L 1 B RAR.Y OF THL U N 1 VER5ITY Of ILLINOIS 977.3793 lUiioit lutorjcal Survej HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, ILLaINOIS. ehditeid sy "wilxjI.a.:m: heitR/^t i=ER.i^iiNr. ILLUSO^RA^EXD CHICAGO: GLOBE PUBLISHING CO., HISTORICAL PUBLISHERS, 183 Lake Street. 1883. PREFACE ^r^HE history of Jefferson County, after months of persibtent toil and research, is now completed, and it is believed that no subject of universal public importance or interest has been omitted, save where protracted effort failed to secure reliable results. We are well aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public documents and num- berless conflicting traditions, but claim to have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises. Through the courtesy and assistance generously afforded by the residents of the county, we have been enabled to trace out and put on record the greater portion of the important events that have transpired in Jefferson up to the present time. And we feel assured that all thoughtful people in the county, now and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of the work and its permanent value. A dry statement of events has, as far as possible, been avoided, and incidents and anecdotes have been interwoven with facts and statistics, forming a narrative at once instructive and entertaining. We are indebted to George M. Haynes, Esq., for his very able history of the Bench and Bar; to Dr. A. Clark Johnson for the history of Mount Vernon, and to other prominent citizens for interesting and important facts and data in the compilation of the work. THE PUBLISHERS. November, 1883. r 987535 CONTENTS, PART I. Northwest Territory Early History of Illinois.. PAGE. 1 101 PAKT II. GENERAL HISTORY. CHAPTER I.— Introductory— Geology and Its Practical Value— How Thoroughly to Educate the Farmers- Why They Should Understand the Geological Forma- tions of the Land They Till— Age of the Earth Ac- cording to the Research of the Geologists— Local Ge- ology—Configuration—Soils and Timber— Minerals and Mineral Springs— Building Materials, etc CHAPTER II.— The Pre-historic Races— Mound-Iiuilders- Their Occupation of the Country— Relics Left by Them— The Indians— Speculations as to Their Origin —Ultimate Extinction of the Race— Something of the Tribes of Southern Illinois— What Became of Them— Local Traditions and Incidents — The Black Hawk War, etc., etc HO CHAPTER III.— Settlement of the County by White Peo- ple—Who the Pioneers Were, and Where They Came From- Andrew Jloore— His Murder by the Indians- Moore's Prairie, and the People Who Settled It- The Wilkeys, Crenshaws, Atchisons, etc.— Settlement at Mount Vernon— Other Pioneers — Hardships, Trials, Privations, Manners, Customs, etc., etc 121 CHAPTER IV.— Illinois a County of Virginia— John Todd, the First Civil Governor— Organization of Jefferson County— The Legislative Act Creating It— Location of the Seat of .lustice— First Officials— The Courts— Pub- lic Buildings— Census— The County Divided Into Dis- tricts—County Officers— J. R. Satterfield— Township Organization, etc 1^0 CHAPTER v.— Some of the Pioneer Families of the County —The Caseys— Their Emigration to .America- How They Served in the Revolution— Facts and Incidents of Their Residence Here— The .Maxeys, .\uother Old Family— Their Welsh Descent— Where and When They Settled— The .lohnsons— They are an Old Fam- ily, Too— Something of Them and Their Descendants — Other Pioneers — Incidents, etc., etc 142 CHAPTER VI.— The Bench and Bar— Supreme Court— Its Location at Mount Vernon— The Judges of the Same —Breeze and Scales- Other Luminaries— The .\ppel- late Court— Some of Its Great Lights— Circuit Court- Judge Tanner and Others— Early Cases Tried in the Courts— Marshall, Baugh, etc.— Present Members of the Bar, etc., etc 153 CHAPTER VII.— Political History— Birth of the Whig and Democratic Organizations— Party Strife and Scramble for Office— Joel Pace, Finst Clerk of the County— Poli- ticians of the Times— Zadok Casey — His Life and Official Services— Gov. .\nderson — Sketch of His Pub- lic Career — Noah Johnston and Other Distinguished Characters— Senators and Representatives, etc 179 CHAPTER VIII.— Something More About the Pioneers— Those Who Came In Later— Their Settlement— Game and W^ild .Animals- Pioneer Incidents — Mrs. Robinson and the Panther— Some Rattling Snake Stories— Fe- male Fashion and Dress — Woman's Life in the Wilder- ness—Hard Times, Financial Difficulties, etc 196 CHAPTEE IX —Internal Improvements— Early Roads and Trails— Saline and Walnut Hill Road— The Vandalia Road— Other Highways and Bridges— Railroads— How They Grew Out of the Old Improvement .System— Jef- ferson County's Efforts for Railroads— St. Louis South- eastern—The Air Line— Projected Roads, Some of which will be Built, etc 203 CHAPTER X.— Educational— Early Eflorts at Free Schools ^,--- — The Duncan Law — Education at Present — Statistics— The Press— Editor John S. Began— First Newspapers- Mount Vernon a Newspaper Graveyard— The Press of To-day— Religious History— Old-Time Christianity- Pioneer Ministers — Churches Organized — Rev. John Johnson, etc 218 CHAPTER XL— Agriculture— Its Rank Among the Sciences — How to Keep the Boy.s Upon the Farm— Edu- cate Them To It— Progres,s of Agriculture in the County -^ — .Some Statistical Information- County Fairs and .Asso- ciations-Officials of the Same— Horticulture- Value of Fruit Growing— Statistics— The Forests, etc 236 CHAPTER XII.— War History— The Revolution and the War of 1812— What We Gained ByThom-rTbe Mexican War— Jefferson County's Part in It— Her Officers and Soldiers— The Late Civil War— Sketches of the Regi- ments in which the County was Represented — Gen. Anderson, Col. Hicks and Other Veterans— Incidents, etc., etc.. 24S CHAPTER Xin.— Odds and Ends— De Omnibus Rebus Et Quibusdam Aliis— A Brief Retrospection— Millers and Mills— Blacksmiths and Other Mechanics -Births, Mar- riages, Deaths— A Batch of Incidents— Buck Casey Playiug Bull Calf— Donnybrook Fights— Forest Fires— A Runaway Negro— Counterfeiting— The Poor Farm, etc., etc 264 CONTENTS. PART in. HISTORY 01'" THE TOWNSHIPS. PAGE. CHAPTER I. — Mount Vernon Township — Description, Topography, etc.— Early Settlement— Old Surveys and Land Entries — A Closer Acquaintance With the Pio- neers—Who They Were and Where They Located — Their Good Traits and Peculiarities— The Selecting of a Site for a Town— .Mount Vernon Chosen as the County Seat, ete 275 CHAPTEE II.— City of Mount Vernon— The Laying-out and Beginning of the Town— .Sale of Lots— Erection of Pub- lic Buildings— The First Court House— Stray Pound, Gaol and Clerk's Office — Stick Chimneys, Court House Lock, etc.— The Pioneers aud First Settlers in the Town — Their Genealogical Trees, etc 283 CHAPTER III.— City of Mount Vernon— IVIore About Ita Early Citizens — Some Pen Photographs— The Second Court House— Mount Vernon From 1824 to 1830— A Few of the ( lid Houses— Relics of a By-gone Period— More Township Items, and a Triple Weddiug— Later Settlers —County Roads— The First Churches Outside of Town, etc., etc 290 CHAPTER IV.— City of Mount Vernon— The Decade From 1830 to 1840- Growth of the Town— New Buildings and New Business— A Look Beyond the Town- Brief Retro- spect— .\nother Court House — .Some of the Business Men and What They Did— Still Another Court House— The .Jail— Organization of Mount Vernon Township- Officials, etc.. CHAPTER v.— Mount Vernon— Its Religious History— The Methodists, the Pioneers of Christianity iu the Couuty —A List of Ministers— The First Church— Presbyterian Church— Baptists— Catholics and Other Denominations —Churches of the Township— Schools In and Out of the City, etc., etc 3[q CHAPTER VI.— Mount Vernon- Town Surveys aud .Addi- tions-" More Than Any Man Can Number "—Casey's Addition— Green's, Strattan's and Several Others— The Number of Acres Covered by the City— Municipal Gov- ernment—City Officials, etc., etc 326 CHAPTER VII.— Mount Vernon— Temperance Movements —Their Good Work in the Community— Village of East Mount Veruon-Mystic Orders-Masons, Odd Fellows, etc.— Miscellaneous— Which Comprises Fires, Fire De- partment, and Many Other Local Items-Births, Deaths ^^- "" 335 CHAPTER Vlll.-Shiloh Township-General Description —Topography and Boundaries— Early Settlement— Pio- neer Hardships and Privations-Mills, etc.— An Incident —Births, Deaths and Marriages— Roads and Bridges- Stock-raising— Schools and Churches— Woodlawn Vil- lage, etc., etc g^ CHAPTER IX.— Pendleton and Moore's Prairie Townships —General Description and Topography— The First Set- tlers-Moore's Prairie a Historical Spot-Pioneer Hard- ships aud DilHculties-Early Industries and Customs- Township Officers-Churches and Schools-Lynchburg -Belle Rive and Opdyke-TheirfJrowth, Business etc etc ' „., CHAPTER x:— Rome Township— Topographical and Phys- ical Features — Occupation by White People — Who the Pioneers Were— The Maxwells and Others— Hardships and Trials — Mills and Other Improvements— Township Officers — Schools and Churches — Village of Rome — Growth, Improvement, etc 360 CHAPTER XL— Spring Garden Township— General De- scription and Topography— Settlement of the Whites— Their Early Trials and Tribulations — Roads, Mills, etc., etc. — .Schools and Churches — Township Officials — Spring Garden Village — Its Growth, Development, etc., etc 365 CHAPTERXII.—WebberTownship— Introduction and De- scription — Boundaries, Topography, etc. — Early Settle- ment — Pioneer Life and Trials — Pigeon Post Office — A Law Suit — Township Officials — Schools and Churches — Marlow, Bluford, etc.. etc 372 CHAPTER XIII —Elk Prairie Township— Topography and Physical Features— Coming of the ' Pale Faces— Inci- dents of their Settlement — Hard Times, etc. — Roads, Jlills and Bridges — Schools and Schoolhouses — Churches, etc. — Township Officials — Villages, etc., etc 376 CHAPTER XIV.— Farrington Township— General Topog- raphy, Boundaries, etc. — Settlement of White People — Early Industries — Schools and Churches — Township Officers— Villages — Stock-raising, etc 380 CHAPTER XV.— Grand Prairie Township— Boundaries and Topography — Early Settlement, Hardships of the People, etc.— First Mills and Roads— Birth, Death and Marriage — An Incident — First Voting Place — Township Officials, etc. — Schools and Schoolhouses — Churches, etc., etc 387 CHAPTER XVI.— McC'lellan Township— Introduction and Description — Topography — Early Settlement— Trials, Hardships and Good Times— Pioneer Improvements- Roads, Bridges and Mills — Education, Schoolhouses and Teachers- Early Churches— Township Officials, etc., etc. 391 CHAPTER XV II.— Field Township— Topographical, Geo- graphical, Physical, etc —Settlement by White I'eople — Life on the Border— Educational Facilities— Churches and Church Buildings— An Incident— Township Officers — Summary, etc., etc 396 CH.VPTEB XVIII.— Casner Township— Topography and Physical Features— Early Settlement— Rough Fare of the Pioneers— Schools and Churches— List of Township Officers— Politics, etc. — Roachville Village, the Chicago of the County, etc., etc 399 CHAPTER XIX.— Dodds Township— Description and Topog- raphy — Coming of the Whites — Early Facts and Inci- dents—The Main Settlement— Roads— First Mills, etc.— Early .'^(jhools — Mode of Paying the Teachers — First Preachers and Churches — Township Officers, etc., etc 405 CHAPTER XX.— Blissville Township— Description and To- pograi>hy — Knob Prairie — Settlement — How the People Lived — Name of Township, aud Its List of Officials— .yPoads, Bridges, etc. — The Village of Williamsburg — Churches and Schools — Retrospectiou, etc , etc 411 CHAPTER XXI.— Bald Hill Township-Its Geographical and Physical Features— Advent of the Pioneers— Their Trials, Tribulations, etc.— Mills and Roads — Organiza- tion of the Township, and the List of Officials — Schools, Churches, etc., etc 416 CONTENTS. PAKT IV. BIOGRAPHIC.iL. PAGE. Mount VernoD — City aud Township 3 Pendleton Townsliip , 45 Shiloh Township .'. 68 Webber Township 73 Rome Township 78 Dodds Township 87 Blissville Township 93 Spring Garden Townsliip 102 Grand Prairie Township Ill Field Township 119 Moore's Prairie Township 123 Casner Township 130 Farrington Township 135 Elk Prairie Township 138 McClellan Township 144 PAGE. Bald Hill Township 147 Sketch of C. T. Stratton 149 PORTRAITS. Anderson, W. B 259 Baldridge, J. C 116 Bruce, M. D 133 Carpenter, S. W 169 Dees, J. A 187 Garrison, W. J 205 Gilbert, Eli 223 Hails J. W 241 Hicks, S. G 151 Holland, T. G 395 Jones, G. D 313 Moss, J. R ;. 331 Norris, 0. P : 349 Plummer, H. S .^ 277 .. n v\ V APP'JilN'DIX. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. INCLUDING A BRIEF HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. GEOGEAPHIOAL POSITION. "TTTHEN the Northwestern Territory VV was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the terri- tory lying between the Oiiio and the Missis- sippi Rivers, and north to the northern lim- its of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States ofOhio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National do- main, and subsequently opened to settle- ment, has been called the " New North- west," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory." In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887.850 square miles; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggre- gate population, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one-third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a. thousand miles through its rich alluvial val- leys and far-stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the Northwest has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1.541, De Soto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, how- ever, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. De Soto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. that lie awakened the hostility of the red man atrainst the white man, and disheart- ened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by De Soto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advan- tage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New Eng- land shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had penetrated through the Iroquois and and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, be- low the outlet of Lake Su'ierior. This visit led to no permanent result, yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was estab- lished upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years after- ward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor General of Canada, ex- plored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same vear Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded tiie old town of town of Michilli- mackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Mar- quette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in com- pliance with a request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean. Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expedition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assistant French Can- adians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific de- scriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the per- ils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was THE ^'ORTHWEST TERRITORY. involved; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake "Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Marquette was delighted to tind a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red gir- dles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the great Man- itou, or God, to thank him for the pity lie had bestowed on them during the winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary la- bors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and lam an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gos- pel." Two Miami guides were here fur- nished to condnct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Lulian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. Tlie euides, havins: conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launclied their canoes upon the Wisconsin which they descended to the Mississippi and pro- ceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening cur- rent and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of the Father of Wa- ters. The mystery was about to be liftea from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo ap- peared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a coun- try of the greatest beauty and fertility, ap- parently destitute of inhabitiints yet pre- senting the appearance of extensive man- ors, under the fastidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. On June 25th, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they dis- covered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, wliere they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course up the river, and ascending the stream to the month of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " No where on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, par- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. roquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, witliout loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and re- ported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a shore distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the be- loved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were preparing to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative else- where), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedi- tion up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Mar- quette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of La Salle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by following the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that La Salle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose administration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. La Salle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly ap- proved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- alier returned to (Janada, and busily en- tered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Grifiin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where La Salle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans " of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griflin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, started her on her return voj-age. The ves- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. sel was never afterward heard of. He re- mained about, these parts nntil early In the winter, when, hearing nothing from tlie Griffin, he collected all his men — thirty working men and three nionks^ — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Il- linois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, " Theakeke," loolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kialcikl, which became corrupted to Kankakee. " Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illinois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment no in- habitants. The Seur de La Salle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help him- self to a sufficiency of maize, large quanti- ties of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was sit- uated near the present village of Utica in La Salle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward even- ing on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake, which must have been the lake of Peoria. Tiiis was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is a place where th&re are many fat beasts. Here the na- tives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, La Salle deter- mined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort '■' Crevecmur" {hvcikew- lieart), a name expressive of the very nat- ural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship. Griffin, and his con- sequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. Atone time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. AVhile building this fort, the winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and La Salle, despairing of any rein- forcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississi]ipi, and he set out on his journej'. This jour- ney was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost unknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party loft Fort Creve- cceur on the last of Febriuiry, 1680. When La Salle reached this place on his return ex- pedition, he found the fort entirely desert- ed, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wis- consin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treat- ed them with great kindness. Hennepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Mi- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. chael Ako. On this voyage they found sev- eral beautiful lakes, and " saw some charm- ing prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hen- nepin christened Falls of St. Anthony in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three niontlis, were treated kind- ly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pur- suit of tiade and game, had penetrated thus far by the route of Lake Superior; and with these fellow-countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 16S0, just after La Salle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hen- nepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adven- tures. ( The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 15-41, in his vain endeav- or to find gold and precious gems. In the following spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wan- derings, fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May, died. His followers, re- duced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue themselves by land, and finallv constructed seven small vessels, called brig- antines, in which they embarked, and de- scending the river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by Septem- ber reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great out- let of the Mississippi; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 16S2, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois Riv- er, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their down- ward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they discovered the three great pas- sages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event: " "We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de La Salle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle chan- nel. They found the main outlets beau- tiful, large and deep. On the Sth we reas- cended the rivei, a little above its conflu- ence with the sea, to find a dry place be- yond the reach of inundations. The el- evation of the Xorth Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription: Louis LeGrand. Roi De France et de Xavarre, regne; Le neuvieme .\vril 1682. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The wliolc party, under arras, clmiited the Te Deum, and then, aftei- a salute and cries of-' Vive le Boi," tlie column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the au- thority of the King of France. La Salle returned and laid the foundations of the Mississippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another ex- pedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voy- ages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the treachery of his followers, and the ob- ject of his expeditions was not accom- plished until 1699, when D'Iberville, un- der the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives " J\£alf)otichia,^^ and by the Spaniards, " Za Palissade, " from the great number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out, which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled b}' some European colonists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and com- merce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although La Salle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not workeil and suflered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable coun- try; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settle- ment there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Ca- hokia, are to this day monuments of La Salle's labors; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Creve- coeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such villages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Grabriel Marest, dated "Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'Immaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Creve- coeur. This must have been about a year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-ba, mean- ing summer cloud moving swiftly) was es- tablished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether probable that * There ia consideraUe dispute about this date, some asserting^ it was foundi'd uh late aa 1742. When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and 1702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was ac- cordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. on La Salle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the fonndations of Fort Pon- chartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These stations, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settlement and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, estab- lished by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominionsly passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Mississippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated injuries, cutoff the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louis- iana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Missis- sippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it wjis not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a mis- sionary among the Illinois, writing from "Anx Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil ; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated No- vember 7, 1750, this same priest says: " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground beins; too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 9 where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of tlie Cliicasaws. Here and at point Coupee, tliey raise excel- lent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Ar- kansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Yincennes, in 1812, makes the same observation. Vi- vier also says: " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Ind- ians and Canada. Two Sjianiards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver un- der the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Missis- sippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandus- ky, in what may be termed the Ohio Val- ley. In the northern part of the North- west they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimack- anac or Massillimacanac, Fox Kiver of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of La Salle were now fully realized. The French alone were possess- ors of this vast realm, basing tiieir claim on discovery and settlement. Another na- tion, however, was now turning its atten- tion to this extensive country, and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for oc- cupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to tliis country, namely, the DISCOVEET OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Missis- sippi by Joliet and Marquette. While La Salle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only de- sired to tacilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the un- known regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this statement the Mississippi and its tributa- ries were considered as one stream. La Salle, believiVi'g, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flow- ing west emptied into the Sea of Califor- nia, was anxious to embark in the enter- prise of discovering a route across the con- tinent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Governor. His elo- quent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Inteudant, Talon, issued letters 10 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. patent autliorizing the enterprise, but made no provision to defray tlie expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sulpice decided to send out missionaries in connec- tion with the expedition, and La Salle offer- ing to sell his improvements at La Chine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which La Salle purchased four canoes and the necessary nipplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, num- bering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence; two ad- ditional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides con- ducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. La Salle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, wlien'they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cata- ract. Arriving among the Iroquois, tiiey met with a tViendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neigh- boring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterward famous as an ex- plorer in the West. He had beeu sent by tlie Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of tiie condition of the Indians in that quarter. This in- duced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. La Salle warned tliem that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their pur- pose, and after worship on the lake shore parted from La Salle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as La Salle had pre- dicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola in- formed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discov- ery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, La Salle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onon- daga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by La Salle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anonymous paper, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 11 which purports to liave been taken from the lips of La Salle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discov- ery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Wash- ington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Mo- nongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of La Salle, and will not give it up to the Eng- lish. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley.." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in up- on the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when tiie English tirst began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indi- ana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and ilinnesota were j'et under the domin- ion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghanies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Gover- nor Keith and James Logan, seer .tary of the province, from 1719 to 1731, represent- ed to the powers of England the necessity of securing the Western lands. Nothina: was done, however, by that power save to take some di]>lomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilder- ness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of tlie seacoast and its possession was a discovery and pos- session of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended "from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of laud. This latter was also a strong argument. As early as 16S4, Lord Howard, Governor of Virginia, held a trea- ty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tus- caroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the "Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverley. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiserwas sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Viririnians accompanied him with the intention of 12 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. sounding- the Indians upon their feeh'ngs regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Oliio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land bej-ond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was or- dered to grant to them a half million acres, two hundred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French set- tling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaudreuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allow- ing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Celeron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the "Oyo," as the beauti- ful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscrip- tion partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explora- tions, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the company's lands. During the winter. General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Mean- while the French were bus}' in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Englisli post on the Miami * The following is a translation of the inscription on the plate: " In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV., King of Prance, we, Celeron, commandant of a de- tachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Uallisoniere, commander-in-chief of New France, to establish tran- quility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their anns and treaties; esp cially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 13 River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chipp(!\vas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fuurteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were prob- ably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the territory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqna, in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones, Pick- aweke." This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more interested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English determined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washington at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and Patton were sent in the spring of 1752 to hold a conference witli the natives at Logs- town to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lancaster already noticed and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pittsburgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was abandoned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commission- ers taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Mon- tour, and a chief among the Six Nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, con- firming the Lancaster treaty in its full ex- tent, consenting to asettleinent of the south, east of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-maneuver each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their contracts. They thereby gained the ill- will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammunition. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758: "The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for tlie expected blow. The English made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the b nnmer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away; but they replied that they intended 14 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. to complete the chain of forts already be- gun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being ob- tained from the Ohio regarding the posi- tions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monongahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the con- dition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the following spring. The Indi- ans were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Wash- ington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of Frencii Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great priva- tions, and on tiie 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their home- ward journey was one of great peril and sufi'ering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French fin- ished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Vir- o-inia was the center of great activities; vo - unteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the governor's proclamation — which promised two hun- dred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were working away in hunger and want, to for- tify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. "The first birds of spring filled the air with their song; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny iiillsides, swollen by the melting snows of spring and the April THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 15 showers. The leaves were appearing; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongaliela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrench- me it rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening Jie supped with his captor, Oontrecojur, and the next day he was bowed off bj' the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongaliela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country wa- tered by the Mississippi and its tributaries; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had re- sulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of Du Quesne. Washington was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched himself at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately filanned four campaigns; one against Fort Du Quesne; one against Nova Scotia; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred dnrinsr 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort Du Quesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, re- fusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those acquainted with Indian warfare, suflered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9tli, and is generally known as the battle of Monon- galiela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued -with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7; when, at the commence- of 1758 in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secretary of State, afterward Lord Chatham, active prepara- tions were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were j)lanned for this year: one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga; and a third, un- der General Forbes, against Fort Du Quesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part JC THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of tlie British. Abercrombie cap- tured Fort Frontenac, and when the ex- pedition against Fort Du Quesne, of which Washington had the active command, ar- rived there, it was found in flames and de- serted. The English at once took posses- sion, rebuilt the fort, and in lionor of tlieir illustrious statesman, clianged the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. Gen- eral Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec; Am- herst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to cap- ture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcalm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's suc- cessor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeat- ing the English, and there, on the 2Sth of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian war. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the city of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation, by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically conclu- ded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and un- der its provisions all tiie country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville river, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Kobert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived thereon the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre, refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the French arms, suri-endered. Rogers remained there until December 23d, under the personal protection of the cele- brated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the sav- ages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on Decem- ber 23d, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Mau- mee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the common trail of the Indians in their jour- neys from Sandusky to the Fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky city now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to "Mo- hickon John's Town" Creek, on Mohikon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's river, and then crossed to Bea- ver's town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 17 cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio toLogstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now en- tirely under the English rule. New settle- ments began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily mani- fested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives, none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief, is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Ponti- ac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him, and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the , West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ot- tawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatomies. The Indians, from Lake Micliigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a gen- eral conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Otta- was, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Dela- wares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can be ascer- tained, on May 7, 1763. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action, was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening pre- vious to his arrival. Everything was car- ried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, wlien Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and dis- closed the concealed musket. Pontiac though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe re]3riniand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, conclud- ed in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which to his credit, it may be stated, were punctu- 18 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ally redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went farther south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeav- ored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His eftbrts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskialndians, oneof whom soon after- ward killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the ex- termination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the spring of the year follow- in o- Rogers' visit that Alexander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to con- ciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said: "Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us ! "We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these moun- tains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent then], and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took posses- sion of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, aud active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to prevent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire "West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fontainbleau, gave to the English the do- main of the country in q\;estion. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large terri- tory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by La Salle, in 1680, lip to the erection of Fort Chatres, many French settlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vin- cennes). Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. lU Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the i-egions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England, but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765. when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established himself at Fort Chartres bearing with him the procla- mation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Catholics who worshipped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settlement in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confederacy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the Frencli, Pontiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were defi- niteh' settled, settlers began rapidly to sur- vey the country, and prepare for occupa- tion. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Yirginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Monongahela and along the banks of the Ohio, as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washington was a party. The latter, accompanied b}' Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of Octo- ber, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; as- cended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abun- dant in the Ohio valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clustered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by In- dian traders. This same year, Capt. Pitt- man visited Kaskaskia and its neighbor- ing villages. He found there about sixtj'- five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers con- tinued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the Eng- lish. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quan- tities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of Eng- land forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settle- ment beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement with- out the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. forces wrote in 1769 : '" In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colo- nists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for tlieniselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother coun- try ceases, an independency in their gov- ernment will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gaze issued a proclamation in 1772, com- manding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their settlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to re- main. Tlie strong opposition to this pol- icy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec peti- tioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extending tlie boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Micliigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pur- sued by the British Government toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the "Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt, under the pretense that the fort was under tlie government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly-, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Imlians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha, in July, where the Indians were defeated and driv- en across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the per- severance of individuals, several settle- ments were firmly established between the Alleghenies and the Ohio Piver, and west- ern land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Krtskaskia, on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a merchant from the Illinois country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Com- pany." On the Stli of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a num- ber of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the oflice of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land companies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West; but all were frus- trated by the breaking out of the Revolu- tion. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21 Land Company." They afterward made strenuous efforts to have these grants sanc- tioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Eevolution com- menced, Kentucky was an unorganized countrj', thougii there were several settle- ments within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black inhabitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Caho- kia contains 50 houses and 300 white in- habitants and SO negroes. There were east of the Mississijipi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observations were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Con- gress in June, 177S. From it the follow- ing extract is made: "Near the mouth of the River Kaskas- kia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Char- tres and St. Phillips, which is five miles farther up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 176'1, and at this time contained, including its neishborinn; towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the coun- try west of the Mississijipi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to S]iaiu, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country inchub ing New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest,^ having been founded by Antoine Lade- motte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it com]irised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates-east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river, and in a parallel direction with the V)lock houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street be- ing twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to 22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and "Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories higli, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a liospital and a guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of thera one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near tlie west gate and the other near the Govern- ment House. Each of the guards con- sisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regnlarl}' every morning be- tween nine and ten o'clock. Each fur- niilied four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an offi- cer of the day, who performed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut rea-nlarlv at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were deliv- ered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was per- mitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a standing order that the Indians should de- liver their arms and instruments of everv kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to thera on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town in- stantly. . There was a council house near tlie water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two iiundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Kevolution. the British held every post of importance in tlie West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their inter- ests, and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the Xew World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the com- monwealth of Kentucky proceeded to ex- ercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Ricliard Calloway, burgess- es to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in 8eptember of that year (1T77) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterward major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organiza- tion which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was o-rowing. Tiie ciiief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaied in its bold- ness. He had been watciiing the move- ments of the British throughout the North- west, and understood their whole plan. He saw it was through their possession of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23 tlie posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various In- dian tribes in the Northwest, that the Brit- ish intended to penetrate the country from the north and south, and annihilate the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterward General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the In- dians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois set- tlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the jiroject, he repaired to the Capital of Vir- ginia, which place he reached on November 5tli. AVhile he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Bnrgoyiie had been de- feated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia lead- ers of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instruc- tions — one secret, the other open — the lat- ter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentuckj-, sub- ject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Holston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the re- quired number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few coidd be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Isl- and, a small island between the present cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this forti- fication may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Ken- tucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real desti- nation. Having completed his arrange- ments, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24111 of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting. he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he in- tended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincen- nes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Miss- 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. issippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start lie received two good items of information ; one that tlie alliance had been formed between Fi-ance and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughont the Illinois conntry and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the Brit- ish that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march toKaskaskia was accomplish- ed through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. Recap- tured ■ the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and with- out the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently work- ing upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take which- ever side of the great conflict they would, also, he would protect them from any bar- barity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhabitants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked-for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accompanied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the pos- session of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous- friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the ^furthwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boundaries, he must establish a govern- ment for the colonies he had taken. St. Yincent, the next important post to De- troit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valle}- was conquered. M. Gib- ault told him that he would alone, by per- suasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the "Oubache" had taken the oath of allegi- ance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, suc- cessfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louis- ville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched M. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legis- lature of Yirginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Do- minion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore allesiance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 Yincennes intending to operate from tliat point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to -Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attendant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to com- mand the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be con- fronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assailants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded pos- session of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with wliona he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for tiie winter, sent his four hundred Indian war- riors to prevent troops from coming down tiie Ohio, and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the winter. Information of all these proceed- ings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was neces- sary, and that unless he captured Hamil- ton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kuskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe,'' as Major Bowman writes it, in order to as- cend the Ohio and AVabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the gi'ound being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 23nd reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American backwoodsmen was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kindness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Vir- ginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close con- finement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Ameri- cans they would bring to liim, and had earned in consequence thereof, the tttle "Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark concluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next spring's cam- paign, the "West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Governments that the In- dians in the North and Northwest were in- clinino: to the British, and under the in- structions of Washington, now Commander- in-Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American independ- ence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same gen- eral's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeilitions were in the main suc- cessful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. During the same year (1779) the famous 'Land Laws " of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more con- sequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the pub- lic lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four "Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thou- sand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the naviga- tion of the Mississippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the over- tures made to the United States to be re- jected. The American Government con- sidered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a foi't was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. Tiie settlements in Kentucky were being ra])idly filled by emigrants. It was during this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship ap- peared in danger trom the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it'as the " Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly dispo- sition of Spain to the revolting Colonies. They met with such a determined resist- ance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the con- test. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress concerning the west- ern lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. The agi- tation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of Februar}', 1780, to pass a law giving to the delegates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember <5th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming west- ern lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- sota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Counties of Lincoln, Faj'ctte and Jefferson, and the act estab- lishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolu- tion of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything fur- ther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American par- entage occurred, being that of Mary Heck- ewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Chris- tian Indians suffered in after years a hor- rible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to luurianity, a deed which forever afterward cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the North- west. During the year 1782 a number of bat- tles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indi- ans and the Wyandots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practiced on the cap- tives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious front- ier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Contempo- rary with them were several enefairemcnts in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who often, by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, 28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. saved the outposts from cruel destrnctiou. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional arti- cles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England, and her unconquerable Colonies. Coriiwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October pre- ceding, and the liberty of America was as- sured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle, was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the bounda- ries of the West were as follows: On the north the line was to extend along the cen- ter of the Great Lakes; fi-om the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake; thence to the Lake of the "Woods; thence to the head of the Mississippi River, down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junction with the Flint; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occu- pied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and In- diana occurred, upon whose lands adventur- ous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress ap- pointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and pro- hibited the settlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated anywhere north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway be- tween the Cities of New Albany and JeflFer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate, alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rap- idly irathering about the inland forts. In the spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regu- larlv laid out, and from the journal of Ar- thur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says: " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being brought at the vast expense of forty- five shillings per pound from Philadelphia THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. iuid Baltimore. They take in the shops Hour, wheat, skins and money. There are in tlie town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor clnirch nor chapeh" Kentucky at this time contained tliirt}- thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the In- dians who were yet, in some instances, in- cited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until ITS 7. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and pro- vided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 17S6, a treaty was made with the "Wa- bash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 17Si. That at Fort Mc- intosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adhe- rence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, wliich re- sulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississip])i respecting its navigation, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inabil- ity to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Gov- ernments. Before the close of the year 17S6, however, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September, Connecticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took meas- ures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a de- duction of one-third for bad lands and other coutingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social or- o^anization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which pre- vailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. with tlie exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory' was to have been divided into states by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the north- west corner and going southwardly : Savly- nia, Michigauia, Chersonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Wash- ington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolution of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lauds to be from one hundred to one hundred and fiftv miles square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Virginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. Tliis was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Govern- ment was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed tln-oughout that year and until July, 17S7, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the North- west laid. This compact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in tills book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of tliis act and the grant to the New England Company was soon fol- lowed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the laud between tlie Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them oflered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the autumn the directors of the Xew England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following spring, and upon the 23d of November made ar- rangements for a party of forty-seven men, under tlie superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the surveyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the mean time, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Gov- ernor of the Territory of the Northwest. AilEEICAlJ SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the N"orthwest Territory was now complete, and notwith- standing the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the AUeghenies by the old Indian path whicli had been opened into Braddock's road and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that mouth, and unless the Mo- ravian missionaries be regarded as the pio- THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. 31 iieers of Oliio, this little band can justly claim that lienor. General St. Clair, the appointed Gover- nor of tlie N^ortliwest, not having yet ar- rived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said: "No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskin- gum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a conun unity." On the 2d of July a meeting of the di- rectors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose ot naming the new-born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block-houses stood was called "Camjyus Martina;^'' square number 19, ^^Capito- liutn;'''' square number 61, ^'•Ceciliaf and the great rough road through the covert way, "Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Var- num, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the Territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the Colony began to as- si-.me form. The act of 1787 provided two distinct grades of government for the Northwest, under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately' formed upon the gover- nor's arrival, and the first laws of the Colony passed on the 25th of July. These provid- ed for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washing- ton. From that time forward, notwith- standing the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta pi-ospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the Territory was held with imposing cere- monies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The commander at Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred per- sons as having passed that post between February and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, . had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of liis contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Den- man, of New Jersey, took an active inter- est in Symmes' purciiase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one- third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and tlie three, about August, com- menced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexing- ton. The naming of the town is thus nar- rated in the "Western Annals": "Mr. 3-2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed races that were to inhabit it in after da^-s, he named it Lo- santiville, whicli being interpreted, means: ville, the town; anti, against or opposite to; OS, the mouth; Z. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Sjmmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Lime- stone (now Maysville)in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the "Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the "Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone peo- ple, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the ISth of November, ITSS, with twenty-six per- sons, and, building a blockhouse, prepared to remain through the winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 17S9, the Consti- tution of the United States went into op- eration, and on April 30th, George Wash- ington was inaugurated President of the American people, and during the next summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means; but these failing, he sent General Harmar against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the In- dians; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indi- ans to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Ponchartrain, mark the orig- inal sites of the now proud cities of Chi- cago. Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington erected by Dough t}' in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 a number of strongly- built hewed log cab- ins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, wliile those composing the officers' quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnislied. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon whicli it was erected. It stood between Tliird and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Fellow House," built for the accom- modation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and mil- itary governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty, various gigantic land speculations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Mich- igan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navi- gation of the jyiississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 beau ratified, than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of tluit part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British author- ities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his headquarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a coun- ty named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from MiddJetown to Piqua, wliile in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In Sc])tember, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the summer and autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Redstone Paper Mill " — in the West. St. Louis con- tained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Can- 34 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. adifins, lndi;iiis and lialf-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of tlie Nortiivvest. Tiie election of representatives for the Territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Lo- santiville — now known as Cincinnati, hav- ing been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate pei'sons from whom the mem- bers of the legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. These nominations being made, the Assem- bly adjourned until the 16th of the follow- ing September. From those named, the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was ad- dressed to the Legislature September 20h, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress, Gen. "Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his op- ])onent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed, related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxa- tion. On the 19th of December, this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the AVest was closed, and on the 30th of December, the President nominated Charles "Willing Bryd to the office of Sec- retary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Sen- ate confirmed his nomination the next day. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. The increased emigration to the jS^orth- west, the extent of the domain, and the lu- convenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that: " In the three western countries, there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned criminals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistance is ex- perienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a divis- ion of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made: and that such division be made by a line be- ginnino' at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it in- tersects tlie boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an act extinguishing the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Northwest Territory, which act was ap- proved May 7tli. Among its provisions were these: "That from and after Jnly -itli next, all that part of the territory of tiie United States, northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a foiiit on the Ohio, opposite to the month of the Kentncky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and tlience north until it shall intersect the territorial line be- tween the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary govern