,000, Sir James 65916, by

Corrector 323

1i248. Herefords in A rizona 329

CHAPTER XXXV.

Hereford Cattle in England tn 1884, as Reported by Ocr Consols 338

•^249. Ex-Governor S. H. Packard, JIarshalltown, Iowa 3->0

^2.50. Romeo (6646) 6420, at 18 months, bred by T. J. Carwardine 331

^■-'51. Mr. John Price's Elkington Chal enge cup winner, at 3 years 332

*252. Golden Treasure (V. 15, p. 126), bred by Earl of Coventry 333

'253. Company gathered at Chadnor Court sale, 1883 33(i

f 254. Scene at Chadnor Court sale, Dilwyn, Herefordshire, 1883 3:57

1*255. Company attending " The Leeu " sale, 1883 ' 338

i|256. The Grove 3d (5051) 2490, bred by B. Rogers 339

l|256((. Sale ring at Stocktonbury, Leominster, Herefordshire, Eng., 1884 341

112566. An English sale ring, August 28, 1884. " Lord Wilton" (4740) 4057, at 9 years old, selling

for 3,800 guineas ($20,il00) 342

1i256<;. Company attending Stocktonbury sale, August, 1894. Lord Wilton (4740) 4().J7 and two of

his sons 3J3

1f256i. Downton Castle, Herefordshire 34 1

1J256«. Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefordshire, the seat of J. H Arkwright i!45

1'256/. Court House, Pembridge, Herefordshire, residence of J. Price. Sir. Harry Yeld and Mr.

John Price in the foreground 343

CHAPTER XXXVI.
Herefords as D.wry Cattle 3 ■ 7

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Herefords in Atistralia, New Zealand, South America, West Indies and Jamak a 3S?

'257. Lord Wilton (4740) 4057 and two of his daughters 349

1258. Samuel Goode, of Ivingtonburv, Herefordshire, for many years in Australia 3.50

1'259. Dale Tredegar (5856) 146S2, at'lO months, bred by H. J. Bailey, 351

^260. Royal H^d (4490) 16765. at 2 years 8 months, bred by J. Williams, Herefordshire 3.")2

1[355. Success (5031) 2, imported in 1873 by T. L. Miller ; opp. 352

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Herefords on the Block 414

11261. Jno. G. Imboden, Decatur, 111., celebrated expert judge 353

i;262. Philip D. Armour, Chicago 354

11263. Jas. A. Fnnkhouser, Plattsburg, Mo 3.i5

11264. Pure-bred steer Fred (by Fortune 2080), bred by J. S. Hawes, Colony, K;in 356

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Fair and Fat Stock Show Reports 419

11365. Princess B. 1777, bred by G. S. Burleigh, Vassalboro, Me 3."i7

History of the H erefords 359

1[266. Kirkland H. Armour, Kansas Citj', Mo., president American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation, 1897-1898. 3"n

11267. Hero (5964) 4352, bred by J. Price, Pembridge , Eng 1.6J

I X D K X

rage.

TaeS. Anxiety lid (alias Sir Gainot) (G181) 4460, bred by T. J. Carwardine 361

1 209. Kuval "lOth (0O.")5) 045'J, bn-d by J. B. & G. II. Green 302

Herelordsliin- and Hereford Cattle 302

%210. Prince Edward (6010) 7001, bred by T. J. Carwardine 308

11271. Downton Rose (V. 10, p. 172i 4480, bred by T. Fenn, Downton Castle, Eng 304

11272. Peeress (V. 12, p. 152) 109)2. bred by T. .1. Carwardine 30-5

i]273. Venus (V. 12, p. 1.52) 10133, bred by T. J. Carwardine ,. 366

5274. Victoria 1033, at 9 years, bred byT. L. Miller 307

1ii7o. Sir Garnet (0180) 2489, bred by B. Rogers 308

1,276. Tregrehan (6i32) 6203, bred by JIaj Carlvon 3i9

jj-.i77. Cherry 24th 2410, bred by .J. B. <fc G. H. Green, Herefordshire 370

1|278. Edward Price, father of .John Price, Court House, Pembridge 371

11279. Anxiety (.")188) 2238, bred by T. J. Carwardine, Herefordshire 372

T280. Earl of Shadelaud 22d 27147, bred by Adams Earl 373

11281. Rudolph (0000) 13478, bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire 374

11282. Princess (V. 13, p. 1.52), bred bv T. Marston, Herefordshire 375

11 283. The Equinox 27.58, bred bv J. Merrvman, Maryland 376

11284. Queen of the Lillies, bred" by T. E. Miller, Beecher, HI 378

1285. Silvia (V. 17, p. 288) 8049, bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire 379

1286. Horace (3877) 2492, at 15 years, bred by .J. Davies 380

1)257. Dictator 1989, bred byT. L. Miller, Beecher, HI 391

*288. Wabash, pure bred steer, champion 2-vear-old at Chicago, 1882, weight 1940 lbs 382

i;289. Archibald (6290) 11129, bred by A. Rogers, Herefordshire, weight 3.000 lbs 384

Hereford (iattle in Australia 385

«;290. Fisherman (5913) 7623H, bred bv T. Rogers, Herefordshire 385

1|291. Tarquin (12717). bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire 386

1i292. Elton 1st (9875) 1124.5, bred by Earl & Stuart 388

Ii293. A. C. Reed, Evanston, HI 389

1:294. E. E. Esson, Peotone, HI 390

1J295. .1. H. McEldowney, Chicago Heights, HI 391

11296. J. Gordon Gibb, Lawrence, Kan 392

1[297. Beau Real 11055, bred by Gudgell & Simpson, Independence, Mo 393

5297a. E. 8. Shockev, Kansas City, Mo 492

11298. Anxiety 4th 9904 (6283), bred by T. .J. Carwardine; sire of Beau Real 394

11299. Prize VVinning Herd of 1885. Property of the Iowa Hereford Cattle Co. Modesty 2d, 24284.

Melody 16th, 18.549. Stately 2d, 18.522. Forelock 179;i9. Washington (8152) 22615 395

11300. Hesiod (0481) 1167.5, bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire; founder of the Hesiod line 396

5301. R. G. Hart, La Peer, Mich 397

1302. Clem Studebaker, South Bend, Ind. Firm of F. H. Johnson i; Co 398

11303. J. S. Hawes, Reading, Jlass 399

11304. Sir Evelvn (7203) 90.50, bred bv T. J. Carwardine 400

11305. Lovely 2d (V. 1.5, p. 299), 21977, bred bv R. W. Hall, Herefordshire 401

11306. Cassio (0849) 133.52, bred by P. Turner,' Herefordshire 402

11307. H. R. Hall, Orletou, Herefordshire 403

11308. H. \V. Tavlor, Showle Court, Herefordshire 404

1:309. T. S Mintou, Shropshire, Eng 405

1F310. A. E. Hughes, Wiutercott, Herefordshire 406

1]311. " The Leen," Pembridge, Herefordshire, home of the Turners 407

1312. "Lvnhales," Herefordshire, home of S. Robinson 408

11313. ]^Iaidstone (8^75) 79190, bred by H. W. Tavlor 409

5314. Hotspur (7720) 217. '1, bred by T. J. Carwardine, Herefordshire 410

jj316. Imported Lord Wilton 5739, at 3 years, bred by C. M. Culbertson 411

l[316. Representative Sussex Cow 412

11317. Representative Devon Cow 413

1|318. Typical Shorthorn Bull 416

11319. Shorthorn Steer, Schooler, winner in class at Chicago and Kansas City, 1883-4-5 416

5320. Shorthorn Steer. Cleveland, at 497 davs, weight 1,290 lbs 4l7

11321. Grace, pure-bred Cow, weight 1,875 lbs 418

11322. I. M. Forbes, Henrv, III 4 JO

1323. C. Forbes, Henrv, ill 421

%3-H. Roval Grove (9137) 21.500, bred by P. Turner, Herefordshire 423

1325. "Sir Barlle Frere" (6082) 6419, and five of his sons 423

11826. Grade steer "Regulus," at 3 years, weiglit 2,345 lbs 42t

Tabular Statement— Number of prizes and amount of money won by each breed, etc 425

1^327. J. .1. Hill, St. Paul, Minn., celebrated railway magnate and lover of fine stock 426

1328. Grade Hereford steer "Dvsart,' at 3 years, weight 1 ,890 lbs 427

1329. Hotspur (7028) 9355, br. d by J. Price, Herefordshire 4. '8

I'SSO. A typical .Jersey 429

1331 A West Highland bull 430

1332. Group of Red Poll cattle 431

1 '32rt. An Aberdeen Angus celebrity. Black Prince, bred in Scotland 432

1333. Violet, Viola 4020, Peeress, Lassie 23204, Fowler 12899, Miss Fowler, bred and owned by

Fowler & Van Natta, Fowler, Ind 483

INDEX 5!»1

I'aRf.
•^334. Sir liartle Frere (0082) 0419, Earl of Sliadeland 12th, Elton 1st (987r,) 11245, Garfield (0975)

7015, The Grove 3d (5051) 2490, Shadeland stock bulls 434

'335. Washington (8152) 22015, br(?d by A. E. Hughes, Herefordshire 4.J5

*i 336. Pure-bred steer, Rudolph, Jr., bred, fed and exhibited by Geo. F. Morgan 436

1 337. Samuel Weaver, Uecatur, III , America's greatest cattle feeder 437

* 338. View on Samuel Weaver's Farm, Decatur, 111 438

*ii339. Burleigh's Pride, cross-bred from Auj;us sire and Hereford dam by H. C Burleigh, Vass^al-

boro, Me " 439

1'340. Plush, grand sweepstakes carcass, Chicago Fat fctock Show, 1886, fed by .lohn Gosling 440

*i 342. Henry F. Russell, Westonb:,ry, Herefordshire " 441

1 342/r. Westonbury, Penibridge, home of Air. H. F. Russell 442

* 343. Pure-bred steer, bred by F. Piatt, Barnby Manor, JN'ewark-on-Trent 443

^344. F. Piatt, Barnby Manor, Noitinghamshire 444

• .:i4d. Ree* Keene, Pencraig, Careleon, Monmouthshire 445

Dressecf Carcasses at American Fat Stock Show, 1885 446

1'346. Kathleen, bred by A, P. Turner ...... .... 447

The Slaughter Test at Kansas City Pat Stock Show, 188 5 4 17

^347. 0. N. Cosgrove, Le Sueur, Minn 448

1|348. Geo W. Henry, Goodenow, 111 449

1349. Fortune (5922) 2080, bred by J. S. Hawes, Colony, Kan '.'.'.... 450

1350. Stretton Court, Herefordshire, home of the Yeomans family 451

1351. Mr. Geo. W. Henry's great stock bull, Prince Edward, and four of his get 452

^352. William A. Tade, Bonaparte, Iowa 453

^353. F. A. N ave, Attica, Ind 4£4

Weights of different parts of dressed carcasses at Chicago Fat btock Show, 1886 456

1354. Clem Graves, Bunker Hill, Ind 457

t355. Success (5031) 2, bred by .]. Morris, Herefordshire 458

T356. Prairie Flower 1 159, bred by T. L. Miller 4.59

ii3o7. Red Cap 4th 3507, a favorite cow of T. L. Miller 46i.»

T. L. Miller's Hereford Winnings 400

CHAPTER XL.

Letteus from Corkespondents During the " Battle of the Breeds." 465

1358. James C. Willson, Flint, Mich • • • . ^^^

• 359. Nannette (V. 11, p. 2-10) 451 1, bred by T. Middleton : ...'.'.'... 462

1^^360. D. P. Williams, Guthrie Center, Iowa 464

Mr. Miller's posi ion 4(i5

^361. W. S. Ikard, Henrietta, Tex '. ..................'.'.... i66

CHAPTER XLI.
The Herkpord versu.-s Shorthorn — Mr. IMiller Re States His Position 493

CHAPTER XLII.

Mongrel Pedigrees Make Mongrel Breeds; Conclusively De.monstr.\t£I) ox the Range 514

T^362. Geo. W. Rust, eminent Shorthorn authority 467

^363. Hereford bulls on the Texas range, property of Mrs. C. Adair 468

l!364. Shorthorn bulls on the Texas range, property of the Farwell syndicate 469

li365. Herefords on the range in Texas 470

J366 Ma.iari8 Canyon, near the Canadian River, Panhandle of Texas 471

t|367. Grade yearling heifers in the Adair herd, J. A. Brand, Panhandle of Texas 473

11368. A model surface tank in a Texas pasture . 473

1369. W. E. Campbell, of Winchester, Okla 4:i

'1 370. Sample of a model range herd 475

1371. Sample of so-called Herefords too often found on the range and elsewhere 476

1 372. A model ranch headquarters. Spring Lake ranch of W. E. Halsell, Bovina, Tex 477

T373. A "round-up" on the range 478

1 374. Familiar scene on the range 479

1375. "Drifting," a scene on the range of Col. C. C. Slaughter, North Texas and Xew Mexico line.. 480
i;341. Corrector 48976, greatest of modern Hereford sires. Bred and owned bv T. F. B. Sotham,

Chillicothe, Mo ." opp. 4''0

T376. A sample of Col. C. Slaughter's (Dallas, Tex.) Lazy " S " brand, Nortli Texas 481

( HAPTER XLIII.

Conclusion— The Present and Fiture. Open Battle of Breeds Beneficial to All. Beware of Subtle

Manipulation . 532

T377. . T. F B. Sotham, Chillicothe, Mo '....'....'.'.'. '. 515

'i378. C. B. Smith, Hereford Park, Fayette, Mo 517

INDEX

APPENDIX.

Pa^e.

The Late Mr. Miller, op Illinois, U. 8. A. IIow He Benefited IIekeford Breedeus 541

j379. Murray Boocock, " (Jastalia," Keswick, Va 61i>

i'SSi. Typical mature bull, ' Spring Jack " (14iUl) 10361)9 540

11885. A model bull. Red Cross (1S040) 80076 542

11380. A farm sale, movable amphitheater, Weavergrace farm of T. F. 15. Sotham 543

1J386. An ideal 2-yearold, Priace Bulbo (17414) 544

11381. At T. F. B. Sotham's sale, 1896, Weavergrace Farm 545

11387. A splendid sort, Protector (19550) 516

11382. The veteran feeder, .John Letham, Goodenow, 111., and his two champions 547

fSSS. A proper 2-year-old, Majestic (20831) 548

11383. Albion (15027) 769B0, the great English sire and prize winner 549

1[ J89. A good yearling 550

Facsimile of letter from T. L. Miller to T. F. B. Sotham 552

1[390. A big one w-ith smoothness and quality, Happy Hampton (16097) 90058 556

Copy of foregoing facsimile letter 557

The illustrations of the appendix 557

Uniformity of desirable type and character marks the work of a great breeder. .-. 558

Change in administration of the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association 559

A grand old breeding matron, worth her weight in gold, Pearl 5th (V. 15, p. 8) 80073 560

A prime aged cow. Ranee (V. 25, p. 242) 561

In her prime. Truthful (V. 28, p. 152), at eight years 562

A splendid 2 year-old lorm. Gwendoline (V. 24, p. 77) 563

A model yearling. Sister Perilla (V. 25, p. 230) 564

A trainload of grade Hereford Steer Calves, selected by T. F. B. Sotham, on Texas ranch

awaiting shipment to feeders in the Middle and Eastern states 565

Carload of Texas bred grade Hereford steers, selected by T. F. B. Sotham, fed by L). W.

Black, of Eyudon, Ohio 566

Grade Hereford beef — carcasses of the grand champion carload 567

Butcher's diagram. A side of good grade Hereford beef, showing method of cutting up high-
class carcasses 568

Butcher's terms — "the round;" from a good grade Hereford steer 569

Butcher's terms — "the round;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 569

Butcher's terius — "the rump;" from a good grade Hereford steer 570

Butcher's terms — " the rump ;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 570

Butcher's terms — "the whole loin;" showing sirloin or broad loin end, fi'om a good grade Here-
ford steer 57 1

Butcher's terms — "the loin;" from a good grade Hereford steer 57i

Butcher's terms — "the loin;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 572

Butcher's terms — "the porterhouse;" from a good grade Hereford steer 573

Butcher's terms — "the porterhouse;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 573

Butcher's terms — "the porterhouse end;'' from a good grade Hereford steer 574

Butcher's terms— '-the porterhouse end;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock. . . 574

Butcher's terms — "the ribs;" from a good grade Hereford steer 575

Butcher's terms — " the ribs;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 675

Butcher's terms — "the chuck, or shoulder roast;" from a good grade Hereford steer 576

Butcher's terms — "the chuck, or shoulder roast;" from a steer classed as common bi. teller's

stock 576

Butcher's terms — "the brisket;" from a good grade Hereford steer 577

Butcher's terms — "the brisket;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 577

Butcher's terms — "the shank;" from a good grade Hereford steer 5';8

Butcher's terms — "the shank;" from a steer classed as common butcher's stock 578

Butcher's terms — "the kidney fat;" from a good grade Hereford steer 5^9

Butcher's terms — "the shoulder clod;" from a good grade Hereford steer 579

Choice Hereford roast, a model of that class 580

Roast of common beef, such as is found in the ordinary markets of the country 580

581

11391.

11392.
11393.
11394.

11395.
1i396.
11397.

1398.

11399.
11400.

3401.
l|402.
1403.
11404.
1l405.

11406.

1407.
1408.
1409.
1410.
1|411.
1412.
1413.
1414.
1415.

1416.
1417.
1418.
i419.
1420.
1421.
142J.
1i423.
1424,-.

14-'4r/. [.

14246. \

A model carcass of prime beef from a good grade Hereford steer.

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