*

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

Ex Libris

Katharine F. Richmond

and Henry C. Fall

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ICHABOH (500DWI.V

HISTORY

OF

NEW HAMPSHIRE

BY

EVERETT S. STACKPOLE

Author of "Old Kittery and Her Families," "History of Durham, N. H.," etc.

VOLUME IV

THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEW YORK

F

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. The Crisis 3

II. New Hampshire Regiments in the Civil War 15

III. Miscellaneous Organizations 45

IV. Native Sons of New Hampshire in the Civil War 57

V. Civil Affairs During the Rebellion 77

VI. After the War 99

VII. Political Affairs till 1884 121

VIII. Literature 141

IX. Arts and Sciences 167

X. Jurists 183

XI. In the Newspaper World 197

XII. Other Prominent Men 213

XIII. The Churches of the Nineteenth Century 229

XIV. Temperance Reform 251

XV. The Capital 261

XVI. The Vacation State 303

XVII. The New Hampshire of the Future 315

Appendix A — Gleanings from Court Files 333

Appendix B — The Present Constitution of New Hampshire 345

Index of Subjects and Places 367

index of Names 37O

Chapter I THE CRISIS

Chapter I THE CRISIS

Magnitude of the Civil War — Slavery Its Principal Cause — The Republican Party Wins the Election — The Moral Forces of the North United — New Hampshire ably Represented in Congress — Gov. Ichabod Goodwin — Slavery Condemned by Governor and Legislature — Fall of Fort Sumter — Call for 75,000 Soldiers — Emergency Fund — Recruiting Stations — Col. Joseph C. Abbott — Secretary Thomas L. Tullock.

T OOKING back over the past from our present point of view, -•— ' in the midst of the European war, the conflict waged between North and South in the early sixties does not loom so greatly in memory as it did then in excited imagination. At the beginning it was thought by both parties to the strife that it would be an affair of three months or so, and soldiers enlisted for that short term of service. Before a year had past the nation realized that Greek had met Greek, that Anglo-Saxon was in the death struggle with Anglo-Saxon, and that neither would yield till strength was all gone. Then it was called the greatest war that was ever fought, considering the length of the battle line, from Virginia to Texas, the number of troops engaged, the frightful losses, and the dura- tion of the fight. In the northern army there were enrolled 2,688,523 men, of which number a million and a half were in actual battle. Those who fell upon the battlefield numbered 56,000. while 35,000 more died of wounds in hospitals and 184,000 more died of disease and perished in rebel prisons, making a total of 300,000 wiho sacrificed their lives to preserve the Union. Those statistics once overwhelmed the imagination. The cost in money ran up into the billions and made the promises to pay of the United States worth only about a third of their face value.

It was a great war in the imagination of the North. Its carnage and devastation were realized only where the battles went on. The people of New Hampshire in common with most northern states read newspaper reports and then tried in fancy to picture the scenes. It was impossible to do so fully. Life went on in the same old rounds of gaiety and hustling business. Times were

3

4 NEW HAMPSHIRE

good ; the price of labor went higher; many got rich in manufactur- ing munitions and supplies ; the pinch of poverty was not felt ; the destruction of property was not seen. About the only forcible reminder that we were engaged in a terrible war came with the news that some relative or acquaintance had been killed, wounded, or sent to a southern prison ; yet even then the community scarcely interrupted its dance and amusement. We were always expecting and determined to win.

Since then we have read of greater battles, with more powerful engines of destruction, with sickening heaps of slain and mutilated, with destruction of cities and vast extent of territory. Three million lives are sacrificed in a single year. Great armies are wiped out in a single battle. Beastly atrocities are heralded around the world, and we say that it is a great and terrible war, greater numerically, financially, and in casualties than our Civil War. Imagination fails to paint the present picture along side of the scenes held in memory. Both are hazy and indistinct to the non- combatants afar off.

The greatness of an event or series of events is measured by the outcome. The American Revolution and the Civil War were great conflicts; the War of 1812 and the Spanish-American War were small affairs that ought never to have been and that accom- plished but little. In the former cases the issues involved were the creation and the preservation of a free nation. The moral victories gained make those wars to bulk large in history. There was some- thing worth fighting and dying for; the gain outbalanced the sacrifice. Even now the destinies of many nations, the freedom of the masses, a Christian civilization are being weighed in the balance, and the war is therefore great ; terrible yet magnificent ; wicked yet holy ; frightful yet the harbinger of a greater and more enduring peace. By pains and penalties mankind learn their lessons. There seems to be no path to progress except through loss and suffering. We have not yet tamed the beasts of greed, selfish ambition, love of conquest and delight in killing. When will the nations learn war no more? Not till freedom is the acknowledged right of all and love sways the counsels of statesmen.

Slaveholders had threatened the war and abolitionists had fore- told it. Compromise after compromise had been made to avoid it, the North always yielding something to the demands of the South.

A HISTORY 5

The southerners said they were contending for State Rights ; the people of the North said they were fighting to preserve the Union. All the time the real bone of contention was, whether slavery should be extended or restricted, whether it should be perpetuated or in some way cease to be throughout the nation. It became more and more apparent that slave states could not exist along side of free states in peace and harmony ; their peculiar interests were con- tinually in conflict. It was an economic as well as a moral question. The dominant race in the South was prosperous because of slavery ; they thought that their plantations could not be made profitable without slaves. The North was prosperous through the manufac- tories by reason of free labor, and skilled workmen could be obtained only from the ranks of freemen. Manual labor under the direction of educated brains was an honor in the North ; it was unknown in the South, where to work with the hands was menial service. The habit and air of command, to which the whites of the South were accustomed, affronted the free spirit of the North. Angry words often resounded in the halls of congress, and senators came to blows and duels. Meanwhile, the Abolitionists, the Free Soilers, the Liberty Party, the Republicans were becoming more numerous in the North, whittling down Democratic majorities and uniting the friends of human liberty.

The triumph of the Republican party, with Lincoln and Ham- lin at its head, brought the nation to its great crisis. Of three hundred and three electoral votes they received one hundred and eighty, while Breckenridge and Lane, the leaders of the southern party, had seventy-two votes ; Bell and Everett, thirty-nine votes ; and Douglas and Johnson only twelve votes. Great was the political excitement at the time of the election. The great debates between Lincoln and Douglas had set everybody thinking and talking. Men voted ominously; they foresaw the effects of their ballots. About the four party tickets clustered the timid and the bold, the compro- misers and the resolute. All through the North voters were com- pelled by public opinion to take sides, to fling out their colors. The Democratic party began to divide into sympathizers with the South and War-Democrats. The former soon came to be called "Copper- heads," and some of them endured the hatred and molestation that had been heartily accorded to the tories in the time of the Revolu- tion. Then the word Democrat throughout the North became a

6 NEW HAMPSHIRE

term of reproach, since the War-Democrats soon became Repub- licans, after the fighting began. Nearly all were Republicans who stood for the Union and human liberty. The moral forces of the North were at last united. Once more the pulpits spoke out with prophetic vigor. The abolitionists began to see the fulfillment of their dreams. Whittier sent forth Massachusetts' challenge to Virginia. Julia Ward Howe published the Battle-Hymn of the Republic. The air was full of martial music and songs of Liberty and Union forever. A great and terrible war had begun, but it was also a glorious and triumphant war. It was no retrograde movement toward the dark ages ; it was rather a sweeping advance toward the light of the millenium. The moral element that entered so powerfully into the conflict is what united the North and made ultimate victory sure. The soul of John Brown was marching on. New Hampshire was ably and loyally represented by its political leaders. In the United States senate were John P. Hale and Daniel Clark, supported by other natives of the Granite State, such as William Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, Henry Wilson, James W. Grimes and Zachariah Chandler. In the lower branch of congress were Harry Hibbard, George W. Morrison, Aaron H. Cragin, Mason W. Tappan and Gilman Marston. No State was more ably represented in congress. In the executive chair of the State sat Governor Ichabod Goodwin. He was elected in 1859 as a Republican by a vote of 36,326, about four thousand more than his Democratic competitor, Asa P. Cate, had. The following year Governor Goodwin was re-elected by a slightly increased majority over the same opposing candidate. He was the oldest son of Samuel and Nancy (Gerrish) Goodwin, born at North Berwick, Maine, October 10, 1796. With an education received at South Berwick Academy he entered the counting-house of Samuel Lord of Portsmouth, who was related by marriage. Soon he was super- cargo and then master as well of a vessel, and in maritime business he continued for ten years. In 1832 he established himself as a merchant in Portsmouth, and business prosperity attended him. He was president of two railroads for twenty-four years, and also of the First National Bank. As a Whig he served in the lower branch of the State legislature six terms between 1838 and 1856, and was the last candidate of the Whig party for governor receiving only about two thousand votes. He died in Portsmouth, July 4, 1882.

A HISTORY 7

His youngest daughter, Susan Boardman, married Admiral Devvey. The position of New Hampshire as affected by the main politi- cal issue before the nation is well set forth in the first message of Governor Goodwin :

New Hampshire is an integral part of the nation ; one of the original thirteen of this now multiplied confederacy of independent States. She adheres, she always has adhered, and she always will adhere to the Union and the Constitution. She does not stop to calculate their value ; for her that problem is already and forever solved ; that question finally adjudicated. She says, they shall be preserved. I believe I speak the sentiment of the great mass of her people, when I say that New Hampshire knows no patriotism that is bounded by State lines or sectional limits. All such pretended patriotism, whether appearing in New England or in Carolina, she repudiates us at once factious, and endangering the permanency of our republic. Whatever State, or section, or party, in this country adopts the doctrine of nullification, or the scheme of disunion, does by that very act acknowledge its inherent weakness and the utter hopelessness of its political aims.

But while New Hampshire cheerfully recognizes the rights of all other States, she will firmly maintain her own ; while she will never encroach upon the rights of the South, she will be the last to surrender those of the North ; while she will never meddle with the domestic institutions of her sister States, she is bound to prevent the extension of the curse of slavery, as of any other great political and social evil, over territory now free, belonging to and under the control of the United States ; bound by the broadest and highest patriotism, by her very attachment to the Consti- tution and the Union, to prevent it ; bound to prevent it by all the power and influence she has under the Constitution, in controlling the legislation of Congress and the administration of the federal government.

This part of the governor's message called forth a joint resolu- tion from the legislature, that is a distinct advance upon anything previously declared on the subject of slavery by the government of New Hampshire. They said that the institution of domestic slavery "violates the first principles of justice; is a fruitful source of domestic discord and an element of national weakness, trampling under foot not only the rights of the slave, but endangering the liberties of freemen; that it as anti-Republican, at war with the interests of free labor, upon which the growth, development and prosperity of our country mainly depends." They then condemn the decision of the United States supreme court in the Dred Scott case ; "the people of New Hampshire reject and abhor the doctrine therein contained, that the Constitution authorizes man to hold

8 NEW HAMPSHIRE

property in man." Any action on the part of government or people, conniving at the horrid and inhuman slave traffic would justly subject the government and citizens of the United States "to the reproach and execration of all civilized and Christian people." The administration of President Buchanan and of his predeces- sor in office came in for their proper share of disapproval as "tending to a centralized despotism."

The message of Governor Goodwin in 1860 only reiterates in a few lines the position taken the preceding year, and national affairs provoked no action by the legislature. But near the end of his administration came a turn in national events that was feared, if not expected. On the fourteenth of April, 1861, it being a Sunday, Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, com- manded by Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after a bombard- ment from shore batteries and Fort Moultrie for two days. There were but seventy men in the fort; fifty cannon were riddling its walls ; and provisions were exhausted. The news flew throughout the nation, accompanied by President Lincoln's proclamation, made on the following day, calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve three months. The quota asked of New Hampshire was one regiment of seven hundred and eighty men. At the same time congress was asked to convene on the fourth day of the following July. The proclamation shows how little were known the plans and determination of the southern leaders. It was thought that a mere handful of raw militia would overawe the secessionists and that there would be no war. The North responded as the patriots of the Revolution answered the call of Lexington. In two days after the proclamation four hundred Pennsylvania troops had marched to Washington. The next day the sixth Massachusetts' regiment marched through Baltimore, and again the North was thrilled and aroused (by the attack of an armed mob, wherein some on both sides were slain. In this attack was killed Luther Crawford Ladcl, who was born in Alexandria, New Hampshire, December 22, 1843. The news received of the fall of Fort Sumter reached New Hamp- shire while people were engaged in public worship. The next day mass meetings were held and recruiting offices were opened immedi- ately. Volunteers poured in from all ranks of society to the number of over two thousand. The militia system of New Hampshire had fallen into decay, and nothing remained of it except a few volun-

A HISTORY 9

tary companies and the "Governor's Horse Guards," a regiment of cavalry organized in 1860 more for show than for service, whose only duty was to dress in gay uniforms and escort the governor on public occasions. Joseph C. Abbott was then Adjutant-General and he issued enlistment papers for twenty-eight places, calling for volunteers between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. They were uniformed, armed and equipped at the expense of the State, and their pay was to be the same as of men of corresponding rank in the army of the United States, eleven dollars per month for privates. No money had been voted for such an emergency. Banks and private citizens became surety to the governor to the amount of $680,000. Of this amount only $100,000 were needed to organize, equip and dispatch two regiments to Washington. When the legis- lature convened in June, the expense was readily assumed by the State, not, however, without opposition on the part of the Demo- crats led by Harry Bingham. His recorded protest was signed by ninety-one members of the House.1 They could not, or would not, see that the pressing emergency admitted no delay and demanded unusual action. They saw instead, or affected to see, a dangerous precedent. The Governor and his Council were assuming despotic power. They were spending the money of the State without due authorization. They had not given a sufficient account of "the nature, extent, validity and equity" of expenditures for raising and equipping troops. The power that belonged constitutionally to the representatives of the people had been taken from them and sur- rendered to the executive branch of the government, whose action was in a measure sealed from the eyes of the people. Who knows for what purpose the money had been, or will be, expended? Per- haps the war may be waged for "conquest, subjugation, national consolidation, and the extinguishment of State sovereignties," to which the protestants were unalterably opposed. The bill, in their judgment, contained "loose, irresponsible and extravagant" provi- sions. The Democratic party had always advocated the maintenance of the Union and desired still to prevent disruption, but this bill might mean "the desolation of Southern homes, the overthrow of Southern institutions, and the destruction of our own race there." The protest contains many good words and phrases, with a profes- sion of loyalty and patriotism, but it was a partisan measure, to

1 Journal of the House, 1861, pp. 205-9.

IO

NEW HAMPSHIRE

oppose the Republicans, to put obstacles in the way of crushing the rebellion, and to extend to the South aid and sympathy. The only conclusion south of Mason and Dixon's line would naturally be, that the North was divided into opposing factions. No such protest to Southern action could have been permitted there. The action of Governor Goodwin was quite in contrast with that of the governors of Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland and Delaware, who responded to President Lincoln's call with decided opposition or evasion and delay.

Between the i/th and the 3Oth of April the advance guard was mustered at "Camp Union" in Concord, upon the fair-grounds of the Merrimack County Agricultural Society. A list of the recruiting stations, with the men in charge and the number of enlistments, is of special interest and worthy of perpetual record :

No. of Men 223 62 10

37 230

135 40

12 62 60

81 23 53 75 56 13 130 35 43 73 18

53 77 78 77 77 77 94 2004

Towns	Enlisting Officers
Concord	E. E. Sturtevant
Salem	J. D. Drew
Bradford	M. W. Tappan
Portsmouth	W. O. Sides
Dover	G. W. Colbath
Manchester	J. L. Kelley
Newport	L. McL. Barton
New London	A. J. Sargent
Lancaster	I. S. M. Gove
Laconia	W. H. Wyman
Claremont	W. P. Austin
Con way	Joshua Chapman
Hampton	C. F. Dunbar
Peterborough	E. Weston
Littleton	W. H. Rowtll
Plymouth	J. H. Thompson
Keene	H. C. Handerson
West Lebanon	F. Comings
Contoocookville	J. N. Patterson
Nashua	J. O. Greenleaf
North Stratford	S. E. Chase
Exeter	C. H. Bell
Niagara Company	A. S. Edgerly
Abbott Guards	W. H. D. Cochrane
Cheshire Light Guards	T. A. Barker
Mechanics' Phalanx	J. N. Bruce
Granite State Guards	Ichabod Pearl
Mil ford Company	George Gillis
Whole	number

A HISTORY ii

So many volunteers offered themselves that it was thought best to organize two regiments of seven hundred and eighty officers and men each. Therefore some of the companies and squads that came into Concord from various parts of the State were sent to Portsmouth for the purpose of guarding Fort Constitution, whose defense was considered of very great importance for the protection of Portsmouth harbor and the seacoast. Perhaps the reason why only thirty-seven men are reported from Portsmouth in the list given above is that the need of all the men they could get was felt at home. Brigadier-General George Stark, of Nashua, was sent to take charge of the enlisted men at that city and to organize the second regiment. The camp at Portsmouth was called "Camp Con- stitution." Soon orders were received from the War Department at Washington to organize a second regiment of ten hundred and forty-six officers and men, enlisted for three years or for the war. Of the men who had already enlisted for three months, four hundred and ninety-six at once re-enlisted for three years, or during the war. They were allowed furloughs of from three to six days, to enable them to make arrangements for so long an absence from home. Before the end of May other enlistments were enough to make up the prescribed number for the second regiment. They came principally from the southern half of the State. All expected that there would be no actual fighting, and that they would soon return to their homes. After a month of drill in Concord the first regiment took train, May 25, 1861, and proceeded to Washington.

The man who did much to organize the first volunteers was Joseph C. Abbott. He was the son of Aaron Abbott, whose ances- tor was among the very first settlers of Concord, and was born there July 15, 1825. After graduating at Phillips Academy, An- dover, he studied law at Concord and was admitted to the bar in 1852. For a time he edited the Daily American, of Manchester, and the New Hampshire Statesman, of Concord. In 1859 he became one of the editors and proprietors of the Boston Atlas and Bee. In politics he was affiliated with the Whig and with the American parties. He served on the commission for adjusting the boundary between New Hampshire and Canada. In 1856 he was appointed adjutant-general of the State militia and held that office at the outbreak of the Civil War. He drafted a law which re-organized the militia. He was commissioned Lieut. -Colonel and later Colonel

12 NEW HAMPSHIRE

of the seventh New Hampshire regiment, which he organized. After one year of service he was 'brevetted brigadier-general and given command of a brigade. After the war he removed to Wil- mington, North Carolina, where with others he purchased timber- land and engaged in business. He was a member of the North Carolina constitutional convention, a member of the state legislature and served as United States senator, 1868-71, to fill out an unex- pired term. He was appointed a port collector by President Grant and inspector of ports by President Hayes. He died in Wilmington, North Carolina, October 8, 1882, respected as a man of ability and noble character, acting his part well in the varied positions that he filled.

Another man who aided Governor Goodwin greatly in getting the first volunteers equipped was Thomas L. Tullock, Secretary of State at that time. He was born in Portsmouth, February n, 1820. For four years he was postmaster of that city. After serving three years as Secretary of State, 1858-61, he was appointed navy agent, to purchase material for the construction of ships of war at the navy yard in Portsmouth harbor, where several thousand workmen were employed, a score of vessels were built for the United States navy, and as many more refitted. Among them was the Kearsage, that sank the Alabama. The number of workmen at the navy yard in 1861 had been reduced to one hundred; before the year ended it was increased to eighteen hundred.

Mr. Tullock later became collector of internal revenue for the District of Columbia and postmaster of Washington. He died June 20, 1883. He was "instrumental in forming the nucleus of the very perfect collection of portraits of governors and statesmen which adorn the State House" at Concord.

Chapter II

NEW HAMPSHIRE REGIMENTS IN THE CIVIL WAR

Chapter II

NEW HAMPSHIRE REGIMENTS IN THE CIVIL WAR

The First Regiment — Officers and Promotions — Return of the Regiment — Raid on the Office of the Democratic Standard — Rendezvous of the Second Regiment at Camp Constitution, Portsmouth — Col. Oilman Marston — Col. Edward L. Bailey — Battles and Losses of this Regi- ment— Harriet P. Dame, the Army Nurse — Third Regiment — Col. Enoch Q. Fellows — Col. John H. Jackson — Gen. John Bedel — The Regiment Engaged in Thirty Battles — Fourth Regiment Recruited at Manchester — Col. Thomas J. Whipple — Col. Louis Bell — Losses of the Regiment — Prominent Officers of the Fourth — The "Fighting Fifth" — Col. Edward E. Cross — Major Edward E. Sturtevant — Col. Charles E. Hapgood — Gen. George W. Ballock— The Sixth at Keene— Col. Phin P. Bixby— Lt.-Col. Henry H. Pearson — The Seventh at Manchester — Col. Haldi- mand S. Putnam — Lt.-Col. Thomas A. Henderson — Major Daniel Smith — Camp Currier at Manchester — Hawkes Fearing, Colonel of the Eighth —Lt.-Col. Oliver W. Lull— The Ninth at Concord— Col. Herbert B. Titus — Lt.-Col. George H. Chandler — Col. John H. Babbitt — Fortunes of the Tenth— Gen. Michael T. Donahoe— Irish in the Civil War- Co!. Walter Harriman of the Eleventh — Lt.-Col. Moses N. Collins — Major Evarts W. Farr — Losses of the Twelfth — Col. Joseph H. Potter — Col. Aaron F. Stevens of the Thirteenth — Col. Robert Wilson of the Fourteenth — Col. John W. Kingman of the Fifteenth — Rev. James Pike, Colonel of the Sixteenth — Col. Henry O. Kent of the Seventeenth —The Eighteenth and Col. Charles H. Bell.

THE first regiment, as has been said, was enlisted for three months and gathered at "Camp Union," Concord. No boun- ties were then offered, though this inducement had to be offered later to persuade men to enlist. The colonel of the regiment was Mason W. Tappan, the lieutenant-colonel was Thomas J. Whipple of La- conia, and the major was Aaron F. Stevens of Nashua. Colonel Tappan served as representative to congress and was offered the command of the fourth regiment, but refused it. See sketch of him in the chapter on Congressmen.

The journey of the regiment to Washington was one continued ovation. Crowds assembled at the railroad stations along the route to cheer them on. At Worcester a banquet was served; at New York a silk flag was presented by natives of New Hampshire living

15

i6 NEW HAMPSHIRE

in that city, and patriotic speeches were made. The flag was paid for by small subscriptions. Accompanying the troops were one hundred and sixteen horses, sixteen baggage wagons, containing tents and provisions for thirty days, and one hospital wagon. Six- teen nurses were in attendance, who dined at the Astor House. The regiment marched through the streets of Baltimore, headed by the Manchester Cornet Band playing "Yankee Doodle," and they received no molestation other than derisive remarks, mingled with some cheers and waving of the stars and stripes. One riot was enough for Baltimore. The regiment arrived at Washington May 28th, passed up Pennsylvania Avenue and by the White House. The historian says that President Lincoln sent a message to Colonel Tappan that his was the best appointed regiment that had come to Washington, and doubtless some similarly pleasing message was sent to every regiment that was reviewed. The Presi- dent knew a good thing when he saw it, and he could see it in every regiment that arrived. In fact nothing else looked so good to him at that perilous time, when the rebels were planning to capture the capitol, if possible.

The regiment encamped about two miles from the city and remained there till June tenth, when they joined a brigade com- manded by Colonel Charles P. Stone and marched to Rockville, distant nineteen miles. Some were overcome by heat on the march and were helped along by wagons and the horses of officers who dismounted for the relief of the exhausted. Their march was thereafter on the northerly side of the Potomac to Harper's Ferry, where they crossed into Virginia and made a circuit of Charles- town, Bunkers Hill, Martinsburg, and back into Maryland at Williamsport. There was slight skirmishing, in which nobody of the regiment was hurt. Some shots were fired across the river at Conrad Ferry, killing and wounding a few of the enemy, but the rebels were oftener seen at close quarters when the men from both armies fraternized while bathing in the river. They had no enmity and all wanted to go home. A few leaders stirred up the rebellion and set the masses a fighting as though their liberties were at stake. The masses never would have dreamed it, if left to their own thoughts and wishes. Not one out of a thousand cared a fig about State Rights, and only those greedy for wealth cared about the extension of slavery.

A HISTORY 17

The first regiment returned to Concord and were mustered out on the twelfth of August. Their total losses were only thirty- five, of whom only four died, seven deserted and thirteen were discharged for disability. Concord gave them a warm reception and the soldier boys warmed up the office of the Democratic Standard, a newspaper published by John B. Palmer and edited by Edmund Burke, in which Jefferson Davis had been extolled as a "patriot" and the soldiers of Lincoln's army were blackguarded as "Lincoln's mob, robbers and murderers." This was too much for outraged patience. An assault was made ; pistol shots were fired through the door into the hall, wounding two; the printing office was gutted and a bonfire was made in the street ; the Palmers were lodged some days in the State Prison to protect them from harm.

Although the first regiment engaged in no battle, they served well by standing and waiting. They got experience and discipline, and many of them re-enlisted. Especially the officers were willing to be promoted and serve their country longer. Lieutenant-Colonel Whipple was made Colonel of the fourth regiment. Major Stevens was Colonel of the thirteenth ; Adjutant Fellows was Colonel of the third, and also of the ninth; Captain Bell was Colonel of the fourth on the resignation of Colonel Whipple; Captain Burton was Lieutenant Colonel of the heavy artillery; Quartermaster Batchelder served in the army of the Potomac as Brigade and Division Quarter- master; Captain Sturtevant was Major of the fifth regiment and was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg; Captain Drew was Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the fourth ; Lieutenant Sawyer was Major of the fourth; Lieutenant Fuller was Adjutant of the fourth; Captain Kelley, who, some say, was the first man in New Hampshire to enlist, was afterward Brigade Quartermaster; Captains Greenleaf and Sleeper and Lieutenants Clough and Wallace were Captains in the fourth; Lieutenant Israel L. Drew was First Lieutenant in the fourth and died at Annapolis ; Fife Major Pike was Principal Musician in the fourth. Doubtless these promotions were well deserved.

The second regiment of volunteer infantry from New Hamp- shire had their rendezvous at Camp Constitution, Portsmouth. They enlisted for three months and were commanded by Colonel Thomas P. Pierce of Manchester. Then an order came from the War

i8 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Department to send no more men for three months' service. It was becoming plain that there was to be a war and probably a long one. The President asked for three hundred thousand men for three years. About half the men at Portsmouth re-enlisted. Colonel Pierce resigned on the fourth of June, and Hon. Oilman Marston, then a member of Congress, was commissioned Colonel. He was wounded at the battle of Bull Run and was promoted later to Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers. Edward L. Bailey of Manchester became Colonel of this regiment April 18, 1863, having been Lieutenant-Colonel, and was slightly wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. Joab N. Patterson, a native of Hopkinton and a graduate of Dartmouth, enlisted in this regiment as a private and recruited a company at Contoocookville. He served four and a half years in the Union army, passing through the various grades of promotion, and was mustered out, December 19, 1865, as Colonel of the regiment in which he enlisted. He was made Brevet Briga- dier-General, March 13, 1865, "for bravery in battle and good con- duct throughout the war." He was afterwards United States Marshal of the District of New Hampshire.

The second regiment left Portsmouth by cars, June 20. 1861. At Boston and New York the sons of New Hampshire gave them a warm reception with processions and banquets and speeches. Old Music Hall in Boston was filled, the troops being at dinner on the floor and guests and natives of New Hampshire being in the galleries. The regiment arrived at Washington June twenty-third and became a part of a brigade commanded by Colonel Ambrose E. Burnside, who afterward was Major-General commanding the army of the Potomac. The first battle the regiment engaged in was the disastrous one at Bull Run, where Colonel Marston was wounded in the shoulder by a rifle ball, but returned to his regiment as soon as the wound could be dressed. In this battle the regiment was reported to have lost seven killed, fifty-six wounded and forty-six prisoners. Of those reported killed two afterwards returned from rebel prisons. Of the prisoners some died on the battlefield and some in prisons.

Limited space forbids that we follow each regiment through the vicissitudes of the years of war. The second regiment was longer in the field than any other. Its ranks were thinned and recruited again and again. Its whole history is an honorable one.

HARRIET P. DAME

A HISTORY 19

More than three thousand names were enrolled. "Every regiment but two from New Hampshire was supplied, in part, with officers from its ranks, and more than thirty regiments had upon their rosters names of men that were once members of the Second New Hampshire. It marched more than six thousand miles, participated in more than twenty pitched battles and lost in action upwards of one thousand men." Its principal engagements were Bull Run, Siege of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, Peach Orchard, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Kettle Run, second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, Swift Creek, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Port Walthall, Petersburg, Williamsburg and occupation of Richmond.

Lieutenant-Colonel John D. Cooper died of disease at Balti- more, October 30, 1865. He enlisted as a private and rose by merit to his rank, one of the bravest and most respected of his regi- ment. The remains of the regiment reached Concord on the twenty- third of December, 1865, and a formal reception was given on the twenty-fifth at which the governor and men of distinction made addresses of welcome.

Any account of the second regiment would be incomplete with- out mention of the army nurse, Harriet Patience Dame, the bravest soldier of them all. When the war broke out she was running a boarding-house at Concord, and some of her boarders from the Methodist Theological Institute went into the Union army and some into the Confederate army. S'he served throughout the war, shunning no danger upon the battlefield, nor labor within the camp and hospital. Her tent was a center from which radiated medicines, delicacies, food, clothing, shoes and whatever was needed and could be obtained. Twice she was taken prisoner and speedily released, when her occupation was learned. The last release was by command of General Stonewall Jackson. At Fair Oakes a twelve-pound shot went through her tent. Many of the wounded and sick owed their lives to her tender care, and the private soldier was as distinguished in her eyes as the officer. At the suggestion of Governor Jordan her portrait hangs in the corridor of the State House among the soldiers of distinction. Her funeral April 28, 1900, was attended by a host of old soldiers with their wives, children and friends, and she was buried with military honors. For some years she held a position in the Currency Division of the

20 NEW HAMPSHIRE

United States Treasury. She was born in Concord, January 5, 1815.

To the second regiment belonged Corporal Thomas E. Barker, afterwards colonel of the twelfth regiment; Adjutant S. G. Lang- ley, lieutenant-colonel of the fourth ; Captain T. A. Barker, lieu- tenant-colonel of the fourteenth ; Captain S. G. Griffin, brevet major-general ; Lieutenant A. B. Thompson, captain in the United States army and secretary of state of New Hampshire; Sergeant Welcome A. Crafts, colonel of the fifth; Private Martin A. Haynes, member of Congress; and Chaplain Henry E. Parker, professor in Dartmouth College for many years. Before the war he had been pastor of the South Congregational church in Concord.

The third regiment was recruited throughout the State, although Manchester furnished three companies. The governor offered a bounty of ten dollars to every man enlisted. The men were en- camped at Concord and mustered into service between the 22nd and 25th of August, 1861. There were ten hundred and forty- seven men and officers, including a regimental band of twenty-four pieces.

The colonel was Enoch Q. Fellows of Sandwich. He had spent two years as a student at West Point and had been a brigadier- general in the militia of New Hampshire. He had also served as inspector in the United States custom house, Boston. In the first regiment he had been a private, lieutenant, drill master and adjutant. His commission as colonel of the third regiment was dated the day after he was mustered out of the first. He served less than a year, came north on a furlough, resigned and was appointed colonel of the ninth regiment, which office he resigned on account of sickness. Increasing deafness may have helped the decision. He returned to Sandwich and later represented that town more than once in the state legislature.

Lieutenant Colonel John H. Jackson was promoted to be colonel. He was once wounded but remained to be honorably discharged February 4, 1864. Before the rebellion he had seen military service as captain in the Mexican War and had been colonel in the state militia. After the Civil War he served several years as inspector in the Boston custom house, being reappointed to a position he had held before the war. He was born at Portsmouth, October 20, 1814, and died at Boston April 10, 1890. There was a Masonic funeral service at Portsmouth, where he was buried.

A HISTORY 21

John Bedel of Bath enlisted as Major, was promoted a year later to lieutenant-colonel, was wounded July 10, 1863, captured eight days later at Fort Wagner, was in rebel prisons over a year, five months of the time in solitary confinement for lack of proper docility under harsh treatment and was promoted to colonel while he was a prisoner, April 6, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services. After his return to Bath he represented that town twice in the state legis- lature. He died at his home in Bath, February 26, 1875. He was son of General Moody Bedel of Indian Strean, or Pittsburg, where he was born July 8, 1822. He was educated at Newbury Academy, Vermont, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was Demo- cratic candidate for governor in 1869-1870.

The third regiment left Concord in September, 1861, and took part in the expedition against Port Royal, South Carolina. Many men were lost by sickness. Months were spent in skirmishing and doing garrison duty. The first real battle was at Secessionville, June 16, 1862. Out of twenty-six officers and five hundred and ninety-seven men who went into battle one hundred and four were killed or wounded. Here fell Captain Ralph Carlton and Lieut. D. K. Stratton was mortally wounded. The sacrifice accomplished nothing by reason of poor generalship. At Morris Island and in the assault on Fort Wagner more blundering cost many lives, poor recompense for gallantry displayed. When private soldiers reck- lessly throw away their lives under incompetent leadership, the glory of war is not so easily seen. In the Civil War the great majority of commissioned officers had never studied military strategy and the arts of war. It was thought that bravery was all that was needed. After many losses the mistake was discovered, yet the old error persists. The only thing that saved the northern armies from annihilation was, that the southerners knew almost as little about war as the North did.

Some substitutes filled up the regiment, and horses were fur- nished. The regiment was then known as the Third New Hamp- shire Mounted Infantry. Some of the substitutes deserted, and one caught in the act was court-martialed and shot. After a short time spent at Jacksonville, Florida, the regiment became a part of the army of the James, in Virginia, where they engaged in the siege of Petersburg and the battle of Drury's Bluff. In this last battle

22 NEW HAMPSHIRE

two hundred New Hampshire men fell in twenty minutes, and there were no machine guns then. Among the dead was Captain Richard Ela. At Flussell's Mills the regiment lost ten officers and eighty- three men, among them Lieutenant Colonel Plimpton, shot through the heart.

This regiment was mustered out of service July 20, 1865. It had participated in thirty engagements during its four years of serv- ice in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Virginia and North Caro- lina. It 'had on its rolls one thousand seven hundred and seventeen men and one hundred and one officers. Of these one hundred and ninety were killed in battle or died of wounds ; one hundred and ninety-six, nearly all paid substitutes, deserted ; one hundred and thirty-seven died of disease ; seven hundred and forty were dis- charged, three hundred by expiration of time and four hundred and forty by reason of disability. Two hundred and seventy of this regiment re-enlisted in January and February, 1864. Four hundred and eighty-seven were wounded and ninety-one were captured and sent to rebel prisons, where most of them died of starvation. "The prisoners were in close confinement, robbed, starved, exposed to cold without fuel, shot at and shot into for attempting to escape, and then put in irons and solitary confinement for months as a punishment." So says history. In these days of good will should such events be entirely forgotten and unmentioned ?

The nucleus of the fourth regiment enlisted for the third, the surplus when that regiment was full. They were sent to Manchester, where companies joined them from Dover, Nashua, Laconia, Great Falls, and Salem, besides several companies raised in Manchester. They were mustered into service September 18, 1861, and a few days later departed for Washington, receiving the usual cheers and greetings along the route. The Manchester Cornet Band accompanied them. One writer records that revolvers, dirks and Bibles were presented in great quantities, and the Bibles were more effective than the revolvers and dirks. The rifle and bayonet were the main weapons. Governor Berry presented a stand of colors in behalf of the State. Ten hundred and thirty went to the front.

The first Colonel of the fourth regiment was Thomas J. Whip- pie of Laconia. He was born in Wentworth, January 30, 1816, educated at Norwich Military Academy, studied law and settled at

A HISTORY 23

Laconia. He had seen service as a lieutenant and adjutant in the Mexican War. After acting as Lieutenant-Colonel in the first regi- ment, eleven days after he was mustered out he was appointed Colonel of the fourth. He resigned March 18, 1862, and resumed the practice of law at Laconia. Here he died December 21, 1889.

Louis Bell succeeded him in command of the regiment. He was born in Chester, March 8, 1837, youngest son of Governor Samuel Bell, graduated at Brown University at the age of eighteen and began the practice of law in Farmington in 1857. Within a few years he was solicitor of Strafford county. He entered military service as captain in the first regiment and after his term of enlist- ment ihad expired was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the fourth. All testimony concurs in declaring him to have been a model officer, beloved and respected by all under his command, fearless in danger, solicitous for the welfare of the sick and wounded, gentle and sympathetic, devoid of the roughness of the mock officer. In 1864 he had command of a brigade. He was killed at the charge upon Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865, and was brevetted brigadier-general from the date of his death. No life was a more costly sacrifice than his among New Hampshire's slain.

The fourth regiment took part in the expedition against Port Royal, whence they proceeded to St. Augustine and then to Beau- fort. In the spring of 1863 they participated in the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, South Carolina, and in the siege of Fort Wagner. Three hundred and eighty-five men re-enlisted when their three years had expired, and the regiment was partially filled up with substitutes who had been paid bounties of three hundred dol- lars. A large number of the substitutes or "bounty-jumpers," de- serted. The historian of this regiment says of the substitutes, "A few of them did their duty and returned home honorably ; but taken as a whole they were a useless, burdensome crowd." While the regiment was being reorganized the men who first enlisted were allowed a furlough of thirty days, to visit their homes. Afterwards they served in Virginia and chased the defeated army of the South to Wilmington and Raleigh, North Carolina. This regiment saw a good deal of severe fighting, but the long sieges, where men in the trenches were continually under fire and exposed to sun and rain, took off more men than the pitched battles. At Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, Petersburg and Fort Fisher the losses were severe.

24 NEW HAMPSHIRE

At Drury's Bluff Major Charles W. Sawyer of Dover received a fatal wound. The regiment in this action lost one hundred and forty-two men. At Malvern Hill forty-five more were killed and wounded. The regiment was so reduced that at the attack on Fort Gilmore, September 29, 1864, only forty men could be mustered for the fight. After the capture of Fort Fisher what was left of the fourth New Hampshire regiment slept over the magazine, which suddenly exploded, adding frightful casualities.

The regiment arrived home at Manchester, August 27, 1865. Only one hundred and forty veterans returned. Fifty were must- ered out in hospitals. During their four years of service, 1,756 men were enrolled. Of these 282 were killed in action or died of disease; 340 were discharged for disability occasioned by wounds or disease, and fifty-seven died in rebel prisons. Governor Smyth welcomed the survivors home at Manchester.

Other men of prominence in this regiment were Major Jeremiah D. Drew, who had been Captain in the first regiment and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in the fourth. His son was a musician and his brother a lieutenant in the same regiment. He afterwards made his home in Lawrence, Mass. Lieutenant Charles H. Carlton rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was brevetted Brigadier-General. Lieut. -Col. Gilman E. Sleeper lost his health in the army and returned to his home in Salem to die of consump- tion, October 12, 1864. Captain William Badger was commissioned as colonel but could not be mustered in because there were not men enough left in the regiment. He afterwards served as captain in the regular army. Frank W. Parker was a lieutenant in the first regiment and was promoted to be captain and lieutenant-colonel in the fourth. After the war he resumed his former occupation as a teacher and became superintendent of Cook County Normal School, Chicago, and the author of several educational works and a promi- nent lecturer. Many other men were as heroic, able and faithful, but their names are recorded elsewhere.

Nearly twelve hundred of this regiment were residents of New Hampshire when they enlisted, and two hundred and seventy-five of them lived in Manchester. Their average age at enlistment was twenty-six years.

The fifth regiment of New Hampshire volunteers became known as the "Fighting Fifth" and it well earned the name. It

A HISTORY 25

was mustered into service in October, 1861, the muster being com- pleted on the 26th, at Concord. After three days of furlough it left for the seat of war, ten hundred and ten in number, including a band and a corps of buglers. It was commanded by Colonel Edward E. Cross of Lancaster, of whom more will be said in sub- sequent pages. All its field officers had seen military service and had practical knowledge of their duties. Therefore the regiment was admirably drilled and disciplined. Because they were so well fitted for service and could be relied upon they were put in critical positions and sustained terrible losses.

The regiment first became a part of General Oliver O. Howard's brigade in Maryland, whence they crossed into Virginia and went into Camp California at Alexandria for winter quarters. Schools were organized and the winter was spent in study, drill, guard duty and occasionally building roads and bridges. In the spring they were conveyed to the Peninsula and took part in the siege of Yorktown and the advance on Williamsburg, built the "Grape- Vine Bridge" through the Chickahominy swamp and river, and fought at Fair Oaks, where one hundred and eighty-six of their number were killed and wounded. In the seven days' battle in the Wilderness and retreat to Harrison's Landing the fifth lost over one hundred officers and men. Of the three hundred and nineteen officers and men of the fifth, that went into the battle of Antietam, one hundred and eight were killed or wounded. At the battle of Fredericksburgh one hundred and eighty more fell. Here was killed Major Edward E. Sturtevant, who had been on the police force of Concord, and was appointed a captain in the first regiment. His burial place is unknown. No officer was truer and braver.

It is not possible here to trace the march of the regiment through Gettysburg back into Virginia and on to the capture of Richmond and to the end of the war. The regiment was recruited and its ranks thinned again in many a battle. During its three years and nine months of service it had about twenty-six hundred men enrolled. It lost about thirteen hundred in action. Sixteen of its officers were killed or mortally wounded in battle. The last fight, at Appomattox, was one of the most disastrous for the fifth, for here were lost six officers and one hundred and four men killed and wounded, and four officers and sixty-three men taken prisoners. The prisoners were recovered a few days later.

26 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Brief mention may be made of some of the leaders. Colonel Charles E. Hapgood was commissioned as captain, returned to Con- cord because of ill health and acted as recruiting agent, rejoined his regiment and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, led his regi- ment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg and was promoted to col- onel after the death of Colonel Cross at Gettysburg. He was severely wounded at Petersburg.

George Williamson Ballock was born in Claremont, December 3, 1825. He was educated at Norwich University and became a civil engineer in the service of railroads. He enlisted as first lieu- tenant and was detailed as commissary. In 1862 he was promoted as captain and civil engineer and in 1863 he was made chief com- missary, with rank of lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, of the eleventh corps. During Sherman's march to the sea he was chief commissary of subsistence of the left wing. He was assigned to important posi- tions in the Freedmen's Bureau under General Oliver O. Howard, disbursing more than twenty millions of dollars. Later he was superintendent of streets in Washington. He was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel and brigadier-general for meritorious service in the subsistence department.

Major Thomas L. Livermore was promoted to colonel of the eighteenth New Hampshire regiment. James E. Larkin entered service as lieutenant and rose through various grades to be lieuten- ant-colonel, commanding the regiment from June to October, 1864. After the war he served as postmaster of Concord and internal revenue collector.

Isaac W. Hammond left a mercantile career to become com- missary sergeant of the fifth New Hampshire regiment and served three years. Afterwards he was deputy secretary of state for ten years and then librarian of the New Hampshire Historical Society. He edited eight volumes of the State Papers. He was a member of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, honorary member of the Maine Historical Society and a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. Dartmouth College con- ferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts.

Francis W. Butler of Bennington enlisted as second lieutenant and rose to be captain of company K. On the 3Oth of June, 1864, while serving on the staff of Gen. W. F. Smith, he was wounded in an action and died July 3Oth after arriving home. He was a

A HISTORY 27

soldier of approved valor and gentlemanly qualities. His portrait hangs in the corridor of the State House.

The sixth regiment was recruited from the western part of the State and had its rendezvous at Keene. It was mustered into service the latter part of November, 1861, and left for the South the 25th of December, ten hundred and twenty-four officers and men.

Nelson Converse of Marlborough was colonel, who had been major-general in the State militia. Ill health compelled him to resign on the eighth of March, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel Simon G. Griffith was promoted to the colonelcy, and later was appointed Brigadier-General.

Phin P. Bixby was a trader at Concord at the outbreak of the war. He was commissioned Adjutant of the sixth regiment, was wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, taken prisoner and carried to Libby Prison, exchanged after five or six weeks, rejoined his regiment and was commissioned Major, October 15, 1862, in place of Obed G. Dort resigned. Major Bixby was again wounded in front of Petersburg, July 15, 1864, which necessitated absence from his regiment about three months. During this time he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in place of Lieut. -Col. Henry H. Pearson of Exeter, who was killed in action at North Anna River, May 26, 1864. At the last battle of Petersburg Lieut.-Col. Bixby had command of a brigade. He was promoted to Colonel, February 21, 1865, and was also appointed Colonel of United States Volun- teers,, by brevet, "for gallant and highly meritorious services in the assault before Petersburg, Va., to date from April 2, 1865."

Henry H. Pearson, born in Newport, Illinois, February 26, 1840, was a student at Phillips Exeter Academy, when the war broke out, and there he was held in great respect. He started for Washington and walked from Baltimore to that city, there enlisted and served till after the first battle of Bull Run. Then he returned to Exeter and was commissioned Captain, raised his own company and spent his odd moments in reading military history. The people of Exeter presented him with a sword as a testimonial of esteem. He was engaged in every battle of his regiment up to the time of his death and wrote interesting sketches of those battles. For meritorious conduct he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in December, 1863. A ball from a sharpshooter pierced his forehead,

28 NEW HAMPSHIRE

and he never spoke, dying in a few hours. No man of his rank excelled him in natural ability, knowledge of military affairs and gallant conduct. He commanded by force of character.

The sixth regiment joined Burnside's expedition to North Carolina and distinguished itself in the battle of Camden. After encamping a while on Roanoke Island it was ordered to Virginia, where it took part in the second battle of Bull Run. It fought also at Chantilly, Antietam, where it lost one-fifth of its number, Fredericksburgh, where seventy-five of the regiment fell, or one- third of those who went into battle, after which it rested for a time at Newport News. Then it was transferred to Kentucky. After the surrender of Vicksburg the regiment suffered more se- verely from malarial fevers than it ever did from fighting. Hence it proceeded north and rendezvoused finally at Annapolis, Maryland, where it was recruited. It joined the army of the Potomac under General Grant and participated in all the battles of the final cam- paign against Lee's army and in the capture of Richmond. The regiment was mustered out July 17, 1865, and arrived at Concord on the 22d, where a formal reception was given. It had fought in about a score of pitched battles, besides much skirmishing and many reconnoissances. Its losses were many, especially among the officers. During its term of service it marched more than twenty thousand miles and served in seventeen different States.

The seventh regiment was organized at Manchester under the direction of Joseph C. A'bbott, late Adjutant General of the State, who became Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment, refusing the office of Colonel, in order that a graduate from West Point might fill that office. Indeed the understanding was that he should nominate the commissioned officers. The organization and muster- ing in were completed December 14, 1861.

The first colonel of this regiment was Haldimand Sumner Putnam, born in Cornish, October 15, 1835, son of Judge John L. Putnam of that town. He was graduated from the Military Academy at West Point with high honors in 1857 and served on the western frontier as Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Topo- graphical Engineers, being promoted later to First Lieutenant. In 1861 ihe was summoned to Washington, sent on a hazardous mission to Fort Pickens, arrested and imprisoned at Montgomery, Alabama, released after a few days and served for a short time on General

A HISTORY 29

McDowell's staff, participating in the first battle of Bull Run. For some months before his death he had been acting as brigadier- general and had won the confidence and respect of all. He was mortally wounded at the assault on Fort Wagner, while leading his men through a terrible storm of shot and shell. He was suc- ceeded in the colonelcy by Joseph C. Abbott, who has been men- tioned in connection with the first regiment.

Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Albert Henderson was born at Dover, December i, 1833. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1855 at the head of his class, and at the Harvard Law School in 1861 and was admitted to the Suffolk bar. Realizing that the country had need of trained men he spent some months at Norwich University in military study and drill, and in November, 1861, was appointed Adjutant of the seventh New Hampshire regiment. He became Major in August, 1862, and Lieutenant-Colonel in July, 1863, after the assault on Fort Wagner. He led his regiment at Drury's Bluff and Deep> Bottom, where he was mortally wounded by the severing of an artery. Able, brave, self-sacrificing, an honor to his college and his State.

The regiment made another great sacrifice in the death of Major Daniel Smith, who was born at Durham, January 27, 1823. He had been a surveyor, Lieutenant-Colonel in the State militia deputy sheriff of Strafford county, city marshal of Dover and twice representative of that place in the legislature. He contracted fever at Beaufort, South Carolina and returned home to die, August 26, 1862. He filled all his offices with distinguished ability and faithfulness, and was highly esteemed as a citizen and soldier.

The seventh regiment spent a month in barracks in New York City and then went to Dry Tortugas, on one of the Florida Keys. Thence it went to St. Augustine, after having lost about two hun- dred through sickness. Then it went to Folly Island, and took part in the attack on Fort Wagner, where in a brief charge two hundred and eighteen were killed, wounded and missing. At the battle of Olustee, Florida, in February, 1864, two hundred and nine were lost. In April following the regiment was transferred to the army of the James and took part in the battles preceding the fall of Richmond, including the siege of Petersburg and the cap- ture of Fort Fisher. When the regiment was mustered out July 20, 1865, there were less than one hundred men of the original volun-

30 NEW HAMPSHIRE

teers. Three hundred and twenty men and twenty-^two officers returned. Of the original field and staff officers only one remained, Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus W. Rollins of Rollinsford, who en- listed as Major. Major Jeremiah S. Durgin of Penacook died in 1867 as the result of exposure and hardships in this regiment. He enlisted as captain and was promoted September 30, 1864.

The eighth regiment was mustered at Manchester and entered the service of the United States December 23, 1861. Their encamp- ment was on the Fair Grounds north of the city and was called Camp Currier, in honor of Hon. Moody Currier, who was after- wards governor of the State. The regiment left camp January 24, 1862, for Fort Independence, Boston harbor, where three weeks were spent. On the way the troops were entertained at Faneuil Hall, Boston. Thence they sailed for Ship Island, Mississippi, as a part of the expedition under command of General Benjamin F. Butler. Thence they went to New Orleans by way of Lake Ponchar- train, capturing Forts Wood and Pike on the way. During the summer the regiment was employed in clearing the rebels out of Louisiana, and in this campaign lost its first one killed in action, Captain John Q. A. Warren of Nashua. Two days later, October 27, 1862, fell Captain John Kelleher of Manchester. The regiment took part in the battle at Port Hudson. In the first assault, out of three hundred engaged, one hundred and twenty-four were killed or wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Lull being among the slain. The surrender of Port Hudson followed quickly upon the capture of Vicksburg by General Grant. Afterwards the eighth was mounted and participated in the Red River campaign and in the disastrous expedition to Sabine Pass. In December, 1864, three hundred and five re-enlisted and the remainder came home, having served three years. Those who remained formed a battalion under command of Captain James H. Landers of Concord, and they did duty in the vicinity of Natchez till the end of the rebellion. Of the seventeen hundred men who were enrolled in this regiment one hundred and seventy-five returned to Concord to be "received" and discharged. They had fought seven pitched battles and en- gaged in fifty-three distinct skirmishes. Captain Dana W. King was in command of the returning battalion, who was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel by the governor of the State.

Colonel Hawkes Fearing of Manchester commanded the eighth.

A HISTORY 31

He was born in Hingham, Mass., May 20, 1826, and served in the Massachusetts militia as private and captain, and as lieutenant- colonel in the fourth Massachusetts regiment for three months. Colonel Fearing was once wounded, served for some time as com- mander of a brigade, returned to Concord to raise recruits and went back with six hundred new men. After the war he returned to Hingham and filled various positions of trust and honor.

Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver Woodbury Lull was born in Weare, January 14, 1826 and died fighting at the head of his regiment at Port Hudson, May 27, 1863. He had taught school and practiced law at Milford, N. H., and was First Lieutenant in the Governor's Horse Guards. A sword given by the people of Milford and a horse by the people of Nashua attest the esteem in which he was held. The night before he fell he encouraged his men by saying, "Some of us will be sure to fall, but you know that all good soldiers go to heaven." After being wounded, when told that he could not live, he exclaimed, "Thank God, I die for my country." Such was the spirit in which thousands breathed their last breath. To say that any man was truer and braver than any other is a great mistake ; that an unnumbered host were as true and as brave as any is the exact historic truth. They had the spirit of martyr- dom, the willingness to die for others and in defense of great principles, as well as to save the Union.

The ninth regiment was organized at Concord in July, 1862. There was a bounty offered to every volunteer, twenty dollars, sub- sequently increased to fifty, and sixty dollars to new recruits for the old regiments. The regiment left Concord August 25, under command of Colonel Enoch Q. Fellows, who had resigned his com- mission in the third regiment.

This regiment was put at once into active fighting. Within twenty days of their departure they took part in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, losing ten killed and over one hun- dred wounded, among the latter being Lieutenant-Colonel Titus and Captains Cooper and Whitfield. At Frederisksburg a des- perate and prolonged charge was fruitless, resulting only in with- drawal after a loss of four killed and eighty-two wounded. In February, 1863, the regiment was ordered to Newport News, whence it was sent by way of Baltimore to Lexington, Kentucky. After fattening for a short time in the Blue Grass region it did

32 NEW HAMPSHIRE

duty in Kentucky and Tennessee, where a large percentage suffered and were disabled by fevers. During 1863 and 1864 eight hundred and twenty-eight recruits were sent to this regiment, but four hundred and forty-four of them never arrived, or they deserted soon after arrival, proving the worthlessness of mercenaries. After about a year the ninth was ordered back to Annapolis, Maryland, and its numbers were swelled by convalescents and recruits to five hundred and twenty-eight. Soon they were in Virginia and at the battle of Spottsylvania were driven back in a charge with a loss of forty-two killed, ninety-four wounded and seventy missing. In the battle of the "Mine" again half of their number fell. There was heavy fighting about Petersburg and all through the Wilder- ness campaign. In the final march on Richmond this regiment did not participate, but the few of them left were doing guard duty near Petersburg. It took part in the grand review at Washington and was mustered out in June, 1865.

Herbert B. Titus was teaching school in Chesterfield, his native town, when the first call came for volunteers. He at once enlisted and exhorted others to do so. He was commissioned Second Lieu- tenant in the second regiment and served till June, 1862, when he was promoted to Major of the ninth. He became Lieutenant- Colonel of the same on the 26th of August, and on the resignation of Colonel Fellows was promoted to Colonel, November 22, 1862. He held this rank till the regiment was mustered out. He was wounded by a rifle ball at the 'battle of Antietam. March 13, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritori- ous services during the war. Afterwards he practiced law in New York City.

George H. Chandler, brother of Senator William E. Chandler, was a member of this regiment. He graduated at Dartmouth Col- lege in 1860, read law with his brother at Concord and was for a short time deputy Secretary of State. He became Adjutant of the ninth and was promoted to Major. He was wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania, was detailed to aid the Navy Department in some investigation, and returned to his regiment in April, 1865, as Lieu- tenant-Colonel. He graduated at the Harvard Law School and began practice in Baltimore, Maryland. He died August 12, 1883, while visiting a brother at Boscawen, lamented and esteemed for scholarship, gentlemanly qualities and soldierly bearing.

A HISTORY 33

Colonel John H. Babbitt was born in Keene, June 12, 1835. He was living in Bloomington, Illinois, when the war began, was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the fifty-eighth Illinois regi- ment and soon after was promoted to Captain. He was wounded at Fort Donelson and again at Shiloh, when he returned to his home in Keene to recuperate. After recovery he was commissioned Cap- tain in the ninth New Hampshire regiment and three months later was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. This position was held till May 7, 1864, when he was ordered to take command of the thirty-second Maine regiment. He was severely wounded at Spott- sylvania and, December 5, 1864, was discharged from service for disability.

The tenth regiment was mustered at Manchester in September, 1862 and was composed principally of men of Irish birth or descent. The State gave a bounty of fifty dollars to each volunteer, and this was supplemented by liberal bounties from towns, in order to avoid the alternative of a draft, or conscription. Nearly six companies of this regiment came from Manchester. The entire number of officers and men was nine hundred and twenty-eight. It left Manchester September 22, 1863 and arrived at Washington, on the 25th, having been banqueted at Worcester and Philadelphia and having suffered a railroad collision between Baltimore and Washington, wherein some were fatally injured. It encamped at Maryland Heights, near Harper's Ferry and soon formed a part of the army of the Potomac. The defeat at Fredericksburg cost the tenth three officers wounded and fifty men killed and wounded. A good deal of skirm- ishing follewed, and the regiment did heroic work at Drury's Bluff and Cold Harbor. In the latter battle ninety of the regiment fell in five minutes under a withering fire of musketry and cannon, yet the rest pressed on and held the trenches taken. At Fort Harrison the regiment distinguished itself for bravery and endurance. Soon after some of their number were entrapped and sent to Salisbury prison, where most of them died. The remains of the tenth regi- ment were among the first to enter Richmond. It was mustered out in June, 1865. Though of foreign birth this regiment showed as much bravery and loyalty to the flag as any other. On one occasion to prevent the colors from falling into the hands of the enemy the State flag was destroyed, and the stars and stripes were wrapped around the body of Sergeant John H. Durgin, who died a prisoner at Salisbury, but the flag was never heard from.

34 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Michael T. Donahoe was born at Lowell, Mass., November 22, 1838 and was educated in the schools of that city and at the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was living in Manchester and raised a full company for the third regiment, becoming its captain. For dis- tinguishing conduct he was commissioned Colonel of the tenth, August 6, 1862. He came home to Manchester and by public and private appeals to his countrymen within a month had enlisted the necessary number of volunteers. At Fort Harrison, on the 29th of September, 1864, a horse was shot under 'him, and later in the day he was severely wounded. He was appointed Brigadier-General of United States volunteers, by brevet, to date from March 13, 1865. After the war he held an important position on the Concord Railroad. He was a brave and efficient officer and a prominent and respected citizen.

Lieutenant-Colonel John Coughlan of this regiment was born in Vermont of Irish parents. He was elected to the State legisla- ture from Manchester in 1859, the first Roman Catholic elected to any State office in New Hampshire. He worked 'hard to raise the tenth regiment and in the absence of Colonel Donahoe was often in command. He was promoted Colonel of United States Volunteers, by brevet, for gallant conduct in the field, to date from March 13, 1865. He was afterward detailed as Provost-Marshal of the department of Virginia and North Carolina.

A zealous admirer1 of his compatriots of the Emerald Isle has claimed rather too much for the Irish in the Civil War. He esti- mates that 4,631 Irishmen served in New Hampshire regiments while official report allows only 3,067. He arrives at this number by adding to the Irish companies all who had an Irish surname in other companies and also half of those who bore the surnames Jones, Smith, Brown, Dunn, Barrett, Crosby, Griffin, Cox, Cook, Black, White, etc., since many of such surnames are found in Ireland. Probably all of these and many others were of Scotch and Welch and English origin, even if their ancestors lived on Irish soil for a generation or two. He does not add, what is true, that a lot of the Irish substitutes were deserters, and that the

1 Hon. John C. Linehan, in First New Hampshire Regiment, p. 233.

A HISTORY 35

Irish living in the South fought just as valiantly for the Confed- eracy. The Irish tenth regiment were good fighters, but the per- centage of their losses was not half that of several other regiments from New Hampshire.

The eleventh regiment was mustered into service at Concord in September, 1862. It arrived at Washington on the fourteenth of that month. Its first battle was at Fredericksburg, where it lost fourteen killed and one hundred and fifty-six wounded. Like old veterans they were immovable under a deadly and prolonged fire. Captain Amos B. Shattuck was mortally wounded in this battle.

The regiment was transferred to Kentucky and Tennessee and took part in the siege of Vicksburg. Many suffered and died here from disease, and the remainder were transferred back to the army of the James, after having participated in the siege of Knoxville and several minor engagements. They made moccasins of green hides in place of shoes, so difficult was it to get supplies. Colonel Harriman had come North for recruits and with six hundred marched over the mountains to East Tennessee, a distance of two hundred and forty miles, to rejoin his regiment. After resting at Annapolis they took part in the battle of the Wilderness, where in a heroic charge they drove the enemy from their last entrenchment at the point of the bayonet. Here Colonel Harriman was captured and Lieutenant-Colonel Collins was killed. Then followed the siege and capture of Petersburg, the march to Appomattox and the surrender of Lee's army. The eleventh was at the grand review in Washington and was mustered out on the fourth of June. The reception at Concord, three days later, was cordial and joyous. The regiment had participated in twelve battles.

The eleventh was commanded by Colonel Walter Harriman, a native of Warner. In his early life he taught school and was a free lance as a Universalist preacher, giving eloquent addresses throughout the State. In 1849-50 he represented Warner in the legislature and in 1853-54 he was State Treasurer. In 1858 he was again a member of the House and in 1859-60 a member of the Senate of the State. Up to this time he was affiliated with the Democratic party. As editor of the Union Democrat of Man- chester in 1861 he upheld President Lincoln and from this time he acted with the Republican party. He was with his regiment

36 NEW HAMPSHIRE

in the field all the time except four months that he was a prisoner. For seven weeks with other captured officers he was kept in a prison in Charleston, South Carolina, where they were most exposed to the fire of Union batteries on Morris Island, but the building was unharmed. Colonel Harriman was exchanged and led his regiment at Petersburg. He was brevetted Brigadier-General, for gallant conduct during the war. He came home to be at once elected Secretary of State for New Hampshire and was re-elected in 1866. In 1867 he was elected Governor and re-elected the fol- lowing year by an unprecedented majority. In 1869 he was ap- pointed naval officer at Boston by President Grant. A commanding presence and natural gifts of intellect, as well as a warm heart, made him a popular favorite, and he was never defeated in an election contest.

Lieutenant-Colonel Moses N. Collins was born at Brentwood, April, 1820. He was educated at Gilmanton and Hampton Acad- emies and taught school several years in Maryland. He began the practice of law in Exeter in 1857 and was successful. He repre- sented Brentwood and later Exeter in the State legislature. First he was appointed Major in the eleventh regiment and was pro- moted to be Lieutenant-Colonel before the regiment left the State. A musket ball pierced his head in the battle of the wilderness, May 4, 1864. Thus his all was given in patriotic devotion.

Major Evarts W. Farr, who has been named in the roll of congressmen, served in the eleventh regiment. He enlisted in April, 1861 and on the fourth of the following June received a commission as First Lieutenant in the second regiment. In the following January he was promoted Captain. At the battle of Williams>burg his right arm was shattered by a -ball. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe ; here his arm was amputated and he returned home. In six weeks he was back to the front and September 4th he was commissioned Major in the eleventh regiment and com- manded its left wing at the battle of Fredericksburg. After being with his regiment in Kentucky and Mississippi he was detached to act as judge advocate on court-martial duty. His subsequent career has been already noted.

Adjutant Charles R. Morrison, a native of Bath, was practicing law when the rebellion began. He took part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, East Tennessee, Jackson, Wilderness,

MAJOR EVAHTS W. FARK

A HISTORY 37

and Spottsylvania. He was twice wounded at Fredericksburg and again at Spottsylvania. After the war he resumed the practice of law in Manchester and later in Concord. He was the author of several legal works, as well as of "Proofs of Christ's Resurrection from a Lawyer's Standpoint." His brother, James S. Morrison, living in the South, became a Lieutenant in the Confederate army.

Major James F. Briggs, Quartermaster of the eleventh, after- wards became a member of the United States congress.

Captain Leander W. Cogswell was commissioned as Lieuten- ant-Colonel but was never mustered, for lack of numbers in the regiment. After the war he represented his native town, Henniker, several times in the State legislature, and was State Treasurer and savings bank commissioner.

The twelfth regiment was recruited mainly in Belknap and Carroll counties within ten days in August, 1862, and was mustered at Concord the following month. It was made up of men of character and good standing and they made for themselves an honorable record. Its first pitched battle was Chancellorsville, where three commissioned officers were killed and fifteen wounded out of twenty-eight, and out of five hundred and forty-nine enlisted men forty-two were killed, two hundred and twelve were wounded, and fifty-one were captured. The aggregate loss included consid- ably more than half their number. Again at Gettysburg this regi- ment fought valliantly and lost ninety-four men in killed and wounded.

In the rapid and prolonged marching before and after the battle of Gettysburg many became sick from fatigue and exposure. "More than half the regiment were without shoes or stockings, their feet raw from exposure to the sand and sun, and their clothing was literally in rags." In this condition it marched through Washington and guarded rebel prisoners at Point Lookout. While here three hundred and fifty recruits joined the regiment, and one hundred more recruits deserted on the way. At the battle of Drury's Bluff the twelfth was four days and four nights in the front line without any relief. At Cold Harbor it lost one hundred and sixty-five men out of less than three hundred engaged. The opposing lines of works were about seventy-five yards apart, and many of the wounded were left upon the field for three days, before they could be removed. "Twenty of the dead of the regiment were

38 NEW HAMPSHIRE

found within five yards of the enemy's works." The regiment served seventy-two days in the trenches at the siege of Peters- burg, where some were wounded and more were lost from sickness caused by burning heat of the sun by day and dampness by night. This regiment was only half an hour behind the Fourth Massachu- setts Cavalry in marching into Richmond and they helped to ex- tinguish the fires which <had been kindled in various places by the retreating foe. It encamped across the James river from Rich- mond, at Manchester, where it was mustered out June 21, 1865, and arrived at Concord on the 27th.

Colonel Joseph H. Potter commanded the twelfth. He was born at Concord, October 12, 1821, attended school in Portsmouth, graduated at West Point in 1843, served in the Mexican War and thereafter in the United States army as Captain and Adjutant. At the battle of Chancellorsville he was severely wounded and taken prisoner. Five months later he was exchanged and ordered to Columbus, Ohio, as Provost Marshal. Later he was in com- mand of a brigade and appointed Brigadier-General of volunteers, May i, 1865. He was present at the surrender of General Lee and thereafter was an officer in the regular army. Died in Colum- bus, Ohio, December i, 1892.

The thirteen regiment was organized at Concord in Sep- tember, 1862. It was composed of two companies each from Rockingham, Hillsborough and Strafford counties and one each from Merrimack, Carroll, Grafton, and Coos counties. The volunteers were largely farmers and mechanics. They left Con- cord on the sixth of October for Washington and encamped at Fort Albany, on the south side of the Potomac. It took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, losing three officers and thirty-nine men. During 1863 it operated in the vicinity of Suffolk and Norfolk, Virginia, and worked on the fortifications of Ports- mouth. In 1864 it participated in the battles of Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor and the siege of Petersburg. After sharing in fifteen engagements the regiment marched into Richmond among the first. It was finally discharged at Concord, July i, 1865. Its bravery and devotion are attested by its losses, which were proportionally great, in some engagements half of the fighting force falling. Theirs was the first Union flag hoisted in Richmond. The report of the Adjutant-General of New Hamp-

A HISTORY 39

shire says, "It has captured five pieces of artillery in one charge, and with its Division taken sixteen pieces more; has captured three battle flags, and taken more prisoners from the enemy than the number in its own ranks ; and has never been driven from the field, or from its position by the enemy." But equally praiseworthy regiments did not have so good fortune.

The thirteenth was commanded by Colonel Aaron F. Stevens, who was born at Derry, August 9, 1819. He was educated in the schools of Derry, Hillsborough and Nashua and began the practice of law in Nashua in 1845. ^e was appointed solicitor of Hillsborough county in 1856. He represented Nashua as a Whig several times in the State legislature and was one of the leading Republicans when that party was formed. Hav- ing served as Major in the first regiment and demonstrated his fitness, the command of the thirteenth was offered him, which he accepted. "He distinguished himself for gallantry, courage, coolness and skill as an officer on many bloody fields, and was often commended by his superior officers." In the assault on Fort Harrison he was severely wounded within a few yards of the fort, and for this and other meritorious acts was appointed Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers, by brevet, December 8, 1864. See list of congressmen for subsequent career.

Person C. Cheney, afterwards governor of the State, was Quartermaster in the Thirteenth.

The fourteenth regiment was mustered in at Concord in September, 1862, the last of the three years regiments, and was raised principally in the western parts of the State, four com- panies coming from Cheshire county. For some time it did guard duty in Washington and vicinity. Early in 1864 it was ordered to the Department of the Gulf, but malarial diseases sent it back to Virginia, where it were active in the valley of the Shenandoah, in General Sheridan's army. At the battle of Winchester the regiment lost thirteen officers and one hun- dred and thirty men were killed, wounded and missing. New Hampshire afterwards erected a suitable monument near Win- chester to those who fell in that battle, members of the four- teenth, September 19, 1864. The regiment joined in chasing the rebels up the valley, capturing many cannons and prisoners, and changing defeat into victory at Cedar Creek and Fisher's

40 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Hill. In January, 1865, it was ordered to Savannah and arrived just as Sherman's army was leaving-. Thence it moved to Augusta and was on guard when Jefferson Davis went through the place in a carriage as a prisoner, receiving the jeers of Confederate soldiers as he was driven through their midst. This regiment lost in all above two hundred men by death, seventy of them falling in battle. It was discharged the last of July, 1865.

The Colonel of the Fourteenth was Robert Wilson, born in Peterborough, September 24, 1811, son of Hon. James Wilson. He graduated at Amherst College in 1832 and took rank as an officer in the State militia. His regiment had no arms, and he picked out a lot of old flint lock guns, altered into percus- sions, and with these went to Washington, where he had to wait for months before Springfield rifles could be furnished. On ac- count of ill health Colonel Wilson was obliged to resign and was honorably discharged, September 6, 1864. He was suc- ceeded by Colonel Alexander Gardner, who was a native of New York State, educated at Kimball Union Academy, had been admitted to the bar in New York, had edited a paper and fought in the border war in Kansas, and was practicing law in Claremont, N. II., in 1862, when he was commissioned Adjutant of the fourteenth regiment. He was promoted Major and was often in command of the regiment in the absence of Colonel Wilson. Again he was promoted, and this time he became Col- onel the day before he was mortally wounded at Opequan Creek, near Winchester, Va., September 19, 1864. He was buried at Claremont with Masonic honors. Samuel A. Duncan was the first Major of the fourteenth. He was born at Plain- field, June 19, 1836, prepared for college at Kimball Union Academy and graduated at Dartmouth in 1858 with the highest honors. After teaching in the High School at Quincy, Mass., two years he was called to be a tutor at Dartmouth, and from there he entered the army. After passing an examination with two hundred others, in which he ranked first, he was appointed Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of United States Colored In- fantry, organized in Baltimore in 1863. ^n February, 1864, he was placed in command of a colored brigade. At Petersburg his command made a notable charge after being exposed six hours in line, and captured six pieces of artillery. He was

A HISTORY 41

wounded on the 2gth of September, 1864, but continued in com- mand and was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at New Market Heights and subsequently was brevetted Major General of Volunteers. After the war he was special agent in the War Department and later principal Examiner in the United States Pension office.

Carroll D. Wright, who has been previously sketched, en- listed as Adjutant of the fourteenth and was promoted to be Colonel, December 6, 1864.

The fifteenth regiment \vas composed of men enlisted for nine months. It was organized at Concord in the fall of 1862. John W. Kingman was its Colonel, a native of Barrington and a graduate of Harvard College in the class of '43. At the time of his enlistment he was practicing law with his father-in-law, the Hon. Daniel M. Christie, in Dover. Every officer, by his urging, signed a temperance or total abstinence pledge, before leaving Concord and kept it throughout their time of service. This regiment took part in the first attack on Port Hudson and in the siege which led to its surrender. The fighting at Port Hudson and still more the climate of Louisiana thinned the ranks of the regiment, and not much more than half its num- bers were fit for duty, when it was discharged at Concord. All testimonials agree that nine months volunteers fought as bravely as more thoroughly seasoned troops, but it can not be claimed that they were as effective. It takes discipline, drill, hardship, experience and fighting to make a first class soldier, and this is truer now than then. Henry W. Blair, afterwards United States Senator, enlisted as Major in this regiment and was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. He was twice wounded at Port Hudson.

The sixteenth regiment was mustered into service for nine months in November, 1862. Its Colonel was a graduate of Wesley an L'niversity and a Methodist minister. Rev. James Pike, who had also been a member of congress. The Adjutant, Luther T. Townsend, graduate of Dartmouth, was also a Meth- odist minister, and was afterward for many years a Professor in the Theological School of Boston University and author of many books. The Lieutenant-Colonel was Henry W. Fuller of Concord, a graduate of Dartmouth and a lawyer, who en- listed as Major and was promoted. The regiment joined the

42 NEW HAMPSHIRE

expedition commanded by General Banks and saw service in Louisiana and in the siege of Port Hudson, losing many men by sickness and in battle. Its men were sacrificed by incompe- tent leadership.

The seventeenth regiment was composed of men from the western and northern parts of the State and the enlistments numbered seven hundred and ninety-one. The Colonel was Henry O. Kent of Lancaster, a graduate of Norwich University and a lawyer. The Lieutenant-Colonel was Charles H. Long of Claremont, and the Major was George H. Bellows of Walpole. The regiment encamped at Concord and were furloughed till the first of April, 1863. Then orders were received from the Secretary of War to consolidate the seventeenth regiment with the second, which was done in time to have them take part in the battle of Gettysburg. The original officers were mustered out at the time the transfer of the men took place. The men enlisted for nine months. Their military record is found in the history of the second regiment.

The eighteenth regiment was recruited in the latter part of 1864 in answer to the call for five hundred thousand volunteers. Charles H. Bell of Exeter was commissioned Colonel and James \V. Carr of Manchester, Lieutenant-Colonel. Both resigned, and Thomas L. Livermore of Milford was appointed Colonel, who had been Major in the fifth regiment. He remained with the regiment till he was mustered out, June 23, 1865. Joseph M. dough of New London was commissioned Lieutenant-Col- onel, who was wounded at Fort Steadman and was in actual command of the regiment at the last. The eighteenth had com- paratively a brief term of service, but it experienced severe fight- ing at Fort Steadman, and in the attack on Petersburg and its capture. It was mustered out on the 2Qth of July. Of the 961 members of this regiment 375 were farmers, 343 mechanics and craftsmen, and only 78 were laborers. Sixty-seven per cent, were natives of New Hampshire. The average age was 25.59 years- One hundred and sixty-seven were eighteen and under. Major William I. Brown was killed in the battle of Fort Steadman, March 29, 1865. He had been Lieutenant and Adjutant in the Ninth regiment.

Chapter III MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS

Chapter III MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS

The First New England Cavalry — The First New Hampshire Cavalry — Col. John L. Thompson — First N. H. Battery of Light Artillery — Graphic Description of its Battles — Heavy Artillery at Fort Constitu- tion— Three Companies of Sharpshooters — Brigade Band — The Strafford Guards — Dartmouth Cavalry — New Hampshire Men in the Marine Corps — Total of New Hampshire Soldiers in the Civil War.

THE governors of the six New England states were author- ized by the War Department, in the fall of 1861, to raise a regiment, to be called the First New England Cavalry. Each State was to raise two companies. All the States except Rhode Island and New Hampshire raised a full regiment. Rhode Island raised eight companies and New Hampshire four, and these were united to form the New England Cavalry. The four companies from New Hampshire formed a battalion, com- manded by David B. Nelson of Manchester. He resigned June 4, 1862, and Captain John L. Thompson of Plymouth was pro- moted to fill his place. The battalion was mustered into service at Concord and on the 22nd of December, 1861, was ordered to Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where it encamped with the rest of the regiment. On the I4th of the following March the regi- ment was ordered to Washington, where the name was changed to the First Rhode Island Cavalry, which did not please the men from New Hampshire, and the governor refused afterwards to send recruits to fill up the regiment. In May the four New Hampshire companies were ordered to Fredericksburg, and there they had their first encounter with the enemy. Captain Ains- worth and seven men were killed and ten men were wounded, but the battalion captured one hundred and fifty officers and men, besides horses, wagons and military stores. The rest of the regiment joined the battalion on the first of June.

Their next fight was in the second battle of Bull Run, August 29, 1862, when the cavalry guarded the rear in the retreat. They participated in the battle of Chantilly, September

45

46 NEW HAMPSHIRE

i, and had almost daily skirmishes. A picket post at Mount- ville, composed of parts of two companies was attacked by a whole brigade commanded by General Stuart, and Captain Loranzo D. Gove of Hanover was killed, and Lieutenant Joseph F. Andrews and about twenty-five men were captured.

The regiment became reduced to about three hundred, of which the New Hampshire battalion numbered one hundred, when they were surrounded, while encamped at Middleburg. They resolved to cut their way through. More than half their number were killed, wounded or captured. After the recovery of the sick and the return of those on detached service the regi- ment numbered only two hundred and fifty, and Lieutenant- Colonel Thompson had command. During the autumn it was engaged in the battle of Auburn and Bristoe Station and fol- lowed the fortunes of the army of the Potomac.

In January, 1864, the New Hampshire battalion was de- tached from the First Rhode Island Cavalry, to form the nucleus of a regiment made up wholly of men from the Granite State. Nearly all the men re-enlisted. The old companies were filled up, and three new companies were added. John L. Thompson was promoted to be Colonel. Benjamin T. Hutchins of Concord was Lieutenant-Colonel. The regiment was attached to the Third Division of the cavalry corps, commanded by General Wilson, who made a raid into the enemy's country and was met by superior numbers, commanded by General Fitz Hugh Lee. Abandoning wagons and guns they fought their way back to City Point, the regiment losing one officer and seventy men killed, wounded and missing. In this raid eighty miles of rail- road track were destroyed, besides two locomotives, two trains of cars and large quantities of tobacco and cotton. Many horses and mules were brought into the union lines and twenty-five hundred negroes as contraband of war.

The First New Hampshire Cavalry took part in Sheridan's raid which ended in Richmond. At Waynesborough the enemy were found strongly posted in rifle-pits, with guns in position behind earthworks. Colonel Thompson's men lead the charge. "The men rode up to the rifle-pits, leaped their horses over the works, and with their sabers alone captured about fifteen hundred prisoners, all the artillery, wagons, other property, and the colors of every regiment and detachment engaged."

A HISTORY 47

Five other companies left the State in March, 1865, com- posed of substitutes to a large extent, many of whom deserted. They had been paid large bounties, and so verily they had their reward. Those who remained did detached duties and never saw any fighting. The regiment was mustered out on the 2Qth of June and arrived at Concord on the i6th of July, 1865. Accord- ing to the Adjutant-General's report three hundred and eighty- five of this regiment deserted, mostly of the late recruits and substitutes. The rest of the regiment did their duty manfully.

John Leverett Thompson was a dashing cavalry officer, dear to the heart of General Sheridan. He was born at Ply- mouth, February 2, 1835, son of William C. Thompson (Dart- mouth, 1820) and grandson of Senator Thomas W. Thompson (Harvard, 1786). He fitted for college at Kimball Union Acad- emy and spent two years at Dartmouth and a year at Williams College. Both institutions afterward gave him the degree of Master of Arts. After graduating at the Harvard Law School in 1858 he studied at the universities of Berlin, Munich and Paris. He at once enlisted as private in the First Illinois Light Artillery and was made a sergeant. In poor health he returned to Plymouth and was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First New England Cavalry and rose through the grades to be Colonel of his regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general, March 13, 1864 "f°r distinguished and meritorious service." Resuming law practice in Chicago he made a deep and lasting impression upon the social and professional ranks of that city. At the time of his death, January 31, 1888, he was president of the Union League and of the Dartmouth College Alumni Asso- ciation of Chicago. As a commander in action he was fearless prompt, tactful, far-seeing; in character he was upright, con- scientious, firm and sympathetic, an ornament to his State and profession.

The First New Hampshire Battery of Light Artillery was recruited at Manchester in August, 1861. It numbered one hun- dred and fifty-five men. The Captain was George A. Gerrish of Manchester, who was wounded at Fredericksburg, resigned because of disability, and died at Portsmouth, September I, 1866. Frederick M. Edgell of Orford was promoted from First Lieutenant to fill Captain Gerrish's place and later was pro- moted to Major in the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery from

48 NEW HAMPSHIRE

New Hampshire. George K. Dakin then became Captain, who afterwards became a Lieutenant in the United States regular army.

This battery, with six bronze guns and fine equipment, proceeded to Washington in November and encamped. There was no projectile to fit their guns, and after two exchanges they received six twelve-pound howitzers. All the winter was spent at Munson's Hill, seven miles from Washington. Then came marching and retreating, skirmishing and fighting, camping in winter quarters and drilling, for three long years. This battery took part in twenty-seven battles, including second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilder- ness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom and siege of Petersburg, and ended with Lee's Surrender, April 9, 1865. At the expiration of the three years term of enlistment, September 25, 1864, four officers and fifty-nine men were mustered out, and forty-two re-enlisted. These were transferred to the First Regiment of New Hampshire Heavy Artillery and became Bat- tery M of that organization. They were at the grand review in Washington and were mustered out at Concord, June 9, 1865.

Some unknown artist in the use of easy words has given a graphic sketch of the military history of this battery. A few quotations may serve as a vivid picture of what war was before the days of machine guns and high explosives. At Antietam "passing through a small piece of woods we came out into an open ploughed field. Here an awful sight met our gaze. In the center of the field stood part of a caisson and parts of one or two gun carriages belonging to a Massachusetts battery, and the poor boys in blue who had worked their guns till there were neither men to fire them nor horses to draw them off lay around in the rough ploughed land all round their carriages dead or dying. Not ten yards in front of where this battery had stood was a rail fence, and behind that the rebels had marched up their line of battle many times, for their dead actually lay corded up behind that fence to such a degree that when we were ordered to pass through we tore down the fence and at- tempted to pass, but had to move away many dead bodies before the horses could be made to go through. Horses will never step upon a man's body if they can find room for their

A HISTORY 49

feet without, but here they lay so thick that the restive animals could not be forced through."

On another occasion "by means of trees and fence-posts the writer was able to trace out the line of one shot made by the battery during the fight. Starting from the known position of his own gun and walking off in the line of fire, he first found a dead rebel whose left shoulder and arm were gone. Six or eight yards in the rear of him another poor fellow lay with a large part of his body and thigh shot away ; and again, at an- other six yards, lay a third, with the loss of a foot and half a leg, — indicating at least one shot from the N. H. Battery had done its fearful work in literal earnest."

An officer was shot in the rear of the battery and a sharp- shooter was sent to fix the rebel who was shooting in that direction. "I was much amused at his manner of going to work. He took off his cap and putting it on his ramrod showed it over the earthwork. Of course Johnnie Reb let go at it, thinking to kill the careless man under it. His bullet struck into the bank, and instantly our sharpshooter sprang over the bank and run the ramrod down the hole make by the Johnnie's ball, then lying on his back and sighting along the ramrod he instantly perceived from the direction that his game was in the top of a thick, bushy elm tree, about one hundred yards in front. It was then the work of less than a second to aim his long tele- scope rifle at that tree, and crack she went. Down tumbled Mr. Johnnie like a great crow out of his nest and we had no more trouble from that source."

Here is the way it looked at Cemetery Ridge, in the battle of Gettysburg. "It was a dreadfully hot spot ; on the top of a rise of ground not more than three hundred yards from the enemy's line, which reached round us on three sides, they could concentrate their fire upon our position, and the great wonder is, as we look back upon it, that they did not knock us all to pieces. The ground was strewn with broken carriages, dead horses and dead and dying men, — poor fellows who had faithfully served the guns of their own battery and were now left to take their chances in the rear of our guns. And to crown all and make the picture still more hideous, every few minutes a shell from the enemy would come tearing through the ground and knocking down the headstones would scatter

50 NEW HAMPSHIRE

the broken stone, the sand, earth, and bones of the deceased among the living, adding stench, horror and sacrilege to the rest of the awful scene."

Here is an illustration of ruse de guerre: "Gen. Howard sent a staff officer with orders that all the batteries should load their guns, leave three or four rounds of ammunition on the ground close to the guns, and then the men were, upon a given signal, to leave their guns and run back under cover of the hill and the woods, so as to give the impression that we were retreating. This was done, and the ruse worked charmingly. Lee, supposing we were preparing to evacuate our position, sent a heavy column across the plain to attack our left center. When they had got fairly started our expected signal was given and rushing back to our guns we gave them as warm a reception as we could ; but when they still kept on, closing up the great gaps in their column, and the order was shouted from battery to battery. 'Load with canister,' then came a slaughter that was terrific. Hundreds fell, and hundreds more, including Gen. Archer's whole brigade, threw down their guns, and leaping the low stone wall in front of our infantry line at the foot of Cemetery Hill, they poured on through our lines as prisoners of war, saying it was much safer and easier to come our way than to attempt to pass back over that open field under such a fire."

Troops then fought in the open, not sheltered in dugouts. The artillery did its work at close range, not at a distance of five, ten, or more miles. The charge after charge with the bayonet was made by men shoulder to shoulder, not deployed in Indian fashion. It was not an uncommon thing for a regi- ment to lose half or more of its men in a few hours, sometimes in twenty minutes. Is war growing more deadly, or has mili- tary science lessened the slaughter?

In April, 1863, a company of Heavy Artillery was raised to garrison Fort Constitution, in Portsmouth harbor, and Charles H. Long was its Captain, who had been Lieutenant- Colonel of the seventeenth. In August of the same year another company was raised to garrison Fort McClary, in Kittery, com- manded by Captain Ira McL. Barton, formerly a Captain in the fifth regiment. These companies remained at their posts till May, 1864, building meanwhile barracks and a hospital. Then

A HISTORY 51

they went to Washington and were assigned for duty in the defense of that city. In the latter part of 1864 Captain Barton returned to New Hampshire and raised four more companies, and recruits offered themselves in such numbers that soon there was a whole regiment of Heavy Artillery, consisting of eleven companies. Captain Long was commissioned Colonel, and Cap- tain Barton Lieutenant-Colonel. The remainder of the Light Battery formed the twelfth company, though it acted somewhat independently of this regiment, which only did guard duty in forts and was not engaged in any battles. The end of the re- bellion was drawing nigh. The Heavy Artillery was mustered out June 15, 1865, and arrived at Concord four days later.

New Hampshire furnished three companies of Sharpshoot- ers, which formed part of Colonel Berdan's First and Second Regiments of United States Sharpshooters and continued in service throughout the war. Company E took part in thirty battles and skirmishes, including most of those fought in Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania. It was commanded by Captain Amos B. Jones, who \vas promoted to Major of the Second United States Sharpshooters. It was afterwards commanded by Cap- tain William P. Austin, who was discharged on account of wounds, May 16, 1863, and by Captain William G. Andrews, who was also \vounded but remained to be mustered out with his company. Both enlisted as lieutenants. Companies F and G contained ninety-five men and three officers each and entered service in November and December, 1861. Company F was commanded by Captain Henry M. Caldwell of Dunbarton, who died July 12, 1862; by Edward T. Rowell of Concord, who was promoted to Major, July i, 1864; by Samuel F. Murray of Auburn, who was honorably discharged December 29, 1864; and by Asel B. Griggs of Orford, who wras transferred to Com- pany K Fifth New Hampshire Volunteers, December 23, 1864. Company G was commanded by Captain William D. McPherson of Concord and Captain Howard P. Smith of Hudson. These companies served in all the principal engagements of the army of the Potomac, including Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg and the battles of the Wilderness. Some were mustered out in November and December, 1864, but the major- ity re-enlisted and were consolidated into Company K of the Fifth New Hampshire Volunteers. All these sharpshooters

52

rendered good service as skirmishers, on picket duty, and in battle, and are credited with having killed, disabled, and cap- tured more rebels than any other arm of the United States service, a distinction that sets the thoughtful questioning. It is sad that anyone's chief duty should be to shoot as many of the enemy as possible, but when a righteous war demands it, the duty must be fulfilled.

New Hampshire furnished the Second Brigade Band of the Tenth Army Corps. It contained at different times twenty- three musicians and was led by Gustavus W. Ingalls as Band Master. It served as a post band at Hilton Head, South Caro- lina. It was organized February 10, 1863, and remained in serv- ice till July 4, 1864. It played inside Fort Sumter and in Charleston after the evacuation.

A few other organizations did garrison duty. The Strafford Guards, of the State Militia, were mustered into United States service for sixty days, to guard Fort Constitution at New Cas- tle. This company was commanded by Captain Israel B. Little- field of Dover. The National Guards, commanded by Captain James O. Chandler of Manchester, rendered similar service at the same place. There were about eighty in each company. The Martin Guards, commanded by Captain George E. Hough- ton of Manchester, served ninety days at Fort Constitution, having about the same number of men. The Lafayette Artil- lery, commanded by Captain John H. Tarbell of Lyndeborough was composed of men largely from that and adjacent towns. They did garrison duty at Fort Constitution for ninety days in 1864. An unattached company of volunteers was stationed at Fort Constitution in 1862, many of whom were transferred to Company E of the Ninth New Hampshire regiment.

A company of Dartmouth Cavalry was organized toward the end of the war, composed of thirty-five students from Dart- mouth, twenty-three from Norwich University, four each from Bowdoin and Union colleges, while Williams and Amherst con- tributed one each, and twenty-seven were non-college men. The governors of New Hampshire and Massachusetts refused to accept the company, but Governor Sprague of Rhode Island accepted their offer, and they did duty in the army of the Potomac, for three months, the time for which they enlisted.

In the United States Marine Corps were 366 men from New

A HISTORY 53

Hampshire. The State also had 2122 men enrolled in the regi- ments of other States. The United States Navy had 3160 men from the Granite State, of whom 300 were officers. Of the men in the navy one hundred and twenty went from Dover and two hundred and forty-eight from Portsmouth.

The total of soldiers in New Hampshire organizations was 32,486, of whom 1,934 were killed or died of wounds. The total deaths from battle and disease were 4840. There died in rebel prisons 242. The deserters numbered 4,260, most of whom had been paid big bounties as substitutes, and many of whom found protracted residence in Canada, whence some of them had come. Two hundred deserters voluntarily returned or were captured, and thirteen were executed for desertion, with- out any apparent effect upon the remainder. The aggregate of all men accredited to New Hampshire in army and navy and State organizations that saw service was 38,943, or more than one out of ten of its population at that time.

Chapter IV

NATIVE SONS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE IN THE CIVIL WAR

Chapter IV

NATIVE SONS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE IN THE CIVIL

WAR

Gen. Benjamin F. Butler — Gen. Christopher C. Andrews — Gen. John G. Foster — Gen Fitz-John Porter — Gen. John B. Sanborn — Gen. John D. Webster — Col. Franklin F. Flint — Gen. Everell F. Button — Gen. Benja- min F. Kelley — Col. Edward E. Cross — Col. Fletcher Webster — Col. Thornton F. Brodhead — Gen. Byron McCutcheon — Major Edgar A. Kimball — Gen. Reuben D. Mussey — Major Henry L. Patten — Col. Jesse H. Gove — Col. Charles E. Blunt — Gen. Richard N. Batchelder — Gen. George W. Gile — Commander Tunis A. M. Craven — Rear Admiral George E. Belknap — -Rear Admiral George H. Wadleigh — Commodore John G. Wralker — Commodore George H. Perkins — Rear Admiral Enoch G. Parrott — Capt. James S. Thornton — Commodore Charles W. Picker- ing— Surgeon John M. Brown — Surgeon Luther V. Bell — Surgeon Alpheus B. Crosby — Surgeon George F. French.

IN addition to the numbers mentioned in previous chapters many sons of the Granite State, scattered throughout the northern States, enlisted in other regiments. Some of them rose to prominence. Here can be sketched briefly only a few who rendered distinguished service.

General Benjamin Franklin Butler made his national repu- tation as a military commander rather than as a lawyer and politician, though in the courts of law he was keen, aggressive and successful, and the State of Massachusetts had to reckon with him in politics for many years. He was born in Deerfield, November 5, 1818. His father died when he was quite young, and his mother with her two children moved to Lowell, Mass. Here he fitted for college and entered Waterville, now Colby College, Maine, graduating in 1838. The practice of law was exactly suited to his natural abilities, and an office at Lowell and another at Boston, with a partner in each, kept him and them busy. In politics he ranked with the Democrats till the firing upon Fort Surnter. He was a member of the national Democratic convention at Charleston, South Carolina, which could not agree on a presidential candidate after fifty-seven

57

58 NEW HAMPSHIRE

ballotings. A portion withdrew and at Baltimore nominated Stephen A. Douglas for President of the United States, and Mr. Butler was a member of that convention. At the beginning of the Civil War he was acting as brigadier-general of militia in Massachusetts and in that office was sent by Governor Andrews to Baltimore with troops. The city was kept quiet. Then he was moved on to Fortress Munroe as a Major General. His refusal to return negroes to their southern masters because they were "contraband of war" made him and the phrase famous throughout the North. The expedition to Hatteras Inlet was commanded by him, in which Forts Hatteras and Clarke were captured. Later he was sent to New Orleans as commander of the fifteen thousand men that constituted the land forces. As governor of that city he was firm, stern, and in southern esti- mation atrocious. Jefferson Davis proclaimed him an outlaw. This was because he would not tolerate insults offered to northern soldiers by women of New Orleans and issued an order concerning them that was threatening and might well be considered insulting in turn. Here cotton was contraband of war, and the merchants were incensed because they were not allowed to ship cotton bales to England. It is said that they offered him increasing sums of money for such a privilege, till at last he ordered them out of his presence, because they were getting too near his price. But with some faults perhaps he seemed to be the man for his place, for New Orleans then needed a firm and determined governor. Later he conducted the unsuccessful expedition against Fort Fisher. After the war he was elected a member of Congress from Massachusetts as a Republican and sought to be the candidate of that party for the governorship of the State. In this he failed, but finally the Democrats seated him in the gubernatorial chair, in 1882, and again he made himself admired and hated for investigating and reforming the eleemosynary institutions of Massachusetts. He died in Washington, D. C., January n, 1893. His loyalty and ability never were questioned. Evildoers, North and South, never had any friendship for him. He was an upholder of law and order, and that is right, when the law is what it ought to be. Otherwise, change it, — peaceably if you can, — forcibly if you must. Constitutional law favored slavery in the South ; the law had to be changed by force of arms.

A HISTORY 59

Christopher Columbus Andrews was born in Hillsborough, October 27, 1829. After studying- at Francestown Academy and teaching a district school he pursued the study of law at Har- vard and was admitted to the bar in 1850. Boston was his place of residence for a short time, whence he went to Kansas. Then he served in the Treasury Department at Washington and settled in the practice of law at St. Cloud, Minnesota, in 1857. He was correspondent for several Boston papers and edited the Minnesota Union. When the Civil War began he enlisted as Captain in the Third Minnesota regiment and was advanced to the office of Colonel in 1863, being present at the capture of Vicksburg and of Little Rock. In the following year he was promoted to Brigadier-General, and March 9, 1865, was brevetted Major-General. His command lay in Alabama and in Texas. In 1869 he was appointed Minister to Norway and Sweden, in which post he continued eight years and a half. In 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Consul General to Brazil and was recalled by President Cleveland in 1885. Later he was chief forest-fire warden of Minnesota. He was author of several military and legal works and contributed frequent articles to periodicals.

Gen. John Gray Foster was born at Whitefield, May 27, 1823. He graduated at West Point in 1846 and served in the Mexican War, being wounded severely at Molino del Rey and brevetted Captain of Artillery at the close of the war. In 1854 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Engineering at West Point. He had charge of the repairing of Fort Moultrie and building of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor and was second in command at Fort Sumter when it was bombarded, April 14, 1861. For this service he was made brevet Major of Engineers and Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He accompanied the Burnside expedition into North Carolina, participated in the battle of Roanoke Island and in the capture of Newbern, where two thousand rebels were surrendered, with batteries and de- fences. He was left in command of the Department of North Carolina and defeated General Hill in his attack on Washington, N. C., in April, 1863. He commanded a little later in the Depart- ment of Ohio and then in the Department of the South. In March, 1865, he was promoted Major of Engineers and brevet Major-General in the regular army. He conducted important

60 NEW HAMPSHIRE

submarine operation in Boston and Portsmouth harbors. His professional abilities were manifest in whatever position he was placed and his whole life was an honor to the place of his birth. He died at Nashua, September 2, 1874.

Gen. Fitz-John Porter was born in Portsmouth, in 1822, son of Captain John Porter of the United States Navy. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated at West Point in 1845. He served throughout the Mexican War and was brevetted Captain and Major for gallant and meritorious conduct. After that war he was on duty at West Point as Adjutant and Instructor till 1855. Then he became chief of staff of General Johnston in the Utah campaign for suppression of the Mormon rebellion. In the autumn of 1860 he was at army headquarters in New York City as Assistant Inspector-General. He helped to organize the three months volunteers of Pennsyl- vania, serving on the staff of General Patterson and later of General Banks. He was promoted to be Colonel of the I5th United States Infantry and Brigadier-General of volunteers in 1861. Later he commanded a division in the Peninsula cam- paign. After the surrender of Yorktown he had command of the Fifth Corps and was successful in several engagements, par- ticularly at Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill. This campaign won him promotion to be Major General of volunteers and Brevet Brigadier-General in the regular army. He served under General Pope in the second battle of Bull Run and subsequently under General George B. McClellan, commanding a corps of twenty thousand men, which was held in reserve at the battle of Antietam. On the I2th of November, 1862, he was relieved of his command and was soon after placed under arrest for trial by court-martial on charges made by General Pope. He was charged with disobedience to orders at the battle of Bull Run and for failure to co-operate. The court-martial found him guilty of the charges preferred, and he was dismissed from the service January 27, 1863, disqualified from ever holding any office, civil or military. Then began an endeavor, lasting through twenty-five years, to vindicate and reinstate him. The board of examination of old and new evidences reported an absolute vindication. General Grant expressed himself as fully convinced that injustice had been done General Porter and that it would have been better for the country and would have

A HISTORY 61

shortened the war, if Porter's advice and plans had been fol- lowed. In 1886 Congress passed a bill, restoring his name to the army rolls and he was placed upon the retired list, without allowing him pay for the years lost. The attempt to make him the scapegoat for the defeat of Pope's army was historically a failure. General Porter was for many years one of the most prominent citizens of New York City, a gentleman of culture, a soldier of marked ability, a patriot of persistent type. An equestrian statue of him adorns the city of his birth.

John Benjamin Sanborn was born in Epsom, December 5, 1826. He was educated at Dartmouth College, admitted to the bar in 1854 and settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He became Adjutant-General of the State in 1858 and was Quartermaster- General at the beginning of the Civil War, in which office he equipped and sent to the front the first five regiments from Minnesota, besides a regiment of cavalry and two batteries. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the 4th Minnesota regi- ment, and was promoted to be Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He fought in the campaign under General Grant that led to the fall of Vicksburg. Then he was made commander of the De- partment of Southwest Missouri and defeated the rebel General Price in several engagements. After the war he led a campaign against the Indians and quieted them. He died in St. Paul, Minn., May 16, 1904.

John Dana Webster was born at Hampton, August 25, 1811, and died in Chicago, 111., March 12, 1876. He \vas son of the Rev. Josiah Webster of Hampton. After graduating at Dart- mouth College in 1832 he read law and became a clerk in the engineer and war offices in Washington. In 1838 he entered the army as second lieutenant of topographical engineers, served throughout the Mexican War and was promoted Lieutenant and Captain. He resigned his commission in 1854 and entered into business in Chicago. Offering himself for service when the Rebellion broke out he was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery, and acting as chief of General Grant's staff was present at the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson and at the battle of Shiloh. He was detailed in October, 1862, to make a survey of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Again he received a military commission, this time as Brigadier-Gen- eral of volunteers, and was military governor of Memphis. Again

62 NEW HAMPSHIRE

he was General Grant's chief of staff in the Vicksburg campaign and he held the same post under General Sherman from 1864 to the end of the war. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865. Afterward he was assessor of internal revenue for Chicago, 1869-72, assistant United States Treasurer, and collector of revenue.

Franklin Foster Flint was born in Walpole, August 29, 2821. He graduated at West Point in 1841, and served in the Florida War and on the western frontier, as Lieutenant and Captain, taking part in the Utah campaign in 1858. In the Rebellion he was Major in the i6th Infantry, in charge of mili- tary posts and Inspector-General of the Department of Ohio. He was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1863 an<^ nac^ com- mand of a regiment at Tallahassee, Florida, up to 1868, when he was made Colonel of the 4th Infantry in command of posts in Wyoming and Arkansas. He retired from service in i8b2 and died at Highland Park, Illinois, September 13, 1891.

Everell Fletcher Button was born in Sullivan county, N. H. At the age of eight he moved with his parents to Sycamore, Illinois. He enlisted as First Lieutenant in the I3th Illinois Infantry and was afterwards Major in the iO5th Illinois and promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. At the end of the war he was made Brigadier-General, by brevet, "for gallant and meri- torious conduct." He later served as county clerk of the su- preme court for the northern division of Illinois ; also as presi- dent of the national bank in Sycamore, where he died June 8, 1900.

Gen. Benjamin F. Kelley was born in New Hampton, April 10, 1807. At the age of nineteen he settled in Wheeling, Vir- ginia, and he raised the first Union regiment south of Mason and Dixon's line. He also won the first battle fought, in which he was severely wounded by a ball passing through his breast and lung. This was at Philippi on the third of June, 1861, after a night march of twenty-six miles. He was commissioned Brigadier-General and did active service during the war in his section of the country. At the end of the war he was brevetted Major-General of volunteers. Afterwards he held the offices in succession of collector of internal revenue and examiner of pensions. In 1886 Congress by a special act gave him a pen- sion of one hundred dollars a month, the motion being seconded

A HISTORY 63

by several who had served in the rebel ranks, who spoke of his manly and noble conduct. "General Kelley never struck a foul blow and never failed to put forth his arm — and to put it forth vigorously and promptly — for the protection of defense- less non-combatants." He died in Oakland, Maryland, July, 1891.

Colonel Edward E. Cross won as much fame as any of the men of New Hampshire who fell on the field of honor. He was born in Lancaster, April 22, 1832, son of Hon. Ephraim Cross. With a common school education he entered a printing office at the age of fifteen and remained two years. Then he assisted his father in steamboat-building in Canada and visited the prin- cipal cities in the Dominion. At the age of twenty he went to Cincinnati and was employed as reporter and local editor of the "Times." For two sessions of Congress he was special cor- respondent of that paper in Washington, and wrote letters for the New York Herald and other papers. Some years were spent in company with trappers and buffalo hunters on the western plains, and sketches of adventures and experiences were contributed to the press. He also wrote sketches and poems over the signature, "Richard Everett." While in Ohio he stumped the State in favor of the American party. In 1858 he started for Arizona with a mining company, taking along the first steam engine and the first printing press that ever crossed the Rocky Mountains. The Journey lasted six months and over seventeen hundred miles were traversed. There were some encounters with the Apaches and Mr. Cross had a bloodless duel with an officer. He was sometimes called upon to preside at lynch courts. He led expeditions against the Indians, and during one of these the mining company, with which he was connected, were massacred. Then he went over into Mexico and held a lieutenant's commission in the Mexican Liberal Army, and was given command of a large garrison in El Fuerto. When he heard of the firing on Fort Sumter, he resigned his office and came back to New Hampshire and offered his services to Governor Berry. As its Colonel he organized "the fighting fifth," and they fairly earned the name. Here is the way he described their conduct at Antietam :

"My brave boys, knowing that all depended upon promptly checking

64 NEW HAMPSHIRE

the rebels, raised the wild Indian yell and poured an awful volley into their ranks. Their center regiment was literally smashed to pieces, and before they could rally their forces, several regiments hastened to my assistance. Then came the most terrific fighting. I had been in seven battles before, but they were nothing in comparison with Antietam. We shot down the rebel color-bearers as fast as they could get up, killed their officers, broke their ranks and piled them in heaps among the tall corn. I never felt better in my life, and if the rebels didn't hear the Apache whoop that day it was not my fault, for I yelled it until I was hoarse. My men fought nobly, gloriously; never shrank. Not a man but the wounded and the dead fell out. My officers also conducted themselves like heroes. As for myself I was hit five times but not seriously injured."

At the battle of Fredericksburg Colonel Cross was twice wounded by fragments of shells and lay four hours between the lines, with bullets from both sides hissing about a foot above him. He said that he laid himself out decently with his feet to the foe and awaited death, which did not then come to him. At Fair Oaks he commanded the brigade of General Howard, after that officer had been disabled. He was in command of a brigade at Gettysburg, when he was mortally wounded. A minnie ball entered the abdomen and came out near the spine. His last words were, "I did hope I would live to see peace and our country restored. Thank Heaven, I have done my duty. I think the boys will miss me. Oh ! welcome death ! Say fare- well to all." He was buried at Lancaster with Masonic honors.

Col. Fletcher Webster, son of Senator Daniel Webster, was born at Portsmouth, July 23, 1813, graduated at Harvard in 1833, studied law, and was private secretary to his father, when the latter was Secretary of State. He was secretary of legation in China under Hon. Caleb Gushing in 1843, and a member of the Massachusetts lower house in 1847. He held the office of sur- veyor of the port of Boston from 1850 to 1861. When the call to arms came, he said that his father had defended the Constitu- tion and the Union, and he would do the same, though in a different way. He was commissioned Colonel of the I2th Mass. Regiment and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862.

Col. Thornton Fleming Brodhead was born in what is now Newfields, December 5, 1820, son of the Rev. John Brodhead, who was a member of Congress at one time. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and studied law at Harvard, begin-

A HISTORY 65

rung the practice of his profession at Detroit, Michigan. He served as Adjutant throughout the Mexican War and was bre- vetted Captain. He was wounded and captured while leading a charge. Returning to Detroit he became a State senator and postmaster. The First Michigan Cavalry was raised by him, and he was commissioned its Colonel. He died of wounds received in the first battle of Bull Run.

Byron McCutcheon was born in Pembroke, May n, 1826, son of Rev. James and Hannah (Tripp) McCutcheon. He fitted for college at Pembroke Academy and at Ypsilanti, Mich., and graduated at the University of Michigan in 1861. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant of the 2Qth Michigan Infantry and was promoted Captain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, 1862- 64, and brevetted Brigadier-General "for conspicuous gallantry." Twice was he wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, and he fought at Yicksburg, the Wilderness, Petersburg and a dozen other battles. He graduated at the Law School of the Univer- sity of Michigan in 1866 and practiced at Manistee and Grand Rapids. He served as county attorney and regent of the uni- versity and represented Michigan in the 48th, 49th and 5Oth congresses.

Edgar Addison Kimball was born in Pembroke, June 3, 1822. He was educated at Norwich University and became a printer and editor of the Spirit of the Age, at Woodstock, Ver- mont. He was commissioned Captain in the 9th United States Infantry in the Mexican War and was promoted Major. He was the first to scale the walls of Chepultepec and seize the Mexican colors. For some years he was connected with the New York Herald. As Major of the 9th New York regiment he lead a charge at Roanoke Island and was conspicuous for bravery at Antietam and Fredericksburg. He was shot and killed by Michael Corcoran, Colonel of a rival Zouave regiment, the 6gth New York, at Suffolk, Virginia, April 12, 1863.

Reuben Delavan Mussey, son of Dr. Reuben D. Mussey, eminent surgeon and professor, was born at Hanover, May 30, 1833, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1854. He engaged in newspaper work in Boston, Cincinnati and Washington. He organized the Henry Clay Guards for the defense of the capital and was commissioned Captain in the Federal Army. He or- ganized colored troops, was appointed Colonel and was brevet-

66 NEW HAMPSHIRE

ted Brigadier-General at the end of the war. In 1866 he was military secretary to President Johnson. He was admitted to the bar and was Professor of Law in Howard University. Marietta College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Died in Washington, D. C., May 29, 1892.

Henry Lyman Patten was born in Kingston, April, 1836. Graduated at Harvard in 1858. Was a professor in Washing- ton University, St. Louis. Entered Law School at Cambridge, Mass. As an officer in the 2Oth Massachusetts regiment he served through the Peninsula campaign, was wounded at Glen- dale and again at Petersburg. Was promoted Major and had command of his regiment. Again was wounded at Deep bot- tom, a leg was amputated and he died soon after.

Col. Jesse H. Gove was born in Weare, in 1824, and was educated at Norwich University. He served as a lieutenant in the Mexican War, though sickness prevented him from action in battle. Afterwards he made his home at Concord and took much interest in the State militia. October 13, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 22nd Massachusetts regiment and was killed at the battle of Gaines's Mill, Va., while leading his command. He was a soldier of approved valor and ability, greatly esteemed by his regiment. His portrait adorns the entrance hall of the State capitol at Concord.

Charles Edward Blunt was born in Portsmouth, February i, 1823. He graduated at West Point in 1846. He rose through the grades of Captain, Major, Lieutenant-Colonel to be brevetted Colonel for meritorious service during the war. After the war he was an officer on the Corps of Engineers and had charge of river and harbor improvements and defenses, on the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, in Portsmouth harbor, on the coast of Maine, and of the survey of the Niagara Ship Canal. He died July 10, 1892.

Gen. Richard N. Ratchelder was born in Meredith, now Laconia, July 27, 1832. He was educated in the common schools of Manchester and was engaged with father in railroad construction. Having an unusual talent for business he early attained rank and the confidence of his community, being made collector of the city of Manchester and a bank director. He was also a member of the legislature two years. In 1861 he was commissioned Quartermaster of the First New Hampshire

A HISTORY 67

regiment and later became Chief Quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac, with rank of Colonel. He was then thirty-one years of age and had been promoted over several graduates of West Point. He had charge of immense baggage trains, of 5000 wagons and 27,000 horses and mules, yet he handled them all with the comprehensive grasp of a great military commander. All the generals testified to his surpassing ability. He was made Quartermaster-General of the army in 1890 and brevetted at the close of the war Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He died at Washington, D. C., January 4, 1901.

George W. Gile was born at Bethlehem, January 25, 1830. He entered military service as lieutenant in the 22nd Pennsyl- vania Infantry and rose steadily to the rank of Colonel. He was brevetted Brigadier-General, May 6, 1865, "for energy and good conduct in assisting to repel the attack on Fort Slocum, D. C." He was thrice brevetted for gallant and meritorious conduct, after the battles of Bull Run, South Mountain, and An- tietam. At the last battle he was wounded while in command of his regiment. He died February 26, 1896.

Of New Hampshire's more than three hundred officers in the navy during the Civil War some arose to distinction. Tunis A. M. Craven was born in Portsmouth, January n, 1813. He was a midshipman from 1829 to 1837. In 1841 he was a lieu- tenant, assisting in the coast survey. He commanded the Atrato expedition, to survey the isthmus of Darien, by way of the Atrato river, for a ship canal. He commanded the Mohawk when it was stationed off the coast of Cuba to intercept slavers and captured a brig with five hundred negroes on board, whom he sent back to Africa. For rescuing the crew of a Spanish merchant vessel the Queen of Spain presented him with a gold medal. In 1861 he was given command of the Tennessee and for two months he blockaded the rebel privateer Sumter in Gibraltar, till officers and crew abandoned her. At the battle of Mobile Bay he had command of the monitor Tecumseh, which was sunk by the explosion of a torpedo, and he went down with his vessel by making way for the pilot to escape.

Rear Admiral George Eugene Belknap was born in New- port, January 22, 1832. He entered the navy in 1847 an^ served throughout the Civil War. Afterwards he made deep sea sound- ings of great importance, in the Pacific ocean. He was pro-

68 NEW HAMPSHIRE

tnoted to 'be Commodore in 1885 and was superintendent of the Naval Observatory at Washington. In 1886 he commanded the Navy Yard at Mare Island, California. In 1889 he became Rear Admiral and till 1892 commanded the Asiatic squadron. He was retired because of age in 1894 and from that time till his death was president of the Board of Commissioners of the Massachusetts Nautical Training- School. Dartmouth College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was author of a work on deep sea soundings. He died at Key West, Florida, April 7, 1903.

Rear Admiral George Henry Wadleigh was born in Dover, September 28, 1842. He graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1863 and immediately entered active service as ensign, serving on the "Lackawanna." He was present at the attack on Fort Powell, the battle of Mobile Bay and the sur- render of Fort Morgan. He served on the "Richmond" in 1865. As commander of the "Alliance" he was sent on a special cruise in search of the "Jeannette" in the Arctic Ocean and reached a point over eighty degrees north latitude. Then he was light- house inspector and later had charge of the Navy Yard at Boston. As commander of the "Minneapolis" in 1892-4 he cruised off the coast of Asia Minor to protect American mis- sionaries. Again he had charge of navy yards at Boston and at League Island. He retired from the navy in 1902 and made his residence in Dover. He is author of "Notable Events in the History of Dover."

Commodore John Grimes Walker was born in Hillsborough, March 20, 1835, nephew of Governor Grimes of Iowa. He en- tered the Naval Academy in 1850 and was a lieutenant at the beginning of the Civil War. He served at the taking of New Orleans and Vicksburg and in almost all of the naval engage- ments on the Mississippi river and its tributaries. He com- manded the gunboat "Shawmut" at the capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1865. The following year he was made assistant superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. He was secretary of the light-house board for five years. In 1891 he was made a commodore and for eight years he acted as chief of the bureau of navigation in the Navy Department at Washington. He was president of the Nicaragua Canal Com- mission and also of the Isthmian Canal Commission, to report

A HISTORY 69

on all practicable routes for a canal across the isthmus. At one time he had command of the North Atlantic squadron. He died at York Beach, Maine, September 16, 1907.

Commodore George Hamilton Perkins was born in Hopkin- ton, December 20, 1826, son of Judge Hamilton Perkins. He graduated at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1856 and was a lieutenant at the outbreak of the war, having already served in Central and South American waters and on the African coast. His first exploit was as executive officers of the "Cayuga" in Farragut's fleet, in passing Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the lower Mississippi, which had seventy-five and fifty-five guns respectively and were garrisoned by seven hundred men, Per- kins' vessel was the first to pass amid a storm of shot and shell. His ship was hit thirty-two times. He kept on and captured a regiment of rebels on the river bank, releasing the officers on parole. At batteries further up the river fourteen more hits were received. Captain Bailey and Lieutenant Perkins were ordered to go on shore and demand from the mayor the sur- render of the city. They made their way unarmed through a mob of hooting rebels, who demanded that the intruders should be hanged. Two days later the forts below the city surrendered and General Butler with 15,000 troops or more took possession of New Orleans. Eleven rebel vessels had been sunk or cap- tured in the fight on the river.

Perkins was a Lieutenant Commander in December, 1862, and the following year had command of the "New London," conveying powder and dispatches between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. He ran the batteries at Port Hudson success- fully five times, but was disabled in the sixth attempt. He had command of the "Chickasaw" in the operations that led to the surrender of Mobile, the reduction of Forts Gain.es, Powell and Morgan, and the capture of a rebel ironclad, the "Tennessee," that received more pounding from the "Chickasaw" than from all the rest of Farragut's fleet. In 1865-6 Perkins was superin- tendent of ironclads at New Orleans. He was promoted to be Commander in 1871 and for the next five years was ordnance officer in Boston and light-house inspector. He commanded the "Ashuelot" in the Asiatic squadron in 1879-81 and had charge of the torpedo station at Newport in 1882. Then he was pro- moted to be Captain and had command of the "Hartford" in the

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Pacific squadron, 1885-6. He was placed on the retired list in 1891, after forty years of service in the navy. Congress by a special bill made him a Commodore, without increase of pay, May 9, 1896.

Commodore Perkins bought a large tract of land near Lake Winnepocket, formerly "Long Pond," in the town of Webster, and out of an old square farm-house made, by renovations and additions, a beautiful summer resort. The wilderness was made to blossom and produce hay and vegetables. He kept on buying and improving farms till he had sixteen of them, containing eighteen hundred acres. He had in all, in his last year, sixty horses, one hundred and ten cattle and three hundred and fifty sheep. History does not record that he made as much money by farming as he did by serving in the navy.

Commodore Perkins died in Boston, October 28, 1899. His bronze statue stands in the rear of the State House at Concord. The inscription makes Admiral Farragut say that Commodore Perkins was "the bravest man that ever trod the deck of a ship." His biographer quotes Farragut as saying, "No braver man ever trod a ship's deck." The last is nearer to the truth. He was a very brave and able commander, and there have been many others.

Rear Admiral Enoch Greenleaf Parrott was born in Ports- mouth, December 10, 1814. He entered the navy in 1831 and was commissioned Lieutenant in 1841. He accompanied General Fremont in the expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles, 1846-48. He was promoted Commander in 1861 and with the brig "Perry" captured the Confederate privateer, Savannah. In command of the steamer "Augusta" he served under Dupont at the capture of Port Royal. He was in command of the "Monad- nock" in the attacks on Fort Fisher and at the surrender of Charleston. In 1866 he was made Captain; in 1870, Commo- dore ; in 1873, Rear Admiral. He was retired from the navy in 1874 and died in New York city, May 10, 1879.

Captain James Shepard Thornton was born at Merrimack, February 25, 1827, a descendant of Hon. Matthew Thornton. He entered the navy in 1840 and served in the Mexican War. He was executive officer of Farragut's flagship, the "Hartford," at the taking of New Orleans and Vicksburg. At the battle of Mobile he commanded the "Winona" and sunk several Con-

A HISTORY 71

federate vessels. He was executive officer on the "Kearsage," when it sunk the rebel privateer "Alabama," off Cherbourg, France, in 1864. Special trains ran from Paris to see the fight. In 1866-67 he was stationed at the Navy Yard in Portsmouth harbor; was made Commander in 1866, and Captain in 1872; died at Germanton, Pa., May 14, 1875.

Charles Whipple Pickering was born at Portsmouth, De- cember 23, 1815, and died at St. Augustine, Florida, February 29, 1888. He was a midshipman in 1832 and lieutenant in 1838. For a short time he had command of the "Kearsarge" and later of the "Housatonic," when she was destroyed by a torpedo near Charleston, S. C., February 17, 1865, at which time Lieutenant Pickering was wounded. He was ordered to the Pacific navy yard in 1865, made Commodore in 1867 and retired from the service.

Of the many who served as surgeons in the army and navy during the Civil War a few can be mentioned. John Mills Brown was born in Hinsdale, May 10, 1831. He graduated at the Medical School of Harvard in 1852 and was appointed assistant surgeon of the United States Navy Yard the follow- ing year, and served till 1855 a* Mare Island, California, and then on ships on the western coast. In 1861 he was commis- sioned surgeon on the "Kearsage," and he wrote the account of the fight with the "Alabama" for the Century Magazine. In 1865 he was ordered back to California and superintended the building of the Naval Hospital at Mare Island, remaining in charge there ten years. Being commissioned Medical Director in 1878 he came East and the following year was appointed a member of the board of visitors to the Naval Academy at Annapolis. As naval representative to the International Med- ical Congress he visited England, and about the same time was made a member of the national board of health and had charge of the United States Naval Museum of Hygiene. In 1884 he represented the United States at the International Medical Congress at Copenhagen, and in 1888 he became Sur- geon-General and Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. He retired from service in 1893, having reached the time limit; died December 7, 1894, and was buried in the national cemetery at Arlington, Va.

Luther V. Bell, M.D., LL.D., was born in Francestown,

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December 20, 1806, son of Governor Samuel Bell. Having prac- ticed medicine six years at Derry, in 1836 he became superin- tendent of the McLean Asylum for the Insane at Somerville, Mass., and continued there many years. In 1856 he was the candidate of the Whig party for governor of Massachusetts. At the asylum for the insane he is said to have had the care of 2696 patients, sixty per cent, of whom recovered. He was the author of several standard medical works. When the Civil War broke out he offered his services and was appointed sur- geon of the nth Massachusetts regiments. In August, 1861, he was promoted to be brigade surgeon and died the eleventh of the following February. He attained eminent rank in his profession, was an ardent patriot and a kindly, sympathetic helper of his fellow men.

Alpheus Benning Crosby was born in Gilmanton, Feb- ruary 22, 1832, son of Prof. Dixi Crosby, who filled the chair of surgery in Dartmouth Medical College. The son was fitted for college at Hanover and graduated at Dartmouth in 1853. Adopting the profession of his father he studied at Dartmouth and the College of Physicians in New York, serving also as interne in the United States Marine Hospital at Chelsea, Mass. On receiving his degree as a physician he was appointed Dem- onstrator of Pathological Anatomy in Dartmouth Medical Col- lege and filled the office five years. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon in the First New Hampshire regiment and after three months' service was commissioned brigade surgeon of United States volunteers. Promoted to the rank of medical director he served on the staffs, successively, of Generals Stone, Casey, Sedgwick and Peck. At the end of his service in the army he returned to his work at Hanover and by invitation added to his labors the duties of the chair of surgery in the University of Vermont and the University of Michigan. In 1870 he succeeded his father in the chair of surgery at Dartmouth and delivered a course of surgical lectures in the Medical Department of Bow- doin College. In 1871 he was surgical professor in the Long Island Medical College and the following year he accepted a professorship in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, which he retained till his death. Similar invitations to other medical schools he was obliged to refuse. He wore him- self out prematurely in his efforts to accomplish the largest good

A HISTORY 73

possible and lectured to his class at Dartmouth forty-eight hours before his death, which occurred August 8, 1877. He was among the most eminent surgeons and teachers of sur- gery that this country has produced, and the goodness of his heart is attested by all who knew him.

Dr. George Franklin French was born in Dover, October 30, 1837. After fitting at Dover High School he graduated at Harvard with degree of A. B. in 1859, and had from the same institution the degree of M. D. in 1862, and of A. M. in 1871. As surgeon in the Union army he saw service at Alexandria, Va., and on General Grant's staff at Vicksburg. Accompanying Sherman's army in its march through Georgia to the sea he established a field hospital at Rome, Ga., of 3500 beds, and at Atlanta, of 5000 beds. He was surgeon-in-chief of the First Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps, and at the close of the war was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel and offered a commission in the regular army, which he declined. Thereafter he prac- ticed his profession in Portland, Maine, and Minneapolis, Minn., serving in the latter city as professor in the Minneapolis Hos- pital College, as president of the State Medical Examining Board and as president also of the Minneapolis Academy of Medicine. He died in Minneapolis, July 13, 1897.

Chapter V

CIVIC AFFAIRS DURING THE REBELLION

Chapter V

CIVIC AFFAIRS DURING THE REBELLION

United Demand of Unionists for the Abolition of Slavery — Peace Confer- ence— Congress Throws a Sop to Cerberus — Gov. Nathaniel S. Berry — Citation from His Message — Resolves of the Legislature — Sanitary Commission and Christian Commission — How the Soldiers Voted — Gov. Joseph A. Gilmore — A Higher Law then the Constitution — Population of the State and Number of Representatives — Enlargement of the State House— The State Debt— The Draft— National Cemetery at Gettysburg — Case of Lieut. Andrew J. Edgerly — Case of Thomas Weir — Ratification of Amendment to the United States Constitution — Elec- tion of Lincoln and Johnson — New Hampshire Represented well.

THE election of 1861 was, to some extent, a test of loyalty. Life-long1 Democrats found it hard to change their minds and still harder to change their votes. Therefore they called themselves War-Democrats and for a time continued to vote the ticket of good old Jeffersonian democracy, whatever that might mean, while they acted with the Republicans in the en- deavor to crush the rebellion. Gradually votes changed, and the Republican party in the North kept growing stronger, while the remaining Democrats were suspected at least of having affiliations with the South. The minority in the State legisla- ture talked as loudly as the Republicans about the preservation of the Union, but they were equally strenuous to conserve State rights and not meddle with the peculiar institutions of the South. Gradually the Republican party came to adopt the principles of the abolitionists and to demand the extinction of slavery, first in the District of Columbia, then in the territories and at last, by the Proclamation of Emancipation as a war measure, throughout the whole country. But at the beginning of the Civil War there was no plan for the uprooting of African slavery on American soil. Public opinion grew to demand it, and as a military measure it seemed wise and almost necessary. Colored troops could not be utilized while slaves, and the pros- pect of liberty made every negro a friend to the Union army, wherever it went. First they became "contraband of war," as

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General Butler phrased the situation, and then "God's free- men," as the poet Whittier sang; the chorus of voices grew in numbers and loudness, like the voice of many waters, while the freedmen thrumbed their banjos, like an innumerable com- pany of "harpers harping with their harps." The year of jubilee had come.

There was a Peace Conference to try to patch up an agree- ment between the North and the South, which spent itself in fruitless talk. The delegates from New Hampshire were Levi Chamberlain, Asa Fowler and Amos Tuck, and the State al- lowed three hundred dollars each to the first two and three hundred and thirty-five dollars to the last for expenses. The South, under the leadership of Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War, had been getting ready for rebellion for years, and a Peace Conference meant for them only a delay in order to pre- pare more fully for the inevitable struggle.

The United States congress threw a sop to Cerberus, March 2, 1861, in the form of a joint resolution as a proposed amend- ment to the Federal Constitution, as follows :

No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which shall authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere within any State with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.

This was meant as a pledge to the Southern States, that slavery should not be hindered within their borders, if they would not secede. The offer was not sufficient ; they wanted also the privilege to carry with them their slaves wherever they wished to go, and to have their runaways arrested and sent back to them. Whittier voiced the indignation of the North :

"Thank God, not yet so vilely can Massachusetts bow."

The House of Representatives of New Hampshire ratified the proposed amendment and sent it to the Senate, where it was postponed and never came up for further consideration.

In the election of 1861 Nathaniel S. Berry was chosen gov- ernor by 35,467 votes. The opposing candidate was Gen. George Stark, who received 31,452 votes. Governor Berry was a man of the people, a friend of human liberty, as a Methodist class-leader naturally would be. He had been a candidate while

A HISTORY 79

the hosts of emancipation were growing, often victoriously defeated. He was born at Bath, Maine, September i, 1796. The death of his father left the family penniless, and at the age of nine years Nathaniel was chore boy in a tavern. His mother married Benjamin Morse, and the family moved to Lisbon, N. H., where Nathaniel was apprenticed to a tanner. At the age of twenty-one he removed to Bristol, to take charge of a tannery at a salary of two hundred dollars per annum. In 1820 he be- gan the manufacture of leather, and in 1826 introduced into the State the process of tanning with hot liquids. The business was removed to Hebron in 1840 and there continued till 1857, when his tannery was burned. He was affiliated with the Democratic party till 1840, when he helped to organize the Free-Soil party and was its first candidate for governor. Five times he served as a member of the lower House and twice as State senator. He was made judge of the court of common pleas in 1841, and judge of probate in 1856. After serving two years as governor he made his home at Andover, Mass., 1864-78, and then for five years he lived at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Then he returned to Bristol, New Hampshire, to end his days there, April 27, 1894. He was the War Governor of New Hampshire. All the seven- teen regiments, except the first, were organized and equipped during his term of office. His messages and administration evince business ability and complete loyalty. The integrity of his character and his political principles brought him to the front in the hour of the nation's greatest need. He was not a whit behind the noted War Governors of other Northern States. He was a class-leader for thirty years, delegate to the general con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1872 and organizer of the first temperance society in the State, among men of his own tannery.

In his inaugural Governor Berry characterized the seizure of forts, arsenals, mints and public property as "high-handed acts of treason" and asked the legislature to appropriate one million dollars to aid in suppressing the rebellion. At this time for- tunately the debt of the State was small, only about thirty thou- sand dollars. He cautioned the legislature against "external mercenary efforts exerted in matters of legislation. This should be everywhere guarded against, and especially the corrupting influence of men habitually frequenting the sessions of our legis-

8o NEW HAMPSHIRE

lature, tendering their brokerage assistance in the disposal of offices, and directing in matters of government. The tolerance in any way of such men or such influences about our public con- cerns is certain to be productive only of injury and mischief." Yet the lobbyists, it is said, continue to beset the legislators of State and nation down to the present day, sometimes as the corruption agents of great corporations, sometimes to extort graft from the corporations themselves. The brewers and dis- tillers make it necessary that all manner of reform leagues should also have agents on hand to influence legislation. The greater battles of civilization are here fought. The forces of evil have the "sinews of war" ; the friends of righteousness and the moral reformers wield the sword of truth and put on the shield of faith. For them there is no money to gain and much to lose.

While the governor's message bristled with patriotism and all minds were aroused intensely by news from the battle front, and the prospective burden of taxation was great, the legislature made an appropriation this year to purchase the oil painting of Daniel Webster that hangs in the representatives' hall. The legislature voted three hundred dollars for this purpose, on con- dition that two hundred dollars be given by private citizens in New Hampshire and five hundred dollars more by natives of New Hampshire living in Massachusetts.

In his second message, 1862, Governor Berry was able to express his joy that the curse of slavery had been removed from the national capital, and his confident hope that it would soon be prohibited in the territories. He voices the resolution of the North saying, that "there can be but one result to the struggle in which we are engaged — submission to the first principles of government inaugurated and established by our fathers. The inheritance we have received from them, we will transmit to our posterity. Foreign thrones and dynasties may change, but the institutions of Freedom*, as established and administered here by WASHINGTON and those of his successors who have been actuated by a like spirit, were designed for all time. Whatever in them was perishable or temporary, owing to the ill-judged wrongs of the mother country, time, they felt assured, would heal, and ultimately relieve us from them. It was designed that this country should expand in the spirit of liberty; that this

A HISTORY 81

spirit should grow with its growth and strengthen with its strength, and everything alien to it should die out and grad- ually pass away, overshadowed and controlled by the great power of freedom, of which our flag was to be the chosen sym- bol, wherever it might wave. A base, rebellious spirit has, how- ever, attempted to reverse this order of things and make an institution national, fundamental and permanent, which was originally only sectional, exceptional and temporary. This bane, which once extended largely over the whole Union, it was sup- posed the increase of just sentiments of moral and religious obligation would gradually limit and terminate. The progress of the age and regard to the true honor and permanent pros- perity of the nation demand this result. Higher motives than these demand it. We may well tremble in view of this national sin, when, like Jefferson, "we reflect that God is just." The people of this country have determined that this alarming evil shall not pass beyond the original bounds prescribed to it ; that it shall not master, control, and turn to its own selfish purposes the constitution and government of the country. They have determined to crush back the hydra to his den, and let it die out as our fathers designed it should die, under the progress of enlightened wisdom and that philanthropy and charity which, in its destined march, is to bring good will to all men. The fearful lesson we have had in the conflict with slavery ; its dis- asters to all its promoters ; its evident weakness in its death- struggle with freedom — all portend a change in the estimation in which this great evil will be hereafter held, and foretell, in legible characters, written in view of all the nations, that its days are numbered." Thus the war to maintain the Union soon came to be also a war to free four millions of slaves and abolish forever slavery in this free land. One year of fighting had made such an utterance possible from the governor of a northern State. The war had taken on a new phase.

The Republican majority in the legislature were of the same opinion and spirit as the governor and on the nineteenth of June, 1862, introduced the following resolutions:

i. That it is with profound satisfaction that the people of New Hamp- shire are relieved (by the action of Congress abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia and the Territories) from all responsibility for the existence of the barbarous system of human slavery, as practiced in the

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presence of foreign ministers in the capital of the nation, which now, by the action of the national administration, is consecrated to human freedom.

2. That those great measures of national beneficence, the homestead act and the Pacific railroad act, binding together the widely extended material interests of a great nation, and thereby developing the national resources and prompting the national happiness, meet our hearty approval.

3. That the proposition of the President, adopted by Congress, granting material aid to such States as shall take measures for the abolishment of slavery was imperatively demanded by the necessities of the country, and has placed our government actively in harmony with the civilizing tendencies of the age.

4. That New Hampshire will respond with alacrity to the call of the government for all the troops necessary to suppress this most iniquitous rebellion, and maintain at all hazards the integrity of the Union and the Constitution.

5. That the time has now come when the blood and treasure which have been sacrificed in subduing this wicked rebellion demand that the property of wilful rebels, alienated by their treason, should be summarily confiscated and used in such manner as shall afford some indemnity for the past and security for the future.

6. That those measures rendered imperative by the exigencies and necessities of a war for the salvation of the nation, the Constitution and all the rights secured by it, are equally constitutional with those measures adopted in accordance with the provisions of that instrument in time of peace.

7. That we recognize slavery as the principal cause of the rebellion and the war which has been fixed upon us ; that every fact in its inception and prosecution shows a long-planned, deep-laid scheme to perpetuate slavery and render subservient to it all the interests of freedom ; that wherever slavery has strength, there is incessant treason and implacable, insidious hostility to the Government; that wherever slavery has no strength, there is abiding loyalty and unyielding, generous and enthusiastic support of the Government; that the Government having exhausted those efforts and measures of conciliation which would have satisfied a mistaken and excited people, not in deadly hostility to it, it now becomes the duty of that Government (if this rebellion shall not immediately cease from destroying its peace and prosperity and threatening the very existence of the nation), by the use of the war power — a power placed in the hands of the Government by slavery, through treason, rebellion and war upon it — to end both the rebellion and the war by removing the cause.

8. That we will heartily support any measure, and cheerfully bear any amount of taxation which may be necessary to compensate loyal men for all slaves liberated in accordance with the recommendation of the President through Congress, and for all taken by the necessities of war in suppressing the rebellion.

9. That copies of these resolutions be sent to the President of the

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United States, the Governor of each State, and to our Senators and Repre- sentatives in Congress.

Later in the session the committee on National Affairs, to whom were referred certain portions of the governor's mes- sage, brought in a majority report that was substantially in accord with the above resolutions and indeed embodied some of them in almost the same words. A minority report also was offered, supporting and praising the army and navy for what they had done in trying to break up rebellion and secession and preserve the Union, but also reaffirming the old Democratic position that nobody, neither President, Congress, nor other States, had any right to regulate nor interfere with the domestic institutions of a sovereign and independent State. All such legislation was an unwarranted interference with the rights of States, which rights would remain intact as soon as the rebel- lion ceased, which indeed had not been forfeited by rebellion. The thought of the minority report was that the seceding States should truly be flogged for their wicked secession and that they should be compelled to remain in the Union, or return to it, with all the rights they ever had, with the provoking cause of the war remaining as before, with slavery at their own sovereign disposal, with no confiscation of property except through trial by jury. They affirmed that the abolitionists were in theory as much at fault as the secessionists, and that their schemes for confiscation, emancipation and similar unconstitu- tional measures left little hope for the restoration of the Union. In the debate the old arguments for State rights were rehearsed. The logic of events seemed to have no weight with theorists. The Democrats supported the minority report. Amendments were offered and voted down. The Senate could not at first agree with the House. A joint committee of conference, report- ing through Senator William E. Chandler, finally offered the following resolution, as a substitute for a portion of the resolu- tions of the House, which was adopted. It is sufficiently pointed and clear and was intended to make it easier for President Lin- coln to issue the Proclamation of Emancipation.

That Congress has power, under the constitution, to confiscate the property of traitors and rebels, and that such power should be resorted to, wherever and to the extent which the safety of the country, the government

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and the constitution may demand ; that while we approve of the past policy of the National Government, we fully believe that forbearance toward willful traitors should cease, and that the President, as Commander-in-Chief of the army, will be justified in exercising the power and emancipating the slaves of those now in armed and persistent rebellion against the govern- ment as a military necessity, and that Congress will be justified in providing all lawful and constitutional means for the same purpose, to the end that this fearful waste of life and property may cease, that some indemnity for past losses may be obtained, and security given to the Union and the cause of civil freedom for the future.

The needs of sick and disabled soldiers pressed upon north- ern hearts. The Civil War created a new era in humanitarian- ism. Two powerful organizations were formed to alleviate suf- fering and lessen the death roll. The United States Sanitary Commission, of which the Rev. Henry Whitney Bellows, Uni- tarian minister of New York city, was the first and only presi- dent, and the United States Christian Commission, which did substantially similar work and added thereto some preaching and distribution of tracts and Bibles, by their agents followed the Union armies. It seems that the Evangelicals and the non- Evangelicals were not able to work together under one organi- zation in feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and healing the wounded. The Jews had no dealings with the Samaritans. The work of the Red Cross societies now does about the same work for all armies and in all cases of great human need, and no denominational differences appear. Humanity has become higher than creed. In 1862 New Hampshire voted two thou- sand dollars to aid wounded and disabled soldiers to return home. Hon. Larkin D. Mason of Washington, Colonel Frank E. Howe of New York city, and Robert R. Carson of Phila- delphia, were appointed agents to look after, provide and care for the sick and wounded soldiers of New Hampshire, who were in the hospitals of those cities or passing through them. These made monthly reports to the Adjutant-General of the State. The Commissions furnished medicines, clothing, ambulances, field hospitals, trained nurses and delicacies. Women through- out the State made bandages, lint, and garments. Collections were taken ; fairs and sales were held to aid the soldiers. The Sanitary Commission alone distributed $15,000,000 in supplies and $5,000,000 in money.

The army called away many voters and the great majority

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of them were Republicans. This was, doubtless, the reason why a Republican legislature sought to find a way of utilizing the votes of soldiers and the Democrats opposed any way of doing so. At first it was proposed that they vote at home by proxy, and that was "unconstitutional." On the first day of the ses- sion of 1863 a soldiers' voting bill was introduced, and the opinion of the justices was sought as to its constitutionality. Their opinion wras signed by Samuel D. Bell, Chief Justice, and Henry A. Bellows, George W. Nesmith and William H. Bart- lett, Associates, that the bill permitting soldiers to vote in places other than those pointed out in the Constitution of New Hamp- shire "in its most prominent feature is in conflict with the pro- vision and spirit of our Constitution." The bill was a general one, and no distinction was made between the election of State officers and the election of repreesntatives to Congress and presidential electors. Nobody then noticed the distinction, but shortly afterwards the Supreme Court of Vermont declared the soldiers' voting bill in that State to be constitutional ; since the Federal constitution was silent as to the place of voting for electors and representatives to Congress, the legislature of the State could provide that they should be voted for outside of the State. This furnished a precedent for a subsequent decision of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. The whole matter was referred to the legislature of 1864.

Meanwhile Governor Gilmore used his influence to get as many men at the front as possible released on furlough, that they might come home and vote at the State elections, and in the winter of 1864 especially three hundred and ninety soldiers of New Hampshire had free transportation given them home and return. Only about two-thirds of them arrived home in time to vote, the others being detained by a washout on the Boston and Maine Railroad, near Newmarket. The sol- diers were allowed to carry side arms and they were to wear them on all occasions, as though on uninterrupted military duty. This was in consequence of threats that they would not be allowed to vote. The writer remembers well that in his native town in Maine every possible trig was put in the way of the returned soldier's voting, by Democratic officials. One sol- dier's vote was challenged on the assertion that he was a pauper, and he disproved it by showing a roll of greenbacks

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worth three hundred dollars. After much delay he was allowed to vote.

In the legislature of 1864 a new bill was presented, per- mitting soldiers in the field to vote for presidential electors and representatives to Congress. This, too, was opposed as "un- constitutional," and the opinion of the Justices was sought. They rendered a decision and later elaborate reasons therefor, referring especially to the action of the Supreme Court of Ver- mont. They affirmed that there was nothing in the bill per- mitting soldiers to vote at the front that was contrary to the Constitution of the State ; that it was an ancient practice that proprietors of granted towns often held legal meetings outside of those towns; and that other States had permitted their soldiers to vote, while they were at the front. But Governor Gilmore wanted an amendment to the State Constitution and was disposed to veto the bill passed by the legislature. After the lapse of five days the bill would become a law without his signature. He delayed a reply till the last moment and then sent his veto in an irregular manner. There was in the House quite a brilliant display of parliamentary tactics to prevent the reading of the governor's veto till the fatal hour had flown. The excitement was great, and there were shouts of "Revolu- tion." The obstructionists prevailed and the bill was declared lawful by the Justices of New Hampshire. Whether the gov- ernor purposely delayed his veto does not appear, but it is quite evident that the Republican majority purposely prevented its being read in time, though every member of the House knew that the veto was before them on the table.

It is only another illustration that constitutions and laws must not stand in the way of the people's conviction concern- ing what is right and good. The Constitution must not be made a shibboleth of unprogressiveness, above plain human rights. The war made necessary an enlarged interpretation of the Constitution to suit extraordinary and unforeseen exigen- cies. Sympathizers with slavery and southern rights kept appealing to the letter of an ancient law, like political pharisees.

It is interesting to know the result of the balloting in the field at the presidential election of 1864. Lincoln had 2066 votes, and McLellan had 690. The three Republican congressmen, Marston, Rollins and Patterson, had 2053 votes and the three

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Democratic opponents, Marcy, Clark and Bingham, had 157 votes, or together 535 votes less than the McLellan electors. This may mean the popularity of "Little Mac" with many of the soldiers, or the unpopularity of Democratic candidates for Congress.1

In the election of 1863 there was no choice of governor. The Democratic candidate, Ira A. Eastman, had 32,833 votes ; Joseph A. Gilmore had 29,035, and Walter Harriman had 4,372. The legislature decided the contest in favor of Joseph A. Gil- more by 192 votes, while Ira A. Eastman had 133, and Walter Harriman had one. This plurality of Democratic votes in the State alarmed the Republicans and led to the act permitting the soldiers to vote. The reverses to the Union army were causing some measure of temporary discouragement, and many were calling for peace by compromise.

Governor Gilmore was born in Weston, Vermont, June 10, 1811. In early manhood he settled in Concord and was one of the leading business men, becoming superintendent of the Con- cord railroad. He was a member of the State senate in 1858 and 1859. His messages show him to have been an ardent patriot and a man of energy, bold enough to do things that provoked criticism from his political opponents. He died in Concord, April 27, 1867. His re-election in 1864 was by 37,006 votes, a majority of 5,666 over his opponent, Edward W. Harrington.

Governor Gilmore's inaugural message stales that the de- posits in the savings banks had increased by nearly a million dollars during the preceding year. One reason of this was that the soldiers in the field had allotted a portion of their wages to their families at home, and such remittances amounted to $867,- 613. Moreover, manufactures were stimulated by the war, and wages were higher. The patriotism of the governor shines out in such utterances as, "New Hampshire will be the last State to betray the cause for which they are offering up their lives." "They will never submit to an ignominious peace, or a dis- honorable surrender of our liberties. They will rejoice that the folly and treason of those who have conspired against our na- tional existence have already dealt a death blow to that accursed system of human bondage which has so long disgraced

1 Voting in the Field, by Josiah H. Benton, 1915, pp. 204-222.

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our country and the age. They \vill sanction the use of every constitutional means which experience has shown to be neces- sary for the vigorous prosecution of the war. They will stand up boldly and manfully to the contest, till victory crowns the efforts of our brave soldiers, and an unconditional restoration of the Union rewards their sacrifices."

The committee on National Affairs, to whom were referred parts of the governor's message, brought in a majority report, headed by Daniel M. Christie of Dover, one of the ablest law- yers of the State, a man of wide influence and power. They said, in emphatic terms, that no peace could be negotiated with traitors and rebels in arms ; that no proposition could be enter- tained that had for its object the dissolution of the Union; that the war must be prosecuted till victory crowned the efforts of the Union army; that the federal constitution gave to the Government all the powers necessary to suppress rebellion ; and that traitors in arms could not plead their rights under the constitution. To this the minority, led as usual by Harry Bing- ham, replied that no plea of military necessity could justify any violation of the sacred constitution ; that a solemn protest should be made against the President's Emancipation Proclamation, "holding the same to be unwise, unconstitutional and void"'; that no compensation should be paid out of the United States treasury to free slaves in any States, since this would be "bur- densome upon the people, unjust in its very nature, and wholly without warrant of the Constitution." Thus the opposing political parties, by their leaders, kept appealing endlessly to the same constitution for support of their wishes, just as con- flicting denominations among Christians keep appealing to the letter of the same Bible to support favored tenets. With suf- ficient skill both Constitution and Bible can be interpreted in such a way as to suit almost anybody. Then the appeal will have to be made to something, or somebody, higher than either Constitution or Bible. Where is the seat of authority in poli- tics as well as in religion? Is the free untrammeled voice of the people the voice of God? Is the consensus of the wisest and best the highest law? The rule of a thoroughly good and wise aristocracy, yes, of an unlimited ideal monarch, might be excellent, if such could be always found and placed in the seat of authority. A few men made our constitutions ; a few jurists

A HISTORY 89

have interpreted them ; in time of national stress the people arise and say what ought to be and shall be, and constitution- alists have to yield and seek a demanded interpretation, else there is a revolution. The rebellion had to be crushed, if the Constitution and the heavens should fall. Human slavery must cease in this free land, if all civil enactments are thereby broken. The war failed to open the eyes of the wilfully blind.

The triumphant re-election of Governor Gilmore in 1864 quieted all doubt as to the attitude of New Hampshire in na- tional issues and blasted the temporary hopes of the Democratic party. The military campaigns looked more hopeful; the sol- diers were voting as well as fighting at the front; sympathizers with the South were more cautious. In Governor Gilmore's second message he says, "History will bear record, that along the valley of the Merrimack, and beneath the shadow of our granite hills, the first great battle of 1864 was fought and won. From that time speculation in regard to the position of New Hampshire ceases. Neither flattery nor threats can corrupt her unchangeable loyalty. The fact that the citizen soldiers of our State contributed their share to that glorious result which struck dismay to the rebel leaders requires no extenuation or apology. If our battle-scarred veterans have not the right to vote, I know not who has."

The governor called attention to the fact that New Hamp- shire had a population of 326,073, who were represented by three hundred and thirty-three members of the lower house, while New York State, with a population of 3,880,735, had only one hundred representatives in her legislature. He questioned whether the unwieldly proportions of the House secured any better legislation than New York and other States got with smaller numbers of legislators. The answer to this may be a comparison of the legislation of New York with that of New Hampshire since the Civil War. Large numbers may be un- wieldy, but they are full as likely to be honest.

At this time plans were made for the enlargement of the State House, and the people of Manchester thought it would boom their big city, if the State capitol were there. Therefore the Manchester leaders offered to build a new State House worth half a million dollars without any expense to the State. The

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bribe was not accepted, and the city of Concord voted one hun- dred thousand dollars to repair and enlarge the State House.

The debt of the State had run up from $30,000 in 1861 to about $1,825,000 after two years of bloody strife. Plans were offered by the governor to fund this debt by the issuing of bonds at six per cent, interest, payable after fifteen or more years. He thought it probable that the United States would ultimately assume the greater part of the war debt of the States, as was done after the Revolutionary War. He thought that a special tax, which for years had been laid on railroads and banks, ought to be imposed on manufacturing corporations also. He was president of a bank and superintendent of a railroad.

This year a draft was ordered to secure the quota of men desired for the Union army, 5053. There were threats of re- sistance, especially at Jackson and Portsmouth, and "in one or two instances there was some slight collision with the authori- ties." The same was true in some other States, but the result everywhere was a speedy yielding to rightful authorities. It was not deemed safe, after a night's reflection, for a small town to offer armed resistance to the civil and military forces of all the northern States. So the towns furnished "substitutes" at a great price, "who proved but heartless and inefficient soldiers." The number of men held to service under this draft was 2971. To the next call of the -President for 200,000 men the State responded mainly by re-enlistments of veterans, yet a new draft was ordered for the twelfth of May to cover a slight de- ficiency. The governor and council offered a state bounty of one hundred dollars to each recruit. The expense thereby incurred was more than half a million dollars.

The governor complained that while Connecticut had six general officers who had risen from the command of regiments; Maine had twelve; and Massachusetts had sixteen; New Hamp- shire had only one. He thought that New Hampshire citizens in Washington would do well to look at this disproportion. Of course superior fitness and abilities could not be the reason for the promotions of men from other States.

In the year 1863 a National Cemetery was planned, at Gettysburg, and Hon. Ira Perley of Concord was the commis- sioner from New Hampshire to look after the disposition of the bodies of those who fell in that battle. An appropriation of

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$1815 was made in 1864 for suitable monuments and grave- stones, and one of $705 was added in the following year.

Two illustrations may point out the intense political feel- ing that prevailed in the North during the rebellion. It appears that Lieutenant Andrew J. Edgerly of the 4th New Hampshire Volunteers was wounded and being sent home on recruiting service used his privilege in voting the Democratic ticket and inducing others to do likewise. The Secretary of War, through his Adjutant General, dismissed Lieutenant Edgerly from the service of the United States "for circulating Copperhead tickets and doing all in his power to promote the success of the Rebel cause in his State." This order naturally embittered all those who had voted the Democratic ticket, in that the order "falsely assumed the cause of the Democratic party to be the rebel cause, thereby indirectly charging nearly one-half of the people of New Hampshire with the guilt of treason." A resolution was offered by Mr. Sinclair, of Bethlehem, "That we disapprove of the above order as a foul slander upon the Democratic party — as unjust to Lieut. Edgerly — as insulting to the people of New Hampshire, and as endangering our free institutions by estab- lishing a precedent of unwarrantable interference with the free- dom of elections." This was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, whose report was indefinitely postponed.2

Lieutenant Edgerly's case was subsequently investigated by the committee on military affairs in the National House of Representatives, and Congress passed a bill, fully exonerating him and giving him an honorable discharge dating from March, 1863. He removed to Haverhill and represented that town in the legislature in 1874. The same year he was appointed by Governor Weston Adjutant-General of the State and served till 1876. He was born in Barnstead, 1828, and died in Medford, Mass., 1890.

The other case was that of Thomas Weir of Enfield, who enlisted in the "Fighting Fifth." Before going to the front he placed his two youngest daughters with the Shaker Society at Enfield, agreeing never to take them away so long as they were contented to remain. He was discharged from the army for disability in May, 1862, returned to Enfield and sought to

2 Journal of the House, 1863, pp. 144, 318; also Hist, of Haverhill.

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get his daughters back from the Shakers, but was refused. He procured a revolver, met, on the eighteenth of July, Caleb M. Dyer, trustee of the society, in the highway, and deliberately shot him, inflicting a wound from which he died within forty- eight hours. Weir was tried, convicted of murder and sen- tenced to be hanged. Sympathy for him was aroused because he had been a Union soldier. A bill was passed in the legis- lature, permitting the governor to commute the sentence. Then his pardon was sought. He remained in prison till July, 1880, and then was pardoned by Governor Natt Head and set at liberty. Such contrasted partiality is no credit to the historic record of the Republican party in New Hampshire, who suffered passion and prejudice to rule. But war upsets laws, customs and fair dealing. To fight for one's country is no proper atone- ment for deliberate murder committed thereafter, and to vote as one pleases is the right of every American citizen.3

In the June session of 1864 came up the question of ratify- ing the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- ject to their jurisdiction." Mr. Clarke of Manchester intro- duced the following resolution :

Whereas, said resolution is now pending in the said House of Repre- sentatives; and whereas further, the system of negro slavery heretofore existing and maintained in a portion of the States of this Union has been the primary cause of hostility and division between the different sections of the country, finally arraying its supporters in armed rebellion against the federal authorities, and uniting a great majority of the slave masters in an attempt to found a separate government, to the end that slavery may be protected and perpetuated, therefore,

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened, That in order to re-establish the supremacy of the government of the Union, and secure a permanent peace, it is necessary, not only to crush the military power of the rebellion and to enfranchise the slaves of rebels, but also to root out and destroy the system of slavery itself; and to accomplish the purposes for which the Constitution was passed, it has become necessary to amend that instrument in the manner proposed.

Resolved, That the State of New Hampshire desiring to see this amend-

3 Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, LL.D., edited by Henry Harrison Metcalf, under the direction of Edgar Aldrich, Albert S. Batchellor, and John M. Mitchell, literary executors, p. 132.

A HISTORY 93

ment adopted without delay, hereby request the Representatives in Congress from New Hampshire to do all in their power to secure the concurrence of the House of Representatives, by the necessary two-thirds vote, in the adoption of said resolution before the close of the present session of Congress ; and if possible, in season to enable the Legislature of New Hampshire to act thereon during its present session.

Resolved, That the Secretary of State be directed to forward immedi- atelly a copy of these resolutions to each of the Representatives in Congress from New Hampshire.

Mr. Samuel Swett of Andover voiced the usual Democratic protest in a minority report of the committee to whom the above resolutions were referred. The proposed action was, of course, "unconstitutional." The time was unfavorable for a calm and dispassionate consideration of fundamental laws. A portion of the country was under military law and this hindered full discussion and free action. The rebel States would have no voice nor vote in the matter. The adoption of the amendment would widen the breach already too dangerous and too fatal between the States of the Union. Its aim was the centralization of power in the Federal Government, to the gradual absorption and final destruction of the several States. However, the resolu- tions were adopted by a party vote, and the States still have some rights and liberties; in fact, some States seem to have found ways of evading constitutional amendments. Constitu- tions and international treaties vanish before the determined will of rulers and people.

The House resolved to endorse the policy of emancipating the slaves of rebels and the employment of negro troops in the Union armies, as well as of abolishing the system of negro slavery. The minority opposition affirmed that "war is not the proper remedy for our national troubles, and that if the people of America would save and restore their shattered Constitution and avert from themselves and their posterity the slavery of a military despotism and of a public debt, the interest of which all the avails of their labor and economy can never meet, they must bring this war to a speedy close — and that therefore we advise, invite and urge negotiations, proposals and efforts for a settle- ment of all our national difficulties upon the basis of a restored Union, under the Constitution, and if that can not be effected, then upon some other basis which \vill give peace to our dis- tracted country on terms alike honorable to every section."

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The minority affirmed also, that "the present unfortunate con- dition of our country is due to want of statesmanship and not to lack of valor."

To one who reads all this and much more like it, in the legislative action and newspaper comments of the times, the forbearance and toleration of the federal government in time of war is something wonderful. Liberty of speech and of the press ran to license and treasonable opposition, lending aid and comfort to the enemy. With nearly half of the voters of the North arrayed against the policy of President Lincoln, with unchecked criticism of all that was said in the halls of Congress or done at the battle front, the Republican party managed and fought out the war to victory and freedom, with little help from a large portion of the Democratic party in the North. Impartial history can not smooth over its rough places. The words, "rebel," "treason," "copperhead," are unpopular now and have faded out of use, and this is well ; the Democratic party is more trustworthy than it once was, and this is better; but a political party can never escape the responsibility of its own past record, the inheritance of which may prove, in times of stress, a millstone about its neck. The prolonged debate be- tween the two great political parties might be thus stated — the Constitution as interpreted in favor of extreme State rights versus the Constitution as interpreted in favor of human rights and universal liberty. All should be thankful that the latter triumphed.

An extra session of the legislature was called by Governor Gilmore in August, 1864, a few weeks after the previous session had adjourned. The occasion was this: an act was passed for- bidding the State Treasurer to pay any claim without the ex- amination and approval of an Auditor of Accounts, and then the legislature adjourned without electing such an auditor, since the House and Senate could not agree upon a candidate. Salaries of officials and wages of soldiers could not be paid. The gov- ernor had sought aid from the justices of the supreme court, and they ruled that he might appoint an auditor, which he did in the person of his son-in-law, Edwin S. Barrett. But this was not the end of his troubles, for he found the State treasury empty. The bonds ordered to be sold at par, bearing six per cent, interest, could not be sold, while the United States were

A HISTORY 95

offering two hundred millions, in bonds bearing seven and three-tenths per cent, interest and one-quarter per cent, com- mission to agents to sell those bonds. The governor in his spicy message reminded the legislature that the time had passed when New Hampshire Sixes would bring fifteen per cent, premium. The act passed in the previous session was a nullity, and something must be done. The price of substitutes, he says, in Concord at that time was one thousand dollars, "and these men are in most cases such as will prove a curse to our army." Five thousand men were required within twenty-three days, and money must be procured in order to get the men. The lan- guage of the message is plain and critical, uncomplimentary to the judgment of the legislators. This was, of course, resented by the Democratic opposition, and a report submitted to the senate by Daniel Blaisdell of Hanover is a model of sarcasm. The governor, however, was authorized to procure $1,500,000 at the best rates possible, half of the amount to be obtained after bids had been received. This debt was to be funded later by issue of such bonds as could be sold.

The legislature of 1864 referred to the people the question whether a convention should be held to amend the constitution of the State, the ends proposed being: I. To enable soldiers out of the State to vote in time of war. 2. To abolish religious tests. 3. To diminish the number of representatives in the House to one hundred and twenty members. 4. To provide for future amendments. Two hundred and eleven towns voted on the question, and the majority in favor of a convention was 3,070. Of the 18,422 affirmative votes 1907 were in favor of limiting the action of the proposed convention to the amending of the constitution so as to allow soldiers to vote when out of the State. Meanwhile the supreme court of the State had de- cided that such voting was already constitutional. Therefore, the legislature of 1865 voted that it was inexpedient to call a constitutional convention.

In the fall of 1864, after a campaign of great excitement, much stump speaking, torch-light processions, political rallies and fireworks, Lincoln and Johnson, the nominees of the Re- publican party, were elected President and Vice-President of the United States. Andrew Johnson of Tennessee was the substitute for Hamibal Hamlin of Maine, a movement to add

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strength to the ticket in the middle States. The Republicans too soon had reason to regret this action, for the tailor of Ten- nessee, when he came to be President, was not so obedient to party wishes as could be desired.

New Hampshire at this time was ably represented in the councils of the nation. Salmon P. Chase was chief justice of the supreme court. Senator Daniel Clark was president pro tern, of the Senate. Hon. John P. Hale was minister to Spain. On the resignation of Senator Clark, George G. Fogg was ap- pointed senator to fill out his unexpired term, and Aaron H. Cragin was elected senator in place of John P. Hale. See biographical sketches of senators.

Chapter VI AFTER THE WAR

Chapter VI

AFTER THE WA&

Orderliness of Discharged Soldiers — Gov. Frederick Smyth — The War Debt —The Bloated Bondholders — State Banks Become National Banks — What to Do with the Freedmen — Rights of the Reconstructed South — Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment — Cost of the Civil War to New Hampshire — Gov. Walter Harriman — His Illuminating Message — Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson — Gov. Onslow Stearns — Ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment — Harry Bingham's Opinion of the Negro — The Campaign for Equal Suffrage Begins — Population of New Hampshire in 1870 — The Labor Reform Party — Gov. James A. Weston — Kilkenny Cats in the Legislature — Gov. Ezekiel A. Straw — War Debts Transferred from Towns to State — Salary-Grabbers — The Liberal Republican Party Nominates Horace Greeley for President — James A. Weston again Governor — Political Spoils — Beginning of the Boston and Maine System — Gov. Person C. Cheney — The Financial Panic of 1873 and Resumption of Specie Payment — The Credit Mobilier — Condition of Banks — The Counting-out of Senators — Total Abstinence and Reform Clubs— Percentage of Illiteracy — Aid for the Centennial Exhibition— Civil Service Rules Unknown — Sixth Constitutional Con- vention— Church and State completely Separated in 1902 — Hitchcock's Survey of the State — Rise and Fall of the Greenback Party — Gov. Benjamin F. Prescott — The Referee Law — Law against Tramps — A New State Prison — Gov. Natt Head — Insurance Companies and Savings Banks— Gov. Charles H. Bell— Gov. Samuel W. Hale— State of Public Institutions — Gov. Moody Currier.

"And we all felt gay When Johnnie came marching home."

SUCH was the popular song at the end of the great struggle. For the time the North forgot the half million of lives lost and rejoiced that some came back, that the cause they fought for had been won, that the Union was preserved, and that slavery in the United States was forever abolished. The disbanded sol- diers became the same peaceful and industrious citizens that they had been before the war. There was no spirit of militarism, no military caste, no disregard of civil authority. Our armies have always been for protection of the people and their rights, not to

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domineer over the people. This thought is well expressed in the Governor Smyth's message of 1866:

Since your last adjournment the New Hampshire troops in the service of the United States have all been mustered out, and our fellow-citizens, our friends and associates, who sprang to arms at the call of the country, and who survived the dread ordeal of battle and the more fatal dangers of the camp, have returned quietly to their accustomed pursuits and have been joyfully welcomed in a thousand happy homes. It is a matter of congratulation and surprise that soldierly qualities, unsurpassed in history, were so readily assumed and so easily laid aside. In other countries the disbanding of great armies has been followed, often, by scenes of violence and disorder ; here, on the contrary, all is peace and harmony in all the towns and villages of our industrious Commonwealth. The soldier is only too glad to resume those habits of steady application and attention to business which have enabled New Hampshire to maintain a credit unim- paired and a prosperity second to none among the States of the Union. Such facts are more eloquent and convincing arguments in favor of our institutions than can be conveyed by any power of speech, and they show that the true safety of a nation lies in the virtue and intelligence of its people.

The election of 1865 resulted in the choice of Frederick Smyth as governor by a majority of over five thousand. He was born in Candia, March 9, 1819. He had to carve out his own future by study and industry. One term at Phillips Exeter Academy, the cost of which he had gathered in trade, was all that he could allow himself in schooling, beyond what he received in common schools. In 1839 he settled in Manchester as clerk in a store and soon he became a trader, displaying marked business ability. Tak- ing an active interest in politics he became successively city clerk, mayor, and representative to the State legislature, first as a Whig, and later as a Republican. Four times he was elected Mayor of Manchester, the last time with scarcely any opposition. In 1860 he was president of the State Republican convention and soon after was appointed by Secretary Chase one of the agents to obtain subscriptions to the national loan. He was agent on the part of the United States to the International Exhibition at London and was made one of the jurors. At the beginning of the war he was cashier of the Merriimack River Bank, which afterward became the First National Bank of Manchester. His faith in the govern- ment led him to invest largely in United States bonds. In 1866 he was, by vote of Congress, made one of the managers of the

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National Homes for Disabled Soldiers and served fourteen years in that capacity. He was a commissioner to the International Exhibition in Paris in 18/8. Dartmouth College gave him the degree of Master of Arts. He died in Manchester, April 22, 1899. All agree that his administration as governor during two terms was characterized by great business ability, and that the finances of the State were managed to her advantage. His messages are longer than usual, dealing with all the public questions then under consideration.

The war debt had run up to $4,236,873, on which the annual interest was $258,000. The governor estimated that the demands upon the State treasury in 1865, unprovided for, would be $2,642,- 950. The first business was to provide for this indebtedness. The previous legislature had authorized the sale of bonds to the extent of $3,500,000, but only four hundred and twenty- four thousand had been sold, six per cent, interest not being sufficient induce- ment to obtain purchasers. The interest was payable in currency, then worth only half as much as gold. The governor asked for authority to make the interest on State Sixes payable in gold, and he expressed the conviction that currency would be equal to gold long before the bonds matured ; the resumption of specie payment proved his foresight. He asked for the issuance of bonds bearing seven and three-tenths per cent, in currency, thus making the State bonds equal to those of the United States. The fearful and unbelieving would buy the currency bonds and so get a high rate of interest at once ; the shrewder and more confident would buy bonds paying six per cent., in gold, exchange the gold for its double in currency, and wait for the resumption of specie payment, thus getting eventually twelve per cent, interest and incidentally helping the State out of a hard squeeze ! The epithet, "bloated bondholders," became quite a common one at that time, for money- lenders all through the war and thereafter took advantage of the pressing needs of nation and States to elevate the price of gold and to get the highest rates of interest possible. The treasurer of the United States wept over the iniquity of Wall Street. Governor Smyth expressed the belief that the nation would soon assume the war debts of the States, and he argued that this ought to be clone, in order to oblige the southern States to pay their proportionate share of the financial cost of the war that they

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alone were responsible for. Their own debts, of course, had to be repudiated, and confederate scrip became worth about as much as paper money was at the close of the Revolutionary War, — valuable only for souvenirs and historical purposes. "There is no apparent reason why New Hampshire should come out of this war impoverished by her loyalty, and Georgia escape payment for her treason," the governor said. The legislature was ready to endorse that sentiment. Some thought that the State should, in like manner, assume the war debts of the towns and cities, but the reasons therefor were not equally cogent.

Touching upon agriculture the message of the governor shows that New Hampshire was raising more wheat, corn, rye and potatoes to the acre than some of the western States, but he does not tell how much more it cost to cultivate an acre among the rocky hills of New Hampshire than on the fertile prairies of the West. New Hampshire was then producing all the beef and mutton needed at home and some overplus to send abroad.

According to the report of the Bank Commissioners, of the forty-five banks organized under State laws, called banks of dis- count, fourteen had given up their charters and become National Banks, induced so to do principally by a heavy tax laid by Congress upon the issues of State banks after July i, 1866. Many other banks in New Hampshire were preparing to follow their example. "Those banks going into national banking have sold their gold during the year," says the report. Of course they did and so eventually doubled the money which had heretofore been the basis of their circulation. These national banks could not be taxed by the State, and so the governor foresaw the end of the time- honored Literary Fund, used for the maintenance of public schools, and urged the legislature to provide for the schools in some other way. It was thought by some legislators that the taxing of sav- ings banks should be the substitute. There were then twenty-nine savings banks in the State, whose aggregate deposits amounted to nearly $8,000,000. No depositor had ever experienced a loss through the mismanagement or dishonesty of any officer of these institutions.

Attention was called to memorials for those who fell at Gettys- burg, of whom the bodies of only forty-nine New Hampshire men had been recognized, and of these the names of twenty-seven

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were known, only a small part of the men of New Hampshire that gave up their lives in that battle. Mention was made also of the regimental flags, that they might be carefully preserved and suitably displayed in the halls of the State House.

Governor Smyth congratulated the legislature on the victori- ous ending of civil strife and declared that its great purpose would not be attained till throughout the nation were established free schools, free churches and a free ballot. The assassination of President Lincoln, "the most wicked fruit of a barbarous system," was named in sorrow, for the first shock of anger and consterna- tion had subsided. The event should serve to strengthen the reso- lution to make universal freedom a synonym of universal suffrage.

"All must agree that the States which have been in rebellion should not hereafter be controlled by rebels and traitors; and as we do not propose to admit again into the Union the cause of all this evil, so let us extend to the loyal citizen, of whatever color, those rights justly earned by patience, devotion and firm, unwaver- ing faithfulness to the common cause. The weakness, dependence and ignorance of the race whose broken shackles have paved our way to victory are so many potent reasons why its condition should no longer be left uncertain or insecure. The question of negro suffrage is one of those defenses behind which the spirit of slavery will yet intrench itself, and by which it will seek to regain some fragment of the power it has justly lost. If we would have an enduring and prosperous peace, we shall level every obstruction, concede nothing to the prejudice of slavery, and give the freedman the right to assert that manhood peacefully at the ballot-box, which he has so nobly proved on the 'battle-field. Let no fears or apparent difficulties in the way deter us. There is no danger so great to a nation as the existence of a flagrant injustice in its midst, sanctioned and protected by its authority."

What to do with the freedmen in the South was the absorbing question of the hour. The newspapers were full of the subject. There was great fear of ignorant negro domination in the South. The "carpet-baggers" from the North were planning to get control of the votes of enfanchised negroes and thus get themselves elected to office, and they succeeded in part. Yet the Republican party felt that the right of suffrage was due to the negro and that the party could not hold national control without his vote. President

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Johnson had declared in a proclamation that the people of North Carolina had the right by legislative enactment to prescribe the qualifications of electors and the eligibility of persons to hold office, a power which all the States had always exercised. A reso- lution endorsing this position of the President was voted down in the House of Representatives in New Hampshire, yet the majority resolved,

That we have full confidence in the ability, integrity and patriotism of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States ; and while, under the peculiar situation of the country, no one can anticipate the exigencies which may arise, believing that he will be fully equal to every emergency, we pledge to him and the government our united action and earnest support.

That, with proper safeguards to the protection of the ballot-box, the elective franchise should be based upon loyalty to the Constitution and Union, recognizing and affirming the equality of all men before the law ; and that, in the reorganization of the rebellious States, both justice and safety require that ample provision be made for the protection of the freedmen.

Again Harry Bingham led the opposition in a report of the minority, who also desired to express their confidence in President Johnson, believing that he would be guided by the principles laid down in the following resolution :

That those States which have been in rebellion and have now sub- mitted to the Constitution and the Laws, ought to be permitted to resume their original rights as States in the Union ; that punishments ought to be inflicted and pardons granted, according as one or the other will best serve to pave the way for the full and perfect restoration of all the States to their original rights and position in the Union ; that any interference by Federal authority with matters and things by the Constitution subject exclusively to the control of the States, being illegal, is without any justi- fication whatever.

The minority report was rejected by a vote of 57 to 137, but both reports, doubtless, got into the newspapers and so had their proper weight in forming public opinion, which is about the only effect of "resolutions" offered in conventions and halls of legis- lation. Resolutions that things ought to be, do not always bring those things to pass. Sometimes they cater to public opinion already formed, when there is no purpose on the part of politicians to translate the resolutions into conduct. The nominal enfranchise- ment of the ignorant negro did not long make him a voter; when negroes, or any others, know enough and have property enough,

\V AI/PKK IIAKKIMAX

A HISTORY 105

they will get their rights, and their votes will be sought by opposing parties.

The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified in the lower house of the legislature of 1866 by a vote of 207 to 112, after the usual minority report expressing alarm at the invasion of State rights.

During the last year of Governor .Smyth's administration he succeeded in refunding the State debt at six per cent, interest and in paying off $254,313 of the debt. There then remained $3,747,776. In a valedictory address to the Senate and House he summed up the money cost of the Civil War to New Hampshire. The total expenditures for war purposes amounted to $6,852,628. Of this amount there were paid for bounties $2,389,025 ; for reim- bursement to towns of aid furnished families of soldiers $1,835,985. The general government had reimbursed the State, for war ex- penses, $897,122, much of which Governor Smyth had secured after repeated rejections. The expenses incurred by cities and towns of New Hampshire, on account of the war, amounted to $7,250,541, including United States bounties advanced to the extent of $965,012. Thus the State of New Hampshire, with a total valuation of $130.000,000, contributed $13,000,000, or one-tenth of her property to preserve the Union, and more than one-tenth of her entire population served in the army and navy, or more than half of her legal voters.

Another work of much value begun at this time was the publication of the Province Papers, under the auspices of the New Hampshire Historical Society and the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bouton. That work has been continued down to the present time and is not yet finished, although more than thirty volumes of Province, State and Town Papers, Revolutionary Rolls, Town Charters, Probate Records, etc., have been printed.

The State election of 1867 resulted in the choice, by over three thousand majority, of General Walter Harriman as governor, of whom something has already been said in connection with the history of the Eleventh Regiment, of which he was colonel. His popularity was due to his gifts as an orator, and on the political stump he had no superiors in the State and was often called upon for service in other States. Serious charges were made against him by officers in his regiment, and the legislature was asked to

106 NEW HAMPSHIRE

appoint a committee to examine them and sift the evidence, but a substitute resolution was voted by a Republican majority:

That Col. Walter Harriman of the Eleventh Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers by his steadfast and determined adherence to his country, as above party, and by his valor and tried patriotism, whereby he has incurred that fierce partisan malignity which can find nothing too pure and sacred for its attack, has endeared himself to the hearts of the people of this State and deserves and will receive their confidence and respect. (Journal of the Senate and House, Special Session, p. 147.)

The charges against him were signed by some good men, and at this distance it would seem that they deserved an impartial investigation, but party spirit made hasty decisions, and it may be that the charges were due to political malice. Governor Harriman had voted with the Democratic party up to the beginning of the war and was then known as a War-Democrat, which was equiva- lent to an Assistant-Republican and in most cases soon denoted an outright member of the dominant party. Governor Harriman had gained experience in politics by acting as a member of the legislature and as Secretary of State. He was easily re-elected governor in 1868.

His inaugural address is illuminating. Although the debt upon the State was between three and four millions of dollars, the people were not poor, for they had three times as much money in the savings banks as was needed to pay the debt. In fifty years the population had increased fourfold and the manufactures ten- fold. New Hampshire had one hundred and thirty distinct branches of manufacture in twenty-five hundred establishments, employing a capital of twenty-three millions of dollars. The number of persons working in these manufactories was 32,340 and the annual value of their products was $37,000,000. The governor urged the development of water power and the encouragement of manu- factures as a means of raising the price of farms and making agriculture more profitable. The legislature of 1866 had made it legal for banks to charge any rate of interest agreed upon, not exceeding seven and three-tenths per cent; the governor could not see why banks should be allowed to receive rates of interest which would be usury for an individual and recommended a change in the law. His advice was followed by the legislature.

National affairs had but little attention. A resolution approv-

A HISTORY 107

ing the reconstruction policy of Congress was not carried, and the minority report contained something worth heeding. It was in part as follows :

Resolved, That the only sure relief of our country from its present d:fficulties is by forgiveness of past political offences, on the sole condition of submission and obedience to the paramount law of the land, and by a speedy restoration to the condition of a reunited people.

Resolved, That the burden of national debts should be equally borne by the property of the country; and that, therefore, the exemption from taxation of about one-third part of the entire wealth of the country, in the shape of government securities, is an outrage upon the rights of the people, in violation of every principle of justice, and hostile to the general welfare ; it protects the rich bond-holder at the expense of the laboring masses, and compels the poor man to pay the deficit in taxes resulting from this unjust exemption.

Both reports were indefinitely postponed. The Republicans were not sure and united on the reconstruction policy, and the minority report must have appealed to some of them. President Andrew Johnson was asked to visit Concord, and so was Thaddeus Stevens, whom all good Democrats hated, but neither could come. The opposition of these two invited guests became marked the following year, when President Johnson was impeached "for high crimes and misdemeanors," implied in forcing the resignation of Secretary Stanton from his cabinet, and for intemperate and un- dignified speaking, while he was "swinging round the circle." It was the first time the politicians tried to imitate the policy of small republics and get rid of a president that had become dis- agreeable to his former friends. The whole country was excited. The trial was before the United States Senate, and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, native of New Hampshire, presided. The two senators from New Hampshire voted for conviction, but two other senators, natives of the Granite State, Grimes of Iowa and Fes- senden of Maine, voted for acquittal, being better jurists than politicians. The most powerful arguments against Johnson and his policy were expressed in a sarcastic and humorous biography of the Tennessee tailor, written by Petroleum V. Nasby, name de plume of Mr. Locke, editor of the Toledo Blade. As a campaign document of the presidential contest of 1868 it had no equal in pith, point and power. It disposed of President Johnson and the Democratic party more easily than "Cervantes smiled Spain's chiv-

loS NEW HAMPSHIRE

airy away" by means of Don Quixote. The election of President Grant and Vice-President Colfax in 1868 dispelled the political unrest of many minds, New Hampshire casting her electoral vote in favor of these Republican nominees. Later Andrew Johnson reappeared as United States senator from Tennessee, but his polit- ical influence was a negligible quantity. Nasby said of him, that he was somewhat thick as alderman and mayor, but when he attempted to roll himself out into President, Senate, House and Judiciary, he was rather thin in spots.

Onslow Stearns became governor in 1869 by a majority of 3,772 votes over his Democratic competitor, John Bedel. Governor Stearns was born in Billerica. Mass., August 30, 1810. The dis- trict school, the academy and farm- work engaged his close atten- tion till 1827, when he went to Boston to become a clerk. In 1830 he assisted a brother, in the engineering department, in the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Later they con- tracted to build several railroads. Mr. Stearns became superin- tendent of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad in 1838 and served till 1845, when he was made manager of the Northern Railroad, be- coming its president in 1852 and retaining that office till his death. He superintended the building of the Northern Railroad and its branch from Franklin to Bristol. His ability in the construction and management of railroads was widely known and he refused several offered positions, accepting only for a year the presidency of the Old Colony and Newport Railroad in Massachusetts. His political career was begun as a Whig and ended as a Republican. He was a member of the State senate in 1862 and 1863, the last year serving as president of the senate. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864. During his adminis- tration as governor, 1869-1870. the State debt was reduced nearly one-third and the tax nearly one-half. He reformed the manage- ment of the State prison, that before had been a drain upon State revenues, and made it self-supporting. He was the first Republican governor to nominate a Democrat, Hon. William S. Ladd, for Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that an opponent in politics might possibly interpret law honestly and impartially. He died at Concord, where his home had been for many years, December 29, 1878. His abilities and positions enabled him to accumulate riches easily, which he used with liberal hospitality and generous

A HISTORY 109

donations for the public good. Presidents Grant and Hayes were entertained at his home.

At the governor's suggestion the annual parades and encamp- ments of the militia were discontinued, thus saving ten thousand dollars to the State. The fifteenth amendment to the Constitu- tion of the United States, that the rights of citizens should not be denied or abridged "on account of race, color or previous con- dition of servitude," was ratified by the legislature. The vote in the House was 187 to 131. The design was, to secure equal political right to the freedmen in the South, but the southern States were at liberty to set up educational and property tests, or any other not included in the wording of the amendment, and soon they felt obliged to establish such tests as to practically elimi- nate the negro vote, thus nullifying the intention of the amendment. It has since been tacitly conceded by the Republican party that the wholesale enfranchisement of the negroes in the South was a political blunder and that a race of illiterates can not be safely entrusted with the ballot. The opposition to the fifteenth amend- ment on the part of Democrats in New Hampshire was voiced by their leader, Harry Bingham, though he was not a member of the legislature, when the amendment was under discussion. In an address made at Concord, January 5, 1870 he gave utterance to the following words, which now have to be interpreted in the light of the marvelous growth and improvement of the freedmen during the last half century :

One pillar after another of the Constitution is being battered down ; states are abolished, put under military rule, reconstructed and then abolished again ; courts are suspended, ignored, defied, summarily ousted from their jurisdictions. A radical, usurping, omnipotent Congress has seized all the powers of the government and tyrannizes with absolute sway over states and over the people. For the purpose of so degrading the masses of the people that they will tolerate Radical slavery, they have been put either on equality with or beneath the negro — an inferior race who do not possess the seeds of progress, and who are barbarous by nature. Because the Radical can control the negro, and make him carry ballots as his old master made him carry spades, he can be relied upon to vote the Radical ticket ; therefore he is loyal and must be enfranchised. But because the white cannot be relied upon to vote the Radical ticket, therefore he is disloyal and must be disfranchised. To perpetuate Radical supremacy, the ignorant, savage negro is made the political master of the educated, civilized white man. To perpetuate Radical supremacy, the heathenism and cannibalism

no NEW HAMPSHIRE

of Africa are exalted above the Christianity and civilization of Europe and America.

We are told by Radical philosophers, I believe, that the negro is inferior because he never had a chance to be otherwise. If you would know what the negro is, what his capabilities are as a governing power, what he would do if he had a chance, you must go to the shores of Guinea, and into the interior of Africa, where the negro has had all the chances there are — where he has held undisputed sway since the world began. There you will find the negro to-day what he always has been, what he always will be when left to himself, an unmitigated savage, living like the gorilla, the monkey and the wild animals by which he is surrounded, upon the spontaneous productions of the soil.1

This is only a re-echo of the estimate put upon the negro by southern slaveholders before the Civil War. A common argument against them, — and Mr. Bingham elsewhere repeats it, — was, that the negro race were under the curse of God, because somewhere in the Old Testament the words are found, "Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren."2 It was im- possible then to convince those who found it convenient to use this argument, that the negro race of Africa were not descendants of that disrespectful son of the drunken Noah, and they would have it also that the sins of the fathers should be visited upon the children unto uncounted generations, notwithstanding the prophet Ezekiel contradicted that old saw in his day. But the negro is now beginning to size up the white man, allowing that sometimes even a man with a white skin may have a "black" heart, and dem- onstrating that many men with black skins have the hearts of heroes and the educated brains of poets, authors, teachers, preachers and orators. The American negro is getting a fair chance and is grasping his opportunity. He will take care of himself in the future, and of the children of his old master, too, if need be.

In the legislature of 1869 agitation began in New Hampshire for a moral reform, that has been growing ever since. Two peti- tions were presented, asking for an amendment to the Constitution, so that women might have the right to vote. One petition was presented by Nathaniel White and sixty others of Concord, and the other by Abby P. Ela and thirty others, women of Rochester. The petitioners had "leave to withdraw," but they have been coming back to this day and will persist, till the East follows the example

1 Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, pp. 204-5.

2 Genesis, IX: 25. Cf. Ez. XVIII: 20.

A HISTORY in

of the West and gives equal suffrage to all who are worthy of it

A curiosity of this time was a petition of Sarah Crosby and fourteen others to abolish the marriage laws of the state and the probate courts. The House resolved that it was inexpedient to legislate upon the subject.3

According to the census of 1870 the population of New Hampshire was 318,300, or less than it was ten years before by 7>773- Only Coos, Hillsborough and Merrimack counties had gained.

In 1871 a new party, called "Labor Reformers," made its appearance in New Hampshire and broke up the rule of the Re- publicans, which had been uninterrupted since 1855. Their candi- date was Lemuel P. Cooper, and he had only 760 votes, but that was enough, with the 314 votes cast for Albert G. Comins, to defeat the reverend and honorable James Pike of Newmarket, who had been prominent in ecclesiastical, military and political circles. He had 33,892 votes. James A. Weston, the Democratic candidate, had 34-799 votes, lacking 113 of the number necessary for a choice. There were fifty-eight scattering votes for a score of candidates. The election of a governor was thrown into the legislature where a coalition of the Democrats and Labor Reform- ers elected James A. Weston by a vote of 167 to 159 for James Pike. In return for aid received the Democrats voted for William H. Gove of Weare for Speaker of the House and Alvah Smith of Lempster, who had received only four votes at the polls, for mem- ber of the Senate. But Mr. Smith was a disappointment to the scheming politicians, for he would not vote as told, and hence the nominally dominant party could effect but very little in legisla- tion, the Senate being equally divided.

James Adams Weston was born in Manchester, August 27, 1827. He got education enough in common schools and academies to teach winter terms of school and become a civil engineer. At the age of nineteen he was assistant engineer of the Concord Railroad and superintended the laying of its second track, and in 1849 ne was its chief engineer and so continued for many years. He was also engineer and manager of other railroads. In Man- chester he was the popular leader of the Democratic party and was elected mayor of that city in 1861, 1867, 1869, 1870 and 1874. He

3 Journal of the House, 1870, p. 182.

ii2 NEW HAMPSHIRE

was the unsuccefful candidate of the Democratic party for gov- ernor in 1872 and 1873 and again was elected to that office in 1874. His character as well as business abilities placed him at the head of his profession as a civil engineer, made him prominent in the management of Manchester banks, and pushed him forward as the standard-bearer of his political party. In all the positions he held he won the confidence and esteem of the people. He died in Manchester, May 8, 1895.

There is nothing distinctive in the message of Governor Weston, nor in the action of the legislature of 1871, except that more time was spent in calling the roll for yea and nay votes than in any preceding gathering of the law-makers. Neither party had force enough to come out of the trenches and take the field, and so they played politics, which is a species of warfare, behind barbed wire entanglements. The yeas and nays were ascertained by roll-call seventy-five times, and there were three hundred and twenty-seven members of the House, so that the legislators had plenty of time to read the two newspapers, a copy of which for each member they had voted to themselves at the expense of the State. The House did pass an act to punish horse thieves and refused to increase the tax on dogs. Further than that there is nothing of public interest worth recording in the annals of history. The Kilkenny cats were trying to eat each other up. Harry Bing- ham had returned to the House, iwhere he remained for eleven more consecutive years as representative from Littleton. This in- sured animation and able leadership to the Democratic party, and the Constitution was well guarded.

The next year the Republicans went to Manchester, mother of governors, and picked out for their candidate the most influ- ential man, Ezekiel A. Straw, so that the city might be divided against itself. The result proved that they were wise as serpents, if not harmless as doves. Although Mr. Weston had about 1800 votes more than he had the year before, Mr. Straw had about 3300 more than the Republican candidate of 1871, and the Labor Reform leader fell off considerably. So Mr. Straw became gov- ernor by a vote of 38,325, the largest vote any gubernatorial candi- date had received up to that time.

Ezekiel Albert Straw was born in Salisbury, December 30, 1819. He was educated in the schools of Lowell, Mass., and at

A HISTORY 113

Phillips Academy, Andover. He was in the employ of the Amos- keag Manufacturing Company from 1838 till his death, first as civil engineer thirteen years, then as agent of the land and water- power department, then in charge of the machine shops and finally of the mills, so that he was active manager of the entire business of the company. He was treasurer and principal owner of the Namaske Mills from 1856 to 1864 and after the latter date the sole proprietor. In 1841 he was sent to England to obtain information and machinery for the establishment of the Manchester Print Works. In the State legislature he served from 1859 to 1864 and was president of the senate in 1866. He also served on the staff of Governor Stearns, and had been chairman of the Finance Committee during the period of the Civil War. No man in the State was better qualified to manage its business affairs, and the voters seem to have recognized that fact His administration justi- fied their expectations. Dartmouth college gave him the degree of Master of Arts. He died in Manchester, October 23, 1882.

The ruling ideas of the governor's message were reform of abuses, relief from the burdens of taxation and economy in the expenditure of public money. During the preceding year a large portion of the war debts of cities and towns had been assumed by the State, and the addition to the public debt was thus $2,205,695, making the total debt of the State in 1871, $4,565,782, of which a reduction of $427,658 had been made in one year. The towns and cities had been relieved to the extent of about twenty-five per cent, of their taxation, and the governor therefore advised that $600,000 be levied for further reduction. Thus effort was made gradually and within reasonable time to rid the State of debt, not passing it on to future generations and meanwhile paying large amounts in annual interest. The national debt was decreasing through the collection of internal revenue, there being collected in New Hampshire in 1868 $1,940,000, which was decreased to about one-eighth of that sum in 1871. The statesman who will pay off debts and at the same time decrease taxation is the one in popular demand. About this time congressmen at Washington were making themselves odious by voting to themselves a large increase of salary and collecting back pay, for which they got the name of "Salary- Grabbers." The legislature of New Hampshire passed a resolu- tion strongly condemning such action, and indeed the opposition

ii4 NEW HAMPSHIRE

throughout the nation was so great that the next Congress restored the old salary, although the grabbers had gone off with their spoils. Governor Straw's recommendation as to the improvement of public schools has produced marked results since his time. He said:

Too much prominence is given to book knowledge; the young brain is stimulated and crammed, and the scholar is too apt to leave his school impressed with the belief that he is to obtain his livelihood by the use of his wits, and that to labor with his hands, in aid of his brain, is derogatory to his position. This should not be so ; the eye and the hand should be trained to artistic and mechanical employment at the same time, or alternat- ing with the education of the brain in the book-school.

He advocated a system of manual and industrial training, so that pupils might go forth from school, not only knowing a lot, but also able to do something. He also called attention to the inefficiency of the prohibitory law to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors in large cities and towns, and raised the question whether local option would not decrease the evil.

In 1872 a new political party appeared in the presidential contest, called the Liberal Republican party. It was made up of Democrats who were dissatisfied with the pro-slavery attitude of their party and Republicans who did not like the reconstruction policy of their party. The Liberal Republicans and the Democrats united in Missouri in 1870 on a basis of reforms and universal am- nesty. On the first day of May, 1872, this fusion held a national convention at Cincinnati and nominated Horace Greeley for president and B. Gratz Brown of Missouri for vice-president, and on the ninth day of July following the Democratic national convention adopted the platform and candidates of the fusion party. They were so overwhelmingly defeated at the polls, that the fusion party van- ished before the next presidential election. The leopard had not changed his spots, nor the Ethiopian his skin. This national elec- tion of 1872 is of special interest to the people of New Hamp- shire, because Horace Greeley was a native of the Granite State, and so also was Henry Wilson, elected as vice-president with General Grant's second election as president. Of Greeley it is more fitting to say something in connection with journalists, while a sketch of Wilson appears in the list of United States senators.

In 1874 James A. Weston -had 35,608 votes for governor, and

A HISTORY 115

Luther McCutchins, the candidate of the Republican party, had 34,143 votes. Neither was elected by the people, because the Prohibition party had cast 2,097 votes for John Blackmer. A con- vention of the Senate and House elected James A. Weston by a vote of 182 to 151 for Luther McCutchins. Then filibustering was resumed in the house and every effort was made to block legisla- tion and kill time by calling the roll for yeas and nays one hun- dred and seven times, beating the record of 1871. The published Journal of the House contains little else than the names of the rep- resentatives repeated over and over again to the disgust of the reader. Thus in misuse of time and printer's ink the State was the loser of thousands of dollars, but that is nothing to politicians. Legislators must act under party discipline, to further the interests of party leaders rather than for the benefit of all the people. It has been said that a statesman is a dead politician, but it is hard to see any statemanship in the filibustering of the years 1871 and 1874 in the New Hampshire legislature. Perhaps the politicians have not been dead long enough. Their virtues may shine forth in succeeding generations. No inaugural message of the governor appears in the Journals of the Senate and House. The Democrats were in full control and nearly every Republican officer in the State was replaced by a Democrat, so that the chief business of the governor and legislature was to get possession of the "spoils," a word well suited to political booty. Moreover, a new arrange- ment of councilor and senatorial districts was affected, city ward lines were altered and the judiciary system was changed by abol- ishing the Supreme Judicial Court and establishing a Superior Court of Judicature and Circuit, or trial, Court. All this was done in order to insure the triumph of the Democratic party in succeeding elections, but the common people, the voters, arose in their might and overturned the plans of wily men. It was this legislature that sanctioned the union of the Boston and Lowell and the Nashua and Lowell Railroads, thus beginning the forma- tion of the Boston and Maine system. The railroad combination was not a party measure, and good men differed in opinion con- cerning the wisdom of the movement.

The Republicans regained control in 1875. Person C. Cheney of Manchester had 39,292 votes and Judge Hiram G. Roberts of Rollinsford had 39,121 while the Prohibition candidate, Nathaniel

n6 NEW HAMPSHIRE

White, had 773, enough to throw the election of governor into the legislative assembly. There Person C. Cheney had 193 votes and Hiram R. Roberts had 186. The following year the political contest was hotter than ever before, and Mr. Cheney was re- elected, this time by a popular majority of more than three thou- sand over Daniel Marcy, the Democratic candidate

The year 1873 is remembered as a time of financial panic caused by over-capitalization and the suspension of specie pay- ment. The failure of Jay Cooke and Company was the prelude; distress and anxiety followed. The antidote was applied in 1875 by an act of Congress fixing January i, 1879, as the day for resumption of specie payment. The measure was advocated espe- cially by Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune, and his saying became a proverb, "The only way to resume is to resume." After the act of Congress paper money gradually became equiva- lent to gold, so that when the day of resumption arrived, actually more gold was deposited in treasury vaults than was asked for.*

About this time the newspapers were filled with scandal con- cerning the Credit Mobilier in America, an imitation of such an institution that arose in France in 1852, a company that gave credit on movable personal property. The American company was formed in 1859 and in 1867 its charter was purchased by a company formed for the construction of the Union Pacific Rail- road. Its capital stock was increased to $3,750,000. It rose in value and paid enormous dividends, and somehow much of its stock was found to be in the possession of senators and representa- tives at Washington. The public thought it was there to influ- ence legislation. General Dix was president of the road and congressman Oakes Ames of Massachusetts had a contract to build 667 miles for $47,000,000. The United States government gave in bonds $16,000 per mile to help build the railroad, besides 5,000 sections of land. The total cost was $60,000,000. The government practically 'built the road and gave it away to speculators. The

4 A cartoon of the times is well remembered, representing the Secretary of the United States Treasury on guard at the opened door of the treasury vault, viewing the bags of gold within and one eye turned backward, with a rhyme,

"A cautious look he stole around ;

His bags of chink he chunk; And many a ghastly smile he smole, And manv a wink he wunk."

A HISTORY 117

House committee of investigation recommended the censure of Oakes Ames and another congressman ; the Senate committee rec- ommended the expulsion of Senator James M. Patterson of New Hampshire, only five days before his term was to expire, and no action was ever taken on the recommendation. It is evident that the design was to make of Senator Patterson a scapegoat to bear away the sins of many others. He had been an honored professor in Dartmouth College, and his character was never under sus- picion among the people of New Hampshire. After his return from Washington he served a long time as State Superintendent of Public Schools.

Chapter VII POLITICAL AFFAIRS TILL 1884

Chapter VII

POLITICAL AFFAIRS TILL 1884

Gov. Person C. Cheney — Number of Savings Banks — Doubted Control of the State Senate— Total Abstinence Furthered by Reform Clubs — Ninth Census — Centennial Exhibition — The Spoils of Office Re-distributed — Sixth Constitutional Convention — Complete Religious Equality — A New Survey of the State — The Greenback Party in the National Election of 1876 — Gov. Benjamin F. Prescott — Faultiness of Legal Procedure — The Referee Law — Exodus of Tramps from New Hampshire — A New State Prison — Biennial Election, — Gov. Natt Head — Cost of Insurance in 1879 — Savings Banks — Gov. Charles H. Bell — He Recommends the Prohibi- tion of the Manufacture of Intoxicating Liquors — Warns against Bribery in Elections — Political Wrangle over the Election of a United States Senator — Gov. Samuel W. Hale — State of Public Affairs and Institutions — State Industrial School — Normal School at Plymouth — Asylum for the Insane — Education for the Blind and the Deaf-Mutes — State In- debtedness about 1884 — Banks and Insurance — National Guard — Board of Agriculture — Fish-Culture — Roads and Forests — Extent of Railroads — Population — Gov. Moody Currier.

ERSON C. CHENEY was born in that part of Holderness which is now Ashland, February 25, 1828. He was educated in academies at Peterborough, Hancock and Parsonsfield. Engag- ing in the manufacture of paper with his father at Peterborough he represented that town in the legislatures of 1853 an<3 1854. In 1862 he was Quartermaster of the I3th regiment and served with the army of the Potomac. By reason of exposure and over- work in the campaign before Fredericksburg a long and dangerous sickness was brought on and he was constrained to resign his com- mission and return home, being honorably discharged in August, 1863. He then sent a substitute into the field. Removing to Manches- ter in 1866 he continued in the paper industry and his business capac- ity became so well known that he was elected mayor of that city in the years 1872-75. Dartmouth gave him the degree of Master of Arts. In 1876 he was appointed United States Senator, to fill out the unexpired term of Austin F. Pike, or until the meeting of the legislature the following June, when he declined to be a candi-

121

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date for re-election. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1892 till his death in 1901. For about six months, 1892-93, he was minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to Switzerland. Bates College elected him a trustee and he founded a scholarship in that institution. He died in Manchester, June 19, 1901, highly esteemed for upright and honorable character in all business relations and long recognized as a political leader.

There is little of historical interest in the message of the governor. The savings banks then numbered sixty-eight, with an aggregate deposit of $30,214,585. The Salmon Falls Bank was the only bank of discount doing business under a State charter. Its capital stock was $50,000 and it paid an annual dividend of ten per cent. The governor recommended the abolition of the religious test in the approaching constitutional convention, and that suitable preparation be made for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of national independence.

In the legislature of 1875 the Democrats held control in the Senate by a strict interpretation of law. In two senatorial districts the Democratic nominees, James Priest and John Proctor, had more votes than any other candidates but not a majority over all. In the second district the votes intended for Nathaniel Head had been cast for Natt Head, by which name he was commonly known, although the check-list gave his name as Nathaniel and he himself owned that name. Consequently the governor and council felt obliged to throw out the 3,771 votes cast for Natt Head and thus seat James Priest in the Senate. In the fourth district by casting out about sixty votes thrown for men who had not been for seven years residents of the district a majority was found for John Proctor and he was seated. Thus the Democrats had seven men in the Senate, and the Republicans five. The five Republicans revolted and set up a Senate of their own, appealing to the Superior Court of Judicature for their decision concerning the right of Messrs. Priest and Proctor to sit in the Senate. The Superior Court was constrained by law to sanction the decision of the governor and council and declared that they had no authority to declare who was properly elected. Each House must judge in such a matter. Therefore the five revolters returned to their seats in the Senate, defeated, as they thought, by the letter of a law, against the intentions of voters. The governor in his message

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suggested some change in the law or constitution, to prevent the recurrence of such mistakes. The event stirred up much political strife and aroused a feeling that somehow an injustice had been done, yet it is not easy to see how the decision could have been legally other than it was. The Republican majority in the House took up the matter, which was none of their business, since they had no authority nor responsibility to determine who should be seated in the Senate, each branch of the legislature being, accord- ing to the Constitution, "final judges of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members." Much loud talk was made in the House about the "arbitrary and unconstitutional action of the governor and council," and the newspapers spoke of the affair as the "Senate Steal." All this had its desired influence in affect- ing the vote at the next election, when the Republicans came into full power. The majority of the people will vote for what they think is right, regardless of what laws and constitutions may say, and this fact is the hope and salvation of a republic. If the law is not right and works injury, it must be changed, but, while it exists on the statute books, judges and rulers must obey it.

In the year 1876 there was a notable movement in favor of total abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks, furthered by the organization of Reform Clubs, although many persons were drawn into such clubs, who had always been total abstainers. Gov- ernor Cheney, in his second message, thus speaks of the movement :

At no time, probably, in the history of the State, has the public con- science been more thoroughly aroused to the great evil of intemperance. In no equal period have so many citizens of this State taken upon themselves a solemn pledge to abstain from that which intoxicates. This reform move- ment has pervaded all classes. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, alike have felt and recognized its power. It has had the sympathy of every religious sect, of all political parties, and has engaged the active efforts of many of their representative men; but it has found its readiest and most effective champions in men but recently the victims of drinking habits. Nor has it lacked, nor can it lack, the earnest support of the women of New Hampshire. In many instances these combined influences have reached the dealers in intoxicating drinks, and not a few of them have voluntarily closed their places of sale. In other instances a sentiment has been created which has led to a more complete enforcement of the law. . It speaks well for the law, which has now remained on our statute books nearly twenty-one years, that opposition to it seems to subside in proportion as moral forces become effective.

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The ninth census reported the population of New Hampshire as 318,300, of whom the number over ten years of age that could not read was only 7.618, the percentage of illiteracy being less than in any other State, showing the efficiency of the public school system.

To aid the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia the legisla- ture of 1875 voted to purchase ten thousand dollars' worth of the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, which had been in- corporated by the Congress of the United States. It is not known, probably it was not expected, that anything would ever be realized on that stock. The centennial commission of New Hampshire were authorized to spend five thousand dollars to have the State becom- ingly represented in the Exhibition. A building was erected at Philadelphia, known as the New Hampshire building, costing the modest sum of three thousand dollars, a large part of which was raised by private subscription. The State had fifty exhibitors in the mechanical department, and was well represented in the agri- cultural, educational and historical departments. The women of New Hampshire assisted in the construction of the Woman's Pavilion.

Governor Cheney recommended the placing of the statues of John Stark and Daniel Webster in the hall of statuary of the National Capitol. A resolution concerning this matter was re- ferred to the next legislature.

Addresses to the governor were introduced into the House, calling for the removal of over fifty persons, whose names are given in the addresses, from office, indicating that now other victors wanted the "spoils." The offices included those of sheriff, solici- tor, judge of probate, pilot commissioners, register of probate, justice of the police court and attorney-general. It was thought that a sheriff could not be safely trusted, unless he were a Repub- lican. But this legislature was only following the example of the preceding Democratic administration and indeed the custom of national administrations for many years. Civil service rules were then unknown. There is no proper law yet for a proportional representation of the minority in public offices.

Edward H. Rollins was elected United States senator by a vote of 20 1 to 172 for John G. Sinclair. This was a viva voce vote in the House. The Senate concurred, and a joint session confirmed the election.

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The old Republican regime was reinstated, undoing all the work that the Democrats had done in a preceding legislature, restoring the old judiciary system.

The sixth constitutional convention assembled at the capitol December 6, 1876. Three hundred and forty-eight persons of the three hundred and seventy-two elected voted on the first ballot. Daniel Clark was chosen president on the second ballot, having one hundred and eighty-five votes, while William H. Y. Hackett of Portsmouth had one hundred and twelve votes. The conven- tion was in session eleven days. Thirteen amendments were sub- mitted to the people, who voted upon them March 13, 1677. Eleven of the amendments proposed were adopted. The basis of representation was changed from ratable polls to population, granting a representative to every town having six hundred in- habitants and two representatives to a town having eighteen hun- dred inhabitants. Provision was made for biennial sessions of the legislature. The number of senators was increased from twelve to twenty- four. It was provided that registers of probate, solici- tors and sheriffs should be elected by popular vote. The religious test was abolished although the word "Protestant" was not struck out from the bill of rights till the year 1902. The time of holding elections was changed from March to November. The removal of persons from office for political reasons was prohibited. It was voted that no money raised by taxation should be used for the support of the schools and institutions of any religious sect or denomination.

The majority of the convention of 1876 were not ready to obliterate all distinctions between Roman Catholics, Protestants, Jews and other religionists. They held that New Hampshire was still a Protestant State. Many wanted to so phrase the constitu- tion as to place all persons, of every shade of religious belief, upon terms of equality before the law, but it took another quarter of a century to educate the people to this thought. Perhaps the con- tinued influx of Roman Catholics, Jews and adherents of the Greek and Armenian Churches helped to the decision of 1902, when Church and State were completely separated, without any damage to either. For many years the objectionable phrases had not diminished the liberty or rights of any citizen, whatever his religion might be. The phrases were dead letters of the constitution.

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The legislature of 1868 enacted a statute providing for a "thorough geological and mineralogical survey of this state, with a view to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, clay, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be useful or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to complete such survey." Accordingly Mr. Charles H. Hitchcock was secured as State Geologist to superintend the survey and annual reports were made till 1878, when the work was completed and published in three large volumes, with many illustrations, maps and charts. Mr. Hitchcock was assisted by George L. Vose of Paris, Maine, afterwards professor in Bowdoin College, whose work was principally in the White Mountains ; by J. H. Huntington of Norwich, Conn., whose field of labor was Coos county; by Prof. E. W. Dimond of Hanover, chemist; by Prof. E. T. Quimby of Dartmouth College, who had charge of the United States Coast Survey and made a trigonometrical survey of the State ; and by six students from the class of 1871 at Dartmouth College. A station was established on the summit of Mount Washington, and here a party of men spent a winter, connected by telegraph with Hanover. One result of this survey was the raised map of New Hampshire that hangs in the entrance hall of the State House, a wonderful representation of the mountains, rivers, towns and general lay of the land. The survey revealed no deposits of precious metals more than had been known before. Gold, silver, lead and iron were found in small quantities in many places. Fossils and coral formations indicate that northern New Hamp- shire was once beneath the ocean, and boulders and glacial drift show that an enormous sheet of ice has moved even over the summit of Mount Washington. The Creator has taken millions of years to get New Hampshire ready for the abode of man.

In the presidential election of 1876 New Hampshire cast 41,525 votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and 38,450 for Samuel J. Tilden, while the candidate of the Prohibition party received only eighty-seven votes and no votes are credited to the candidate of the Greenback party, Peter Cooper. That party does not seem to have made much impression upon New Hampshire, although it polled 81,737 votes throughout the United States. At its begin- ning in 1874 it advocated paper currency only, "based on the faith and resources of the nation," exchangeable on demand for

A HISTORY 127

interest-bearing bonds — and the bonds were to be exchangeable for more paper currency. A great many simple-minded people thought this would be an easy way of making money, and that thus the nation might pay off its debts and bring a lot of money into circulation. In 1878 the Labor-reform and Greenback parties united and in the State elections of that year the fusion party polled a million votes, of which New Hampshire cast 6,507 for Warren G. Brown for governor. The party elected fourteen congress- men, and quite a furore resulted. "Fiat-money," "rag-money" were the epithets hurled at it. Men who knew nothing about banking and had never entered the world of finance were talking glibly about the profoundest problems in political science. The labor-reformers had something worth saying and these floated the party for a while, demanding a shorter work-day, abolition of child-labor, and a living wage. In the presidential election of 1880 this party cast only 307,306 votes for their candidate, James B. Weaver of Iowa, and four years later the Greenbackers united with the Anti-monopolists, under the leadership of Benjamin F. Butler, and polled 133,825 votes. The labor- re formers had aban- doned the Greenback party, and it died of paucity of ideas and im- pecuniosity.

In the election of 1877 the Republicans triumphed, giving to Benjamin F. Prescott 40,755 votes, over four thousand more than were thrown for Hon. Daniel Marcy of Portsmouth. Asa A. Kendall had three hundred and thirty-nine votes. Benjamin Franklin Prescott was born in Epping, February 26, 1833. After being educated at Pembroke Academy, Philips Exeter Academy, and Dartmouth College, where he was graduated in 1856, he taught school and studied law four years. In 1861 he became associate editor of the Independent Democrat, then the leading anti-slavery paper in the State. From 1865 to l^>^9 he was special agent of the United States Treasury Department for New Eng- land. He was secretary of the Republican State Committee for fifteen years from 1859. From 1872 to 1877, except the year 1874, he was Secretary of State. He was re-elected governor in 1878 by a majority of fifteen hundred over Frank A. McKean. Both Dartmouth College and the New Hampshire College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts made him one of their trustees. His services as a public speaker were in demand to a wide extent.

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He took a conspicuous part in the one hundredth anniversary of the battle of Bennington, was present at the laying of the corner stone of the monument there in 1887, and participated in its dedication in 1891. To the anniversary of that battle, in 1877, New Hampshire sent three companies of militia at public expense. Governor Prescott was for six years one of the railroad com- missioners. He led the movement of collecting for the State House, for Phillips Academy, and for Dartmouth College, portraits of distinguished sons and alumni. Through his efforts nearly three hundred portraits were secured. He died in Concord, Febru- ary 21, 1895, remembered as a man of excellent ability and spirit, an honor to the State in all the positions he rilled.

Governor Prescott's messages to the legislature have length and breadth. Of necessity they deal with many commonplace mat- ters and follow the usual line of suggestions. Here is what he says about the faultiness of legal procedure.

"For many years, certainly so far back as my memory goes, there has been much complaint of the slow pace of legal pro- ceedings. That can hardly be called an administration of justice which keeps suits so long in court that the rich cannot afford, and the poor are unable, to contend for their legal rights. The law's delay has long been a by-word. The complaint is, that cases remain on the docket year after year, awaiting trial; that parties, exhausted by trouble, anxiety and cost, abandon their suits and their rights in despair, and go out of court with dimin- ished respect for free government ; that many suffer serious wrongs and losses, without resorting to the legal remedy, because they believe it is not likely to improve their condition, and that, for these reasons, the law is employed too much for revenge, and too little for relief and redress. Some, no doubt, may desire a quicker decision than is possible in the nature of the case, and unreasonably complain of the delays that are unavoidable. But the fact of delay is so notorious, and the complaint so general, as to demand investigation and the adop- tion of remedial measures, if any are necessary and practicable. I have taken some pains to ascertain facts from the clerks of our courts, in order to speak from the figures and not generalize. One year ago there were 4,400 continued cases ; and on the dockets of the circuit court more than 6,000 have been entered

A HISTORY 129

since that time." The remedy he recommended was an in- crease in the number of judges. Also he would abolish the custom of allowing the defeated party a retrial of his case, a custom that prevailed in no other State. A man condemned to the gallows or to imprisonment for life could have a second trial only on showing adequate reasons therefor, but property was considered of more value than human life, and a civil suit about an unimportant matter must be tried a second time, if one party demanded it, although the cost of a jury court was estimated to be one hundred dollars a day. The money saved from abol- ishing the second trials would more than pay the expenses of additional judges needed.

The referee law, enacted about this time, removed a great number of small suits from the courts and greatly decreased the expense of litigation. The poor thus had some chance of success in contending against the rich, and the decision of a referee was more acceptable than that of a jury, in small cases. The ancient, oriental system of trial before a judge that sat in the gateway of the city has some points of superiority over the trial by a jury of twelve men, especially when the judge, or referee, has the requisite wisdom and character; otherwise it is the worst system imaginable. The ignorant judge, or one that can be bribed, is a curse to all parties.

At this time tramps were investing the state. Governor Prescott recommended strong action to abate the nuisance and menace to society. A large number of able-bodied men, singly and in bands, were wandering about, refusing to work even for a night's lodging or a meal of victuals, "filthy, lazy, idle and vicious." Such vagrancy had become a profession, and a sent- ence to a short period on some county farm, where they did no work, were well fed and provided with the comforts of life, was just the sort of punishment that the tramp liked. It was a pleasure and a luxury to him. To be compelled to work with- out compensation was the remedy suggested. Accordingly the legislature of 1878 enacted a law, which sent a tramp to the State Prison for fifteen months or more, where he was sub- jected to hard labor, and a reward of ten dollars was offered to anyone who would secure the conviction of a tramp. Immedi- ately such vagrants disappeared like mists before the wind. Governor Natt Head, in his message the following year, said

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that the law had "proved to be nearly perfect. It has rid us of a class of vagrants whose presence was a constant annoyance and danger, and whose support was a heavy burden." The law was adopted by several other States. It still remains upon the statute book, but a revival of its enforcement is well worth considering.

A new State Prison was erected at this time, for which the legislature appropriated $230,000. It was built about a mile north of the old one, and twenty-seven acres of land were se- cured for its use. On the old site dwelling houses have been erected.

Natt Head, as he was generally called, was elected governor in 1879 under the new law of biennial election. It had been the custom for a long time to re-elect a governor if possible, so as to give him two years of office. Henceforth he was elected for two years, and no effort has been made down to the present time to re-elect a governor, although the Constitution does not prohibit it. Now there might be as much prejudice against a second term of the governor of New Hampshire as there is against a third term of the president of the United States. It is hard to break an old custom, even if there is little reason in it.

Natt Head was born in Hooksett, May 20, 1828, of Welsh and Scotch ancestry. His education was received in the com- mon schools and Pembroke Academy. Early he became in- terested in military matters. Hooksett was represented by him in the legislature of 1862. Governor Gilmore made him adjutant, inspector and quartermaster-general in 1864, and Mr. Head did much for the recruiting and equipping of soldiers in the last year of the Civil War. His reports as adjutant-general are of great historical value, including the whole military history of New Hampshire as to enlisted men. He was elected to the State Senate, as many thought, in 1875, and unseated through a technicality, though the Justices decided against him. The people remembered it and gave him an unexpected majority for governor over both Democratic and Greenback candidates. He served in the Senate in 1876 and 1877, being its president in the latter year. With his administration as governor there was general satisfaction. He died in Hooksett, November 12, 1883-

A HISTORY 131

The governor's message shows that the State paid in premiums to fire insurance companies, during the preceding year $417,764 and received back in settlement of losses $360,848. The difference shows what it cost the State for protection. Policies covered risks to the amount of $64,000,000. The amount paid for accident and life insurance was $260,383, and the amount received by representatives of insured persons was $219,484. This was exclusive of the amounts received from various mutual relief associations. Insurance Commissioners had been created by law some years before, and they have con- tinued ever since to watch the insurance companies and guard the rights and interests of the insured. At that time only one fire insurance company of State origin was doing business.

The sixty-six savings banks were paying four, four and a half, and five per cent, interest on over twenty-six million dollars deposited, a falling off of deposits to the extent of five or six millions, because United States bonds were paying full as well and by some were considered safer. Hence money was with- drawn from the savings banks for the purchase of government bonds. The State tax then was one per cent, of deposits, and thus the savings banks paid about three-fourths of the taxes of the State. The governor suggested that a tax of three- fourths of one per cent, might relieve the situation. A bill to that effect was indefinitely postponed.

In 1881 Charles H. Bell of Exeter was elected governor by a vote of 44,432, the largest vote cast up to that time for a governor, about three thousand more than all his competitors, received. The Greenback party had shrunk to one-twelfth its size two years before. Gov. Charles Henry Bell came of a family of governors and jurists. He was born in Chester, November 18, 1823, son of Gov. John and Persis (Thorn) Bell, nephew of Gov. Samuel Bell. He was fitted for college at Pembroke and Phillips Exeter Academies and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1844. Admitted to the bar in 1847 ne practiced a few years at Great Falls and removed to Exeter in 1854. Taking an active part in politics he was elected to represent that town in the legislature in 1858-60, 1872-73. He was a member of the State Senate in 1863 and 1864. .He served as Speaker of the House and President of the Senate. For a short time he sat in the United States Senate by appointment in 1870. In the constitu-

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tional convention of 1889 he was the presiding officer. Dart- mouth College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws and elected him a trustee. He was also trustee of Phillips Exeter Academy and of Robinson Seminary. After 1868 he did little law business and devoted his time to literary pursuits, making extensive historical researches and publishing a History of Ex- eter, a Biography of John Wheelwright, with extended and learned examination of the so called Wheelwright Deed, and similar works. From 1869 to 1887 he was President of the New Hampshire Historical Society. He died at Exeter, November n, 1893. For general scholarship and ability, for integrity of character, for calm dignity, for sociability of nature, and for clear and condensed style of writing, Gov. Charles H. Bell ranks among the very first.

The governor's message shows an acquaintance with law and its defects. In his judgment the laws of marriage and divorce ought to be so changed as to decrease the evil of hasty marriages, followed by too frequent divorces. The law in New Hampshire until very recently required no publication of inten- tions prior to the date of the marriage, and parties came into the State from across its borders for the sake of a privilege not accorded in their own States. The party guilty of conduct that is cause for dissolving one marriage should not be allowed another at pleasure. It was also recommended that, since the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage was prohibited by law, its manufacture should be forbidden and made unlawful. If one is wrong, the other must be. He says that "the improper use of money to influence popular elections is a crying evil of our times. It has become so general that little or no secrecy is made of it, and that well-meaning men assume to justify it. But nothing can be more fatal to the security of our free institutions. When the longest purse secures the election to office, we may bid farewell to liberty and virtue in the government." He suggests ignominious punishment to stamp out the practice so degrading to the voter.

In the legislature of 1881 the question arose whether a United States senator should then be elected to suceed Senator Rollins in March 1883, or whether his sucessor should be elected by the next legislature, which would not convene till June 1883, or three months after the expiration of Senator Rollins' term of

A HISTORY 133

office. The question was referred to the committtee on the ju- diciary, who made both a majority and a minority report. The former was signed by William E. Chandler for the committee and favored a postponement of the election of a senator till 1883, suggesting that if necessary the governor could appoint somebody to fill the vacancy from March to June, as was done in the appointment of Senator Charles H. Bell in 1879. The minority report was a long one, signed by Henry Morrison, and favored an election by the legislature of 1881. The opinion of the Supreme Court was sought by the Senate without consult- ing with the House, and their opinion was treated as only that of six lawyers, countermatched by six equally good lawyers in the House. It was not a strictly party question. The issue seems to have been, that if the legislature of 1881 elected, then the senator in office, Edwin H. Rollins, would probably be re-elected; if the election were postponed, he might be defeated. The ma- jority report was defended by Mr. Chandler, General Marston and Harry Bingham, the last being at his best in arguing a con- stitutional question. The Rev. Alonzo H. Quint of Dover argued for the minority report. The election was postponed, and in 1883 Austin F. Pike was chosen to succeed Senator Rollins, to serve from three months before he was elected. Since the United States senate was not then in session, the need of an acting senator from New Hampshire was not felt. It was thought better so to decide than to elect a senator two and a half years before he would be able to take his seat. It is easy to interpret almost any law to suit desired ends.

The State Board of Health was established by the legisla- ture of 1881.

Samuel Whitney Hale was elected governor by a small majority in 1883, receiving 38,402 votes. He was born at Fitch- burg, Massachusetts, April 2, 823. The district school and academy, with the farm, gave him an education. At the age of twenty-twro he began a business career with a brother at Dublin, whence he removed to Keene and became a manufac- turer of chairs, employing one hundred men in the shop and five hundred women and children outside. He also engaged in the purchase and sale of shoe pegs, exporting great quantities to Germany and sometimes selling a thousand bushels in a day. In 1882 he bought and managed a woolen mill in Lebanon. He

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was a member of the legislature in 1866-7, an<^ m 1869-70 he served on the governor's council. In 1880 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago. In earlier life he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but after his removal to Keene became affiliated with the Congrega- tionalists. He died in Brooklyn, New York, October 16, 1891, and was buried in Keene.

His was a business administration. There is little to relate outside of the ordinary routine of State affairs. Since it is not the plan of this work to chronicle the political history of New Hampshire later than the year 1884, we may note more particu- larly the state of public affairs and institutions. The State In- dustrial School had been in operation twenty-five years, built upon the old Stark farm in Manchester. It had ninety-two boys and eighteen girls as inmates. Up to that time eleven hundred boys and girls had been received into the institution, and only two 'had died there. Careful records showed that seventy-five per cent, of the discharged inmates became exemplary and useful citizens. The only thing needed was a greater variety of in- struction in those branches of industry which would furnish to the graduates the means of obtaining a respectable livelihood, and a preceding legislature had made a liberal appropriation for this purpose.

The State Normal School at Plymouth had graduated four hundred pupils, the majority of whom came from the northern counties, Grafton county furnishing more than one-third. In 1883 there were only forty pupils in the school. Some thought its location was unfavorable. Many who had teaching in view went to the Normal Schools of other States. A second Normal School was then under consideration, which has since been built at Keene.

The Asylum for the Insane had been in operation forty years. Of its 4,473 inmates during that time 1,593 nad recovered. Then there were 284 patients. The State had made liberal appro- priations and new buildings were erected as fast as they were required.

There were one hundred and twenty-one convicts in the new State Prison, all but one males. No prisoner had escaped for thirteen years. The number of prisoners diminished after the enactment of the tramp law. which drove the lawless and lazy

A HISTORY 135

out of the State. Under the contract system of labor the institu- tion fell short of paying its expenses by $3,522.

The State continued to send its deaf, dumb and blind to special institutions. Twenty were in the American Asylum at Hartford, Conn., two at the Clark Institute at Northampton, Mass., and two at the Horace Mann School in Boston, all insti- tutions for the education of the deaf and dumb. The State paid $175 annually for each pupil. New Hampshire had three pupils at the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded and Idiotic, and ten at the Perkins Institution for the Blind, in South Boston. The census of 1880 showed that there were forty deaf and dumb youths growing up in New Hampshire without any instruction.

The indebtedness of the State was $3,383,060. The revenue for the year ending May 31, 1883, was $935^75, and the expendi- tures were $792,286. By having biennial sessions of the legisla- ture the State was saving $168,000 in two years. The State was in no hurry to pay off its war debt, preferring to pay heavy in- terest for many years and pass along the burden. A slight reduction of the public debt was made annually.

The first savings bank in the United States was chartered in Massachusetts in 1816; two were chartered in New Hamp- shire in 1823, and in 1883 there were sixty-six such institutions, with deposits aggregating $39,124,000. The Ashuelot Savings Bank had recently failed. Two commissioners received three dollars per day for actual services. They had been paid by the banks, but a law made in 1881 put this obligation upon the State, for greater safety.

The system of insurance under the direction of Commis- sioners had been in operation thirteen years. During this time the aggregate of premiums paid in New Hampshire was $5,993,- 286 for insurance against losses by fire, and the aggregate pre- miums paid for life insurance were $5,978,545. For seven years there had been no loss through the inability of insurance com- panies to pay. New Hampshire had only one fire insurance company and no company for life insurance. The fire and life insurance companies of other States were paying annual taxes to New Hampshire of $7,578.

The National Guard consisted of three regiments of infantry, of eight companies each, fifty-three men and three officers to a company. There were also two four-gun batteries and two com-

136 NEW HAMPSHIRE

panics of cavalry. The officers numbered 117 and the enlisted men 1,098. Their annual encampment lasted only five days, and they drilled occasionally. The National Guard had taken the place of the old militia.

For thirteen years New Hampshire had maintained a Board of Agriculture at an expense of $50,000. The relation between this board and the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was not close, the professors of the latter institution not com- ing into contact with the farmers of the State. Literature and lectures were used to enlighten the farmers, yet agriculture did not keep pace with manufactures. A whole library of informa- tion will not enable rocky farms at some distance from a railroad station to offer sufficient inducement to hold ambitious young men.

Fish-culture had cost the State, in seventeen years, $29,953. Ponds and lakes had been stocked with black bass and salmon. The efforts to entice salmon back to the Merrimack river had not been successful. The State owned a hatching-house at Plymouth.

The State had done something in building good mountain roads, and the business of caring for summer tourists was esti- mated at from five to eight millions of dollars annually. The forests were fast disappearing, the public lands having been sold, and a commission was then considering means for the preservation of the forests. The rain-fall and water-power were seriously affected. The people were beginning to think of mak- ing the White Mountains a public park for the entire country.

Fifty years had elapsed since the first railroad had been built in New Hampshire, and in the year 1883 the mileage was i, 218 miles. Two million passengers were transported annually and three million tons of freight, costing the people of the State five million dollars annually. Consolidation was the watchword.

The population of the State was 346,991 and its wealth was estimated to be $200,000,000. The value of its annual product of manufactures was $75,000,000.

Perhaps the chapter of political history may be fittingly closed with a brief sketch of the life of Governor Moody Currier, who was elected in 1885 by a vote of 42,413 over both his com- petitors, John M. Hill and Larkin D. Mason. Mr. Currier was born in Boscawen, April 22, 1806, and died at Manchester August

)()nv CUKKIEH

A HISTORY 137

23, 1895. His father was Moody Morse Currier, born at Warner October 2, 1785, and his mother was Rhoda Putney. His grand- father was Dr. John Currier from Newbury, Mass., who mar- ried, March 19, 1781, Sarah, daughter of Dr. John Clement of Hopkinton, and died in 1808, aged fifty-two. The boyhood of Moody Currier was spent on a farm in Bow. He fitted for col- lege at Hopkinton Academy and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1834 with very high honors. After teaching in Concord a short time he was principal of Hopkinton Academy one year and then principal of Lowell High School five years. He was clerk of the State Senate in 1843-4 and a member of that body in 1856-7, serving the last year as its president. During the first year or more of the Civil War he was a member of the governor's coun- cil and chairman of the committee for raising and equipping soldiers, in which he was very efficient. Marked business ability connected him with several banks and railroads. His work as a teacher made him a master of refined English, and he was always the polished gentleman. His addresses at the acceptance of the monument to Daniel Webster in 1886 and at the dedication of the Stark monument in 1890 are brief, compact, clear and forceful. To delve in literature and cultivate the society of the Muses was his recreation and delight. He knew their gait and could hear them when they sang, but his volume of poetry lacks fire, inspiration and moral vigor, though it may well soothe a troubled soul and give hope to the despondent. As a gentle- man of culture and noble character, as a business man of large ability, as a wise and trustworthy executive, Moody Currier is remembered and will long hold a place of honor. The poor farm-house in Bow and the luxurious mansion in Manchester are boundary marks in an honorable career.

Chapter VIII LITERATURE

Chapter VIII

LITERATURE

A Swarm of Historians — Hon. Lorenzo Sabine — Edward M. Blunt — "Mrs. Partington" — Joseph C. Neal— Richard B. Kimball, Novelist — Nathaniel Holmes and the Baconian Theory — Harriet N. Farley — Con- stance F. Woolson — James T. Fields— Thomas B. Aldrich — The Poets of Portsmouth— The Tuneful Three Hundred— Celia L. Thaxter— Albert Laighton — Harriet M. Kimball — Edna Dean Proctor — Amanda B. Harris — Mrs. Sarah J. Hale — Horatio Hale — Rev. James Freeman Clarke — Prof. Thomas C. Upham — Rev. Ephraim Peabody — Samuel G. Drake and Francis S. Drake — George B. Prescott, Electrician — Thomas W. Knox — Kate Sanborn — Charles C. Coffin, War Correspondent — Salma Hale — Edwin M. Hale — Edwin A. Jenks — Joseph E. Worcester, Lexi- cographer— William D. Ticknor — Daniel Lothrop — "The Waverley Maga- zine"— George H. Moore, Librarian — Judge Mellen Chamberlain — Ains- worth R. Spofford — Sam Walter Foss.

NEW HAMPSHIRE has had a swarm of local historians, and their number seems to be increasing. More than fifty town histories have been published, some in two or three large vol- umes. These for the most part give details of local events and genealogies of old families, that are of great interest to resi- dents of the towns described and to their descendants. There is an unavoidable sameness to such histories. Many trace back to the same beginnings and tell anew the first discoveries and the Masonian claims. All have their share in the Indian wars. There is the same story of roads, schools and churches. The distinguishing features are the genealogies, without which a town history has little worth and sale. A more condensed form of town history may be seen in the county histories of consider- able size and frequency, and of variable worth. Portraits of prominent and wealthy men and bits of natural scenery illustrate, if they do not adorn, such compilations. Among the best local histories may be mentioned Brewster's Rambles about Ports- mouth, Dow's History of Hampton, Gov. Bell's History of Exeter, Miss Mary P. Thompson's Landmarks in Ancient Dover, the History of Durham, in two volumes, the History of Con-

141

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cord, in two volumes, prepared under the supervision of the City History Commission and edited by James O. Lyford, who also is author of a good History of Canterbury in two volumes, Rev. Nathan F. Carter's History of Pembroke in two volumes, Hon. Ezra S. Stearns' History of Rindge and History of Ply- mouth, Moses T. Runnel's History of Sanbornton, Rev. John H. Saunderson's History of Charlestown, Richard W. Musgrave's History of Bristol, John R. Eastman's History of Andover, Wil- liam H. Child's History of Cornish, and James R. Jackson's History of Littleton in three volumes. Many of the town his- tories have been compiled with laborious research and corres- pondence extending over a long time and are labors of love for native towns, or intended as advertisements.

The sources of the general history of the State have been published to a large extent in the Province Papers, State Papers, Town Papers, Revolutionary Rolls, etc., in over thirty volumes, under the successive editorship of Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., Isaac W. Hammond, Albert S. Batchellor, and Henry A. Met- calf, State Historians. Much more remains to be published, found in Province Deeds. Court Records and Files, and Vital Statistics of Towns.

Several histories of the State have been written. That by the Rev. Jeremy Belknap, D. D., has been often mentioned in this work and is of permanent value. That by Professor San- born is a collection of historical essays. That by John N. Mc- Clintock is a hasty compilation, yet gathers up materials of historical value.

A history that extends beyond State lines was written by a son of New Hampshire, Lorenzo Sabine, born in Lisbon, Feb- ruary 28, 1803, son of Rev. Elijah R. Sabine, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His school education was limited. Early he became a bank clerk, removed to Eastport, Maine, and represented that town in the legislature three times. He was also collector of customs at Passamaquoddy. His first edition of "The American Loyalists" appeared in 1847 and was enlarged into two volumes in 1864, a work of extended research in original sources. He wrote also a Life of Commodore Edward Preble. Bowdoin College honored him with the degree of Master of Arts in 1846 and Harvard in 1848. After removing to Boston he was sent to congress for a short time to fill out an unexpired

A HISTORY 143

term, in 1852-3. As an agent of the United States Treasury De- partment he wrote a "Report on the Principal Fisheries," in 1853. His "Notes on Duels and Dueling" was published in 1855. His address before the New England Historic Genealogical Society, on the one hundredth anniversary of the death of General Wolfe, September 13, 1859, was published with annotations. For some time he was secretary of the Boston Board of Trade and pre- pared four volumes of its annual reports. His extensive library of historical and other works was bequeathed to the New Hamp- shire Historical Society and is kept in a room specially set apart therefor. He died at Boston Highlands, April 14, 1877. Con- stantly employed in earning a living he used his spare moments to educate himself broadly and to produce something of perma- nent historical value.

A work of great usefulness was produced by Edmund M. Blunt, born in Portsmouth, June 20, 1770. For a time he was a bookseller and publisher of the Newburyport Herald. In 1796 he published "The American Coast Pilot," a book that is still in use. It has passed through about thirty editions and has been translated into most of the languages of Europe. It describes all the ports of the United States, sailing directions, lists of light- houses and other information important to seamen. He also published in 1817 a "Strangers' Guide to New York City," and numerous nautical works came from his pen. He died January 2, 1862.

In the realm of humorous literature who has not read or heard of Mrs. Partington and her son Ike? They figured in school "exhibitions" of fifty years ago. Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber was born in Portsmouth July 12, 1814. Educated in the public schools he entered a printing office at the age of fif- teen. After two years he went to Boston, serving there as a printer, and thence took a voyage to British Guiana. In 1840 he became connected with the Boston Post and remained with that newspaper ten years. In 1847 ne began publishing his "Say- ings of Mrs. Partington." In 1851 he took charge of the comic paper called The Carpet Bag. He was afterward editor for ten years of the Saturday Evening Gazette. In 1853 he published "Rhymes with Reason and Without." The "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington" was published in book form in 1853, and fifty thousand copies were sold. In 1879 ne brought to light "Ike

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and His Friends," followed by the Partington series. In 1882 his "Wide Swath" was printed, a collection of verses including "Lines in Pleasant Places." Other works were "Knitting Work," "Partington Patch Work," "Cruises with Captain Bob," and "Double Runner Club." He died in Chelsea, Mass., March 25, 1890. For a long time he ranked among the first humorists of the country. There was wisdom as well as wit in Mrs. Partin- ton's sayings, that found their way into many households and current newspaper literature. Mr. Shillaber's style has had no successful imitator.

The mention of humorous literature suggests the name of Joseph Clay Neal, born in Greenland, February 3, 1807, son of a retired clergyman. His parents died when he was very young. He had a natural fondness for writing and contributed to peri- odicals till 1831, when he became editor of the Pennsylvanian. Ill health sent hi mto Europe, and on his return he established Neal's Saturday Gazette, which he edited till his death, July 18, 1847. His humorous delineations of character were gathered into "Charcoal Sketches, or Scenes in Metropolis/' republished in London with the approval of Charles Dickens. His other work that was well received was "Peter Ploddy and Other Oddities." The man that will make us laugh is always welcome; the really humorous author is read once and then we quit his company to seek the next one. The joke will not bear repetition ; its novelty is its essence.

Probably New Hampshire has had no novelist of wider reputation than Richard Burleigh Kimball, born in Plainfield, October i, 1816. At the age of eleven he was ready to enter college, but this event was postponed two years. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1834 and two years after was admitted to the bar in Waterford, New York, where he practiced law till his removal to New York city. Here he continued to act as a law- yer till fifteen years before his death, taking time, however, for much travel and for literary pursuits. He is said to have crossed the Atlantic thirty times. His first book was the one by which he became best known, entitled "St. Leger, or the Threads of Life," a philosophical novel. The scene was laid in Scotland. The book had twenty-three editions in this country and was published also in London and Leipzig, besides being translated into French and Dutch. This work was followed the same year,

A HISTORY 145

1850, by "Cuba and the Cubans." His "Romance of Student Life Abroad" came out in 1857, the fruit of study in Paris in earlier years and of travel in Europe. His life in New York city gave rise to his "Undercurrents of Wall Street," in 1861, "Was He Successful," 1863, "Henry Powers, Banker," 1868, "Lectures Be- fore the New York Law Institute" and "Today in New York," 1870. Other works were "The Prince of Kashna," 1865, "In the Tropics," 1863, and "Stories of Exceptional Life," 1887. Dart- mouth College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1873. His last work was "Half a Century of Recollections," published in 1893, shortly after his death. He founded the town of Kimball, Texas, and built a portion of the railroad from Galveston to Houston. His mission seems to have been to gather up knowl- edge and money and to distribute both for the welfare of others. Thereby he found his own.

Another lawyer who became known in literature was Na- thaniel Holmes, born in Peterborough, July 2, 1814, of Scotch- Irish descent. Fitting for college at Phillips Exeter Academy he graduated at Harvard in 1837 and was admitted to the bar in Boston two years later. He practiced law in St. Louis and became a judge of the supreme court of Missouri. From 1868 to 1872 he held the Royall professorship of law in Harvard Uni- versity. In 1856 he took part in organizing the Academy of Science in St. Louis and was its secretary twenty-two years. He was made an honorary member of the Bacon Society of London by reason of his publication, in 1866, of "The Author- ship of Shakespeare." It is a learned and well reasoned setting forth of the theory that the plays commonly attributed to Wil- liam Shakespeare were in reality written by Lord Francis Bacon. The theory has been further elaborated by many writers, with additional and powerful evidences. The style of Mr. Holmes' work shows a mind familiar with literature as well as with law. Four editions of this work were printed, the last in two volumes with a supplement in 1886. His acquaintance with philosophy appears in "Realistic Idealism in Philosophy Itself," published in two volumes in 1888. In 1889 ne delivered the historical address at Peterborough on the one hundred and fiftieth anni- versary of the settlement of that town.

Harriet N. Farley, daughter of the Rev. Stephen Farley, pastor of a church at Claremont, 1806-19, was born in that town

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February 18, 1817. Her father was later principal of Atkinson Academy, and there and at Hampton Falls Academy she was educated to be a teacher. After several experiments as a teacher in country schools she so disliked the work that she went to Lowell, Mass., and was for many years an operative in a mill. In 1841 while thus employed she started and edited a paper, called "The Lowell Offering," written entirely by women em- ployed as operatives in factories. She was its owner and pub- lisher, doing about all the work except the bare printing. It had a circulation of four thousand copies. A volume, made up chiefly of selections from this magazine, was published under the title, "Shells from the Strand of the Sea of Genius," in 1847. She wrote also "Laws of Life," "Happy Homes at Hazel Nook" and "Christmas Stories." A collection from the Lowell Offering was published in London, in 1849, entitled "Mind Among the Spindles." Her autobiography appeared in Mrs. Hale's "Woman's Record." In 1854 Miss Farley married John Intaglio Don- levy of Philadelphia, an inventor, who died in 1872. After her marriage she seems to have disappeared from the world of literature. The noise of spindles may have been more conducive to literary work than the clatter of dishes. It has been said that leisure and opportunity for reflection are necessary for the finest products of the pen, but the history of literature has much to say for the toilers.

Another native of Claremont is Constance Fenimore Wool- son, born in 1848, great niece of the novelist, James Fenimore Cooper. Her parents removing to Cleveland, Ohio, she was educated in a seminary there and in a French school in New York city. She began writing about the year 1869 and produced a goodly number of stories. Most of the time she resided in Florida; after 1879 she went abroad and lived in England. She died in Venice, Italy, January 24, 1894. Among her productions are "East Angels," "Anne," "Rodman the Keeper," "Castle No- where," "Lake Country Sketches," "Southern Sketches," "Jupiter Lights," and "Horace Chase." Her best known poems are "Ken- tucky Bells" and "Two Women."

A prolific writer of stories is Eliza Orne White, born in Keene, August 2. 1856, daughter of the Rev. William Orne White and his wife, Margaret Eliot (Harding). She was educated in the schools of Keene and in a private school in Roxbury, Mass.

A HISTORY 147

In 1871 she removed with her parents to Brookline, Mass. The year 1876 was spent in traveling in Europe. At the age of eighteen she began contributing stories for the Christian Register. The following include her principal works down to 1914, "Miss Brooks," "When Molly Was Six," "The Coming of Theodore," "A Little Girl of Long Ago," "A Browning Courtship and Other Stories," "A Lover of Truth," "Ednah and Her Brothers," "Les- ley Chilton," "An Only Child," "A Borrowed Sister," "After Noontide," "The Wares of Edgefield," "Brothers in Fur," "The Enchanted Mountain," and "The First Step." Her early pen name was "Alex."

Portsmouth is the birthplace of several authors of distinc- tion. One of the most prominent as author and introducer of authors wras James T. Fields, born December 31, 1817. He passed through the public schools of that place and was ready for college, when something turned his attention to the book business and at the age of seventeen he entered as a clerk what was long known as the Old Corner Book-store, in Boston. In 1839 ne became junior partner in the firm, then known as Tich- nor, Reed and Fields, which passed through many changes till it became Houghton, Mifflin and Company. He speedily col- lected many friends, more books in his private library, and some money, all of which were needful for the development of the rare companion, discerning critic of literature and character, and benevolent man he was. He contributed to the Atlantic Monthly and in 1862 became its editor. From the editorship and from business he withdrew in 1870 and devoted the rest of his life to lecturing and writing. His "Yesterday with Authors" made him at once known in the literary world, and nothing that he produced exceeded it in worth. Other works were "Haw- thorne," "In and Out of Doors with Charles Dickens," "Bi- ographical Notes and Personal Sketches," and two volumes of poems. With Edwin P. Whipple, a friend of many years, he was co-editor of a "Family Library of British Poetry." He was a judge of literature even more than a producer of it. He seemed to know intuitively what the public would like to read and consequently the money value of a manuscript. He inter- preted great authors in such a way as to lure readers on to know them. As a lecturer there was something attractive in his pres- ence, manner and tone, that won attention to what he said, and

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his thought was always worth considering. As a middleman between great authors and fond readers his equal would be hard to find. "It was the personality of the speaker, so potent, so notable, so gracious and kindly, so winning and inspiring, that constituted the chief element of his influence upon all classes. For both the learned and the unlearned, young students and illiterate farmers, in cultured cities, popular academies, and raw villages, owned the persuasive charm of his presence and speech, and acknowledged their debt to him."1

Mr. Fields remembered fondly his native place and read poems in the reunions of 1853 and 1873. He is best described by the poet Whittier in "The Tent on the Beach."

Perhaps the greatest literary celebrity of the "Old Town by the Sea," was the person who wrote it, Thomas Bailey Aid- rich, born November i, 1836. At the age of eleven he became a clerk in the counting house of an uncle in New York city and remained there three years. It was at this time, before he was twenty years old, that he wrote the most famous of 'his early poems, "Babie Bell." It was occasioned by the death of a child in his aunt's family, and was written on the backs of bills of lading, while he was unloading a vessel. The manuscript was declined by several magazines and was first published in the Journal of Commerce. It was widely copied and appreciated in every home where the dread messenger had taken away a little one. It is full of pathos, hope and resignation, simply and fittingly expressed, the natural effusion of a sympathetic heart. Aldrich's early efforts were contributions to the Knickerbocker Magazine and Putnam's Magazine. In 1855 ne published "The Bells ; a Collection of Chimes." He served three years on the staff of the Home Journal, published by N. P. Willis, and con- tributed to the Atlantic Monthly, of which he was the editor from 1881 to 1890. His works are too well known to be named here. Perhaps the most popular prose work was "Marjorie Daw," though some might prefer the "Story of a Bad Boy." He himself said that the faculty of rhyming deserted him for several years, after his early effusions, but it returned with grace and gentleness, and it seems to have been perfectly natural to write poetically about commonplace things. The meaning of

1 Sketch by Olive E. Dana, in Granite Monthly, Vol. X., p. 293.

A HISTORY 149

everyday things, hidden from the many, he saw and expressed to their delight. The poet, like Burns and Whittier, that can speak for the common folks, will not soon be forgotten.

The house in which Aldrich spent his early years, owned by his grandfather, Thomas D. Bailey, has been purchased by his family and friends and restored with the old furniture, just as it was when the poet lived there. In the fireproof building on the same lot are stored his personal effects and a large collection of books and bound volumes of manuscripts and autographs of eminent authors. About twenty-five hundred persons visit the place annually. At the dedication of the building in 1908 ad- dresses were made by several, and Mark Twain said, "For com- bined sociability and humorous pleasantness no man was Aid- rich's peer ; he was always witty and always brilliant if there was anyone present capable of striking his flint at the right angle."2

"The Poets of Portsmouth" is a book published fifty years ago, containing selections from forty authors who were born in that city, and it is presumable that during the last half cen- tury the home product has not diminished. Is Portsmouth en- chanted and enchanting? Are the children taught to prattle in regular succession of long and short syllables? It seems that the Tuneful Nine, unseen, pervade the air, dance on the streets amid the busy throng, dwell in old houses, beautiful and rare, and sing to listening ears a constant song. The visitor should be on his guard, lest he catch the inspiration.

But New Hampshire's eighteen miles of seacoast is not her only source of poetic inspiration. The Muses have their summer home among the lakes and mountains, and there the afflatus is like divine love, impartial and universal, if we are to judge by "The Poets of New Hampshire," a collection of specimen poems of three hundred poets of the Granite State, published in 1883. Many must have been left out of the collection, for every com- piler has his favorites and never selects those specimens that the reader thinks to be the best. So we look in vain among the noble three hundred for the poems that thrill our souls. Readers as well as writers have moods and changing appetities ; it is not always the poet's fault that his lines do not suit us. Wait till

2 See article by Charles A. Hazlett in the Granite Monthly, XLVII., p. 105-9.

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the mood changes and we fit ourselves to the poem. It is such a blessed relief to the writer, to put his flights of fancy and prosy notions into verse, that the common herd of men should be compassionate and even kind enough to applaud the uncom- prehended lay. "Honor the loftiest poet" Was the shout Dante heard, as together, with Virgil he entered Limbo,3 and poets that are not so lofty may win admiration and even Paradise by passing through purgatorial discipline. Aldrich collected by purchase one of his own earlier publications and burned the whole lot. One who criticizes one's own poems to that extent is likely to gain a reputation — besides ^saving time and patience to readers. Charles Wesley wrote six thousand hymns, and a score or so of them survive because they are the fittest in the judgment of millions. Most genuine poets have to write much in order to produce a few immortal lines. So let every school boy and girl cultivate the society of the muses and keep on scribbling.

The poems of Celia (Laighton) Thaxter are of a high order. She was born at Portsmouth June 9, 1836. Her father, Thomas B. Laighton, doubtless descended from the Thomas Leighton who was one of the first settlers on Dover Neck, became the keeper of a light-house on White Island, one of the Isles of Shoals, when Celia was about five years old. Ten years later he bought Appledore Island, anciently called Hog Island, and built a house for the accommodation of sportsmen and summer visitors. One of the visitors was Levi Lincoln Thaxter, and he took Celia to the mainland as his bride, when she was sixteen years of age. He died in 1884 and was buried in the churchyard at Kittery Point. Thereafter she made her summer home on Appledore in a cottage near to the hotel of her brothers, where she cultivated and painted flowers, studied the sea and sky, and wrote out what was irrepressible. Her winters were spent in Portsmouth and Boston till her death, August 26, 1894. She was buried on Appledore. James Russell Lowell published her first poem, "Landlocked" in the Atlantic Monthly without her knowl- edge. In 1867 she began a series of papers called "Among the Isles of Shoals," which appeared in book form in 1873. She gained the admiration and the friendship of many of the best

3 Dante's Inferno, IV., 80.

OK LI A (LAIGHTON) THAXTEli

A HISTORY 151

writers and noblest characters. The charm of her poetry lies largely in her minute acquaintance with the ways of the sea as she watched it lovingly through many years. Winds and tem- pests, waves and ships, clouds and skies, and the little sandpiper had moral lessons for her. She mused upon little common things so long in her early years that she saw their hidden meaning and brought them into the soul for teachers, after the manner of Him who taught by parables. When one points out the corre- spondence between our inner world of thought and feeling and the outer world that surrounds us and so makes both worlds better understood and appreciated, then we recognize the poetic seer and the great teacher :

"Thou great Creator ! Pardon us who reach For other heaven beyond this world of thine,

This matchless world, where thy least touch doth teach Thy solemn lessons clearly, line on line.

And help us to be grateful, we who live

Such sordid fretful lives of discontent, Nor see the sunshine nor the flower, nor strive

To find the love their bitter chastening meant."

The poems of Albert Laighton are above the ordinary. He was born in Portsmouth, January 8, 1829, and died there Feb- ruary 6, 1887. He was a cousin of Celia Laighton Thaxter, and he lived in the house in which Aldrich was born. His poem, "My Native River," surpasses all that has been said and sung about the Pascataqua. He began making verses when he was fifteen years of age and kept at it in a desultory way. In 1858 he delivered a poem on Beauty before the literary societies of Bowdoin College, parts of which were published with many short poems in a booklet the following year. A current of religious faith runs through his verses, as through the "Hymns of the Soul," by Professor Thomas Upham. Indeed without religious faith what poet has ever soared on high and carried his readers with him? The unseen things that are eternal are the most powerful realities in the world of thought and emotion.

Another Portsmouth author of much religious poetry is Harriet McEwen Kimball, born November 2, 1824. She has been called the Keble of the American church. She wrote "Swallow Flights." "Blessed Company of All Faithful People," etc. Her complete works were issued in 1889.

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Edna Dean Proctor has gained recognition among the fore- most poetical writers of New Hampshire. She was born in Hen- niker, September i, 1829. She began to publish poems at the age of twenty and has never ceased. In early life she taught school in New Haven and Woodstock, Conn., and for nine years was instructress in the family of H. C. Bowen. Thus she was introduced to the columns of the New York Independent. Dur- ing the Civil War many national poems and songs of freedom came from her pen. Her first book was an anti-slavery story, entitled "Aunt Sallie." Her first volume of poems was pub- lished in 1866. "Columbia's Banner" was written for national school celebrations on Columbus Day. She wrote "Doom of the White Hills" in response to President Harrison's request to aid in preventing the destruction of the White Mountain forests. In 1847 sne taught a select school in Concord. After traveling in Europe she published "A Russian Journey." When the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of New Hampshire was celebrated by the New Hampshire Historical So- ciety, the poem for the occasion was delivered by her. She is perhaps as well known as any of the poets of the Granite State.4

Amanda Bartlett Harris, a native of Warner, has written much in the way of poetry and stories. "Wild Flowers and Where They Grow," "The Luck of Edenhall" are specimens of her work.

Mary D. (Chellis) Lund, a native of Goshen, born February 13, 1826, died June 2, 1891. She wrote forty volumes of Sunday School and temperance literature, besides many articles for periodicals.

For half a century Godey's Ladies' Book has been widely and favorably known. Its editor was Sarah J. (Buell) Hale, born in Newport October 24, 1788. Her husband, David Hale, a lawyer, died about 1822 and left her with five children. She published a volume of poems in 1823 and a novel, "Northwood," in 1827. In 1828 she went to Boston as editor of the Ladies' Magazine, which later was removed to Philadelphia with the title changed to Ladies' Book, and continued with that publica- tion till 1877. While in Boston she originated the Seaman's Aid Society. For twenty years she urged the national celebration

4 See Cogswell's Hist, of Henniker, pp. 698-9.

A HISTORY 153

of Thanksgiving Day, till its adoption by President Lincoln in 1864. She published the "School Song Book," which contained the famous poem beginning with the line, "Mary had a little lamb." Her largest work was one of a thousand pages, "Woman's Record," containing brief biographies of celebrated women down to 1868. Her brother, Horatio Hale, instructed her in Latin, mathematics and philosophy, and it was her habit to spend two hours every day in reading or study with her hus- band. Twenty-five volumes are found in her list of publications.

Her son, Horatio Hale, was graduated at Harvard and ere his graduation was philologist to the United States Exploring Expedition, commanded by Captain Wilkes, publishing after his return "Wilkes' Expedition Around the World," in several large volumes at the expense of the United States. This work secured commendations from the highest sources for its research in his- tory, ethnography and philology. It contained, among many other things, a comprehensive grammar of Polynesia, in which many dialects, widely separated, are compared. After Mr. Hale's return he divided his time between linguistic studies and law.

New Hampshire's most famous writer of religious litera- ture was probably James Freeman Clarke, born at Hanover, April 4, 1810. He was brought up in the family of his grand- father, James Freeman, pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, and was educated in the Boston Latin School, Harvard College, and the Divinity School at Cambridge. From 1833 to 1840 he was pastor of a Unitarian church in Louisville, Kentucky. Then he returned to Boston and took charge of the Church of the Dis- ciples, with which organization he remained many years. It was esteemed a liberal organization and ranked with the Unitarians, yet when Mr. Clarke exchanged pulpits with Theodore Parker in 1845, fifteen of Clarke's leading parishioners forsook him. It was not the first time that Boston people claiming freedom of thought in religion for themselves denied it to others. Mr. Clarke used to say that "a rational Unitarian has no quarrel with a rational Trinitarian," but the difficulty is, that so many of both schools of thought are irrational and uncharitable; but that time is fast passing away. Mr. Clarke's best known work was "Ten Great Religions," a comparison of the World's re- ligious beliefs. It was read by people of all denominations who wanted to know what the wise of many ages have been teach-

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ing. A book that makes for Christian unity is "Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors," which some Unitarians thought to be more orthodox than they wished it to be. Other works were "Com- mon Sense in Religion," "Essentials and Non-Essentials in Re- ligion," "Steps of Belief" and "Christian Doctrine of Prayer." He wrote also "How to Find the Stars" and a volume of poems, entitled "Exotics." He was professor of Natural Religion and Christian Doctrine at Harvard, 1867-71, and lecturer on religion, 1876-7. He died in Jamaica Plain June 8, 1888. His autobiogra- phy down to the year 1840 was completed and edited by Edward Everett Hale. His successor in the pastorate of the Church of the Disciples was Charles Gordon Ames, also a native of New Hampshire, reared in Canterbury, a man of genius and prophetic insight, author of many religious tracts and sermons. The church they served was organized to "co-operate in the study and practice of Christianity," and there Trinitarians and Unitarians lived and labored lovingly together, as in the earlier days of New England. James Freeman Clarke left a lasting impress upon the religious thought and spirit of the age.

A writer of great influence for good was Thomas Cogswell Upham, born in Deerfield, January 30, 1799. After graduation at Dartmouth College in 1816 and at Andover Theological Sem- inary in 1821 he was pastor for a year at Rochester, whence he was called to the professorship of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Bowdoin College. Here he remained till 1867, then retiring to Kennebunkport, Maine, where he lived, although his death occurred in New York city, April 2, 1872. His study was the activities of the human mind, and especially its religious activi- ties. In 1827 appeared his first philosophical work, supplemented in 1834 by his treatise on the Will. He first made clear the distinction between the Intellect, the Sensibilities and the Will in mental activities, a distinction that was adopted and followed by many philosophical teachers and writers. "Disordered Men- tal Actions" appeared in 1840. Probably he is more widely known by his works of religious devotion, "Interior Life," "Life of Faith," and "Divine Union," as well as his lives of Madame Guyon and Fenelon. He also wrote "Cottage Life" and "Letters from Europe." "Interior Life" is well worth study to save one from religious hallucinations and to cultivate sound piety and devotion. It is not a book of casuistry or of moral and religious

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precepts, but it helps one to do one's own thinking and to do it rightly.

A preacher and writer of note in his day was the Rev. Ephraim Peabody, born at Wilton, March 22, 1807. He was fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1827. He received his degree of Doctor of Divinity from his Alma Mater in 1848. His work as a Unitarian preacher was done in Cincinnati, New Bedford and King's Chapel, Boston. His published sermons and poems are of a high order. The Westminster Review likened him to Frederick Robertson, the famous preacher of Bristol, England. At the centennial celebration of his native town he delivered an address. He is described as a man of rare features, tone and spirit. A daughter was the first wife of President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University. Dr. Peabody died in Boston November 28, 1856. He was the father of Professor Francis G. Peabody of Harvard University.

As an antiquarian and writer upon first things in New Eng- land no one has excelled Samuel G. Drake, born in Pittsfield, October u, 1798. Educated in the common schools he became a school teacher before he reached the age of twenty, and while thus employed produced his first literary work, an edition of Church's History of King Philip's War, with notes and additions. Later he owned an antiquarian bookstore in Boston and became an authority on Indian history. In 1832 he published "Indian Biography" and the following year "The Book of the Indians, or a Biography and History of the Indians in North America/' which reached its eleventh edition. In 1839 was published his "Indian Captives," or original narratives of persons who had been in captivity among the Indians. Mr. Drake was one of the founders of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, in 1847, and conducted its "Register" for fifteen years. In 1858 he helped to found the Prince Society. The Drake and Mather genealogies came from his pen. He spent two years in research in the British Museum and official archives of England for information relating to the founders of New England and pub- lished the results. Another publication was "The Antiquities of Boston," a book that shows minuteness of research and fulness of detail in footnotes. The scope of this work was from 1630 to 1770, and he left an uncompleted volume of subsequent history

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of Boston. He wrote also a Memoir of Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Witchcraft Delusion in New England," "History of the Five Years' French and Indian War in New England," and many articles for the press. The article on Massachusetts in the Ency- clopaedia Brittanica was written by him. Few writers have produced so many works that indicate great painstaking and sound judgment. He died in Boston, June 14, 1875.

Francis Samuel Drake, son of the one just named, inherited his father's interest in books and antiquities. He was born in Northwood, February 22, 1828. He was educated in the schools of Boston and his father's bookstore. After twenty years of study he published "A Dictionary of American Biography," in 1872, which was incorporated in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Mr. Drake published also a History of the Members of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, with brief biographies ; "Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox, General in the Revolutionary Army" ; "The Town of Roxbury" ; "Tea Leaves" ; and "Indian History for Young Folks." He died in Washington, D. C., February 22, 1885.

George Bartlett Prescott is well worthy of mention as an inventor and writer on subjects connected with electricity. He was born in Kingston, September 16, 1830. He was educated in private schools in Portland, Maine, and at the age of sixteen had made a special study of electricity. He was successively manager of offices in New Haven, Boston and Springfield, from 1847 to 1858. In the latter year he was made superintendent of lines operated by the American Telegraph Company. In 1866 he was called to a similar position with the Western Union Tele- graph Company and became its electrician residing in New York city. From 1873 to 1880 he was electrician of the International Ocean Telegraph Company. He was one of the earliest pro- moters of the telephone and connected as an official with several companies. He invented many improvements in telegraphing and with Thomas A. Edison wras joint owner in all the quadru- plex systems in this country and in Europe. He introduced in 1870 the duplex telegraph and in 1874 the quadruplex telegraph, one of the most important inventions known to electricians. In 1852 he discovered that the Aurora Borealis was of electric origin and published an account of it in the Boston Journal. Subse- quently, on various occasions, he removed the batteries from tele-

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graph wires and operated the latter by means of a current in- duced by the Aurora Borealis. An account of such experiments may be found in the Atlantic Monthly of 1859. He wrote many pamphlets in opposition to government control of the telegraph ; also "History, Theory and Practice of the Electric Telegraph" ; "Dynamo-Electricity" ; "Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone, Its Invention, Construction, Application, Modification and History" ; and "The Electric Telephone." After a very laborious and useful life he died in New York city, January 18, 1894.

An entertaining writer of travels was Thomas Wallace Knox, born in Pembroke, June 25, 1835. Self-educated with little aid from the public schools, at the age of twenty-three he was principal of an academy in Kingston. Afterwards he became editor of the Daily News in Denver, Colorado. He served in two campaigns of the Civil War and was lieutenant-colonel on the staff of the governor of California. Later he was war corre- spondent of the New York Herald. In 1865 was published his "Camp Fire and Cotton Fields." The following year he made a trip with an expedition to establish a line of telegraphs through Asia and traveled five thousand miles in sledges and wagons. On his return he published "Overland Through Asia." He in- vented a system of topographical telegraphy which he sold to the United States government for use in transmitting by tele- graph the well known wind and storm maps of the weather bureau. It became his habit to write two books each year, and such was his method that the same amount of work was done each day — an animated writing machine. His books may be numbered by the dozen. Fifteen volumes were entitled "The Boy Travelers." In later life he wrote a "History of the Re- publican Party." He was a close friend and correspondent of the noted explorer, Henry M. Stanley.

Katherine Abbott Sanborn, better known a few years ago as Kate Sanborn, was born in Hanover, July n, 1839, daughter of Professor Edwin D. Sanborn. Her mother was daughter of Hon. Ezekiel Webster of Boscawen. Under the tuition of her father she made a special study of Latin and elocution. At the age of twelve she earned her first money as an author. Many years were spent in teaching, at Mary Institute, St. Louis, in a private day school at Hanover, in Packer Institute, Brooklyn, and five years as Professor of English Literature in Smith Col-

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lege. For twelve years she gave private instruction in elocution in New York city and lectured on literary themes. In 1884 was published her "Round Table Series of Literary Lessons." Among her works are "Home Pictures of English poets," the result of travel in England ; "Vanity and Insanity, Shadows of Genius" ; "The Wit of Women"; "A Year of Sunshine"; "A Truthful W'oman in Southern California" ; "My Literary Zoo" ; "Adopt- ing an Abandoned Farm," and its sequel, "Abandoning an Adopted Farm." The last two were the outcome of attempted farming in Metcalf, Mass., where her home has been for several years. She made larger profits in writing anecdotes and stories about farming than in cultivating the soil, and some affirmed that her veracious anecdotes were made up out of whole cloth, which makes no difference from a literary point of view. Truth is superior to fact ; facts are illustrations of truth, and imaginative facts are fine materials for writers of current literature, while they are of little use to a historian. In 1894 Miss Sanborn was elected president of a club of New Hampshire Daughters in Boston.

As a war correspondent nobody had a higher reputation than Charles Carleton Coffin, born in Boscawen, July 26, 1823. He was brought up on a farm and got some education at Boscawen and Pembroke Academies, but constant reading, conversation and observation were his real educators. Having picked up some knowledge of surveying he was employed on the Northern Rail- road and later on the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad. Mean- while he was writing poems and prose for the Concord news- papers and for Littell's Liznng Age. In 1840 he constructed the telegraph line from Harvard observatory to Boston, by means of which uniform time was given to Massachusetts trains. Then he was employed on the Boston Journal and the Atlas. Under the nome de plume of Carleton he reported the movements and engagements of the armies of the Potomac and of the Mississippi during the Civil War, generally with more fulness, better judg- ment and greater speed than anybody else. During the war of Austria with Germany and of Austria with Italy he was at the front, sending weekly messages to the Journal. This corre- spondence was continued during two years and a half that he was making a trip around the world. In completing the circle he journeyed five days and nights without a break in a stage

CHARLES C. COFFIN

A HISTORY 159

coach over the Rockies. He delivered over two thousand lec- tures, one course being before the Lowell Instiute at Boston. He published "The Great Commercial Prize," advocating the Northern Pacific Railroad, in 1858. His books were many and of great interest to boys. Among them were "Days and Nights on the Battlefield," "Following the Flag," "Winning His Way," "Four Years of Fighting," "The Seat of Empire," "Old Times in the Colonies," "Drum-Beat of the Nation," "Boys of '76," which was the most popular of all, and "History of Boscawen," as a labor of love for his native town. He died at Brookline, Mass., March 2, 1896. So respected and trustworthy was he in all his work as a correspondent that he won the name of "Old Re- liable." He was a man of earnest Christian character, having the confidence of leaders in the army and in national affairs.5

Salma Hale, who has been mentioned in the list of con- gressmen, at the age of seventeen published a "New Grammar of the English Language," revised in 1831. He wrote a "History of the United States," for which he was awarded a gold medal and four hundred dollars by the American Academy of Belles Letters, and which had several editions. Other works were "Annals of the Town of Keene" and "The Administration of J. Q. Adams and the Opposition of Algernon Sidney."

His son. George Silsby Hale, lawyer, was born at Keene, September 24, 1835. Philips Exeter Academy and Harvard educated him. While he was teaching he studied law and began practice in Boston. He was lecturer at Harvard Divinity School, 1893-4. As associate editor he published three volumes of "Law Reports," and he was editor of "United States Digest." Other works were "Memoirs of Joel Parker," "Memoirs of Theron Metcalf," and a history of Boston charities in the Memorial History of Boston. He died at Bar Harbor, Maine, July 27, 1897. '

Edwin Moses Hale was born in Newport, February 2, 1829. He went to Newark, Ohio, at the age of fifteen and educated him- self to be a homoeopathic physician. He was professor of Materia Medica in Hahnemann College for eighteen years. His principle works were "New Remedies," translated into German, French and Spanish ; "Diseases of the Heart," also translated

5 Granite Monthly, Vol. VIII, pp. 97-106.

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into Spanish ; "Therapeutics of Sterility," etc., to the number of fourteen. He was a student of botany, zoology and archae- ology and published a series of papers on "Ant Life." He died in Chicago, January 15, 1899.

Newport brings to mind a more recent author, born there October 30, 1830, Edwin Augustus Jenks.. Specimens of real poetry, "The Return" and "The Life-Stream," may be seen in the History of Newport. He was a contributor to the leading magazines. A later prose work was "Six Incursions by a Pred- atory Pew Into Some Theologic Fastnessess," which reveals plainly that he was a better poet than theologian. He died in Concord.

Now we come to the man from whose work all these writers took every word they used. It was Joseph Emerson Worcester, author of the dictionary that was a rival for a long time to Webster's Unabridged. He was born in Bedford, August 24, 1784. He fitted himself for Yale College and graduated there after two years of study in 1811, after which he taught school in Salem, Mass. In 1811 he published a "Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazette," of which a new edition was issued in 1823. A Gazeteer of the United States followed. Then he removed to Cambridge, Mass. In 1819 he published "Elements of Geogra- phy, Ancient and Modern," and then "Sketches of the Earth and Its Inhabitants." In 1830 was produced his "Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary" ; in 1846 his "Universal and Critical Dictionary" ; in 1860 "Dictionary of the English Language." His was the first dictionary to make use of illustrations. He re- ceived the degrees of Doctor of Laws from Brown and Dart- mouth. The study of words lies at the basis of all literary work and oral expression, and he who brings to light their root mean- ing and growing significance is a common benefactor. Dr. Wor- cester died in Cambridge, Mass., October 27, 1865.

It would be easy to make a long list of ministers who have published almost innumerable sermons, addresses, pamphlets, articles in periodicals and books on religious and especially doc- trinal subjects. Many of these are controversial in their nature and had no permanency. They can not be classed as literature. If the authors had preached and written upon universal truths rather than upon particular beliefs, their books would have en- riched the literature of their native State. Changing opinions

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never can be the basis of enduring literature, however fine the mode of expression may be; the truth of the living God, simply told, is interesting unto all ages.

But what are fine thoughts, expressed in choice words, without wise publishers to spread them abroad? New Hamp- shire has furnished her full share of these. First may be men- tioned William D. Ticknor, born in Lebanon, August 6, 1810. At an early age he was employed with an uncle in Boston as a money broker, and soon became teller in a bank. The love of books could not be destroyed by the handling of money; rather money became the means to a desired end. In 1832 he started business as a publisher with John Allen. The firm name changed with the lapse of years, yet Mr. Ticknor was the leading man till his death, April 10, 1864, m Philadelphia, while on a trip with his intimate friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne. James T. Fields was for years a prominent member of this firm. Together they pub- lished the Atlantic Monthly and the North American Review, and a long list of the most important books of English and American authors. Mr. Ticknor established the periodicals, "Our Young Folks," and "Every Saturday," the latter edited by Thomas B. Aldrich. He was the first to recognize the rights of foreign authors and in 1842 he paid to Tennyson one hundred pounds for the privilege of publishing his poems in America, although he had legal right to do so without consent or re- muneration. Thus he established a precedent afterwards gen- eraly recognized. His business was conducted in the "Old Cor- ner Bookstore" in Boston, on the corner of Washington and School streets, and here was the meeting place of distinguished authors and booklovers, among them Dickens, Thackeray, Trol- lope, Longfellow, Emerson, Lowell and others. Mr. Ticknor had rare literary taste and business judgment, coupled with sociability and hospitality. He was more intent upon pub- lishing good literature than upon making a fortune, and so suc- ceeded in doing both.

Another well known publisher was Daniel Lothrop, born in Rochester, August n, 1831. He was fitted for college at the age of fourteen but turned aside to business, for which he had remarkable abilities. At the age of seventeen he hired and stocked a drug store in Newmarket and soon after another one in what is now Laconia, associating two brothers with himself.

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It was noticeable that a large part of the stock in his stores consisted of books. The three brothers remained in partnership forty years, though in different lines of business and in different cities. In 1850 Mr. Lothrop bought out a book store in Dover, which became a literary center. In 1868 he removed to Cornhill, Boston, and a few years later increase of business sent him to larger quarters on Washington street. Books written by Ameri- cans he preferred to publish, and to give encouragement to young authors. He specialized in books for children and Sunday Schools, that would elevate character and give an impulse toward right living. In 1874 he originated "Wide Awake," a magazine for young folks and the family. Other periodicals of his were "The Pansy," "Our Little Men and Women," and "Babyland." Having purchased "Wayside," the old home of Hawthorne in Concord, Mass., he made it again the abode and resting place of those literarily inclined, and here he spent his last years. His death occurred March 18, 1892, and he was buried amid the famous authors of Concord.

Many now living will remember the "Waverly Magazine," published by Moses A. Dow, a native of Littleton. Before he was thirty years old he had started nine periodicals and all were failures. Not subdued, he ventured once more with a capital of less than five dollars and ability to borrow fifty more. This was in 1856, and he lived to have an annual income of $150,000 from the "\\ averly Magazine." Tt cost him almost nothing for original contributions, and nothing was copied or stolen from other writers. So many liked to see their productions in print, that he published almost everything that was sent in, poetry, essays, stories, and news. The circulation was immense. The common folks found an open forum. Some of the scribblers grew to be authors. The magazine was readable and entertaining and some- times instructive. The way for a publisher to get rich quick is to print what the masses want, rather than what they need. There is no disputing about literary tastes.

After all the work of author and publisher, books, in order to be of great use, must be gathered and classified in great libraries. Such institutions have developed rapidly during the last half century, and to have a big private library now is the desire only of the few. The public library is much better, be- cause it can be fuller and better indexed. Here those who love

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books meet on the level. New Hampshire has furnished some librarians of wide reputation. George Henry Moore was one of them, born in Concord, April 20, 1823, son of Jacob Bailey Moore, who was associated with Dr. Farmer in publishing his- torical collections. After graduating at the University of New York he became assistant librarian in the library of the New York Historical Society and in a short time librarian in chief. In 1872 he was appointed superintendent and trustee of the great Lenox Library, where he remained many years. His Alma Mater honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was author of "The Treason of Charles Lee," "Employment of Negroes in the Revolutionary War," "Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts," "History of Jurisprudence in New York," and "Washington as an Angler."

Judge Mellen Chamberlain was born in Pembroke, June 4, 1821. After teaching a few years he went to Dartmouth and finished his course there in 1844. Then he taught three years in Brattleboro, Vermont. While studying law at Harvard he worked in the library. Becoming a lawyer in Boston, he was elected to serve in the House and in the Senate of Massachusetts, and was judge of a municipal court from 1866 to 1878. In the latter year he was chosen librarian of the Boston Public Library, one of the most responsible positions in this country. He had previously made a rare collection of manuscripts and portraits pertaining to American history. He wrote the History of Chel- sea, Mass., where he lived fifty years, and many articles for the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections. He resigned his post in 1890 and died in Chelsea, June 25, of that year.

Ainsworth Rand Spofford, librarian of Congress, was born in Gilmanton, September 12, 1825. He acquired a good English and classical education and had an innate love for books. He went to Cincinnati in 1844 and Was one of the founders of the Literary Club of that city, acting as assistant editor of the Daily Commercial. Removing to Washington in 1861 he was appointed first assistant in the library of Congress, which was then in the capitol building, and in 1864 he was chief librarian. The new Congressional Library, costing $6,000,000, was erected under his direction, said to be the finest library building in the world, built, as has been heretofore said, of granite from Concord, N. H. Mr. Spofford, at the beginning of his duties as librarian there,

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had about 70,000 books to care for and before he finished his career he had probably 1,000,000. The library has a capacity of 4,500,000 volumes, and manuscripts there exist by the hundred thousand. Mr. Spofford originated the law making that library the permanent depository of all copyrights. Thus two copies are secured of every book published in the United States, that is copyrighted, and copies of books not copyrighted are pur- chased, if they have any worth, so that here is a complete library of American literature. About twenty-five thousand volumes were added yearly some time ago, and now the yearly increase is probably twice that number. Mr. Spofford was a frequent con- tributor to the literature of periodicals and encyclopaedias. Am- herst honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws. His address at the dedication of New Hampshire's State Library in 1895 is replete with fine thought well expressed, helpful to all who wish to know what books to read and how to read them. The purification, education, usefulness and happiness of a human soul depend upon the thoughts therein awakened and cherished, and books are today the most potent means for the conveyance of thought. It is not the book that blesses us ; it is the thought contained in the book. If the thought is brought home to our minds in some oher way, as by music or painting, we are equally blessed.

Last but not least among the poets and librarians was Sam Walter Foss, a native of Candia. Removing to Portsmouth he was educated in the High School there and was graduated at Brown University in 1882. For a time he was editor of the Lynn Transcript and later of the Yankee Blade, published in Boston and having a wide circulation. He also held an editorial position on the Boston Globe. In 1893 he published his "Book of Country Poems," and in 1907 "Songs of the Average Man." He was chosen librarian of the Somerville, Mass., Public Library in 1898 and held that position at the time of his death, February 26, 1911. He was a poet of rare humor and kindness of heart, growing in popular favor.

SAM WALTER FOSS

Chapter IX ARTS AND SCIENCES

Chapter IX

ARTS AND SCIENCES

Practical Achievements Worthy of Mention — Larkin G. Mead, Sculptor — Daniel C. French — Adna Tenney and Ulysses D. Tenney, Painters — Roswell M. Shurtleff — Joseph Ames — Albert G. Hoit — Edward W. Nichols — John R. Tilton — Mrs. Amy M. (Cheney) Beach, Musician — The Hutchinson Family — Lyman Heath — John R. Eastman, Astronomer — Prof. Charles A. Young — John Evans, Geologist — Warren Upham — Charles F. Hall, Arctic Explorer — Col. Stephen H. Long — Elliott Coues, Naturalist — Almon H. Thompson, Geographer — Prof. Augustus A. Gould, Geologist — Edward W. Nelson, Scientific Explorer — Prof. Ed- ward W. Scripture, Psychologist — Charles H. Hoit, Playwright.

UP to a comparatively recent time it has been the practice of historians to chronicle little else than the doings of kings, warriors and statesmen. Great authors and artists have had but slight attention shown them, and scientists, in the modern meaning of the word, did not exist. As for the common people they were not much better than slaves and deserved mention only as they fulfilled the will of their masters. Within the last century the people have been coming into notice through the rise of republics, and whosoever has produced anything of per- manent value is accounted superior to an idle king or to a war- rior who attempts to make might right. Hence some chapters in this work are devoted to the natives of New Hampshire who have accomplished something of value in the realms of art, science, invention, literature, and practical achievement.

A noted sculptor was Larkin Goldsmith Mead, born in Chesterfield, January 3, 1835. In early life he removed to Brat- tleboro, Vermont, and while yet a youth he fashioned a "Snow Angel" after a fall of damp snow. Rain moistened it and the frozen image remained several days to be admired by those who passed by. The writer hereof remembers to have seen its repro- duction in marble in the studio of Mr. Mead in Florence, Italy, and good judges think it to be the finest thing he produced. Having studied in Brooklyn with Henry Kirke Brown, Mr. Mead

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produced in 1857 his colossal statue of "Vermont," placed on the dome of the State House at Montpelier, and in 1861 the statue of Ethan Allan for the same building. From 1862 till his death, October 15, 1910, he resided in Florence, having mar- ried an Italian lady. All American tourists were welcomed to his studio, where copies and models of his principal works were displayed. His groups are "The Returned Soldier," "Columbus' Last Appeal to Queen Elizabeth," "Cavalry," "Infantry," "Ar- tillery," and "Navy." For the soldiers' monument at St. Johns- bury, Vermont, he sculptured "America." Ideal figures of his creation are "Echo," "Sappho," "Venice," and the "Mississippi," a colossal work typifying the greatest river in the world some- what as the Nile was represented in ancient sculpture. He made the statue of Abraham Lincoln for the monument at Springfield, Illinois; also the "Recording Angel" in the rotunda of the capi- tol at Washington. Another group was "The Return of Pros- perine from the Realms of Pluto."

Daniel Chester French was born in Exeter, April 20, 1850. His father, Henry Flagg French, was lawyer, judge and assist- ant secretary of the United States Treasury. In 1867 the fam- ily removed to Concord, and there at the age of eighteen the young sculptor began to model. After study in Boston and New York he first became known to the public by his groups of birds and animals, in which he excelled. His first public work was a bronze statue, "The Minuteman," unveiled at Concord, Massachusetts, April 19, 1875. The following year Mr. French spent at Florence in the family of the sculptor, Preston Powers, and worked chiefly in the studio of Thomas Ball. His bronze statue of John Harvard, necessarily an ideal, since no portrait is in existence, was erected at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1883. He received a medal in the Paris salon of 1891 for the large relief, "The Angel of Death Staying the Hand of the Sculptor," as a memorial to Martin Milmore, the young sculptor who produced the Soldiers' Monument on Boston Common. French's work may be seen in Forest Hill Cemetery. Other productions are "Peace and Vigilance," a marble group in the custom house at St. Louis, "Law, Power and Prosperity," in the United States court house at Philadelphia, "Science Directing the Forces of Electricity and Steam" in the post office at Bos- ton, and "Labor Sustaining Art and the Family," in the same

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post office. Among his statues are those of Galaudet and Lewis Cass at Washington, Thomas Starr King at San Francisco, and Rufus Choate at Boston. His "Heroditus and History" is in the Congressional Library at Washington. A monument to John Boyle O'Reilly in Boston, consists of seated figures repre- senting Patriotism, Erin and Poetry. He also designed and modeled the bas-relief bronze doors of the Boston Public Library. Attention has been called in this work to his group over the entrance of the building of the New Hampshire His- torical Society. His statue of Alma Mater is at Columbia Col- lege. Four groups, representing Europe, Asia, Africa and Amer- ica, may be seen on the front of the custom house at New York. His statue of Abraham Lincoln is at Lincoln, Nebraska. A statue of James Aglethorpe is at Savannah, Georgia. Thus this son of New Hampshire has become widely known and his works have ministered to the delight and refinement of many minds. Is he not a hundred times greater than the mere millionaire ?

Among painters Roswell Morse Shurtleff deserves mention, born at Rindge, June 14, 1838. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1857 and at once took charge of an architect's office in Manchester. In 1859 he went to Boston and began drawing on wood, studying in an evening class at the Lowell Institute. In 1860 he settled in New York and made illustrations for news- papers, studying in the Academy of Design. In the Civil War he illustrated newspapers by scenes at the front, being a lieuten- ant and adjutant of the 99th New York regiment. Wounded and captured he was confined in prisons at Yorktown and Richmond eight months till he was released on parole. He painted the "Race for Life," now in the art gallery of Smith College. Other works are "Wolf at the Door," "Autumn Gold," "Gleams of Sunshine," "A Song of Summer Woods," "Forest Melodies/ "Si- lent Woods," "Mid-Day in Mid-Summer." His water colors in- clude "A Mountain Pasture," "Forest Stream," "Mountain Mists" and "Edge of the Wood." His "Silent Woods" and "Mountain Stream" are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Adna Tenney, born in Hanover, February 26, 1810, became a well known portrait painter, although he did not begin to ex- ercise his art till he was thirty years of age, having previously been a farmer. In 1844 he studied for a short time in a Boston studio. He painted portraits of several of the Faculty of Dart-

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mouth College, of John P. Hale and Franklin Pierce. Thirty portraits of his production hang- in the State House, among them being those of Governors Berry, Prescott, Stearns, and Baker. He died in Oberlin, Ohio, August 17, 1900.

His nephew, Ulysses Dow Tenney, was born in Hanover, April 8, 1826, and took his first lessons in painting from his uncle. He studied also with Francis Alexander in Boston. For many years he resided in Manchester and then in New Haven, Connecticut, but doing most of his painting in Manchester, Portsmouth, Concord and Hanover. Some of his portraits are the full length one of President Franklin Pierce, that hangs in the Representatives' Hall of the State House, and also that of John P. Hale in the same Hall. In the corridors of the State House may be seen his portraits of Gen. John A. Dix, Gover- nors Hill, Colby, Harriman, Head, John Bell, Weston, Charles Bell, Goodell and others, making fifty-four portraits in this build- ing. Also at Portsmouth he made portraits of Gen. William Whipple, Admiral Farragut, Professor Benjamin Silliman, Sec- retary Long of the United States Navy, and others. He died in Portsmouth, August 7, 1908.

Alfred Cornelius Howland, born in Walpole, February 12, 1838, studied art at Dusseldorf and Paris, after some study and practice in New York and Berlin. He was made a member of the National Academy in 1882. His "Fourth of July Parade" was exhibited at the World's Columbian Exhibition. "The Yale Fence" is now owned by Yale University. "Driving a Bargain" is in the Leighton Gallery, Milwaukee. Other paintings are "The Pot Boiler," exhibited at Munich, "Morning on the River Banks," "The Village Band," "On the Hoosac," "They're Com- ing," etc.

Joseph Ames, born in Roxbury, July 16, 1816, wholly self- taught, went to Boston and opened a studio as a painter of por- traits. While in Rome he painted a portrait of Pius IX. He lived in Boston and for a short time in Baltimore and New York. His best known pictures are portraits of Prescott, Emerson and President Felton of Harvard. Among his ideal paintings are "Miranda," "Night," "Morning," "The Death of Webster," and "Maud Muller." "His many likenesses of Webster became like Stuart's Washington the popular type of the original." One of his portraits of Webster hangs in the main hall of the building of

A HISTORY 171

the New Hampshire Historical Society, and in the upper hall is a portrait of Peter Harvey by him, the superiority of which is apparent to one who looks around the room. He died in New York, October 30, 1872.

An earlier painter was Albert Gallatin Hoit, born in Sand- wich, December 13, 1809, who died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, December 18, 1856. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1829 and became a painter of portraits and landscapes. After working" in Portland, Bangor, Belfast and St. John, he settled in Boston in 1839. While in Europe in 1842-43, he copied many pictures in Florence with rare fidelity to the original, especially in the color- ing. The portrait of Daniel Webster in the Hall of Representa- tives of the State House is by him. In 1840 he was commis- sioned to go to Ohio to paint a portrait of President Harrison.

Edward W. Nichols was born in Orford, December, 1820, son of a Baptist clergyman. He taught music till the age of twenty-three. Then he studied law at Burlington, Vermont, but his natural taste inclined him to landscape painting. He visited Italy in the fifties and on his return opened a studio in New York. He had a large circle of admirers of his landscapes, espe- cially the uplands of his native State. He died at Peekskill, New York, September 18, 1871.

John Rollins Tilton was born in London in 1833 and died in Rome, Italy, March 22, 1888. He was a student of the Vene- tian school and painted many landscapes that are in collections of art in England and the United States. Among his paintings are "The Palace of Thebes," shown at the Royal Academy, Lon- don, in 1873, "Como," and "Venice." His "Venetian Fishing Boats" and "Rome from Mount Aventine" are in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington. His "Lagoons of Venice" was at the Philadelphia exhibtiion in 1876.

A musical prodigy was born in Henniker, September 5, 1867. She was named Amy Marcy Cheney. It is recorded that at the age of twelve months she could sing forty songs correctly and that she composed waltzes before she was four years old. She was instructed by the ablest musicians in playing the piano- forte, but was self-taught in musical theory and composition. She made her first appearance as a pianist in Music Hall, Boston, at the age of sixteen. Thereafter she played with the Symphony Orchestra and with Theodore Thomas' Orchestra. She married

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H. H. A. Beach, a physician of Boston, and has been a com- poser of music of classical character. Three years were spent in writing a mass, which was given by the Handel and Haydn So- ciety in 1892. She has written about sixty numbers, including "The Rose of Avontown," Gaelic Symphony, "The Minstrel and the King," cantatas, anthems, songs and sonatas for the piano and violin.

In the town of Milford were born and reared the thirteen children of Jesse and Mary (Leavitt) Hutchinson. Four of the children, Judson, John, Asa and Abby, made up the famous quartet known as the "Hutchinson Family," who toured the States, singing for anti-slavery and temperance reform. They were also received with enthusiasm in Europe. Their brother Jesse was business manager, occasional substitute and writer of songs, such as "The Old Granite State," "Good Time Coming" and "The Emancipation Song." They first sang in the year 1839 and thereafter for many years they returned to the farm for the summer months and gave concerts the rest of the year. Judson Hutchinson wrote many songs, among them being "If I Were a Voice," Away Down East," and "Anti-Calomel." The brothers together founded the town of Hutchinson, Minne- sota. After the death of one of the original quartet, Asa Hutch- inson, with his wife and three children, formed a company and gave concerts for twenty years. This family brought out the familiar song, "Tenting To-night," composed by Walter Kit- tredge, a native of New Hampshire. The Hutchinson family, it is said, gave eleven thousand concerts. They won admiration by homely common sense in their songs, by patriotism, and by the pathos with which they sang. Theirs were songs of the heart and went to the hearts of others. Almost all of their songs were composed by some member of the family.

Lyman Heath, violinist and composer, was born in Bow, August 24, 1804, and died in Nashua, June 30, 1870. He became a teacher of music at the age of twenty-one and gave concerts for many years. Among his compositions were "The Grave of Bonaparte," and "The Burial of Mrs. Judson."

From musicians we turn to some who have listened to the music of the spheres. John Robie Eastman, astronomer and mathe- matician, was born in Andover, July 29, 1836, and was gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1862. At once he was appointed assistant

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in the National Observatory at Washington and here he re- mained. In 1865 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the U. S. Navy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. From 1865 to 1898 he was engaged in astronomical work at the ob- servatory and accompanied several expeditions to observe eclipses and transits. He was sent to Syracuse, Italy, to observe the solar eclipse of December 22, 1870. His principal astronomi- cal work was the preparation of "The Second Washington Star Catalogue," containing results of 75,000 observations, one-quar- ter of which were made by him. He retired in 1898 with rank of captain and spent his last years in his native town, rounding out a life of usefulness by writing an excellent history of An- dover. He also represented that town in the legislature. He died at Andover, September 26, 1913.

Charles Augustus Young was born at Hanover, December 14, 1834, son of Professor Ira Young. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1853 at the head of his class. He taught the classics three years in Phillips Academy, Andover, and was nine years Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astron- omy in Western Reserve College. In 1862 he was captain of a company that enlisted for service of one hundred days in the Civil War. From 1865 to 1877 he was Professor of Astronomy and Natural Philosophy at Dartmouth, at the end of which period he became Professor of Astronomy at Princeton, New Jersey. He was the inventor of an automatic spectroscope and made many new observations on the solar spectrum. In 1891 he received the Jannsen medal of the French Academic des Sciences. He was a member of many expeditions for astronomi- cal observations and he popularized his scientific knowledge, lec- turing at the Lowell Institute in Boston, at Mount Holyoke, Williams College and St. Paul's School in Concord, in regular courses of instruction. He published a popular treatise on "The Sun," and several text-books on astronomy. The degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Laws were conferred on him in recognition of his scholarship and services. He was also hon- orary member of many scientific associations. He died at Han- over, January 3, 1908.

In mentioning geologists we simply drop from the heavens to earth and consider a detailed portion of astronomy. John Evans was born at Portsmouth, February 14, 1812, son of Judge

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Richard Evans. He was graduated at the St. Louis Medical School but turned from medicine to geology and served in the geological surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Ne- braska. A large deposit of fossil bones in the "Mauvaises Terres" of Nebraska was discovered and described by him. He was commissioned by the United States government to conduct the geological survey of Washington and Oregon territories. His death occurred in Washington, D. C., April 13, 1861.

Warren Upham, born in Amherst, March 3, 1850, was grad- uated at Dartmouth in 1871. From 1871 to 1872 he was civil engineer for the water works of Concord and in making rail- road surveys in the White Mountain region. Thereafter for twenty years he was engaged in geological surveys in New Hampshire. Minnesota and in the service of the United States. In the first volume of the geological survey of New Hampshire the chapters on the history of the White Mountains and on the river system of New Hampshire were written by him, as well as some two hundred pages of detailed reports of surveys in the third volume. He wrote much for the annual reports of the Minnesota geological survey and "Geology of Minnesota," and for the United States Geological Survey he prepared "The Upper Beaches and Deltas of Lake Agassiz" and "Altitudes between Lake Superior and Rocky Mountains," "The Glacial Lake Agas- siz," and "Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota." For many years he was associate editor of "American Geologist" and "Gla- cialists' Magazine." In 1889 he was associated with G. F. Wright in the authorship of "The Tee Age in North America" and in 1896 of "Greenland Icefields and Life in the North At- lantic." In 1895 he became secretary and librarian of the Minne- sota Historical Society, in which office he compiled a volume of Minnesota Biographies.

One who has made his name well known as an explorer of the arctic regions was Charles Francis Hall, born in Rochester in 1821. He learned the trade of blacksmith, engaged in journal- ism and became familiar with the stationery and engraving busi- ness. Becoming interested in the fate of the explorer, Sir John Franklin, he proposed to the New York Geographical Society to head an expedition in search of him, and in May, 1860, he set sail from New London. Connecticut, in a whaling vessel. The vessel was blocked by ice and Hall left it after a few weeks.

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Among the Esquimaux he discovered relics of the Frobisher ex- pedition. In two years and a half he acquired much knowledge of Esquimaux life, speech and habits. Like other explorers he could not rest while something more remained to be discovered. He sailed again in July, 1864, and lived five years among the na- tives of the North, during which time he gathered up various relics of the Franklin expedition. He succeeded in getting an appropriation of $50,000 from the United States government for an expedition to the North Pole, and in July, 1871, he sailed the third time for the tip end of the earth, in the ship called the Polaris as a hopeful prediction. On the 2Qth of August, 1871, he reached the farthest point north ever attained up to that time, latitude 82 degrees and 16 minutes. He died November 8, 1871, and his grave is the farthest one north. A British expedition caused to be inscribed over it, that he gave his life for the cause of science. He published after his first expedition, "Arctic Re- searches" and "Life Among the Esquimaux." His narrative the "Second Arctic Expedition," left in manuscript, was purchased by Congress for $15,000 and published after his death. Though he attained not the complete object of his search, he prepared the way for another American to reach the Arctic Pole.

Stephen H. Long was born in Hopkinton, December 30, 1784, and was graduated from Dartmouth in 1800. Immediately he entered the service of the United States, and in 1814 was second lieutenant of engineers. He was appointed Professor of Mathematics in West Point Military Academy in 1815 and the following year was brevetted major of topographical engineers, gradually rising to the rank of colonel. From 1818 to 1823 Colonel Long had charge of governmental explorations of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and in 1823-4 he explored the sources of the Mississippi. After that he surveyed the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and was engineer in chief of the Atlantic and Great Western rail- road. In 1860 he was assigned to duties connected with the im- provement of the navigation of the Mississippi. From 1835 to 1838 he resided in Hopkinton and was interested in local im- provements, attempting to introduce the manufacture of silk. The narrative of his exploration of the Minnesota and Red river valleys and canoe route from Winnipeg to Lake Superior was

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published in two volumes, mostly written by W. H. Keating. Colonel Long died in Alton, Illinois, September 4, 1864.

One of the leading scientists of our country was Elliott Coues, born at Portsmouth, September 9, 1842. He removed to Washington and graduated at Columbia University in 1861, re- ceiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1863. As assistant surgeon in the United States army he saw much duty in Ari- zona and three years in South Carolina, publishing several scien- tific papers about the natural history of those regions. In 1869 he was elected Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in Norwich University, Vermont. In 1873 ^e was appointed surgeon and naturalist of the United States northern boundary survey commission from the Great Lakes westward. Also he edited the publications of the United States survey from 1876 to 1880, and meanwhile conducted zoological explorations in the West, contributing several volumes to the reports of the sur- vey, notably "Birds of the Northwest," "Fur-bearing Animals," "Birds of the Colorado Valley" and several installments of a universal "Bibliography of Ornithology." He was invited by the leading scientists of England to make his residence in Lon- don and identify himself with the British Museum. He wrote a "History of North American Mammals," which was ordered to be printed by act of Congress. Being ordered again to Arizona, as some thought, through jealousy, he felt forced to resign his commission as surgeon in order to give his whole time to scien- tific pursuits. He was elected to the chair of anatomy in the National Medical College, where he was a faithful and efficient instructor and lecturer for ten years. Nearly all his life he acted as collaborator of the Smithsonian Institute, presenting to the United States valuable specimens collected in his travels and explorations. Among his works were "New England Bird-Life" and "Dictionary and Check List of North American Birds." His "Key to North American Birds" was a standard text-book on ornithology and was reprinted in London. In the latter part of his life he became interested in psychical research and while on a visit to England joined the society for that purpose. Although he had been in philosophy a materialist, he became convinced that materialism did not offer a sufficient explanation of vari- ous mental phenomena. It occurred to him that the Darwinian theory of evolution should be extended further to explain phe-

A HISTORY 177

nomena of hypnotism, clairvoyance, telepathy and the like. Hence he published "Biogen; a Speculation on the Origin and Nature of Life," and Biogen became the caption of a series of six volumes under his editorship. He had charge of the zoologi- cal, biological and anatomical department of the Century Dic- tionary. Other works were "Field Ornithology," "Signs of the Times," "Travels of Lewis and Clark," and numerous articles in scientific periodicals. He died in Baltimore, December 25, 1899.

The man who has had charge of the geographical work of the United States geological survey for many years is Almon Harris Thompson, born at Stoddard, September 24, 1839. He was graduated at Wheaton College, Illinois, served as lieutenant in the Civil War and was superintendent of schools in Lacon and Bloomington, Illinois, till 1870. He accompanied several explor- ing expeditions in the Colorado and Mississippi valleys.

A scientist of note was Augustus Addison Gould, born at New Ipswich, April 23, 1805. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1825 and after teaching school in Maryland two years and studying medicine he began practice in Boston. But natural history interested him more than medicine. "For two years he taught botany and zoology at Harvard and was one of the found- ers of the Boston Society of Natural History. He was also a charter member of the National Academy of Sciences and was connected with sixteen scientific societies, American and foreign, and was author of more than one hundred scientific books and papers beside those which were strictly professional. He was a pioneer in many fields of New England zoology, and his books were accepted as authoritative on the subjects treated. He was also active in the medical societies, being president of that of the State at the time of his death." (Chandler's Hist, of New Ipswich, p. 451). He was joint author with Professor Louis Agassiz of "Principles of Zoology," used as a text-book in col- leges, republished in Bohn's Classical Library and translated into German. He made a special study of shells and was pre- eminent in conchology. Together writh Francis Kidder he pub- lished a history of his native town, covering the period from 1736 to 1852, manifesting the same thoroughness here as in sci- entific studies. He died September 15, 1866.

Edward William Nelson, born in Manchester, May 8, 1855, was graduated from Cook County Normal School, Chicago, in

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1875. He accompanied the expedition for scientific explorations in Alaska, 1877-81, and was naturalist of the United States reve- nue steamer Corwin during her cruise in the Arctic expedition in search for the Jeannette, in 1881. He was chief field naturalist of the United States Biological Survey, 1907-12, and has spent much time in scientific explorations in Mexico. His published works include a report on Natural History Collections made in Alaska, "Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean," "Squirrels of Mexico and Central America," "The Esquimaux about Bering Straits," "Rabbits of North America," and numerous papers about birds and mammals.

Scientists gather facts, classify them and seek to learn the underlying law, so that future conduct may be guided. It has been thought that science is more reliable than philosophy, be- cause it is based upon facts in the material universe, while phil- osophy has rested too much upon apriori speculations. In re- cent years the psychologists have established their laboratories for experimenting with the activities of the human mind, so that these, too, may be reduced to law. One of the foremost in this field of study is Edward Wheeler Scripture, born in Mason, May 21, 1864, and graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1884. His studies were continued at Berlin, Zurich and Leipsic, and at the last named university he took his degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He became instructor in experimental psychology at Yale University and later director of its psycho- logical laboratory. Among his published works are "Elements of Experimental Phonetics," "Thinking, Feeling and Doing," "The New Psychology,' "Researches in Experimental Pho- netics," "Stuttering and Lisping," and many papers contributed to the Yale Psychological Laboratory Studies, of which maga- zine he is editor. In 1893 he discovered a method of producing anaesthesia by direct application of electricity, an alternating current of high frequency being made to pass through a portion of the body in such a way as to cut off transmission of feeling by the nerves, so that no pain may be felt in the limbs while the current continues. He has also invented an instrument for de- tecting color-blindness, which has been widely accepted by rail- roads and in the marine service. Thus scientific study of mental activities leads to practical results, and at least mental philos- ophy is being reduced to a science. Speculative philosophy will

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be indulged in so long as there are thinkers desirous of tracing all knowledge up to unity, ibut it may be based upon ascertained facts rather than upon apriori assumptions.

Man has been called the "laughing animal." Whoever provokes a smile is accounted a friend. Laughter is a counter- irritant to weeping, an anaesthetic for pains and sorrows. Com- edy and farce win the multitude, while real life has tragedy enough for nearly all. One of the wittiest playwrights of re- cent times was Charles H. Hoyt, born in Concord, July 26, 1860. He was educated in a private school at Charlestown and in the Boston Latin School. He read law but abandoned it for journal- ism, working five years on the Boston Post. His first produc- tion put upon the stage was a "Bunch of Keys," in 1883. Its success soon made him a theatrical manager, and Hoyt's Madi- son Square Theatre became well known. More than a dozen plays flowed from his pen. They were always full of excellent humor. His "Trip to Chinatown" was played six hundred and thirty-nine nights in New York. His home was in Charlestown and in 1892 he represented that town in the legislature and was the candidate of the Democratic party for Speaker of the House. He died November 20, 1900. (Granite Monthly, XVII, 143-152).

Chapter X JURISTS

Chapter X JURISTS

Salmon P. Chase— Nathan Clifford— John Appleton— Charles L. Woodbury — Charles A. Peahody — Joel Parker — Charles H. Ham — Henry E. How- land — Daniel G. Rollins — Addison Gardner — Philip Eastman — Benjamin W. Bonney — Ira Perley — Henry A. Bellows — Charles Doe — Andrew S. Woods — Jonathan E. Sargent — Nathaniel G. Upham — William C. Clarke — Harry Bingham.

SALMON PORTLAND CHASE was born in Cornish, Jan- uary 13, 1808, son of Ithamar Chase. When he was eight years of age his father removed to Keene and died the following year. The son went West and was brought up by his uncle, Bishop Philander Chase. At the age of eighteen he was gradu- ated from Dartmouth College, in 1826. Then he studied law four years in Washington, D. C., in the office of William Wirt. He began the practice of law in Cincinnati in 1829. Here he compiled the Ohio statutes and championed the cause of the slave, which for a time barred him from political office. He was elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati city council in 1840; in 1841 he identified himself with the Liberty Party and took part in the national conventions at Buffalo in 1843 and at Cincinnati in 1847. I*1 1848 he was a member of the Free Soil national con- vention at Buffalo, which nominated Van Buren. He was elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1849 to March 3, 1855. In the latter year he was elected gover- nor of Ohio as a Free Soil Democrat, and was reelected in 1857 as a Republican. Again he was elected to the United States Senate in 1860 and took his seat March 4, 1861, but resigned the next day to become secretary of the treasury in President Lin- coln's cabinet, which position he held till July i, 1864. He had himself been a prominent candidate for the presidency in 1860. He was appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, December 6, 1864, and held that office till the end of life, presiding at the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson. He died in New York City, May 7, 1873. The Hon.

183

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William Wirt said of him, "A lawyer, orator, senator, governor, minister, magistrate, whom living a whole nation admired, whom dead a whole nation lamented."

Nathan Clifford was born in Rumney, August 18, 1803. He fitted for college at Haverhill Academy and paid his expenses at Dartmouth College by teaching in Hampton Literary Institute. At the age of twenty-four he began the practice of law in York county, Maine. He was a member of the Maine house of repre- sentatives, 1830-34, being speaker the last two years. He was attorney general of Maine, 1834-38. He was elected as a Demo- crat to the 26th and 27th congresses, 1839-43. Then he became attorney general of the United States and served from October 17, 1846, to March 17, 1848. He was commissioner to Mexico with the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- tiary from March 18, 1848, to September 6, 1849, an^ was the agent in concluding the treaty with Mexico at the close of the Mexican War. He was appointed by President Buchanan as- sociate justice of the United States Supreme Court and held that office till his death, in Cornish, Maine, July 25, 1881. He was president of the famous electoral commission that decided the election of President Hayes.

John Appleton, born in New Ipswich, July 12, 1804, was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1822 at the age of eighteen. After studying law at Alfred, Maine, he was admitted to the bar in Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1827 and at once began legal practice in Dixmont, Maine, whence he removed to Sebec and later to Bangor. In 1841 he was appointed reporter of de- cisions. Eleven years later he was elevated to the supreme judi- cial bench and became chief justice of the State in 1862, hold- ing that office twenty-one years. It is said of him that he "was longer on the bench, decided more cases and wrote more de- cisions" than any other judge in Maine. He published a "Treat- ise on Evidence" in 1860, in which he advocated a reform in legal procedure, allowing parties to suits, civil and criminal, to be heard as witnesses. His proposed change in the law of evi- dence has been adopted in nearly all the States. The degree of Doctor of Laws was given him by his Alma Mater, of which in- stitution he was a trustee for many years. He died February 7, 1891.

Charles Levi Woodbury, born in Portsmouth, May 22, 1820,

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was son of Hon. Levi Woodbury. He was educated principally in Washington. After practicing law four years in Alabama he settled in Boston about the year 1845. In 1870-71 he was a member of the General Court of Massachusetts. From 1858 to 1861 he was United States district attorney for the First Ju- dicial District. His chief field of labor was in the federal courts at Boston and Washington. He wrote many articles for peri- odicals and his judicial decisions appear in the three volumes of the reports of his district. He died at Boston, July I, 1898.

Charles Augustus Peabody was born in Sandwich, July 10, 1814, and died in New York City, July 3, 1901. His education was obtained in several academies and through teaching at Beverly, Massachusetts, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was graduated at Harvard Law School in 1837 and after practicing in New York for a while was elected judge of the supreme court for that city and served one year. In 1858 he was appointed state commissioner of quarantine. In 1862 President Lincoln made him judge of the United States court in Louisiana, where he served till 1865, the last two years as chief justice. Return- ing to New York he resumed the practice of law, in which he continued for twenty years. He was vice-president of the As- sociation for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations and in 1885 was delegate of the United States government to the international congress on commercial law. His summer home was at Kearsarge House, North Conway (Granite Monthly, XXXI, 122).

An honor to the bar and bench was Joel Parker, born in Jaffrey, January 25, 1796. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1811 and began practice of law at Keene. Although his cases were faultlessly prepared, he had not the art of winning favor- able verdicts from a jury, having more knowledge of law than of men. Keene sent him to the legislature in 1824-26. He was associate justice of the supreme court of New Hampshire in 1833 and chief justice in 1836. In 1840 he was chairman of the committee to revise the laws of the State. From 1847 to ^57 he was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Dartmouth, lec- turing also in other colleges, and from 1847 till his death he held the chair of Royall Professor of Law at Harvard. Among his published works are "Daniel Webster as a Jurist," "A Charge to the Grand Jury on the Uncertainty of Law," "The Non-Ex-

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tension of Slavery," "Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories," "The Right of Secession," "Constitutional Law," "Habeas Corpus and Moral Law," "The War Powers of Con- gress and the President,' "Revolution and Reconstruction," "The Three Powers of Government," and "Conflict of De- cisions." He contributed also valuable papers to the Massa- chusetts Historical Society. For several years he was one of the trustees of Dartmouth College. His death occurred in Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 17, 1875.

Charles Henry Ham was born in Canterbury, January 22, 1831, and died in Montclair, New Jersey, October 16, 1902. His education was in the public schools. For five years he was in the employ of the Concord Railroad, reading law as he had leisure. Feeble health hampered him in early years and he took a voyage to Labrador with good results. Going to Chicago he became clerk in a banking house for a short time, writing for the newspapers from time to time. He became successively editor of the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Inter-Ocean. He held the office of appraiser of customs at the port of Chi- cago under several federal administrations and was a member of the general board of United States appraisers from its forma- tion in 1890. He became pre-eminent as a writer and authority on customs law. His book on Manual Training was published in several languages.

One of the most prominent lawyers of New York City was Henry Elias Howland, born in Walpole, June 30, 1835. He fitted for college at Kimball Union Academy and was graduated at Yale in 1854, and at Harvard Law School in 1857. At once he was admitted to the bar in New York and was in partner- ship with Mr. Sherwood for about twenty years. He was made judge of the marine (now city) court in 1873. He has been a member of the corporation of Yale University, president of the University Club, president of the Society of Mayflower De- scendants, and member of many of the prominent clubs of New York. All his life he has kept up his acquaintance with and in- terest in the inhabitants of Walpole, where he is frequently seen.

Daniel G. Rollins, born in Great Falls, October 18, 1842, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1860 and studied at the Harvard Law School. For some time he practiced law at Portland,

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Maine, whence he removed to New York. From 1866 to 1869 he served as United States attorney for the southern district of New York. Subsequently he was district attorney of New York county and surrogate of the county. In 1887 he was the Republican candidate for a New York judgeship. He died in Somersworth August 30, 1897.

Addison Gardner, born in Rindge March 15, 1797, was grad- uated at Union College in 1819. He practiced law at Rochester, New York. He was district attorney for Monroe county in 1825 and for ten years from 1825 was circuit judge. In 1844 he was elected lieutenant-governor, in 1847 judge of the court of appeals and in 1854 became chief judge of that court. He died in Rochester, June 5, 1883.

Philip Eastman, born in Chatham, February, 1799, died in Saco, Maine, August 7, 1869. He entered Dartmouth Univer- sity and when that institution was abolished he went to Bow- doin College, where he was graduated in 1820. He practiced law in North Yarmouth, Harrison and Saco, Maine. In 1840-42 he served in the Maine senate. He was a commissioner under the treaty of Washington in 1842 to locate grants and pos- sessory claims to settlers on the St. John and Aroostook rivers, and subsequently was a commissioner of Cumberland county. He published "General Statutes of Maine," as chairman of a legislative commission for that purpose and a digest of the first twenty-six volumes of the "Maine Law Reports."

Benjamin West Bonney was born in Littleton, February 2, 1803, and died in New York City, August 18, 1868. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1824, practiced law in New York and was made judge of the supreme judicial court in 1860. Dartmouth honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws and he was one of the board of trustees of that institution.

Ira Perley, though not a native of New Hampshire, spent his life there. He was born in Boxford, Massachusetts, No- vember 9, 1799, and was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1822, one of the very few who were perfect in deportment and scholarship. After graduation he filled the position of tutor for two years. He settled at Hanover in the practice of law and was appointed treasurer of the college. As a young man he used to entertain the other members of the bar at times by songs and anecdotes. After nine years of practice at Hanover

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he removed to Concord and in 1850 was appointed associate justice of the superior court, but gave up the office after two years. When the courts were reorganized in 1855 he became chief justice of the supreme judicial court and held that office till his resignation in 1859. Again he was appointed chief jus- tice in 1864 and served till he was seventy years of age, thus holding the seat of justice twelve years. He is remembered as a learned judge, learned not only in the law, but in literature. All his lifetime he continued to read the Latin classics and French and Italian authors in their own languages. The best English authors were well known to him. The study of the best writers gave him a rich vocabulary and command of the right words to fit any occasion that might arise. He knew how to pack into a few words a great deal of thought. His decisions are said to be models of style and clearness. His mind worked rapidly and he could accomplish much while others were only getting ready to act. Verbosity and irrelevant talk bored him sometimes to the point of hasty and impatient expression. Dis- honesty in the practice of law he could not tolerate. Rarely he had need of referring to legal authorities. His memory held the principles of law, and from these he reasoned quickly to conclusions. Being sure of the premises he was in no doubt as to the conclusions. Judge Perley died at Concord, February 26, 18/4. His biographers rank him with the greatest jurists of the United States.

It is said on good authority that Henry Adams Bellows was born in Walpole, October 25, 1803, although one writer says that Rockingham, Vermont, was his native place. He was educated at Walpole and in an academy at Windsor, Vermont. He began to study law at the age of twenty and was admitted to the bar in 1826. He began practice at Walpole but removed to Littleton in 1828 and there resided till his removal to Con- cord in 1850. He was regarded as at the head of his profession in northern New Hampshire, judicious, skillful, resourceful and not easily disturbed. His cases were thoroughly studied, and neither time nor labor was spared in their preparation and con- duct. It was said that after his removal into Merrimac county the average duration of jury trials was increased by one-third, so minute was he in cross examinations and so much imitated by others. He served in the legislature as representative from

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Littleton in 1839 and from Concord in 1856 and 1857, when he was chairman of the judiciary committee. In later years his advice was frequently sought and freely given respecting pro- posed legislation. He was appointed associate justice of the su- preme court of New Hampshire in 1859 and ten years later he was made chief justice, in which office he continued to the close of his life. Dartmouth College gave him the degree of Master of Arts in 1859 an<^ °f Doctor of Laws in 1869. In religious be- lief he was a Unitarian and in spirit and conduct he possessed the characteristics of a true Christian. He was conscientious, kind, patient, impartial, careful in forming opinions and tenaci- ous of them when formed, humorous in conversation and able to tell an anecdote so as really to amuse the susceptible. To laugh at his stories was not considered a duty. He died at Concord, March n, 1873.

Charles Doe was a lawyer and judge that sustained the reputation of the bar and bench of New Hampshire. He was born at Deny, April n, 1830, descendant of Nicholas Doe, one of the early settlers of Oyster River, now Durham. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1849 and studied law with Daniel M. Christie in Dover and at the Harvard Law School. His legal practice was principally in Dover, and he was made solici- tor of Strafford county in 1854 and served three years. He was appointed associate judge of the supreme court in 1859 and in 1874 was removed for political reasons, that is, for no good rea- son. Again he was called to the bench as chief justice in 1876 and held that office till his death, March 9, 1896. His home was in Rollinsford for many years, where he was thought eccentric because he would remove the window-sash from his sleeping- chamber throughout the winter. He had simply learned be- fore others the open-air treatment.

Andrew Salter Woods, born in Bath, June 2, 1803, was of good old Scotch stock, whose father came from the north of Ireland. It is noticeable how many young men reared in the northern part of New Hampshire, in the valley of the Connecti- cut, came to prominence in the legal profession. Dartmouth College allured them and pushed them on. Woods was gradu- ated in 1825, read law with Ira Goodall of Bath and formed a partnership with him. Their office was crowded with clients, and two thousand writs in one year, principally for the collec-

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tion of debts, is the record. After twelve years of practice Woods was made associate justice of the superior court in 1840, and chief justice in 1855. He was legislated out of office by a political upheaval ; somebody of the opposite party wanted his place. He resumed practice of law at Bath, where he continued till his death, June 20, 1863. It is not claimed that he was highly educated in the law as written in books, but the funda- mental principles of law he knew without studying many books, and sound judgment enabled him to reach wise conclusions. A keen conscience and common sense, with a little book learn- ing, make a pretty good judge, such as New Hampshire often had in the early days.

Jonathan Everett Sargent, born in New London, October 23, 1816, fitted for college at Hopkinton and Kimball Union academies and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1840, defraying his expenses to a large degree by teaching. After graduation he taught in Virginia and Maryland, meanwhile reading law. After having been admitted to the bar in Washington, D. C., he returned to his native State and became a partner of William P. Weeks at Canaan. Later he opened an office in Wentworth and built up a large practice. In 1844 he was solicitor for Grafton county. Three times he was representa- tive in the legislature, and in 1853 he was Speaker of the House. The following year he was a member of the senate and presi- dent of that body.

In 1855 he was made justice of the court of common pleas and served till that office was abolished in 1859. Then he was appointed a justice of the supreme judicial court and remained in office till 1874, being chief justice for the last year and a half. In 1874 he resumed legal practice in Concord. He was a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1876 and the fol- lowing year was chairman of a committee to revise the statutes of the State. He was much interested in historical studies and served in 1888-9 as president of the New Hampshire Historical Society. Dartmouth College honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1880. He was more than a lawyer and judge ; he was also a kind neighbor, a genial friend, a man well read in general literature and a leading citizen of exemplary character. With neither money nor influential friends to boost him he climbed to the top of his profession by patient hard

A HISTORY • 191

work and honest conduct. His business ability placed him at the head of the National State Capital Bank in Concord. He died in Concord, January 6, 1890.

Nathaniel Gookin Upham, born in Deerfield, January 8, 1801, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, having been fitted at Phillips Exeter Academy. His law practice was begun at Bristol, but soon he removed to Concord, and at the age of thirty-five he was appointed a justice of the superior court. After ten years on the bench he resigned the judgeship in order to become superintendent of the Concord Railroad. Later he became president of that company and altogether spent twenty- three years in its service. In 1853 he was chosen by President Pierce to adjust claims between citizens of the United States and of Great Britain. This occasioned a trip to London to con- fer with the British commissioner, and together they adjusted claims amounting to several million dollars. In 1862 he rend- ered a similar service as umpire in a commission for the settle- ment of claims between the United States and New Granada.

In politics he was a Democrat till the time of the Civil War, when he cast all his influence in favor of preserving the Union. Several of his addresses were published, a eulogy on Lafayette, "Rebellion, Slavery and Peace," and "Progress of Civil Liberty in New Hampshire." The last was delivered when he was president of the New Hampshire Historical So- ciety. His biographers speak of him as conscientious, religious, inflexibly honest, studious of the law and of the business in which he was engaged, interested in promoting in all possible ways the welfare of his city.

William C. Clarke, born in Atkinson, December 10, 1810, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1832. After studying law at Harvard Law School and serving one year as principal of Gil- manton Academy he began the practice of law at Meredith, whence he removed to Manchester in 1844. He was first solici- tor of Belknap county. At Manchester he was made city solici- tor in 1849 and 1850. In 1851 he was appointed judge of probate of Hillsborough county and in 1855 he declined the offer of an appointment as judge of the supreme court of the State. In 1863 he was made attorney general of the State and held that office till his decease, April 25, 1872. In all his business activi- ties as director of banks, trustee of institutions, treasurer and

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clerk of the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad and prosecut- ing attorney he was faithful and efficient, winning the confi- dence and esteem of many.

A prominent lawyer who never sat upon the judges' bench was Harry Bingham, of Littleton, yet from college days to the end of life he was known as "Judge Bingham," the familiar title being a recognition of the man's judicial traits. Though born in Concord, Vermont, March 30, 1821, he was of a New Hampshire family and he spent his active life in this State. While studying at Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1843, he employed the winters in teaching school, the way then open but now unfortunately nearly closed for college students to pay their expenses. He was admitted to the bar in 1846 and practiced for over half a century at Littleton. No lawyer had more cases in court, and no cases were better handled. He en- joyed the confidence of the community, and this was evidenced by his election eighteen times to the House and twice to the Senate of his State. Here he was the acknowledged leader of the Democratic party, that seven times made him their nomi- nee for the United States senatorship. It was a disappoint- ment to his own ambition and some think a distinct loss to the State that he failed to represent it at the national capitol. His speeches and public addresses, no less than his pleadings at the bar, demonstrate that he had the gifts and learning of a states- man. Especially was he well grounded in his acquaintance with constitutional law, to which at times he gave, as some think, a too literal interpretation. In the conventions of the Democratic party, both in the State and nation, he took a prominent part. He found time to acquaint himself with general literature, know- ing that to be a great lawyer one must be more than a lawyer. His address on "The Influence of Religion upon Human Prog- ress," delivered before the New Hampshire Historical Society in 1907, shows an acquaintance with the history of religions throughout the world such as is rarely possessed by a layman, and his interest in religion is the more remarkable, since he never united with any church, though often seen at the services of the Episcopal Church. The Portsmouth Times, after his demise, called him "the ablest member of the New Hampshire bar and the strongest leader of the Democratic party in the State." Dartmouth College gave him the honorary degree of

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Doctor of Laws, and it was no vain title; he was an actual teacher of the law to many. His reading- was wide and he had a tenacious memory and ability to recount interestingly to others the experience and acquisition of a long life. One reason of his success at the bar was that he always believed in the justice of the cause he undertook. Harry Bingham died at Littleton, September 12,

1 See Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, LL.D., Lawyer, Legislator, Author, edited by Henry Harrison Metcalf, under the direction of Edgar Aldrich, Albert S. Batchellor, John M. Mitchell, literary executors. Con- cord, 1910.

Chapter XI IN THE NEWSPAPER WORLD

Chapter XI

IN THE NEWSPAPER WORLD

Journalistic Prophets — Newspapers as Educators — Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune — Charles A. Dana and the New York Sun — Charles W. March — Rev. Hosea Ballou as Preacher and Editor — Rev. Henry Wood — Charles W. Brewster and the Portsmouth Journal — Franklin B. Sanborn and the Springfield Republican — Charles L. McArthur — George W. Kendall and the New Orleans Picayune — Stillson Hutchins and the Washington Post — Rev. Alonzo H. Quint and the Congrega- tional Quarterly — Rev. John H. Morrison, Editor of the Christian Reg- ister and the Unitarian Re-view — Joseph C. Foster — Frank P. Foster — David Atwood — James M. Bundy and the New York Evening Mail and Express — Horace White and the New York Evening Post.

THE Hebrew prophets have been called "open-air journal- ists." They were moral reformers who took the only way then open to reach the hearts and minds of the common people. They sought to stir up opposition against national sins. The printing-press revealed a new, swift and far-reaching way to accomplish similar ends. The pen became mightier than the voice. The printed page cried aloud, not now in the wilderness but on the crowded street and in quiet homes. The reformer can now sit in the seclusion of his study and scatter his burning thoughts all over the country, and many can do this who have little power as orators. The imagination of the reader clothes the thought of the writer with the latter's personality, and the reputation of a man never seen adds weight to whatever comes from his pen. The modern prophet with a message in his soul thus finds a way to deliver it. The thought that really burns and glows within studies no novel means of expression. "The words come skelpin rank and file," almost before one kens. It matters not so much how one shouts "fire," so long as he feels the danger to himself and others. He can not shout it indiffer- ently. His style of expression is the outflow of fire within, a realizing sense of the situation. In such a case nature outdoes art and the cry of the man in dead earnest is at once listened to and obeyed by many. They rush to put out the conflagration.

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The century past has witnessed the career of a number of such journalistic prophets who wrote in burning and winged words. To publish a book once a year did not suit the character of their message nor could this method relieve their souls. The message was to them new every morning and fresh every eve- ning. Nothing but a daily newspaper could be a sufficient chan- nel for the outflow of their freshet. They had no ambition to break into literature ; they wanted rather to break into im- prisoned minds and set them free. A great journalist must be a great moral reformer, if he wants to accomplish something more than to make money and sway elections. A mere distributor of news, real and manufactured, ought not to be called a journalist ; an advertising sheet is not a journal. A newspaper should be an educator of the public in things most essential to good citi- zenship and exalted character. It should be a discerner of the signs of the times and warn the people of approaching danger, as well as point out the way of escape. The real editor sits on a watch-tower and answers the constant question, "What of the night?" He must be able to see the distant dawn.

Such an editor was Horace Greeley, born in Amherst, Feb- ruary 3, 1811. The story of his early poverty and struggles is well known. It is told that at the age of four years he was quite a phenomenon in reading and spelling, which accomplishments he seems to have grasped without the trouble of learning. He read everything he could get hold of, such was the lack of books in his home. The Bible he had read at the age of five. His father was forced by debt to remove to Westhaven, Vermont, and there Horace Greeley worked and read on a farm from the age of ten to fifteen. Then he sought employment in a printing office at Poultney, Vermont. His manners were uncultivated and unsubdued to the rules of polite society, though natural kindness needs no studied ways of expression. He had, as some- body has said, an "incapacity for clothes." They never seemed to fit him. They looked like his penmanship, too hastily put on to look well. To write legibly required too much time and checked the free flow of thought. He ought to have had a type- writer and a shorthand reporter constantly with him. From Poultney he followed his father to the southern boundary of New York State and there found odd jobs of farming and typesetting. In 1831 he arrived in New York City with ten dollars and began

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hunting for work. His first job was to set up a New Testament in very fine type. Soon he was working on the Evening Post, the Commercial Advertiser, and Spirit of the Times. Then he and Francis V. Story formed a partnership for job printing and the publication of the Morning Post, which latter was not suc- cessful as a business enterprise. TheNew Yorker was the next venture and then he was editor of the Jeffersonian with a salary of five thousand dollars. In 1840 he was editor of a campaign paper called the Log Cabin, whose first edition was 48,000 copies and it reached a circulation of 90,000. All this work was only preparatory to his career as editor of the New York Tribune, which he began in 1841 with six hundred subscribers and sold for a cent per copy, while the Sun sold half as much news for two cents and sought to crowd the Tribune out. The opposition advertised Greeley and his paper.

Mr. Greeley was by nature opposed to any form of op- pression. His sympathies were with the toilers. Hence slavery invoked his wrath and he acknowledged no palliation of the monstrous evil. He was not reckoned among the abolitionists, yet they read his paper and found it an ally. In politics he was as independent as he was in the matter of dress, said what he wanted to and what, according to his convictions, ought to be said. He sought no political office, yet he seems to have been disappointed because the political leaders did not offer him any. The editorials of many newspapers are the driest part and are rarely read ; those of the Tribune were what sold the paper. What Horace Greeley wrote was copied all over the country. It was moral earnestness clothed in easy and forceful words. His vocabulary was picked up on the farm and in the printing office and enlarged by omnivorous reading. The study of Greek and Latin had not spoiled his English. Long words and sen- tences he had little use for. The flourishes of rhetoric and the captivating flights of poetic fancy he left for other writers. He was overrunning with ideas and gave a hospitable reception to every new ism that arose without being carried away by it. Some of the fundamental principles of socialism he advocated without being called a Socialist. He was a temperance man without advocating prohibition, except where public opinion de- manded it. He grew to be hostile to slavery, when he saw that the times demanded the emancipation of the slaves in the South.

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If he differed from Lincoln, Grant, Seward, or anybody else, he did not hesitate to give expression to the difference. He sup- ported them when they supported his ideas of what ought to be.

His principal literary work was the "Great American Con- flict," or history of the struggle between freedom and slavery, enough in itself to win reputation as an author. About the time of his marriage he wrote some verses, but was wise enough to assert long afterward that he was not a poet.

In politics he was a Whig, a Republican, a Liberal Repub- lican and an Assistant Democrat. His former friends mourned when in 1872 he accepted the endorsement of the Democratic party to his nomination for the presidency by the Liberal Re- publicans. He did not seek the nomination, but ambition did not permit him to refuse it. He found himself the nominal leader of a party that he had strenuously and bitterly opposed for years, and in opposition to President Grant, whose first election he had favored. His old anti-slavery admirers lifted up their heals, voices and votes against him. The disappointment of his political defeat may have hastened his death, which occurred in 1872. I can see him now as he stood upon the rear platform of a railway train at Brunswick, Maine, and made a short address to a great throng drawn by curiosity to see him, and I remem- ber the widely published cartoon entitled "Maine's Opinion of Greeley," in which he was represented as being kicked out of doors by the voters of the Pine Tree State, a prophecy which had speedy fulfillment. The aberration of the last year of his life was somewhat parallel to the unfortunate speech of Daniel Webster, that alienated so many former frineds. Both mistakes have been forgiven by those who remember the general effect of their lines.

Horace Greeley knew how to gather to his aid young writers of promise like Henry J. Raymond, George William Curtis, Bay- ard Taylor and Margaret Fuller. One of the number was Charles Anderson Dana, born in Hinsdale, August 8, 1819. His boyhood was spent at Gaines, New York, and Guildhall, Ver- mont, whither his parents had moved. At the age of twelve he Went to live with an uncle at Buffalo, New York. After two years at Harvard College he was obliged to leave on account of failing eyesight, but he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with his class of 1843. ^n the same year his journalistic career

U ' *4x

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began with the Harbinger, a paper connected with the Brook Farm experiment at Roxbury, Mass. In 1844 he was assistant editor of the Boston Chronotype and in 1847 he was assisting Greeley on the Tribune. In 1862 he was too radical for Greeley in demanding the utmost prosecution of the war and was more intensely anti-slavery than Greeley. In 1864 he was assistant secretary of war. In 1855 he had begun to compile with George Ripley the "New American Cyclopedia," and the original edition was completed in 1863. In 1867 he started the Chicago Repub- lican, and January 27, 1868, he issued the first number of the New York Sun as editor and proprietor, making it in 1872 a Democratic paper. He continued to edit it till his death, Oc- tober 17, 1897, and he made it a paper well known for its literary finish. For a time after the death of Greeley the Sun outshone the waning Tribune, and it has maintained till the present a very high rank among newspapers. The impetus given it by Charles A. Dana has not lost its force.

Another New Hampshire man that assisted Horace Greeley on the Tribune was Charles Wainwright March, born in Ports- mouth, December 15, 1815, descendant of Hon. Clement March, of Greenland. After graduating at Harvard in 1837 he practiced law for a short time at Portsmouth and served in the legislature, but removed to New York and became an editorial writer on the Tribune and the Times as well as correspondent of the Boston Courier, under the pen-name of "Pequot." He was regarded as a brilliant essayist. His principal productions were "Daniel Webster and His Contemporaries" and "Sketches in Madeira, Portugal and Spain." He died in Alexandria, Egypt, January 24. 1864.

Hosea Ballou is better known as the founder of the Uni- versalist denomination than as a journalist, yet he had experi- ence in many lines of activity. He was born in Richmond, April 30, 1771, son of a Baptist minister who had six sons. Three of them became Baptist ministers and the other three preached the doctrines of Universalism. So poor was his father that he learned to write by use of birch bark and charcoal. His chief educator was the family Bible. He was admitted to the Baptist church at the age of eighteen and cast out when he became a Universalist. There was nothing against his character and con- duct ; he was accused only of thinking erroneously and talking

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out his thoughts to others. At the age of twenty-one he began to preach, having had but a trifling amount of schooling. He learned by teaching in Rhode Island week days and preaching Sundays. For seven years after 1794 he was at Dana, Massa- chusetts, preaching also in Oxford and Charlton. At the age of thirty he removed to Barnard, Vermont, and here he wrote his "Notes on the Parables" and "Treatise on the Atonement." In 1807 he became pastor of the Universalist church at Ports- mouth. In 1815 he removed to Salem, Massachusetts, and after two years was settled as pastor of the Universalist church at Boston, where he remained thirty-five years. In addition to his ministerial duties he wrote many controversial papers, essays and hymns, lectured often and preached wherever he could. In 1819 he established the Universalist Magazine, which later be- came the Universalist Expositor, and still later the Universalist Quarterly Review. As a writer and speaker he was logical, clear, impassioned, earnest. His message he felt to be a divine conviction. Love moved him and made him speak. All of the previously established churches opposed his teachings, for he undermined the basis of their theories. Universalism has been greatly modified by changes in its advocated theories, and the opposing churches have changed their teachings for the better. Hosea Ballou began a movement that has had a wide and radical influence upon the theology of the last century. He lived to see established a thousand Universalist churches, to preach ten thousand sermons and to write enough to make a hundred vol- umes. Some of his interpretations of certain passages of scrip- ture would sound strange to some of his followers to-day, but his main contention has been gaining ground through influences outside of the Universalist denomination. He was a worthy man and an honor to New Hampshire.

The Rev. Henry Wood, D.D., was born in Loudon, April 10, 1796, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1822. After serv- ing a short time as tutor there and at Hampton-Sidney College he studied at Princeton Theological Seminary and became a Congregational minister. From 1841 to 1853 he was editor of the Congregationalist Journal, at Concord. In 1854-6 he was United States consul at Beirut, Syria. Then he became a chap- lain in the United States navy and served for a time in Japan, where he taught twenty-five young men English to fit them for

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interpreters. He introduced the first Protestant minister in Japan, offered the first prayer and preached the first sermon in English in that country. He died at Philadelphia, October 25,

1873-

Charles Warren Brewster was known for over half a cen- tury as editor of the Portsmouth Journal. He was born in that town September 13. 1812, and died there August 4, 1868. He began as an apprentice in the office of the Journal and after fif- teen years became its proprietor. He served several terms in the legislature and was a member of the constitutional convention of 1850. He was the principal writer of his own paper and with patient research gathered up and printed a lot of local history and tradition, which he afterward published in two volumes under the title, "Rambles about Portsmouth." Another publica- tion of his was "Fifty Years in a Printing-Office." He had a pleasing style and his newspaper gave satisfaction to many po- litical opponents. His conduct as a consistent Christian was well known, and this added weight to whatever he wrote. His "Rambles about Portsmouth" needs some revision under the light of recently discovered and published historical data. The claim that he was descended from Elder William Brewster has never been proved. His first known ancestor was John Brews- ter, of Portsmouth.

An author and journalist who has produced much interest- ing matter of historical value is Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, born at Hampton Falls, December 15, 1831. He fitted for col- lege at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated at Harvard in 1855. For the next eight years he was principal of a private school at Concord, Massachusetts, writing and speaking for the Free Soil party and acting secretary of the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee. He was brought into intimate contact with John Brown and was suspected of complicity in the raid on Harper's Ferry. For this cause an attempt was made to kidnap him, but he was rescued by citizens of Concord. Though sym- pathizing with John Brown in his efforts to make Kansas a free state, he and the society he represented had nothing to do with the attack on Harper's Ferry. Nevertheless, such was the popu- lar excitement that it was thought best for Mr. Sanborn to make his residence in Canada for a short time. In 1863 ne became editor of the Commonwealth and the same year was appointed

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secretary of the board of state charities, a position which he held a long time. In 1868 he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the Springfield Republican, a newspaper that for many years was highly esteemed and widely read as a moulder of public opinion. In 1869 Mr. Sanborn, with Bronson Alcott and Wil- liam T. Harris, founded the Concord School of Philosophy. In 1865, with Dr. S. G. Howe, and others, he organized the Ameri- can Social Science Association and was its secretary thirty-two years. He helped to organize the National Prison Association in 1871 and the National Conference of Charities in 1874. His principal literary productions have been "Life and Letters of John Brown," biographies of Thoreau, Alcott and Dr. Howe, "Reminiscences of Sixty Years," a "History of New Hampshire," and frequent contributions in poetry and prose to different peri- odicals. His reports as secretary of various organizations would make forty volumes. Whatever he has written is interesting for its historic details and familiar style of expression. As a writer of sonnets and short poems he belongs to no mean rank. His History of New Hampshire is compact, clear, and entertaining. It grasps the main principles of government and states the sali- ent points of the State's history as fully as can be done within the limits of an octavo volume. Nobody surpasses Mr. Sanborn in ardent and continued interest in his native State. His resi- dence is in Concord, Massachusetts.

Charles Lafayette McArthur was born at Claremont, Janu- ary 7, 1824. He was educated principally in a printing-office. His first venture was The Carthagian, published at Carthage, New York. He went West and was a local reporter on the Detroit Free Press. After serving as secretary of the expedition to make a treaty with the Sioux Indians he became senior edi- tor of the Milwaukee Sentinel, the first daily paper published in Wisconsin. In 1846 he was city editor of the New York Sun. In 1847 he and John M. Francis purchased the Troy Budget. Spending two years in Europe he wrote a series of letters for publication. In 1865 he went to Cuba on a secret government commission. His connection with the Budget continued until 1859. Then he established the Troy Daily Arena and sold it soon to go into the Civil War as quartermaster of the Second New York Volunteers. President Lincoln appointed him cap- tain and quartermaster in the regular army. Subsequently he

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served as brigade and division quartermaster. Twice he was brevetted "for faithful and meritorious service." In 1884 he es- tablished the Troy News, the first Sunday paper in the State of New York outside of the great city. This he sold and became editor and proprietor of the Troy Daily Whig. The Budget is said to have died of too much copperheadism, and he reestab- lished it as the Troy Northern Budget. He served in the legis- lature of New York and spent much time in travel in his later years. He died at Troy, October 25, 1893.

George W. Kendall was born in Amherst, now Mont Ver- non, August 22, 1809, and died at Oak Spring, near Bowie, Texas, October 22, 1867. He learned the printer's trade at Bur- lington, Vermont, went to New Orleans in 1835, and two years later established the New Orleans Picayune, in company with Francis A. Lumsden, the first cheap daily paper in that city and one of the most influential in the South. He joined the Santa Fe trading expedition and was taken prisoner and confined in Mexico seven months. During the Mexican War he accom- panied the armies of Generals Taylor and Scott as correspond- ent. After spending two years in foreign travel he bought a large grazing farm in Texas and there he spent the most of his remaining life, raising $50,000 worth of wool in a single year, and occasionally contributing editorials for the Picayune, an in- terest in which he retained. He published "Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition," in two volumes, which had a large sale, and "The War between the United States and Mexico."

Stillson Hutchins, born at Whitefield, November 14, 1838, went to Iowa in 1856 and started a country newspaper. He be- came known as a political writer and had charge of Democratic papers, first at Des Moines and then at Dubuque, where he owned the Herald. After the Civil War he established the Times at St. Louis, which he sold at a good price. In 1877 he established the Washington Post, issued every day. His enter- prises have been attended with financial success. Having pur- chased Governor's Island in Lake Winnepiseogee he there ex- pended $100,000 in a summer resort, where his numerous friends have been entertained. His winter residence is on Massachu- setts Avenue, in Washington. He has served in the legislature of Missouri and in that of New Hampshire.

The Rev. Alonzo Hall Quint, born in Barnstead, March 22,

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1828, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1846 and at Andover Theo- logical Seminary in 1852. He attained distinction as a preacher and counselor in the Congregational churches, being from 1856 to 1882 secretary of the general association of Massachusetts churches and secretary of the national council of Congregational churches from 18/1 to 1883. He was moderator of the council in 1892. In the Civil War he was chaplain of the Second Massa- chusetts Infantry. He served two years in the Massachusetts legislature. From 1859 to 1876 he was an editor and proprietor of the Congregational Quarterly. He wrote the "Burial Hill Declaration," accepted as an expression of Congregational belief by the national council of 1865. He served long pastorates at Jamaica Plains, New Bedford and Somerville, Massachusetts, and at Dover, New Hampshire. While in the last mentioned place he became greatly interested in local history, assisting Hon. John Wentworth in the preparation of the Wentworth Genealogy and publishing "The First Parish in Dover, New Hampshire." He gave the oration at the dedication of the mon- ument of Gen. John Sullivan, at Durham, and he served in the New Hampshire legislature of 1881 and 1883. Dartmouth gave him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1866 and he was a trustee of that institution. He contributed about four hundred historical articles to the Dover Inquirer, a part of which has been republished in a book entitled "Historical Memoranda of Ancient Dover." Other published works are "The Potomac and the Rapidan, or Army Notes from the Fail- ure at Winchester to the Re-enforcement of Rosecrans," "The Records of the Second Massachusetts Infantry" and "Common Sense Christianity," a work published after his death, which oc- curred at Roxbury, Massachusetts, November 4, 1896. As an historian he was painstaking, careful and interesting; as a coun- selor in church and state his advice was valued and widely sought ; as a minister of the Gospel he was successful and hon- ored. One life like his counts for a hundred of average persons. He kept at work and honors came to him.

The Rev. John Hopkins Morrison, born in Peterborough, July 25, 1808, fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated at Harvard in 1831. In eary life he worked sev- eral years on a farm at low wages, and to assist in securing an education he taught many terms of school. At Exeter he was

A HISTORY 207

befriended by the Hon. Jeremiah Smith, and afterward he repaid the debt of gratitude by writing the "Life of Jeremiah Smith." He published also "Disquisitions and Notes on the Gospel of Matthew," and was editor for some time of the Christian Regis- ter and of the Unitarian Review. He began his ministry as as- sociate pastor with Dr. Peabody at New Bedford and was pas- tor at Milton, Massachusetts, for thirty-four years. Another lit- erary production wras "The Life of Robert Swain," besides many sermons and addresses. He died at Boston, April 26, 1896. His life illustrates how an American youth may struggle up from poverty to affluence, from obscurity to leadership. By losing his life for the good of others he found it.

Joseph Coggin Foster was born at Milford, April 24, 1818, and was bred as a printer in the office of the Farmer's Cabinet at Amherst. He studied at Madison University, Hamilton, New York, now Colgate University, and received his theological training at New Hampton Institution. His pastorates in the Baptist churches were at Brattleboro, Vermont and Beverly, Massachusetts. From 1881 to 1896 he was editor of The Watch- man and weekly Boston correspondent of the Watch Tower, New York. The Central University of Iowa gave him the hon- orary degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died at Augusta, Georgia, March 16, 1899.

Frank Pierce Foster, physician, was born at Concord, No- vember 21, 1841, and was graduated from the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York, 1862. He was assistant surgeon in the United States army in 1865, an<^ nas since been in general practice in New York City. He has been editor of the Medical Journal and co-author of an Illustrated Encyclopaedic Medical Dictionary.

David Atwood, born in Bedford, December 15, 1815, worked on a farm and went in the summer time to common schools till he was sixteen years of age. Then he went to Hamilton, New York, and served five years as an apprentice in learing the print- er's trade, in an office devoted to the printing of law books. For three years thereafter he was engaged in selling law books, traveling extensively in the middle and western states. In 1839 he made his first venture as a journalist and publisher, putting forth the Hamilton Palladium, a weekly newspaper with a soph- omoric title, devoted to the interests of the Whig party. The

2o8 NEW HAMPSHIRE

newspaper was not successful, his health broke down and he went to Illinois and took a farm. Raising sheep brought to him more health and money than a country newspaper could, but journalism kept wooing him. Going to Madison, Wisconsin, he took editorial charge of the Madison Express, which later he purchased, changing the name to The State Journal. Within five years he bought out The Daily State Journal, with which he was connected for a long time. Meanwhile he was reporter for legislative bodies. He has been a member of the legislature, as- sessor of internal revenue, Mayor of Madison and member of the United States Congress. While living in New York he rose to the rank of colonel in the militia and in Wisconsin he was quartermaster-general and major-general. His newspaper be- came the leading Republican organ in Wisconsin. He died De- cember u, 1889.

James Mills Bundy, born at Colebrook, April 15, 1835, re- moved with his father's family to Beloit, Wisconsin. He was educated at Beloit College and the Harvard Law School. He began newspaper work on the Milwaukee Daily Wisconsin. During the Civil War he was major on the staff of General John Pope. In 1866 he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the New York Evening Post, as dramatic and musical editor, doing also at times the duties of literary editor. In 1868 he be- came editor of the Evening Mail. This attained a national repu- tation. It was bought by Cyrus W. Field in 1879 and the Eve- ning Express was merged with it as the Mail and Express. Major Bundy wrote the life of President Garfield in seven weeks after having gathered his information, meanwhile doing editorial duty on his newspaper. As a journalist he attained a wide and powerful influence. He died in Paris, France, September 8, 1891.

Charles Ransom Miller was born in Hanover, January 17, 1849, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1872. He began his journalistic career on the Springfield Republican, working with it till 1875. He then accepted a position on the New York Times, becamie an editorial writer in 1881 and two years later was promoted to editor in chief, which position he has held a long time.

Horace White, born in Colebrook, August 10, 1834, removed with his parents to Beloit, Wisconsin, and graduated at Beloit College in 1853. The same year he became city editor of The

A HISTORY 209

Evening Journal. He accompanied Abraham Lincoln in his po- litical campaign against Stephen A. Douglass in 1858-9, as the agent of the associated press. During the Civil War he was Washington correspondent of the Chicago Tribune. Purchasing an interest in the Tribune he became its editor-in-chief from 1865 to 1874. After making an extended European tour he bought in 1884 an interest in the New York Evening Post and became one of its editors and in 1889 its chief editor. He is author of "Money and Banking." He retired from active work as editor in 1903. Another work of his is the "Life of Lyman Trumbull." He died in New York, September 16, 1916.

Chapter XII OTHER PROMINENT MEN

Chapter XII

OTHER PROMINENT MEN

What Makes a Man Worth Mention ?— Marshall P. Wilder— Hiram Hitch- cock— Edward Tuck — George Walker — Horatio J. Perry — Amos T. Akerman — Gov. Levi K. Fuller — Henry Wells — Benjamin P. Cheney — Gen. George Stark — Joseph B. Walker — Bishop Osmon C. Baker — Bishop William B. W. Howe — Rev. Baron Stowe, D.D. — Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D.D. — Austin Corbin — Rear Admiral Asa Walker — Gen. Leonard Wood — William Ladd, "the Apostle of Peace."

WHAT makes a man prominent in the history of his State? Is it the fact that he has succeeded in getting himself elected to high and varied offices? Is it that he has led in mili- tary campaigns? Is it that he has been a distinguished member of one of the learned professions, law, medicine, and theology? Is not the man worth remembering the one who has done some- thing to make his fellowmen wiser, happier and better? Who- ever has helped notably in the great march of human progress deserves credit therefor in the popular estimation. Abilities, character and achievement make men prominent, Learning and money may be helpful, but they are not enough ; without char- acter they may the sooner sink one into oblivion.

Marshall Pinckney Wilder, born in Rindge, September 22, 1798, possessed by nature the elements of great manhood. He was brought up on a farm and had a natural love for agriculture and horticulture. When he was offered the opportunity of a col- lege course, he preferred farming and trading. After some ex- perience in both in his native town he went to Boston in 1823 and became a wholesale merchant in West India goods. Thus he became rich, and having riches with natural abilities and a benevolent spirit he accomplished his heart's desire. While in Rindge he manifested much interest in military affairs and rose to the rank of colonel in the militia. In 1857 he was elected commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston. For forty years he was a director in the National Bank and the National Insurance Company, and for twenty-six years

213

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he was a director in the Mutual Life Insurance Company. He served in the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature in 1839 and was president of the senate in 1850. He was a promi- nent leader in the political party that nominated Bell and Everett in 1860. He helped to secure the Natural History rooms and in founding the Institute of Technology. For years he was president of the State Board of Agriculture, of which he was one of the original promoters. He was also president from 1868 to 1884 of the New England Historic Genealogical Society and from 1840 to [848 of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and of the American Pomological Society many years from its origin in 1848. His tastes found exercise in the scientific and practical study of agriculture and horticulture, in the cultiva- tion of his grounds at Dorchester and in the importation of trees and plants. His experiments in hybridization and fruit culture made him known and honored throughout the United States and in England. In 1867 ne was one °f the United States commis- sioners at the Paris Exhibition. The history of his native town quotes approvingly the following appreciation : "Mr. Wilder has excelled in all that he undertook, because he knew the measure of his own abilities. His plans and experiments appertaining to the grand object of his pursuits, the cultivation of fields, fruit and flowers, were matured with deep thought and executed with zeal, resulting from a clear, practical head. Look at the pros- pective of a long and vigorous life consecrated to the public, in which every step he advanced became a fulcrum, on which to start some greater and higher movement. From the standpoint of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society he originated the American Pomological Society ; then the Norfolk Agricultural Society ; then the State Board of Agriculture, the Massachu- setts Agricultural College, and the United States Agricultural Society. As the zealous patron and promoter of the noblest of all sciences his name will fill a luminous page in the history of human progress and improvement, — a page which will suffer no deterioration by the lapse of years, and which will have its interpreter on every hillside and in every valley, where rural taste and refinement are found. Well did Governor Bullock, on a late public occasion, allude to Mr. Wilder as 'one who has ap- plied the results of a well-earned commercial fortune so liberally that in every household and at everv fireside in America, where

EDWARD TUCK

A HISTORY 215

the golden fruit of summer and autumn gladdens the sideboard or hearthstone, his name, his generosity and his labors are known and honored.' ' He died in Roxbury, Mass., December 16, 1886.

We turn next to a man of large business activity, Hiram Hitchcock, born in Claremont, August 27, 1832. When ten years of age he removed to Hanover with his parents. He was educated at the Black River Academy in Ludlow, Vermont. In 1859 with others he established the Fifth Avenue hotel in New York and for many years was active in its management. On returning from a tour in Europe during the year 1866 "he lectured upon his observations abroad before educational or- ganizations, and 1872 received the degree of Master of Arts from Dartmouth College. He served for several years as trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts and was chosen a trustee of Dartmouth College in 1878. He was one of the promoters who erected Madison Square Gar- den in New York ; one of the founders of the Garfield National Bank and the Garfield Safe Deposit Company, and at the time of his death was vice-president of both institutions. He was a director of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, treasurer of the Academy of Arts, a life member of the Academy of Design, a member of the American Geograph- ical Society, a member of the New England Society, of the Chamber of Commerce and the University Club. He was also president of the Nicaragua Canal Association and was largely in- strumental in securing from Nicaragua and Costa Rica large concessions relative to the canal, and was president of the Mari- time Company of Nicaragua." He died in New York, December 30, loxxx1

Edward Tuck, son of the Hon. Amos Tuck, was born in Exeter, August 25, 1842. He fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated from Dartmouth in 1862, having entered college as a sophomore and ranking among the first in his class. A winter vacation he employed in studying French with a family in Canada. After graduation he studied law in his father's office in Exeter, but trouble with his eyes sent him abroad, where he continued the study of French as he was able. He took the examinations for the diplomatic service and was as-

1 Granite Monthly. XXX. 115.

216 NEW HAMPSHIRE

signed to the consulate in Paris. Within a year Mr. Tuck was left in charge of affairs at the embassy. Upon the appointment of Hon. John Bigelow as minister Mr. Tuck was appointed vice- consul and became acting- consul at Paris. In 1866 he accepted a position in the banking house of Munroe & Company, New York and Paris, spending a part of his time in New York and a part abroad. In 1871 he was made a partner in the company and re- tired in 1881. Although he retains his house in New York his residence has been principally in Paris till the present time. His interest in his native State has been shown in varied ways. Dartmouth received a gift of $500,000 besides $135,000 for a reci- tation hall, as a memorial of his father. To the town of Strat- ham was presented Stratham Hill as a public park. The magnifi- cent building of the New Hampshire Historical Society is due to his generosity and public spirit. He has erected a hospital near Paris and is ministering to the wounded in the terrible war now raging. His interest in literature and art continues, and in finan- cial affairs is shown by occasional contributions to the London Economist and Statist and to the Nineteenth Century. His career testifies to abilities, character, generosity, altruism and patriotism unsurpassed. The principles which he wished to have adopted in the conduct of the Amos Tuck School of Ad- ministration and Finance at Dartmouth College were thus stated by him, "Absolute devotion to the career which one selects, and to the interests of one's superior officers or employers ; the de- sire and determination to do more rather than less than one's re- quired duties ; perfect accuracy and promptness in all undertak- ings, and absence from one's vocabulary of the word 'forget' ; never to vary a hair's breadth from the truth nor from the path of strictest honesty and honor, with perfect confidence in the wisdom of doing right as the surest means of achieving success. To the maxim that honesty is the best policy should be added another; that altruism is the highest and best form of egoism as a principal of conduct to be followed by those who strive for success and happiness in public or business relations as well as in those of private life."

George Walker, diplomatist, was born in Peterborough, 1824, and died in Washington, D. C., January 15, 1888. He was educated at Yale and Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1842. After studying at Harvard Law School he began practice

A HISTORY 217

at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1847, and continued there till 1875. He represented that city in both branches of the legis- lature. Banking was his special study; he helped to introduce the national system of banking into Massachusetts and was pres- ident of the Third National Bank in Springfield. He was sent to Europe as confidential messenger of Secretary Hugh McCullock, and twice later was the agent of the United States Government abroad. He served as consul general in Paris from 1880 to 1887. After 1875 his residence was in New York City, where he was in the banking business.

Horatio Justus Perry, born in Keene, January 23, 1824, was graduated at Harvard in 1844 and pursued studies in the Law School. In the Alexican War he was aid-de-camp of General Shields. In 1849 ne was appointed secretary of legation in Spain and continued in Madrid till 1855. Afterward he was interested in submarine telegraphing and projected the system of lines reaching through all the principal West India islands and con- necting North and South America. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed charge d'affaires in Spain, virtually minister half of the time till 1865. Through his influence that country issued a proclamation of neutrality. He was recalled in 1869 on account of a difference with Hon. John P. Hale, who had been appointed minister to Spain. He continued to reside in Madrid, but died in Lisbon, Portugal, February 21, 1891.

Amos Tappan Akerman was born in Portsmouth in 1823, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1842. For several years he practiced law in Portsmouth and about 1850 removed to Elber- ton, Georgia. He was opposed to secession but served in the Confederate army as quartermaster, swept along by the current of public opinion. After the war he was a Republican, support- ing the reconstruction policy of the government. In 1866 he was appointed United States attorney for the district of Georgia and served till 1870. President Grant appointed him to a posi- tion in his cabinet as attorney general of the United States, which office he held till 1872, when he resigned and returned to the practice of law in Georgia. In 1873 he was the Repub- lican candidate for United States senator, but was defeated in the election. He died at Cartersville, Georgia, December 21, 1880.

Governor Levi K. Fuller was born in Westmoreland, Feb-

218 NEW HAMPSHIRE

ruary 21, 1841. His parents removed to Windham county, Ver- mont, in 1845, an(l there he learned telegraphy and the printer's trade. At the age of sixteen he was awarded a prize for an im- provement in the steam engine. Apprenticed as a machinist in Boston he took a course of scientific study in evening schools. Returning to Brattleboro, Vermont, he was employed as a ma- chinist and mechanical engineer and later was engaged in the manufacture of machinery. He became connected as superin- tendent of the Estey Organ Company and for twenty years was vice-president of the company, making about one hundred inven- tions. Business obliged him to decline the offer of President Grant to make him a commissioner to the Vienna exposition. In- terested in scientific study he had his private observatory and telescope. He was colonel in the militia, state senator in 1880, lieutenant-governor in 1886 and governor of Vermont in 1892. He was a member of the Baptist church and generous in his gifts to religious and benevolent causes. He died at Brattleboro, Vermont, October 10, 1896.

Henry Wells, expressman, was born in New Hampshire, December 12, 1805, and died in Glasgow7, Scotland, December 10, 18/8. He was the first to suggest the establishment of an ex- press from Albany to Buffalo. In 1845 it was extended to Chi- cago. He and William G. Fargo established a letter express from New York to Buffalo for six cents, while the government's charge for the same distance was twenty-five cents. In 1846 he was concerned in establishing a European express with offices in London and Paris. Consolidation in 1850 resulted in the forma- tion of the American Express Company with Mr. Wells as presi- dent. In 1852 the firm of Wells, Fargo and Company was formed for conducting express business in the far west. He was president of the American Express till 1868 after it was reor- ganized with a capital of $1,000,000. Mr. Wells gave $150,000 to found and endow Wells Female College at Aurora, New York, one of the first institutions for the higher education of women in this country.

Benjamin Pierce Cheney also became well known as an ex- pressman. He was born in Hillsborough, August 12, 1815. Be- fore he was sixteen years old he was driving a stage between Nashua and Exeter and he continued in this occupation five years, most of the time driving between Nashua and Keene, fifty

A HISTORY 219

miles. Later he became general manager of the system of stage lines through New Hampshire and Vermont to Canada, with residence in Boston at a large salary. In 1852 with others he founded Cheney and Company's Express between Boston and Montreal. Consolidating several lines he founded the United States and Canada Express, with many branches in northern New England. In 1879 the business he had founded was merged in the American Express Company, of which he was director, treasurer and large stockholder. He was one of the pioneers in the Northern Pacific and other western railroads, and one of the founders of the Market National Bank and of the American Loan and Trust Company in Boston. He gave $50,000 to Dartmouth College, founded Cheney Academy in Washington Territory and erected the statue of Daniel Webster in the State House yard at Concord. He died at his home, "Elm Bank," near Wellesley, Massachusetts, July 23, 1895, having sustained through a long and useful life the reputation of a temperate, industrious, reso- lute, persevering, honest, trusted and efficient man of business. General George Stark, great grandson of General John Stark, was born in Manchester, April 9, 1823, and died in Nashua, April 13, 1892. "He early adopted the occupation of a civil en- gineer, being employed by Manchester corporations and in vari- ous railroad surveys, including the location of the Concord and the Vermont Central roads. Subsequently he was for some time the engineer of the Old Colony Railroad, and later, suc- cessively, of the Nashua & Wilton, Stony Brook & Boston, Con- cord & Montreal roads. From 1849 till 1852 he was superin- tendedent of the Nashua & Lowell Railroad, and in the latter year accepted the office of superintendent of the Hudson River road. In 1857 he became managing agent of the Boston & Lowell, in which capacity he served for eighteen years, accom- plishing a vast amount of work, involving great improvements and many extensions of the system. He retired from the latter position in 1875 and was immediately selected by the bondhold- ers of the Northern Pacific Railroad to take charge of the work of resuscitating that enterprise, which he effectually carried out. Having accomplished this object he withdrew from railroad af- fairs, in which he had won a higher reputation than any other New Hampshire man, and was engaged for some years in the banking business in Nashua." He served as representative from

220 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Nashua in 1860 and the following year was the Democratic can- didate for governor of the State. Governor Haile commissioned him brigadier-general in the militia. He was colonel of the Gov- ernor's Horse Guards in i86o.2

Joseph Burbeen Walker, born in Concord, June 12, 1822, was great grandson of the Rev. Timothy Walker. On his moth- er's side he was descended from John Burbean, tailor, from Scot- land, who was admitted as an inhabitant of Charlestown, Massa- chusetts, in 1653, married Sarah Gould and lived in Woburn, Massachusetts. Mr. \Valker fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy, was graduated at Yale in 1844 and studied law at the Harvard Law School. Although he was admitted to the bar in 1847, he found agriculture more to his taste and devoted himself to the cultivation of a large, inherited farm, as well as to banking. Agricultural experiments and researches in historical and other literature seem to have been his delight. He was for many years president of the State Board of Agriculture and gave frequent addresses at farmers' institutes on such subjects as drainage, forestry and production of hay. For several years he was a member of the forestry commission. For fifty years he served as a member of the board of trustees of the State Hospital. His interest in public education was manifested during the thir- teen years that he was a member of the school board. He was one of the most active members of the New Hampshire Histori- cal Society, serving successively as its librarian, secretary, vice- president and president, and contributing valuable articles to its proceedings. He was never a politician and served only two years as a member of the House of Representatives, when he was active in securing the establishment of the State College at Durham and delivered the address at the dedication of its main building. For twenty-one years he was a director of the Merri- mack County Savings Bank and was president of the New Hampshire Savings Bank from 1865 to 1874. Upon the organi- zation of the Mechanics National Bank in 1880 he became one of its directors and so continued thirty years. An article by him on banking appears in The New England States. He was a member of the State Senate in 1893 and was repeatedly urged to consent to be a candidate for governor, but the office had no

2 Granite Monthly, XIV., 159.

A HISTORY 221

allurement for him. He was interested in railroading and served as director and clerk for a time of the old Concord, Northern and Portsmouth railroads. The New England Historic Gene- alogical Society elected him as its president because of the inter- est shown in historical researches. As a member of the North Congregational Church, as a citizen devoted to the welfare of his city, as a man of wide range of business, he won the confidence and esteem of a large circle of acquaintances and friends. He died at Concord, January 8, 1913.

The most prominent man of the Methodist Episcopal church that New Hampshire has produced was Bishop Osmon C. Baker, born in Marlow, July 30, 1812. He was fitted for col- lege at Wilbraham Academy and entered the first class of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, failing to grad- uate because of ill health. For ten years he was a teacher in Newbury Academy, Vermont, half of the time as principal. Then he entered the ministry, uniting with the New Hampshire Conference and serving pastorates at Rochester and Manchester. In 1847 ne was made presiding elder, the earlier name for dis- trict superintendent, and shortly after he was elected a professor in the Biblical Institute at Concord. Here he taught till his elec- tion to the office of bishop in 1852. The duties of this office necessitated a great deal of travel, and traveling by stage in the West was no pastime. His health broke down under the severe strain and he returned to his home in Concord to linger a few years as an invalid till his death, December 20, 1871. His work on the interpretation of the Methodist Discipline was for a long time the standard authority in Methodist ecclesiastical law. Whether in the class-room or in the pulpit Bishop Baker was always a teacher, displaying none of the arts of oratory but giv- ing clear expression to well considered statements of truth as he saw it. He did more than any other to remove from the minds of many Methodists a prejudice against theological schools by inaugurating one at Newbury Academy and developing it at the Concord Biblical Institute. The prejudice vanished with ignorance.

A bishop of the Episcopal church born in Claremont, March 31, 1823, was Wiliam Bell White Howe. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1844 and in 1871 was made bishop of the diocese of South Carolina. The University of the South

222 NEW HAMPSHIRE

honored him with the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and Colum- bia College made him a Doctor of Sacred Theology. He died at Charleston, South Carolina, November 25, 1894.

A man who became well known in the Baptist denomina- tion was the Rev. Baron Stowe, D.D., born in Croydon, June 16, 1801. He was educated at Newport Academy and Columbia College, Washington, D. C. He was the editor of the Columbian Star for three years. He served pastorates at Portsmouth and Boston, in the latter city twenty-five years. His principal liter- ary productions were "History of Baptist Mission in India," "Daily Manna," "The Whole Family in Heaven and Earth," "Missionary Enterprise," "Christian Brotherhood," and "Calling and Election Made Sure." He died in Boston, December 27, 1869.

One of the best known and most highly esteemed ministers of the Congregational churches in New Hampshire during the past century was the Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D.D., who from 1825 to 1867 was pastor of the North Congregational Church in Concord. He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, June 29, 1799, and was graduated at Yale in 1821 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1824. His labors in the ministry were abundant and unusually successful, yet he found time to serve almost every good cause. He was a trustee of Dartmouth College thirty-seven years and secretary of the board eighteen years. For six years he was president of the New Hampshire Mission- ary Society. He was always actively interested in the history of Concord and of the State and after his retirement from the active ministry he was appointed State Historian and prepared for pub- lication ten volumes of the early province records. He also pub- lished a History of Concord and many historical papers and ad- dresses. He was a member of the Historical Societies of New Hampshire, Maine, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. He died in Concord, June 6, 1878.

Austin Corbin, born at Newport, July n, 1827, was grad- uated at Harvard Law School in 1849. After practicing law as a partner with Governor Metcalf he removed to Davenport, Iowa, in 1851, and there organized the First National Bank, being the first one opened for business in the United States, June 29, 1863. Remaining in Davenport till 1865 he then went to New York and formed the Corbin Banking Company. Railroads claimed

A HISTORY 223

his particular attention. He unified and developed the Long Island system of railroads and built one to the western half of Coney Island, where he erected large hotels and made it a fash- ionable summer resort.

Rear Admiral Asa Walker was born in Portsmouth, No- vember 13, 1845. He graduated at the naval academy at An- napolis in 1866, after which he served more than a year on the Sacramento, from which he went to the Kittery navy yard on ordnance duty. In 1868 he went to the Pacific station and served three years, during which time he was thrice promoted, as ensign, master and lieutenant. Subsequently he served at the naval academy, in the south Atlantic station and in the Asiatic station. Most of the time until 1897 he was doing duty at the naval academy. From that date until May 1899 he had command of the Concord, in which he took part in the battle of Manila Bay, May i, 1898. Again he returned to the naval academy and in 1899 was commissioned captain. He became a member of the navy examining board in 1900 and thereafter had command of the cruiser San Francisco and the receiving ship Wabash, at the Boston navy yard. He was commissioned Rear Admiral January 7, 1906, and a few weeks later was made superintend- ent of the Naval Observatory. In 1907 he was retired and per- mitted to go to his home in Annapolis, where he died March 7, 1916.

General Leonard Wood was born in Winchester, October 9, 1860. He was graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 1883 and for one year was house surgeon at the Boston City Hospital, after which he began general medical practice in Bos- ton. He joined the army in 1885, having been appointed a lieu- tenant and assistant surgeon. Serving under General Miles he was sent in the summer of 1886 with Lawton's expedition against the Apaches under Geronimo, in which he had command of the infantry and sometimes of the scouts. He proved himself to be a born commander and leader, enduring all the hardships of a strenuous campaign and closing with the capture of Geron- imo and his band. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he and Theodore Roosevelt devised the scheme for the or- ganization of the "Rough Riders," with Wood as colonel and Roosevelt as lieutenant-colonel. It was a regiment of cavalry, made up of cowboys, adventurers, scouts from the West and

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young men of wealth and position from the eastern States. In the battle of San Juan Hill they served as dismounted cavalry and won distinction, after which Wood was promoted to Briga- dier General. After the capture of Santiago he was appointed its governor, where he displayed his remarkable gifts of adminis- tration. He was commander of the department of Santiago as civil governor of the province and military governor of the city. He cleaned up the city and gained the respect and good will of the people, acting often as mediator in their disputes. He taught them to respect civil law and to govern themselves. In 1898 he was made Major General of volunteers and in 1903 he at- tained to the same rank in the regular army. He was awarded the congressional medal of honor, March 29, 1898, "for dis- tinguished conduct in campaign against Apache Indians in 1886 while serving as medical and line officer of Captain Lawton's expedition." He was military governor of Cuba from December 12, 1899, until the transfer of the government of Cuba to the Cuban Republic, May 2, 1902. Then he was sent on duty to the Philippine Islands and for three years was governor of Moro Province. Then he became commander of the Philippine Di- vision and later commander of the Department of the East. He was special ambassador to the Argentine Republic in 1901 and became Chief of Staff of the United States Army July 16, 1910, serving till April, 1914. After that he became again commander of the Department of the East. His career in the army is re- markable from the fact that he had no military training at West Point. He learned to do things by doing them, and whatever he has undertaken he has done well. Rapid promotion followed achievement.

William Ladd, "the Apostle of Peace," won a reputation as a philanthropist. He was born in Exeter, May 10, 1778, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1797. He began life as a sailor on one of his father's vessels and became a skillful navigator and a man of wealth, residing in Portsmouth in a house that has been properly marked as historic. After leaving the busi- ness of seagoing he settled in Minot, Maine. He became inter- ested in arbitration and the delivery of mankind from the curse of war, going so far as to deny the right to defensive war. He was the leading spirit in the organization of the American Peace Society, which held its first meeting May 8, 1828. The move-

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merit spread rapidly and many branch societies were formed in the northern states. The headquarters of the society were re- moved to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1835, and two years later to Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Ladd edited the Friend of Peace as the organ of the society and also its successor The Harbinger of Peace. He was the third president of the society. His death occurred in Portsmouth, April 9, 1841. The house where he lived is often visited by those from distant parts of the country who share his views and spirit.

Chapter XIII

THE CHURCHES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Chapter XIII

THE CHURCHES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Inertia of Religious Bodies — The "Standing Order" — Toleration Act — De- cline of Protestant Population — Need of Protestant Union — Present Number of Congregationalists — The State Conference — Standards of Doctrine — Benevolent Contributions — Unitarians — Baptists and Free Baptists Uniting — Methodists and Their Peculiarities — Universalists — The Protestant Episcopal Church — Presbyterians — The Christian Church — Adventists — Shakers — Osgoodites — Pentecostal Church — The Salvation Army — Mental Therapeutics — Christian Science — Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy — Changes in Religious Thought — Consequent Change in Activities — Evangelists and Revivals of a New Type Needed — Sketch of the Roman Catholic Church in New Hampshire — Nothing to Be Feared from Rome — Need of a Fuller Acquaintance between Protestants and Roman Catholics — Survival of the Fit as Tested by Character.

A FORMER chapter has told something of the state of the various religious denominations at the close of the eigh- teenth century. All the denominations that then had arisen have persisted to the present time, and several new ones have made their appearance. It is far easier to start a new church and de- velop a denomination than it is to break it up and assimilate it with other religious bodies. Churches obey the law of inertia. They get started and it is almost impossible to stop ; or they cease activity and it requires a moral earthquake to set them going again. It is harder for masses than for individuals to change their minds. The denominations sprung out of mighty convictions in the souls of a few. Those convictions were not always well grounded and a long process of education through experience was necessary to separate elements of truth from ad- mixture of error. Sometimes the error received more emphasis than the truth, and an erroneous conviction may hinder for a long time the real progress of the Kingdom of God. False no- tions dig themselves in, get intrenched in human thought, where logical batteries cannot reach them. If some liquid fire reaches the emotions, the dug-ins rush forth to speedy death, — or to a new life.

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The Congrcgationalists were the "orthodox" or "the stand- ing order" till 1819, when the Toleration Act was passed. There- after ministers were not hired and churches were not sup- ported by towns as such. All churches depended upon volun- tary support, and since there were many zealous evangelists who were glad to talk from Sunday to Sunday wherever they could get a chance, churches rapidly multiplied beyond the ra- tional needs of the population. A rivalry of denominations appeared. Each became eager to build a church in a new and growing town. Not infrequently differences of opinion on abstruse theological questions split a local church into two op- posing rivals, who took to themselves different names and stood for different theories. The advanced thinker in the pulpit could not always lead and feed his flock. They preferred to graze in old pastures rather than follow up some rocky ravine. Conse- quently a small number seceded and contending for the old against the new had at once the sympathy and aid of the unpro- gressive. The new church thus formed flourished for a genera- tion or so, and the old church had an audience that was small but very respectable. Each one stood ready to swallow up the other.

The Protestant population ceased to increase about the year 1850 because of emigration to the West. Many country towns have now one-third of their former population and are trying to keep up as many denominational churches as in more prosperous times. Hence in many places all strength and resources are ex- pended to keep church machinery in motion, to pay expenses and appear to be alive, when the great majority of the surrounding population are indifferent to public worship and are rarely seen at church on Sunday. Thus the church is for the benefit of its few members and their children, not having learned to lose themselves for the benefit of the entire community. There is a loud call for the martyrdom of churches, laying down their lives for the welfare of the indifferent and ungodly. The law of self-sacrifice which underlies vital Christianity is applicable to organized collections of believers as much as to individuals. He that loseth his life shall save it.

In 1800 there were one hundred and thirty-eight Congrega- tional churches, and the services were well attended. Indeed the congregations on Sundays were composed principally of

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those who were not members of any church and could not be induced to join any church. An occasional "revival" swept in a few of the old procrastinators and more of the unhardened young. The majority of the town's people were outside of the covenant of grace and were thought of, if not spoken to, as sin- ners unsaved. So long as they went to meeting, and helped pay the bills, and observed fairly well the moral law, nobody felt alarmed about their prospects for eternity. They were called "first cousins to the church" in playful mode of speech. Often they behaved and could be trusted in trade as well as the average deacon. The principles of Christianity were engrafted upon their lives. They were at least "babes in Christ" without knowing it themselves and without being so recognized by others.

The Congregational churches have grown to be one hun- dred and eighty-seven in 1915, eighteen of them being vacant and thirty-three supplied. The number of church members reached the maximum in 1845. when the number reported was 21,689. Since that time there has been a fluctuating decline, so that in 1915 there are 19,463 reported. That means about one in twenty of the Protestant population. The ratio of church mem- bership to the entire Protestant population is one to four, when the membership of all Protestant churches is considered.

A general association of Congregational ministers was formed as early as 1737 at Exeter, and fifty years later there were eight local associations. In those days the ministers ruled the churches. The General Association of Congregational churches had its first meeting in Boscawen, September 20, 1809, yet this was an association of ministers only, two delegates being allowed to each local association. No laymen were ad- mitted till the year 1860, when twenty-three ministers and eigh- teen laymen, all but one deacons, made up the convention. The basis of representation has been changed from time to time, the lay element gradually increasing, till now each Congregational church may send its pastor and two delegates to the State Con- ference, the name now used. The ministers no longer rule the churches ; on the contrary many of the churches rule their min- isters. Settled ministers, or pastorates of forty years in length are exceedingly rare exceptions. The average length of a pas- torate is not more than four or five years.

The standard of doctrine for many years was that contained

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in the Shorter Catechism of the Westminster Assembly. It was not till 1899 that the Association declared that "The basis of our fellowship is loyalty to Jesus Christ in an historic faith, which has found its latest expression in the Burial Hill declaration and in the creed of the Commission of the Congregational Council of 1883." Let it not be thought that any congregationalist is conscientiously bound to accept and try to believe all that those statements of doctrine contain. They are accepted simply "for substance of doctrine," with right of private interpretation and liberty to change one's mind on evidence without necessity of abandoning the church of one's choice. Every local Congrega- tional church has a perfect right to adopt a new creed as often as it wishes so to do, and many churches have recently thrown away the ancient Calvinistic formulas and adopted the briefest possible statement of general religious principles, broad enough to admit all lovers of Jesus. Emphasis is no longer laid upon doctrinal belief, but rather on Christian character and conduct. All shades of religious opinion and belief may be found in the ranks of Congregationalism. Many ministers and members are declared Universalists, and the doctrine of the Trinity is so stated that rational Unitarians have no objection to it. Even the Apostles' Creed is discarded in some churches in favor of one that can be repeated in unison without any mental reservation on the part of any worshiper. To-day no effort is made to pack into a creed all that, according to the notions of some, all Chris- tians ought to believe. Doctrinal sermons and discussions are rarely heard from the pulpit and in conventions, while social righteousness and moral reforms win a hearing, as in the times of the Hebrew prophets. Freedom in doctrinal belief and strict- ness of moral life go well together, and such liberality is grow- ing in all denominations.

Among the Congregationalists of New Hampshire the benevolent societies that have arisen during the last century and are still flourishing are the New Hampshire Home Mission- ary Society, organized in 1801, the New Hampshire Bible So- ciety, dating from 1812, the Ministers' and Widows Charitable Fund, started in 1813, and local contributory organizations to aid the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and other general benevolent societies of united Congregationalism. Over $60,000 have been accumulated for the fund for worn out

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preachers and their widows, so that now the income from invested funds and the annual contributions of churches and friends make it possible for such as have given their lives for others to receive in old age, if needy, as much as from fifty dollars to two hundred dollars per year. Verily they have their reward, not so abund- ant on earth as it should be. Poor by making many rich ! The total benevolent contributions of the Congregational churches in the year preceding the annual meeting of 1915 were $63,701.

The division of Congregationalists into Unitarian and Trinitarian churches that was quite extensive in Massachusetts at the beginning of the nineteenth century did not affect to any great extent the churches of New Hampshire. Two churches were divided and five became Unitarian. About thirty years ago a similar division took place at Francestown. The division of a church on such an issue now is scarcely conceivable. The union of these two old branches of Congregationalism is now possible and desirable, since both call themselves disciples of Jesus and seek the same ends. There are now twenty-eight Unitarian churches in New Hampshire. The number of church- members is not published.

The Baptists, who had seventeen churches in 1801, report in 1914 eighty-seven churches and 9,226 members, benevolent contributions totaling $106,087 and church property to the value of $800,000. The Free Baptists that originated in New Hamp- shire and had seventeen churches in 1801 have grown to be eighty churches and 6,250 members in the State and have become numerous in several other States. Their educational institution in the State is at New Hampton. Their Theological School was removed to Lewiston, Maine, and connected with Bates College tinder the name of Cobb Divinity School, but recently has been discontinued. Another collegiate institution of this de- nomination has flourished for a long time at Hillsdale, Michi- gan. Of late there has been persistent effort to reunite the Baptists and Free Baptists, since the causes of the past division have been removed. They agree about the practice of immer- sion, and some churches are liberal enough to receive into mem- bership by letter from other denominations without asking any questions about mode of baptism, and the practice of open com- munion with all lovers of the Christ is increasing in Baptist

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churches, after the traditional example of the English Baptists. The missionary work of the two denominations has been unified. The national associations have voted to unite the two denomina- tions. The practical union of some local churches is desirable and in time, doubtless, will be effected.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Methodists had four churches in New Hampshire; in the report of 1915 one hundred and forty-five churches are named with over fourteen thousand members and probationers, so that in numbers they rank as the second Protestant denomination. The value of their churches and parsonages is estimated to be about a million and a quarter dollars. Some peculiarities have made them pros- perous. At the beginning their preachers were itinerant evan- gelists, not allowed to stay long in one place and always seeking immediate results of their work. The permitted length of pas- torate among them has grown from six months to a year, two years, three years, five years, and now an itinerant Methodist minister may stay as long as the people want him and the bishop is willing, being reappointed from year to year. The average length of pastorate, however, is about three years, and this has affected the policy of other denominations. When it is consid- ered that a minister has to address the same congregation a hundred times or more in one year, it is evident that in three years he can tell the hearers all he knows and something more. Something besides thirst for religious truth must draw people to church. Some of the peculiar institutions of Methodism are passing away. The class-meeting has disappeared in many of the churches, and no longer their members meet once a week to tell experiences and renew vows. The old fashioned camp- meetings are no more held, where in one common society tent from fifty to a hundred persons used to worship, eat and sleep. Camp-meetings have been held at Colebrook, Groveton, Epping, Claremont, Wilmot and the Weirs. Some of these grounds have been abandoned : in other places may be seen cosy cottages in beautiful groves, where people of some means may spend sum- mer vacations and attend religious services if they feel so in- clined. The regular annual "protracted meeting," or revival campaign of from three weeks to three months is now an excep- tional practice of the churches. Nothing but their polity now

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distinguishes Methodists from the members of other denomina- tions.

The Universalists have become thirty or more churches and over twelve hundred members, but these figures do not fully express the spread of the basal principle of that denomination. The number in other denominations who believe that sometime and somewhere there must be an end of sin and suffering has been steadily increasing, though how that end shall be attained is unknown. The stock preaching of early Universalism was doctrinal discussion of the negative type, an effort to demolish opposing barriers. Too little stress was laid upon spiritual life. Since the belief of all the denominations is tending toward funda- mental unity, more effort is made to bring all men into com- munion with the common heavenly Father. Formerly many called themselves Universalists who cared nothing for religion of any sort and would not affiliate with any church. It was enough for them to believe and assert that all men finally would be saved. Such rampant Universalism is not now paraded. The raison d'etre of the Universalist denomination no longer exists, and its members wrould find fellowship in other churches on the basis of Christian character rather than of doctrinal belief.

The Protestant Episcopal Church was represented by three parishes at its first State convention in 1802. It now has nearly seventy parishes and missions and over six thousand com- municants. Since 1843 it nas nad its resident bishop. The late Bishop Niles, well known in Concord for over forty years, was succeeded by Bishop Edward M. Parker in 1914. This church has made a strong impression upon the life of the State by its schools at Concord and Holderness and by its training of the young in all its' parishes.

Presbyterianism has made no gain during the last century in New Hampshire. It had nine churches in the year 1800. Some of these have been merged into or combined with Congre- gational churches.

The Christian Church gathered its first congregation in Portsmouth in 1803. It now has about twenty-five churches and a membership of nearly fifteen hundred. Its original aim was to unite the various Protestant denominations under a common name, but it was as sectarian as the rest and has remained so.

Another denomination, that arose about the year 1843,

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when William Miller and his followers proclaimed the personal coming of Christ as immediately at hand, is that known as the Advent Church. Various times have been set for the fulfill- ment of ancient prophecies, and almost every startling event is interpreted by somebody as a precursor of the "Parousia" or coming of Christ. At times there have been assemblies of de- vout believers to welcome the Lord, and a few fanatics have ascended to the housetop and put on ascension robes. The scoffers still cry, "Where is the promise of His coming?" The conviction is growing that the method of interpreting certain scriptural texts is erroneous. Literalists never can give a true interpretation of any writing, and poetry especially demands a sobered imagination. There were in 1900 forty-seven Advent churches and about two thousand members.

Some other denominations have a few adherents. The Shakers have persisted at Enfield and Canterbury, but there is no increase. There are but few of the Society of Friends, called Quakers, though their first church, at Dover, still flourishes. The Osgoodites, followers of Jacob Osgood and Nehemiah Ord- way, were gathered into congregations at Warner and Canter- bury nearly a century ago, but they have not endured to the present. They believed in the unrecompensed ministry of lay- men, and all paid ministers were "hireling priests." They claimed to exercise the power of healing sickness by prayer and laying on of hands.

Half a century ago there was an extensive revival of the doctrine of Entire Sanctification, or Christian Perfection, as it is called among the Methodists. Other denominations called it "Holiness," or "The Higher Christian Life," or "The Pentecostal Baptism." The call was unto complete consecration of believers and perfect harmony of the will with divine law. The psychol- ogy of the movement was crude, and many misinterpreted their own religious experience and deduced therefrom erroneous the- ology, but the aim was good and the search for closer com- munion with God was rewarded in spite of errors. Some fanati- cism resulted, as in all great religious awakenings. The en- thusiasm gradually subsided, yet out of it grew the Pentecostal Church, composed principally of comeouters from other denom- inations. Because of schisms and harsh criticisms Christianity lost more than it gained through enthusiasm.

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The Salvation Army has established posts in the principal cities. It seeks those whom others neglect. Processions and drum-beat call whosoever will to open-air meetings, where prayers, exhortations and songs invite willful sinners to repen- tance. The Army is not a church, but a band of revivalists. Their converts rarely affiliate with any church, and most of them lose their zeal sooner or later, yet the transformation of character in some cases has been wonderful, and the Army has done good work in feeding the hungry and clothing the poorly clad, in rescuing drunkards and ministering to prisoners. They are supported by voluntary contributions, and other denomina- tions are glad to have an organization to do work that is not inviting to the educated and refined. The slums do not take kindly to the churches, and the churches have little to do with the slums, except to contribute money for their redemption. How to make oil and water mix is the problem. It might be well to experiment with Christian humility and brotherly love.

Within the last half century widespread interest has been awakened in the healing of the sick by mental therapeutics. The means employed have been prayer, anointing with oil, lay- ing on of hands, mental suggestion and visitation of shrines and sacred places. The desired end is to develop "faith," or belief on the part of the sick person that he has no sickness nor pain. Shakespeare is quoted with the authority of Sacred Scripture, "There's nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so." If thought can be fixed upon something else, pain is not felt, and often nature works a cure. Many have pressed an important truth too far, claiming that faith is a sufficient remedy for all diseases, that all sickness is because of sins committed, and that pain is a delusion of the mind. So-called clinics have been established in connection with some churches. Annual conven- tions by the seaside have called many of the hopeful to see, hear and be healed. Doubtless sufferings have been lightened and recoveries from some diseases have been numerous. It is equally certain that some trusting souls have been disappointed and made sadder, and that death has followed shortly after many "remarkable cures." Hypnotism has played some part in such healing of the sick. "Divine healing" is a term which some peo- ple prefer to use.

A truly astonishing movement of this general character

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arose in New Hampshire and has been called Christian Science. Its leader was Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy, who was born in Bow, July 16, 1821, daughter of Mark and Abigail (Ambrose) Baker. It is almost impossible to write a true sketch of her life at this time and to rightly estimate her character and motives. Biographies have been written from the viewpoints of adverse criticism and of idealizing love. Certain facts are omitted in each account and certain other facts are explained and inter- preted differently. One account gives her a saintly disposition from childhood up ; another asserts that she was naturally or by reason of chronic sickness and spleen irritable, unbalanced, exacting and selfish. One author claims that her teaching was wholly original ; another gives evidence that she took the basis of it from one Phineas P. Quimby. It is certain that she had very little education, except what she got by reading and the experiences of a checkered life. She had some natural talent for versifying and exercised it in writing pathetic and religious verse, some of which has been set to music and sung. After long years of groping about she became determinedly estab- lished in the belief that all sickness could and should be cured by "metaphysical healing." She overcame tremendous obstacles occasioned by her own ill health, unfortunate associations and early lack of financial means. She wrote a book, called Science and Health, the first edition of which, in 1875, is destitute of science, philosophy, logic and conformity to rules of grammar. The book was subsequently rewritten by the Rev. Mr. Wiggin, a Unitarian preacher, and much improved in its thought and expression. The latest editions of that book bear so little re- semblance to the first edition, that persistent efforts have been made to call in and destroy the edition of 1875, which abounds in expressions of rambling thought on abstruse subjects in philosophic words and phrases, the meaning of which in many instances neither she nor anybody else could understand. She was struggling for clear ideas on subjects little comprehended. She stated nothing new, but mixed up what others have been saying through past centuries. Her philosophy, so far as it can be called by that name, has close affinity with the absolute idealism of some German writers, that thought is all and every- thing else only appears to be. Mrs. Eddy had a deeply religious

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spirit and manifested, especially in her prosperity, kindness of heart and a friendship that attracted many. That friendship seems to have lacked constancy, whenever her wishes and plans were opposed. She developed, with assistance of advisers, great business ability, power of organization and leadership in the propagation of her views. Thus she was enabled to amass great wealth and she used it for the founding of a new religious de- nomination, called the Christian Science Church. It was care- fully guarded from going astray and was meant to perpetuate her name and teachings. Nevertheless others have tried to improve upon her teachings as to form and substance and prob- ably will continue to do so. So long as persons are both sick and religious, in their distress and extremity they will pray unto God for help and welcome almost any offered remedy, and medical science has learned and asserted that about seventy per cent, of all sick persons will get well under almost any treat- ment or lack of it. So far as any so-called religion is grounded in self-evident or intuitional truth it will survive, having grad- ually sloughed off its errors. There is considerable truth in the book called Science and Health, truth that has been often and better stated in other books. It is not an intentional hum- bug or attempt to deceive. The denomination founded by Mrs. Eddy has nineteen churches in New Hampshire, the principal one being at Concord, the gift of the founder. The mother- church, so-called, is a beautiful and expensive structure in Bos- ton. The followers of this new cult may be found by the hun- dred thousand throughout the United States and some other countries. Many readers and lecturers are engaged in propagat- ing Christian Science, and abundant literature assists them.1 Perhaps the greatest and most radical change in religious thought has been wrought during the last century by the literary and historical criticism of the Bible. New methods of interpretation and new results have thus been forced upon candid students. The aim and the effect has not been to over-

1 See the Life of Mary Baker Eddy, by Sibyl Wilbur, put forth by the Christian Science Publishing Company, Boston, 1915 ; the Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy, by Georgine Milmine, published by Doubleday, Page and Company, New York, 1909; compare Science and Health, edition of 1875, rarely found, with Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, published by Allison V. Stewart, Boston, 1915.

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throw Christianity but to establish it more securely. The churches and the colleges have been brought into accord. No longer is there conflict between science and well formulated the- ology ; there never was any between science and true religion. The Bible remains as the greatest textbook in religion that the world has ever seen, but its literal infallibility has been abun- dantly disproved and is no longer held by competent inter- preters. The age-long practice of building up systems of religious thought by means of "proof-texts" is now discon- tinued, since in this way anything imaginable can be "proved" from the Sacred Scriptures and still remain repugnant to com- mon sense. The fundamental truths of the Bible, if not intui- tional or self-evident, at least commend themselves to the good judgment of all the pure in heart, and there is no room for controversy and wrangling concerning them. The historical facts, illustrative of truth, have different degrees of worth and are not always authoritative examples. The ethics of the Old Testament no longer are held up for imitation, especially when higher moral law has been revealed in the New Testament or in any other way. External authority has given way to conscien- tious and rational convictions in the religious consciousness of the honest and sincere inquirer after truth. Thus the division line today is not between denominations but between individ- uals. Creeds, dogmas, forms of worship, moral teachings and religious rites are all subjected to thoughtful study, and only that wrhich is good and useful is held fast. Such is the increas- ing tendency of the age in which we live, and it argues greater and loftier things for the future.

While the old denominations survive in name and new ones have arisen, changes have occurred that have affected the thought and conduct of them all. Old things are passing away and all things are becoming new. Science, philosophy, history and archaeology have forced upon religious thought new con- ceptions of God, man and their relations. The doctrines of evolution and of the immutability of law have changed our con- ception of the Creator and of prayer addressed to Him. The prayer meeting has diminished in consequence, feebly attended or abolished in some churches. A new psychology has taken away the miraculous from religious experience, and the narra-

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tion of the strange and startling phenomena in conversion does not stir hearers as in former times. Religion is made up less of emotion and more of moral principle. We labor less for the salvation of hardened sinners and more for the right education of children. The Sunday School has taken the place of the afternoon sermon, and young people's societies claim the even- ing hour. To listen to two sermons on the Lord's day is no longer thought necessary nor profitable by the great majority who attend church. The great missionary movement for the extension of Christianity around the globe was begun about a century ago and has not spent its force. Christianity now ex- presses itself best in humanitarianism, in doing good to all men. Hence have arisen most of our colleges, hospitals, asylums and orphanages. Good works are the proof of saving faith. The various denominations conduct religious work in about the same ways, and their devotional services are very similar. Min- isters and members pass easily from one denomination to an- other. The middle wall of partition has been broken down. The time is at hand when the different branches of Protestant- ism can and should unite, and this is a necessity to save the hill towns from going back to paganism.

A tendency towards union of Protestant churches, at least in good works, appears in the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, in a similar association for young women, in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and in many local charitable or- ganizations. The commingling of persons of opposing opinions in benevolent activity removes prejudices and discloses the fact that all good persons are alike at heart. The denominations need only to understand each other better. Another hopeful sign is the union of several denominations in a revival move- ment. Formerly the evangelist confined his labors to one church in a community, and the rest looked on and stood ready to receive the converts. Now a revival in a large city is quite unattempted without the aid of some evangelist of reputation, who demands as a sine qua non that at least all the "evangelical" churches in that city shall co-operate in the movement, that a great chorus shall be organized and drilled, that a special taber- nacle shall be built, or the largest hall secured, and that exten- sive work shall be done before his coming. All this preparation

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ensures victory, which is ascribed of course to the divine Spirit. Even the churches not esteemed by some as "evangelical" are sometimes invited to join in such a movement and respond with alacrity when the well educated evangelist, the "interpre- ter, one among a thousand," is found to lead the united forces. Such a campaign of education and good works appeals to the genuine followers of Jesus, removes denominational barriers and prepares the way for a reunited Protestantism.

The history of religion in the Granite State during the last century would be very incomplete without some account of the founding and development of the Roman Catholic Church, that now embraces in its communion from one-quarter to one-third of the entire population.

Authorities in the Roman Catholic Church date the begin- ning of their church history in New Hampshire with the cele- bration of the Mass at some point near Woodman's garrison, at Oyster River, now Durham, the morning after the Indian massacre of July 17, 1694. It is thought that the two priests who officiated were Father Thury and either Father Bigot or Father Rasle. It is worthy of note that the Protestant meeting house, three miles below Durham Falls, was not burned at that time, while the garrisons and houses near were all destroyed. Some chalk marks were found on the pulpit, which some per- sons have interpreted as a "defacing" of the meeting house. This must be an error ; the sparing of the house should, rather, be interpreted as due to reverence for any place of worship and is in contrast with the burning of the chapel of Father Rasle at Norridgewock, when in 1724 that place was devastated by soldiers. All good Roman Catholics, and all good Protestants as well, are taught a decent respect for a place where God is worshiped, even if the worshipers are thought to be in error. Of course there have been many infractions of this teaching in the course of human history, for combatants in war often forget to be devout. Two priests, doubtless, accompanied the French and Indians to Oyster River as chaplains, to soften the asperities of war and restrain the spirit of revenge.

Of the captives taken at that time and in other incursions from Canada many were trained and educated in Roman Cath- olic families and institutions and became devout adherents of

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that church. Such did not return to the States. Several became nuns, and one at least was at the head of a nunnery.

The constitution and laws of New Hampshire followed the English rule at that time and discriminated against the Roman Catholic Church, and oaths of allegiance were administered, in which some of the fundamental doctrines of that church were solemnly denied. The irreligious wars of England and Ireland had made each party to appear dangerous to the other. Even down to the time of the Know-Nothing party many thought that the republic ought to guard against the encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church, and some are afraid of it still. At a very late day New Hampshire cast out of its constitution and laws every word that discriminated against any church or that hindered a person of any religious belief from holding office.

There were many persons from Ireland among the early settlers in New Hampshire, besides the so-called Scotch-Irish Presbyterians from the northern part. Not a few, both male and female, were kidnapped and "spirited" away by night, to serve as apprentices and housemaids in New England, and this practice went on for over thirty years after the invasion of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell, till a royal edict was issued against it. The children of such forced immigrants grew up under the influence of Protestants, just as the captives carried to Canada grew up as Roman Catholics.

In 1792 Rev. Francis A. Matignon fled from the horrors of the French Revolution and arrived in Boston. Four years later came the Rev. John Cheverus. Both of these made visits to Portsmouth, and at Bedford Father Cheverus was the guest of Theodore Gough. Afterwards Father Cheverus was conse- crated as bishop of the See of Boston.

The Rev. Daniel Barber of Claremont early became a con- vert to the Roman Catholic Church, and many of his family and neighbors followed his lead. His son Virgil Barber and son Samuel became priests of the Jesuit order, while Virgil's wife and three daughters entered a convent. The Barber family had previously been communicants of the Episcopal Church. Their activity led to the establishment of a Roman Catholic church in Claremont, in 1818, where the first Mass was said in the western part of New Hampshire, by Father French in the

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house of the Rev. Mr. Barber. Some families from Cornish and some from Windsor, Vermont, embraced the faith and became associated with this church. A brick church was erected and in the upper part was an academy, where Father Virgil Barber began the instruction of some young men for the priesthood, among them being Father Tyler, who afterward was vicar- general of Boston and bishop of Hartford, Conn. In 1825 this church had one hundred and fifty adherents, yet the church was closed a few years later by reason of the departure of Father Barber to another field of labor.

In 1826 Father Barber found in Dover about one hundred Roman Catholics, mainly operatives in the mills built there in 1812, and here Bishop Fenwick said Mass in the house of Mrs. Burns, in 1827, and a year later laid the cornerstone of a church. This was dedicated September 26, 1830.

In 1835 there were seven hundred and twenty Roman Cath- olics in New Hampshire, while the Protestant population was 254,000. In 1842 the Roman Catholic population had grown to 1,370. Soon after began the great stream of Irish immigra- tion, occasioned by the famine in Ireland. There were many Roman Catholics in Manchester as early as 1844, and the first church there was dedicated in 1850, replaced in 1852 by the church of St. Anne. In 1853 the diocese of Portland was cre- ated and New Hampshire was included within its limits. Then David W. Bacon became its first bishop. Under his admin- istration missions were opened at Manchester, Nashua, Con- cord, Great Falls, Salmon Falls, Exeter, Keene, Lebanon, Lan- caster and Laconia. A score of handsome churches were bull1 and others were enlarged and beautified. The Rev. James A, Healy succeeded Bishop Bacon in 1875. Pope Leo XIII cre- ated the new See of Manchester in 1884, when the Roman Catholic population of the State was about 45,000. There were then thirty-seven priests and sixty-five Sisters of Mercy with establishments at Manchester, Laconia and Dover, a score of Sisters of Jesus and Mary at Manchester, with an equal num- ber of the Order of the Holy Cross at Nashua. These were engaged in the education of youth. The church had rapidly increased by influx of French people from Canada.

The first bishop of the diocese of Manchester was the Right Reverend Dennis M. Bradley, who was born in Castle Island,

A HISTORY 245

County Kerry, Ireland, February 25, 1846. His widowed mother brought her five children to Manchester when the future bishop was but eight years of age. He was graduated at Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass., in 1867. Under his guidance and because of the rapid influx of Roman Catholics from other countries the growth of his diocese was swift and widespread. Churches sprang up at Jaffrey, Greenville, Wolfeborough, Wil- ton, Hooksett, Groveton, North Stratford, Colebrook, Derry, Goff's Falls, Gonic, Sanbornville, Marlborough, Harrisville, Bennington, Hillsborough, Canaan, Hanover, Westville, White- field, Wambeck, Bartlett, Stewartstown, Berlin, Twin Moun- tain, Woodsville, Ashland and Tilton, and wherever Roman Catholic workmen were employed they were sought out by mis- sionary priests and their spiritual needs were cared for. It is wonderful how quickly immigrants, that came here poor and took any sort of manual labor they could get, built for them- selves churches and chapels.

In the year 1910 there were about one hundred and twenty- six thousand Roman Catholics in New Hampshire, reckoning all who had been baptized in infancy in that communion. The priests, secular and regular, numbered one hundred and thirty- seven. There were ninety-nine churches, twenty-four chapels and thirty-four stations. Over thirteen thousand children were in parochial schools. Seven orphanages were caring for seven hundred and eighteen children. There were five homes for working girls, four homes for aged women, and four hospitals. Flourishing educational institutions are St. Anselm's College and Mount St. Mary's Academy, both at Manchester, the latter under the management of the Sisters of Mercy.

Of the Roman Catholic population the largest component was the French Canadians, who numbered 66,200. The Irish came next with 52,250. There were 5,000 Poles, 1,500 Lithu- anians, and 750 Ruthenians. Since 1910 many Italians have swelled the ranks of the Roman Catholic Church.

Mention has been made of the tendency toward liberal thought and a wider brotherhood in Protestantism ; is there a similar tendency in Roman Catholicism? It is inevitable. Edu- cation, whether it is obtained in the public schools or in the parochial schools, in Protestant or in Roman Catholic colleges, gives breadth to religion. Individuals learn to think for them-

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selves, and diversity of opinions and interpretations results. Scientific and philosophic studies, as well as study of the original texts of the Bible, are now encouraged in the higher schools of learning of the Roman Catholic Church. The authorized ver- sion of the Sacred Scriptures may be found in almost every home. The old-time hostility between Protestants and Roman Catholics has quite disappeared in the American republic. Every broad-minded Roman Catholic cherishes quite a com- fortable hope for the non-Catholics, whose misfortune is their "invincible ignorance," a phrase quite likely to be misunder- stood by uninformed Protestants. The Roman Catholic Church in the United States is quite different from the same church in Mexico, South America, Spain and even Italy, and universal education has made the difference, barring the nationality and the climate. If reforms and improvements in doctrine and con- duct are needed, the progress of education and political free- dom will bring them about.

The need of understanding each other is felt. If each would study the doctrinal belief and religious practices of the other sympathetically, not for the purpose of controverting and over- throwing and proselyting, but for the purpose of getting there- from elements of truth, it would probably dawn upon many minds that fundamentally the faith of our hearts is about the same, even when dogmatic conclusions seem to set us apart. We are all children of the same heavenly Father, and the heart- felt acceptance of that truth tends to liberality and charitable- ness. The cultivation of social relationships and neighborly kindnesses leads to clearer and broader views. The frequent intermarriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics, of Ameri- can-born and foreign-born, is a hopeful sign of better citizens in the future.

A just comparison of the Protestant population with the Roman Catholic should take into consideration the fact, that in the foregoing statistics only adult Protestants are enumerated, while all baptized children are numbered in the statistics of the Roman Catholic Church as members. If the number of adherents of the Protestant churches were reckoned in the same way, counting in all the children of Protestant families, the numbers reported would be multiplied by three or four.

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The church which produces the highest type of character in the entire community or State ought to be the dominant one. The Protestant churches select for their membership those whom they believe to be transformed in character, the elect, while the Roman Catholic Church takes in if it can the entire population of a country, as in Italy and Spain. The comparison in a State like New Hampshire ought to be made between the entire Roman Catholic population and the entire Protestant population without regard to actual church membership. Which stands higher in Christian character, morals, education iand good citizenship? The answer can not be expressed in tabu- lated reports. The reply should not be made too confidently by either Protestant or Roman Catholic. Each may learn much from the other and so be stimulated to more earnest endeavor for the common good.

Chapter XIV TEMPERANCE REFORM

Chapter XIV

TEMPERANCE REFORM

Changed Meaning of the Word Temperance — License for Revenue — Preva- lence of the Drinking Habit in Former Times — Dr. Nathaniel Bouton one of the Earliest Reformers — Total Abstinence Societies — The Wash- ingtonians — Judge Jonathan Kittredge — John B. Hill — John Preston — John N. Stearns — William H. Gove — Total Abstinence Expected of Church Members — Popular Demand for a Prohibitory Law in 1847 — The Law Enacted in 1855 — The Liquor Forces Organized for Nullifica- tion of Law — Anti-Saloon League Organized in 1899 — Local Option Law enacted in 1903 — A Majority of the Voters now Opposed to It — Moral Suasion Should be Re-enforced by Legal Compulsion.

THE word temperance, that formerly meant moderation in the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, has come to mean total abstinence from their use and prohibition of their manufacture and sale. At least this is now the meaning of the word in the mouths of radical reformers. This change in mean- ing indicates great progress. The old evil of intoxication is with us yet, but it is unmasked and recognized in its hideous deformity. From the beginning of New Hampshire history the sale of wines and other alcoholic drinks was licensed, not for the purpose of diminishing use of the same, but rather for the purpose of revenue. Those who sold liquors without license — many did then as now — were fined at court. Alcohol was the fruitful source of quarrels, fighting, crimes and poverty, yet such had been the habits of Anglo-Saxon peoples for many cen- turies that some form of intoxicating beverage was thought to be a necessity to make life endurable for men. Many women could get along without it, and a few men were teetotalers, but they were rare exceptions. On all social occasions wine was served, if it could be obtained. Every inn or "ordinary" was licensed to sell liquor by the glass. Almost all grocery stores furnished it to their customers. Workmen in the field, in the lumber camp and in the mill were supposed to need it as much as they needed regular meals. Grog was furnished to soldiers

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in the army and to sailors at sea. In 1722 it is written that "many persons within this province do keep private tippling houses and so become nurseries of intemperance and debauch- ery." In 1787 it was enacted that "It shall be the duty of the Selectmen carefully to inspect all licensed houses, and in no case to license persons that keep disorderly houses."

In the earlier days the most common drink was malt beer, made from barley, and every farmer could brew it. Later it was made of corn with a mixture of roots and herbs. It was the usual drink in the haying field. Then cider after fermenta- tion became a frequent beverage, and barrels of it were con- sumed in almost every farmhouse. This was good for the wives and children as well as the men, and it produced in many cases the style of drunkards known as sots. It was found later that distilled liquors would produce the desired effect quicker than either beer or cider, and so men drank mixtures of gin, brandy and whiskey, whether they liked the taste of it or not, for the express purpose of getting drunk. Flip, toddy and egg-nog were the names by which liquors were sold by the glass. Some ministers could not preach without it, and they needed more after finishing the sermon. It was indispensable at weddings and funerals, at hauling bees and even at the raising of meeting houses. Something like the Irish "wake" was ob- served among some of the early Scotch-Irish settlers.

The temperance reform began in Concord and generally throughout the State about the year 1827, and the Rev. Na- thaniel Bouton contributed as much as anyone to advance it. He gathered facts and statistics and preached against the use of intoxicating liquors, feeling that the needed reform should begin with the professed people of God. At that time he says that four and a half gallons each year were sold in Concord to every man, woman and child, costing not less than nine thou- sand dollars, more than twice the amount paid in town, county and State expenses and in the support of public schools. Nine- teen stores sold liquor to drink ; twenty years later only one furnished the beverage. Dr. Bouton preached the first tem- perance sermon in Concord, April 12, 1827, on a Fast Day. Some disbelieved ; some mocked ; some said he was slandering the town. Three years later the first temperance society was

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formed in Concord. Its members promised to abstain from all ardent drinks, but that word did not then include beer, cider and wine. Copies of the Temperance Recorder and Temperance Herald were sent to every family in town. Temperance meetings were held in every school district.

In 1835 a Total Abstinence Society was formed in Con- cord, whose members promised not to drink or furnish to others any intoxicating liquors, including wine and porter. They also promised to abstain from the use of tobacco. A society of young men went further and put the ban upon beer and cider. In five years this society numbered three hundred and seventy-six members.

In 1841 Washingtonian Total Abstinence Societies were spreading throughout the land, and public lecturers were de- voting their whole time and energies to the suppression of intemperance. Among those who rendered good service were Judge Jonathan Kittredge, a native of Canterbury, a graduate of Dartmouth, a practitioner of law in Lyme and Canaan, the son of Dr. Jonathan Kittredge. He had himself recovered from the habit of drinking to excess and well knew its evils. Some of his published temperance lectures have been preserved and show that he arrayed about all the arguments and facts against the evil that are now in common use. His addresses were repub- lished in England, France and Germany. He estimated in 1828 that New Hampshire had 2,441 common drunkards and 3,663 intemperate or occasional drunkards, and that the State con- sumed 732,483 gallons of ardent spirits annually, at a cost of $366,241. The cost throughout the United States was more than the amount required to pay all the expenses of government, and for roads, canals and pensions. He estimated the amount consumed as sixty million gallons at a cost of thirty million dollars, and that the number of drunkards was four hundred and eighty thousand.

Another temperance reformer was John Boynton Hill, born in Mason, November 25, 1796. He was graduated at Harvard in 1821, taught an academy in Maryland, studied at the Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1825. After prac- ticing a short time in Dunstable, Townsend, Massachusetts, and Exeter, Maine, he settled in Bangor, Maine, as partner of Chief-

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Justice Appleton. Both were earnest anti-slavery and temper- ance reformers. Mr. Hill draughted the first Maine liquor law. He returned to Mason in 1866 and published a history of that town.

John Preston of New Ipswich, when ten years of age, ran barefoot through the snow to give an alarm of fire and suffered therefrom for fifty years. This did not prevent him from work- ing his own way through Harvard College, where he was gradu- ated in 1823. He practiced law in Townsend, Massachusetts, and in New Ipswich, where in 1835 he secured the adoption in town meeting of a resolution for the suppression of the sale of liquor. In politics he was a Whig and then a Free Soiler, ardently opposed to slavery, intemperance and every wrong. Seven terms he served the town in the legislature. In the State senate he was the only one who was not a Democrat. He was the Free Soil candidate for congress in 1845 an^ candidate for the United States senate in 1852. He was a reformer by nature and education, and his native town put upon its records a testimonial adopted in town meeting to his noble character and deeds.

John N. Stearns of the same town, born May 24, 1829, was actively engaged in temperance work in New York as publishing agent of the National Temperance Society. Under the pen name of Robert Merry he established the Merry Museum in connection with Samuel G. Goodrich, or "Peter Parley." Mr. Stearns was Worthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance in 1866 and served as editor of the National Temperance Advocate.

William Hazeltine Gove, born in Weare July 10, 1817, died there March n, 1876. Early in life he taught in Lynn, Massa- chusetts, and in Rochester, New York. He became an ardent opponent of slavery and intemperance, and as a stump speaker for the Free Soil party gained the name of "the silver-tongued orator of New Hampshire." Several times he was elected to the legislature. He was a Free Soiler, Republican, Labor Reformer and Democrat in succession, without change of moral principles. Once he was speaker of the house of Representatives and later he was president of the senate. He was editor of the Temperance Banner at Concord and later of the White Mountain Torrent. By tongue and pen he advocated the cause of the Washingtonian Tem- perance Society.

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Almost all of the ministers of the Protestant churches became advocates of total abstinence. Formerly members of a church had sometimes been disciplined for drunkenness, but now total abstinence came to be recognized as a condition of receiving persons into the church. The evils of intemperance were so held up to public view, that in the judgment of all good people the habit of even private drinking of alcoholic liquors was thought to be inconsistent with Christian principles. Thus example reinforced exhortation and instruction. About this time the Concord distillery went out of business to the great joy of the temperance people. Reformed men were going through the country, telling their tales of suffering and salva- tion. Crime and poverty were seen to decrease. Some lecturers were intemperate in their remarks, and some newspapers retali- ated with aspersions upon the church and clergy. Farmers were saving their money and liquor sellers were losing their revenues. The former were glad and the latter were mad. The conscience of the rum-seller is located in his pocket-book; at least that is his most sensitive spot. Whatever touches that must be combated.

In 1847 there was popular demand for a prohibitory law. A referendum was submitted to the voters, "Is it expedient that a law be enacted by the General Court, prohibiting the sale of wines, or other spirituous liquors, except for chemical, medicinal and mechanical purposes?". The vote was taken in March, 1848, and 12,174 voted for prohibition and 5,729 gainst it. Not- withstanding this Vox Populi the General Court, or legislature, of 1849 did not enact the prohibitory law but only made some amendments to the license laws, showing that legislators, under certain influences, do not keep up with public opinion in dealing with wrongs. It is often the case that the masses of the people are more moral than their elected representatives. Petitions flowed into the legislature of 1849. The liquor forces did everything in their power to prevent any legislation that would hinder or lessen the sale of intoxicants and thus diminish their gains. The moral and financial welfare of the State must not stand in the way of making a few men rich ! That has been the bone of contest for over half a century. If reform brought riches instead of sacrifices, all evils would cease except selfish-

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ness, the tap-root of all evil. Amendments to amendments and motions to postpone indefinitely fill the pages of the House Journal of 1849.

License, high or low, never has much checked an evil ; rather it gives the evil respectability and protection. Hence the temperance advocates kept clamoring for legal prohibition. In previous pages the advice of Governor Metcalf in his message of 1855 has been cited. Under his leadership the legislature enacted a prohibitory law, forbidding the sale but not the man- ufacture of intoxicating liquors. Here was the weak point of the law. The manufacture of beer, ale and porter at Ports- mouth was a standing argument against the law. The law was not enforced as it should have been. The attention of all people was centered on the Civil War. Money-sharks took advantage of this to sell liquor illegally. The back towns were quite well freed from the curse, but the larger towns and cities continued to supply beverages to the thirsty and to increase the gains of law-breakers, who adulterated the liquors sold. It mattered not much to the drinker, so long as his taste was deceived and his nerves and brain were benumbed. Science has proved that alcohol in any form is not a stimulant, as was once commonly supposed, but a paralyzer of brain functions, begin- ning with the highest faculties. The moral sense is the first one blotted out by alcoholic drinks. "God is not in all His thoughts."

The liquor manufacturers and retailers have taken advan- tage of the rivalry of political parties to secure a nullification of law. Those forces are so organized and financed as to hold the balance of power in many elections. The saloon-keeper con- trols many votes, and they are cast for Democrat, or for Re- publican, according to previous conduct and pledges given of the respective party bosses, and temperance reformers have never been among the bosses. Efforts have been made to de- velop a Prohibition Party, but thus far without much success. The old political parties have adopted reforms whenever they had to in order to save an election. Sometimes the reform never got any further than the party platform.

The Anti-Saloon League was organized in New Hampshire in 1899, to secure the enforcement of the prohibitory law. Pub-

A HISTORY 257

lie officials were called on to do their duty, as they had sworn to do. Sheriffs and policemen have needed too much persuasion. They were affectedly too ignorant of the violations of law. They frequently asked the temperance people to furnish proofs of what they, the officials, already knew. The cry was diligently spread that probition did not prohibit, that more intoxicating liquor was sold under prohibitory law than under license law, and similar falsehoods. The distillers and brewers kept up the cry. The politicians and most of the newspapers joined in the cry for a license law, and the strongest argument for it was the revenue it would bring to lessen taxation, a specious and false argument, for every well informed person knows that the sale of intoxicating liquors always has caused poverty, in- creased taxation to take care of the products of the saloon, and diminished the earning capacity of drinkers.

The local option law was put to vote in 1903. The prohibi- tory law of 1855 was to remain in force, except where cities and towns gave a majority in favor of license. The popular vote stood 34,330 for license and 26,630 against it. In 1914 the vote throughout the State was 40,439 against license and 32,776 in its favor, showing a change in eleven years of a majority of over seven thousand in favor to a like majority in opposition. The system has been weighed in the balance of public opinion and found wanting. Yet the legislature continues to defeat the wishes of the advocates of prohibition. That license fee of from $250 to $1,200 and the approaching elections turn the scales against the reformers for the present. But the wave of pro- hibition has swept through the South and West, and it will soon flood New England with clean water instead of dirty rum. So monstrous an evil can not long persist against the scientific enlightenment that thoughtful people are receiving. The public press is doing the work of the temperance reformer to a larger extent than ever before. Civic Leagues to obtain righteous laws and the enforcement of the same are at this time more prominent than Temperance Societies. The Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union since 1866 has been doing good work in the State. Moral suasion has done about all it can ; legal compulsion is the thing now demanded.

Chapter XV THE CAPITAL

Chapter XV

THE CAPITAL

The Capital an Epitome of the State — Concord a Fine Residential City — Oldest Concord Represented by Markers — State Library — Building of The New Hampshire Historical Society — Public Library of the City — The Post Office — City Buildings — New Hampshire State Hospital — The Margaret Pillsbury General Hospital — State Prison — The Capital and Its Offices — Monuments That Adorn Its Grounds — Hall of Fame and Art Gallery Needed — Board of Agriculture — New Hampshire Depart- ment of the Grand Army of the Republic — Editor of State Papers — Bureau of Labor — Tax Commission — Insurance Commission — Depart- ment of Public Instruction — Vital Statistics — Fish and Game Commis- sioners— Office of the Adjutant-General — Hall of the House of Repre- sentatives— The Senate Chamber — Commissioner of Motor Vehicles — Office of the Secretary of State — The Council Chamber and Governor's Room — Board of Charities and Correction — Public Service Commission — State Department of Highways — Board of Health — Excise Commis- sion— Forestry Commission — Bank Commission — Office of the Attorney- General — Office of the State Treasurer — Cost of Maintaining State Government.

IT is a familiar saying that Paris is France. A nation's life centers at its capital. The forces that are felt in the activi- ties of a State have their seat at its capital. Here are many of its public institutions. Here its lawmakers convene to plan for the welfare of the entire State. Here its political schemes are hatched by "Jethro Bass" of "Coniston."1 Here the slate is made up, containing the names of officeholders for several years to come — unless the other party, or some new party, upsets the plans of the political managers. Here it is determined who shall go to Congress and how long he shall stay. The leaders gather here and many have made their residences here, after getting started, or discouraged, in some smaller place. Governors,

1 Winston Churchill, the well known author, although not a native of New Hampshire, has his home at Cornish and has taken a prominent part in political movements, the Progressive party having made him their candidate for Governor at one time. His novel "Coniston," so plainly pictures the inside of politics that many readers think they see in his prin- cipal characters real persons with changed names.

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judges, United States officials retired find a pleasant resting place in Concord. It is a residential city chiefly, though per- haps half of its population of twenty thousand or more are supported by manufacturing. As becomes a residential city of considerable wealth, the houses are well built, rather too closely crowded in the central part, and the streets are in good condi- tion. The State highway runs through it and is the thorough- fare for automobiles. Shade trees abound. The one long busi- ness street has a double row of brick blocks that would do credit to any city. Concrete and granolithic sidewalks reach into the outskirts. Macadamized roads are taking the places of the old country roads leading into the city. Concord paid a good deal of money to the State for the privilege of having the capitol here ; the State is continually paying it back in indirect ways.

Residential wealth is unenterprising. There is no feverish haste to boom Concord. It is good enough and big enough already for those who want quiet and ease. Money invested in stocks and bonds suits the taste of those who have finished life's work, as well as of those who have inherited sufficient for the comforts and some of the luxuries of life. There is no water power immediately at hand to tempt capitalists. The region has very fine granite, but no monopoly of building material. A visitor would naturally be impressed with the thought that Con- cord is a nice place to rest in. There is a goodly company of State officials, bankers, lawyers, physicians, and men retired from business, that make up a delightful society for the well-to- do classes. As usual in New England the Protestant churches are too many, and in most of them the audiences are thin. The schools arc excellent, and St. Paul's, a large and flourishing private school in the western suburb, has a wide and winning reputation.

Such is about the impression made by a residence of a year or two. There is no intention to write of Concord as a city, but only as the capital of the State and to mention those things that pertain to the history of the commonwealth.

The old settlement at Penacook, or Rumford, was at the north end of Main Street, on slightly elevated land overlooking the Indian cornfields. Here the Rev. Timothy Walker built his spacious house, still standing as one of the oldest landmarks.

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It is a privilege to look inside of it and see the portraits of the Walker family, including Count Rumford and daughter. It needs one of New Hampshire's many poets to describe such places, and so the task is left to them. In the yard one can scarcely help noticing the round, massive piece of granite, that once formed the horseblock at the first church, when everybody that did not have to walk rode to meeting on horseback. The stone was a convenience for mounting and dismounting. A little way south of the Walker house stood the store, in the upper part of which convened the first legislative assembly that met in Concord. The building has been moved across the street and is now a residence. The large old elms are one by one disappearing, worn out with old age. The business that once centered in this part of the city has moved south half a mile or so. One can but see and admire the new Walker school build- ing, that stands pretty nearly on the spot where the spacious meeting house was erected in 1756, and where so many political conventions were once held. The Methodists got possession of it, after a new church was built, and converted it into a Theo- logical School, called Concord Biblical Institute. It was burned after the school had been transferred to Boston. The grounds that surrounded the old meeting house indicate that the settlers planned on a liberal scale, when land was cheap and plenty. West of the lot and of State Street may be seen the first burial ground, where memorial inscriptions tell of the honored and beloved. One pauses to read the names of Rev. Timothy Walker, Henry Rolfe, Countess Rumford, Colonel Stickney, the Bradley family and President Franklin Pierce.

In walking down Main Street one notices the frequent markers, that tell of garrison houses in the times of Indian wars, or that this or that distinguished person was born or lived here, for Concord is proud of her traditions and has good right to be. The house where lived for a short time S. F. B. Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, is pointed out, and here he found his wife, Miss Lucretia Pickering Walker, great-grand- daughter of the first minister. He was then a painter of por- traits. Look into the Italian garden, constructed by Governor Rollins as a memorial to his mother, daughter of John West, whose house stood here. Notice the marker that tells where

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the first log meeting house stood. Then pass on to the County Building on a slight elevation with a broad lawn around it. This building was rebuilt in 1906 on the foundation of a previous edifice which was a combination of City Hall and County Court- house, and here was the beginning of a city library. The build- ing weuld do credit to any county. It was the desire of many that the State House should be built on this site. Their dis- appointment is our present gain.

The business portion of Main Street is all of recent growth. The old hotels or taverns of generations past have been demol- ished. The Eagle House has spread its wings and soared. The Phoenix has risen from its former self. At the lower end of Main Street we come to an old residence quarter, and here are shown the houses or sites of houses where lived Robert Rogers, the famous Ranger, Governor Isaac Hill and President Franklin Pierce.

Leaving the State House for later mention let us look at the group of public buildings in its vicinity. The State had no library worthy of the name till 1895, when the State Library Building was dedicated. Prior to that date there was a collec- tion of law books in the State House, safely locked up and little used. In 1866 a room was fitted up and a board of trustees appointed. The Secretary of State or his deputy served as librarian. Soon the number of books outgrew accommodations, and in 1889 plans began to be formed for a suitable building. The result in edifice and collection of books is in every way gratifying. It is now one of the public institutions of the State, open every day except Sundays and holidays for the accommo- dation of readers and students. Its collection of law books is ample for legal purposes. The historical collection contains about all that has ever been printed, pertaining to State, county and town history of New Hampshire, and much may be learned here about other States. There is also a large number of gene- alogical works and special effort is made to obtain all books written by New Hampshire authors. It is a student's library, made up largely of books of reference. When the building was completed there were stored in it 50,000 volumes. It now (1916) has 154,000 volumes, besides many thousand pamphlets and manuscripts. It grows from day to day, and soon enlarged

BL6. CONCORD,N.H.

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stackroom must be provided in an additional wing. The upper hall, not originally designed for books, is now filled with shelves, and they are crowded with books. The western part of the first floor is occupied as a court room for the Supreme Court of the State. It is not necessary to speak of the edifice itself and at- tempt to describe it in architectural phrases. A picture tells that story to the general reader better than words can do. The building material is rock-faced stone from the quarry at Con- way, with trimmings of Concord granite. Italian renaissance tells the style of architecture. The inside furnishing is of quar- tered oak. The cost to the State was $313,687 and the city con- tributed $25,000 for the purchase of adjacent land. Thus there is space for future enlargement, and since the building is prac- tically fire-proof and is separate from other buildings by a safe distance, it is likely to remain a long time as the abode of legal and historical lore. The occasion of its dedication was a notable one, when Judge Isaac W. Smith, President William J. Tucker of Dartmouth College and Ainsworth R. Spofford, LL.D., Li- brarian of Congress, made the principal addresses. That of Mr. Spofford on "The World of Books" is worthy of a permanent place in literature.

This is a State Library in the broadest sense. Any inhabi- tant of the State may obtain books therefrom by paying the cost of transportation. This is wise and just, since the whole State is taxed to support it. Thus it forms an important part of the system of education, and its maintenance is in fulfillment of the State's Constitution, wherein it is made the duty of the State "to cherish the interests of literature" and encourage all institutions for the promotion of the public welfare.

The next building that claims our attention is that of the New Hampshire Historical Society, the most beautiful edifice in New England, it is safe to say, and one might extend the geographical limits much farther without any danger of contra- diction. Its exterior is built of Concord granite, and that is handsomer and more durable than marble, especially for a cold climate. Notice in the front projections the large slabs of pink granite from East Lyme, Conn. The style is conformed closely to Grecian models, chiefly of the Doric order of architecture, though an Ionic pilaster and capital may be seen on each side

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of the entrance, and Corinthian capitals appear in the reading- room. Over the portal is placed an emblamatic group sculp- tured from a block of granite that weighed twenty-two tons. The group was designed by a native of New Hampshire, Daniel Chester French. The seal of the Historical Society is in the center; on the right is an aged woman, who holds a skull in her right hand and is intently gazing at a tablet such as might have been seen in ancient Rome or Niniveh. She represents Ancient History. On the left of the shield is the figure of a youth with his hand upon a globe and he is perusing a scroll. The sugges- tion is Modern History. Above the seal is the wise old owl. The seal itself has upon it an open book with radiating light above it. Massive bronze grilles roll back to disclose doors of mahogany and glass, reminding him who enters of Milton's gates of Paradise, "harmonious sound on gold hinges moving," and he is not disappointed on entering, especially if he is a lover of the beautiful in art and the instructive in literature. The monks of Sienna have sent variegated marble to compose and adorn the rotunda or entrance hall, whose walls, arches and ceiling are formed of selected blocks so as to harmonize its many shades of color. The floor is of stone in mosaic patterns. The visitor faces a noble staircase and a bronze tablet, whose inscription tells the name of the donor, and looking about he will see in alcoves bronze, life-size busts of Amos Tuck and his son, Edward Tuck. The latter is a native of New Hampshire and has long resided in Paris as a banker. This building is in loving remembrance of his father and of his native State. No expense and no pains have been spared to make the building as beautiful, as serviceable and as enduring as human art and skill can produce.

To the left is the reading room, with deep alcoves for the books most used ; to the right is the lecture hall, with a portrait of Daniel Webster, an oil painting of Constantinople and the Bosporus, and flags of New Hampshire regiments in the Ameri- can Revolution. The doors, and furniture throughout are of mahogany. On the upper floor are a stack-room, rooms for the books donated by Lorenzo Sabine and by Governor Charles H. Bell, and rooms for the display of portraits, medals, old china ware, swords, Indian arrow-heads and axes of stone, silverware and antiques of great variety, that are associated with the his- tory of New Hampshire.

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While a fine building does not make a library, it is an embodiment of thought that makes as valuable and lasting impression as books can do. A studious person may gaze long and often at the exterior or interior of this building and always find something to charm, soothe, expand and elevate the mind. Is not that what a collection of books is for? Books might be placed in such surroundings as to make one almost hate them ; to render them alluring they need to be housed in a building that is in itself an illuminated edition of great and beautiful thought.

This building was dedicated in 1912, Guy Lowell being the architect, and in four years the number of books contained therein has doubled, being now over 30,000, besides many pamphlets and manuscripts. Mr. Edward Tuck has endowed it and additions to endowment are made from time to time. The State makes a small annual appropriation and annual fees of over six hundred members help to meet current expenses. The collection of historical and genealogical works bears especially upon the history of New Hampshire, then upon that of New England, the United States, England and the whole world. The State Library and the Historical Society work together, so as not to duplicate too much and to make expended funds produce the largest possible collection of best books.

The New Hampshire Historical Society was chartered in 1823, and ever since it has been composed of leading citizens of the State and of natives who have sojourned in other States. The objects of the society, as told in its constitution, are "to discover, procure and preserve whatever may relate to the natural, civil, ecclesiastical and literary history of the United States in general, and of this State in particular." For some years its books and annual meetings were in the State House. From 1840 onward the home of the society was in the building of the Merrimack County Bank, on North Main Street. In 1869 the building was purchased by the society, and it remains in the society's possession, though unoccupied since 1912. Eleven volumes of historical collections have been published and four volumes of proceedings. The usefulness of the society now far exceeds that of its past and its future prosperity is well secured. Nothing that pertains to the history of any part of New Hamp- shire can be written well without its aid. The benefit of its

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accumulations might be more widely distributed by frequent publications of manuscripts and addresses not accessible to the public.

Two great libraries are not enough for Concord, and so the city has its own, right in sight of the other two, a little south of the State House. It is a decent and unpretentious brick build- ing, and some wealthy citizen would do himself honor by donat- ing $100,000 or more for a larger public library. Here the lead- ing newspapers, magazines, works of fiction and current litera- ture may be found, with books of reference and many photo- graphs and maps. This library is a valuable assistant to the public schools. One can get a liberal, if not a profound, educa- tion by reading the newspapers and magazines, and the stress of business often makes such forms of literature the only ones within the grasp of daily workers. By all means let everybody who wants to know more than he now does have every possible incentive and help to learn. The present city library is a re- modeled dwelling house, dedicated in 1888, the gift of William P. and Clara M. Fowler in loving memory of their parents, Asa and Mary C. K. Fowler, who were for fifty years honored resi- dents of Concord.

It is fitting that the public buildings of the United States should be costly enough to be beautiful and durable, and a State capital demands one of the best. Therefore every loyal American citizen is pleased to look upon a Gothic structure of Concord granite that was planned in 1882 and occupied seven years later as a post office and United States court house com- bined, and he does not feel impoverished when he is told that it cost $230,000, besides fifteen thousand dollars contributed by the city for the purchase of land. The building occupies the center of a complete square, with a broad lawn about it, for a magnificent building should never be set upon a little piece of land and thus hidden from view and exposed to fire. Concord has become the center of a wide-reaching postal system, that demands more and more room for the transaction of the in- creasing business of Uncle Sam. Even now an addition is being made to the post office at a cost of sixty thousand dollars, and although the building as a whole will not be so symmetrical as before and will need enlargement again in a few years, we will

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rejoice that as a nation we are growing rich with great rapidity and can well afford to build us more stately mansions.

Southwest of the post office square is a group of brick buildings of recent date, that are more useful than ornamental. The group consists of City Hall, Auditorium and Armory, crowded together in unseemly and disordered arrangement, with not a square foot of land to spare. It is out of harmony with the other public buildings in sight.

Five churches and a public school building, all worthy structures, complete the remarkable group of edifices that may be seen from the rear of the State House, and one would have to travel far to find a group equally impressive in its architecture. Concord is like ancient Jerusalem, "a city that is compact to- gether, whither the tribes go up."

The institution of the State that appeals most to human sympathy is the New Hampshire State Hospital, a name chosen in mercy to conceal its main purpose, for here those bereft of reason are assembled from all over the State. It was created by legislative act in 1838 and was opened for the reception of patients in 1842.2 There has been a steady growth ever since, and the number of insane people seems to be on the increase. Perhaps insanity is more readily recognized now than it was then. Perhaps relatives and friends are more eager to avail themselves of the benefits of this institution. The report of 1914 shows i, no patients, precisely the same number of men as of women. The increase of late has been at the rate of more than fifty annually. During seventy-one years 11,381 patients were admitted, of whom 4,363 recovered and many more im- proved. The excess of patients over capacity was one hundred and sixty-three at the last report. There is now in process of erection a large addition to the Walker building. This building is for those who are quiet and can be employed in industrial occupations both inside and outside of the buildings. Such patients do the printing of the institution and make brooms, brushes, slippers and men's hose. Besides a large amount of farm work is done by patients, for the institution owns one hundred and seventy-five acres of land, the larger part border- ing on Pleasant Street, where the buildings are located on ele-

2 See Chapter XI. of Vol. III.

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vated ground, and fifty acres are distant about a mile. The value of farm products in 1914 was $31,298. The women do all the sewing and mending of the hospital. Some work in the kitchen and do housework. Others make rugs, knit stockings and weave baskets. The cultivation of a garden of flowers or vegetables engages the attention of some female patients and is beneficial. Everything possible is done to restore reason, to improve health, to diminish suffering, and to make the last days easy.

There is a very large hospital for the sick, a special building for the nurses, the Twitchell building for those who are able to pay liberally, an administration building, a heating and lighting plant, a farm house, barn, etc. Eighty-five nurses are employed, besides many attendants. There is a training school for the education of nurses and affiliation with similar hospitals in New York.

Records show that comparatively few young persons be- come insane, but as years increase and cares and labors multiply the human mind gets unbalanced. The largest cause of insanity is alcohol in some form. The imps that troop along after the demon of rum are heredity, old age, ill health, overwork, worry, grief, syphilis, epilepsy and morphine, As to the former occu- pations of the insane the largest number come from those who have done housework. The next largest class are operatives in mills and shops. It is not the brain-workers that get crazy; it is rather those who do one little thing over and over again so that there is little chance for the exercise of the brain. Quite a large number of farmers become insane, perhaps because they do too little brain-work. Only one patient out of four hundred has been a minister, teacher, lawyer, or physician. Let the reader take warning and keep himself busy in thinking and studying about something worth while. Those who have little to do and nothing to think about, or who have only one idea, are most liable to lose what little mind they have. New and fresh ideas will sometimes drive out the obsessing devils.

Of the four hundred and twelve admitted one year only one hundred and seventy-six were natives of New Hampshire, so that the Granite State is comparatively "clothed and in its right mind." It is doing a lot of benevolent work for natives of other

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states and countries. Many inmates have come from Canada and Ireland.

Donations and bequests have increased the permanent funds to $304,000. The total expenditures for the year 1914 were $265,483. The weekly cost per capita was $4.70. The superin- tendent and treasurer of the institution is C. P. Bancroft, M.D., assisted by five physicians. The institution will probably last a long time; the only forces that can destroy it are Eugenics, Hygiene, Temperance, a fair distribution of wealth and labor, and Christian morals.

Opposite the grounds of the State Hospital, on the north side of Pleasant Street, is the New Hampshire Centennial Home for the Aged, founded in 1876. For a few years it occupied a large dwelling house that had been used as a boarding school for young ladies. As funds and applicants for admission in- creased, a new brick structure took the place of the old building. Now there are forty-five inmates, who have come from many different towns. The conditions of admission are, that the applicant shall be sixty years of age or more, a deposit of three hundred dollars, residence in the State for at least ten years, good health and ability to care for oneself. It is for both sexes, yet only one man is there, and he is the husband of another inmate. Donations and bequests have increased the permanent fund to about $200,000. Similar homes in other cities have sprung up in imitation of the example of this one.

Go out Pleasant Street about a mile and you may see the State Home for Aged members of the Odd Fellows fraternity, dedicated in 1887. It was built on five acres known as the "President Pierce property." The Masonic fraternity have their home for the aged at Manchester.

The first general hospital of the State was established by Dr. Shadrach C. Morrill in 1884 at Concord. Up to 1890 twelve thousand dollars had been expended and the institution was five thousand dollars in debt. Then Mr. George A. Pillsbury of Minneapolis was on a visit to Concord, where he had formerly lived, and conceived the idea of erecting a memorial hospital and naming it for his wife. A new site was bought and a brick building erected, and since it has been known as the Margaret Pillsbury General Hospital. It was dedicated October 5, 1891.

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It was furnished by the citizens of Concord. A training school for nurses was established in 1889 and up to 1914 had graduated ninety-two nurses. The number of patients treated up to that date was 9,133, besides 1,133 out patients. The institution can accommodate forty patients and it has a permanent fund of $150,000. Of necessity a large part of the work done has been gratuitous. Concord also has a Memorial Hospital for Women and Children, the first one established in New Hampshire, in 1896. It was established "to assist worthy and dependent women and children who wish to be under the care of women physicians and attendants."

We have passed in review the institutions that minister to the sick and afflicted, enough to excite our sympathy and com- passion. At the north end of the city another institution exists, where criminals are confined, the State Prison. Are sympathy and compassion felt for the inmates here? The hospitals are for the benefit of those sent there, and indirectly society is benefitted when the sick and insane are properly cared for and especially when they are restored to health and reason. Every possible effort is made to heal and restore to society the inmates of hospitals. Is the same policy pursued with reference to crim- inals? Are all possible efforts made to restore them to a right mind and to society as helpers? In time long past criminals have been treated as though they had forfeited all the natural rights of man. Those out of prison have cared little for those inside. The feeling has been that lawbreakers deserved to suf- fer and should receive their deserts. We are learning that it is not always just and wise to inflict upon men what they deserve. We are beginning to test the efficacy of forgiveness and love. Formally criminals were punished, made to suffer physical and mental pain, in some sort of proportion to the offenses commit- ted ; now we are told that punishment should be remedial and may be remitted altogether, if a better remedy can be found. We are beginning to see that many crimes are the result of heredity, alcohol, bad surroundings and ignorance, the same causes that produce insanity and sickness. The conviction is forced upon us that many criminals are to be pitied as much as blamed, that they should be educated and transformed, that the causes of their sad condition should be removed, and that they should be given another and better chance in life.

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Until 1810 in New Hampshire criminals were confined in county jails, clothed and fed in idleness at the public expense, and nothing was done for their happiness and welfare. Then a prison was built, and the prisoners were given something to do. Some years they paid aH expenses and earned a balance for the State. The financial result depended largely upon the business capacity of the warden. The cells were small ; the rules were strict ; silence was enforced ; there was little exercise in the open air ; striped suits were worn ; no athletic games were allowed ; the lock-step was hated.

In the year 1880 a new State Prison was completed at a cost of $234,841, built of Concord granite, of which there was an unlimited quantity close at hand. It had two hundred and sixty cells, each eight feet long, six wide, and seven and a quarter high, not spacious and not uncomfortable. I have slept in a man's cell, in a convent of the Greco-Russian Church on Mount Tabor in Palestine, and my apartment was not bigger than a cell in the New Hampshire State Prison. I did not feel cramped nor confined. A room of that size can be made comfortable, if an open or grated door allows circulation of air, and the room and bed are kept clean. Nothing is gained by making prisoners live in filth, and damp, unwholesome dungeons. I have visited the ancient prison of Rome and the dungeon connected with the palace of the Doges of Venice, underground two stories, damp, dark, cold and repulsive. Hopelessness and suffering were the ends sought by the builders of such prisons. Cruelty to prison- ers gave happiness to those who held them in relentless grip. Civilized nations are rising above that spirit and policy. Kind- ness bears good fruit among confined criminals, just as every- where else. Nothing has been lost by discarding the old suits of black and red stripes. A game of baseball on a Saturday after- noon with freedom to converse with one another does not make the prisoners worse. Allowing them to work on the farm or on the public highway is attended with almost no risk and is bene- ficial to health. Giving the prisoners a chance to earn some- thing for themselves and families is wise and just. The aboli- tion of the lock-step has increased self-respect and removed hatred. A band of music and an orchestra composed of pris- oners furnish medicine for minds diseased, both among the

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insane and among criminals. A library of good books is as much needed and appreciated in the institution at the north end of Concord as in that at the south end. Sunday services are observed with decorum, and the truth is listened to quite as well as in fashionable churches. Genuine repentance for sin and transformation of character sometimes are experienced by bad men shut up in prison. The ignorant are taught to read, write and cypher as far as the rule of three, and having learned also to do something useful and having received a new suit of clothes and ten dollars many go forth to a new and better life.

Formerly some were pardoned, and such is the case with a few now, but more are released on parole, put on their good behavior. The sentence is suspended and a parole officer watches the conduct of the trusted probationer and reports from time to time. The results are good. From 1906 to 1914 two hundred and sixty-eight were paroled, and only ten of them were recom- mitted. The term of parole of one hundred and ninety-three has expired, and they are again members of outside society. The New Hampshire State Prison is a very good place to keep out of. Even criminals who are allowed to stay out on parole do better than those who are obliged to remain inside for many years.

The State prison has existed for a little more than a century and 4,105 persons have been confined within its walls. The majority have been under thirty years of age. The average number in prison during recent years is about two hundred and fifty. Some are leased on contract to stone cutters ; some work on public roads ; some are engaged in farming. In 1914 the re- ceipts from all sources were $66,182 and the expenditures were $44,755, leaving a balance of $21,410, which was turned into the treasury of the State. A law has been enacted, permitting the governor and council to allow to prisoners and their families some portion of the surplus earned, but the last report states that no distribution has been made and recommends an increase of the warden's salary to $2,500, with free rent, heat and light. It looks to an outsider as though the laborers might more justly and wisely receive something in the way of wages. Even crim- inals ought to be protected from anything that looks like peon- age, which may become worse than slavery. Transgression of

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law does not necessarily entail forfeiture of all rights. Justice tempered with mercy belongs to the evil doer, and when he gets what is due him and what he needs, he is more likely to become a safe and useful citizen. Reform schools have done great good to boys ; why not try every possible way of reforming unfor- tunate and even wicked men?

It is of interest to consider the previous habits of prisoners. Of the ninety-two who were admitted during the year previous to August 31, 1914, only eleven were total abstainers, forty-eight were intemperate and the rest were moderate drinkers. The State is taking care of the products of the licensed saloon. Eighty of the ninety-two were users of tobacco, a habit that tends to benumb the moral powers of the human mind, as scientists tell us, as effectually as intoxicating liquors. There are more single than married men. The majority are natives of the United States, and they come from all ranks of society and occupations. Ordinary laborers are the most numerous. There have been from sixty to ninety United States naval prisoners. The love of money, leading to theft, burglary, forgery, fraud, is the tap- root of much evil. Unbridled passion hurries others to crime. Alcoholic beverages smooth the downhill grade. Since the year 1869 no prisoner has escaped.

The chief attraction of the capital city is the capitol, or State House. The front entrance to the yard is through a massive arch of granite, erected in 1892 at a cost of twenty thousand dollars to commemorate the soldiers of Concord that took part in the Civil War. The original design of having bronze tablets affixed thereto, bearing the names of the soldiers, has not yet been put into effect. The memorial as it is reminds the beholder of great deeds, performed by men unknown. Some future generation may complete the work.

The grounds within the State House yard wrere put in good order in the year 1915, at an expense of about sixteen thou- sand dollars. Granolithic walks were laid around the entire lot and within the yard. The ground was newly graded and seeded with lawn grass. A heavy inside curbing of granite took the place of the old balustrade, which was erected in 1864. A visitor would first notice the statue of President Franklin Pierce, with an elaborate display of granite about it. It is of bright bronze.

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He is dressed as a civilian, yet what seems to be a military cloak is thrown over his shoulders and reaches to his feet, so that the statue as seen from the rear is shrouded in lifeless mystery. On the granite base are cut the names of the battles in which he took part in the Mexican War, and altogether too much is said about the civil offices he held. It looks like a studied effort to glorify the man. If that cloak had been left off and the statue stood further within the yard on a massive granite pedestal like the other three statues, and the inscription had been just what is on his tombstone, "Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of the United States," only this and nothing more, it would have impressed the beholder with far more of dignity and power. Some say it is a good likeness, and some say that the statuette of Franklin Pierce in the building of the New Hampshire His- torical Society is much truer to life.

Directly in front of the State House and in the middle of the broad walk leading thereto is the statue of the great states- man, honored by all the country, Daniel Webster. It was dedi- cated June 17, 1886 and was the gift of Benjamin Pierce Cheney of Boston, a native of the Granite State. The sculptor was Thomas Ball, of Florence, Italy. On the front of the granite base in raised 'letters is simply the name, Daniel Webster. There was no need of saying more in this case. Not to know him argues thyself unknown. On one side of the base is a bronze tablet bearing the coat of arms of New Hampshire with the place and date of Webster's birth ; on the other side is the coat of arms of Massachusetts, with the place and date of his death. On the rear is the name of the donor. Webster holds in his left hand a scroll or roll ot manuscript, suggesting the Constitution he expounded and defended. At his feet are ponderous books of law. His posture is commanding, expressing dignity and strength, readiness and reserve power. The beholder can easily read into it all the good things he knows about Webster as a statesman and orator. At the dedication addresses were deliv- ered by Judge Nesmith, President Bartlett of Dartmouth Col- lege, Governor Robinson of Massachusetts, Governor Hill of New York, Governor Robie of Maine, Governor Pingree of Ver- mont, and Hon. John A. Bingham of Ohio, one of the most elo- quent speakers of his time. An original poem by William C.

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Sheppard was read, and the Handel society of Dartmouth Col- lege sang the song well known to every collegian, the ode of Horace, Integer Vltae.

The Stark monument was dedicated October 23, 1890. There was no need to recite his life upon the bronze tablets. The words BUNKER HILL and BENNINGTON are enough. This monument was erected at the expense of the State, twelve thousand dollars having been voted for that purpose. The sculptor was Carl Conrads of Hartford, Conn., and he caught the spirit of the great commander and clothed it in the military dress of generals of the American Revolution. The dedicatory address was delivered by Hon. James W. Patterson, and an original poem was read by Allan Eastman Cross of Manchester.

Mention has been made heretofore (Chapter X. of Vol. Ill) of the statue of Senator John P. Hale and of the part that he took in the movement for the abolition of slavery in the United States. This memorial is a worthy companion of the others in the State House yard. Stark, Webster and Hale were each in their appointed way valiant and mighty defenders of the nation. Their fame belongs not to New Hampshire alone. Let the visitor pause and read upon the Hale monument his imper- ishable words, uttered in one of the crucial moments of his life. The bronze statue was dedicated August 3, 1892. It was cast in Munich after designs of Mr. F. Von Miller, artist and direc- tor of the bronze foundry where also the statue of Webster was cast.

The present State House is the result of a century's growth. It was a comparatively small affair in 1816, but has grown in length, breadth and height by additions made in 1864 and in 1910, and each addition has added to its beauty and utility. The stately Doric and Corinthian columns were set up in 1864. The Mansard roof then added has been replaced by a third story of granite. The addition made to the western end in 1910 is more than double the size of the original capitol. The architectural style of the whole is Grecian, while the arched windows of the second floor suggest the Romanesque. The broad rear of the building is so broken up by two entrances and architectural devices as to make it pleasing to the eye of the inexpert at least. Credit is due to the architects, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston,

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who planned the memorial arch. The statue of Commodore Per- kins is, like that of President Pierce, too elaborate in its accom- paniments and there is not space enough about it. Both of those monuments some distant day will have a better setting. New Hampshire is going to have some more great men who will claim a place in the sun.

The present capitol was built primarily to accommodate the growing business of the State. Instead of hiring offices in neighboring buildings the State now owns its places of busi- ness, so grouped as to assist one another. There are departments that were never dreamed of in 1816 and even in 1864. Let the visitor enter and look around, for every citizen is welcomed to the house that belongs to him and has a right to make inquiries of his elected servants. The oaken doors admit him to the Doric hall with its tesselated pavement of black and white squares of marble. That steel ceiling was perhaps a necessity in the re- construction. Glass cases on either side invite the attention of every lover of his country, for here are the stained and tattered flags that led New Hampshire regiments to battle in the Civil War. They tell their own story better than words can do. For these emblems many have bravely and willingly given their lives. One will have to read much and think long to take in the full meaning of these battle-flags. Their value is in the mem- ories and emotions that cluster about them. Read the long lists of battles that these flags went through and learn how much it costs to be free and honorable.

Broad corridors lead around to the offices. The visitor will not care to enter the hall for the general committee, that never sees the light of day. This is the one unavoidable imperfection of the reconstruction. There is, however, artificial light and ven- tilation, and the room needs to be used only on special occasions. On the walls of the corridors hang hundreds of portraits of governors, military men, congressmen, presidents of the State senate and others whom pride and affection wish to honor. The winnowing process must go on with the accumulations of years. This picture gallery is not big enough for everybody that has held military and civil offices. The next public building of the State may be a Hall of Fame and Art Museum, devoted to por- traits, paintings and statuary. Here is an opportunity for some

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person of great wealth to outshine all others. Make it big enough so that it will not need, as the libraries do, an annex with every generation.

In the northeast corner is the office of the Commissioner of Agriculture, Arthur L. Felker. This department is the out- growth of a century. The first organized agricultural society in the State was in Rockingham county in 1814. The other counties soon followed this example, and the State made small appropriations in aid of these local societies. In 1820 a Board of Agriculture was organized under a law then enacted and a printed report was made in 1822. The county societies became inoperative and disorganized, and so the law remained a dead letter for fifty years. The New Hampshire State Agricultural Society was formed in 1850 as a private corporation and pub- lished reports till 1871, when new legislation created a Board of Agriculture under the control of the State. In 1913 a law was enacted creating a Department of Agriculture to promote agri- culture throughout the State in all its varied branches. The governor, with the approval of council, appoints a Commis- sion of Agriculture who holds office for three years with a salary of $2500. The governor and council appoint ten practical agri- culturists, one from each county, to be an advisory board, paid three dollars a day each and expenses for the time they put into their work. Farmers' Institutes are held in each county and at least one state meeting. There is co-operation with the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The in- stitutes teach practical farming, domestic science and art, dairy science and practice, how to raise vegetables and flowers (orch- arding, gardening, raising of poultry, care of bees, forestry, com- bating of destructive insects, animal and plant nutrition, soil testing, tillage, the philosophy of crop rotation, and kindred subjects. The commissioner prepares courses of study to be used in week institutes and elementary schools. He has direc- tion of all that was formerly done by the cattle commission, the agent for the suppression of gipsy and browntail moths, and the state board of agriculture. He co-operates with proper officials in the enforcement of laws pertaining to agriculture and dissem- inates agricultural information by biennial reports and other means approved by the governor and council. If information,

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conventions, addresses and schools can make successful farmers on rocky soil, then New Hampshire is in a fair way to keep the boys on the farm.

This department has issued several illustrated publications, advertising" farms as summer residences, and it is said that abandoned farms arc now scarce in New Hampshire. The move- ment was started by the observance of Old Home Week, first suggested and urged by Governor Rollins. Others besides na- tives have learned to appreciate the beautiful scenery and health- ful air of the New Hampshire hills and mountains. Summer visitors stimulate farming and gardening to some extent. Dairy farms seem to be on the increase, and twenty-one creameries exist in the State, while established milk routes along lines of railroad show how milk is conveyed to the Boston market even from the northern part of the State.

The New Hampshire Department of the Grand Army of the Republic has its office next to that of Agriculture. It is not properly a State office, but the Commander is given certain duties to perform for the State, in addition to his work as the head of the Grand Army of the Republic in this State.

The next office is that of the Editor of State Papers, who has been since 1913 Henry H. Metcalf. He has spent most of his life in journalism and is now editor and proprietor of the Granite Monthly. The duties of his office are to edit the publi- cations of the State. The most recent work is the printing in four volumes of the laws of the Province and of the State down to the year 1792.

The Bureau of Labor was established in the year 1913, thereby abolishing the office of commissioner of labor and put- ting his duties and others added upon the shoulders of a labor commissioner, appointed by the governor and council for three years at a salary of $1600 per annum. A part of his duty is to visit without notice the manufacturing, mechanical and mercan- tile establishments of the State, to learn if the laws pertaining to the employment of help are complied with and if reasonable sanitary and hygienic conditions are maintained. He is the appointed guardian and agent of the workingman, to see that he is protected, not worked too hard, nor too many hours, nor with insufficient remuneration. Any cases of abuse or evasion of law

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he may report to the legislature or may prosecute any offender. His endeavor is to reconcile differences between employer and employees, and if this can not be done, then he urges parties to refer their troubles to a board of conciliation and arbitration, consisting of three persons, whose decision is final. The report for 1915 mentions two cases that have been settled by the board. This is not compulsory arbitration and it is employed only when both parties consent to it in writing. The number of industrial accidents where claims for compensation have to be adjusted is eighteen fatal and 1405 non-fatal during the four years, 1912-16. This was the number reported to the Bureau of Labor. En- deavor has been made to ascertain the number of the unem- ployed, and the result shows that about twelve per cent, of workmen wrere without work some portion of the year through accidents, sickness, old age, lack of work or material, and un- favorable weather. Strikes and lockouts have not figured of late. This Bureau does an immense amount of correspondence, and all its work is classified and properly arranged, so that any desired information can be produced instantly. The total an- nual cost of the Bureau is only $3,671, which is $978 less than the appropriation.

The office of the Tax Commission should not be avoided by the visitor, for no tax bill will be presented. This commission was created by a law enacted in 1911. The commission consists of three persons appointed by the supreme court and commis- sioned by the governor, to hold office six years. The secretary of the commission has a salary of three thousand dollars and the other two have twenty-five hundred dollars each annually. Their duties are "to assess the taxes upon railroad, railway, telegraph, telephone, express and dining, sleeping and parlor car corporations or companies," or corporations owning cars oper- ated for profit in this State. It is also their duty "to exercise general supervision over the administration of the assessment and taxation laws of the State and over all assessing officers in the performance of their duties, to the end that all assessments on property be made in compliance with the laws of the State." Their report for the year 1915 is a very able one and deserves study. To interpret and apply the tax laws is no easy task; to do so in a manner to satisfy all is impossible. There always

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has been studied evasion of taxes, and there always will be till the law is made such that it can not be evaded. The single tax, or the tax on land alone, is not mentioned in their report, yet single tax leagues are multiplying in the cities of this country and of Europe. The tax on land alone has been put into effect in many cities and towns of western Canada and British Colum- bia. It has been adopted with slight modification in Houston, Texas, and has been under public discussion and voted upon in Seattle and in Missouri. The arguments therefor have great weight with many philosophic thinkers and jurists.4 It would certainly simplify and perhaps render unnecessary the work of the Tax Commission. It now costs too much to assess taxes and to collect them, and the present system does not result in an equitable distribution of public burdens. The report says that "A very large amount of evidence was presented to the commission to prove undervaluation of nearly every class of taxable property in the State. Its collection consumed a long time and large sums of money." "Sworn returns of corporations to the secretary of state bore little resemblance to their corporate worth as determined by assessors." The commissioners found that property as a whole in the State was assessed at sixty-one per cent, of its true value. The law requires that every property owner should deliver to the assessors annually a true and com- plete list of all his taxable property, yet only 14,000 inventory blanks were filled out, although there are 122,000 who pay a poll tax. Property is concealed from taxation, notwithstanding the penalty is that it shall be assessed four times as much, when discovered, as such property would be taxed if truly inventoried. The single taxers assert that when it comes to declaration of taxable property the Psalmist made no mistake, when he said that all men are liars, although he said it in haste. After slow and careful reflection he might repeat it with emphasis. This leads many to think there must be something wrong with the system. Each State has its special laws, not based on natural rights, but on expediency. Many kinds of property taxable in other States are exempt here. It looks reasonable that the law

4 Cf . Henry George's discussion of this subject in his great work, Progress and Poverty, and also many publications issued by Single Tax Leagues.

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should be such as to avoid double taxation of property of any kind, yet the report says that "double taxation is confined to bonds, mortgages and other evidences of ownership of tangible property, and cash, which is the medium of exchange." The tax commissioners will never be out of work. They save the State more than they cost, by making some property owners pay more taxes than they would if let comfortably alone.

For sixty-four years a commissioner has been standing guard over the insurance companies in New Hampshire. The com- panies insure against loss by fire, death, accidents and other risks, and then the people are taxed to pay a commissioner to insure them against losses that might be inflicted by the companies. The last report says, "It is interesting to note that in the earliest years of this supervision the revenue-producing function of the office was not considered, the sole duty of the commissioners being to safeguard the insuring public by examination and visita- tion of insurance companies." The commissioner was "a public servant to stand between the companies and the public to save the latter from the wrongful exactions of the former on account of their insolvency and dishonesty." The present commissioner, Robert J. Merrill, thinks that the new supervision should "analyze methods and costs and examine results, not only for the purpose of furnishing safe and honest protection, but to furnish such protection in such a manner and at such a price that the public gets value received for what it pays." Here is stated the sole reason for the existence of the commission. It is not to produce revenue, for it does not produce it, never has produced it and never can. When fees and taxes are taken from institu- tions supported by people of the State, so much additional bur- den is put upon the people for the maintenance of those insti- tutions. The burden put upon the companies is simply shifted to the insured, and they are made to pay for the supervision. Thus insurance costs more than it would, if honest companies did business without paying taxes and fees. When the people take money out of one pocket and put it into another, they are not getting rich, especially if they lose something in the transfer. There is not, strictly speaking, a revenue-producing office in the State House. They are all supported by direct or indirect taxa- tion of the inhabitants and property owners. The indirect taxa-

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tion is more acceptable, because it is not perceived by the many and is often made to appear as a direct income to the people. The last report of the insurance commissioner makes it appear that the income to the State from the insurance companies and associations for the year 1915, from taxes and fees, was $115,211, while the expense was only $6,800. From the year 1890 to 1915, a quarter of a century, the income has been $1,483,654 and the expense has been only $150,724. Some may think that the State is getting rich. Instead of that it has been paying one hundred and fifty thousand dollars extra to protect its property during the last twenty-five years. The persons insured paid indirectly all those taxes and fees. Do not imagine that the insurance companies have been willing to contribute money to pay the running expenses of the State. The people who work earn all the money and pay all the taxes. The owner of a house rented adds up the interest on the investment, the cost of annual repairs, the water rates, the insurance, the taxes and all other expenses, and then he charges the tenant enough to cover them all. Thus he pays no taxes on that house. It is just so with the trader, who shifts his taxes to the consumer. The insurance companies do the same thing, and those who are insured pay all the bills.

An enormous amount of business is done by insurance com- panies in New Hampshire. There are seventeen town and two county insurance companies, and their total receipts and ex- penditures were about equal in 1914, $45,000. The insured got back in losses paid $31,972. It cost the difference to run the companies, or the people insured in those companies paid over $12,000 to get their property protected. There are five cash mutual fire insurance companies in New Hampshire. The aver- age ratio of losses paid to premiums received in 1914 was about fifty-four per cent. There are nine stock fire insurance com- panies, whose income was $4,869,327 in the year 1914, and the expenditures were one hundred and two per cent, of the income. There are one hundred and sixty-one other insurance companies, not of New Hampshire, that are doing business in this State, in fire and marine insurance, and they received in premiums $i,- 838,832 and paid out in losses $1,695,547. Why are there so many insurance companies? They must be making money, or

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they would go out of business. The rates must be too high, in order to enable so many companies of men to get rich. Perhaps the government of the State could run an insurance company more economically, even as is done in some other countries.

New Hampshire had six hundred and sixty-one fires in 1914, entailing a total loss on buildings and contents of $2,135,309, and the insurance paid to the losers was $1,467,172, so that property owners are insured only in part. If all property were insured for all it is worth, how long would it remain unconsumed?

There are twenty-four life insurance companies doing busi- ness in the State, and four assessment casualty companies, be- sides thirty-five fraternal beneficiary associations. The expense of all these is enormous. To keep life and property protected costs as much as a destructive war. So long as houses of wood may be built in close proximity and few brick and stone houses are fireproof, we shall continue to work at feverish heat and burn up our property about as fast as we earn it.

Insurance of any kind works like a lottery. What some gain others have to lose, and the managers have to be paid first. The owner of a large number of buildings could more economically bear an occasional loss and pay no taxes for insurance. The uncertainty of human life makes a person feel safer and happier, if his life is insured. He does not figure up the cost in most cases ; he simply wants to provide for his family in all possible emergencies. A great company of people get together and agree to distribute their losses each time that one suffers. Those who never have a fire and live to long age pay out a lot of money and get nothing but a feeling of safety through protracted years. They also have the satisfaction of having helped a num- ber of fortunate unfortunates.

On one door of the State House is written Pharmacy Com- mission. It is open occasionally, when somebody wants to be examined and get a license to serve as a druggist. Thus the community is protected from buying poison when they are seek- ing remedial drugs.

Then we come to the department of Public Instruction, that supervises the schools of the State and plans continually to educate the young people rather than to inform them; to pro- tect children from too hard labor ; to teach through many insti-

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tutions industrial and mechanical arts. Perhaps as much as space will allow has been said about this department in the chapter on education.

In the southwest corner of the ground floor is the depart- ment of Vital Statistics, under the direction of Dr. Irving A. Watson. He has devised an original way of arranging all the births, marriages and deaths that have been recorded in the towns of the State from the beginning of their history up to date. All are alphabetically arranged by surnames, and geneal- ogists can find quickly what they want, if those ancient people were sensible enough to get themselves properly recorded, and if the town clerks did their duty, and if the original town records have not been burned or lost. Old soldiers come here to get a birth certificate in order to secure a pension. Lads just out of school and eager for a job come here for proof that they are old enough for the job. The recorded marriage is a salutary re- straint to some people and is valuable for the securing of an inheritance. The record of deaths and their causes and the ascertained rate of mortality is useful for the preservation of the health of every community. It is like feeling the pulse of a feverish patient. To know how many married couples are divorced sets many a thinking. The last report, 1913-14, shows that 4,292 marriages are offset by 620 divorces, and 9,236 births are to be weighed against 7,475 deaths, in the year 1913. The children of foreign parentage nearly equal in number those of American parents, while the number of marriages where both persons are Americans is about three times the number where both persons are of foreign birth. The mixed marriages in a year foot up to nine hundred and nineteen, with equal hospitality to strangers shown by young men and young women. The causes of divorce are in their order abandonment, extreme cruelty, adultery and habitual drunkenness. The last mentioned leads often to the other three. More than twice as many women as men sue for divorce. One married couple out of seven seek divorce. The diseases that take people off in New Hampshire are in the order of number of victims : heart disease, tubercu- losis, pneumonia, apoplexy, diarrhea and cholera infantum, and cancer, besides a host of minor ills that flesh and ignorance are heirs to. Comparatively few die of old age; most persons die

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before they would if they knew more and behaved better. Such are a few of the facts that may be learned by perusing- the report of the bureau of vital statistics.

The Fish and Game Commissioners seek to protect and in- crease the number of fish, birds and wild animals, such as delight fishermen and hunters. There is plenty of law and they look after its enforcement. The State has three hatcheries, at Cole- brook, Laconia and Conway, and a fourth is recommended, at Warren. These hatcheries distribute 5,425,000 fish in a year to the eight hundred ponds of New Hampshire. Sportsmen are told that they can fish at certain times and take fish of a certain length, and must stop when they get enough. The fishing is chiefly for sport, recreation, health, and not for revenue. The same is true of hunting. Last year over six thousand deer were killed in the State, worth about seventy thousand dollars. The revenue accruing from fines and forfeitures, licenses and per- mits, was over thirty-seven thousand dollars, and a thousand sportsmen brought a lot of money into the State, far more than they carried out. The fee for a hunter's license is ten dollars. A permit to hunt and fish issued to a resident of the State costs one dollar.

The Adjutant-General is Charles W. Howard, and in his office and last report we learn the condition of the military force. The old militia days have passed, when all able-bodied men were enrolled. New Hampshire may be prepared to quell riots, but she certainly is not ready for war with any foreign power. There are 1,317 enlisted men and ninety-four officers. They are organized into one infantry regiment, one troop of cavalry, one field battery, one battalion of coast artillery, one machine gun company, one signal company and one hospital corps detach- ment. They are armed with the latest weapons, clothed and equipped for instant service, at the expense of the United States government. Most of the military stores are in the arsenal at Concord. There are armories at Concord, Manchester and Nashua, and a forth is in process of erection at Portsmouth. From October to June instruction is given once a week in the armories, and once a year there are five or six days of marching, instruction in camp and maneuvers. There is also target prac- tice at ranges and on the sea coast. The President of the United

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States may call the State troops into active service whenever the need of them arises. They constitute a part of the National Guard. The annual expense is about fifty thousand dollars, and the other expenses of the Adjutant-General's department bring the total expenses for military purposes up to about $66,000.

Leaving the office of the State Treasurer for later mention, we will ascend to the second floor by one of the two marble staircases, or by the south elevator, which is always at service. We are brought immediately to the spacious hall of the House of Representatives, considerably enlarged in 1910 to accommo- date New Hampshire's unequalled number of representatives. There are chairs upholstered in leather for four hundred and twenty-one, arranged in four divisions of a semi-circle in grad- ually ascending ranks. On the wall back of the Speaker are full- length portraits of Washington, Webster, Hale, Pierce and the Governors Wentworth. In the rear is a gallery with seats for two hundred and fifty. The hall is well lighted by day or by night, and its acoustic properties are excellent. It has rung for a hundred years with a good deal of eloquence and patriotic talk, and has witnessed some political wrangles and filibustering.

The Senate chamber is north of the Representatives' hall. It has seats for twenty-four senators, and each one has a private desk, a luxury that the House can not afford for lack of space. The floor space is thirty-five by forty-four feet, and there is a gallery for visitors.

In these two halls the legislators meet once in two years and proceed to repeal old laws and make new ones, a process that will always be necessary in order to fit eternal principles to changing conditions. Their so-called laws are only transitory precepts, for fundamental laws can not be changed by man. The legislators could as easily create a universe as make a real law, in the philosophic meaning of that word.

The first office that meets the eye, near the elevator, is a recently created one, that of the commissioner of motor vehicles, Arthur L. Willis. For ten years, until 1915, the work of this office was done under the direction of the Secretary of State. The number of automobiles during that time has grown to 13,502, and the receipts for licenses during the last year were

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$257,776, all of which is turned into the office of the State Treas- urer and goes for the maintenance of good roads. The fee varies from ten dollars to forty, and summer visitors ride at half rates, while there is a neutral zone for fifteen miles each side of the State line, where automobilists from the other side of the line may ride for an annual fee of two dollars. All drivers of automobiles have to pass examination. The fee for a profes- sional chauffeur is five dollars and one dollar for renewal. The fee for an operator or owner of a car, who prefers to do his own driving, is three dollars and one dollar for renewal. During the year 1915, 4,729 chauffeurs and 12,625 operators were licensed. These figures give some idea of the extent of the auto- mobile business in New Hampshire, and the registration for 1916 indicates an enormous increase in this business and pleas- ure. The department of motor vehicles licensed also 1,550 motorcycles during the last year. Four clerks are kept busy. Is the office a producer of revenue? No, it only collects an indirect tax. The State probably does not collect any more from persons who live outside the State than its own inhabitants pay to other States. Here is another instance of taking money out of one pocket and putting it into another, thus awakening the pleasing fancy that the State is making money. Meanwhile the automobilists and the riders of motorcycles pay all that is collected, including the salaries of the collectors. But it is an easy and delightful way of paying taxes, and the well-to-do and the extravagant bear the burden, unless they can somehow con- trive to shift it.

The Secretary of State, Edwin C. Bean, former Speaker of the House of Representatives, has issued the ninth annual report, though the first report, in 1907, contained the sixteenth annual report of returns of corporations. In this office are registered the annual returns of corporations and abstracts of their records, trade marks, commissions of appointments to office by the governor and council, names, residences and date of appoint- ments of notaries public and justices of the peace, resignations, pardons of lawbreakers, paroles from State Prison and licenses for peddlers. A list of fees for legislative counsel, agents and employees for the session of 1915 is of interest. It foots up to about thirty thousand dollars, besides many blanks and "sal-

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aries" unreported. Sixty-eight lawyers and legal firms are repre- sented, so that the lawmakers should have been well instructed in law. The big fees represented railroads and manufacturing corporations.

In this office are stored and indexed the records of New Hampshire as a province. The land records comprise fifty thousand manuscript pages of large size. The probate records fill twenty-six volumes of five hundred pages each. A card index of wonderful completeness tells the genealogist and his- torian about what he wants to know without the trouble of look- ing at the full deed or probate record. Of the earliest books of record all names incidentally mentioned are indexed. There is another index of court files, or papers used in court proceedings, arranged in 31,000 numbered folders and comprising 300,000 separate pieces. The index, a work of labor and carefulness, the thought of which makes one tired, tells the names of plain- tiff and defendant and what each folder contains, such as writs, deeds, wills, depositions, inquisitions, notes, etc. Here are the "Happy Hunting Grounds" of genealogists. Here is a mine of local and interesting history that has not been sufficiently worked. Here the searcher may stumble upon old original docu- ments of great value. One could reconstruct the history of New Hampshire as a province from the records of this office, and if only the court files were used, the most interesting history of all could be written. Many items therefrom have been utilized in this work.5

The fees from the office of the Secetary of State turned into the State Treasurer for the year 1915 amounted to $165,432, although much of this amount was derived from licensing of motor vehicles before the creation of a special department for that purpose. Those who want an abstract of the service per- formed by some ancestor in the Revolutionary or Colonial wars can get the same by correspondence for one dollar. That is easier than to gather genealogical information for nothing.

At the west end of the State House, on the second floor is a suite of rooms for the use of the governor and council. The floor is of quartered oak covered with a green velvet carpet. The finishing and the furnishings are of mahogany. The council

5 See Appendix A.

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chamber is a beautiful apartment in its proportions, coloring and adornments. Portraits of the more recent governors hang upon the walls, quite different in size and lifelikeness from the por- traits of the governors in former years. These too must be crowded into the corridors or into an art museum, to make room for the governors to be.

The tenth biennial report of the State Board of Charities and Correction gives facts and statistics for the years 1913-14. The board consists of five persons appointed for five years. Their duty is to inspect all state and county charitable or correctional institutions. They have a host of people, old and young, to look after. There are eight hundred and fifteen children in alms- houses, orphans' homes, industrial school and private families where they have been placed, who are dependent on public funds for support. Homes are found for the children as rapidly as possible. There are eighteen orphans' homes and asylums, con- taining one thousand three hundred and fifty-two inmates. The State orphanage is at Franklin and has one hundred and eight boys and fifty-five girls. The school for the feeble-minded at Laconia is filled to its utmost capacity and new buildings are being erected. There are 1,937 persons in the almshouses of the counties, most of them because of old age and feeblemindedness. Five hundred and ninety of them are of foreign birth. Two thou- sand one hundred and thirty-two in one year have been com- mitted to houses of correction, and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six of them were committed for drunkenness. The jails received in 1914 eight hundred and twenty prisoners. These prisoners cost the counties about $34,000. Three hundred and seven blind persons are reported, and some of them are placed in institutions outside of the State. The deaf and dumb still are sent to the well known institution at Hartford, Conn. The sol- diers' home at Tilton has cared for eight hundred soldiers and sailors since its establishment in 1890. The State has a sana- torium in the town of Benton for the benefit of those afflicted with tuberculosis and between the years 1909 and 1914 four hundred and eighty-three patients were admitted. There is another sanitorium, for the indigent, at Pembroke, established in 1913. The work of stamping out this dread disease has just begun. Indoor life sends the majority to these institutions, and very many wait till it is too late to effect a cure.

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New Hampshire has sixteen homes for the aged, eighteen homes for the young, and six other homes, all of these being private institutions. There are thirty-one hospitals, that are private institutions. There are from a dozen to a score of chari- table associations, and private charity does full as much for the needy as the State does. The outdoor relief given through town overseers of the poor amounts to $241,000 in one year. Everything that pertains to the care of the poor, the sick, the distressed, and the criminals comes under the oversight of the Board of Charities and Correction. The burden seems to grow heavier every year. The cost of prisons, jails, almshouses, insane asylum, homes, orphanages, hospitals, institutions for the blind, deaf and dumb, sanatoria, and such like is enormous. The use of alcoholic beverages is the largest cause of poverty and crime; yet the State grants licenses to produce criminals, feeble-minded and insane persons and paupers, and then benevolent people and the State and county institutions spend heaps of money to care for the special products of the saloon. Behold economy and statesmanship !

The Public Service Commission next claims our attention. There are three commissioners, who employ experts, clerks and assistants and run up a bill of expense to the State of about thirty thousand dollars. Is the commission worth what it costs? What do they accomplish? Here is one little item of work done in 1913. Charles C. Battey, assistant engineer in the railroad division, "traveled on foot over the 1,172 miles of track of the Boston & Maine, Maine Central and Grand Trunk railroads in New Hampshire, examined the condition of the road bed, ties, rails, connections, signals, guards, etc., and gave careful atten- tion to each one of the 697 bridges having ten feet or more clear span, including their abutments. He inspected each of the 1,255 grade crossings, overhead bridges and underpasses, and each of 374 depots or stations. He filed a report in detail of this entire work. Eight bridges were reported as unsafe or requiring at- tention." Four hundred and sixty-nine grade crossings have been improved by the cutting of trees and brush and the removal of other obstructions to the view, fifteen will be protected with flagmen, thirty will be equipped with automatic gongs and lights, and about twenty-five will be rendered safe by restric- tions on the speed of trains. So much for oversight of railroads in one year. The commission also regulates passenger, freight

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and express rates, so that public carriers can not charge all that the industry will bear. To save life and property is the work of the commission. Does it not pay? All fatal accidents are reported immediately to the commission for investigation.

The commission has oversight of two hundred and twenty- two active utilities, including telegraphs, telephones, water works, gas, dams, boats, bridges and street railroads. The investigation of gas rates in Manchester saved the people about $24,000 annually, unless poorer gas was furnished after the investigation. Gas meters are tested and ten per cent, are found to be fast, thus increasing the cost. One electric meter was one hundred per cent, fast, and the company had to refund three hundred dollars. Public utilities are not for the sole purpose of money making; they must serve all the people adequately and at fair and reasonable rates. The Public Service Commission furnishes a soul to corporations and makes them subject to moral and civil law. It is one of the most beneficial institutions in the State, and although the fees it collects from boats are not large, yet the people can not afford to abolish the commission. It pays well by protecting the people from overcharges and by providing safeguards against physical injuries and destruction of human life.

The third floor of the State House is a busy place. The State Department of Highways was created about 1904 and the last biennial report sums up the work of ten years. The total mileage of improved roads is 1,026. Trunk lines, laid out in 1909, run from Colebrook, far up in the north, to the state line at Seabrook on the east side and to Winchester on the west side, while the Merrimack Valley road runs from Lincoln to the State line at Nashua. Some pieces of road are built entirely by the State and are called State Roads, but most of the roads are built by towns with some assistance of the State. Cross roads running from one main trunk line to another are in course of construction. The last report tells of thirty bridges built in the White Mountains region, four of them being of concrete and steel. Of the 285 miles of road built in two years 220 miles were of gravel, than which there is no better material, and the rest were of macadam construction and bituminous macadam. The tax on automobiles is sufficient to keep all these roads in

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repair. In a few years all the roads in New Hampshire that are much used will be in good condition for automobiles and car- riages, and many roads now little used will become lines of frequent travel. Summer hotels will spring up along country routes as in the old days of stage coaches. Every good road brings indirect revenue to the State from many thousands of visitors. A large amount of State bonds has been issued to build these roads, and the annual interest will be felt as a burden, but their building is as much a necessity as the building of railroads was fifty or more years ago. During the years 1913-14 the State expended $624,000 for building roads and $295,000 for their maintenance.

The Board of Health is doing great work for all the inhabi- tants and visitors of the State. Its secretary is Dr. Irving A. Watson and the laboratory of hygiene is conducted under his direction. During the last biennial period twelve thousand chemical and bacteriological examinations were made of speci- mens submitted by the physicians of the State. This depart- ment is constantly on the watch to protect the people from con- taminated water and milk, from adulterated foods, from falsely advertized patent medicines, from fake liquors, and from the pestilence that walketh in darkness. One inspector has been engaged constantly for four years in the inspection of dairies, groceries, bakeries, meat markets, slaughter-houses and local nuisances. A quarterly bulletin is issued, giving the people much needed instruction. The aim is to administer the ounce of prevention, that there may be no necessity for the pound of cure. The restriction and prevention of tuberculosis has received attention. Free public illustrated lectures on health questions are given throughout the State. Reservoirs and ice are in- spected. Nine hundred articles of food were examined by the Board and one hundred drugs. These included one hundred and fifty-four alcoholic liquors. About one-third of the articles and drugs examined were not conformable to proper standards. Seven complaints were filed by the State chemist and legal prosecutions resulted for adding water to milk before its sale. This is almost as bad as watering stock by the speculators. Distilled liquors also contain too much water. Greed poisons food and drink in order to make money faster. The sharpers

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are worse than the microbes in preying upon human victims. Provisions kept too long in cold storage are consumed by hun- gry innocents, when such provisions ought to have been buried or burned. Public schools are medically inspected, and in one town, out of nine hundred and forty children examined, two hundred and eighty-two had various defects, in sight, hearing, teeth, skin diseases, breathing, etc., the majority of which were curable. The annual expense of the Board of Health and the Laboratory of Hygiene is about $12,000. The value of their work can not be estimated in dollars and cents. We can not well understand how people once lived without such protection as is now indispensable.

In locating the excise commissioners next door to the health commissioners there appears to be a mixture of logic, irony and sense of humor. The work of one office is to prevent disease, and conserve health ; that of the other is to regulate and tax the worst enemy of health and morals. The chemists and bac- teriologists of the health department, men of special scientific training, get $1,500 and $1,800 salary and the three license com- missioners get $1,800 and the chairman $2,500. This is, perhaps, due to the great abilities demanded in license commissioners, as well as to their arduous labors ; or is it because so much revenue comes in through the licensing of the sale of intoxicating liquors, that it is felt that such commissioners should be well paid? It is noticeable that the law provides that two, but not three, may be of the same political party. In so important a matter as the sale and drinking of liquor the minority party demands and gets recognition, a rule that is not found in the administration of any other office. There are seven kinds of licenses, all bad, except perhaps that to druggists to sell liquors for medicines, although the physicians do not agree about that. The tendency of science is to eliminate alcohol from the remedial agents. Six hundred and ninety-four applications for licenses to sell liquors \vere received in one year, and six hundred and eighteen of them were approved. The total amount received from fees and for- feitures was $282,637. The total amount received since the license law went into effect is stated in the last annual report to be $3,705,734, and many readers will be gratified that the State has gained so much money, whereby to reduce direct tax-

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ation. Who contributed all this money? Out of the mouths of how many hungry women and children was much of it taken? How many were sent to jail, to the almshouse, to the asylum for the insane, and to sickness and death because of the liquor sold? Why does not the law make it the duty of commis- sioners to gather up statistics of this sort? Many legal restric- tions are put upon the sale of liquor, but liquor-sellers are in the business to make money and they obey law generally when they must.

Most of the small towns vote for no license. The circle of towns around a populous city, Concord for instance, can get supplied easily from the city. A dress suit case can carry home the desired refreshment. The expenses of the commissioners, their agents and office are about $16,000. One-half of the fees collected by the commissioners is paid to the city or town whence the fees came, and the other half to the county. Let the whole be paid to the State and no city or town get any special reduction of taxation therefrom, and a lot of places that have been voting for license will be "dry" at the next election. Even teetotalers have been known to vote for license, for the purpose of decreasing direct taxation.

The Forestry Commission was appointed in 1909, consist- ing of three persons who are paid according to time employed. They choose a State Forester, whose salary is $2,500. The object is to preserve forests from fires, to add to the acreage of forests by reforestation of such land as is not adapted to agri- culture, to prevent the washing down of hills and mountain sides, and to conserve the rainfall as a result. Four tracts of land, comprising over seven thousand acres, are owned by the State. The Crawford Notch is the largest of these tracts. The United States government has bought up over three hundred thousand acres in New Hampshire, most of the land being in the White Mountains region. This tract will be a reservation for the use of all the people. There have been distributed from the nursery at Gerrish, West Concord, 1,618,000 trees. Fire patrols have reported and extinguished hundreds of fires. Printed information is sent throughout the State and lectures are deliv- ered, so that the owners of wood lots may be helped and pro- tected. There are twenty-six lookout stations, from which 1,339

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fires have been discovered in a period of five years. The rail- roads are required to do their part in preventing fires by using spark arresters, by patrolling dangerous parts of the way during drouth, and by paying damages, if fires arise from sparks of engines. Lumbermen are obliged to take care of brush and slash so that fires may not be started therein and fed thereby. Over three thousand acres have been planted. There are four million acres that should be forest land, and only a little over half of that area is covered with forest. This is the only way to make most of this land productive. Some farmers are wisely letting some of their cleared land grow up again to woods. To meet full demands would require the planting of thirty mil- lion trees annually. The State nursery can not supply the pres- ent demand and orders are sent to private nurseries. By plant- ing trees in abundance around the sources of water supply the flow of water is kept constant and pure. Some municipalities own hundreds of acres of forest land and use the products to decrease taxation. Four hundred thousand Christmas trees are cut in New Hampshire in a single year and shipped to fourteen States. The Forestry Commission studies the diseases of trees and seeks to exterminate destructive insects. Rural schools are furnished with trees and the children are taught to set them out for decoration of roadsides and school grounds and for windbrakes. About $30,000 are expended by this department, of which $7,500 go to reimburse towns for fighting forest fires. Without the department property worth several hundred thou- sand dollars would be burned up every year. The people do well to take care of what they have. A penny saved is a penny earned.

The Bank Commissioners report in 1915 that there are fifty-seven savings banks under their supervision. In addition there are thirteen trust and banking companies that have sav- ings departments, and twenty buildings and loan associations. Nearly $111,000,000 are deposited in these banks. The dividends paid are three, three and a half, and four per cent. The total dividends declared in the last year were $3,940,372. Such in brief is the seventieth annual report. The commissioners guard the people's money. The savings banks not only invest the earnings of the toilers for them, but they furnish a safe and

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fairly lucrative way of investment for those who know little about the best ways of putting their money out to interest. Bonds can be bought, of fluctuating value, and perhaps they can be sold at the time desired, but the broker must have his commission for both buying and selling. Various overcapital- ized and fake corporations are offering bonds that pay from five to seven per cent. They look good on paper to one who knows nothing about banks, stocks, bonds, and the investment of money. The savings banks are agents of the people of limited means to protect them from being duped. A safe in- vestment at four per cent., without taxation, is better than a risky investment at six per cent, with taxation. Much of the money in New Hampshire savings banks is let to farmers and for business enterprises in the State. The commissioners seek to invest the deposits in such ways that the interests of the State will be furthered. They watch the banks also, to prevent dishonesty and speculation with intrusted funds. They are not infallible, and very rarely some bank official for a time goes wrong and is not discovered. The only absolutely safe place to lay up treasures is in Heaven. All that is given away in the right spirit is securely invested and pays satisfactory dividends.

The Attorney-General, supported by the county attorneys, looks after the lawbreakers, and gives "opinions" or interpre- tations of law. Over a thousand cases have been tried in the county courts in a year, and ninety-six persons have been sen- tenced to state prison. The report of the attorney-general is the least interesting of all the annual reports of State officials. But laws are necessary, and they would be useless, were there not proper persons to enforce them. It will be seen that a large part of the work done in the State House is for the pro- tection of society, that is, of life and property.

Having thus taken a hasty survey of the business of the State, let us go back to the office of the State Treasurer and learn what it costs to live decently as a well-governed people. The entire cost for the year ending August 31, 1915, was $3.526,- 105 and the total receipts were $3,400,296, so that the State's indebtedness was increased $134,972, making the total indebted- ness $1,100,4/6. Where did all this money come from? Direct taxation brought in $800,000. The rest came by indirect taxa-

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tion. The largest contributors were the railroads, the corpora- tions, the savings banks, the saloon-keepers, the receivers of legacies, the automobilists, and the insurance companies. Nearly all these contributions were collected in unseen ways from the people at large. The State is not in the business of making money; it spends the people's money for the welfare of the people, and incidentally a good many officials are well paid for doing it. That is, they are so well paid that when there is a political overthrow, the leaders of the victorious party stand ready to take all the principal offices. It is noticeable that many of the clerks are retained through succeeding administrations, for the women do not vote, and, moreover, in many cases they know all about the work of the office, while the new incomer knows scarcely anything about it. He has to learn of them. They do most of the work, and he does the heavy looking on. His salary may be three or four times what they receive, but of course the capacious intellect of man is needed to guide mat- ters aright politically and financially. One wonders how it will be when the women have the chance, as they always have had the right, to vote. Perhaps some clerk, who is now getting $500 to $800 salary, will run a department and really earn three times as much and get it. One wonders how many of the male employes of the government are in favor of equal suf- frage.

When a newr industry arises or a new manufactory comes into the State, the first thought is to tax it, and \vhen the revenue therefrom is sufficient create a new department and employ some more managers and clerks. Thus the machinery of gov- ernment is constantly increasing. The greater the indirect tax thus collected, the more extravagant the legislators become. The expenses of national. State and municipal government and the increase of public debt through the issue of bonds whereby to borrow money is truly alarming to those who study a little financial problems and look ahead. All these expenses of gov- ernment and all the growing interest on bonds are a severe bur- den laid on the shoulders of working people. Let us not for a moment imagine that the rich pay the taxes. They shift them to tenants, consumers and toilers. It is a sort of sleight-of-hand performance that the average person can not see into without

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a good deal of explanation that the taxers are not eager to give. The old nations of Europe have studied for many centuries to find out new and unnoticed ways of collecting more revenues by indirect taxation. The governments have become exceed- ingly complex, and red tape abounds. The number of officials is far in excess of actual needs. Opposing political parties like to give employment to as many henchmen as possible. Offices become filled with idlers. Little work and large pay are de- manded. The same dangers confront the people of the United States. Republican simplicity is fast disappearing. Politics is made a profession for the sake of the spoils. The rallying cry of a reform party may be "retrenchment and economy," but the cry is forgotten when once the reins of government have been grasped. Thus governments, like individuals, easily learn to live beyond their means and to mortgage the future to pay for present luxuries. Is the government of New Hampshire living at too high a rate? Some think there was pretty good govern- ment when it cost one-fourth or even less of the present expendi- tures. Are we too much governed? Have we too many laws and officials? Do we need simpler laws, a reformed legal pro- cedure, an easier and juster way of collecting taxes, so that industry and enterprise shall be encouraged rather than pun- ished? Let the wise ones answer.

Chapter XVI THE VACATION STATE

Chapter XVI

THE VACATION STATE

What Interests Tourists — No Castles nor Battlefields in New Hampshire — The State not Seen at Its Best from a Parlor Car — The Hotels not Excelled — Everywhere One Can Get Much for Little, or Little for Much — Only Eighteen Miles of Seacoast — Attractions of Rye Beach, New Castle and the Isles of Shoals — Appledore and Gosport — Mountains and Lakes Enough for All — The Chrystal Hills — Crawford Notch — Bethlehem — Lake Winnipisaukee — Hill Towns and Summer Boarders — All Are Invited.

~]\/T OST travelers and tourists are looking for places of his- *•*•*• tone interest, the site of an ancient temple, the ruins of and old castle, the mound that indicates a buried city, the palaces of kings, the relics of antiquity, and the battlefields whereon have been decided the destinies of nations. This is why so many people even of limited time and means go to Europe, Egypt, Palestine and to the Far East. The historic past allures them. The more ancient the civilization, the more distant the places, the greater is our desire to see them. That which has survived thousands of years must have great value. To stand where noble utterances have been heard and heroic souls have suffered martyrdom and valiant deeds have been wrought affords an uplift to aspiring minds. Every achievement of the past that has been of any benefit to the human race ought to be remem- bered and the place where it was wrought always has attracted and always will welcome its pilgrims and devotees.

New Hampshire has not much to offer in the way of historic antiquities. She has no ancient temples save her groves, the oldest of all, and some care is now taken to preserve and beautify them. No castles are to be seen, for the feudal system never half enslaved this land. There are no royal palaces, except that in a free republic every man's cottage is his palace and every citizen is a monarch. Our cities are all of recent date, built chiefly of wood and waiting for a conflagration to sweep them away. One can not stand as on Arthur's Seat and look out on

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the battlefield of Dunbar and Bannockburn and a dozen more places of bloody strife, or as on Mount Tabor and survey the plain of Esdraelon, called the "Battlefield of the World." No armed foe save roving bands of Indians has ever set foot upon New Hampshire's soil. There are no thrills and no romances connected with the places where victims were scalped, though some markers tell the gruesome tales. People do not come to New Hampshire to see the things which man has made, but rather to view the handiwork of the Creator. Here are the ever- lasting hills and mountains, lakes and ponds by the hundred, forests for hunters, streams for fishermen, invigorating air for the sick and weary, a little seacoast and ocean spray, a chance to play and rest and write poetry. The traveler need not go abroad to see the beauties of nature. The artist can find all the landscapes and waterscapes that he will care to portray.

In traveling through the old countries of Europe one rides on the train through a picture galley, as it were. The arts of civilization have beautified every scene. Cultivated fields, meadows divided by hedgerows, orchards and vineyards on ter- raced mountain slopes meet the eye. Nature had been subdued a long time before the railroads were built. Here, on the other hand, the railroads were built to facilitate the conquest of nature, and they were constructed at the least possible expense, in the low-lands, through swamps and thickets, over barren soil, with no thought to please the eye of the tourist as he gazes from the window of a palace car. The charming scenery waits to be created by the hand of man. Those swamps are going to be drained. Those tangled thickets will all disappear, and the places whereon they grow will be the choice garden spots of the future. Those rocky and barren hillsides will be terraced and wTill blossom as the rose. By the side of every waterfall will rise a village or city or a power-plant to transmit energy to distant workshops. Those lonely farm-houses will be replaced by cottages of brick, stone or cement, for wood is getting to be too expensive as building material and too unsafe, as in the old countries. Those rough and crooked lanes for carts and carriages will give way to State Roads. Let the traveler see all this transformation in his mind's eye. Let him be patient till New Hampshire becomes another Switzerland, for it is well on the

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way. Let him travel by automobile, and he will get there sooner and see more to delight the eye. The State Roads take one up out of the low-lands to enchanting points of view. Thus the tourist gets better effects than he can from the car win- dows of trains moving through Europe.

As for hotels and conveniences of travel distant lands have little to offer in competition. One can find in New Hampshire accommodations in thousands of farmhouses that hold out in- ducements to summer visitors in the way of fresh country produce such as cities know not of, or one can find around Monadnock and Mount Washington, or by the sea, "ordinaries" such as tax the resources of royalty. The summer visitor can get much for little, or he can get little for much, according to his taste. Bayard Taylor wrote a notable account of the way he saw Europe with knapsack and staff; there were no bicycles and automobiles in his time. The mountain-climber can go the long and rough way if he so chooses, but most visitors prefer to take their exercise in playing golf and following up a trout- brook.

New Hampshire has only eighteen miles of seacoast and therefore the wealthy have pre-empted it; she has many thou- sand miles of lakeshore, and almost everybody can have a sum- mer cottage thereby. The State has built and is building a boulevard along the Atlantic Ocean from Portsmouth to the southern boundary. Rye Beach has been known and visited for a century by the millionaires ; the multi-millionaires now prefer Dublin, Bretton Woods and palaces in the northern parts among the mountains. Those who have only thousands can build or buy a summer home at Hampton Beach, while weary toilers with brain or muscle can, like the poet Whittier and his friends, Tent on the Beach. At old New Castle (for persons and places are old or young only by comparison). The Went- worth by its name and associations invites guests, for here is certainly one spot made famous in history. The Treaty of Ports- mouth, that ended the war between Russia and Japan, brought ambassadors to the Wentworth for their entertainment, and the Navy Yard opposite on Fernald's and Seavey's islands is the place where daily deliberations were held. On Seavey's Island some may be curious enough to hunt out the spot where pris-

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oners taken in the Spanish-American War were confined, and to learn where Henderson's point was before it was blasted away to improve navigation, or to see the dry dock that has been con- structed in the former channel between the two islands of the Navy Yard. About New Castle the lover of the comparatively ancient may find the ruins of forts and towers and some old houses of earliest residents, very old, as much as two hundred years ! Of course the antiquarian would not deign to look at them.

Let him go out to the Isles of Shoals and see the beginnings of American history, where fishermen had their haunts a century or two before the Pilgrims came to Plymouth. The rocks are left, not much else to mark the abodes of the six hundred people who once inhabited these islands. A memorial stone points out the site of the old church where Richard Gibson and John Brock tried to persuade the wayward fishermen to worship God on Sundays rather than go out for fish. Their reply was, according to tradition, "We came here to fish and not to pray." This was the commercial metropolis, when bills were drawn even at Bos- ton payable in good merchantable fish at the Isles of Shoals.

In 1661 the whole group of islands were made a township by the Massachusetts General Court under the name of Apple- dore, a name transferred from northern Devonshire, England. After the separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts the southern half of the group was considered as belonging to New Hampshire. Thus Hog Island and Smutty Nose, alias Church Island, have belonged to Maine. At the time of the separation it is said that forty families crossed over to Star Island in order to be under the jurisdiction of New Hampshire, or to escape bur- dens of taxation. The meeting house on Smutty Nose fell into decay, and courts were no longer held there. Only a few families remained, and they were reported in petitions to be very poor. The fishing metropolis vanished quicker than it came into ex- istence. Roger Kelly, the ancient magistrate, was the only one of consequence left in 1692. The population and business had centered upon Star Island, which was able to furnish one hundred and six able-bodied men for military service and to offer for sale "12000 Kintals of Codfish." In 1715 by an act of the New Hamp- shire Provincial Assembly Star Island was made a township by

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the name of Gosport. The population gradually declined till in 1767 the number of residents was only two hundred and eighty- four. In the time of the Revolution the inhabitants were ordered to quit the island for safety. Most of them never returned. In 1775 only forty-four persons lived on the island. In the year 1800 the population was one hundred and twelve, as a town record of Gosport shows, "in a state of great poverty and wretchedness, such as to force the tear of commiseration and to draw from the humane every effort to afford relief." The old town of Gosport has been washed into the ocean. Massachusetts sent a company of soldiers to defend the island in 1690, and after their withdrawal the French made a raid upon it and carried away some of the shipping. There was once a small fort on Star Island, which was repaired in 1745 and mounted with nine four-pounders. The fort was dismantled and the guns were sent to Newburyport in the time of the Revolution.

Absentee landlords in Massachusetts came to own the busi- ness of the island and only fishermen, called "thirdsmen," made their abode there. These were of a rude and disorderly char- acter, as old court records prove. Within the last century the islands have become a place of summer resort, the popularity of which is increasing. The Unitarian Association has made them their place of annual meeting. Large hotels have been built. Small steamers run twice each day to and from Portsmouth. The breezes and the scenery are just as good as in olden times, and the smell of fish, hogs and goats, that once annoyed resi- dents, no longer lades the air. If isolation in the midst of good company, rest without hustling activity, and illimitable quantities of pure ocean air are desired, Star Island is the place to find them.

The two greatest attractions on earth are the ocean and the mountains. Nations have seated their divinities on mountain- tops. Especially those peaks that are covered much if not all of the time with dazzling snow are the places where Zeus and kindred divinities hold court. They are nearest to the sky and first reached when the gods come down to earth. Some fancy that our ascension to the sky can be effected best from such points of advantage. The aspiration of the soul draws the body with it. There is perpetual joy to one who lives with a broad

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outlook before him. Only a poor man will live down in a valley because he must, or because he is poorer in mind than in money. Some like to gaze at the ocean because it seems to be boundless and is ever changing in its visible aspects ; others like the moun- tains better for wide extent of vision and permanent variety of scene. Usually those who have lived long by the sea seek the mountains for a change, while the mountaineers and inlanders fly to the ocean on sultry days. Those who go to New Hamp- shire sanatoria for change and rest sometimes find that the waiter gets the change and the landlord takes the rest, as the story goes. But New Englanders need not leave their customary habitations for change of climate and temperature. All varieties come to him that waits patiently at home. It is change of scenery and company that are most desired ; not inactivity but work of another sort, that is called play. Often the play demands more strenuous exertion than the daily task, but it is recreation because we are under no compulsion to do it and we can stop when we want to. Most weary people need most of all rest to their souls rather than to their bodies. When the soul is rested, the body forgets its aches and pains. A vacation is for the pur- pose of sending the scapegoat heavily laden with sins and cares into the land of forgetfulness. We need often to get outside of ourselves, to leave the world of thought in which is our great- est life, and to get into the world of fact. We have a strange affinity with the beasts of the field and of the forest. Back to nature is the cry of the tired. Away with houses ; let us live for a while out of doors. Lo, the poor Indian, is a wise man. He sleeps in a wigwam only when he is driven in by inclement weather, and he lives in the house of God that has only the sky for a roof.

The White Hills, or the Chrystal Hills, attracted the first settlers who came to New Hampshire. It was not merely the hope of discovering precious ores, but also the desire to find out what was beyond. Darby Field is credited with being the first white man who ascended what we now call Mount Washington, in 1642. Some have said 1632, but that is too early. He lived at Oyster River Point, in ancient Dover, now Durham. He be- came insane a few years later. Was it because of unfulfilled desire? Having once looked out from the top of Mount Wash-

A HISTORY 309

ington, could he no longer be contented elsewhere? P. T. Bar- num said it was "the next greatest show on earth," and most people who go there re-echo his remark. They all know one place still better, or they are seeking for it. Tourists have been going to Mount Washington for over a century, and the stream of visitors grows greater every year. The winding carriage road opened in 1861 and the tiptop house were a wonder over fifty years ago, and when the railroad was built up Jacob's Ladder in 1869, nobody was perfectly contented till he had ascended into the heavens. To be above the clouds and then to see those clouds roll away like the billows of ocean and disclose a hundred miles of landscape even to the Atlantic is worth — all that the industry will bear. A spacious hotel fastened to earth has taken the place of the tip-top house. Everybody wants to go there and nobody stays long except the men employed in the United States Signal Station. At any stage in life we look around for a few moments and want to pass on. The place is not near enough to Heaven after all our effort to get there.

Good automobile roads wind through the valleys of the White Hills, and where the natural scenery is best hotels have sprung up as by magic. The Notch has been a place of resort ever since its discovery by Timothy Nash and Benjamin Saw- yer in 17/1, although they found that an old Indian trail led through it. It was not long before a carriage road was built through the Notch to let Coos county out to market, at Ports- mouth or Portland. The Notch is a narrow defile two miles in length with precipitous rocks on both sides. The head waters of the Saco river flow through it; so does the produce of the West now over the rails of the Portland and Ogdensburg. Half a mile from the entrance to the Notch is the Silver Cascade and a little further southeast is the Flume, where the Saco falls two hundred and fifty feet over three precipices ; but all this must be left for the exclusive use of poets.

The first public house built in the Notch was occupied by Samuel Willey in 1825. He was of the fifth generation from Thomas Willey, who was next neighbor to Darby Field at Oys- ter River Point. He and all his family perished in the landslide of August 28, 1826, nine victims in all. Frightened by the roar of the avalanche they fled from their house and were swept into

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the river, where some of their mangled bodies were found. The house remained uninjured. The pathetic story has been told many times in prose and verse.

A Captain Rosebrook opened a house for summer visitors in the Notch, in 1808, near the base of Mount Washington. Ethan A. Crawford succeeded him in 1817, cut a footpath to the top of the mountain and built a stone cabin, where adventurous climbers might lodge for a night. Beds of moss, blankets and a stove were the furniture. The long residence of the Crawford family in this vicinity gave the name to Crawford Notch.

Bethlehem is soon reached after passing through the Notch, where thirty hotels along two miles of well built road attract yearly about three thousand visitors. The atmosphere and the scenery are as sure a cure for hay fever as can anywhere be found. The view of the Presidential Range when covered with snow and polished with sunlight is one not easily forgotten. In sailing from Thessalonica to the Piraeus it was once my privilege to see Olympus white with the snows of March, and I have gazed at the Jungfrau at the distance of Interlaken, when winter had not left its summit, but the Presidential Range in April was more impressive for its beauty and grandeur, and the names of its peaks brought historic characters to mind, as inspiring as any of the mythical personages that made trouble at the court of Zeus. From Bethlehem also may be seen to good advantage the valley of the Ammonoosuc. A good carriage road through the Fran- conia Notch leads to North Woodstock, that has become a favorite summer resort.

One who has sailed across Lake Winnipisaukee (as it is now spelled) is inclined to accept the version of its Indian name that makes it "the Smile of the Great Spirit." He needs not to go to the lakes of Killarney to find natural beauty. Lakes Como and Luzerne have loftier mountains round about them, but the view is not so broad, nor is there so much variety. No wonder that its shores and islands have become places of summer resi- dence. It would be impossible to compare one lake with an- other, one mountain with another, and determine which is the more beautiful. Tastes and moods differ, and each person reads into the object seen the thoughts and longings of his soul. One person can see beauty where all is commonplace and dull to

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another. Most persons have to be taught to see beauty, gran- deur, sublimity, majesty, and to read the meanings of moun- tains, lakes, waterfalls and forests. It is an important part of education that has been sadly neglected in schools, and happy and better is he \vho has been brought up from childhood in the midst of natural scenery that stamps some of its character upon the unfolding spirit. We all know the story of the Great Stone Face, as told by Hawthorne. Almost anywhere in New Hampshire one may daily look upon scenes that tend to enoble the mind, to stir up great ambitions, that teach lessons of rever- ance and devotion to high ideals. If a summer vacation here does not make the visitor a better and happier person, it is be- cause he is a hopeless dyspeptic or a confirmed sinner.

There are hundreds of other lakes, smaller but still beautiful. Each has its summer cottages. There are scores of grand moun- tains, like Monadnock, Chocorua, Kearsage and Moosilaukee, whose towering forms invite the gaze and detain the onlooker. There are many hill-to\vns, like Peterborough, Francestown, Hopkinton, Bosca\ven, whose old mansions are opened in the summer to receive guests for the season. It is estimated that there are two thousand inns, great and small, during the vacation time in New Hampshire, and that the business of entertaining visitors, not reckoning the city cousins, employs $10,000,000 of capital.

A few years ago Governor Rollins gave an impetus to the movement of celebrating Old Home Week. Then followed a systematic advertising of farms for sale. Abandoned farms are now a myth. The owners want a good price before they will give up an acre of rocky land, and they are quite right. Yet nearly one thousand farms have been bought by wealthy persons outside of New Hampshire for summer homes. Large sums of money have been expended, and Governor Wentworth's farm at \Volfeborough is quite outdone by modern plutocrats. The sale of such farms has brought two million dollars into the State, and that means the expenditure of much more. Well can New Hampshire afford to build roads for automobiles and tax the automobiles to keep up the roads. The late Austin Corbin bought farm after farm till he had twenty-five thousand acres, at a price varying from one dollar to twenty-five dollars an

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acre. Twenty-seven miles of wire fence surround it. Within may be seen herds of buffalo, moose, deer, bison and wild boar. From twenty-five to fifty keepers are employed according to the season. But is all this as good as to have the three hundred and seventy-five independent owners of those acres, who once lived there? Must the rich own the country as well as the city and reduce the independent farmers to wage-earners and tenants? New Hampshire needs practical farmers more than she needs wealthy summer residents. There is room enough, however, for both at present, and probably it will be so for a long time. So to all the world New Hampshire says, "Come and visit us and stay as long as you can."

Chapter XVII

THE NEW HAMPSHIRE OF THE FUTURE

Chapter XVII

THE NEW HAMPSHIRE OF THE FUTURE

THE saying is often repeated, that coming events cast their shadows before. Is it not truer that past events cast their shadows into the future? History repeats itself with a dif- ference. On the first page of this work the statement was made that history is the hand-maid of prophecy. A review of the leading events of the nearly three centuries that have passed since New Hampshire was first settled, in connection with the history of the United States and other nations, should enable one to forecast the future to some extent. It is not claimed that thus we arrive in advance at certainties, but possibilities and probabilities are seen through the mists, and they are of such importance that wisdom prepares for them. The poet Lowell makes one of his quaint characters to say, "Never don't prophesy, unless you know." That rule prohibits all prediction. It is sometimes helpful to utter our hopes and fears. If we see the past and the present as they really are, we may foresee somewhat their logical consequences, for the same forces will be working among men about like ourselves and our forebears. Even a cloud as big as a man's hand may foretell abundance of rain.

For half a century a small but ever increasing company of women in the state and in the nation have been trying to open the eyes of the men to see a self-evident truth, that political rights and privileges should not be determined by sex. It took longer to obliterate the color line, and it is not yet entirely rubbed out in large portions of the nation. Those who have exclusive privileges, obtained by force or fraud, are slow to share them with any others. An unlimited monarchy, an oli- garchy, an aristocracy, do not concede political rights to the many, till they are obliged to do so. The spread of education leads the masses to know and demand their rights, and when the claimants are numerous and powerful enough, they get pos-

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session of what has always belonged to them. The conviction is growing fast that educated women have the same right as educated men to vote and to hold political office, and that ignorant men and women should be kept away from the ballot- box. No matter how many men and how many women in New Hampshire are now opposed to equal suffrage, anyone who can see as far as the Western and Pacific states discerns the cloud moving eastward. It threatens to become a cyclone to those who oppose its onward movement. All political parties are afraid to openly resist it. Public sentiment has been educated to the point of demanding equal political rights for men and women. The conservative East, made more conservative on this subject by the influx of uneducated foreigners, must surely yield to the more progressive West. If certain eastern states will not of their own accord grant to those women who want it the right to vote, then an amendment to the national consti- tution will sweep their opposition away. For thousands of years women have been the servants of men, simply because the men were physically stronger. In heathen lands and in some parts of half-civilized Europe and America they still bear the heavy burdens and perform hard manual labor. Gradually the age of chivalry is returning with a new order of Knights. Education was once for men and for only a favored few of them. Now education is acknowledged to be the right of all. Con- sider the colleges for young women, how they grow like the lilies. They are prophetic of a new order of government, when political bosses shall not determine elections. It is safe to predict that within a few years — few is a sufficiently elastic word — the women of New Hampshire will be voting for good government and filling many of the political offices.

Another movement that has been gaining in strength and speed for many years and that will be accelerated by the votes of women is the legal prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. The wave of enlightened sentiment on this subject also is moving from West to East, from new settle- ments to old. National prohibition is in the air. We shall soon have a prohibitory law that will prohibit in Maine, New Hamp- shire and Vermont. The reluctant states will be forced to fall into line. The people who come to us from abroad, educated

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and habituated to the use of some kinds of alcoholic beverages, learn in one generation the evils of intemperance. The saloon must go and the tippler must cease. Science has put the ban upon all intoxicants as habitual beverages. Education in the schools and by the press will uproot the monstrous evil. Twenty years is too long a time to wait for this. Many will think it madness or foolhardiness to foretell in so brief a time the downfall of a persistent habit and a lucrative traffic that have existed from the beginning of history. Let such consider the sudden prohibition of intoxicants in Russia, the abolition of human slavery after ages of oppression, the revolutions in government by uprisings of the people, and the rapid changes in modern thought. Humanitarianism and altruism are watch- words of the present. What ought to be, for the welfare of men at large, must be. Let the need of a reform be broadly known, and the evil is doomed. Government by the people must be for the people. Rpublics will not vote against the interests of the masses and for the enriching of a few, after their eyes have been opened. The knell of the liquor traffic is sounding in our ears.

Notice the changes that will immlediately follow a radical temperance reformation throughout the nation. The saloon will no longer dominate in political life. Hitherto the brewers and distillers with their subordinate agents have held the political balance of power. They have been able to control votes enough to turn the elections to that party that promised most to them. Thus legislation has been corrupted, and the will of the people, even as expressed in law, has been nullified. Because the prohibitory law has not been properly enforced, and officials have yielded to local preference and hush money, ardent advocates of temperance and total abstinence have voted for license in preference to a prohibitory law unenforced. A no- license town that borders on a licensed town or city gets rid of the saloon but sends its thirsty citizens across the border; a prohibition state, that borders upon states where intoxicating liquors can be purchased, gets rid of open saloons in the coun- try and small villages and has saloons more or less secret in the cities, while private citizens import all the liquor they want in original packages. National prohibition of the manufacture,

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transportation and sale of intoxicating beverages is needed to effect a complete and lasting cure of the age-long curse. Such a remedy is on its way and will arrive soon. The fight made by intrenched capital will be stubborn, but all signs indicate that right is soon to win. The gain in the improvement of politics alone will be worth all that the reform has cost.

Another consequence of state and national prohibition en- forced will be a sudden, enormous and joyful decrease of poverty and crime. The jails and almshouses will have few tenants. Courts and lawyers will grow beautifully less. Not so many policemen will be needed. Every community will feel safer. Divorces, that now disgrace our civilization, will be diminished by half. The public health will be greatly improved. Labor will be more constant and efficient. There will be fewer deserted families, and orphanages to a considerable extent may be supplanted by homes. The ranks of the feeble-minded will be gradually thinned, while the pitiable and helpless products of the saloon in the past will be segregated and hindered from propagating their kind. We are now combating a basal law of nature and are providing for the survial of the unfit. Deaf- mutes, the crippled, the blind, the feeble-minded, the inebriates, the criminals have been housed and fed and allowed to have offspring, while the industrious poor and their children are left to shift for themselves. States are slowly learning to segregate by sexes those who are unfit to repeople the earth.

When women have equal rights with men and the saloon has lost its influence in politics by ceasing to be, it is not very hazardous to predict that New Hampshire will have a House of Representatives one-fourth as large as it now is and four times as efficient. Every town now wants its representative, and the office must be passed around among many aspirants, without much regard to pre-eminent qualifications for the office. The average representative gets two hundred dollars for a session, has an outing without neglect of business, attends the daily sessions with more or less regularity, takes little part in the discussions through inability or indifference, skims his free newspaper and chats with his neighbors. He has a social good time and enjoys his temporary prominence. Not one out of ten is qualified to be a law-maker. In many discussions only a few

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know the principles and facts involved. There can not be ideal legislation till there are ideal legislators, the selected few, who have natural and acquired abilities to discern what is wisest and best for the government of the State. In the good time coming every member of the general court will be an indepen- dent student and thinker, unselfishly seeking the greatest good to the greatest number, with justice and equal rights to all. If one should be able to read and write in order to vote, how much more should one know to be qualified to make laws for the whole people? Laws must be found out before they can be applied to conduct. The person who knows nothing about fundamental laws in the material, industrial, social, political, moral and intellectual worlds, can not in reality represent a community.

The wise legislators of the new New Hampshire will insti- tute a reform in legal procedure, so that the poor may be able "to obtain right and justice freely, without being obliged to purchase it ; completely and without any denial ; promptly and without delay; conformably to the laws." Such was the vision of those who formed the first constitution of the State. Do the poor now get justice without purchasing it? Are not the costs of legal procedure so great that citizens of moderate means prefer to lose what is justly their due rather than to spend much more in trying to obtain it? What chance in court has the poor man against the rich? How many rich law-breakers get their deserts? The poor and ignorant are at the mercy of the rich and the sharpers. Good government should protect the weak, educate the ignorant and lift the poor out of their poverty. In the long past and up to the present in some countries the aim of government and religious organizations has been to keep the masses of toilers ignorant and poor. Thus they can not en- danger the wealth and power of the ruling few. To overthrow that regime and to bring the toilers into possession of what rightfully belongs to them is the aim of modern revolutions, socialistic organizations, political reform 'parties and labor unions.

Reforms in politics progress by means of combinations of voters who force one of the old political parties and then the other to make concession after concession. The Progressives

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melt back into the old parties after their main principles have been adopted, only to reappear as a decisive factor in elections, when new issues arise and further reforms are needed. The greatest of all issues now is involved in the relation of labor to capital. The toilers are demanding higher wages, their proper share of products of combined industry, fewer hours of labor, adequate protection of life and health, better housing, steady opportunity to work, compensation in cases of accident, old age pensions, help for widows and orphans, abolition of child labor and education for all. The justice of their demands — no longer requests and pleadings — is gaining recognition. How the de- sired ends may be secured is the question which will absorb public interest as never before, when the excitement of world- war shall have ceased.

In the multitude of conflicting opinions the line is being drawn between those who favor and those who oppose the ownership by the people of all public utilities, or natural mon- opolies, such as the water works and the lighting of cities, the means of transportation by trolleys, railroads and canals, the waterfalls, mines and forests. What is equivalent in its prac- tical working to the public ownership of all lands by the imposi- tion of the single tax on land alone is under widening considera- tion. The public ownership of the larger manufactories is advo- cated by a smaller number. Some of the advocated reforms have begun. Many municipalities own their own water works, gas and electric plants and trolleys. Why should not the state or the nation own the railroads?. Such is the case among Euro- pean nations. Som,e of the higher institutions of learning, built and managed by capitalists, advocate private ownership and seek to show that national ownership in other lands is a com- parative failure. Their opponents so arrange statistics and figures as to prove that national ownership is superior to the plan now in operation in the United States. We have no wish to argue here for or against either system, but simply to show the trend of public opinion. No one can doubt, who reads the journals, that the advocates of national ownership of railroads are gaining ground. The threatened strikes and the receiver- ships are pointing that way as a practical solution of increasing difficulties and fears. The failures and the looting of railroads,

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the manipulations of stock by the speculators, the enriching of high officials and managers, while stockholders receive no divi- dends, the soaring wages and the increased rates, all occasion discontent and desire for a change. The state might well own and manage its interurban trolleys, as it now does its automo- bile roads, while the railroads of all the states form a complex system that can best be managed as a unit. At least many are coming to believe this and are demanding the experiment. The prediction of such an outcome of present confusion and dissatis- faction is based upon reasoned theories as well as distressing facts.

Granting such a consummation, what will be the results? Railroads will be managed so as to pay expenses and accommo- date the public at the least possible cost. If there are earnings, they go back to the people who maintain the roads. Private emolument is rendered impossible, and this fact alone will spread contentment. The masses can not understand how rail- road kings got so immensely rich in so short a time. There will be no free passes to bribe legislators and judges. The private car will disappear, and one may travel first, second, or third class, to suit one's taste and purse. There will be no rebates and discriminations in rates. Undivided surpluses will not accu- mulate, while small stockholders are being frozen out. The ripened melon will not be cut by a few. The official with a salary of fifty thousand dollars a year will be supplanted by a better one at one-tenth the cost to the public. There will be no competition between rival roads and companies. Roads will not be built where they are not needed, and neglected parts of the country wnll gradually get the roads they need. Strikes will be rendered impossible by wise legislation, and, the fears and un- certainties of manufacturers and traders being removed, there will be less fluctuation in prices. It will be impossible suddenly to run coal up to fifteen dollars a ton, at the risk of causing poor people to perish in the winter cold. The cost of the necessaries of life will not be determined and changed at the nod of a few railroad magnates. All business enterprises that depend upon transportation of materials, raw or manufactured, will be steadier, and capital locked up by fear will be set to work by trust in the national government. Gambling in railroad bonds

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and stocks will cease. The roads built in specially favorable locations will help the other roads that are needed in regions sparsely settled and the short branches, and they will not get their demanded high rate of interest on leases at the expense of regions less favored by nature. Shylock will not get his pound of flesh, even if it is nominated in the bond. The government will take possession and a commission will determine what ought to be paid in compensation, just as when a lot is seized for a school house, for a post office, or for a fort. Then the small stockholder will fare as well as the landshark who has been accustomed to run stock down, buy all he can at a small price and then declare a big dividend and run the stock up again.

Another railroad reform will be the substitution of elec- tricity for steam. The unused and remote waterfalls well may be seized for such a purpose. There is power enough running to waste in New Hampshire to operate its railroads. Then we shall have passenger trains every fifteen minutes. The roadbed will be oiled, and we may ride through the mountainous scenery of the Granite State without being suffocated in closed cars to save ourselves from dust, smoke and cinders.

All reforms in the industrial and commercial world seek a just distribution of wealth. The laborer wants and ought to have all he has earned. Society is tired of enriching a few at the expense of the many. A commonwealth demands more of equality in the good things of earth. The fears of the ignorant that the rich may be looted and the spoils divided among all have no foundation. Nature has made differences in persons, that necessitate differences in material possessions. There will always be the comparatively rich and the comparatively poor, but the difference need not be measured by celestial diameters. The inventor should enrich society as well as himself. The expert financier must serve the state as well as himself. The inheritor of great wealth must share with his community. Even now England is taxing her wealthiest citizens sixty per cent of their annual income to meet the expenses of defensive war. There are majorities of millions who in times of peace need de- fense against sickness and poverty. A graduated income and inheritance tax that runs up to fifty per cent or more in the

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maximum is a reform that may be expected, when the toilers have been wisely led to vote together.

After enormous and disproportionate wealth has been accu- mulated in a few families, as in ancient Rome, or in the church, as in Italy and Mexico, while the vast majority of the population are without land, and sometimes without work and without food, there come a revolution and a forced confiscation of large properties. There is no other remedy. This country is now passing through a peaceful revolution, effected by education and the ballot, but it is sure, swift and radical. The immense accumulations must be redistributed among the people. Hold- ing corporations cannot forever hold more than they ought to have, while its members escape personal responsibility. Proper remuneration for toil and just redistribution of inflated wealth will not be left to the ignorant and fanatical suggestions of upstarts in politics, but will be the well considered problem of the old political parties. They must consider them and act promptly or lose their existence. The aim must be, not to favor the already too highly privileged classes, but to elevate the masses and make life richer and happier for theme New Hampshire may be expected to lead in the campaign of educa- tion and social betterment. The demand of the hour is for fewer party bosses and place-seekers, and for more constructive states- men.

While labor unions have raised the price of labor, manu- facturers have sought to import cheaper workmen from foreign lands. There are millions that want to come for a dollar a day, but they will not stay at work long at that price. Then the endeavor has been to get more ignorant laborers from more distant lands. Thus the chasm between the rich and the poor is widened. It is not yet a "great gulf fixed." It has been bridged here and there and a few pass over joyfully one way and woefully the other. The chasm should be filled up. How? By making all rich? That is impossible. By making all poor? That, too. can not be. By making all comfortable and happy and the contrasts not too far apart and unchangeable? That is a possible ideal, toward which all lovers of their fellowmen will strive.

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We now have a tariff on manufactured articles imported from abroad, to protect labor as American manufacturers say. The counter statement is, that the tariff is designed to increase the gains of the manufacturer, and this seems to be true when he sells his products abroad for less than the market price at home. How would it do to put a tariff on imported laborers and make the American manufacturers pay it? Let the tariff be high enough to really protect labor here. French Canadians were brought in by the car load a few years ago, because they would work in the mills and shops at lower wages than Yankees and Irishmen demanded. If there is free trade in labor, why not in materials and manufactures? The toilers are crying out against the importation of cheap and dependent laborers. The law against it must be such and so enforced that it can not be evaded. The operative in mills and shops can better afford to lose his purse than his job. This whole labor problem must be solved by legislatures to the satisfaction of the laborers, or there is going to be increasing trouble. It may be a long time before they get their full rights. Many have come up from slavery in the march of history and are not more than half way to complete freedom in many lands and industries. It is impossible to go back to small industries, when the workmen individually owned their tools ; we can go forward to a system, in which the workmen collectively or governmentally may own the build- ings and machinery by which they live. They rightly demand a chance to work that can not be taken away at the will of the employer.

One who studies immigration statistics and the rapid in- crease of population in the United States sees the time coming when the number of people in New Hampshire will be several times what it now is. Then there will be more factories, and to feed the operatives there must be more intensive farming. There is good land enough. Much of it lies in swamps. It is easier to make good land in New England by drainage than to do so in the far West by irrigation of deserts. The best soil is washed down from the hillsides, and much of it is now car- ried out to sea in the spring floods. Ways must be discovered and applied for conserving and enriching soil. Increased popu- lation wrill raise the price of farm products, and the waste lands

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of New Hampshire will blossom and bear fruit like the poorer but better tilled land of crowded Europe.

New Hampshire will continue to be a summer resort. The purchase of large national reservations, good roads and reforesta- tion insure this. There may be danger that too much of the best land and locations will be owned by absentee landlords, but legislation and taxation can avert the evil. Visitors bring money to the State ; absentee owners take it away. Absentee owners of mills and shops should be guarded against and re- stricted for the same reason. If one's treasure is laid up in Boston or New York, there will one's heart be also. It is better that the inhabitants of New Hampshire should own and control her lands and industries. Let them be the hosts rather than the guests at summer hotels.

No one who has watched and reflected upon the public schools thinks that they have reached perfection. It is a current maxim among educators that the teacher has not taught till the pupil has learned. It is not enough that useful knowledge should be committed to memory, sometimes without being understood. The teacher has not well taught in the higher grades till the pupils have learned to think for themselves, to weigh evidences, to compare opposing opinions, to draw con- clusions, to take apart ideas and put them together in varied ways. Most of the pupils now leave school as soon as they are allowed to do so, and they have learned but little. In the school of life they will learn a little more, but they will always be followers of others who teach by word and example. They can not think. Memory and imagination have been cultivated, the latter principally by the exhibitions of moving pictures, but the higher faculties of the human mind are dormant. They see only a small part of what is before their eyes. They hear only the simpler notes of music. They can not distinguish between harmony and discord, between eloquence and noise, between a painting of one of the masters and a cheap chromo, between the classics and literature born only for a day. Their unde- veloped taste prefers the inferior. They have been taught a few things, but they are woefully uneducated. So called study in school has been irksome to the majority. They hate books because all they have ever looked into have required hard and

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disagreeable work. Their teachers have kept school and heard recitations, while the pupils have memorized and speedily for- gotten. The saturated sponge soon becomes dry. Intense in- terest has not been aroused in the subjects under consideration. The new education demands teachers who can make the pupils eager to learn. If some things can not be made interesting to some children, then do not try to cram knowledge into reluctant minds. Change the curriculum of such children. Do not require precisely the same of all children. They are alike with an infinite variety of differences.

The high schools, academies and colleges minister to com- paratively few, and half of those who attends these institutions are not seeking a thorough education, but to learn a few more things and to have a good time. Many who would appreciate the benefits of the higher institutions of learning can not afford to attend them. They must become wage earners at an early age. New Hampshire has not taught her children till all who are capable have learned. If a deathless thirst for knowledge, truth, principles, has been awakened, then for the remainder of life the pupil will be a teacher of himself and others. The process of education has begun and may be finished at the end of eternity.

There are great institutions and heavy endowments to put the finishing touches upon the school education of the favored few; the multitudes in the elementary schools are without expert training and except for home influences and unusual natural gifts do not start right. The Normal Schools are doing some- thing to prepare young persons to teach a few years. New Hampshire must pay its teachers in the lower grades better wages and give them more respect and honor. The school life of a child should be made one of constant joy. The school house should be a social center for the education, improvement and happiness of those who have ceased to go to school. There is higher education of a noble quality in New Hampshire, but it is not diffused enough. Compulsory education is almost a contradiction in terms, unless it is meant that parents and em- ployers are compelled to give all children a chance to go to school. Alluring education is the prize that should be held out to children. Natural curiosity, the love of mental activity of

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some sort, the beauty of truth and its inspiring power when perceived, such are the spiritual forces to be utilized by the teacher who has felt their power. The education of the future needs to be deeper rather than broader. It should lead to a grasp of principles and develop ability to apply them.

In all departments of human study there is an increasing tendency toward cooperation and unity. Science searches for truth, unmixed with bias and prejudice. Every discoverer and inventor helps every other. Every genuine philosopher, or lover of wisdom, longs to share his vision with every other seer, and even to open the eyes of the blind. Opposing schools of thought no longer exist. Allopathists, homeopathists, osteopathists and sane practitioners of mental therapeutics are glad to learn from one another and are working for the same end, public health. In every sphere of thought, except that of religion, there is quite general harmony. Here the attempt is made to put a denominational label on truth and to claim a monopoly of it. Here more than anywhere else there is needed a broader and a deeper education. The signs of the times are hopeful. The essentials of religion are being separated in thought from the non-essentials. The call for Christian union is growing louder. The harmful nature of so many rival denominations is more clearly seen than formerly. Charity, brotherly kindness and good sense shout aloud the prophecy from the housetops, that after another generation New Hampshire will have fewer and more liberal churches, and that every lover of God and humanity wTill seek to help every other. The religion needed is one suited to all worlds, the world of thought, the world of emotion, the world of business, the world of industry, the social world, the political world, the complex and eternal world. In all worlds love is the rule of conduct, the perfect bond, the fulfilling of the law.

A review of the history of New Hampshire shows how patriotism, or love of one's country, has taken on an enlarged meaning. The four original towns were independent settle- ments, who governed themselves without consultation with neighboring settlements, and their interests sometimes conflicted. A common need of protection from the savage foe bound them together into a province. They learned to legislate for the wel-

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fare of the entire population, each town giving up some of its independency for the sake of greater gains. The French and Indian wars united the New England colonies for common defense. The American Revolution made the thirteen colonies one. The lover of his town had grown to be a lover of his state and of the United States as a whole. His patriotic love broadened out with the admission of each state and territory. It is not the flag of the colony or of the state that kindles emo- tion, but the flag of the United States, wherever it floats, be it in Hawaii, Porto Rico, or the far off Philippines. There is community of interests that binds all people under that flag into a patriotic group. The citizen has come to feel the ties that bind millions of people together. He is on his way from provincialism to cosmopolitanism. The more he knows about his expanding nation, the more patriotic he feels. The rivalry of towns and states is only that of friendly helpers. Patriotism does not permit legislation that injures one section of the nation for the sake of benefiting another section. The foreigner from scores of countries becomes a fellow citizen, comrade and brother after he has been here long enough to establish mutual acquaintance. We take him into our national family, and he, too, is an American patriot. His interests are with us. He stands with us for national defense and prosperity.

Let hope and prophecy extend their vision. We are learn- ing that all men have common interests, that all nations are dependent on all the rest. A famine, an earthquake, a flood, a war, in any part of the world excites our sympathy and secures our aid for the distressed. As soon as it is perceived and acknowledged that all men and all nations have common interests and needs, the bond of brotherhool will be felt. The federation of nations and the universal brotherhood of man will be realized together. Then patriotism will mean loyalty to the true inter- ests of our fellowmen, wherever found. Like the individual, New Hampshire is free and independent within limits, just so far as her freedom and independence do not conflict with the rights and privileges of other states and nations. All the tra- ditions of the past indicate that the New Hampshire of the future will be among the foremost to welcome the federation

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of the world, and she will be all the more free and independent as she recognizes her obligation to love and serve all the nations of the earth. The flag of the United World will float above even the stars and stripes.

Appendix A GLEANINGS FROM COURT FILES

Appendix A

GLEANINGS FROM COURT FILES

IT is the purpose of this appendix to illustrate the wealth of historical and genealogical data that may be found in the indexed court files. Only a partial search has been made, yet the results may be of interest to readers and lead others to continue the search.

Folder No. 21813. February 15, 1741-2. The sheriff was commanded to attach the goods and estate of Daniel Moulton of Portsmouth, mariner, to the value of five thousand pounds, to answer unto "William Vaughan of a place called Damaris Cotty within our county of York," in an action of ejectment from a tract of land in Portsmouth containing about a quarter of an acre with the building thereon, bounded southerly by land of Thomas Hart, westerly by a street leading from Spring Hill down to Piscataqua Ferry, northerly by land of Capt. George Walker and easterly by Pisca- taqua River ; also another tract of land containing an acre and a half, beginning at the southwest corner of land now in possession of Elizabeth Pike, widow, formerly in possession of William Fellows, innholder, de- ceased, running southerly by the highway that leads from the Reverend Mr. Fitch's to the north Meeting House, then running east northeast nine degrees and a half to the street that leads from Spring Hill aforesaid to Piscataqua Ferry, then running westerly by said street to the southeast corner of the said piece of land in possession of the said Elizabeth Pike, then running westerly to the southwest corner first mentioned ; also another tract of two acres, beginning at the southeast corner of land in possession of the Reverend Mr. Fitch heretofore belonging to one Joseph Alcock de- ceased, then running west southwest nine degrees south twenty-four and four-fifths rods, formerly owned by Richard Cutt deceased, who on the second day of February anno Domini 1671 deeded this land to William Vaughan, who had married Cutt's daughter Margaret, by whom the right had descended to William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty, son of George Vaughan deceased, who was son of said Margaret. Cutt Vaughan, another son of Margaret, had died without issue.

Matthew Livermore was attorney for the appellees. Daniel Moulton was the original defendant and associated with him were Charles Cham- bers of Charlestown, Middlesex county, Mass., and Margaret his wife in her right, George Walker of Portsmouth and Abigail his wife in her right and William King of Portsmouth.

The folder contains a surveyor's plan of all the lands mentioned in the writ, made by James Jeffrey and George Mitchell. The plan shows that Nathaniel Harvey was then living at the ferry. Also in this folder is found the original deed of Clement Campion, mariner, to John Webster, dated August I, 1646. There is also a memorandum kept by Edward Winslow, giving the price of silver money in currency year by year from 1700 to 1744. The price varied gradually from seven shillings to thirty-two shillings.

Another paper found in this folder declares that the boundary line between Portsmouth and Dover was run by Walter Bryant and John Godsoe, surveyors, August 24, 1739, on a straight line "from the head of Kenney's (Thomas Canney) Creek south seventy-nine degrees and forty-five min : west to ye head of Hogsty Cove." The line was run at the request of Capt. William King and Joseph Rawlins. The direction of the surveyors' line

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334 NEW HAMPSHIRE

locates Hogsty Cove a little south of the mouth of Great Bay, and the marsh land from that point around to Cotterill's Delight near Sandy Beach, with four hundred acres of upland, belonged to ancient Dover and was granted by that town to some of its inhabitants.

In the same folder is found a long deposition by John Downing Esqr., aged eighty-four years, dated at Newington, August 10, 1742. He "testifieth and declareth that about sixty years past he came to Portsmouth in New Hampshire and soon after he came he hired himself with Majr. William Vaughan of said place for one year and further saith that in the time he lived with said Vaughan there was an old fence round the land now in controversy between William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty in the county of York and Daniel Moulton of Portsmouth, mariner, and others, vizt.j the land lying westward or southwestward of said Majr. Vaughan's Dwelling House which aforesaid land was in one enclosure excepting the Herb Garden which was a within inclosure in the north east corner thereof, which said enclosure is since divided by a way leading from the north Meeting House in said Portsmouth to Deer Street so called by the house and lot of land of Joseph Alcock where the Reverend Mr. Jabez Fitch now dwfells, the south east corner of which lot of Joseph Alcocks lays opposite to the south west corner of a lot of land now in possession of Elizabeth Pike formerly in possession of William Fellows deceased, which said lot of land now in possession of Elizabeth Pike aforesaid was then in the time of my said service with Majr. Vaughan in the Tenure and occupation of Mrs. Eleanor Cutt. widow of Richard Cutt of said Portsmouth Esqr., as it wias said, lately deceased, further saith that the same time there was a division fence as it now stands between the same lot in Mr. Cutts Tenure and the garden and orchard then and lately till he died in the possession of said Majr. Vaughan, since in the Tenure of said Daniel Moulton and wife Elizabeth, which aforesaid fence continued near the same course further westward to the back or western side of said Mrs. Cutts orchard, which was about that distance westward of the Reverend Mr. Fitch's south east corner as the present orchards are. Further saith that on the southerly side of said westermost lot of Majr. Vaughan's there was then a fence on the west side of the way opposite to the northwest corner now in the possession of Thomas Hart formerly in possession of John Hunking deceased, which said fence continued its course westward on the south side of the Barberry hedge to the south west corner of the present orchard and from there northerly to the division fence aforesaid at the south west corner of Mrs. Eleanor Cutts aforesaid orchard. Further saith that the said Mrs. Eleanor Cutt possessed the land on the southwest and north of said lot of Majr. Vaughan's aforesaid. Further saith in the time of my said service I the Deponent planted most of the apple trees and barberry bushes in said lot of Majr. Vaughan's for him. Further saith that at the same time Majr. Vaughan and Margaret his wife had two sons to wit Cutt the elder and George the younger who when he came of age possessed and improved the House and land in which his grandmother Mrs. Eleanor Cutt lived now in possession of the aforesaid Elizabeth Pike, also the aforesaid orchard and pasture westward of said Mr. Fitch's Dwelling House to the highway between said pasture and the lot formerly John Hunkings by the fresh marsh Creek so called. Further saith that the present William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty was the reputed latest son of said George Vaughan deceased. Further saith the north and by east corner of the Parsonage or Glebe land lays situated about thirty rods south and by west from the noted Spring so called which lies near the bend of the river near the middle of the place called Strawberry Bank formerly. Further saith that formerly one John Hunking had a warehouse near the now Dwelling House of Thomas Harts on the southward of the House where the said Majr. Vaughan formerly lived now possessed by the aforesaid Moulton. Further saith that Piscataqua

A HISTORY 335

river was to the eastward of Majr. Vaughan's House, a stone warehouse on the north and the way from Spring Hill to Piscataqua Ferry on the west. Further saith that when he the Deponent first came to the place called the Bank in Portsmouth aforesaid he often heard it said that a certain man named Francis Rains lived near the north west end of the aforesaid street from the Spring Hill to Piscataqua Ferry. The said John Downing further saith that he never knew or heard that Mr. Richard Cutt or Eleanor his wife lived in the house now in controversy."

James Libby of Portsmouth, aged about sixty-eight years, the first Tuesday in August 1742, testified that fifty years ago he was employed by Majr. William Vaughan to help gather apples in an orchard of said Vaughan's which is since divided by a street as mentioned in the deposition of John Downing Esqr.

On the same date as the last "Joshua Pierce of Portsmouth, aged seventy one years and a half deposed that when he was about six years old (his mother being married one Mr. Jos Light who did business for Majr Wm Vaughan at sd Portsmouth) he the deponent came with his sd Fathr in law & mother to sd Portsmouth to live & in his minority was constantly passing and repassing from Fathr Light's House to ye House of Majr Vaughan who lived then and since to his dying Day in ye House where Capt. Daniel Moulton of said Portsmouth one of ye appellees now Dwells," etc.

At the same time Richard Hilton of Portsmouth, aged about eighty years, deposed to the same effect; also Timothy Davis senior of Portsmouth, aged about sixty two years; there are three depositions dated 10:10:1721, by Elizabeth Harvey aged seventy, John Jackson aged eighty-four, and Mrs. Ann Clark aged seventy two.

The folder also contains statements copied from the "Register Book page 108," that William Vaughan married Mary Cutt (Margaret?) 8 Dec. 1668, that their son Cutt was born 6 March 1673-4, that their son George was born 13 April 1676, that George Vaughan married Elizabeth Eliot 8 Feb. 1701, and that \Villiam their son was born 12 Sept. 1703.

Folders No. 17678 and No. 23171 contain information about the emi- gration from the Pascataqua region to Pascattaway, New Jersey, and name a number of the emigrants. Many years later depositions were obtained from some in New Jersey and others who had known the family of Henry Langstaff of Bloody Point, Newington.

John Whitcher of Haverhill, aged sixty nine years, deposed, 5 June 1718, "that about fifty years since he knew John Langstaff alias Langstarr, son of Henry Langstaff senr of Bloody Point in New Hampshire deceased when he lived with his father. The said John Langstaff alias Langstarr afterward removed to New Jersey and there lived. In the year 1674 the Deponent removed and lived there also for about three years & a half, all which time he was very well acquainted with the said John Langstaff and knew him to be the same John Langstaff ye reputed son of the alia Lang- staff first above exprest, that all the neighbours there yt went hence to live there, vizt., Benjamin Hull, Mr. Drake & his two sons & several others that went there from this Piscataqua to live knew him the said John Langstar above, always alowed him to bee the son of Henry Langstaff of Bloody Point above sd & they named that place Piscataqua after the name of this Piscataqua, and when I came from thence I brought a letter from the above said John Langstar to his father Henry Langstaff alia Langstar at Bloody Point above sd, which ye said John Langstaff obliged me to Deliver with my own hand, which I did, at the receiving of which the above said Henry Lang- staff alias Langstarr was very much rejoict & thankt me for my kindness & enquired very particular after his sons Settlement."

The deposition of William Shackford, aged seventy-eight, dated 22 April 1718, is to similar effect. He had been to New Jersey and returned.

336 NEW HAMPSHIRE

Also Deborah wife of William Shackford, who was daughter of Thomas Trickey of Bloody Point, aged seventy-two, deposed 5 June 1718, that she was born at Bloody Point and knew the Langstaff family well. Her sister, Lydia Webber, aged sixty-eight, deposed at the same time to the same effect. So also did John Tuttle, aged seventy-two, and Christian Remick of Kittery, aged eighty. The last deposition is dated 12 May 1718. He lived on the shore of the river Pascataqua, opposite to Langstaff, and knew the family well.

In No. 23171 Benjamin Martin of New Jersey, aged about fifty-eight, testifies, 21 July 1718, that about forty-nine years ago he lived in Dover with his uncle, Thomas Roberts, and that John Langstaffe alias Langstarr, who had dwelt in Piscattaway, N. J., forty-nine or fifty years, is the reputed son of Henry Langstarr or Langstaff of Bloody Point. Also Joseph Mar- tin, aged sixty-three, deposed, at the same time that forty-nine or fifty years ago he lived at Welch Cove, Dover, with Anthony Nutter, whose wife was daughter of Henry Langstarr alias Langstaff of Bloody Point, and knew his eldest son, John Langstarr.

Thus we learn some items of history about Bloody Point and Piscatta- way, New Jersey, as well as about the genealogy of several faimlies.

Folder No. 21770 contains a promisory note, "I James Boyd of Colraine merchant doe promis to pay to John Orr of ye parish of Colraine wever the sum of sixteen pounds starl the first day of May next, vallew reed from him in mony as witness my hand & seal this I4th day of October one thou- sand seven hundred and seventeen 1717." Signed, James Boyd.

Sealed and delivered in presence of Hugh Orr (his mark) and John Harper. The papers accompanying show that James Boyd of Portsmouth had died intestate and that John Orr had brought suit against Alexander Caldwell for payment of this note. Thus we learn the place in Ireland from which came the Orr family of Harpswell, Maine, and the Boyd family of Londonderry, N. H.

Folder No. 17789. Martha Sloper of Portsmouth, spinster, makes "my trusty and well beloved friend and Brother, Elisha Kelly of ye Isle of Shoals, Gentleman, my true and lawful attorney." How was she sister of Elisha Kelly? She is thought to have been daughter of Henry Sherburne.

Folder No. 24316 contains the papers used in a suit for recovery of land by heirs of Nicholas Follett of Portsmouth rersus Ichabod Cheslev of Durham. The writ names as heirs widow Sarah Hardy of Exeter, widow Elizabeth Gilman of Newmarket, widow Hannah Burleigh of Ipswich, Essex county, Mass., widow Martha Rust of Stratham, Theophilus Smith Esq. of Exeter and Mary his wife in her right, Samuel Doe of Newmarket and Abigail his wife in her right, Samuel Sherburne of Portsmouth and Mercy his wife in her right, "all of which women are daughters of Abigail late wife of Andrew Wiggin of Stratham aforesaid Esqr, formerly Abigail Follit now deceased, who was a daughter of Nicholas Follit late of Ports- mouth aforesaid and Mariner deceased — Jonathan Wiggin, Mary Wiggin, Nicholas Wiggin, Zebulun Wiggin, Issachar Wiggin & Nathaniel W'iggin, all lawful issue and next of kin to Nicholas Wiggin deceased, who was a son of the said Abigail, and all minors under the age of twenty one years, who appear by Andrew Wiggin Esqr aforesaid their grandfather & next friend & Andrew Wiggin. Mary Wiggin, Abigail Wiggin, Martha Wiggin, Bradstreet Wiggin and Hannah Wiggin all minors under the age of twenty one years, lawful issue & next of kin to Bradstreet Deceased, who was another son of the said Abigail deceased, which minors appear by their said grandfather Andrew Wiggin Esqr & next friend, Nicholas Follit of Newbury in the county of Essex in our province of the Massachusetts Bay, mariner, Francis Follit of Newmarket aforesaid Blacksmith, Caleb Follit a minor under twenty one years, who appears by the said Francis his Brother & guardian & Benjamin Doe of Durham in said province, yeomen, & Han-

A HISTORY 337

nah his wife in her right, which Nicholas, Francis, Caleb & Hannah are lawful issue & next of kin to Benjamin Follit late of Newmarket aforesaid, cordwainer, deceased." They sought to recover eighteen acres of land in Durham claimed by Ichabod Chesley, on the south side of the Mast Path, as their right and inheritance from Nicholas Follett late of Portsmouth, tailor, deceased, who was brother of said Sarah Hardy, Elizabeth Oilman^ Abigail Wiggin and Benjamin Follett, all children of Nicholas Follett, mariner, deceased.

The writ goes on to say that the said Abigail died about the year 1736 intestate and her surviving issue were the said Bradstreet Wiggin and Nicholas Wiggin both now deceased and the said Hannah Burleigh, Martha Rust, Mary Smith, Abigail Doe and Mercy Sherburne. In about the year. 1745 said Benjamin Follit died intestate leaving surviving issue, Nicholas, Francis, Samuel, Benjamin, Caleb and Hannah. In about the year 1750 the said Nicholas Wiggin died leaving issue, Jonathan, Mary, Nicholas, Zebulun, Issachar and Nathaniel, minors. In about the year 1752 the said Bradstreet Wiggin died intestate, leaving issue, Andrew, Mary, Abigail, Martha, Brad- street, Phoebe and Hannah, minors. In the year 1754 said Phoebe died intestate.

Alary Denbo, probably wife of the first Salathiel Denbow, deposed, 27 Jan. 1756, aged about eighty-two and upwards, that seventy five years last past she lived with John Meder of Oyster River and was fully acquainted with William Follit, who lived and died in Oyster River about seventy years last past, leaving no issue, for he never had any. Likewise she knew Nicholas Follit of Oyster River and frequently heard her dame Meeder, who was sister of Nicholas, call said Williams wife cussen and was com- monly called by others to be cousins in that day and the said Nicholas was always accounted to be the cousin of the said William by your deponent & near the time of the destruction of Oyster River aforesaid the said Nicholas moved to Portsmouth, he following the sea until his death, leaving Abigail, Nicholas, Benjamin, Sarah, Elizabeth, Caleb and Philip his reputed issue whom I very well knew.

Elizabeth Roberts, aged eighty-three, deposed, 2 August 1756, that she lived with her father about sixty-five or seventy years ago on Jones Neck so called where she was well acquainted with William Follit, he then living on Bunkers Neck on the easterly side of the creek, and also with Nicholas Follit who traded with the Wine Islands and that the said Nicholas invited my mother and some others to go over the river to drink wine.

Capt. Stephen Jones, aged about eighty-nine, knew William Follit and also Nicholas, who lived near the Oyster Bed on the southern side of the river, and they were commonly called cousins, and the said Nicholas died at sea leaving children, Abigail, Nicholas, Benjamin, Sarah and Elizabeth. Dated Jan. 27, 1756.

Abraham Clark, aged seventy-seven, deposed to the same effect, 17 Sept. 1756. On the other hand Elizabeth Pinkham, aged seventy-seven, testified at the same time that she never heard them claim relationship though she often saw them in company and drink together, and the said William Follit lived one summer at your deponent's father's house and he never claimed Nicholas as cousin.

Anna Sias, who was Anna Pitman, aged about eighty-nine, deposed, 6 Sept. 1755, that seventy years last past she went to live with William Follit of Oyster River as servant for the term of six years and in the last year of said time the said William died, having no children, and she commonly heard William and Nicholas call each other cousins in that day and she knew the children of said Nicholas, Abigail, Caleb, Sarah, Elizabeth and Nicholas.

Folder No. 18309. May 23, 1738, the goods and estate of Samuel Emer- son, gentleman, of Durham, and of Timothy Emerson, tanner, of Durham,

338 NEW HAMPSHIRE

were attached to satisfy the claim of Reuben Chesley, mariner, Isaac Watson and Lillies his wife in right of his said wife, Timothy Hanson and Kezia his wife in right of his said wife, all of Dover. It is said that Samuel Chesley late of Dover died sometime in the year 1707," leaving issue Samuel his oldest son, Philip, Joseph, Benjamin, & Reuben his other sons, the said Lillies & Kezia, his daughters, being all his children." "In about the year of our Lord 1717 the said oldest son Samuel died without issue & intestate and in about the year of our Lord 1718 the said Benjamin died without issue & intestate, and in or about the year of our Lord 1720 the said Philip died without issue intestate."

Thus it appears that the genealogy of the Chesley family as published in the History of County of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, page 488, and cited in the History of Durham, N. H., page 55, needs to be revised and cor- rected.

Folder No. 18231. December 8, 1677, George Walton junior of Ports- mouth was indicted to answer to the complaint of Ferdinando Hooff (called also Hufe) in an action of trespass for carrying away two stacks of hay within his cornfield by the water side at Cape Porpos.

"Deposition of Andrew Samson aged about 28 years who testifieth that sometime in September last being along with George Walton at Cape porpos in a boate who was bound to cutt grass there, ye sd Walton tooke aboard two stacks of hay which stood by a brooke neere to Richard Palmers within fences of a corn ffeild which hay Robert Booth & John Layton said was Nandy Hooffs, upon which said Walton made answer that he had better take it than it should stand there & rott. The quantity of Hay he judgeth it to be aboute eighty Cocks." Sworn 13 Nov. 1677.

John Davis, aged 53, testified to the same effect, December 25, 1677, and so did William Agawam, aged 18. Shadrach Walton, aged 20, and William Hilton, aged 24, testified that Richard Palmer sold to George Walton two small stacks of hay two years old, same date as above. The testimony of Samson White, aged 21, of Robert Booth, aged 21, of John Layton, aged 39, was dated November 13, 1677. Most of these lived on the coast of Maine.

Folder 18416. August 17, 1733, the goods and estate of Joshua Weeks of Greenland were attached, to answer unto William Furber of Newington for trespass upon six acres of land belonging to William Furber deceased, who died intestate in or about the year 1695, leaving issue, sons William and Jethro, and daughters Susanna, Bridget and Elizabeth. The oldest son, William, died in 1703 intestate, leaving issue William, oldest son, Jethro and Joshua.

Sarah Cutt testified, Feb. 6, 1733-4, that her father, Richard Martyn, died April 2, 1695, in the 6sth year of his age.

"Deposition of Thomas Harvey, aged about forty seven years, testifieth & Saith that he well remembers his father Thomas Harvey formerly of Portsmouth, deceased, went from Piscataqua River in a vessel Thirty nine years ago & has not been in Piscataqua since, but as the Deponent was told by some of the same vessels Company he was taken by the French & was carried prisoner into France where he soon after died." Dated February

5, 1733-

John Dam, aged 66, deposed August 6, 1734, and named William Furber as his grandfather.

Thomas Perkins of Kennebunk, aged 62, deposed August 30, 1733, that 48 or 50 years before William Furber used to transport salt hay and thatch from a certain marsh in Greenland.

Thomas Row, aged 77, swore in court that he helped William Furber mow forty six years ago.

John Johnson, aged 71, testified in court, August 6, 1734, that he knew the land in controversy 55 years ago.

Folder No. 23359. Robert Bryant of Greenland died in 1724, leaving

A HISTORY 339

children, Robert, John, Abraham, Nathaniel, Mary, Rebecca, Charity, Han- nah, Abigail and Deborah. These brought suit against John Avery of Stratham in 1742. Probably Abigail had married Benjamin Keniston of Greenland, Deborah had married John Brazell of Greenland, and Hannah had married Philip Harry of Newmarket.

The same folder contains the following depositions. Charles Allen of Wells, aged 77, August 5, 1747, testified that he remembered Robert Bryant formerly of Greenland, that he lived "between the houses now of Jonathan Barker &: Bracket Johnson about fifty six or seven years past," "on the northeasterly side of the Countrey Road passing from Exeter to Ports- mouth," and" that "his son Robert Bryant sometime after lived with William Philbrook in said Greenland as an apprentice."

Ebenezer Johnson, aged 71, deposed in July 1747. Joshua Bracket, aged 73, deposed at the same time that Robert Bryant lived on the road from Greenland to Stratham three or four rods east of Jonathan Weeks' gate. Richard Place, aged 84, deposed July 13, 1747, and Samuel Piper, aged 75, deposed at same time.

Folder No. 27408 contains a copy of the plan of town lots laid out in Bow in the year 1733, with names of all the owners thereof.

Folder No. 27613. Widow Hannah Jackson was sister of Clement Drew and aunt of Joseph Drew. She complained of them because they called her a witch and said she had bewitched their cattle and hogs. This was about the year 1750 and is perhaps the latest mention of witchcraft in the courts.

Folder No. 27167 contains a deposition of Hannah Pierce, of lawful age, made December 2, 1755, that in June 1747 she \vent with Daniel Robinson and Mary Church, her sister, to the house of the Rev. Mr. John Blunt of New Castle and saw the said Robinson and Church married to each other, and that Robinson afterward went to sea. The mother of Mary Church was then widow Hannah Blasfield of Portsmouth.

Folder No. 17831 contains the testimony of J. Emerson of Portsmouth, that he married Mark Curtain and Sarah Lewis, November 9, 1717.

Folder No. 17891 contains statement that the Rev. John Buss of Oyster River married, August 13, 1702, "the wife of Richard Saunders late of Portsmouth, mariner, unto one Richard Eburn without license."

Folder No. 15717 contains the testimony of Katherine Durgin, aged sixty-seven years, that John Footman of Dover was "my first born child that I had by Thomas Footman, he being about forty three years of age." Dated Sept. i, 1705.

Folder No. 23192 has a deposition of John Moody, aged fifty-four years, that "I the deponent knew Elizabeth Phillips who was reputed to be the mother of Richard Clark of Newmarket and that she came to my house with said Clark and then and there conveyed to him by deed of sale bearing date the first day of December anno Domini 1735 all her right and title to several tracts of land which were her fathers Thomas Footman." Dated November 18, 1760.

In the same suit there is a deposition of Tamsen Drew, aged about eighty years, "that she well remembers William Durgin and his wife who she has often heard was widow7 to old Thomas Footman formerly of Dover deceased and has been well acquainted with their children and by the best accounts that ever I your deponent had James Durgin their son late of Durham deceased would a ben eighty eight years of age or there- abouts." Dated May 19, 1760.

Thomas Drew, aged eighty-seven, deposed to the same effect at the same time.

The deposition of Joseph Hall, aged seventy eight, November 18, 1760, "testifieth & saith that I the deponent well knew Elizabeth Footman when she was a young woman & knew well John & Thomas Footman & Abigail

340 NEW HAMPSHIRE

York that they were the reputed sons & daughters of Thomas Footman formerly of Dover & I have often heard them call said Elizabeth their sister, I having lived together with them all at garrison & I knew one John Phillips that came from the southward a soldier & I heard it frequently reported that said Phillips married said Elizabeth & soon after said Phillips went off to the southward as was supposed to see his friends & was absent for some short time and then returned to these parts again & then I saw him & he stopped but a short time & returned to the southward with the aforesaid Elizabeth his wife as I was then informed."

A deed shows that John Phillips was from North Kingston, Rhode Island, that that he had a son, John Phillips. Elizabeth Phillips is called aunt by Thomas Stevenson in a deposition. She also had a niece, Eleanor McCalva, who deposed at the same time.

Folder No. 24397 contains depositions of Thomas Veasey of Stratham, aged 75, and of Nathaniel Huggins, aged 84, both dated August 3, 1744, and of Samuel Weeks, aged 72, and of Daniel Allen, aged 72, both dated Sep- tember 29, 1742.

Folder No. 15454. Deposition of Henry Langstar, aged Sixty Six years, testifieth and saith yt Capt. Briant Pendletons land in Portsmouth Butting on the Long Reach extended to Dover Line, as he was informed by James Rawlins, and yt the land now in dispute between George Huntress and Richard Gerrish is part of said Land, which to prove I can show the stumps of the bounds mark trees ; and further yt I workt many days on said land with James Rawlins sour in the year 1669 to redeem a mortgage made of his estate to said Pcndleton and yt there was no Vacant Land between them butt yt Rawlins came to Portsmouth Line and Pendleton to Dover Line and further saith not. Sworn in Curia 1713."

In the same suit Rebecca Rawlins mentions "my father James Rawlins Senr deceased, and she could show "pritty neere ye bound mark a little of this side durty gutt."

Folder No. 15736. The deposition of Mary Wacomb and Margaret Adams of full age Testifieth that Marke Hunking who now dwells neir Little Harbor is the oldest and only surviving son of our honored father Marke Hunking ship carpenter deceased, who dwelt at the same place which our brother Marke now possesses. Sworn in court 12 August 1702.

They also testify that "to our certain knowledge our father Marke Hunking Deceased hade possession of that Island at Little Harbor where the ferry to New Castle is kept in the yeare of our Lord 1666 and he did then build a stage & kept a fishing shallop at said Island, Jeffrey Currier being then his boats master, and the fish was made or cured at said Island which we are told is now in controversy between our brother Mark Hunking and John Abbot." Sworn in Court 12 August 1702.

The Margaret Adams here named was, without doubt, the wife of Chris- topher Adams of Kittery.

Folder No. 21926 contains a deposition of Annas McKean (her mark), aged 72, widow of James McKean of Londonderry, that Robert Boyes came from Boston in 1719 to Londonderry, to build a chimney for her husband. There are many other depositions in the same folder of persons living in Londonderry, "of full age," testifying about the first mill built in that town.

Folder No. 20615 shows that John Deverson of Portsmouth, in the year 1732, had sisters, Elizabeth who married Thomas Beck, Sarah who married - Stuart, and Mary who married Joseph Mead. John Deverson was ad- ministrator of the estate of Sarah Ward.

Folder No. 15735 contains a deposition of Clement Meserve senior, aged fifty-four, Nov. 5, 1706, that he lived years before with Mr. Richard Cutt. At the same time George Huntress, aged sixty-three, deposed that he long before lived with Mr. Richard Cutt and took care of his cattle. Much is said about land and inhabitants of Portsmouth in the early days. There

A HISTORY 341

are also several depositions of persons living in London, concerning the Daniel family of Portsmouth, showing relationships.

Folder No. 15292 contains much information about one branch of the Corwin family of Salem, Mass., that is not contained in the Corwin Genealogy.

Folder No. 21799 contains depositions pertaining to the ownership of land at Quamphegan, on the Dover side, near the bridge at South Ber- wick, where formerly John Levering lived, and naming the successive tenants of the house for about half a century. The depositions are dated in May and June 1734 and were made by Col. John Plaisted, aged 74, James Stakpole, aged about four score, Mary Warren, aged 67, James Grant, aged 63, Alexander Grant, aged 61, Richard Tozer, aged 73, John Cooper, aged 67, Elizabeth Emery, aged 76, and James Guppy, John Tibbetts, James Allen and William Chadbourn, all of full age.

Folder No. 21784 shows that before Jan. 15, 1693-4 Edward Cate had married "the only daughter & heiress" of Philip Tucker deceased.

Folder No. 18219 contains a deposition of Thomas Wiggin, aged sixty years and upward, concerning land in Stratham fifty or more years before Dec. 3, 1724, what he had heard from his father. The land had been in the possession of Thomas Reed, who deeded it to his daughter, Elizabeth Kenniston.

Folder No. 18055 contains depositions of Henry Hobbs of Sligo, aged 47, Hatevil Roberts, aged 56 and Thomas Young, aged 64, all dated Sept. 5, 1717. They testify that James Stacpole in the year 1680 was in possession of the land on which he had lived ever since. Thomas Young worked with him on that land in the year named. It was the farm originally granted to Joseph Austin in 1656. Recently it was owned by the late Samuel Hale of Rollinsford. The house probably built in 1680 is still tenanted, though removed from its first site.

Folder No. 18115 contains depositions that declare that the house of Roger Rose of Oyster River was burned by Indians, probably in the massacre of 1694, and that he removed to Portsmouth. They also state that Jethro Furber married Amie, daughter of Edward and Agnis Cowel of Dover, Edward Cowel's oldest son was Edward and youngest son was Samuel, both under fourteen years of age in 1682, and Jethro Furber was their guardian. Cowel had only these three children. The depositions are by Abigail, widow of Benjamin York, now Abigail Meekins. Her maiden name was Abigail Footman. Abraham Bennick, aged 62, Sarah Hill, daugh- ter of Anthony Nutter, aged 78, and John Doe, aged 68, deposed March 8, 1 737-8. Joseph Davis, aged 68, and Nathaniel Hill, aged 78, deposed July 29, 1738.

Folder No. 18164 contains an early copy of the grant of the town of New Castle, signed by John Usher, the Lieutenant-Governor.

Folder No. 15454, dated about 1713, contains a deposition of Obediah Mors, senior, aged 66, that in the year 1670 he was often at the house of Mr. James Rawlins senior, "he being my wife's father," living at Long Reach, Portsmouth. Sept. 3, 1713 Rebecca Rawlins, aged 60, daughter of James Rawlins, deposed.

Folder No. 15405 contains evidence that "a tract of land known by the name of Swamscut being three miles square hath been possessed by Capt. Thomas Wiggin and his son Mr. Andrew Wiggin forty two years," dated Nov. 8, 1701. Then deposed Bradstreet Wiggin, aged 25, Jonathan Wiggin, aged 22, James Godfrey, aged 65, and Abraham Lewis, aged 42. The folder contains also depositions by William Furber, aged 54, and Thomas Lake, aged 53, made in 1669. Peter Coffin, aged 75, deposed Oct. 6, 1705, and at same date Leonard Weeks, aged 73.

The above notes are intended simply as samples of intelligence that can be gleaned from the court files of New Hampshire, in addition to the bound volumes that have been indexed by names.

Appendix B CONSTITUTION

OF THE

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Appendix B

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

PART FIRST— BILL OF RIGHTS

1. Equality of men ; origin and ob-

ject of government.

2. Natural rights.

3. Society, its organization and

purposes.

4. Rights of conscience unalien-

able.

5. Religious freedom recognized.

6. Public worship of the Deity to

be encouraged ; right of elect- ing religious teachers ; free toleration ; existing contracts not affected.

7. State sovereignty.

8. Accountability of magistrates

and officers to the people.

9. No hereditary office or place.

10. Right of revolution.

11. Elections and elective franchise.

12. Protection and taxation recip-

rocal ; private property for public use.

13. Conscientiously scrupulous not

compellable to bear arms.

14. Legal remedies to be free, com-

plete and prompt.

15. Accused entitled to full and

substantial statement of charge ; not obliged to furnish evidence against himself ; may produce proofs and be fully heard, etc.

16. No person to be again tried

after an acquittal ; trial by jury in capital cases.

17. Criminal trials in county, ex-

cept in general insurrection.

18. Penalties to be proportioned to

offenses ; true design of pun- ishment.

19. Searches and seizures regu-

lated.

20. Trial by jury in civil causes;

exceptions.

21. Only qualified persons to serve

as jurors, and to be fully compensated.

22. Liberty of the press.

23. Retrospective laws prohibited.

24. Militia.

25. Standing armies.

26. Military, subject to civil power.

27. Quartering of soldiers.

28. Taxes to be levied only by the

people or legislature.

29. Suspension of laws by legisla-

ture only.

30. Freedom of speech.

31. Meetings of legislature, for

what purpose.

32. Rights of assembly, instruction

and petition.

33. Excessive bail, fines and pun-

ishments prohibited.

34. Martial law limited.

35. The judiciary; tenure of office.

36. Pensions.

37. The legislative, executive and

judicial departments to be kept separate.

38. Social virtues inculcated.

PART SECOND— FORM OF GOV- ERNMENT

1. Name of body politic.

2. Legislature, how constituted.

3. General Court, when to meet

and dissolve.

4. Power of general court to es-

tablish courts.

5. To make laws, elect officers, de-

fine their powers and duties, impose fines, and assess taxes.

6. Valuation of estates.

7. Members of legislature not to

take fees or act as counsel.

8. Legislature to sit with open

doors.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

9. Representatives elected bienni-

ally; ratio of representation. 345

346

NEW HAMPSHIRE

10. Small towns may elect a pro-

portionate part of time.

11. Biennial election of represen-

tatives in November.

12. Qualifications of electors.

13. Representatives, how elected,

and qualifications of.

14. Compensation of legislature.

15. Vacancies in house, how filled.

16. House to impeach before the

senate.

17. Money bills to originate in

house.

18. Power of adjournment limited.

19. Quorum, what constitutes.

20. Privileges of members of the

legislature.

21. House to elect speaker and offi-

cers, settle rules of proceed- ing, and punish misconduct.

22. Senate and executive have like

powers ; imprisonment lim- ited.

23. Journal and laws to be pub-

lished; yeas and nays and protests.

SENATE

24. Senate, how constituted; tenure

of office.

25. Senatorial districts, how con-

stituted.

26. Election of senators.

27. Senators, how and by whom

chosen ; right of suffrage.

28. Qualifications of senators.

29. Inhabitants defined.

30. Inhabitants of incorporated

places ; their rights, etc.

31. Biennial meetings, how warned,

governed, and conducted; re- turn of votes.

32. Governor and council to count

votes for senators and notify the persons elected.

33. Vacancies in senate, how filled.

34. Senate judges of their own

elections.

35. Adjournments limited, except in

impeachment cases.

36. Senate to elect their own offi-

cers ; quorum.

37. Senate to try impeachments;

mode of proceeding.

38. Judgment on impeachments

limited.

39. Chief justice to preside on im-

peachment of governor.

EXECUTIVE POWER— GOV- ERNOR

40. Title of governor.

41. Election of governor; return of

votes; electors; if no choice, legislature to elect one of two highest candidates ; qualifica- tions for governor.

42. In case of disagreement, gov-

ernor to adjourn or prorpgue legislature; if infectious dis- temper or other causes exist, may convene them elsewhere.

43. Veto of governor to bills, pro-

visions as to.

44. Resolves to be treated like

bills.

45. Governor and council to nomi-

nate and appoint officers ; nomination three days before appointment.

46. Governor and council have neg-

ative on each other.

47. Field officers to recommend,

and governor to appoint, com- pany officers.

48. President of senate to act as

governor when office vacant.

49. Governor to prorogue or ad-

journ legislature and call ex- tra sessions.

50. Power and duties of governor

as commander-in-chief ; lim- itation.

51. Pardoning power.

52. Militia officers, removal of.

53. Staff and non-commissioned of-

ficers, by whom appointed.

54. Division of militia into bri-

gades, regiments, and com- panies.

55. Money drawn from treasury

only by warrant of governor pursuant to law.

56. Accounts of military stores,

etc., to be rendered quarterly.

57. Compensation of governor and

council.

58. Salary of judges.

COUNCIL

59. Councilors, mode of election,

etc.

60. Vacancies, how filled, if no

choice.

61. Occurring afterward ; new elec-

tion ; governor to convene ; duties.

A HISTORY

347

62. Impeachment of councilors.

63. Secretary to record proceed-

ings of council.

64. Councilor district provided for.

65. Elections by legislature may be

adjourned from day to day; order thereof.

SECRETARY, TREASURER, COMMISSARY-GENERAL, ETC.

66. Election of secretary, treasurer,

and commissary-general.

67. State records, where kept ; duty

of secretary.

68. Deputy secretary.

69. Secretary to give bond.

COUNTY TREASURERS, ETC.

70. County treasurers and regis-

ters of probate, solicitors, sheriffs, and registers of deeds elected.

71. Counties may be divided into

districts for registering deeds.

JUDICIARY POWER

72. Tenure of office to be expressed

in commissions; judges to hold office during good be- havior, etc. ; removable by ad- dress. 73- Judges to give opinions, when.

74. Justices of the peace commis-

sioned for five years.

75. Divorces and appeals, where

tried.

76. Jurisdiction of justices in civil

causes.

77. Judges and sheriffs, when dis-

qualified by age.

78. Judges and justices not to act

as counsel.

79. Jurisdiction and terms of pro-

bate courts.

80. Judges and registers of probate

not to act as counsel.

CLERKS OF COURTS

81. Clerks of courts, by whom ap-

pointed.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERA- TURE, ETC.

82. Encouragement of literature,

etc.

OATHS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS,

EXCLUSION FROM OFFICE,

ETC.

83. Oath of civil officers.

84. Before whom taken.

85. Form of commissions.

86. Form of writs.

87. Form of indictments, etc.

88. Suicides and deodands.

89. Existing laws to continue in

force, if not repugnant to constitution.

90. Habeas corpus.

91. Enacting style of statutes.

92. Governor and judges prohib-

ited from holding other of- fices.

93. Incompatibility of offices; only

two offices of profit to be holden at same time.

94. Incompatibility of certain of-

fices.

95. Bribery and corruption dis-

qualify for office.

96. Value of money, how computed.

97. Constitution, when to take ef-

fect.

98. Revision of constitution pro-

vided for.

99. Question on revision to be tak-

en every seven years, loo. Enrollment of constitution.

STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Part First

BILL OF RIGHTS

ARTICLE i. All men are born equally free and independent; therefore all government of right originates from the people, is founded in consent,, and instituted for the general good.

ART. 2. All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights^

348 NEW HAMPSHIRE

among which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness.

ART. 3. When men enter into a state of society they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society in order to insure the protection of others ; and, without such an equivalent, the surrender is void.

ART. 4. Among the natural rights, some are in their very nature un- alienable, because no equivalent can be given or received for them. Of this kind are the rights of conscience.

ART. 5. Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason ; and no subject shall be hurt, molested or restrained, in his person, liberty or estate, for worshiping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession, sentiments or per- suasion, provided he doth not disturb the public peace or disturb others in their religious worship.

ART. 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evangelical prin- ciples, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay in the hearts of men the strongest obligations to due subjection, and as the knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society by the institution of the public worship of the DIETY and of public instruction in morality and religion, therefore, to promote these important purposes, the people of this state have a right to empower, and do hereby fully empower, the legislature to authorize, from time to time, the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies within this state to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and morality. Provided, notwithstand- ing, that the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate or religious societies shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. And no person of any one particular religious sect or denomination shall ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion, sect or denomination. And every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves quietly and as good subjects of the state, shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts made for the support of the ministry ; but all such contracts shall remain and be in the same state as if this constitution had not been made.

ART. 7. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovereign, and independent state, and do, and forever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction, and right pertaining thereto which is not or may not hereafter be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America in congress assembled.

ART. 8. All power residing originally in, and being derived from, the people, all the magistrates and officers of government are their substitutes and agents, and at all times accountable to them.

ART. 9. No office or place whatsoever in government shall be hereditary, the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible to posterity or relations.

ART. 10. Government being instituted for the common benefit, protec- tion, and security of the whole community, and not for the private interest or emolument of any one man, family, or class of men, therefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted and public liberty manifestly endan- gered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to, reform the old or establish a new government. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.

A HISTORY 349

ART. ii. All elections ought to be free; and every inhabitant of the state, having the proper qualifications, has equal right to elect and be elected into office ; but no person shall have the right to vote, or be eligible to office under the constitution of this state, who shall not be able to read the constitution in the English language, and to write, provided however, that this provision shall not apply to any person prevented by a physical disability from complying with its requisitions, nor to any person who now has the right to vote, nor to any person who shall be sixty years of age or upwards on the first day of January, A. D., 1004, and provided further, that no person shall have the right to vote, or be eligible to office under the constitution of this state who shall have been convicted of treason, bribery, or any willful violation of the election laws of this state or of the United States; but the Supreme Court may, on notice to the attorney general restore the privileges of an elector to any person who may have forfeited them by conviction of such offenses.

ART. 12. Every member of the community has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property. He is, therefore, bound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to yield his personal service, when necessary, or an equivalent. But no part of a man's property shall be taken from him or applied to public uses without his own consent or that of the representative body of the people. Nor are the inhabitants of this state controllable by any other laws than those to which they or their representative body have given their consent.

ART. 13. No person who is conscientiously scrupulous about the law- fulness of bearing arms shall be compelled thereto, provided he will pay an equivalent.

ART. 14. Every subject of this state is entitled to a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries he may receive in his person, property or character; to obtain right and justice freely, without being obliged to purchase it ; completely and without any denial ; promptly, and without delay; conformably to the laws.

ART. 15. No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or offense tmtil the same is fully and plainly, substantially and formally, described to him, or be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against himself. And every subject shall have a right to produce all proofs that may be favorable to himself, to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defense by himself and counsel. And no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, despoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land.

ART. 16. No subject shall be liable to be tried, after an acquittal, for the same crime or offense ; nor shall the legislature make any law that shall subject any person to a capital punishment (excepting for the government of the army and navy, and the militia in actual service) without trial by jury.

ART. 17. In criminal prosecutions, the trial of facts in the vicinity where they happen is so essential to the security of the life, liberty, and estate of the citizen, that no crime or offense ought to be tried in any other county than that in which it is committed, except in cases of general insur- rection in any particular county, when it shall appear to the judges of the superior court that an impartial trial cannot be had in the county where the offense may be committed, and, upon their report, the legislature shall think proper to direct the trial in the nearest county in which an impartial trial can be obtained.

ART. 18. All penalties ought to be proportioned to the nature of the offense. No wise legislature will affix the same punishment to the crimes of theft, forgery, and the like, which they do to those of murder and treason.

350 NEW HAMPSHIRE

\\ here the same undistinguishing severity is exerted against all offenses, the people are led to forget the real distinction in the crimes themselvs and to commit the most flagrant with as little compunction as they do the lightest offenses. For the same reason, a multitude of sanguinary laws is both impolitic and unjust, the true design of all punishments being to reform, not to exterminate, mankind.

ART. 19. Every subject hath a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his pos- sessions. Therefore, all warrants to search suspected places or arrest a person for examination or trial, in prosecutions for criminal matters, are contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously supported by oath or affirmation, and if the order, in a warrant to a civil officer, to make search in suspected places or to arrest one or more suspected persons or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special desig- nation of the person or object of search, arrest, or seizure; and no warrant ought to be issued but in cases and with the formalities prescribed by law.

ART. 20. In all controversies concerning property and in all suits be- tween two or more persons, except in cases in which it has been heretofore otherwise used and practiced, and except in cases in which the value in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars and title of real estate is not concerned, the parties have a right to trial by jury; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, unless, in cases arising on the high seas and such as relate to mariners' wages, the legislature shall think it necessary hereafter to alter it.

ART. 21. In order to reap the fullest advantage of the inestimable privilege of trial by jury, great care ought to be taken that none but qualified persons should be appointed to serve; and such ought to be fully compen- sated for their travel, time, and attendance.

ART. 22. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a state ; it ought, therefore, to be inviolably preserved.

ART. 23. Retrospective laws are highly injurious, oppressive, and unjust. No such laws, therefore, should be made either for the decision of civil causes or the punishment of offenses.

ART. 24. A well-regulated militia is the proper, natural, and sure defense of a state.

ART. 25. Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of the legislature.

ART. 26. In all cases and at all times, the military ought to be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.

ART. 27. No soldier, in time of peace, shall be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; and, in time of war, such quarters ought not to be made but by the civil magistrate, in a manner ordained by the legislature.

ART. 28. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duty shall be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of the people or their representatives in the legislature, or authority derived from that body.

ART. 29. The power of suspending the laws or the execution of them ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived therefrom, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for.

ART. 30. The freedom of deliberation, speeech, and debate in either house of the legislature is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any action, complaint, or prosecution in any other court or place whatsoever.

ART. 31. The legislature shall assemble for the redress of public griev- ances and for making such laws as the public good may require.

ART. 32. The people have a right, in an orderly and peaceable manner,

A HISTORY 351

to assemble and consult upon the common good, give instructions to their representatives, and to request of the legislative body, by way of petition or remonstrance, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suffer.

ART. 33. Xo magistrate or court of law shall demand excessive bail or sureties, impose excessive fines or inflict cruel or unusual punishments.

ART. 34. No person can in any case be subjected to law martial or to any pains or penalties by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army or navy, and except the militia in actual service, but by authority of the legislature.

ART. 35. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every in- dividual, his life, liberty, property, and character, that there be an impartial interpretation of the laws and administration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tried by judges as impartial as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the rights of the people, that the judges of the supreme judicial court should hold their offices so long as they behave well, subject, however, to such limitations on account of age as may be provided by the constitution of the state ; and that they should have honorable salaries, ascertained and estab- lished by standing laws.

ART. 36. Economy being a most essential virtue in all states, especially in a young one, no pension should be granted but in consideration of actual services : and such pensions ought to be granted with great caution by the legislature, and never for more than one year at a time.

ART. 37. In the government of this state, the three essential powers thereof — to wit, the legislative, executive, and judicial — ought to be kept as separate from, and independent of, each other as the nature of a free government will admit or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole fabric of the constitution in one indissoluble bond of union and amity.

ART. 38. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the constitution and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, in- dustry, frugality, and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government. The people, ought, therefore, to have a particular regard to all those principles in the choice of their officers and representatives ; and they have a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of government.

Part Second

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

ARTICLE i. The people inhabiting the territory formerly called The Province of New Hampshire do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body politic, or state, by the name of THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

GENERAL COURT

ART. 2. The supreme legislative power within this state shall be vested in the senate and house of representatives, each of which shall have a negative on the other.

ART. 3. The senate and house shall assemble biennially, on the first Wednesday of January and at such other times as they may judge necessary, and shall dissolve and be dissolved seven days next preceding the said first Wednesday of January biennially, and shall be styled THE GENERAL COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

352 NEW HAMPSHIRE

ART. 4. The general court shall forever have full power and authority to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record or other courts, to be holden in the name of the state, for the hearing, trying, and determining all manner of crimes, offenses, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, causes, matters, and things whatsoever, arising or happening within this state, or between or concerning persons inhabiting, or residing, or brought within the same, or whether the same be criminal or civil, or whether the crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal, or mixed, and for the awarding and issuing execution thereon ; to which courts and judicatories are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations for the better discovery of truth in any matter in controversy or depending before them.

ART. 5. And, further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, ordinances, directions, and instructions, either with penalties or without, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they may judge for the benefit and welfare of this state and for the governing and ordering thereof and of the subjects of the same, for the necessary support and defense of the government thereof ; and to name and settle biennially, or provide by fixed laws for the naming and settling all civil officers within this state, such officers excepted the election and appointment of whom are hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for ; and to set forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several civil and military officers of this state, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations as shall be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this con- stitution ; and, also, to impose fines, mulcts, imprisonments, and other punish- ments ; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and residents within, the said state, and upon all estates within the same, to be issued and disposed of by warrant, under the hand of the governor of this state for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the necessary defense and support of the government of this state and the pro- tection and preservation of the subjects thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same. Provided, that the general court shall not authorize any town to loan or give its money or credit, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of any corporation having for its object a dividend of profits, or in any way aid the same by taking its stock or bonds.

ART. 6. The public charges of government or any part thereof may be raised by taxation upon polls, estates, and other classes of property, including franchises and property when passing by will or inheritance; and there shall be a valuation of the estates within the state taken anew once in every five years, at least, and as much oftener as the general court shall order.

ART. 7. No member of the general court shall take fees, be of counsel or act as advocate in anv cause before either branch of the legislature ; and, upon due proof thereof, such member shall forfeit his seat in the legislature.

ART. 8. The doors of the galleries of each house of the legislature shall be kept open to all persons who behave decently, except when the welfare of the state, in the opinion of either branch, shall require secrecy.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

ART. 9. There shall be, in the legislature of this state, a representation of the people, biennially elected, and founded upon principles of equality, and, in order that such representation may be as equal as circumstances will admit, every town, or place entitled to town privileges, and wards of cities having six hundred inhabitants bv the last general census of the state, taken by

A HISTORY 353

authority of the United States, or of this state, may elect one representative; if eighteen hundred such inhabitants, may elect two representatives ; and so proceeding in that proportion, making twelve hundred such inhabitants the mean increasing number for any additional representative ; provided, that no town shall be divided or the boundaries of the wards of any city so altered as to increase the number of representatives to which such town or city may be entitled by the next preceding census ; and provided, further, that, to those towns and cities which since the last census have been divided or had their boundaries or ward lines changed, the general court, in ses- sion next before these amendments shall take effect, shall equitably appor- tion representation in such manner that the number shall not be greater than it would have been had no such division or alteration been made.

ART. 10. Whenever any town, place, or city ward shall have less than six hundred such inhabitants, the general court shall authorize such towns, place or ward to elect and send to the general court a representative such proportionate part of the time as the number of its inhabitants shall bear to six hundred; but the general court shall not authorize any such town, place or ward to elect and send such representative, except as herein provided.

ART. ii. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen biennially, in the month of November, and shall be the second branch of the legislature.

ART. 12. All persons qualified to vote in the election of senators shall be entitled to vote, within the district where they dwell, in the choice of representatives.

ART. 13. Every member of the house of representatives shall be chosen by ballot, and, for two years, at least, next preceding his election, shall have been an inhabitant of this state ; shall be, at the time of his election, an inhabitant of the town, parish, or place he may be chosen to represent; and shall cease to represent such town, parish, or place immediately on his ceas- ing to be qualified as aforesaid.

ART. 14. The presiding officers of both houses of the legislature shall severally receive out of the state treasury as compensation in full for their services, for the term elected, the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, and all other members thereof seasonably attending and not departing with- out license, the sum of two hundred dollars, exclusive of mileage; provided, however, that when a special session shall be called by the governor, such officers and members shall receive for attendance an additional compensa- tion of three dollars per day for a period not exceeding fifteen days, and the usual mileage.

ART. 15. All intermediate vacancies in the house of representatives may be filled up from time to time in the same manner as biennial elections are made.

ART. 16. The house of representatives shall be the grand inquest of the state, and all impeachments made by them shall be heard and tried by the senate.

ART. 17. All money bills shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.

ART. 18. The house of representatives shall have power to adjourn themselves, but no longer than two days at a time.

ART. 19. A majority of the members of the house of representatives shall be a quorum for doing business, but, when less than two thirds of the representatives elected shall be present, the assent of two thirds of those members shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid.

ART. 20. No member of the house of representatives or senate shall be arrested or held to bail on mesne process during his going to, returning from, or attendance upon, the court.

ART. 21. The house of representatives shall choose their own speaker, appoint their own officers, and settle the rules of proceedings in their own

354 NEW HAMPSHIRE

house, and shall be judge of the returns, elections, and qualifications of its members, as pointed out in this constitution. They shall have authority to punish by imprisonment every person who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, in its presence, by any disorderly and contemptuous behavior, or by threatening or ill treating any of its members, or by obstructing its deliberations ; every person guilty of a breach of its privileges in making arrests for debt, or by assaulting any member during his attendance at any session; in assaulting or disturbing any one of its officers in the execution of any order or procedure of the house; in assaulting any witness or other person ordered to attend by, and during his attendance of, the house, or in rescuing any person arrested by order of the house, knowing them to be such.

ART. 22. The senate, governor, and council shall have the same powers in like cases, provided, that no imprisonment by either for any offense exceed ten days.

ART. 23. The journals of the proceedings and all public acts of both houses of the legislature shall be printed and published immediately after every adjournment of prorogation, and, upon motion made by any one mem- ber, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be entered on the journal, and any member of the senate or house of representatives shall have a right, on motion made at the time for that purpose, to have his protest or dissent, with the reasons, against any vote, resolve, or bill passed, entered on the journal.

SENATE

ART. 24. The senate shall consist of twenty-four members, who shall hold their office for two years from the first Wednesday of January next ensuing their election.

ART. 25. And, that the state may be equally represented in the senate, the legislature shall, from time to time, divide the state into twenty-four districts, as nearly equal as may be without dividing towns and unincor- porated places ; and, in making this division, they shall govern themselves by the proportion of direct taxes paid by the said districts, and timely make known to the inhabitants of the state the limits of each district.

ART. 26. The free holders and other inhabitants of each district quali- fied as in this constitution is provided, shall biennially give in their votes for a senator at some meeting holden in the month of November.

ART. 27. The senate shall be the first branch of the legislature, and the senators shall be chosen in the following manner, viz. : Every male in- habitant of each town, and parish with town privileges, and places unin- corporated, in this state, of twenty-one years of age and upward, excepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request, shall have a right at the biennial or other meetings of the inhabitants of said towns and parishes, to be duly warned and holden biennially, forever, in the month of November, to vote, in the town or parish wherein he dwells, for the senator in the district whereof he is a member.

ART. 28. Provided, nevertheless, that no person shall be capable of being elected a senator who is not of the age of thirty years, and who shall not have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years immediately pre- ceding his election ; and, at the time thereof, he shall be an inhabitant of this state for seven years immediately preceding his election ; and, at the time thereof, he shall be an inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen.

ART. 29. And every person qualified as the constitution provides shall be considered an inhabitant, for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office or place within this state, in the town, parish, and plantation where he dwelleth and hath his home.

ART. 30. And the inhabitants of plantations and places unincorporated,

A HISTORY 355

qualified as this constitution provides, who are or shall be required to assess taxes upon themselves towards the support of government, or shall be taxed therefor, shall have the same privilege of voting for senators, in the planta- tions and places wherein they reside, as the inhabitants of the respective towns and parishes aforesaid have. And the meetings of such plantations and places, for that purpose, shall be holden biennially in the month of November, at such places respectively therein as the assessors thereof shall direct ; which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as the selectmen and town clerks have in their several towns by this constitution.

ART. 31. The meetings for the choice of governor, council, and senators shall be warned by warrant from the selectmen, and governed by a mod- erator, who shall, in the presence of the selectmen (whose duty it shall be to attend), in open meeting, receive the votes of all the inhabitants of such towns and parishes present and qualified to vote for senators; and shall, in said meetings, in presence of the said selectmen and of the town clerk in said meetings, sort and count the said votes, and make a public declaration thereof, with the name of every person voted for and the number of votes for each person ; and the town clerk shall make a fair record of the same, at large, in the town book, and shall make out a fair attested copy thereof, to be by him sealed up and directed to the secretary of the state, with a super- scription expressing the purport thereof ; and the said town clerk shall cause such attested copy to be delivered to the sheriff of the countv in which said town or parish shall lie thirty days, at least, before the first Wednesday of January, or to the secretary of the state at least twenty days before the said first \Yednesday of January; and the sheriff of each county or his deputy shall deliver all such certificates by him received into the secretary's office at least twenty days before the first Wednesday of January.

ART. 32. And, that there may be a due meeting of senators on the first Wednesday of January, bienniallv the governor and a majority of the council for the time being shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such records, and, fourteen days before the first Wednesday of January, he shall issue his summons to such persons as appear to be chosen senators by a plurality of votes to attend and take their seats on that day : provided, nevertheless, that, for the first year, the said returned copies shall be ex- amined by the president and a majority of the council then in office; and the said president shall, in like manner, notify the persons elected to attend and take their seats accordingly.

ART. 33. And in case there shall not appear to be a senator elected by a plurality of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the following manner, viz. : the members of the house of representatives and such senators as shall be declared elected shall take the names of the two persons having the highest number of votes in the district, and out of them shall elect, by joint ballot, the senator wranted for such district; and, in this manner, all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the state; all vacancies in the senate arising by death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, except from failure to elect, shall be filled by a new election by the people of the district, upon the requisition of the governor, as soon as may be after such vacancies shall happen.

ART. 34. The senate shall be final judges of the elections, returns and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in this constitution.

ART. 35. The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournment do not exceed two days at a time; provided, nevertheless, that, whenever they shall sit on the trial of any impeachment, they may adjourn to such time and place as they may think proper, although the legislature be not assembled on such day or at such place.

ART. 36. The senate shall appoint their president and other officers, and determine their own rules of proceedings. And not less than thirteen mem-

356 NEW HAMPSHIRE

bers of the senate shall make a quorum for doing business; and, when less than sixteen senators shall be present, the assent of ten, at least, shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid.

ART. 37. The senate shall be a court, with full power and authority to hear, try and determine all impeachments made by the house of representatives against any officer or officers of the state, for bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministration in office, with full power to issue summons or compulsory process for convening witnesses before them; but, previous to the trial of any such impeachment, the members of the senate shall respectively be sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question according to evidence. And every officer impeached for bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministration in office shall be served with an attested copy of the impeachment and order of senate thereon, writh such citation as the senate may direct, setting forth the time and place of their sitting to try the impeachment ; which service shall be made by the sheriff or such other sworn officer as the senate mav appoint, at least fourteen days previous to the time of trial ; and, such citation being duly served and returned, the senate may proceed in the hearing of the impeachment, giving the person impeached, if he shall appear, full liberty of producing witnesses and proofs and of making his defense by himself and counsel ; and may also, upon his refusing or neglecting to appear, hear the proofs in support of the impeach- ment, and render judgment thereon, his non-appearance notwithstanding; and such judgment shall have the same force and effect as if the person impeached had appeared and pleaded in the trial.

ART. 38. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further than removal from office, disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust or profit under this state; but the party so convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to the laws of the land.

ART. 39. Whenever the governor shall be impeached, the chief justice of the supreme judicial court shall, during the trial, preside in the senate, but have no vote therein.

EXECUTIVE POWER — GOVERNOR

ART. 40. There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled Governor of the State of New Hampshire, and whose title shall be His Excellency.

ART. 41. The governor shall be chosen biennially in the month of November, and the votes for governor shall be received, sorted, counted, certified and returned in the same manner as the votes for senators ; and the secretary shall lay the same before the senate and house of representa- tives on the first Wednesday of January, to be by them examined ; and, in case of an election by a plurality of votes through the state, the choice shall be by them declared and published ; and the qualifications of electors of the governor shall be the same as those for senators ; and, if no person shall have a plurality of votes, the senate and house of representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect one of the two persons having the highest number of votes, who shall be declared governor. And no person shall be eligible to this office unless, at the time of his election, he shall have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years next preceding, and unless he shall be of the age of thirty years.

ART. &2. In cases of disagreement between the two houses with regard to the time or place of adjournment or prorogation, the governor, with advice of council, shall have the right to adjourn or prorogue the general court, not exceeding ninety days at any one time, as he may determine the public good may require ; and he shall dissolve the same seven days before the said first Wednesday of January. And, in case of any infectious dis- temper prevailing in the place where the said court at any time is to con-

A HISTORY 357

vene, or any other cause whereby dangers may arise to the health or lives of the members from their attendance the governor may direct the session to be holden at some other, the most convenient, place within the state.

ART. 43. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the general court shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor ; if he approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and oroceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- consideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with such objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and, if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by their adjourn- ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

ART. 44. Every resolve shall be presented to the governor, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by the senate and house of representatives, accord- ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

ART. 45. All judicial officers, the attorney-general, coroners, and all officers of the navy and general and field officers of the militia, shall be nominated and appointed by the governor and council ; and every such nomination shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment ; and no appointment shall take place unless a majority of the council agree thereto.

ART. 46. The governor and council shall have a negative on each other, both in the nominations and appointments. Every nomination and appoint- ment shall be signed by the governor and council, and every negative shall be also signed by the governor or council who made the same.

ART. 47. The captains and subalterns in the respective regiments shall be nominated and recommended by the field officers to the governor, who is to issue their commissions immediately on receipt of such recommenda- tion ; provided, that no person shall be so nominated and recommended until he shall have been examined and found duly qualified by an examining board appointed by the governor.

ART. 48. Whenever the chair of the governor shall become vacant, by reason of his death, absence from the state, or otherwise, the president of the senate shall, during such vacancy, have, and exercise all the powers and authorities, winch, by this constitution, the governor is vested with when personally present ; but, when the president of the senate shall exercise the office of governor, he shall not hold his office in the senate. Whenever the chair both of the governor and of the president of the senate shall become vacant, by reason of their death, absence from the state or otherwise, the speaker of the house shall, during such vacancies, have and exercise all the powers and authorities which, by this constitution, the governor is vested with when personally present; but when the speaker of the house shall exercise the office of governor, he shall not hold his office in the house.

ART. 49. The governor, with advice of council, shall have full power and authority, in recess of the general court, to prorogue the same from time to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess of said court ; and, during the sessions of said court, to adjourn or prorogue it to any time the two houses may desire ; and to call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the state should require the same.

ART. 50. The governor of this state, for the time being, shall be com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy and all the military forces of the

358

NEW HAMPSHIRE

state by sea and land; and shall have full power, by himself or by any chief commander or other officer or officers, from time to time to train, instruct, exercise, and govern the militia and navy ; and for the special defense and safety of this state, to assemble in martial array and put in warlike posture the inhabitants thereof and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, repulse, repel, resist, and pursue by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within and without the limits of this state ; and also to kill, slay, destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting ways, enterprise, and means all and every such person and persons as shall at any time hereafter, in a hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detri- ment or annoyance of this state : and to use and exercise over the army and navy and over the militia in actual service the law martial, in time of war, invasion, and also in rebellion declared by the legislature to exist, as occasion shall necessarily require ; and surprise, by all ways and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition, and other goods, as shall, in a hostile manner, invade, or attempt the invading, conquering, or annoying this state • and, in fine, the governor hereby is in- trusted with all other powers incident to the office of captain-general and commander-in-chief and admiral, to be exercised agreeably to the rules and regulations of the constitution and laws of the land, provided, that the governor shall not at any time hereafter, by virtue of any power by this constitution granted, or hereafter to be granted to him by the legislature, transport any of the inhabitants of this state or oblige them to march out of the limits of the same without their free and voluntary consent or the consent of the general court, nor grant commissions for exercising the law martial in any case without the advice and consent of the council.

ART. 51. The power of pardoning offenses, except such as persons may be convicted of before the senate, by impeachment of the house, shall be in the governor, by and with the advice of council ; but no charter of pardon, granted by the governor with advice of council, before conviction, shall avail the party pleading the same, notwithstanding any general or particular expressions contained therein, descriptive of the offense or of- fenses intended to be pardoned.

ART. 52. No officer, duly commissioned to command in the militia, shall be removed from his office but by the address of both houses to the governor or by fair trial in court martial pursuant to the laws of the state for the time being.

ART. 53. The commanding officers of the regiments shall appoint their adjutants and quartermasters; the brigadiers, their brigade-majors; the major-generals, their aids; the captains and subalterns, their non-commis- sioned officers.

ART. 54. The division of the militia into brigades, regiments and com- panies, made in pursuance of the militia laws now in force, shall be con- sidered as the proper division of the militia of this state, until the same shall be altered by some future law.

ART. 55. No monies shall be issued out of the treasury of this state and disposed of (except such sums as may be appropriated for the redemp- tion of bills of credit or treasurer's notes or for the payment of interest arising thereon) but by warrant under the hand of the governor for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the council, for the necessary support and defense of this state and for the necessary protection and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and resolves of the general court.

ART. 56. All public boards, the commissary-general, all superintending officers of public magazines and stores belonging to this state, and all commanding officers of forts and garrisons within the same shall, once in every three months, officially and without requisition, and at other times when required by the governor, deliver to him an account of all goods,

A HISTORY 359

stores, provisions, ammunition, cannon with their appendages, and all small arms with their accoutrements, and all other public property under their care respectively, distinguishing the quantity and kind of each as particularly as may be, together with the condition of such forts and garrisons. And the commanding officer shall exhibit to the governor, when required by him, true and exact plans of such forts, and of the land and sea, or harbor or harbors adjacent.

ART. 57. The governor and council shall be compensated for their services, from time to time, by such grants as the general court shall think reasonable.

ART. 58. Permanent and honorable salaries shall be established by law for the justices of the superior court.

COUNCIL

ART. 59. There shall be biennially elected by ballot five councilors, for advising the governor in the executive part of government. The freeholders and other inhabitants in each county, qualified to vote for senators, shall, some time in the month of November, give in their votes for one councilor, which votes shall be received, sorted, counted, certified and returned to the secretary's office, in the same manner as the votes for senators, to be by the secretary laid before the senate and house of representatives on the first Wednesday of January.

ART. 60. And the person having a plurality of votes in any county shall be considered as duly elected a councilor; but, if no person shall have a plurality of votes in any county, the senate and house of representatives shall take the names of the two persons who have the highest number of votes in each county and not elected, and out of those two shall elect, by joint ballot, the councilor wanted for the county; and the qualifications for councilors shall be the same as for senator.

ART. 61. If any person thus chosen a councilor shall be elected governor or member of either branch of the legislature and shall accept the trust, or- if any person elected a councilor shall refuse to accept the office, or in case of the death, resignation or removal of any councilor out of the state, the governor may issue a precept for the election of a new councilor in that county where such vacancv shall happen ; and the choice shall be in the same manner as before directed ; and the governor shall have full oower and authority to convene the council, from time to time, at his discretion ; and with them, or the majority of them, may and shall, from time to time, hold a council for ordering and directing the affairs of the state, according to the laws of the land.

ART. 62. The members of the council may be impeached by the house and tried by the senate for bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministra- tion.

ART. 63. The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded by the secretary in a register, and signed by all the members present agreeing thereto ; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the legislature ; and any member of the council may enter his opinion contrary to the resolution of the majority, with the reasons for such opinion.

ART. 64. The legislature may, if the public good shall hereafter require it, divide the state into five districts, as nearly equal as may be, governing themselves by the number of population, each district to elect a councilor ; and, in case of such division, the manner of the choice shall be conform- able to the present mode of election in counties.

ART. 65. And, whereas the elections appointed to be made by this con- stitution on the first Wednesday of January, biennially, by the two houses of the legislature, may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be adjourned from day to day until the same be completed. And the order of the elections shall be as follows : The vacancies in the senate, if any,

36o NEW HAMPSHIRE

shall be first filled up ; the governor shall then be selected, provided there shall be no choice of him by the people ; and afterwards, the two houses shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any, in the council.

SECRETARY, TREASURER. COMMISSARY-GKXERAL, ETC.

ART. 66. The secretary, treasurer and commissary-general shall be chosen by joint ballot of the senators and represenatives, assembled in one room.

ART. 67. The records of the state shall be kept in the office of the secretary; and he shall attend the governor and council, the senate and representatives, in person or by deputy, as they may require.

ART. 68. The secretary of the state shall at all times have a deputy, to be by him appointed, for whose conduct in office he shall be responsible ; and, in case of the death, removal or inability of the secretary, his deputy shall exercise all the duties of the office of secretary of this state until another shall be appointed.

ART. 69. The secretary, before he enters upon the business of his office, shall give bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable sum, for the use of the state, for the punctual performance of his trust.

COUNTY TREASURERS, ETC.

ART. 70. The county treasurers, registers of probate, solicitors, sheriffs and registers of deeds shall be elected by the inhabitants of the several towns in the several counties in the state, according to the method now practiced and the laws of the state; provided, nevertheless, the legislature shall have authority to alter the manner of certifying the votes and the mode of elect- ing those officers, but not so as to deprive the people of the right they now have of electing them.

ART. 71. And the legislature, on the application of the major part of the inhabitants of any county, shall have authority to divide the same into two districts for registering deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary, each district to elect a register of deeds ; and, before they enter upon the business of their offices, shall be respectively sworn faithfully to discharge the duties thereof, and shall severally give bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reason- able sum, for the use of the county, for the punctual performance of their respective trusts.

JUDICIARY POWER

ART. 72. The tenure that all commissioned officers shall have by law in their offices shall be expressed in their respective commissioners. All judi- cial officers, duly appointed, commissioned and sworn, shall hold their offices during good behavior, excepting those concerning whom there is a different provision made in this constitution; provided, nevertheless, the governor, with consent of council, may remove them upon the address of both houses of the legislature.

ART. 73. Each branch of the legislature, as well as the governor and council, shall have authority to require the opinions of the justices of the superior court upon important questions of law and upon solemn occasions.

ART. 74. In order that the people may not suffer from the long con- tinuance in place of any justice of the peace who shall fail in discharging the important duties of his office with ability and fidelity, all commissions of justices of the peace shall become void at the expiration of five years from their respective dates ; and upon the expiration of any commission, the same may, if necessary, be renewed, or another person appointed, as shall most conduce to the well being of the state.

ART. 75. All causes of marriage, divorce and alimony, and all appeals from the respective judges of probate, shall be heard and tried by_ the superior court, until the legislature shall by law make other provision.

ART. 76. The general court are empowered to give to justices of the peace jurisdiction in civil causes, when the damages demanded shall not

A HISTORY 361

exceed one hundred dollars and title of real estate is not concerned, but with right of appeal to either party to some other court. And the general court are further empowered to give to police courts original jurisdiction to try and determine, subject to right of appeal and trial by jury, all criminal causes wherein the punishment is less than imprisonment in the state prison.

ART. 77. No person shall hold the office of judge of any court, or judge of probate, or sheriff of any county, after he has attained the age of seventy years.

ART. 78. No judge of any court or justice of the peace shall act as attorney, or be of counsel to any party, or originate any civil suit, in matters which shall come or be brought before him as judge or justice of the peace.

ART. 79. All matters relating to the probate of wills and granting letters of administration shall be exercised by the judges of probate in such manner as the legislature have directed or may hereafter direct; and the judges of probate shall hold their courts at such place or places, on such fixed days as the conveniency of the people may require and the legislature from time to time appoint.

ART. 80. No judge or register of probate shall be of counsel, act as advocate, or receive any fees as advocate or counsel, in any probate business which is pending or may be brought into court of probate in the county of which he is judge or register.

CLERKS OF COURTS

ART. 81. The judges of the courts (those of probate excepted) shall appoint their respective clerks, to hold their office during pleasure; and no such clerk shall act as an attorney or be of counsel in any cause in the court of which he is a clerk, nor shall he draw any writ originating a civil action.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERATURE, ETC.

ART. 82. Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a com- munity being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conductive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interest of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools ; to encourage private and public institutions, rewards and immunities for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures and natural history of the country ; to countenance and incul- cate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and economy, honesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety and all social affections and generous sentiments, among the people; provided, nevertheless, that no money raised by taxation shall ever be granted or applied for the use of the schools or institutions of any religious sect or denomination. Free and fair competition in the trades and industries is an inherent and essential right of the people and should be protected against all monopolies and conspiracies which tend to hinder or destroy it. The size and functions of all corporations should be so limited and regulated as to prohibit fictitious capitalization, and provision should be made for the super-- vision and government thereof: — Therefore, all just power possessed by the state is hereby granted to the general court to enact laws to prevent the operations within the state of all persons and associations, and all trusts and corporations, foreign and domestic, and the officers thereof, who endeavor to raise the price of any article of commerce or to destroy free and fair com- petition in the trades and industries through combination, conspiracy, monopoly or any other unfair means ; to control and regulate the acts of all such persons, associations, corporations, trusts and officials doing business within the state; to prevent fictitious capitalization; and to authorize civil and criminal proceedings in respect to all the wrongs herein declared against.

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OATHS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS — EXCLUSION FROM OFFICES — COMMISSIONS — WRITS — CONFIRMATION OF LAWS — HABEAS CORPUS — THE ENACTING STYLE — CONTIN- UANCE OF OFFICERS — PROVISION FOR A FUTURE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION — ETC.

ART. 83. Any person chosen governor, councilor, senator or representa- tive, military or civil officer (town officers excepted), accepting the trust, shall, before he proceeds to execute the duties of his office, make and subscribe the following declarations, viz. :

I, A B, do solemnly swear that I will bear faith and true allegiance to the state of New Hampshire and will support the constitution thereof. So help me God.

I, A B, do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm that I will faith- fully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as - — , according to the best of my abilities, agreeably to the rules and regulations of this constitution and the laws of the state of New Hamp- shire. So help me God.

Any nerson having taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance, and the same being filed in the secretary's office, he shall not be obliged to take said oath again.

Provided, always, when any person chosen or appointed as aforesaid shall be of the denomination called Quakers, or shall be scrupulous of swearing and shall decline taking the said oaths, such person shall take and subscribe them, omitting the word "swear" and likewise the words "So help me God," subjoining instead thereof, "This I do under the pains and penal- ties of perjury."

ART. 84. And the oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed by the governor, before the president of the senate, in presence of both houses of the legislature ; and by the senators and representatives first elected under this constitution, as altered and amended, before the president of the senate and a majority of the council then in office, and forever afterward before the governor and council for the time being; and by all other officers, before such persons and in such manner as the legislature shall from time to time appoint.

ART. 85. All commissions shall be in the name of the state of New Hampshire, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary or his deputy, and shall have the great seal of the state affixed thereto.

ART. 86. All writs issuing out of the clerk's office, in any of the courts of law, shall be in the name of the state of New Hampshire, shall be under the seal of the court whence they issue, and bear teste of the chief, first or senior justice of the court; but, when such justice shall be interested, then the writ shall bear teste of some other justice of the court, to which the same shall be returnable ; and be signed by the clerk of such court.

ART. 87. All indictments, presentments and information shall conclude, "against the peace and dignity of the state."

ART. 88. The estate of such persons as may destroy their own lives shall not for that offense be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such person had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shall accidentally occasion the death of any person be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune.

ART. 89. All the laws which have heretofore been adopted, used and approved in the province, colony or state of New Hampshire, and usually practiced on in the courts of law, shall remain and be in full force until altered and repealed by the legislature, such parts thereof only excepted as are repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this constitution ; provided, that nothing herein contained, when compared with the twenty- third article in the bill of rights, shall be construed to affect the laws already made respecting the persons or estates of absentees.

ART. 90. The privilege and benefit of the habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this state in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious and ample manner, and

A HISTORY 363

shall not be suspended by the legislature except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three months.

ART. 91. The enacting style, in making and passing acts, statutes and laws, shall be, Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general court convened.

ART. 92. No governor or judge of the supreme judicial court shall hold any office or place under the authority of this state, except such as by this constitution they are admitted to hold, saving that the judges of the said court may hold the offices of justices of the peace throughout the state; nor shall they hold any place or office or receive any pension or salary from any other state, government or power whatever.

ART. 93. No person shall be capable of exercising at the same time more than one of the following offices within this state, viz. : judge of probate, sheriff, register of deeds ; and never more than two offices of profit, which may be held by appointment of the governor, or governor and council, or senate and house of representatives, or superior or inferior courts, military offices and offices of justices of the peace excepted.

ART. 94. No person holding the office of judge of any court (except special judges), secretary, treasurer of the state, attorney-general, commissary- general, military officers receiving pay from the continent or the state (ex- cepting officers of the militia occasionally called forth on an emergency), registers of deeds, sheriff or officers of the customs, including naval officers, collectors of excise and state and continental taxes hereafter appointed, and not having settled their accounts with their respective officers with whom it is their duty to settle such accounts, members of congress or any person holding any office under the United States, shall at the same time hold the office of governor, or have a seat in the senate or house of representatives or council : but his being chosen and appointed to and accepting the same shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the chair, senate or house of representatives of council, and the place so vacated shall be filled up. No member of the council shall have a seat in the senate or house of repre- sentatives.

ART. 95. No person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the legis- lature, or any office of trust or importance under this government, who, in the due course of law, has been convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an election or appointment.

ART. 96. In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in this con- stitution, the value thereof shall be computed in silver at six shillings and eight pence per ounce.

ART. 97. To the end that there may be no failure of justice or danger to the state by the alterations and amendments made in the constitution, the general court is hereby fully authorized and directed to fix the time when the alterations and amendments shall take effect, and make the necessary arrangements accordingly.

ART. 98. It shall be the duty of the selectmen and assessors of the several towns and places in this state, in warning the first annual meetings for the choice of senators, after the expiration of seven years from the adoption of this constitution as amended, to insert expressly in the warrant this purpose among the others for the meeting, to wit, to take the sense of the qualified voters on the subject of a revision of the constitution; and, the meeting being warned accordingly, and not otherwise, the moderator shall take the sense of the qualified voters present as to the necessity of a revision ; and a return of the number of votes for and against such necessity shall be made by the clerks, sealed up and directed to the general court at their then next session ; and if it shall appear to the general court by such return that the sense of the people of the state has been taken, and that, in the opinion of a majority of the qualified voters in the state present and voting at said meetings, there is a necessity for a revision of the con-

364 NEW HAMPSHIRE

stittition, it shall be the duty of the general court to call a convention for that purpose ; otherwise the general court shall direct the sense of the people to be taken, and then proceed in the manner before mentiond ; the delegates to be chosen in the same manner and proportioned as the repre- sentatives to the general court ; provided, that no alteration shall be made in this constitution before the same shall be laid before the towns and unincorporated places and approved by two thirds of the qualified voters present and voting on the subject.

ART. 09. And the same method of taking the sense of the people as to a revision of the constitution, and calling a convention for that purpose, shall be observed afterwards, at the expiration of every seven years.

ART. 100. This form of government shall be enrolled on parchment and deposited in the secretary's office, and be a part of the laws of the tend, and printed copies thereof shall be prefixed to the books containing the laws of this state in all future editions thereof.

INDEX

INDEX

Index of Subjects and Places

Abandoned Farms — 311

Abolition of Slavery — 7, 77, 82-3, 93

Advent Church — 236

Agriculture — 279, 102

Agriculture, Board of — 136

Amherst — 174, 198, 205

Andover — 93, 142, 172

Anti-Saloon League — 256

Automobiles — 289

Arts— 167

Art Museum — 278

Ashland — 121

Asylum for the Blind — 135

Asylum for the Insane — 134

Atkinson — 191

Attorney-General — 298

Baltimore Riot — 8, 16

Banks — 102, 106, 122, 131, 135, 220,

297-8

Bank Commissioner — 297 Baptists — 233 Barnstead — 205 Bath— 189 Battles of the Civil War — 19, 21, 23,

25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 48,

Si

Battle Flags— 278 Bedford — 160, 207 Bethlehem — 67, 310 Bible, Criticism of the — 239 Board of Health — 294 Bonds — 95, 101 Boscawen — 158 Bow— 172, 238, 339 Bowdoin College — 29, 142, 154, 155,

184 Bribery in Elections — 132

Camp Constitution — n, 17

Candia — 100, 164

Canterbury — 186

Capital of New Hampshire — 261 ff

Cavalry in Civil War — 45, 52

Centennial Exhibition — 124

Charities, State Board of — 291

Chesterfield — 167

Chrystal Hills— 308

Christian Commission — 84

Christian Church — 235

Christian Perfection — 236

Christian Science — 238, 239

Christian Union — 327

Churches — 22gfi

Civic Leagues — 257

Civil War— 3ff

Civil War, Cost of — 105

Claremont — 40, 42, 145, 204

Colebrook — 208

Commissioner of Agriculture — 279

Commissioner of Motor Cycles — 288

Congregational Churches — 230-233

Concord — 10, 17, 125, 179, 207, 220,

261 ff Constitution of New Hampshire —

34Sff Constitution of United States — 92,

105, 109

Constitutional Convention — 125 Copperheads — 3 Cornish — 183, 261 Cost of State Government — 298 Court Files — 290, 333ff Crawford Notch — 296, 309-10 Credit Mobilier — 116 Crime, Causes of — 275, 318

367

368

INDEX

Deaf Mutes — 135 Deerfield — 57, 154, 191 Democratic Party — 9, 122 Democratic Standard — 17 Derry — 39, 189 Deserters — 47, 53 Discharged Soldiers — 99 Distribution of Wealth — 322 Dartmouth College — 101, 113, 117, 121, 126, 127, 131, 144, 154, 172-5,

185-93, 202, 206, 215, 217, 219, 253, 265

Dover — 68, 73, 88, 133, 141 Draft— 90

Emancipation Proclamation — 88

Enfield — 91

Epping— 127

Epsom — 61

Equal Suffrage — no, 229, 315-6

Excise Commissioners — 295

Exeter — 32, 131, 168, 215, 224

Farmers' Institutes — 279 Filibustering in the Legislature —

112. 115

Fish-Culture — 136

Fish and Game Commissioners — 287 Forestry — 136 Forestry Commission — 296 Fort Sumter — 8, 59 Francestown — 71 Free Baptists — 233 Freedmen — 103-4

Gettysburg, Pa. — 102 Geological Survey — 126 Gilmanton — 72, 163 Government Ownership — 320, 324 Grand Army — 280 Greenback Party — 126-7

Hall of Fame— (?) 278 Hampton Falls — 203 Hanover— 95, 153, 157, 169, 170 Haverhill — 91

Healing, Varied Sorts of — 237

Henniker — 171

Highways, Department of — 293

Hillsborough — 59, 68, 218

Hinsdale — 200

Histories of Towns — 141

Hooksett — 130

Homes for the Aged — 271, 292

Hopkinton — 68, 175

Hospital, First General — 271

Hospital for Women — 272

Hygiene, Laboratory of — 295

Impeachment of Pres. Johnson — 107

Insane Hospital — 269

Insanity, Causes of — 270

Insurance — 135

Insurance Commission — 283

Insurance Companies — 284-5

Insurance, Cost of — 131

Isles of Shoals — 150, 306-7

Jaffrey— 185

Kearsarge — 12

Keene— 27, 33, 133-4, 146, 159, 185,

217 Kingston — 156

Labor, Bureau of — 280

Labor Reform Party — in

Labor Problem — 324

Laconia — 291

Lancaster — 63

Legal Procedure — 128, 319

Lebanon — 161

Liberal Republican Party — 114

License Fees — 295

Lisbon — 142

Literature of New Hampshire — 141 ff

Littleton — 162, 187, 192

Local Option Law — 257

Lobbyists — 79-80

London — 171, 202

Manchester — 18, 20, 22, 30, IOO, III- 12, 121, 177, 191, 219

INDEX

369

Manufactures — 106 Marlow — 221 Mason — 178 Masonic Home — 271 Methodists — 234 Mental Therapeutics — 237 Meredith— 66 Mil ford— 172, 207 Mount Washington — 308

National Cemetery — 90, 102

National Guard— 135, 288

Negro, Character of the— 109-10

Newfields — 64

New Hampton — 62

New Ipswich — 177, 184

New London — 190

Newport — 152, 160, 222

Newspapers — 197*?

New Hampshire Historical Society— 265, 267

New Hampshire of the Future- s'

Normal Schools — 134

Odd Fellows' Home— 271 Old Home Week— 280, 3" Osgoodites — 236

Patriotism, Enlargement of — 327-8 Peace Conference — 78 Pembroke — 65, 157, 163 Pentecostal Church — 236 Peterborough — 40, 145, 206, 216 Pharmacy Commission — 285 Pittsfield — 155 Phillips Exeter Academy — 100, 145,

151, 203, 206, 215, 220, 127, 131-2 Plymouth, 134, 136 Poets of New Hampshire — 149 Plainfield — 40, 144 Portraits, Collection of — 128 Population of New Hampshire — 89,

in, 124, 230, 324 Portsmouth — 6, 12, 60, 64, 66, 70,

125. 127, 143, 147, 151, 176, 184, 203,

Post Office in Concord — 268 Poverty — 318 Presbyterians — 235 Prohibition — 132, 316-8 Prohibition Party — 250 Prohibitory Law — 255 Protestants, Union of — 241 Protestant Episcopal Church — 235 Province Papers — 105 Public Instruction — 285 Public Service Commission — 282 Public Utilities — 320

Railroads — 136, 320-22 Reconstruction of the South — 107 Records of New Hampshire — 290 Recruiting Stations — 10 Referee Law — 129 Reform Clubs — 123 Reforms in Politics — 319 Regiments in Civil War — 15-42 Regimental Flags — 103 Religious Equality in Law — 125 Representatives' Hall — 288 Representatives, Number of — 318 Resumption of Specie Payment — 116 Revivals — 241 Richmond — 201 Rindge — 169, 187, 213 Revenues, How Produced — 283 Rochester — 161, 174 Roman Catholic Church — 242-6 Roxbury — 170

Salary-Grabbers — 113 Salisbury — 112 Salvation Army — 237 Sandwich — 171, 185 Sanitary Commission — 84 Sanatorium for Tuberculosis — 291 Schools, Inspected — 295 Schools, Improvement of — 325-7 Sciences — 167 Secretary of State — 289 Senate Chamber — 288 Shakers — 236

3/o

IXDEX

Soldiers' Home — 291

Spoils of Office— 124

State Board of Health — 133

State Debt — 90, 101, 106, 113, 135

State House — 19, 89, 264, 2;;ff

State Hospital — 269

State Industrial School — 134

State Library — 264

State Orphanage— 291

State Papers — 142, 280

State Prison — 130, 134, 272-5

State Roads — 293, 305, 309

"Senate Steal"— 125

Survey of the State — 126

Tariff— 324

Tax Commission — 281

Taxation, Indirect — 283

Taxation of Industries — 299

Tax on Land — 282

Tax on Income — 322

Temperance — 123, 132, 25iff

Toleration Act— 230 Total Abstinence — 123, 253 Tramps, How Banished — 129 Treasury of the State — 298

Unitarians — 233 Universalists — 235

Vacation State — 3036% 325 Vital Statistics— 286 Voting in the Aimy — 84-7

Walpole— 42, 62, 170, 1 86, 188 Warner— 35, 137, 152 , Wars, Great and Small — 4 War Democrats— 3, 106 Wealth, Distribution of — 322-3 Weare — 66 Westmoreland — 218 Whitefield — 59 Winchester — 223 Winnipesaukee Lake — 310

Index of Names

Abbott, Joseph C, 9, n, 12, 28, 29 Adams, Christopher, 340

Margaret, 340 Agawam, William, 338 Ainsworth, Captain, 45 Akerman, Amos T., 217 Alcock, Joseph, 333 Aldrich, Edgar, 92

Thomas, 148 Allen, Charles, 330

James, 341

Ambrose, Abigail, 238 Ames, Charles G., 154

Joseph, 170

Oakes, 116 Anderson, Robert, 8 Andrews, Christopher C., 59

Joseph F., 46

William G., 51 Atwood, David, 207 Austin, William P., 10, 51

Joseph, 341 Avery, John, 339

Babbitt, John H., 33 Bacon, David W., 244 Badger, William, 24 Baker, Osmon C., 221 Bailey, Thomas D., 149

Edward L., 18 Ballock, George W., 26 Ballou, Hosea, 201-2 Barber, David, 243

Virgil, 243 Barker, T. A., 10, 20

Thomas E., 20

INDEX

Barrett, Edwin S., 94 Bartlett, Pres. Samuel, 276

William H., 85

Barton, Ira McL., 10, 17, 50, 51 Batchelder, Richard N., 17, 66 Batchellor, Albert S., 92, 142 Battey, Charles C., 292 Bean, Edwin C., 289 Beach, H. G. A., 172 Beck, Thomas, 340 Bedel, John, 21, 108

Moody, 21 Belknap, George E., 67

Jeremy, 142

Bell, Charles H., 10, 17, 42, 131-3, 141, 266

John, 131

Louis, 23

Luther V., 71

Samuel, 71, 131

Samuel D., 85 Bellows, George H., 42

Henry A., 85, 188

Henry W., 84 Bennick, Abraham, 341 Berry, Nathaniel S., 78, 81 Bingham, Harry, 9, 87-8, 92, 104, 109,

133, IQ2-3 John A., 276

Bixby, Phin P., 27 Blackmer, John, 115 Blaisdell, Daniel, 95 Blair, Henry W., 41 Blasfield, Hannah, 339 Blunt, Charles E., 66

Edmund M., 142

Rev. John, 339 Bonney, Benjamin W., 187 Booth, Robert, 338 Bouton, Nathaniel, 142, 222, 252 Boyd, James, 336 Boyes, Robert, 340 Bracket, Joshua, 339 Bradley, Dennis M., 244 Brazell, John, 339 Brevvster, Charles W., 203

Briggs, James F., 37 Brodhead, John, 64

Thornton F., 64 Brown, B. Gratz, 14

John, 203

John M., 71

Warren G., 127

William F., 42 Bruce, J. N., 10 Bryant, Walter, 333

Robert, 338 Bundy, James M., 208 Burke, Edmund, 17 Burn side, Ambrose E., 18 Buss, Rev. John, 339 Butler, Benjamin F., 30, 57-8, 127

Francis W., 26

Caldwell, Henry M., 51 Campion, Clement, 333 Canney, Thomas, 333 Carlton, Charles H., 24

Ralph, 21

Carr, James W., 42 Gate, Asa P., 6

Edward, 341 Carson, Robert R., 84 Carter, Nathan F., 142 Chamberlain, Levi, 78

Mellen, 163 Chandler, George H., 32

James O., 52

William E., 32, 83, 133

Zachariah, 6 Chapman, Joshua, 10 Chase, Ithamar, 183

Philander, 183

S. E., 10

Salmon P., 6, 96, 100, 107, 183 Cheney, Amy M., 171

Benjamin P., 218, 276

Person C., 39, 115-6, 121-2 Chesley Family, 338 Cheverus, John, 243 Child, William H., 142 Christie, Daniel M., 41, 88

372

INDEX

Church, Mary, 339 Clark, Daniel, 6, 96, 125

Abraham, 337 Clarke, James F., 153

William C, 191 Churchill, Winston, 261 Clement, John, 137

Sarah, 137

Clifford, Nathan, 184 Clough, Joseph, 17, 42 Cochrane, W. H. D., 10 Coffin, Charles C., 158

Peter, 341

Cogswell, Leander W., 37 Colbath, G. W., 10 Collins, Moses N., 35-6 Comings, E., 10 Comins, Albert S., in Converse, Nelson, 27 Cooke, Jay, 116 Cooper, John, 341

John D., 19, 31

Lemuel P., in

Peter, 126

Corbin, Austin, 222, 311 Corwin Family, 341 Coues, Elliott, 176 Coughlan, John, 34 Cowel Family, 341 Cragin, Aaron H., 6, 96 Craven, Titus, A.M., 67 Crawford, Ethan A., 310 Crosby, Alpheus B., 72

Dixi, 72

Sarah E., 277 Cross, Allan E., 277

Edward E., 25, 63 Currier, Moody, 30, 136-7

John, 137

Jeffrey, 340 Curtain, Frank, 339 Cutt, Eleanor, 334

Richard, 333, 340

Mary, 335

Sarah, 338

Dakin, George K., 48

Dam, John, 338

Dame, Harriet P., 19-20

Dana, Charles A., 200

Daniel Family, 341

Davis, Jefferson, 17, 40, 58

John, 338

Joseph 341

Timothy, 335 Denbo, Mary, 337

Salathiel, 337

Dewey, Admiral George, 7 Deverson, John, 340 Dimond, E. W., 116 Dix, Gen. John A., 116 Doe, Charles, 189

John, 341

Donahoe, Michael T., 34 Dort, Ober G., 27 Douglas, Stephen A., 3, 58 Dow, Moses A., 162 Downing, John, 334 Drake, Francis F., 156

Samuel G., 155

Family, 335 Drew, Israel L., 17

Jeremiah D., 10, 17, 24

Clement, 339

Joseph, 339

Tamsen, 339 Dunbar, C. F., 10 Duncan, Samuel A., 40 Durgin, John H., 33

Katherine, 339

William, 339 Dutton, Everell F., 62 Dyer, Caleb M., 92

Eastman, Ira A., 87

John R., 142, 172

Philip, 181 Eburn, Richard, 339 Eddy, Mark, 238

Mary B. G., 238 Edgell, Frederick M., 47 Edgerly, A. S., 10

Andrew J., 91 Ela, Abby P., no

INDEX

373

Richard, 22 Eliot. Charles W., 155

Elizabeth, 335 Emery, Elizabeth, 341 Emerson, Samuel, 337

Timothy, 337 Evans, John, 173

Richard, 174

Farley, Harriet N., 145

Stephen, 145 Farr, Evarts, W., 36 Fearing, Hawkes, 30 Felker, Arthur L., 279 Fellows, Enoch, Q., 20, 31 Fessenden, "William P., 6 Fields. James T., 147 Fitch, Rev. Jabez, 333 Flint, Franklin F., 52 Fogg. George G., 96 Foilett Family, 336-7 Foss. Sam Walter, 164 Footman Family, 339-40, 341 Foster, Frank P., 207

John G., 59

Joseph C, 207 Fowler, Asa, 78, 268

Clara M., 268

Mary C. K., 268

William P., 268 French, Daniel C., 168

George F., 73

Henry F.? 168 Fuller, Adjutant, 17

Henry W., 41

Levi K., 217 Furber Family, 338, 341

Gardner, Alexander, 40

Addison, 187 George, Henry, 282 Gerrish, George A., 47 Gile, George W., 67 Gillis. George, 10 Gilman, Joseph, 85, 87, 89 Gilmore. Joseph A., 94, 130 Godfrey, James, 341

Godsoe, John, 333 Goodwin, Ichabod, 6

Nancy G., 6.

Samuel, 6

Samuel B., 7 Gould, Augustus A., 177 Gove, I. S. M., 10

Jesse H., 66

Lorenzo D., 46

William H., ill, 254 Grant, Ulysses S., 108, 109, 114

Alexander, 341

James, 341

Greeley, Horace, 114, 116, 198-200 Greenleaf, Captain, 17

J. O., 10

Griffith, Simon G., 20, 27 Griggs, Asel G., 51 Grimes, James W., 6

Hackett, William H. Y., 125 Hale, David, 152

Edwin M., 159

Horatio, 153

John P., 6, 96, 277

George S., 159

Salma, 159

Samuel W., 133

Sarah J., 152 Hall, Charles F., 174

Joseph, 339 Hart, Thomas, 333 Ham, Charles H., 186 Handerson, H. C., 10 Hapgood, Charles E., 26 Harriman, Walter, 35, 87, 105 Harrington, Edward W., 87 Harris, Amanda B., 151 Harry, Philip, 339 Harvey, Peter, 170

Nathaniel, 333

Elizabeth, 335

Thomas, 338

Hayes, Rutherford B., 126 Haynes, Martin A., 20 Head, Natt, 122, 130 Healy, James A., 244

374

INDEX

Heath, Lyman, 172 Henderson, Thomas A., 29 Hibbard, Harry, 6 Hill, Gov. of New York, 276

John B., 253

John M., 137

Nathaniel, 341

Sarah, 341 Hitchcock, Charles H., 126

Hiram, 215 Hilton, Richard, 335

William, 338 Hobbs, Henry, 341 Holmes, Nathaniel, 145 Hoit, Albert G., 171 Hoyt, Charles H., 179 Hooff, Ferdinand, 338 Houghton, George E., 42 Howe, Frank E., 84

Julia Ward, 6

William B. W., 221 Howard, Charles W., 287 Howland, Alfred C, 170

Henry E., 186 Huggins, Nathaniel, 340 Hull, Benjamin, 335 Hunking, John, 334

Mark, 340

Huntington, J. H., 126 Huntress, George 340 Hutchins, Benjamin T., 46

Stillson, 205 Hutchinson Family, 172

Ingalls, Gustavus W., 52

Jackson, John, 335

John H., 20

James R., 142

Gen. Stonewall, 19

Hannah, 339 Jenks, Edwin A., 160 Johnson, Andrew, 95, 104, 107-8, 183

John, 338

Ebenezer, 339 Jones, Amos B., 51

Stephen, 337

Jordan, Governor, 19

Kelleher, John, 30 Kelley, Benjamin F., 62

J. L., 10, 17 Kelly, Elisha, 336 Keniston, Benjamin, 339 Kendall, Asa A., 127

George W., 205 Kent, Henry O., 42 Kimball, Edgar A., 65

Harriet M., 151

Richard B., 151 King, Dana W., 30

William, 333 Kingman, John W., 41 Kittredge, Jonathan, 253

Walter, 172 Knox, Thomas W., 157

Ladd, Luther C., 8

William, 224

William S., 108 Laighton, Albert, 151

Thomas B., 150 Lake, Thomas, 341 Landers, James H., 30 Langley, S. G., 20 Langstaff, Henry, 335-6, 340

John, 335

Larkin, James E., 26 Layton, John, 338 Lewis, Sarah, 339

Abraham, 341 Libby, James, 335 Light, Joseph, 335 Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 8, 10, 86, 94,

95, 169, 204, 209 Linehan, John C., 34 Littlefield, Israel B., 52 Livermore, Matthew, 333

Thomas L., 26, 42 Long, Charles H., 42, 50, 51

Stephen H., 175 Lothrop, Daniel, 161 Lowell, Guy, 267

James R., 150

INDEX

375

Lull, Oliver W., 30, 31 Lund, Mary D., 152 Lyford, James O., 142

March, Charles W., 201 Marcy, Daniel, 116, 127 Marston, Oilman, 6, 18, 87, 133 Martin, Benjamin, 336

Richard, 338

Matignon, Francis A., 243 Mason, Larkin D., 84, 137 McArthur, Charles L., 204 McCutcheon, Byron, 65 McCutchins, Luther, 115 McKcan, Frank A., 127

Anna, 340

James, 340

McPherson, William D., 51 Mead, Joseph, 340

Larkin G., 167 Meder, John, 337 Merrill, Robert J., 283 Meserve, Clement, 340 Metcalf, Henry H., 92, 280 Miller, Charles, 208

William, 236 Milmine, Georgine, 239 Mitchell, John M., 92

George, 333 Moody, John, 339 Moore, George H., 163

Jacob B., 163 Morrill, Shadrach C, 271 Morrison, Charles R., 36

George W., 6

Henry, 133

James S., 37

John H., 206 Mors, Obediah, 341 Morse, Benjamin, 79

S. F. B., 263 Moulton, Daniel, 333-4 Mussey, Reuben D., 65

Samuel F., 51

Nasby, Petroleum V., 107 Neal, Joseph C., 144

Nelson, David B., 45

Edward W., 177 Nesmith, George W., 85, 276 Nichols, Edward W., 171 Nutter, Anthony, 336, 341

Osgood, Jacob, 236 Ordway, Nehemiah, 236 Orr, John, 336 Hugh, 336

Palmer, John B., 17

Richard, 338 Parker, Edward M., 235

Frank W., 24

Henry E., 20

Joel, 185

Parrott, Enoch G., 70 Patterson, Joal N., 10, 18

James M., 117

James \V., 277 Patton, Henry L., 66 Peabody, Charles A., 185

Ephraim, 155, 207

Francis, 155 Pearl, Ichabod, 10 Pearson, Henry H., 27 Pendleton, Brian, 340 Perkins, George H., 69, 70, 278

Thomas, 338 Perley, Ira, 90, 187 Perry, Horatio J., 217 Pickering, Charles E., 71 Pierce, Franklin, 263, 264, 275

Thomas P., 17

Joshua, 335

Hannah, 339 Pike, Fife Major, 17

Austin F., 121, 133

Elizabeth, 333

James, 41, in Pillsbury, George A., 271

Margaret, 271

Pingree, Gov. of Vermont — 276 Piper, Samuel, 339 Pinkham, Elizabeth, 337 Pitman, Anna, 337

376

INDEX

Place, Richard, 339 Plaisted, John, 341 Plimpton, Lieut. -Col., 22 Porter, Fitz-John, 69 Potter, Joseph H., 38 Prescott, Benjamin F., 127

George B., 156 Priest, James, 122 Proctor, Edna D., 152

John, 122 Putnam, Haldimand S., 28

John L., 28 Putney, Rhoda, 137

Quimby, E. T., 126

Phineas P., 238 Quinby, Henry B. Quint, Alonzo H., 133, 205

Rawlins, James, 340-41

Joseph, 333

Rebecca, 340 Remich, Christian, 336 Roberts, Hatevil, 341

Hiram G., 115

Thomas, 336

Elizabeth, 337 Robinson, Governor, 276

Daniel, 339

Robie, Gov. of Maine, 276 Rollins, Augustus W., 30

Edward H., 124, 132-3

Daniel S., 186

Governor, 263, 280 Rosebrook, Captain, 310 Row, Thomas, 338 Rowell, Edward F., 51

W. H., 10 Runnel, Moses T., 142

Sabine, Lorenzo, 142, 266 Samson, Andrew, 338 Sanborn, Edwin D., 157 Franklin B., 203 John B., 61 Katherine A., 157 Saunders, Richard, 339

Saunderson, John H., 142 Sargent, A. J.

Jonathan E., 190 Sawyer, Charles W., 17, 22 Scripture, Edward W., 178 Shackford, William, 335

Deborah, 336 Shattuck, Amos B., 35 Sheppard, William C, 277 Sherburne, Henry, 336 Shurtleff, Roswell M., 169 Shillaber, Benjamin P., 143 Sias, Anna, 337 Sides, W. O., 10 Sinclair, John G., 91, 124 Sleeper, Gilman E., 24, 17 Sloper, Martha, 336 Smith, Alvah, in

Daniel, 29

Howard P., 51

Isaac W., 265

Smyth, Frederick, 100, 101, 105 Spofford, Ainsworth R., 163, 265 Stackpole, James, 341 Stark, George, n, 219

John, 124, 137, 277 Stearns, Ezra S., 142

John N., 254

Onslow, 108

Stevens, Aaron F., 39, 15 Stone, Charles P., 16 Stowe, Baron, 222 Stratton, D. K., 21 Straw, Ezekiel A., 112 Sturtevant, Edward E., 10, 17, 25 Swett, Samuel, 93

Tappan, Mason W., 6, 10, 15 Tarbell, John H., 52 Tenney, Adna, 169

Ulysses D., 170 Thaxter, Celia L., 150 Thompson, A. B., 20

Almon H., 177

J. H., 10

John J., 46, 47

Mary P., 141

INDEX

377

Thornton, James S., 70 Ticknor, William D., 161 Tilden, Samuel J., 126 Tilton, John R., 171 Titus, Herbert B., 32 Townsend, Luther T., 41 Trickey, Thomas, 336 Tuck, Amos, 78, 215, 266

Edward, 215-6, 266-7 Tucker, William J., 265

Philip, 341

Tullock, Thomas L., 12 Tuttle, John, 336 Tyler, Bishop, 244

Upham, Nathaniel G., 191 Thomas C, 151, 154 Warren, 174

Veasey, Thomas, 340 Vose, George L., 126 Vaughan, George, 333

William, 333-5 Wadleigh, George H., 68 Wacomb, Mary, 340 Walker, Asa, 223

Abigail, 333

Capt. George, 333

George, 216

John G., 68

Joseph B., 220

Lucretia P., 263

Timothy, 269

Watson, Irving G., 286, 294 Wallace, Captain, 67 Walton, George, 338

Shadrach, 338 Ward, Sarah, 340 Warren, John Q. A., 30 Weaver, James B., 127 Webber, Lydia, 336 Webster, Daniel, 80, 124, 137, 170, 266, 276

Col. Fletcher, 64

John, 333

John D., 61

Rev. Josiah, 61 Weir, Thomas, 91 Wells, Henry, 218 Wreeks, William P., 190

Jonathan, 339

Joshua, 338

Leonard, 341 West, John, 263 Weston, E., 10

James A., in, 114 Whitcher, John, 335 White, Eliza O., 146

Horace, 208

Nathaniel, no, 115 Whitfield, Captain, 31 Whittier, John G., 6, 78 Whipple, Edwin P., 147

Thomas J., 15, 17, 22 Wiggin Family, 336, 341 Wilbur, Sibyl, 239 Wilder, Marshall P., 213 Willey, Samuel, 309 Willis, Arthur L., 288 Wilson, Henry, 6, 114

James, 40

Robert, 40

Winslow, Edward, 333 Wood, Henry, 202

Leonard, 223 Woodbury, Charles L., 184

Levi, 184

Woods, Andrew S., 189 Woolson, Constance F., 146 Worcester, Joseph E., 160 Wright, Carroll D., 41 Wyman, W. H., 10

York, Abigail, 341

Benjamin, 341 Young, Charles A., 173

Ira, 173

Thomas, 341

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