UC-NRLF

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

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HISTORY

OK

THE MASTIFF.

THE HISTORY

OF

THE MASTIFF,

GATHERED FROM

SCULPTURE, POTTERY, CARVING, PAINTINGS,

AND ENGRAVINGS;
ALSO FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS, WITH

REMARKS ON THE SAME.

BY

M . B . W Y N N ,

it

HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER OF THE LATE MASTIFF CLUB. AND
BREEDER AND EXIIIRITOR OF MANY PRIZE MASTIFFS.

PELECTANDO PAKITERQUE MONEXDO. '

gjelton

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM LOXLEY
MARKET PLACE.

DEDICATION.

To whom should I dedicate this HISTORY OF THE MASTIFF rather thaii to
.thee. my friend Joax LYALL, thou worthy Scot of the City of Glasgow ;
you who have always urged me on to publish this work, and who have
furnished me with many useful notes from tune to time, as well as making
careful portraits of some of the best specimens of the breed that I have
possessed. It is to your amateur skill that I am beholden for the fine oil
portrait of Old Peeress, which occupies the mantle-piece of my study
like a guarding Lares.

I might have selected a noble, titled Patron to dedicate my efforts to,
but although I value old families and our nobility as much as any man,
it is nevertheless simply at their worth.

Instinctively the Pointer Puppy stands at game, and the Bulldog flies
at the head of its adversary ; so by the same law of nature, that of hered-
itary transmission of qualities, the nobleman is intuitively and naturally
gracious, and being free from the sordid influences of Merchandise, is as
a rule, far more free from the cursed love of gold and self gain, than
those connected with trade too often are. To several noblemen and
gentlemen I would here tender my thanks for the courteous manner in
which they have invariably answered my letters of inquiry on subjects
connected with the Mastiff, which I have required for this work.

I am also beholden to several antiquarians for various interesting par-
ticulars, and in return, should always be willing to give my opinion as a
canine fancier and judge (which perhaps it is not too boastful to say, is
based upon practical experience), on any antiquarian remains that may
be discovered in any way connected with the dog.

It behoves me to mention the courtesy I have met with when I have
had occasion to write to various noblemen and landed gentry, to whom I
fear at times, owing to my anxiety to obtain full and accurate information
I have been somewhat troublesome. But as Horace of old said of
Mo?cenas» "It is the true spirit of the gentleman to be kind, courteous,
and obliging to a stranger/' Thus, while I tender my thanks to the many
who have helped me, I can with pleasure set it forth as a lesson to my
readers, to render willingly such little acts of courtesy as may be in their
power from time to time ; for by so doing, they not only engender a better
feeling among all classes, but also benefit mankind in general, through
, advancing knowledge.

M374695

IV DEDICATION.

To those who may have amassed wealth through their own industry
and intellect, this may afford a lesson, not to treat disdainfully the literary
supplicant for information, as it is far easier for an author to lash with
satire and irony, (which often leaves a lasting and sometimes salutary
sting,) than to tender thanks gracefully, especially when he is sincere.

I feel, my friend, that I shall have no need to apologise to you for thus
turning the dedication of my work towards tendering my thanks to all
those who have helped me, for I feel sure nothing will give your unselfish
nature more pleasure than my acknowledging the assistance I have
received from those, who, like yourself, have helped really out of love for
the noble Mastiff.

Foremost among those to whom I am beholden for a few notes, is
W. ANDREWS,, ESQ., F.R.H.S., of the Literary Club, Hull, and any of my
readers wishing a fuller account of Bear-baiting, Bull-running, and Bull-
baiting, than I have iucidently given, should read that author's able
articles on these subjects in his Historic ^Romance,

Lastly, but not least, do I owe thanks and acknowledgement to my old
friend, former tutor, and fellow pupil, the REV. II. WATERS, of Bedford ;
to whose sound erudition I am beholden for material assistance.

M. B. WYNN.

PREFACE.

A PREFACE to a work is perhaps now seldom perused, often to the readers
loss, nevertheless, to such of my readers who have the good grace to make
the exception I may say to gather the matter for this work I have drawn
from various authors, which for a short time I thought to quote in exact
chronological order, but I soon perceived to do so entirely, I should debar
myself of evidence tending to buttress the various statements and facts
advanced, und I fail to see why any author should shackle himself
with any arbitrary system, and if by following the plan of quoting more
recent writers to bear out and throw light on ancient statements ; I
have somewhat marred the system of my arrangement, I feel I have
strengthened the work, which is the feature I care more about, than for
any scholar like or customary system of book writing.

In defence of the plan I have followed, as La Motte says, " the preju-
dice for antiquity is itself very ancient. " I may fairly assume, that most
authors have gathered their ideas on historical subjects which have pre-
ceded them ; from the more ancient writings of their forebears. Thus
the immortal Shakespeare with all his keen perception and intuitive know-
ledge of the world, owed much of his historical information to authors
he had read. For as Chaucer has it.

•' For out of the olde fieldes, men saithe,
Cometh all this new corn fro yere to yere,
And out of olde bookes, ii> good faithe,
Cometh all this newe science that men here. "

The Assembly of Foul cs

And Cicero says, " The distinguishing property of man is to search for
and follow after truth, therefore when relaxed from our necessary cares
and concerns, we then covet to see, 'to hear, and to learn somewhat Cicero
Lib. 1. Ch. v. Virgil still more beautifully expresses this sentiment of
the love of knowledge in the Georgics Lib ii. line 490 " Happy is he who is
able to trace out the origin of things " and further Lord Bacon wrote on
the advancement of Learning Lib ii. " Oat of monuments, names, wordes,
proverbs, traditions, private records and evidences, fragments of stories,
passages of books and the like, we doe save and recover somewhat from
the deluge of time. "

Vlll PREFACE.

I thought at first of illustrating this book somewhat after the manner
of Berjeaus work. " The varieties of Dogs as they are found in old Scujp-
tiires, "Pictures, Engravings, and Books " but I perceived that unless 1
could draw and engrave the blocks myself I could not be secure against
introduction and alteration on the artists part; which however slight,
would nevertheless be detrimental to the subject, for it is not easy to meet
with a copyist like the bright airy Gay depicts.

" So very like the painter drew,
That every eye the picture knew ;
He hit complexion, feature, air,
So just the life itself was there ;
He gave each muscle all its strength
The mouth the chin, the noses length ;
Plis honest pencil touch'd witli truth
And marked the date of age and youth.''

While I cannot speak too highly of Berjeaus work, for the insight it
furnishes to Canine History, the text is very scant, and in places incor-
rect, it being palpable that Berjeau was no judge of dogs, he plainly could
not distinguish between the different breeds, for we find him terming
Boarhound like representations, Bloodhounds.

I write this impartially and simply to warn my readers, for when we
consider the time and trouble that he must have devoted to collect the
various examples he gives, it would be invidious not to acknowledge the
merits of his work.

Having pointed out their defects and difficulties it will readily be seen
why, (not personally possessing the artistic talent of a John Latham.) I
preferred relying on my discriptive powers for the various points, and re-
ferring my readers to the originals ; rather than availing myself of the
aid of the artists, however good a copyist I might have procured.

Poets and Painters are often the unintentional historians of their age
and the following pages will disclose that they have handed down to us
much history of the mastiff. The great Poet of the age, our Visionary
Laureate has been very silent about the English mastiff. To me this is
a little grief as with his powers of weaving semi-historical semi-mystical
romances, he could compose a poem on the breed that would eclipse what
Gay, Shakespeare and even Virgil have left us.

M. B. WYNN,

THE ELMS,

ROTHLEY, LEICESTERSHIRE.
JANUARY, 188G.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. ORIGIN QF THE DOG.

Pages 1 to 12.

Wolfish origin incorrect. Wild Originals. Early existence of estab
lished types. The necessity of several original stirps. Fossil remains of
the dog.

CHAPTER n. THE MASTIFF TYPE.

Pages 13 to 34.

The head the most distinctive feature. The characteristics of the
mastiff. Self type of the European mastiffs. The Asiatic mastiff. Early
existence of the mastiff type.

CHAPTER III. THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

Pages 35 to 42.

Early existence of the mastiff in Britain. British dogs an article of
commerce. Mention of crossing British war-dogs.

CHAPTER IV. THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

Pages 43 to 52.

The Alan an early English name for the mastiff. TheAlani. Descrip-
tion of the Alan dog. The early English Alan and the Spanish mastiff
almost identical.

CHAPTER V. THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

Pages 53 to 67.

Early uses of the British mastiff. Mastiffs depicted on early British
pottery. Type of the early British mastiff.

CHAPTER VI. THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

Pages 68 to 76.

Bandog the Saxon term for the mastiff. Early mention of the bandog
Treatment of the bandog.

CHAPTER VII. THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

Pages 77 to 82.

The word mastiff of Norman introduction. The mastiff mentioned in
the Forest Laws of Henry 3rd. The mastiff mentioned by Gyfford and
Twici.

X CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII. THE MASTIFF IN HENRY Yin's REIGN.

Pages 83 to 89.

Mastiffs at Agincourt. Particulars of the Lyme Hall mastiffs.
Etymology of the word mastiff.

CHAPTER IX. THE MASTIFF IN ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

Pages 90 to 104.

Book 011 the Dog by Dr. Cams. Characteristics of the mastiff. The
effects of food on conformation. Reason for the various terms for the
mastiff. Places in London where mastiffs were kept. Various authors
who mention the mastiff.

CHAPTER X. THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

Pages 105 to 122.

Baiting of animals probably of Roman introduction, Claudian's men-
tion of the aptitude of English dogs for baiting. Three mastiffs more
than a match for a bear. The mastiff trained for baiting. Various
accounts of bear baitings. The true form of the mastiff.

CHAPTER XL THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

Pages 123 to 132.

Paintings of the mastiff in the 16th century. The Stuart's partiality
for the mastiff. Prince Henry's speech. Bear baiting on Sunday
prohibited by James 1st. Type of the mastiff in Charles Ist's time.

CHAPTER XII. THE MASTIFF IN THE 18TH CENTURY.

Pages 133 to 141.

Various writers who mention the mastiff. Linnaeus' description cf
the mastiff. Albinoism due to consanguinity.

CHAPTER XIII. THE MASTIFF IN THE 19'rn CENTURY.

Pages 142 to 155.

Cuvier's description of the mastiff. A description of the mastiff in
1800. The Lyme Hall breed of mastiffs. The Eirklees mastiffs.

CHAPTER XIV. TYPE of the ENGLISH MASTIFF ABOUT 1800

Pages 15G to 158.

Absence of houndiness in the mastiff. The lips of the mastiff and
flews of the hound.

CHAPTER XV. THE ALPINE MASTIFF.

Pages 159 *o 1G5

Type of the Alpine mastiff. Influence of the Alpine on the English
mastiff. The Alpine cross in the English mastiff.

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER XVI. THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN

MASTIFF.

Pages 166 to 171.

Mr. J. Thompson. Bill George. Pedigree not much required or asked
for before 1870. Hereditary characteristics. The English mastiff not
so greatly improved. The Lyme Hall breed about 1850.

CHAPTER XVII. THE GREAT BREEDERS.

Pages 172 to 18E.

Mr. Lukey. Order of Mr. Lukey's crossing. Mr. Thompson's opinion
of Mr. Lukey as a breeder. Foundation of Mr. Lukey's kennel princi-
pally Alpine mastiffs. Measurements of some of Mr. Lukey's old strain
Various delineations of the mastiff by H. Weir.

CHAPTER XVIII. THE NOTED BREEDERS.

Pages 184 to 196

Mr. Thompson's results. Decline of Mr.' Lukey's strain. Mr. Cautley
as a breeder. Vast size in the mastiff derived from foreign crosses.
Correct proportions of the mastiff.

CHAPTER XIX. EARLY DOG SHOWS.

Pages 1&7 to 203.

The value of photographs. Mr. Lukey's mistake in crossing with Lion.
Great care required in crossing,

CHAPTER XX. NOTED MASTIFFS.

Pages 204 to 218.

Mr. Hanbury's Duchess, Champion, Peeress 2393, Norah 6397, Old
King. Tha kennel club stud book. Importance of pedigree. The King
line. The value of Rajah. Necessity of symmetry.

CHAPTER XXI. THE POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

Pages 219 to 222.
The points of the English mastiff. A scale of points for judging.

E R R A T A .

Pago -1, liiie 1, for persuing, read pursuing
., 4, footnote, Jor Jargan, read Jorjau,
,, '20, line 3, Jor Sauroctoues, read Sauroctonos.
,, H7, ,. 21. for Apis /Ethiopicus, read Aper /Ethiopians.
,, 40, ,, *2(>, for Homer, lib. iii. line 36G, read line 3UO.
,, 4B, ,, 7, /or Galic, renj Gallic.
,, 40, ,, 5, do. do.

,, 40, ,. *24, for acording, read according.
,, ')'.), ,, '20, jot calcelarius, read calcareous
,, 7)5, ,, 12, /orPromptarumPa?vilorum,r<rad!Promptarium

Parvulorurn.
,, 7'.), ,, 13, /(>/• tyranical, rend tyrannical

THE MASTIFF,

CANIS MASSIVUS BRITANNICUS.

o

CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

Let Hercules himself do what he may,
The cat will mew, and dog will have his day.

Shakespeare. Hamlet.

THE origin of the various breeds of dogs becomes lost and
imtraceable amid the mystery and obscurity which clouds the
earliest ages of history, and I may say with W. Watts

" 'T would far exceed my fixed intent ;

To trace throughout the dogs descent."

The Sculptor's art alone has left sufficient uncontrovertible
proof to explode the theory held by some naturalists, who have
advanced that the numerous varieties of the dog are all nothing
more than variations from one original race, of which the wolf
was the common progenitor ; but it is as absurd to argue that
all the different varieties of the dog are derived from one race
of dog or from the wolf, as it would be to maintain that all
the manifold species of wild dogs, wolves and hyaenas had
one common progenitor, and it is manifest that any such
hypothesis will not stand investigation.

A

2 ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

Of the wolves themselves there are several distinct species,
and the same in foxes ; also various genera of hyaena — all of
8P&nich may have offspring by the dog, yet the absurdity of any
idea of their all having one common origin is patent. Buffon
himself, although he mentions an instance of a wolf having
connexion with a dog, and progeny arising therefrom (vide
Buffon Nat. Hist, under heading mules) states the usual ster-
ility of such offspring, and the difficulty there is} with all mules
to procreate. Although it is just possible for them at times
to engender with one of their parent races, in which way the
nonsunthetical blood may be abscinded, yet mules will not
readily breed inter se.

Aristotle in the VI th book 2oth chapter of his history of
Animals points out that the mule progeny of wolf and dog are
carried longer in the womb than the ordinary dog, and shorter
than the wolf, whereas the period of gestation 63 days never
varies in the true dog.

However J have known exceptions to this, the normal period,
and modern investigation seems to prove that the wolf like
the dog goes only 63 days.

Some naturalists affirm there is a slight, but decided differ-
ence in the conformity of the two species ; the osteology of the
wolf differing from that of the dog, but others deny this. A
marked difference however is that of the eye, the pupil of
which in all the true dogs is round, while in the wolf it is
oblique.

The wild dogs of Africa and other countries hunting in packs
form another proof of the original distinct creation of the dog.
These together with the early existence of known and distinct
types, found figured on the earliest sculptures of Egypt and

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. 3

other countries, form the most cogent evidence of the primary
creation of several distinct types of the dog, similar to what
we see in other animals and birds, and it is in vain for natur-
alists like Bell, Buffon, Hunter and others, however able and
specious as writers to try to construct a progressive hypothet-
ical order of origin of species, to suit their own preconceived
views, in spite and defiance of the manifest non-mutability of
original types, and the opposition of nature, to violence offered
to her laws.

The possibility of producing mules and hybrids is quite a
different matter and their fertility or sterility does not really
effect the question of original distinction of species in such
animals as the dog, hyaena, wolf, and jackal, — or the sheep,
goat, ibex, and similar species, and it is just possible that a
cross between the dog and hyaena, wolf or jackal, runs in the
veins of some breeds of the dog.

Pallas, the celebrated naturalist, who visited London in
1761, held the theory that the mastiff was derived from the
hyaena ; and Burchell also supports the same.

Lowe in his domestic animals of Great Britain, held that
it was very possible that the blood of a hyaena cross, runs in
the veins of the mastiff, and the striped or brindle markings,
short blunt head and powerful jaws, are not at all unfavour-
able to such an idea, although the dentition of the hyaena is
very different from that of the dog and wolf.

Aristotle mentions the canis Indices, Indian dogs, stating
them to be a hybrid between the dog and tiger — " Indi coitus
tcmporc in saltibus canes foe minus reliqunt nt cii'n his tigridcs cifaut :
quorum cxprimnes concept its ab nimiam fcritatem, inutilis partns jiidi-
cant ; itemquc sccundos, scd Urtios cducaut." Lucretius (Dc vcnim

4 ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

naturd Lib Hi, Line 717. ) speaking of this breed persuing deer
calls it " Can-is Hyvcano defemine" That these fierce dogs begot
in the ;;c Hyrcanian forests were any hybrid with the tiger is
simply impossible ; canines and felines being unable to breed
together, but it is just possible that they were a cross with the
hyaena or else some race of mastiff like dogs, then existing wild
in the woods of Asia and since become extinct.

Cuvier says in his Animal Kingdom that domesticating the
dog is the must complete, the most useful, and most singular
conquest man has achieved, the various species having become
our property.

With regard to the original wild varieties from which our
numerous races of domesticated dogs have sprung, I may
suggest that in all probability several have become extinct,
possibly before the flood. We know that the wild originals
of some of our oxen, for example the Bos Longifrons, have
become so, and the domestic long-horn cattle of Britain, are
not at all unlikely to become extinct, unless preserved as curi-
osities, although the leading variety in England only one
hundred years ago. ' The unreclaimed ancestors of our do-
mestic dogs would be a pest to man, and from their nature,
would not shun his presence and thus be not difficult to destroy,

*Hyrcania, of Scythio origin and said to denote waste or uncultivated
country. It was a mountainous district covered with forest, situated at
the north-eastern corner of the Caspian sea, and was in fact the country
round the modern Astcrabad, stretching northwards toward the modern
Ust Urt plain, towards the Oxus Zadracart near the modern Jargan was
the ancient metropolis. Wild horses, asses, buffaloes, dee]-, antelopes,
hears, hyaenas, and wolves still rou.ni in the plains, and the margins of the
lakes and rivers which are lined with tall sedges and feathery reeds,
abound in wild boars and beasts of prey. Virgil (./Enid Lib iv, Line 307)
mentions the Hyrcanian tigers. In such a district wild dogs of a mastiff
type would be able to exist.

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. 5

and therefore as population spread in Europe the wild canines
would get exterminated, and the opinion has been advanced,
and not without reasonable data, that the very wolves that
infested Britain, were not of the same species as the Conti-
nental wolf (which would have been more than a match for
the wrolf dog of Ireland) but were in reality a wild dog, and
possibly the wild aborigine from which when crossed with the
Celtic greyhound of Gaul, arose the Irish wolf greyhound,
which so assisted in their extermination.

Col. H. Smith ( Nat. Library vol. ix) suggests that a lost
or undiscovered species, allied to the canis tricolor or hyaena
venatica of Burchell, was the source of the short muzzled and
strong jawed races of primitive mastiffs, and again he says,
in one group of domestic dogs however, there is one bearing
evidence of a much greater departure from the general simi-
larity— a departure leading to a strong presumption that the
typical animal was taken from an aberrant species, one nearly
approximating the hyaena and allied to canis tricolor or Pictus
Author. The group is that of our mastiff and bulldog. But
Col. H. Smith as well as other naturalists have seemingly
overlooked the fact that the indigenous mastiff of Britain and
Gaul had probably a wild prototype, long since extinct, and
the idiocratic temperament of the English mastiff and bulldog
is very favourable to such a theory.

In still further refutation of the lupine ancestry of the dog
may be instanced the early distinct mention of the animal
from the wolf in various countries, in Egypt we find that the

t Aristotle mentions the division of animals into domestic and wild,
which theory though adopted by some naturalists, is defective, as the
horse dog, etc., that lived in the woods, did not differ specifically from
the domestic. Vide Aribfc de part Am" Lib 1. C, 3. t, 1. p, 972.

6 ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

dog was from the earliest traceable times regarded as the
emblem of Anubis, Osiris, or Sirius, the former being believed
to be the Greek corruption of the latter. The dog was the
emblem of the watcher or shepherd god of the rising of the
Nile.

Juvenal lib. v. sat. xv. ver. 8, states that "whole cities
worshipped the dog," i.e. as the emblem of Anubis.

The Hebrew word nobeh, to bark, (which the wolf does not)
occurs in Isaiah liv. 10. and is evidently the root of the Hebrew
hanubeh, the barker, the Egyptian anubis, the Latrator
anubis of Ovid. The aspirate being omitted in the two latter
instances. Sirius is believed to have been derived from Scir,
which in the language of the first inhabitants of the Thebiad,
meant a dog.

Perhaps the strongest proof of the non-lupine origin of the
dog, is that in some of the oldest writings in the world, we
find distinct mention of both the dog and wolf, and also of
their different natures, and separate and distinctive words
are employed to define each animal in various languages

The dog, although sometimes spoken of as an emblem of
shamelessness and obscenity, and by the Hebrews as unclean,
(owing to its being venerated as the emblem of a fylse God
by the Egyptians), yet is represented as the guardian, friend,
and companion of man, while the wolf is ever spoken of with
hatred and avoidance, owing to its ravening and cruelty,

Moses, skilled in all the learning of Egypt, writing more
than 2000 years B. C., mentions the watchdogs of the Egyp-
tians, stating (Exodus xi. 7.) " not a dog should move his
tongue against man or beast of the children of Israel," neither
the wolf nor jackal bark, therefore this is manifest reference

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. 7

to the domestic dog, and Job xxx, c. i, v. mentions " theddgs
of his flock," proving at what an early date the shepherd
made use of the animal. While in Genesis xlix. is stated the
ravening nature of the wolf, the zeeb of the Hebrew and
Arab, derived according to M. Majlis, from the Arabic zaab
or daaba, to frighten.

Harris thought the wolf to be represented on the Praenestic
pavement, with the mouth half open, jaws long and well
armed with teeth. Both Harris in his dictionary of the Nat.
Hist, of the Bible (Art Wolf) and Col. H. Smith Nat. Lib.
vol. ix. (under Thous Anthus, wild dog of Egypt) mention
this figure of a canine in a howling attitude figured on the
Praenestine, Mosaic, in the part depicting Egypt, with the
word EIOT- or Eton- over it, which they attribute as allied to the
Ethiopic plural Zybt or Azibit, for wolves, but with every
deference to their erudition I am inclined to think the word
Eioir stands for The Holy Animal /. c. Tutelar God of Upper
Egypt, the god of the Nile — Latrator Anubis— who is always
represented with a head of a wolfish type, which seems to me
best accounted for, first from the fact, that the true mastiff"
type was almost or entirely unknown to the early Egyptians,
and secondly Anubis was the shepherd watch dog of the Nile,
and we find the sheepdog in every clime and in every country,
with a wolfish type of head. This I attribute will be owing
to shepherds in the first instance, finding their flocks ravaged
by the wild dogs of the country, would capture some of their
young, and direct the proclivity for sheep worrying into
collecting them together (which is a natural instinct) when
directed, and then trained them to protect their charge, and
probably the early sheepdogs of Egypt would be of this
wolfish or wild dog type.

N ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

My reason for holding the idea that Eton- simply meant the
holy animal is because the word is plainly of Greek derivation.
Strabo states Praeneste claimed a Greek origin, although
afterwards colonized by Alba. Scylla beautified its oracular
temple of fortune (a goddess that ever favoured him) and
Pliny says the first mosaic pavement introduced into Italy
was made by the command of that General. Eioir seems
nearly allied to o-tos which was the Laconic for Oeos or Zeus.
FT; rco crico. By the two gods viz. Castor and Pollux Arist 214.
Ocrios adjective meaning holy, and we see the Egyptian Sirius
was contracted and written by the Greeks Osiris. I may also
suggest Hois being the Greek word for a sculptor's chisel from
the theme Hew to scrape or carve stone. Hotr may have been
a name applied to the wolf, owing to its rasping and scraping
habits.

The Dog, the Sanscrit Cvan, the Hebrew Cheleb, and
Arabic. Kilb was held in contempt by the Jews on account of
the veneration the Eg}^ptians paid to the animal as the
emblem of the God Anubis.

Turning to the Greeks we find the dog termed KVWV (Kuon)
the o being pronounced long, and the pronunciation of the
word is very similar in sound to the howl of the domestic dog,
and it is curiously suggestive of the truth of the Biblical
account (Genesis ii.-2o) that Adam named the various animals;
that their primary names as far as traceable (although often
strangely corrupted by use through long ages and found under
various forms) seem in nearly every instance to have been
accorded generally from the voice or cry of each animal, or
else from their habit or some striking characteristic — showing
thereby an unmistakeable oneness of original idea in denom-
inating them.

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. 9

Herodotus Lib. ii. c. 66, mentions the regard the Egyptians
had for their household dogs.

From Homers I Iliad, the oldest of Greek literature, com-
posed nearly some thousand years B. C., we find the raw-flesh
eating wolf (\VKOS o/Ao<£ayo«i Lib. xvi. 156) described, their
ravenous nature is mentioned in Lib. iv. 471. and Lib. xi. 72.
and their grey colour Lib. x. 334, and the radical meaning of
the Greek name XVKOS seems a devastator or ravager.

We see also how completely domesticated the dog was at
that early date, for Homer mentions hunting lions and boars
with dogs. " The}- all trembled as dogs around a lion," Lib.
v. 476, and again " As when a boar or lion looking fiercely
round conscious of his strength, turns upon the dogs and
huntsmen," Lib. xii. 41. also books iii. 26. viii. 338. xi. 292.
and xi. 548. He mentions hunting dogs or boarhounds Lib.
xi. 325. The swift dogs of Troy Lib. i. 50. and Lib. xi. 817.
and shepherd dogs Lib. x. 183. Homer also uses the word
dog as a term of reproach to females lacking modesty and
virtue, applying it to Helen Lib. 6. 344. and makes use of the
term dog contemptuously as a term of reproach to denote
effrontery in men.

/Eschylus in his Agamemnon 870 compares Clytemnestra
to the watch dog of the house, which John Scandrete Harford
D.C.L. of Blaize Castle has beautifully translated into the
following :

" His wife he'll find the guardian of his house,
Faithful, as when he left her, to her vows/' —
To him devoted, to his foes a foe.

See if iv. p. 195.

Among other early evidences of the domesticity of the dog,
perhaps the most striking is the mythical Cerberus, older than

B

10 ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

any existing literature, and mentioned in Homers Odesy Lib. ii.
622. His name composed of two Hellenic words Kpeas — ftopos
(greedy of flesh) shows the well known nature of the dog, also
the best manner to stop the barking of the watch dog, either
of Plutos gloomy realms, or the terrestrial globe.

No doubt poor blind old Homer, as he wandered through
the seven Greek cities, was often, like the modern mendicant,
annoyed by the chained watch dog of the wealthy. The fact
that Hercules is stated to have dragged Cerberus by his
chain from hell to earth, proves uncontestably that it was
customary to chain large watch dogs to prevent both ingress
and egress, more than 907 years B.C., the date Homer flour-
ished according to the Arundelian marbles.

Cerberus being represented with three heads, has been
explained as typifying the past, the present, and the future.
The monstrous Cerberus with head large enough for three,
His mane bristling, like iifty or a hundred snakes ;
With his broad yawning mouth, and * black ears hanging down,
Sits guarding his master's portals.
Mastiff like keeper, preventing ingress and egress,
The work of a Hercules to drag him from his chained post,
Or an Orphesian task to lull him to somnolence ;
Those compelled to visit his gloomy realms
Should provide themselves with cakes, to still his barkiug'jaws.

If we admit the fact of the universal deluge, attested by the
annals of Assyrian history, as well as sacred writ, we see
from the ancient sculptures that have been found, that many
of our established breeds, were in existence within compara-
tively very few centuries of the flood itself, and these breeds
have remained unchanged and unchanging in typical peculi-
arities or characteristics ever since. Of the existence of several

* The black ears of Cerberus are mentioned by Horace Lib. ii. ode xiii.
There was formerly a line old painting of the dog Cerberus with Pluto, at
Harden Hall, Cheshire, formerly the residence of the Arden family.

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. II*

distinct known varieties of the dog some 400 years B.C., some
slow hounds, gifted with keen sense of smell, others of a
greyhound type depending on their speed to run down their
prey ; we may read full mention of in Xenophons memor-
abilia of Socrates Lib. iii. ch. ii. Dec. 8.

I maintain the sculptures themselves prove the empirical
fallacy of the suppositions lupine origin of the dog. But
beyond this, experience in breeding reveals to the operator,
if he has any discernment, the necessity of their having been
at least some half dozen primary distinct varieties, to account
for the opposing fixed characteristics in the known breeds,
which have existed from the earliest times, in order to produce
the various blends or allied groups of varieties, some of which
have been formed in early ages, while others are known
compounds produced within the memory of man, but these
latter, unlike the former are variable in their peculiarities.

From some half dozen known typical races, it would have
been, and still would be, possible to produce all the varieties.
And what strengthens this theory formed after lengthened
experience in breeding and careful investigation, is that
practical writers on poultry (for one I refer to that talented
and interesting writer the Rev. E. Saul Dixon, M.A., who
treats on this subject in the preface to his work on Poultry),
have likewise become impressed writh the fact that there must
have been several distinct aboriginal varieties, to account for
the production of the numerons existing races both of Poultry
and dogs as well.

One of the strongest arguments against the dog being
merely a domesticated and cultivated \volf, is the fact that
whenever abandoned and left to seek its own livelihood,
none of the emancipated dogs have ever bred back into wolves

12 ORIGIN OF THE DOG.

again, showing plainly that their original normal type, differed
from that of the wolf.

Another most conclusive proof of the non-lupine origin of
all the varieties of the dog, is the few fossil remains which
have been found in the ossiferous caverns.

The canis Spelaeus of Goldfuss, the fossil remains of which
were discovered at Gailenrenth, differed materially in the
skull from the wolf, the muzzle being decidedly broader and
blunter.

Kauf describes the Agnotherium, as an animal allied to
the dog but to have equalled a lion in size.

Professor Low in his domesticated animals of Great Britain,
under the molossian group says :— " We do not know of any
species of canis yet existing in a natural state, which may be
regarded as the parent stock of the mastiff, though such may
exist or have existed, is rendered probable by the characters
of the race, which have remained constant from age to age,
and distinguished the true mastiff from every other race of
dogs."

CHAPTER II.
THE MASTIFF TYPE.

ik Where oft the mastiff skulks with half shut eye,
And rouses at the stranger passing by."

Bloonifield'tt Farmer* Boy.

BEFORE proceeding further, in order that my readers may
fully comprehend the true type and peculiarities of the mastift
which I wish to expose and prove in this work ; and that they
may perceive the revelation of the points, as they may be
gathered from each historical fragment I lay before them ; it
may be advisable to lay down briefly the general character-
istics which form the real mastiff type.

In all animals and even in the races of man, the most
distinctive feature determining species and variety, is the
skull ; from which the skilled anatomist can readily determine
the habits and consequently, general form of the animal to
which it belongs. For the conformation of the skull
containing the brain, is formed either primarily or most
gradually from the continued habits the animal is adapted
and subjected to, 'and is modified but gradually through
forced change or suspension of habit. The form of the body
is concomitant with that of the cranium, therefore on exam-
ining the skull of an animal, it is not difficult in most cases,
to pronounce what will be the form of the carcase and limbs,
nay Ex pede Herculem, insomuch if a fairly skilled anatomist
has but a portion of the skull to guide him, he can form a
fairly correct idea, what the remainder must have been like.

14 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

and concomitantly that of the body also. To the mastiff or
as it is sometimes incorrectly and pedantically termed the
mollossian group, belong. The mastiff, its stunted and
exaggerated confrere the bulldog, and the dwarfed and still
more artificially exaggerated pug dog. All these possess
certain conformity of type, diametrically opposite to breeds
like the hound, greyhound, or spaniel ; although infusion of
the blood of other species and circumstances, especially the
ignorance and caprice of man, may more or less modify or
intensify the characteristics.

In the mastiff group the muzzle is markedly short, the
cranium elevated, the superior maxillary is wide and ponder-
ous, the zygomatic arch is strongly developed and widely
divergent, the frontal bone is very thick and wide, the
temporal bones are strongly developed, the lower maxillary
is thick and massive, widely divergent and convex, turning
up and naturally inclined to overshutting the upper jaw.
This is a point that dog fanciers have contended and quarreled
about, with as much fury, and little more reason than their
dogs themselves, will^over a bone ; and it is labour thrown
away to try and teach the obstinate and wilfully ignorant ; that
nature intended the teeth of some animals to overshut. while
those of others to be level or undershut, so as to fit them
best for their respective habit. All dogs of the mastiff or
baiting kind should certainly be what is termed " undershot,"
and if setting prejudice and ignorance aside, any one
will only take the trouble to investigate the matter in a
naturalists point of view, for example by examining the mouth
of the ordinary fresh water pike, they will see that fluvial
bulldog is considerably undershot, in order to enable it to
seize and hold more securely its prey. Here we see nature
left to itself instructing us, if we have but the sense to learn.

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 15

The foregoing characteristics of the mastiff group show
that their natural habit is that of broad thick-set powerful
animals, deriving their food naturally more from bold attack
of larger animals, and tearing the flesh from, and gnawing the
bones of, dead carcases, than on their speed or hunting powers.
Their limbs are characteristically short and stout, with
powerful muscles to move such powerful short levers.

The points drawn up by fanciers are somewhat fallacious
and arbitrary, being laid down simply to define the most
typical, and highly cultivated specimens.

All mastiffs should be, more or less heavily wrinkled about
the face, the lips pendulous, and having a certain amount of
dewlap ; the ears, although they should not be set so low as
in the hound and should be free from any folding, need not
be so small as the fancy dictates. It is no doubt a character-
istic of the English bulldog to have very small ears, and the
English mastiff is all the better for approaching its smaller
relation in character generally, but its other congener the
pug dog, is often spoilt according to fanciers ideas, through
having the round, thick ear, which generally grows to larger
dimension than the pointed or commonly termed V shape
usually does, although the former is equally or even more
typical. A round medium sized or even thick, heavy ear, is
not at variance with purity of mastiff type, and when the face
is heavily wrinkled, dewlap pronounced, and lips character-
istically pendulous, the ear will generally be larger, and have
more leather about it, than the modern fancy dictates.

Of late years the pendulosity of the lips is a characteristic
that has been lost sight of by the majority of breeders ; in fact
some who set themselves up for judges, have condemned this
oft mentioned characteristic of the race, which has been very
much lost — through the introduction of vertragal blood
through the boarhound cross.

l6 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

The stern in the mastiff, need not necessarily be carried
down, as the modern fancy dictates, for although a decided
improvement, we see in the Assyrian sculptures, the tail
curled over the back, the same in the Tibetian and in the
older pictures of the English mastiff.

The curled carriage of the stern lias been cultivated in the
pug dog until it has become an exaggerated peculiarity in that
breed. The coat of the mastiff varies greatly according to
climate and housing, and nothing sooner marks the country
the animal belongs to. The colours vary and formerly the
breed ran all colours. It wrill readily be seen, mere height is
at variance with the true type; weight, and general massive-
ness, being far truer characteristics.

The theory or opinion I hold, is that the English mastiff
from the earliest times has existed in Britain, in its purity
resembling in many respects a vast bulldog, being the ancestor
of that breed. Such being the true pugnaces peculiar to
Britain and Gaul mentioned by the historians, and by crossing
these with larger breeds, particularly the Asiatic mastiff
(introduced probably by the Phosnicians) and other large
races of the pugnaces, as the white alan or war dogs of the
Alani, a larger variety of the mastiff was formed, which often
became crossed with the boarhounds and other large breeds,
as example the Kerry beagle and old Southern hound ; to its
detriment. Whereas whenever crossed back with its dwarfed
descendant the bulldog, manifest improvement in all points
except mere height has been obtained.

The English mastiff and English bulldog present affinity of
character possessed in common only by the Spanish bulldog,
of any known race of dog, character which is absent even in
the Asiatic mastiff. This stamps these varieties as peculiarly

THE MASTIFF TYPE. IJ

European, and places the English bulldog as the most typical
of the European mastiff group, and simply unique in its
characteristics.

Before proceeding further it may perhaps render the subject
more easy of comprehension, if the history of the Asiatic
mastiff is briefly traced from the earliest times up to the
present.

It would be difficult to denominate any precise home of the
Asiatic mastiff, or to give any more generic name to embrace
the allophylian varieties than that from their distinctive
features, they must at once be classed as belonging more or
less to the mastiff family.

Their geographical position however has extended, and still
extends from the Caucasian ranges through the valleys of the
Elburz mountains, and onwards through the north of Turk-
istan to the Himalayas, and thence northwards over the vast
area of Thibet, the Shan districts, Mongolia and Siberia.
The accounts of travellers respecting the characteristics of
these Asiatic mastiffs are so varied, that the only way to
reconcile the conflicting statements at all, is to assume that
district varieties have arisen, owing to a greater or less amount
of adulteration, with the blood of the sharper muzzled sheep-
dogs of their respective localities.

That a true Asiatic mastiff has existed from very remote
ages, is proved by their figures represented on Assyrian
sculptures some 650 years B.C. These show the broad short
truncated muzzle of the true mastiff, the lips being deeply
pendulous, and the loose skin down the sides of the face
falling in heavy folds. The ears being wholly pendent, and
the dewlap very pronounced (which seems very characteristic

c

1 8 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

to the Asiatic mastiff in its purity), the body cylindrical and
heavy, and limbs extremely massive, the stern mostly carried
upwards over the back in a hoop-like curve.

These dogs appear to have been of vast size, equalling in
proportion, the largest of our modern dogs, and their height
may be estimated to have been from 30 to 34 inches at shoulder,
and at times even 36 inches perhaps.

The next historical mention of the breed is when in 326 B.C.
Alexander the Great crossed the Indus— and that mighty
conqueror appears to have been the introducer of them into
Greece, as before his time the true mastiff with pendent ears
appears to have been unknown. Megasthenes who flourished
B.C. 300 being about the first of the Grecian writers, who
mentions the true mastiff with pendent ears.

Coming to more recent times Marco Polo the celebrated
Venetian traveller, who penetrated the districts of Central
Asia, and Mongolia, writing in 1295 nientions the Asiatic
mastiffs, which he describes as large as asses, probably no
exaggeration if he meant to compare them to some of the
smaller breeds of 'the domestic ass.

Of later years these Asiatic mastiffs appear to have degen-
erated greatly in many districts, owing seemingly to having
been crossed with the sharp muzzled smaller breeds owned
by the inhabitants of Central Asia, and the finest specimens
that have come before European notice have been of Thibetian
extraction, so much so, that the Asiatic mastiff has generally
become denominated the Thibet mastiff (MastivusThibetanus).
The Penny Encyclopaedia states that Mr. Hodson in a paper,
* on the mamalia of Napal ' published in the 'Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Calcutta,' mentions inter alia under the

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 19

title of Canis Familiaris Linn, the pariah as the only dog 'of
the lower and central regions. The Thibetian mastiff, he
states is limited to Kachar (Cachar) into which it was
introduced from its native country, but in which it degenerates
rapidly: there are he observes several varieties of it.

Some years ago there were specimens of these Thibetian
dogs in our Zoological Gardens, they are described as having
been larger than any of our English mastiffs, their colour
black, slightly clouded on the sides with tan, their paws and
a spot over each eye, being also of the latter colour— these had
the broad short muzzle of the mastiff, their lips more pendulous
than in the European mastiff, and they appeared to have
generally a greater amount of loose skin. These fine animals
died soon after their arrival, but there is an excellent engraving
of one of them in Youatt on the dog, also in the 1849 edition
of Stonehenge.

Dr. Wallich stated that these Thihetian mastiffs were the
watch dogs of the table lands of the Himalaya mountains
about Thibet, and they were thought to be the only specimens
of the kind that had reached Europe. Elaine however states
that he saw one in the possession of the Ccuntess Minden, an
exact counterpart of those that were in the Zoological Gardens,
and that the Countess informed him that she had met \\ith
hers in German}'.

Captain Razer mentions the Thibet mastiff, statirg that one
of them, a fine animal, was as large as a gocd sized Newfound-
land dog, with very long hair, and a head resembling a mastiff,
his tail was of an extraordinary length, like the brush of a fox,
and curled half over his back. He was so fierce that he
would allow no stranger to approach him. This comparison
to a Newfoundland is worthy of notice, as other travellers
have made a like similitude.

20 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

Captain Turner wrote: "Entering a Thibet village and
being indolently disposed and prompted by mere curiosity I
strolled along among the houses ; and seeing everything still
and quiet, I turned into one of the enclosures, which serve as
folds for cattle, the instant I entered the gate to my astonish-
ment up started a large dog, big enough, if his courage had
been equal to his size, to fight a lion, and I was a good deal
startled at first, but recollecting their cowardly disposition I
stood still ; for having once had one in my possession I knew
they were fierce only when they perceived themselves feared.
Some people came out of the houses, and he was soon silenced."

Mr. Moorcroft in the account of his journey to Lake
Manasarovana, in the i8th century notices the Thibet dogs
as guards to the flocks of the Uniyas and bore testimony to
their fierceness and disposition to attack strangers. Some 30
years ago a Mr. Jolland of Buxshall near Lindfield, Sussex,
had a fine specimen presented to him by Mr. Cooper, who
endeavouring to penetrate Thibet from Assam was prevented
on entering the boundaries, by a message from the Thibetan
authorities, accompanied by a Thibet mastiff and a dagger
for his acceptance, with the intimation that if he advanced it
would be at the risk of encountering many such dogs and
weapons. Mr. Cooper had two English bulldogs with him
which nearly killed the Thibet mastiff, before they could be
choked off, nearly shaking the life out of him .

This specimen somewhat resembled a Newfoundland, but
is described as having a wolfish cast of head, his coat was of
long thick black hair, with the usual tan paws, his tail bushy
and carried over his back. The dog flew at Mr. Cooper who
completely cowed him by administering a severe thrashing,
which has been the Author's experience with the only Asiatic
specimen he has ever owned.

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 21

Mr. Bennet stated that the Thibet mastiff is bred on the
Himalaya mountains, on the borders of Thibet, for the
purpose of guarding the flocks and the women who attend
them. They are the watch dogs of the plateau, and guard
the women and homesteads while the Bhotans are away on
their trading excursions.

Mr. Bennet stated that these dogs are the defenders of
almost every considerable mansion in Thibet and that he had
to pass by a row of wooden cages containing a number of
them, when on an embassy to the court of Tesloo Llama in
Thibet, and that they were so savage that it was unsafe to
approach them.

Some years ago I met with a gentlemen who had seen many
of these dogs brought down to Calcutta for sale by the
Bhotans, and he said that they resembled Newfoundlands far
more than English mastiffs, and that the heads of all the
specimens that he saw were pointed and wolfish. In colour
they were generally of a dusky black, with light tan paws,
that some were a kind of dun approaching to fawn, and that
they stood not above 27 or 28 inches at shoulder, and in his
opinion, had little claim to be considered mastiffs. Subse-
quently to this I corresponded with Mr. Robert Shaw, chief
commissioner at Ladak, and I found that he had seen them
around Ladak, and his description was very similar to that
given me by the gentlemen whose opinion and statement I
have quoted.

Dogs of a more distinct mastiff type are found in Mongolia,
some of a silver-grey colour with long hair and fine brush-like
stern.

Some years ago now I met with two Asiatic mastiffs that
had been brought over from Russia, the one said to be a

22 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

Siberian was of a dirty white colour, with long coarsish coat,
somewhat long in head, but broad, blunt and sguarc in muzzle,
with very small ears, deep but somewhat narrow in body,
standing probably some 31 or 32 inches at shoulder with great
bone, but very deficient in muscular development compared
to good specimens of the English variety. The other was a
lower standing animal, being not more than 29 inches at
shoulder, with rounder barrel, short stout limbs, and one of
the most typically mastiff heads I have ever seen — eyes
remarkably small and grey in colour, the muzzle short blunt
and very deep, lips extremely pendulous, ears very small, co::t
short, very dense and somewhat woolly, colour a deep red
chestnut, with blue or slate coloured points, and a white
streak up the face, white on breast and paws, stern somewhat
thick and brush-like, He had a split nostril, and the skin
instead of being black, was bluish slate colour. That this
was a true mastiff colour I was aware from having seen an
English mastiff bitch of exactly the same colour and markings
at Lord Stanley's of Alderley in Cheshire.

In temper the Russian (which I purchased) was sullen and
ferocious to strangers when on chain, when loose however
taking no notice of anyone but his master, and he was a most
undemonstrative and uninteresting animal in disposition.

On several occasions he growled ominously at me on very
slight provocation, on one occasion growling at me I kicked
him broadside into his kennel and clapped the door to just
in time, as he rushed at it like a wild beast.

On another occasion, losing my temper at his repeated
snarling I seized him by the collar and beat him with my
slipper until I was tired, this completely cowed him, he never
showed any ill temper towards me personally afterwards and

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 23

even grew to be somewhat affectionate, but no one else would
he let approach him. He showed the utmost indifference to
cold, preferring sleeping on the hard cold brick floor, to his
wooden bench, either with or without bedding.

Of recent times Thibet is the only country that has obtained
any notoriety for possessing the Asiatic mastiff in any state
of purity, but I am inclined to think that isolated specimens
and little families of the pure breed still exist in those vast
regions, stretching from Thibet right into Russia, in fact
through the whole regions of ancient Sarmatia. These Asi-
atics are not nearly as muscular as the English breed, and
inferior for fighting purposes, and any further introduction of
the Asiatic blood into the English breed, although it might
give greater dignity of expression, more loose skin and wrinkle,
and restore the somewhat lost pendulosity of the lip, and
perhaps a smaller ear ; would nevertheless result in failure,
as the girth of skull in our English mastiff and bulldog, has
been cultivated for generations, and improved by careful
breeding not understood by foreigners, for in breeding domestic
animals the English have long possessed talent unrivalled by
other nations.

Having thus laid down these generalities I will resume my
evidences by saying the earliest and most incontestable proofs
we possess of the origin of the various races of dogs, are the
delineations of the animals that existed in the days of early
Assyrian, Egyptian, and Grecian sculpture, and among
these we may trace dogs of the mastiff as well as greyhound
and other types, existing centuries before the Christian era.
The characteristics are the same to day, as they were when
the noble mastiff delighted the eyes of the Assyrian kings.

24 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

It will be interesting to my readers to know where they
may see for themselves proof of my statements and arguments
based thereon as I proceed— and in persuance of this plan I
may say there is a fine specimen of the Assyrian mastiff,
drawn from a baked clay bas-relief found in the Birs-i-Nimroud
figured in page 164 of a little work entitled " Ruined Cities of
Bible Lands," by Dr. W. K. Tweedie, D. D., it is also figured
in the third edition of Nineveh and Persepolis by Mr. Vaux,
the bas-relief itself was found by Henry Rawlinson, and
presented by the late Prince Consort to the British Museum.
The tail in this specimen is curled over the back, the same as
seen in the Thibetian mastiff, the pug, and delineations of our
earlier English mastiffs. It is also worthy of remark that the
Assyrians were always careful to define long hair when it
existed, but in this specimen the stern appears free from any
roughness, although so minute are the details that the very
fraying at the end of the rope is depicted, the loose skin hangs
down the face in enormous wrinkles or folds, and the lips
were extremely pendulous evidently, although the mouth is
marked by a slit or line in the usual conventional form of
Assyrian sculpture. The ears are of medium size, chest very
deep, and limbs massive, the head short and of great volumn,
and muzzle short and truncated. There is a great similarity
between this dog and some of our noted English specimens.

Further examples of the Assyrian mastiff are figured in
" Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients," by
the Rev. W. Houghton, and they have more of the European
mastiff character about them, and their sterns while carried
gaily are not raised above the line of the level of the back.

There is a fine specimen of one of the Assyrian mastiffs
figured in Berjeau's work. " The Dog in Old Sculptures,

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 25

Paintings, etc.," from a sculpture in the British- Museum.
This is a noble example of the breed, reminding me strongly
of Taurus 2nd 9339, for some time my property, and one of
the very best specimens of his day taking all points into
consideration.

In the British Museum is a sculpture showing the use that
the Assyrian kings made of these mastiffs. It represents a
lion hunt or artificial battue of lions, in an enclosed park, of
Assur — ban-i-pal, King of Assyria, who flourished some 640
years B.C. The dogs are held back by men with a rope, one
dog before the lion is at a dead stand, evidently barking, the
others showing evident signs of impatience to get at the royal
game. In another part of the museum are models of these
hunting dogs of the same monarch, found behind the slabs at
Nineveh, so we see this king was fortunate in possessing both
modeller and sculptor, although the artist's names have not
been handed down to us.

Darwin in his Animals and Plants under domestication,
states that on the tomb of Esarhaddon is figured one of these
Assyrian mastiffs. Esarhaddon (2 Kings xix-37) son and
successor of Sennacherib died according to George Smith's
Assyria 668 B.C. In his reign the wandering tribes of
Cimmerians migrated across the Caucasus ; and Esarhaddon
also attacked and subdued the Medes, and this powerful
monarch probably introduced the mastiff from these countries
after his conquests. Although he died 668 B.C. his tomb
would not be ornamented until the reign of his son Assurbanipal,
who we find in possession of many of these mastiffs.

In the " Excelsior Helps in Progress in Religion. Science,
and Literature, vol. v, is some mention of these Babylonish
dogs. Colonel Rawlinson (the merits of whose opinion as a

D

26 TtE MATTItfF TYPE.

judge of the mastiff I am unaware of the value of) was inclined
to think that the mastiffs sculptured on the Assyrian slabs
were of the Thibetian breed. But they do not accord in •
peculiarities of feature with more modern specimens of that
breed, and I am inclined to think that it is far more likely
that these mastiffs sculptured on the Assyrian slabs etc. were
,i breed which either existed in Assyria itself at that date or
else were introduced from Sarmatia, Albania, Hyrcania, or
Iberia, or some of those northern parts of Asia above' Armenia,
which we read ot having possessed dogs large, and courageous
enough to have successfully coped with the lion. Moreover
they are more like our English mastiff in type than the shaggy
mastiff of Thibet, which always seems more or less to have
been crossed with the sheepdog of the country. The mastiff
of Turkestan being a small dog, little better than could be
produced by crossing an English mastiff with a Scotch sheep-
dog. The Mongolian mastiff (of which Mrs. Assiter possessed
a beautiful specimen exhibited at Maidstone sho\v in 1870,
and of which animal I have a lock of hair) is a long woolly
coated animal, which seems characteristic of all the more
northern Asiatic animals. However, Col. H. Smith sr.ys " In
Persia, where the rulers were generally descended from tribes
of Central Asia, the princes possessed vast hunting packs,
as is mentioned by Xenophon. \Ye find Megasthenes (who
flourished about 300 B.C.) the first to notice the true mastiff
with drooping ears, these he suggests were most likely known
to the Greeks as the Candarides and Sen, the latter not being
Chinese but Afghans of Candah.'ir," but Col. H. Smith seems
to have gone too far north-west- -overlooking the Hyrcanian,
from whence in a north-eastern direction, has probably ever
been the cradle of the Asiatic mastiff.

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 27

Turning from Assyrian to Egyptian sculpture, in the
Museum at Boulaq, is a tablet that formerly stood before the
tomb of king Antafaa 2nd, in the valley of the El Assisif at
Thebes, on this tablet are figured the four favourite dogs of
the king, and one represents a very perfect mastiff of vast size,
this dog has a smaller ear than the Asiatic or Assyrian
mastiffs, the head is short and full, and the muzzle short and
truncated, but the latter point not so marked as in the Assyrian.
The neck is thick, and breast deep. Dr. S. Birch, L.L.D. of
the British Museum, who kindly sent me his pamphlet
containing cuts and particulars of these dogs, remarks that
the mastiff" is a breed rarely represented in the Egyptian
sculptures, and from one of the names of the dog in question,
he conjectures it to have been black in colour, and thinks it
was probably of the same breed as we see figured on the
Assyrian sculptures. But the talented antiquarian is not
sufficiently well versed in the minutiae of canine type, to detect
the fact that the dog has more of the European character,
being higher in forehead, and in fact, to use a comprehensive
expression — being more bulldog-like in character. The pam-
phlet was reprinted from the " Transactions of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology vol. iv. 1875," and besides containing
numerous cuts of dogs, throws great light on the early existence
of several known types, as well as the great antiquity of the
love and value for the dog in Egypt.

Dr. Birch's remark that the mastiff is but rarely found
depicted among the numerous Egyptian sculptures of the dog
is very suggestive that the species does not belong to Africa.
Col. H. Smith mentions that in the south-east of Arabia he
was informed there was a race of dogs allied to the mastiff',
by its great size and round truncated muzzle, but that the lips
did not overhang the lower jaw, and the ears were semi-erect,
the coat fine,

28 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

He states that this appears to be the breed figured in the
temples of Ceylon, whither the race may have been brought
by Arabian navigators.

In Stanley's African expedition he heard of vast dogs used
for the purposes of war by the natives. There appeared in
The Daily Telegraph of August 10, 1876, page 3, col. 5,
mention that " On the shores of the Victoria in Usukuma he
heard of a people far north possessing very large dogs of such
fierce nature that they were often taken to fight against the
enemies of their masters." These people he subsequently ascer-
ained to be the Wakedi, a tribe living north of Usoga. In the
same issue page 3, col. 6, " Usongora is a great salt field, it is
rom all accounts a very land of wonders," among other things
he mentions a breed of very large dogs of extraordinary ferocity.
Again in the same paper, issue of Oct. i5th, 1875, PaSe 5' c°l-
4. " All my men had distinguished themselves, even " Bull"
my British bulldog had seized one of the Waturu by the leg
and had given him a taste of the power of the sharp canines
of the breed. And in col. 6 of the same " I hear strange tales
about the countries on the shores of this lake (Victoria) which
make me still more eager to start, one territory is said to
possess a breed of such large dogs that even my mastiffs are
quite small compared to them. One of Stanley's mastiffs
was presented to him by the Baroness Burdett Coutts I
believe.

From the sculptor's art we may learn that the true mastiff
has always been confined more or less to latitudes 20 to 60
north of the equator, and to certain countries.

Col. H. Smith states that the Takhti Boustan sculptures
and Indian carvings, paintings, and manuscripts are destitute
of the form of the mastiff.

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 2Q

Greece, the land of classic song and ennobling art has never
possessed the breed, seemingly. Nothing remains of the work
of Praxiteles (except the Apollo Sauroctones) ; his dogs long
since have been lost, along with his famous Cupid and the
form of his Phryne as Venus, but as he worked the time
resisting bronze and lasting marble, perhaps in spite of Byron's
invective, it is left for some other Pictish Peer to draw down
another " Curse of Minerva " for his canny picking out some
model canine guardian of the "Lares."

The Athsenian Phidias and his rival Alcamenes have left
us r.o examples of their talent, nor has Sicyonian Polycletus,
although reckoned the most skilful among the ancients. But
Myron, who so excelled in carving animals, that his famous
cow, the poets would have us believe imposed on the dewlapped
bulls of Thessaly, has handed down to posterity, one beautiful
piece of sculpture, showing plainly the type of the Grecian
molossus, which was in the possession of Lord Feversham,
at Buncombe Park, Yorkshire.

Turning to the classic writers we enter upon a sea of
literature that requires a skilful pilot to steer clear of the
numerous rocks that are liable at every turn to assail us, and
the carelessness and ignorance of later writers on Natural
History have greatly added to the mist that hangs over classic
lore.

The term for the mastiff among some naturalists, is the
molossus, originating with our early writers, who chose to
think that the classic writers meant a mastiff, in the sense we
now use the word, whereas the molossus was not in reality a

* The Lares were placed on the hearth or beside the door in private
houses. Plutarch tells us the Lares were covered with dogskin, and the
image of a dog placed next to them.

30 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

mastiff. Many people therefore, erroneously think the word
molossus necessarily means a mastiff, whereas the Greeks only
became acquainted with the true mastiff about the time of
the Macedonian conquest at 336 B.C., being about 300 years
after the breed was cultivated by the Assyrian kings.

History informs us that Molossus was the name of a king
of a people living in Epirus, who took the name of Molossi
from him, and the district obtained the name of Molossis,
where were the mountains of Selli or Suli. This country
became famous for its dogs as guardians of flock and home-
stead, and they were imported to Rome, and became well
known under the name of canes molossi.

Grote in his History of Greece Lib. iii. chap. xxiv. page 558,
states that the Molossians and Chaonians were two of the
principal nations of Epirus, and that Epirus is essentially a
pastoral country, that its shepherd dogs were celebrated
through all antiquity.

Of the unmastiff-like type of the Molossian we may learn
from Aristotle who says : — Of the Laconian dogs, that they
were produced from a cross with the wolf. " Laconic: canes ex
vulpe d cane genevantur" Arist. Hist. Animals, Lib. viii. ch.
xxviii., and of the Molossian he says, they differ nothing from
the Laconian, but as a guardian of the flocks and herds they
are eminent against wild beasts for size and courage." Lib.
ix. ch. i.

The difference in the period of gestation between the Lacon-
ian and ordinary breeds of dogs is mentioned in Lib. vi. ch. 20,
which goes a long way towards furnishing positive proof that
the Laconian and Molossian dogs were in reality in the
opinion of the ancients, the result of a union between some

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 31

large breed of dog and the wolf. That such a union is possible
has been proved in several instances beyond doubt or dispute,
and Buffon in his dissertation on mules (under the Ass)
mentions an instance of a cross between a mongrel mastiff and
the wolf. Virgil iii. line 18, mentions Latrante Lycisca and
from Claudian we learn that Francia possessed dogs produced
from crossing the dog with the wolf, and without extending
these remarks, it is palpable that the molossus was a dog of
wolfish type.

Classical writers carelessly or for convenience called any
and all dogs approaching anything like the dogs of Epirus in
size or character by the common term molossus. The Rev.
\Yatkins in some well written and interesting notes on the
British dogs, published in the Antiquary, shows the molossus
was a word soon used in a much wider sense than its primitive
meaning warranted, i.e., a dog belonging to the Molossi. And
although Virgil in his Georgics, Lib. iii. line 404, distinguishes
between the swift Spartan and fierce Molossian, later writers
classed all large dogs under this heading.

It is recorded by /Elian that the Molossi wept over their
dogs slain in war, and the effigy of one, slain at the battle of
Marathon, was placed over his master's tomb. M. A. Plautus,
the comic poet, who died about 184 B.C., -informs us that the
Molossian dogs were house dogs, and opposed and indifferent
to hunting. " Molossi canes parasiti quibus opponantur venatici"
Plant, s.c. i. A.I. The word "parasiti" being used in a
satirical sense. In the Dictionary of Ambrosius of Celephini
(the 1663 orgth Edition) is a curious collection of Greek notices
of the molossus — some of which derive them from the brazen
dog made by Vnlcan. My late friend J. W. Thompson (of
mastiff notoriety) nearly led me into a very absurd and

32 THE MASTIFF TYPE.

never-the-less amusing error over some brazen dogs at Cote-
hele House. Mr. Thompson informed me that he understood
that they were very ancient colossal dogs, upwards of four
feet high, and beyond doubt casts of Molossian dogs or
mastiffs. I wrote to the Dowager Countess Mount Edgcombe,
who very kindly informed me of the error, the" dogs in question
being only ancient brazen fire dogs, upwards of 250 years old,
and standing some four feet high. Had I accepted my late
friend's statement without further enquiry, and enlarged upon
it in Goldsmith-like style, it would justly have landed me in
rather a brazensmith literary bungle, but I have endeavoured
to verify as far as possible the statements I have made use of
throughout this work.

De la Barre Duparcq in his work "The Dogs of War"
which is in the French, mentions that there are two ancient
marble statues in the Vatican at Rome of the true Molossian
dogs, and Col. H. Smith states that in the Vatican collection
of Sculpture there is only one statue of a genuine mastiff.

The high state of perfection to which ancient sculptor's
attained in representing the dog at a very early date in its
various attitudes and varieties, may be gathered from the fine
piece of sculpture (attributed to Myron) at Dtmcombe Park,
Yorkshire, which is a figure of Alcibiade's dog, and it will be
remembered Alcibiades died 404 B.C. As a further proof of
the perfection art had attained and the early existence of
certain recognised breeds. In the Hall, of Animals in the
Vatican at Rome, is a remarkably fine statue of a dog of
pointer-like form, represented at a dead point, sculptured out
of white marble, interspersed with black knots and veins.
This ancient work of art was found under the ruins of a
mansion in ancient Rome, the execution is said to be faultless,

THE MASTIFF TYPE. 33

and the figure exadlly the same as the pointers used formerly
in Spain and Portugal, being remarkably broad across the
chest, and stout in the limbs, with an expansive forehead, and
tail docked within a short distance of the root, as was the
fashion in Spain and Portugal up to the present century.

Again in Youatts work on the dog are figured some grey-
hound puppies, taken from a statue of Aclaeon and dogs, found
in the ruins of the Villa Antonini, near Rome.

The dogs of the ancients were generally large and powerful
watch dogs, for house and fold, as Virgil mentions the
Amyclean shepherd dog, Georgics Lib. iii. 345. AmyclaB
being a city of Laconia, which was famous for its dogs.

From the Ajax of Sophocles, Adi i, scene i, we learn that
the Laconian or Spartan dog was a true hound, hunting by
scent. I have not a copy of the original Greek by me, but
Adam's translation runs as follows : "And now I will seek
thee among the tents of Ajax, where he keeps the utmost
guard, searching and tracing his newly impressed steps, to
see whether he is in or not, thy search for him is certain as a
Spartan hounds scent for the game." I mention this fully as
it not only proves the existence of the true hound at that
period, but is plainly the source together with some lines in
Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia, from whence Shakespeare derived
his hounds of Theseus in Midsummer Night's Dream, and if
the Electra of Sophocles did not more than furnish the
skeleton of Hamlet, I am mistaken.

But to return to the subject, classical writers used the word
molossians at a later period to embrace the true mastiff and
allied groups, and Dr. Caius, Gesner, Linnaeus, and other
naturalists followed the classical jumble. Therefore leaders

34 TH£ MAstiFP TYPE.

and translators should be very guarded how they render
molossus as a mastiff, for the true molossian was an erect -
eared (altas aure) slate coloured (glauci) or fawn (fulvus)
swrift footed wolfish-looking dog, identical or almost so, with
the modern Suliot boarhound. A fine sculpture of the true
molossus was found at Pompeii, writh the inscription, " Cave
Canem," which I would have translators remember.

Horace has well described the breed in his Epodes, ode. vi.
lines 5 to 8, and in his Satires, Lib. ii. Sat. vi.

It will be seen throughout this work that I have constantly
extracted the history of the mastiff from the writings of the
poets, and I may say, poetry is a great instructor of the past,
an honest, an enduring historian, a truthful exponent of every
day life of the time it wTas written. The noble sculptures of
the past decay, the efforts of skill and art of the older empires
and past times leave only crumbling remains, indistinct
through age ; to prove their existence, and nothing, the work
of man's hand has outlasted the creation of man's mind. The
productions of the poets still live, may still be studied with
advantage and drawn from, like a never-failing \vell. Rightly
were the poets crowned with evergreen, Homer still speaks
fresh and vigorous as in the days of the Calydon boar-hunt,
or Actseons tragical fate in pursuit of the stag. So with our
later poets. The world grows older, man does but " Fret and
strut his hour upon the stage, and then is seen no more."
But they endure, live and reveal truthful information if wo
only consult their oracular mediums. The dusky daughters
of Cadmus, The lettered page.

CHAPTER III.
THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

" Bold were those Britons who the careless son's
Of nature roam'd the forest bounds at once,
Their verdeut city, high embowering fane
And the gay circle of their woodlacd wars."

Thomjtson's Liberty.

FROM the preceding chapters it will be seen that dogs of a
true mastiff type have existed from the earliest times, and it
has been conjectured that the Phoenicians introduced the
Assyrian or Asiatic mastiff into Britain.

Col. H. Smith says, the mastiff is often reckoned an indi-
genous variety of Great Britain, but he believed that it was
imported by the Cimbric Celtse, and as this species is known
to exist in High Asia, it is likely from thence we obtained it.

Bochartus, (the celebrated Oriental scholar and author of
" History of the Animals of Scripture," who died at Caen in
1667), states that the Phoenicians came as far as the islands
called Casseterides (i.e. Sicily Islands) which abounded in tin.
That they also came to Cornwall, and called Britain Barac-
tanac or Bractanack i.e. the land of tin.

Strabo, pages 14 and 265, states that the Phoenician
commerce with the Belgiae and Britons was carried on by a
system of barter and exchange without the aid of money, so
also was the more recent commerce carried on during the age
of Augustus and Tiberias by the Phoenicians with the Britons,
whose money at Cassar's first invasion consisted merely of
pieces of brass without any impression, and iron bullion.

36 THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

The Phoenician traders would have to cater for the taste
and cupidity of our barbarous forefathers, who amounted to
little better than savages (the "Hospitibus feros Brittannos"
of Horace, Lib, iii. ode iv.~32) although the community of
wives and incestuous and unnatural alliances imputed to them
by Caesar and Diodorus, I opine were unfounded, having
arisen probably from the practice of several families sleeping
in one common apartment or hovel, as was still continued by
many of the Welsh until quite recent times without any
sacrifice of morality.

Hovpver the Phoenician traders would have to bring arti-
cles fur exchange calculated to suit the taste of their British
producers of tin, and what more likely, than seeing the
courageous but somewhat undersized pugnaces or fighting
dogs, owned by the Britons (as mentioned by Gratius and
Arrian) that they should bring as an article of barter some of
the larger pugnaces or mastiffs of Asia, of which modern
scholarship and research renders it presumable they would be
fully cognizant of.

Of the Phoenician colonization from Carthage, and voyages
through the straits of Gibraltar as far as Alfionn (i.e. Albion)
and lerne (i.e. Ireland) notice has been preserved under the
'voyages of Himilco and the Periplus or voyage of Hanno,
the latter been recorded to have settled seven colonies on the
Continent towards Britain. The date of the latter voyage is
estimated to have been about 550 B.C. The Carthaginian
intercourse with their mother country Tyre, whose trading
with Assyria was intimate, would fully account for the
Carthaginian Phoenicians knowledge and possession of the
Assyrian mastiff, which we see was known 640 years B.C.,
during the reign of Sardanapalus. And from a small work

THE BRITISH MASTIFF. 37

entitled "Ancient History of Assyria from the Monuments,"
by George Smith, chap. xv. We read the high state of
civilization the Assyrian monarchy had obtained under Assur-
ban-i-pal, the Sardanapalus of the Greeks. Under his rule
works on geography were made, a list of countries, their
positions and products, etc. And in chap. xv. page 183, Geo.
Smith mentions the noble breed of mastiffs to which particular
attention was paid, whether native or imported from the
Cimmerians, Scythians, or other barbarians.

Another piece of canine evidence of probable Phoenician
importation is the existence from time immemorial of the
water spaniel peculiar to Ireland and Spain, introduced by
the same traders, probably from Carthagena, as Dr. Birch has
identified the breed on the early Egyptian monuments
Among the Papyrus and other reeds of the Nile, this variety
would be most useful for retrieving water fowl, shot with the
primitive bow and arrow.

The Sluideen or wattled old greyhound pig of Ireland
forms another very suggestive connecting link of intercourse
between that country and Africa, the animal having seemingly
a closer affinity to the Ethiopean wild boar (the Apis JEthi-
opicus or wart-hog of Pallas, which he inferred was the same
as the Sus Larvatus of Madagascar) with its wattled excress-
ences, than to other British varieties.

To the Romans little was known of Britain previous to
Julius Caesar's conquest in 55 B.C., before which, the name
Britain was almost unknown to the Roman writers, thus it is
not surprising that Virgil makes no mention of the British
dogs, and his contemporary cowardly little Horace contented
himself with imprecating war on the inhospitable Britons at

38 THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

a safe distance. And Virgil Eel. i. line 7. " Etpenitus toto diviscs
orbe Brittanos. Gratius Faliscus, the contemporary with
lascivious Ovid, and author of a Cynegeticon, writing about
A.D. 8, says : Soon after Britain was discovered, the pug-
naces of Epirus (i.e. the true molossus) were pitted against the
pugnaces of Britain, and the latter completely beat them,
that a large variety of this class (pugnaces) was employed to
guard the sheep and cattle, also to watch at the door of the
house. Gratius further says': " Whosoever — If you will go
" to market through the Morinian coast, and it pleases you
" to visit the British in a rickety or risky Gallic boat, with
" the tide, oh how good a bargain and worth all the costs, at
"the same time if not possessing the form and the beautiful
chins," (evidently an illusion to the heavy undershot and in
some peoples eyes ugly lower jaw of the mastiff) " this is the
" only defect in the British youngsters, for when it comes to
"real work and headlong martial valour required with extreme
"discrimination and lying in wait, not then are selected
" molossians to be admired so much." Grat Cyneget p. 26,
London 1699. The foregoing is a careful and literal transla-
tion I made.

The Morini were a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of
the British Ocean. The shortest passage to Britain was
from o£ through their territory, they were called " extremi
hominum " by the Romans, because situated on the extremities
of Gaul. Their city called Morinorum Castellum, is now
Mount Cassel in Artois

Although keeping as strictly literal as possible, I have
slightly idiomatized my translation in order to be better
understood by such of my readers as may be unable to
translate the original for themselves,

THE BRITISH MASTIFF. 39

•

While most translators have entirely overlooked 'the refer-
enc to the (mentitaros, chin or muzzle of animals) broad
blunt under jaw or chin, which we see was a marked
characteristic in the time of Gratius even. Virgil makes use
of the word mentum, to denote the chin or lower maxillary of
animals.

The rickety Gallic boat or ponto was peculiarly a Gallic
vessel, and in imagination we can depict some young Roman
of the stamp of Gargilius mentioned in Horace (Epistles Lib.
i. Ep. vi. line 58) delighting only in horses and dogs, setting
out from the Roman capital with a sack of Roman money,
nick-nacks, small arms, and jewelry, on a voyage to Britain,
to procure a brace or two of good British mastiffs to cause a
sensation at the circus. Passing through Parma and thence
across the lofty Alps through Paris, thence to the Morinion
frontier, where hiring a rickety little boat manned by some
broad-set Belgian, he would have to undergo all the discomfort
of sea sickness, beside the hazard of crossing the Fretum
Gallicum, then rowing up father Thames, he would land at
Londinium, and there seek out some old Bill George of a
savage, living in a dirty little mud hut, surrounded with a
stoccaded yard, in which some ten or twenty savage British
mastiffs would be tied.

Although gentle reader this is the fiction of imagination,
my excuse will be to remind you, that history repeats itself,
" Quid fuit fncrit /" But to return to Gratuis, he sa)*s of the
British dogs : That they have no pretentious to the deceitful
commendations of form, and his writings show plainly that
there were two classes of the British pugnaces, differing
principally in size, which is highly suggestive of the existence

40 THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

of the ancestor of the bulldog (or pure pugnaces) and the
mastiff, the latter closely resembling the former only larger,
and in all probability a cross between it and some larger
race.

In this larger variety, used to guard the doors of the houses
of the Britons, and to protect their flocks and herds we can
plainly trace the mastiff and its superiority over the true
molossus.

Strabo writing about 44 B.C. states Britain produces
sagacious dogs in hunting, and the Celts use them for the
purposes of war, and he mentions the pugnaces, remarking
their pendent ears, lowering aspect, and flabby lips.

Diodorus Siculus, who flourished about the same date
states on Gallia, Lib. v. the Celts when they dined sat on the
ground, and not on benches, and used for a carpet the skins
of dogs and wolves.

It is not out of place, being worthy of remark, showing the
early use made of dog skin, and hence cultivation of the dog,
that helmets were originally made of dog skin, whence the
Greek appellation Kwer; (Kunee) contracted by the Attics
into Kvvr). Subsequently however, soldier's caps and helmets
wrere made of other skins than that of the dog, as we find
mention of Kweq raupeir; i.e. a helmet of bulls-hide, and the
word Kvverj in course of time came to mean a helmet of any
material whether of leather, iron, or brass, Vide Homer,
Lib. iii. 316 and 366.

Arrian who wrote A.D. 130 about, and whose work wras
translated by the Rev. W. Dansey, in 1831, mentions the
pugnaces of Britain and Gaul in his Cynegcticus, observing

THE BRITISH MASTIFF. 4!

that they were getting scarce in their purity,* having been
much crossed with the larger and swifter breeds. This
mention on Arrian's part of the crossing of the pure British
pugnaces, to obtain greater size, shows very clearly how the
British mastiff was manufactured, and accounts for the breed
being mentioned by various subsequent writers as the greater
and lesser sort.'

However, there have been some writers and dog fanciers

[in England, whose imagination being as elastic as their
veracity, have been sufficiently insane, as to endeavour to
make ont that the English mastiff exists in its purity and is
quite a distinct family from the courageous English bulldog
The two breeds nevertheless have evidently arisen from a
common origin.

Arrian's incidental mention of the want of swiftness in the
British pugnaces, is very suggestive of the kind of mastiff
described by Dr. Cains in Elizabeth's reign, as "stubborn
"and of a heavy and burdenous body, and therefore of but
" little swiftness." Arrian further states that the dog was
anciently classed into two groups, that of Canes sagaces and
Canes pugnaces, or Bellicosi, the latter, the pugnacious dogs
being used in war, belonging to the Albanian, Arcadian, Atha*
manian, Egyptian, Hyrcaman, Iberian (Spanish?) Locrian,
Lybian, Laconian, Mede, Magnesian, Pannonian, Ser or
Indian, Briton, Celt, anil a few others nearly allied, and that
the most prevalent idea of the ancients was that the Bellicosi
or pugnaces came from Asia. This latter remark as to the
supposed Asiatic origin of the British mastiff is of weigiit, as
it goes a long way towards confirming the presumption that
there was an early importation of the Assyrian or Asiatic
mastift into Britain.

o

42 THE BRITISH MASTIFF.

Col. H. Smith says, the present mastiffs of Thibet arc clearly
the same as dogs of ancient Indi and Seri, and nearly the
same as those of Hyrcania.

Oppian, who lived towards the close of the second century,
and a portion of whose works were translated by Mayor, in
1736, describes the war dog of Britain, as having a truncated
muzzle, light brown or hazel eyes, heavy wrinkles or folds ol
skin on the forehead, stout limbs, and of great size.

In the writings ascril c«l to Megasthenes, mention is made
of the British mastiff, large headed, with blunt muzzles, broad
and muscular, with massive limbs. Megasthenes was a Greek
historian, living some 500 years B.C., and what now passes
for his composition is considered spurious, thus although the
mention of these British dogs will have been written after the
time of Magasthenes — yet it proves the type of the breed at
a very early date.

CHAPTER IV.
THE ALAN OR ALAUXT.

About his car there wente white Alatin's
Twenty and more, as great as any steer.
To hunt the lion or wilde boar
And followed him, with muzzle fastly bound,

Cliaun-r. The Knight* Tale.

I have not been able to discover the ancient British name for
the broad muzzled pugnaces of Britain. The classical writers
merely termed them Pugnaces or Bellicosi, or else in accord-
ance with their uses, classed them under the molossian group.

As we find the word "mastin" used in the Armpric as well
as in the ancient Erench and Italian languages, it is possible
that it was the ancient Galic name for the breed. The \Yelsh
word for the mastiff is gafcrlgi, (pronounced gavaelgi) from
gafael, to seize, lay hold, or grasp, a most expressive denom-
ination for the breed, and we have the word in English, gaff,
a hook to seize salmon. The name gafaelgi occurs in the
celebrated Mabinogion ii.-2i5, which was written in the i-fth
century, in which the breed is characterised as " cedenog
gafaelgi," i.e. the shaggy mastiff. It is worthy of remark that
the Welsh have no ancient word to denote the bulldog, the
denomination " Ci Tarw " being a translation of the English
term, and is quite modern. The Welsh words for a bull or
cow being " bu," " buch," " buw," and " buwch," synony-
mous to the Latin bos, and evidently primarily derived
from the voice of the animal.

44 THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

The bulldog having no native name, shows that the breed
did not exist in Wales, unless it was derived from dwarfed
specimens of the gafaelgi.

In all works like the Mabinogion we can hardly expect
words to be used in a very specific sense, and with regard to
the " cedenog " or shagginess, all our mastiffs formerly,
probably had a more shaggy coat. The coat being long and
rugged is mentioned as a characteristic of the Lancashire
mastiff, in the time of Hen. viii., and some strains of bulldogs
were formerly very inclined to a woolly and roughish co;it.

W. Wotton, S.T.P. and his coadjutor M. Williams, A.M.
R.S.S. in their famous work Leges Wallace or Welsh Laws
of Howel Dda Etc., published 1730, renders cosdawg as a
molossus or mastiff, whereas one of the most learned of modern
Welsh scholars. The Rev. Silvan Evans, Rector of Llamvrin,
(to whom for the foregoing information 1 am mainly indebted,
and who kindly gave me all the information in his power on
the subject) holds that cosdawg means a dog of inferior breed,
literally a plebeian dog, and it is certain that they were of little
consideration, according to the value of dogs in the Welsh
Laws, being only estimated at fourpence.

Xvii " Can-is Dottiest icus (cosdawg} ab quemcunqnt pertinent
etiam Regis, fucrit iv denarios tantnm valet. DC Prctiis Caintiii.

The Laws of Wales, Ecclesiastical and Civil of" Howcl the
good" were compiled from still earlier ones, and werecoacer-
vated and written after a kind of national convention, and
received the confirmation of Rome in 930, and have been most
wonderfully preserved. They were published by W'otton and
Williams in 1730, in a large folio, Welsh and Latin; being
compiled from various parchment M.S.S. in the British

THE ALAN OR ALAUNT. 45

Museum and other archives. In the Glossary the word
cosdawg is rendered molossus, with the following note : "In
the margin of a Harlean Lib. M.S. parchment 93, C. 23.
\Iaatyn mastinus quo vocabulo mavores iiostri molossnm " i.e. by
which they will denote the larger of our mastiffs. The
cosdawg (canis domesticus) is mentioned in the xvii of the
Triades.

These \Yelsh words prove the early existence of the mastiff
and its ancient propensity of seizing and holding similar to
the more modern bulldog.

From the father of English classics, Dan Chaucer, we read
that there existed in "Britain in his day a variety of dog called
the Alan, which appear also to have been termed Alauntes,
what these were exactly is not very clear, and the following
particulars arc about all I have been able to meet with in
reference to the breed.

Xunnius, who iived it is believed about 620, states that
Britain was named after Brito the son of Hasicio, who was
the son of Alan, of the family of Zaphet, (Vide Nun, chap, ii.)
This ancient scrap of History may not be worthy of credence.

Of the invasion of the Alan's into Gaul and Britain, there
are some curious fragmentary extracts from ancient writers,
compiled by Sir Isaac Newton, and given in his " Observations
upon the prophesies of Daniel 1733, part i, chap. 6. Spain
also was overrun by the Alan tribes.

Modern writers have mauled and twisted this word Alan,
and the breed it designated, without proving or suggesting
anything satisfactory, or even probable, still, the term must
have had a derivation, and I am inclined to think it is
probably, the ancient British name for the mastiff, (although

46 THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

of Slavonic origin and perhaps Phoenician introduction)
furnishing indirectly one of those landmarks in history that
so often crop up. As the Alan is not I believe mentioned
anywhere among the early dogs of France and Germany, we
may fairly conclude that it is not of Galic or Teutonic source.
The Spanish (who may be meant by Arrian under the name
of Iberians) still have the word in use under the Spanish
form Alano, and curiously enough showing the close relation-
ship between the two breeds, apply it to denote either a mastiff
or bulldog.

It has been presumed without any decided proof that the
Spanish bulldog was originally imported from England, but
the truth of this is far from certain, and having inspected
some of the most noted Spanish bulldogs and Cuban bull
mastiffs, that have been imported to this country, I have
come to the conclusion that although the Spanish bulldog is
or was a remnant of the true Pugnaces, yet it differs consid-
erably to the British bulldog of modern ages, in more
characteristics than its greater size. Col. H. Smith in
Naturalists Library, states that he was informed in the \Yest
Indies by some cattle dealers, who cultivated the breed, that
the Cuban mastift was introduced from England about 1560,
and that they were first kept at a monastry in the ancient
capital of St. Jago, acording to accounts received from a
priest by the cattle dealers who informed Col. II. Smith.

It may not be unadvisable here to mention, that the
imported pedigreeless Couchez, (whose blood runs in nearly
every modern mastiff) bore all the trace of having a large
percentage of Spanish bulldog blood in him, and although
imported as a smooth St. Bernard I have little doubt that in

THE ALAX OR ALAUNT. 47

reality he was little .else than a Spanish bull mastiff or Alano,
and think that it is very probable that the smooth coated old
Alpine mastiff race was procured from Spain.

However it is to Spain we must look for the clue to the
term Alan or Alano, and I premise my suggestion for the
origin of the term, by mentioning that Spain as well as Ireland
and probably Cornwall, was colonized by the Phoenicians as
is exhaustively sketched in Sir Win. Betham's work " The
Gael and the Cimbri."

I think it is probable that the word Alan was the Phoenician
term to denote the Asiatic mastiff and was introduced by them
into Britain as well as Spain.

We see that the Molossi gave their name to the dogs of
their country, and I would suggest that it is only probable
that the Alani gave their name to the mastiffs of their land.
Hence Canes Alani, dogs of the Alan's, and asMolossus means
the dog of Epirus, and in a secondary sense a watch dog or
kind of mastiff. By the same custom Alani gives an Alan, or
in a secondary sense a cattle dog or mastiff, employed as a
guard against the wolf.

The Alani were a people of Asiatic, Sarmatia, or Tartary,
living in the valleys of the ancient Caucasus. This south-
western portion of Asiatic Russia lies between the Caspian
and Mare Sarmaticum or Black Sea, and stretches southwards
from the high ridges ot the Caucasus to the frontiers of Asiatic
Turkey and Persia, embracing the ancient Colchis, Albania,
and a portion of Armenia, including Mount Ararat, the cradle
of the canine as well as human race.

The word Alan is still the Slavonic name for a wolf dog,
and we mid the Assyrians were possessed of the mighty
Asiatic mastiff.

48 THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

Sarmatia was almost unknown to the ancients. Juvenal
says " Ultra Sauromates fugere etc.,'' Lib. i, satiro ii. The
southern portion adjoining the Paulus Moetis had for its
principal town Cimmerium. Between Colchis and the Caspian
or Hyrcanian sea, were Iberia and Albania, famous through-
out classic lore, for the mighty dogs they produced.

The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation, naturally
warlike, and famous for painting their bodies, to make them
appear more terrible in the field of battle. They passed
among the Greeks and Latins as barbarians, and joined by
the savage hordes of Scythia, under the names of Huns,
Goths, Vandals, Alans, Etc., in the third and fourth centuries
they ruined the empire. The Sarmatians usually lived in the
mountains without any habitation except their chariots, and
existed by plunder and the milk of their flocks.

In this description (gathered from Strabo. Diodorus, Flor-
entius, Lucan, Juvenal, and Ovid) we see the counterpart of
the ancient Britons.

De la Barre Duparq in his Historical Study of " The Dogs
of War " says under the dogs of the Cimbri, that the dogs of
the Alans \vere trained by their masters in the roughness and
custom of biting, in order to serve and fight against their
enemies.

Mannert 4, -410, makes out the Albanians to be Alans, and
the progenitors of the European Alani, which if correct is
suggestive of affinity between the dogs of the Alani with the
ancient dogs of Albania, and it^is probable the Asiatic mastiff
ranged from Mount Ararat along the Caucasus into Northern
Europe in one direction, and also along the south of the
Caspian, through the valleys of Mons Caspius, the modern
Elburz mountains of Persia, through Hyrcania (then covered

THE ALAN OR ALAUNT. 49

with forests) and through Afghanistan and 'through the
mountain valleys of Himalaya to Mongolia. The jealousies
of Oriental Governments as \\ell as natural difficulties have
interfered with the exploration of those parts of High Asia,
which still possess the Asiatic mastiff in more or less purity.

But to account for the introduction of these Sarmatian
or Slavonic Asiatic mastiffs getting into Britain.

It has been advanced that the Irish are undoubtedly
descended from a Scythian nation, and that at an early period
part of the country was colonized by the Phoenicians, and in
proof of the latter it has been urged that the specimens of the
Punic language preserved by Plautus arc almost pure Irish.

The very word bitch, a female dog, would seem to be from
the Punic or Lybian language. The Irish word for a female
is " Bithm," while in Plautus we find the same word spelt
Bithym.

Again the word " Brach " used by Shakespeare " When my
lady's brach may stand by the fire and stink " is evidently
allied to the Irish and British word " Brech " for a hound,
and the Spanish employ the same word " Braque " to denote
a pointer, and that dog appears to have taken its old Phoeni-
cian name with it into France.

Again the Irish terms for the greyhound Cuib and Gibue
seem nearly allied to the Spanish word gibbo, hunched, and
gibboso, hunched back, which words are nearly allied to
" Gibbus," hunched backed, as used by Juvenal, and gibba
used by Suetonius. The word gibue being evidently the
Phoenician Irish applied to the greyhound on account of its
hunched or arched loins, which was a more prominent
characteristic formerly than of late years.

50 THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

What makes it still more presumptive that the Irish gibue
is of Phoenician origin is that in the Amharic language the
arched back hyaena is called gib, and in the Ethiopic, zibee.
It has also been stated that the antique swords found in the
bogs of Ireland have on analysis been proved to consist of
material precisely similar to the Punic swords, dug up by Sir
\\m. Hamilton in the field of Canmr, and it was the custom
of the ancient Irish, after the manner of their Scythian
ancestry to bury the favourite sword of their heroes along
with them, and Moore lias referred to this practice in his
beautiful melody "Lay His Sword by His Side."

The custom of the Sarmatian Alans of painting their bodies
with the forms of animals is mentioned by Herodian, and
Buchanan in his history of Scotland, Lib. ii. says of the Picls
in endeavouring to trace their origin "1 do not see any more
certain data to follow than the fact of their painting their
bodies/'

From these historical particulars I think it is quite possible
that the name Alan was the original name borne by the
Asiatic mastiffs, imported to this country by the Phoenicians,
such has been the accepted idea as we see from Arrian's
writing, or else the ancient Britons or a portion of them were
of Sarmatian origin and brought their dogs and customs with
them, although it is worthy of consideration that Camden
mentions that Alans served in the Roman garrisons in Britain,
and these may have brought specimens of their white Asiatic
mastiffs with them.

While the word Alan is evidently of Slavonic derivation, I
have not found it in connection with the dog previous to
Twici and Chaucer, the latter mentioning it in The Canterbury

THE ALAN OR ALAUNT. 51

Tales under the Knight's Story, that the Alan was a white
clog of vast size, (as large as a steer) and used for hunting the
lion or wild boar.

Cotgrave calls the Alan a great ugly lop-eared brute, with
great dewlaps, used for hunting the boar. Other early writers
have stated that it was a large, strong, thick-headed, short
muzzled dog. These descriptions will only suit the mastiff,
and are identical with the peculiarities of the mastiffs depicted
on the Assyrian slabs, hunting lions, and the dogs figured on
the early British pottery.

The white colour of the early English Alan and the Spanish
Alano of the present day is very suggestive of a Sarmatian or
Russian origin. The Tartarian and Siberian mastiffs are
often quite white, and the few specimens I have seen of
the breed conform much more nearly to the mastiffs on the
Assyrian slabs, than the Tibetian variety does.

About the year 1865 Hvisited the kennel of the noted Dog
Dealer, Bill George, then at Kensal Newtown, Paddington.
London, and among a great-number of dogs he had his famous
English bulldog, a Spanish bulldog, the English mastiff Venus
(by Tiger 2345 out of Nell by I.ukey's Nelson out of his
Bounty), and a vast smooth coated mastiff, perfectly milk
white, except for patches on each side the face and covering
both ears. This dog's coat was short, very hard and almost
wire haired ; he was of vast size, in fact, as far as I can now
judge, was one of the largest dogs I have ever seen, and was
a true mastiff, both in type of head, massiveness of limbs, and
bulk of body, being totally distinct from the Great Dane or
boarhound type. Bill George stated that he was a Spanish
mastiff, and asked only the modest sum of £20 for him.

52 THE ALAN OR ALAUNT.

Col. H. Smith states that the mastiffs of the Continent are
generally white, with very large clouds of black or red.

I have known several mastiffs brought from Spain, all of
which have been jet black in colour, one, a bitch, was brought
over by some cattle dealers, with cattle, from the mountains
of Spain.

As a proof of the presence of the mastiff or Alano in Spain
in past times. In Lockhart's Ancient Spanish Ballads
mention is made of a mastiff that belonged to Don Pedro the
cruel, Vide n, 12, 13, and 14 verses of the xxii. ballad,
entitled " The murder of the master of St. Jago," whick took
place at Sevile in 1358. I have not seen the original Spanish
version, but the particulars mentioned in the ballad show
that a mastiff and not a small bulldog was meant.

The foregoing enumerations fully prove the existence of a
white breed of Alans, both in England and Spain, conforming
with the Asiatic mastiff in type and uses, and being seemingly
of Phoenician introduction.

It is very probable that it is due to their blood that the
white blaze up the face, on the breast and paws, was form-
erly so prevalent in the English mastiff, and still so frequently
re-appears.

CHAPTER V.
THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

Cry, Havock, ancl let slip the dogs of war.

Shakespeare. Julius Ccesar.

WHEN Marius, (who died B.C. 86) defeated the Cimbri,
according to Strabo, the war dogs so successfully defended
the women and baggage, that the battle had to be recom-
menced. These Cimbrican or German mastiffs were (together
with the Gallic greyhound) the probable ancestors of the
German boarhounds.

The ancient uses of the war dogs were to guard the baggage
and chariots containing the women in times of war, and in
those of peace, to guard the houses of their masters, and to
assist in driving the half-domesticated cattle and swine from
the woods and forest glades, and to guard the folds from the
wolf.

There is a breed indigenous to, or at least of great antiquity
in Holland and Germany, called the Dutch mastiff, and are
closely allied to the British variety, being of a very fierce
nature, and presenting the short truncated muzzle. This
breed, which are apparently the true descendants of the war
dogs of Gaul, have been much crossed says a well known
writer, with the larger mastiff.

In the Chronicles of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,
there is mention of a mastiff called Dreadn aught, who saved
his master from the coils of a serpent by his courage and

54 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

agility. The dog is stated to have been descended from the
fore-mentioned cross. However, the Dutch mastiff is still to
be met with occasionally in Holland. About 1875, Mr. Theo
Basset, (perhaps the best fox terrier judge in England, and
at one time a mastiff admirer himself) told me of one of these
Dutch mastiffs he had seen in Hamburg, standing not more
than 28 inches at shoulder, and weighing iSolbs. He made
me a rough sketch of this dog, showing it to have been a long,
low, massive animal, with vast bones, but short limbs ; coat
and stern both fine. Such very much appears to have been
the figure of the ancient pugnaces of Gaul and Britain.

Meagre as are the records left by the classical writers, there
are other and more certain proofs of the exact forms and
characteristics of the early British mastiff, and it is to the
artist rather than to the penman at this early date, that we
are indebted for the type of these war dogs.

In the History of Manchester, by the Rev. Whitaker, 1773,
(a curious and rather rare book, not unfrequently referred to
by antiquarians) are some interesting particulars relating to
British dogs, but the reader must take his remarks in general,
emu grano salis, many being premised on totally incorrect
basement, and are contradictory, at the same time the work
is an elaborate compilation of historical and curious matter,
collected by a too credulous writer, but talented antiquarian,
gifted with a flowing diction, and he accepts such matter as
the spurious poems of Ossian as genuine history and reliable
information. His knowledge of dogs, as might be expected,
was plainly very limited. Among a tangled mass of historical
information on the mastiff and bulldog, Whitaker gives the
cut of a coin of Cunobline successor of Cassivelaunus Pen-
dragon or head king, as his name implies, and father of the

THE BRITISH PUG>;ACES. 55

well-known British Prince Caractacus. This Cimobline lived
in the reigns of Tiberias and Caligula, and died before the
Autumn of 43 A.D. He was the first to mint money with an
impression, having procured artists, and masters of the mint,
from the Continent.

On one side of a coin, illustrated in Whitaker, is the figure
of a naked man bearing a club, on the reverse, a figure seated
on what Whitaker thought to be the figure of "the British
mastiff bearing a child on its back.'1 I exulted on first reading
this account (kindly sent me by Miss J. E. Walker of Clifton,
a good judge and enthusiastic admirer of the mastiff, of which
she possesses some fine specimens. Miss Walker is also a
most accomplished lady, gifted with the sounder erudition,
those of the last century were not unfrequently possessed of)
seeing that if correct, it would be an unquestionable proof of
the size and power of the British mastiff" of that date, for I
need hardly point out no bulldog could bear even a child on
its back.

But after careful inspection of the cut of the coin, engraved
first by Dr. Pettingall, from Mr. Da lines collection, I feel
bound, although reluctantly, to differ in opinion from the
learned writers, as to what the impressions were really
intended to represent.

In all humility I would suggest that the one side was
intended not to represent the British king, but Hercules, as
the emblem of power, and I may suggest further that Cunob-
lines mint master being probably a Roman (as Whitaker
points out) his dies would be of Roman artistic design, which
would fully account for any allegorical representation of
Hercules, as the emblem of power and strength. That
Hercules was known to the Britons at an early date, through

56 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

the Phoenicians, we learn from Sir Wm. Betham's work " The
Gael and Cymbri." It is however the reverse side of the coin
that Mr. Whitaker concluded bore the impression of the
mastiff. I am inclined to think however, it is one of the
earliest representations of Brittania, or else Cybele seated on
the lion. I advance this, as the figure instead of being a child,
as Whitaker concluded, evidently merely from the animal
bearing it, being represented as large, is however plainly
intended to represent a full-grown woman, the paps being
plainly depicted, and largely developed, and the wide hips, so
distinctive of the female figure, and rightly considered by the
ancients a perfection, and early marked by the sculptors of
Venus.

The idea of a woman seated on a beast is entirely Eastern,
we read of Venus Aphrodite riding on the foam of the sea on
the figure of a half horse, half fish ; also St. John's vision of
the whore of Babylon seated on the beast. Revelations
xvii.-3.

But to return to the coin, the animal is much more faulty
in delineation, the head might certainly lead anyone to think
it was intended for a mastifi, but the legs on the other hand
would best represent those of a horse, however from the
marked fleclive curve of the tail, in which I can trace I fancy,
the intended representation of the ending leonine tuft, I think
there is little doubt but that the animal was designed to
represent a lion. That the coin was one undoubtedly struck
by Cunobline is conclusively shown by the letters TAS. CNO.

I have suggested that the reverse side the coin may be a
representation of Cybele or Ceres, the Goddess of Plenty, for
there is an antique gem figured in the Encyclopaedia Londin-
ensis, published 1811, Plate ii. No. 25, taken from the

THE BRITISH PUGNACES. 57

collection of Mr. Jas. Tassie, of Leicester Square, and was
from a Cornelian with Cybele mounted on a lion. It is very
similar, only much less faulty in execution, and whether
Britannia seated on the lion had not its origin from Cybele
(The Tellus ov Ceres of Hesiod v. 130^ is very doubtful, for it is
very suggestive of affinity of the Druidical religion, that Cybele
is at times represented crowned with the leaves of the oak.
Vide ^Enid vii.-i35-

I thus venture my opinion against that of Whitaker, feeling
I have too good a case to risk damaging my evidence of what
the British mastiff was by using doubtful matter, although it
is as well to mention this, for at any time it may be advanced
as circumstantial mastiff history, and in this history of the
mastiff I wish to refute any inaccurate statements made by
those writing on the breed.

It is a recorded saying of the late President Garfield that
" We cannot study nature profoundly without bringing our-
selves into communion with the spirit of art," and from the
Potter's art we get the earliest examples of the form of the
mastiff, while Britain was under the Roman dominion.

The Britons understood the art, and practiced the labours
of pottery, and many of their vessels have descended to us.
The progress of art however was unequal to that on the
Continent, and it wras under the tutorship of Roman or Roman
Frisian masters, that the Britons learnt to glaze and embellish
their arms and other vessels with figures and carvings, and
it was not until between 90 and 100 A.D. that art and
literature spread to any extent in Britain ; thus we can form
a fairly accurate estimate of about the age of the pottery
bearing forms of the British mastiff.

58 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

In the Parish of Castor, in Northamptonshire, the remnant
of a Roman station was found, which has been identified as
the Durobrivse of Antoninus, who it will be remembered
died A.D. 161. Numerous examples of Romano Britannic
pottery have been found at this station, and it is commonly
called Castor or Durobrivan ware, and on this ancient pottery,
(which has been fully treated on by Mr. Roach Smith)
numerous examples of dogs are found, which are so boldly
and typically rendered, that we may regard them as fairly
accurate examples of the canine forms of that date. These
dogs fall usually under two widely divergent and distinct
types, namely, that of the vertragal or great Celtic greyhound,
and the pugnaces or mastiff.

In 1823, E. T. Artis published a work entitled " Roman
Antiquities, or the Durobrivse of Antoninus Identified." In
a series of plates illustrative of the excavated remains of that
Roman station, in page 48 of the work, is figured a mastiff
attacking a horse in the flank, showing at once that the
manner of attack in these ancient British mastiffs, was not
the attack of the bulldog, which, if pure bred, always flies at
the head or throat.

In page 33 of the same work is another plate, showing one
of these mastiffs galloping after a horse. Judging from the
relative size of the horses and dogs which are both very
carefully and accurately delineated, these dogs must have
been between 28 to 30 inches at shoulder, and in conformity
with all the examples I have met with of those early times,
their heads are broad and full, muzzles very short, broad and
truncated, (the shortness of the muzzle being a marked
characteristic of the British mastiff, lost sight of by man)'
breeders, owing to their ignorance of these facts, the last 25

THE BRITISH PUGNACES. 59

years) the ears are small and partially erect, (which is often
the case in modern specimens when the ear. is small and
muscular, system highly developed.) Their necks and bodies
are massive, and limbs short and stout, the sterns are fine,
and the "tout ensemble'' is that of long bodied, muscular,
heavy mastiffs.

The dogs in these scenes were plainly used for collecting
horned cattle and horses out of the woods and pastures. It
may be thought that the mastift would be too slow a dog to
be able to drive a horse out of a forest glade, but it must be
remembered that the first book on the horse, published in
Elizabeth's reign, it is stated our breed of horses even at that
time consisted of only strong animals, fit merely for slow
draught.

The figures of the British mastiffs I have mentioned form
a reliable proof of what the breed was between A.D. 100 and
150, which we may estimate would be about the time the
vessels were manufactured. These are the best drawn and
most reliable evidences I have met with, and it would be
ridiculous to class such dogs as bulldogs, with their manner
of attack and large size ; yet their broad skulls and short
muzzles, show their close affinity to the British bulldog, and
they may have been the common ancestor of both our mastiff
and bulldog, especially if we admit the theory that the
bulldog is only the British pugnaces, dwarfed by selection in
breeding.

In Roach Smith's work "Collectanea Antiqua " are some
cuts of dog's heads, figured on some of the Romano Britannic
pottery, in page 10, no. 24 is one of these large headed
mastiffs, the muzzle being blunt, short, broad and heavy, the
under jaw being very massive, with an exceedingly broad

60 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

mouth, and seemingly undershot. This specimen seems to
have had some rough hair about the neck, which lion-like
mane we see depicted in Hogarth's bull-mastiff, and which
formerly was a very common feature both in the mastiff and
bulldog, and accounts partly for the Welsh epithet of
" cedenog gafaelgi " or shaggy mastiff. It is worthy of
notice that in this instance, the ears are figured as having
plainly been cropped, which practice appears to have been of
great antiquity, and very universal, probably spread by the
Romans, who seem to have had the idea of doing away with
all superfluous appendages. Perhaps the earliest mention
we have of docking a dog's tail was the action of Alcibiades,
who cut off his dog's tail, to give the Athenians something to
talk about. The practice of cropping the ears is self-evident,
and even humane under some circumstances, but the origin
and reason for docking the tail is inexplicable.

In page n, no. 314 of Mr. Smith's work is the head of a
mastiff on the handle of some utensil, the ear is uncropped,
of medium size, and pointed backwards, the only other feature
particularly worthy of note in this, is the heavy blunt muzzle.
There is in the Archaelogica Cantiana a plate, lithographed
by Thos. Kell, of London, from a drawing of Humphrey
Wickham, Esq., from a Romano Britannic pottery vessel in
the collection of Mr. Teanby. Wr. Wickham very kindly
furnished me with particulars and a tracing. The subject,
an imbossed hunting scene, in which the dog is chasing a
hind. This compared with the foregoing examples I have
mentioned, is a very rough piece of art, and possibly partially
distorted by the action of firing. The dog is quite as large
as the hind, has a large short head, with the tongue hanging
out of the side of his mouth from the exertion of the chase,

THE BRITISH PUGNACES. 6l

the neck and shoulders are vast, limbs short, and stern fine.
Rough as it is, the type is precisely the same as the mastiffs
depicted on the Castor ware.

It may be thought that the mastiff would be too slow to
catch a hind, and no doubt, owing to bad rearing, over and
injudicious feeding, and want of exercise, rendering many
specimens more like show pigs than gladiators, the majority
of mastiffs should be so, but when the mastiff is well reared,
they have considerable speed for a short distance, and at
Kirklees Hall, Yorkshire, John Crabtree, the head keeper,
had several of the deer run down and killed by his mastiffs
from time to time.

On one occasion when walking through a deer park, I came
across a fawn, asleep, it started up under my feet almost, and
bounded off at a great pace, my mastiff dog, Young King ii.,
giving chase, and although I shouted to him to stop, it was of
no avail, and I shall never forget the beautiful, yet to me sad
sight, the little creature made straight off to the main herd,
the dog keeping on after it right through them and singling
it out, and continuing the pursuit, leaving them all off in
another direction. What was the most painful part was
hearing the piteous, terrified cries of the little animal, and
seeing its mother gyrating in order to try and baffle the dog,
who however, much to my surprise, literally chased it down
and worried it savagely, threatening to do the same to the
dam if she approached too near. He was a well-grown, active
animal of usually most gentle disposition.

In order to show that the mastiff like dogs, on the Romano
Britannic ware, were not merely a conventional form of the
potter artist, Mr. Wickham forwarded me a tracing of a
drawing made from some of this early British pottery, on

62 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

which is depicted the vast Celtic greyhound. There are
two scenes, both stags being chased by these gigantic grey-
hounds, which appear perfectly smooth-coated, and approach-
ing nearer to the Great Dane than the Scotch deerhound or
Irish wolf dog in type. The action of the stags is particularly
spirited, and true to life. In one, the stag is looking back at
the long dog dashing after him ; in the other, there are two
dogs, the former has just seized the stag by the hock, the
latter is rushing up from behind. All three dogs are identical
in type, and they are longer and as large as the stags
themselves. The delineation of both dogs and stags is
remarkably fine. In the parish of Castor, some more of these
greyhounds, together with deer and hare were found repre-
sented on a Mosaic pavement, vide account in Roman
Antiquities, by E. T. Artis, 1823.

Before concluding these remarks, it is only fair to the
enthusiastic antiquarian, Mr. Wickham, to state that although
in his 75th year at the time, and a stranger to me, nevertheless
distantly connected through our common ancestor the father
of the celebrated William of Wickham, his descendant carried
out his motto " manners makyth man" by very courteously
assisting me to much of the foregoing information respecting
this early pottery, on which he was an able authority.

Some account of the early British mastiff and two figures
of the same are given in Wright's work, " The Kelt, the
Roman, and the Saxon," vide pages 207, 208, 211, and 212,
published 1852. There are also some specimens of the
British mastiff figured on some Romano Britannic pottery
in the museum of British curiosities at York.

THE BRITISH PUGNACES. 63

In a work entitled " Old England " under Bestiaria is given
the cut of a sculpture found at Pompeii of a large mastiff
chained by the neck to a band round the body of a bull ; the
dog is in the act of flying at a man in front, while the bull is
galloping after the dog, and another man is running behind
with a whip. This dog was quite as large as our modern
mastiffs, and was a short headed, blunt muzzled, fine coated
animal. This piece of sculpture has been regarded (on what
authority I am unaware) as a specimen imported from Britain.
However, it forms a conclusive proof of the mastiffs existence
previous to A.D. 79.

Mr. Yero Shaw in his book on the Dog, gives a cut of two
early mastiffs, as usual incorrectly termed canes molossi,
taken fro in" J. F. Reidels " Icones AnimaUum." which work
is in the British Museum. Both these dogs have large heads,
short, blunt, truncated, and somewhat turned up muzzles,
and were evidently undershot, and prove the correctness of
the so called bull type in opposition to the sheepdog, boar-
hound, or bloodhound types, which by the ignorant have
sometimes been mistaken for the true mastiff type. Both
the dogs in Icones Animalium are large animals, leggy, and
totally different from the modern bulldog in size. The ears
in both specimens are cropped as shown in the Durobrivan
examples. Their sterns are fine and long.

I have purposely extended these remarks to show that at
the time of the Roman dominion over this country we
certainly possessed the British mastiff, of distinct character,
and large size, at least from 27 to 30 inches at shoulder or
more, and from Arrian's account, and other data, it would
seem that this breed had then been manufactured from larger
crosses with the pure pugnaces of Britain and Gaul. Thus

64 THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

Col. H. Smith appears to have made a hasty, and somewhat
contradictory remark in suggesting that at the time of the
Roman supremacy, but one breed of broad mouthed dogs
existed, which were a sort of large bulldog, and he seemingly
overlooked the probability that the English mastiff had then
been manufactured from crossing the true but smaller pug-
naces of England with the imported Asiatic mastiff. As he
says " It may be doubted whether there were in Britain two
"races of broad mouthed dogs during the Roman era, but it
" seems to us there was but one, and in that case the bulldog
" was the animal in question, one indeed far superior in size
"to the present breed, little inferior to the mastiff, and
" probably very like the Cuban race." The latter he describes
as follows : Larger than our common bulldog and smaller
than the mastiff, stout in proportion, muzzle short, broad, and
abruptly truncate, with somewhat of an upward curve, lips
pendulous, ears partly so.

In these remarks Col. H. Smith contradicts somewhat
what he previously advanced as to the probable importation
of the Asiatic mastiff ; but I have shown from the Romano
Britannic pottery that dogs identical with our short faced
English mastiffs existed at that date, some of about 30 inches
at shoulder.

Writers of less authority have followed Col. H. Smith,
falling into the same error and exaggerating it, some contend-
ing the bulldog was the original and only breed, others that
the mastiff is an indigenous breed quite separate from the
bulldog, neither being exactly correct.

Before closing this chapter I may draw attention to the
fact that it has constantly beei? advanced in a careless off-hand

THE BRITISH PUGNACES. 65

manner by writers treading on the footsteps of each other,
when treating on the mastiff and bulldog, both having laid
claim to the same fallacy, that at the time of the Roman
dominion over Britain there existed an officer (Procurator
Cynegii) who was stationed at Winchester, and that his
business was to selecl: British mastiffs or bulldogs, and
forward them to Rome to fight in the Amphitheatre.

Now the most absurd part of this hackneyed statement is
that none of its users are able to state any authority for their
assertion, except by referring to some predecessor. Camden
is the earliest author I know who has treated on this, and
from what he writes, it would appear that the error was
extant at his time ; yet it will readily be seen from what is
said in Gough's Edition of Camden, that the whole super-
structure hangs on the translation of a single word, namely,
that of Cynoacii or Cynegii. I have never met with anything
to warrant any reason for believing such an Officer, Steward,
or Agent for mastiffs or dogs of any sort existed, either in
any Greek or Latin author coeval with the Roman occupation,
and it is only probable that had there been any Roman
agent stationed to procure and forward dogs to Rome, some
mention or reference to it would have been found in the
classics.

There is nothing in the Monumenta Historica compiled by
the record commission that warrants any such assertion, and
the passage in Gough's Camden goes a long way to prove it
is an error that has crept in and grown.

Camden under Hantshire writes, upon the town of Winches-
ter. '• The city was certainly considerable in the Roman

K

66 "THE BRITISH PUGNACES.

" times since it appears that the Emperors had here their
" Colonial weaving manufactory, this being the principal of
" the British ports and lying, nearest to Italy. In the Notitia
" we have, 'Procurator cynegii in Britannis ventensis or ben -
" tensis,' where that eminent civilian J.Cunacmsreads 'cyncecii'
" which in his Paratitla on the codes he interprets 'sacrum
" textrinum or royal weavery.' Of his opinion is Pancirolus,
" who writes that these Cyncecii were founded to make clothes
" for the emperor ;i:ul the army, and also bed, sail, and other
"household linen ; but Wolf-gangus Lazius thinks the officer
"had the care of the emperor's dogs here. It is certain our
" dogs were celebrated as the best in Europe, insomuch as
"Strabo Lib. iv. p. 199, says the)- served as soldiers and
" were used in war by the ancient Gauls, and were in great
"demand for the sports in the amphitheatre at Rome.''

The foregoing is from page i6<S of Camden's Britannica,
enlarged by Richard Gough 2nd Edition 1806, and in it there
is a note to the effect that ki it cannot be otherwise than
"cyncecii if we attend to the company it is in, a list of
" superintendents of wardrobes of linen manufacturers and
" dyers, cyncecii, lainsicia, and baptica," From this passage
in Camden has the whole misstatement seemingly been
fabricated. Had the officer in question been a superintendent
to procure and forward .British baiting dogs for the Amphi-
theatre, his title would have been Procurator Pugnacium Vcl
Molossorum.

However it will be seen there is not sufficient to warrant
any careful writer on the mastiff accepting the statement
that any such officer existed to procure and forward mastiffs
or any sort oi dogs for Rome, and the mistake appears from

THE BRITISH PUGXACES. 67

Camden to have originated with a supposition or mistaken
reading of \Yolf-gangus Lazius of the word cynoecii, who
seems to have mistaken the Imperial Linen Draper for a
Canine Agent of the Emperors. Rather rough on the
old women of writers who he has misled, but such is the
result of ignorance and piracy ; where one sheep goes others
\vill follow, and writer after writer pirates the misstatements
which I have only mentioned so fully to expose.

CHAPTER VI.
THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

The Friar set his fist to his mouth,
And whuted whutes three ;
Half a hundred good band-dogs
Came running over the lee.
P>l(ick Letter copy of Itobin Hood and the Curtail Friar.

AFTER the evidences of the British mastiff left us by the poets
and artists at the time when the Roman supremacy over
Britain was in the height of its culture and civilization, scanty
are any traces of the breed until after the Norrnan conquest.

The Saxons, a race of rude warriors, terse in their phrase-
ology and possessed of little skill in sculpture or carving,
apparently found the British mastiff used principally as a
watch -dog.

Saxon sculptures are scarce and very rude, being seemingly
only copied from the Roman, and it is not surprising that no
sculptured figures of dogs of that period have been found.
Two of the most curious, perfect and best examples of pure
Saxon sculpture that I have seen are in Chichester Cathedral,
Sussex ; they were discovered in 1829, built into the walls,
and are supposed to have been brought from the Saxon
Cathedral, at Selsea, in Sussex. The subjects are scriptural
pieces, and are boldly carved raised figures in a kind of red
clay or deep red softish stone, and the long tunics, long curled
hair and beards, at once pronounce them to have been
executed while the pure Anglo-Saxon style of dress was
prevalent, prior to the conquest ; and as Selsea was founded

THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF. 69

by St. Wilfrid in 680 A.D., it is probable these Saxon works
of art are over 1000 years old, and form a striking contrast
when compared to the faultless works of Gibson, R.A., and
that of other modern sculptors scattered about the same
Cathedral.

In the Natural History, or rather " Bestinria " as it was
termed, of the middle ages, although we find numerous figures
of animals in carving, such as the lion, bear, bull, and ram,
we find few figures of the dog ; this unfortunate circumstance
for the dog lover is easily accounted for, as the animals
depicted are in semi-sacred subjects, being all symbolical, and
although the early artist depicting Taurus or Aries intended
to represent the ancient fabulous animals, they could only
obtain their models from the living animals around them.
Thus a Durham carver depicting Taurus, would unintention-
ally leave behind a reliable portrait of the type of the
Teeswater cattle of his day ; while the Herefordshire sculptor
would delineate the Hereford bull of his period, whose type
is thus handed down to posterity, having been preserved
among the crumbling calcelarius remains and dust}' particles
ot their breeders who rest around the carvings.

From the miserere sculptures of Worcester and other
Cathedrals, we can obtain the fashion of the dress and
appearance of our ancestors, and the forms of our early
English cattle and sheep, but the mastiff not being symbolical
of any sacred or profane subject is not found.

One of the great drawbacks to discovery and information
from such sources, is the fact that few antiquarians have any
real knowledge of the characteristic features of the various
breeds of dogs, in fact, they are not dog fanciers or judges as

70 THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

a rule, and unfortunately seldom think of soliciting the
opinion of qualified judges when they make any canine dis-
covery.

While until the last few years the majority of dog fanciers
were too ignorant and coarse in their tastes to have any
regard for such investigation, the educated and thoughtful
however, would wish to raise the tone of the fancy, and cause
the antiquarian and learned to appreciate the defined points
of the various breeds ; while practical, experienced breeders
know the value of ascertaining knowledge of old ancestrial
types, which are very fixed and hard to eliminate, unless
purposely suppressed in a systematic way.

In the Priory Church of Little Dunmow, in Essex, there
was, and probably still is, the figure of a dog, couched at the
feet on the tomb of the fair Matilda, the supposed Maid
Marian of Robin Hood, and daughter of Robert, 2nd Earl
Fitz Walter. This mural tomb, made in the i3th century,
was shielded by a dark screen of oak, believed to be coeval
with the building which formed merely a southern portion of
the Collegiate Church founded by Raef Baynard. The tomb
itself is figured in Cough's Sepulchral Monuments.

Of the mastiff during the Saxon times, there is next to no
record, beyond their terse barbarian name for the breed, that
of "bandog," evidently bestowed on account of the use they
found the mastiff put to in this country.

There is no mention of this breed in the Forest Laws of
Canute, which, when we examine the clauses having reference
to dogs, we may easily understand, as owing to the bandog or
mastiff being kept perpetually on the chain as a watchdog,
they were not at all liable to molest the king's deer, or other

THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF. 71

animals of the royal chase, and even greyhounds might be
kept by farmers without being hambled or expeditated as the
terms were, (i.c. having three of the toes of the fore feet
chopped off) providing they were kept ten miles from the
forest, according to the Charter of the Forest Laws of Canutus,
the Dane, king of England, granted at Winchester in a
parliament held there in A.D. 1062.

The ball of a dog's foot was termed the " pellota,'' and the
claw the "ortellus," and to law a dog, that \\as to cut out
the ball, or else to cut off the three claws of the fore foot, wras
termed expedite or expaalto. Rambling or hameling of a
dog in the forest laws was the same as expediting or lawing.
This was not hamstringing or houghing, i.c. cutting the
sinews of the ham, as some have explained incorrectly, but
simply meant retarding or abating in speed, from the old
obsolete word hameled, abated from the Saxon ham elan, to
abate.

Perhaps to account more satisfactorily for the lack of
mention of the mastiff during the Saxon times, it is well to
remind my readers of the comparatively few works that existed
at that period, paper not being invented until the reign of
Edward ist, caused all books to be written on parchment.
It lias been written that the foundations of our English
literature were laid when St. Agustine converted the Saxons
to Christianity.

Under Alfred the Great learning was encouraged for a short
time, but the Anglo-Saxon literature died out with just a
flicker during the reign of Canute. Few works are extant in
the Anlglo- Saxon tongue, writers of that period principally
employing Latin, and the scarcity of books in those times

72 THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

may be imagined, when it is asserted that Alfred, king of
Northumberland, gave to Benedict Biscop, (a learned priest,
who had travelled to Rome to collect M.S.S.) a large landed
estate, for one book only.

It is just possible that /Elfric, Archbishop of Canterbury,
who died in 1006, may have mentioned the bandog in his
Glossary of Latin and Saxon words, but in the general way
as Latin was the usual language of literature and correspon-
dence until the conquest, any mention of the mastiff would
probably be under the Latin terms molossus, villaticus, or
catenarius. In Senaca, who flourished A.D. 50, are the
following lines: " Iracevis Catenario Cani, ct his quum multiim
latvavit objetto cibo mansuescit. Sen Lib. iii. de Ira. And
Columella of Cadiz, A.D. 63, also calls the bandog " catenatus
janitor," and canis villaticus, classical terms we shall see our
English writers made use of. Perhaps a careful research
among the few Saxon M.S.S.'s etc., \vould reveal some
mention of the breed.

The mastiff has commonly borne the name of bandog from
the time of Canute to the last century, when that undisputed
authority on all such subjects, W. A. Osbaldiston, in his
British Sportsman's Dictionary, published 1792, ignores the
term mastiff, using like a true Saxon the name bandog to
define the breed.

Ban-dog or band-dog is of true Saxon origin, from banda,
a chain, or any narrow ligament by which a thing is bound,
and doc, a dog, hence banda-doc, or band-dog, a chained dog,
and it was the recognised term for the mastiff. Chaucer
mentions the bandog. Sir Thos. More, (1500 about) p. 586,
c. spells the word bande-dogge. Spencer, in The Shepherd's
Calendar, first published in 1579, has, under September, " We

THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF. 73

have great bandogs, will tear their skin.'' Shakespeare also
says " The time when screech owls fly and bandogs howl."
Hen. vi., scene iv., act i. Again " Bowgh wowgh ! the
watchdog's bark." The Tempest, scene ii., act i.

Koch mentions the bandog, — bond-dog as an instance of a
compound, in which one or both of the elements have been
changed, or become obsolete. Koch iii., p. 98. But consider-
ing the number of good authorities there are for the spelling
bandog; with every deference to Koch, I consider he was
mistaken about any elementary change, and the contraction
from band-dog is only an instance of natural syncope that we
find in most languages. Although in the Promptorum Par-
vilorum sive Clericorum Diclionarius, made about 1440, and
published by A. Way, in 1865, Pa£e 43> *s mentioned the
bondogge or bonde-dogge molossus, and in a note, Way gives
it bonde-doge molossus.

The bandog (spelt band-dog in this instance) is mentioned
in the old English ballad of •' Robin Hood and the Curtail
Friar," i.e. a Cistercian monk of Fountains, Abbey, Yorskhire,
which shows that the mastiff was used for the same purposes
very much as keepers still use them at times. The old lines
are

" The Friar set his fist to his mouth,

" And *whuted whutes three :

" Half a hundred good baud -dogs

" Came running over the lee-."

" Two dogs at once to Robin Hood did goc,

" The one behind, the other before,

" Robin Hood's mantle of Liucolne greenc.

" Off from his backe they tore."

* To whute is the shrill whistling noise made by shepherds and boys
by putting their fiugers into their mouths and whistling in a certain way.
It is much more shrill than the ordinary whistle, and can be heard at a
considerable distance.

L -

74 THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

This mention of the bandog is of little value as actual
history, for the statements are plainly creations of the bard,
but it is of value, as indirectly it furnishes proof of the old
English name for the mastiff in the i5th and i6th centuries.
There is an old black letter copy of this ballad in the Pepysian
library, printed by H. Gosson about 1610, and as the ballads,
jests, and plays of which Robin Hood was the hero, are
considered by sucli authorities as Gough and others, as not
being much earlier than the date of printing, we may consider
the majority will not have been composed before 1400.

Pope has given Jas Ralph, an American writer, a place in
his Dunciad, where he exclaims, " Silence ye wolves," while
Ban Ralph to Cynthia howls, and makes night hideous ;
answer him ye owls. This was written between 1725 and
1744. That polished little diamond Rogers, who reflashed
in prismatic shades the gems of others, evidently copied from
Shakespeare, the lines in his Pleasures of Memory, where he
says :

" Imps, iii the bam with mousing owlet bred,

" From rifled roost at nightly revel fed ;

" When in the bree/e the distant watch-dog bayed/'

N. Bailey, 1742, give band-dog a dog kept in bands or tied
up, a mastiff; and Littleton in the 1677 edition of his Latin
and English Dictionary, gives band-dog or ban-dog a molossus
vel canis catenarius, and under catenarius chained or linked,
and catenarius canis a band-dog or ty-dog. Thus we see in
the 1 7th and i8th century bandog was understood to mean
the mastiff. It was formerly the custom to keep the bandog
or mastiff tied up during the day, and to loose him at night,
as may be seen by old records.

THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF. 75

Anciently by law the ban-dog had to be muzzled, or to be
kept chained up during the day, otherwise the owner was
liable to be fined, but this law had fallen into disuse in
Elizabeth's reign.

Mr. Vero Shaw in his book of the Dog, has seen fit to sneer
at the ancient bandogs as unlucky brutes, kept always on the
chain ; thus showing great historical ignorance of the breed
on his part, as dogs fastened up in a yard with a long chain
during the day, and let loose at night to roam about the
premises at pleasure, would get far more exercise, and conse-
quently be far healthier than many of our show specimens.
The constant exercise would fully account for their superior
legs and feet, points Mr. Yero Shaw himself notes, as shown
in old pictures of the mastiff, and in practical exposition of
this treatment, I may quote Sir T. G. F. Hesketh's Nero
2318 as an instance. This dog took the first prize at
Birmingham in 1872, and was a marvel in strength and
straightness of limbs, and muscular development, he was
constantly on chain as the watch-dog at Park View, near
Towcester, and his sire, Nero ist was the watch dog at Rufford
Hall, being so savage, that he dare not be let loose.

We see from Bloomfield's Farmers Boy that it was the
custom in England up to 1800 even, to leave the mastiff
unchained at night to roam at pleasure, even to go sheep
worrying until suspected ; and More in his Antidote against
Atheism, mentions the custom of farmers keeping the bandog
to protect their premises. Henry More was born at Grantham
in 1614, and died in 1687, having been educated at Cambridge.

Although the origin of the term ban-dog is palpably from
being banded or chained, Stephen Skinner deduces it from
bana, a murderer. Stephen Skinner born about 1622, was a

76 THE BANDOG OR MASTIFF.

great antiquary, and a man of very extensive erudition, his
great work Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae has always been
considered of high authority, and is still a useful work for
reference. Skinner was educated at Christ Church, Oxford,
and settled as a physician at Lincoln, where he died in 1667.

CHAPTER VII.
THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

When we knock at a farmer's door,

The first answer shall be his vigilant mastiff.

More's Antidote against Atheism.

WITH the Norman conquest, bringing with it a culture of
everything in any way connected with hunting, we get further
insight to the broad-set, heavy pugnaces or ban-dogs of
England, and although neither the artist nor sculptor have
left many indications of the type of the breed at that date,
old tapestries reveal a few interesting examples.

There are some dogs figured on the celebrated Bayeux
tapestry, attributed to Matilda, the wife of the Conqueror. I
have seen no accurate drawing of these animals, therefore
cannot pronounce an opinion if the mastiff is among them.
The best work on this tapestry is that of the Rev. J. C. Bruce
entitled "The Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated."

There is also some very fine tapestry of the I5th century
preserved at Hardwick, in Derbyshire, boar and other hunting
scenes being figured. As Rogers wrote

" The storied arras, source of fond delight,

" With old achievement charms the wildered sight."

Pleasures of Memory.

A careful research among the Anglo-Saxon M.S. of that
date might reveal forms of the mastiff. Books in the Saxon
language declined after the conquest, and Norman-French
became the language of the upper classes, the law, and
literature. William ist trying even to abolish the English
tongue, causing all laws to be written in Norman-French or
Latin.

78 THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

The word mastiff is evidently of Norman introduction, and

is probably a Gallic form of the Latin word massivus, the t

being interchanged for the s ; the word being derived from

massa, a mass, and applied to the breed on account of the

thick-set massive or masty form of the animal. In the

Anglicised form mastiff the reduplication of the f seems purely

English, and etymologists have pointed out, the spelling

mastif would be preferable, and we find examples of the word

in the older form mastif and masty. It is specially worthy

of note that both the Armoric and Spanish have the word in

the form mastin, and in ancient French it was the same,

having become contracted into matin. The Italian has also the

same word with the vowrel ending suffixed (mastino). Mastivus

cannot under these circumstances be regarded as exactty dog

Latin, (so called) seeing we find the word in the Italian

mastino, which is evidently the mastivus, the v and n being

interchanged. Dr. Caius mentions that Niphus spelt the

word mastinus. Some have derived the word mastiff from

mansatinus, properly a dog that stops at the house, but the

contraction seems very forced and improbable, and there

exists not a scrap of historical information warranting any

such derivation. Mastiff seems a corresponding English

form to the French word massif from massa, the English

massive or massy.

Spencer, who wrote purposely in a somewhat antiquated
style, used the word mastives and Hudibras has the same.

Dr. Caius plainly states that the origin of the word mastivus
is from the massive or gross (sagina) form of the dog's body,
and he states notwithstanding that Augustinus Niphus (who
wrote about 1500) wrote the word mastinus, and the word
appears plainly to have been primarily of Italian origin.

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. 79

The term mastiff until after the age of Elizabeth was used
for both mastiff and bulldog, being applied merely to denote
a house or watch-dog, and it was not until the time of Ben
Johnson that the word bandog tell into disuse, except to
define a mongrel watch-dog. The bulldog became defined
by the sport it was used for, and the word mastiff applied only
to the breed we now understand by that name.

The close alliance that has always existed, and the constant
fusion of the two kindred breeds of the greater and lesser sort
of bandog or mastiff formerly, caused the same terms to be
applied indiscriminately.

The earliest mention of the word mastivus that I have heard
of, is in the Forest Laws of Henry 2nd. Thetyranical forest
law system, introduced by William ist, continued during the
Norman dynasty, but when the Saxon line was restored in
the person of Henry 2nd, the forest laws were ameliorated,
and this particular law appears to have been framed from the
23 seclion of the Constitution or Laws of the Forest, made
by Canute.

The following extract is from the charter of the forest of
Henry 3rd, " of keeping dogs within the forest and expedi-
" tating the same, and the forfeiture for keeping them
" unexpeditated therein."

" And therefore farmers and substantial freeholders dwelling
" within the forest, may keep mastiffs for the defence of their
" houses within the same, providing such mastiffs be expedi-
•• taled according to the laws of the forest. The way of
" expeditating mastiffs is done after this manner, viz. three
" claws of the fore feet shall be cut off by the skin, by setting
" one of the fore feet upon a piece of wood eight inches thick

80 THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

" and a foot square, and, with a mallet, setting a chisel of two
" inches broad upon the three claws of his fore feet, and at
" one blow cutting them clean off. And "this expeditating (by
"some called hambling or lawing of dogs) ought to be
" enquired of by the regarders of the forest every; third year,
" and to prevent such as are not expeditated, and the owners
"of them amerced 35. for keeping such dogs so outlawed."
Another term for cutting off the claws, or cutting out the
balls of the feet of dogs, was hoze-ing.

The Rev. Daniel, in his Rural Sports, states, vol. i, "The
"court of regard, or survey of dogs, was holden likewise
" every third year, for expeditation or lawing of dogs, by
" cutting off to the skin, three claws of the fore feet, to prevent
" their running at, or killing deer. No other dogs than
" mastiffs were to be thus expeditated, for none other were
"permitted to be kept within the precindls of the forest, it
" being supposed that the keeping of these, and these only,
" were necessary for the defence of a man's house.'' Vide 4,
Inst. 308.

From this, we may see the early encouragement which was
given towards keeping the mastiff as a guard for premises.

Idistone, chapter xxii., states that the mastiff was cherished
by the Anglo-Saxons, and every two villeins, according to
Jesse, had to maintain one of these dogs. The heading hound
or molossus being used for chasing the larger animals. I
know not on what authority Jesse may have advanced this.

Strutt states that the oldest treatise on hunting that lie
was aware of, was that of Tweci or Twety, grand huntsman
to Edward ist. Vide Warton's History of English Poetry,
vol. 3, page 221, and Strutt, Lib. i ch. xiii. Strutt states

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. 8l

that he never saw the original tract by Tvveci, which was
written in French, about 1300. The M.S. Strutt quoted
from ist in English, and he judges from its appearance, it
would be nearly coeval with the original, but the name of
John Gyfford is joined to that of Twety. In this tract it is
stated that ' the " mastiff" is a good hounde for hunting the
wild boar.' Now as Gyffords translation into English of the
original French treatise was made soon after 1300, it would
be a little previous to the time of Chaucar, and from the first
tract might be gathered the original Norman -French word
for the English mastiff.

The M.S. by Gyfford is in the Cotton Library, at the British
Museum, Vespasian B xii., but Strutt does not mention how
the word mastiff is spelt in this instance.

Thos. Hearne, the antiquary, in 1725 published Robert de
Brunne's translation (made between 1303 and 1338) of Peter
I.angtofts Chronicle of England, in which work, p. 189, L 8,
the word mastiff is spelt " mastyf," being made to rhyme with
hastif. The Promptor'um Parvulorum Sive Dictionarius
Clericorum, a very valuable work, made about 1440, gives
the word masi-yf or mestyf, the latter being probably only an
ignorant variety of spelling the word.

It is worthy of remembrance that Edward 3rd, who came
to the throne in 1327, banished the Norman-French language.

Chaucer (who was born in 1328, and died 1400) having had
a liberal education, being some time at Cambridge, and it is
believed studied some time also at Oxford, might be trusted
for using the common and correct term for the mastiff, and
we find him using the Saxon word bandog, and older British

82 THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

name Alan. Thus the word mastivus seems of Norman
introduction, and only to have been Anglicised about 1300,
while the majority of Englishmen would use the term bandog
long subsequently.

There are few works between Chaucer and Caxton, but
the biographer of William de Clowne makes out that prelate
was the most amiable man who ever filled the Abbacy of St.
Mary, in Leicestershire. Among his excellent qualities he
had great skill in tlui science of hunting, and in order to keep
his kennel well stocked, (for he seems to have experienced the
difficulties of rearing puppies well at home) he requested King
Richard 2nd to grant him a fair or market, for the sole purpose
of buying and selling dogs, which request was granted.

This may fairly be considered the first dog show or collection
of dogs ever got together that we have any record of, and this
Rev. dog dealer should be regarded as the patron saint of
the English kennel, seeing he was considered the best
sportsman in pursuit of the hare in England ; and Richard
2nd, his son Prince Edward, and several of the nobility,
allowed him an annual pension for the instructions they
received from him in hunting. How much the Belvoir, Quorn,
and other kennels of hounds owe their origin and excellence
to the dog fairs, instituted by William de Clowne, and his
skill in breeding, and if (like some more modern clerical
gentlemen) he had a taste for adding to his income by a little
buying and selling of mastiffs, boarhounds, etc., would be
difficult to say.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTH'S REIGN.

This island of England breeds very valiant creatures ;
Their mastiffs are of uninatchable courage.

Shalt e*pca.Tc. Henry r., act ///., bCi'iic 7.

THE battle of Agincourt, as Drayton sung in his Polyolbion,

1622.

Upon St. Crispins day,
Fought was the noble fray,
Which' fame did not delay
To England to carry.

Agincourt, glorious Agincourt, that for the second time on
Gallic soil raised the bulldog courage of the Englishman to
the admiration of Christendom, and to become a National
proverb.

Agincourt, as well as a landmark in English history,
furnishes also an important piece of history connected with
the English mastiff, for the legend runs, that on Ocl. 25th,
1415, on Agincourt's bloody field a favourite mastiff bitch of
Sir Peers Leigh (knight of Lyme Hall, nr. Stockport, Cheshire)
protected her master from molestation as he lay wounded on
the field during the night after the battle, until some English
soldiers found him, and he was removed to Paris, where he
died, and the mastift, who was in whelp at the time, had a
litter of puppies.

Sir Peers' body was brought back to Lyme for burial, and
the bitch and whelps along with it. Sir Peers was buried at

84 THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTH's REIGN.

the Old Church, Macclesfield, which was founded by Edward
ist, in 1279, and dedicated to St. Michael, it was nearly
rebuilt in 1740, and there is, or was, a small chapel belonging
the Leighs of Lyme Hall, in which was a brass plate, thus
inscribed :

" Here lyeth the body of Perkin A Legh,
That for King Richard his death did dye,

Betray'd for Righteousness :
And the bones of Sir Peers his sonue,
That for King Henry vth. did wonne
At Paris.

This Perkin served King Edward the third and the Bkick
Prince, his son, in all their wars in France, and was at the
battle of Cressie, and had Lyme given him for that service ;
and after their deaths, served king Richard the second, and
left him not in his troubles, but was taken with him, and
beheaded at Chester by King Henry the fourth ; and the said
Sir Peers, his sen, served king Henry the fifth, and was slam
at the battle of Agincourt. In their memory Sir Peter Lcgh,
of Lyme, Knight, descended from them, finding the said old
verse, written upon a stone in this Chapel, did re-edify this
place A.D. 1626."

The puppies were kept by the family out of a sort of
gratitude for the fidelity of their 'dam, and from them, with
crosses, introduced frcm time to time, the breed is said to
have been kept up at Lyme Hall until the present time.

I would have my readers remember that Henry 5th, with
his army set sail from Southampton harbour on the i3th of
August, 1415, and Agincourt was fought on the 25th of October
following, being exactly 63 days from Henry 5th's army
setting sail ; and as the bitch was capable of being present
at Agincourt, and active enough to defend her master, and

THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTH?S REIGN. 85

not whelping until some time after reaching Paris, it is
palpable she must have got in whelp after leaving England,
and seeing the confusion, bustle, and even straits the English
army were in previous to Agincourt, it is very improbable
any care was taken over the paternity of the said litter, and
it is very probable that this Lyme Hall race were cross bred
mongrels from the commencement.

I mention this because certain writers on the strength of
the legend have laboured in vain to try to establish a claim
for purity of the breed, saying that the Lyme Hall breed
presents the true and correct type of the English mastiff in
its purity. Although the breed has unquestionably varied in
type from time to time, and frequently presented character at
variance with any idea of mastiff purity, being highly sugges-
tive of a cross with the German boarhound or Great Dane.

In the drawing-room window at Lyme Hall, is the reputed
portrait of Sir Peers Leigh, who met his death wrounds at
Agincourt, and also a representation of the bitch, and in this,
and in the old pictures of the family, the breed is represented
of a pale fawn colour, but more recently the breed has been
of a deep red, which was the prevailing colour of mastiffs in
Lancashire formerly.

The family appear to have kept up the breed by crossing
with specimens in the vicinity, and Lancashire has always
been noted for the number of bandogs kept to guard its
bleaching grounds, etc. But at Lyme Hall no record appears
ever to have been kept of the lineage of the race, neither has
any purity in type seemingly been cultivated, and the breed
has generally presented animals approaching the boarhound
in character, being too long in the head, pointed in the
muzzle, high on the leg and light in body, for mastiff purity.

86 THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTH'S REIGN.

The mastiff being present with Sir Peers Leigh at Agincourt,
shows that at that date the breed was often the favourite
companion and guard of the wealthy, and their courage was
to use the words of Shakespeare simply unmatchable— a
characteristic the bulldog has kept up, if not its larger relative
the mastiff in all instances.

In 1472 Caxton had returned to England and introduced
the art of printing, and about that date Albert Durer (of
whom Longlellow so justly said

" Emigravit is the inscription on the tomostone where he lies,
Dead he is not, but departed, for the artist never dies."

brought to a fair state of perfection the art of engraving on
wood, to produce woodcuts. Caxton's "Golden Legend"
being full of his work.

According to Berjeau, in 1496 was printed at St. Albans,
(from which the work took the name of the Book of St Albans)
a treatise on Hunting, by Dame Juliana Berners of Sopewell
Priory. She was related to Lord John Bourchier Berners,
author of Froissart's Chronicles, Chancellor of the Exchequer
and Governor of Calais, under Henry viiith. Juliana Berners
was one of the earliest female writers of England, of whom
Hollingshed says: "She was a gentlewoman endued with
mighty gifts, both of mind and body, and wrote certain
treatises on hunting and hawking, delighting herself in those
exercises and pursuits." Honest Strutt less gallantly says :
She was sister to Lord Berners, and that her treatises on
hunting (which was illustrated by Wynkyn de Worde) was
evidently compiled from the works of Twici and Gyfford, and
the enlargement of their tract, made by the Master of the
Game to Henry ivth, compiled for his son, Prince Henry,
afterwards King Henry 5th, which work was entitled " The
Maister of the Game." M.S. of the Harlean Collec, Vide
Strutt, Lib. i, ch. i, xiii.

THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTH's REIGN. 87

The book of St. Albans contains the earliest printed
instance I know of the term mastiff, which is spelt " mastif,"
and being from the pen of a well-educated person, goes a
long way to prove that it would be more correct to spell the
word with a single f.

Shakespeare uses the word mastiff on several occasions,
example in Henry vth, acl iii. scene 7. I have not exam-
ined any early editions of Shakespeare, thus cannot state the
general spelling of the word.

The learned English antiquary, Sir Henry Spelman, who
was knighted by James ist, uses the term mastivus, and the
same form is used in " The Laweing of Dogs."

Man wood in his work on the Forest Laws states that the
mastiff derives its name from the Saxon masc — the fcse or
thief- frightener, but with all respect to Manwood, 1 think he
has jumped at an ingenius conclusion, for we find no mention
of the mastiff under that name in the Saxon Forest Laws, or
any other work, and I have never met or heard of the word
mastivus in any author previous to the Norman Conquest,
being seemingly little more than a latinized form of the
French word massif (masculine) massive (fern.) the theme of
winch is mas, a lump or mass.

It is very probable that when the Britons emigrated to the
provinces of Brittany in France, they took some of their
mastiffs with them, and therefore the breed would be well
known to the Norman Conqueror and his followers, whose
love of hunting the larger game, would naturally recommend
the mastiff to them. From the Anglicised translation of the
Norman- Latin mastivus, we get masty, a thick-set fellow,
also a mastiff, (as example in the two maids of Moreclake,

88 THE MASTIFF IN HENRY VTIl'S REIGN.

1609, Moreclake being an old spelling of Mortlake, near
London) also a mastif as printed in The Book of St. Albans,
and the old English form mastivc, as example

'' As savage bull, whom two fierce ruastives

" When rancour doit with rage him once engage,

" Forget with wary ward them to await,

" But with his dreadful horus them drives afar."

Spenser,
Also in Butler's Hudibras

"For now the mastives charging home."

Part 1, Canto ii., line 79.

By consulting the older dictionaries we get some insight
into the etymology and accepted derivation, and meaning of
the word mastiff among scholars. In S. Patrick's Edition of
Ainsworth 1746, under the word mastiff is given, mastiff,
masty or masty dog, a molossus. Here we see the word masty
accepted for a mastiff down to 1746. In the 1736 edition of
Ainsworth, Latin and English, is given band-dog or bandog
a molossus or canis eaten arms, and under molossus a mastive
dog.

N. Bailey, in the 1737 edition of his Dictionary, under
bandog, gives the definition a mastiff. While in his 1742
edition he states as follows: u mastif" (note only single f)
French un matin. Barbarian Latin mastivus, a sort of great
dog. In L. Desperez edition of Horace, published 1740,
under annotation 5, the molossus is explained as canis
ingens, Gallice a dogue, Anglice a mastiff. J\JTC\OSSKS ex Epiro
iibi populo fuei'e Molossl Strabo, Lib. vii. In A. Boyers'
Dictionary, French and English, 1783, is as follows : ''English,
mastiff, masty, a masty dog, French, a dog of the largest kind,
un matin, un gros chicn ponv la gvarde d'un bassc cour." " Masty

THE MASTIFF IN HENRY 5TH's REIGX. 89

fellow, F. (a clown) un matin tin paysan, nn rustrc." These
definitions of Ainsworth, Desperez, Bailey, and Boyer, are
worthy of attention, as they furnish distinct evidence that
the idea from 1650 to 1750 was that the mastiff was a large
masty or massive house dog of the largest kind, and therefore
totally distinct in point of size from the modern bulldog, and
however tedious it may be to wade through and master these
explanations, they are necessary to any who may wish to
understand Dr. Cains, Aldrovandus, Sir. H. Spelman, Ray,
and other early Historians, Naturalists, and Antiquarians.
Moreover, extracts from the old treatises I have mentioned
are at times quoted promiscuously by persons writing on both
the mastiff and bulldog, who from their ignorance of the
subject, frequently confuse the two breeds.

CHAPTER IX.
THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

While master goes throughout,
Sees shutters fast, the mastiff out.

Kirk White. Summer Eve.

IN my last chapter 1 traced the mastiff down to the Elizabc-
thian age, and in this I purpose reviewing Gains and several
old authors whose writings throw light on the breed.

The learned Dr. Cains, alias Kayes, or Dr. John Kay, M.D.,
who was born at Norwich, in 1510, and died in 1573, leaving
his estate, for elevating Gonville Hall, into what is now
termed Cains College, Cambridge. I mention these particu-
lars in order to show that Cains was an Englishman, as from
gentle Will Shakespeare making use of his name in " Merry
Wives of Windsor," some readers might fall into the error of
regarding him as a Frenchman, and consequently give less
credence to his work. He wrote about 1550, in Latin, a
quaint treatise, " De Canibus Britannicus," for the use of the
famous naturalist, Conrad Gesner, and from this treatise it
would seem Gains had sent Gesner a treatise for private use
live years previously, in which, there was fuller mention of
the Scotch dogs, and that Gesner had mentioned this former
treatise in writing to Dr. Win. Turner, who died in 1568, just
three years after Gesner.

A translation of the second treatise was published in 1576,
by one Abraham Flemmmg. from whose introduction it would
seem the latter was a bald-headed old gentleman at the time,

gi THE MASTIFF DTRIXG ELIZABETH'S REIGX.

but a thorough dog lover as well as classical student, for he'
mentions his well-kept grass plat being trampled by the feet
of his dogs, showing that Cambridge students cultivated the
canine race during the reign of Elizabeth. Elemming's
translation has been reprinted line for line, and even error
for error, and issued by The Bazaar Office, 170, Strand,
London, \V.C., from whom it could be had post free for 2/8,
and to whom even* praise is due for republishing so interesting
a work, both to the antiquarian and dog fancier, and it is a
work that should certainly be in the library of every dog lover*

We learn from Flemming's introduction that Gesner had
used Caius's treatise fully, and there is a capital description
of the .mastiff, which runs as follows :

" Of the mastive or bandogge, called in Latin villaticus or
" catenarius ; this kind of dog is vast, huge, stubborn, eager,
••of a heavy and burdenous body, and therefore but of little
" swiftness. Our Englishmen assist

''nature with art, use, and custom, for they teach these dogs
"to bait the bear, etc.'' Cains further mentions that the
mastiff " took fast hold with its teeth, and held on beyond all
credit." This, together with the fact that the mastiff which
fought the lion before James ist, held on to the lion's lip, shows
that the mastiff in those days seized and held, that they did not
keep chopping, but pinned their victim, like the bulldog.

Cains also speaks of the mastiff for drawing water, saying :
" And these are of the greater and weightier sort, drawing
'•water out of wells and deep pits by a wheel, which they
" turn round-about by the moving of their burdenous bodies.
" This kind of dog is called the pack or baggage dog, because
•• with marvellous patience they bear big packages filled with
" tinker's tools and metal, for mending porridge pots, etc."

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN. Q2

This custom continued until 1830 to 1840, for Mr. Thompson
remembered seeing mastiffs so employed in Yorkshire up to
that date about ; and I may point out that a dog no larger
than the largest modern bulldog, could not carry any great
weight of tinker's tools composed of irons, solder, metal, files,
etc. The dog employed plainly being as large as a fair-sized
mastiff.

Caius goes on to say: "Besides the qualities recounted,
" this kind of dog hath this disposition natural to them, that
" they love their master's liberally, and hate strangers despite-
" fully, wherefore to their masters when travelling, they are
" a singular safeguard, defending them forcibly against
"villains and thieves," I will warn my readers that I have
condensed and modernized the language of Caius somewhat.

From the mention of the vast heavy body it is palpable
that Caius was writing of the sort we now term mastiff, and
from his mention " that the greater and weightier sort were "
used for water drawing, that there was more than one sort of
mastiff or bandog at the time Caius wrote, which throws light
on Laneham's statement written about 1575, " that the bears
were baited by a great sort of bandog." Vide Nicholl's
Progress, vol. i, fol. 249.

From Spencer and Caius it is evident the terms bandog
and mastiff did service for the mastiff group generally, the
larger sort being the true mastiff, the smaller the progenitor
of the modern bulldog. From Berjeaus work, it is plain that
a dog very similar to the modern bulldog existed in 1494, Vide
plate 9 of the work "A bulldog licking a beggar's sores."
This plate was taken from the first edition of " The Ship of
Fools," by J. B. Von Olpe. Also plate 13 in Berjeau, repre-
sents a short-faced turn-up muzzled bulldog, drawn by the

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 93

Dutch painter, Israel Von Meckenner, between 1482 and 1492.
Also plate 22, a bull bitch, by Lucas Von Leyden, 1516, but
the ears in this specimen are larger than in the modern
bulldog. Caius gives a supplement explaining the meaning
of the various names of dogs. Under the mastiff or bandog
section he states that the name mastiff originated from
(Flamming has translated it) the fatness of the dog's body,
giving the word sagina (a well fed or conditioned animal) as
the Latin equivalent for mastiff, remarking " this kind of dog
which is usually tied, is mighty gross and fat fed."

I may say the word sagina does not necessarily imply mere-
obesity, as Pliny, Tacitus, and Propertius make use of the
word in connection with the food and feeding of gladiators.
" Om dabit venalia fata (Vitam sitam) sagana (gladiatoria). Prop.

For gladiators used to take large quantities of strengthening
food, and it may be instanced as an example in which courage,
vast strength, and lasting power were combined, that it has
been recorded of Col. Fred. Burnaby (of ride to Khiva fame,
and a typical Englishman) that he was Homeric in his eating
and could dispose of two or three pounds of meat at a sitting.
It has also been recorded as an instance of the strength and
courage of the noted gigantic Daniel Lambert, who was a
great flesh eater, being able to dispose of a leg of mutton at
a meal; that on one occasion seeing a mastiff getting consid-
erably the worse of an encounter with a bear, he unarmed,
strode up to the combatants, and seizing the bear with his
hands, shook it until he forced it to quit its hug of the mastiff,
which he then dragged away by the neck.

This recalls Shakespeare's words — " just, just, ; and the men
do sympathise with the mastiff in robustuous and rough

94 THE MASTIFF DURIFG ELIZABETH S REIGN. -

coming on, and then give them great meals of beef, they will
eat like wolves and fight like devils." Hen. 5th, scene iii.,
act 7. At first sight this may seem somewhat digressing
from my subject, but it is not so, as it not only shows how
the mastiff should be fed, but how they were fed in the days
when pluck and strength was the ideal standard they were
bred to. When dogs are required for courage and muscular
strength, they should be fed liberally on flesh. The modern
biscuit puffed up, flabby muscled mastiff, is no longer the
gladiatorial animal of the i6th century, although it may bo
the saginish glutton described by Juvenal, sat. iv., line 67.
Although I am aware, according to Col. H. Smith, the fierce
dogs of the feudal nobility of Europe, forming packs for
hunting the wolf and boar, were invariably fed on bread,
referring for a proof of this to our ancient books of Yenerie,
the ancient Welsh laws, and " Le Roi Modus" and household
institutions of the Dukes of Burgundy.

Edward the Confessor also received yearly from the single
manor of Barton, near Gloucester, three thousand loaves of
bread for the feeding of his dogs. Such references are very
well, and prove that bread was much used, but it does not
disprove that flesh as well was not used.

Col. II. Smith says " We may infer that food or climate
would not truncate or widen the muzzle, nor raise the frontals,
nor alter the posterior branches of the lower jaw as in the
mastiff.'' The truth of this altogether I am not prepared to
admit, believing in the old adage one part breed (i.e. original
conformation) two parts feed (i.e. habits and food) for 1 am
inclined to think with Thacker on fighting dogs, who says
"The fighting dog should have a greater quantity of bone

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGX. 95

given to him than any other kind of dog, and if the bones
were as large as he could crush, it would be better as serving
a two-fold purpose ; namely they are his natural food, con-
taining much oily and nutritious matter, and will give him
as much courage, and support his strength as any food; and
secondly there is no method so effectual in exercising the
muscles of the jaw, the massiter muscle in particular, by which
lie will be able to bite his antagonist more powerfully."

That the process of tearing raw flesh from joints of horse
flesh and dead carcases generally, has a great tendency to
improve the character of the mastift's head and neck there is
little doubt, I have noticed at tan yards and other places
where mastiffs are so fed, their cheek muscles are well
developed, the zygomatic arch stronger and more prominent,
and the cynodonts larger and longer.

The word sagina is perhaps the most important particular
that an}' part of Cains' s work affords, and strange to say, it
has seemingly been overlooked by the various writers that
have quoted from Cains from to time.

The word not only shows that the term mastiff was regarded
by a well-read man, writing for the guidance of a naturalist,
as derived from the massiveness of the dog's build, but also
affords insight of the weight of the breed during the reign of
Elizabeth.

Turning aside to another author for reference to this word,
Camden, who wrote about 1607, states under the Scots, on
the word Albini " Let critics consider whether in that
11 passage of St. Jerome wherein he inveighs against a certain
tk Pelasgian, native of Scotland, we should not also for Alpin-

96 THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

" um read Albanium, when lie calls him the monstrous fat
" (sagma) Alpine dog, more capable of doing mischief with
"his heels than his teeth, etc.''

St. Jerome's work, which was published at Frankfort, in
1602, I have not seen, the author himself flourished about
1414, but the passage is most interesting to the philokunist,
as it reads like an instance of the word " sagina " being
applied, as descriptive of the gloriously good tempered old
Alpine mastiff, whose clumsy dew-clawed heels were liable
to do more mischief than they had any idea of doing with
their teeth.

Camden stating that he did not ever remember to have
heard of Alpine dogs, would seem that the old smooth St.
Bernard or Alpine mastiff, had not in 1607 gained any
notoriety, although it has been conjectured by some to have
been originally procured from England. When subsequently
brought from the Alps to this country, it assisted materially
in recussitating the English mastiff from 1800 to 1830.

It is here worthy of remark that the French appear to have
imported from us the word dogue to denote the mastiff and
bulldog, which about 1600 they appear to have considered
was peculiar to Britain. Menage, a French literary writer,
who flourished from 1613 to 1692, and who particularly
concerned himself with the derivation of French words, says :
" Dogue, a large thick-set English dog, derived from the
English word dog." This shows that a French etymologist
of the i yth century, considered the dogue or mastiff to be a
large, thick-set, English dog. But to return to Caius, it is
evident that the mastiff and bulldog were alike classed as
bandogs, massivcs, or mastiffs, these terms plainly having to

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH S REIGN. 97

do double work, hence the confusion many have been thrown
into, when they have essayed at tracing out either breed; and
it is ridiculous to fall into the error some have, in thinking
that neither the bulldog nor mastiff existed separately as a
distinct breed about 1550, as Caiiis himself plainly mentions
the lighter or smaller sort of bandog or mastiff.

Cains terms the mastiff also •' canis laniarius," i.e. butcher's
clog, so called from its use, as it renders great service to the
butcher in taking his cattle when needed/' Here we see
plain reference to the ancestor of the bulldog, or as that breed
was sometimes called formerly, the beast-dog, Vide Useful
Domestic Dogs, plate on page 368 of Dickson's Live Stock.

\Yc should remember Cains was writing for a naturalist,
and endeavouring to class the various breeds into groups,
was not so careful as we are now to distinguish the sub-
divisions into breeds. One reason for Caius's varied and
manifold titles for the various sorts of dogs, may have arisen
from the same difficulty that presented itself to Caxton, who
stated that the difference between the terms of the educated and
vulgar was so great that at times he was puzzled to know
what word to employ in his translations, so as to be intelligible
to all classes of his readers. Naturalists still rightly follow
the plan of classing the mastiff, bulldog, and pugdog, under
the mastiff group. In his fifth section "cross bred dogs"
Caius mentions the Urcanus (i.e. Hyrcanian) stating it to be
engendered between the bandog and bear. This Urcanus
was plainly a mastiff, as he states it to be produced in England
from a cross with the bandog, being evidently a cross between
the bandog and some larger, and probably foreign dog, and
it is plainly only a piece of credulity on the part of Caius,

98 THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

accepting the reputed Ursine parentage, induced no doubt
partly through reading the classical mention of dogs being
crossed with tigers in Hyrcania, and lions in Arcadia.

By some, Cains has been set down as merely a credulous
canine biographist, but we 'must bear in mind that he was
writing at a time when monsters were universally believed in.
And with regard to the canis nrcanns or supposed hybrid
between bandog and bear in 1582, M. Pierre Bonaistarau
published at Paris, his " Histories Prodigieuses," giving a
cut and curious account of one of these supposed ursine dogs.

This is mentioned in the Penny Cyclopaedia, under the
article Bear. It appears M. Bonaistarau had visited England

during Elizabeth's reign, and was shown two clogs asserted
to be a cross between bandog and bear, and both of which
were presented to the Marquis de Trans; one of which he
gave to Le Compte d' Alpenstan, the other he took to France,
and it was from the latter Bonaistarau gives his representation.
He states that the animal was extremely savage, and in form
between bear and dog. the former being the sire.

What these supposed hybrids really were it is now difficult
to pronounce, without doubt the one in question is represented
somewhat bear-like in appearance ; there is a copy of it given
in the Museum of Animated Nature, No. 8^.0., and if the cut
is to be trusted, 1 should suspect the animal was no hybrid
dog, but some species of bear : the drawing however is
plainly very rough, disproportionate, and evidently not to be
relied on. It is possible that these canes urcani were some
foreign dog, possibly the rough coated mastiff of Thibet,
which not being well-known at that time, were mistaken for
a hybrid between the mastiff and bear, their long wavy black
coats not being unfavourable to such a conclusion on the

TIIF. MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH S REIGN. 99

part of the ignorant and credulous. And although inclined
to discredit the possibility of such a hybrid myself, I cannot
condemn Cains for stating what was thought possible, and
believed in long subsequently.

In the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 40, published 17/0, is an
account of some travels in Holland, which runs as follows :
u On June 2ist, ijGS, on the road from Delft to the Hague,
our observers saw a large black and white dog following a
coach, as he seemed to be somewhat remarkable, M. Yanden
Hoever de Fienover, who was then acting as Consul of France
at Rotterdam, and who accompanied the visitors, informed
them that the dog was an offspring of a bear and bitch, which
could not be doubted, as he was whelped at the end of a long
voyage at sea, in which the bitch and the bear were the only
animals on board.''

This seems very conclusive evidence, and it is worthy
of notice that both in this and in the instance related by
Bonaisturau in his Histoires Prodigieuses, the bear was the
sire and the mother a dog, which renders it more probable,
but I have met with no mention of these supposed hybrids
procreating either with dog or bear.

Having carefully and fairly studied Dr. Caius's work, I
consider it is wonderfully accurate considering the age it was
written in, and it affords great insight to dogology, and the
modern fancier, if he knows anything of Latin, will not find
the work so complicated and obscure as some writers have
stated, although to understand a work of this sort correctly,
a reader should have some knowledge of coeval and precedin
authors.

100 THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

Flemming spells some of his Latin words very queerly, but
that may be pardoned after the transcriptive error that Mr.
V. Shaw made, or let pass in his Book of the Dog, Part i,
page 3, when quoting from Caiushe says : " Canis Villaticus
or Carbenarius. When first I read this, not having seen the
original, I judged this carbenarius might have some connec-
tion or reference to carbonarius of or belonging to coal, and
hence meaning a coal yard dog. I am amused and somewhat
surprised Mr. V. Shaw with his boastful B.A. Cantab should
have allowed such an error to pass.

Camden, writing about 1600, throws some light where and
how the mastiffs were kept ; he says under London St.
Thomas's Hospital, " From thence along the river side
westwards, was a row of houses called stews,
so called from the ponds for fattening tench and pike ; among
these buildings is a place like a theatre for baiting bears and
bulls with dogs, and kennels of bandogs, which are so strong
and bite so hard, that three of them are enough to seize a
bear, and four a lion, etc. Camden states that the Irish
wolfdog was similar in shape to a greyhound, and bigger than
a mastiff, this shows that the mastiff was not so large as the
\\olfdog, an animal that probably averaged about 31 or 32
inches.

After careful reading it would seem as though both Camden
and Shakespeare had read and quoted from Caius's work, and
other writers of about his date term the mastiff villaticus,
written by some vellaticus. According to Varro, R.R. i, 2,
countrymen often said vella for villa.

Harry, the minstrel, or as he is more generally termed
Blind Harry, mentions the mastiff in his poem on the " Life
of Wallace," statin that hero's life was preserved by one of
these dogs.

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGX. IOI

In the Life of Raleigh, in the History of the .first Colony
of Virginia, (1584 about) it is stated that the English soldiers
declared that they could not starve as long as they had the
two mastiffs, which they might kill and make soup of, and on
their return (1585 about) they had resource to their mastift
broth ; and although modern mastiff breeders may not be able
to dispose of their draft puppies to the butcher, yet the
ancients considered a young and fat dog excellent eating.
Hippocrates, who flourished 460 B.C., placing it on a footing
with mutton and pork, stating that the flesh of a grown dog
is wholesome and strengthening, and that of puppies relaxing.

The brave and accomplished Lord Edward Herbert, of
Cherbury,- Salop, mentions the mastiffs kept about 1600 by
the Duke of Montmorency. He remarks on hunting in France,
" The Duke of Montmorency having given orders to the tenants
of the town of Merlon, and some villages adjoining, to attend
me when I went a hunting, they upon my summons usually
repaired to those woods where I intended to find my game ;
the}' entered the woods on one side, wre on the other side of
the said wood, having placed mastiffs and greyhounds to the
number of twenty or thirty, which Monsieur de Montmorency
kept near his castle." It is worthy of mention that Lord
Herbert was the eldest son of a very ancient family, and was
born in 1581. at Montgomery Castle, Wales; he was a poet
of little merit, but an author of some repute, his English being
considered strong and free from the quaint pedantry of the
age. Having divided his time between country life and that
of various courts, he was calculated toknow^the mastiff when
he met it, and to give it a proper designation.

In Barnaby Googes 1631 translation of a work by Conrad
Haresbatch, the mastiff termed the "The bandog for the

102 THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S RF.IGX.

house/' runs as follows : " First the mastie that keepeth the
" house, for this purpose you must provide such a one as hath
" a large and mighty body, etc."

From this description we see that mastie, bandog or tie-dog
were terms all used to designate the same animal or rather
group of dogs, and that those with a large and mighty body
were to be selected for watch dogs. This corresponds with
Laneham's and Caius's term " bandog of the larger sort."

Although Googes translation was made in 1631 only, the
matter belongs to an earlier date, and accords well with the
style of Flemmings's translation of Cains. Before proceeding
to show the uses the breed we now term the mastiff was put
to, it may give a clearer conception by summarizing the
designations of the mastiff and bulldog.

We see in the time of Cains (1550) the bulldog existed under
the term of butcher's dog, and lesser mastiff or bandog, and
does not appear to have borne the name of bulldog much before
the reign of Queen Anne, and the breed becomes undistinguish-
able from the mastiff previous to Elizabeth's reign, until as
far back as the classical authors.

The mastiff or bandog bearing both these titles conjointly
with the bulldog down to Anne's reign, about which period the
term mastiff became employed only to define the breed we now
know by that designation, and it bore the name bandog down
to about 1800, when this term used to denote generally a
lighter and cross bred animal, and there is ever)- reason for
believing that up to 1600 the English mastiff was constantly
crossed and recrossed with the bulldog, the main difference
being the greater size of the former, owing to larger blood
having been introduced into it at an early period, and it is

THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 103

probable that not until the reign of Elizabeth was there
any endeavour to decrease the size of the ancestors of our
modern dwarfed bulldogs.

Alken in his "National Sports" gives an account of the
way in which the term bulldog came into use. And Delabere
Blaine, who wrote about 1790 to 1810, in his Encyclopaedia
of Rural Sports says that " British cultivation has enlarged
the proportions of the mastiff greatly from the original breed
of the ancients, mentioning the lips characteristically pendu-
lous, and to a much greater degree than those of the bulldog,
which breed he states without doubt is an artificial animal
of spurious origin, and possibly derived from a stunted
specimen of the mastiff of rickety habit; and further states the
belief of Sydenham Edwards was that the bulldog arose from
a cross between the mastiff and pug, and admits the possibility
of crossing the Dutch pug (often called the small mastiff)
with the English mastiff, and thus producing the bulldog,
but suggests this would involve the solution from what source
the pug itself was derived.

The originality however of these three breeds from one
common stock need not be doubted, when we see existing in
Great Britain the vast cart horse of the shires and fens, and
the stunted \Yelsh and Shetland ponies of the mountains and
cold barren districts.

In the reign of Elizabeth the Law took notice of the
mastiff, stating •' There are four species of dogs, viz. a mastiff,
a hound, (which comprehends greyhound, bloodhound, etc.),
a spaniel, and a tumbler. 7, co. 18, a Cro. Eliz. 125. And
a trover or trespass lies for them. Cro. Eliz. 125.

A man hath a property in a mastiff, and where a mastiff
ialls on another dog, the owner of that dog cannot justify
killing the mastiff. Cro. Eliz. 125.

104 THE MASTIFF DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

It is no justification in trespass for killing a mastiff, that he
run violently upon the defendants dog and bit him ; but the
defendant should state further, that he could not otherwise
separate the mastiff from his dog. i Saund, 84.

If a person hunt up'on the ground of another, such other
person cannot justify killing his dogs, as appears by 2 Roll,
Ahr. 567. But this was overruled in the case of \Vadhurst
v. Damme. Cro. Jac 44. It was held that a warrener may
justify killing a mastiff dog in the warren pursuing conies to
prevent his destroying them, and so if a dog run after deer.
3, Lev. 28.

CHAPTER X.
THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

Come men and mastiffs ; some to fight
For fame and honour, some for sight.

Butler. Hudibras, Part 1, Canto 2.

IT will be seen that the legitimate uses of the mastiff among
the Britons were to defend their homes and property, and also
to assist in driving cattle, while in times of war they afforded
a guard for the women and chariots. The Romans fought
animals in their amphitheatres, and from their savage fondness
for such sights as gladiatorial shows and pitting animals
against each other in all probability arose the intro-
duction of baiting animals with dogs in Britain. The
antiquity of such sport is shown in Pliny's account of the
Albanian dog that successfully baited the boar, lion, and
elephant before Alexander the Great some 300 B.C. Vide
Pliny Nat. Hist. viii. 64.

Among ancient nations baiting animals was a common
sport, and was practised by the Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans. The amphitheatres at Rome were made of wood
until the age of Augustus, at whose desire Statilius Taurus
(a cognomen very suggestive of a family of matadors) erected
the first durable one of wood and stone combined.

Thus it is not surprising that little vestige of any are
found in Britain, although amphitheatres existed during the
Roman dominion at Dorchester, Silchester, and other towns,

IO6 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

of about 200 yards in circumference, and according to Dr.
Stukeley (who was termed the Arch Druid on account of his
knowledge of British antiquities) there existed the remains of
a smaller amphitheatre of about 65 feet, between Richborough
Castle and Sandwich. Vide Itinerarium Curiosum, by Wm.
Stukeley.

Baiting wild animals seems to have been a very fascinating
spectacle to the Romans, and according to Pliny viii. the
bear was imported and publicly baited in Italy, and Claudian
mentions the aptitude of the British pugnaces in the following
lines: Magna tauvorem fvaClura' colla Britanna." Claudian de
Laud Stil. Lib. iii.

According to Martial and Claudian the forests of Britain
produced a quantity of bears, and these continued in the
North of England until the eighth century, and according to
Gemeticencis nearly to the conquest.

According to Gale's Scriptores from Doomsday, in the time
of Edward the Confessor, the town of Norwich was bound to
furnish annually to the King one bear and six dogs for
baiting it, but I am not aware how these dogs are described
in Doomsday, whether merely as dogs, or if their kind is
described. Such dogs were termed canis ursarius (bear dogs)
an old name for the mastiff.

In some of the early constitutions of the Welsh, it is stated
of the wild animals that are hunted, only three arc lawful for
baiting, of which the bear is one.

Chaucer mentions that the Alan was good for baiting either
the lion or bear. Principally the mastiff was used to bait
the bear, but at times even the horse and ass suffered, the
latter animal furnishing a spirited combat. Strutt gives an

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. IO7

illustration of a horse banded by the neck to a' tree, being
baited by two large dogs, which were evidently not unlike
and quite as large as the mastiff in body, the drawing however
is very indifferent. One of the dogs has pinned the horse by
the nose. This illustration is from an M.S. in the Royal
Library.

From Stow's Survey, p. 666, it is stated that baiting the
bear, bull, or horse in the open streets of London was prohib-
ited, under a penalty of twenty shillings, according to one of
the city laws.

According to tradition the Stamford bull-running (a different
diversion to bull-baiting) took its rise, in the reign of King
John, from William, Earl of Warren and Lord of Stamford,
standing upon his castle walls in Stamford, and noticing two
bulls fighting, and the owner of one of them, a butcher in the
town, set " a great mastiff dog " (as it is worded) upon his
own bull, which forced it into the town ; the Earl was so
pleased with the sport and tumult that ensued, that he gave
the aftermath for ever, for grazing, to the butchers of the
town on condition that they annually furnished a bull-running.
The original account from which this tradition is taken is in
Richard Butcher's " Survey and Antiquities of the Towne of
Stamford, in the County of Lincolne," published in 1717, ch.
i, pages 76 and 77, being the second edition, an earlier one,
now very scarce, was published in London, A.D. 1646, small
4-to, which contains some poems.

In this tradition we see the mastiff described as " a great
mastiff dog," and the first bull baiting at Stamford is stated
to have been on St. Brices day, Nov. I3th, A.D. 1209.
Stamford was also probably the last town in England in which

IO8 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

there was an attempt on the part of the populace to bait the
bull openly.

It is mentioned by Caius and other writers that Henry viith
ordered a mastiff to be hung because it had singly coped with
and overcome a lion.

The Rev. Daniel, in his Rural Sports, 1807, vol. ist, says:
" Bear baiting was by no means an amusement of the lower
" people only, in the latter end of the fifteenth and early part
" of the sixteenth centuries." An odd incident furnishes us
with a proof of this; an important controversial M.S. was
sent by Archbishop Cranmer across the Thames, the person
entrusted with it ordered his waterman to keep off from the
tumult occasioned by baiting a bear on the river before
Henry viiith; the man rowed however too near, and the bear
overset the boat by trying to board it, and the M.S. was lost
in the confusion, etc.

Under the Tuclors bear baiting became a royal sport, and
assumed recognised rules for what was considered sportsman-
like treatment towards both bear and mastiff. Shakespeare
says :

'• Call hither to stake my two brave bears,

" Are these thy bears? we'll bait thy bears to death,

" And manacle the bearward in their chains."

The following was as near as possible the manner of
procedure : A stump of wood was sunk level with the ground,
into which was fastened a ring, to which the unfortunate bear
was made secure with a long chain or rope, the latter being
preferable ; the bear was then unmuzzled, several men termed
bear-wardens were in attendance. The mastiffs or beardogs
{not bulldogs) were fastened around at a convenient distance
out of reach, then either one, or more generally two, were

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. IOQ

slipped without any collar, and if well trained w.ent straight
at the bear, trying to knock him backward with the rush,
and fastening on to his throat, pin him down and worry him,
keeping out of reach of his powerful claws, or still more
terrible hug.

One good determined mastiff has before now proved a
match for a bear, but in a general way the bear constantly
managed to disable one or both of his assailants.

Caius states that three mastiffs were more than a match for
a bear, and four for a lion, but the latter appear to have been
baited only very seldom, and then with picked dogs, bear
baiting however was very frequent all over the country.

In further proof that three mastiffs were sufficient to
overcome a bear, my friend, Mr. John Lyall, of Glasgow,
(whose fondness for the mastiff, combined with his skill in
drawing and painting, together with sound and varied reading,
have been the means of much pleasurable intercourse, as
well as assistance to me in my investigation of historical facts
connected with the breed) kindly sent me a sketch and
particulars of an etching some 250 years old, by either a
Flemish or German master, representing a hunter, three
mastiffs, and a vast bear lying dead. Mr. Lyall describes
the mastiffs as having immense skulls, very short, broad, and
deep muzzles, their bodies rather lighter than the modern
mastiff, but heavier in build than the boarhound. These
dogs he judged to have been about 30 inches at shoulder,
with great bone, smooth coated, and their ears cropped. The
engraving was large, and the dogs drawn large. Mr. Lyall
with his usual good judgment in such works of art commis-
sioned a party to buy the engraving for him, but it sold high,
being one of a lot of an old collector's etchings and engravings.

IIO THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

However the picture shows that 250 years ago it was
commonly considered that three mastiffs were more than a
match for a bear. In R. Pinson's Antibossicon, published in
1521, there are several bear-baiting scenes, which were
introduced as a kind of caricature on the assailants. Berjeau
in his work, gives a plate of one of these scenes, no. 33. The
bear is represented as being assailed by a greater number of
mastiffs than was considered fair, two being as I have already
explained the recognised legitimate number at the outside, to
be slipped at once. These dogs are very roughly drawn, yet
their general characteristics are great size, being nearly as
large as the bear, their heads are large, with short blunt
muzzles, bodies short and stout, sterns short but not docked,
and ears cropped.

In this instance the bear is banded with a rope to a stump
in the ground.

Laneham writing about 1575 of bear-baiting performed
before Elizabeth (which was a sport the masculine Queen
was greatly addicted to) says : Thirteen bears were provided
for this occasion, and were baited by " a great sort of bandog."
Vide Nicholl's Progresses, vol. i, fol. 249.

From Caius we learn that the English trained their mastiffs
for baiting the bull and bear, and that the mastiffs wore no
collars to protect their throats when baiting the bear.

Shakespeare says in Hen. vi. scene i :

" Oft have I seen, a hot swelling cur
Run back and bite, because he was withheld,
Who being suffer'd with the bears fell paw
Hath, clapp'd his tail between his legs and cry'd."
And again

" Why do your dogs bark so ? be there bears in the town ?

Merry Wives of Windsor, Act 1, Sct'iie 1.

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. Ill

And the following : " I have seen Sackerson loose twenty
times, and have taken him by the chain." According to
Malone Sackerson or Sacarson was the name of a noted bear
in Shakepeare's time, baited at Paris Gardens. Vide Sir
John Davis, Old Book of Epigrams.

" Publius, a student of the laws

" To Paris garden doth himself withdraw,

' ' Leaving Old Ployden , Dyer, and Broke alone,

" To see Old Harry Hunkes and Sacarson."

Another noted bear was Young Blackface, some verses
forming a song on whose death, are preserved in a collection
of old ballads (most of them imperfect) in the British Museum.
Young Blackface was the property of one O. Sullivan, and
fought twenty-two double and single combats against the
best dogs in the country, but this amounts to nothing when
we learn that the most vulnerable part of his throat was
protected. This noted champion was at last killed by being
fought against three mastiffs at once without his protection,
as the iron collar he wore was so called, and which naturally
formed a very effectual protection ; he was always fought
muzzled. An account of this may be found in Blaines Rural
Sports. 430. \Ye see from this that a trained champion bear
was no match for three mastiffs.

Paris Garden was a great resort for bear baiting; among
other writers Bishop Hall, the Satirist, wrote "much better
than a Paris Garden bear." From Butler's Hudibras may
be gathered a fairly accurate account of the manner of bear
baiting, by one who had probably witnessed the sport
frequently. He says :

112 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

" Twas an old way of recreating

Which learned butchers call bear baiting,

A bear at stake

That at the chains end wheels about

That none presume to come so near

As forty foot of stake of bear."

Part 1. Canto 1.

From this we see forty feet was the length of the bear's
chain. Historical accounts exist of numerous bear baitings
which took place during Elizabeth's reign, and it is very
possible that Shakespeare himself witnessed the splendid
royal sports at Kenilworth, in 1575, of which Sir Walter Scott
gives a most graphic fictitious account in the lyth chapter
of his novel Kenilworth.

In Cassell's Illustrated History of England, chapter 14,
page 486, there is a picture of bear baiting as practised before
Queen Elizabeth. The original from which this illustration
was taken is not stated, therefore it would be unwise to hazard
any remarks on the dogs, beyond that they are represented
with the usual short heads, and of great size, and the picture
is well drawn.

Hertzner, who visited England in 1598, wrote an account
of baiting as enacted at that period. He states "there is a
place built in the form of a theatre, which serves for the
baiting of bulls and bears. They are fastened behind, and
then worried by great English bulldogs, but not without risk
to the dogs from the horns of the one, and the teeth of the
other, etc.

Samuel Pepys in his Diary, under date August i4th, 1666,
says : " After dinner, with my wife and Mercer to the bear
" garden, where I had not been I think for many years, and
" saw some very good sport, etc."

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. 113

John Evelyn, F.R.S., in his Diary under date June i6th,
1670, tells us : "I went with some friends to the bear gardens,
where was cock fighting, dog fighting, bear and bull baiting,
it being a famous day for all these sports. The bulls did
exceeding well, but the Irish wolfdog exceeded, which was a
tall greyhound, a stately creature indeed, who beat a cruel
mastiff, etc." Here we see both the mastiff and bulldog
mentioned together, as present at the bear garden.

In a very old print (a copy of which an acquaintance of
mine sent some few years back to Australia) are depicted three
mastiffs and a bear, one is encountering the victim, which is
tied to a ring in the ground, while the two other mastiffs are
held back, fastened to pulleys on the wall.

[ Such was the power and activity of the mastiff in Elizabeth's
reign, that in 1572, when Lord Buckhurst was Ambassador
for a few weeks at the Court of Charles IX. of France, he
owned a mastiff which alone and unassisted baited successfully
a bear, a leopard, and a lion, and pulled them all down ; and
this is not a solitary instance of one mastiff only being
employed. George Edwards, the naturalist born 1693, and
died July 1773, author of "Gleanings of Natural History,"
relates that in 1615 an English mastiff killed a tiger in India,
in single combat unassisted. |

In the Miscellanea Curiosa, published in 1723, it is men-
tioned that Moorad had a man hung for watching him baiting
a bear with a single mastiff.

The Tower of London was for many years a National
Menagerie, from the reign of Henry 3rd. to that of our Sailor
King, for a collection of wild animals belonging to the Crown

114 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

was kept within its walls. The origin of this establishment
being a present of three leopards made to Henry 3rd, and addi-
tions were made from time to time ; one of the most enthusiastic
masters of this royal collection was James ist, he enlarged
the dens for the animals, and caused an arena to be constructed
where fights and baitings might take place for his entertain-
ment, and it has been recorded that the first time he and his
courtiers visited the Tower to witness a fight between the
lions was on March i3th, 1604.

It is probable that James inherited much of the taste for
these wild beast fights from his connections with the French
Court, but the attempt was a failure, for the lions acting very
differently from those described by Leigh Hunt in his Poem
of "The Glove and the Lions," as performed before the
French King Francis, refused to fight, although food and
other incentives were tried to arouse their pugnacity, and all
efforts failing to arouse a combat, the company retired greatly
disappointed.

On a subsequent visit a bear which had proved its powers
and fierceness by killing a horse, a child, and several mastiffs,
was let into the pit to the lions, who refused to fight, and
retreated to their dens as soon as possible.

Stow relates, by an experiment or baiting made before
James ist, at the Tower, a lion was found an unequal match
for three mastiffs, but in reality one mastiff only survived the
experiment. The dogs were let loose one at a time, the two
first were disabled by the conflict and died of their wounds,
but the third although severely torn, held on some time to
the lion's lip, which when obliged to quit its hold, the lion
greatly exhausted, sought safety in flight, and leaping over
the dogs, made off into his den.

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. 115

The two dogs soon died of their wounds, b\it the third
recovered and was taken care of by Prince Henry; but this is
not the fine mastiff introduced into Vandycks Pictures of the
Children of Charles ist, although a well-known writer on the
mastiff has confused the two. Judging from this experiment
it would seem that it would take at least five or six active
mastiffs to worry a lion, but the account proves the courage,
activity, and holding powers of the mastiff about 1600.

During the middle ages bear baiting was very popular in
England, and frequently took place on Sunday after service,
until interdicted by James ist. Paris Garden was a district
in the Parish of St. Saviours, Southwark, which contained
two baiting grounds, circular structures which are figured in
the map of Ralph Aggas, a surveyor and engraver of the
1 6th century, whose map was engraved on wood about 1560.

Stow mentions there were in Southwark two bear gardens,
the old and the new, " places wherein were kept bears, bulls,
and other beasts to be baited ; as also mastiffs in their several
kennels are there nourished to bait them," and he informs
us these combats were usually performed on Sundays.

Edward Alleyn held the office of keeper of the King's wild
beasts and master of the Royal Bear Garden, situated on
the bankside, in Southwark, and he was styled by the office
i; Master of the Bears and Dogs," in letters patent 1620.

Congleton in Cheshire, was noted for bear baitings, and in
the reign of James ist, the town possessed one bear, and in
1 60 1 this much valued animal having died, the Corporation
in order to raise funds to procure another, decided that it was
the right thing under the circumstances to sell their bible,
and with the proceeds purchased one.

Il6 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

According to W. Andrews, the following lines were made
and printed towards the end of Henry viiith's reign, and
show that the canting puritanical spirit was then not lacking.

" What folly is this to keep with danger,

A great mastiff dog, and foul ugly bear ;

And this anent to see these two fight

And me thinks these men are most fools of all

Whose store of money is but very small,

And yet every Sunday they will surely spend

A penny or two, the bear- wards living to mend

At Paris Garden. Each Sunday a man shall not fail

To find two or three hundred for the bear-wards vale,

One half-penny apiece they use for to give

When some have not more in their purses I believe

Well, at the last day their conscience will declare,

That the poor ought to have all that they may spare,

If you therefore, go to witness a bear fight

Be sure God his curse will upon you alight.

Mr. Andrews states that about a century ago, at Liverpool,
it was the custom on the annual election of the Mayor to bait
bears ; that the bear was assailed separately by large mastiffs,
and if any dog compelled him to yell, or was able to sustain
the contest with superior address, he was rewarded with a
brass collar.

It would be very interesting if any of these collars could
be brought to light. Lancashire and Cheshire have long been
famous for their mastiffs.

In Stephano Delia Bella's etchings, made at Paris about
1642, is shown a mastiff on the top of a bear, having got that
animal on its back, the mastiff is nearly as large as the bear,
and has a vast head, short blunt muzzle, short stout limbs,
and massive body, with small ears, and short stern.

Strutt gives the following particulars in Queen Anne's reign.
It is taken from an advertisement in a collection of bills, etc.,

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. 117

in the Harlean Library, no. 15, and runs : " At a bear garden
" at Hockley in the Hole, near Clerkenwell Green, this
"present Monday, * * two beardogs to jump

" three jumps apiece at the bear, which jumps highest for
"ten shillings to be spent, also a variety of bull and bear
" baiting, etc., and a bulldog to be drawn up with fireworks."
Here we see the mastiff described as the beardog, (canis
ursarius) and the bulldog under that term mentioned; the
activity of the mastiffs at that date is shown by their powers
of jumping. Another announcement dated 1730, runs as
follows : "At His Majesty's Bear Garden, at Hockley in the
Hole, Sept. i4th, 1730, Likewise a dog, to be dressed up
with fireworks over him, and turned loose with the man in
the ground. Also a bull to be let loose at the same time, and
a cat to be tied to the bull's tail.

Gay, who wrote his Fables for the young Duke of Cumber-
land about 1725, in the xxxivth fable of "The Mastiffs"
mentions Hockley Hole and Mary-bone, both celebrated bear
gardens. In the Beggar's Opera, Mrs. Peacham says: "You
must go to Hockley Hole and Mary-bone child to see valour."

The ancient city of Chester was long celebrated for its bull
and bear baitings, which took place in the centre of the city,
near the junction of the four principal streets, and near St.
Peter's Church. Here at the cross, which is supposed to be
situated on the site of the Roman Praetorium, the Mayor and
Corporation used annually to attend in their official habili-
ments, not only to countenance the diversion of the ring, but
to participate in the enjoyment of witnessing it. The Mayor
having arrived at the Prentice, (the seat of magistry) the
court crier commenced a proclamation, which ran thus :
" Oyez ! Oyez ! Oyez ! If any man stand within twenty yards

Il8 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

of the bull ring let him take what comes." The usual public
ejaculation followed "for the safety of the King and the
Mayor of the City." After which the amusement commenced,
and the dogs were immediately slipped.

Dr. Cooper, when Mayor in the reign of George iiird, is
said to have put a stop to the attendance ot the corporate
body on those days; and Alderman Broadhurst in his Mayor-
alty, made an ineffectual effort to suppress these public
baitings in the same reign. Professor Lowe mentions that
on the accession of George iiird, there was scarcely a
considerable town in England in which there was not a bear
garden, or some such place set apart for such exhibitions.

Strutt mentions that asses were also baited at times, and
he adds, probably the poor beasts did not afford sufficient
sport in the tormenting. This however is somewhat a mistake
on Strutt's part, as the French have baited the ass until quite
recent times, and the animal affords excellent sport. An
example of which was exhibited in a fight between a mastiff
and ass, both the property of Mr. Waddington, of Blackpool ;
an account of which appeared in the weekly papers, Nov. 8th,
1879. And in The Illustrated Police News of Nov. 22nd,
1879, there is a rough but spirited engraving, showing the
conflict, and shooting the dog, which represents a fine
muscular animal, with broad, heavy, blunt muzzle, stout
muscular limbs, and fine stern.

According to the accounts the donkey was a fine young one,
and was grazing in the field, when the mastiff rushed at it in
a furious manner, and fastenend on to its nose, the donkey
did not decline the challenge, but shaking the dog off, bit it
about the head and shoulders, trampled and struck it with
its fore feet, the dog again seized the donkey, and all efforts

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. 1 19

to separate them were of no avail ; the dog repeatedly fastened
on to the donkey's nose, and blood flowed profusely from both
animals, and at the end of half-an-hours fighting, the owner
appeared on the scene, and fresh attempts were made to part
them without success; the owner thereupon decided to have
the dog shot, as it had by that time fastened with a firm hold
on the donkey's nose. A gun was procured, and the services
of a good shot obtained, but so savage was the fight that it
was difficult to shoot one animal without killing the other
also, at last aim was taken and a bullet put into the dog's
head, and it dropped to the ground ; when the smoke cleared
away the dog was dead, but the donkey had returned to the
charge, kicking, trampling, and biting the dead dog, and was
driven off at last with great difficulty.

It ma}- be useful here to say that there is sometimes consid-
erable and unnecessary difficuly in separating large dogs when
fighting, or getting them to release anything they have
attacked. The most effectual plan is to quietly throw a pinch
of snuff on their nostrils, which acts in a most magical
manner. But the days for carrying snuff being past, this
remedy is not always at hand ; aud the next best remedy is
to take a shovel and get a few live coals off a fire, and hold
it between the two animals, and if a little flour of sulphur
(an article that should be always at hand in every kennel) is
thrown on the coals it will soon cause the animals to stop
fighting to gain their breath, but one person alone should
never try to separate two large dogs when fighting.

That a good aclive mastiff could kill a bear, was proved
at St, Ann's, South Owram, near Halifax, Yorkshire, about
1800. A mastiff bitch belonging to Thompson, Esq. (grand-
father of the late J. \V. Thompson of St. Anns) was chained

I2O THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

in the yard, when a man travelling with a large and savage
bear came to the house, and seeing the dog, was anxious to
attack it, the owner sneeringly offered to let the dog have a
go at the bear for a shilling ; this was agreed to by Mr.
Thompson, and the bear was unmuzzled. No sooner was
the dog loosed than she went straight at it, avoiding its attack,
knocked it over, and nearly worried it straight off before she
could be choked off; the bear's owner crying out all the time
that he should be ruined by the brute of a dog. This bitch
was the ancestress of Mr. Waddington's dog, and also of my
Dreadnought, the latter berhaps the highest couraged,
hardest, and gamest mastiff I have ever met with, he was
very muscular and active, and in spite of his decided want
of size for the present day (being only about 27 inches at
shoulder) he secured several prizes over larger and noted
prize takers.

From the historical and poetical mention of bear baitings
with the mastiff, may be gathered some idea of the number
of them that were kept, their courage, strength, and activity.
But as well as for baiting purposes, they were constantly
pitted against each other, especially in Lancashire, about
Burnley, and Padiham ; they were also much used as watch-
dogs for mansions, also to guard wood yards, bleaching
grounds, and rabbit warrens, up to the present century.

Macaulay justly remarks in his History of England : " The
Puritans hated bear baiting, not because it gave pain to the
bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators." And
the humanity of Dr. Watts is shown by the lines

" Let dogs delight to bark and bite
" For 'tis their nature to."

THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES. 121

The Duke of Devonshire and the people of Tutbury
petitioned against the bull running, which was instituted in
1374 at Tutbury Staffordshire, and in 1778 it was entirely
abolished. On April 3rd, 1800, a bill was introduced into
the House of Commons for the suppression of bull baiting,
Mr. Windham strongly and ably opposed it, stating the
amusement had existed for a thousand years, and that it was
a manly sport. Mr. Canning contended that the sport was
a most excellent one, it inspired courage, and produced a
nobleness of sentiment, and an elevation of mind. The bill
was rejected by a small majority, and a similar attempt in
1802 failed. However since the last named year bull baiting
has been declared illegal, and bear baiting is now a thing of
the past ; and although failing to agree with Mr. Canning
that it was in any way calculated to produce wobleness of
sentiment, or elevation of mind, yet it was calculated to
produce some noble mastiffs, and elevate their muscular
development. Some writers whose real knowledge and
experience of the breed is limited, have somewhat sneered at
the idea of a mastiff attacking a lion or bear, and at the
accounts of the same ; and while it would be truly ridiculous
to think any of the weak loined, straight hocked, short winded
London monstrocities could make any sort of fight even
against a wolf, it does not alter the fact that the breed in past
times were more capable, and could soon be brought back to
the grand old type, by selection of the best specimens for
breeding, and by appointing gentlemen for judges who do
kno\\ what the mastiff was and should be. It is very easy
for journalists to make pasquilant remarks, or write cynically
on such subjects, but we may remember the prince of that

122 THE MASTIFF FOR BAITING PURPOSES.

art was only an old shoemaker, and paragraph cobbler.
Historical facts cannot be refuted, and the Solomon and
water-like jibes and attempts to be satirical only fall back on
themselves, showing their ignorance and presumption.

It will readily be seen for baiting purposes, while size in
the mastiff meant power, at the same time mere size without
proportionate muscular development and bulk, with the
characteristic short head and powerful jaws, was not the
standard either aimed at then or to be aimed at now ; and
some otherwise fair judges have fallen into the error of
considering size an essential in the ma stiff, and have mistaken
the true mastiff type, preferring the more extenuated type,
derived from a boarhound or Great Danish cross.

CHAPTER XL
THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

E'en so the mastiff as the meaner cur
At times will from the path of duty err.

lilonm field. Farmer's Boy.

THE 1 6th century opens like the dawn of clay, throwing a
brightening ray of light on the history of most things in
England of that period, and among them that of the mastiff
is revealed much clearer.

With the introduction of printing and illustrating by wood-
cuts, we get many more examples of the form of the mastiff
of that date, and the painter and poet seem to have responded
to the effulgent beams of the press.

At Castle Howard, -Yorkshire, the seat of the Earl of
Carlisle, there is a painting by Titian of a mastiff and some
cats. In colour the dog is a rich red fawn with a white blaze
up the face and wrhite on the forelegs ; this dog has a still
more massive frame and larger limbs than the English mastiff'
generally, and in character resembles more the Asiatic, old
Alpine, and Spanish mastiffs; and seeing that Titian was
invited by Charles vth to Spain, and remained in that country
from 1550 to 1553, I think it is very probable it was drawn
from some Spanish mastiff, as Titian painted numerous
pictures while in Spain. The picture itself was obtained
from the Cornaro Palace, Venice.

. Berjeau's work contains a cut of a mastiff bitch and whelps,
plate 40. The original was drawn previous to 1591. The

124 THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

bitch is a short headed, heavy muzzled animal, with over
large ears, which seems a fault common to all Berjeau's
examples, her limbs are short and stout, and stern short.
The five puppies vary much in character, one being a short
round headed, short tailed promising little fellow, such a one
as any breeder would like to possess, while the larger brother
is indifferent in head, showing at that date even, in the same
litter puppies varied in size and type, and that unless the
breeder is careful to select nearest to the ideal, the type will
degenerate, unless the surer rule of the survival of the fittest
is put into execution, which in the mastiff of that date meant
the selection of the best performers in the bear garden,
whereat the shortest headed and most muscular were sure
to bear the palm.

The cut was taken from Jost Ammoirs work on Hunting,
published at Frankfort in 1592.

Berjeau also gives figures of a mastiff dog and bitch with
puppies. The latter from George Tubberville's k' Noble Art
of Hunting," plate 28, also a mastiff dog, from the 1611
edition of Tubberville. In the former the bitch is extremely
short in muzzle, skull large, body long and deep, on short
limbs, and long and low generally, the ears are far too large,
long, and round (a characteristic fault in Tubberville' s dogs,
amounting to conventionality). The mastiff dog no. 2, plate
29, is of the same type as the bitch, his skull being large,
forehead wrinkled, muzzle very short, but the ears are again
much too large.

Very little is known concerning the art of painting in
England previous to the time when Henry viiith encouraged
Holbien in portraiture, and invited Titian to come over.
Under Elizabeth it was not much patronized.

THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH S REIGN. 125

At Ditchley, near Charlbury, Oxfordshire, the seat of
Viscount Dillon, there is a painting by Johnson of Sir Henry
Lee, and a mastiff that saved his life. This painting was
made previous to 1600, and during Elizabeth's reign. The
story is one of the many pleasing anecdotes of the fidelity,
sagacity, and courage of the mastiff, being briefly this: While
Sir Henry Lee was travelling on the Continent, one night his
mastiff persisted in coming into his bedroom; the dog had
never done so before, and was twice turned out, but finding
his way in the third time, he crept under the bed, and his
owner to indulge the animal allowed him fortunately to remain.
In the middle of the night Sir Henry was awoke by a low
growl from the dog, and he perceived the door of his room
to be opening cautiously, and a figure stole in with a naked
dagger in hand, and was coming towards the bed, when the
mastiff sprang out from underneath, and laid the would be
assassin low. It proved to be Sir Henry's own valet, who
confessed he had come into the room with the intention of
murdering and robbing his master, and it was due to the dog
alone that the crime was frustrated.

This true incident formed the theme for the pretty tale of
St. Sebastian, a work of fiction by Miss Porter, if I recoiled:
rightly. The incident itself w^ould seem almost providential
interference to frustrate the murderer, at the same time many
such acts of providence that appear almost miraculous, are
brought about by natural means. It wrould be hard to
determine how far the circumstance of the dog seeking Sir
Henry's company that night was due to what is termed mere
chance, or to some instinctive feeling. In animals instinct
assumes the place of reason, (or perhaps more correctly,
reason in man assumes the place of instinct, which is less

126 THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

acute in consequence) and prompts their actions. That dogs
know their master by his individual scent, and perhaps by
his footstep, I have proved often enough, for at any hour in
the night, however dark, I have got up and gone down to my
mastiffs, and into their kennels without any light, felt for
them, and untwisted their chains, and put little puppies back
to their mothers, and some have been animals that would
have torn a stranger down at once. That dogs are able to
perceive instinctively the temper their owner is in at the time
I feel sure. Again, at whatever hour at night I might have
come home, or walked about the grounds, my own mastiffs
never barked at me, although they would do so at once if a
stranger came, and strangely enough, if a stranger was with
me.

That the dog knows his master by his individual scent,
may at once be seen by the curious and puzzled air a dog
will smell at his master in a new suit of clothes; he probably
also recognises his footfall, but it is certain a dog can tell his
master's presence at a considerable distance at night, simply
through scent, and it is very probable that owing to the
contemplated murder and robbery on the valet's part, he was
in that excitable state of temperament as to be actually
repulsive to the dog that night, which caused the animal
instinctively to seek the society of his master.

There is little doubt that both horses and dogs instinctively
feel and are influenced by the spirits and temperament of
their masters, and are bold or timid, according very much to
their master's nature, and it is not improbable that scent is
the medium by which they are influenced, and strangers who
are not frightened of dogs are in far less danger from them,
than those that are.

THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN. I2/

However to resume the story, Sir Henry Lee brought the
dog home with him, and had a collar made for it, on which
was the motto " More faithful than favoured." In the picture
the head and neck are all of the dog introduced, and on the
collar may be read the words "more faithful."

Judging from the head, the dog seems to have been a fierce
looking animal, the ears are short, in colour he seems to have
been a red fawn, with black ears and muzzle, and white on
the face. Viscount Dillon, to whom I applied for information,
kindly wrote to me, saying the picture was sent to the
Exhibition at Manchester in 1855, and photographed, but
that he knew of no exact engraved copy. It is the oldest
representation in oil of a bona fide English mastiff that I know
of, and probably the oldest in existence, for it may be worth
mentioning that it was only about the beginning of the i6th
century that oil was adopted as a vehicle for painting, being
brought into repute by Leonardo da Vinci, who was born in
1452, and died 1519 ; and the English school of painters being
very limited from the reign of Edward vi. to Elizabeth,
consisting of very few besides More, Fred Zuccaro, (who had
to quit Rome through having caricatured several officers of
the Papal court by representing them with asses ears) Isaac
Oliver, and Lucas Heere. Perhaps a careful study of the few
existing Fresco paintings in England would reveal earlier
forms of the mastiff.

It has been justly remarked that the poet can depict action,
while the painter, can only catch the form for a particular
instant ; and up to 1600 we have to rely principally on the
poets for the form etc. of the English mastiff, but from that
date the brush vies with the pen in handing down the type,
and from that date we have an illustrious array of painters.

128 THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

The Stuarts appear to have been thorough mastiff admirers.
Edmund Howes (in his continuation of Stow's Annals,
published in 1615, and again in 1631) narrates the circum-
stance of the lion baited at the Tower of London with three
mastiffs (brought from the bear garden) On Mar,ch i3th, 1604,
before King James, his Queen, and Henry, Prince of Wales ;
and it was Prince Henry who is stated to have said of the
mastiff which then worsted the lion: "He that had fought
the king of beasts should never fight a meaner creature." I
have given these dates as a modern writer on the mastiff has
incorrectly stated that it was Charles ist who made this
speech, but as Charles was born only in 1600, he was at the
time a mere child of about four years old, but of this misstate-
ment more hereafter. In 1621 about, James ist prohibited
bear baitings on Sundays, in his Book of Sports. 1 625 brought
Charles ist to the throne, and like his father and brother he was
a good sportsman, and fond of dogs. We find him advertising
through the press for " a bob tailed, cropped eared, black-
mastiff," which had strayed from the Royal kennel. James
ist gave little encouragement to painting, but Charles ist
among setting on foot other benefits to England, tried to
introduce a love for painting and fine art generally, and
owing to his patronage, he has bequeathed to us one portrait
of a mastiff in his reign; for in 1638 about, Vandyck made a
painting of the children of Charles ist, together with a large
and somewhat mastiff-like dog. From the children's statue
it is easy to discern at once that the dog was of vast size, he
seems to have been a deep red fawn, with the usual white on
the face and legs, his ears were cropped somewhat roughly,
and not so close as in most instances. This dog appears to
have been a court favourite, as there is another portrait of
its head, introduced by Vandyck, by the side of Killegrcw.

THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN. I2Q

Greenhill, a talented portrait painter, is said td have made
several copies of Vandyck's picture of Killegrew and dog, and
to have copied it so accurately and like the original, that
good judges were frequently known to mistake the copy for
the original. ::' I have some photos of the dog's head, taken
from a drawing made by Lieut. Col. J. Gamier, R.E. " The
breeder of Governor's sire," writing to the Field Newspaper,
fell into the error of regarding this dog painted by Vandyck
as the one that coped with the lion before James the First,
and J. G., who I take to be the same party, repeats this
historical jumble in writing to The Field of Dec. nth, 1875,
page 660. The incorrectness of this however is patent, and
displays great carelessness, as a period of over twenty years
must have separated the two dogs, and I am unaware that
there is any historical mention of the latter animal, and have
some doubt of its being really an English mastiff, thinking
it very probable to have been an importation, having too
much of the boarhound character about it for mastiff purity.
It is therefore very empirical assuming this dog to fre a
reliable representation of the type of the English mastiff at
that date.

From the foregoing pictures we see it was the custom to
crop the ears and shorten the tail of the mastiff in- Charles
ist's day, which fashion remained up to 1835 at least ; Squire
Waterton's (the Naturalist) Tiger and Mr. Lukey's first
mastiff Countess being thus mutilated, and from the life-like
boarhounds of Sneyders we see it was also the Continental
custom. Sneyders dogs are very natural, and the Dutch
painters excelled in animals and scenes of everyday life, and
their pictures are painted with the idea that truthful represen-
tation will please.

* I noticed a fine painting of Killegrew and dogs in the noble collection
of Lord Lecousfield, at Petworth House, Sussex, and the Duke of St.
Albaus has or had another, said also to be by Vandyck.

130 THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH REIGN.

There is a splendid Ulmer mastiff by Sneyders at Burleigh
Park, near Oakham, which I had the pleasure of inspecting,
through Mr. Finch's kindness. There is also a fine painting
of a cropped eared, xanthic fawn coloured, black eared, black
muzzled mastiff at Belvoir Castle, by the Flemish artist
Weeninx, who died 1621, aged only thirty-nine. Thus we
may estimate the picture would be painted about 1610. It
represents a mastiff just having killed a wolf, a hunter has
come up and is in the act of blowing a horn, the dog is
standing on a fallen butt of a tree, and is barking ; it has the
short head and blunt muzzle, and is of vast size, with ponder-
ous limbs, and would hold its own on the show bench at the
present day.

It is worthy of notice that in nearly all the early paintings
of the mastiff, they are marked with the white blaze up the
face and white legs, also that black was a mastiff colour about
1600. In the Glasgow Corporation Galleries of Art is a
painting entitled Horse Shoeing, by P. Wouverman, who
died in 1668; there is a mastiff" introduced into the picture,
with a noble head and white paws, but the picture in its
lights and deet> shades reminds the beholder of his contem-
porary Rembrandt, who was the son of a miller near Leyden,
and he studied scenes of homely life like our own Landseer,
and thus represented nature truthfully.

Sir Robert Sibbald in his work " Scotia Illustrata,"
mentions the molossus or English mastiff, when enumerating
the quadrupeds of Scotland. Strange to say like Caius,
Turner, and Gesner, Sir Robert was a physician, and both
the church and medical profession have always had a partiality
for the mastiff.

THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH S REIGX. 13!

Sir Walter Scott in a note to one of his novels- mentions a
relic he possessed, namely a mastiff figured on a piece of iron
that formed part of a fire grate that belonged to Archbishop
Sharp, and as that worthy was murdered in 1679, it would
have been cast some time previous, and would furnish a very
fair idea of the type of the mastiff in Scotland at the time Sir
Robert Sibbald wrote. I endeavoured to trace this relic,
without success, as Sir C. Maxwell Scott wrote to me in 1876
on the subject, saying he was sorry that he was unable to
trace it for me.

We see Sir Robert Sibbald terming the mastiff the molossus,
and Dryden, who translated Virgil's Georgics about 1666,
says :

" Nor last forget thy faithful dogs ; belt feed

" With fattening whey the mastiff's generous breed."

In the original the word is molossus, translated by Dryden
into mastiff.

In " The Gentlemen's Recreation," in four parts, viz:
Hunting, Hawking, Fowling, and Fishing, published London,
1686, is some mention of the mastiffs. It states, page 34, that
the English mastiff is an Indigena or native of England, and
in page 46 that "The King of Poland hath a great race of
English mastiffs, which in that country retain their generosity,
and are brought up to play upon greater beasts." In page
106 it mentions that the wolf will carry off a porker with ease,
unless stopped by mastiffs or horseman ; and page 107, " When
the wolf is hunted with hounds, he flieth not far before them,
and unless he be coursed with the greyhound or mastiffs, he
keepeth the covert ways," and again page 118, on Bear-
hunting ; it ' recommends mastiffs to be mingled with the

132 THE MASTIFF FROM ELIZABETH'S REIGN.

hounds for more speedy execution, stating: "for they will
pinch the bear and provoke her until at last they bring her
to bay," etc.

In further reference to the mastiffs owned by the King of
Poland, Col. H. Smith mentions two mastiffs, standing 30
inches at shoulder, according to his own measuring, that had
belonged to the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

CHAPTER XII.
THE MASTIFF IN THE iSrn CENTURY.

A mastiff pass'd iuflam'd with ire
His eyeballs shot indignant fire.

Gay. IX. Fablt.

PEXXAXT in the preface of his Synopsis states that at Ray's
date (1697 to 1700) Natural History was only beginning to
dawn in Britain. All honour is therefore due to the black-
smith's son, as through his Zoological writings, he laid the
foundation of the classification of the animal kingdom. Ray
correctly uses the word mastivus for the mastiff, and states
that the largest dog he had ever seen was the Irish greyhound,
which surpassed even the mastiff in size.

I have more than once had occasion to make reference to
the Irish wolfdog, or great rough Celtic greyhound, a breed
that probably seldom stood over 32 inches at shoulder.

At Easton Neston Hall, near Towcester, are some ancient
frescoes, which Sir T. G. F. Hesketh kindly invited me to
see ; on one of them are two vast dogs of the deerhound type,
and as these frescoes were painted at a time when the Irish
wolfhound existed, it may be regarded as throwing consider-
able light on the real type and size of that breed. The
subject of the Irish wolfdog has been carefully gone into by
that experienced and enthusiastic breeder Capt. G. A. Graham
of Rednock, Dursley, Gloucestershire, whose researches and
investigations have been published in an interesting brochure
entitled "The Irish Wolfhound." In this work Captain

134 THE MASTIFF IN THE I Sill CENTURY.

Graham estimates the usual height of the mastiff at 30 inches,
that of the Irish wolfdog 33 inches at least, but in these
measurements he has probably rather overestimated the
original height of both these breeds.

Gay, who published his Rural Sports in 1711, followed by
his amusing Fables, furnishes us with so many particulars
concerning the mastiff as to render it obvious that he was not
only a good sportsman, but an intimate judge of canine life.

Gay wrote his fables for the young Duke of Cumberland,
and finished them just before his death, and they were sub-
sequently published from the M.S. belonging to his patron
the Marquis of Queensbury. In his viiith Fable, part ii, he
admirably adopts the 407111 and following lines of the third
book of Virgil's Georgics. In his xxxivth Fable, "The Mastiff"
we see portrayed the pugnacious character of the breed. In
the earlier editions of his Fables we find various representa-
tions of the mastiff.

In the 1746 edition, the mastiff in Fable ix. is represented
with cropped or rather rounded ears, much the same as in
Vandyck's painting, the head is short, and the hair somewhat
rough about the stern and back.

The mastiff in the xxvith Fable has the ears cropped like
the modern bull-terrier, has the white blaze up the face,
and is much smoother in coat than the fighting mastiffs in the
xxxivth Fable.

These dogs are generally depicted as having rougher and
harder coats than the breed has now, their heads are very
short and round, the stop well defined, and muzzle short and
blunt ; these are all drawn by G. Wooton, and engraved by
G. Von Gucht.

THE MASTIFF IN THE l8TH CENTURY. 135

The honest surly temper of the mastiff, and its dislike to
strangers is well depicted by Gay in his xxivth Fable.

" He next the mastiff's honour try'd
41 Whose honest jaws the bribe defy'd,
44 He stretched his hands to proffer more
" The surly dog his fingers tore.

Of the mastiff's existence in Scotland, and the trusty
vigilant nature of the breed, we may learn from a scarce old
book, published in Edinburgh in 1715, entitled "A Geograph-
ical Historical description of the shire of Tweed-dale (i.e.
Peebles) with a miscellany and curious collection of selecl
Scottish Poems, by A. P., M.D., the author being Dr.
Alexander Pennecuik. In this work is the following : " On
the minister of Newland's bold mastiff Turk, whom his master
slew in passion with a stroke of his foot."

" Howl and lament, ye Newland Tykes and Currs,

" Ye who for lesser matters make great sturr's ;

" Bark with a hideous noise and direful moan,

" For * Tories Turk, your Captains dead and gone.

44 The trusty punier of the Newland pease,

4i Lyes breathless, oh ! and none knew his disease,

" His awful looks the traveller did affright,

" The vagabond by day, the thief by night,

44 With vigilance and care he kept the store,

" And seldom wandered from his masters door,

44 No beggar, yea, no Laird, durst make their entry,

44 Without leave asked of this valiant sentry,

44 Hell's porter, Cerberus, though fierce and cruel,

4> Durst never face this hero at a duel,

44 Now he is past both physic oyl and plaister,

44 And murdered lyes by his too cruel raaister,

" Who yet may vow, and swear to his last breath

" He had no hand in his kind mastiff's death.

* The minister's name was Archibald Tory.

136 THE MASTIFF IN THE l8TH CENTURY.

In 1722, Sam Croxall, D.D., published his translation of
y£sop and other Fables, and introduces the mastiff in Fable
xix., stating "A lean hungry half starved wolf happened to
meet with a jolly plump well fed mastiff." Here we again
see indirect mention made of the (sagina) plump, fat, thick-set
appearance of the mastiff. Again in his Fable of " The
Country Mouse and the City Mouse" (which is also given
by Horace, Lib. ii., Satire iv.) we have mention of the mastiff's
terrific bark.

The mastiff is frequently mentioned by writers of that date.
Smollett in his Roderick Random, published 1748, describing
the siege of Carthagena, (March 1741) says : "After all a
" sufficient number remained to fall before the walls of San
" Lazero, where they behaved like their own country mastiffs,
" which shut their eyes, run into the jaws of the bear, and
" have their heads crushed for their valour." This simile of
Smollett's is plainly borrowed from Shakespeare's Hen. v.,
act hi., scene 7.

Coming to a later date, in the old ballad of Cumnor Hall,
telling of the tragedy of Amy Robsart (which was first
published about 1775 in Evan's Ancient Ballads, and which
has been attributed to Wm. Julius Mickle) is the following
mention of the national watchdog then so universal a
favourite.

" The mastif howl'd at village door "
" The oaks were shattered on the green
'• Woe was the hour — for never more
" That hapless Countess ere was seen ! "

This ballad on Cumnor Hall is given in the preface of Sir
W. Scott's novel of Kenilworth, Cumnor or Cumner Hall

itself was about 3 miles from Oxford. In a field adjoining

THE MASTIFF IN THE l8TH CENTURY. 137

the church some remains of the ancient manor house were
still visible a few years since, but owing to their dangerous
condition most of the ruins were pulled down In 1810.

The introduction of the Newfoundland, and subsequently
St. Bernard, helped considerably to banish the old English
mast iff from our country houses. The great Linnaeus, writing
about 1740, terms the mastiff, Canis Molossus. Vel Anglicus
Vel Bellicosus syst 57. It is worthy of remark that Linnaeus
had visited England, and thus had an excellent opportunity
of examining the breed for himself.

In 1750 the eminent zoographer and antiquarian, Thomas
Pennant, published his British Zoology, in which he mentions
the mastiff, and treating on this breed he says : " Very strong
and thick-made ; a British kind." Here we see reference to
the thick-set form which caused the breed to be named the
massive or mastiff apparently.

In the catalogue of names of dogs given by Dr. John Gmelin,
M.D., (who died 1805) in his improved work of " Systema
Naturae" of Linnaeus, which seems to be one of the most
correct, he says : "canis molossus or bulldog with projecting
chin, and sides of the lips pendulous, dusky snout and strong
robust body; also canis Anglais or mastiff with great head,"
etc.

Smith in his History of Waterford, 1774, states that the
Irish greyhound was much taller than the mastiff of that date.

In the Gentlemen's Magazine for 1777 is an extract from a
letter, written from St. Germans, April 3oth, 1777, which
states that a few days previous to that date an English
gentleman accompanied by his mastiff came to some public
gardens near Paris ; the dog in accordance with the rules was

T

138 THE MASTIFF IN THE l8TH CENTURY.

refused admission, and the owner in consequence left him in
charge of someone outside. Soon after the gentleman finding
his pocket had been picked of his watch, requested permission
to bring the dog in, who he stated would soon find the thief,
the request being granted, the gentleman made signs to his
dog expressive of what he wanted finding, the animal imme-
;diately traversed the garden, seeking among the company
.until he detected the culprit, who his owner insisted must be
•the person, and who on being searched was found not only in
possession of the watch in question, but six others were
discovered in his pockets. This occurence is mentioned in
Jesse's Anecdotes of Dogs, without giving the source from
^yhence it was derived, and Daniel, vol. i. gives also a
garbled account of it, and 1 mention it as it not only shows
,that the English gentry about 1750 to 1780 constantly kept
,the English mastiff as a companion, but it also shows the
sagacity as well as keen sense of smell the breed possesses

when they care to exert the latter faculty,
t'

In 1753 was born at Cherryburn, near Newcastle-on-Tyne,

Thomas Bewick, a man destined to reanimate the method of
illustrating works by woodcuts ; he has left many delineations
of the English mastiff.

His careful, life-like, and spirited engravings of animal life
arc well known, and his woodcuts furnish an excellent example
of the type of the mastiff from 1780 to 1810. About 1800,
when the mastiff had become very scarce in its purity, the
term bandog was used to define a mongrel wachhdog, such an
animal as would arise from a cross between the old English
mastiff and the sheepdog or Farmer's cur, and such were very
much the sort of watchdogs used by Farmers from 1750 to
1800.

THE MASTIFF IX THE l8TH CENTURY. I3Q

Bewick gives a capital cut of one of these lighter mongrel
mastiffs. Bewick represents the mastiff with and without
cropped ears. In his History of Quadrupeds the mastiff is
represented with ears uncropped, but in the tail pieces of 1784
and 1797 they are figured cropped. These little details
furnish a sign of the spirit or fashion of the day.

The best woodcut of the mastiff by Bewick I have met with
is in his Beauties of Natural History, published between 1780
and 1790; I have a cop}7 of this somewhat scarce little work,
and in it the mastiff is depicted with a very broad skull, short
muzzle, with very pendulous lips, small ears, long low body,
being longer and lowrer in proportion than in any of Bewick's
subsequent woodcuts. This like nearly ever}' specimen of
the mastiff depicted by Bewick (which are all very uniform in
type) has white on the face, neck, ribs, flank, legs, and stern.

This amount of white in all the mastiffs of that and preceding
date may have been due to the white stirp of Alan blood, but
more probably to a great extent to the amount of in breeding
then practised. The age of Railways and Railway ideas had
not commenced, and all animals were much more localized,
thus we see in most of the old English breeds of dogs and
cattle a great amount of white.

The good Railways (owing to the facility they offer to
travelling) have done to human life, causing movement from
place to place, and in consequence a greater mixture of
population, and variety, and change of water, and of food
produced in different localities, they have also done for our
animals. Forced in and in breeding in consequence of
localization has ceased. Railways, Shows, and the intellect
of breeders have broken down the barriers of environment,

140 THE MASTIFF IN THE iSTH CENTURY.

and the ill effects of consanguinity, stagnation and degeneracy,
and with them much of those marked peculiarities of family
feature, which caused local breeds, amounting almost at times
to sub varieties.

Scientific experiment in breeding shows that where in-and-in
breeding is pursued whether intentional or compulsory, after
a time Albinoism will set in, white markings will appear,
which will be succeeded by colourless or white specimens if
the in-breeding is continued. It was no doubt owing much
to consanguinity on account of localization that the wild cattle
of Chillingham, Lyme, and Chartley became almost white,
and that the uniform white markings were stamped so indelibly
in the Hereford cattle, and much of the white markings in
the mastiff arose probably from the same cause.

In all Bewick's mastiffs the stern is turned over the back
more or less, a point common in the breed up to that date ;
the heads are in every case broad, muzzles short and blunt,
and stop well defined.

A short list of the principal figures of the mastiffs by Bewick
may be of assistance. The earliest I have been able to
discover is in

The Beauties of Natural History 1780-1790

The Mastiff and Thief. Select Fables 1784

The Mastiff in History of Quadrupeds 1790

Tailpiece to the Wood lark in Land Birds 1797

Fighting Mastiffs, two positions, and mastiff with boy on back, in tailpiece
to History of Quadrupeds 1790

The latter shows what a powerful large, dog the mastiff was
that Bewick drew from, if we compare the relative size of the
mastiff with the boy, who appears some ten years of age at
least, by his dress, form, and action.

THE MASTIFF IN THE l8TH CENTURY. 14!

The 1792 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica contains
a cut of the Mastiff by Bewick, but this edition is very scarce,
and the dog is precisely the same as that figured in Bewick's
Quadrupeds. The 1797 edition of the Ency. Britannica
contains a cut of the mastiff, plate 118, drawn by A. Bell, and
engraved by Wai. This dog has considerably less of the true
mastiff character, and marks the decline of the breed, which
commenced about 1750 to 1800; the dog shows more of the
hound type, the limbs however are very massive, but the
drawing is inferior to that of Bewick, the hind legs being very
badly depicted, the animal has however the characteristic
white on face, neck, breast, flank, legs, and tip of stern.

Bewick ends his article on the bandog by saying : " The
generality of dogs distinguished by that name seem to be
compounded of the bulldog, Danish mastiff, (i.e. Great Dane)
and the bandog." This seems to show that while Bewick
recognised the term bandog to mean the mastiff, yet the
generality of mastiff-like watchdogs of his day had been very
much crossed, mongrehzed, and debased in type.

Of Bewick himself we may say he possessed something of
the humour of his great predecessor Hogarth, who like him,
was in his youth an engraver, having been employed to
engrave silver tankards ; but Bewick was a lover of nature,
and followed more closely perhaps the homely style of
George Moreland, who died in 1806, leaving some splendid
representations of canine form in his day.

Over the life-like humour of these great masters it has
justly been said, an artist who neglects expression gives no
just representation of character even though he should take
nature for his model. While their animals cause us almost
to anticipate their next movement.

CHAPTER XIII.
THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY.

" He must lack the gentle grace
That marks the best of human race
Who cannot see a friendly face
In mastiff, hound, or setter.''

Eiiza Cook.

— O-

CUVIER, writing about iSoo, rightly classes the English mat iff
among the Dogues, the chief features of which are he says
" shortness of top jaw, projection of the lower jaw beyond
the upper, causing the teeth to be undershot, height of
forehead, depth and breadth of stop, general width and
shortness, and massiveness of head, limbs short and stout,
and body robust." Cuvier rightly arranged the dog into
groups by the shape of the head, and length of the jaw.

If people breeding dogs, or assuming to judge other people's
animals, would only avail themselves of the labours of
Naturalists like Cuvier, sooner than following their own
ignorant fancies, likes and dislikes, and the vulgar error and
partiality for overgrown specimens of gigantic stature, we should
see the true type more common and dogs better and more
uniformly judged. As it is usually some pig-headed old gen-
tleman, who may have happened to have bred a few dogs,
(when competition was nothing like so keen) in his younger
days, which he rightly fancies he never saw the like of since,
sets up for a judge, and at other people's expense, airs his
ignorance of natural history and canine type generally ; but
at the same time clearly exhibits his own stubborn self-
opinion, so often present with defective knowledge of the
subject in question

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 143

In further confirmation of the type about 1800. Frank
Adcock, Esq., (Solicitor, and well-known to his skill in
breeding and thorough knowledge and excellent judgement of
the bulldog), kindly sent me the following extract, which he
stated he had met with in the course of his reading :
"The Mastiff, 1800."

"Of a very powerful make, twenty-eight to thirty inches
"high, broad chest, head large, lips pendulous and thick?
" ears small and hanging down, coat short and smooth, color
" all tanned or brindle, with a black muzzle, a dark spot over
" each eye, and these colors varied \\ith white. I have ex-
" amined several, and I have found them invariably a little
"underhung, the lower jaw beyond the upper."

This is one of the most concise, at the same time most
accurate, descriptions, of the true English Mastiff I have
met with.

Some would-be mastiff judges wish to ignore the typical
shortness of the muzzle and undershot jaw, but the reason
why the mastiff was and should always be undershot, is
obvious, and all dogs used for baiting purposes should be so,
as it gives them a natural advantage, being able to get a
firmer hold and to breathe more freely when the muzzle is
short, and thus hold on longer. Our ancestor's would naturally
select the best performers to breed from, thus it will readily
be seen by the mere selection of the fittest how the true type
was cultivated. Of late years however a few empirical would-
be mastiff dictators, losing sight of the ancient uses of the
mastiff, have seen fit to condemn the undershot jaw, disregard-
ant of the fact that specimens slightly undershot always look
the best, having as a rule a more truncated muzzle.

144 THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY.

Bloomfield in his poem " The Farmer's Boy," published in
1800, throws some light on the treatment of the mastiff in his
day, and it is recounted of the poet Byron, that during the
two years he was at Cambridge, (1807 about) he annoyed the
Dons of the College by among other freaks, keeping bulldogs,
and a bear in his rooms.

In 1810 was published the second edition of John Bignall's
work " Letters on Natural History," in it is a woodcut of a
mastiff of the true old fashioned type, he is fastened to a
kennel on a sea wharf. This dog shows the true short head,
blunt muzzle, and pendulous lips ; he has also the white blaze
up the face, and the ears are cropped.

From this date there are numerous pictures of the mastiff
in various works, some showing the true type, others very
plainly crosses with the St. Bernard, boarhound, and blood-
hound; and it remains only to notice the most typical, or
those that are portraits of the ancestors of our present mastiffs
according to the date ef their being made.

Some of the ancestors of most of our present race of mastiffs

can be traced back to about 1810, and the history of the breed
is best shown by tracing the existence, systems, and successes
of their most noted breeders.

In persuance of this plan, about 1800, — Thompson, Esq.,
Commissioner, living at St. Ann's, on the site of the ancient
chapel of St. Ann's in the Briers, in the parish of South
Owram, near Halifax, Yorkshire, possessed some fine mastiffs,
which he kept as a protection to his house and a rabbit
warren.

He had been a mastiff breeder and fancier for years previous
to that date, but left no record of his dogs, and all that is

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 145

known of them is due to what his grandson, the late Mr. J. W.
Thompson, (also of St. Ann's) could ascertain from the old
servants of his grandfathers, his mother, and old people living
round, and especially from John Crabtree, of Kirklees. But
the stories of their courage, affection, and sagacity, although
exemplifying the generous nature of the breed, would only
occupy space to recount.

Among the mastiffs owned by Mr. Thompson about 1800,
that left descendants were " Sail " a jet black bitch, with ears
cropped, and standing about 27 inches high : also " Trusty,"
a black bitch with a streak of white up the face, and white
paws ; she had a remarkably fine coat, was very broad and
muscular, her head was very broad, short, and massive, and
she was of vast size ; a son of hers (sire unrecorded) went to
the Wynn's of Nostal Priory, Yorkshire ; he was a fawn,
named "Lion," and lived to a good old age, and was the sire
of Sir Geo. Armitage's Duchess, alias Venus, a daughter of
Venus, the property of Henry Crabtree, then gamekeeper to
Sir E. Dodsworth, Bart. Both Sail and Trusty were bred by
Mr. Thompson. Another of Mr. Thompson's mastiffs was
" Rose," she stood about 27 inches high, of a dark silver
brindle colour, with white blaze up the face ; she was purchased
about 1813 from some canal boatmen, their story being that
she ran after the boat along the towing path, with a long
broken chain trailing after her, and that they drew her into
the boat by the boat-hook, and had brought her out of
Cheshire. Mr. Thompson, although he suspected they had
stolen her for him, being aware of his liking for the breed,
purchased her with some misgivings. About 1815 or iSiGhe
mated her with a yellow fawn dog named " Bold," an animal

146 THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY.

procured by his owner, a Mr. Robinson, from Bold Hall,
Lancashire, being one of the noted strain of English mastiffs
kept up at that fine old residence.

Of this race of mastiffs, Col. Wilson Patten, writing to me
in 1873 said : " I do not know of any picture of a Bold mastiff,
"nor do I know in whose hands any specimen of the breed
"now is. The breed is distinct from that of Lyme Hall in
" two respects only. The Bold mastiff is a light tawny colour,
" that of Lyme Hall is much darker, almost amounting to red,
"the former has a light, the latter a black muzzle. In these
" latter years there have been crosses between the two,
" much to the advantage of both.1'

Writing later in the same year he said : " The Bold breed
" of English mastiffs has been in the Bold family for several
"centuries." Col. Wilson Patten kept the breed up himself
in a measure when residing at Bold Hall. There is an
anecdote of a mastiff of this breed in " The Natural History
of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire,'' by
Charles Leigh, M.D., printed at ye Green Dragon, Oxford,
A.D. 1705, it runs: "Anecdote of a Mastiff Dog." "He
"belonged to the Honourable Peter Bold, of Bold. This
" mastiff still attended his master in his chamber during a
"tedious sickness, being a consumption of the lungs. After
" this generous gentleman expired, and his corpse removed,
" the dog almost each moment entered the room making a
" mournful noise, and prosecuted his researches several days
"through all the rooms of the house, but in vain, he then
" retired to his kennel, from whence he would not be courted,
" but refusing all manner of sustenance, died there. Of this
'; I was an eye witness, being through the whole course of
" the distemper concerned for that honourable gentleman."

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 147

Thus we see the Bold breed traces back beyorid 1705, and
it is worthy of remark, to use the words of a dear and talented
friend. " In Dr. Legh's work there is one omission which
;' tells significantly against the magniloquent theories about
'• the mastiffs of Lyme Hall, for as Dr. Leigh was a kinsman,
" he shews a natural pride in describing a breed of hornless
" cattle, which the Leghs of Lyme Hall at that time possessed,
'; but as to remarkable clogs of any sort, mastiff or cur, he says
" never a word, although he mentions Peter Legh of Lyme,
" then possessed red deer in the park, and that John Legh of
•• Addington, at his park at Stiperly. * had a large sort of
" sheep, clothed rather with hair than wool, each sheep having
4i four horns, some of them an extraordinary size, the two
" horns near the neck are erect, like those of goats, but longer,
" the two next the forehead being curved like other sheep,
" their flesh agreeable, yet differing from mutton."

Mr. Robinson's Bold was a very savage specimen, at least
when on chain ; the story being that Mr. Robinson wishing to
stop a footpath, and having no power to do so legally, thought
to try the effect of

(i A cry of hell-bounds never ceasing bark,

" With wide Cerberean mouths full loud and rung.

" A hideous peal."

And so procured Bold and a large bulldog, and chained these
t\vo dogs with kennels so near the footpath, that they could
almost reach people if they made use of the path. The result
was as he anticipated, people were so frightened of the dogs,

* These were probably some of the many homed Iceland breed
mentioned by Goldsmith in his Nat. Hist., or The Wild Sheep of the
Faroe (Danish Faar-oen i.e. Sheep Islands) whose flesh is dark, and
venison-like iu flavour.

148 THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY.

that they discontinued using the path, and in course of time
Mr. Robinson, was able to close it. From this Bold and
Commissioner Thompson's Rose was born Lion, (either in 1815
or 1 6, ) a dark brindle dog, he was given to Mr. Holdsworth, of
Ashdale Hall, near Elland, Yorkshire, who was Mr. Thompson's
relative by marriage. Mr. Holdsworth's Lion was consider-
ed by the Thompsons, one of the finest specimens they ever
bred, and the late John Crabtree, told me he was a rare speci-
men, having an enormous head, and was very muscular and
fine in the coat, and weighed izj-o-lbs. Mr. Thompson, left it
on record, that a full sister to Mr. Holdsworths, Lion, was
kept by a Tanner, in the neighbourhood of Halifax, by
the name of Freeman, and that she weighed i5o-lbs, and in
a single combat beat a bear, that this was no exaggeration but
a facl, and that he could (in 1874) produce living witnesses
who could corroborate this statmement.

Beyond these particulars little record exists of Commissioner
Thompson's Mastiff, and the traced descendants passed out of
the family until 1827-1830 when the late J. W. Thompson
obtained the strain back in " Dorah," born in 1826 from the
late John Crabtree, keeper at Kirklees Hall, Yorkshire, the
seat of the Armitage family.

John Crabtree made Kirklees classic ground to the mastiff
fancier — considerably over six feet in height, handsome in face
and figure, with the courage of a lion, and true courtesy of
the gentleman, " Old John Crab" as his friends loved to call
him, was one of nature's noblemen.

In the ancient Park is the site of the building in which Robin
Hood, the outlawed Earl of Huntingdon, was bled to death
by the order or ignorance of his near relation Elizabeth de
Stanton, then Prioress at Kirklees — In the Illustrated Sporting

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 149

and Dramatic news of August nth, 1877 is an engraving of
the gate house of Kirklees Priory, in which Robin Hood
died, with the window from which he is said to have shot his
last arrow to show where he would be buried. In the illus-
tration John Crabtree is represented seated on the wall talking
to another keeper ; although small it is a capital likeness,
showing his tall figure and long silvery beard. There is also
in the same number a picture of the grave of Robin Hood,
which is at the top of the park, over the brow of the hill.
Truly the bold outlaw, or his historians must have shot with
a long bow, and a strong one, for the arrow to have carried
so far. But the real facts as far as I can judge, are, that
although there seems little doubt that Robin Hood met his
death, and was buried somewhere in Kirklees Park, yet the
stones covering his reputed tomb have undoubtedly been
moved at different times, and were seemingly placed more as
a cenotaph to advise the traveller Robin Hood as dead and
buried, rather than to mark the exact spot where his body
lay.

About 1820 John Crabtree commenced as a mastiff breeder,
having in 1818 or 1819 set some traps in the park for foxes.
He was somewhat surprised and not a little puzzled in seeing
securely caught one morning, a fine brindle mastiff bitch,
broad in head, chest, and loin, small in ear, and long and low
in body, with (in Crabtree's opinion) a dash of bull blood in
her. How to get her out of the trap was the difficulty, but
taking off his shot-belt he fastened it round her neck and
then let her out, and led her up to the Hall for the inspection
of the Sir George Armitage of that date. John said he asked
what he was to do with her; the worthy baronet in true
feudal style, evidently considering all found trespassing 'on

150 THE MASTIFF IX THE I QTH CENTURY.

his estate by right should be forfeited to his use, said peremp-
torily enough (old John remarked to me) " Take her to the
gun room, John, take her to the gun room, lock the door, and
say nothing about her to anyone." This, to own the truth,
John remarked, suited his own inclination; at the same time,
not wishing to keep the dog, if he could trace that she
belonged to anyone in the locality ; he made a little enquiry,
and ascertained that a mastiff answering the description had
been seen the day before, passing through with some carts, y.
that had come out of Lancashire for teasels (carduus fullemrm, fw(
which were at that time used for raising the nap on woollen ' rt
cloth) and Crabtree had very little doubt but that she had come
from one of the Lancashire Cloth Mills, places where the mas-
tiff was kept in considerable numbers in past years, both for
fighting among each other, and as watch dogs. No enquiry
however was ever made after the bitch, and thus John Crab-
tree was started in mastiffs. In 1820 or 1821 he crossed this
bitch which he caught in the trap and named Duchess, with
Mr Holdsworth's Brindle Lion already mentioned, from this
alliance came a litter, among which was Bet, who John
Crabtree gave to a Mrs. Brewer, of the Three Nun's Public
House, Kirklees. The quaint old sign still exists, and I have
spent several happy hours under the roof of the little Inn
at different times' not worshipping Bacchus by imbibing

" Inspiring bold John Barleycorn,"
but feeding Mnemosyne, hearing of many

" A touzie tyke, black, grim, aud large ;"

listening to old John Crabtree and James Thompson talking
over their mastiffs, making notes, elucidating and compiling
the pedigrees. A dog puppy of the same litter as Mrs.
Brewer's Bet, Crabtree gave to Gibson of the Woodman Inn,
Bradley, Yorkshire ; Gibson being a sort of watcher for the

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 151

Kirklees keepers. In 1823 Crabtree mated. Mrs. Brewer's
Bet with Tiger, the property of Chas. Waterton, the natur-
alist, then living at Walton Hall, near Sandel.

This Tiger was procured in Ireland, he was a red fawn
upstanding animal, cropped eared, and bob tailed, and
standing over 34 inches at shoulder, according to Crabtree's
own measuring, and in Crabtree's opinion he had much 01
the boarhound in his appearance, but he knew nothing of the
dog's pedigree or antecedents, and it is very possible he was
a descendant of some of the Great Danes, kept by Lord
Altamont, and erroneously designated Irish Wolfhounds by
some.

However from Waterton' s Tiger and Mrs. Brewer's Bet
among others was Venus, a fawn, who Crabtree sent to his
brother Henry, who was then keeper for Sir E. Dodsworth,
Bart., of Newland Park, near Normanton, Yorkshire. Another
puppy, also a yellow fawn called Tiny, was kept by a Mrs.
Scott.

Henry Crabtree's (or as she is sometimes styled Sir E.
Dodsworth's) Venus was crossed with Lion, a fawn coloured
dog, the property of the Wynn family of Nostal Priory. This
Lion was as I have already mentioned of Commissioner
Thompson's strain.

John Crabtree had a puppy back from this cross, and named
it either Venus or Duchess, his memory would never serve
him to remember which, but she was a fawn coloured animal.
Mrs. Scott's Tiny (all yellow fawn without any white) was
crossed with Gibson's Nero (a dog regularly used on the
Kirklees estate for keeper's work) and from this cross John
kept a puppy, known as Sir Geo. Armitage's Old Tiger, a

I52 THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY.

fawn with a white face. It is worthy of notice that this
was a cross between uncle and niece, and produced a dog
with the white face, although the parents and grandparents
had been free from it.

Ini826Dorahwas whelped, being by Sir George Armitage's
white faced Tiger out of Duchess alias Venus.

It will be seen by glancing at Dorahs pedigree, that she was
inbred, especially to Holdsworth's Lion and Watertons Tiger,
following the latter in colour being a deep red fawn.

Crabtree let Mr. J. W. Thompson have Dorah when
the latter started breeding between 1830 and 1833, after that
date Crabtree replenished his Kennel generally with puppies
of Mr. Thompson's breeding, although in after years when the
latter withdrew for a time, he bred sufficient to keep the strain
from becoming extinct with him.

Strangely enough the last mastiff Crabtree had, was one I
bred and gave to J. W. Thompson, at whose death it was
purchased for Kirklees, and the last time I visited Kirklees,
(1882) Old John being dead, the old dog was the only
remaining link to remind the visitor of the numerous
mastiffs that have made the Kirklees Woods and hollows
resound with their bark. The dog was chained under a fine
old oak tree in front of the Hall. The Housekeeper who
answered our ring at the door, begged me not to go near the
dog lest he should bite, but anxious to examine his mouth,
relying on the noble temper of the breed, I fearlessly went up
and patted him, although he could not have recollected me,
being a mere puppy of some two months old when it left my
kennel. He was a Jong bodied specimen with the white blaze
up the face, but not quite up to my standard in head. It will
be seen John Crabtree's personal efforts as a breeder were

THE MASTIFF IN THE IQTH CENTURY. 153

displayed between 1820 and 1830, after which his strain was
kept up and improved much by the talent and fancy of Mr.
W. J. Thompson, who writing to me May I5th, 1873,
remarked : " The Kirklees blood would never have been so
" well preserved or suited with crosses but for my own exc r-
"tion, etc."

Again April i8th, 1873, Dorah and her sire Tiger were a
cross from the Waterton blood, and they crossed with nothing
only through my own interests ever since.

As a breeder, Crabtree had not the advantages of more
recent times, no shows at which he could see better specimens
than his own, or at least specimens superior in som,! poi its
to what his o\vn breed were ; he had not the advantage of
emulation, aroused by fellow competitors, whose critical eyes
c^uld detect and mention faults, no ideal standard to breed
up to, beyond what his own judgment might suggest, and his
successes depended on good natural judgment, and by taking
advantage of obtaining a cross at any time when he saw a
specimen that took his fancy. Holdsworth's Lion for head
and general character, fortunately a pure bred dog on his
sire's side at least, and YYaterton's Tiger for size.

John Crabtree was no mere ignorant keeper, constantly
associating with real gci.t \ . who : e U .-it 3
during the shooting season, aist 1 .. ly n ,,ci i ; ^ r,n-'
he understood wh^t cio^b \\LIX aiai sh< i;la b-.. a;- \ve;i
man of his date. While Mr. \\ yc. ham was tciuaii a.t A>. iv c^,
he had two Alpine mastiffs brought uvcr to him m lo-^ . y
the late Mr. Chas. Lia.Lciimg from Switzerland. TLu& \ r;.l
tree had an opportunity of ccirpanng the Alpmo . .. u e

154 THE MASTIFF IN THE IQT1I CENTURY.

English mastiff, but was not at all impressed with the " big
boned, loose jointed, badly made foreigners," as lie used to
term them.

In later years Crabtree was not roused to emulation either
by Mr. Thompson or others winning with descendants of his
dogs at shows as they sprung up. With to a certain extent
limited means, lie bred his mastiffs for keeper's work; muscu-
lar power and activity was his ideal, combined with a vast
head, but such points as squareness of muzzle and pendulosity
of lips, he had no idea of cultivating.

He seemed to have no idea of again resorting to the
Trentham kennel for a cross, although lie considered it was
due to Ackroyd's Dan (who came from Trentham) that the
breed was so much improved in head, in Bully and his
descendants.

In later years the Kirklccs mastiffs became somewhat small,
and although short in head, and very small in ear. with great
muscular development, and a high bred appearance, yet were
somewhat too pointed in muzzle and weak in jaw, defects
Crabtree admitted at once on seeing my Champion Empress,
who he nevertheless said was not full enough in the skull to
his liking. John Crabtree may justly be regarded rather as
a sustainer or conservator of the English mastiff than as a
restorer, talented or enthusiastic breeder. His idea was to
keep and breed the- pure, mastiff on which he prided himself
having no idea of crossing with the bulldog.

The late J. \\ . Thompson left the following anecdote ui

the Kirkiees strain behind him in a brief M.S : "The Kirklccs
mastiffs have always as a rule maintained their traditionary
reputation for courage and gentleness. In years gone by

TIIK MASTIFF IX THE IQTII CEXTTRY. 155

when the keepers had so often to contend against the nocturnal
visits of determined and desperate gangs of poachers, these
dogs proved themselves to be of the greatest service during
the hard struggles for master)*, being trained to depend more
upon their wrestling power and activity, than ferocity. Their
gentleness and forbearance were equally characteristic, as an
instance : The village children are often fond of rambling
through the woods and meadows in spring and early summer
for the purpose of gathering childhood's flowers, and the
keepers were sometimes under the necessity of putting a check
upon these youthful trespassers during the breeding season,
as they accidently disturbed and destroyed numbers of
pheasant and partridge nests. To give a more decided effect
the services of one of the dogs named Tiger have often been
required. Now one would suppose that a dog standing some
30 inches high, would be rather too formidable an antagonist
to be set upon children, but such was his gentleness and
sagacity, that Mr. Crabtree could send him alone at a distance
of even half a mile, and long ere he could arrive personally
on the spot, Tiger would have gathered the whole of these
young trespassers into the corner of a field without the
slightest injury to any, quietly squatting himself down in
front of his prisoners and waiting the arrival of Mr. Crabtree,
but should any attempt to escape, his watchful eye would
soon detect the breach, and by an admonitory growl and gentle
push with his fore paws bar the passage. This is not a
solitary instance of their instinctive acuteness, and I could
irive others.

CHAPTER XIV.
Tl'PE OF THE ENGLISH 'MASTIFF ABOUT 1820.

The deep mouth'd mastiff bays the troubled night.

Kirk White. Clifton Grovf.

IN 182.. " The Sportsman's Cabinet," and " The Sportsman's
R pjsiiory '" were both published, and in them is given a
plate of a mastiff chained on a wood wharf, on the banks of
the Thames ; it was engraved by J. Scott from a drawing or
painting by P. Reinagle, A.R.A. I endeavoured to trace out
the original picture or s etch through the Rev. Hichens,
(own- r rind bn c der of some go( d mastiffs) who kindly
intv n led h.rcs< 11 in ih, n- tt< r. i ut he was unable to do so.
Thcr io a wry ruiigh -,nd inferior copy of this plate in Mr.
Veru Shaw's Book of the Dog, part ii., page 45, and in page
42 a slight mention is made of the engraving.

Reinagle excelled as a canine painter, and the engravings
in the Sportsman's Cabinet and Repository are a treat to any
lover of the dog. The head of the mastiff is remarkably fine,
the dog has also the true mastiff carriage, and there are few
specimens superior to it in character at the present day. The
dog had the characfteriotic white on the face, neck, legs, and
stern ; there is a slight roughness about the end of the stern,
not unfrequent in the mastiff from 1750 to 1850, dir- perhaps
to an infusion of Alpine mastiff blood.

In 1824 Sir E. Landseer (then aged 22) painted "The
Angler's Guard," being the figure of a mastiff and greyhound;

TYPE OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF ABOUT l82O. 157

this painting was lithographed by W. P. Sherlock in 1828.
The original picfture was presented to the nation by J.
Sheepshanks in 1857.

In Captain Thos. Brown's work Biographical Sketches and
Authentic Anecdotes of Dogs, published in 1829, is a cut of
a mastiff engraved by Austin, from a sketch by Capt. T.
Brown. The same is also figured in The Field, Book of
Sports and Pastimes of the British Islands, published 1833.
The head in this dog is very typical, the stern is carried over
the back, the same a^ in nearly all Bewicks, from which we
may gather that the downward carriage of the tail was a point
introduced subsequent to 1830.

In " A History of British Quadrupeds," by Thos. Bell, F.
R.S.F.L.S., etc., published 1837, is figured a mastiff, drawn
and engraved by Dicks and Vasley. In this specimen the
white on the face, neck, paws, and end of stern is again shown ;
the stern is also slightly rough at the end, but has more of
the downward carriage ; this dog is long and low, slightly
deficient in depth of chest, lips very pendulous, a characteristic
that modern breeders and judges have lost sight of, some even
regarding it as derived from the hound, and condemn it in
consequence, but this is a mistake, in fact a piece of ignorance ;
the Asiatic mastiffhas it, and these old pictures of the English
mastiff exhibiting dogs perfectly free from any trace of
houndiness, show that the English mastiff (previous to the
introduction of the tighter skinned Boarhound blood) had it.

In the hound the lips of the lower jaw hang down at the
corners of the mouth, and there is more or less a fold of loose
skin that falls from immediately behind the eye, to the corner
or end of the mouth, which causes the deep hanging flews,
so termed from fluod, to flow, because this fold of skin acting

158 TYPE OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF ABOUT l82O.

as a canal causes a certain amount of moisture or slavering,
always to be present in dogs in which this peculiarity of the
true hound is strongly marked, as in the bloodhound ; the
mastiff should be quite free from anything of the sort. In the
true mastiff, also in the bulldog, the portion of the lip that
covers the cynodonts should be' very pendulous, the upper lip
falling forward and hiding the lower lip, and any appearance
of the inner hairless skin or true lips, while the corners of the
mouth (which in the hound hang, showing the indented
hairless inner lip, forming the flew) should in the mastiff
group be puckered up, giving a pouting appearance, as if the
animal had a gum boil or swollen face.

I give precedence to this homely sort of language because
it is comprehensive, and all my readers will more readily
understand it, and it lias the advantage of being English,
although it may perhaps call forth a sneer from those \vho
would use dog-latin terms, the radical meanings of which they
often could not define themselves. I>ut to describe more
technically, while the lips should be deeply pendulous the
zygomatic muscles in the mastiff should be stronger and less
relaxed than in the hound, causing the corners of the mouth
to be more confined.

The mastiff was still constantly to be found at the homes
of the farmer and English gentleman about 1800. \Ye see
this in Washington Irving s description of Ready Money
Jack Tibbets Farm House in Bracebridge Hall, published
1824. " The fat superannuated mastiff lay in the sunshine at
the door," and Fenmore Cooper writing about 1830, mentions
the mastiff in The Pioneers.

CHAPTER XV.
THE ALPINE MASTIFF.

Hark ! Alpine mastiffs at the convent gate
Summons the brethren from their slumb'ring state.
Attended by the pious monks they tread
The frozen paths, if but to find the dead ;
So pass the lives of Bernard's dogs 'till years
Behold them buried 'midst their master's tears.

,17. JL Wyi

BEFORE further tracing the history of our English mastiff
through the noted restiscitators, it \\ill be advisable to make
a slight disquisition in reference to the old Alpine mastiff,
which was one of the crosses not unfrequently introduced
into the mastiff about 1835 and probably previously, and as
this breed differed considerably from even the smooth coated
modern St. Bernard, it will be as well to give such particulars
as will reveal their type, and account for the influence they
exercised on our mastiffs.

I have pointed out that the Alpine dog whether termed
mastiff or St. Bernard, was seemingly unknown to Camden,
and therefore conclude the breed will not have been imported
into England until subsequent to 1600, and perhaps not until
the igth century even.

Stonehenge in The Dogs of the British Isles, under the
St. Bernard, states that the portrait of Bernard de Menthon
(who was a Savoyard) is still in existence, and that his dog
is depicted on the same panel, and that the dog appears to
have been a bloodhound ; but as the benevolent founder of

160 THE ALPINE MASTIFF

the Hospice flourished about 960, and died in 1008, aged 85,
I cannot think the painting can have been taken from life,
however it shows that the bloodhound (probably selected
from its keen sense of smell) was one of the earliest varieties
kept at the convent.

Subsequent to this a dog more nearly approaching the
Spaniel type occupied the convent kennels, and was probably
identical with the Italian wolfdog, used by the shepherds to
defend their flocks in the mountains of Abruzzo. The instinct
of finding sheep and travellers buried beneath the snow is
seen in the Scotch colley, and sheepdogs generally, and it is
probable that the instinct for searching for travellers buried
beneath the snow in the Alps was in the St. Bernard, derived
from these white, long haired animals, and the modern rough
St. Bernard has probably a large percentage of their blood,
mixed with that of the smooth mastiff of the Alps. About
1820 the old rough variety almost died out through some
epidemic.

Youatt writing of this variety, calls it the Alpine Spaniel,
stating it to be peculiar to the Alps and the district between
Switzerland and Savoy. Col. H. Smith states that he had
made drawings of several, which were all white, with black
or fulvous spots, and head and ears resembling the Spaniel
in type. Capt. T. Brown in his work gives a cut of one of
these Alpine dogs, representing a Jarge sort of Spaniel.
Martin, whose work (now very scarce) was published in 1845,
rightly classes these dogs as belonging to the Calabrian
variety.

One characteristic, which has long been a subject of dispute,
namely the dewclaw, and is common to all the varieties of
sheepdog inhabiting mountainous districts, clearly points the

THE ALPINE MASTIFF. l6l

derivation of the St. Bernard from a sheepdog ancestor, and
this rudimentary claw has been transmitted through the St.
Bernard to the English mastiff, and is generally accompanied
with coarser bone, a longer coat, and more pointed or sheep-
dog type of head, and although admissible, as there is no use
disqualifying a dog otherwise good because he shows this
mongrel characteristic, yet they generally disappear with
careful breeding.

\Ye also find another breed closely resembling the Spanish
mastiff existing in the Alps, and owing to the similarity in
type, there is every reason for believing the old Alpine mastiff
was identical with the Alan, and probably derived from Spain.
Col. H. Smith mentions this second closer and shorter haired
variety, and gives a coloured plate of one of them.

This . dog, named Bass, belonged to Sir Thomas Dick
Lander, having been brought from Great St. Bernard in
1837, and his portrait was taken by Stewart between that
year and June, 1^39. The coloured plate, no. 6, shows an
animal agreeing in nearly every particular with the Spanish
mastiff I saw at Bill Georges, about 1863, except the colour
of the patches on the head and ears, which are tan instead of
black, otherwise both were nearly all white in colour, the head
is massive, muzzle blunt and truncated, lips pendulous, ears
medium sized and pendulous, barrel well rounded, limbs very
ponderous, stern carried up. The clog resembles a vast white
mastiff, with stop well defined, but somewhat longer in head
than the English variety should be.

Richardson, who wrote about 1647. mentions that he had
been at considerable trouble to ascertain the true type of the
St. Bernard or Alpine mastiff, and was impressed \vith the

w

162 THE ALPINE MASTIFF.

idea that the original breed was a large and powerful mastiff,
short coated, deep jowled, and. fawn coloured.

In 1815 Thomas Landseer etched an Alpine mastiff, which
wras brought over to Leasowe Castle that year ; the original
drawing belonged to J. S. Morgan, Esq.

In 1820 Sir E. Landseer drew his noted picture " Alpine
Mastiffs Reanimating a Traveller." The original picture
belonged to S. Addington Esq., and John Landseer engraved
it in 1831. The male specimen has a thoroughly character-
istic mastiff head, being broad and short, and the muzzle
blunt, it has the white blaze up the face-, and the- ears are
small and carried half-erect.

In 1825 Sir E. Landseer made a drawing of an Alpine

mastiff, which was engraved the same year by Thomas

Landseer, and a plate of it was given in "The Annals of
Sporting."

It is worthy of remark that the Alpine mastiffs drawn by
Sir E. Landseer are generally so termed.

In 1820 Sir E. Landseer made a dra \ving of a St. Bernard
dog, of which there is a woodcut made' by Thompson the
same year. Landseer also drew some1 St. .Bernard dogs,
which were engraved in 1829 by \V. K. Smith for a set of
Roger's Italy, although the complete edition of that poem was
not published until 1836.

Between 1835 and 1845 an engraving was issued from a
portrait by Landseer of a smooth coated Alpine mastiff,
standing 31 inches at shoulder, and measuring 68 inches from
nose to tail, and of a tawny red colour, tin's is important, as
i lecords the size oi the Alpine mastiff at that date.

THE ALPINE MASTIFF. 163

In 1829 a vast light brindle dog of the old Alpine mastiff
breed, named L'Ami, was brought from the convent of Great
St. Bernard, and exhibited in London and Liverpool as the
largest dog in England. Clarke of Holborn (himself a great
lover of dogs') made a splendid coloured lithograph of this
dog's head ; these are now very scarce, the one I saw belonged
to my late friend J. \V. Thompson, and Lieut. Col. Gamier,
R.E., made a copy from another, from which were taken
some photos, some of which, together with the negative,
eventually fell into my possession, but in these photos, owing
to the indifferent shading, the dog appears a very dark brindle,
whereas the lithograph shows him to have been very light,
the ground colour being of a light yellow fawn, otherwise the
photograph is a very accurate copy of the original lithograph.
L'Ami had the ears cropped close to the head, which was
remarkably large, and skull round, rather than flat, muzzle
very short, broad, and blunt, the lips pendulous, the flews
pronounced, and heavier than they should be.

I have already mentioned Captain Brown, wiio in his work
published in 1829, represents the St. iiJernard of the Spaniel
type, and have also mentioned the Alpine mastiffs given by
Col. H. Smith, drawn about iS^S. Between that year arid
1840, Couchez, alias Turk, a reputed Alpine mastiff, was
brought over from Italy, he was a red smut, and first owned
by Geo. White of Knightsbridge, and subsequently by Captain
Waldegrave, an elder but illegitimate brother to the Lord
\Yaldegrave of that date, into whose possession Couchez
subsequently fell : and it was then a Sunday morning amuse-
ment among certain noble patrons of dog fighting who believed
less in the Homilies of St. Chrysostom which inform us.

164 THE ALPINE MASTIFF.

" Cani siuiilis csi volnptns : si pellas fugit ; si nutrias pcrmanct."1
(Horn. iii. Ad Antioca) than in Dr. Watts' maxim

" Let- dogs delight to bark and bito,"

for they delighted to pit other dogs against the redoubtable
Couchez, who although often much smaller than his antagon-
ists, was always victorious.

The measurements of this short muzzled, broad skulled
champion were: height about 30 inches, weight 130 Ibs.

Couchez as a fighting dog was simply (to use the language
of Shakespeare) unmatchable. 1 have some photos of him
from a copy of an old oil painting, and from his photo, colour,
and other characteristics, I am inclined to believe that he had
a cross of the Spanish bulldog in him : however his blood
enters into most mastiffs of the present day, as he was the
second cross Mr. Lukey made as \ve shall see further on.

In 1^47 Richardson published his book on the dog, and
gives an illustration of an Alpine mastiff, the property of a
Mr. W. Flood. This was seemingly a very fine coated
animal, the stern being fine, tapering, and free from any rough
hair, the ears are rather large and heavy, the1 forehead is full
and broad. This woodcut is valuable evidence, as it shows
there was little difference between some of the old Alpine
mastiffs and the English breed, except the greater size in
some specimens.

Some years ago now, noticing what 1 thought to be a very
fine English mastiff bitch in a vard, I asked about her
parentage and breeding, and was rather surprised to hear
she was an Alpine mastiff, for I thought the breed was quite
extinct ; her head was remarkably short and grand, her size
and bone might have told me that she had Alpine blood.

THE ALPINE MASTIFF. 165

.-ind she had the white blaze up the face; I -was informed
that she would never breed, otherwise should have tried to
have purchased her.

Jesse writing in 1846, states that the Alpine mastiffs were
at that date generally of a milk white or tabby colour, and
gives a very fair illustration of the breed, drawn by \A . R.
Smith.

About 1840 Mr. Lukey owned a specimen named Lion,
which came from the convent, and his ears had been cropped
to prevent the chance of their getting frost-bitten. I have a
photograph of this dog, taken from a drawing, and a friend of
mine has a coloured sketch of him, presented to her by Mrs.
Lukey. The dog's muzzle was apparently very short and
blunt, forehead broad, and whole head generally short and
full, and the eye too full.

An old writer says : " I have seen several specimens of the
noble Alpine breed ; their size equal to that of the largest
mastiffs, the muzzle deep, and ears pendulous, fur rather long
and wiry, the eye full and expressive, and form of body and
limbs showing great strength. I have now stated sufficient
to show that between 1800 and 1850 there were repeatedly
brought from the monastry of St. Bernard and the Alps,
thoroughly typical specimens of the mastiff, and also crosses
between this Alpine mastiff and the rough or sheepdog
variety. ( )ur English mastiff has been more or less alloyed
with the blood of these two varieties, producing greater size,
coarser and more porous bone, accompanied often with inferior
loins and general muscular development. The dewclaw, as
also sometimes the sheepdog or wedge-shaped type of head
being introduced through the cross.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN
MASTIFF.

Know thou, () stranger to the fame
Of this much lov'd, much honour'd name ?
For none that knew him need be told
A warmer heart death ne'er made cold.

It. Ittiniif.

•O

JAMKS WIGGLESWORTH THOMPSON of St. Ann's, Southowram,
Yorkshire, commenced breeding mastiffs between 1830 and
1832, as near as can now be ascertained. According to his
own statement lie \vas born in 1818, but those who knew him
intimately state it was several years previous; he died April
i5th, 1875. ^e na(l a weakness to try to conceal his age, but
was constantly unintentionally revealing in conversation
cognizance of events which showed that he was older than he
wished people to think. This reservation on his part as to
his exact age, was the cause of rather shrouding the dates of
his earlier operations in mastiff breeding in obscurity.

However he left it on record that "he was quite a lad,"
only about 14 years of age, and then living with his widowed
mother, when he first started keeping mastiffs, procuring
"Juno " from seeing an advertisement of !>ill Georges, and
it is certain that this Juno was the first mastiff he ever owned.
He wrote May igth, 1873, that "Juno was bought from Bill
George by my brother ; she was one of the finest bitches I
ever saw, long bodied and very massive, with a very long tail,
was brindle in colour, and rather rugged in coat." Her

THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN MASTIFF. 167

pedigree and antecedents were unknown to Mr. Thompson,
who mated her with a dog named Tiger, belonging to a
Captain Fenton, and from the alliance obtained a puppy he
named " Hector," who he stated was the grandest headed
specimen he ever bred.

It was singular enough that Mr. Thompson should procure
Hector's dam from Bill George, and then give their lineal
descendant Tiger (so noted for his grand head) to Bill George,
but Mr. Thompson remarked that George had always behaved
very straightforwardly in all his dealings with him, (the
character he seems to have obtained from all who dealt with
him) and not caring to keep Tiger himself, the dog being
somewhat crippled and crooked in his legs, through having
fallen into a tan pit, and getting nearly drowned as a puppy,
he made George a present of him.

Soon after purchasing -'Juno," Mr. Thompson procured
Dorah frqrn John Crabtree, she was born in 1826 for certain,
but was then getting aged ; he mated her also with Tiger,
belonging to a Captain Fenton, then quartered in Halifax for
a short time. This Tiger was a fawn, with very black ears,
and a most typical animal according to the account of Mr.
Thompson, who writing to Bill George October igth, 1870,
(being a reply to the first application Bill George had ever
made to him for the pedigree of Tiger, so little were pedigrees
thought of or required until I made a stir into such particulars
with Mr. Hambury, I having written to George to ask how
the clog was bred) stated that ik Captain Fenton's dog Tiger
was one of the largest and finest coated lie ever saw."

This Tiger of Captain Fenton's had full and peculiar eyes,
which I elicited quite accidentally one day about 1874, when

1 68 THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN MASTIFF

looking through my kennel with Mr. Thompson, and coming
to Branch, bred by him, but then my property, he having
pressed me to accept the splendid but somewhat small animal,
1 asked him to what dog he attributed her full eyes to have
been derived from ; after thinking a few seconds, he replied
that he could trace them back to Fenton's Tiger, who had the
same peculiar look. The pedigree and breed of that dog Mr.
Thompson knew nothing about, never having troubled to
enquire at the time.

1 would here wish to point out, as it shows the incorrectness
of the idea some have, that the English mastiff has been so
much improved by cultivation by Mr. Lukey and subsequent
breeders, that Mr. Thompson himself (who bred Cautley's
Quaker, who beat anything Mr. Lukey could bring against
him, and who obtained the sobriquet of "• The Champion of
England," also Bill George's Tiger, notedly the best headed
dog of his day before the public, and the sire of Bamford's
Wolf, whose head perhaps has never been surpassed, if
equalled) considered " Hector," by Captain Fenton's Tiger,
the grandest headed dog that he had ever bred, and also
one of the largest.

The English mastiff has not been so much improved as
some people ignorantly think, it has simply been resuscitated,
and in some instances from very doubtful blood, as 1 purpose
showing. Eor several reasons I have tried to trace Captain
Eenton out, but have failed hitherto, and fear he must have
been dead long since, as it must have been between 1830 and
1833 that he was at Halifax.

One thing that fixes the date of Mr. Thompson's commence-
ment nearer to 1830 than 1833, is the fact that he had a litter

THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN MASTIFF. 169

out of Dorah, (born 1826) by Hector, the son of Captain
Teuton's Tiger, and Juno from Bill Georges. Subsequently
to this Mr. Thompson purchased Cymba, a fawn mastiff,
from some gentleman in Surrey, but he never asked for her
pedigree. In a letter dated May i9th, 1873, ^ie states:
''Cymba I bought from a gentleman who lived near London,
she was a large bitch with a bullet head, small ears, smooth
coated, and fawn coloured." Writing also July 24th, 1873,
he stated : k% Cymba came from some part of Surrey, and her
owner's name \Yickens, a perfect stranger to me, but I believe
an ardent fancier ; Cymba stood 26 inches."

On the advice of Mr. Statham, Y.S. of Derby, (who was at
that time a breeder of Mr. Edge's noted strain of Strelly
pointers) Mr. Thompson sent Dorah to Sir Robert Wilmot's
fawn mastiff named Lion, according to Mr. Statham's account,
the finest mastiff he had ever seen, and a dog of great size.
Mr. Thompson gave John Crabtree a puppy out of this litter
which Was named Bess. From Dorah and Captain Fenton's
Tiger came Lion, kept at Arthrington Hall, Yorkshire, and
from that dog out of Cymba came Thornton's Juno.

All these mastiffs were bred previous to 1849, in which
year Mr. Thompson went to see for the first time, the kennel
of his great rival, Mr. Lukey, then at Morden, and there saw
Xero, Nelson, Boxer, Lion, Bruce ist, and between fifteen
and twenty female specimens. Mr. Thompson then selected
and purchased a dark brindle puppy, which he named Bruce,
being one of the same litter as Mr. Lukey's blue brindle
Bruce ii. Mr. Thompson returned this dog to Mr. Lukey
when about twelve months old, not being satisfied with him,
and having bred from him at ten months he informed me.

1 70 THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN MASTIFF.

It is therefore evident that Dr. Ellis's Lion, son of this
Bruce and Mr. Thompson's Juno, was bred in 1850 or 1851.

In 1856 Mr. Thompson sent an agent to inspect the dogs
at Lyme Hall. In his short Essay he says : " Opinions are
" so conflicting in reference to the Lyme Hall mastiffs, that
" in 1856 I purposely sent a man to see this proverbial kennel,
"and his report was that they were of the true boarhound
"type, of a red colour, having no similitude to Mr. Lukey's
" fine old strain. About 1840, writes a friend and breeder of
" good repute, 1 personally visited Lyme Hall for the purpose
" of testing the ubiquitous reputation this breed had obtained,
" and found them a myth, in fact nothing more than a few
" dogs of the boarhound type, and of a rufus colour/'

Again writing March 25th, 1873, Mr- Thompson remarked:
" I agree with Mr. Lukey and others that the Lyme Hall
"breed is a myth; I sent a man more than 15 years ago
" purposely to see their stock, and they had then nothing but
" a large high standing greyhound looking dog of a red or
" rufus colour, with rather a thick bushy stern. Mr. Lukey
" called personally some thirty years ago, and he hands me
" by letter, the same description of the dogs as my man gave
" me." Mr. Thompson further wrote May I5th, 1873 : "So
" many lies are told about the Lyme Hall breed, that I have
"no faith whatever in any assertion. When you find men
" basely asserting they are of the Lyme Hall breed, and you
" can clearly prove such tales to be mere invention, you lose
"confidence; several instances, have come under my notice
" for years back, indeed you may rely that Lyme Hall mastiffs
" are a traditionary myth.'1

THE GREAT BREEDERS OF THE MODERN MASTIFF. 17!

About 1840, Col. H. Smith writing for the Naturalist's
Library, on the Dog, vol. x., followed Caius by denominating
the mastiff group as canes urcani, and gives a cut of a skull,
showing the head of a mastiff with a considerably undershot
jaw. He points out, that of all domestic dogs, it is a group
marked with characteristics of a distinct origin ; noting the
arch of their skulls, and structure of lower jaw, he
also mentions their semi-erect: ears, their thick neck, and
short muzzle.

In 1845 W. C. L. Martin issued his work on the dog, in
which there is a most typical cut of the true English mastiff,
the carriage of the dog is most characteristic, the head is
simply superb, muzzle broad and short, lips very pendulous,
forehead broad, stop very deep, cheeks well developed, the
ears however are somewhat large, but not houndy, the stern
is also somewhat rough. In this work of Martin's there is
the cut of the skull of a mastiff, and the specimen from which
it was drawn (which would be previous to 1845) was plainly
very much undershot, which furnishes additional proof that
the English mastiff of that date was so. In page 12 of the
1859 edition of Stonehenge on the Dog, is figured the skull of
a mastiff, which although smaller is seemingly a copy from
the cut in Martin's work.

CHAPTKR XVII.

THE GRKAT BREKDKRS— Mr. LUKKY.

"It is not a bark, loud, open, and free ''

•' As an honest old watch-dog's bark should be."

Jngoldsby Legend*. " The Witches' Frolic."

I MUST now ask my readers to retrace a few years with me,
in order to follow the career of the more noted, but not
greater breeder, Mr. Thompson's contemporary, Mr. T. H. V.
Luke)7 of Wimbledon Park and Morden, Surrey, and subse-
quently for many years of Locksbottom, Kent. Mr. Lukey
was the son of a Kentish Squire, and was born in 1804, and
died August i8th, 1882. As a young man he went into the
Coal trade, having his place of business in Milford Lane,
London, and was from his youth fond of dogs, being a breeder
and fancier of the King Charles' Spaniels, which brought him
into contact with most of the better class of the London Dog
Dealers of that date, among them Bill George, George White
of Knight sbridge, and Frank Redmond of the Swiss Cottage.

I mention these particulars in order to show that Mr. Lukey
was no novice in dogs when he commenced keeping mastiffs
in 1835, in the following manner he informed me :

Walking along the Serpentine, in London, one morning, he
noticed a magnincient black mastiff, accompanied by a man-
servant in livery, andenquiringwhosedogit was, he learnt that
it belonged to the Marquisof Hertford, and that its name was
" Pluto." Mr. Lukey thereupon thought he should like such
a dog, and calling upon the Marquis, he asked permission to

THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY. 173

breed from the dog ; his lordship remarked vthat before
granting any such request, he must see the female Mr. Lukey
proposed mating with his dog, whereupon the future great
mastiff breeder had to confess that he had no such animal
then, but meant to procure one, if the Marquis would grant
his request ; his lordship laughingly dismissed him, saying
that he liked his impudence, but if he thought well to bring
a bitch, if she met his approbation, he should mate her with
Pluto. On the strength of this Mr. Lukey employed George
White of Knightsbridge to procure as good a bitch as money
could secure, and White obtained a brindle with cropped
cars and tail, for which Mr. Lukey gave him ^40, with the
condition White was to have a puppy some time ; this animal
was of foreign blood, being one of the old Alpine breed, her
ears having been cropped to prevent their getting frost- bitten.
On Mr. Lukey presenting her to the "Marquis for inspection,
his lordship gibingly asked if he had stolen her, owing to her
mutilated appearance, but finally gave his consent to Mr.
Lukey 's breeding from Pluto with this bob-tailed specimen,
on the consideration that lie was to have a puppy, which Mr.
Lukey did in due course, the result being only two brindle
bitch puppies, one of which he offered to the Marquis, who
declined it, as there were so few, saying he should only have
cared for a dog puppy ; Mr. Lukey then handed the puppy
over to White according to agreement ; White sold her to
someone in Scotland, and she was accidently drowned in
either the Fryth of Forth or Clyde, in her journey from London
to her Scotch purchaser. The other puppy Mr. Lukey kept,
and a friend from Scotland being on a visit to him at the
time, they chose the name of " Yarrow " for her.

Mr. Lukey resold the mother to George White for the same
sum lie had given for her, namely ^40.

174 THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEV.

Thus was Mr. Lukey started as a mastiff fancier. The
next specimen he owned was a dog called Lion, imported
from the convent of Mt. St. Bernard. Mrs. Lukey presented
a varnished water colour life-sized portrait of this dog to my
friend Miss Walker ; it shows a fawn with ears cropped
nearly to the roots, the skull is very full, and jowl deep.

In due course Mr. Lukey crossed Yarrow with the smooth
Alpine mastiff Couchez, alias Turk, whom I have previously
mentioned, and at that time in possession of George White,
but subsequently Lord Waldegrave's property.

I have given these particulars thus fully, as in the 1859
edition of Stonehenge, there is an incorrect account of the
order of crossing, which is repeated in the 1872 edition of the
Dogs of the British Isles, by Stonehenge.

The note signed T. L. in Stonehenge (1859 edition) states
that the foundation bob-tailed bitch came from the Duke of
Devonshire's stud ; this is quite possible, as several of the
Alpine mastiffs were kept at Chatsworth in years gone by.

Whether the account was garbled by Mr. Lukey purposely,
or accidently, or made up from notes supplied to the editor^
and thus confused, I am not able to say, but the incorrectness
of it is patent, when it states Pluto and Turk were the only
crosses Mr. Lukey made use of; entirely ignoring the element
of " The brindle dog kept by White, who was mated with
Yarrow, and from which cross came the mother of Lukey's
Bruce ii.'' Finding from Mr. Thompson's account, that
there must be some error, I investigated the matter fully, and
found that Mr. Lukey had in 1849 told Mr. Thompson exactly
the same particulars as he told me the first time I met him.

THE GREAT BREEDERS MR. LUKEY. 175

I well remember the kind hearted, generous old fancier,
with his short burly figure, so thoroughly English, proposing
a short walk across the common, taking his dogs with him ;
he insisted on our calling at a posting house, and much to my
horror ordered a gallon of beer ; I was quite young at the
time, and not accustomed to imbibing any quantity of liquor,
but he would have my quart flagon filled. I asked him
numerous questions about the pedigrees of his dogs, and
finding he was somewhat confused, took pencil and paper,
and made notes, whereupon (in somewhat an uneasy manner
I thought) he asked if I was going to write a book about it ?
He kept pressing me to drink the beer, which I had no
intention of doing, and watching my opportunity, when his
back was turned, I emptied my flagon into his, a boyish and
not very manly expedient perhaps, but the result was satis-
factory to both parties, as I kept my head clear, and he
quaffed the lot with the greatest relish seemingly, and no
inconvenience or alteration, beyond that it caused him to be
more voluble and communicative. I mention these particulars
for a two-fold reason, first to take the opportunity should
these pages ever fall into the hands of a youthful fancier, to
show him the folly, and want of manhood really, in not
refusing flatly to imbibe more than he is accustomed to. In
thorough but mistaken good nature many old fanciers press
a youngster or fresh acquaintance to partake freely, the result
unhappily being that many men get led into bad habits, and
their moral conduct and self respect ruined through their
•' acquaintance with the fancy " as it is termed, but should be
more correctly " by their acquaintances in the fancy." On
the part of everyone, it is only courtesy to offer one's guest,
and a stranger, the best refreshment one's means admit of,

176 THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY.

but it is not really either gentlemanly or kind to press liquor.
While on the part of the youthful fancier or stranger, it shows
a decided want of manhood and a want of that intuitive self-
respect which every real gentleman possesses, when they arc
led or persuaded through company to partake of more than
their head will carry, or retain all their faculties.

Whenever any man enters into a public fancy of this kind,
either dogs, horses, poultry, or even cattle, he will be subject
to temptations, and it remains for him to strike out his own
line ; at the same time for those who fall into excess contin-.
uaJly, I can only express my utmost disgust, as well as pit}',
for after twenty years experience as a mastiff breeder,
exhibitor, and a public judge, I must say it is a fancier's own
fault if he lets his hobby lead him astray or into bad company.
It is the men who lower the fancy, not the fancy which
necessarily lowers the man. In these remarks I am not
writing a temperance lecture merely, nor do I believe (like
some fanatical philanthropists or reclaimed drunkards) in
total abstinence, or see the necessity or advantage of it ; my
object is to vindicate the fancy, and elevate it in my own way
as far as lies in my power, how far or otherwise, others may
coincide with my views.

But to return to my subject, 1 found that Mr. Lukey had
written April 23rd, 1851, as follows to Mr. Thompson (who
had complained of the coarseness of the coat in a puppy he
had purchased from Mr. Lukey.)

" With regard to an}' cross of Newfoundland, I can posr
" tively assure you that I never under any circumstance, bred
" from a rough coated dog ; I have no doubt but he will shed
" brindle, but should he prove black, it is easily accounted

THE GREAT BREEDERS MR. LUKEY. 177

"for; the pup's mother was by my Nero, (the dog with a
•• broken leg, since dead) out of my Countess, a fawn, broad
11 chested bitch, rather heavy, and her father was Bruce.
" Nero's mother was got by the Marquis of Hertford's Pluto,
" a better bred or larger dog I have never seen, or one
" showing more character ; he was so great a favourite with
"the Marquis that lie always travelled with him, and was
" shot by the Arch Duke John of Austria's keeper, a strong
" but certainly not rough coated one, the pup himself was
" got by my Young Bruce, town brother to the dog you had).'
Signed T. H. Y. Lukey. To J. W. Thompson.

1 may point out that Nero, (the broken legged dog) whose
grandsire was Pluto, as Mr. Lukey states in this letter, was
full brother and same litter as Bruce ist. by Couchez, and
alter reading this letter I wrote to Mr. Lukey for a correct
version ; he replied June 23rd, 1673 : " ^v Dear Sir. Countess
" cost £40, bought of White of Knightsbridge, she had only
" two bitch puppies by Pluto : 1 sold Countess back to White
" for ^40, and he sent her into Scotland for the purpose of
" giving height and power to the degenerated Scotch deer-
-hound. It was the old Duke of Gordon's nephew who
" bought her." Signed T. H. Y. Lukey.

I wrote to Mr. Lukey again on the subject, and his reply
dated 28th June, 1873: -My Dear Sir, Yarrow was from
•• Countess, by Pluto, Bruce ist. by Couchez, out of Yarrow.
- he was at that time the property of George White, who sold
•• him to Capt. Waldegrave, at whose death he came into
•• possession of his brother, the Earl, who married his brother's
*• widow, the daughter of Braham, the singer. Bruce 2nd
•• was In him, out of a bitch bred from Yarrow, by a brindle

v

1/8 THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEV.

" dog, belonging at that time to White. I bred two puppies
" from Ansdale's dog, a reputed Lyme Hall, but they both
" died without issue.'' Signed T. H. A'. Lukey.

Again writing July 5th, 1873, he stated: " 'Hie only dogs
" 1 have ever bred from were; ist Pluto, 2nd Couchez, 3rd
"(iarnier's dog, 4th King, 5th Bruin." T. H. V. Luke}'.
In this letter lie overlooks having crossed with White's brindlc
dog, also having bred from Ansdale's Leo.

In the 1859 edition of Stonehenge, in the footnote signed
T. L., there is another statement altogether nnreconcilable
with the correct pedigree of Wallace: it is that his grandsire's
name was also Wallace, this is plainly another misstatement
of Mr. Lukey's, unless, as is possible, an error crept in
through the printers omitting the "great" before the word
grandsire.

In the 1872 edition of the Dogs of the British Isles, there
is an nbsurd error in page 145, making Countess appear the
daughter of Mr. Bruce's Duchess, whereas it should read.
" By Bruce, out of Duchess."

These1 inaccuracies are easily accounted for, when it is
known that Mr. Lukey never kept any written memoranda of
his breeding operations.

Mr. Thompson in his short essay on the mastiff wrote :
" For establishing the true mastift character, for grandeur of
"head, and massiveness of form, no breeder has surpassed
" Mr. Lukey, few carve out for themselves a position of any
" ordinary merit as breeders, Mr. Luke}' was an exception,
"he displayed consummate foresight and skill in purchasing
"from Mr. White the brindle -bitch, and putting her to the
" Marquis of Hertford's Pluto, a finer and more splendid

THH GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY. 179

••mastiff Mr. Lukey told me he had never seen." This is
standing testimony that the mastiff has not been so much
improved as some people have thought. Here we see Mr.
Lukey himself stating he never saw ;i finer specimen than
the dog he commenced breeding from. Again Mr. Thompson
wrote : " Mr. Lukey told me in 1851 the Marquis of Hertford's
" Pluto was black, and was the largest and best mastiff in all
•• points he ever saw. I believe I am justified in saying that
14 Mr. Lukey was indebted in a great measure to this dog in
'• producing his fine breed, Pluto being the sire of Yarrow,
••the dam of Bruce ist, he was also grandsire of his splendid
<; dog Nero.''

1 have now given sufficient evidence to show that somehow
the account in Stonehenge is not quite accurate. However,
we may gather that the Marquis of Hertford's Pluto was a
dog of vast size, hardish, or as Mr. Lukey phrased it "strong"
coat, and black in colour : nothing is known of his nationality,
but from his vast size, colour, and hard coat, with a tendency
to throw roughish coated descendants, resembling the New-
foundland somewhat in character, I should suspect that he had
a large percentage of Asiatic or Thibetian blood in him, and
there is little doubt that he was not a pure English mastiff".
However, he was crossed with Countess, an Alpine mastiff,
selected for her size and height to resuscitate the size of the
deerhound ; while Couchez was also foreign blood, and a
comparatively small dog. standing hardly 30 inches, and
weighing not more than 130 Ibs.

Thus the foundations of Mr. Lukey 's kennel were principally
Alpine or foreign mastiffs, and not the true old English breed
either in blood or type, being larger, coarser in bone, and not
so muscular as the British variety.

l8o THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY.

Mr. Lukey had been breeding for nearly fifteen years, and
had inspected the Lyme Hall kennel, when Mr. Thompson
visited him in 1849 for the first time; the latter wrote:
" Though but a lad, was an ardent and enthusiastic admirer
" of this noble animal, T thought no breeder could carry out
" the object of his ambition with a greater probability of
" success than by crossing my own finer toned down kennel
" (although equally as high bred) with his majestic strain,
" and the result proved the correctness of my judgment,
•'Countess (the clam of Governor) being a direct descendant
" from this cross."

Writing to me April 28th, 1875, Mr. Thompson stated:
" Mr. Lukey 's former stud were much more massive and
" coarser than mine, and perhaps more character as far as
" magnitude went ; he has often written to me to say what
" beautiful puppies the bitch 1 sent him threw with his
" Bruce/'

I may here point out that Mr. Lukey's old strain had vast
size and a coarse coat, points probably inherited from their
foreign ancestry. His Bruce ist, although a large dog, and
deep bodied, like many of his others was deficient in muscle-.
Mr. Thompson allowed me to copy a letter Mr. Lukey wrote
to him, dated Morden. May nth, 1851, which shows the vast
size of Mr. Lukey's strain, and his appreciation of a short,
good head ; it ran : "If you have a square, short headed
" bitch puppy, I should very much like to have her : 1 like
" the colour of the bitch Lady. I think when in good condi-
tion the blue brindles are very handsome, but a mnssive
" head covers man)7 other defects with me. I put the tape
" round Bruce's head before the ears, with the tape tight it
" marks 27 inches." T. H. V. Lukey. To f. \V. Thompson.

THE GREAT BREEDERS MR. LUKEY. l8l

The size of Mr. Lukey's old strain may be gathered from
the following measurements :

Wallace stood 33 inches at shoulder, girthed 50 inches, and
weighed 172 Ibs; Nelson at twelve months old stood 33 inches,
and weighed 158 Ibs; Bruce ist stood 31 inches, girthed 48
inches, and weighed 160 Ibs : Bell, a broad muzzled muscular
bitch with half erect ears, who died in 1857, weighed 143 Ibs.
Mr. Thompson in a letter remarked : " I had a son of old
Bruce 73 inches in length." Bruce 2nd in August, 1850,
stood 31 inches, girthing 41, and in May, 1856, measured 27
inches round the head ; Nelson, a dark brindle Mr. Lukey
had, in October, 1861, stood 33 inches, and weighed 158 Ibs.

I may here point out that these weights and heights show
that in proportion to their stature, many of Mr. Lukey's old
breed were sadly deficient in weight, owing to want of muscle,
broad backs, well formed loins, and good hind quarters, their
chest measurements being very good.

Mr. Lukey's Bruce ist was a dark brindle with almost
black head, and a white streak up his face; Mr. Lukey had
a splendid oil painting of his head, by Harrison Weir, an
artist whose talent and works, justly high as they are esti-
mated by some, are yet not sufficient!}7 appreciated by the
present generation, but in a historical light alone posterity
will value his works as highly, or more so. than we now do
those of Bewick.

The painting of animal portraiture in an artistic point of
virw is not sufficiently practised or studied by Royal Acade-
micians, although the general public would be far more
impartial and competent judges of the merits of such subjects,
than the majority are of ideals taken from the classics, In

152 THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY.

the creation and conception of subject many otherwise fair-
artists are very undynamic, and have to borrow and pirate
their conceptions from the mind of the poet and historian,
and in pictures like those of Moreland, Hogarth, Bewick,
Ansdell, and a few others we see the beauty and power of
the painter's mind, as well as skill in handling the brush.

Mr. Lukey informed me that Harrison Weir took two
portraits of Bruce ist, one for himself, and the other he
presented to Mr. Lukey, who very kindly allowed me to have
his copy photographed, and 1 still possess the negative.

In 1857 G. F. Pardon published his little book on Dogs,
and in it, page 156, is figured a mastiff by H. Weir; this is
an interesting little cut, as Weir had then seen and studied
Mr. Lukey's mastiffs, taking them for his models, and this
specimen is remarkably like the type of Mr. Lukey's Bruce
ist, also his descendant Peveril, and it may be accepted as a
good example of Mr. Lukey's type of that elate, although I
am unaware if it was merely an ideal or a portrait. It shows
the white blaze up the face, and white on breast, the bones
are enormous, and stern somewhat coarse. The second
edition of Wood's Natural History, published in 1854,,
contains another cut of the mastiff by H. Weir, with the tail
curled over the back, as in Bewick's examples. The larger
edition of Wood's -Natural History contains another cut of
the mastiff by Weir ; the head in this specimen is remarkabl}'
short, full, and grand, the limbs are very massive, and show
an animal inferior in no respect to our best modern specimens.

In all Weir's mastiffs of about that date the skull is very
grand, the muzzle characteristically short and blunt, but the
coarseness about the stern and coat shows indication of the

THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY. 183

old Alpine blood, so does the large coarse bone and slight!}'
deficient muscular development, the dewclaw is olso fre-
quently portrayed.

H. Weir constantly introduced a small dog by the side of
the mastiff in his pictures, this like many other little features
in his works is very instructive, furnishing a good idea of the
relative size of the dogs.

Bruce 2nd was a blue or slate coloured brindle. and Mr.
Lukey bred from him considerably more than from Bruce ist,
having at that date a greater demand for puppies for foreign
exportation, sending them to Egypt, Xapaul. and other
countries.

Up to 1850 Mr. Lukey's strain were mostly brindle. after
that date he and Mi. Thompson interchanged puppies, and
the latter proved himself to be really the more talented breeder
of the two.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE NOTED BREEDERS— MR. LUKEY AND
MR. THOMPSON.

^Nature, in her productions slow, aspires
By just degrees to reach perfections height.

SoincrviUc — The Chanc, Lib i.

MR. THOMPSON, by blending his own strain with that of Mr.
Lukey, produced Saladin, a dark brindle dog of great power,
of whom lie wrote, " Saladin, (the sire of Mr. Cautley's
"Quaker,) was axlog of great muscular power and activity,
" with immense strength of jaw, and although standing not
" more than 31 inches at shoulder, could jump a stone wall
"often or twelve feet with ease. He has been seen to take
" the dead body of a black-faced sheep in his mouth, and
"jump a wall of four feet with it. Dan. his sire, was a dog
''of equal activity, but not so large."

Mr. Lukey, on the other hand, produced nothing of note
between 1849 and 1859, except Wallace, a blend between his
own and Mr. Thompson's strain. So much had Mr. Lukey's
strain fallen off, that when asked to furnisli a specimen for
illustration in the 1859 edition of Stonehenge, he had to name
Wallace as the best representative of the breed, a dog deriv-
ing much of his character from Mr. Thompson's strain, and
then the property of Mr. Weller of Derby, who informed me
that Wallace was not a large dog, being at the outside not
more than 28 inches at the shoulder ; thus, although very
symmetrical, considerably smaller than Mr. Lukey's old type,

THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEV AND MR. THOMPSON. 185

and more resembling the Kirklees strain. This. dog was the
sire of Druid Peveril and Dr. Kerr's Lion, the latter although
never exhibited, was, although not quite so large, yet far the
best specimen of the three, but his stock proved very small.
These three dogs were bred by Mr. Elmsley, out of a fawn
bitch the property of a Miss Arkness. being a cross-bred
animal, out of a fawn mastiff bitch by a deerhound sire.
Nevertheless, the three were perhaps the truest representa-
tives of Mr. Lukey's old strain, that have been seen of late
years, and that grand dog Cardinal, exemplifies Mr. Lukey's
original strain very much both in faults and perfections. Miss
Arkness that was. informed me that Wallace had a much
•' shorter, broader, and grander head than any of his sons."
and he inherited the semi-erect ear of Mr. Thompson's strain,
which is discernible in the engraving, in which it is shown
that he was much lighter in bone, and more muscular than
Mr. Lukey's original sort.

Both Saladin and Wallace must be considered a fusion
between the two great breeders' strains, embodying much of
lie good points of each.

Countess, born in 1859, was perhaps the best specimen,
(except Beauty 2355) Mr. Lukey ever bred or owned, slu- was
a direct cross from Mr. Thompson's strain, which she resembled
both in type and colour, possessing far more of the real old
English, and less of the Alpine or Asiatic type, than Mr.
Lukey's old sort. Although comparatively small dogs, it is
not saying too much in affirming that Quaker and Countess
were the two best mastiffs of their day, and met with univer-
sal approval on the part of Judges, and their excellence was
due far more to the skill and judgement of Mr. Thompson
than to Mr. Lukey's acumen.

z

[86 THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKKY AND MK. THOMPSON.

Countess revived for a time Mr. Lukey's drooping laurels,
but was beaten by Duchess 2365. a daughter of Bill George's
Tiger, and therefore Mr. Thompson's strain ; and the decided
superiority of the Quaker and Tiger blood, has, and will,
maintain itself, in spiteof their being somewhat small perhaps
in some peoples" opinion, but as Mr. Thompson rightly laid
down, the true English mastiff is not so large a dog. Thirty
inches at shoulder being the maximum of the height of the
breed, and Mr. Lukey's original strain attaining sometimes
as much as ^3 inches, were not, strictly speaking, English
mastiffs at all.

In 1859, Mr. Thompson bred Fan ist. a winner ot several
prizes ; also the famous Quaker 2330, which he sold as a
puppy to Mr. Henry Cautley of Bramley, near Leeds. In
1861, Quaker carried all before him at the Birmingham Show,
and a portrait of him appeared in the Illustrated London
News in December, 1861, being one among a group of prize
dogs, drawn by H. Weir, who very cleverly, by way of con-
trast, placed the prize bloodhound by his side. Instructive
talent of this sort should be paid its due. The drawing
shows that Quaker carried his ears partially erect, a charac-
teristic of the true old English mastiff as shown in Bewick's
cuts.

Quaker was not only the best mastiff in England of his day,
but also perhaps the very best bred specimen then extant,
his pedigree tracing back to Bold, and Mr. Thompson's
grandfather's mastiffs of about 1800. Air. Cautley, the owner
of Quaker, has owned some good specimens of the mastiff,
his dogs have not been large, but he bred and selected the
true type, and the old Yorkshire breeders generally, have, not
been so led away by mere size.

THE NOTED BREEDERS MR. I.UKKV AND MR. THOMPSON. 187

In 1872, I wrote to Mr. Thompson that the dog Tiger then
owned by Sir Geo. Armitage, and sire of my Fan iii, was not
large enough for the modern fancy. He replied in a letter
dated November 21, 1872, " Tiger, I will allow, is not so
•• massive as some I have seen, but notwithstanding, he is a
" fashionable high-bred animal, free from that rugged coarse -
•* ness of coat and other properties which we often see.''
Writing October 28, 1871, he said, "Mr. Ackroyd's Dan,
•• (sire of Saladin,) was not a large dog, perhaps 28 inches at
" shoulder, but had a grand true mastiff head, a beautiful
" coat, fine, straight tail, and great muscular power.'*

Again writing December the 24th, 1875, he said of Bill
George's Tiger, " Tiger's ears were neither very small nor large
" but somewhat thin in texture, and laid flat to the head, so
* also Dan, the sire of Tiger's dam. whose ears were fine.
" neat, and half erect.''

The following extracts from Mr. Thompson's letters and
essay, will give the reader a very clear insight of the true type
of the British mastiff, as well as show the thorough knowledge
of the variety that great Yorkshire breeder possessed. Ever
courteous in his manners, the following lines of Horace are
truly applicable to him :

" Dignum laude virnw Musa vciat mori."

With regard to mere size, in a letter dated January 7th,
1873, ne wrote, " I am no advocate for tall and leggv dogs
" but it appears to be a fashionable characteristic with some
"judges. Plenty of substance, good coat, head and tail, are
•' features which ought to be encouraged in preference to long
" heads and legs, light bodies, and twisted tails." It is
worthy of remark the stress Mr. Thompson always laid on

l88 THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON.

the fine coat and straight thin tail, points which rendered his
strain remarkable. Writing September ist, 1873, ^e said,
" Size is the rage, and the writing up of this monstrocity has
"done more injury to the pure points than will be easily re-
deemed.'* Again December 8, 1873, " Deformity, deficiency
" of muscular power, narrow muzzles, and also the great want
•'of a just and proportionate head, are defects which want
" eradicating. I have always thought it was a mistake giving
such a palpable lead to mere size over points of far more
•' importance.'' Writing March, 1873, " In regard to size, 1
" care not how big a mastiff may be, if he is proportionate,
" well gaited, firm on his pins as we say in Yorkshire, for it
44 a dog has not good legs and feet, he is useless. Somekeep-
ki ers and others make such a muddle of crossing, I fear the
" avidity to breed great size, will prove a failure, and in the
" end will produce a disproportionate, ugly, and useless
" animal."

In his Essay on the breed, he says, " The rage for size has
" in some instances done harm, viz., by producing tall, leggy,
*• coarse animals without a proportionate form of head and
'• frame to keep pace." Again, " It is marvellous what avicl-
•' ity some breeders display in seeking progeny from a dog
" because he is large, and possibly the winner of a few prizes,
•'at the same time not possessing one other point worthy of
14 notice. A sire dog should exhibit what constitutes the true
" mastiff points, he should have no spurious pedigree, purity
" and high breeding are indispensible necessities. A good
" head is one of the most essential points, a small thin ear.
''slightly erect at root, improves the character of the head."

In a letter dated March 25th, 1873, ne wrote. " 1 agree for
•• the most part, \\ith your general remarks as to what you

THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON. 189

" consider the true type. The points, with two or three ex-
kt ceptions, are good. I should give more for a good stern,
•• and also more for good legs and feet. I should also give
" fewer points for height. The ponderous size has come from
'• the Great Dane, or from the Asiatic cross. As to dewclaws,
•• I would ignore their admission by all means. If you can
" obtain great size without sacrificing stamina, courage,
" activity, and a well balanced proportionate head, you are
•• right, but if you realize great size at the expense of these
•• attributes, you are wrong."

Again April 22. 1873, " Mr. G's opinion goes to prove that
•' the English mastiff cannot maintain its superiority for size,
" without the aid 'of imported specimens. For instance, he
" admits Lion to have been bred in America, L'Ami, Couhez,
•• the Chatsworth dogs, and others, were all of foreign extrac-
" tion, and from the introduction of this blood into England
•' we are indebted for keeping up size. The old English mas-
•• tiff without the aid of foreign assistance, was never a large
"dog."

Again April 8th, 1873, " I am not prepared to say what
••'Mr. G.'s convictions may be about the English mastiff
•• being able to maintain his superiority for size, without the
" aid of imported specimens, but I do know that the whole
•• pith of his observations tend to show that Mr. Lukey's and
•• his own owed their descent to foreign extraction.

Further, he wrote May 26th. 1873, " A dog standing 30
•• inclit-s, head marking 26 or 27 inches, and proportionate
" frame, and strong and active on his legs, would be the height
" of mv ambition.

igO THE NOTED BREEDERS MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON.

That Mr. Thompson had no objection to the bull cross,
may be seen from the following, dated January 2gth, 1873 :
ltl also called upon John Turner, who informed me there was
" a very fine dog at Keighley, which he proposed breeding
" from. He is by Bradford Quaker, and out of a large bull
" mastiff bitch with the right character of head and ear, but
" perhaps not so large as you would want."

In his Essay on the Mastiff, he wrote, " About 1840, our
'k breed of British bulldogs were much larger than the gen-
" erality of our present race, standing 20 inches high at the
" shoulder and more ; and I cannot see, being so identical in
" character, that the cross would in an)- way deteriorate the
"• mastiff with the exception of size."

Again, " As to the judiciousness of crossing the mastiff with
" the bulldog, I must leave every breeder to follow the bent
" of his own individual opinion, as no private notions of my
"own would be sufficient to meet the varied tastes of all,
" at the same time I may perhaps be justified in saying, that
" it does not always follow, as has been asserted, that the
" bullet head and projection of the lower jaw is a sure cri-
" tenon of the bulldog cross. L'Ami, considered to have
" been one of the finest and most majestic of smooth Alpine
"mastiffs ever exhibited, had the bullet head and undershot
" jaw, so had Couchez, in fact, our largest and most eminent
" mastiffs have had this peculiarity. I have also seen hounds,
"pointers, terriers, and other kinds so formed, and even in
" human beings we find this peculiarity of the lower jaw. but
" surely no one would have t he audacity to say this is inherited
" from a bulldog cross ? Undoubtedly not, it is a natural
" production."

THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON igl

Again, " I feel no hesitation in saying, that a- fair amount
- of our modern mastiffs owe their descent to foreign extrac-
" lion. The short truncated muzzle does not come solely
" from the English bulldog, but no doubt has been partially
" obtained from a cross with the Dutch mastiff indigenous to
" Holland. A mastiff dog or bitch deficient in muzzle, is not
"as a rule to be depended upon for transmitting the broad
ki thick muzzle to its offspring, and the perpetuation of these
" essential points from generation to generation, is no doubt
" the great secret of breeding."

Writing July 24th, 1873, nc stated, " The type of head
•• varies in almost all kinds of dogs. For .instance, I have
" had pointers as much undershot as Branch, indeed, with a
"perfectly truncated muzzle, I have also seen hounds, with
" the truncated muzzle. Old Tiger's jaw slightly projected,
" as did also some others of my old stock, *and one of the
" handsomest bitches Mr. Lukey had, was so formed ; she
" was chained at the warehouse in Milford Lane. A good
" broad forehead, with deep furrow, I admire. Again, if the
" muzzle is not too long, but deep, broad, and massive, I
"want no better formed head than your Peeress (2393).

He wrote again October 2ist, 1874. ' ^ breeders in
•• time to come, are not so blindly prejudiced and infatuated
•• with mere size, they will see the necessity of perpetuating
" a broader and shorter muzzle, with greater uniformity of
" outline."

Writing March ist, 1873, *le stated, " I shall appreciate a
"• copy of your own private view:- in reference to the good
"points of the mastiff, perhaps as a whole we shall not differ
" materially." Further, March 4th, 1873, " ^ty Dear Sir,
" 1 ever feel a delicacy, nay sensitiveness in holding an

TQ2 THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. THOMPSON' AND MR. LUKKY.

" argument with a friend, although perhaps it is right to
" express respectfully one's own opinion. I write you both
" from experience and earnest conviction, I never bred a
"mastiff with dewclaws, nor would I keep one if I knew it.
'l The addition is a blot on the purity of this grand old breed,
" indeed the very sight of them gives me the shivers. My
'* grandfather, father, and brother, who have kept individually
" packs of harriers, large studs of greyhounds and mastiffs,
" ever held these unnecessary appendages in abhorence. I
"have known otterhounds, rough terriers, and other long
" haired mongrels subject to this pest, but a pure greyhound,
"pointer, and the grand old smooth coated mastiff never. If
*• you think any mention of dewclaws in my pamphlet would
tk be objectionable, I will gladly erase it. 1 will read over
" your remarks in favour of admitting dewclaws, but nothing
" can shake my conviction."

Again, March igth, 1873, " '^le hitch has also dewclaws, a
sure sign of impurity."

The dewclaw has long been a vexed question, both in the
mastiff and St. Bernard, and there is little doubt it is a sure
sign of mongrelism, loose breeding, and crossing, and in the
mastiff it usually denotes St. Bernard blood, having been
introduced originally through the sheep-dog cross in the St.
Bernard. With the strong feelings and convictions in the
minds of many against dewclaws, it is hardly worth a sane
writer's while to try to influence the question one way or the
other. It is certain that close breeding without crossing has
the tendency to eradicate this useless abnormal redundancy
of toes, in the mastiff, St. Bernard, or any other breed.

THE GREAT BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON. IQ3

It is certain that many mongrel dogs are troubled with
them ; and this deformity is not merely confined to the canine
race. At the present time I have a male kitten which has
double thumb claws and dewclaws as well ; his mother has a
redundancy of toes : her mother had double dewclaws, but
the thumb claws were single, yet the nail or claw in each
was double.

I see no advantage in disqualifying an otherwise good dog
because he has dewclaws, but have noticed that both mastiffs
and St. Bernards with them are usually less straight in their
hind legs than dogs without them. The so called cat hams
being very common to dogs with dewclaws. In the St.
Bernard this deformity may amount to a characteristic of the
breed ; in the mastiff they are admissible, but should be bred
out. "Writers and fanciers who do not seem to know the
difterence between the old English mastiff and the Alpine
mastiff with its longer and wedge shaped head, may have no
objection to dewclaws.

Mr. Thompson wrote, " 1 have seen mastiffs of exceptional
" character with more or less white on them, and think any
'.'judge ignoring a dog simply for this reason, would display
" fastidiousness to a fault, I even think that a dog which is
•' slightly hail shot about the ears and sides evidently shows
•' that he has been produced from stock carefully and closely
" bred.

In this opinion Mr. Thompson stumbled closely on the
fact that in-breeding has a tendency to weaken the colouring
matter, and produce white patches or spots, but white spots
or patches are no sure proof of purity of blood, they merely de-
note chat close breeding has taken place. The bloodhound is

AA

IQ4 THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. THOMPSON AND MR. LUKEV.

often hail shot, owing no doubt to their excessive in-breeding,
and mastiffs with a known bloodhound cross often inherit
these white spots from their bloodhound ancestor.

Writing April 22, 1873, Mr. Thompson remarked, "Venus,
" the bitch I gave John Crabtree, had a white face. Saladin's
" dam had eight puppies to Dan, and all clear of white with
u one exception, and that was a brindle bitch with white
" blaze up the face."

August 29, 1873, "There is one characteristic in the mastiff
" which I should like to see again, and that is high courage.
" I often think of Saladin, he inherited no cowardly disposi-
tion, but possessed the essence of docility, and the bravery
" of a gladiator."

Apri] 1 5th, 1873, " There are two or three items in Mr. G.'s
"letter which I observed, and about which I will say a word
" or two; If I mistake not, size is a point which is so neces-
" sary in his opinion, that he would not hesitate crossing with
" either boarhound, wolfhound, or any other hound, providing
"lie can realize his object, i also differ with him about the
'- character and points of the head, still he states there is
ki nothing more quickly affected by impurity in blood. There
" is another point about the head I cannot exactly agree with,
" which is this, however well a head may measure, outward
" appearances are such very necessary points, that hidden
" treasures can never wholly supply, in fact immediately a
" dog comes before you, the eye naturally wanders in search
"of this grand outward necessity; you do not want to use
" the tape like a tailor, or lilt the skin as lie slates, to give
" the forehead more breadth ; the formation should be there
"without this extra manipulation to produce the effect and

THE NOTED BREEDERS — MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON. 195

" characteristic. I think if a head measures a little more, if
"the formation is defective it loses cast, again I do not like
" a very long bod}', for it is often attended with weak, light
" loins.''

In his essay he says, '• If we breed mastiffs 32 or 33 inches
" high at the shoulder, and the head is not proportionate in
" size, the principle of breeding is at fault, for it is evident
"this extra size must have a comparative ratio of girth of
" forehead and muzzle, or otherwise you diminish the essential
'•character and grandeur of the head. Again, I should not
"consider a mastiff standing 32 or 33 inches high at the
" shoulder and marking only 27 inches round the head so good
" or proportionate a dog as one standing from 29 to 30 inches,
" and marking 26 inches round the head. In my opinion size
11 ought not to be the one idea. The breeder will do well to
" mark and sustain the ample forehead, the full prominent
•' cheeks, small ears, the thick broad muzzle, and pendulous
"lips, nor should he forget to note the stout muscular legs
" and thighs, the brawny shoulders, deep and massive frame,
'' and short glossy coat. I have no doubt by judicious care
"in breeding it is possible to produce a mastift large in size,
" massive in build, strikingly grand in head, the muscles hard
" and sharply developed, and the skin nearly approaching in
" quality the beautiful coat of the greyhound. I have a strong
" prediliction for quality and select breeding."

These remarks show the breeder whose skill produced the
best mastiffs in England of his day, and, how much can be
learnt from these pithy remarks of the Yorkshireman, whose
judgment eclipsed that of his more noted contemporary, Mr.
Lukey.

196 THE NOTED BREEDERS— MR. LUKEY AND MR. THOMPSON.

In concluding this chapter it will be,as well to mention that
several of H. Weir's conventional sketches of the mastiff (not
portraits) which have appeared since 1870 particularly, have
been of a very houndy type, a type exemplified in Miss Hale's
noted Lion, who about 1870 was a very fashionable animal
under some judges, and H. AYeir seems to have somewhat
pandered to the taste or caught the infection to a certain
extent. It is a type very captivating to the artist, as in the
lines of the head in the bloodhound (the typical hound) there
is a dignified majestic expression, which perhaps in some
people's idea, is of a higher scale of intelligence, and therefore
more captivating to the eye, than the lowering formidable
appearance of the true surly old English mastiff, when free
from the hound taint.

I can excuse an}" artist falling into the error, at the same
time would like to destroy every picture of this cross bred
mongrel type, miscalled mastiff. Sir Edwin Landseer could
and did paint to perfection mongrels with poetic expression,
but then he was never guilty of labelling them or trying to
palm them off on the public as anything but mongrels; but
the davs for mongrelism are I trust past, or at least numbered.

CHAPTER XIX.
EARLY DOG SHOWS.

I pass the wars that spotted lynxes make,
With their fierce rivals for the female's sake ;
The howling wolves ; the mastiff's am'rous rage,

Dry den. Georgics, Lib. in.

WK have now arrived at the days of early Dog Shows, the
first, having taken place in June, 1859, and with them we may
trace the commencement of photographing noted specimens.
It is needless to say photographs from life are of far more
value to the breeder than drawings, however good and
truthful the artist, for to say the least, there are few who do
not insert a mannerism of their own ; at the same time I
disdain the worked up fancy portraits, which are some-
times dishonestly used by owners of noted dogs for obvious
purposes. Such portraits are often simply a public swindle,
the worst points being too often toned down, and fancied
beauties and perfections inserted, not because they exist in
the specimen, but because it may get a few pounds out of
the pockets of the unwary public, and put money into that of
the unworthy owner of the dog ; and such a debasement of
art is truly monstrous.

In 1861 Mr. Lukey took First Prize at Leeds with his
Countess; Mr. Lukey had some photos of her, taken from
life. Lieut. Col. J. P.. Gamier, R.E., made a very character-
istic drawing of her, although (judging from the photo from
life, of which I have a cop}7) hardly massive enough, and too
licfht in bone.

igS EARLY DOG SHOWS.

Mr. Lukey in possession of this grand animal failed to mate
her judiciously, being carried away with the vulgar error for
great size ; he crossed her with Lion, a dog bred in America,
a longish headed and somewhat leggy animal, with little
pretention to true mastiff character, showing according to his
breeder's own admission, unmistakeable signs of the boar-
hound type. The infusion of this mongrel blood nearly
ruined Mr. Lukey's dogs, causing him to lose ground, which
he never thoroughly recovered ; Mr. E. Hanbury wresting
the premier position from him — a position that clever breeder
has honestly held, and well merited, off and on ever since.

There were three dogs from the Lion and Countess cross,
namely, Mr. Ashton's Lion, Mr. Lukey's Governor and
Harold, the latter, a white faced specimen, taking after his
mother in type, and a reversion to Mr. Thompson's strain.
" The breeder of Governor's sire " admits that this dog was
the finest male specimen he had ever met with, and therefore
superior to anything of his own breeding, and was perhaps,
except Quaker, Tiger, and Countess, the best specimen of the
English mastiff he had up to that time ever set eyes upon.

Mr. Gamier worked up a drawing of Countess and Lion,
with their offspring Harold and Lukey's noted Governor ; of
this group photos were taken, and there is also an engraving
of Governor in the 1872 edition of Stonehenge, but it is more
of an artist's ideal than a faithful portrait, as far as the head
goes, giving the idea of a much squarer muzzled, shorter
headed dog, than the photo taken from life shows. Garmer's
portrait of Governor in the foregoing group was worked up
from the photo from life, and appears a very truthful and
useful copy of the original, and can be relied on as showing
the real type of his head.

EARLY DOG SHOWS. 1 99

Governor appears to have taken after the boarhound type
m his progenitor Adam ; he grew eventually to be a taller
specimen than his brother Harold, standing 33 inches at
shoulder, and weighing 180 Ibs, girthing only 40 inches,
measuring 28 round the skull, length of head 15 inches,
namely, skull g£, muzzle 5^ ; this being at least i£ inches too
long in the muzzle, and as I had these measurements from
Mr. Lukey himself, (who admitted the dog's deficiency of
girth of chest, and wretched long muzzle) they may be relied
upon ; in fact Governor, grand large dog as he was, neverthe-
less was unquestionably too long in head and pointed in
muzzle, and instead of possessing the short square head of
the true English mastiff, he inherited plainly from his sire,
the wedge shaped head of the boarhound, Great Dane, and
Alpine sheepdog type, and such for the most part was the
type of head he begot, throwing large animals, but leggy, and
showing too much of the extended figure, approaching nearer
the greyhound type.

Mr. Lukey mated Countess with her own son Governor,
and obtained a long headed boarhound-like leggy dog from
this alliance, which he named Harold ; this dog was the
ancestor of the Shah, but died young, having hung himself.
Mr. Lukey had his head stuffed and offered to make me a
present of it.

However among his numerous un satisfactory offspring (for
like many other very large dogs he was a decided failure at
the stud) Governor begot Rufus, whose mother, Jenny, the
property of Mr. Sam Horn of Kettering, was one of the then
few remaining old English mastiffs. I asked Mr. Lukey if
she had any pedigree, "pedigree" he replied, "she had a
pedigree as long as your arm, that the man sent with her, but

200 EARLY DOG SHOWS.

I lost it." I then went purposely to Kettering to see Mr.
Horn, who told me he had lost her written pedigree, but that
he had obtained her from a person at Sudbury (whose name
I now forget). I made a purpose journey to Sudbury and
Chartley to try to discover the pedigree, but all I could
ever ascertain was that she was bred at Sudbury, from stock
originally obtained from Lord Vernon's and the Trentham
kennels, and among others her breeder had sent his two last
specimens over to Phoenix Park, Dublin, which cleared him
out of the breed.

Mr. Horn's Jenny was evidently of the Trentham strain,
(the Chartley mastiffs having been obtained also from Trent -
ham) and thus allied to Dan, the grandsire of Mr. Cautley's
splendid Quaker. The cross of Horn's Jenny fortunately
restored the shorter head to Mr. Lukey's strain, Rufus being
a very grand headed specimen, although low standing, and
somewhat deformed ; and accidentally he was the means of
transmitting the purest and best mastiff blood left in the
kingdom, as Mr. J. K. Field really wished to breed from
Governor with Nell iii. who was a daughter of Cautley's
Quaker, out of a very fine bitch, owned by Wm. Guppy, the
noted King Charles fancier and toy dog dealer of Prince's
Street, London ; her mother was a mastiff bitch belonging to
Lord Darnley, but her sire's pedigree is not on record, and
it has been rumoured that he was a bull-mastiff.

However while this bull cross in Old King 2301 lias never
been thoroughly investigated, much less proved, it is certain
that both from the dam of Rufus, and also his mother's sire,
he inherited some of the purest and best English mastiff blood
that existed.

KARI.V DOG SHOWS. 2OI

But to re.vert to Mr. Lukey as a breeder, although it is a
hold and perhaps somewhat startling assertion to make, still
I fail to see that he made any really great improvement in the
breed, and am inclined to think that he bred as good or even
better specimens at the commencement of his career, than he
did in his meridian, and had he lived in later times, when the
breed became more fashionable and plentiful, there is no
reason for believing that he would have made any greater
fame as a breeder than others have since.

Much mav be learnt from an impartial investigation of the
practices of these early breeders, especially if we can but
divest our minds of that glamour of extra judgment and skill
which rolls like a cloud over the past, and while hiding their
failures, allows their successes to burst through in strong
light. In himself Mr. Lukey beyond doubt was a good judge
ot what a mastiff should be, possessing a trained eye for make
and shape, and a quick perception of the characteristic points:
he had a dread of a bad loin, and informed me that was his
sole reason for never having bred from Bill George's Tiger,
who he remarked was the best headed dog of his day:
and when he crossed his last star, but not least noted prize
winner, his superb Beautv. with her half-brother my Monarch
2317, he said, "that although his head was grander than he
expected to meet with, and beat that of his Baron both in
type and measurement, yet he was the worst loined dog that
he had ever bred from." It may be laid down as certain
that the two cardinal points Mr. Lukey ever kept in view
were a well formed head, and broad loin in the sires he used:
seeking these perfections in the individual animal rather than
in any study of pedigree, a point he seemed to me very
indifferent about, so long as the animal suited his judgment.

PB

2O2 EARLY DOG SHOWS.

Looking at his various crosses and blendings I am inclined
to regard Mr. Lukey as a breeder who made his mark through
perseverance, a large kennel, and little public competition,
possessing a clear and quick judgment, but little or no
theoretical skill, ever acting as though from the sire he saw
and selected, he would obtain the properties that animal
exhibited. Yet although long pedigree extending back to
remote ancestors is in itself often a captivating illusion, still
a pedigree properly made use of, is a guide to the intelligent
breeder, and a synoptical review of the past ancestry, may
furnish ideas, and save the breeder many failures and foul
crosses.

It is worthy of note that Mr. Lukey never kept any
written pedigree of his dogs, and although at times (like all
really successful breeders) he bred regardless of affinity, he
had no objection to a distinct cross.

It should be a significant warning to modern breeders that
in crossing, he introduced a foreign and distinct type, and
ignorantly made use of the male offspring arising therefrom,
thereby losing his old type, and with it the high position he
then held, as Mr. Cautley with Quaker (bred by Mr. Thomp-
son) and Mr. Hanbury with his daughter of Bill George's
Tiger, beat him thoroughly, and between 1860 and 1869 Mr.
Lukey had to be content with a secondary position, and
seeing his vast Governor generally beaten by his smaller
sized dam.

In 1869 m Beauty, Baron, Bounty, and Bell (all by Old
King) Mr. Lukey's lamp of fame threw out a final flicker ;
their dam being a mixture of Governor, Tiger, and Mr.
Lukey's old strain, but these were never equal to the trio Mr.

EARLY DOG SHOWS. 20$

E. Hanbury bred, namely, Taurus 2340, Hebe, and Herpa,
by Old King, out of a daughter of my Wolf, who was by Bill
Georges Tiger.

What showed that Mr. Lukey's ability as a breeder was
not so acute as some have been led or led themselves to
suppose, was the fact that with Beauty, Bounty, and Treasure,
and two daughters of the latter, by Mr. Hanbury's Griffin,
(the sire of Rajah) from these fine brood bitches he failed to
breed a single prize specimen, in fact their offspring were
such thorough failures that I believe their descendants have
quite died out.

Of Mr. Lukey's geniality and cordial hospitality I cannot
speak too highly, for he ever made me (and I believe other
lovers of the mastiff as well) welcome, and I enjoyed my visits
to him much ; straightforward, honourable, and generous in
his actions, I am sure that any little inaccuracies that he
made at times in his dogs pedigrees, arose from defect in
memory and having no stud book to refer to. When a
breeder has had as many dogs pass through his hands as Mr.
Lukey or myself, it is easy to get confused as to the exact
breeding of some, and thus misstatements are often uninten-
tionally made ; yet external facts alone bore evidence to the
several errors I have pointed out. With these remarks I
shall conclude with Mr. Lukey with the well known line

" DC mortals nil, nisi bonmn"

for the truthful historian has at times to run counter to
popular opinion.

CHAPTER XX.
NOTED -MASTIFFS.

'Tis sweet to bear tbe watcb-dogs honest bark

Bay deep nioutbed welcome as we draw near borne.

Hyroii's l)on Jan a.

MR. F. ll.AM'.i KY'S Duchess, one year and three nioiillis old.
in June. 1862, took the First Prize at Holborn, and figured
in the Illustrated Sporting News, and also in the same for
May 3ist, 1862. Duehess weighed 102 ibs only at 15 months
old. (My Champion Peeress, First Prize, Birmingham, 1872.
just 10 years after, weighed at 15 months old 112 Ibs.

Duehess also figured in the Illustrated Sporting News ot
Dec. f)th, iS02; the cut may be accepted as accurate, for
there was a striking likeness between it and that of Mr.
If anbury's grand skulled Rajah 2333. The cut shows a very
broad, short headed, fine coated, muscular specimen, with a
very fine stern, carried down ; her ears however appear
somewhat large: this is an important piece of mastiff history,
as it shows that the type Rajah was of. was inherited from
Duchess quite as much as from Nell iv., who was supposed
by some to transmit the so erroneously called bulldog
type.

A Lymc II all mastiff belonging to Mrs. Colville was
figured with Duchess in 1862, in the Illustrated Sporting
News, and it shows him to have been long in head and
hound)- in ear : these portraits were draun at the Birmingham
Show, where Duchess carried off the First Prize, the Evmc
Hall representative having to be content with second place.

NOTED MASTIFFS. 2O5

Many people owing to ignorant prejudice, condemn any
white on the face, neck, and paws of a mastiff, and great
outcry before now has been raised at a judge for selecting
white faced specimens as recipients for honours, and some
adjudicators in their ignorance, have passed over good
specimens on account of such markings.

In the Illustrated London Xews of December, 1871, there
is a portrait drawn by H. Weir, of Peveril, the son of Wallace;
he was a light red brindle with a large amount of white on
face, neck, flank, chest, and legs ; he also inherited the bar
sinister, the dewclaw, showing his Alpine ancestry. There
is an excellent coloured engraving by Vaughan Davis, of
Wolsey, in part viii of Cassell's Book of the Dog; the likeness
to Peveril in head is very marked, and the ears in both fall
too close to the head for mastiff purity, while both had the
same round faced, stupid cat-like expression.

To show how rooted and hereditary the white stirp is, my
Champion Peeress 2393, came out with much white on her
lace, neck, legs, and flank, although her parents and grand-
parents were all free from white. Peeress and her sister Juno,
who was free from white, when crossed with their half-
brother, threw some perfectly white puppies.

In 1^76 Goddard, A.R.A., painted Champion Xero 2318,
bred by Captain, now Sir T. G. F. Hesketh, Bart.; the
painting is a full length portrait, and will be one of the means
of handing down to posterity the form of one of the finest and
most powerful mastiffs that has been produced of late years.
It is'not only a splendid picture as a work of art, but a very
truthful and striking likeness of the dog, whose worst fault
was his want of breadth of skull, his muzzle was remarkably

206 NOTED MASTIFFS.

grand, and his lips extremely pendulous, he was also a very
muscular, well-grown animal of great size and bone, with a
stern if possible too fine ; his pedigree was very indifferent,
and his produce inferior and disappointing.

In 1876 Fredk. Valter of Birmingham made a crayon
sketch of my Norah 6397, who took First Prize at Birming-
ham that year, she had the white blaze down the face, and
white on neck and paws, her ears were extremely small and
semi-erect, she was excessively active, very muscular, and a
very fast and terrible fighter, and when roused would roll
even a male specimen over in a second ; she was descended
from the brindle and white Rose of the old Elvaston Castle
strain.

Formerly the mastiff ran all colours, and were mostly pied
with white. The continual reproduction of the breed without
foreign crosses was calculated to produce a very uniform type,
at the same time to render the colouring matter weak, the
face, chest, neck, paws, and tip of the tail being the first
places to show it. Now the question of colour looked at
impartially, will at once be seen to be anything but a charac-
teristic, all colours being admissible, (except liver colour and
black white and tan in patches like a foxhound, which I have
never heard of) but owing to the careful selection of the
fallow, that colour may now be looked upon as a sign of
purity almost, and the fancy (i.e. the public breeders and
judges) have a right to give a preference to whatever colour
they may think the handsomest ; for my own part I prefer the
all black, or the stone, or smoky fawn, with intense black ears
and muzzle, in fact the darker the head the better, as it gives
that lowering sullen look, which to use the words of Dr. Cains,
" Drives cold fear into the heart of man."

NOTED MASTIFFS. 2O7

Mr. Field's Old King was nearly of this colour, and was
also one of the most perfect all round specimens of the
British mastiff I have met with ; Mr. Beaufoy's Beau was
also of the same colour, and was one of the very best speci-
mens that has been before the public of late years, inheriting
much of the King or Quaker type through his dam; Wolf, by
Bill George's Tiger, was of the same colour, and had a
remarkably fine head, but was somewhat coarse, and also
deficient in muscular power ; his daughter, Mr. Hanbury's
Phillis, inherited her sire's head, colour, and type generally.

It may be urged that if preference may be given to any
colour, the fancy have an equal right to say the mastiff should
have the level jaw and long head ; that the undershot jaw is
merely a monstrocity both in the bulldog and mastiff, a little
consideration however will show the merest tyro the incor-
rectness of any such argument, which may be seen by
analogy. In the lop-eared rabbit for instance, the fancy have
a right to select any particular colour and marking, and the
lop ears ma}' be a monstrocity, or an adaptation on the part
of nature to fit the animal for its conditions of existence; but
let anyone argue the lop ears should be bred out, and a
normal small ear take its place, what would be the result ?
the breed would no longer be the lop-eared variety ; the same
with the mastiff, a baiting dog, with the characteristic short
muzzle, and undershot jaw of its trade or use, which if bred
out or allowed to degenerate into other types, the breed
would become no longer the mastiff, as they approached nearer
in type to their boarhound, bloodhound, or Alpine sheepdog
ancestry ; foul crosses which have been introduced to the
detriment of the true type. Vast dogs long on the legs, some-
what light in bone for their size, are not in reality mastiffs,
whatever their owners may think.

208 NOTED MASTIFFS.

The question lias been raised both in this country and
America, as to what extent shortness of head in the mastiff
(technically termed shortness of face) should be cultivated to,
and with regard to the proportionate length of skull to that
of muzzle ; the old rule, that the muzzle should be exactly
one third the length of the whole head, is a very safe one :
the length of head in male specimens should not exceed 12
or I2j inches in length, and in the females 10 or 11 inches.
For my own fancy I must confess that 1 like to see the face
cultivated as short as possible, as it shows high breeding,
especially if accompanied with plenty of size and a symmet-
rical bod}7. Old King had a remarkably short head, his son,
Monarch 2317, had if anything a still grander head, and it
measured barely 11 inches in length, which was the length of
the head of his dam, Norah.

Mr. H. Clive's Niger (a son of Monarch 2317, and dive's
Nell, of the old Trentham strain) had a still shorter face than
his sire, and with the exception of British King 8409, was the
shortest faced mastiff I have met with.

Of late years shortness of face among the south country
breeders has been more generally cultivated, but in America
there seems rather a disposition to depart from the true tvpe
in respect to shortness of head. Among others Mr. \Vm.
"Wade of Hulton Pa (who in the course of a lew years will
probably be justly regarded as the great American authority
on the mastiff, from his carefully gleaned knowledge, and in
other respects sound judgment of the breed) lias expressed
his opinion that a very short faced mastiff is lacking in
dignity, etc., but in the course; of a few years he will probably
see the error of his opinion on this point. That length and

NOTED MASTIFFS. 2OQ

narrowness of head belong to the hound, while shortness and
breadth are true characteristics of the British mastiff, and
more expressive of strength than dignity perhaps. Formerly
the English mastiff appears to have stood not more than from
27 to 30 inches at shoulder, and a writer, a stickler for purity,
has recorded that he doubts the purity of any mastiff standing
over 30 inches at shoulder, and if we recross the mastiff with
the pure breed, the bulldog, (as suggested by Mr. Thompson
and other breeders and writers) we still lessen the height,
bringing it nearer to the old standard of the breed when it
was bred for work and use, not mere useless ornament or
crippled over-forced monstrocities that can hardly walk. ,

Before concluding this history of the British mastiff, I may
say in 1874, The Kennel Club Stud Book was published, and
having revised the mastiff pedigrees in it for the editor, (Mr.
Pearce) and also furnished him with considerable information
for the work, I know that the pedigrees in the 1874 v°l- are
fairly accurate, although one or two errors crept in. The
breeder will find it a most useful work.

In breeding animals " Pedigree " is a most important partic-
ular. By pedigree I do not mean merely a carefully written,
extended chart of ancestral names, the kind of thing I fear
that too many breeders swallow with the same avidity that
a salmon does a highly dressed, gaudy, artificial fly. If
breeders would only bear in mind that all the stud books in
existence, and all the mere paper that has pedigree written
on it, will not shorten the muzzle of a mastiff one quarter of
an inch, or add one inch to the girth of skull or chest. A
mere chart of the ancestry for a number of generations back

cc

210 NOTED MASTIFFS-.

is in itself valueless ; the sort of pedigree that is all in all, if
men wish to breed with more or less certainty animals
approaching a fixed ideal or standard, is a pedigree which
shows a fair percentage of immediate ancestors approaching
more or less closely towards the desired type, for it should
always be remembered that for some reason the tendency is
for the offspring to resemble the grandparents and great
uncles and aunts, than either their sire or dam ; as Creech
translates the i22oth line of the ivth book of " de Rerum
Natura " of Lucretius,

" And oft' with joy indulgent fathers view'd,

" The grandsire's image in their sons renewed," etc.

Moreover blood can only be rendered prepotent by in-breeding
to the required type. A pedigree therefore should show a
certain amount of in-breeding to the blood possessing the
required type ; m-breeding being the only sure way of
collection of type into a current, which gains strength and
permanency by cultivation.

The capabilities of a sire to transmit his own type and
latent properties in his blood, depends very much upon his
having inherited the same from a succession of ancestors in
whom those properties have existed, the hereditary force being
concentrated and strengthened greatly by incestuous alliances
of animals of similar type.

When a type is once collected into a current it rapidly
gains strength and development ; if for example girth of skull
is the particular point aimed at, by selecting the larger skulled
son to the sire, breeding from him, and selecting in turn the
largest skulled of his offspring, a strain is s6on established!
which will possess greater volume of skull if the females
selected are of kindred blood.

NOTED MASTIFFS, 211

The additional increase is not at all regular .every genera-
tion, but jumps as it were by fits and starts, and at times with
marvellous rapidity.

Again in condemning a defective point in an animal, the
breeder should consider, and try to ascertain if possible,
whether or not it is, or is likely to be an hereditary fault.

Many good judges are tainted with the vice of cynicism, and
argue concerning a weak point as though it were a whole,
the result being that although their judgment may be correct
enough, according to the standard for exhibition, they
nevertheless mislead breeders, and seldom make any mark
themselves as producers of high-class specimens.

The general or hereditary characteristics of the prominent
strains of any race of animals must be of service to the
breeder of the variety ; but to coacervate them, it requires
lengthened experience, and even then it should be borne in
mind that the faults and perfections fluctuate, and are greatly
and constantly modified by the various strains they are fused
with.

The leading strains between 20 and 25 years ago were Bill
George's Tiger, Cautley's Quaker, Lukey's Governor, and
Weller's Wallace ; the first was succeeded by his sons
(Bamfords afterwards my) Wolf, (Lord Kingsdovvns afterwards
my) Rums, Bamford's Sampson, and a lot of daughters of
unexceptional merit.

Bill George's Tiger himself was crooked in his legs and
slack in loin, both defects probably owing to bad rearing, as
his immediate progenitors were very good in both respects,
(although some of Mr. Lukey's old strain were, Mr. Thompson
informed me, slack in loin, and very weak andcr ooked in

212 NOTED MASTIFFS.

their legs) and Tiger's stock, although one or two were a little
slack in loin, were very straight in the legs, and also very
active animals. Lord Kingsdown's Rufus (who died in my
possession) could jump a five barred gate when past eight
years old, and Captain another son of Tiger's presented to
me by Messrs. Broadwood, (the world-famed piano manufac-
turers) was one of the fastest and most determined cat killers
of any breed of dog I have ever seen. Bruin, another son of
Tiger's, was a remarkably muscular and symmetrical animal,
with vast bone, and splendid limbs. Four sons of Tiger's,
out of different bitches, viz. Wolf, Rufus, Bruin, and Captain,
died in my possession, all being aged dogs, and had the best
of limbs, and were very active up to the last. Rufus had a
remarkably prolonged muzzle, and I kept his skull ; it shows
that he had two supernumary false molars direclly behind
the canines on each side of the superior maxillary.

Cuvier observes that these supernumary teeth are developed
in each jaw, but that he never saw them developed on each
side in the same individual, when for example the left inter
maxillary bone has a fifth false molar, the right inter
maxillary bone has only the usual number, and it is the same
with regard to the supernumary tubercular tooth which is
sometimes found in the upper jaw. On account of these
modtfications not being perpetuated, Cuvier places them
among those casualities which give no foundation for the
establishment of any rule. Youatt says of these supernumary
teeth, that there is much irregularity accompanying them,
and that they have been supposed to have extended to seven
or eight.

Rufus was also born with dewclaws ; nothing is known of
the pedigree of his dam, and I had it from very good authority,

NOTED MASTIFFS. 213

that her coat was somewhat woolly, and there was very little
doubt that she was of the Alpine mastiff blood, 'and crossing
such unallied blood would fully account for any and all
abnormal redundancies, as supernumary teeth, claws, etc.

Bill George himself, like many modern London breeders,
was somewhat cramped for room, and having at times a
number of dogs on the ground, his home reared puppies had
not sufficient liberty and exercise, the result being that his
mastiff breeding operations were anything but satisfactory I
believe.

Wolf, Phillis, Rums, Sampson, Bruin, and Branch were
very uniform in type. The most striking characteristics of
the Tiger line were magnificent heads, jet black ears and
muzzles, generally stone fawn with the dark clouded or sooty
back, showing the brindle blood of their ancestry, ears medium
size, but rather inclined to be too large and thick, coat hard
and fine.

Cautley's Quaker was .nearly allied to Bill George's Tiger;
his male descendants have sunk into insignificance, owing
to being crossed without judgment with inferior blood, but
his grandson, Old King, took after him very much in type ;
his son, my King 2nd, (sire of Norah 2nd, ist Birmingham,
1876) resembled Quaker still more. I sold the dog to Mr.
Hawett of Wigan, Lancashire, and he wrote me as follows,
2gl:h Dec., 1876 :

" Dear Sir, — When I showed my King ii. at Blackburn,
" Thompson and Douglas judged, when Mr. Thompson saw
" King ii., he asked my groom at once « where does that dog
" come from ?' He afterwards told me in the hotel that he
" thought it was old Quaker coming into the ring ; he pointed
" out to me his ears, and the beauty of his hind quarters, etc.

214 NOTED MASTIFFS.

King 2nd took the Second Prize only at that show, although
previously he had taken First at Nottingham, beating Cham-
pion Empress 2369.

Quaker 2330, Fan ist 2373, Sir George Armitage's late
Tiger, King 2nd, Norah 2nd, and the Quaker strain generally,
were remarkably symmetrical, very muscular, had generally
small semi-erect ears, with very fine coats and sterns, but
were somewhat small and light in bone, and were remarkably
active ; these characteristics are very much retained by the
King male line, Taurus 2340 and his son, Young King 8426,
being of the same type.

The King line have generally possessed good heads with
very black muzzles, and have been of the stone fawn ; and
this blood has done more towards keeping up the true type
than any other strain.

Lukey' s Governor was superseded by his son , Mr. H anbury' s
Prince, the sire of Griffin, and grandsire of Rajah ; the latter
dog was one of the best sires of his day. Writing in 1873 f°r
H. Webb's book, Dogs, their Points, etc., published by Dean
and Son, I there stated that in my opinion Rajah, Old King,
and Mr. Lukey's Baron were probably the three best
specimens then extant, not then having seen Taurus 2340,
although I stated that from his blood he should be equal to
any, and that with such specimens to breed from " I saw no
reason to fear for the future."

It is not assuming too much in saying that the numerous
magnincient specimens now extant directly descended from
these dogs, have proved the correctness of my judgment and
prognostications.

XOTED MASTIFFS. 215

That the Governor type would and could not hold its own
I proved, having given a long sum for Timon, a grandson of
Governor, being by Cromwell, by Governor. Timon was a
very fine specimen, with a vast but too pointed head, a
beautiful coat, and measured and weighed well ; I exhibited
him at the Birmingham Show, where he was simply unnoticed.

The most striking characteristics of the Rajah line have
been vast skulls, short heads, fine coats, and good chests and
loins, generally deficient in blackness about the ears, and
wanting in lip and squareness of muzzle, somewhat light in
bone, and of medium size ; the late Pontiff was a very typical
representative of the line improved in colouring.

The immediate descendants of Mr. Nicholl's Quaker, and
his Venus, were very houndy, having generally long pointed
muzzles, deep hanging flews, long folding leathery ears, very
suggestive of a bloodhound cross in one of their immediate
ancestors. Miss Hale's Lion, a fine dog in other respects,
was very much spoilt by this houndiness. Old Turk inher-
ited something of it from his dam, Hilda ; Hilda was full
sister to Miss Hale's Lion, and was a long bodied, large
bitch, with very poor head, light bone, and was decidedly
leggy. Miss Aglionby's Wolf inherited still "more of the
houndy type than Turk, and his descendants have been much
spoilt by it.

The only descendants of Weller's Wallace which have come
prominently before the public were Druid and Peveril, and
the latter proved sterile, as did his nephew, Mr. Norris's
Wallace, by Druid. The Druid cross I have never really
liked, owing to the deerhound blood in Druid's dam, Mr.
Elmsley's fawn bitch, Juno ; but Druid possessed vast size,

2l6 NOTED MASTIFFS.

and that was enough to recommend him to some people ;
however Druid, his son Trajan, and grandson Tarquin, all
proved decided failures as stud dogs, except for getting a few
bitches of great size.

The strain is characterised by remarkably small ears, a
tendency to narrow, lanky, gaunt bodies, tucked up flanks,
legginess, lightness of bone, long, light heads, and general
coarseness, in fact a decided manifestation of the vertragal
cross is often more or less present in Druid's descendants.

Hercules, his son Green's Monarch, and grandson, Mr.
Beaufoy's Nero, have been an element for the introduction of
size, with coarser bone, but the strain has usually been very
coarse, also long and pointed in the head, and heavy in the
ear, but usually excellent in colour. It is a pity Mr. Beaufoy's
Nero wras not more extensively bred from, as for all their
coarseness and defective heads, the strain was calculated to
produce some very useful brood bitches, it being always more
certain and satisfactory to breed for type from the sire, with
colour and size on the dam's side.

Another strain that has become somewhat prominent, owing
to its size, is that of Big Ben ; crossed with the King blood he
begot a very typical specimen in Caesar, who was nevertheless
coarse and heavy in ear. Had not Big Ben's pedigree been
stated as a full brother to Punch 2329, his characteristics
were much more suggestive of his sire's kennel companion,
Hercules 2298, than the fine coated, and somewhat light
boned son of King and Hilda. Big Ben's descendants have
been characterized by great size, vast bone, over large
leathery ears, and general coarseness ; crossed with the Druid
strain they have become possessed of even greater size, with
a greatly improved ear, but the faults of both stirps are often

NOTED MASTIFFS.

patent, although modified in great measure. Old Cardinal
is undoubtedly the best and most typical representative of
the Big Ben and Druid blend.

Benmore inherited much of the Druid type through his
dam. While Big Ben's stock mostly inherited size from their
sire, he did not stamp his own likeness or type to any extent
on his offspring.

That magniiicient dog, Beau, who although by male descent
belonging to the Prince line, yet inherited far more of the
King type through his dam ; he did not prove the success at
the stud I anticipated, for although he begot some very useful
.and grand bitches, his male stock were on a whole decidedly
inferior in the points Beau himself was so good in.

Big Ben and Beau both illustrate the necessity of a sire
not only being good himself in required points, but being the
son of a sire also of the same required type, and in-bred to
the same, otherwise there is often an impotency to transmit
the type the sire is of, dormant types appearing, and those of
the dam's side preponderating, especially if she comes of
in-bred stock.

I have now brought the History of the English Mastiff
down to the present date, and for several reasons think it
would be invidious to trace the peculiarities and weak points
of existing specimens, and the operations further of living
breeders, as although I could only praise the eftorts of some
I should have to censure others, and expose the various
points many of them have appeared to overlook in their
anxiety to obtain others.

I have endeavoured in this work to point out the true type,
the ideal to follow, and which I have ever tried to judge up

DD

2l8 NOTED MASTIFFS.

to without favour or affection to either individual owner or
strain, whenever requested to act officially at Dog Shows,
for it is a judge's duty to award the prizes to the best speci-
mens which are brought before him, regardless of their pedigree
or their probable value for breeding purposes.

I have slightly altered my scale of points for judging in
order to meet what I consider the requirements and failings
of the breed at the present date. The scale of points may
give the reader a more general idea of the correct figure of a
well reared typical mastiff, but such essentials as activity
and symmetry combined with a typical head, a well formed,
long, low body, and generally heavy animal, should never be
lost sight of, either to obtain colour, vast height, or a grand
head, with deformed body and weak limbs, or a well-grown
body, with defective head, plainly departing from the true
type, which if the reader has not thoroughly learnt from the
historical facts which I have laid before his or her notice, I feel
it will be a hopeless task to further try to enlighten them.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF,

Observe with care his shape, sort, colour, size.

SomerviUe. The Chase, Lib. iv.

HEAD.

GENERAL. Very massive and short, with great breadth
and depth of skull, and squareness and blunt-
ness of muzzle, expression lowering.

FOREHEAD. Broad, flat, and wrinkled ; eyebrows heavy,
with a broad stop extending well into the
forehead.

CHEEKS. Full.

EYES. Wide apart, small, and sunken ; dark brown

in colour.

MUZZLE. Short, truncated, broad, and deep, not tapering

towards the nose ; line of profile from stop level,
and not drooping towards the nose, (i.e. not
hound muzzled) jaws very wide and convex.

NOSE. Large ; nostrils large, and a well marked line

between, amounting in some cases almost to a
split nose.

LIPS. Thick and pendulous, they should fall forward

(not hang at the corners of the mouth as in the
bloodhound)

TEETH. Canines large, and lower incisors projecting

slightly beyond the upper.

EARS. Small, roundish, semi-erect or pendent, and

not placed so low as in the hound.

220

THE POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

BODY,

GENERAL. Massive, cylindrical, thick-set and muscular
with length and bulk, and comparatively short
legs, a long, low standing animal generally.

NECK. Short, thick, and muscular; dewlap slightly

developed

CHEST. Deep, and very wide between fore legs.

SHOULDERS. Wide apart across breast and back; shoulder
blades deep.

BACK. Long and broad, slightly hollowed.

Loix. Broad, flat, and muscular.

THIGHS. Straight, muscular, and thick.

STERN. Fine, short, and straight, thick at root, and

tapering to tip, carried straight down generally.

FORE-LEGS. Short from elbow to ground, straight, with
plenty of bone and muscle, the legs should be
round, and not flat boned.

HIND-LEGS. Straight, well curved from stifle to hock, hocks
well developed, strong, and well bent, with
plenty of bone. Dewclaws admissible.

FEET. Round, large, and compact.

COAT. Hard, short, and fine.

GENERAL.

HEIGHT. Produced by depth of body, and not by length

of limb.

DOGS. From 27 inches at shoulder and upwards, the

greater the height the better, providing there
is no loss of symmetry and character, and that
the girth of the skull and weight of the body
increases in proportion with the height.

THE POINTS OP THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. 221

BITCHES generally average 3 inches less than the dog.

COLOUR. The ears and muzzle should be black ; fawns

with black ears and muzzle, good brindles and
all black being equal ; reds, blue brindles, and
pieds are admissible, and equal for purity.

SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING.
HEAD 40 POINTS.

Shape of skull 10

Volume of skull 10

Ears, size, and carriage 5

Bluntness 5

Depth* J

Pendulosity and carriage of lips 2

BODY 40 POINTS.

Neck 4

Breadth of breast 4

Loin and back 4

Girth of chest 4

Shoulders 3

Length 5

Thighs 3

Stern 3

Legs and hocks 6

Feet 4

GENERAL 20 POINTS.

Size, general appearance of massiveness 10
Coat 5

Colour 5

EE

222 THE POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

Dogs standing 27 inches at shoulder should weigh 120 Ibs,

28 „ 130 Ibs.

29 ,, 145 Ibs.
3° " J55 Ibs.

31 ,, 170 Ibs.

32 „ 1 80 Ibs.

33 '9° Ibs.

34 »» 20° lbs'

FINIS.

MELTON MOWBRAY : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY W. LOXLEY

Snertal

u 1 •

" Hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs.
Shocks, water rugs, and demi wolves —
The swift, the slow, the subtle,
The housekeeper, the hunter, evervone —
The little dogs and all,
Tray, Blanche, and Sweetheart."— Shakcxpere.

" A harmless necessary cat. —Shakespere.

THE LONDON ROYAL

Ganine Surgery and Hospital

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
MAJESTY TETB

H.E.H. the DUCHESS OF EDINBURGH
H.Ri.H. the DUKE OF EDINBURGH
II R.H. the DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE
H.I.-M. the EMPEROR OF RUSSIA
II.I.M. the OKAM> Di KE ALEXIS

H.R.H. PRINCESS FREDICA OF HANOVER
H.I.M. the SULTAN OF TURKEY
H.M. the KING OF SPAIN
H.M. the MAHARAJAH DUI.EEP SINGH
H.S.H. the PRINCE ALBERT Sor.Mft

And the leading Aristocracy and Gentry of Europe.

55, South Molton St., Bond St., London.

MR. ROTHERHAM,

ESS0R : 6F >

HEALD'S
DOG MEDICINES.

(Used in the Royal Kennels, Ascot.)

Large Consumers are advised to order the " KENNEL PACKA-
GES," which contain twelve times the quantity of the small sizes.

THE KENNEL PACKAGES ARE SUPPLIED TO MANY MASTERS OF
HOUNDS, BREEDERS, AND TRAINERS.

Heald's Hepatic Aperient Balls
Heald's Tonic Condition Balls
Heald's Cough Balls
Heald's Distemper Powders
Heald's Worm Powders
Heald's Mange Specific
Heald's Ear Canker Lotion . .

No. i Medicine Chest containing all the remedies, with Guide Book, 10/6.
No, 2 Medicine Chest containing 3 times the qu-antiiy of No. i Chest, 21 /-

Sample
Package.
1/6

1/6
1/6

1/6

1/6
2/6
1/6

Kennel
Package.
10/6
10/6
10/6
10/6
10/6
17/6
10/6

Many Testimonials PS to tbe value <f these remedies have come to hand from
Masttry of Hounds, BunUmen, and Tiaiueis, while their large and increasing
sale iu Australia, Isicw Zealand, India, and South Africa is a convincing proof
of their merits.

THE DISTEMPER POWDERS

Are puaiai;tnd to tffxet a cure if cartful attention is paid to the instructions
contaii ed in each packet. 1 EAKK Go< DALL, Her Majt sty's Huntsman, in writing
of the <ffects of this lemedy upe.n the Queen's Buckhounds, says— "1 find your
Disttmper Po\\dtis answer the juipcse thoroughly ; I have not lost a dog since
J have used them, and shall feel much pleasure in re commending them."

// anything ails your Dog, send stamped and addressed
envelope to Mr. HEALD for advice, 7^.> fee whatever-

^AMICUS CANIS-"— A P< cket Dictionary of the Diseases of Dogs, with
Remedies ana Treatment cleaily defined, *GKAT1S, and Post Free.

The Medicines may he ohtained of all Chemists, or post free at quoted prices.

Sole Address: HEALD, M.P.S., Burnliam, Bucks.

SAN ITARYJWPA RATIONS

; RYLAND'S SANITARY FLUID,

Recommended for prevention of Cholera, Fevers, and other infecting diseases,
A perfect deodoriser, disinfectant, and antiseptic. The best and quickest for
purifying bad drains, foul air, and offensive smells of every kind. Most effica-
cious in wounds and sores, and preventing gangrene ; non-poisonous, leaves no
stain, and is most agreeable and refreshing to use. 3/6 Quarts, 6/6 Half-
Gallon, and 12/- Gallon- Special arrangements with Sanitary Authorities.
Hospitals, <tc. This Fluid being highly ooncentrated, requires only a small
quantity, which makes it far cheaper to use than any other disinfectant. A
cheaper quality for use in Kennels, &c., 7/6 per Gallon.

RYLAN D'S SANITARY POWDER,

For the prevention of infectious diseases. A perfect deodoriser and disinfectant,
will purify foul air, bad drains, and offensive smells of every kind. In Canisters
for sprinkling about Stables, Pigsties, over Drains, Closets, &c.

ONE SHILLING EACH.

RYLAND'S SANITARY EMULSION,

Wash for Sheep, Cattle, Horses, Dogs, &c., and to prevent all infectious diseases.
A bmall quantity added to ^ ater will make an excellent wash for Sheep, improves
the wool, and destroys all vermin. Horses and Cattle should be washed with
it occasionally, particularly about the bead and neck. It is health-giving and
refreshing, and in every way will be found beneficial to the animals. Kills Fleas,
Lice, Ticks, and Maggots. Cures Cuts, Wounds, Mange, Scab, Foot-tfe-Mouth, &c.

Price Is., and 2s. 6d., in BOTTLES, or 7s. per GALLON CAN.

RYLAND'S SANITARY OINTMENT,

For Skin Diseases, Wounds, Burns, Chafing of Skin, Chapped Hands or Face;
is useful in the Stable, cures Saddle-Galls, Barked Knees, encourages the growth
of Hair, ana will ketp off Flies.

Price SIXPENCE, aud ONE SHILLING.

RYLAND'S SANITARY AND DECORATIVE FLOOR VARNISH

(Js recommended in " The Queen" and other papers).

Which give s the appearance of light or dark polished oak. Can be applied by
any housemaid, it diies quickly and hard, no smell, may soon be walked upon,
and is easily kept clean.

Price 5/6 HALF GALLON, 10/- GALLON,

Can and Brush included. Best Oak Vamish fcr Outside Work 8/- per GALLON,

Can Free.

J, L. RTLAND, 85, Bewhall Street, BIRMINGHAM.

ESTABLISHED OVEE HALF A CENTDKY.

ADVICE

GIVEN

GRATIS

IN ALL
DISEASES
OF DOGS.

Upwards of 10,000 Testimonials have been received.

DOGS— RACKHAM'S DISTEMPER BALLS, the only certain Cure ever
discovered for Distemper. No matter at what stage, Recovery is
certain.

DOGS— RACKHAM'S TONIC CONDITION BALLS— Is valuable for Ex-
hibition Dogs, Greyhounds in training, and for all dogs in ill-health
or low condition, &c. ; these Balls being, without exception, the finest
tonic medicine in the world.

RACKHAM'S JAPANESE WORM BALLS

ONE DOSE SUFFICIENT. NO OTHER MEDICINE KEQUIRED.
DOGS— RACKHAM'S JAUNDICE BALLS. The only cure known,

DOGS— RACKHAM'S DIARRHOEA BALLS. Price Is., 2s. 6d,, 5s., 10s.,
and 20s. each.

DOGS— RACKHAM'S EAR CANKER SPECIFIC. Price Is., 2s, <5d., 5s.
lOs.^and 20s. each. DOGS— RACKHAM'S COUGH BAL LS

DOGS-RACKHAM'S. PURGING BALLS;

DOGS— RACKHAM'S KATALEPRA FOR RED MANGE AND ALL
SKIN DISEASES.

The above Medicines are Is., 2s. (id., 5s., and 10s. per box. Post Free 2 stamps ertra

DOGS— RACKHAM'S JAPANESE INSECT POWDER. New discovery-
far more destructive than all others.

DOGS— RACKHAM'S JAPANESE WORM POWDERS. Post Free 7 and
13 stamps.

DOGS— MEDICINE CHESTS.containmg all our Preperations, 10s, (id., 21s.
42s., and 63s. each.

RACKHAM'S JAPAN SOAP FOR DOGS

This marvellous preparation supersedes all others for curing Skin Diseases,
destroying Bugs, Fleas, Ticks, Lice, &c. It removes irritation, gives a splendid
Gloss to the Coat. Tablets, fid. and Is. each. Post Free, s and lo stamps
Sold by all Chemists.

RACKHAM'S NORFOLK MEAT BISCUITS

Free to any Station in England, 18s. per cwt.
Plain do., 16s.

Rackham & Co., Dog Medicine Depot, Norwich,

IMPORTANT TO SPORTSMEN AND MASTERS OF HOUNDS.

THURLOW'S

WARRANTED GENUINE.

As supplied to 150 KENNELS in all parts of the Kingdom.

CASH PRICES: — Delivered to Newcastle, £14 7s. 6d. per ton ; Hull, £14 10s.;
Plymouth or Falmouth, £15 ; &free on any rail iii London. £14 los. per ton.

Manufacturer of the well-known

MAIZE AND RICE FEED FOR DOGS.

Price £11 15s. per ton, £6 per half-ton, £3 5s. per 5 cwt. per sack (2£ cwt,) £1 13s.
Delivered free on any rail in London. Samples and Testimonials per Post.

From Sir R. Graham, Bart., Master of the ' New Forest ' late of the ' Tedworth.'
New Forest Kennels, Lyndhurst, September 8th, 1875-

1 Sir liegiuald Graham has much satisfaction in testifying to the very excellent
quality of the Scotch Oatmeal supplied him by Mr. Thurlowfor many years past.

From Col Fairfax, Master of the • York and Ainsty.'

' Bilbrough Hall, York, November 7th, 1875.

' Sir, — I am pleased to say that you have supplied me with Scotch Oatmeal
for many years to my satisfaction/ The quality of your Meal is excellent. It is
the best I ever used.— Yours, T. F. Fairfax, M."F. H.'
' Mr. Thurlow.'

Importer of IRISH OATMEAL of very Superior duality,

.VXD WHOLESALE AGENT FOR

SPRATT'S PATENT MEAT 'FIBRINE' DOG CAKES, and
CLARKE'S BUFFALO MEAT BISCUITS.

Orders and Remittances to J. THURLOW, High Wycombe.

Keating's Insect Powder.

Powder is unrivalled in destroying all Insects,
-L although perfectly harmless to Domestic Animals. It
preserves from Moth. All Wollens and Furs should be
well sprinkled with the Powder before placing away. At
the seaside ib is invaluable for preserving from domestic
worries.

KILLS BUGS, •

FLEAS,
BEETLES,
MOTHS.

The increasing demand for this celebrated preparation
has caused imitations, which are noxious in their effects ;
purchasers are therefore particularly requested to abtain
4* KEATING'S POWDER." Sold in Tins Is and 2s 6d each,
by all Druggists, or by post, 14 or 33 stamps, fron THOS,
KEATING, St Paul's Churchyard, London

SPECIAL TO OWNERS OF DOGS,

This Powder is used most successfully by Dog and
Bird Fanciers, to destroy the Insects which infest
all Animals and Birds. It is a safe and effectual remedy.
Easy to use.

CHAMBERLIN'S "

MEAT DOGS' BISCUITS

Are the Best ever introduced.

SUPPLIED TO

THE ROYAL KENNELS AT
SANDRINQHAM.

Mr. FRANCIS SUTTON, F.C.S-, F.I.C., Analytical Chemist,

writes :

" These Biscuits are specially adapted to the purpose intended, that is to say.
they are a highly nutritious food, in which all the necessary elements are well
balanced, so as to constitute a PERFECT FOOD, without a particle of worthless
or useless material.

•;In this important respect they are BY FAR THE BEST DOG
FOOD I have ever examined, and I have the greatest confidence in recommend.
ing them."

CHAMBERLIN'S MEAT BISCUITS have for many years been used in
some of the principal Kennels, and by experienced breeders and trainers of Dogs.
I have the permission of Mr. R. Gittus, the late owner of that most celebrated
dog. •' Coomassie." twice winner of the Waterloo Cup, to use his name in support
of "CHAMBERLIN'S MEAT BISCUITS."

'' Coomassie" and his other dogs were fed principally upon them.

CHAMBERLIN'S BISCUITS wer also supplied to Mr. J. S. Postlc, ownor of
" PRINCESS DAGMAR," winner of the Waterloo Cup, 1881.

PRICE 16 - PER CWT., Bag included

Special quotations for 5 cwt. and 1 ton lots.

: GRANULATED DOG FOOD IN PACKETS

For Puppies and Sick Dogs, recommended by Mr. Wynn,
i; Caractacus," &c.

3 doz. packets, 6s 6d; 12 doz/ packets, 25s. (including boxes),

CHAMBERLIN'S DOG SOAP,

F6t.l. tablets. Boxes (12 tablets) 5s. per box. Free from smell. Warranted not

injurious.

SOL.E PROPRIETORS:

JAMES CHAMBERLIN & SMITH,

(late JAMES CHAMBERLIN)

NORWICH.

GOLD MEDALS

AWARDED

Antwerp and New Orleans International Exhi-
bitions, 1885;
Arnhem and Paris Dog Shows, 1885,

For SUPERIOR EXCELLENCE of

SPRATT'S PATENT

MEAT " FIBRIN E" VEGETABLE

(WITH BEETROOT),
Used in the Royal Kennels-

Purveyors to the Kennel Club, Birmingham National Dog Show Society, and Dog's

Home, London.

We found, by frequent experiments with all kinds of vegetables, that beetroot
\vas the only one which retained its vegetable properties when made into a
biscuit, and we now present to our customers a biscuit combining the amount of
vegetable matter absolutely necessary for the preservation of the dog's health,
with the other valuable and nutritious ingredients which have secured a world-
wide reputation for our Patent "Fibrine" Cakes.

BEWARE OF WORTHLESS IMITATIONS-

See each Cake is Stamped

"SPKATTS PAT3SMT" & A "X."

DISTEMPER POWDERS, WORM POWDERS, MANGE, ECZEMA, AND EAR
CANKER LOTIONS, TONIC CONDITION PILLS, &C.

PAMPHLET ON

CANINE DISEASES, and Full List of Medicines
Post Free.

DOG SOAP,

Non Poisonous, and free from the danger attending the use of Carbolic Acid.
Instantly destroys Vermin infesting the skin, and keeps the coat in exhibition
condition. The only soap that can be used with safety for washing wounds.

Price 6d. per Tablet.

Dog Houses and Appliances, Brushes, Chains, Collars, Couples,

Gloves, &c.

ILLUSTRATED LIST POST FREE.

SPRATT'S PATENT, LONDON, S,E.

The Best & Cheapest Disinfectant, Deodorizer,

and Cleanser for the Kennel, Stable,

Household, &c., is

JEYES' "PERFECT PURIFIER,"

32 l^rize Medals and Certificates have been awarded it for
Excellence. JVo Kennel should be without it. Js a wash for
Dogs, Horses, Cattle, #c. it is invaluable. It destroys all
Jiisects, cures Mange, Eczejna, and the worst forms of ail
other skin diseases. In use does not Poison, Burn, or Stain.

Testimonial from M. B. WYNN, Esq.

•• Had 1 made any mention of kennel requisites, I should have had much
pleasure in mentioning your disinfectant " Perfect Purifier" in my work " Th«
History of the Mastiff," as I couid do so with thorough confidence, having used
the article in my own large kennel of mastiffs with satisfaction, but I have
not gone into the subject of kennel management.

" I have seen with disgust many kennels belonging to wealthy people in which
the use of your disinfectant would have been a boon to the animals themselves
and the general public."

JEYES' SANITARY POWDER,

FAR SUPERIOR TO CARBOLIC— DOES NOT CHOKE
THE DRAINS.

JEYES' DOG SOAP.

The best and most economical. It is used and recommended by
the leading Veterinary Surgeons ; is perfect in cleansing, quite
harmless, and improves the coat of all animals.

NX>^SXV/'^SX^\X\^SXNXN/NX\^\XN/VrN/NXN^W^^^^>^^NXNX>^SXlW

SOLD BY ALL CHEMISTS, DRUGGISTS, STORES, AC.

JEYES' jSAJMITARY £oMPOUJMD $0., JjJVllTED,
i», €A\\o\ MIU:I;§. i,o\i»&>\. B.C.,

W. LOXLBY,

PRINTER, PUBLISHER, k,

MARKET PLACE,

MELTON MOWBRAY.

ALL ORDERS PER POST RECEIVE
PROMPT & CAREFUL ATTENTION.

ESTIMATES FORWARDED.

Latest Appliances and Staff of Competent Workmen,

ON THE PREMISES

WHOLESALE AiND RETAIL

RETURN

MAIN CIRCULATI

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^ft*

ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL
RENEW BOOKS BY CALLING 642-3405

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DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

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CIRCULATION DE!

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FORM NO. DD6

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
BERKELEY, CA 94720

Berkeley