Sn re Tt a r ~ x Tyee * ch * cm S - o “ oe, p ar ate a, sata! ee [BANE wes Petar Ns ROSS ie Nae oe 2 SANS me 3 ee =e ae sa aa ate “a as at ~~ son AD ox Wey Sow) LoS '- 2 “Oe > by copii Clea ON a ta ade Oo x AISNE EES HREM 1 9) nal alae Mia ip jie toe tS ei « ht iol —" - ey a 9 & ee eS Fete St pete 2 ary as ace) pase Ce Ape ell aa 7 Hervard Linnvorsiry [Vol AC eee ~ HARVARD UNIVERSITY an Mr) Lie cd aS LIBRARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Gift of: FOSTER FUND, * 2 ‘7 he 2 ioe) ‘* Ww . — a ny —_— —— _ hed ~~ —_— - ~ _- = Xf , _—— me rn - ~~ ae -__, zz” te @ 4 eee -_—_— « ri. - V0 —_— » poe es / 7 i : - . 2 4 oud 5 . a * ; Soe i : 7 ; . oa ~_ ; ~—— X< ; é * : Mi = ee * | - Lt WHE Sy MOR St DERA, | Mire * HISTORY ; OF THE fp MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS * as “a ABERDEENSHIRE. f -— es . es HAsO WeUtICN ae receive PUlih i fo oNs inte ~ ee Pas AT Cay GV. eat Ooi A HISTORY OF THE MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS OF THE COUNTIES OF ABERDEEN, KINCARDINE, AND BANFF; TO WHICH IS APPENDED AN ACCOUNT OF THE CIRRIPEDAL ANIMALS OF THE SAME DISTRICT. BY WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY, A.M., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY, IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN; MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, THE LYCEUM OF NEW YORK, THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BOSTON, AND THE MEDICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETIES OF ABERDEEN. LONDON: CUNNINGHAM & MORTIMER, ADELAIDE STREET, TRAFALGAR SQUARE; AND SOLD BY LEWIS SMITH, UNION STREET, ABERDEEN. —— 1843. ne e vy! Viet: s ae a ae = a i? vi . b * ic ° ”) +g | 7 i Bate aif & UA BUDA oe % ~ - GETS A + AOS « ¥ rT tr e STF eh os C, ’ ka as wen F WE ee \ ; px gee iid “Ets : ABERDEEN: PRINTED BY D. CHALMERS AND CO. ADELPHI COURT. La AvTAE ave fait Me - tRUGNS ADE RS . rea iz aes ¢ SICA Uy TO ALEXANDER BANNERMAN, ESQ., M.P., IN TESTIMONY OF GRATITUDE FOR BENEFITS CONFERRED ON THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY WHICH HE SO WORTHILY REPRESENTS IN PARLIAMENT, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY. hi { ‘ " i TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages PREFACE, ‘ ‘ : : ix INTRODUCTION, : : : : xv Systematic INDEX, : ; ‘ l MALACOZOA on MOLLUSCA, . : 13 CEPHALOPODA, . é 3 20 Synopsis of Beales acid . ; 21-23 Descriptions of Cephalopoda, . - 23-40 PTrEROPODA, P : : ‘ 40 GASTEROPODA, . 4 : 41 Synopsis of rR cm : P 42-72 Descriptions of Gasteropoda, . 2 72-200 TROPIOPODA, . : . 201 Synopsis of TeMopodk, : - 203-221 Descriptions of Tropiopoda,_ . : 222-306 BRACHIOPpoDA, . ‘ : < 307 Apopa, > : : 307 Synopsis of Apoda, . ‘ ° 309 Descriptions of Apoda, : : 310-314 SuPPLEMENT, containing additional Species, P 315-348 ’ EMENDATIONS, ; - : ; 349-350 MALENTOZOA orn CIRRIPEDIA, : 301-366 Synopsis of Malentozoa, : - 353-356 Descriptions of Malentozoa,_ . ; 356-366 ConcLuDING REMARKs, . ° P 367-370 INDEX OF GENERA, P : . 371-372 RERUM CREATARUM INDAGATIO AB HOMINIBUS SIBI RELICTIS SEMPER #STIMATA; A VERE ERUDITIS ET SAPIENTIBUS SEMPER EXCULTA; MALE DOCTIS Ef BARBARIS SEMPER INIMICA FUIT. LINNZUVS. PREFACE. . ee Tus motives which induced me to collect the materials for this work, were such as, I think, may reasonably be approved of by those for whom it is intended. Having been recalled to my native place, in May, 1841, I naturally felt a desire of renewing my acquaintance with the productions of a district often traversed by me while prosecuting my studies at the Universities there, and not being aware of any very important investigations having been conducted in this much neglected, though not un- interesting, part of Scotland, with reference to its Zoology, I thought it might be useful to describe some or all of its numerous animals. I therefore at once commenced an examination of the Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, Insects, and Radiata, the results of which I intend, in due time, to lay before the public. Thinking, however, that the pupils whom I have to initiate in the Science to which my labours have, for many years, been directed, could not acquire much practical acquaintance with most of these tribes of animals, in the winter season, when engaged with their various academical studies, I selected a branch of Zoology which I thought capable of affording them greater facilities for observation than any other. I was further induced to undertake the work by remembering that a descriptive catalogue of the Mol- lusca of the district was a desideratum to the Zoologists of other parts of the kingdom. My observations having been continued, as opportunity was afforded, until the number of species had increased to a much greater extent than, from the apparently un- favourable nature of the district, and the evil reports of the very few shell-gatherers known to me, I could have x PREFACE. anticipated, I revised my notes, compared my descrip- tions with those of others, and my specimens with similar objects procured from various parts of Britain, recom- posed the whole, and succeeded in finding a person willing to undertake, chiefly from patriotic motives, the publication of a work of no consideration in a pecuniary point of view. The labour required for such an investigation cannot be at all appreciated by those who have not directed their energies toward such an object. The rocky coasts and sandy beaches of the sea, the valleys and hills of the interior, the pastures, mossy banks, thickets, woods, rocks, ruins, walls, ditches, pools, canals, rills, and rivers, were all to be assiduously searched. No collections of Mollusca made in the district were known to me, nor do any of our libraries contain the works necessary to be consulted, although that of King’s College supplies some of great value. In a situation so remote from the great centres of civilization, the solution of doubts is often difficult of attainment, and there is always a risk of describing as new what may already have been entered into the long catalogue of known objects. But the pleasure of continually adding to one’s knowledge, the sympathy of friends, the invigorating influence of the many ramblings required, the delight of aiding others in the same pur- suits, and many other circumstances, amply suffice to carry one through greater difficulties than those alluded to, even should the sneers of the ignorantly-wise, or the frowns of the pompously-grave, be directed toward the unconscious wight, who, immersed in mud, gropes with the keenness of a money-gatherer, for the to them insig- nificant objects, which have exercised the wisdom and. providence of the glorious Creator. Through life I have ever met with kind friends. On the present occasion, I have been most efficiently aided by them. With a zeal and energy, worthy of all praise and gratitude, Mr. Alexander Murray, of Nethermill, Cruden, an enlightened and sincere lover of nature, has collected for me whatever he could find in the district of PREFACE. xi Buchan. His contributions have been most ample and important ; and among the objects transmitted by him I haye found several species hitherto unknown, many not previously observed in Scotland, and several minute or submicroscopic creatures which could hardly have been expected on our northern shores. Mr. Gray, of Peter- head, has sent me a great number of species collected in the neighbourhood of that place. My daughter Isabella has anxiously collected materials in part of Banffshire and the adjoining portions of Aberdeenshire. Her assistance has been most valuable, as has that of my daughters Marion and Anne, who have supplied many small species. My son John, at present on a natural- history expedition to New Holland and Papua, has also furnished a few. Mr. John Clark has collected for me the shells of Banff, Macduff, and Portsoy. Mr. Alexander Davidson, who obtained a class prize for the largest col- lection of Mollusca, Mr. William Fergusson, Mr. William Leslie, Mr. James Smith, Mr. James Duncan, Mr. William Mitchell, Mr. Alexander Beaton, Mr. William Robert- son, and others of my pupils, have also contributed, whether, in a very few instances, by presenting speci- mens, or, generally, by bringing objects to be named. To Dr. Dyce, of Aberdeen, I am indebted for permission to examine two cuttle-fishes in his collection, and to Andrew Murray, Esq., Advocate, for many kind offices. I haveespecial pleasure also in acknowledging the friendly aid of Mr. James Leslie, of Old Aberdeen, who, enthusi- astically devoted to the study of Zoology, has accom- panied me on many of my excursions, freely permitted me to examine whatever objects he happened at any time to procure, and supplied several species first found by himself. But with all the assistance thus generally afforded, I should not have been able to reduce my ob- servations to the state in which they now appear, without the further aid of a very distinguished naturalist, whose collection of Mollusca has enabled me to compare some of our shells with authentic specimens from other districts, and whose library has supplied several important works xi PREFACE. to which reference was indispensible. To that gentle- man, the Reverend Dr. Fleming, of King’s College, whose generous interest in the progress of the work has been peculiarly encouraging to me, I feel most truly grateful. The naturalists of other places to whom I am indebted on this occasion are Mr. Gray, of the British Museum; Dr. Johnston, of Berwick-on-Tweed; Mr. Jenyns, of Cambridge; Mr. Thompson, of Belfast; Mr. Harley of Leicester; and Mr. Hepburn, of Haddington- shire. 6 I believe that more than two-thirds of the species de- scribed were gathered by myself. The discoveries of my friends and pupils are mentioned in the proper places. I may here explain that I mean thus to record the aid I have received, and to indicate the progress of investiga- tion, with reference solely to this work, and without the least intention of interfering with the labours of others, who may have found some of the same species years or hours before they occurred to me or my friends, and without alluding to those observed by myself in 1817, and 1818, when, having just commenced my Zoological studies, I collected about thirty species. It may further be mentioned, that all the specific descriptions are taken from objects found in the district, and have reference to them only, not to the same species as occurring elsewhere; that I have admitted none that I have not seen and examined myself, with the exception of one species ; that, in cases of doubt, I have compared the objects with others obtained from various quarters ; that I have submitted some of them to the examination of one or other of the eminent Naturalists mentioned above ; and that if, owing to my remoteness from museums and extensive libraries, I have, in some in- stances, failed in giving the objects their proper names, the authentic descriptions made will yet serve to shew what they are. The classic, ordinal, and generic cha- racters, when not entirely original, which the latter usually are, have been taken from the works of Milne- Edwards, Blainville, Lamarck, Gray, Montagu, Turton, PREFACE. xi Sander Rang, Muller, and other eminent Malacozoologists. For the arrangement I am indebted to these authors ; but I have modified their views to suit my own notions, as every one, I believe, does, on such occasions. The synopses, specific descriptions and remarks, are entirely original. The work being intended for the use of my pupils, and for persons commencing the study of the Mollusca, I have given a general account of the structure of those animals, together with their classification, and the prin- cipal characters of the classes and orders. Although descriptive of the county of Aberdeen, with the adjoin- ing portions of those of Banff and Kincardine, it will be useful to persons residing in any part of Scotland, es- pecially to those in the more northern districts. I pre- sent it with confidence to the public; because I am conscious of having prepared it with great care, and be- cause I think it will be useful. The specific descriptions I have made fuller than usual, because I am anxious to induce my pupils, not to content themselves merely with learning the names of objects, as I have observed to be the prevailing practice both here and elsewhere. It is, in fact, a matter of no importance to an individual, b what name an object is known to him, provided he be acquainted with its structure and relations; although a fixed nomenclature is essential to the general progress of knowledge. For this reason, I have not withheld the various species, which have appeared to be new to science, although the want of access to all the works and essays published of late years, leaves it probable that some of them have already been named. It is but a pitiful manifestation of self-esteem to withhold the knowledge of an object, lest it should ultimately be found to have been already communicated in some work inaccessible to the student. Besides, if I have ignorantly given new names to objects already named, who of the most successful cultivators of Zoology, has not often committed similar errors ? In fine, such as it is, being the first Zoological work XIV PREFACE. that has emanated from the University of which I am a member, I cannot but look upon it as indicating the not distant dawn of an era, destined, I trust, to produceinvesti- gations, the importance of which will tend to give our city a rank, certainly not yet acquired, among those distin- guished for the cultivation of Natural History, the most delightful of all sciences, the source of all knowledge, the study best adapted to refine our affections, and to bring us continually into the presence of our Creator, the maker and preserver of us, and all those wonderful objects that everywhere present themselves to our view. The time is almost gone when a little Latin, a little Greek, a little Mathematics, a little Natural Philosophy, and a little Moral Philosophy, in such spare quantities as ‘one small head could hold,’’ made an accomplished scholar. The book of Nature has been opened to us, and whatever profit there may be in storing our minds with phrases, it would require some ingenuity to shew that the knowledge of things is not more useful than that of words. Some defend the system of wasting five or six years of a man’s life in learning so much Latin as may barely suffice to enable him to read a page of a classical author without the aid of a Dictionary, on the ground of its being an exercise calculated to fix the at- tention, and to exercise the memory; but a more useful and far nobler study is that of Nature, which calls into action every faculty of the mind, engages the best affec- tions, and. has reference to the perfect works of a perfect Creator. ‘‘ Ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee ; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee. Who knoweth not in all these that the hand of the Lord hath wrought this?’ Let Latin and Greek have their due share of attention, but let not the incubus of classic lore be per- mitted to smother the mind, that, if unrestrained, would inhale with delight the pure air of heaven. CHANONRY, OLD ABERDEEN, 6th March, 1843. ere Ra — INTRODUCTION. Tue District of which the Mollusca are described in the following pages, constitutes the north-eastern portion of the middle Division of Scotland. Besides the extensive County of Aberdeen, it includes the smaller Counties of Kincardine and Banff, the former on its southern, the latter on its north-western side. Bounded toward the east and north by the German Ocean, it stretches inland toward the central ridges of the Grampians, in which are some of the highest summits in Britain, giving rise to the sources of the Dee and the Don, as well as tribu- taries of the Spey. The latter river bounds the district to the north-westward, while the southern boundary runs eastward from the western sources of the Dee to Mount Battock, and thence to the neighbourhood of Bervie. The upper part of the district is mountainous, with narrow valleys, partially wooded; but the land declines eastward and northward, although still hilly, and toward the coast becomes comparatively level. The rocks are Leet INTRODUCTION. for the most part primary, chiefiy of granite, gneiss, and slate, in all the higher tracts, and even in most of the lower, in which latter there is a thick covering of diluvial matters, consisting of the debris of primary rocks. Secondary strata, however, occupy considerable portions of the lower tracts, especially in Forfarshire, and in the northern parts of Aberdeenshire. Although not gene- rally remarkable for fertility, and but scantily wooded, it presents all the varieties of situation fitted for the in- habitation of Molluscous Animals, which, however, are much more numerous toward the sea. From Bervie to a little north of Stonehaven the coast is rocky, and com- posed of conglomerate and red sandstone; from thence to Aberdeen, of gneiss rocks, intersected by granite and ignigenous veins. From Aberdeen to a little beyond the Ythan, is a sandy beach margined by hillocks of drifted sand. A rocky coast of gneiss succeeds, until we come to the sandy Bay of Cruden; from which to Peterhead the rocks are chiefly of granite and gneiss. From thence northward, and round the north-eastern extremity of the district, to Troup Head, are sandy beaches, gneiss cliffs, and latterly red sandstone and conglomerate. Grey- wacke, sandstone, and primary rocks succeed. The sea, generally shallow along the sandy coasts, and slowly deepening eastward, has its bed partly rocky, partly of sand, and sometimes of clay and other detritus. The currents being strong, and the coast exposed to INTRODUCTION. XVil - the fury of frequent eastern gales, while very few inlets occur, our seas might be supposed not very favourable to the production of Mollusca. In fact, the entire district has generally been considered extremely barren in this respect. Thus, in the Statistical Report of Aber- deen, it is stated, that ‘‘in consequence of the sandy nature of the beach, it affords no resting-place or shelter for shell-fish ; and the shells which are found on the beach, are, therefore brought by the sea from other situ- ations, and generally the fish have decayed before the shells are washed ashore.” Very few Mollusca are men- tioned in the other reports of the parishes; and even in that of St. Fergus, of which the writer holds out some prospect of ‘‘a rich harvest of gratification,” the number collected on the coast by Mr. Alexander Murray, a very acute observer of nature, amounts only to thirty-three, as named by Dr. Fleming. These discouraging statements, the melancholy ac- counts given by the very few persons known to me who have gathered shells in the district, the bleak appear- ance of the coasts, and even of the greater part of the interior, together with the granitic nature of a great portion of the land, said to be peculiarly unfavoura- ble to Mollusca, might naturally enough lead one to despair of much success. But this sterility is only seeming ; for I have found the district as productive as any of equal extent in any part of Scotland, not except- 52 XV INTRODUCTION. ing “the sunny south.” Instead of searching the ex- posed beaches and rocky headlands only, if collectors had betaken themselves also to the fishing stations, and searched the boats and lines, they might have found a great variety of interesting species. The pastures, woods, marshes, lakes, ditches, streams, and estuaries, also, are far from being so unprolific as they might seem. The nature of the rock, it appears to me, makes little differ- ence. The granite of the Bullers of Buchan, and the gneiss of the Cove, are not less productive than the con- glomerate of Stonehaven, or the greywacke and sand- stone of the Northern coasts. The only difference seems to be, that individuals are more numerous in the secondary than in the primary tracts; for the same species occur in both ; and I am not aware of any geolo- gical deposit in the district, or any particular kind of rock, fostering any peculiar species, with the exception of Helix hispida, and Bulimus obscurus, which have been found among sandstone near Stonehaven, but as yet nowhere else. A search continued at intervals, for twenty-two months only, has produced three hundred and forty species—a number greater than might reasonably be expected ; and there can be little doubt that many species remain to be added, insomuch that, I think, the entire number will ultimately exceed four hundred. When the bays are dredged, and the rocky coasts more mi- INTRODUCTION. xix nutely explored, numerous Nudibranchiate Gasteropoda will reward the collector. The land will probably sup- ply few additional species. Many years may be required to complete the series. Let a few other individuals meet with equal success, and our Molluscous Fauna will make as respectable an appearance as that of any in Britain. In the meantime, it is hoped, the present work will prove of considerable utility both to students, and to more advanced malacologists. It will be found to present a general view of the sub- ject, as well as sufficiently full descriptions of the species hitherto met with. After the general characters of each class, wili be found a Synopsis of the Aberdeenshire species, in which are given the generic and specific cha- racters, and etymologies. The genera and species are then more fully described. The measurements are given in twelfths of aninch. References are made, under each species, to various authors who have described it: for example, “Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1232,” that is Linnzeus, Systema Nature, vol. i. page 1232; ‘Mont. Test. Brit. 335, pl. 11, f. 12,” Montagu, Testacea Britannica, page 335, plate 11, figure 12. Subjoined is a List of the principal works to which reference is thus made. As to the Nomenclature—I have adopted the usual method of giving to the genera and species the names imposed upon them by the persons who first described: them. ¥X INTRODUCTION. Specimens of many exotic species have been brought to me; but these I have considered it prudent to sup- press. One species, however, is deserving of notice, although it has come too late for insertion. It is the beautiful Spirula australis, of which fourteen specimens were gathered by myself on the sands to the north of Don-mouth, on the 4th and 6th of March, 1843, but of which the first example was found by one of my pupils, Mr. William Robertson, and the second by Mr. Leshe. Several species supposed to be new to science are de- scribed. Respecting these it is proper to apprise the student, that, although apparently not mentioned in any of the works to which I have access, some of them have probably been already noticed. They amount to about thirty, and are named as follows :— Polysto- mella Gulielminee, P. crenulata, P. nautilina; Discorbis pulchellus ; Vermiculum disciforme, V. planatum; Tex- tularia oblonga, T. obtusa; Dentalina Davidsonu; La- genula reticulata; Natica rutila, N. squalida; Rissoa gracilis ; Odostomia scalaris, O. plicatula, O. Marione, O. Annex, O. oblonga; Tornatella pellucida, T. oblonga; Fusus Buchanensis; Bulleea catenulifera ; Halia Fle- mingiana; Aolis Murrayana, Al. Lesleiana; Spheeros- toma Jamesonii; Pecten Isabelle ; Cyclas flavescens ; Pisidium Joannis ; Ascidia opalina; Tritonia atrofusca. WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE. Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Great Britain. By Joshua Alder. In Magazine of Zoology and Botany. Vol. ii. p- 101. In King’s College Library. Blainv. Man. Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie ; contenant: 1° Une Histoire abregée de cette partie de zoologie; 2° Des principes de Conchyliologie; 3° Un systeme general de Malacologie. Par. H. M. Ducrotay De Blainville. Paris, 1825. 2 vols. rl. 8vo., with numerous plates. Brown, Illustr. Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland, Drawn from Nature, by Captain Thomas Brown, F.R.S.E., &c. Edinburgh, 1827. No descriptions. The figures generally good, often beautiful, sometimes incorrect; the colouring bad; the nomenclature fre- quently strange. Delle Chiaje, Anim. di Nap. Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre del Regno di Napoli; scritte da Stefano Delle Chiaje, Professore, &e, Naples, 1829. Quarto, four volumes, with numerous plates. In King’s College Library. XXll LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France, ouvrage posthume de Jacques-Philippe-Raymond Draparnaud, Professeur d’ Histoire Naturelle a l’ Ecole de Medicine de Montpellier, &c. A Paris, an. xiii. 4to. avec xiii. Planches. The descriptions and figures most accurate. Flem. Brit, Anim. A History of British Animals, exhibiting the Descriptive Cha- racters and Systematic Arrangement of the Genera and Species of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom, &c. By John Fleming, D.D., F.R.S.E., M.W.S., &c. Edinburgh, 1828. 8vo. - In King’s College Library. Forbes, Malac. Mon. Malacologia Monensis. A Catalogue of the Mollusca inhabiting the Isle of Man and the neighbouring sea. By Edward Forbes, For. Sec. B. S.,&c. Edinburgh, 1838. Gray’s Turton. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, by William Turton, M.D. New Edition, by John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Post 8vo., with 12 Plates. Jenyns, Monogr. Monograph of the Genus Pisidium, in the Cambridge Philoso- phical Transactions. Not seen by me. Johnst. Berw. Trans., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Description of the Mollusca of Berwickshire, in the third vo- lume of the Transactions of the Berwickshire Natural History Society. Descriptions of Scottish Mollusca, in the first volume of the Annals of Natural History. In King’s College Library. Lamk. Syst. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres, presentant les earactéres générales et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribu. LIST OF AUTHORITIES. XX tion, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espéces qui s’y rapportent, &c. Par M. le Chevalier De Lamarck, Member de l'Institut. Royal de France, &c. Paris, 1815-1822. 6 vols. 8vo. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. Deuxiéme Edition. Revue et augmentée de notes presentant les faits nouveaux dont la science s’est enrichie jusq’a ce jour; Par MM. G. P. Deshayes et H. Milne Edwards. Paris, 1835. In King’s College Library. Linn. Syst. Nat. Caroli a Linne Systema Nature per Regna tria Nature. Edi- tio duodecima, reformata. Holmize, 1766. 3 vols. 8vo. Lister, Anim. Angl. Martini Lister e Societate Regia Londini Historie Animalium - Anglie tres Tractatus. Londini, 1678. 4to. Mont. Test. Brit. Testacea Britannica, or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh-water, including the most minute; syste- matically arranged and embellished with Figures, by George Mon- tagu, F.L.S. London, 1803. Supplement to Testacea Britannica, with additional Plates, by George Montagu, F.L.S. & M.W.S. London, 1808. 4to., with 30 plates. The figures rather rude but generally correct; the descriptions always intelligible, though often ill arranged and ungrammatical. A most valuable work. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, seu Animalium Infuso- riorum, Helminthicorum et Testaceorum, non Marinorum, Suc- cincta Historia, Auctore Othone Friderico Muller, Regi Danie a consiliis Justitie, &c. Haynie et Lipsie, 1773-4. 2 vols. 4to. The descriptions most accurate. XX1V LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Penn. Brit. Zool. Pennant’s British Zoology. Vol. iv. London, 1777: In King’s College Library. Rang. Man. des Moll. Manuel de lHistoire Naturelle des Mollusques et de leurs Coquilles. Par M. Sander Rang, Officier au Corps Royal de la Marine. Paris, 1829. 12mo. In King’s College Library. Risso, Eur. Merid. Histoire Naturelle des Principales Productions de l’Europe Meridionale, et particuliérement de celles des Environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes; par A. Risso, Ancien Professeur des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles au Lycée de Nice, &c. A Paris. 8vo. Tome Quatriéme, 1826. Avec Planches 12. In King’s College Library. Turt. Brit. Biv., and Conch. Dict. Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. The Shells of the British Islands systematically arranged. By W. Turton, M.D. Exeter, 1822. 4to. 20 Plates. It contains the Bivalves only, treated as Shells, without reference to the Animals, the “connexion” of these subjects being, he says, “unnecessary if it were possible, and impossible if it were neces- sary.” The descriptions are good, and the figures very beautiful and accurate. Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands. London, 1819. 12mo. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Testacea Minuta Rariora, nuperrime detecta in Arena Littoris Sandvicensis; A Gul. Boys, Arm, S.A.S. Multa addidit, et omnium Figuras ope Microscopii ampliatas accurate delineayit Geo. Walker. London, 1784. 4to. The figures seldom very accurate, the descriptions too brief, and imperfect. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Pages MALACOZOA. MOLLUSCA, 13 CLASS I. CEPHALOPODA, . 20 ORDER I. CEPHALOPODA CRYPTADIBRAN- CHIATA, ; : ; : 22, 96 FAMILY I. SEPIINA, . J 22, 26 SECTION I. DECACERATA, ; 22, 26 1. SEPIOLA. SEPIOLE, a : s 22, 26 1. Sepiola Rondeletii. Tatanieta Sepiole, . : 22, 27 2. SEP1a. CUTTLE, . : p g 22, 28 2. Sepia officinalis. Common Cuttle, . : 22, 29 3. LOLIGO. CALMARY, . « . ‘ 22, 29 3. Loligo vulgaris. Common Calmary, . = 22, 29 SECTION II. OCTOCERATA, : 23, 31 4, ELEDONE. ELEDONE, - . “ = 23, 31 4. Eledone Pennantii. Pennant’s Eledone, ° 23, 31 5. Eledone Aldrovandi. Aldrovandus’s Eledone, . 23, 32 ORDER II. CEPHALOPODA SIPHONIFERA, 23, 33 ORDERIII. CEPHALOPODA FORAMINIFERA, 322, 33, 315 FAMILY I. DISCORBINA, 315 5. POLYSTOMELLA. POLYSTOMETLA, : e 23, 33, 315 6. Polystomellacrispa. Crenated Getto, . 23, 53, 315 7. Polysiomelia Gwiclmine. Williamina’s Polystomella, 315 8. Polystomella crenulata. Crenulaied Polystomella, 316 9. Polystomella umbilicatula. Umbilicated Polystomella, 317 10. Polystomella nautilina. Nautiline Polystomella, 317 11. Polystomella depressula, Smooth Polystomella, 318 6. NUMMULINA. NUMMULINE, . 24, 34, 318 12. Nummulina marginata. awidea Wariiiniing, 24, 34, 318 7. DiscoRBIs. DISCOREIS, : - - 24, 34, 318 13. Discorbis lobatulus. Lobulate Disearhis, - 24, 34 Var D.lobatulus reversus. Reversed, : 24, 35 14, Discorbis pulchellus. Delicate Discorbis, : 318 A 8. RoOTALIA. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. RoTatia, 15. Rotalia Beccarii. Beccaria’s Rotalia, i) Var. R Beccarii reversa. Reversed, . SPIROLOCULINA. SPIROLOCULINE, 16. Spiroloculina concentrica. 10. VERMICULUM. VERMICULUM, . Vermiculum subrotundum. Roundish V conadeaieen, . Vermiculum intortum. Oval Vermiculum, . Veriniculum oblongum. Oblong Vermicnium, . Vermiculum disciforme. . Vermiculum planatum. 11. POLYMORPHINA. POLYMORPHINE, 22. Polymorphina lactea. Vermiculum lacteum, 12. TEXTULARIA. TEXTULARIA, > 23. Textularia oblonga. Oblong Textularia, 24. Textularia obtusa. Blunted Textularia, 13. DENTALINA. DENTALINE, 25. Dentalina linearis. 26. Dentalina Davidsonii. 27. Dentalina rectiuscula. FAMILY III, VAGINULINA, 14. VAGINULA. VAGINULE, 28. Vaginula Legumen, cae Vaginas 15. LAGENULA, LaGENULA, 5 29. Lagenula levis. Smooth Lagenula, 30. Lagenula reticulata. 16. C@caLiuM. C@caLium, 31. Cecalium glabrum. Smooth esceliuen: 32. Cecalium imperforatum. Imperforated Ceecalium, 33. Coecalium Trachea. SECTION I. TERRESTRIA. FAMILY I. LIMACINA. 1. ARIoN. ARION-SLUG, a ale 2. LIMAx. Arion ater. Black ab sidy - SLUG, . Limax cinereus. Spotted Grey Slug, . Limax variegatus. Variegated Slug, Limax agrestis. Field Slug, . Limax marginatus. Margined Slug, FAMILY II. HELICINA, SNAIL, - . . Helix aspersa. Spotted Snail, Concentric Spiroloculine, Disciform Vermiculum, Flattened Vermiculum, FAMILY Il. TEXTULARIINA, Plaited Polymorphine Semistriated Dentaline, Davidson's Dentaline, Straightish Dentaline, Reticulated Lagenula, Annulated Cecalium, CLASS II. PTEROPOD4, CLASS III. GASTEROPODA, ORDER I. GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA, Pages 24, 35 2A, 35 24, 35 24, 36 24, 36 24, 36 24, 36 24, 37 24, 37 319 319 320 320 25, 37, 320 25, 37 25, 38 390 321 26, 40 26, 40 321 322 322 322 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 7. Helix arbustorum. Single-banded ae 8. Helix hortensis. Garden Snail, A. H. hortensis fasciata, . B. H. hortensis unicolor, C. H. hortensis arenicola, 9. Helix caperata. Wrinkled Snail, 10. Helix hispida. Bristly Snail, - 11. Helix Trochulus. Pyramidal Snail, . 12. Helix lamellata. Lamellate Snail, , 13. Helix aculeata. Prickly Snail, : 14. Helix pulchella. Little White Snail, 4. ZONITES. ZONE-SNAIL, 15. Zonites rotundatus. Radiated Zone-Snail, 16. Zonites pygmeus. Pigmy Zone-Snail, 17. Zonites cellarius. Cellar Zone-Snail, . 18. Zoniies nitidulus. Nitidulous Zone-Snail, 19. Zoniies lucidus. Lucid Zone-Snail, 20. Zonites alliarius. Garlic-scented Zone-Snail, 21. Zonites radiatulus. Minute Suiated Zone-Snail, 22. Zonites purus. Clear Zone-Snail, 23. Zonites crystallinus. Crystalline "Zone-Snail, 24. Zonites fuscus. Membranous Zone-Snail, 5. VITRINA. GLASSY-SNAIL, .. 25. Vitrina pellucida. Green Giaisy-Snail,, 6. SUCCINEA. AMBER-SNAIL, . ; 26. Succineaputris. Oval iin Bit. A. S. putris gracilis. Slender, 7. BuLIMus. BuLimus, : : e 27. Bulimus lubricus. Glossy Bulimus, 28. Bulimus obscurus. Lustreless Bulimus, 8. Pupa. CHRYSALIS-SNAIL, . . 29. Pupaumbilicata. Umbilicated Chrysalis-Snail, 30. Pupa margiuata. Margined Chrysulis-Snail, 9. VERTIGO. WHORL-SNAIL, 31. Vertigo edentula. Toothless Whorl-Snail, 10, CLAUSILIA. CLAUSILIA, : J ° 32. Clausilia perversa. Dusky Clausilia, ll. BALEA. BALEA, 33. Balea perversa. Reversed Balea, SECTION II. AQUATICA, FAMILY III. LIMNZINA, 12, Limnz#us. MuvnpD-SHELL, 34. Limneus pereger. Wandering Mud-shell, A. L. pereger ovatus. Ovate, = B. L. pereger communis. Common, C. L. pereger limosus. Brook, . 35. Limneus palustris. Marsh Mud-shell, 36. Limnzus truncatulus. Little Mud-shell. A. L. truncatulus oblongus. Common, B. L. truncatulus fossarius. Ditch, C. L. truncatulus minutus. Dwarf, 13. PHysa. BUBBLE-SHELL, : : - is) ta iJ 0R re) 7 wv. RESERRESSSA & SSPEE ELE RES ) @ ~! 4 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Pages 37. Physa fontinalis. Stream Bubble-shell, - 49,112 14. PLANORBIS. COIL-SHELL, 49,113 38. Planorbis Vortex. Anpulacaenined Flat Coll-shell, 49, 114 . P. Vortex crassulus. Thickish, 50, 116 B. P. Vortex spirorbis. Round-edged, - 50, 117 39. Planorbis contortus. Contorted Coil-shell, “ 50, 118 40. Planorbis albus. Bristly Coil-shell, . 50, 119 41. Planorbis imbricatus. Crested Coil-shell, - 50, 120 15. ANCYLUS. LID-SHELL, : * F 50, 120 42. Ancylus fluviatilis. Oval Lid-shell, = 50, 121 ORDERII. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA 50, 121 SECTION I. ASIPHONATA, . 50, 122 FAMILY I. PALUDININA, 2 51, 122 16. Patupina. MARrsH-SHELL, - : 51, 122 43. Paludina vivipara. Viviparous Marsh-shell, 51, 123 17. BYTHINIA. BYTHINIA, - : 5 3 51, 123 44, Bythinia tentaculata. Tentaculated Bythinia, . 51, 124 FAMILY II. NATICINA. ° 51, 124 AS, sNATICA. NATICA, -. 4 2 - ; 61, 124 45. Natica monilifera. Beaded Natica, . . 51, 125, 345 46. Naticarutila. Ruddy Natica, - . 51, 126 47. Natica Alderi. Alder’s Natica, : ° 52, 126 48. Natica nitida. White Natica, 52, 127 49. Natica helicoides. Helicine Natica, ; 52, 128 50. Natica squalida. Dull-coloured Natica, - 52, 128 19. NERITINA. NERITINE, 4 - ‘ - 52, 129 51. Neritina fluviatilis. River Neritine, . ; 52, 129 FAMILY III. TURBININA, 52, 130 20. TRocHUsS. PyYRAMID-SHELL, 2 d - 52, 131 52. Trochus zizyphinus. Zizyphine Pyramid-shell, 53, 131 53. Trochus conuloides. Conuloid Pyramid-shell, 53, 1382 54. Trochus millegranus. Granulated Pyramid-shell, 53. 122. 340 Trochus Martini. Martin’s Pyramid-shell, Panee 55. Trochus umbilicatus. Umbilicated Pyramid-shell, 53, 132 56. Trochus cinerarius. Grey Purple-streaked Pyramid-shell, 53, 133 57. Trochus tumidus. Tumid Pyramid-shell, . 53, 133 21. MonoponTa. MOoNODONTA, - : : 325 58. Monodonta crassa. Solid Monodonta, 325 22. PHorcus. PHORCUS, : : : - 53, 134 59. Phorcus Margarita. Pearly Phorcus, L 53, 134 23, SKENEA. SKENEA, : - Z ‘ 53, 134 60. Skenea depressa. Brown Skenea, 5 54, 134 61. Skenea.serpuloides. Serpuline Skenea, ° 54, 135 62. Skenea divisa. Semistriated Skenea, . ° 54, 135 24. LITTORINA. PERIWINKLE, . A . CHIATA, 2 FAMILY I. FISSURELLINA, HOTTrA. LOTTIA, _. J 136. Lottia virginea. Delicate Lottia, EMARGINULA. SLiT-LIMPET, 137. Emarginula Fissura. ceinnian Slit-Limpet, Pages 60, 159 60, 160 60, 160 61, 160 61 61, 161 61, 162 61, 162 61, 162 61, 162 61, 164 61, 164 344 61, 164 61, 164 62, 166 62, 166 62, 167 62, 167 62, 168 62, 168 62, 168 63, 169 63, 170 63, 171 63, 171 63, 171 63, 172 63, 172 63, 173 329 329 63, 170 64, 173 64, 173 64, 174 64, 175 64, 175 64, 176 64, 176 65, 176 65, 176 65, 177 65, 177 65, 178 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Sl, 52. 53. 54, SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 7 Pages 138. Emarginula curvirostris. Curved-tipped Slit-Limpet, 331 RIMULA. CHINK-LIMPET, . | : : 65, 178 139. Rimula Flemingii. Fleming's Chink-Limpet, \ 65. 178 Rimula Noachina. Antique Chink-Limpet, 7 FISSURELLA. FISSURELLA, . a : ‘ 346 140. Fissurella Nubecula. Red-rayed Fissurella, F 346 FAMILY II. CALYPTRAINA, : 331 CaPuULUS. CaPULUS, : : 331 141. Capulus Eaahgevidiss Fool’s-cap Capulus, - 331 142. Capulus militaris. Military-bonnet Capulus, . 331 143. Capulus antiquatus. Autiquated Capulus, a 332 ORDER V. GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA, 66, 179 FAMILY I. PATELLINA, : 66, 179 PATELLA. LIMPET, ¢ 66, 179 144, Patella vulgata. beitiniais Wok é f 66, 180 145. Patella levis. Smooth Limpet, : 66, 182 146. Patella pellucida. Transparent Limpet, A 66, 182 ; FAMILY II. CHITONINA, : 66, 183 CHITON. CANOE-SHELL, . “ 5 . 66, 183 147. Chiton fascicularis. Tufted Canoe-Shell, ; 67, 183 148. Chiton marginatus. Bordered Canoe-Shell, = 67, 184 149. Chiton cinereus. Yellow-grey Canoe-Shell, , 67, 184 150. Chiton fuscatus. Dusky-grey Canoe-Shell, ‘ 67, 185 151. Chiton levigatus. Smooth Canoe-Shell, “ 67, 185 ORDER VI. GASTEROPODA INFEROBRAN. CHIATA, ° . 67, 186 ORDER VII. GASTEROPODA TECTI BRAN- CH1IATA, : 67, 186 FAMILY I. BULLAINA, ; 67, 186 BuLLZA. BULLmA, c 68, 186 152. Bullea punctata. omaialaes pe et : 68, 187 153. Bullea Catena. Oval Chain-streaked Bullea, . 68, 187 154. Bullea catenulifera. Oblong Chain-streaked Bullea, 68, 187 Buxia Butta, : ; 68, 188 155. Bulla Cranchii. Cranch's Bulla, : - 68, 188 156. Bulla candida. Glossy Buila, : : 68, 189 157. Bulla minuta. Minute Bulla, F P 334 Haria. HAttia, = - ; ; : 68, 169 158. HaliaFlemingiana. Fleming's Halia, ; 69, 189 Buuuina. BULLINA, - we : é 69, 190 159. Bullina umbilicata. Oblong Bullina, . : 69, 190 160. Bullina truncata. Semiplicate Bullina, : 69, 191 161. Bullina pellucida. Pellucid Bullina, . ; 334 162. Bullina producta. Produced Bullina, = 335 163. Bullina cylindracea. Cylindric Bullina, . 69, 191 ORDER VIII. GASTEROPODA NUDIBRAN- CHIATA, 4 : a 69, 191 FAMILY I. XOLIDINA, P 69, 192 55. #Zours. AZOLIS, . 2 : : 3 69, 192 8 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 164. AXolis papillosa. Papillate Holis, z 165. AZolis Murrayana. Murray’s Aiolis, . 166. A£olis Cuvierii. Cuvier's Holis, = 167. Holis Lesliana. Leslie’s HZolis, FAMILY II. TRITONIINA, 5. TRITONIA. TRITONIA, - : - 168. Tritonia arborescens. Arborescent Tritonia, 169. Tritonia plebeia. Plebeian Tritonia, . 170. Tritonia atrofusca. Brownish-black Tritonia, a 57. SPHHROSTOMA. SPH#ROSTOMA, : S FAMILY III. DORINA, 58. Doris. Doris, A : 172. Doris tuberculata. Tuberculated Doris, 173. Doris obvelata, Veiled Doris, : 174. Doris bilamellata. Papillate Doris, 175. Doris aspera. Rough Doris, 5 ORDERIX. GASTEROPODA CIRROBRANCHIATA, FAMILY I. DENTALIINA, 59. DENTALIUM. ToOOTH-SHELL, - 2 176. Dentalium Entalis. Common Tooth-Shell, CLASS 1V. TROPIOPODA, 171. Spherostoma Jamesonii. Jameson’s Spherostoma, Pages 70, 192 70, 193 70, 193 70, 194 70, 195 70, 195 70, 195 70, 196 346 335 336 71, 196 71, 197 71, 197 71, 198 71, 198 71, 199 71, 199 72, 199 72, 199 _ 72, 200 201 ORDER I. TROPIOPODA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, 203, 222 SECTION I. MONOMYARIA, FAMILY I. PECTININA, 1. PECTEN SCALLOP, . E A . Pecten maximus. Great Scallop, . Pecten opercularis. Common Scallop, . Pecten varius. Variegated Scallop, . Pecten Isabelle. Isabella's Scallop, Pecten sinuosus. Distorted Scallop, Pecten Pusio. Dwarf Scallop, - . Pecten Islandicus. Icelandic Scallop, Pecten obsoletus. Striulate Scallop, : . Pecten levis. Smooth Scallop, . Pecten similis. _Laskey’s Smooth Scallop, . Pecten tumidus. Unequal-sided Scallop, DID OP COW — a) 2, Lima. RAsp-SCALLOP, : 3 4 12. Lima Loscombi. Loscombe's Rasp-Scallop, 3. CRENELLA. CRENELLA, : s = 13. Crenella decussata. Decussated Crenella, 4. ANOMIA. ScALE-OYSTER, 14. Anomia Ephippium. "Saddle Scale-Oyster, 15. Anomia Squamula. Thin Scale-Oyster, 16. Anomia undulata. Undulated Sceale-Oyster, 17. Anomia aculeata. Prickly Scale-Oyster, 18. Anomia punctata. Punctulated Scale-Oyster, 203, 222 203, 222 203, 222 203, 223 203, 224 203, 224 203, 225 204, 225 204, 226 204, 226 204, 226 204, 227 204, 227 204, 228 204, 228 204, 228 205, 229 205, 229 205, 230 205, 230 205, 231 205, 231 205, 232 205, 232 ye ‘ SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 19. Anomia cylindrica. Lamellate Oval Scale-Oyster, 20, Anomia striolata. Striolate Oval Scale-Oyster, . SECTION II. DIMYARIA, . FAMILY II. MYTILINA, 4 5. Myritus MussEL, a ‘ . . 21. Mytilus edulis. Eatable orCommon Mussel, . A. M. edulis vulgaris. Common, . 3 B. M. edulis pellucidus. Thin-Shelled, y C. M. edulis incurvatus. Incurved, £ D. M. edulis angulatus. Angulate, - E. M. edulis pusillus. Dwarf, F 2 6. MopioLta. MopioLe, F . 22. Modiola barbata. Great Modiole. Horse Mussel, 23. Modiola discrepans. Compressed Ribbed Modiole, 24. Modiola discors. Tumid Ribbed Modiole, 3 Y. Pinna. FAN-MUSSEL, : 4 . 6 25, Pinnaingens. Great Fan-Mussel, = FAMILY III. UNIONINA, 8, ANODON. Mup-MvsseEL, J a 26. Anodon anatinus. Duck Mud-Mussel, 2 9. ALASMODON. PEARL-MUSSEL, S i 27, Alasmodon margaritiferus. Ovlong Pearl-Mussel, FAMILY IV. ARCINA, : 10. PEcTUNCULUS. PECTUNCLE, . F A 28. Pectunculus Glycimeris. Ribbed Pectuncle, * 11. Nucuta. Nvucvute, : - P 29. Nucula Nucleus. Common or Pearly oe wr 30. Nucula tenuis. Thin Nucule, 31. Nucula rostrata. Beaked Nucule, 32. Nucula minuta. Minute Nucule, FAMILY V. CYCLADINA, iz, Cyenas, Cycur; -. “ 33. Cyclas flavescens. Yellowish Cycle, . : 13. Pistp1um. Pisipium, z 4 34. Pisidium Joannis. John's Pisidium, . 3 35. Pisidium Jenynsii. Jenyns’s Pisidium, » 36. Pisidium pulchellum. Beautiful Pisidium, 37. Pisidium nitidum. Shining Pisidium, . : 38. Pisidium pusilum. Dwarf Pisidium, . 3 39. Pisidium amnicum. River Pisidium, FAMILY VI. VENERINA, ’ 14, Lucina. Lucina, . r - : 5 40. Lucina Radula. Wrinkled Lucina, > 41. Lucina spinifera. Spinous Lucina, 42. Lucina lactea. Milk-white Lucina, ; : 43. Lucinaleucoma, White Lucina, i - 15. CxpRINA. CYPRINA, 7 y > e 206, 236 206, 237 206, 238 206, 239 206, 229 206, 240 207, 240 207, 241 207, 241 207, 242 207, 242 207, 243 337 338 207, 243 208, 243 208, 244 08, 244 208, 245 208, 245 208, 246 - 208, 246 209, 248 209, 248 209, 249 209, 252 209, 253 209, 253 338 210, 254 210, 254 210, 255 210, 255 210, 255 210, 256 210, 256 10 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Pagey 44. Cyprina Islandica. Icelandic Cyprina, : 211, 257 16, ASTARTE. ASTARTE, - : . . 211, 258 45. Astarte Danmoniensis. Devonshire Astarte, 211, 258 46, Astarte Scotica. Scottish Astarte, : 211, 258 47. Astarte sulcata. Roundish Grooved Astarte, - 211, 259 48. Astarte elliptica. Elliptical Astarte, a - 211, 259 49. Astarte multicostata. Many-ribbed Astarte, - 211, 260 50. Astarte compressa. Compressed Astarte, ° 211, 261 17, CYTHEREA. CYTHEREA, : oa . 211, 261 51. Cytherea exoleta. Worn Gulivesn. - 212, 262 52. Cytherea lincta. Glossed Cytherea, : - 212, 262 53, Cytherea undata. Waved Cytherea, : : 212, 263 18. VENUS. VENUS, .- - ‘ : : 212, 263 54. Venus Casina. Thick-ridged Venus, . . 212, 264 55. Venus refiexa. Thin-ridged Venus, . - 212, 264 56. Venus Gallina. Hen Venus, . e < 212, 265 A. V. Gallinalaminosa. Laminated, : 212, 265 B. V. Gallinastrialuta. Common, 212, 266 57. Venus Prideauxiana. Prideaux’s Venus, < 212, 266 58. Venus fasciata. Banded Venus, ‘ . 212, 267 59. Venus ovata. Ribbed Venus, . . 212, 267 60. Venus triangularis. Triangular Venus, ‘ 212, 268 19. VENERUPIS. Rock-VENUS, ; . : 212, 268 61. Venerupis virginea. Virgin Rock-Venus, : 212, 269 62. Venerupis Pullastra. Pullet Rock-Venus, : 212, 269 63. Venerupis decussata. Decussated Rock-Venus, 339 FAMILY VII. CARDIINA, . 213, 270 20. CARDIUM. COCKLE, . - > 213, 270 64. Cardium echinatum. Prickly Conkle: t ° 213, 271 65. Cardium edule. Eatable Cockle, : ‘ 213, 272 66. Cardium fasciatum. Banded Cockle, . : 213, 272 67. Cardium exiguum. Diminutive Cockle, 213, 273 68. Cardium levigatum. Smooth Cockle, . : 214, 273 69. Cardium elongatum. Oval Cockle, a : 214, 274 21. Donax. Donax, . 4 ‘ > 214, 274 70. Donax Trunculus. Giese Donax, ‘ : 214, 275 71. Donax denticulata. Denticulated Donax, : 214, 275 FAMILY VIII. TELLININA, ; 214, 276 22. KELLIA. KELLIA, : 214, 276 72. Kellia suborbicularis. uberbicalne Kelli 5 214, 276 73. Kelliarubra. Red Kellia, : 5 215, 277 23. LEPTON. LEPTON, - : 215, 277 74. Lepton nitidum. Shining ee. ; : 215, 277 24. CRYPTODON. CRYPTODON, . ‘ 5 : 215, 278 75. Cryptodon flexuosus. Flexuous Cryptodon, : 215, 278 25. TELLINa. TELLINA, ~ i : 5 215, 279 76. Tellina solidula. Little Thick Tellina, . : 215, 279 77. Tellina crassa. Thick-Ribbed Tellina, . : 215, 280 78. Tellina proxima. Brown Tellina, 340 . 79, Tellina tenuis. Thin-shelled Tellina, : ; 216, 280 27. 31. 32. 32. 35. 36. 37. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 80. Tellina Fabula. Streaked-shelled Tellina, FAMILY IX. SOLENINA, . SOLEN. SOLEN, . r 81. Solen Siliqua. a Solen, 82. Solen Ensis. Sabre-case Solen, 83. Solen pellucidus. Pellucid Solen, PsaMMOBIA. PSAMMOBIA, . 2 84. Psammobia Feroensis. Pivcias Postman: . Saxicava. SaxXIcava, q 85. Saxicava rugosa. Wrinkled wisieien: : 86. Saxicava arctica. Arctic Saxicava, FAMILY X. MACTRINA, . Mactra. Mactra, 87. Mactra stultorum. Simpleton’: s Maen, 88. Mactra solida. Thick-shelled Mactra, 89. Mactra elliptica. Elliptical Mactra, : : 90. Mactra subtruncata. Small Triangular Mactra, . . GOODALLIA. GOODALLIA, 91. Goodallia triangularis. Denticulate Goodallia, 92. Goodallia minutissima. Edentulate Goodallia, LUTRARIA. LUTRARIA, 93. Lutraria elliptica. Elliptical Saas: : 94. Lutraria Listeri. Lister's Lutraria, AMPHIDESMA. AMPHIDESMA, 95. Amphidesma album. White lichpiidesnd 96. Amphidesma tenue. Triangular Amphidesma, 97. Amphidesma prismaticum. Iridescent Amphidesma, ANATINA. ANATINA, 98. Anatina pretenuis. Delicate abt: 99. Anatina truncata. Truncated Anatina, . . THRACIA. THRACIA, 100. Thracia declivis. Sloping Thracia, . 101. Thracia pubescens. Roughish Thracia, ERVILIA. ERVILIA, 102. Ervilia pellucida. Pellucia Ervilia, FAMILY XI. MYINA,. Mya. GAPER, 103. Mya truncata. preln ape: 104. Mya arenaria. Sand Gaper, : 105. Mya ovalis. Oval Gaper, : . Lyonsta. Lyonsia, ; . 106. Lyonsia Norwegica, Pearly Lyonsia, . SPHENIA. SPHENIA, 107. Sphenia Swainsonii. Bwoinniid s Sphenia, : 108. Sphenia costulata. Ribbed Sphenia, P y il Pages 216, 280 216, 281 216, 281 216, 282 216, 282 216, 283 216, 283 216, 284 217, 284 217, 285 217, 285 217, 286 217, 287 217, 287 217, 288 217, 288 217, 289 218, 289 218, 289 218, 290 218, 290 218, 291 218, 291 218, 292 218, 292 218, 293 218, 294 219, 294 219, 294 219, 295 219, 295 219, 296 219, 296 341 341 219, 297 219, 297 220, 298 220, 298 220, 299 220, 299 220, 300 220, 300 220, 301 220, 301 12 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 39. MonTacuTa. MonTacutTa, 109. Montacuta bidentata. Bidentate Montacuta, 110. Montacuta oblonga. Oblong Montacuta, 111. Montacuta glabra. Smooth Montacuta. 112. Montacuta substr iata. Substriated Montacuta, 40, CORBULA. CORBULA, ‘ = - ’ 113. Corbula inequivalvis. Common Corbula, FAMILY XII. PHOLADINA, ‘ 41. PHotas. BoRER oR Pippock, : - : 114. Pholas crispata. Curled Piddock, e 2 115. Pholas candida. White Piddock, : ° CLASS V. BRACHIOPODA, . CLASS VI. APODA, : ORDER I. APODA HETEROBRANCHIATA, FAMILY I. ASCIDIINA, . I. CYNTHIA. CYNTHIA, - 1. Cynthia tuberosa. Taverne Cynthia, . : 2, ASCIDIA. ASCIDIA. ASCIDIA, : . 2. Ascidia Prunum. Plum-like Recta! “ 3. Ascidia opalina. Opaline Ascidia, - 4. Ascidia intesiinalis. Intestinal Ascidia, MALENTOZOA. CIRRIPEDIA, ORDER I. MALENTOZOA PEDUNCULATA, FAMILY I. LEPADINA, 1, LEPAs. BARNACLE, - . s ’ 1. Lepas anatifera. Common Barnacle, . - 2. Lepas striata. Striated Baimacle, 3. Lepas sulcata. Grooved Barnacle, 2. SCALPELLUM. LANCET-BARNACLE, . . 4. Scalpellum vulgare. Common encatRegrinaiee ORDER II. MALENTOZOA SESSILIA, FAMILY I, BALANINA, ° 3. BALANUS. ACORN-SHELL, . ¢ : ~ . Balanus balanoides, Smooth Acorn-Shell, : . Balanus Cornubiensis. Dwarf Acorn-Shell, . Balanus costatus. Ribbed Acorn-Shell, . Balanus communis. Common Acorn-Shell, Balanus elongatus. Elongated Acorn-Shell, 10. Balanus candidus. White Acorn-Sheil, 4, CLITIA. WART-SHELL, : : 11. Clitia Verruca, Common Wart-Shell, 5. CETOPIRUS. WHALE-BARNACLE, . 12. Cetopirus balenaris. Common Whale-Barnade; OW WH Er Pages 220, 30% 920, 302 220, 302 220, 303 221, 303 221, 303 221, 303 221, 304 221, 304 221, 306 221, 306 307 307 309, 310 309, 310 309, 310 309, 311 309, 311 309, 312 309, 312 309, 313 351 353, 356 353, 356 353, 356 354, 357 353, 357 353, 358 354, 358 354, 359 354, 359 354, 359 354, 360 355, 360 355, 361 355, 362 355, 362 355, 363 355, 364 355, 365 355, 365 356, 365 356, 366 MALACOZOA. MOLLUSCA. Sort, symmetrical, inarticulated animals; enveloped in a muscular skin or mantle, which generally has attached to it, externally or internally, a calcareous part or shell, of one or several pieces; and hav- ing a complete double circulation, with white blood ; branchial or pulmonic respiration ; an in- testinal canal with two apertures ; a nervous system composed of a cerebriform ganglion, placed under or surrounding the cesophagus, and communicating with the ganglia of the various functions; those subservient to locomotion being lateral. MaAdkia and ’Oorpaxodépya, Aristotle. Mélla and Testacea, Pliny. Vérmes, Ray, Linneus, Pennant. Mollisca, Cuvier. Malacozéa, Blainville. Mandakés, soft ; Zooy, animal. 14 MALACOZOA. Tue vast series of animals destitute of a brain and — spinal cord, protected by a skull and vertebre, has, by Cuvier and many other Zoologists, been considered as naturally divisible into three distinct portions, forming, as it were, three different types of organization. 'To these three groups have been given the names of Moxzusca, Articurata, and Rapiara, or Soft Animals, Jointed Ani- mals, and Rayed Animals. The Greek terms Matacozoa, Enromozoa, and Actinozoa, also employed to designate these groups, are more appropriate. The Malacozoa, although some of them approach more nearly in structure to the Osteozoa or Vertebrata, are, as a whole, inferior in thcir organization and faculties to the Entomozoa, but superior to the Actino- zoa, and may therefore be viewed as forming the third type or series of the animal kingdom. Considered with respect to their external form, the Malacozoa vary extremely, insomuch that no general idea can be given of it. Their internal parts are always soft, although, in a small number of them, there are some solid internal pieces intended for the protection of certain organs. Their nervous system is composed of gangliaand nerves. The principal mass of these ganglia, which may in some respects be compared to the brain, forms a kind of collar round the cesophagus, and other ganglia are dispersed through the body, but not in sym- metrical order, nor forming a chain, as in the Entomozoa. A few species have organs analogous to the ear; many are furnished with eyes; but it is not certain that any have a particular organ for smell; and it appears that, in very many of them, there are no other organs of sense than those subservient to touch and taste. The organs MALACOZOA. 15 of sense and locomotion are generally disposed sym- metrically. The muscles are attached to the skin; and it is by the alternate elongation and contraction of certain parts that they crawl on the ground, swim in the water, and lay hold of objects; but, as their limbs are not supported by bones or other solid parts, their motions are in general very slow. They are never furnished with feet arranged in series on each side of the body, as in the Osteozoa and Entomozoa. The blood of the Malacozoa is white, bluish, or limpid. The circulation is double: the heart, composed of a single ventricle, receives from one or two auricles the blood which comes from the respiratory organ, and propels it into the arteries which distribute it through the body, whence it returns to the branchize. As some molluscous animals live in the air, and others in the water, some have lungs, or rather a pulmonic cavity, and others branchize. They all have a more or less convoluted alimentary canal, open at both ends, but varying in structure. Their mouth is sometimes furnished with horny jaws, or with hard or cartilaginous parts, or is variously pro- longed. The stomach is sometimes simple, sometimes divided into several parts. The intestine is never sup- ported by a mesentery ; but there is always a very large liver, aud most of the species have salivary glands. In some the sexes are separated, in others united. They all produce eggs, which however are sometimes deposited externally, sometimes hatched in the interior of the animal, which is thus oviparous or ovo-viviparous. In all cases the young have from the first nearly the form which they present when mature. 16 MALACOZOA. The skin, always soft, and generally sensitive, often forms plaits or folds, which envelope the body in whole or in part. The portion of mtegument thus raised is named the Mantle. Itis often almost entirely free, form- ing two large laminze or lobes, which cover the rest of the animal; or the two laminee unite so as to form a sort of tube; but sometimes the mantle forms a kind of disk, of which the margins only are free; or surrounds the body in the form of a bag. In very many cases the soft skin is protected by a kind of calcareous crust, named the Shell, which is a secretion from the mantle, deposited in successive layers. The secreting glands or follicles, generally lodged in the edges of the mantle, pour forth a kind of horny sub- stance mixed with carbonate of lime, which soon hardens; and internal lamine are successively formed, so that the shell is gradually increasing in extent and thickness. The outer surface is generally covered by a horny membrane composed of the united margins of the lamine, and named the Hpidermis. Sometimes the whole shell is horny, but most commonly the calcareous part predomi- nates, and the inner surface is more compact. Insome cases the shell is internal or lodged in the skin, but generally it is external, and affords complete protection to the animal. Those Malacozoa which have no shell are said to be Naked; those having a shell are called Testaceous or Conchiferous. The shell varies in form, sometimes resembling a shield which covers the back of the animal, more frequently a conical tube spirally twisted ; or it may be composed of two distinct pieces united by a joint: whence a distinction of these animals into Unzvalve and Bivalve. The shells are often ornamented with MALACOZOA. 7 colours, variously disposed, which are deposited by the edges of the mantle. In a Univalve shell, there are distinguished, the body or larger part ; the spire or tapering portion; the turns or whorls; the suture or line of junction of the turns; the columella or pillar, the axis of the shell; the mouth or aperture, with its peristome or margin, which may be complete or not, and may be described as forming an outer lip, and an inner lip. The spiral turns may be smooth, or variously marked with strive, laminze, ribs, nodosities, or spines, the markings being longitudinal or transverse. It is to be remembered that, in its natural position, the mouth of the shell is heneath and forward, the spire pointing backwards, and to the mght side. Some shells have the mouth on the left side, and are called sinistral, those of the ordinary form being dextral. Bivalve shells are those composed of two pieces, kept together by a sort of hinge. When the two valves are equal, the shell is said to be equivalve ; when unequal, inequivalve. They may be rowud, elliptical, ovate, linear, or of various forms. The more or less prominent part of the valve at the joint is the wnbo. When the umbo is nearly in the middle, the shell is said to be csomeral or equilateral; when not, anisomeral or inequilateral. The hinge may be plain, but generally it presents various prominences, called ¢eeth, with depressions ; the teeth of one valve fitting into the depressions of the other. The valves are further kept together by an elastic fibrous ligament, which tends to throw them open. They are approximated by a pair of strong muscles extended in- ternally from the one valve to the other, and leaving strong impressions on the inner surface. The teeth are B2 . 18 MALACOZOA. distinguished into central and lateral. The surface may be convex in various degrees, concentrically striate, laminate, or rugose, or radiated from the umbones with strie, ridges, grooves, ribs, or spines. In the natural position, the hinge is uppermost on the back ; that end of the shell to which the ligament is nearest is above, and is called the posterior end; the other or lower, toward which is the head of the animal, being the an- terior end ; the thin edges of the valves are their ventral margins. On the inner surface of the valves are seen the impressions made by the muscles, and that left by the mantle. Some Mollusca live on land, others in fresh-water, but by far the greater number in the sea; some residing along the shore, others in deep water, and some floating free. They are more abundant in warm than in cold climates ; larger and more brightly coloured the greater the heat and light to which they are subjected. This influence is perceptible within the range of even our own island ; for in the South of England the same species of Snail, for example, are larger and more beautiful than in the North of Scotland. The district of which the natural productions are de- scribed in this work, although hitherto represented as extremely unproductive, contains a fair proportion of the British Mollusca; but on this subject some remarks will find a more appropriate place at the end than at the beginning of the description of the species. It may be observed, that the Malacozoa have been variously arranged by authors, and that one might dis- play a great deal of useless ingenuity im exposing and criticising the proposed systems. According tothe method MALACOZOA. 19 here adopted, they form six classes, of which three contain animals having a prominent or distinct head, and the other three, animals in which the head is not apparent. MALACOZOA CEPHALATA. I. Czernatoropa.—The body enclosed in a sac, open anteriorly, from which emerges the head, surrounded by filaments, which are at once organs of prehension and locomotion. II. Preroropa.—The body not saccate, nor the head surrounded by filaments ; but the sides of the neck fur- nished with membranous expansions. III. Gasrzroropa.—None of the characters of the pre- ceding classes; but a fleshy foot occupying the lower surface of the body, enabling the animal to crawl or swim. MALACOZOA ACEPHALATA. IV. Trorioropa.—Four lamellar branchiz, and a com- pressed fleshy foot. V. Bracuioropa.—Branchiz not distinct from the mantle; two ciliated filaments in place of a foot. VI. Aropa.—The body enclosed in a cartilaginous sac ; branchie not distinct ; no special organs of motion. 20 CLASS I.—CEPHALOPODA. Body enclosed in a sac formed by the mantle ; head distinct, furnished with all the organs of sense, and sur- rounded with fleshy filaments, which act as organs of prehension and locomotion. Cephaléphora, Blainville. Samana Space between the fins anteriorly ........ zl See Length of dorsal arms ...... Ncdih Did oe eee i ,, eMOCIGr alarms eccaces « ceseeaseeek « 4 by ss », pedunculate arms........... «sss true eee * from the mouth to the dorsal peak of the mantle ........ ae ete | a from the mouth to the ventral AIAT SUNies ta» «ai ictecceee eee Ge ae The above description is that of a specimen preserved in spirits, and belonging to Dr. Dyce, who obtained it from the Bay of Aberdeen, in 1836. He informs me that several other specimens have been in his possession. I have heard of two Loligines, which other individuals had; but, as they were simply esteemed to be “Cuttlefish,” I cannot say whether they were of this or of other species. Pennant’s figure, refer- red to below, agrees remarkably well with the specimen here described—differing only in having the pedunculate arms ra- ther shorter. It represents the form of the body and fins much more accurately than that of Delle Chiaje. Sepio Loligo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1096.—Sepia Loligo, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53. Pl. 27. f. 43.—Loligo vulgaris, Delle Chiaje, Anim. S. Vert. di Nap. iv. 57. Pl. 59. f. 2.—Loligo vulgaris, Lamk. Syst. vii. 662.—Loligo vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. 202. MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. ELEDONE. 31 SECTION II.—OCTOCERATA. With eight arms, but no tentacular appendages. Genus 4. Exeponr. Etrpons. Head large, distinct, with eight fleshy, tapering arms, furnished with a single series of acetabula on their internal surface, and connected by basal membranes. Body subglobose, or subelliptical, and somewhat de- pressed, without natatory appendages. Mantle conti- nuous behind with the skin of the head. 1. Eledéne Pennéntii. Pennant’s Eledone. Body globoso-elliptical, somewhat flattened, much rounded at the end; with the surface minutely granulated and dusky on the dorsal aspect, smooth and yellowish-white on the ventral; which is also the case with the head. The mantle is continuous with the head behind, anteriorly free, with the mar- gin moderately thin, and even. The infundibulum conical, compressed, truncate. The head very large, but narrower than the body. The eyes rather small, with a circular aperture, without eyelids. The arms very long, nearly equal, com- pressed, tapering gradualty to a fine point, for a fourth of their length connected by membranes, the margins of which run along the back of each arm to the end. The dorsal surface of six of the arms more or less dusky—the rest yellowish-white. The acetabula are placed so closely that many of them, appa- rently by pressure, have assumed a squarish form. They are sessile, large, with a thick undulated margin, and internally radiated, the larger with from twenty to twenty-five rays; the fifth or sixth acetabulum from the base largest. On one of the dorsal arms are sixty-five, and on one of the ventral seventy-five. The two branchie consist each of twenty-four pinne. Inch. Lines. BeeeeOl the body ......0cnccesssceasesens 2.6 erence cap separcenesacesese esas 2 O Length from the mouth to the end of the Ne Rte teh cocmmanas esas aenceon 3. «6 pie cn tEe, OME ETM cosa so acnaneueenteaccian ade os Lan san, RE PRM RR TOUT 5 ain ns tea dass eeteetee G™ 3 The above description is from an individual, preserved in spirits, and in the possession of Dr. Dyce, who obtained it in October, 1836—it having been taken in the Bay of Aber- 32 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. SEPIINA. ELEDONE. deen. It agrees very well with Pennant’s figure referred to below. As the species represented by it is not Sepia octa- podia of Linnzus, Mr. Forbes has named it Eledone Pen- nantil. Sepia octopodia, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53. Pl. 28. f. 44.— Octopus octapodia, Flem. Brit. Anim. 254.—Eledone Pen- nantii, Forbes, Malac. Mon. i. 2. Eledéne Aldrovandi. Aldrovandus’s Eledone. Body elliptical, somewhat flattened, much rounded at the end; with the surface even, smooth, and of a bluish-white colour. The margin of the sac free, unless at the back, where it is continuous with the skin of the head. Measured acress the eyes, the head is narrower than the body, but seems larger, owing to the great size of the bases of the arms. The eyes, although large, are comparatively small. ‘The head is crowned by a circle of large, fleshy, compressed tapering arms, of unequal length, and extremely slender at the end; the dorsal arms shortest—the ventral pair longest. They are covered internally with a single series of sessile cups ele- vated on broad tubercles, of which there are fiom sixty to seventy. These suckers are not in snutual contiguity, but placed at a little distance from each other, and enlarge from the first to the fifth, which measures three-twelfths across ; the horny portion cup-shaped. or hemispherical. For more than a third of their length, the arms are connected by wide membranes, the margins of which run out upon them. The mandibles are brownish-black, with a portion of the base white. Inch. Lines. Length from mouth to end of sac.......... 38 6 Breadth of body...........es+e«. ecaccctoscnusca™ | atm Length of upper or dorsal arms....e0..0 2 10 2 By Geral GOCSAN scce res scevacers 2 Es ,», lateral ventral........ vcactaseeeen a7 As a) WEMATOM Sse cesses eee vases sraebeac awe The above description is that of one of two individuals—one of which was found on the sands near Don-Mouth, in Novem- ber, 1841, by my son John—the other by myself. Their smell was inno degree musky. The body being smooth and white, and the arms proportionally short, this species cannot be con- founded with the last, which has the acetabula crowded, whereas in this they are well separated. It appears to me to accord best with Delle Chiaje’s Octopus Aldrovandi, cor- pore, brachiis, et alis concoloribus. MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. 33 Octopus Aldrovandi, Delle Chiaje, Anim. di. Nap. iv. 57. Pl. 56. f. 2—“ Octopus Aldrovandi, Montfort, Sur les Cephalop. 62.” — Octopus leucoderma, Sangiovanni. Ann. des Sc. Nat. xvi. 3195.” ORDER II.—CEPHALOPODA SIPHONIFERA. Animal with a shell partially or entirely internal, and divided into chambers by transverse partitions, through which a siphon passes. To this order belong the families of the Spirulina, Nautilina, Ammonitina, and Belemni- tina—of which no species have been found on the Aberdeenshire coasts in a recent or living state. ORDER III.—CEPHALOPODA FORAMINIFERA. Animal bursiform, containing the shell in its hind part; the head very small, scarcely distinct from the body, sometimes almost entirely enclosed in the anterior folds of the skin, and terminated by numerous tentacula forming several rows around the mouth, which is central. Shell many-chambered, altogether internal ; the last dissepiment terminal ; no siphon, but only one or several apertures between the different cells, Genus 1. Potystomeua. Shell discoid, subcarinate, many-celled ; the centres umbilicate, the partitions numerous, forming grooves radiating from the centre to the circumference ; the turns contiguous, not apparent externally, being concealed by the last; the aperture of several holes or notches vari- ously disposed. 1. Polystomélia crispa. Crenated Polystomella. Shell discoic, with both sides equally convex, carinated on the margin; the last turn entirely concealing the rest, of about twenty cells, marked by flexuous ridges, the spaces between which are crenated ; the aperture subcordate, closed. 34 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMiNIFERA. Several specimens found in shell sand from Cruden Bay, sent to me by Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842. Nautilus crispus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1162.—Nautilus spirali§ geniculis crenatis. Walker. Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 3. f. 65.—Nautilus crispus. Mont. Test. Brit. 187. Pl. 28. f. 5.— Nautilus crispus: Flem. Brit.Anim. 228.—Polystomella crispa. Lamk. Syst. vii. 625. GENUS 2. NoumMvtina. NumMu.ine. Shell discoid, suborbicular, depressed, with a plurilo- cular spire, with complex walls, and arranged in the same plane; the two surfaces convex, the margin thin. 1. Nummulina margindta. Margined Nummuline. Shell suborbicular, depressed, glossy, convex on one side, conico-convex on the other, yellowish-white, with a very thin, broad margin, separated by a circular groove from the body of the shell; the internal spiral tube with few volutions. Diameter about a fourth of a twelfth of an inch, height nearly half the breadth. Individuals yary a little in form, some being perfectly orbicu- lar, others less so, some with a slight angle. Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. Renoidea marginata. Brown, Illustr. Pl, 1. f. 25. The re- ferences wrong, the shell indicated by them being Lagenula marginata, fig. 30, 31, of the same plate. Genus 3. Discorzis. Shell discoid, spiral, formed of a series of oblique lobiform cells, flattened beneath, convex above ; the upper surface occupied by the last-formed whorl, the partitions of which radiate obliquely from the centre to the margin; the whorls on the lower disk exposed; the partitions generally imperforate ; the aperture small. 1. Discérbis lobétulus. Lobulate Discorbis. Shell depressed, spiral, lobed, generally roundish, but diversi- form, convex above, with the centre depressed; of two or three whorls of oblique oblong or ovate lobes ; the first turn exposed on the lower surface, the last occupying the upper, both surfaces obliquely radiated from the centre by the parti- tions of the cells, which are convex, frosted, and greyish-white ; * MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. aa aperture very minute, on the rounded extremity of the last turn. Diameter a twelfth of an inch. A shell exactly similar, but with the spire reversed, or turned from right to left, I have repeatedly found on Flustree from deep water. Very common on Flustrz, Tubulariz, and other zoophytes, as well as Pectens, Anomiz, Fusi, Buccina, and other shells, from deep water off Aberdeen. First observed by me, in September, 1842, on Tubularia indivisa. Equally common at Banff, Gamrie, Fraserburgh, Peterhead, and Cruden, as shewn by specimens from Mr. Alex. Murray and Miss Macgillivray. “Nautilus lobatulus. Turt. Linn. Syst. iv. 307.”’—Serpula lobata. Mont. Test. Brit. 515. Suppl. 160. Pl.—Discorbis vesicu- laris. Lamk. Syst. vii. 623.—Lobatula vulgaris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 232.—“Nautilus farctus. Fichtel. Pl. 9. f, g, h, i.-—Nau- tilus spiralis, lobatus, &c. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 3. f. 71.— Discorbis vesicularis. Blainville, Malac. Pl. 5. f. 3. Genus 4. Roratrta. Shell discoid, spiral, flattened beneath, convex above, formed of a series of oblique cells; all the whorls ap- parent on the upper disk, the lower occupied by the last whorl; the partitions radiating from the centre to the margin, generally imperforate ; the aperture small, trigonal. 1. Rotdélia Beccarii. Beccaria’s Rotalia. Shell orbicular, depressed, spiral, lobed, convex above, flat- tened beneath ; of four or five turns, which are obliquely lobate, convex, with the separating lines rather deep; the last turn with about twelve lobes, and solely occupying the lower sur- face, although also apparent above ; the aperture small, directed rather downwards; the colour reddish-white, but varying. Diameter about half a twelfth of an inch. First found by me, at Aberdeen, in September, 1842, on an Echinus. It occurs on various Algze and Zoophytes; but is not nearly so common with us as Discorbis lobatulus, which it exceeds in regularity of form. Mr. Alexander Murray has also sent it from Fraserburgh, and the Bay of Cruden. Nautilus Beccarii. Linn. Syst Nat. i. 1162.—Nautilus Spiralis, umbilicatus Geniculis in sculptis. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. 18. Pl. 3. f. 63.—Nanutilus Beccarii. Mont. Test. Brit. 186. Pl. 18. f. 4. —Rotalia Beccaria. Flem. Brit. Anim. 232. A shell in all respects similar, unless in being convoluted in 36 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA, the opposite direction, is considered by some as a distinct species, and by others as a sinistrorse variety of Rotalia Beccaril. I have found it on shells and Flustre from deep water, but it is very uncommon with us. Genus 5. Sprronocutina. SPrroLocuLine. Shell suborbicular, depressed, with the cells curved and opposed to each other in a single plane, and com- pletely exposed, or not embracing each other ; the aper- ture roundish at one end of the last turn. 1. Spiroloculina concéntrica. Concentric Spiroloculine. Shell elliptico-orbicular, depressed, concave on both sides, very thin, of about five opposite arcuate cells, distinctly sepa- rated by a groove; the outer cells externally flattened, or slightly convex ; the colour white, generally with two brown or blackish streaks on each turn; the aperture nearly square, with an erect tooth-like process, and thick brown margin. Diameter nearly half the twelfth of an inch. The centre is frequently perforated, but apparently from accident. Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. Miliola concentrica. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 1. f. 22. Genus 6. Vermicutum. Shell roundish, depressed, of few cells, which are alter- nately folded upon each other; the aperture at the end of that last formed. 1. Vermiculum subrotindum. Roundish Vermiculum. Shell orbicular, depressed, flat beneath, of three smooth, glossy, opaque, white turns, of which the last two are incurved and margin the disk, the first running across its centre; their » upper surface convex, the anterior end rounded, with the mouth depressed, oval, toothless. Diameter about a fourth of the twelfth of an inch. Found by me adhering to an old cockle, from deep water off Aberdeen, 28th September, 1842; in October, by Mr. Alexander Murray, at Fraserburgh, and iu Cruden Bay. Serpula subrotunda dorso elevato. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 1. f. 4.—Vermiculum subrotundum. Mont. Test. Brit. 52).—- Vermiculum subrotundum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 234; Wern. Mem. iv. 565. Pl. 15. f.5. _MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA, FORAMINIFERA. 37 2. Vermiculum intértum. Oval Vermiculum. Shell suboval, somewhat compressed or trigonal, of several smooth, glossy, opaque, white turns, three being generally visible on one side, four on the other; the last folds arcuate, or subcarinate, angular on the margin; the aperture roundish, divided by a thin plate or tooth attached to the proximal margin. Length from half a twelfth to nearly a twelfth of an inch. Found by me in October, 1842, among sand and broken shells adhering to an Ascidia from deep water, off Aberdeen ; and by Mr. Alexander Murray at Fraserburgh, and Cruden. Serpula Seminulum ? Linn. Syst. Nat. 1264.—Serpula subovalis umbilico pervio. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. |. f. 1.—Vermiculum intortum. Mont. Test. Brit. 520.—Vermiculum intortum. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 564. Pl. 15. f. 3—Vermiculum intortum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 233. 3. Vermiculum obléngum. Oblong Vermiculum. Shell subelliptical, or lanceolate, somewhat compressed, of several smooth, glossy, opaque white turns, there being gene- rally three visible on one side, and two on the other, the last folds arcuate, their inner margins partially embracing the central turn, their outer margin somewhat compressed, but rounded ; the aperture suboval, with a pedunculated, thickish bifid tooth. Length half a twelfth of an inch. Found by Mr. Alex. Murray, at Fraserburgh, Cruden, and . Slains, and by me at Aberdeen, in October, 1842. Vermiculum oblongum. Mont. Test. Brit. 522. Pl. 14. f. 9.— Vermiculum oblongum. Flem. Wern. Trans. iv. 565. Pl. 15. f. 4.; Brit. Anim. 233. 4, Vermiculum lacteum. Plaited Vermiculum. Shell oblongo-elliptical, of several smooth, glossy, semi- transparent white elongated lobes or chambers, arranged ob- liquely and divergently along a common axis; the aperture circular. Length half a twelfth of an inch. First found by me in October, 1842, on a dead shell, from off Aberdeen. In shell sand from Cruden: Mr. A. Murray. Serpula lactea. Turton’s Linn. iv. 609.—Vermiculum lac- teum. Mont. Test. Brit. 522.—Vermiculum lacteum. Flem. Wern. Mem. iv. 566, Pl. 15. f. 6.—Arethusa lactea. Flem. Brit. Anim. 234. ; Genus 5. Trexrunaria. Shell subpyramidal, compressed, with the summit pointed, the base rounded ; having oneach side an angular D 38 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. or sinuous groove extending from the summit to the base; and composed of two series of alternating cellules ; the aperture semilunar, on the inner side of each cellule. 1. Textuldria oblénga. Oblong Textularia. Shell oblongo-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat compressed, of two alternate vertical series of horizontal, rather convex, de- pressed, glossy, somewhat tuberculate olivaceous cellules. Length half a twelfth of an inch, breadth about half the height. Found among sand sent by Mr. Alex. Murray, in October, 1842, from Fraserburgh. Genus 8. Lacenuta. Shell somewhat resembling a Florence flask, being globose or ovate, with a more or less produced neck. 1. Lagénula levis. Smooth Lagénula. Shell ovato-claviform, smooth, glossy, bluish-white, having an ovate body with a prolongation, gradually tapering into a cylinder; the larger end broadly rounded, the other with a depression and central aperture. Length about the twelfth of an inch. First found by me, in October, 1842, adhering to fuci, and, among the byssi of Modiola barbata, on the Girdleness, at Aberdeen. Serpula (Lagena) levis ovalis. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 1. f. . 9.—Lagenula levis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 235. 2. Lagénula reticuléta. Reticulated Lagenula. Shell ovato-globose, considerably compressed, highly glossed, smooth, pellucid, with numerous opaque white internal reticu- lar markings, bounding irregular areolar spaces; the internal cavity simple, the cells being only parietal; the aperture ter- minal, rather large, oval. Length a third of a twelfth, breadth a fourth less. Found by me in November, 1842, among shells and coral- lines, from the Bay of Aberdeen. Not finding any description agreeing with this species, I have named it as above. To these may be appended the Dentalium glabrum of Mon- tagu, the nature of which seems to be unknown. As it does not agree with the Orthoceree, although some have placed it among them, it may be here described under the name of Ceecalium, given to the genus by Dr. Fleming, in his Philosophy of Zoology. ‘T'wo other species have also occurred. MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. 39 Genus 9. Cacatium. Shell cylindrical, more or less arcuate, of one cell, closed at one end, open at the other. 1. Ceecdlium glabrum. Smooth Cecalium. Shell cylindrical, very slightly narrowed downwards, a little arcuate, of a single cell, very thin, transparent, smooth, glossy, iridescent, or opaline white, rounded at the lower end, open at the other, with the aperture circular. Length one-twelfth, breadth nearly a fourth of the length. Several specimens among small shells sent by Mr Alex. Murray, who found them at Fraserburgh, in October, 1842, Many others found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden. : Dentalium glabrum. Mont. Test. Brit. 497.—Brochus glaber, Brown, [llustr. Pl. 1. f. 3.—Orthocera glabra. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237.—Ccecum glabrum. Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 67. Pl, 204. f.7. 2. Cecdlium imperfordtum. Imperforated Cecalium. Shell cylindrical, arcuate, glossy, finely and obsoletely stri- ated transversely, of a single cell, rather thick, somewhat pellucid, white or greyish, closed and truncato-convex, or hemispherical at the lower end, open at the other, with the aperture round, and having a thin, slightly contracted margin. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth about a fifth of the length. This species is considerably larger than Coecalium glabrum, from which it differs in being annulated with delicate striz. Found by me in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alex. Murray, in November, 1842. Dentalium imperforatum. Mont. Test. Brit. 496.— Dentale apice imperforata transversaliter substriata. Walker, Teste Min. Rar. Pl. 1. f. 15.—Orthocera imperforata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237, 8. Cecélium Trachéa. Shell subcylindrical, arcuate, annulated, or marked with cir- cular striee, and intervening convex rings, of a single cell, very thin, semitransparent, glossy, white or brownish, closed and truncated at the lower end, open at the other, with the aperture circular. Length a twelfth and a-half, or a little more, breadth about a fifth of the length. Found by me in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. Dentalium Trachea. Mont. Test. Brit. 497. Pl. 14, f, 10.— Orxthocera Trachea. Flem. Brit. Anim. 237, 40 MALACOZOA. CEPHALOPODA. FORAMINIFERA. Genus 10. Denraurna. Denratine. Shell subcylindrical, somewhat tapering, more or less arcuate, composed of numerous more or less oblique cells disposed in a single series ; aperture small, submarginal. 1. Dentalina linearis. Semistriated Dentaline. Shell elongated, subcylindrical, tapering a little toward the lower end, glossy, white, in its lower half marked with distinct longitudinal, somewhat oblique striz and ridges; of fourteen somewhat oblique, transparent cells, rendered apparent by the opaque white dissepiments more than by the contractions, which are very slight; the lower end rounded ; the last cell convex, with the aperture very small, circular, with a slightly thickened margin, and placed toward one side. Length two- twelfths of an inch, breadth about an eighth of the length. This is evidently Nautilus linearis of Montagu, which how- ever he represents as straight, with the cells transverse, and the mouth produced. Found by me among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent in November, 1842, by Mr. Alexander Murray. Nautilus linearis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supplt. 87. Pl. 30. f. 9.— Orthocera linearis, Flem. Brit. Anim, 236. CLASS II.—PTEROPODA. Body partially covered by the mantle, and frequently furnished with a shell; head distinct, destitute of arms; the sides of the neck with membranous appendages for swimming. Aporobranchiata, Bilainville. Pterépeda, Cuvier. Irépov, wing ; oda, feet. No species of this class has hitherto occurred to me on our coast. The Pteropoda are of small size, organ- ized for swimming, and for the most part inhabit the tropical seas, although some species occur in vast abun- dance 1n those of the polar regions, 4] CLASS III.—GASTEROPODA. Body partially covered by the mantle, and generally furnished with a shell; head distinct, tentaculate; a muscular disk, or foot, for creeping, attached to the body beneath. ’ Trachelipoda aud Heterépoda, Lamarck. Paracephalé- phora and Polyplaxiphora, Blainville. Gasterépoda, Cuvier. Taornp, the belly; zovs, a foot. Body elongated ; the back furnished with a mantle, which is sometimes bare, more frequently covered by a shell. Head distinct, protruded beyond the mantle. Mouth surrounded by contractile lips, sometimes armed with teeth inserted on the palate. Stomach, intestine and liver, with the other viscera lodged beneath the mantle; the anus generally on the right side of the body anteriorly. Circulatory apparatus a systemic heart, and an arterial system, together with pulmonic arteries and veins. Respiratory organs sometimes pulmonic, more frequently branchial. Generative system various. Nervous system composed of gangha and filaments ; eyes very small, sometimes adhering to the head, some- times to the base, or side, or tip of the tentacula, some- times wanting ; two or four retractile tentacula, which are organs of touch, attached to the head, always above themouth. Organ of locomotion a ventral fleshy mass, generally in the form of an oblong disk, sometimes a vertical fin. The shell generally large enough to con- tain the entire animal, and usually tapering and spirally convoluted, The mass of the viscera always enclosed p2 42 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. in the upper part of the spire or cone; but the head and foot are protruded when the animal is in motion, and retracted when at rest. In many species, a solid horny or calcareous lid or operculum, which closes the aper- ture of the shell, when the animal has retired into it. Some species are terrestrial, but more are aquatic. Of the latter most live in the sea, the rest. in fresh water. Slugs, snails, welks, buccines, and other common mollusca afford familiar examples of this order, any species of which may be at once known by its fleshy disk or foot. The Gasteropodous Malacozoa, being very numerous, are divided into several orders:—1. Pulmonata, or Pulmobranchiata ; 2. Pectinibranchiata; 3. Tubuli- branchiata ; 4. Scutibranchiata ; 5. Cyclobranchiata; 6. Inferobranchiata ; 7. Tectibranchiata; 8. Nudibranchi- ata; 9. Cirrobranchiata. SYNOPSIS OF THE ABERDEENSHIRE SPECIES. ORDER I.—GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus a pulmonary cavity on the back, opening by an aperture on the margin of the mantle over the neck, on the right side. Individuals bisexual. Pulmobranchiata, Blainville. Pulmédnes, Lungs. Trrrestria. Residing on land. Famity I.—Limactina. Body elongated, contractile, with a shield-like mantle above, and united in its whole length with the foot be- neath ; four retractile tentacula ; eyes on the summits of the upper; generally no external shell, but an internal thin scale in the mantle. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. 43 Limdciens, Lamarck. Limacinea, in part, Blainville. Nudilimaces, Latreille. Limaz, a slug. Genus 1. Arton.—Animal elongated, convex above ; with the shield granulated; a mucous pore at the end of the body above ; pulmonary orifice near the fore part of the shield. Arion was a horse remarkable for its speed ; but our Arion is remarkable for its slowness. Ferussac. 1. Arion déter.—Shield granulated, mantle with longi- tudinal, branched ridges ; upper parts generally black. Ater, black. Genus 2. Lrax.—Animal elongated, convex above ; with the shield marked with concentric lines ; pulmonary orifice near the hind part of the shield. Limaz, a slug. Linneus. Ferussac. 1. Limax cinéreus.—Shield elongated, mantle with parallel, somewhat undulated ridges ; a prominent acute undulated keel on the posterior third of the body; the upper parts dusky brown with five pale-brown longi- tudinal bands, or variously spotted. Cinéreus, ash-grey. 2. Limax variegétus.—Shield short, sulcato-granulate, the posterior fourth of the body with a medial crenate keel; upper parts reddish or yellowish-brown, thickly spotted with blackish-brown. Variegdtus, of different colours. 3. Limax agréstis.—Shield large, striato-sulcate ; a short obliquely bent keel toward the end of the body, upper parts yellowish-grey or pale-brown, somewhat mottled with dusky and whitish. dgréstis, residing in fields. 4. Limax margindtus.—Shield elongated, with large undulated ridges, a rather obtuse white keel in the whole length of the body, the shield yellowish-grey with two longitudinal brown bands, the hind part of the body bluish-grey. Margindtus, having a margin. Famity I].—Heicrna. Body elongated, spiral, united anteriorly with the foot, and covered by a spiral shell; four retractile tentacula ; eyes on the summits of the upper. 44 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. Trachélipodes Colimacés, Lamarck. Limacinea, in part, Blainville. Géocochlides, Latreille. Genus Héliz, Linneus. Genus 1. Herrx.—Shell orbicwlar, subglobose, subconi- cal, or depressed, wmbilicate, thin, spiral, with the aper- ture roundish or semilunar, its margin thickened, and more or less reflexed, but incomplete behind. Héliz, a snail. Linneus. Lamarck. 1. Héliz aspérsa.—Shell subglobose, imperforate, ru- gose, and subreticulate, reddish-brown with four longi- tudinal bands of blackish-brown, interrupted by yellowish curved spots. Aspérsus, sprinkled with dots. 2. Hélix arbustérum.—Shell subglobose, perforate, faintly rugose, brown, marbled with brownish-yellow, and having a longitudinal dark-brown band. Arbistum, a copse or orchard. 3. Hélix horténsis.—WNShell subglobose, imperforate, yellow, with five longitudinal brown bands, the mouth with the margin white. Hértus, a garden. A. H. horténsis vulgaris. Vulgaris, common. B. H. horténsis maritima. Maritima, living near the sea. C. H. horténsis arenicola. Arenicola, mhabiting sand. 4, Hélix caperdta.—Shell moderately depressed, deeply striate, of six convex turns, the last subcarinate, the um- bilicus rather large, aperture semilunar with the margin thin; the colour yellowish-grey, irregularly spotted or banded with brown above, the base with interrupted brown bands. Caperdtus, wrinkled like the horns of a goat, cdper. 5. Hélix hispida.—Shell moderately depressed, very thin, horny, pale yellowish-brown, covered with numerous short glistening, yellowish-white hairs, the last turn sub- carinate, the keel paler, a rather narrow deep umbilicus, aperture with the margin thin. Hispidus, bristly. 6. Hélix Tréchulus.—Shell conico-convex, of six well- rounded turns, faintly striate, transversely ; the base con- vex with a shallow, undefined umbilicus. Tréchulus, a little “‘top wherewith children play.” 7. LHéhx lamellata.—Shell conico-convex, of six MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. 45 rounded turns, covered with very numerous transverse lamellee ; the base convex with adeep umbilicus. Lamel- létus, covered with small plaits. 8. Hélizx aculedta.—Nhell globoso-conical, of six rounded turns, the epidermis rising into thin spinous processes. Aculedtus, prickly. 9, Hélix pulchélla.—Shell depressed, equally convex on both sides, deeply umbilicate, greenish-white, the aperture circular with the margin thick, flat, and re- flexed. Pulchéllus, small and beautiful. Genus 2. Zonrres.—Shell orbicular, depressed, flat or little convex above, umbilicate, very thin, spiral; with the aperture roundish-semilunar, having a very thin margin, incomplete behind. Name from Zan, a zone or belt. Montfort, Gray. 1. Zonites rotunddtus.—Shell flattish, slightly con- vex above, deeply and regularly striate, variegated with spots of reddish-brown and greyish-yellow, the umbili- cus very large, the aperture semilunar. Rotunddtus, rounded. 2. Zonites cellérius.—Shell flattened, slightly con- vex above, somewhat rugose, shining, transparent, pale yellowish-brown, the last turn opaque and white to a great extent beneath, umbilicus, rather large and deep. Cellarius, living in cellars. 3. Zonites nitidulus.—Shell depressed, considerably convex above, somewhat rugose, glossy, transparent, light yellowish-brown, the last turn with a small part of the under side along its inner margin whitish and very slightly opaque, umbilicus rather large and deep. Nitidulus, somewhat shining. A. Zonttes licidus.—Shell depressed, considerably con- vex above, rather strongly striato-rugose, transparent, glossy above, shining beneath, dull greyish-brown, the whorls convex and inflexed at the suture margin, the last destitute of whiteness or opacity beneath, uwmbi- licus large and deep, aperture oblique, longer than broad. Ldcidus, shining. 9. Zonites allidrius.—NShell nearly flat, somewhat 46 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA- wrinkled, shining, transparent, yellowish-brown, with © the suture margin planulate, part of the last turn beneath somewhat opaque and whitish, umbilicus rather large and deep. Allium, garlic. Allidrius, smelling of garlic. 6. Zonttes radidtulus.—Shell depressed, very slightly convex above, regularly striate, transparent, glossy, pale | greenish-grey, of three-and-a-half whorls, which are flat- tened at the suture margin, with the striee more distinct there, umbilicus large and deep. Radidtulus, having small rays. ' 7. Zonttes pirus.—Shell flattened, somewhat convex above, wrinkled or striate, transparent, moderately glossy, greenish-white, of four whorls, which are a little convex and incurved at the suture margin, umbilicus rather large and deep. Pérus, clean or clear. 8. Zonites crystdllinus.—Shell flattened, very slightly convex above, extremely thin, transparent, shining, green- ish-white, of five or six whorls, which are slightly flat- tened at the suture margin, and faintly striato-rugose, umbilicus deep, of moderate width. Crystdllinus, clear like crystal, or glass. 9. Zonites fiscus.—NShell rather convex, extremely thin, flexible, the turns striato-sulcate. Fuseus, brown or dusky. Genus 4. Virrina. Animal with a linguiform process — extending backwards over the shell, on the right side. Shell spiral, of few turns, semiorbicular, imperforate, extremely thin, transparent ; the last turn disproportion- ately large ; the aperture roundish, with the margin very thin. Vitrum, glass. Draparnaud. 1. Vitrina pellicida.—Shell ovato-orbicular, eonsider- ably depressed, very thin, brittle, glossy, pale apple-green, or hyaline; with the aperture very large, roundish, sub- lunate. Pellicidus, permeable to light. Genus 5. Succryza.—Shell oval or oblong, imperforate, very thin, with a short spire; the aperture very large, obovate or oblong, with the margin thin, and disunited behind. Szccinum, amber. Draparnaud. ———_ MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. TERRESTRIA. 47 1. Succinea pitris.—Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, transparent, glossy, with the spire short, the mouth ovate, vertical, two-thirds of the whole length. Piétris, filthy. A. S. putris gracilis. Grécilis, slender. Genus 6. Butmivs.—Shell ovate, oblong, or subcylin- drical, spiral, thin; the last turn proportionally larger than the next; the aperture oval, entire, toothless, not half so long as the spire; peristome incomplete, thick- ened. The name perhaps from BovtAipmos, msatiable hunger. Bruguiere. 1. Bulimus libricus.—Shell ovato-cylindrical, shining faintly striated, with the aperture ovato-trigonal, the peristome thicked, but not reflexed. Lbricus, smooth, slippery, or glossy. 2. Bulimus obscirtis.—Shell ovato-oblong, slightly lossed, faintly striated, with the aperture subovate, the peristome somewhat thickened and spread. Odscirus, dusky or dull. Genus 7. Pura.—Shell oblongo-cylindrical, thin, spirate; the last turn not much larger proportionally ; the aperture semioval, with the peristome incomplete, thickened, and reflexed. Pépa, a doll or puppet; also an insect in the second state of its existence, in which it resembles this shell. 1. Pipa umbilicdta. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, with the aperture semiovate, subangulate, the peristome thick and flattened, a laminar tooth in or near the angle formed by the junction of the outer lip, the umbilicus narrow. Umbilicdtus, having an umbilicus. 2. Ptpa marginéta.—Shell oblongo-cylindrical, with the aperture nearly circular, the peristome thin, but with a strong convex external rib behind it on the outer lip, an obtuse, often obsolete tooth in the middle of the columellar space. Margindtus, havmg a rim. Genus 8. Verrico.—Shell subcylindrical, very thin, spirate ; the last turn not proportionally larger; the aperture semiovate, toothless, the peristome slightly 48 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. AQUATICA. thickened, incomplete. Vertigo, a whirling or turning round. Muller. 1. Fertigo edéntula.—Shell ovato-cylindrical, sub- conical, with the second turn much larger than the first, greatly exceeded by the third, which is little less than the fourth, the fifth not much larger. Hdéntulus, toothless. Genus 9. Cxavustr1a.—Shell slender, turrite, subfusi- form, thin, of numerous generally reversed turns, the last smaller than the next, the aperture suboval, ob- lique, with the peristome continuous, free, marginate, and toothed; the throat with an internal plait capable of closing the cavity. Claudo, to close. Draparnaud. 1. Clausilia pervérsa.—Shell turrito-fusiform, rather glossy, with from ten to twelve little convex, trans- versely sulcato-striate turns, the last narrowed, with two wide grooves, the aperture subovate, narrowed near the upper end, and having generally two plaits on the columella. Pervérsus, turned the wrong way. Genus 10. Barea.—WNShell slender, turrite, thin, of nu- merous reversed turns, the last proportionally larger than the next, the aperture roundish or oval with the peris- tome thin and simple. Name unintelligible. Leach, Gray. 1. Balea pervérsa.—Shell oblongo-turrite, reversed, slender, with the aperture subovate, the peristome thin, simple, the umbilicus distinct. Pervérsus, turned the wrong way. Aquatica. Residing in fresh water. Famiry I11.—Linwaina. Body ovate or elongated, spiral or conical, with a spiral or conical shell; the head surmounted by a large expansion or veil; two contractile tentacula, having the eyes situated at their base. Limndcea, Blainville. Limneade, Gray. Named from Limneus, one of the genera. Genus 1. Limnavs.—Head with two flattened, sub- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA, AQUATICA. 49. obtuse tentacula; foot oval, anteriorly bilobate. Shell oval or oblong, thin, fragile, with a tapering pointed spire, the aperture longer than wide, oval, thin-edged, the columella with an oblique plait. Aiuyy, a marsh or pool. Draparnaud. 1. Limneus péreger.—Shell ovate, thin, horny, with the spire short, acute, the last turn very large, the aperture ovate. Peregrinor, “to travel through strange places.”’ A. L. péreger ovatus. Ovdtus, egg-shaped. B. L. péreger comminis. Commiunis, common. C. L. péreger limésus. Limésus, living in mud. 2. Limneus palistris.—Shell oblong, conical pointed, with the spire rather elongated, the turns forming an acute margin along the suture, the aperture ovato- oblong. Palistris, residing in marshes. 3. Limneus truncatulus.—Shell ovato-oblong, coni- cal, pointed, the turns somewhat abruptly curved at their upper margin, the aperture ovate or ovato-oblong. Named from the flattening or truncation of the turns. A. L. truncatulus oblongus, Obléngus, longer than broad. B. L. truncdtulus fossérius. Fossarius, in ditches. C. L. truncdtulus minutus. Minitus, very small. Genus 2. Puysa.—Animal with two long, slender, tapering tentacula, the mantle with two expansile digi- tate lobes. Shell sinistrorse, oval; glossy, transparent, the last turn very large, ovate, ventricose, the aper- ture ovato-oblong, very narrow and acute behind. vcaé, to inflate or blow out. Draparnaud. 1. Physa fontindlis. —Shell oval, transparent, glossy, with the spire very short, the aperture ovato-oblong, occupying about half the size of the inferior surface. Fontindlis, residing in springs or streams. Genus 3. Pranorsis.—Animal very slender, elongated, involute, with two very long, setaceous tentacula. Shell orbicular, flat, coiled nearly in the same plane. Planus, flat; érdis, ball. Muller. 1. Planérbis Vortex.—Shell orbicular, extremely de- pressed, pellucid, slightly concave above and beneath, E dQ MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. with six gradually mereasing volutions, the last with an acute angle or keel along the lower margin of the disk, the aperiure roundish, somewhat vliombie: Vortex, & whirlpool, circular movement, or coil. A. P. Vortee crassulus. Dit. of crdéssus, fat or thick. B. P. Voriex Spirorbis.. Splra,a whorl; érbis, a ball. 2. Planorbis contortus.—Nhell orbicular, depressed, widely and slightly concave above, with six. nearly equal, narrow, distiactly striated volutious, the last rounded, leaving a wide and deep cavity beneath; moutl narrow, semilunar. Contértus, twisted together or coiled. 3. Planérbis dlbus.—Shell orbicular, extremely de- pressed, widely concave above and beneath, with the volutions longitudinally salcato-sti iate, transversely striu- late, and hispid. Albus, white. 4. Planérbis imbricétus.—Shell orbicular, extremely depressed, widely and very deeply concave beneath, slightly concave in the middle above, with the volutions obliquely sulcato-striate. Imbricdtus, Genvs 4. Axcytus.—Animal conoidal, with two de- pressed, elongated, triangular, obtuse, tentacula, Shell elliptical, conoidal, with the poiut eurved backwards, and nearer ile posterior end. Ayxvdn, a kind of cup. Geoffroy. 1. Ancylus fluviatilis. —Oval, conoidal, striulate lon- gitudinally and concentrically. Fluvidtilis, residing in rivers. ORDER II.—GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus a branchial cavity on the back, containing two fimbriated brancliize, and communicating externally by a large aperture between the edge of the mantle and the body. Sexes separated. | Chismobranchidta, Blainville. Trachelipoda, Lamarck. Pectinibranchiata, Cuvier. Pécten, xcomb; Branchiea, gills, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. ok Astrnonata. Without a Branchial Tube. Famity I.—Parupinina. Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell ; two eoni- eal, elongated tentacula, having the eyes situated at their base externally; the aperture of the shell oval, with the peristome complete; a corresponding operculum. The name from the Genus Paludina. Genus 1. Patupina.—Animal with the tentacula taper- ing, of moderate length. Shell oval, with the peristome thin; operculum horny, Pédlus, a marsh. 1. Paludina vivipara.—Shell oval, rather thin, with the turns very convex, horn-coloured, with three spiral brown bands. Viviparus, producing live young. Genvs 2. Byrainta.—Animal with the tentacula slender and elongated. Shell oval, with the peristome thickened internally ; operculum calcareous. Name, I suppose, from Bv6ios, dwelling in the deep, 1. Bythinia tentaculata.—Shell ovato-conical, of five convex turns ; the mouth nearly half the entire length. Lentaculatus, having remarkable tentacula, Famity [].—Naricina. Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell; two conical tentacula; eyes on short pedicels at the outer side of their base; the aperture of the shell roundish; a horny or calcareous operculum. Name from the Genus Natica. Genus 1. Naritca.—Shell globose or oval, spiral, um- bilicate ; the aperture roundish or semicircular, with the outer lip thin, the inner partly covering the umbilicus. Nates, a buttock or prominence. Lamarck. 1. Natica monilifera.—Shell globose, of five very con- vex turns, having a series of purple spots near their upper margin ; spire very short and convex. Monilis, a necklace or string of beads ; féro, io bear, 2. Ndtica riétila,—Shell subglobose, rather broader than high, of four very convex turns, dull-red, with a white band margining the narrow canaliculate suture ; ee wt 22 MALACQZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. the spire very short and convex ; umbilicus transversely suleate. Rutilus, reddish. 3. Natica Aldéri.—Shell subglobose, of five very con- vex turns, having five series of red spots; spire very short and rather acute, umbilicus longitudinally striated. Named after Mr. Alder, an English naturalist. 4, Natica nitida.—Shell ovato-globose, of five very convex turns, white without spots ; spire very short and rather acute, umbilicus longitudinally striated. Nitidus, shining. 5. Nética heliciides.—Shell ovate, thin, with a deli- cate epidermis, of five turns, separated by a canali- culate suture ; spire short, convex, rather obtuse, mouth ovate, continuous. Helicéides, a spurious compound of Helix, a snail, and éidos, aspect, appearance, like- ness. 6. Néatica squalida.—Shell subglobose, rather thick, of three and a-half turns, separated by a canaliculate suture; spire depressed, obtuse; mouth ovate, conti- nuous. Sgudlidus, slovenly or ill-favoured. Genus 2. Nerrrma.—Shell semiglobose or oblong, with the spire very small, the aperture oblique, reduced to a hemispherical form by the thickening of the colu- mella, which shelves to a thin edge. Name altered from Nerita, for a portion of that genus. Lamarck. 1. Neritina fluviatilis—Shell transversely oblongo- elliptical, convex, rather thick, banded, tesselated, or spotted with olivaceous and white. Fluvidtilis, living in rivers. Famity [11.—Torsinina. Body elongated, spiral, with a spiral shell ; two coni- cal tentacula; eyes on prominences at their base ex- ternally ; mouth with a spiral lingual filament; shell globose, ovate, conical, or turrite, with the aperture round, subangulate, ovate, or oblong, anteriorly rounded, without notch. Name from the genus Turdo. Genus 1. Trocuvs.—Shell conical, with the spire moderately elevated or low, the aperture somewhat square MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA, PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 53°: or angulate, the columella arcuate, and often a little projecting. Tpoxds, a potter’s wheel, or a top. Lin- neus. 1. Tréchus Sisyphinus.—Shell imperforate, conical, acuminate, with the turns flat, spirally grooved, each with a prominent rim on the angle, the upper turns granulate. Named, I suppose, from some fancied ana- logy to the rolling stone of Sisyphus; if so, it is erro- neously written ei-yphinus. 2. Tréchus conuliides.—Shell imperforate, conical, acute, with the turns flat, spirally grooved, with the marginal ridge more prominent. Name from its re- semblance to a cone. 3. Tréchus Martini.—Shell imperforate, conical, acuminate, with the turns flat, with cord-like ridges, the angular margin of the turns with a very prominent crenulated rim. Named by Mr. Smith after Major Martin, 4. Tréchus cinerdrius.—Shell umbilicate, depressedly conical, convex, of five sulcato-striate turns, of a pale- grey colour, with radiating, undulated, reddish purple lines. Cinerdrius, ash-grey. 5. Tréchus timidus.—Shell umbilicate convexo-conical, of five turns, which are depressed aboye, sloping, striate, brownish white, with transverse waved dusky or purple lines. Tmidus, swelled or bulging. Genus 2. Pxorcus.—Shell roundish, rather depressed, thickish, with the turns couyex, the aperture circular, subangulate anteriorly ; the umbilicus deep. Phércus, Sepmaln to Hesiod, a son of the sea and the earth. isso 1. Phércus Margartta Shell roundish, rather de- pressed, smooth, glossy, light-brown or olivaceous, with the interior pearly. Margarita, a pearl. Genus 3. Sxenza.—NShell orbicular, discoid, with the turns rounded, the aperture circular, the peristome com- plete, the umbilicus wide. Named by Dr. Fleming after Dr. Skene, an Aberdeen physician and naturalist. OS, 54 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. - 1. Skénea depréssa.—Shell orbicular, depressed, trans- parent, horny, with four transversely rugous olivaceous turns. Depréssus, pressed down. 2. Skénea serpuliides.—Shell orbicular, depressed, pellucid, glossy, white, flat above, very widely umbi- icate. Named from its resemblance to a Sérpula. 3. Skénea divisa.—Shell orbicular, depressed, pellu- cid, glossy, white, slightly convex and smooth above, spirally striate beneath. Divisus, separated into two parts. Genus 4. Lrrrortva.—Shell imperforate, ovoidal, ovato- conical, or subglobose, with the spire short, the last turn very large, ventricose; the aperture roundish, the peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip bevelled to a thin edge. Named, by Ferussac, from their inhabiting the sea-shore, littus. Ferussac. 1. Littorina littérea.—Shell subovato-conical, thick, with the spire half the length of the last turn, which is very convex, longitudinally striate; the aperture roundish, white on the inner lip, streaked on the outer, which forms an acute angle at its junction. ILittéreus, residing on the sea-shore. 2. Littorina riéidis.—Shell subovato-conical, thick, with the spire half the length of the last turn, which is very convex, longitudinally striate, transversely ru- goso-striate ; the aperture oval, the peristome very thick, the outer lip forming an acute angle at its junc- tion. Rddis, coarse. 3. Littorina saxdtilis.—Shell subgloboso-conical, as broad as long, moderately thick, with the spire scarcely a third of the whole length, the last turn somewhat flat- tened above, angulate below, longitudinally striate; the aperture very large, roundish, the outer lip united at right angles. Sawatilis, living on or among stones. 4. Littorina tenebrésa.—Shell suboyato-conical, ra- ther thin, with the spire as long as the last turn, which is very convex, longitudinally striulate, transversely ru- goso-striate, the exterior dusky, often banded or tes- selated with lighter tints; the aperture roundish-oval, the outer lip united at right angles. Tenebrdésus, dusky. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 55 5. Littorina petrea.—Shell globoso-conical, rather thin, with the spire shorter than the last turn, which is very convex, transversely rugoso-striate; the aperture roundish, the outer lip united at a rather acute angle. Petraeus, living on or among rocks. 6. Littorina Beanit.—Shell globoso-conical, obtuse, of three convex turns, the last very large, somewhat glossy, faintly striated transversely and longitudinally, and marked with alternate dark-brown and white lines disposed in a tessular manner. Named after Mr. Bean, a Yorkshire naturalist. 7. Littorina neritiéides.—Shell subglobose, thick, with the spire depressed and rounded, the aperture round- ish-ovate, the colour various. Neritéides, resembling a Nerita. Genus 5. Turrirerza.—Shell turrite, with the spire very elongated, tapering to a fine point, the aperture roundish, entire, with the peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip very thin, and having a wide sinus. Name from Turris, a tower. Lamarck. 1. Turritélla Térebra.—Shell turrite, acuminate, with from fifteen to twenty moderately convex turns, each with three longitudinal narrow ridges, and curved trans- verselines. TZérebra, an auger or wimble. Genus 6. Evirma.—Shell turrite, with the spire very elongated, tapering to a fine mammilliform point ; the aperture ovate, entire, with the peristome incomplete be- hind, the outer lip thick and even. Risso. 1. Eulima elegantissima.—Shell turrite, very elon- gated, of numerous, flat, transversely grooved and obtusely ridged turns. legantissimus, very elegant. 2. Eulima nitidissima.—Shell very elongated-turrite, of about nine rounded, smooth, glossy turns; the aper- ture subovate, with the outer lip thick. Nitidissimus, very glossy. 3. Lulima polita.—Shell very elongated-turrite, taper- ing to a fine point, of about ten flat, smooth, very glossy 56 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA, PECTINIBRANCHIATA, turns; the aperture oblong, very narrow behind. Politus, polished. 4. Hulima subulata.— Shell very elongated-turrite, tapering to a fine point, of about ten flat, smooth, very glossy turns, which are white with two brown bands’ the aperture oblong, very narrow behind. Subuldtus, slender and tapering. Genus 7. Lacuna.—Shell ovato-conical, thin, with a delicate epidermis ; the aperture oval or roundish, the peristome incomplete behind, the columella flattened, and forming a deep groove, continued from the umbilicus. Lactna, a furrow, trench, or hollow. Turton. 1. Lactna vincta.—NShell ovate, conical, thin, semi- transparent, with a delicate epidermis, the whorls five, variously coloured, convex, the last somewhat angulate, obsoletely striated transversely, with minute undulated longitudinal striule; the aperture roundish-ovate, the columellar groove curved, narrow. Vinctus, girt. A. L. vineta quadrifascidta. Four-banded. B. L. vincta bifascidta. 'Two-banded. C. L. vincta unicolor. Of one colour. 2. Lactna fasciata,—Shell subglobose, broader than long, with the spire depressed, the turns three, very thin, transparent, the last extremely large, with four white and three reddish-brown baads. Fascidtus, banded. 3. Lacina pallidula.—Shell semiovato-globose, sub- conical, thin, of four turns, wiih the spive very short, and having the margin of the turns sloping towards the suture, the aperture extremely large, the inner lip ex- tended somewhat in the manuer of that of a Nerita. Pallidulus, diminutive of pallidus, pale-coloured. 4. Lacténa sulcéta.—Shell subglobose, broader than long, rather thin, of three aud a- half turns, marked with oblique growth-lines at intervals, the spire very short, the aperture semicircular, extremely large, the inner lip nearly straight, with a very wide umbilical groove. Su/- catus, grooved. Genus 8. Rissoa.—WShell conical, with the spire elon- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 5¢ gated, the apex mammilliform, the aperture roundish, ovate, or pyrate, with the anterior end rounded, the pos- terior acute; operculum horny. Named after M. Risso, a naturalist of Nice. Freminville. 1. Rissoa tlve.—Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thick, opaque, the spire elongated, the turns seven, flat, ob- scurely striate transversely, the last convex and more or less angulate. Ulva, sea-weed, from its living in salt marshes. 2. Rissoa muridtica.—Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thin, transparent, the spire elongated, the turns six, slightly convex, faintly striate transversely, the last well- rounded. The name refers to its living in salt water. 3. Rissoa ventricdsa.—Shell ovato-turrite, of five or six thin, pellucid, glossy, convex, slightly striate turns ; aperture roundish-ovate, more than a third of the whole length. Ventricdésa, bellying or bulging. 4. Rissoa pdrva.—Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, nearly opaque, glossy, of six rounded turns, with strong, convex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, those of the last turn not reaching the aperture, which is roundish ovate, the outer lip thickened externally. Pdrvus, small. 5. Rissoa dlba.—Shell ovato-turrite, rather thin, semi- transparent, glossy, of six rounded turns, with short, convex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, those of the last turn not reaching more than half-way; the aperture roundish, the outer lip thin. Albus, white. 6. Rissoa semistridta.—Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, spirally striate, glossy, of five rather convex turns, the last sulcato-striate anteriorly, white, with two rows of red spots, aperture roundish ovate, outer lip thin. Sem- striatus, half-striated. 7. Rissoa interripta.—Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, smooth, glossy, of five rather flat turns, white, with a spiral series of reddish-brown oblong spots near the upper margin of each turn, and a band on the last. The name has reference to the broken or interrupted reddish band. 8. Rissoa reticuldta.—Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, 98 MALACOZOA. GASTERCPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, | opaque, of five rounded turns reticulated with longitu- dinal and transverse slender ridges, the aperture roundish, the outer lip thickened externally. Reticuldtus, covered with net-work. 9. Rissoa Péllus.—Shell ovate, of five little convex, glossy turns, the last as long as the spire, and banded with red; the aperture roundish-ovate, Péllus, a chicken, or any young animal. 10. Rissoa tristridta.—Shell ovate, of five convex, glossy turns, having three impressed lines along their upper margin, the last with three rows of rhomboidal red spots; the aperture roundish, Tristridtus, with three strize. 11. Rissoa truncdta.—Shell oblong, subcylindrical, abruptly obtuse, of five turns, separated by a distinct suture, and transversely striato-sulcate ; the aperture ovate. Truncatus, abruptly terminated. 12. Rissoa stridta.—NShell oblongo-turrite, subcylin- drical, opaque, of six rounded, spirally striate turns, with obsolete ribs at their upper margin ; the outer lip pro- jecting and considerably thickened. Stvridtus, striated, scored with lines. 13. Rissoa gracilis —Shell turrite, subcylindrical, thin, pellucid, glossy, of six turns, the aperture ovate, little narrowed behind, the outer lip thickened. Grdecilis, slender. Famity [V.—Tornateizina. Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or turrite, with the aperture oblique, ovate, oblong, or narrow, entire anteriorly, nar- rowed behind by the convexity of the last turn, the mner lip ending in an oblique plait on the columella. Named from the genus Tornatella. Genus I, Oposrom1a.—Shell ovato-conical, with the apex rather obtuse or mammillate, the aperture suboval, the peristome incomplete behind, and having a tooth- like plait. ’Odo%s, tooth; créza, mouth. Fleming. 1. Odostémia unidentéta.—Nhell ovate, of four or five moderately convex, glossy turns, the last ventricose, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA, FECTINIBRANCHIATA, 59 longer than the spire, the aperture ovate, with a thick tooth-hke plait. Unus, one; dens, tooth. 2. Odostémia plicdta.—Shell ovato-oblong, of five or six glossy, transversely plicato-striate turns, which are rather flat, but convex toward the suture, the aperture ovate, with a distinct plait. Plicatus, having a plait. 3. Odostémia scaldris.—Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy, faintly striated, moderately convex turns, the suture canaliculate, the aperture ovate, with a prominent plait. Scalaris, like a stair. 4, Odostémia interstincta.—Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy, rather flat, finely plicato- costate turns, the aperture ovate, nearly half the whole length, with a very small plait. Interstinctus. 5. Odostémia spirilis.—Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, trausparent, glossy, nearly flat, finely ribbed turns, the last spirally striated in its anterior half, the two upper striz deeper and runuing along the spiral suture. Spiralis, spiral, in reference to the lines mentioned. 6. Odostémia semicostéta.—Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy, rounded turns, marked with obsolete longitudinal striule, and distant, delicate, trans- verse ribs on the upper half of the last turn, no plait on the columella. Semzcostatus, half-ribbed. 7. Odostémia plicétula.—Shell ovato-conical, of five rather thick, opaque, glossy, flat, finely plicato-striate turns, the last with the plicze ending about the middle, and succeeded by three or four spiral strie, the terminal part plain ; avery slight plait, no umbilicus. Plicatulus, finely plaited. 8. Odostémia Marione.—Shell ovato-conical, of five convex, thin, transparent rather glossy turns, finely pli- cate transversely, delicately striated spirally, and having the upper margin in the form of a rib. Named after Miss Marion Macgillivray. 9. Odostémia Anne.—Shell oblongo-turrite, of five rather thick, opaque, glossy turns, the last convex and proportionally larger, the rest flattened, the aperture ovate, 60 MALACOZOA. GASTEROFODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. nearly a third of the whole length, with a small plait. Named after Miss Anne Macgillivray. 10. Odostomia oblénga.—NShell oblong, subcylindrical, of five flattened turns, the last two finely ribbed, the spire very obtuse, the suture distinct, the aperture ovate. Obléngus, much longer than broad. Genus 10. Tornarerza.—Shell ovato-conical, subcylin- drical, spirate, the spire short and pointed, the aperture oblong, very narrow behind, the peristome incomplete, the outer lip thin, the columella with an obtuse plait. Name from TYorndtus, fashioned in a turner’s wheel. Lamarck. 1. Tornatélla tornatilis.—Shell ovato-conical, subcylin- drical, moderately thick, glossy, with the spire convex, the last turn longitudinally crenato-striate, pale red, with two white bands, each margined with two reddish purple lines. 2. Tornatélla pellicida.—Shell ovato-conical, sub- cylindrical, very thin, transparent, glossy, with the outline of the spire straight, the last turn longitudinally punce- tato-striate, with two deeper strize along the suture, the colour hyaline white, with three faint reddish bands. Pellicidus, transmitting light. 3. Tornatélla pusilla. —Shell ovato-conical, subfusi- form, very thin, transparent, glossy, with the spire ob- tuse, the last turn distantly punctato-striate, the colour hyaline white. Pusi//us, diminutive. Famity V. SiGAReETINA. Animal with the body slightly spiral, the head with a frontal veil; large conical tentacula, with eyes at their outer base; the foot oval, very large and thick. Shell oval or roundish, external, much depressed, with a very small spire, and large aperture, without columella. Name from the genus Sigarétus. Genus 1. Vetutrna.—NShell ovate or roundish, convex, with a diminutive spire, and extremely large, roundish, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 61 or ovate aperture. Velutinus, velvety, the epidermis being so in some of the species. 1. Velutina stria4ta.—Shell roundish ovate, brittle, whitish, striated, with an olivaceous villous epidermis. Stridtus, streaked. Genus 2. Corrocetta.—Shell oblong or ear-shaped, extremely thin, membranous in part, concealed in the mantle. 1. Coriocélla fléwilis.—Shell ear-shaped, membran- ous, flexile, olivaceous, with a thin calcareous layer on the inner lip and spire. Fewilis, capable of being easily bent. SrpHonaTa. Famity VI.—Buccrnina. Body elongated, spiral; head with two conical, de- pressed tentacula; eyes on basal external lobes, mouth with an annulated proboscis ; mantle with an open canal, foot large. Shell generally ovate, spirate, with a very short notch or canal in the anterior part of the aperture, and a horny operculum. Name from the genus Bue- cinum. Genus I. Buccinum.— Shell ovate, with the spire moderate, pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with a deep notch anteriorly, the columella plain, the outer lip toothless. Buc. 1. Béccinum unddtum.—Shell ovato-conical, thick, with the turns convex, longitudinally striate and sulcate, with oblique waved convex ribs. Undatus, waved. 2. Biccinum Anglicinum.—Shell oblong-conical, thin, with the upper margin of the turns rather thick, and irregularly plicato-nodulose, the turns obsoletely ribbed and striate. dnglicanus, English. 3. Buecinum bréve.—Shell ovato-conical, with five convex, transversely ribbed, and longitudinally sulcato- striate turns, the notch wide and oblique. Brévis, short. Genus 2.. Nassa.—Shell ovate, with the spire mode- rate, pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with a deep F 62 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. notch anteriorly, the columella callous, the outer lip toothed. 1. Nassa incrassdta.—Shell ovato-conical, thick, with the turns convex, longitudinally grooved, transversely ribbed, nodulose; the notch with a black spot. Incras- sdtus, thickened. Genus 3. Purrura.—Shell ovate, thick, with the spire short, the aperture elliptical or semioval, the outer lip thin-edged, the columella flattened, the canal short. Purpura, purple, some animals of this and allied genera yielding a purple dye. 1. Pérpura Lapillus.—Shell ovato-fusiform, thick, with the turns convex, longitudinally ribbed, transversely lamelloso-striate; aperture elliptical, the outer lp in- ternally grooved or toothed. Lapillus, a small shell. Famity VII.—Fvsina. Body elongated, spiral; head with two conical, some- what depressed tentacula, eyes on basal external pro- minences; mouth with a long cylindrical annulated proboscis; mantle with a long open canal; foot rather large. Shell more or less 'fusiform, spirate, with a long canal at the anterior part of the aperture, and a horny operculum. Name from the genus Fusus. Genus 1. Murex.—Shell fusiform, oval or oblong ; with rows of ridges, tubercles, or spines, generally in regular order, aperture oval, terminated anteriorly by an elon- gated closed canal. Murex, the ancient name of a shell. Linneeus. 1. Murex Erindceus.—Shell ovate, with seven or eight turns, which are transversely costate and longitudinally suleate ; the aperture ovate, with the outer lip thick, internally dentate; the canal long and closed. rind- ceus, a Hedgehog. Genus 2. Fusus.—Shell fusiform, with the spire point- ed, the aperture oval or oblong, with an elongated, slightly recurved canal. Fusus, a spindle. 1. Fésus antiquus—Shell ovato-fusiform, with the MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, 63 turns very convex, faintly striated longitudinally and transversely, yellowish-white, with the inside of the mouth yellow. 2. Fusus cérneus.—Shell oblongo-fusiform, moderately thick, white, with the turns little convex, with distinct longitudinal and very faint transverse strie, and a yellow- ish-grey epidermis. Cérneus, horny. 3. Fusus Laskeyi.—Shell ovato-turrite, subfusiform, moderately thick, with a greyish-yellow epidermis, the turns convex, somewhat flattened above, with five large and several smaller longitudinal ridges, and fine trans- verse striz. Named after Captain Laskey. 4. Fuisus Buchanénsis.—Shell fusiform, rather thick, of six moderately convex turns, transversely ribbed, with raised spiral lines decussating the ribs, of which there are twelve on the last turn, the aperture oblong, nearly half the entire length. Genus 3. Prevroroma.—Shell fusiform, with the spire pointed, the aperture oval or oblong, with an elon- gated, slightly recurved canal, the outer lip with a notch or slit near its upper angle. 1. Pleurdtoma Banffiium.— Shell oblongo-fusiform, rather thick, white, the turns rounded, with numerous thin-edged, laminar, transverse ribs, bent toward the aper- ture. Namedfrom Banff, where it was first noticed. 2. Pleurétoma Turricula.—Shell oblongo-fusiform, thin, white, the turns angulate at their upper part, ribbed, and striate. Named from its resembling a turret or spire. 3. Pleurébtoma Trevéllianum.—Shell ovato-fusiform, thin, white, the turns angulate at their upper part, ribbed and striate. Named by Dr. Turton after Mr. Trevellyan. 4. Pleurétoma decussatum.—Shell elongated fusiform, rather thick, the turns rounded, with transverse ribs, de- cussated by numerous spiral thin lamin. Decussdtus, with lines crossing each other. 5. Pleurétoma reticuldtum.—Shell oblongo-fusiform, with the spire a little convex in outline, the whorls slightly angulate at their upper part, with numerous 64 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA. | transverse narrow ribs, reticulated with longitudinal: raised lines, the ribs on the last turn divided into several. Reticuldtus, marked like network. Genus 4. Rosreriarta.—Shell turrite or fusiform ; its aperture oblong, with a prolonged canal, the outer lip much expanded, usually digitate or dentate. Named from the long beak, Rostrum, formed by the canal. Lamarck. 1. Rostelliria Pes-pelecini.—Shell turrite, of ten con- vex turns having a medial series of oblique compressed obtuse odules, the outer lip extremely expanded, and angulate. Named from a fancied resemblance to a Peli- can’s foot. Famity VIIT.—Cypraina. Body elongated, spiral; the head with two filiform, tentacula at the thickened base of which externally are the sessile eyes; mouth with a thin ribbon-like tongue, minutely echinate ; the mantle with two very large lobes, capable of being extended over the back of the shell ; which is oval or oblong, convolute, with the spire very short or concealed, the aperture linear, as long as the shell, and denticulate on one or both sides. Name from one of the genera, Cyprea. Genus 1. Cyprma.—Shell oval, convolute, very convex above, with the aperture longitudinal, linear, having a recurved notch at each end, both lips denticulate. Named after Venus. 1. Cyprea Europea.—Shell ovate, very convex above, with numerous transverse grooves. The only species of northern Europe. A. C. Europea, arctica. Arcticus, northern. ORDER I!II.—GASTEROPODA TUBULIBRANCHIATA. ORDER IV.—GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus a cavity on the back, con- taining pectinate or filamentous branchie, and commu- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 65 nicating externally by an opening between the margin of the body and the mantle; unisexual. Cérvicobranchiata and Chismobranchidta, Blainville. Gastrépoda Calyptracia, and Trachelipoda Neritdcea, Lamarck. Seutibranchidta, Cuvier. Scétum, shield ; brinchia, gills. Famizy I.—Fissureniina. Body conical, not spiral; two large triangular, thin tentacula; eyes on slight. prominences at their outer margin; foot large, nearly circular; branchial cavity opening widely before. Name from the genus Fissurélla. Genus 1. Lorria.—Shell conical, with the apex nearer the anterior end, the aperture extremely large, oval or roundish. Gray. 1. Léttia virginea.—Shell ovato-elliptical, little ele- vated, subpellucid, with obsolete radiating strize, and co- loured with reddish rays. Named from its beauty and delicacy. Genus 2. Emareinuta.—Shell conical, with the sum- mit inclined backward, a vertical notch or slit in the anterior margin. Named from the slit in the margin. Lamarck. 1. Emarginula Fisstira.—Shell conical, somewhat compressed, cancellated with about forty radiating ribs, and numerous scalar lamelle, the margin crenulate. Fisstra, a cleft. Genus 3. Rimvita.—Shell conical, with the summit inclined backward, and near it a ventrical slit. Ri- mula, a little chink. Defrance. 1. Rimula Flemingii.—Shell conical, compressed, with twenty-four radiating ribs, alternating with smaller, and cancellated, the margin crenulate. Named after Dr. Fleming. F 2 66 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CYCLOBRANCHIATA. ORDER V.—GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA. Respiratory organs a continuous fringed lamina, sur- rounding the foot. Phyllidia, Lamarck. Chismobranchidta and Poly- pldxiphora, Blainville. Cyclobranchidta, Cuvier. Cy- elus, acircle; brdnchie, gills. Famity I, — Patera. Body convex, covered by a conical shell, having the apex nearer the anterior.end. Named from the Genus Patella. Genus 1. Parerta.—Shell conical, with the aperture extremely large, elliptical, ovate, or roundish. Linnezeus. 1. Patélla vulgdta.—Shell conical, with the apex di- rect, the surface radiated with about eighteen ribs, al- ternating with strize, and crossed by striule, the margin angulate or crenate. Vulgdtus, common. 2. Patélla levis.—Shell moderately thick, horny, with the apex obtuse, much nearer the anterior end, the surface concentrically striate, and usually marked with strong growth-lines, the colour yellowish-brown, often rayed with reddish. Levis, smooth. 3. Patélla pellicida.—Shell thin, fragile, transpa- rent, with the apex incurved, obtuse, close to the smaller end, the surface with about twenty-eight faint ribs, and intermediate striz, yellowish-brown, with some bright blue lines. Pellicidus, nearly transparent. Famity I].—Curronina. Body elliptical, depressed, or little convex, covered by a shell composed of generally eight pieces. Name from one of the genera. Genus 1. Curron.—Shell of eight transverse plates, moveable upon each other by muscular bands. Xuroy, a coat of mail. Linnszeus. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA. 67 1. Chiton fasciculdris.—Shell elliptical, moderately convex, subcarinate; the valves shagreened; the mar- ginal band with eighteen tufts of greyish hairs. Fasci- culdris, having fasciculi or tufts. 2. Chiton margindtus.—Shell elliptical, moderately convex, subcarinate; the valves shagreened, varying in colour; the marginal band granulated, with alternate dusky and whitish spots, and edged with minute spinclets. Margindtus, having a margin or edging. 3. Chiton cinéreus.—Shell elliptical, moderately con- vex, carinate; the valves shagreened, with distinct growth- lines; the marginal band narrow, minutely reticulated, with the edge spinulose. Cinéreus, ash-grey. 4. Chiton fuscdtus.—Shell oblongo-elliptical, a little narrower anteriorly ; carinate, the valves shagreened with irregularly disposed granules ; the marginal band granu- late, with a membranous border. Fuscdtus, dusky. 5. Chiton levigdtus.—Shell broadly elliptical, a little narrower anteriorly, subcarinate; the valves minutely granulato-striate; the marginal band smooth. Levigdtus, smoothed. ORDER VI.—GASTEROPODA INFEROBRANCHIATA. ORDER VII.—GASTEROPODA TECTIBRANCHIATA. Respiratory organs composed of branched or pecti- nated laminze, attached along the right side, or on the back, and covered by the mantle, which generally con- tains a shell. Gasterépoda Laplysia and Bullea, Lamarck. Mono- pleurobranchiita, Blainville. Téctibranchidta, Cuvier. Téctus, covered; brdnchia, gills. Famity ].—Botizima. Body divided into two parts, the anterior often with lateral lobes ; tentacula none or minute; shell very thin 68 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. TECTIBRANCHIATA. and convolute, or none. Named from one of the genera, Bullea. Genus 1. Bur1#a.—Shell in the substance of the mantle, over the branchize, very thin, partially curved in a spiral form, but without spire or columella, the aperture very wide, and extending the whole length of the shell. Bélla, a bubble. 1. Bullea punctulata.—Shell broadly ovato-elliptical, transparent, glossy, with numerous longitudinal strie, and transverse raised lines, leaving between them regu- lar series of squarish depressions. Punctuldtus, marked with little dots. 2. Bullea Caténa.—Shell oval, transparent, glossy, subtruncate at the upper end, rounded at the other, the surface with regular distinct divergent, catenulate striee. Caténa, a chain. 3. Bullea catenulifera.—Shell oblongo-cylindrical, transparent, glossy, truncate at the upper end, wider and rounded at the other, the surface with regular distinct divergent catenulate strie. Caténula, a little chain ; Séro, to bear. Genus 2. Buzta.—Shell partly external, very thin, involute, with the aperture extending its whole length, oblongo-linear, wider below. Bulla, a bubble. 1. Billa Crdnchii.—Shell ovato-elliptical, subtrun- cate, with a small spiral pit, the surface somewhat glossy, longitudinally divergingly striate, about ten striz at the upper and eighteen at the lower end large, all punctate. Named after Mr, Cranch. 2. Billa cdindida.—Shell broadly ovate, semitranspa- rent, glossy, with faint growth-lines, the apex prominu- lous, obtuse, but with a slight scrobiculus, the aperture ovato-oblong. Cundidus, white. Genus 3. Hatra.—Shell obovate; the last turn very large, ventricose ; the spire prominent, convex, obtuse ; the aperture ovato-trigonal, curved anteriorly to the left. Name that of one of the Nereids. Risso. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 69 - 1. Hélia Flemingidna,— Shell obovate, thin, glossy, white, with faint strie. Named after Dr. Fleming. Genus 4. Bozira.—Shell cylindrical, involute, the last turn concealing the rest; the spire generally sunk : the aperture straight, very narrow, a little widened ante- riorly. Named from Bulla. Ferussac. 1. Bullina umbilicdta.—Shell oblongo-cylindrical, semitransparent, glossy, with faint growth-lines, the posterior extremity rounded, with a deep and narrow umbilicus. Umbilicatus, having a pit in the spire. 2. Bullina truncdta.—Shell subcylindrical, thin, semi- transparent, glossy, with distinct shallow sulci on half its length from the posterior extremity, which is truncate, with a wide and shallow umbilicus. Truncdtus, cut off at the end. 3. Bullina cylindrdcea.—Shell cylindrical, thin, trans- parent, glossy, smooth, or with faint growth-lines, sub- truncate with a deep umbilicus. Cylindrdceus, elon- gated and round. ORDER VIII.—GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus consisting of branchial tufts or papille, placed on the back, and exposed. Tritonia, Lamarck. Polybranchiata and Cyclobranchi- ata, Blainville. Nudibranchiata, Cuvier. Nudus, bare ; branchia, gills. PoLyBRANCHIATA. With numerous branchie on the sides of the body. Famiuty I.—Aouivima. Body oval, oblong, or elongated, with papilliform or filamentous branchiz disposed along the sides of the body above; two pairs of tentacula; eyes behind the upper. Named from the Genus olis. Genus 1. Mous.—Body oblong, tapering to a point, with numerous filamentous or papilliform branchie in rows on the sides above. Name from Molus. Cuvier. 70 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. NUDIBRANCHIATA. 1, Molis papillosa.—Body oblong, tapering to an ob- tuse point; the sides of the back with numerous subu- late branchial filaments; the colour dusky, tinged with purple, the branchize pore = - Papillésus, with. small soft prominences. 2. Atolis Murraydna.—Body Rene tapering to an obtuse point ; the sides of the back with numerous very large oblongo-conical, round branchial papille; the co- lour bluish-white, the papille bluish-grey. Named after Mr. Alexander Murray. 3. Aolis Cuviérii.mBody slender, tapering to a fine point ; the sides of the back with elongated, tapering, obtuse papille in transverse series; upper parts pale purplish-grey, the branchie pink. Named after the illus- trious Cuvier. 4. olis Leslidna.—Body slender, tapering to a bidentate point; the sides with upwards of three hun- dred lanceolate oblong whitish compressed papillee, in oblique series; the bare dorsal space linear-lanceolate, white, with a brown oval central prominence. Named after Mr. James Leslie. Famity I].—Trrroniima. Body oval or oblong, with branchicze in the form of tufts or plumes arranged symmetrically on the sides of the body above; a pair of tentacula retractile into a kind of sunk sheath. Named from the Genus Tritonia. Genus 1. Trironra.—Body oval or oblong, convex above, with a row of branchial tufts on each side; the mouth with two thin-edged laminar teeth. Named after Triton. 1. Triténia arboréscens.—Body oblong, convex above, smooth, with four feathery appendages on the margin of the superoral veil, the branchize in six distinct decom- posed tufts on each side; the colour above dusky, the branchiee darker. dehordacens: with tree-like tufts, 2. Tritonia plebéia.—Body oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, convex above, greyish-yellow, with seven prominent papillee on the veil, and on each side six small ‘MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. CIRROBRANCHIATA. 71 branchial tufts. Named, I suppose, from its plain or ignoble aspect. CycLoBRANCHIATA. Branchie in a circle behind. Famity T1I.—Dorra.: Body oval or elliptical, convex above, with the bran- chial tufts arranged circularly on the upper part of the body behind; four tentacula. Named from the Genus Doris. Genus 1. Dor1s.—Body oval or elliptical, more or less convex and tuberculate above ; the branchiz in a circle behind; the mouth a short fleshy tube, with a denticu- late lingual mass. Doris, ‘‘the mother of the Nereids.” 1. Déris tuberculata.—Ovato-elliptical, convex above, grey, covered above with small unequal depressed, gra- nulated papille; the margin of the mantle thick and considerably expanded. Tuderculatus, covered with tubercles. 2. Déris obveldta.—Oval, depressed, pale yellowish, covered above with numerous unequal, much depressed, granulated tubercles ; the margin of the mantle thin, re- pand, projecting far beyond the foot ; upper tentacula rugoso-granulate. Verruedsus, warty. 3. Déris bilamelldta. — Oval, depressed, covered above with small, unequal, round tubercles, longer and more crowded toward the margin ; the edge of the mantle thin, considerably extended ; upper tentacula with the margin of their sheath bituberculate. Bzlamel- ldtus, with two plates. 4. Doris dspera.—Ovato-elliptical, very convex above, covered with rather large, nearly equal, round tubercles, the margin of the mantle not extending far beyond the foot ; upper tentacula rugoso-granulate. Asper, rough. ORDER IX.—GASTEROPODA CIRROBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus of tufts of tentacular filaments on the sides of the neck. 72 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA, PULMOBRANCHIATA. Cirrobranchidta, Blainville. Cirrus, a filament ; branchie, gills. Famitry [.—Denrariia. Animal much elongated, conical, with a conico-tu- bular shell, open at both ends. Named from the Genus Dentalium. Genus 1. Denrattum.—Shell much elongated, conical slightly curved, open at both ends, with the aperture circular. Named from resembling a tooth, dens. Lin-. neus. 1. Dentdlium Entalis.—Shell elongated-conical, slight- ly curved, tapering to a fine point, but truncate at the tip, and having a small slit in the margin of its upper aperture, the surface glossy, obsoletely striulate, white. Entalis, perhaps a corruption of Dentalis. ORDER I.—GASTEROPODA PULMOBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus a pulmonary cavity on the back, on which the vessels form a complex network, and communicating externally by an opening on the margin of the mantle, over the neck, on the right side, capable of being closed at will. Although they all respire air, many of them reside habitually in water, but come occasionally to the surface. They all feed on vegetable substances, SECTION I.—TERRESTRIA, Famity [.—Lrmacrna. Animal with the body elongated, contractile, becom- ing convex or induplicate, united in its whole length with the foot, and covered anteriorly above with a shield- like mantle; the head and tentacula retractile into the MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 73 skin, which covers them as a sheath; four slender ten- tacula; the eyes situated at the tip of the upper pair of tentacula; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the right side, near the edge of the mantle; anus opening into the pulmonary aperture; that of the generative or- gans near or immediately under it ; foot very elongated. Shell very delicate, variously developed: sometimes wanting or merely athin scale, or agglutinated calcareous grains, in the substance of the skin; sometimes a par- tially external shell, sometimes entirely external; but always very small, and incapable of containing the animal. The species are herbivorous, feeding on the tender parts of plants, on fruits,and mushrooms. They come abroad chiefly in the morning and evening, or after rain ; remain concealed among the herbage, or under stones, or in holes, during the heat of the day; and in winter, having buried themselves in the ground, become torpid. Genus 1. Anton. Arion Stuc. Animal elongated, linear-oblong, convex above ; with the mantle shield-like and granulated; the head retrac- tile, with four tentacula, of which the upper are longer and oculiferous; the mouth with an upper tooth and granuliferous tongue; the foot very large, oblong; the pulmonary cavity under the scutum, and opening near its right border anteriorly ; the orifice of the anus at the posterior border of that of the respiratory cavity ; the genital organs united, and placed on the right side anteriorly, immediately under the respiratory opening ; a mucous pore at the end of the body above. Shell rudimentary, internal, thin, or composed of calcareous particles. 1. Arion ater. Black Arion Slug. Shield granulated, cloak with numerous longitudinal branched or anastomosing ridges; upper parts black, mar- gined with alternate brown and black lines, lower surface greyish-blue. The general form oblong, flat beneath, convex above, margi- G 74 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. nate. The four tentacula rather short, cylindrical, a little enlarged at the end. The shield soft, granulated, or marked with small rounded prominences; the rest of the surface with numerous longitudinal ridges and furrows, which are often nearly simple, frequently more or less branched or anastomo- sing. The pulmonary orifice circular, large, on the right side near the margin, toward the anterior part of the shield. The narrow, thin margin of the body transversely striated with brown and black; the colour of the upper parts black, some- times brownish-black, or blackish-brown, or dusky, or light- grey; the lower surface greyish-blue, paler in the middle. Length from three to five inches. The shell is composed of calcareous granules loosely aggre- gated. The colour of this species appears to be easily modified by local circumstances. Most of the large individuals are black, brownish-black, or greyish-black ; but some are brown or even reddish. Young individuals are grey, whitish, bluish- white, yellow, orange, or amber-coloured. The globular semi- transparent eggs are deposited among the roots of plants. The species is very voracious, and injurious to garden produce. It feeds on almost every sort of herbage, as well as strawber- ries, turnips, and apples. Generally distributed. _ Very common in gardens, pas- tures, fields, thickets, woods, and by hedges and walks. Limax ater. Linn. Fauna Suec. 507. Syst. Nat. ii—Limax sub- rufus. Linn. Syst. Nat—Limax rufus. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 508.— Limax ater. Muller. Verm. Terr. et Aquat. 2.—Limax ater. Lis- ter. Anim. Angl. 131.—Iimax ater. Drap. 122. T. 9. f. 3, 4, 5.— Limax rufus. Drap. 123. T. 9. f. 6.—Arion empiricorum. Ferus. Hist. Moll. 60. 17. T. 1, 2, 8.—Limax rufus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 49, Ed. 2. vii. 716.—Arion ater. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256.—Arion ater. Ald. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 105.—Arion ater. Gray’s Turt. 104. . Genus 2. Liwax. Suva. Animal elongated, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, con- vex above, carinate behind; with the mantle shield- like, elliptical, and marked with concentric lines ; head retractile, with the upper tentacula longer and oculife- rous ; pulmonary cavity under the scutum, and opening near its right border posteriorly ; orifice of the anus at the posterior border of that of the respiratory cavity ; MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 79 genital organs united, and placed on the right side ante- riorly near the larger tentaculum. Shell flat, nail-like, within the substance of the mantle. Limax differs little from Arion. In the former, the shield is concentrically striated, the pulmonary aperture near the hind part of its border, the tail carimate; in the latter, the shield is granulated, the pulmonary aper- ture near the fore part of its border, the tail with a large mucous pore or cavity. The species feed on tender herbage, fruits, mush- rooms, and vegetable substances in general. They are most voracious after rain, or in the morning and even- ing, remain concealed during the heat of the day, and in long droughts suffer severely. In winter they are torpid, and concealed under the ground, or in crevices. 1. Limaz cinéreus. Spotted Grey Slug. Shield elongated, with fine concentric strie, cloak with nume- rous parallel somewhat undulated ridges; the posterior third of the body with a prominent acute undulated keel; upper parts dusky-brown with five pale-brown longitudinal bands ; surface of the foot with three longitudinal bands. The form is very elongated, flat beneath, very convex above, laterally marginate. The upper tentacula very long, tapering, granulated, a little enlarged at the end; the lower short, but similar. The shield is elongated, and marked with fine concentric striz ; the rest of the upper surface with nu- merous longitudinal parallel somewhat undulated ridges; the posterior third of the body with a thin projecting undulated keel; the tail rather pointed; the surface of the foot with three longitudinal bands, of which the two lateral are longi- tudinally striated. The pulmonary aperture large, and near the hind part of the shield. The head and tentacula are pale yellowish-grey or reddish; the shield pale-brown_ spotted with black, the mantle dusky-brown, with five pale-brown longitudinal bands, that continuous with the keel pale yel- lowish-brown ; the lower surface pale-grey. Length six, se- ven, or eight inches. Shell thin, flat, oblong, yellowish-white ; “‘ fabz fere mag- nitudine, multo tamen humilior, compressusque magis, modice transparens, inequalis, admodum glaber, parte altera pla- 76 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.: nior, altera veluti in oculum protuberans, sed dentibus fria- bilis, ita ut in arenulas atteratur.”’ “*Kosdem limaces cirea Mensem Junium in sylvis opacis observavi ex arborum ramis demissos, singulos singulis funi- bus bipedalibus, crassis et validis satis; at e propria saliva confectis. Est sane magna affinitas inter humorem illum e quo Araneorum Erucarumque fila fiunt, atque horum ani- malium salivam.” Martinus Lister. Not common. Plentiful in some places about Old Bridge of Don. At Torry, on the south side of the Harbour of Aberdeen. Occurs in thickets, pastures, hedges, and gardens. Limax cinereus. Muller, Verm. Terr. et. Fluviat. ii. 5.— Limax cinereus. Drap. Verm. Terr. et Fluviat. 124. Pl. 9. f. 10. —Limax antiquorum. Feruss. Hist. Moll. 68. T. 4.—Limax ci- nereus, maximus, striatus et maculatus. List. Anim. Angl. 127. Pl. 2. f. 15.—Limax maculatus. Nunneley. Trans. Phil. Soe. Leeds. i. 46. T. 1. f. 2.—Limax cinereus. Ferus. Hist. Moll. i. 65. T. 4.—Limax cinereus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256.—Limax maximus. Grey’s Turt. 113.—Limax cinereus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2.50. Ed. 2. vii. 717. 2. Limax variegatus. Variegated Slug. Shield short, broadly rounded behind, concentrically sul- eato-granulate ; cloak with numerous longitudinal undulato- granulate ridges; the posterior fourth of the body with a medial crenate keel; upper parts dull reddish-brown, thickly spotted with blackish-brown. The form oblong, very convex above. The upper tenta- cula nearly cylindrical, a little enlarged at the tip, and granu- lato-rugose; the lower very short; the neck about the same length as the shield, with a medial granulate ridge, and lateral oblique, broad, convex, granulato-crenate ridges; the shield short, broadly rounded behind, marked with concentric granu- late furrows ; the rest of the surface with numerous undulated or granulate ridges; the keel medial, crenate, occupying the posterior fourth of the body ; the tail rather pointed; the sur- face of the foot with three longitudinal bands. The upper surface thickly and irregularly spotted with blackish-brown on a light dull reddish-brown ground; the neck paler and tinged with red; the lower surface yellowish-grey. It varies however in colour, individuals being darker or lighter. Length about an inch and a half. It differs from Limax cinereus in having only the end of the tail keeled, in its inferior size, different markings, and other MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. oP circumstances ; from Limax agrestis in not having the keel oblique. . Its slime is limpid; but, when irritated, it secretes a thicker bluish-white mucus. When on a twig, or other place, whence it cannot proceed in the direction intended, it allows itself to drop, being at first slowly lowered by the thread of adhesive mucus, which at length gives way. : In damp places, as beneath ‘turf or stones, by walls, among plants, or sometimes about houses. Limax flavus. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 363.—Limax variegatus. Drap. Hist. Moll. 127.—Limax variegatus. Nunneley. Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds. 1. 47. T. 1. f. 3—Limax flavus. Grey’s Turt. 114.—Limax variegatus. Feruss. Hist. Moll. 71. T. 5. f. 1-6.— Limax variegatus. Desh. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. vii. 722. 3. Limaz agréstis. Field Slug. Shield large, broadly rounded behind, subconcentrically striato-sulcate ; body with numerous longitudinal interrupted broad subgranulate ridges ; a short keel bent obliquely toward the end; upper parts yellowish-grey, or pale brownish-yel- low, somewhat mottled with dusky and whitish. The form oblong, very convex above. The upper tenta- cula long, tapering for half their length, then cylindrical, very slightly enlarged at the tip; the lower very short; the neck protruding to nearly half the length of the shield, with a nar- row convex medial ridge; the shield large, broadly rounded behind, marked with subconcentric striz, the ridges between which are subgranulate; the rest of the surface with nume- rous interrupted broad, convex subgranulate ridges; the keel about a fifth of the whole length, and bent obliquely toward the end; the tail pointed; the surface of the foot with three longitudinal bands. The head, neck, and upper tentacula light brown, the eyes black; the upper surface light brown- ish-yellow, or yellowish-grey, somewhat mottled with lighter and darker tints, and with the sulci dark-coloured; the keel yellowish ; the lower surface pale grey, margined with yel- lowish. Length about an inch and a-half. : It varies considerably in colour, being sometimes whitish or cream-coloured, or grey, or somewhat dusky. When irritated it emits from the sulci a thick milky fluid, which leaves a white film when dry. It drops from a height by means of the slimy thread of its mucus. Abundant, and generally distributed, occurring in fields, pas- tures, gardens, thickets, and on grassy banks, and by fences. G 2 78 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA, Limax agrestis. Linn. Syst. Nat.i. 1082.—Limax cinereus, par- vus, immaculatus, pratensis. List. Anim. Angl. 130.—Limax agrestis. Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds. i. 47. Pl. Ll. f. 4.— Limax agrestis. Gray’s Turton. 117.—Limax agrestis. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. vii. 717.—Limax agrestis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 256. 4. Limax marginatus. Margined Slug. Shield elongated, free anteriorly for more than half its length, with large concentric undulated ridges, cloak with numerous parallel undulated ridges, interrupted behind; the whole length of the body with a rather obtuse keel, more pro- minent and undulated behind; neck scarcely extending a fourth of the length of the shield, which is dull yellowish- grey with two longitudinal pale-brown bands; hind part of body bluish-grey, the keel yellowish-white ; surface of the foot with three longitudinal bands, of which the medial is less than half the breadth of the lateral. The form is very elongated, flat beneath, laterally com- pressed, very convex above, with thin, transversely sulcate margins. The upper tentacula rather short, cylindrical, knob- bed, granulated; the lower very short. The neck projecting about a fourth of the length of the shield, with a narrow medial ridge, and two broad transversely grooved ridges. The shield is elongated, broader and rounded behind, but with a slight apex. It is marked with strong undulated con- centric ridges, and toward the hind part has an irregular pro- minence over the shell, which is broadly elliptical, nearly flat, thick, irregularly rugose, shining, white, covered above with crystalline granules. The body marked with longitudinal eonvex, undulated ridges, which toward the hind part are interrupted. An obtuse keel extends its whole length, be- coming more elevated and somewhat undulated behind; the tail much compressed and rather pointed. The lateral mar- gins are thin, with transverse rather distant sulci. The foot very narrow, with the lateral bands more than twice the breadth of the medial. The tentacula and a band running from them along each side of. the neck, pale-brown; the eyes black; the shield yellowish-grey with two broad lateral pale- brown bands; the keel yellowish-white, the rest of the body of a delicate light bluish-grey ; the foot bluish-grey, with paler margins. Length two inches. The pulmonary aperture less than a third of the length of the shield distant from its hind part. It differs from Limax cinereus, to which it comes nearest, in many essential respects, as will be seen on comparing the descriptions of the two species. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA». PULMOBRANCHIATA. 79 I first met with it in my garden, in May, 1842, while search- ing for specimens of Limax agrestis, and was at once struck by its very elongated form. Even when contracted, it is nearly as slender as Limax agrestis when extended. Its slime is colourless and transparent; but leaves a shining whitish, opa- lescent trace, and it exudes, when irritated, an opaline greenish- blue mucus. At night, or by day in gloomy weather, it very frequently ascends trees, to a great height. From the middle of June it disappears; but I have found it again in October and November. Common in many places about Old Aberdeen. Limax marginatus. Mull. Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 10. Limax marginatus of Draparnaud appears to be different. Fammy I].—Heticrina. Animal with the body elongated, united anteriorly with the foot, spirally rolled, and covered with a shell ; the head and tentacula retractile into the skin, which > covers them asa sheath; four tentacula; the eyes situated at the tip of the upper pair; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the right side of the neck ; the mantle forming a collar; the orifice of the generative organs near the outer base of the right upper tentaculum ; the foot very large. Shell spiral, orbicular and depressed, globose, ovate, or cylindrical ; with the mouth roundish, ovate, or semi- lunar, its margin thickened ; the axis perforated in young shells, but the umbilicus often concealed by the reflec- tion of the inner lip in old individuals. The species are herbivorous, feeding on the tender parts of plants. They come abroad chiefly in the morn- ing and evening, or after rain; remain concealed in obscure places during the heat of the day; in long droughts close the mouth of the shell with a membrane secreted by the part of the mantle which encloses the foot ; in winter, having retired into a hole or crevice, or among moss, close the mouth of the shell in the same manner, and remain torpid until the return of heat. Genus 1. Hetrx Snam. Animal elongated ; the body spiral; the mantle forming 89 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. a fleshy collar, closing the sheil; the head distinct; the mouth opening longitudinally, with a fleshy lobe on each side, and internally a lingual mass and an upper denticulate hard piece; tentacula four, retractile, sub- ulate, all terminating in a knob, the upper long and each bearing an eye at the tip, the lower short; the foot large, elongated, depressed, flat beneath, tapering behind ; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the night side, on the collar; anal aperture beside it; genital organs united, and opening near the upper right tentaculum. Shell orbicular, subglobose, subconical, or depressed, umbilicate, thin, spirally twisted ; the aperture roundish or sumilunar with the margin thickened, and more or less reflexed, but incomplete behind. The number of species being very great, and present- ing great differences in the form of the shell and its aperture, various subdivisions have been instituted by authors, which however it would be of no utility to in- dicate in the present case, our species not being numerous enough to render it difficult to distinguish them. The Snails are equally destructive to vegetables as the Slugs, which they resemble in their habits. When the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced obliquely on its back, and the tentacula are‘continually advancing and retiring. 1. Hélix aspérsa. Spotted Snail. Shell subglobose, imperforate, moderately thick, rugose and subreticulate ; the whorls four, the last very convex ; the aperture roundish, lunate; the margin thickened, reflexed ; the colour reddish or brownish-yellow, with four longitudinal bands of blackish-brown, interrupted by yellowish curved spots ; the margin internally white. Diameter an inch and a-half. It varies greatly in colour: sometimes the bands are very distinct, sometimes apparent only on the spire ; in some the last whorl is nearly all yellow, in others nearly all dark- brown, but more frequently variegated with brown and yellow in transverse undulating bands. The animal, when in motion, presents an oblongo-lance- olate foot, tapering behind to a somewhat acute tip, of a pale yellowish-grey colour beneath, margined with a corrugated MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 81 yellowish band, on the sides and upper part rugoso-granu- late, as is the neck. The general colour grey, with a broad band of brown along the side of the foot and neck, succeeded on the latter by a pale band, and an upper brown band, with a medial narrow whitish line above. The upper tentacula are very long, subulate, granulated, dusky-brown, and termi- nated by a globose knob, on the summit of which is the black eye, the fore part of the head convex, declinate, granulate ; the lower tentacula short, but similar, the mouth covered by a bifid obtuse flap. Found here and there in the maritime and lower inland tracts, especially in gardens, about old walls, and on hedge- banks, but chiefly along the coast. At the approach of Winter retires into holes, where great numbers are often found adhering to each other. The eggs, which are covered with a soft white membrane, are deposited in July among the roots of the herbage, and by the end of Autumn the young are about the size of a hazel- nut. Where numerous, this species is very destructive to garden produce. ‘ Olera depascunt et omnigenam herbam ; neque ipsa poma intacta relinquunt,’’ says Martin Lister, who gives a much better account of its structure and habits than one who had read our more modern works on British Mollusca could expect. Helix aspersa. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Aquat. ii. 59.—Helix aspersa. Mont. Test. Brit. 407.—Helix hortensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. 136. Pl. 84. f. 129.—Helix aspersa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 263. —Helix aspersa. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Flew. 89. Pl. 5. f. 23.— Helix aspersa. Grey's Turt. 128.—Helix aspersa. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 68.—Helix hortensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136. T. 84. f. 129.—Cochlea vulgaris major, pulla, maculata, et fasciata, hor- tensis, List. Anim. Ang]. 113. Pl. 2. f. 2. 2. Hélix arbustérum. Single-banded Snail. Shell subglobose, perforate, moderately thick, faintly rugose ; the whorls four, the last very convex ; the aperture semi- elliptical or roundish, lunate, the margin thick, reflexed, and white ; the whorls brown, marbled with brownish-yellow, and having a longitudinal dark-brown band. Diameter about an inch. Animal generally with the head and upper part of the foot greyish-black, the rest of the body dusky, variegated with whitish, a black line corresponding to that on the shell, the lower surface of the foot yellowish-grey. 82 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA,. In the more coloured, regularly banded individuals, the ani- mal has the neck, head, and tentacula black; in those which are paler, grey; and in such as are of a nearly reddish-grey colour, with a few markings, and without the band, the part of the animal protruded is of a Hight yellowish-brown colour. Similar variations are observed in other species, not of the genus Helix only, but of other genera also; so that the colour- ing of the animal cannot with propriety be considered as of much importance as indicative of specific distinction. As to the shell in this species, it presents numerous vari- ations, both in form, and more especially in colour; The spire is much more prominent in some individuals than in others ; some are very thin, almost transparent, and of a nearly uniform brownish-yellow colour, while others are variegated, with a brown band, and some strongly marked, with the band black. Their shells have the peristome less thick, but with a white rib near the margin internally; thick shells have no appear- ance of an internal rib, but present a uniform thick peristome, “‘ Juniores pellucide, fuscze, vix lineis luteis notatz, at alia nota noscuntur ; intra marginem aperture acutum alter quasi margo elevatus candidus, a prima etate observabilis; testa vero ad justam magnitudinem producta, hic secundus margo evanescit, velin labium subreflexum album perditur.” Muller: Generally dispersed in the lower districts. Common on the grassy banks along the rocky coast of Kincardineshire, on the banks of the Don near the bridges, and many other places about Aberdeen. Extremely abundant among Iris Pseudacorus, on the coast to the north of Stonehaven. Plenti- ful also on the rocky coast of Buchan, from Colliston to Peter- head; and on the northern coast, as at Auchmedden and Banff. Helix arbustornm. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1045.—Helix arbus. tornm. Muller. Verm. Terresir. et Aquat. ii. 56.—Helix arbus.. torum. Mont. Test. Brit. 413.—Helix arbustorum.- Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 186. Pl. 85. f. 1380.—Helix arbustorum. Drap. 38. T. 5. f. 18.—Helix arbustorum. Grey's Turt. 137.—Helix arbustorum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 264.—Helix arbustorum. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 80. —Cochlea maculata, unica Fascia pulla, &c. List. Anim. Ang]. PLS, Pl. 2. 1, 4k 3. Hélix horténsis. Garden Snail. Shell subglobose, imperforate, of five convex whorls, finely striated, yellow, with five longitudinal brown bands; the mouth sublunate, with the margin thick, somewhat reflexed, white. Diameter ten-twelfths of an inch. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 83 It varies in colour, being yellow, reddish, or whitish, some- times without bands, sometimes with one, or any number up to five; the bands generally brown. When there is only one band, it sometimes covers nearly the whole surface. Foot, when extended, oblong, rather pointed behind, margi- nate, rugoso-granulate above, pale-grey ; neck compressed, granulate, purplish-grey, with a medial narrow, and two lateral broad pale bands; head darker, its fore part declinate and con- vex; the upper tentacula long, subulate, clavate, granulate, dusky-grey, with the tip pale-grey, the eye black ; lower tenta- cula short, but semilunar. Another individual, of which the shell is similarly banded, has the neck and tentacula a little darker ; while another has the tentacula and their sheaths grey, and the colours of the head, neck and foot much paler. In general, the animal is of a pale-grey colour; the head and neck purplish-grey above, the neck with a medial whitish line ; the hind part of the foot white, or yellowish-white. Some in- dividuals are much darker than others, being all over of a purplish-grey tint. ““Helicem hortensem speciem a nemorali diversam suadent parvitas (illa enim adulta atate hac semper minor) nitor testz splendidus, ac labium in majori, sive H. nem. constanter fus- cum, in minori, sive H. hortensi album. His accedit, quod varietates nemoralis cum variet, hortensis nunquam copula jungi vite sint, etiamsi in eas hoc respectu plures annos inqui- siverim.’’ Muller. Helix nemoralis, so abundant in the south of Scotland, I have never met with in our district. Very common in pastures along the coast, especially among the sand-hills, in the shelter of furze, and on the grassy slopes of cliffs, as well as by walls and on banks in the interior; but not in the highland tracts. A. Hélix horténsis fasciata. Common banded variety. B. Hélizx herténsis unicélor. Similar, but not banded. C. Hélix horténsis arenicola. Shell subglobose, very thin, diaphanous, hyaline, with five epaque white bands; the epidermis thin, pale sulphur-yellow ; the peristome thin, with an internal opaque white rib. Animal pellucid, yellowish-white, diaphanous ; with the foot oblong, rounded before, rather pointed behind, granulated on the sides; the neck and head granulated; the upper tentacula wrx long, subulate, with a small knob, the lower small, but similar, . 84 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA.- This variety is somewhat larger than the maritima, with the spire more convex. ‘The animal, which is remarkable for its nearly uniform hyaline tint, tinged with yellow, emits a faint alliaceous odour, like that of Helix alliaria, which is perceptible even after it has been killed in hot water. This circumstance, the more elongated tentacula and foot, the transparency of the shell, and the thin margin of its aperture, might induce one to think it distinct from Helix hortensis; yet I cannot find any decided differences in the form of either the animal or the shell. The white bands, generally five, vary to four, six, or seven, First found by me, while with Dr. Fleming and Mr. Leslie, on the sand hillocks near Black Dog Farm, in the Parish of Bel- helvie. It is there abundant, and unmixed with any other variety. Helix hortensis. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 52.— Helix hortensis. Drap. 95. Pl. 6. f. 6.—Helix hortensis. Mont. Test. Brit. 412.—Helix hortensis. Grey’s Turt. 130.—Helix hor- tensis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 264.—Helix hortensis. Lamk. Syst. vi, 2. 81. 4, Hélix caperata. Wrinkled Snail, Shell moderately depressed, somewhat hemispherical, deeply and regularly striate; the whorls six, convex, and very dis- tinctly separated by the suture, the last whorl subcarinate ; the base convex, with a rather large and deep umbilicus ; aperture semilunar, oblique, with the margin thin and direct; the colour yellowish-grey, irregularly spotted or banded with brown above, the keel of the last whorl whitish, the base with faint interrupted brown bands; the peristome whitish. Diameter four-twelfths and a-half, height two-twelfths and three-fourths. It varies greatly in its colour-markings; but is always easily distinguishable from any other species. Animal with the foot compressed, oblong, obtusely pointed behind, transversely rugose on the margins, pale-yellowish, with series of minute prominences on the upper part; the neck pale greyish-yellow with oblong tubercles in longitudinal series, and two lateral bands of dark grey, the upper tenta- cula dusky-grey, granulated, capitate ; the lower very short, clavate, light-grey. Some individuals have the foot pale bluish- grey, margined with darker; the neck and tentacula dark bluish-grey. Others have the neck and tentacula black. Found in June, 1842, by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, by an old granite wall near the Brick-kilns at Old Aberdeen; and MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 89 afterwards gathered there by me in great abundance, alung with Zonites alliarius, Pupa umbilicata, and Bulimus lubricus. This is the only spot in the district in which it has been met with. Helix caperata. Mont. Test. Brit. 433. Pl. 11. f. 11.— Helix striata. Drap. 106. Pl. 6. f. 18-21.—Helix caperata. Gray’s Turton, 162.—Helix caperata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 262. 5. Héliz hispida, Bristly Snail. Shell moderately depressed, somewhat hemispherical, very thin, horny, semitransparent, glossy, covered with numerous short, spreading, straight, tapering, glistening, yellowish-white hairs, each arising in a scrobiculus; the whorls six, convex, distinctly separated by the suture, transversely striate, the last whorl subcarinate; the base convex, with a rather narrow, deep umbilicus ; aperture semilunar, oblique, with the margin thin and direct; the colour pale yellowish-brown, with a lighter band along the blunt keel or angle. Diameter four-twelfths, height three-twelfths. The animal has the foot pale-grey, the tentacula granulated and dusky; the neck light-grey, granulated with brown, the collar white on the margin, with a transverse dusky band. Several species are very nearly allied to this. Helix granu- lata, which is also hispid, is much more convex above. Helix sericea is also more globular. Helix concinna differs little un- less in being somewhat larger and less hairy. All the individuals of the present shell which I have gathered are downy, with rather closely-set, shortish, spreading, straight hairs, which do not appear to be deciduous, and in fact cannot be rubbed off without some difficulty. The greatest size is four-twelfths in diameter, three-twelfths and a-fourth, or three-twelfths in height ; the colour varying from pale yellowish-brown, to a deeper brown on the one hand, and yellowish-grey on the other. First found by me, while with my class, under stones among the ruins of Dunottar Castle, where it is abundant, along with Zonites cellarius, Zonites rotundatus, Pupa umbilicata, Vitrina pellucida, snd Balea perversa. Helix hispida. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 73.— Helix hispida. Drap. 103. Pl. 7. f. 20, 21, 22.—Helix hispida. Sa he Syst. Ed. n. viii. 73.—Helix hispida. Gray’s Turton, 154, : 6. Hélix Tréchulus. Pyramidal Snail. Shell conico-convex, with six whorls, which are well rounded, thin, transparent, glossy, faintly striate transversely, and very H 86 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. distinctly separated by the suture; the base rather convex, with a shallow undefined umbilicus, encroached upon by the peri- stome; aperture semilunar, oblique, with the margin thin, but reflected and a little thickened near the umbilicus; the colour olivaceous, or deep yellowish-grey. Diameter a tenth of an inch or somewhat more, height nearly the same. Found by me, in April, 1842, among moss in the Links near Don-Mouth, along with Bulimus lubricus, Helix pulchella, and Vitrina pellucida; also on the Banks of the Don, near the Old Bridge. In September found by Mr. Leslie near In- verury; in August and September by Miss Macgillivray in the Den of Auchmedden, and at Delgaty. Helix fulva. Drap. 81. T.7. f 12-15.—Helix Trochulus. Mul- ler, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 79. ?—Helix trochiformis. Mont. Test. Brit. 427. Pl. 11. fig. 9—Helix Trochulus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 260. —Helix fulva. Gray’s Turton, 148. Pl. 5. f. 47. This evidently is not Helix fulva of Muller, which he de- scribes as attaining a diameter of three lines, with the tip acute and white, and the whorls seven. 7. Hélix lamellata. Lamellate Snail. Shell conico-convex, with six whorls, which are well rounded, thin, semitransparent, glistening or sattiny, with numerous, regular, thin, lamellz, and very distinctly separated by the suture; the base convex, with a small but deep umbilicus ; aperture narrow crescent-shaped, thin; the colour reddish- brown. Diameter a twelfth of an inch, height nearly the same. Distinguishable from Helix Trochulus by its laminz, umbili- cus, less convex and regularly tapering spire. Found by Mr. Dickie, the most distinguished of our botanists, in the Den of Rubislaw, on leaves of the Acer Pseudo-platanus. Both he and Mr. Cruickshank have favoured me with speci- mens. Helix Scarburgensis. Turton, Land and Fresh Water Shells, Ed. i. 162.—Helix lamellata. Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xvi. 333.— Helix lamellata. Gray’s Turton, 150. Pl. 5. f. 48. 8. Hélix aculeata. Prickly Snail. Shell globoso-conical, with five whorls, which are rounded, thin, semitransparent, glistening, with a longitudinal series of oblique pointed laminz ; the suture deep; the base convex, with the umbilicus moderate; the aperture roundish-lunate ; the colour greyish-brown. Diameter about the tenth of an inch, Found by Mr. Dickie, in the Den of Rubislaw. : MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. $7 Helix aculeata. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 81—Helix aculeata. Drap. Moll. 82. Pl. 7. f. 10, 11.— Helix spinulosa Mont. Test. Brit. 549. Pl. 11. f. 10.—Helix aculeata. Gray's Turton, 149. Pl. 4. f. 38. 9. Hélix pulchélla. Little White Snail. Shell depressed, equally convex on both sides, deeply um- bilicate; the whorls deeply striate transversely; greenish- white, nearly opaque; the aperture circular, with the margin thick, flat, and reflexed. Diameter, one-twelfth of an inch. The animal white, or yellowish-white. The peristome is nearly complete; the spiral turns trans- versely grooved, often at intervals‘ marked with prominent ridges, being the remains of former reflexed peristome margins. The shell thin, usually semitransparent and greenish-white, sometimes opaque and white. Abundant among moss on the inner sand-hills between the Dee and the Don; under stones in the pasture adjoining the Bay of Nigg; and in various other parts along the coast, as well as far inland. Helix pulchella. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat, ii. 30.— Helix pulchella. Drap. 112. T. 7. f. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.—Helix crenella. Mont. Test. Brit. 441. T. 13. f. 3—Helix pulchella. Grey’s Turt. 14].— Helix costata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 263. Genus 2. Zonttres. Zone-Snalu. * Animal elongated, very slender; with an elongated extremely compressed foot, which extends far behind ; four tentacula, the upper long, the lower short, all ter- minating inaknob. In other respects like that of Helix. Shell orbicular, depressed, little convex above, widely umbilicate beneath, very delicate, generally transparent and glossy ; the aperture roundish-semilunar, with a very thin margin. The last-mentioned character,.and the discoid or fiat- tened form of the shell, distinguish this genus from Helix. When the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced obliquely or nearly horizontally on its back, the umbili- cated surface being lowest. The tentacula are protruded and withdrawn with surprising quickness. The species 88 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA; feed on vegetable substances, and reside in damp or shaded places, as under stones, or among grass or moss. 1. Zonites rotunddtus. Radiated Zone-Snail. Shell flattish, slightly convex above, deeply and regularly sulcato-striate, variegated with undefined spots of reddish-brown and greyish-yellow ; the umbilicus very large, exposing all the turns; the lower surface more glossy and less strongly striate ; the whorls six, convex, the last slightly angulate; the aperture semilunar, oblique. Diameter four-twelfths of*an inch. This species, easily distinguishable by the deep transverse striz on the whorls, varies in the degree of convexity of the spire, and in its colours, although it is generally marked in a somewhat radiating manner with spots of brown and yel- lowish-grey or whitish, or of dusky-brown and reddish-grey. The animal is of a pale bluish-grey colour, anteriorly tinged with green, and spotted above with whitish. Very abundant under stones, on walls, among grass and other herbage, in dry and moist places, on dead leaves and decayed wood, in short in a great variety of situations, along the coast and in the interior. Ruins of Dunottar Castle, rub- bish of Saltworks in the Bay of Nigg, about Old Machar Cathedral. About Slains Castle, and the Bullers of Buchan. Also in the interior, as far as theHighland valleys. Den of Auchmedden, Delgaty, Banff, and Turriff; Miss Macgillivray. Helix rotundata. Drap. Moll. 1i4. Pl. 8. f. 4, 5, 6, 7.—Helix rotundata. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 29.— Helix radiata. Mont. Test. Brit. 431. Pl. 24. f. 3—Helix rotundata. Lamk. Syst. Edit. 2. viii. 74.—Helix rotundata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 263.—Helix Turtoni. Flem. Brit. Anim. 260.— Zonites rotundatus. Gray’s Turton, 160. 2. Zonites cellarius. Cellar Zone-Snail. Shell flattened, slightly convex above, somewhat wrinkled, shining, transparent, pale yellowish-brown or yellowish-grey, of six whorls, which are slightly depressed at the suture-margin, and of which the last has a large extent of the under side somewhat opaque and whitish ; the umbilicus rather large and deep ; the aperture oblique, semilunar of about equal length and breadth. Generally five or six, sometimes eight-twelfths in diameter; height a third of the breadth. This, the largest of our Zonitz, has the shell highly glossed, marked with faint, but sometimes strong irregular convex MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 89 wrinkles; generally pale yellowish-brown or yellowish-grey or horn-colour, sometimes variegated with a lighter tint; the whorls well defined, the last rounded ; the mouth oblique, semi- lunate; the lower surface generally paler, and more or less tinged with a somewhat opaque milky or opaline white. In very dry situations, the shell is thicker, often firm, somewhat opaque and of a pale horn-colour; in moist situations, often very thin, fragile, and yellowish-brown, always however paler than Zonites nitidulus. When long dead, it becomes opaque white. The animal is of a pale grey or greyish-white colour, with the tentacula purplish-grey or dull lilac, the upper marked with a dusky shade; the eyes blackish; the foot extremely thin, linear beneath, and pointed behind. Common in damp shady places, by walls and hedges, and among stones, chiefly near the sea-coast. I have not found it far in the interior. Very abundant below stones, among grass and nettles, and in the buildings, among the ruins of Dunottar Castle. Plentiful about Old Aberdeen; at Delgaty, and Banff, where it was found by Miss Macgillivray. Helix cellaria. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 28.— Helix lucida. Mont. Test. Brit. 425. Pl. 23. f. 4—Helix nitida. Drap. Moll. 117. Pl. 8. f. 23, 24, 25.—Helix cellaria. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 71.—Zonites cellarius. Gray’s Turton, 170. —Helix nitida. Flem. Brit. Anim. 262. 3. Zonites nitidulus. Nitidulous Zone-Snail. Shell depressed, considerably convex above, somewhat wrinkled, transparent, glossy, light yellowish-brown, of five whorls, which are direct and slightly convex at the suture- margin, and of which the last has a small part of the under side along its inner margin whitish and very slightly opaque; the umbilicus rather large and deep; the aperture oblique, subelliptical, longer than broad, Diameter four-twelfths of an inch, height nearly ten-twelfths. This species is so nearly allied to Zonites lucidus that a not very careful collector might readily confound them. It is smaller than Zonites cellarius, of a richer colour, generally yel- lowish-brown, with a kind of waxy appearance in light refleeted from its interior, of a duller external gloss, higher in proportion to its breadth, and with the whorls not bent at the suture- margin, so as to form a flattened or concave space. There is comparatively very little opacity or whiteness on the lower surface, and only along the inner part of the whorl; the um- bilicus is a little larger, and the mouth less obliquely placed. | Ww 2 90 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. FULMOBRANCHIATA. Not uncommon among herbage close to the foot of walls, or under stones. First found by me, on the 21st of June, 1842, along the north side of the south wall of Seaton Park, where it occurs rather plentifully, along with Zonites cellarius, Zonites rotundatus, Pupa umbilicata, and other species. About Slains Castle, and the Bullers of Buchan, 5th August, 1842. It extends from the sea-coast far into the interior, being found, for example, among the ruins of Dunottar Castle, and among those of Corse Castle. Helix nitida. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 32.—Helix nitidula. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 117.—Helix nitidula. Shepp. Linn. Trans. xiv. 160.—Helix nitidula. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 107.—Helix nitidula. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 87.— Zonites nitidulus. Gray’s Turton, 173. 4. Zonites licidus. Lucid Zone-Snail. Shell depressed, considerably convex above, rather strongly striato-rugose, transparent, glossy above, shining beneath, dull greyish-brown, of five whorls, which are convex and inflexed at the suture-margin, and of which the last is destitute of any whiteness or opacity beneath ; the umbilicus large and deep ; the aperture oblique, roundish, subelliptical, longer than broad. Diameter three-twelfths of an inch, height nearly half the breadth. This species is very nearly allied to Zonites nitidulus, from which it differs in having the lustre not waxen, the colour with less red, the convexity above rather greater, the suture-margins convex and inflexed, the striz stronger and more regular, the umbilicus wider. When the animal has not been withdrawn, the shell is of a dark chocolate-brown. The animal has the foot dull grey, the tentacula and neck greyish-brown, the body dusky. The eggs are elliptical, with a very firm white calcareous shell. One in my possession was deposited by the animal in the vial in which I was carrying it home. First found by me, on the 5th of July, 1842, in Seaton Haugh, and at Don Bridge; by Miss Macgillivray, in the Den of Auchmedden, in September. It inhabits moist places among the herbage. Helix lucida. Drap. Moll. 103. Pl. 8. f. 11, 12.—Helix lucida. Gray’s Turton, 174. Pl. 4. f. 38.— Helix nitida. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 107. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. Q1 5. Zonites allidrius. Garlic-scented Zone-Snail. Shell nearly flat, being but slightly convex above, some- what wrinkled, shining, transparent, yellowish-brown, of four or five whorls, having the suture-margin planulate, and of which the last has part of the under side somewhat opaque and whitish; the margin of the aperture forming three-fourths of a circle; the umbilicus rather large and deep. Diameter about three-twelfths of an inch. Smaller than Zonites cellarius, and somewhat higher in proportion to its breadth, and having the mouth less oblique. It is also of a darker colour, and has a spiral turn less. Zonites nitidulus is much less glossy, more convex above, and hav- ing the suture-margin of the turns not planulate. The animal is black above, light grey beneath; with the foot extremely compressed, and pointed behind ; the upper tentacula of moderate length, claviform, and granulate ; the lower very short, pale grey; the neck transversely rugose, with a median ridge and two grooves. When irritated, torn, or crushed, the animal emits a very strong smell resembling that of garlic, which is also given out on its being immersed in hot water. It ceases after death, if heat has been applied. Frequently, especially in wet weather, the smell of a single small specimen, on being gathered, may be felt at the distance of several feet. Very abundant, on banks among moss, in woods, thickets, among herbage, decayed leaves, and under stones, along the coast and in the interior, in very dry, ordinary, and moist situations. Plentiful among moss on the inner sand-hillocks of the Links near Don-Mouth, on both sides, and in the Parish of Belhelvie, along with Bulimus lubricus, Helix pulchella, Helix Trochulus, Pupa umbilicata, and Vitrina pellucida ; also at Peterhead, and about the Bay of Cruden. Abundant under stones at the Bay of Nigg, Old Machar Church, and Don Bridge ; about Auchmedden, Gamrie, Banff, and Turiff. Very rare in the higher valleys of the interior, in Glen Tannar, for example, and not occurring in heathy tracts. Zonites alliarius. Miller, Ann. Phil. N. S. vii. 379.—Helix alliaria. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 108.— Zonites alliarius. Gray’s Turton, 168. 6. Zonites radidtulus. Minute Striated Zone-Snail. Shell depressed, very slightly convex above, regularly striate, transparent, glossy, pale greenish-grey, of three and a- half whorls, which are flattened at the suture-margin, with 92 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA., PULMOBRANCHIATA. the striae more distinct there, the last whorl proportionally large; the umbilicus large and deep; the aperture oblique, lunate, as broad as long. Diameter nearly three-fourths of a twelfth, height half the breadth. It differs ‘from Zonites crystallinus in being less highly glossed, more regularly and strongly striate, of a duller co- lour, with the last turn proportionally double the size. It re- sembles the young of Zonites lucidus, but is less convex, paler, more striate, and more glossy. First found by me, on the Sth of July, 1842, among de- cayed leaves in a damp place under the shade of trees, near Seaton House; in September, by Mr. Leslie, near In- verury; by Miss Macgillivray, at Delgaty, Parish of Turriff, and in the Den of Auchmedden. Helix radiatula. Alder. Cat. 12: Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 270.—Zonites radiatulus. Gray’s Turton, 174.—Helix nitidulus. var. 3. Drap. Pl. 8. f. 21, 22. 7. Zoniles pirus. Clear Zone-Snail. Shell flattened, somewhat convex above, wrinkled or striate, transparent, moderately glossed, greenish-white, of four whorls, which are a little convex and incurved at the suture-margin, and of which the last is proportionally large, not thickened or cpaque beneath; the umbilicus rather large, and deep; the aperture oblique, longer than broad, subellip- tical. Diameter two-twelfths of an inch, height rather more than half the breadth. It resembles Zonites nitidulus in form, but differs in being of a different and paler colour, in having the mouth less ob- lique, and in its much smaller size. Animal bluish-white, with the tentacula pale lilac or bluish, the mantle variegated with dusky. First found by me and Miss Marion Macgillivray, on the 27th June, 1822, about stumps of felled trees, in moist ground, in Seaton Park. In September found by Mr. Leslie near Inverury; by Miss Macgillivray at Gamrie, in Banff- shire, and in the Den of Auchmedden. Helix pura. Alder. Cat. 12.—Zonites purus. Gray’s Turton, 171. 8. Zonites crystdllinus. Crystalline Zone-Snail. Shell flattened, very slightly, convex above, extremely thin, transparent, shining, greenish-white, of five or six whorls, which are moderately convex above, slightly flattened at the suture-margin, and faintly striato-rugose ; the turns re- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 93 gularly increasing, the last not proportionally larger; the umbilicus of moderate width, and deep; the aperture ob- lique, semilunar, wider than long. Diameter nearly a twelfth and a quarter, height a third less. Animal with the foot and neck white, with a tinge of lilac, the tentacula purplish; the hind part of the body of a pale reddish tint, which appears through the shell. The brilliant gloss, and delicate, clear, glassy transparency of the shell of this species, distinguish it from all the others. First found by me among moss and grass, and around the stumps of felled trees, in moist places, in Seaton Haugh, on the 23d and 27th of June, 1842. In September, found by Mr. Leslie, near Inverury and in the Parish of Cluny ; by Miss Macgillivray at Banff, Gamrie, Auchmedden, and other places along the northern coasts. Helix crystallina. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 23.— Helix crystallina. Drap. Moll. 118. Pl. 8. f. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. —Helix crystallina. Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xiii. 341.— Helix crystallina. Flem. Brit. Anim. 262.—Zonites crystallinus. Gray’s Turton, 176. Pl. 4. f. 42. 9. Zonites fuiscus. Membranous Zone-Snail. Shell suborbicular, depressed, slightly convex above, ex- tremely thin, being quite membranaceous, flexible, transpa- rent, glossy, and very strongly wrinkled; of five spiral turns, of which the last is proportionally larger; the suture deep, the turns being considerably rounded toward the margin; the aperture large, oblique, roundish-lunate ; umbilicus very small, encroached upon by the thin inner lip; the colour greenish- hyaline or pale greenish-brown. Diameter four-twelfths of an inch, height as one to two. The animal, unlike that of Vitrina, can retreat within the shell as far as that of a Zonites or Helix, leaving a large space vacant. It is of a pale greenish-grey, and the shell is so transparent that the pulsations of its heart are distinctly seen through it. Itresides among moss, nettles, or other herbage in small recesses on banks. When we consider that some species of Helix, and in parti- cular Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum, and H. hortensis, often occur in a semimembranaceous state, we might reasonably suppose that the Zonite, which are much thinner, might present individuals perfectly membranaceous, and thus might be led to imagine the shells here described as merely unde- veloped individuals of some species; but ne Zonites found 94 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA., in the district has the umbilicus so narrow, it being in fact obliterated so as to present only a slight pit, or the aperture so wide. It is certainly therefore a perfectly distinct species, forming in some respects, especially in the mouth and umbili- cus, a transition to the Genus Vitrina. First found by me, on the 27th June, 1841, on a bank near Old Machar Cathedral, where it occurred along with mul- titudes of Vitrina pellucida, and Pupa umbilicata; in Sep- tember, by Miss Macgillivray, in the Den of Auchmedden, where it is not uncommon. It appears to be the species figured by Captain Brown, un- der the name of Vitrina membranacea, and which he states to have been found by him on the Lomond Hills, in Fife- shire. In the young state, and when as yet only two or three whorls have been formed, it presents a different aspect, the mouth not having received its ultimate form. I have ob- tained it in this state also, in which it appears to be repre- sented by Capt. Brown’s Vitrina margaritacea (Illust. Pl. 40. f. 54, 55, 56), from specimens found by Mr. Gerard amongst moss on an old wall at Corstorphine Hill, near Edinburgh. Specimens of Helix fusca, from Ireland, sent to me by Mr. Thompson, agree entirely with my Aberdeenshire shells, un- less in being a little less wrinkled and more glossy. Helix fusca. Mont. Test. Brit. 424. Pl. 13. f. 1—Helix fusca. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 107.—Helix fusca. Gray’s Turton, 147. Pl. 4. f. 36—Helix fusca. Flem. Brit. Anim. 264. Vitrina membranacea. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 40. f. 3, 4, 5. Genus 4. Virrina. Guassy-Snatn. Animal moderately elongated, spiral; with the foot large and depressed; four tentacula, the upper rather long, all clavate; the mantle protruding anteriorly so as to cover part of the shell, and having a linguiform process extending backwards externally on the right side, Shell spiral, of few turns, semiorbicular, moderately convex above, imperforate, extremely delicate, trans- parent, glossy; the last whorl disproportionately large ; the aperture roundish, with a very thin margin. 1. Vitrina pellicida. Green Glassy-Snail. Shell ovato-orbicular, considerably depressed; with the MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 995 aperture large, roundish, sublunate ; the lip thin, the pillar- cavity small; the whorls convex, rapidly diminishing to an obtuse point; their substance very thin, brittle, pellucid, glossy, pale apple-green or hyaline, sometimes partially opaque and whitish. Breadth three-twelfths; height a twelfth and a-half. The animal light-grey, with the head and tentacula black- ish : when young, very active, and incapable of withdrawing entirely within the shell ; but when full-grown, as I have ob- served, it can withdraw itself completely. Very common among moss, in the shelter of whins or broom, and under stones, in dry as well as moist places, near the coast, and in the interior. Vast numbers are destroyed by insects, and little heaps of the empty shells are frequently met with. It extends far into the Highland valleys, being found, for ex- ample, in Glentannar and Glenmuick. Vitrina pellucida. Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. Pl. 24. f. 1.—Helix elliptica. Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 525. Pl. 24. f. 8.—Vitrina pellucida. Gray’s Turton, 120.—Helicolimax pellucida. Feruss. Hist. Moll. Pl. 9. f. 6.—Vitrina pellucida. Flem. Brit. Anim.— Vitrina pellucida. Drap. Hist. Mol. 119. Pl. 8 f. 34-37.— Vitrina pellucida. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2.53; Ed. 2. vii. 728. Genus 5. Succinea. AMBER-SNAIL. Animal with the body ovato-oblong, slightly spiral at the end ; four short flattened tentacula; the foot very large, oblong, flat beneath. Shell oval or oblong, very thin, with a short spire ; the aperture very large, obovate or oblong, with the peristome thin, and disunited behind, the pillar imper- forate. The Succinez, so named from the colour of the shell, which has some (very remote) resemblance to that of amber, succinum, live in damp places, marshes, and the grassy or mossy margins of rills. 1. Succinea pitris. Oval Amber-Snail. Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, transparent, glossy, striated, light brownish-yellow ; whorls three; the spire short; the mouth vertical, ovate, twe-thirds of the whole length, poste- riorly acute, the margin very slightly thickened and blunt. Length from half an inch to eight-twelfths. Animal with the foot elliptical, oblong, yellow or yellow- 96° MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. ish-grey beneath, granulated with dusky on the sides above; the neck and head corrugated, dull-green, the collar green- ish-grey ; the mantle grey, covered all over with small dots of black; the hind part of the body black, marbled with bluish- grey; until emptied, the shell appears greenish-black. ** Auctores hance cognomine amphibium dixere, minus vero accurate; maximam enim vite partem in sicco vivit, et in aqua non perire pluribus commune est. Sponte in aquam de- scendere nunquam vidi, et e contra quoties eum aqua immisi, confestim egrediebatur. Characteribus quoque terrestrium non dubiis, licet omnes (claris. Schréter excepto) eum fluviatilibus annumeraverunt, instruitur; tentacula quatuor distincta (Lis- ter ei duo perperam tribuit) ac oculos apice majoruim habet, aperturamque testze spuma membranacea claudit. Putris dicitur, quia limo obducta, quod pluribus commune est, in- terdum reperietur, szepius tamen testa lzvis est, verme etiam foeta, nitida, pura.” Muller. Abundant among the herbage, in marshy places, and on the banks of streams and pools; among sedges and Iris Pseudacorus on the coast of Kineardineshire, near Stonehaven ; among sedges and grasses on the margins of the Don, near Seaton ; also by the Inverury Canal. Individuals vary consi- derably in form—in the width of the mouth, in the thickness of the shell, and in its strie or ruge. Yet it appears to me that the variations which this species presents are not nearly so great as those of Limnzus pereger; and that if certain of these variations are to be considered as specific in the one case, so ought certain of those, still more remarkable, to be so viewed in the other. As described above, Succinea putris is of rarer occurrence with us than another variety, the form which it more usually presents being that to which the name of graci- lis has been given by Mr. Alder. Whether this be a really distinct species or not, I cannot affirm, as it sometimes occurs along with the other, and often by itself. It is always of smaller size, with the shell generally thicker, of a duller colour, and frequently in part somewhat opaque. Helix succinea. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 97.— Helix putris. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1249.—Helix putris. Mont. Test. Brit. 376. Pl. 16. f. 14.—Succinea amphibia. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Pl. 3. f. 22, 23.—Succinea putris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 267.—Succinea amphibia. Lamk. Syst. vi. 1385 ; Ed. 2. viii. 316.—Succinea putris. Gray’s Turton, 178. A. S. pitris gracilis. Slender Amber-Snail. Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, transparent, glossy, striated, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 9 7 ; light brownish-yellow; whorls three; the spire very short; the mouth oblique, ovato-oblong, three-fourths of the whole length, posteriorly acute, the outer lip thin. Length from five-twelfths to half an inch. The animal has the body black, the foot oblong, with its lower surface greyish: blue ; the shell until emptied appears greenish-black; part of the last turn and the spire are fre- quently whitish and opaque. Abundant by rills, as on the south bank of the Don be- tween the bridges, and on the north side near the Cruives, crawling on the rocks, straws, and leaves; not in the water, but generally bedewed with it; also on plants by the Canal, and in mill-dams. Succinea Pfeifferi. Gray’s Turton, 179.—Succinea gracilis. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 106.—Succinea putris var. a. Jef- freys. Linn. Trans. xvi. 325, 505.—Succinea Levantina. Des- hayes, Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 317. Genus 6. Buurmus. Animal with the body elongated, spiral, the head with four tentacula, the upper long, the lower short, all ter- minating in a knob; the foot small, elongated. Shell ovate, oblong, or subcylindrical, spirate, thin ; the last or body-whorl proportionally larger than the next ; aperture oval, entire, toothless, not half so long as the spire ; peristome incomplete, thickened. When the animal is in motion, the shell is balanced obliquely on its back, or dragged along the ground. In dry weather, or at the approach of winter, it retires within the shell, and closes its aperture with a thin membrane. 1. Builimus libricus. Glossy Bulimus. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, shining, semitransparent, of six moderately convex whorls, which are faintly striated trans- versely, and distinctly separated by the well-marked suture ; the apex blunt; the mouth ovato-trigonal, with the peristome thickened, but not reflexed, the columella covered by the thin inner lip; the colour olivaceous, the peristome whitish, or pale purplish-red. Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth less than half the length. The animal has the foot oblong, thick, obtuse behind, grey beneath, dusky and granulated above; the neck dusky, rugoso- I 98 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. granulate, with a median groove; the upper tentacula mo- derately long, cylindrical-clavate, dusky, with the tip paler, the eyes black ; the lower tentacula very small, pale-grey. In walking it drags the shell after it, but now and then jerks it forwards, raising it obliquely. Its motions are rather slow. Young individuals have the peristome thin, the mouth much shorter. The colour varies in tint, some shells being partially reddish or whitish ; some pale-grey, with streaks of white; some nearly opaque. Common among moss and fine grass, or under stones, in the three counties, more especially along the coast, as at Stone- haven, Aberdeen, Cruden Bay, the Bullers of Buchan, Peter- head, Auchmedden, Gamrie, and Banff; but also extending into the interior as far as the Highland glens. Helix Iubrica. Mont. Test. Brit. 390. Pl. 22. f. 6—Helix lu- brica. Muller. Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 104.—Bulimus lubri- cus. Drap. Moll. 75. Pl. 4. f. 24.—Bulimus lubricus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 265.—Helix lubrica. Mont. Test. Brit. 390.—Helix sub- cylindrica. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1248.—Zua lubrica. Gray’s Turt. 188.—Bulimus lubricus. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 237. 2. Bulimus obsctirus. Lustreless Bulimus. Shell ovato-oblong, slightly glossed, semitransparent, of six moderately convex whorls, which are faintly and ir- regularly striate, and distinctly separated by the well-marked suture ; the apex blunt; the mouth subovate, with the peri- stome somewhat thickened, and spread, the inner lip leaving the narrow umbilicus apparent; the colour dull yellowish- brown, the inside of the lip white. Length five-twelfths of an inch, breadth little more than a third of the height. The animal has the neck compressed, rounded above, longi- tudinally striate, transversely rugose ; the upper tentacula long, slender, cylindrical, terminated by a large knob; the lower very short, clavate; the mouth with two large lips; the foot oblong, compressed, transversely rugose, pale grey beneath, on the margin transversely rugose and spotted with brown, its sides above pale-grey with five longitudinal rows of brown tubercles. It crawls with considerable speed, carrying the shell inclined at an angle of about 50°, and directed back- wards a little to the right. When at rest, the shell is directed at an angle of 45°. . First found by Mr. James Duncan, while with me on an ex- cursion among the ruins of Dunnottar Castle. The specimen obtained by him, and which he politely presented to me, I kept alive for some time, in order to observe its habits. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOLRANCHIATA. 99 Helix obscura. Muller. Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 103.— Helix obscura. Mont. Test. Brit. 391. Pl. 22. f. 5.—Bulimus obscurus. Drap. Moll. 74. Pl. 4. f. 23.— Bulimus obscurus. Gray’s Turton. 183.—Bulimus hordeaceus. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 236.—Bulimus obscurus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 265. Genus 7. Pura. Curysaiis-SNalIL. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; the head with four tentacula, of which the upper are long, the lower short, all clavate ; the foot small, elongated. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, spirate, thin, with the apex obtuse, the last whorl not proportionally much larger ; the mouth semioval, with the peristome incomplete, thickened, and reflexed. The Pupz, so named from their fancied resemblance to chrysalids, dolls or puppets, are similar in their habits to the Bulimi: they feed on vegetable substances, reside among moss or herbage, or under stones ; remain inert in continued drought ; and search for food at night, or when the grass is moist. 1. Pipa umbilicdta. Unmbilicated Chrysalis-Snail. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, glossy, with six moderately con- vex turns, which are transversely striated and distinctly se- parated by the suture; the aperture semiovate, subangulate, with the peristome thick, reflexed, and flattened; a single laminar tooth in the angle formed by the junction of the outer lip; the umbilicus narrow; the colour dark-olive, the peri- stome pale yellowish-grey, or tinged with reddish. Length two-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the length. The animal has the foot oblongo-elliptical, greyish-white : the neck and tentacula blackish-grey, the eyes black. It moves slowly, bearing the shell at an angle of about 15 degrees. Very common, among moss, under stones, in the fissures of walls, along the coast, and in the interior, in dry and moist, sunny and shaded places. Turbo muscorum. Mont. Test. Brit. 335. Pl. 22. f. 3.—Pupa umbilicata. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 62. Pl. 3. f. 39, 40.—Pupa umbilicata. Lamk. Syst. Ed. n. viii. 179.— Pupa umbilicata. Gray’s Turton, 193.—Pupa muscorum. Flem. Brit. Anim. 268. 2. Pupa margindta. Margined Chrysalis-Snail. Shell oblongo-cylindrical, slightly glossy, with six little-con- 100 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. vex turns, which are transversely striated and distinctly sepa- rated by the suture; the aperture nearly circular, the peri- stome thin, but with a strong, convex external rib behind it on the outer lip; a single obtuse, eften obsolete, tooth in the middle of the columellar space between the two lips, and uncon- nected with either; the umbilicus narrow ; the colour olivace- ous, or yellowish-grey, the peristome and rib greyish or yellowish-white. Length two-twelfths, breadth about half the length. ; The animal has the foot oblong, rounded behind, trans- parent, hyaline-white; the neck and head brownish-black ; the tentacula dusky, the upper long, subulate, clavate, the lower short. Very nearly allied to Pupa umbilicata; but easily distin- guishable, it being more cylindrical, with the last turn smaller, the tooth or plait not connected with the outer lip, as in that species, but free, and placed nearly half-way between the twe lips, considerably within the mouth. Sometimes the tooth is entirely absent, the shell remaining in other respects the same. The mouth, instead of having the margin flattened and expanded, is thin-edged, but with a strong convex external rim. Individuals much exposed to the weather, are often grey, or whitish, and opaque; those well sheltered, and especially such as live in grassy places, are olivaceous, or light brown, and more or less glossy and transparent. Found by me, on the 5th of August, 1842, on the banks of the Bay of Peterhead; and on the 6th among the sand-banks of the Bay of Cruden, and on rocks, under stones, and among moss, at Slains Castle, and at the Bullers of Buchan; im all which places it is very abundant. In the end of August I found it on the inner sand-hillocks of the Links of Old Aber- deen, where it is abundant in some places, while Pupa umbili- cata is equally so in others. Pupa marginata. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 61. Pl 3. f. 36, 37, 38.—Pupa marginata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 268.—Pupa muscorum. Lamk. Syst. Ed.2. viii. 180.—Pupa marginata. Gray’s Turton, 196. Genus 8. Vertico. Wuort-Snaln. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; the head with the two upper tentacula elongated subulate and clavate, the lower very short or rudimentary; the foot small, elongated; the orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the right side of the neck, near that of the intestine ; MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 10] generative organs united, and having their orifice near the right tentaculum. Shell subcylindrical, spirate, very thin, transparent ; with the apex obtuse, the whorls convex, compressed, the last whorl not proportionally larger; the aperture moderate, with the peristome circular, incomplete, more or less thickened, but not reflexed. Vertigo differs very little from Pupa, the animal being similar, with the exception of not having the lower ten- tacula developed, and the shell with the peristome thinner, 1. Vertigo edéntula. Toothless Whorl-Snail. Shell ovato-cylindrical, subconical, moderately glossed, transparent, with five convex turns, which are transversely striated, and distinctly separated by the suture, the second whorl much larger than the first, greatly exceeded by the third, which is little less than the fourth, the fifth not much larger ; the aperture semiovate, toothless, with the peristome slightly thickened, incomplete ; the umbilicus narrow ; the colour dark olive, the peristome paler. Length three-fourths of a twelfth, breadth rather more than half the length. A single specimen found by me, on the 25th of June, 1842, when with my class on an excursion, beneath a fragment of serpentine, on a hill of that rock, at Potterton, Parish of Bel- helvie, six miles from Aberdeen. Another found by Mr. Leslie, in September, near Inverury; and one by Miss Mac- gillivray in the Den of Auchmedden. Pupa edentula. Drap. Moll, Terr. et. Fluy. 59. Pl. 3. f. 23, 29° —Pupa edentula. Flem. Brit. Anim, 269.— Vertigo edentula, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 112. Genus 9, Cravustria. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; the head with four tentacula, of which the upper are short or moderate, filiform, the lower very short, all capitate; the foot small, compressed, oblongo-lanceolate. Shell slender, turrite, subfusiform, thin, with the spire tapering to an obtuse point ; the whorls numerous, the last smaller than the next; the aperture generally re- versed, suboval, oblique, with the peristome continuous, free, marginate, and toothed or plicate; the throat with 12 102 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA, an internal spiral calcareous plait, attached to an elastic pedicel, and closing the cavity when the animal has withdrawn. 1. Clausilia pervérsa. Dusky Clausilia. Shell slender, turrito-fusiform, rather glossy, slightly trans- parent, with from ten to twelve little convex, transversely sul- cato-striate, distinctly separated turns, the first two shining, smooth, forming an obtuse apex, the rest gradually enlarging to the penultimate, the last three faintly striated spirally, the ultimate narrowed, with two wide grooves ; the aperture sub- ovate, narrowed near the posterior end, which forms a rounded angle, the margin thick, continuous, reflexed, elevated from the columella, on which are two plaits, the posterior near the angle, thin, and running out upon the lip, the anterior thicker, less elevated, and not running so far out; the colour deep chestnut-brown, or blackish-brown, that ofthe peristome brown- ish-white. Length half an inch, breadth from a twelfth to an eighth. The shell varies considerably in form, as well as in colour. Some individuals are much thicker and more fusiform than others. The number of spiral turns is sometimes nine, often ten, not unfrequently eleven, sometimes twelve. The colour is reddish-brown, dusky-brown, or blackish-brown. —Indivi- duals occurring in dry places, much exposed to the sun, have the shell thicker, and of a grey colour, as if weathered; and many have streaks of grey. ‘The peristome, which is always thickened, entire, raised, more or less reflexed, and whitish, varies in form, being roundish-ovate or ovate, more or less narrowed toward the posterior end, sometimes oblong, or subquadrate. The varieties which I have observed in the mouth, in specimens gathered in the same spot, are the follow- ing :—A single thin plate on the collumella near the posterior angle of the mouth, (the shell elongated, narrow, thin, and less prominently streaked). A thin posterior plate, and a less elevated but slender posterior plate, scarcely apparent, and not reaching the mouth. The posterior thin plate, athick an- terior plate not reaching the mouth, and a third concealed plate formed by the dorsal fold of the shell. Two plaits, and between them avery slender parallel plait. Two slender plaits between the two larger. Three plaits, the middle one bipartite. Very often the anterior plait appears thus bipartite, which depends upon a prominent fold of the columella, more or less apparent. Often also there is a transverse rib internally above MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 103 the outer lip. The bipartite tooth then is not characteristic of Clausilia dubia, which differs only in being more fusiform. The clausilium is curved, thin, with a thick revolute smooth margin. The animal is very slender and elongated. When it is in motion, the foot is compressed, linear-oblong beneath, about a third of the length of the shell, pale grey, semitransparent ; the neck semicylindrical, striato-sulcate, transversely rugose, dusky grey; the upper tentacula short, nearly cylindrical, with a large terminal knob, and black; the lower very short, form- ing two cylindrical knobs, and of a lighter tint. The shell is dragged in the same line as the foot and neck, the animal being incapable of raising it, unless when about to repose, when it inclines at an angle of about 70°. First found by me, on the 18th of June, 1842, among wet moss by a spring in Thorny-hive near Stonehaven; next on the 6th of August, under stones and turfs, by a mill in a creek near Slains Castle, and in a Cove near the Bullers of Buchan, where it is abundant; in September, by Miss Macgillivray, in the Den of Auchmedden, at the Old Castle of King Edward, in Aberdeenshire, and at Gamrie, in Banffshire, in great pro- fusion. Helix perversa. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Aquat. ii. 118.—Turbo nigricans. Dillu. Cat. 375.—-Turbo perversus. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ed. n. iv. 311. Pl. 85. f. 3—Turbo bidens. Mont. Test. Brit. 357. Pl. 11. f. 7—Clausilia perversa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271.— Clausilia rugosa. Lamk. Ed. n. viii. 201.—Clausilia rugosa. Drap. Moll. 73. Pl. 4. f. 19, 20.—Clausilia nigricans. Gray’s Turton, 217. Pl. 5. f. 58. Clausilia dubia scarcely deserves being adduced even as a variety. Its description, taken from specimens found in various places, is as follows :— Shell slender, turrito-fusiform, glossy, semitransparent, with about twelve little convex, transversely sulcato-striate, dis- tinctly separated turns, the first two shining, smooth, forming an obtuse apex, the rest gradually enlarging to the penulti- mate, the Jast three faintly striate spirally, the ultimate nar- rowed, with two wide grooves or undulations; the aperture subovate, narrowed near the posterior end, with the margin thick, continuous, reflexed ; the columella with two plaits, of which the anterior is forked internally; the colour deep red- dish-brown, with silky lustre; toward the margin of most of the whorls small grey indistinct spots at intervals formed 104 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. generally by three of the transverse grooves being of that colour. Length half an inch, breadth an eighth. Deshayes’ description agrees precisely :—‘‘ This species seems intermediate between Clausiliz rugosa and ventricosa. It is elongated, fusiform, finely and regularly striated; its colour is chestnut brown ; the tip is obtuse, the spiral turns little convex, and the last turn bears on the back, before its termination, a pretty deep groove which divides it into two; in this part in which the groove is, the striz are deeper and larger. The aperture is oval, posteriorly angular ; it is white, and the columella bears two prominent plaits, of which the most an- terior does not advance like the other to the margin; in the bottom of the aperture is a third transverse plait. The length is 13 millimetres, the breadth a little more than three.” Clausilia dubia. Drap. Moll. 70. Pl. 4. f. 10, 11.—Clausilia dubia. Gray’s Turton. 216.—Clausilia dubia. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2, vii. 209. Genus 10. Batza. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; the head with four tentacula, the upper long, cylindrical, clavato- capitate, oculiferous, the lower short, conical, obtuse or capitate ; the foot small, slender, oblong, compressed. Shell oblongo-turrite, thin, with the spire tapering to an obtuse point, the last whorl proportionally larger than the next; the aperture reversed, roundish or oval, with the peritreme thin and simple. 1. Balea pervérsa. Reversed Balea. Shell oblongo-turrite, slender, glossy, transparent, of eight convex, transversely striated, distinctly separated turns, the suture being deeply impressed; the spire tapering to an ob- tuse point; the aperture subovate, with the peristome thin, simple, a little reflexed on the columella ; the umbilicus distinct ; the colour yellowish-grey, yellowish-brown, or dusky-brown. Length from four to five-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly a twelfth. Animal with the head and tentacula black ; the upper tenta- cula Jong, filiform, with an enlarged rounded tip, the lower very short, conical, obtuse ; the foot oblong, depressed, semi- transparent, pale purplish-grey. . First found in June, 1842, by Mr. Leslie, while searching MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 105 for Helices, with me, at the foot of the wall behind Old Machar Cathedral ; afterwards gathered there by Miss Macgillivray and myself. On the 18th of June, found by me among the ruins of Dunottar Castle. Turbo perversus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1240.—Turbo perversus. Mont. Test. Brit. 335. Pl. 11. f. 12.—Pupa fragilis. Drap. Moll. 68. Pl. 4. f. 4.—Pupa fragilis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 110; Ed. n. viii. 178.—Balea perversa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271. Balea per- versa. Gray’s Turton. 207. SECTION II1.—AQUATICA. Fasazy I]].—Liuwzina. Animal with the body ovate or elongated, spirally bent or coiled, or conical, covered by the mantle, the thin edge of which forms a circular collar around the neck ; the head surmounted by a large expansion or veil; two generally depressed, contractile tentacula, having the eyes situated near their base ; orifice of the pulmonary cavity on the collar, near the anal aperture; genital organs separated ; foot ovate or elongated, depressed. Shell delicate, fragile, spiral, involute, rarely conical, of a uniform colour, with a firm, olivaceous, brownish, or yellowish-grey epidermis ; the outer margin of its aper- ture thin. The species live in brooks, rivers, ditches, pools, and lakes, generally immersed in the water, and crawling on the mud, on stones, or plants, but coming occasionally to the surface torespire. They are capable of advancing along the surface of the water with the disk of the foot applied to it, "and the body reversed. Their food consists of vegetable substances. Genus 1. Limnzvs. Mup-Suetu. Animal oval, spiral; head with two flattened subtrian- gular, obtuse tentacula, bearing the eyes at their base internally ; mouth with an upper piece for mastication, and surmounted by a short veil; foot oval, anteriorly two-lobed, narrowed behind; pulmonary orifice on the 106 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. right side, in the form of a groove on the collar, and capable of being covered by a fleshy appendage by which it is margined beneath; intestinal aperture near the pulmonary; genital organs distant, the orifice of the male under the right tentaculum, that of the female organ at the pulmonary aperture. Shell oval or oblong, thin, fragile, dextral, with a tapering, pointed spire; the aperture longer than wide, oval, sharp-edged ; the columella with an oblique plait. They inhabit still water, brooks, rivers, and ditches. In a state of repose, they adhere to stones or plants by their foot. They crawl slowly, can advance along the surface of the water, in a reversed position, are capable of remaining long under water, and in drought sink partially into the mud, or creep into shady places. Some of the species vary so much in form, that authors are not agreed as to what ought to be considered as varieties. 1. Limneus péreger. Wandering Mud-Shell. Shell ovate, thin, horny, semitransparent, of four trans- versely striated, convex turns, the last very large; the spire very short, acute; the aperture ovate, acute behind, with the inner lip reflexed on the columella, leaving a concealed nar- row groove from the umbilicus ; the colour varying from pale greyish-yellow to umber or dark reddish-brown. Length from half an inch to an inch, breadth generally two-thirds of the length. Helix limosa. Linn. Syst. Nat.—Buccinum peregrum. Drap. Verm. Terr. et. Fluv. ii. 130.—Limnea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.—Limneus pereger. Gray’s Turton. 233. The principal varieties which this species presents, are the follo wing :-— A. Limneus pereger ovatus. Ovate Mud-Shell. Shell ovato-elliptical, ventricose, very thin, brittle, semi- transparent, glossy; with the spire extremely short ; the aper- ture obliquely extended, oval, acute behind, four-fifths of the whole length; the tip often eroded; the last turn oblique, finely but distinctly striate transversely ; the colour pale greenish- yellow. Length ten-twelfths of an inch, breadthseven-twelfths, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 107 The animal has the lower surface of the foot yellowish- green, its margins greenish-yellow ; the broad bilobate flap above the mouth greenish-yellow; the tentacula of the same colour, broad, thin, and broadly rounded ; the collar, or an- terior induplicate fold of the mantle, yellowish-green anteriorly, greenish-grey on the margin, grey variegated with black above ; the body yellow, variegated with black, its hind part chiefly of the latter colour, with the tip yellow. This species differs from any of the following, in having the spire extremely small, although convex forming a minute point or acumination, or frequently truncate by decay or erosion ; the shell so thin as to be semitransparent, or even so clear that one can see an object through it, with fine regular strie, but very seldom any longitudinal angular ridges on the last turn; the inside glassy. When it has lain dead for some time, the shell becomes opaque, pale yellow externally, and white within. Individuals of this species, shorter and broader than usual, make a close approximation to Limnzus auricularius. It occurs plentifully in the Loch of Skene, where I found it on the 2d July, 1842; in pools of the Dee, on the 16th; ina mill pond near the base of the Hill of Fare, on the 30th, and in various other localities. Limnezus ovatus. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 50. Pl. 2. f. 30; 3]1.—Lymnea ovata. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 161; Ed. n. viii. 413.— Limneus pereger. Var. i. L. ovatus. Drap. Alder. Mag. Zool. and Bot. i. 115.—Limneus pereger. Var. Gray’s Turt. 234.—Lim- nea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.—Lymnea ovata. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 42. f. 10, 11. B. Limneus pereger comminis. Common Mud-Shell. | Shell ovate, ventricose, very thin, brittle, semitransparent, glossy with the spire short; the aperture oval, acute behind, three-fourths of the whole length; the last turn oblique, dis- tinctly striate transversely, generally marked with obscure longitudinal ridges; the colour pale brown, yellowish-brown, or dull yellow. Length about nine-twelfths of an inch, breadth five-twelfths. — The animal has the head, foot, and lower ‘surface of the broad thin collar, greenish-grey, the upper or posterior sur= face of the collar grey, variegated with black ; the rest of the body blackish-brown, spotted with whitish-grey, or light brown, the terminal portion umber-brown. The shell, when the animal is in it, appears of a dusky~ 108 wayacozOaA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. green, olivaceous, or blackish-green colour, usually variegated with light brown or yellowish-grey. It is thicker and much less transparent than that of the last species. Common, in ditches, pools, and rivers; generally distributed. Limneus pereger. Drap. Moll. Terr. et. Fluy. 50. Pl. 2. f. 34, 35.—Buccinum peregrum. Muller, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 130.— Lymnea peregra. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 161; Ed. n. viii. 413.—Helix peregra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3659.—Helix putris. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139. Pl. 86. f. 137.—Lymnea peregra. Brown, [llustr. Pl. 42, 36, 38.—Limnea limosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.—Lim- neus pereger. Gray’s Turton. 233.—Helix peregra. Mont. Test. Brit. 373. Pl. 16. f. 3. C. Limneus pereger limésus. Brook Mud-Shell. Shell ovato-oblong, very thin, brittle, semitransparent, glossy, with the spire short; the aperture oval-oblong, acute behind, two-thirds of the whole length; the last turn oblique, very faintly striated transversely; the colour light brown. Length about five-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the length. The animal has the head and foot greyish-green, the hind part of the collar variegated with black; the rest of the body black, spotted with light brown. ’ Although brown, the shell is so transparent that an object can be seen through it. When it contains the animal, it ap- pears black, with brown spots. Helix limosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1249.—Helix limosa. Brown, Wern. Trans. ii. 530. Pl. 24. f. 11,12; Dlustr. Pl. 42. f. 39, 40. —Limnealimosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274. It occurrs in brooks, and marshy places. Powis Burn at Old Aberdeen ; Ditches with running water near the same place; Burn of Cruden; Auchmedden. There certainly is much difference in form and size between the largest and broadest individuals of Limnzeus ovatus, and the smallest or narrowest of Limnzus limosus; yet the three supposed species so graduate into each other that, I think, they must be merely races or varieties. Many more might be given, were one so disposed; but the task would be useless. It appears to me that we have but one species, which varies in the size, colour, and thickness of the shell, according to cir- cumstances. The larger and more ventricose it is, the shorter is the spire. In still water, especially if of great extent, it assumes the form of Limnzeus ovatus; in running water, espe- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. [09 cially small brooks, that of Limnzus limosus. When not ex- posed to the effects of drought, it is plump and glossy; but when the reverse it becomes wrinkled, and has the shell flat- tened or marked with longitudinal ridges, or irregular sink- ings, like the skull of a New Hollander. It never leaves the water, in so far as I have observed, although the water in summer often leaves it. Yet Muller says, “ Buccinum hoc, uti Helix succinea, vere amphibium est; tempore enim bru- mali, truncis et ramis Tiliarum ultra centum passus ab omni aqua remotarum plurima nherentia reperi:’’—quod vere mi- rum est. 2. Limneus palistris. Marsh Mud-Shell. Shell oblong, conical, pointed, thin, horny, semitransparent, of about six turns, which are little convex, distinctly separated by the moderately impressed suture, along which they form an acute but thickened margin, transversely striolate, the last turn large, with faint longitudinal angular ridges; the mouth ovato-oblong, nearly half the length of the shell, with the pillar-lip expanded so as partially or entirely to cover the um- bilicus ; the colour varying from greyish-yellow to umber or dusky reddish-brown, that of the interior from horn-colour to dusky purplish-brown, of the inner lip from white to purple. Length half an inch, breadth two and a-half twelfths. This species might be divided into as many varieties as the last, for, being subjected to the same influences, it undergoes similar modifications. I have not met with it alive of a size approaching to that of specimens from England, its greatest length with us being seven-twelfths, the size and form being about those of Draparnaud’s Fig. 2. Pl. 3. Not unfrequently the spire is trunculate from erosion or decay of the first turns. A dead specimen, however, found at Don-Mouth in Septem- ber, 1842, although having the spire broken, measured seven and a-half-twelfths in length, and three and three-fourths in breadth. The animal elongated, spiral; with the foot oblong, de- pressed, obtuse behind, dusky green; the head, tentacula, and neck greenish-black ; the neck transversely rugose ; the collar with the margin thickened, dusky green; the mantle black, variegated with pale green; the rest of the body black. In pools, lakes, marshy places, and streams, in the maritime and lower inland tracts. Buccinum palustre. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Aquat. ii. 131.— Helix palustris. Mont. Test. Brit. 370. Pl. 16. f. 10.—Helix K 110 MaLacozoaA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. fragilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1249?—Lymnea palustris. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 162; Ed. n. viii. 409.—Limnea palustris. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.—Lymnea palustris. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 42. f. 17,18. —Limneus palustris, Gray’s Turton. 8. Limneus truncdtulus. Little Mud-Sheil. Shell ovato-oblong, conical, pointed, thin, horny, semi- transparent, of about six turns, which are well rounded, deeply separated by the suture, somewhat abruptly curved at the upper margin, transversely striate, the last turn large with faint longitudinal ridges ; the mouth ovato-oblong or ovate, rather obtuse behind, nearly half the length of the shell, with the pillar-lip expanded so as partially or entirely to cover the umbilicus; the colour varying from yellowish-grey to umber or dusky purplish-brown, that of the interior from horn-colour to purplish-brown, of the inner lip from white to purple. Length from five-twelfths of an inch, breadth about half the height. It differs from Limnzus palustris in having the turns of the spire more convex, and somewhat abruptly bent toward the suture. Muller has clearly expressed this character. ‘‘ An- fractus quingue, quilibet, qua majorem spectat, declinatus, qua minorem truncatus est, quo caractere a reliquis europeis differt.”’ Generally distributed, occurring abundantly in pools, rivers, brooks and rills; as in Hilton Quarries, the mill-pond near the New Bridge of Don, the Inverury Canal, and similar places, from the coast far into the interior. It presents very great differences in size and form, the de- gree of smoothness or rugosity, the outline of the mouth, the extent of the inner lip, the prominence of the spire, which is frequently truncate or eroded, ‘The most remarkable varieties are the following :— A. Limneus truncdtulus obléngus. Common Little Mud-Shell. Shell ovato-oblong, pointed, with the turns moderately con- vex, thin, glossy, distinctly striulate; the mouth oval-oblong, the inner lip expanded and reflexed ; the umbilicus generally covered, but sometimes distinct; the colour light purplish- brown, of the interior yellowish-brown, of the inner lip pinkish. This variety is common in clear still water; as the pools in Hilton Quarries, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 111 B. Limneus truncdtulus fossdrius. Ditch Mud-Shell. Shell oblong, pointed, but generally abrupt by erosion, with the turns moderately convex, thickish, distinctly striulate and often rugose ; the mouth oval-oblong, the inner lip expanded, the umbilicus covered ; the colour yellowish-brown, frequently with a tinge of reddish or purplish, of the interior yellowish- brown, of the inner lip pink or white. Common in still muddy water, as in ponds and ditches. C. Limneus truncdtulus minitus. Dwarf Mud-Shell. Shell ovato-oblong, pointed, with the turns well rounded, glossy, striate; the mouth ovate, the inner lip moderately ex- panded ; the umbilicus covered; the colour clear deep red- dish-brown, of the interior similar, of the mouth pinkish. Occurs in clear brooks, rills, and sometimes mossy springs. Lymnea minuta. Var. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. To one or other of these varieties belong the following re- ferences :— Buccinum truncatulum. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluy. ii. 130. —Helix fossaria. Mont. Test. Brit. 372. Pl. 16. f. 9. Pl. 16. f. 9. bad.—Lymneza minuta. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 162. Ed. n. viii. 415. —Lymnea minuta. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 53; Pl. 3. f. 5, 6, 7—\Lymnea fossaria. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 42. f. 12, 13.— Limnea fossaria. Flem. Brit. Anim. 274.—Limneus truncatulus. Gray’s Turton. 240. There is a character by which Limnzus palustris may readily be distinguished from Limnzus truncatulus, in all their forms. In the former, the upper margin of the spiral turns gradually slopes to a sulcato-crenulate edge, which although thin has a slight rim, and is laid over the next turn so as to form a little-impressed suture. In Limnezus trunca- tulus, the upper margin of the spiral turns curves in rather abruptly, forming a deeply impressed suture, without any ap- pearance of a rim or border. Genus 2. Puysa. Bussrz-SHety. Animal oval, spiral; head with two long, slender, tapering tentacula, bearing eyes at their base internally; mantle with two digitate lobes capable of being much extended ; foot long, rather pointed behind. Shell sinistral, subglobose, oval, or oblong, delicate, 112 matacozoa. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. extremely fragile, smooth, glossy; with the spire generally short, the last turn very large; the aperture oval, nar- rowed behind; the columella a little twisted, the edge of the outer lip thin. 1. Physa fontindlis. Stream Bubble-Shell. Shell sinistrorse, oval, glossy, transparent, pale greenish- grey; with the spire very short, convex, and obtuse; the turns four, obsoletely striate, the first three extremely small, the last ovate, ventricose ; the aperture ovato-oblong, very narrow and acute behind; the inner lip thickened, white. Length about three-twelfths of an inch, breadth more than half the length. Physa fontinalis, as described by authors, varies considerably in form, the length of the spire, the size of the aperture, and other characters, in which respects it resembles ‘the species of Limneus, and affords materials for supposed species. The individuals which I have seen, many thousands in number, vary little from the above description. The spire is from a fifth to a fourth of the whole length; the breadth is greater or less; but the aperture is always about half the size of the entire outline of the shell. The spire is always convex and obtuse, sometimes eroded or trunculate. First found by me, while with my class, on an excursion to the Loch of; Skene, on the 2d of July, 1842. Having walked all round, and partly through the lake, we found it everywhere cast ashore or lying in patches at the bottom, in vast profusion, intermixed with Cyclas flavescens. None of the individuals ex- amined exceeded four-twelfths of an inch in length, or two and a-half in breadth. A specimen was found by Mr. Mitchell, while searching with me, in a pool in the Dee, on the 16th of July; and on the 22d of August, I found one in the Don, near Seaton. The last individual I kept alive for a fortnight. The following account of the habits of the species may prove interesting :— This animal, which is herbivorous, resides, with us, in lakes and rivers, frequenting more especially beds of Potamogeton, on the leaves of which it feeds. Its foot, when extended is oblong, obtuse before, rather pointed behind; the neck of moderate length, the fore part of the head obtuse; the tenta- cula long, tapering, very slender, almost sectaceous; the eyes situated at the inner base of the tentacula, and, being black, very conspicuous, all the other parts being yellowish-white and semitransparent ; the body oblong, spiral; the mantle with MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 113 the margins extended into digitiform contractile lobes, which can be spread out on the columellar side, behind, and over part of the outer lip of the shell, and may sometimes be seen meeting above; the veil, or supraoral flap broad, emarginate, projecting over the anterior edge of the foot. In its ordinary mode of progression under the water, it glides along with a uniform, moderately quick motion performed by minute undulations of the foot, which does not then extend to the anterior edge of the shell, but projects a little beyond its hind part or apex; the margin of the head or flap scarcely appearing, the tentacula extended. It moves equally well in a reversed position, with the foot applied to the surface of the water. Ordinarily, the digitations of the mantle are not ex- tended. If the animal be turned on its back in the water, it protrudes the foot, head, and tentacula, writhes the foot, of which the margins then form obtuse lobes, and emits the digi- tations of the mantle which move in various directions, until it either ascends to the surface or regains its ordinary position, when the mantle-lobes are withdrawn. When in shallow water, beyond the surface of which part of the shell protrudes, it ex- tends the head and neck, as well as the foot, the latter then not reaching as far as the end of the spire, and at intervals jerks forwards the shell. In the air, it does not erect the tentacula, and advances by jerks. Its movements are rather quick, and it turns with rapidity on meeting an obstacle. Montagu states that it ‘‘ will sometimes let itself down gradu- ally by a thread affixed to the surface of the water, in the manner of the Limax filans from the branch of a tree;’’ but I have not seen it do so. Planorbis Bulla. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 167.—Physa fontinalis. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 54. Pl. 3. f. 8, 9.—Bulla fontinalis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1185.—Bulla fontinalis. Mont. Test. 226.—Physa fontinalis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 156; Ed. n. viii. 401. —-Physa fontinalis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 276.—Buccinum exiguum, trium spirarum a sinistra in dextram convolutarum. Lister. Anim. Angl. 142. Pl. 2. f. 25. Genus 3. Pruanorsis. Cor-SHe.. Animal very slender, elongated, involute; head with two very long, tapering, setaceous tentacula, bearing the eyes on their dilated base internally ; mouth surmounted by a bilobate veil, and having a crescent-shaped tooth above, and a lingual mass armed with small hooks below ; K 2 114 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. foot small, oval or elliptical, depressed ; orifice of the pul- monary cavity on the collar, near the anus, on the left side, as are those of the separated genital organs. Shell orbicular, flat, coiled nearly in the same plane, generally delicate and more or less transparent; with a roundish, sublunate, or squarish aperture, somewhat encroached upon by the convexity of the preceding turn, and having a thin border, and a simple cavity. The shell is dextral, as several observers have proved, not sinistral, as many have alleged. This will be apparent on placing a Helix, a Zonites, and a Planorbis beside each other. In Helix in its natural position, the oblique aperture of the shell has its upper and anterior margin more advanced, and the spire projecting to the right. In Zonites, the same circumstances are observed, the spire being little prominent, or quite flat. Planorbis is similar, but with the spire flat or more generally sunk. The species live in still and running water, generally on plants. 1. Planérbis Vortex. Angular-mouthed Flat Coil-Shell. Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, glossy, slightly and regularly concave above and beneath, with six, or sometimes seven, gradually increasing volutions, which are con- vex above, rather flattened beneath, and transversely rugoso- striate, the outer rounded but sloping so as to forma rather sharp sometimes obtuse keel on the lower margin of the disk ; mouth oblique, roundish-elliptical, somewhat rhombic. Diameter four-twelfths, height less than half a twelfth. This species, as it presents itself with us, has the keel much less acute, and the lower surface of the turns much less flat- tened, than in specimens from England and the South of Scot- land. In young shells the keel is often acute, but in old indi- viduals it is often obtusely angular, and even rounded toward the mouth, which in that case is not rhombic, but roundish, or broadly elliptical. The animal, in moving, presents an apparatus which at first sight appears scarcely adequate to the task of dragging forward so large a mass as the shell and body. It consists of an ellip- tical, depressed or flattened foot, a twelfth and a third in length, little more than half a twelfth in breadth, of a choco- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 115 late-brown colour, rarely reddish-brown, tinged with grey toward the margins. Extending this foot, it produces in it a series of undulations, by means of which it slowly glides along the solid surface of a stem, leaf, or other immersed body. Every now and then, the shell is jerked forward by a sudden movement, which is not performed by the foot, but by the muscles which pass from it or along the neck into the body. Sometimes the shell is laid flat, the more advanced edge or lip of its oblique aperture being above the anterior part of the outer whorl, to the left hand, as ina Zonites. The dextral nature of the shell is thus apparent. But the animal often also keeps the shell inclined at an angle of from 15° to 20°, or even so much as 45° or 60°, the right margin of the disk touching the plane on which it moves. It can even raise the shell on edge, so as to be quite perpendicular. Moreover, as the neck is so slender, it can easily be twisted without receiving injury, so that sometimes the animal is seen advancing at the bottom of the water, with the shell reversed, or having the prolonged lip of its aperture below, and the right margin of the disk above; or it may be turned over, so as to have its lower sur- face uppermost. An individual seemed to prefer this arrange- ment, and I thought it might be natural to it, or that it might be sinistrorse ; but, on taking it out of the water and replacing its shell in the ordinary position, it kept itso. Sometimes the animal moves along with a continuous progress, without jerk- ing the shell forwards at intervals. Generally however, it combines both methods. Like many other mollusca, it can move on the surface of the water. In this case, the plane of the shell is parallel to the surface, the extended foot of the animal is applied to the surface of the atmosphere in contact with that of the water, forming a concavity, and the undulatory contractions of the foot cause a slow-advance; but the animal does not usually travel this way. It readily changes its direc- tion, the foot turning to either side with ease, on the slender pedicel formed by the body. The mantle forms but a slight margin or collar ;' the head projects with a rounded extremity ; over the mouth is a broad flap of two rounded lobes, and be- low it the foot, anteriorly rounded and decurved, projects a little. The tentacula, nearly as long as the foot, or a twelfth and a third in length, are extremely slender or setaceous, dilated at the base, then contracted, and thence gradually tapering to the point. They are contractile, but not in the manner of the tentacula of snails and slugs, and can be moved in any direction, but seem to be not generally employed as 116 MaALAcozOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. organs of touch, nor to be nearly so sensible as those of snails. The eyes, small globose, black dots, are placed at the base of the tentacula internally, on the middle of their dilated part, which is of a reddish colour, the long taper portion being dusky brown. The tentacula have no auricle at the base, a character given in most books as generic, which it therefore is not. The orifices of the pulmonary, alimentary, and genital organs are on the left side, but these organs themselves on the right. When the foot and head are protruded, a large portion of the last spiral turn is filled with air, so that probably the shell is very little heavier than water. Out of the water, the animal in advancing drags the shell flat, or lying in the natural position, with the right side of the disk to the right, and it cannot ad- vance in any other position. These observations are quite sufficient to prove that this species is truly dextral, and that the concave surface of the disk is the upper. Planorbis vortex resides, not in the mud, but on its surface, and more especially on the stems and leaves of plants, generally in the water, but often also out of it; and it retires to rest into cavities or recesses on the banks, formed by overlying stems and leaves, or upon the plants themselves. Individuals fre- quently crowd together torepose. In long-continued droughts, it closes the aperture of the shell with a whitish membranous substance, like that of the Helices. Planorbis vortex is liable to considerable distortion, some of the turns frequently projecting beyond their proper level, and sometimes the whole disk preter-naturally hollowed out on one side, and protruding on the other. First found by me, on the 20th of July, 1842, on aquatic plants, and on the mud, in a ditch with stagnant and rather putrid water, in the hollow between Aberdeen and the Spital, where it is abundant. Planorbis vortex. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Aquat. ii. 168.— Planorbis vortex. Var. a. Drap. Moll. 45. Pl. 2. f. 4, 5.— Helix spirorbis. Mont. Test. Brit. 455; Suppl. Pl. 25. f. 2.—Planorbis vortex. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2.154. Ed. 2. viii. 385.—Planorbis spiror- bis. Gray’s Turton, 267. Pl. 8. f. 91.—Planorbis vortex. Flem. Brit. Anim. 277. A, Planorbis Vortex crdassulus. Thickish Flat Coil-Shell. Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, shining, regularly and equally concave above and beneath; with five gradually increasing volutions, which are convex above and beneath, and transversely obsoletely striulate, with scarcely MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. 11 7 perceptible longitudinal striule ; the outer whorl rounded, but flattened on the periphery so as to form a rounded angle on the upper and an obtuse angle on the lower margin of the disk; mouth nearly square, but with the upper angle more rounded. Diameter two twelfths and a half, height half a twelfth. This variety, although closely allied to Planorbis Vortex, is easily distinguished from it. Compared with young indi-~ viduals of that species of the same size, it is found to be some- times twice the height or thickness, it being, although not much more than half the diameter, thicker than even a full- grown vortex. Its glossy, delicately striolate surface is very different from that of the other shell; its periphery is almost flat, although slightly sloped, in place of being rounded and considerably sloped ; and its mouth is either square, in young individuals, or square with the angles rounded, in old ones. The turns are more convex above, as well as much more so beneath, where the cavity is much deeper. At first sight one might almost mistake it fur a large Planorbis contortus. The colour of the shell is a rich yellowish-brown, like that of Zonites nitidulus. The animal is similar to Planorbis Vortex, but with the lobes of the veil less deeply separated, and the tentacula less dilated at the base. Its habits are similar. It occurs in the same ditch as the last species, where I first found it at the same time. The next species or variety is connected with Planorbis Vortex by the present, which, if merely a variety, belongs as much to the one as to the other. B. Planorbis Vortex Spirérbis. Round-edged Coil-Shell. Shell extremely depressed, very thin, pellucid, glossy, regu- larly and equally concave above and beneath; with five, some- times six, gradually increasing volutions, which are convex above and beneath, and transversely obsoletely striolate ; the outer whorl rounded on the periphery, forming an obtuse angle on the lower margin of the disk ; mouth nearly square, a little oblique, sometimes roundish. Diametcr nearly three-twelfths of an inch, height a third of a twelfth. It varies considerably in the form of the aperture, the degree of carination of the margin, and the thickness ; but may always be distinguished from Pl. Vortex by having the turns fewer, smaller, more finely striate, and more glossy; and from Plan- orbis Crassulus, by being larger and much thinner. At the 118 watacozoa. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. same time, all these shells differ much less from each other than the varieties of Limnzus pereger. First found by Miss Marion Macgillivray in a ditch at Ban- ner Mill, near Aberdeen, where it exists in great profusion, among Ranunculus aquatilis, and other plants; afterwards by Miss Isabella Macgillivray. Planorbis spirorbis. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Aquat. 161.—Plan- orbis spirorbis. Mont. Test. Brit. 455. Pl. 25. f. 2.—Planorbis vortex. Var. B. Drap. Moll. Terrestr. et Aquat. 44. Pl. 2. f. 6,{7. —Planorbis spirorbis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 277.—Planorbis spirorbis. Gray’s Turton, 268. Pl. 8. f. 98. 2. Planérbis contértus. Contorted Coil-Shell. Shell widely and slightly concave above, with six nearly equal, narrow, distinctly striated volutions; the last rounded, leaving a wide and deep cavity beneath, exposing part of all the other whorls; mouth narrow, semilunar; colour light brown, glossed or bronzed. Diameter nearly two-twelfths, height one-twelfth. This, the smallest British species, is very abundant in pools, ditches, rivers, and brooks. Its actions are in all respects similar to those of the species described above. In advancing in the water, it extends its foot, which is elliptical, depressed, scarcely a twelfth of an inch in length, and moves regularly and continuously onwards, but also at intervals exhibits the sudden jerking motion above mentioned. The foot is of a dusky brown colour; the neck and head are black, the latter projecting with a rounded extremity. The tentacula, longer than the foot, are setaceous, a little dilated at the base, taper- ing to a fine point, and a dusky grey colour; the eyes black, on the dilated base of the tentacula internally. The shell is generally kept in the normal position, nearly horizontally, a little declined to the right; but the animal can raise it con- siderably. It advances on the surface, in the manner described, keeping the shell horizontal. On land, it creeps in the same manner; but should the shell be turned round by twisting the neck, it can proceed equally well with it in that manner. It lives habitually among the roots, stems, and leaves of aquatic lants, s First found by Mr. John Macgillivray in a pool in the Old Aberdeen Links, in May, 1841; in May, 1842, by Mr. Leslie, in a small pond in the garden of the Professor of Medicine of King’s College, where it is very abundant on the grass and MALACOZOA4. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. | 19 decayed leaves of trees; in June by Miss Macgillivray in a stripe of the Don, near Seaton House; in July by myself in the Loch of Skene, the Inverury Canal, and subsequently in many other localities, it being generally distributed in the lower tracts. Planorbis contortus. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 162.— Planorbis contortus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1244.—Helix contorta. Mont. Test. Brit. 457. Pl. 25. f. 6.—Planorbis contortus. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 42. Pl. Ll. f. 39,40, 41.—Planorbis contortus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 154. Ed. n. viii. 387.—Planorbis contortus. Flem, Brit. Anim. 277.—Planorbis contortus. Gray’s Turton, 270, 3. Planérbis dlbus. Bristly Coil-Shell, Shell widely concave above and beneath, with three and a- half or four rapidly increasing volutions, which are convex on both sides, longitudinally finely sulcato-striate, minutely striate transversely, delicately hispid with tapering shreds of the epi- dermis ; the last turn disproportionately enlarged, considerably depressed, with the outer margin convex; the mouth a little oblique, semiovate or nearly elliptical, dilated, with the peri- stome somewhat thickened and slightly spreading; the colour pale horny or yellowish-grey. Diameter two-twelfths and a- half, height nearly a fourth of the breadth. The animal in walking in the water bears the shell inclined at an angle varying from 70° to 80°, the right margin, as usual, touching the ground, or other surface. Out of the water, it drags the shell, laid flat, by sudden jerks. ‘The foot is ovato- triangular, pale grey beneath, brown above, in length about a third of the diameter of the shell. The neck is short, dusky ; the head oblong in front, dusky, with a large emarginate veil ; the tentacula subulato-setaceous, pale grey or white, with a medial brown line, dilated and transparent at the base, on the inner side of which is the small black eye. The head, and especially the veil, can be expanded to a great breadth. This species is found with us on various species of Potamogeton, as well as other plants, particularly eee Beccabunga and Poa fluitans, on which it feeds. — First found by me in the Aberdeen Canal, on the 22d of August, 1842. It occurs abundantly there, chiefly on the different species of Potamogeton, on the foliage of which it feeds, with great voracity, as I ascertained by keeping it alive for many days. Its actions are similar to those of the species already described, 120 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PULMOBRANCHIATA. As the shell is not really white, I think Muller’s name albus ought to be rejected, and that of Draparnaud employed. Planorbis albus. Mull. Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 164.—Planorbis hispidus. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. ii. 43. Pl. 1. f. 45, 46, 47.— Planorbis hispidus. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 154. Ed. 2. viii. 387.— Helix alba. Mont. Test. Brit. 459.—Planorbis albus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 278. The shell when emptied is generally very pale yellowish or greenish-grey, sometimes greyish-white ; when containing the animal, dusky. 4. Planorbis imbricdtus. Crested Coil-Shell. Shell flat, slightly concave in the middle, above, widely and very deeply concave beneath, with three rapidly increasing, depressed, obliquely sulcato-striate volutions, which are convex above, sloping deeply to the suture, more convex beneath ; the last turns disproportionately enlarged, depressed, sloping to an obtuse medial angle, and much widened toward the mouth, which is somewhat oblique, subelliptical, with the peristome complete, a little thickened, and spreading or slightly reflexed; the colour pale yellowish-grey. Diameter two-twelfths of an inch. In form and colour this shell resembles Planorbis albus ; from which however it is distinguished by the greater con- cavity of its lower surface, by its having the turns more flat- tened, the periphery with a kind of blunt keel, the mouth wider, the peristome thicker, the turns destitute of spiral striz, and strongly marked with transverse grooves, almost in the man- ner of Zonites rotundatus. It appears to be Planorbis imbri- catus of Draparnaud, with whose description and figure it agrees in every particular, with the exception of the lamellar epidermis, which may have been abraded, the specimen being a dead one, and the ‘‘ lames,” according to him, being “tres- caduques.”’ Planorbis imbricatus. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 44. Pl. i. f. 49, 50, 51.—Muller, Verm. ii. 165.—Gray’s Turt. 261.—Lamk. Syst. vi. 2. 155. Genus 4. Ancytus. Lip-SxHett. Animal conoidal, with an elliptical. outline beneath ; head with two depressed, elongated, triangular, obtuse, contractile tentacula, mouth with a flattened, carinate, MALACOZ0A. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 12] spiral, elongated tongue, having numerous triangular spinelets ; foot elliptical, very large; orifice of the pul- monary cavity on the left side, close to the anus ; mantle adherent to the shell all round. Shell elliptical, conoidal, with the point curved back- wards, and nearer the posterior end, thin, fragile, striate. The Ancyli adhere, like Limpets, to stones and plants in running and still waters, and although pulmonated, are very seldom seen out of it. 1. Ancylus fluviatilis. Oval Lid-Shell. Shell conoidal, with the point recurved, and nearer the pos- terior end, diaphanous, slightly striated longitudinally, more distinctly striated concentrically, pale yellowish-grey or horn- colour; the aperture oval; the inside whitish, and highly glossed. Nearly a fourth of an inch long, two-fourths high. It varies somewhat in form, and greatly in the prominence of its ridges, of which the longitudinal are sometimes strongly marked. Old shells, in still water, sometimes have the margin much expanded, considerably thickened, and a little reflected. The foot is broadly elliptical, pale grey ; the head oblong, pale grey, minutely dotted with darker ; the flap broad and of the same colour ; the tentacula depressed or fiattened, some- what triangular, obtuse; the eyes black; the body conical, yellowish-grey, partly dotted with dark grey, olivaceous- brown toward the apex. Abundant in brooks and rivers, on stones and plants, espe- cially potamogetons ; occurs also in pools, as in those of the granite quarries of Rubislaw and Hilton, and in mill-dams. Ancylus fluviatilis. Muller, Verm. Terrestr. et Fluy. ii. 201.— Ancylus fluviatilis. Drap. Moll. 48. Pl. 2. f. 23, 24.—Patella fluvi- atilis. Mont. Test. Brit. 482.—Ancylus fluviatilis. Gray’s Turton, 249.—Ancylus fluviatilis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 280.—Ancylus fluvi- atilis. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 27.—Patella fluviatilis. Mont. Test. Brit. 482.— Patella fluviatilis fusca, vertice mucronato, inflexoque. Lister, Anim. Angl. 151. Pl. 2. f. 32. ORDER II.—GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Respiratory apparatus a branchial cavity situated on the back, containing two branchic, composed of parallel rows of laminee or fimbrize attached to its upper part, L 122 maLacozoA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. and communicating externally by a large aperture between the body and the edge of the mantle. Some species have a respiratory tube, formed by a prolongation of the margin of the branchial cavity on the left side, and passing along a channel or notch in the shell; but others are destitute of this brancb’al siphon, and cannot respire without partially emerging from the shell. SECTION I1.—ASIPHONATA. . Branchial aperture plain; shell with the mouth entire. Famity I.— Patupintia. Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered with a shell; head proboscidiform; mouth with a small serrulate lingual mass ; two long slender, conical or seta- ceous contractile tentacula; eyes at the outer side of their base ; orifice of the branchial cavity without tube or canal; branchize pectinated or reticulated ; orifice of the intestine on the floor of the branchial cavity; sexes separated ; the foot large and depressed. A horny operculum. Sheil spirally bent, globose, ovate, conical, or discoid, thin, generally covered with an epidermis. The species inhabit fresh-water, and occur chiefly in the warmer parts of the globe. There is little distinction between this family, and the operculated branchiferous pulmonated Cyclostomina of the first order, of which there are no representatives in our district, and the next family of the Turbinina. Genus 1. Patupintna. Marsu-Sxet. Animal elongated, spiral, with the head proboseidi- form; two contractile, tapering tentacula, bearing the eyes on prominences at the base externally ; the mouth with a small hispid lingual mass; the foot oval. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 123 Shell ovato-conical or subglobose, spiral, covered with a thin epidermis; the turns convex, rapidly enlarging, the last ventricose; the aperture roundish-oval, angular behind, with the peristome complete, thin-edged, reflexed on the columella. Operculum thin and horny, with concentric striz. 1. Paludina vivipara. Viviparous Marsh-Shell. Shell thin, ovato-conical, with the apex pointed, the turns five, thin, very convex, transversely striated; the last turn very large, olivaceous with three brown bands, two of which are apparent on the other turns; the suture deeply impressed ; the aperture roundish-ovate, the inner lip nearly covering the umbilicus. Length about an inch and a fourth, breadth nearly an inch. A dead shell was found on the beach near the mouth of the Dee, in the spring of 1842, by Mr. Alexander Cruickshank; another by Mr. Martin, at Torrie. The species has not been found alive in the district. Its occurrence on our coasts in- dicates the source whence probably are derived the shells of Bythinia tentaculata, Littorina muriatica, and Neritrina flu- Viatilis, sometimes cast on the beaches. Helix vivipara. Linn. Fauna. Suec. 529.—Cochlea maxima, fusca sive nigricans, fasciata. Lister, Anim. Angl. 133. Pl. 2. f. 18.— Cyclostoma viviparum. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 34. Pl. 1. f. 16, 17.—Paludina vivipara. Lamk. Syst. vi. 173.—Paludina vivipara. ager Brit. Anim.—Paludina vivipara. Gray’s Turton, 90. Pl. 18. Genus 2. Byrurntia. Animal elongated, spiral ; with the head proboscidiform ; two contractile, tapering, setaceous tentacula, bearing the eyes on prominences at their base externally ; the mouth with a small hispid lingual mass; the foot oval, with a marginal groove at the anterior part. Shell ovato-conical, spiral, covered with a thin epider- mis; the whorls convex, rapidly enlarging, the last about as long as the spire ; the aperture oval, angular behind, with the peristome complete, thin-edged, reflexed on the columella. Operculum somewhat calcareous, with con- centric striz. 124 wMALACOZO4. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 1. Bythinia tentaculdta. Tentaculated Bythinia. Shell ovato-conical, with the apex pointed, the turns five or six, pellucid, rather glossy, faintly striated transversely, convex, the last very large, ventricose; the mouth nearly half the whole length, ovate, angulate behind, with the peristome thin, reflexed on the left side; the cclour yellowish-grey. Length five-twelfths of an inch, breadth rather more than half the length. Although very common in England, this species has not been met with in the eastern parts of Scotland. In August, 1842, a single specimen was found by Miss Anne Macgillivray while searching the beach with me, near the mouth of the Dee, and in the begmning of October another specimen by myself in the same place. At the former time there was a profusion of small shells along high water mark, among which we found many marine species, together with specimens of Limnzus pereger, Limnzeus truncatulus, Clausilia perversa, Ancylus flu- viatilis, and Neritina fluviatilis. Whether these shells may have come from the Dee or Don, or from among ballast in the harbour, or been drifted from a distant coast, can only be con- jectured. Helix tentaculata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1249.—Helix tentaculata. Penn. Brit. Zool. 140. Pl. 86. f. 140.—Nerita Jaculator. Muller, Verm. Terr. et Fluy. ii. 185.—Helix tentaculata. Mont. Test. Brit. 389.—Paludina impura. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 175. Ed. n. viii. 514.— Paludina tentaculata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 315. Famity [].—Naricrina. Animal with the body elongated, spirally rolled into a globose form, and covered with a shell; head flat- tened, semilunar, emarginate; two long conical tenta- cula, eyes on short pedicels at the outer side of their base or sessile ; orifice of the branchial cavity an oblique slit, without tube or canal; two unequal pectinated branchiz ; orifice of the generative organs near the base of the right tentaculum ; the foot very large, thick, and roundish. A horny or calcareous operculum. Shell spiral, globose or ovate, with the aperture large, roundish, semicircular, or ovate, without anterior canal or notch; the columellar margin straightish, or septi- form. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 125 Genus 1. Narica. lamer. Animal elongated, or oval, spiral; head broad, with two flattened tentacula; mouth with two unequal lips and a short proboscis; foot very large, thin, bilobate anteriorly; mantle enveloping a portion of the shell. Operculum horny. Shell globose, or oval, spiral, umbilicate ; the aper- ture entire, roundish, semicircular, or obovate; the umbilicus narrowed, and sometimes covered by callus, the outer lip thin, internally even. 1. Nética monilifera. Beaded Natica. Shell globose, rather thick, glossy; with the spire very short and convex; the suture deep; the turns five, very con- vex, faintly striate transversely, the last turn ventricose; the mouth oblique, semicircular, the outer lip thin, the inner cover- ing but not narrowing the spirally grooved umbilicus with a mass of white callus; the colour brownish-yellow, reddish- yellow, or pale greyish-purple, with a series of dark purple spots near the upper margin of each turn, and four additional series, often obliterated, on the last; the base of the shell white; the inside white or tinged with red. Length an inch and a fourth, breadth somewhat less. Young individuals are of the same convex form, but less glaucous, being banded on a flesh-coloured or yellowish-red ground, with five series of brownish-red or reddish-purple spots. The red markings vary in form, but are generally linear and oblique. Frequently they are all obliterated, excepting the upper series; but in young shells they are generally distinct. The umbilicus is obscurely spirally grooved, and is sometimes not intruded upon by the callus, but more commonly is partially covered by it. Not very common on the beach at Aberdeen, after storms. Found also about Peterhead. Cochlearufescens, fasciis maculatus. Lister. Anim. Angl. 163. Pl. 3. f. 12.—Nerita glaucina. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 140. Pl. 87.f. 141; Ed. 2. Pl. 90. f. 1.—Nerita glaucina. Mont. Test. Brit. 469.— Natica glaucina. Flem. Brit. Anim. 319.—Natica monilifera. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2,200. Ed. n. vii. 636.—Natica monilifera. Johnst. Berw. Trans. ili. 265.—Natica monilifera. Forbes. Malac. Mon. 30. | oe 126 MaALACOZOA. GASTEROPFODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA: 2. Ndtica ritila. Ruddy Natica. Shell subglobose, rather broader than high, thick, glossy ; with the spire very short and convex; the suture channelled but narrow; the turns four, very convex, transversely striulate, the last turn ventricose; the aperture oblique, subovate, its inner side nearly straight, the outer lip thin, the inner thick- ened, slightly reflexed at the umbilicus, but not forming a pro- minence there; the umbilicus strongly sulcate; the colour dull greyish-red, with a white band margining the suture, at which the margin of the turns is sharply inflexed, the base of the shell paler, the inside reddish-white ; operculum semicircular, horny, spirate. This species does not agree with any that I have seen de- scribed; but seems to be intermediate between Natica moni- lifera, and Natica rufa of Montagu. It was found in October, 1842, by Mr. Alexander Murray, at Fraserburgh. . 3. Ndtica Alderi. Alder’s Natica. Shell subglobose, rather thick, highly glossed; with the spire very short and rather acute ; the suture simply linear, with the edge of the turns closely overlying; the turns five, very convex, faintly striate transversely, the last turn ventri- cose; the mouth oblique, semicircular, the outer lip thin, the inner partly covering and narrowing the longitudinally striated umbilicus with a mass of white callus; the colour light reddish- yellow, with an undefined band of yellowish-white along the margin of the whorls, another from the umbilicus to the mouth, and on the last turn five series of red spots, generally alternating with white or whitish spots; a brown band enter- ing the umbilicus, and a brown spot or band on the eallosity of the inner lip. Length half an inch, breadth about the same. The ground-colour varies from yellowish-white to orange- red, and the spots are linear, square, roundish, direct or oblique, curved, angularly bent, sagittiform, or even cruciform. Fre- quently the bands are articulated with white, or the red spots seem painted on a white band. ‘Individuals sometimes occur without markings. This species, very nearly allied to Natica monilifera, may be distinguished by its having the spire much less convex, the general form less globose, the umbilicus narrower and com- pressed by the callus. The red spot or band on the callus is not distinctive of this species, for it occurs occasionally in both. ; “ MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 127 Plentiful off Aberdeen and Peterhead, at Gamrie and Banff; sometimes cast on the beaches; very frequently brought up on the lines, but usually the shells only, containing Paguri. Natica glaucina. Var. B. Turt. Conch. Dict.—Natica Alderi. Forbes, Malacol. Mon. 31.—Natica Alderi. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 266. 4. Natica nitida. White Natica. Shell ovato-globose, rather thick, highly glossed; with the spire very short, and rather acute; the turns five, faintly stri- ated transversely, flattened toward the margin, so that those on the spire are but slightly convex, with the suture inconspicuous ; the last turn ventricose ; the mouth oblique, semicircular; the outer lip thin, forming at its junction an acute angle filled by callus, the inner partly covering and narrowing the longitu- dinally striated umbilicus with a mass of callus; the colour milk-white, with a band of more opaque white margining the whorls, and another encircling the umbilicus. Length four- twelfths of an inch, breadth three-twelfths. This species is very closely allied to Natica Alderi, from which it differs in being less ventricose, with the spiral turns flattened, and the colour white, without any markings. It differs from Natica Mammilla in many respects. A single specimen found by me, in a fishing-boat, at Bod- dam, near Peterhead, on the 5th of August, 1842. Nerita nitida. Donov. Brit. Shells. 144.—Nerita nitida. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 149.—Natica nitida. Flem. Brit. Anim. 319. 5. Ndtica helicoitdes. Helicine Natica. Shell ovate, thin, covered with a delicate epidermis ; of four turns, which are convex, separated by a canaliculate suture, and obsoletely striulate transversely and longitudinally; the spire short, convex, rather obtuse; the mouth oblique, ovate, rather angulate anteriorly, the outer lip thin, the inner con- tinued over the columella, but very thin, and leaving a narrow fissure in the umbilical space, on which there is no callosity ; the colour white, that of the epidermis yellowish-white. Length four-twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth less. The above description is taken from a specimen which I found, on the 5th of August, 1842, in a fishing-boat, at Bod- dam, or Buchan-Ness, near Peterhead. The shell is quite perfect, and is identical with a fossil shell found by Mr. Lyell, in the Norwich Crag. It has been described by Dr. John- 128 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. stone, as well as by Mr. Lyell, under the name of Natica heli- coides. At first sight it seems to have no resemblance to a Natica, but rather to belong to the genus Bythinia or Paludina, and Mr. Lyell has remarked that it closely resembles in shape Paludina solida of Say; but a comparison with various Naticz has led to its being placed among them, and this arrangement may be correct, although, as both Mr. Lyell and Dr. John- stone observe, it departs from the normal form of the genus, and the latter gentleman remarks that it is closely allied to the Natica canaliculata of Gould. I had determined my specimen to be identical with that described by the eminent naturalist just mentioned, when I was favoured by Dr. Fleming with Mr. Lyell’s paper on the Fresh-water deposits of Eastern Norfolk, in which is a figure of ‘ Natica helicoides.” On comparing it with my specimen, I find no essential difference between them. The spire being however a little shorter im mine, and the mouth a little narrower at its anterior extremity, where there is a slight angular appearance, as in all Natice, but which has not been represented in Mr. Lyell’s figure. The only other instance of its occurrence in a recent state is that mentioned by Mr. Jefireys, who found a specimen while dredging in Ler- wick Sound. Natica helicoides. Johnst. Berw. Trans. 1835. p. 266.—Natica helicoides. Lyell, Phil. Mag. 8S. 3. v. xvi. p. 365. f. 12.—Natica helicoides. Jeffreys, in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. viii. 165. 6. Nética squalida. Dull-coloured Natica. Shell subglobose, thick ; of three-and-a-half very convex turns, which are convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture, and striated transversely; the spire depressed, convex, rather obtuse ; the mouth nearly twice the length of the spire, oblique, ovate, rather angulate anteriorly, the inner lip continued over the columella, but very thin, and leaving a rather deep fissure in the umbilical space, on which there is no callosity; the colour yellowish-white. Length three-and-a-half twelfths, breadth three-twelfths. A single specimen, dead, decayed, and having part of the outer lip broken, was found by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in October, 1842, among corallines brought up from deep water off Aberdeen. It bears a great affinity to Natica helicoides, of which it may possibly be merely a variety, should that shell be found to vary as much in form as Bythinia tentaculata, which it also somewhat resembles. The specimen however MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 129 presents characters perfectly distinct from those of either of the species just mentioned. Genus 2. Neritmva. Lam. Animal elongated, spiral ; head broad, with two long, setaceous tentacula; eyes at their outer base, on a small tubercle; mouth with two unequal lips; foot large, depressed ; a horny operculum, marked with lines di- verging from the inner to the outer margin. Shell semiglobose or oblong, of moderate thickness, with a persistent glossy epidermis ; the spire very small; the aperture oblique, roundish or elliptical, but reduced to a semiglobular form by thethickening of the columella, which shelves to a thin edge nearly parallel to the axis. Operculum horny slightly calcareous. The species, with very few exceptions, are fluviatile. 1, Neritina fluviatilis. River Neritine. Shell transversely oblongo-elliptical, convex, rather thick ; with the spire very short, and as if lateral, the last turn ex- cessively disproportionate, being extended obliquely to the axis, so as to render the outline of the mouth elliptical, but half filled up by the shelving callosity of the columellar lip, which ends in a thin outer edge; the margin of the outer lip thin but firm; the colouring of the exterior various, banded, tesselated, or spotted. Length about two-and-a-half twelfths, breadth four-twelfths. It occurs in slow rivers in England and Ireland, also in the Loch of Stennis in Orkney. A perfect shell, but without the animal, was found by me on the Ist of July, 1842, among shell sand on the beach, between the mouth of the Dee and the Don; and, in September, another was picked up by my son, Paul. The first specimen has the exterior dark olive- green, with numerous oblong, greenish-white spots, disposed longitudinally, the inside bluish-white. According to Draparnaud, “the animal is transparent, blackish ; with the foot of a pale colour beneath; the tenta- cula long, setaceous, very flexible; the eyes small, black, situ- ated at the outer base of the tentacula on a little tubercle. When the animal walks,.it is entirely concealed under the shell, and shews only the anterior edge of the head and the tentacula.”’ 130 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. The occurrence of dead terrestrial and fluviatile shells of other districts on our shores may be accounted for in various ways. For example, Nerita fluviatilis, and Bithinia tentaculata, may have come to Aberdeen in mud or sand, from England, used as ballast. Nerita fluviatilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1253.—Nerita fluviatilis. Muller, Verm. Terr. et. Fluy. ii, 194.—Nerita fluviatilis. Drap. Moll. Terr. et. Fluy. 31. Pl. 1. f. 1, 2, 3, 4.—Nerita fluviatilis. Penn. Brit. Zool, iv. 141. Pl. 88. f. 142; Ed. n, iv. 345. Pl. 90 f. 2.—Nerita fluviatilis. Mont. Test. Brit. 470.—Neritina fluviatilis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 321.—Neritina fluviatilis. Lamk. Syst. vi. ii. 188; Ed. n. viii. 576.—Neritina fluviatilis. Gray’s Turton. Famity ITI.—Tursinina. Animal with the body elongated, spiral, and covered with a shell; head with a frontal veil; two large conical tentacula; eyes on prominences at their base externally ; mouth toothless, but with a spiral lingual filament ; respiratory cavity contaiming two unequal pectiniform branchie, its opening without tube; organs of genera- tion in the female opening into the branchial cavity, in the male near the base of the right tentaculum. A horny or calcareous operculum. Shell spiral, globose, ovate, conical, or turrite, with the aperture round, ovate, pyrate, semicircular, or ob- long, rounded anteriorly, without canal or notch. All the species are marine, although some inhabit brackish water, and are phytophagous, living chiefly on Algee. This family, of which the organization is similar throughout, has been variously subdivided by authors according to the form of the shell, and especially of its aperture into a number of distinct families. For example, Blainville arranges his order Asiphonobranches into Fam. 1. Goniostomes, or angular-mouthed shells; Fam. 2. Cricostomes, or round-mouthed ; Fam. 3. Ellipostomes, or elliptical-mouthed. These three families however present no essential differences in the structure of the animal, and are all here included under the general name of Turbinina, Used even sectionally such an arrange- MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 131 ment would be useless, for in many cases the student could not decide whether a mouth should be considered as angular, round, or pyrate; and all these forms occur even in a single most natural genus, Littorina. Genus 1. Trocuvs. Linn. Pyramip-SHett. Animal spiral; head broad, with two long, slender tentacula; eyes at their outer base; mouth with a long spirally rolled lingual filament, passing into the abdomen; foot rather short, thick, rounded at both ends. A thin horny operculum, with numerous narrow spiral turns. Shell conical, with the spire moderately elevated, or low, the turns flat or somewhat convex, longitudinally suleate or striate, the last large, angulate along the middle; the aperture somewhat square or angulate, ob- liqne, the margin incomplete behind, the columella some- what arcuate and often projecting a little, the outer lip thin; the inner layers of the shell pearly. The Trochi feed on vegetable substances; adhere to rocks, stones, and other hard bodies, or to plants, and creep in the manner of snails. 1. Tréchus Sisyphinus. Sisyphine Pyramid-Shell, Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the aperture somewhat square, oblique; the interior pearly and iridescent, the lip very thin; the last turn angulate; all the turns, eight or ten in number, flat, glossy, faintly striate trans- versely, marked longitudinally with from three to five grooves and corresponding inconspicuous delicate ridges, of which the upper is larger, and a lower prominent rim with a single groove upon it; the colour pale reddish-yellow, the raised band on the spire and angle of the last turn with alternate whitish and red spots, the apex often purple; the base concentrically grooved, and radiatingly striate ; the outline of the spire rather concave, the apex very acute, the ridges of the upper turns granulate. I have seen only a few live specimens, of which four are in my collection, brought up by the fishing lines, off Aberdeen. The first was found by Miss Marion Macgillivray. Mr. Alex. Muiray has also found it on the coast of Peterhead and St. 132 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Fergus; and Miss Macgillivray at Gamrie, in Banffshire. I have found at Aberdeen, a most beautiful white individual, with the apex purplish. Trochus zizyphinus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. Pl. 80. f. 103.—Tro- chus zizyphinus. Mont. Test. Brit. 274.—Troechus zizyphinus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 23.—Trochus zizyphinus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 323. 2. Tréchus conuloides. Conuloid Pyramid-Shell. Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the aperture somewhat square, oblique; the interior pearly and iridescent; the lip thin; the last turns obtusely angulate ; all the turns, eight or ten in number, flat, little-glossed, rude, marked longitudinally with from three to five prominent nar- row ridges, and corresponding broader grooves, the upper and lower ridges larger, but the latter not forming a conspicuous rim, as in the last species ; the colour reddish-white, with patches of rose-red across the turns; the base concentrically grooved and radiatingly striulate. Height an inch and ten-twelfths, breadth about the same. This species, generally confounded with the last, differs in being much thicker, coarser, strongly ridged, with the spire less pointed, its outline rather convex. It is abundant in the Islands of Lewis and Harris. One specimen found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, at Gamrie, in Banffshire, in September, 1842; others by Mr. Murray, at Fraserburgh. Trochus conuloides. Lamk. Syst. vii. 24. 3. Lréchus Martini. Martin’s Pyramid-Shell. Shell conical, with the pillar closed, the base flattened, the aperture somewhat square, oblique; the interior pearly and iridescent; the lip very thin; the last whorl angulate; all the whorls, eight or ten in number, flat, with from four to eight cord-like ridges, beautifully granulato-crenulate with trans- verse furrows, and on the lower margin and the angle of the last whorl, a very prominent larger rope-like granulated ridge, the granulations formed by the oblique striz or lines of growth ; the lower surface grooved and crenulate, but less distinctly ; the colour pale yellow, with some deeper blotches. Diameter six-twelfths of an inch, height seven-twelfths. Two specimens, dead and partially decayed, brought up by fishing-lines from deep water and hard ground, about eight miles off Aberdeen, in March, 1842, both found by myself. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 133 This most elegant shell appears to be Trochus Martini of Mr. Smith, described and figured by Capt. Brown, in vol. viii. Wernerian Transactions. The figure there given agrees in all respects, excepting the lower ridges of the whorls not being granulate, although described as being so. Trochus Martini. Smith, Wern. Trans. viii. 99. Pl. 1. f. 26. 4. Tréchus cinerdrius. Grey Purple-streaked Pyramid-Shell. Shell depressedly conical, somewhat convex, umbilicate, with about five longitudinally sulcato-striate whorls, the last angulate ; the sutures somewhat distinct ; the umbilicus nar- row; the mouth roundish, obliquely depressed; the colour pale grey, with radiating undulated reddish-purple lines, the interior pearly. Diameter about eight-twelfths of an inch, height about seven-twelfths. Individuals vary much in form, and considerably in colour. When young, the-cone is much depressed, and scarcely convex, of a grey or whitish tint, or reddish-grey, distinctly radiated with purplish-red lines or bands, which are more or less un- dulated. As it enlarges, the spire becomes proportionally more elevated and convex, and the markings less distinct. Ultimately the height of the cone is equal to its breadth, and the umbilicus becomes nearly covered. The apex is very minute and thin, and being not unfrequently abraded, the pillar cavity is open at both ends. Generally the lines next the sutures, especially on the last whorl, are somewhat granu- late. Abundant on stones and rocks, among fuci, especially in pools left by the tide. Trochus umbilicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 286.—Trochus umbili- caris. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 126. Pl. 80. f. 106.—Trochus cinerarius. Mont. Test. Brit. 284.—Trochus umbilicatus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322.—Trochus cinerarius. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322.—Trochus cine- rarius. Lamk. Syst. vii. 29. 5. Tréchus tumidus. Tumid Pyramid-Shell. Shell convexo-conical, with the pillar perforated by a small aperture; the base rather flat; the mouth roundish; the in- terior pearly and iridescent ; the whorls five, depressed above, the last sloping and angulate, all longitudinally striate, yel- lowish or brownish-white, with transverse waved lines of dusky or purple. Diameter about four-twelfths, height about three- twelfths. M 134 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Several specimens found on fishing-lines at Aberdeen and the Cove. ‘The first observed by Mr. Leslie, others by Mr. Davidson, one by Miss Marion Macgillivray, in the Winter of 1841-2. In August, 1842, I found it also in fishing-boats at Boddam, near Peterhead; in September, it was found at Cru- den by Mr. Alexander Murray; and, in December, by Mr. Clark, at Banff. Trochus tumidus. Mont. Test. Brit. 280. Pl. 10. f. 4.—Trochus tumidus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 322. Genus 2. Puorcus. Shell roundish, rather depressed, thickish, with the suture distinct, the turns convex, the aperture circular, subangulate anteriorly, the peristome almost complete, its columellar portion straightish ; umbilicus deep. Risso, Eur. Merid. iv. 133. 1. Phércus Margarita. Pearly Phorcus. Shell roundish, rather depressed; with the mouth nearly circular, the peristome rather thin, and discontinued only for a small space; the umbilicus deep and of moderate width ; the last whorl very large, convex, the rest rapidly decreasing to an obtuse tip; the surface smooth, glossy, light brown, oli- vaceous, or reddish, paler beneath, or whitish, the interior nacreous and iridescent. Height two-twelfths, breadth three- twelfths. Individuals vary much in colour. Frequently there is a single reddish longitudinal band along the whorls. Common on Fuci; asin the Bay of Nigg, at Slains, and Banff, Frequent in shell sand on the beaches. Turbo margarita. Flem. Brit. Anim. 299.—Helix margarita. Laskey, Wern. Mem. i. 408. Pl. 8. f. 5. Genus 3. SKENEA. Animal elongated, spiral; with two filiform contrac- tile tentacula, and round horny operculum. Shell orbicular, depressed, discoid; the whorls rounded ; the aperture circular, with the peristome complete. 1. Skénea depréssa. Brown Skenea. Shell orbicular, depressed, horny, transparent, glossy, almost flat above, widely umbilicate beneath; with four transversely MALACOZOA. GASTEROFPCDA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 135 rugous whorls; the suture deep; the aperture circular, the peristome complete, and free ; the colour yellowish-brown or olivaceous, the interior white. Diameter one-twelfth of an inch. Found by me in April, 1842, among shell sand on the beach at Aberdeen; by Mr. Murray at Cruden and Ugie-mouth. Skenea depressa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 313.—Helix depressa. Mont. Test. Brit. 439. Pl. 13. f. 5.—Skenea depressa. Johnst. Berw. Trans. ii. 273. 2. Skénea serpuloides. Serpuline Skenea. Shell orbicular, depressed, pellucid, glossy, flat above, very widely umbilicate, of three convex turns, which are faintly striato-rugose above, and smooth beneath; the suture chan- nelled ; the aperture roundish, angulate anteriorly, the peri- stome complete, but reflexed and adherent behind ; the colour white. Diameter half a twelfth of an inch. Found among sand at Fraserburgh by Mr. Alex. Murray, in October, 1842; also in Cruden Bay, and at Ugie-mouth. Helix serpuloides. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 147. Pl. 2]. f.3.— Skenea serpuloides. Flem. Brit. Anim. 313. 8. Skénea divisa. Semistriated Skenea. Shell orbicular, depressed, pellucid, glossy, slightly convex and smooth above, umbilicate and spirally striate beneath, of three convex turns; the suture deep; the aperture circular, the peristome complete, reflexed and adherent for a short space; the colour hyaline-white. Diameter little more than half a twelfth of an inch. Found at Fraserburgh, by Mr. Alexander Murray, in Oc- tober, 1842; Cruden Bay, Ugie-mouth, Aberdeen. Turbo divisus. Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 254.—Skenea divisa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 314. Genus 4. Lirrortmna. PERIwinKLe. In their dismemberments of the Linnean genus Turbo, authors have differed as to what group ought to retain the original name; but without entering here into any discussion on so intricate a subject, it seems necessary to state that our common Periwinkle, Turbo littoreus of Linneeus, is that which has been taken to form the type of the genus Littorina. Some of our species deviate 136 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA,’ considerably from it in form, such as Turbo neritoides ; and were mere outline to be assumed as indicating generic difference, we might form of them two or three genera ; but it seems expedient to leave them together. Several of the most recent authors still refer the species here described to the genus Turbo. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; mouth with two triangular thick lips, and a spiral ribbon-like tongue, marked with numerous transverse denticulate strize; two tapering, depressed, obtuse, contractile tentacula, bear- ing the eyes near their base, which is dilated; foot oval, short ; operculum ovate, horny or calcareous, spirally marked. Shell ovoidal, ovato-conical, or subglobose; with the spire short, the whorls convex, longitudinally striate, the last very large, ventricose ; the aperture roundish, the peristome incomplete behind, the pillar-lip thickened and generally covering the umbilicus, the outer lip thick, bevelled to a thin edge. They feed on vegetable substances; adhere to rocks, stones, and other hard bodies, or to plants, and move about with ease, creeping in the manner of snails. The species, being generally not confined to particular kinds of situation, vary much in appearance. 1. Littorina litté6rea. Common Periwinkle. Shell subovato-conical, thick ; with the spire half the length of the last whorl, the apex acute ; the whorls convex, longi- tudinally striate; the suture distinct but very small; the mouth roundish; the peristome very thick, bevelled to a thin edge, the outer lip forming an acute angle at its junction, the inner thickened by callosity ; the exterior dusky, with irregular ae i or whitish longitudinal lmes or bands; the interior usky grey, the inner thickened part of the peristome white, its thin margin dusky with light-coloured lines. Length, an inch and a quarter, breadth three-fourths of an inch. Animal with the head and tentacula black or spotted; the foot whitish, yellowish, or grey, ovato-elliptical, transversely rugous, with a medial depressed line, and crenate margins ; the neck grey; the thin margin of the mantle yellowish-grey, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 137 The shell varies in the degree of prominence of the longi- tudinal ridges, in colour, and thickness. In young shells the ridges are prominent and acute, in old individuals obsolete. Young shells have the peristome thin without being bevelled, the whole inside blackish-brown; very old shells have the in- side wholly white, others partly white. Frequently the surface is corroded or crusted, so that the markings are obliterated. Occurs abundantly on all the rocky coasts; also in estuaries on stones. The animal affords an article of food, of little value, and not much esteemed. In most seaport towns it is sold, chiefly to the poorer people, who consider it a kind of luxury. Turbo littoreus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1232.—Turbo littoreus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 128. Pl. 8]. f. 109.—Turbo littoreus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298.—Turbo littoreus. Mont. Test. Brit. 301.—Turbo littoreus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 47.—Littorina littorea. Johnst. iii. 267. 2. Littorina ridis. Coarse Periwinkle. Shell subovato-conical, thick; with the spire half the length of the last whorl, the apex acute; the whorls very convex, subangulate above, longitudinally striate, transversely rugoso- striate; the suture distinct and deeply impressed; the mouth oval, the peristome very thick, bevelled to a thin edge, the outer lip united at right angles; the exterior dusky, pale olive, dull yellowish-grey, yellow, or red; the interior purplish- black, reddish-purple, yellow, or red. Length eight-twelfths, breadth nearly seven-twelfths. . Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar blackish-brown ; the foot yellowish-grey, elliptical, transversely rugous. In the red and yellow shells, the head and tentacula are brown, the foot and mantle white. It varies considerably in form, the spire being shorter or longer; in thickness, being sometimes remarkably solid and ponderous, sometimes thin and light; in its striz, which may be obsolete, moderately developed, or very conspicuous; in colour, individuals being dusky, or brown, or light red, or orange, or yellow, banded, or variegated. In almost all cases, however, it may be recognised by the somewhat angular round- ing of the upper part of the last spiral turn. The strongly striate varieties have by some been considered as a distinct species, named by Montagu Turbo jugosus. Abundant on all the rocky coasts, near high-water mark. Turbo rndis. Mont. Test. Brit. 304.—Turbo rudis. Flem. Brit. M 138 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, Anim. 298.—Turbo rudis. Lamk. Syst. vii. 49.—Littorina rudis. Johnst. Berw. Tr. 1835. 268.—Turbo jugosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 586. 3. Littorina saxdtilis. Rock Periwinkle. Shell subgloboso-conical, as broad as long, moderately thick ; with the spire scarcely a third of the whole length, the apex obtuse; the whorls three, longitudinally striate, the suture distinct and deeply impressed, the last turn somewhat flattened above, and angulate toward its lower part; the mouth very large, roundish, the peristome thin, the outer lip united at right angles; the exterior white, banded or tesselated with dusky, brown, or green; the interior deep chocolate-brown, the mar- gin white or yellow, unless on the callosity of the inner lip, where it is purplish-brown. Length four-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly the same. This species, very nearly allied to Littorina rudis, but appa- rently distinct, varies little in form, but considerably in the prominence of its spiral ridges, and greatly in colour, It first attracted my notice, as plentiful among Balani, on a large block of gneiss, known as ‘‘the Black Deg,” on the sands of Belhelvie, about three miles north of Don-Mouth. Abundant on the rocky coasts of Buchan and Kincardine, about high-water mark, in crevices and among Balani. Turbo saxatilis. Bean.—Littorina saxatilis. Johnst. Berw. Tr. ili. 268. 4, Littorina tenebrosa. Marsh Periwinkle. Shell subovato-conical, rather thin; with the spire as long as the last whorl, the apex acute ; the whorls very convex, longi- tudinally striulate, transversely rugoso-striate ; the suture distinct and deeply impressed; the mouth roundish-oval, the peristome thin, unless on the columella, the outer lip united at right angles; the exterior dusky, often banded or tesselated with lighter tints; the interior dark purplish-brown, the cal- losity of the inner lip deep purple. Length nime-twelfths of an inch, breadth from six to seven-twelfths. Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar black; the foot greyish, elliptical, transversely rugous, with a medial depres- sion, and crenate margins. It varies in form, the last whorl being sometimes broader than the length of the spire, sometimes equal to it; in having distinct or obsolete longitudinal lines; and in colour, being plain, or banded, ox tesselated. It is always distinguishable MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 139 from young individuals of Littorina littorea by its having the outline of the spire a little convex, the spiral turns more con- vex, the suture deeper, the junction of the upper edge of the last whorls coming off directly, and the outer lip consequently forming a right angle, whereas in Littorina littorea it forms a very acute angle, and by its inside being always of a deep purple-brown colour. But it approaches very closely to some of the varieties of Littorina rudis, of which, in fact, it is probably only a variety, individuals occurring which might with equal propriety be referred to either species. In its most charac- teristic state, it differs from that shell, in being much thinner, in having the spire longer, the whorls more convex, the last much rounded, and without the angular band usually seen on that of Littorina rudis above, and of Littorina saxatilis below. First observed by me on an excursion with my class, on the 18th of July, 1841, in a small inlet or salt-marsh, near New- burgh, on the Estuary of the Ythan, where it resides among Poa maritima and Salicornia herbacea, near high-water mark, and creeps about on the clayey mud, along with Rissoa Ulve. Turbo tenebrosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 303. Pl. 20. f. 3.—Turbo tenebrosus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298. 5. Littorina petrea. Smooth Periwinkle. Shell globoso-conical, rather thin; with the spire shorter than the last whorl, the apex obtuse; the whorls very convex, transversely rugoso-striate, the suture distinct; the mouth roundish ; the peristome thin, the outer lip united at a rather acute angle; the exterior glossy black, often banded or varie- gated with white ; the interior dark purple. Length three- twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly the same. Nearly allied to Littorina saxatilis, but distinguishable by its glossy surface, destitute of spiral striz. On the Kincardineshire coast at high-water mark. Among shell sand on the beaches from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh. Turbo petreus. Dillw. Rec. Shells. 820.—Helix petrea. Mont. Test. Brit. 403.—Turbo petreus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298.—Litto- rina petrea. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 268. 6. Littorina Beanii. Bean’s Periwinkle. Shell globoso-conical, obtuse, of three convex, rather thick turns, separated by a moderately deep suture; the last turn very large, somewhat glossy, faintly striated transversely, with hardly perceptible indications of longitudinal grooves, and 140 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA< marked with alternate dark brown and white lines, presenting a tesselar appearance; the aperture roundish, or somewhat semicircular, with the margin thin, white spotted with brown, the interior dark purplish-brown. Height two-twelfths of an inch, breadth rather more. This is so nearly allied to Littorinasaxatilis, from which it differs only in not being so conical, in wanting the longitudi- nal ridges on the turns, and in being less angulate beneath, that I can hardly consider it distinct. It occurs abundantly on many parts of the rocky coast, from Stonehaven to Peterhead, among Balani and in crevices, near high-water mark. On the stones of the Pier-head at Aber- deen, along with Turbo saxatilis. Dr. Turton, in dedicating this species to Mr. Bean, playfully named it ‘‘fabalis ;’’ but as this would lead one to suppose the shell to resemble a bean, and as Mr. Bean is not known abroad by the name of Faba, I have given the specific name the usual form. Turbo fabalis. Turt. Zool. Journ. ii. 366. Pl. 12. f. 10.—Turbo fabalis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 298. 7. Littorina neritoides. Flat-topped Periwinkle. Shell subglobose, thick, with the spire depressed and round- ed, the suture distinct, the last whorl extremely large, ventri- cose, longitudinally striulate, transversely striate; the mouth roundish-ovate, laterally dilated, the outer lip thinned at the margin, and forming an acute angle with the last whorl ; the colour olivaceous brown, dusky, greenish, yellow, orange, plain, banded, or chequered; the inside dusky, purple, pink, yellow, or white. Length eight or nine-twelfths of an inch, breadth six or seven. Very abundant on the rocky coasts, generally among fuci, between the tide-marks: Stonehaven, Aberdeen, Collieston, Peterhead, Gamrie, Banff, Portsoy. Turbo neritoides. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1232.—Nerita littoralis. Linn. Syst. Nat. ]258.—Nerita littoralis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 141. Pl. 87. f. 143; Ed. n. 346. Pl. 90. f. 3.—-Turbo retusus. Lamk. Syst. vii. 48.—Turbo neritoides. Lamk. Syst. vii. 48.—Nerita littoralis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 3]8.—Littorina neritoides. Johnst. Berw. Trans. lil. 269. Genus 5. Turriveiua. Shell turrite, with the spire very elongated and taper- ing to a fine point, the whorls convex, longitudinally MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. [4] striate, the last not proportionally larger ; the aperture roundish, entire, the peristome incomplete behind, the outer lip very thin, and having a wide sinus, the pillar- lip thickened. The operculum roundish, horny. Animal very elongated, spiral; head furnished with a fringed veil, and a proboscis; tentacula long, slender, bearing the eyes at their base externally ; foot oblong. 1. Turritélla Térebra. Auger Turritella. Shell turrite, acuminate, with from fifteen to twenty mode- rately convex whorls, each with three longitudinal narrow ridges, several small raised lines, and curved transverse lines, the last whorl with an additional ridge, angulate, and flat- tened beneath; the aperture somewhat square; the colour whitish or reddish. Length two inches, breadth half an inch. _ It varies somewhat in form, but more in colour, individuals being pure white, others light reddish, and some reddish-white with transverse red bands on the whorls. In deep water off the coast; often brought up by the lines, and frequently cast on the beach: Stonehaven, Aberdeen, Peterhead, Banff, Macduff, Portsoy. . Turbo Terebra. Linn. Syst. Nat.i. 1239.—Turbo Terebra. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. Pl. 81. f. 113.—Turbo Terebra. Mont. Test. Brit. 293.—Turritella Terebra. Lamk. Syst. vii. 56.—Turritella Terebra. Flem. Brit. Anim. 302. Genus 6. Evtiima. Shell very elongated, turrite, regularly tapering, with the apex slender, mammilliform ; the whorls numerous, generally flat, distinctly separated by the suture; the aperture subovate, with the anterior end rounded, the posterior acute; the peristome incomplete behind. 1. Eulima elegantissima. Reticulated Eulima, Shell turriculate, very elongated, tapering; the turns sepa- rated by a narrow but rather deep suture, about twelve, flat, with transverse rounded ribs, and narrower intervening grooves, marked with about eight transverse deeply impressed lines ; the ridges direct from the base to the apex; the last turn with its anterior half plain, but spirally striated; the aperture sub- 142 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, ovate, anteriorly rounded, subangulate, narrowed behind; the peristome rather thick, reflexed on the columella for a-short space, leaving a slight groove. Length four-twelfths of an inch, breadth about a fourth of the length. First found by Mr. Davidson in the “Spring of 1842, adher- ing to an Actinia from deep water, off Aberdeen. Rather thick, dull white; said when recent to be glossy, with a brown epidermis. Turbo elegantissimus. Mont. Test. Brit. 298. Pl. 10. f. 2.—Tur- ritella elegantissima. Flem. Brit. Anim. 303. 2. Eulima nitidissima. Round-whorled Eulima. Shell very elongated-turrite, tapering to a somewhat obtuse point, of about nine very convex, smooth, glossy turns, sepa- rated by a distinct suture ; aperture subov ate, with the outer. lip thickened; the colour pale brown. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth a fourth of the height. Found by Miss Macgillivray in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. Turbo nitidissimus. Mont. Test. Brit. 299. Pl. 12. f. 1.—Turri- tella nitidissima. Flem. Brit. Anim. 304. 3. Eulima polita. Polished Eulima. Shell very elongated-turrite, slender, tapering to a fine point; of about ten almost quite flat, smooth, semitransparent, exquisitely glossy turns; the suture "scarcely perceptible ; the aperture oblongo-acuminate, being very narrow behind, the outer lip slightly thickened, the imner reflexed; the colour white. Length three- twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth of the length. Found plentifully by Miss Macgillivray and myself, among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842; one specimen curved. Helix polita. Mont. Test. Brit. 398.—Phasianella polita. Flem. Nat. 3612.— Turbo levis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. Pl. 29. uppermost figure ? —Eulima polita. Desh. Lamk. Syst. 2d. Ed. viii. 453. 4. Eulima subuldta. Banded Eulima. Shell very elongated-turrite, slender, tapering to a fine point; of about ten, flat, smooth, semitransparent, very glossy turns, which are very slightly concave toward the somewhat distinct but very slender suture ; the aperture oblong, very MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 143 narrow behind, the outer lip thin, the inner reflexed; the colour whitish, each turn with two submarginal faint brown bands. Length five-twelfths of an inch, breadth a fourth of the height. Very similar to Eulima polita, but larger, stronger, and pro- portionally broader at the base. Not uncommon in shell sand, from Cruden Bay. Turbo subulatus. Donoy. Brit. Sh. Pl. 162.—Helix subulata. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 142.—Phasianella subulata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 301.—Eulima subulata. Desh. Lamk. Syst. Ed. 2. viii. 455. Genus 7. Lacuna. Turton. Animal with the body elongated, spiral; mouth pro- boscidiform, with two thick lips, and a spiral filiform tongue; two slender contractile tentacula, bearing the eyes on small pedicels near their base ; foot oval, broader behind ; operculum horny, spirally marked. Shell ovato-conical, or subglobose, thin, with a deli- cate horny epidermis, the spire short, the whorls convex, rapidly enlarging, the last ventricose ; the apex rather obtuse ; the aperture oval or roundish, the peristome in- complete behind; the columella flattened, and forming within the peristome an elongated groove continued from the umbilicus. Nearly allied to Littorina and Phasianella, this genus may at once be known by the groove from the um- bilicus, bounded internally by the decurved margin of the pillar. 1. Lacuna vincta. Variable Lacuna. Shell ovato-conical, thin, semitransparent, with a delicate epidermis; the spire rather obtuse ; the whorls five, well sepa- rated by the suture, moderately convex, glossy, obsoletely striate transversely, with minute undulate longitudinal striule ; the mouth roundish-ovate ; the outer lip united nearly at a right angle, very thin, the inner forming with the columella a large obsoletely striate canal continuous with the pillar-cavity; the colour various, generally whitish, or greenish-blue, with four reddish-brown or chestnut bands on the last whorl, two of them entering the mouth, two only appearing on the next turn, and the apical turns uniform brown, more glossy, and 144 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, without longitudinal striule, the pillar-groove white. Length five-twelfths of an inch, breadth three-twelfths. It varies much in colour, and considerably in form, and thickness. Sometimes it is of a uniform yellowish-grey ; rarely reddish-grey or rose-colour; often with one broad purplish- brown band, or with two broad brown, and two narrow white bands; or with three brown and four white bands. It has accordingly been made into several species by authors. ‘In all,” as Dr. Johnston remarks, “the body whorl is obscurely angulated near the base, and at the suture, which is made more obvious by a whitish band winding up the spire.” According to the same accurate observer, ‘‘The snail is of a pale flesh-colour, the proboscidiform mouth reddish-orange, the sides, and sometimes the head, dusky or black; tentacula setaceous, contractile, the eyes on short pedicles at their base ; foot oval, rounded at both ends, widest behind, the anterior end capable of being extended considerably beyond the head, the margins plain, but there are two very short filaments between the hinder part and operculum. It swims on the surface in a reversed position, and it frequently leaves the water to settle on the surface of fuci exposed to the atmosphere.”’ On Fuci, near low-water mark, on the Kincardineshire coast. On the Pier-head at Aberdeen. Abundantly on the sandy beach between the Dee and the Ythan ; where it is often found alive on alge; found also on the coast frum Cruden to St. Fergus, by Mr. Alex. Murray. The prineipal varieties that occur with us are :— A. ZL. varidbilis quadrifascidta, as described above. Turbo quadrifasciatus and vinctus. Mont. Test. Brit. 308. Turbo quadrifasciatus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 299,—Lacuna quadri- fasciata. Turt. Zool. Journ. iii. 192.—Lacuna vincta. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 270. B. L. varidbilis bifascidta. Two-banded. Shell broadly ovato-conical, of four rapidly enlarging convex, thin, pellucid whorls, which are faintly striated transversely, and obscurely marked with undulated longitudinal striule ; the last turn very large, with two broad brown and two narrow white bands, of which the two upper appear on the next turn; the mouth round, with the peristome thin and white; a deep broad groove from the umbilicus margined by the slightly re- flected columellar margin. Length two-twelfths of an mch, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 145 breadth about a fourth less. Broader in proportion to its length than the last variety, and with the turns less convex. Found by me, in August, 1842, among shell sand, on the beach, between the Dee and the Don; and in September on Alge, alive. Phasianella bifasciata. Brown, Illustr. Pl. 46. f. 44, 45. C. L. variabilis unicélor. One-coloured. Shell ovate, the last turn generally thick, sometimes thin, and of a reddish or yellowish-grey or brown tint. Turbo canalis. Mont. Test. Brit. 309. Pl. 12. f. 11. 2. Lacina fascidta. Banded Round Lacuna. Shell subglobose, broader than long, with the spire depressed, of three very thin, transparent, rapidly enlarging volutions, which are glossy, faintly striated transversely, distinctly sepa- rated by a rather deep suture; the last turn extremely large, with four white and three reddish-brown bands, the middle brown band broader, and sometimes separated into two by a pale line ; the mouth roundish, with the peristome thin and whitish ; a deep and wide groove from the umbilicus, margined by the slightly reflexed columellar margin. Very similar in texture and colouring to Lacuna vincta or quadrifasciata, but differing entirely in its form, which resem- bles that of Helix aspersa. Adams, Linn. Trans. v. Pl. 1. f. 20, 21.—Helix fasciata. Mont. Test. Brit. 446.—Phasianella fasciata. Brown, Brit. Sh. Pl. 46. f. 54. 3. Lacina pallidula. Pallid Lacuna. Shell semiovato-globose, subconical, thin, subdiaphanous, of four whorls, with the spire very short, the suture distinct and having the margin of the turns sloping toward it, the last whorl disproportionately dilated, convex, smooth, glossy, somewhat striated transversely ; the mouth roundish-ovate, the peristome thin, the inner lip extended somewhat in the manner of a Nerita, but forming behind a wide groove continuous with the large pillar-cavity ; the colour yellowish-grey, olivaceous, or pale yellowish-brown, the columellar space white. Length two-twelfths and a-half, breadth three-twelfths. This shell has a remarkably close resemblance to Velutina striata in its form. Found by me, in August, 1842, on the sands at Aberdeen ; in September by Mr. Alexander Murray, on the beach of St. N 146 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. Fergus; and in October by me, in abundance on fuci on the rocky coast of Kincardineshire. Nerita pallidula. Mont. Test. Brit. 468.—Nerita pallidula. Flem. Brit. Anim. 320.—Lacuna pallidula. Turton, Zool. Journ. iii. 190. -—Lacuna pallidula. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 270. 4. Lactna sulcdta. Glossy Lacuna. Shell subglobose, broader than long, rather thin, semitrans- parent, of three-and-a-half rapidly increasing, convex whorls ; the spire very short, obtuse, the suture moderately distinct, the last whorl very large, glossy, smooth, but with oblique growth- lines at intervals; the mouth circular, when considered as bounded on the left by the ridge margining the broad concave striated pillar groove, or semicircular if the nearly straight margin of the columella be taken as its limit ; the colour grey- ish-white, with a slight tinge of red near the outer lip. Dia- meter nearly a twelfth and a-half. The specimen described is considerably worn, and damaged in the outer lip. It was found by me in shell sand, on the beach between the Dee and the Don. ‘This species approaches to Natica, as much as the last to Sigaretus or Velutina. Nerita sulcata. Turt. Conch. Dict. 124. f. 56, 57.—Natica sul- cata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 320.—Nerita glabrissimus! Brown, Wern. Mem. ii. 532. Pl. 24. f. 12. Genus 8. Russoa. Animal elongated, spiral; with the head proboscidi- form, the mouth somewhat prolonged; the tentacula subulate, with the eyes on a small prominence near their base externally ; the foot oval or elliptical. Shell conical, with the spire elongated, the apex mam- milliform; the whorls generally convex, the suture dis- tinct; the aperture roundish, ovate, or pyrate, with the anterior end rounded, the posterior acute, the peristome complete. Operculum roundish, oval or pyrate, spirally marked, thin and horny. The species are all diminutive, the largest of those occurring on our coasts not exceeding a third of an inch in length, and the smallest being scarcely a twenty- fourth. They are phytophagous, and reside among fuci, in clefts of rocks, on stones, or on mud or sand; MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 147 and in their habits resemble the Littorine. Most of them may be found on the sandy beaches, along the line of the last tide, or among shell sand. Rissoa is closely allied to Littorina, Melania, Phasianel- la, Eulima, Odostomia, and several other genera. The genus, as M. Deshayes remarks, was first ‘instituted by M. de Freminville for some small shells observed by M. Risso, a distinguished naturalist of Nice, and described in 1814 by M. Desmarest in the New Bulletin of the Philomathic Society.” Dr. Fleming, in 1828, proposed the genus Cingula for the same shells, in his History of British Animals. In the second edition of Lamarck, M. Deshayes defines the genus and describes forty-four species. But in these works there are placed in the genus some species which do not belong to it, while some of its proper species are referred to other genera. Those admitted here will, I think, be found to agree with the above generic character. 1. Rissoa tlve. Salt-Marsh Rissoa. Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thick, opaque, somewhat cor- neous; the spire elongated, tapering to a small but bluntish point; the whorls seven, flattened, transversely obscurely ru- goso-striate ; the last turn always more or less angulate; the suture distinct; the aperture ovate, acute behind, the peristome thin, slightly reflected on the columellar side, leaving a narrowed space between it and the whorl, and but partially concealing the umbilicus; the exterior brown, olivaceous, or yellowish, often crusted or corroded; the interior whitish. Length four- twelfths of an inch, breadth a twelfth and a-half. Animal with the head, tentacula, and collar black; the mouth proboscidiform ; the tentacula tapering, with the eyes near their base externally; the foot subelliptical, yellowish- rey. : Th great profusion, along with Littorina tenebrosa, in a small salt-marsh, near Newburgh, on the Estuary of the Ythan, . where I first met with it in July, 1841. Turbo ulve. Mont. Test. Brit. 318.—Cingula ulve. Flem. Brit. Anim. 305.—Littorina ulve. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 270. 148 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. There is confusion among the references to this species even in the most recent works. The species above described is very certainly that of Montagu and Fleming; but Paludina muri- atica of Lamarck, and Cyclostoma acutum of Draparnaud, as well as Turbo ulve of Pennant, refer to quite a different animal. 2. Rissoa muridtica. Horn-coloured Rissoa. Shell oblongo-turrite, rather thin, transparent, somewhat corneous ; the spire elongated, tapering to a small but bluntish point; the whorls six, slightly convex, obscurely striated transversely, the last turn rounded, without an angle; the aperture ovate, acute behind, the peristome thin, considerably reflected on the columellar side, leaving a slight fissure, but concealing the umbilicus; the colour pale yellowish or green- ish-grey. Length about two-twelfths and a-half, breadth less than half the length. Several specimens found by me and my daughter Anne, in August, 1842, on the sands between the Dee and the Don. I have not however met with it alive in the district. Turbo ulve. Penn. Brit. Zool—Cyclostoma acutum. Drap. Moll. Terr. et. Fluv. 40. Pl. 1. f. 23.—Paludina muriatica. Lamk. Syst. vi. 2, 175; Ed. 2. viii, 463.—Paludina acuta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 315. 3. Rissoa ventricdsa. Ventricose Rissoa. Shell ovato-turrite, of five or six thin, pellucid, glossy, con- vex volutions, which are distinctly separated, and slightly rugoso-striate ; the aperture more than a third of the whele length, roundish-ovate, little narrowed behind, with the peri- stome thin, the outer lip semicircular, the inner raised, slightly reflexed, with an umbilical groove ; the colour light yellowish- brown. Length two-twelfths of an inch, breadth nearly half the height. Somewhat resembling Rissoa ulve at first sight, but easily distinguishable by its thinness, semitransparency, and rounded volutions. Found by me, in June, 1842, among shell sand, on the beach, near Don-Mouth. Turbo ventrosus. Mont. Test. Brit. 317. Pl. 12. f. 13.—Cingula yentricosa. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307.—Pyramis ventrosus. Brown, Illustr. PL. 51. f. 27, 59. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 149 6. Rissoa parva. Thick-lipped Ribbed Rissoa. Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, nearly opaque, glossy; the spire nearly half as long again as the last turn, directly taper- ing, rather obtuse ; the whorls six, rounded, with strong, con- vex, slightly waved, transverse ribs, but without spiral striz ; the ribs of the last whorl ten or twelve, not reaching the mouth; the suture distinct, the aperture roundish-ovate, the outer lip thickened externally by a broad convex rib, the inner a little reflexed, and leaving a groove behind, but no perforation ; the colour white, tinged with red, or reddish with the ribs white. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth nearly half the length. It varies in colour, number, and extent of the ribs. Among shell sand on the beach between the Dee and the Don; also in Cruden Bay, at Fraserburgh, and Gamrie. Turbo parvus. Mont. Test. Brit. 310.—Rissoa parva. Johnst. Berw. Trans. iii. 272.—Cingula parva. Flem. Brit. Anim. 306.— Turbo quinque anfractibus subcarinatis, apice purpureo, apertura ovali. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. 12. Pl. 2. f. 43. : 5. Rissoa alba. Thin-lipped Ribbed Rissoa. Shell ovato-turrite, rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; the spire nearly half as long again as the last turn, directly taper- ing, rather obtuse; the whorls six, rounded, with convex, slightly waved transverse short ribs, those of the last whorl from twelve to sixteen, not extending beyond the middle; the suture very distinct; the aperture roundish, the outer lip thin, the inner a little reflexed, and leaving a slight groove; the colour white, reddish, or pale brown, sometimes with brown bands. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth less than half the height. Nearly allied to Rissoa parva. It varies greatly in the ex- tent and number of the ribs. Among sand and shells sent by Mr. Alexander Murray from Fraserburgh, Cruden, and Ugie, in 1842; also on the beach at Aberdeen. Turbo albus. Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. Pl. 15. f. 17, 18.— Rissoa alba. Forbes, Mal. Mon. 16—Cingula alba. Flem. Brit. Anim. 309. 6. Rissoa semistridta. Semistriated Rissoa. Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, spirally striated, glossy ; the spire shorter than the last turn, directly tapering to a rather obtuse point; the whorls five, rather convex, the last sulcato- striated anteriorly ; the suture distinct ; the aperture roundish- N 2 150 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATS: ovate, the outer lip thin; the colour white, with two rows of red spots on the whorls, and a third on the last, or the spots of the two anterior rows of the last whorl united into one band. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth rather more than half the length. Distinguished from Rissoa interrupta by its broader form, spiral striz, and more convex whorls. Found by me among shell sand between the Dee and the Don. Turbo semistriatus. Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 136.—Cingula semistriata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 309.—Rissoa semistriatas Johnst. Berw. Tr. iii. 271. 7. Rissoa interripta. Spot-banded Rissoa. Shell ovato-conical, pellucid, smooth, glossy; the spire a little shorter than the last turn, directly tapering to an obtuse point; the whorls five flattish, the suture distinct; the aperture roundish or very broadly ovate, the outer lip rather thin; the colour white, with the apex purplish, a spiral series of reddish- brown oblong spots near the upper margin of each whorl, and a band on the last. Length one-eighth of an inch, breadth half the length. It varies in colour, being sometimes brown with a white spiral band. Common on the rocky coasts between tide-marks. Frequent among shell sand between the Dee and the Don; also in Cru- den Bay. Turbe interruptus. Mont. Test. Brit. 329. Pl. 20. f.8.—Cingula interrupta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 271.—Rissoa interrupta. Johnst. Berw. Tr. iii. 271. 8. Rissoa reticulaéta. Reticulated Rissoa. Shell ovato-turrite, rather thick, pellucid, white; of five rounded volutions, strongly reticulated with numerous lengi- tudinal and transverse ridges, the last turn with only spiral ridges anteriorly; the suture distinct; the aperture roundish, the outer lip thickened externally by a convex reticulated rib, the inner reflexed on the columella, leaving a small groove behind. Length nearly a twelfth of an inch, breadth rather more than half the length. When long dead the shell is thicker, opaque, and brownish or dull white ; or, among sand, thinner, more transparent, and hyaline-white. I have seen it transparent, yellowish, with the spiral ridges brown. First found by Miss Isabella Macgillivray, in October, 1842, MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 15] among corallines from rather deep water off Aberdeen ; afterwards by Mr. Alexander Murray at Fraserburgh. Turbo reticulatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 322. Suppl. Pl. 21. f. 1. —Cingula reticulata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 306.—Turbo subumbili- catus quatuor anfractibus reticulatus apertura subrotunda. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 2, f. 32. 9. Rissoa Pillus. Oval Banded Rissea. Shell ovato-turrite, of five thin, semitransparent, glossy, slightly convex turns; the last about as long as the spire ; the suture deep; the aperture ovato-retundate, rather acute be- hind ; the outer lip scarcely thickened, the peristome complete, a little reflexed on the left side, without umbilicus, but with a small groove; the colour yellowish-white, the last turn with a band of oblique elongated red spots toward the upper margin, and two bands of the same toward the end. ‘‘ Operculum re- markably strong, thick, testaceous, very convex, white and smooth externally, the inner part a little concave, with a small and singular spiral groove near one end.’’ Mont. Length a twelfth and a-half of an inch, breadth nearly half the length. it varies greatly in its markings, being pale red with dark red dines, or deep red spotted with white. Among shell sand from Stonehaven, Aberdeen, and Cruden. Turbo pullus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1233.—Turbo pullus. Mont. Test. Brit. 319.—Cingula pullus. Flem. Brit. Anim. 308. 10. Rissoa tristridta. Tristriated Rissoa. Shell broadly ovato-conical, of five thin, glossy, semitrans- parent, moderately convex turns, the last ventricose, and longer than the spire, of which the outline is convex, and the tip ra- ther obtuse ; the suture moderately impressed, but rendered conspicuous by a narrow rim bordering the turns behind, and accompanied by two smaller raised lines, and three striz ; the colour hyaline-whitish, with three series of square or rhombic red spots on the last turn; the aperture large, roundish-ovate, nearly half the entire length ; the peristome thin, incomplete behind. Length a twelfth of an inch, or more. This beautiful species scarcely belongs to the genus Rissoa, it not having the peristome complete. Several specimens found by me in shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in November, 1842. Rissoa tristriata. Thompson, Ann. of Nat. Hist. v. Pl. 2. f. 10. 152 MaLAcozoA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATAs 11. Rissoa truncdta. Blunt Rissoa. Shell oblong, subturrite, slowly tapering, but with an abruptly rounded tip; of five turns, which are transversely striato-sul- cate, longitudinally striulate, flattened, but. separated by a. deeply impressed suture; the aperture ovate, with the inner margin reflexed; the colour greyish-white. Length two- twelfths of an inch, breadth about a third of the length. Found by Miss Marion Macgillivray among shell sand, from the Bay of Cruden, sent by Mr. Alexander Murray, in Novem- ber, 1842. . Turbo truncatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 300. Pl. 10. f. 7.—Turritella truncata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 303.—Truncatella costulata. Risso, Europ. Merid. iv. 125. Pl. 4. f. 57. 12. Rissoa striata. Striated Rissoa. Shell oblongo-turrite, subcylindrical, rather thick, opaque, glossy ; the spire about half as long again as the last turn, convexly tapering, rather obtuse; the whorls six, rounded, spirally striate, with obsolete ribs at their upper margin, and separated by a deep suture; the aperture ovate, rather acute behind, the outer lip considerably thickened, the inner thin ; the colour of the exterior pale brown, reddish or yellowish- brown, often with two reddish irregular bands on the last turn ; the mouth brownish-purple; the peristome white. Length an eighth of an inch, breadth a third of the length. Abundant on the rocky coasts. Plentiful in shell sand, on all the beaches, where it is white, and when the reddish bands are present, they are often then more conspicuous. Found also among corallines from deep water off Aberdeen, by Miss Mac- gillivray. Turbo striatus. Adams, Linn. Trans. iii. 66. Pl. 13. f. 25, 26.— Turbo sex anfractibus reticulatis apertura ovali submarginata. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 2. f. 49.—Turbo striatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 312.—Cingula striata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307.— Rissoa striata. Johnst. Berw. Trans. ili. 271. 13. Rissoa gracilis. Slender Rissoa. Shell turrite, subcylindrical, of six thin, pellucid, glossy, moderately convex turns, distinctly separated by the rather deep suture; the mouth about a fourth of the whole length, ovate, oblique, a little narrowed behind, with the peristome complete, thickened externally on the outer lip, thinner and MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 153 direct on the inner, leaving a very small cavity ; the colour hyaline-white, the last turn brownish-red around the mouth. Length a twelfth and a fourth, breadth a fourth of the height. This shell is nearly allied to Rissoa rubra, which however differs in being less attenuated, with the mouth rounder. It resembles Rissoa striata in form, but is much more elongated, and, being destitute of markings, cannot be mistaken for that species. Found, in August, 1842, by Miss Anne Macgillivray, in shell sand on the beach between the mouths of the Dee and the Don. Famity [V.—TornarTe.ina. Shell spiral, ovate, oblong, or turrite, with the aperture oblique, ovate, oblong, or narrow, entire anteriorly, nar- rowed behind by the convexity of the last volution, the inner lip ending in an oblique plait on the columella. The structure of the animals of this group seems to be little known; but any shell belonging to it may be at once known by comparing it with the above definition. Genus 1. Opostromta. Shell ovato-conical, with the apex rather obtuse or mammillate, the aperture suboval, with the peristome incomplete behind, and having a tooth-like plait on the columella. This genus, instituted by Dr. Fleming, who named it by its most prominent character (odovs, a tooth, and saya, mouth), closely resembles Rissoa, and is composed of similarly minute shells, which are to be looked for on the sandy shores. Montagu, in describing Turbo spiralis, observes, ‘‘the pillar-lip turns inward and forms an apparent small denticle, which in fact is a plication or ridge, that runs spirally some way up the columella; a character in this and the three following species (Tur- bines interstinctus, unidentatus, and plicatus), not subject to vary like the denticulations in some other shells, but is the constant formation of the Columella, occasioned by the intortion of the pillar lip, as in the Voluta tor- natilis ; to which genus they become a sort of link.” 154 MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA- 1. Odostémia unidentdéta. One-toothed Odestomia. Shell ovate, of four or five moderately convex, rather thick, glossy turns, distinctly separated by the suture; the last turn ventricose, longer than the spire; the mouth ovate, acute be- hind, with the outer lip thin, the inner reflexed, and termi- nating in a thick tooth-like plait on the columella; the um- bilicus small; the colour white. Length two-thirds of a twelfth, breadth half the length. Found by me and Miss Anne Macgillivray, in August, 1842, among shell sand, on the beach, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don; Cruden Bay, Mr. Murray. Turbo unidentatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 324.—Jaminia unidentata. Brown, Pl. 50. f. 34, 35. 2. Odostémia plicdta. Oblong Odostomia. Shell ovato-oblong, subturrite, of five or six thin, glossy, transversely plicato-striate turns, which are distinctly separated, rather flat, but convex toward the suture; the mouth ovate, rather narrow, less than half the whole length, with the outer lip slightly thickened, the inner reflexed and ending in a distinct plait, expanded over the narrow umbilicus, from which proceeds a groove; the colour hyaline-white. Length rather more than a twelfth of an inch, breadth less than half the length. Resembles Odostomia interstincta, but differs in being longer, in having the pillar-lip reflexed, and the tooth-like plait large. Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don; Cruden Bay, Mr. Murray. Odostomia plicata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310.—Turbo plicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 37. Pl. 21. f. 2. 8. Odostémia scaldris. Scalar Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy, faintly striated, moderately convex turns, which are distinctly sepa- rated by the spirato-canaliculate suture, toward which the upper margin is suddenly inflexed; the mouth ovate, nearly half the whole length, with the peristome thin, the columellar lip rather inflexed, and terminating in a prominent plait on the columella; no umbilicus; the colour hyaline-white. Length two-thirds of a twelfth, breadth half the height. This species differs from all the others in having the pillar- lip aflexed, in wanting the umbilicus, and in the subscalar form of its spire. MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 193 Found by me, in August, 1842, among shell sand, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don. 4. Odostémid interstincta. Oval Ribbed Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns, which are distinctly separated, rather flat, finely plicato-costate transversely ; the mouth ovate, nearly half the whole length, with the peristome rather thick, the pillar-lip not reflexed, but ending in a very small tooth-like plait, and leaving exposed a ‘very narrow umbilical groove, the colour hyaline-white. Length three-fourths of a twelfth, breadth about half the height. Easily distinguished from Qdostomia spiralis by its more ovate form, and its want of spiral striz. Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don. Montagu’s figure of this species is too elongated, and that of Qdostomia spiralis too short. Turbo interstinctus. Mont. Test. Brit. 324. Pl. 12. f. 10.—Odo- stomia interstincta. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310. 5. Odostémia spiralis. Spiral Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns, which are distinctly separated, nearly flat, finely ribbed trans- versely, the last turn spirally. striated in its anterior half, the uppermost pair of striz deeper and running along the spiral suture, which thus appears ridged; the mouth widely ovate, a third of the whole length, with the peristome of uniform thickness, the pillar-lip not reflected, but ending in a small tooth-like plait, and leaving exposed the narrow umbilicus, from which a groove proceeds; the colour hyaline-white. Length one-twelfth of an inch, breadth nearly half the height. Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don; and, in September, alive from deep water off Aberdeen. Turbo spiralis. Mont. Test. Brit. 323. Pl. 12. f. 9.—Odostomia spiralis. Flem. Brit. Anim. 310.—Turbo longitudinaliter striatus quingue anfractibus, apertura subrotunda. Walker, Test. Min. Rar. Pl. 2. f. 46. 6. Odostémia semicostdta. Half-ribbed Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five thin, transparent, glossy turns, which are distinctly separated, rounded, with obsolete longitu- dinal striule, and distant, delicate, transverse ribs, on the 156 matacozOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATE. upper half of the last turn, which is ventricose on the right side; the aperture roundish-oval, obtuse behind, nearly half the whole length, with the peristome of uniform thickness, in- complete for a short space above, a little reflexed over the um- bilicus, and terminating in an inflexed fold, not rising so prominently as to form a tooth, and leaving a groove from the umbilicus. Length half a twelfth, breadth more than half the length. This species, although destitute of a tooth, has the general conformation of the genus. The peristome not being com- plete, it cannot be referred to Rissoa. It closely resembles Odostomia spiralis, but differs, as Montagu has remarked, in the volutions being more rounded, in the ribs being coarse, and in being destitute of the tooth-like plication on the co- lumella. The mouth is large, the spiral striz not forming a ridge along the suture. Found by me, in September, 1842, among shell sand, on the beach, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don. Turbo semicostatus. Mont. Test. Brit. 326. Pl. 1. f.5.—Pyramis semicostatus. Brown, Brit. Sh. Pl. 50. f. 1, 2.—Cingilla semicos- tata. Flem. Brit. Anim. 307. 7. Odostémia plicdtula. Plicatulate Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five rather thick, opaque, glossy turns, which are distinctly separated by a deep suture, flat, finely plicato-striate transversely, the last turn with the plicz ending about the middle, and succeeded by three or four spiral striz, the terminal part. of the turn plain; the mouth ovate, subangulate anteriorly, acute behind, less than half the whole length, with the peristome rather thin; a very slight plait on the columella; no umbilicus or groove. Length nearly half a twelfth, breadth about half the height. Similar in form to Odostomia interstincta, but differing in having the turns more flattened, the plice more numerous, the columellar plait smaller, and in having the spiral striz on the last turn. Found by me, in September, 1842, among shell sand, on the beach, near the Broadhill. 8. Odostémia Marione. Marion’s Odostomia. Shell ovato-conical, of five convex, thin, transparent, rather glossy turns, which are finely plicate transversely, and delicately striate spirally, the upper margin of each in the form of a plait- ed rib; the mouth ovate, nearly half the whole length, with MALACOZOA. GASTEROPODA. PECTINIBRANCUHIATA. 195 7 the peristome slightly thickened, not reflexed on the pillar, but ending in a very slight plait behind the umbilicus, which is very small; the colour hyaline-white. Length half a twelfth of an inch, breadth half the length. The peculiar markings of this species render it one of the most easily recognized of the genus. The tooth is so little ap- parent that, were not the peristome incomplete for a short space, it might be referred to the genus Rissoa, to which it forms the transition. I have named it after one of my daugh- ters, Marion, who has greatly aided me in collecting the Mol- lusca of the district, and evinced the greatest pleasure in find- ing anything that could be useful to me. Found by me, in August, 1842, in shell sand, between the mouths of the Dee and the Don. 9. Odostémia Anne.