IDictoria Ifoistor^ of the Counties of England EDITED BY H. ARTHUR DOUBLEDAY A HISTORY OF SURREY VOLUME I A HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF SURREY IN FOUR VOLUMES EDITED BY H. E. MALDEN, M.A. THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND SURREY WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED This History is issued to Subscribers only By Archibald Constable £3" Company Limited and printed by Butler £3" Tanner of Frame and London INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF HER LATE MAJESTY QJJEEN VICTORIA WHO IN HER LIFETIME GRACIOUSLY GAVE THE TITLE TO AND ACCEPTED THE DEDICATION OF THIS HISTORY THE ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY His GRACE THE DUKB OP DEVONSHIRE, K.G. SIR HENRY MAXWELL-LYTE, K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., Chancellor of tbt University of Cambridge ETC. His GRACE THE DUKE OP RUTLAND, K.G. Keeper of tb, Public Record, His GRACE THE DUKE OP PORTLAND, K.G. CoL- SlR J- FARQUHARSON, K.C.B. His GRACE THE DUKE OP ARGYLL, K.T. SlR Jos- HooKER» G.C.S.I., M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC. THE MOST HON. THE MAROAJESS OF SALISBURY, « . -, T T ™ i? n o KG SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D., F.R.S., ETC. Chancellor of the University of Oxford REV. J. CHARLES Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., ETC. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ROSEBERY, K.G., LlONEL CusT> Es 4567 THE VICTOR IA HI STORY C MAP. 5 A'OKUny «..i™, h/jj 3 1 W > i V 15' E COUNTIES OF ENGLAND County Boundary shown thus GEOLOGY INTRODUCTION IF it were possible completely to trace the series of changes which any part of the earth's crust has undergone, geological history would everywhere embrace the whole vast range of time that has passed in the shaping of our planet to its present form. But in no place is more than a very small fragment of the record exhibited. The effects of the great cycles of earth-development have been ever varying from place to place. With the elevation of one tract into dry land, and the wearing down of its surface by the agents of sub-aerial erosion, there has gone on concurrently the depression of a neighbouring area beneath the waters, wherein the materials derived from that land were spread out in layers of sediment to become the solid strata of a newer land. Over every part of our country this chain of vicissitudes has passed unbrokenly since the remotest times to which our knowledge can reach, and it is still passing. The records of the older epochs are ground down into material for the newer history, even as the paper-maker may reduce old docu- ments to pulp which shall in turn become a vehicle for later knowledge. To use the well-worn but none the less faithful simile, the geo- logical register is everywhere the mere fragment of a volume, with here and there a leaf or often only part of a leaf remaining ; and it is the aim of the geologist to reconstruct the history of the past from these frag- ments. We might even pursue the simile further, and speak of the geology of a limited district as the fragmentary copy of a work of world- wide distribution, decipherable only by comparison and correlation with similarly imperfect copies found in other districts in constantly varying states of mutilation. From this point of view, our Surrey record is a fragment containing portions of the later chapters only, with by far the greater part of the volume missing.1 In other words, of the three great groups into which we divide the fossiliferous rocks, namely, Palaeozoic (computed to represent in time- value nine-tenths of the whole), Mesozoic or Secondary, and Cainozoic or Tertiary, the strata actually visible in the county (excluding the com- paratively recent ' superficial ' deposits) belong entirely to the later part of the Mesozoic and the earlier part of the Cainozoic. It is true that, as will be shown in the context, older rocks are known to exist at some distance below ground, but these are too deeply buried to affect the present land-surface, and our knowledge respecting them is limited to the bare fact that they have been found in certain deep borings. 1 For detailed information regarding the geology of Surrey generally, the following Memoirs of the Geological Survey may be consulted : The Geology of the Weald, by W. Topley (1875), for the beds below the base of the Chalk and for matters connected with the valley systems of the Weald, and its denudation ; The Geology of the London Basin, by W. Whitaker (1872), for the Chalk and Eocene beds; The Geology of London and of part of the Thames I I B A HISTORY OF SURREY To illustrate the position in the wider geological scale of the forma- tions recognized in Surrey, we give below, as preliminary to the next table, a summary of the full succession of rock-systems according to the commonly-adopted classification, indicating which divisions are already known to exist in the county. Classification Rock-systems Relation to Surrey Recent Fairly represented Pleistocene Partly represented Cainozoic Pliocene Doubtfully represented or Tertiary Miocene Absent Oligocene Absent Eocene Widely represented Upper Cretaceous Widely represented Lower Cretaceous Widely represented Upper Jurassic Not yet proved, but almost certainly under- Mesozoic or Secondary Middle Jurassic lying southern part of county In part represented in deep borings in north of county Lower Jurassic Not yet proved Triassic Possibly represented in deep borings in north of county (see p. 21) Permian Carboniferous Palaeozoic Devonian Not yet proved ; but some part certain or Primary Silurian . to exist deep underground Ordovician Cambrian Eozoic and Pre-Cambrian Azoic (?) Archaean We may now turn to consider the classification and subdivision of the known strata of the county, as shown in the following table, including those which crop out at the surface and those which have been found only in deep borings. Valley, vol. i., by W. Whitaker (1889), for later information respecting the Eocene, the River Drifts and other superficial deposits, and for discussion of the deep borings and deep-seated geology, and vol. ii. of the same memoir for details of Surrey well-sections ; The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain, vol. i., by A. J. Jukes-Browne (1900), for the Gault and Upper Greensand, and vol. ii. (in press), by the same author, for the divisions of the Chalk. The two first-mentioned memoirs contain full bibliographies of works on the geology of Surrey up to the date of their publication ; and it has therefore not been deemed necessary to give such references in the present sketch. References to some later papers will be found in footnotes to subsequent pages, but for a fuller list the reader should refer to the account of the bibliography for the period 1889 to 1899 contained in Mr. W. Whitaker's presidential address for 1900 to the Croydon Microscopical and Natural History Club (Proceedings 1900, pp. iii.-xvii.). The numerous reports of excursions in Surrey in Proceedings of the Geologists' Association should also be consulted, as these contain lists of references, besides frequently record- ing new observations. The greater part of the county lies within Sheet 8 (old series) of the Geological Survey map, on the scale of one-inch = one mile ; but it also enters Sheets 6, 7 and 9 of the same map. GEOLOGY TABLE OF STRATA Formation Approximate Period Character of material thickness in feet Recent Alluvium Mud, silt, gravel, etc., at low levels in present valleys rarely exceeding 20 High-level Valley-gravel Gravel, sand, sandy loam, etc., of rarely and Brick-earth ancient river terraces exceeding 20 Pleistocene Clay with Flints Angular flints and clay overlyingl Chalk irregular, in 'pipes,' up to ( 20 or more Plateau Gravel Gravel, chiefly of flint, but with some pebbles of quartz, quartzite, etc. rarely exceeding 1 5 Older Pliocene (?) Lenham Beds (?) Ferruginous sand and sandstone in fissures at the top of the Chalk •f ("Upper Bagshot Sand Yellowish sands up to 150 ™ Bracklesham Beds o •< Clay laminated with sand 40 to 60 §> 1 Lower Bagshot Sand pa * Light-coloured micaceous sands with a few pebbles 100 to 150 T _„ ~,. _ - London Clay *fi Stiff blue or brownish clay with layers of nodules 400 to 480 1 3 xLocene | Oldhaven or Black- s' heath Beds Rolled flint-pebbles with a little sand up to 60 • o .g Woolwich and Read- (3 Clay, loam and sand, usually of bright •70 fn Rn JB *j O lj ing Beds varied colours < ' WCl Irptapprtiic ( stone and ironstone nodules V^l v_ Lttk.CUU.3 d "» Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand Sand and soft sandstone 150 •s ' ?«« Grinstead Clay Clay, usually red or greenish 3° l> '/. £ !>• I Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand Sand and soft sandstone 60 s Wadhurst Clay Clay and shale with ironstone bands 150 Ashdown Sand Sand and soft sandstone 300 or more r 11 Jurassic Great Oolite Series Oolitic limestone, calcareous sand- stone and thin bands of clay see p. 19 I1 £ Triassic (?) (or older) New Red Sandstone (?) Red, white and mottled sandstone, with marls see p. 21 A HISTORY OF SURREY Putting aside for the present the consideration of the deep-seated rocks, let us first examine the character and arrangement of the strata which occur at the surface, since it is in these that we shall discover the cause of its present configuration. The geological structure of the county is so simple and its existing features depend so closely upon this structure that it forms an ideal tract for the study of the elementary principles of the science. As indicated by the different colours on the accompanying map, the outcrops of the several geological divisions tend to form bands of varying width running nearly east and west across the county, with the older for- mations in the south and the newer in the north. This arrangement arises from the general northerly dip or inclination of the beds, due to an un- equal uplift of the land in past times by which the southern part of the county has been raised to higher levels than the northern portion. Hence we may walk east and west upon the same formation along the line of ' strike ' from one end of the county to the other, while if we go southward we soon cross to underlying, and if northward to over- lying beds. For our present purpose it is sufficient to note that, as shown in the section accompanying the map, this northerly dip prevails, with some minor irregularities, throughout the greater part of the county. We shall see later that it is dependent upon the presence of an elongated dome of elevation which included the whole country between the North and South Downs, having its axis a little to the southward of our county boundary and extending through Kent and Sussex into the eastern part of Hampshire. The central portion of this dome has been so greatly eroded that it is now for the most part lower than the sides, but at one time the successive belts of strata which now encircle it have extended across it in a flat arch rising many hundreds of feet above the highest ground now existing. The arch has been broken through by long-continued erosion, and as some of the inner or lower strata happen to be of less enduring composition than those by which they were originally covered, the wasting away after the removal of the higher portion has been more rapid towards the interior of the dome than at the sides. Deep borings in Sussex and Kent have proved that immediately be- neath the central portion of the dome there occurs a thick series of marine deposits (Portlandian and Kimeridgian) of Upper Jurassic age ; but these do not reach the surface. The oldest strata actually outcropping within the uplifted tract consist of an estuarine series of shaly clays with thin cal- careous stone bands, and with lenticular beds of gypsum in their deeper portion. These ' Purbeck Beds ' cover a small area in Sussex some miles to the south-eastward of the Surrey boundary. They pass upwards into the ' Hastings Beds,' a thick series of soft sandstones and semi-coherent sands, with intercalated bands of clay, apparently the sediments brought down by a large river into a lake or estuary. GEOLOGY HASTINGS BEDS Though the greater part of the outcrop of the Hastings Beds occurs in Kent and Sussex, the series also occupies a few square miles in the extreme south-eastern corner of Surrey, there forming the pleasant rising ground to the south of the Medway valley. Limited though this area is, it is sufficient to show nearly the whole sequence of the series, in- cluding the various subdivisions known as the Ashdown Sand, the Wadhurst Clay, the Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand, the Grinstead Clay, and the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand. The general characters and aver- age thickness of these strata have been already given in the table, and need not be repeated. The fossils of these beds, which are most abundant in the clay-bands, consist chiefly of freshwater shells of the genera Cyrena, Unio and Paludina, along with the minute oval valves of Cypris, a small fresh or brackish water crustacean. In Sussex many plant remains have also been found, chiefly ferns and cycads, and from the same county have been obtained the teeth and bones of gigantic extinct reptiles of ungainly aspect, such as Iguanodon, Hylaosaurus, Cetiosaurus, etc., and the remains of turtles and of fish. According to the usual classification the Hastings Beds constitute the lowest division of the Lower Cretaceous system, and they are thus shown in the table and on the map. Recently, however, it has been urged in several quarters 1 that the fossils indicate a closer affinity to the Jurassic system than to the overlying Cretaceous, and consequently that we should include the Hastings Beds with the Jurassic. This is a matter which is still under discussion, and we therefore need not enter further into it. WEALD CLAY As the Hastings Beds sink down northward towards the Medway valley they pass beneath the thick mass of Weald Clay which extends over almost the whole of the southern part of the county. The outcrop of this clay constitutes the low gently undulating plain of the Weald which spreads out from the foot of the hilly ridges dominating it to the north- ward in which the more durable overlying formations terminate. The fossils of the Weald Clay are chiefly freshwater shells and cyprids, re- sembling those of the Hastings Beds, and they indicate that, as in the former case, the deposit represents an accumulation of mud and silt brought down into a lake or land-locked estuary by a river draining an extensive land. This land is generally supposed to have lain chiefly to the westward, but there is really much doubt as to its position, as evidence recently obtained tends to show that the more strictly fresh- water conditions prevailed in the eastern part of the Wealden area, while towards the south-westward there are indications of an estuary; 1 See Prof. O. C. Marsh, Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. iii. (1896) p. 8 ; A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. iii. (1896) p. 70; and A. C. Seward, Nature, vol. liii. (1896) p. 462 ; see also G. W. Lamplugh, Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. vii. (1900) p. 443. 5 A HISTORY OF SURREY hence it is possible that the stream may have flowed from the eastward across a tract extending over what is now the southern part of the North Sea. The prevalence of the freshwater conditions must have been of very long duration, since the thickness of the Weald Clay alone in Surrey is estimated to range between 600 and 1,000 feet, and to this must be added at least 600 or 700 feet more for the Hastings Beds. The Weald Clay is interstratified here and there with thin bands of sand and silt, with layers of limestone made up almost entirely of a fresh- water univalve shell of the genus Paludina, and with nodular bands of clay-ironstone. These harder strata generally give rise to slight ' features ' or elevations of the surface, but they are rarely sufficiently thick to have much effect upon the character of the soil, which is principally a heavy clay. The farming of these ' strong ' lands has been most severely affected by the depression in agriculture, with the result that the acreage under the plough has largely decreased. The ironstone of the Wealden Beds was at one time extensively dug and smelted, though not so largely in Surrey as in the neighbouring counties of Kent and Sussex. An Act of 23 Elizabeth (1581) to restrict the use of wood in these iron-works makes exemption of the woods of ' Christopher Darrell, gentleman, in the parish of Newdegate, within the weald of the countie of Surrie, which woods of the said Christopher have heeretofore beene, and be by him preserved and coppised for the use of his iron- works in these parts.' 1 Although the great thickness of these Wealden freshwater deposits implies the duration of the same conditions of deposition over the area for a very long period, this must not be taken to denote that the land remained for all the time at the same level. In fact we can only imagine such an accumulation taking place where there was gradual subsidence that kept pace with the rate of infilling of the basin. A similar balance of conditions seems to be established at the present day at the mouths of many large rivers, and it is supposed that the weight of the accumulated sediments causes a gradual downward movement of the tract upon which the mass is spread. However this may be, it is clear that towards the close of the Wealden episode the waters of the sea began to gain ground, so that in the uppermost portion of the Weald Clay in Surrey, as exhibited recently in an enlargement of the railway-cutting between Redhill and Earlswood, brackish-water shells make their appearance among the freshwater fossils.* A further stage in the depression submerged the whole of the Wealden area beneath the sea, and henceforward for a long period marine conditions alone prevailed, though at first land probably still existed not far distant to the northward and north-westward. The submergence below sea-level seems to have taken place rather suddenly, ' See Geol. Survey Memoir, < Geology of the Weald,' chap. xix. pp. 329-346, for infor- mation regarding this extinct industry. * See also ' Geology of the Weald,' pp. no, 114. 6 GEOLOGY since the top of the Weald Clay, wherever exposed to examination, has proved to be sharp and well defined, and to be directly overlain by deposits containing a marine fauna. ATHERFIELD CLAY In the western part of the county the first sediment of this sea was a brown and greyish clay, somewhat sandy in places, known as the Atherfield Clay, from a locality in the Isle of Wight where it is typically developed. As the chief difference between this marine clay and the underlying Weald Clay is in the character of their respective fossils, which are destroyed by weathering at the surface, and as the two de- posits form ground of similar aspect, it is only in fresh and deeply cut sections that we can discriminate between them. In a railway-cutting near Haslemere, the Atherfield Clay was found to have a thickness of 60 feet, and yielded numerous fossils, including Ammonites, Nautilus and bivalve shells of many genera1; and in a stream-section at East Shalford near Guildford, where upwards of a hundred species of mollusca were obtained from it by Mr. C. J. A. Meyer, its thickness was estimated to be about 64 feet.2 This marine clay has hitherto been supposed to extend right across the county, but in the newly-exposed railway- cutting between Redhill and Earlswood previously referred to, its place was taken by sandy loams which could not be distinguished from the overlying Hythe Beds. Hence we may conclude that it was only in the quieter and deeper parts of the sea of the period that the Atherfield Clay was laid down. LOWER GREENSAND In our upward progress in the geological scale, or northward pro- gress across the present surface of the county, we now reach the belt of sands and sand-rocks which rise up boldly in a long escarpment over- looking the clayey lowlands of the Weald. These are all of marine origin, and are collectively known as the Lower Greensand. This term is often held to include also the Atherfield Clay at their base ; it has reference to the frequent occurrence of abundantly disseminated grains of glauconite, a green silicate of iron, which however is usually decomposed in the sands at the surface, giving rusty red and yellow tints to weathered exposures. These beds were accumulated in a shallow sea, swept by strong currents (as indicated by the prevalence of ' false ' or ' current '- bedding where the material has been deposited on the slopes of sand- banks), and they represent the steady wasting of a land not far distant. Their threefold division into Hythe, Sandgate and Folkestone Beds is based upon characters which are conspicuous at the places indicated by these names on the coast of Kent but become less marked as the beds 1 ' Geology of the Weald,' p. 115. * ' On the Lower Greensand of Godalming,' by C. J. A. Meyer, Proc. Geol. Assoc., sup. to vol. i., 1868. A HISTORY OF SURREY are followed westward ; so that in Surrey there is some doubt as to their identification, and it is only in the tract between Reigate and Oxtead that the middle division, or Sandgate group, is recognized on the Geological Survey maps, though Mr. Meyer believes that it can be iden- tified also in the west of the county.1 In Kent the lowest of these divisions, the Hythe Beds, is character- ized by irregular bands and concretions of sandy limestone or ' Kentish Rag,' often associated with layers of chert formed by the concentration of silica derived from sponge-spicules, but in eastern Surrey it consists, for the most part, of unconsolidated slightly loamy sand, with only occa- sional nodular induration. These characters are modified, however, west of Dorking, where the belt occupied by the Lower Greensand suddenly expands from a breadth of less than a mile to nearly four miles, again increasing to over six miles west of Guildford, under the influence of a subsidiary fold of the strata which will be subsequently described. Some parts of the division here become indurated into cherty sandstone ; and in the Guildford district a hard calcareous sandstone or grit known as 4 Bargate Stone,' resting on pebbly sands, is developed in the upper part, and this part contains, among other fossils, the teeth and scales of many extinct genera of fish. Sponge-spicules may generally be detected in the cherts, and the decay of such spicules appears to have supplied the siliceous cement by which the sands are indurated.2 This lateral change in the composition of the beds is strongly reflected in the physical features of the country; for while between Reigate and Dorking, where the Lower Greensand includes very little hard material, its out- crop forms a comparatively low broken terrace dominated by the Chalk escarpment, it rises both eastward and westward into a bold hill-range which on the west is higher than the Chalk Downs, with its culminating points at Leith Hill (967 feet) and at Hind Head (894 feet) making the highest ground in the county. In the district east of Reigate, where the Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand have been recognized as a separate division, they consist of alternations of soft sandstone with clayey material and fuller's earth, having a total thickness near Nutfield of 40 feet or more. The fullers' earth of this district is of considerable economic importance, having been extensively worked from an early date for use in the preparing and cleansing of cloth, and latterly for export to America for use in the dehydrating of cottonseed-oil and other vegetable oils, which it is said can then be used for adulterating lard. The demand for the former purpose had gradually dwindled, but the new use for the material has given a fresh lease of life to the industry. The upper division, or Folkestone Beds, is persistent in character 1 'On the Lower Greensand of Godalming,' Proc. Geol. Assoc., sup. to vol. i., 1868 ; see also T. Leighton, 'The Lower Greensand above the Atherfield Clay of East Surrey,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. li. (1895) pp. 101-123, which contains full references to pre- vious literature of the subject. * See Dr. G. J. Hinde, Phil. Trans., vol. clxxvi. (1885) p. 403. 8 GEOLOGY throughout the county, consisting of clean sharp incoherent sand or soft sand-rock, of white, yellow, brown or reddish tints, with irregular con- cretions of hard iron-sandstone locally known as ' carstone,' which is often dug for road-mending. The sand generally shows strongly-marked ' current-bedding ' ; it is usually about 100 feet thick. It forms, in many places, heathy common land, too poor for cultivation. Its topmost layers, immediately underlying the Gault, usually contain small phosphatic concretions, probably denoting a pause in the accumulation of the sedi- ments, when fresh supplies of sand were no longer brought down by the waves and rivers into the sea, but before the quiet conditions necessary for the settling down of the overlying clay were established. Soon however the shallow sea or gulf with its strong currents and shifting sand-banks gave place to more open waters, as the renewed depression which ushered in the Upper Cretaceous period submerged more and more land, until finally, during the deposition of the Chalk, there was no longer any shore within a considerable distance of the area now constituting our county. SELBORNIAN The first deposit of this deeper sea was the Gault, a more or less calcareous mud or clay, which is so celebrated for the abundance and beauty of its fossils where exposed on the Kentish coast near Folkestone. This clay, as indicated on the map, has a continuous outcrop across the county in a narrow belt at the foot of the Chalk Downs, causing by its more rapid wasting a longitudinal depression between the Downs and the Lower Greensand hills. Good sections of the Gault are rare in Surrey, and there is some uncertainty as to its thickness, which is believed to be usually between 90 and 120 feet at the outcrop, and may be much less in places, but is said to reach 343 feet in a boring at Caterham,1 and about 200 feet in borings in the north of the county (see p. 19). The next division of the series, the Upper Greensand, a name having little reference to the composition of the rock in Surrey, is closely associated with the upper portion of the Gault ; and in the latest scheme of classification the two are linked together as a single formation under the term Selbornian, since it is suggested that there is a lateral as well as a vertical passage between them, and that the upper part of the Gault clay of Kent was deposited contemporaneously with the Upper Greensand rocks of Surrey.2 These Upper Greensand or ' Merstham Beds ' of Surrey consist in the lower portion of slightly glauconitic silty marl, containing large sili- ceous concretions, surmounted by beds of Malm-rock or Fire-stone, a peculiar more or less calcareous sandstone with cherty aggregations, 1 See W. Whitaker's ' Some Surrey Wells and their Teachings,' Trans. Croydon Micro- scop, and Nat. Hist. C/ub, 1886, p. 48. * See A. J. Jukes-Browne in Geol. Survey Memoir, ' The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain,' vol. i. (1900) p. 93. 9 A HISTORY OF SURREY which in the east of the county are about 20 feet and in the west from 60 to 80 feet in thickness. The Malm-rock is peculiar in containing a large amount of colloid silica, soluble in alkaline solutions, this material having been derived from organic sources, chiefly from the siliceous spicules or internal framework of sponges which have lived in the ancient sea. Some beds of this stone are valued for building, while the softer kind is dug for rubbing on hearths. It has been extensively worked at Godstone, Merstham, Reigate and other places, not only in open quarries but also by long galleries driven under the Chalk from the outcrop. These stone-bands give rise to a terrace-like feature at the foot of the Downs. They are overlain by 5 to 1 5 feet of marly greyish- green sand, which forms the top of the Upper Greensand and passes up gradually into the Chalk Marl. The soil of this tract is peculiarly favourable to the growth of hops and for orchards. CHALK The general aspect of the Chalk, which is the next formation to demand our attention, is so familiar in England that description seems almost superfluous. It forms the range of the North Downs, and the bold escarpment marking its southward termination runs from east to west across the county, broken only by the transverse valleys of the rivers Mole and Wey. In the west, between Farnham and Guildford, the northerly dip is so steep that the Chalk is rapidly carried out of sight beneath newer beds, its outcrop where it forms the well-known ridge of Hog's Back averaging only about half a mile in width. But eastward from Guildford the dip lessens and the area of Chalk widens out gradu- ally, until in the eastern part of the county it has a breadth of about seven miles. The most striking characteristic of the formation is its homogenous composition throughout its extensive range, both horizontally and ver- tically. From its lowest to its highest beds with a thickness in some parts of England reaching from 1,000 to 1,500 feet,1 and from the shores of the English Channel to the shores of the North Sea in East Yorkshire this clean white limestone preserves everywhere the same general characters, with only such minor modifications of structure as require special study to discriminate. The whole of this enormous mass has slowly accumulated at the bottom of an open sea as a calcareous mud, made up for the greater part of the relics of generation after gene- ration of lime-secreting organisms, among which the minute shells of foraminifera usually predominate. The presence of any extraneous mat- erial of other than microscopic dimensions in the formation is extremely rare, so that the discovery some years ago in the Hay ling chalk-pit at Croydon of a boulder of granitic rock along with some other fragments alien to the Chalk and a similar discovery more recently in the Middle 1 See Mem. Geol. Survey, ' The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain,' vol. i., by A. J. Jukes- Browne, pp. 1-3. TO GEOLOGY Chalk at Betchworth have attracted much attention.1 These stones have probably been rafted from a distant shore either by floating ice or en- tangled in the roots of a fallen tree, whence they have dropped and sunk to the mud of the sea-floor. In this mud the remains of many of the denizens of the sea have been embedded and preserved, so that the Chalk is famous for the beauty and variety of its fossils, which in many parts of the mass can be extracted and cleaned from their matrix with little trouble. Among these fossils we may note the teeth and other hard parts of extinct fish and reptiles ; the shells of Ammonites and several other extinct genera of Cephalopoda ; a few univalve and many bivalve shells, the latter including characteristic species of Inoceramus and Spon- dylus ; the tests of sea-urchins, often in great profusion, the different species and gradual evolution of which have been closely studied, and have afforded a method of dividing the Chalk into zones where the same- ness of composition would otherwise render this task difficult or im- possible * ; abundant traces of sponges whose siliceous spicules have supplied most of the material for the nodules of flint which are a con- spicuous feature in a considerable part of the Chalk ; and the remains of corals, polyzoa, etc. In Surrey the Chalk is thinner than in most parts of its range in England, and in some places has evidently lost a considerable portion by denudation before the deposition of the Eocene beds,3 especially where, in the south-east of the county, the Blackheath Beds rest directly upon it and the older divisions of the Eocene are absent. Where the last-men- tioned conditions prevail, its present thickness is estimated at about 500 feet ; but as we shall presently see, where penetrated in deep borings far- ther north it was between 600 and 700 feet thick, while in a boring at East Horsley a thickness of 8 17 feet was proved.4 Its northerly dip carries it down beneath the Tertiary strata along a line running from the vicinity of Farnham, past Guildford, Leatherhead, Epsom and Sutton, to the eastern boundary of the county near Croydon ; and it is not again seen at the surface to the northward of this line in Surrey, except at one spot at the north-eastern boundary presently to be mentioned. It is known, however, from the evidence of numerous borings, to underlie the newer strata throughout the northern part of the county ; and by a reversion in the direction of dip is brought gradually nearer the surface again further northward, until it emerges to form the Chalk range running across the south-midland counties west and north of London (see 1 See R. A. C. Godwin- Austen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 252 ; and W. P. D. Stebbing, ibid. vol. liii. (1897) PP- 213-220. * See especially the recent papers of Dr. A. W. Rowe, ' On the genus Micraster, between the zones of Rh. Cuvieri, and M. Cor-anguinumJ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Iv. (1899) pp. 494-548 ; and 'The Zones of the White Chalk of the English Coast,' Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi. (1900) pp. 289-368. 8 For discussion on this point see Prof. J. Prestwich in ' Geological Inquiry respecting the Water-bearing Strata of the Country around London' (London : Van Voorst, 1851), and W. Whitaker in Mem. Geol. Survey, ' The Geology of the London Basin,' p. 23. * See W. Whitaker, ' Some Surrey Wells (Second Paper),' Trans. Croydon Microscop. and Nat. Hist. Club, 1894-95, p. 138. TI A HISTORY OF SURREY map). The Tertiary deposits thus lie in a shallow trough or basin of Chalk, termed by geologists the London Basin. A trough of this kind formed by strata dipping towards a medial line from both sides is tech- nically known as a syncline. This arrangement of the strata is of course the reverse of an anticline such as we have traced out in the Weald. The dome or anticline of the Weald and the trough or syncline of the London Basin, taken in conjunction, are the governing factors in the geological structure of Surrey. To return to the description of the Chalk at its outcrop ; we shall find that when closely examined its successive parts exhibit slight differ- ences of character, which enable us to distinguish the divisions given in the table on p. 3. Of these, the lowest or Chalk Marl consists, as the name implies, of a marly admixture of calcareous and clayey material. Above this comes rather hard greyish chalk, slightly clayey, and then i oo to 1 50 feet or more of white chalk. The beds up to the top of this ' Lower Chalk' division are marked by the absence of flint; but from this horizon to the top of the formation in Surrey flints in scattered nodules and occasionally in thin continuous layers are everywhere present ; and the whole formation is thus roughly divisible into an upper part containing flints and a lower part without flints, of which the former is always thicker than the latter. As previously mentioned, it is however from the suc- cessive appearance and disappearance of the different species of fossils in the slowly accumulated sediment that we are best able to divide the Chalk into zones ; but at present it is only in certain parts of the county that this has been done,1 and further research on these lines is greatly to be desired. In the Hog's Back ridge the Chalk has scarcely sufficient width to display the typical down-land scenery, but farther east where the outcrop begins to widen it exhibits the rounded steep-sided hills and deep dry winding valleys which are everywhere so characteristic of a chalk country. The elevation of the Downs also increases eastward through Surrey, their highest ground, 876 feet above sea level, occurring near the eastern boundary of the county. The dry thin soil of the Downs where the Chalk immediately under- lies the surface is generally treeless, and covered only with smooth short turf. But these conditions are largely modified in the Surrey uplands by the presence on the hills of an irregular surface-deposit of clay or clayey earth containing many flints derived from the Chalk, hence termed the ' Clay-with-flints.' This material occurs as a variable sheet which fills all the little pits and hollows in the weathered surface of the Chalk wherever the ground is not too steep for it to rest. Its origin bears a simple explanation. We know that the calcareous matter of the Chalk is slowly taken up and carried away in solution by the downward percolation 1 Consult C. Evans' paper, « On some Sections of the Chalk between Croydon and Oxtead, with Observations on the Classification of the Chalk,' Proc. Geol. Assoc., supplement to vol i., 1870 ; also that of G. E. Dibley, ibid. vol. xvi. (1900) pp. 489-496. 12 GEOLOGY of surface waters ; and the Clay-with-flints represents the insoluble residuum of the rock thus dissolved, often with the addition of a little detritus from the Tertiary strata which have once overlain the Chalk.1 From this cause many parts of the Chalk Downs possess a deep loamy soil, and are either enclosed and cultivated, or support a thick wood- land growth, the beech, yew and ash all thriving well in these tracts. The Chalk is of economic consequence as an inexhaustible source of lime, and perhaps still more on account of its valuable properties as a water-bearing formation. The rain which falls on its surface is rapidly absorbed and stored in the pores of the rock and in the innumerable cracks or joints by which it is traversed, so that at low levels the Chalk is in a state of saturation, and yields a copious supply of water when wells are sunk, besides feeding the springs which are thrown out along the base of its escarpment, and in other places where the surface falls below the plane of saturation. Between the deposition of the uppermost part of the Chalk in Surrey and that of the lowermost Tertiary beds now overlying it there must have been a long lapse of time. Not only do we find that the physical conditions of the area were completely changed during this interval, but also that a new group of life-forms were developed, so that the species of fossils in the Tertiary deposits are quite different from those in the Chalk. In both respects the Chalk bears witness to a re- mote past in which there was no approximation towards the present conditions, while the Eocene strata dimly foreshadow the existing state notwithstanding the great cycles of change which had still to pass over our country before the present distribution of land and sea was attained. As to the course of events during the transition from Cretaceous to Tertiary times we can glean very little information in England, since there are no deposits in this country which bridge the gap. The bottom of the Chalk sea seems to have been gently and evenly uplifted, until brought within the influence of erosive agencies ; and these agencies affected wide tracts so equally that when the newer deposits were formed, their stratification was almost parallel to that of the Chalk on which they rested. Hence in actual sections no discordance can be traced between the Chalk and the Tertiary Beds, although other data indicate that con- siderable erosion of the older rock had occurred before the newer strata were laid down. The great change in physical circumstances which had taken place in the meanwhile is shown in the character of the sediments. The homogenous mass of chalk denoting widespread and long-continued marine deep-water conditions is succeeded by a changeful group of sands, clays and pebble-beds, constituting the ' Lower London Tertiaries,' the earliest division of the Eocene Period, which was accumulated in part in a shallow sea and in part in the estuary of a large river. In the aggregate this group rarely attains a thickness of more than 100 feet in 1 See W. Whitaker, Mem. Geol. Survey, 'The Geology of London' (1889), chap, xviii., where this subject is fully discussed, with references to previous literature. 13 A HISTORY OF SURREY Surrey and is subject to much variation in this respect as well as in the local development of its different members.1 LOWER LONDON TERTIARIES The Thanet Sand, which forms the lowest portion of the group, is a fine light-coloured slightly clayey sand, having at its base a band of green-coated chalk flints derived from the erosion or dissolution of the Chalk.2 This sand is best developed in the county of Kent, but extends thence into Surrey,' where its narrow outcrop fringes the Chalk in an indented belt running from Addington past Croydon, Sutton and Epsom, and thinning away gradually westward towards the Mole Valley until no longer traceable. Numerous small outlying patches of this and overlying divisions are also found capping the Chalk Downs some distance to the southward of the main outcrop, being the relics of the sheet which has once extended over the whole of the Chalk of Surrey. The scanty fossils which the Thanet Sand has yielded in our county support the evidence of the more plentiful organic remains which it contains in Kent in proving that the bed is essentially of marine origin. The Woolwich and Reading Beds, so named from the localities at which the different forms of these very variable deposits are typically de- veloped, constitute the middle division of the Lower London Tertiaries, and either overlie the Thanet Sands, or where these are absent rest directly upon the Chalk. Their outcrop stretches across the middle of the county from west-south-west to east-north-east in a narrow belt along the northern edge of the Downs, and in West Kent sweeps north- ward to the banks of the Thames between Erith and Greenwich, as shown on the map, and re-enters the north-eastern corner of Surrey for a limited space in the neighbourhood of Peckham and Dulwich, along with the Thanet Sands, encircling a small ' inlier ' of Chalk which reaches the surface at the county boundary west of Greenwich. These beds have been laid down in the estuary of a large river, which probably flowed from west to east. Like most estuarine deposits, their composition varies from place to place ; in the western part of the county they consist chiefly of lenticular alternations of plastic clay and coarse and fine sand, generally of bright tints, the clay often red and mottled, and the sand green, yellow, or greenish-grey. Almost the only fossils of the beds of this type are the plant-remains which occur in some of the laminated clays. Gradually changing eastward, the series at the eastern border of the county is mainly composed of light-coloured sands and finely-bedded grey clay, often crowded with estuarine shells and sometimes with layers of oysters compacted into rock, with pebble-beds of rolled flints towards the base, and occasionally with thin seams of lignite. Besides shells and plant- remains, the beds of this character have yielded traces of an extinct The most important contributions to our knowledge of the Eocene deposits of the county were made by the late Prof. J. Prestwich in a series of papers contributed to the Geological Society between 1847-57. 2 See W. Whitaker, Mem. Geol. Survey, ' Geology of London' (1889), vol. i. pp. 103- 106. 14 GEOLOGY mammal, bird, turtles, crocodiles and fish, chiefly from sections at Croydon1 and Dulwich.2 These fossils, like those of the London Clay, indicate a climate considerably warmer than that which now prevails in the district. The Blackheath or Oldhaven Beds, which come next above the Woolwich and Reading Beds in the sequence, need not detain us long, as they attain their chief development to the eastward of the county boundary, and thin out westward soon after crossing it, finally disap- pearing at Croydon. Small ' outliers ' of these beds are scattered over the Chalk Downs to the southward of Croydon, up to the very crest of the escarpment south of Caterham. They consist of pebble-beds of extremely well-rounded flints more or less intermingled with sand. They seem to have been accumulated as shingle-banks in a shallow sea some little distance from the shore. Though in some places containing estuarine shells they yield more marine fossils than the Woolwich and Reading Beds, and thus herald the submergence which brought the waters of the sea once more over the whole of the south-east of England. LONDON CLAY With the deepening of this sea during the subsequent stage a thick and widespread mass of marine clay was deposited, which extends with- out much change throughout the London Basin and reappears to the south-westward of the Wealden dome in Sussex and Hampshire, having evidently once been continuous over all the intervening tract. This deposit, which from the fact of its underlying the metropolis is known as the ' London Clay,' occupies a wide area in Surrey ; and though concealed by newer deposits in the north-west of the county, it is continuous either at or beneath the surface in all that part of Surrey which lies to the northward of the outcrop of the Lower London Ter- tiaries. In composition it is a tenacious bluish-grey clay, weathering brown at the surface, containing layers of nodular concretions of clayey limestone. These nodules generally show shrinkage-cracks lined with calcite or aragonite, giving them a divided appearance, whence they are termed septaria ; they are often very fossiliferous. For a few feet at its base the London Clay generally shows an admixture of green and yellow sand, with rounded pebbles of flint, and part of this ' basement-bed ' is sometimes indurated into tabular rocky masses. The topmost layers of the clay are also intermingled with sand, thus passing gradually upward into the overlying Lower Bagshot Sand ; but otherwise its composition is remarkably uniform. Its thickness in Surrey ranges from about 300 to about 400 feet, increasing gradually from west to east. Its fossils, not everywhere present and obtained more abundantly in the neighbouring counties of Middlesex and Kent than in Surrey, include extinct mammals, birds, turtles, croco- 1 See H. M. Klaassen, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. viii. (1883) No. 4, pp. 236-242. 8 See C. Rickman, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.t vol. xvii. p. 6 ; and Mem. Geol. Survey, ' Geology of London,' pp. 211-213. 15 A HISTORY OF SURREY diles and fish, together with marine shells numerous both in individuals and in species, and plant- remains ; and these, as already mentioned, indicate a warm, almost sub-tropical temperature. Where the outcrop of the London Clay enters the county on the west, near Farnham Park, it is comparatively narrow — from a half to three-quarters of a mile in width — owing to the steep northerly dip, but it expands as the dip decreases, until near Leatherhead it attains a width of about three miles. East of this locality, owing to the upward shelving of the south-eastern margin of the London Basin the strike of the beds swings northward, and the London Clay, no longer covered by the Bagshot Beds (except by a few small outliers), lies exposed in a wide sheet extending to the banks of the Thames and occupying all the north-eastern part of the county around the suburbs of London, save the little strip previously described where the underlying strata come to the surface. The Clay also stretches along the Thames Valley at the northern border of the county to Chertsey and Egham, though usually covered in this quarter by the Recent Valley-deposits presently to be discussed. Wherever exposed at the surface it forms a heavy cold clay-land, but in many parts of its outcrop this character is modified by the presence of thin ' superficial ' accumulations of gravel, loam and brick-earth of Post-Tertiary or Recent age. BAGSHOT BEDS After the long period of depression indicated by the London Clay, the pendulum of change once more swung slowly back, and a gradual re-elevation set in which brought shallow water conditions again into our area. This change is indicated by the character of the beds by which the London Clay is overspread, which consist of a thick mass of sand and pebbly beds, with a subordinate clayey portion, known collec- tively as the Bagshot Beds. Fossils are extremely rare throughout this series in Surrey, but the few that have been found indicate that the deposits are of marine origin. The equivalent beds in the Hampshire Basin are, however, in their lower portion, partly fluviatile and estuarine, so that we seem, as in case of the Woolwich and Reading Beds, to have evidence of the existence of a river flowing from west to east during the accumulation of the series. Much has been written respecting the subdivision and correlation of the Bagshot Beds,1 but for our present purpose it is sufficient to note that in Surrey a threefold division, based on the composition of the strata, is possible.3 Of these, the lowest (Lower Bagshot Beds) consists mainly of fine whitish or yellowish sand, often micaceous, sometimes slightly laminated or intermixed with clay, and occasionally containing 1 See J. S. Gardner, Geol. Mag. 2, dec. vol. vi. (1879) p. 151, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec., xxxv. p. 210 ; Rev. A. Irving, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec., vol. xlviii. p. 485, and several other papers ; H. W. Monckton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac., xxxix. p. 352, and xlviii. p. 48, etc. ; Monckton and Herries, ibid. xlii. p. 415 ; H. G. Lyons, ibid. vol. xlv. p. 633 ; etc., etc. It is now generally agreed that the so-called Upper Bagshot Beds of Surrey are not strictly equivalent to the Upper Bagshots of the Hampshire Basin. 16 GEOLOGY rolled black flint pebbles, thin layers and nodules of iron-sandstone, and concretionary masses of hard siliceous sandstone. The last-mentioned material is also developed abundantly in the Thanet Sands and Woolwich and Reading Beds ; and from its superior durability large blocks, popularly termed ' grey-wethers,' are frequently strewn over the surface when the remaining portion of the bed of which they formed part has been wasted away. The thickness of the Lower Bagshot division varies from 100 to 150 feet. Its outcrop corresponds in shape to that of the London Clay, being similarly contracted to a narrow belt between the western border and the valley of the Wey and then broadly expanded as it sweeps round northward on both sides of that river up to its junction with the Thames, whence it returns westward to the county boundary in the neighbourhood of Virginia Water and Egham. Many detached ' outliers ' also occur on the London Clay beyond the limits of the main outcrop. The middle division of the Bagshot series, or ' Bracklesham Beds ' as they are usually called, from a place on the coast of Sussex where beds supposed to be of the same age are typically exposed, consists in Surrey of laminated clays and sands (sometimes containing a little lignite) from 40 to 60 feet thick. The sands are often of a dark-green colour, and occasionally include layers of flint pebbles. The clayey character of this division serves to distinguish it from the other portions of the series ; the water percolating through the porous overlying beds is thrown out along its outcrop in a line of small springs and boggy patches. The soil also is less sterile than on other parts of the Bagshot Beds, on which as a rule the proportion of uncultivated common is great. The outcrop of the Bracklesham Beds in Surrey occupies a broad much-indented tract between the valleys of the Blackwater and the Wey, lying within the crescent-shaped rim of Lower Bagshots. Outliers are also found between the Wey and the Mole, and again to the north of the main mass. The Upper Bagshot Beds of Surrey consist of light-yellow or ochreous sands, from 120 to 300 feet in thickness, which form for the most part dry barren land covered with heath and in places with fir, occurring only in a limited tract near the western border within the bounds of the Bracklesham Beds. Their most continuous development in the county is in the Chobham Ridges, extending thence southward into Fox Hills and Ash Common ; a large outlier occurs on Pirbright Common to the east of Pirbright, and a northerly chain of smaller outliers to the north of Bagshot and Chobham. They contain few pebbles, but many ferruginous concretions which sometimes exhibit the casts of marine shells. The ' grey-wether ' sandstone of these sands has already been mentioned. With these strata our survey of the materials which have gone to the making of the county is nearly concluded. Up to this time we have concentrated our attention upon the piling up of masses of strata by the accumulation of matter removed from other areas and deposited in our i 17 c A HISTORY OF SURREY district, although it is true that now and again we have found the forces of destruction and reconstruction going hand in hand even within this limited field of observation. But henceforward we shall have to deal only with the shaping of the land as the strata which we have been con- sidering were uplifted above the waters and broken down piecemeal by rain, frost, heat and wind, to be carried away by brooks into rivers and by rivers into seas, to take their part in the construction of a newer land. In the passage, seaward, however, the detritus of the land makes many halts. It forms gravel-banks and flats in the streams, of which portions are sometimes left stranded for a while as terraces on the slopes when the valley is deepened ; it is blown by the wind from dry channels and spread over tracts where it may find temporary rest ; or it is carried as mud by river-floods and deposited on low ground beyond reach of im- mediate re-transport. In these and other similar ways, the remnants from the waste of the land, termed by geologists the ' superficial ' deposits, are formed ; and as we shall presently see, we may glean from their examina- tion some knowledge of conditions which though geologically ' recent ' are still long since past. It is not indeed certain that because no newer ' solid ' strata than the Bagshot Beds now exist in our county none were ever deposited ; in Hampshire there are newer (Oligocene) beds several hundred feet in thickness ; but if such were ever laid down in Surrey they have since been entirely removed. Of a still later period — the Pliocene — it is be- lieved that there are actually some faint traces in the form of small masses of ferruginous sand and loam which are preserved in ' pipes ' or hollows of the chalk in a few places on the summit of the Downs. No conclusive evidence has yet been found in Surrey to indicate the age of this material, though it has recently yielded a few ill-preserved traces of shells at Netley Heath, while in hardened sand similarly situated at Lenham and Harrietsham in Kent the casts of marine shells of Early Pliocene age have been discovered.1 DEEP-SEATED ROCKS Before following the later development of the geological history of our county, however, let us turn back for a moment to investigate its very foundations. We started our examination with the oldest rocks which are exposed at the surface ; but as previously mentioned there have been two deep borings in the north of the county which have proved the existence of a sequence of much older rocks at considerable depths below the surface. These borings were made at Richmond and at Streatham, and their results are arranged and classified in the following summary. In both records the lower portions printed in italics represent strata older than those exposed at the surface in Surrey, or indeed in any part of the south-east of England. 1 See C. Reid, Mem. Geol. Survey, ' Pliocene Deposits of Great Britain ' (1890) p. 48 ; and W. P. D. Stebbing < Excursion to Netley Heath and Newlands Corner,' Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi. (1900) pp. 524-526. 18 GEOLOGY I. — BORING AT RICHMOND WATERWORKS, 1 876-84. * Thickness in feet Kind of Material Geological Classification 10 160 22* 300 150 220 16 IO 87i 207^ Made ground and sandy gravel Clay Mottled clays with a bed of sand Light grey and greenish sand with green- coated flints at base White chalk with flints Greyish and cream-coloured chalk without flints Grey marly chalk passing downward into chalk marl Calcareous sandstone Pale and dark blue clay with glauconitic sand and phosphattc nodules at base Limestone, somewhat oolitic, with thin bands of clay Limestones, more or less oolitic, with a thin band of clay and some layers of calcareous sandstone Alternations of red, white and mottled sand- stone with red and variegated marls ; dipping steeply Total depth Recent London Clay "j Reading Beds I Eocene Thanet Sands I Upper Chalk Middle Chalk Lower Chalk Upper Greensand Gault Upper Creta- ceous ( ?) Lower Greensand. (?) Lower Cre- taceous Great Oolite Series. Jurassic (?) New Red Sandstone. (?) Triassic II. — BORING AT STREATHAM COMMON FOR THE SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL WATER COMPANY, 1 882-88.* Thickness in feet 10 153 43i 35 22l£ 2I9 188^ 38* 138 1,258 Kind of Material Gravel and mud Blue clay, sandy and pebbly at base Black and mottled clay, sandy clay and thin beds of green sand Green and grey sand, with flints at base White chalk with flints Hard greyish chalk without flints Grey chalk passing downwards into chalk marl Greenish-grey calcareous sandstone Firm clay with phosphatic nodules at base Alternations of oolitic limestone, calcareous sandstone, sandy clay and clay Greenish-grey, reddish and mottled sandstone, with bands of hard reddish clayey rock ; dipping steeply Total depth Geological Classification Recent London Clay Woolwich and Reading Beds Thanet Sands Upper Chalk Middle Chalk Eocene Lower Chalk Upper ceous Creta- Upper Greensand Gault Great Oolite Series ) ~ ,, ,-, ,, , ,, > Jurassic (( Forest Marble) ) J Triassic (?), or Devonian (?) 1 For fuller details see Prof. J. W. Judd and C. Homersham, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac., vol. xl. (1884) pp. 724-783 ; and vol. xli. (1885) pp. 523-527. 2 Mem. Geol. Survey, 'The Geology of London,' vol. ii. (1889) pp. 224-229. 19 A HISTORY OF SURREY We shall notice that in these borings the older rocks are much closer to the surface than they would have been if the whole sequence which we found in crossing the county from south to north had been continuous underground up to the places where the borings were made. The various divisions of the Eocene, with the Chalk, the Upper Greensand and the Gault, are indeed fairly represented ; but the great mass of the Lower Greensand is absent altogether at Streatham, and if present at Richmond (respecting which there is much doubt) has dwindled to a thickness of only i o feet ; while the Wealden Series is entirely unrepresented in either section. Furthermore, although the Jurassic rocks at their outcrop in the middle and the west of England constitute a great and varied system rivaling the Cretaceous in extent, and have likewise been proved by deep borings in Kent and Sussex to attain a considerable development beneath the Cretaceous rocks in certain parts of those counties, they are most scantily represented in these sections, only one division of the Middle Jurassic having been recognized therein. If, however, the bor- ings had been made in the southern part of Surrey instead of in the north, it is almost certain that Jurassic strata of very much greater thick- ness and more varied character would have been encountered. This rapid thinning away northward of the Secondary rocks under- lying the Chalk in the south-east of England is a fact of great economic importance in view of the discovery that among the older rocks brought by this cause within practicable reach of the surface, the Coal Measures are included. The possibility that such might be the case was suggested on theoretical grounds by R. A. C. Godwin-Austen nearly half a century ago,1 and since that time much has been written on the subject.2 It was not however until 1890 that the existence of Coal Measures was actually proved, in an experimental boring at the foot of Shakespeare's Cliff at Dover, where they were entered at a depth of 1,157 feet below the surface, and penetrated for 1,173 ^eet further and found to contain several coal seams.3 Several other borings have since been made in Kent, and one of these, at Ropersole eight miles west- north-west of Dover, again reached the Coal Measures, beneath 1,580 feet of Secondary rocks.4 Meanwhile efforts have been made to sink shafts for the mining of the coal at Dover, but at the time of writing the coal has not actually been reached in the pits. The westerly limits of this concealed coalfield still remain to be proved, and therein lies the importance of the matter in regard to Surrey. ' On the Probable Extension of the Coal Measures beneath the South-eastern part of England,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xii. p. 38. 8 For references to this literature up to 1889, see Mem. Geol. Survey, f The Geology of London,' vol. i. chaps, ii. and iii. : and for recent review of the subject see W. Whitaker's Presidential Address to the Geological Society, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ivi. (1900) pp. Ixxi.— Ixxxv. 8 See Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, ' On the History of the Discovery of the South-eastern Coalfield,' Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. xxv. pt. vi. (1897), containing references to pre- vious publications. * Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, Rep. British Assoc. for 1899, p. 735. 20 GEOLOGY It has been surmised that the buried Coal Measures may extend beneath some portion of the county, but the factors bearing on the question are so complex and the evidence at present in hand so scanty, that further deep boring can alone give proof or disproof to the supposition. Since the Richmond and Streatham borings are as yet the only instances in Surrey where rocks older than the Jurassic have been pierced, it is the more unfortunate that doubt should exist as to the age of these rocks in both places. No fossils were obtained from them in either case, so that we have only their general aspect on which to base an opinion, and this is not sufficiently distinctive to determine the point with any certainty. By some geologists they are thought to belong to the New Red or Triassic system — that is to say, to a system newer than the Coal Measures : while other geologists have inclined to the view that they more nearly resemble the Old Red or Devonian rocks, in which case they will be older than the Coal Measures, — a difference of opinion of course very seriously affecting the question as to the most likely quarter in which to search for Coal Measures. The main point has, however, been clearly established, that in the northern part of Surrey rocks unconformably underlying the Jurassics are within comparatively easy reach of exploration by borings ; and such exploration, at some time or other, will no doubt be undertaken. More might be said as to the bearing of the evidence from deep borings outside the county limits on the probable range of its concealed Jurassic rocks, but to enter more fully into the subject would be to transgress the bounds and scope of this article. We will now therefore ascend from the depths to follow the fortunes of the land-surface after the newest of its ' solid ' strata was laid down. ELEVATION AND DENUDATION We have seen that throughout the building up of its strata the area was now rising, now sinking, and probably never for long quite stationary. But from the Wealden onward to the close of the Eocene these movements were all of a simple character, elevating or depressing the whole tract without seriously disturbing its horizontality. Some slight tilting and sagging there doubtless was, by which during sub- mergence the waters became relatively deeper or shallower in one place than in another ; but this was never sufficiently sharp to destroy the general parallelism of the successive deposits in any particular spot, or, to use technical parlance, to develop strong unconformability between any of the separate formations. But subsequently, during the Miocene Period, there came a time of storm and stress in the earth's crust, which affected the British Islands in common with the greater part of the European continent : a time of mountain-building in some quarters, as for instance in the Alps : and of great volcanic eruptions and outpourings of lava in others, as in Scotland and Ireland. And during this time of disturbance the rocks of the south-east of England were forced by lateral pressure into broad waves 21 A HISTORY OF SURREY and hollows, which remained ever afterwards as the dominant factors in its structure. The dome of the Weald and the trough of the London Basin, referred to in the foregoing pages, are the results of this earth- movement with which we are principally concerned in Surrey. In the Wealden dome the strata were raised up in a huge oval tract extending from Hampshire on the west to the Bas Boulonnais in France on the east, now broken through towards the eastern end by the Straits of Dover. ' We must not however overlook the fact pointed out by W. Topley, that the Secondary rocks attained their maximum thickness within this dome, and therefore that its elevation may be in part the result of original irregularities of deposition.1 But it seems highly probable, though the point seems to have escaped notice, that where the strata are thickest, there also will they be most likely to bulge upwards under lateral pressure, thus accentuating the original inequality. At any rate, there can be no doubt that considerable disturbance tending to elevation has taken place throughout the dome. Broadly speaking the Wealden uplift forms a single anticline ; but when examined more closely we find that it is made up of numerous subsidiary waves or flexures, arranged en echelon, which usually rise up gradually from the south and plunge over more steeply towards the north, and flatten and fade out longitudinally. One of these flexures or minor folds explains the sudden expansion of the Lower Greensand outcrop west of Dorking, and its crest brings up a small ' inlier ' of Atherfield Clay and Weald Clay, surrounded by the overlying formations, in the neighbour- hood of Pease Marsh two miles south of Guildford, whilst its northerly plunge gives rise to the steep dips and narrow outcrops of the Hog's Back and its vicinity. Less pronounced waves of the same kind occur farther south between Godalming and Haslemere, and to the eastward near Dorking, Reigate and Westerham. But besides these flexures, the strata are sometimes broken through by fractures or ' faults,' between the two sides of which there has been differential movement, so that a once continuous bed now occurs at different levels on the opposite sides of the dislocation. A pronounced ' fault ' of this kind is found about a mile to the eastward of Farnham, where the strata on the north-east side of the fracture are carried down from i 50 to 200 feet lower than the corresponding strata on the south- west side. This fault is sufficiently large to affect the line of outcrop considerably, the Hog's Back ridge being brought to a termination by the setting back of the Chalk escarpment on the west ; and a depression of the surface has been subsequently developed at this point, through which the railway between Farnham and Guildford is carried. Another fault has been traced running east and west from the southern outskirts of Dorking to beyond Wotton, with a downthrow to the north amount- ing in places to 100 feet ; and again at Betchworth, two miles east of Dorking, there is a line of fracture striking from south-east to north-west, 1 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac., vol. xxx. p. 186, and Geology of the Weald, pp. 241, 242. The result of recent deep borings in Kent has added fresh weight to Mr. Topley's argument. 22 HISTORY OF SUIi KEY OROGR, THE VI CTORIA HISTORY 0 ;AL MAP 15' :sn $^y witm ' ^';$v"^ -"&«>»"•'- . COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND County Boundary shown thus GEOLOGY with a drop on the south-west side of about the same amount as the last.1 Several smaller faults have also been recognized, chiefly in the Lower Greensand tract ; but these need not detain us, as the instances already given are sufficient to show the general character of this kind of disturb- ance. At the close, then, of this period of great earth-movement the strata in the south of the county, including the Chalk and the under- lying beds, formed part of the elevated dome and probably extended con- tinuously from the present line of the North Downs to the present line of the South Downs, while the north of the county was relatively depressed to form part of what we now know as the London Basin. It is, however, probable that before the elevation had attained its maximum the Chalk had already been partly worn away over the rising area, since in many parts of the Eocene deposits, as we have seen, there are water-worn flints derived from the Chalk ; but on the other hand there is evidence to show that some of the Eocene deposits were them- selves once continuous over at least a portion of the elevated tract ; so that we may estimate the original surface to have been not less than 2,000 feet higher than it now is in the middle of the tract. We have next to consider how this huge pile of material has been removed and the land brought to its present shape. At about the time of the relative upheaval of the Wealden dome there was, besides, a general elevation, by which the whole area became dry land. When the rain fell on this land and gathered into streams, these streams of course flowed down the slopes from the dome towards the lower ground. Hence in our particular district they flowed north- ward from the Wealden tract towards the London Basin ; and in this direction the main streams have never since ceased to flow, although what was once relatively the higher ground has now been worn away until it has become relatively low ground, and the streams have had to cut deep valleys across the hilly ridges of the present land to maintain their courses. Thus we find the Wey at Guildford and the Mole at Dorking crossing the Chalk in trenches which they have excavated transversely through the escarpment which threatened to bar their passage ; and the same conditions prevail with regard to the Darent and the Medway in Kent ; while on the opposite side of the dome the Arun and the Adur in Sussex break their way through the South Downs in an exactly similar manner, but in the reverse direction. If the configuration of the land when these streams began to flow had been even approximately that of to-day, such courses would have been impossible ; and we are compelled to recognize that these drainage-channels were established in a remote past before the escarpments were in existence. They are the sluices down which the greater part of the waste of the land has been conveyed to the sea, and their channels have been scoured and deepened at a more rapid rate than that at which the general level has been lowered. Meanwhile, as formation after formation crumbled away on the elevated tract, the 1 F. Drew, Mem, Geol. Survey, ' Geology of the Weald,' p. 233. 23 A HISTORY OF SURREY unequal hardness of the strata had its effect in the development of ridge and hollow in agreement with the strike of the rocks ; and thus longi- tudinal depressions were formed in which the surface-waters gathered and flowed until intercepted by an older transverse stream. Hence the trunk-streams crossing the strata gradually developed lateral branches or tributaries running parallel to the strike of the rocks. And this trenching of the land has gone on until in the central tract the soft Weald Clay has be'en reached and partly scooped out, while the broken rim of overlying harder beds forms steep escarpments facing inwards to the hollow. But in the rim also the wasting back has been irregular, so that the present Lower Greensand escarpment west of Dorking attains higher levels than the Chalk escarpment to the north, though in other parts of the county this relation is reversed. PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS We shall now be better able to appreciate the evidence afforded by the shreds and patches of transported material which, as previously mentioned, have >here and there been left behind during the erosion of the land. We may find such material at all levels, though it is necessarily the more abundant the more nearly we approach the level of the present rivers. Even on the higher slopes and ridges of the Chalk Downs there are patches of gravel and sand which represent the residue of the Chalk and of once-existing Tertiary strata rearranged and modified by the flow of water. In the north and west of the county also, small tracts of high-level gravel and sand occur on the highest ground, often capping the little plateaus and ridges into which the Tertiary strata have been eroded ; and these gravels contain not only the detritus of the Chalk and Tertiary beds, but also many pebbles of quartz- ite and other rocks which must have been transported for long distances. The conditions under which these ' high-level ' or ' plateau gravels ' were deposited have been the subject of much discussion and difference of opinion l ; by some geologists they have been thought to indicate old beaches, and to denote a period of submergence during which the land was planed down to an even surface by the sea ; by others, whose views are now more generally accepted, they are considered to be flood-gravels formed at a time when the rivers were far more powerful than at present, and when the bottoms of the valleys were approximately at the level of these gravels. In some of these high-level deposits, as well as in others at lower levels, the agency of floating ice seems to be indicated by the presence of large blocks of grey- wether sandstone, etc., in positions which it is believed they could not otherwise have attained ; and as we know that after the close of Pliocene times there was a long period dur- ing which the climate in our islands was so inclement and moist that 1 See Prof. J. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xlvi. (1890) p. 159 ; Rev. A. Irving, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. viii. (1883) p. 143, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac., vol. xlvi. (1890) p. 562 ; H. W. Monckton, ibid. vol. liv. (1898) p. 184 ; and Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi. (1900) p. 443. Other references will be found in these papers. 24 GEOLOGY the greater part of the country north of the Thames was covered by a vast accumulation of snow and ice, there is much reason to assign the formation of some of the older gravel-deposits of Surrey to this Glacial Period. The ice-sheet during its maximum development spread south- ward as far as the northern margin of the Thames Valley, but there is no evidence of a permanent ice-field to the southward of that valley. Thus the conditions in Surrey at this time would be peculiarly favourable to rapid erosion ; for although the ice-sheet itself planes away the land in its gradual outward flow, it also protects the surface from the severer action of streams and of alternate freezing and thawing. We may picture the Surrey of the Glacial Period as a bleak tract lying just beyond the margin of the ice-fields ; its surface frozen and rendered impervious by the autumn frosts ; then deeply covered by the winter snows ; to be drenched and torn during the thaw in the late spring by the sudden re- lease of the waters. And as the land probably ^tood higher above sea- level than at present, the torrential denudation during the short summer may have been extremely great. The turbid rivers, laden with mud from the disintegrated clays and with stones from the harder strata, deepened their channels rapidly, and cast down wide sheets of detritus wherever their course was checked. Hence, throughout all the Glacial time there was everywhere in the county a rapid wasting of the hills and slopes, and a transference of the material to lower and lower levels. In the vicinity of the main valleys, like that of the Thames, it is more or less difficult to distinguish between the lower portion of the high-level accumulations and the higher of the deposits clearly connected with the existing valley, although in some other districts the distinction seems well marked. It is probable that at the close of the Glacial Period there was no such radical change in the conditions in this area as in places which had been actually overridden by the ice-sheet, but only a gradual and progressive amelioration by which the past was merged insensibly into the present. The streams and rivers still maintained their courses and continued to deepen their channels, but with diminishing activity as their flow diminished ; until they reached their present shrunken state, in which the main streams are able to transport only the finer detritus, while many of the smaller head-valleys, especially those traversing the more porous strata, are no longer able to maintain a permanent stream. The older of the undoubted valley-deposits are especially interesting from the fact that they yield the earliest indications of ancient man, in the form of coarsely-chipped implements of flint, associated with the remains of extinct animals.1 Though these ' Palaeolithic ' implements have not been obtained so plentifully in Surrey as in some of the neighbouring counties they have already been recorded from many localities, and fresh discoveries are constantly being made as the search by qualified observers 1 For numerous records of Palaeolithic and Neolithic implements in Surrey consult Sir J. Evans' Ancient Stone Implements, 2nd ed. (1897), where references to previous literature will also be found. 25 A HISTORY OF SURREY is extended. These implement-bearing deposits occur for the most part on the slopes of the existing valleys at varying heights above the present streams ; but at Limpsfield worked flints have been found in an ancient gravel which, though probably originally belonging to the Darent drainage system, now lies on the watershed between the Darent and the Medway at an altitude of 500 feet above sea level. It is of course in the larger valleys that the valley-deposits attain their widest development ; hence in Surrey we find that the old river- gravels and flood-loams, and also the more recent alluvium, are thickest and most extensive in the vicinity of the Thames. The older gravels fringe the valley irregularly, in somewhat ill-defined terraces at varying elevations, throughout its extent, but are generally widest near the confluence of the larger tributaries with the main river. At the lower levels they are well seen between Walton and Petersham ; between Richmond and Wands- worth ; and between Wandsworth and Deptford ; while the remnants of high terraces are found on Kingston Hill, Wimbledon Common, Rich- mond Hill and Putney Heath ; and again at Clapham, Balham and other places.1 It is however on the northern side of the river in Middlesex and in Essex, and on the southern side in Kent, that the Thames Valley Drifts reach their greatest importance both in extent and in fossil con- tents. Among the mammalian remains which they have yielded in these counties we may mention those of the wolf, lion, hyaena, bear, bison, musk-ox, reindeer, Irish elk, horse, elephant, mammoth, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, beaver, etc., some being of species now extinct ; and along with these are many land and freshwater shells, all except two or three belonging to species still living in England. It is in association with these mammalian remains that the Palaeolithic implements are found, in some places in considerable abundance ; and in the study of these rude implements the sciences of geology and archasology join hands. In Surrey, as instances of the occurrence of the fauna, we may mention that elephant remains have been obtained from Thames Ditton, Kingston and other places in the Thames Valley, and Palaeolithic implements at Cookham, East Sheen, Battersea Rise, Wandsworth, Lewisham and other places ; in the valley of the Wey similar relics of elephant have been found in the neighbourhood of Shalford, at Waverley near Farnham, in gravels 150 feet above the present river between Alton and Godalming (where Palaeo- lithic implements are very abundant, especially in the pits near Wrackle- sham), and again along with a flint implement at Pease Marsh ; in the valley of the Mole remains of elephant have been obtained at Charlwood, Dorking, Betchworth and Petridge Wood Common, with those of rhi- noceros also at the last named place ; remains of the horse, rhinoceros and elephant at Sutton2 ; the horse, rhinoceros, reindeer and roebuck from Among recent papers on this subject, and for references to previous literature, consult H. W. Monckton, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., vol. xlviii. (1892) pp. 29-47, and vol. liv. (1898) pp. 184-195 ; and Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiii. pp. 74-81 ; and A. E. Salter, ibid. vol. xv. (1898) pp. 264-286. 3 See W. W. Watts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Iv. (1897) p. ii. 26 GEOLOGY the neighbourhood of Mitcham,1 and portions of an elephant's tooth and tusk at Croydon, in the valley of the Wandle ; mammoth, rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, etc., with a Palaeolithic implement, from the Caterham Valley2; and many palsoliths from West Wickham, in a branch of the Ravensbourne. In its tributary valleys we find the phenomena of the Thames Valley repeated on a smaller scale, strips of gravel, sand or loam of ancient date occurring at varying levels above the streams, sometimes sharply defined and sometimes more or less coalescent down the slopes to the present valley-floors, all telling the same story of a continuous, though now abated, wearing away of the land and deepening of the drainage-hollows. With the more recent deposits or alluvia of the rivers — the sand, loam and mud of the lowest levels, which in some cases are still receiving additions in times of flood — the work of the geologist closes and that of the historian commences. The mammoth, rhinoceros and its companions disappeared, and the makers of the rude implements of the gravels gave place to a more advanced race of workers in stone, whose finely chipped tools and weapons lie scattered here and there over the surface of the land. The time-interval from the Palaeolithic or Older Stone Age to the Neolithic or Newer Stone Age and thence through the Age of Bronze and the Age of Iron to the dawn of history is, as measured by our human standards, of vast duration, but as compared with the asons of geological time it is indeed but as yesterday. SUMMARY OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY In the foregoing pages we have dealt with periods of time that it is beyond our grasp to estimate. To follow the sequence of events is all that we can attempt in the present state of our knowledge, without venturing to guess at their absolute time-value. Before concluding the chapter let us briefly rehearse this sequence. Our earliest glimpse was of a land of ancient rocks, now hidden deep below the surface : a land planed down by erosion, and afterwards buried under the slowly-accumulated deposits of Jurassic seas. These deposits were in turn hidden by the sediments of the mighty Wealden river flowing from a continent whose confines we cannot trace. By renewed submergence this river, after a protracted existence, was obliterated, and its site covered with the sandbanks of the shallow current-swept Lower Greensand sea. Then, with the gradual deepening of the ocean there followed an accumulation of clay and of siliceous silt, forming the Gault and Upper Greensand, until the shore-line had receded so far that scarcely any waste from the land could reach our tract, and only a gentle 1 See G. J. Hinde, ' Notes on the Gravels of Croydon,' Trans. Croydon Microscop. and Nat. Hist. Club (1896-97). 2 See J. P. Johnson, ' Palaeolithic Man in the Valley of the Wandle,' Science Gossip, vol. vii. (1900) p. 75. 27 A HISTORY OF SURREY shower of calcareous organic particles descended upon the sea floor ; and the duration of this shower was so long that the great Chalk forma- tion was built up by it. Then we found a wide gap in the records; and when we crossed this gap to the Eocene strata, we learnt once more of a shallow sea, inhabited by animals all different from those of the older time, and this sea had already made great inroads upon the consolidated sediment of the preceding period ; the climate was warm, perhaps sub-tropical, and not far off there was a land clothed with rich vegetation ; and as the sea grew shallower the estuary of a large river invaded our tract, but was soon driven back by a renewed sinking of the land. Then, as the Eocene Period drew to its close, we observed how re-elevation set in, with the renewal of shallow-water conditions ; and with this stage the building up of our county was concluded. Regarding subsequent events our evidence has been scanty, but we have been able to gather that the strata were disturbed and uplifted into dry land ; and that owing to inequalities of the uplift this land sloped to the north, so that the rivers which flowed from it took a northerly course, which they have since maintained. And we have traced the work of these rivers and their tributaries through a period of gradually increasing cold, until conditions of arctic severity ruled in the land ; and finally through a period of gradual amelioration, which has continued up to time recent ; and meanwhile great piles of strata have melted away, and the remnants have been carved into hill and dale under the persistent sapping of the agencies of erosion. 28 PALAEONTOLOGY I 'finds' made some years ago by Mr. H. M. Klaassen in the Lower Eocene Woolwich and Reading beds of the Park Hill railway cutting at Croydon constitute the chief point of interest in the palaeontological history of the county, so far as vertebrates are concerned. The first of these ' finds ' is one of the bones (ulna) of the fore-limb of a large primitive type of hoofed mam- mal referable to a genus first described by Sir R. Owen from the London clay of Essex under the name of Corypbodon, in allusion to the ridges capping the crowns of the molar teeth. By Mr. E. T. Newton, who described it,1 the Croydon fossil is regarded as indicating a species dis- tinct from the one to which the Essex remains belongs, and it was ac- cordingly named Corypbodon croydonensis. The second peculiar form is a gigantic flightless bird, considerably superior in size to the ostrich ; it is represented by two imperfect bones of the leg, likewise obtained from the Park Hill railway cutting. These bones were also described by Mr. Newton,3 who named the bird to which they belong Gastornis klaasseni, after the finder of the specimens. The genus Gastornis, it may be mentioned, was first established on the evidence of bones from Lower Eocene deposits at Bas-Meudon, in France, and was subsequently discovered at Rheims. Mr. Newton regards the English bones as indicating a species distinct from the one represented by the Meudon specimens. Whether Gastornis belongs to the same group of birds as the ostrich may perhaps be doubtful, as it is now ascertained that representatives of other groups have acquired a large bodily size concomitantly with the loss of flight. The limb-bones present a con- siderable resemblance in certain respects to those of the duck tribe. Corypbodon croydonensis and Gastornis klaasseni, together with the undermentioned Icbtbyodectes e/egans, appear the only extinct vertebrates peculiar to the county. The Surrey chalk has yielded remains of at least two species of reptiles and several kinds of fishes, and doubtless more remain to be dis- covered. The first reptile is Polyptychodon interruptus, of which remains from the chalk of the county were described by Sir Richard Owen.3 This reptile was a swimming marine creature allied to the plesiosaurs of the Lias, but with a much shorter neck and larger head. In these respects it resembles the pliosaurs of the Jurassic strata, from which it differs by 1 Proceedings of Geologists' Association, vol. viii. p. 254 (1883). 8 Trans. Zoo/. Sec. London, vol. xii. p. 143 (1866). 3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xvi. p. 262 (1860). 29 A HISTORY OF SURREY its many-ridged teeth being uniformly conical instead of more or less distinctly trihedral. The second reptile is a huge marine turtle allied to the existing leathery turtle (Dermatocbelys) ; it was named by the present writer 1 Protostega anglica on the evidence of two imperfect specimens of the upper arm-bone (humerus) in the British Museum, one of which was obtained from the chalk of Lewes and the other from that of Dorking. In several geological works it is stated that remains of another reptile, Mosasaurus graci/ts, have been met with in the chalk of the county. These, however, are now known to belong to fishes of the genus Pacbyrhizodus, whose teeth are of unusual size and strength. Some of the most common fish-remains that occur in the Surrey chalk are the well-known crushing palatal teeth of rays of the genus Ptychodus, of which several species are represented in the county. Of Ptychodus mammillaris the British Museum possesses twenty associated teeth in a block of chalk from Guildford, and likewise an associated set of twenty-three teeth obtained from the same locality in 1851 ; in addition to these there are also teeth from the chalk of Dorking. In the same collection there are likewise teeth of Pt. rugosus from Guildford, of Pt. decurrens from Dorking, as well as of Pt. polygyrus from a chalk-pit on St. Catherine's Hill near Guildford, while, there is a single large tooth of Pt. latissimus from Croydon and a smaller one referable to the same species from Guildford. A Cretaceous ray belonging to the genus Squatina is represented in the national collection by several vertebra? from the chalk of Dorking. Among sharks, a tooth from the chalk of Guildford in the British Museum is referable to Notidanus microdon, one of the comb-toothed representatives of the group. In the same collection are an associated set of eleven vertebrae and a fin-spine from Guildford, as well as a tooth from Warlingham near Croydon, referable to Cestracion rugosus, a com- paratively rare species of pavement-toothed shark, nearly related to the living Australian representative of the genus. Another type of pavement-toothed shark is represented by Synecbodus illingivortbi (formerly known as Acrodus] of which the British Museum possesses teeth from the chalk of Guildford and Dorking. Among other sharks Scapanorhynchus rhaphiodon is represented in the national collection by teeth from the upper chalk of Shalford near Guildford, and Purley near Croydon, as well as by others from the lower chalk of Guildford. Scapanorhynchus was long regarded as an extinct type, but it appears closely allied to, if not identical with, a living Japanese form described as Mitsikurina. Of porbeagle sharks (Lamna) the British Museum con- tains teeth from Surrey belonging to two species, L. sulcata and L. appendi- culata, the latter being frequently referred to as Otodus appendiculatus. Two teeth from the lower chalk of Guildford in the same collection are assigned to the nearly related Oxyrbina angustidens, while the remains of 1 Catalo&te Fossil Reptilia British Museum, pt. iii. p. 229 (1889). 30 PALEONTOLOGY O. mantelli have likewise been recorded from the county. But this by no means exhausts the list of Surrey Cretaceous sharks, the British Mu- seum possessing teeth of Corax falcatus and three vertebrae of Cetorhinus duponti from the chalk of Guildford. Passing on to the chimaeroid fishes, a tooth from the chalk of Dor- king in the British Museum indicates the occurrence of Edapbodon agassizi in the county. Two other types are Plethodus oblongus and P. pentagon, the former represented by a skull and the latter by teeth from the Dorking chalk. Among the so-called ganoid fishes, the well-known Macropoma mantelli is represented in the same collection by a crushed head and dorsal fin from the chalk of Dorking as well as by vertebra? from Guildford. The well-known rhomboidal scales and button-like teeth of Lepidotus pustulatus occur in the lower greensand of Godalming; while the smaller ornamented crushing teeth of Gyrodus cretaceus have been obtained from the chalk of St. Catherine's Hill and Croydon. Another Cretaceous ganoid found in the county is Neorhombolepis punc- tatus, of which the national collection contains scales from the lower chalk of Dorking. To a family (Amiidce) now represented only by Amia calva of the freshwater of North America belongs Protosphyrcena ferox, a Cretaceous fish with large spear-like teeth long known under the name of Saurocepbalus lanciformis ; teeth of this type have been found in the chalk of Guildford. Yet another form is Tomognatbus mordax, a fish with large teeth fixed to the jaws, of which skulls have been obtained at Dorking. Among fishes of a more essentially modern type, the extinct Cre- taceous family Ichthyodectidce, which includes some species of gigantic dimensions, is represented in the Dorking chalk by jaws of two species of the typical genus Icbtbyodectes, namely /. elegans and 7. lewesiensis. To the same family belongs the fish known as Enchodus lewesiensis, of which remains have been recorded from the chalk of Shalford and Guildford. An allied type is Prionolepis angustus, typically from the chalk of Sussex, but also represented by scutes from that of Dorking. To another family — the Elopidce — belongs Osmeroides lewesiensis, likewise a Sussex Cretaceous fish, of which remains occur both at Shalford and Guildford. Another Sussex type is Aulolepis typus, of which certain re- mains have been found in the Dorking chalk. Neither are the so-called barracudas wanting from the Cretaceous beds of the county, scales of an extinct generic type termed Cladocyclus lewesiensis occurring in the chalk of Dorking as well as in that of Sussex. The perch-like fishes, which only date from the Cretaceous epoch, have at least three representatives in the county, one of which (Hoplopteryx lewesiensis^ belongs to an extinct, while the other two (Eeryx radians and B. microcephalus] are assigned to a still living genus. Of the first- named remains have been obtained at Guildford, of the second at Dor- king, and of the third at Reigate. The Lower Tertiary deposits of Surrey appear to be poor in fish- Si A HISTORY OF SURREY remains as compared with those of the adjacent counties. But the British Museum possesses teeth of the shark Lamna macrota from the Lower Eocene of Woking and Sydenham, as also some of Carcharodon auriculatus from the same deposits at Woking. The chimasroid Edapho- don leptognathus is likewise represented in the national collection by a tooth from the Thanet Sand near Croydon. From the London Clay of Dulwich has been obtained an imperfect femur of the typical Cory- phodon eoccenus. , From a paper by Mr. C. Rickman, of which only an abstract was published in the Quarterly "Journal of the Geological Society? it appears that during the excavations in 1859 at Peckham in connection with the main drainage of the metropolis, a considerable number of vertebrate remains were discovered in the Woolwich and Reading beds of that district. These, which seem never to have been described, are stated to have included mammalian and chelonian bones, scutes of croco- diles, and scales of fishes. The Pleistocene gravels and other superficial deposits along the course of the Mole as well as those of the Thames valley at Peckham, Camber- well, Kennington, Kew, Battersea and elsewhere, have yielded remains of some of the mammals usually met with in similar deposits. It will suffice to refer to certain of these remains preserved in the collection of the British Museum. Of the mammoth (Elephas primigenius) there are molar teeth from Dorking, Peckham and Lower Tooting ; while there are also molars of the straight-tusked elephant (E. antiquus) from Peck- ham, one of which was described by the late Professor Leith Adams in his monograph of the British fossil elephants. The woolly rhinoceros (Rhinoceros antiquitatis) is represented in the national collection by molars and bones from Peckham, the former being referred to by Professor W. B. Dawkins2 in a memoir on the dentition of that species ; there are likewise molars from the same locality of the species commonly known as R. leptorhinus^ one of which is figured by Professor Dawkins.3 The collection also includes several tusks of the Pleistocene hippopo- tamus (Hippopotamus amphiblus major] from Peckham, which are remark- able for their unusually large size. All the foregoing remains are mentioned by Professor Dawkins in the passage cited, where it is stated that while those of the hippopotamus and Rhinoceros leptorhinus were obtained from a bed of clay, the fine associated series of molars of the woolly rhinoceros came from a subjacent peaty layer. They were dug out during the excavation of the sewer in Rye Lane in 1862. From the same clay-bed were likewise disinterred certain limb-bones apparently referable to the aurochs or wild ox (Bos taurus primigenius}. The British Museum also possesses an imperfect skull of the Pleistocene bison (Bos priscus) from Peckham. In addition to this the collection contains an imperfect skull of the domesticated breed of ox commonly known as the Celtic short-horn which was dug up at Lambeth, near 1 Vol. xvii. p. 6 (1860). » quart. Journ. Geol. See., vol. xxiii. p. 226 (1867). 3 Ibid. pi. x. fig. 5. 32 PALAEONTOLOGY Vauxhall Bridge, in deposits of prehistoric age. Certain limb-bones in the collection from Peckham are likewise assigned to the same breed, and, if rightly determined, are probably newer than the remains of the bison and aurochs. Antlers and a lower jaw from Kew preserved in the British Museum testify to the former presence of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the county, while the existence of the red deer (Cervus elaphus] at the same epoch is indicated by a humerus (upper bone of the fore-leg) from Kew. That such animals as the hippopotamus and the reindeer should have coexisted in the same locality may seem very remarkable, but it is nevertheless attested by other evidence. 33 HISTORY OF SURREY BOTANIC LIST OF BOTANICAL DISTRICTS I. Blackwater II. Bourne Brook (a) West sub-district (6) East sub-district IV. Lower Wey V. Upper Mole VI. Lower Mole VII. Hogg's Mill VIII. Wandle IX. Medway (a) East sub-district (6) West sub-district THE VICTORIA HI STORY ISTRICTS. E COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND BOTANY' T f | ^HE county of Surrey is included within parallels 51° 5' and 51° 31' north latitude, and longitude o° 5' east and o° 31' west of Greenwich. It is bounded on the south by the county of Sussex, on the east by Kent, on the west by Hampshire and Berkshire, while on the north the bed of the river Thames is taken as the limit, although strictly speaking a small portion of Surrey extends north of that river near Chertsey, while Middlesex encroaches on its southern bank at Walton Bridge. For botanical purposes the county has been divided into ten districts (two of which are sub-divided) founded on the river basins, this system being regarded as the most desirable in all respects, except perhaps that it is not always easy to fix the exact limits of a given drainage area. It is believed that this system of subdivision leads to the most valuable scientific results ; at the same time, in a small county like the present, in which the geological strata run in such remarkably parallel bands from east to west, while the streams run transversely to them, so that each of the principal rivers has its share of each of the formations, it is perhaps obvious that the general scenic features of the different parts, the charac- teristics that strike the eye, dependent as they must be on species or groups which are plentiful, will follow rather the soil than the particular river valley. Notwithstanding therefore that my observations have been almost entirely made from the river basin point of view, I shall en- deavour to give a sketch of the county regarded in the above aspect, dealing with the districts later on. According to the Agricultural Returns (1900) Surrey has a total area of 461,791 acres, of which 2,907 acres are under water, leaving a land area of 458,884 acres distributed as follows : — Acres Corn crops 55,974 Green crops 34,877 Clovers, etc 22,208 Permanent pasture * 5 5,993 Hops and small fruit 2,6 1 1 Bare fallow 6,142 277,805 Woods and plantations 54,437 Heathland used for grazing 12,981 345,223 1 In 1 884 I undertook the compilation of a Flora of the county of Surrey, and the following account of the Botany of the county is drawn up from notes gathered together for that purpose, mainly 35 A HISTORY OF SURREY leaving a balance of no less than 113,661 acres represented by waste lands. With regard to the principal soils, I think that there is no doubt that the Bagshot Sands is by far the hottest and driest and most sterile in the county. The Lower Greensand comes next, and I have no hesi- tation in placing the chalk midway between the sands and the heavier clays. Porous as the chalk undoubtedly is, there is always a certain amount of moisture to be found a little way below the surface, and farmers find that in very hot and dry seasons the corn crops, which are not deep rooters, suffer less on the chalk than on even the Lower Green- sand. Last come the clays — the Gault, Wealden, and London Clay. It will be convenient to speak first of the southern portion of the county, both because we find here the oldest geological formations, and because these correspond to the upper waters of the chief rivers. The Weald Clay stretches in an unbroken belt across the south of the county from east to west ; broadest at the eastern end and narrowing irregularly westwards until near Haslemere it disappears, so that the extreme west is devoid of this formation. It is characterized generally by its flatness and an absence of any high hills, by an alternation of cultivated land, green woods and copses of oak, willow, etc., and more or less extensive commons covered with scattered bushes of gorse (U/ex europceus), but without the heaths (Erica), although the ling (Calluna) occurs, and by a general absence of pine woods. The coral-root (Dentaria bulbifera) is confined to this formation as well as two pondweeds (Potamogeton Jluitans and P. decipiens). The Lower Greensand which follows affords the two highest points in the county, Leith Hill (965 feet) and Hind Head (840 feet). Un- like the Wealden, the Lower Greensand is very narrow at its eastern end, expanding towards the west. The pine woods, very extensive in parts, notably in the region lying between Leith Hill and Pitch Hill and about Hind Head, together with the heaths (Erica tetralix and E. cmerea), which now become abundant, alone suffice to give a very distinctive character to this formation as compared with the last. The peculiar species also are more numerous, and there may be mentioned a bitter-cress (Cardamine impatient), a very rare waterwort (Elatine Hydro- piper), the sea stork's-bill (Erodium maritimum), brookweed (Samolus Valerandf), and the following members of the sedge family : Cyperus fuscus, Rbynchospora fusca, Carex arenaria and G. depauperata. The chalk and gault belt again has its widest part at the eastern end of the county, narrowing towards the west, until the extremely narrow ridge of the Hog's Back is reached. This formation presents a strong personal observations made in all parts of the county, seconded by communications with which I have been favoured by numerous correspondents. To these I desire to express my best thanks, as well as to Mr. S. W. Carruthers for his extracta of prae-Linnean records, to Mr. G. S. Boulger for his valuable advice in connection with the delimitation of the districts, and particularly to the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, author of a Handbook of the British Rubi, Mr. Harold W. Monington, Messrs. W. and G. S. West, Mr. E. M. Holmes, and Mr. George Massee for their kindness in contributing papers on the Surrey Brambles, Mosses, Algae, Lichens and Fungi respectively. 36 BOTANY contrast : long stretches of bare down dotted over with junipers or sweet- briar bushes, with here and there copses consisting to a considerable extent of white beam-tree (Pyrus Aria) , guelder-rose (Viburnum Lantana), dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), the abundance of various orchids and of some grasses such as the oat-grasses (Ave na pubesc ens and A. pratensis), as well as Bromus erectus, or the more sombre woods of yew (Taxus) and locally of box (Buxus), all tend to give a character to this formation very distinct from anything to be seen elsewhere in the county. Brewer (Flora of Surrey, 1863) gives sixty species as peculiar to the chalk and gault (including the Upper Greensand), some of which are now known elsewhere. Among interesting plants not mentioned above are the two milkworts (Polygala calcarea and P. amara), the horseshoe vetch (Hippo- crepis comosa), everlasting pea (Lathyrus sy/vesfris), Lathyrus birsutus, squinancywort (Asperula cynanchica) and bastard toadflax (Thesium humi- fusuni) ; among still-surviving orchids, Cephalanthera enstfo/ia, Orchis ustulata, the man orchis (Aceras anthropophora) , gnat orchis (Habenaria conopsea), musk orchis (Herminium mon-orchis), the bee and fly orchids (Ophrys apifera and O. muscifera), and the Turk's-cap lily (Lilium Mar- tagori). The flora of the Bagshot Sands formation shows much similarity to that of the Lower Greensand in its general and more striking features, except in those parts where the bog myrtle (Myrica Gale] or Agrostis setacea, two species which are peculiar to this formation, are plentiful. The hills however are not nearly so high and the pine woods are less extensive. Besides the above two species, the following are confined to the Bagshot Sands : the great burnet (Sanguisorba qfficinatis), a bur-reed (Sparganium affine], the bog-rush (Scbcenus nign'cans), slender cotton-grass (Eriophorum gracile], Scirpus pauctflorus, and a sedge (Car ex dioica). I find it difficult to characterize the London Clay by any special features : in many it resembles the Wealden, and like that formation is very poor in peculiar species. Fourteen are enumerated by Brewer, but nearly all of these have either been found on other strata or are introductions like the winter aconite (Eranthis byemalis) or blue anemone (Anemone apennina). A species of hare's-ear (Bupleurum tenuissimum) is however peculiar to the London Clay ; it is somewhat spasmodic in its appearance, but it has been gathered in one or two places in recent years. With regard to the Valley gravels which overlie the London Clay in many places ; the Reading and Woolwich beds ; and the Thanet Sands, I have no special observations, but according to Brewer the first-named possesses nineteen peculiar species, most of which may now be passed over for the reasons mentioned above ; there remain however a groundsel (Senecio viscosus), goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum), fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) and squill (Scilla autumnalis). For the Thanet Sands none are enumerated, while for the Reading and Woolwich beds two are named ; of these there may be mentioned Silene quinquevulnera now extinct, and there must be added the sulphur clover (Trifolium ocbroleucum) . In the lists of rare or characteristic species appended to the accounts of the separate districts but small notice has been taken of the very 37 A HISTORY OF SURREY numerous introduced plants which have occurred in the county. Only a few which have taken a very firm hold, such as the balsam (Impatient fufoa) or Galinsoga parvifora, are mentioned. Such plants are denoted by an asterisk (*). The hybrids also are for the most part omitted. The study of hybridity among wild plants has been almost entirely neglected in this country until a comparatively recent date ; but con- siderable advances have been made, so that a very large number of hybrid forms are now known. In some genera which are more especially prone to crossing, such as the willow herbs (Epilobium) and willows (Sa/ix), the hybrids far outnumber the true species. In various others, such as the violets (Viola), docks (Rumex) and pondweeds (Potamogefon), they are more or less frequent. The few named are included either for their rarity or for the rarity with which the phenomenon of hybridity occurs in the genus to which they belong. Some hybrids, such as the thistle (Cnicus Forsteri), are probably rare simply because of the different time of year at which the parent species flower, one of them (Cn. pratensis) being usually seeding at the time that the other (Cn. palustris) is opening its first flowers. Others, such as the small willow (Sa/ix ambigua), do not occur at all in the county, although common in other parts of the kingdom. The reason is in this case, I believe, that -although the parent species are often found growing together, one of them (S. repens) flowers later than the other (S. aurita}. As we go further north this hybrid becomes more frequent, indeed in Shetland one does not ever see the two parent species growing together without the accompaniment of hybrid forms. The explanation no doubt is that as we advance towards more boreal regions the summers become more and more shortened, so that the flowering period of some species which do not bloom at the same time in the south becomes synchronized, and the opportunity of crossing occurs. The following summary of orders, etc., is drawn up in accordance with Hooker's Student's Flora of the British Islands, but the census of species is calculated according to the London Catalogue of British Plants (ed. 9). The result shows Surrey to possess, including both native and naturalized plants, 1,081 phanerogams out of a total of 1,861 found in Britain. Of these 830 are dicotyledons and 251 monocotyledons. BOTANY SUMMARY OF ORDERS Genera Species Genera Species PHANEROGAMIA 46. Gentianeae. 5 8 DlCOTYLEDONES POLYPETAL.S 47. Boragineas .... 48. Convolvulaceae 49. Solanaceas .... 9 3 4 !9 5 5 Thalamifloree 50. Plantagineae . 2 5 i. Ranunculaceae . 12 33 51. Scrophularineae . '3 37 2. Berberideae .... I I 52. Orobanchaceae 2 5 3. Nymphasaceas . 4. Papaveraceae . . , 5. Fumariaceae 2 3 2 2 7 9 53. Lentibularineas . 54. Verbenaceae . . . 55. Labiatae .... I I '7 3 i 47 6. Cruciferae .... 22 53 INCOMPLETE 7. Resedaceas .... I 2 / 8. Cistineae .... I I 56. Illecebraceas . i i g. Violaceae .... I 9 57. Chenopodiaceas . 2 15 10. Caryophylleae . . . 1 1 . Portulaceae .... 10 2 37 2 58. Polygonaceas . 59. Thymelaeaceae 3 I 22 2 12. Polygaleae .... 4 2 60. Euphorbiaceae 61. Urticaceae .... 3 4 9 7 14. Hypericineae 1 5. Malvaceae .... IO 3 62. Ceratophylleae 63. Loranthaceas . . . i i 2 I * j j6. Tiliaceae 2 64. Santalaceae i I 2 4. 65. Myricaceae i I 1 8. Geraniaceas .... 4 ^ X7 66. Cupuliferae . . . 7 8 I i 67. Salicineae .... 2 12 68. Coniferas .... 3 3 Calyciflorte 2O. Celastrineae .... I i MONOCOTYLEDONES 21. Rhamneas .... 22. Sapindaceae .... 23. Leguminosae I I 16 12 2 2 54 08 Microspermeis 69. Hydrocharideae . 70. Orchideas .... 2 II 2 28 7 25. Saxifrageae .... 3 7 Epigyneee 26. Crassulaceae . 2 5 I 2 27. Droseraceas .... 28. Lythraceas .... I 2 2 2 72. Amaryllideae . 77. Dioscorea; .... 2 I 2 I 29. Halorageae .... 30. Onagrarieas .... 3 3 9 J3 / o Coronariete 31. Cucurbitaceae . I i 74. Liliaceae .... 12 16 32. Umbelliferae 27 45 75. Junceae .... 2 16 33. Araliaceae .... 74. Cornaceae .... I I i i Nudiflorae •j i MONOPETALS 76. Typhacez .... 77. Aroideae .... 2 2 6 2 35. Caprifoliaceae . . . 4 7 78. Lemnaceae . . . 2 5 36. Rubiaceae .... 77. Valerianeae .... 3 7 14 g Apocarpete •.) 1 38. Dipsaceas .... 39. Compositas .... •J 2 43 7 5 IOI 79. Alismaceae. 80. Naiadaceas. . . . 4 3 5 24 40. Campanulaceae . 5 ii Glumaceee 41. Ericaceae .... 42. Monotropeae . . . 43. Primulaceae .... 5 i 6 6 i ii 81. Cyperaceas. 82. Gramineae .... 7 36 60 82 44. Oleaceae 2 2 45. Apocynaceae I 2 Total genera and species . 393 1081 39 A HISTORY OF SURREY The ten districts into which the county is divided are : (i) Black- water; (2) Bourne Brook; (3) Upper Wey ; (4) Lower Wey ; (5) Upper Mole; (6) Lower Mole; (7) Hogg's Mill; (8) Wandle ; (9) Medway — all of which drain into the river Thames ; and (10) Arun, draining into the English Channel. These are now described, and lists of their rare or characteristic species are appended. 1 . BLACKWATER This district is bounded on the south by a line leaving the Hants border at Lower Old Park, and extending to a point on the Hog's Back a little north-east of Scale ; thence the eastern boundary runs past Ash Green station, the Fox Hills and Chobham Ridges to the bor- ders of Berkshire. The other boundaries are formed by the counties of Hants and Berks. This is a small district, comprising as it does only a limited portion of the river basin. For the most part it consists of more or less barren and uncultivated sandy heaths, interspersed with considerable tracts of deep and dangerous peat bog. On the former the three heaths (Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, and E. tetralix), with the furze (Ulex eurepaus and U. nanus) and the broom (Cytisus scoparius), form the bulk of the vegetation, together with extensive pine woods which cover much of the higher ground. A boggy wood adjoining the railway and canal near Ash Vale is remarkable for the various species of sedges which grow together there and which are not usually associated, such as Carex elongata and C. riparia ; the latter however appears rarely to flower, so that its identity was not certainly made out for several years. In the alluvial meadows by the river Blackwater between Frimley and Blackwater there occurs a small quantity of the great burnet (Sanguhorba officinalis), not known elsewhere in Surrey ; while in a deep bog near the canal at North Camp the slender cotton-grass (Eriophorum gracile) grows in abundance, its discovery here restoring the species to the county list. The generally boggy nature of the land is indicated by the occurrence of such plants as the meadow thistle in several places on the railway banks, while the alder (Alnus glutinosa) quite replaces the more familiar hawthorn in long sections of the railway hedges. As an absentee from the greater portion of the district the common primrose (Primula vulgaris) may be mentioned ; this plant, so widely distributed over the county and often so abundant, is quite unable to exist on the hot dry sand of the Bagshot series, and is only found in the neighbourhood of the chalk with the exception of one locality near North Camp, where it occurs on alluvial soil by a small stream. The following are among the more remarkable and interesting plants found in this district : — Ranunculus tripartitus, DC. Potamogeton nitens, Weber. var. intermedius, Hiern. — ruiescens, Schrad. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis — trichoides, Cham. Sanguisorba officinalis, L. Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers. Eriophorum gracile, Koch Pyrola minor, L. Carex elongata, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. — canescens, L. Utricularia neglecta, Lehm. — fulva, Good. — minor, L. — Oederi, Auct. Myrica Gale, L. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb. 2. BOURNE BROOK The Bourne Brook district is bounded on the west by district i, on the north and north- east by the county of Berks and the river Thames, and southwards by a line starting from Chobham Ridges and passing near Bisley and through Horsell to a point on the river Thames about midway between the mouths of the Bourne Brook and river Wey. The stream from which the district takes its name rises close to the village of Bagshot, uniting a little north of Horsell with another branch which rises on Bisley Common, and flowing in a north-easterly direction to its junction with the river Thames. The general character both of the soil and vegetation is very similar to that of district I, except that the bogs are more extensive. One feature may be noted which is quite unique in the county. As one crosses the wide expanse 40 BOTANY of moorland stretching from the Basingstoke Canal near Brookwood to Bagshot, one comes suddenly on a level tract of pure white sand, glistening with water. The sand however is found to be merely on the surface, beneath which the soil consists of black peat mud. This sand-covered bog occurs about halfway between Brookwood and Bagshot, and is sufficiently firm to be crossed on foot ; its origin is at present somewhat doubtful. It has been suggested that it may be the remains of an old peat cutting, and this seems probable. The film of sand which covers it has no doubt gradually filtered out of the hills above and been carried down by rain. Peculiar and interesting as this bog is in itself, it is no less so in its relation to the plants which it supports. The black bogrush (Schaenus nigricans), confined to this district, occurs in abundance, as well as several of the rarer sedges, etc. But it is chiefly remarkable as the home of the rare horsetail (Equisetum litorale) referred to more particularly on another page. Among other plants may be named the broad-leaved water parsnip (Stum latifolium) which occurs in some plenty in several places between Chertsey and Egham, although almost extinct elsewhere in the county. A rare hybrid between the two skullcaps (Scutellaria galericulata and 5. minor) was found near Virginia Water by Mr. George Nicholson. The common bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), a very rare species in the county, is plentiful in ditches about Chertsey and Thorpe, growing with the frog's-bit (Hydrocharis Morsus-rana;). One peculiarity of the district is that it is the only one of those which drain into the river Thames that does not comprise within its area some portion of the chalk formation. This is however compensated for in some measure by the chalk plants which occur by the Thames side, especially in the neighbourhood of Runnymede. These are included in the following list of the more noteworthy species : — Clematis Vitalba, L. Ranunculus Drouetii, Schultz — hirsutus, Curtis Berberis vulgaris, L. Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Callitriche obtusangula, Le Gall. Sium latifolium, L. Valerianella Auricula, DC. Scabiosa Columbaria, L. Campanula glomerata, L. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. Scutellaria galericulata x minor Utricularia vulgaris, L. — minor, L. Plantago media, L. Myrica Gale, L. Lemna gibba, L. Potamogeton rufescens, Schrad. — zosterifolius, Schum. Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, L. Allium oleraceum, L. Juncus compressus, Jacq. Schaenus nigricans, L. Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. Carex dioica, L. — fulva, Good. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Festuca elatior, L. 3. UPPER WEY This large district consists of the basin of the river Wey south of the chalk range. It is bounded on the north by the ridge of the chalk hills, on the south by the borders of the Arun districts and the county of Sussex, on the east by the Arun (Oke) district and by a line passing from the latter by Leith Hill northward to the chalk, and on the west by Hampshire. Two sub-districts have been separated, representing the basins of the west and east branches of the river ; the dividing line runs nearly due north from a point between Hambledon and Hascomb to the junction of the two branches, and thence by the river Wey itself to the chalk at Guildford. The wide heaths which occupy so large a part of the district, on the Lower Greensand formation, differ somewhat in character from those of districts i and 2 in the absence, for the most part, of deep bogs. The general character of the vegetation is very similar except for the absence of Agrostis setacea and the bog myrtle (Myrica Gale) which occur so abundantly in many parts of the latter. Two usually maritime species occur in the western sub-district, one of the stork's-bills (Er odium maritimum) found near Farnham (W. W. Reeves) ; and the sand sedge, (Carex arenaria). The former is extremely rare as an inland plant, the latter less so. Speci- mens of this stork's-bill are preserved in Kew Herbarium, but it appears doubtful whether the plant is still to be found at Farnham. A rare species of broom-rape (Orobanche Picridis) has been found in one locality (Rev. E. S. Marshall), while the discovery of the brown beak-sedge (Rhynchoipora fuica) greatly extended the eastern range of the species. It occurs on Thursley Common (Revs. E. S. Marshall and R. P. Murray), where it may be found in profusion in a series of bogs adjoining a pond called The Moat. Another species of decidedly western 41 A HISTORY OF SURREY tendencies, viz. the navelwort (Cotyledon Umbilicus) occurs in various localities, and is particularly abundant round the village of Churt. Other interesting plants are rare species of fumitory (Fumaria pallldlflora^ Rev. E. S. Marshall), bitter cress (Cardamine impatiens), water wort (Elatine Hydropiper, L.) found in Frensham Pond and Cut-mill Pond, Senecio campestris found on the Hog's Back, Hieracium surrejanum (Rev. E. S. Marshall), the cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccos) now extinct, the bog orchis (Malaxis paludosa) recently rediscovered (T. Howse), and a sedge (Carex depauperata'). The original specimens of a new species of branched bur- reed (Sparganium neglectum) were gathered at Albury Ponds in the eastern sub-district. The following are some of the more remarkable plants of the district : — Papaver hybridum, D. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. Fumaria pallidiflora, Bor. Vaccinium Oxycoccos, L. Cardamine impatiens, L. Pyrola minor, L. "Isatis tinctoria, L. Verbascum Lychnitis, L. Stellaria umbrosa, Opiz. Euphrasia curta, Fries Lepidium Smithii, Hook. Orobanche Picridis, F. Schultz Elatine Hydropiper, L. Teucrium Botrys, L. Hypericum quadrangulum, Fries Lithospermum officinale, L. Geranium lucidum, L. Utricularia minor, L. Erodium maritimum, L. Samolus Valerandi, L. 'Impatiens fulva, Nutt. Sparganium neglectum, Beeby Trifolium glomeratum, L. Orchis ustulata, L. Rosa sepium, Thuill Epipactis media, Fries — obtusifolia, Desv. Malaxis paludosa, Sw. Potentilla Comarum, Nestl. *Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. et M. Cyperus fuscus, L. Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. Rhynchospora fusca, R. et S. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. Carex arenaria, L. Galium tricorne, With. — strigosa, Huds. Valerianella carinata, Lois — depauperata, Good. — Auricula, DC. — canescens, L. Senecio campestris, DC. Leersia oryzoides, Sol. Hieracium surrejanum, Hanbury Gastndium lendigerum, Gaud. Campanula patula, L. Glyceria declinata, Breb. 4. LOWER WHY This district comprises the basin of the river Wey north of the ridge of the chalk hills which forms its southern limit. It is bounded on the north by the river Thames ; on the east by a line leaving the chalk above Gomshall and passing between East and West Horsley, and east of Ockham and Weybridge to a point on the Thames a little east of Walton Bridge ; and on the west and north-west by districts i and 2. After leaving the chalk a belt of the London Clay is met with, and following this a considerable area of the Bagshot Sands with heaths and boglands, similar to those of district 2, but from which some of the more noteworthy species found in the latter district are absent. The most remarkable plants of the district are the two following : a pondweed (Potamo- geton pralongus) found in the pool above Walton Bridge and in the slow ditch which runs from it, and a bur-reed (Sparganium affine) which occurs in a large pond on Pirbright Common. Both of these have usually a more boreal range in this country. The pondweed never flowers in Surrey, and I am informed that it does not fruit in our eastern counties, though it does so freely in the north of England and in Scotland. This as well as another pondweed (P. zosteri- folius) which occurs also in district 2, occurs only close to the southern margin of the river Thames, having doubtless been brought down from some of that river's northern tributaries and left in times of flood. A species of treacle mustard (Erysimum cheirantboides) although not uncommon, may be mentioned for the great profusion in which it occurs in the sandy region around Woking. A water-parsnip (Apium inundatuni) has been known from Pirbright since 1666 (Merrett), and still grows there in abundance. On Clandon Downs grows the frog orchis (Habenaria viridis, T. Howse), one of the rarest orchids in the county, while another, the marsh helleborine, occurs in abundance in boggy ground by the canal near Woking (Rev. W. R. Linton). The slender cotton-grass (Eriophorum gracile) which formerly grew by Whitemoor Pond has long been extinct there and is confined to the more recently noted locality in district i. 42 BOTANY The following plants may be mentioned : — Ranunculus tripartitus, DC. var. intermcdius, Hiern. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. Rosa sepium, Thuill. — spinosissima, L. Alchemilla vulgaris, L. Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Callitriche obtusangula, Le Gall. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. Cnicus Forsteri, Smith Crepis biennis, L. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. Euphrasia stricta, Host. — curta, Fries Galeopsis speciosa, Miller Utricularia neglecta, Lehm. — minor, L. Myrica Gale, L. Sparganium affine, Schnizl. Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm. Potamogeton fluitans, Roth, (forma) Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb. — nitens, Weber — praelongus, Wulfen. — rufescens, Schrad. — zosterifolius, Schum. — acutifolius, Link. Habenaria viridis, Br. Epipactis palustris, Sw. Juncus diftusus, Hoppe — compressus, Jacq. Eriophorum gracile, Koch (extinct) Carex dioica, L. — elongata, L. — canescens, L. — fulva, Good. — Oederi, Auct. Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. Alopecurus fulvus, Smith Agrostis setacea, Curt. Calamagrostis Epigejos, Roth. Deschampsia discolor, Roem. et S. 5. UPPER MOLE This district is bounded on the north by the ridge of the chalk hills, on the south by the Sussex border, on the east by a line running north from near Copthorne past Home and Bletchingley to the chalk near White Hill, and on the west by the Upper Wey and Arun districts. Except at the western end there is now a very considerable widening of the Wealden formation, and a corresponding narrowing of the Lower Greensand. Hence the sandy heaths give place to meadow and arable lands, the common heath plants are no longer a striking feature, and the pine woods in great measure disappear in favour of green copses, consisting mainly of deciduous trees and shrubs. Among the plants may be mentioned a rare form of bitter cress (Cardamine Hayneana) which occurs near Red Hill and near Horley ; the common lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) ; a milk vetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos) which with the everlasting pea (Lathyrus sylvestris) is abundant on the hills east of Merstham ; a starwort (Callitriche vernalis) not certainly known to occur elsewhere in the county ; the ivy- leaved campanula (Wahlenbergia hederacea) formerly found on Reigate Heath, and recently re- discovered in the neighbourhood (C. E. and E. S. Salmon). The wild tulip (Tulipa sylvestris) is, I believe, really wild in a meadow by the river Mole near Buckland, where it seldom flowers ; the wood barley (Hordeum sylvaticum), rare in the county, is abundant in several copses in the chalk above Dorking. On this formation the ragged robin (Lychnis Floscuculi), a plant usually found in wet lowland spots, occurs on the top of Box Hill, and also on a high bare chalk hill in Gatton Park. The following is a list of the more interesting species : — Ranunculus tripartitus DC. var. intermedius, Hiern. *Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. Fumaria confusa, Jord. Cardamine Hayneana, Welw. 'Barbarea intermedia, Bor. Iberis amara, L. Dianthus Armeria, L. Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. Lathyrus sylvestris, L. Alchemilla vulgaris, L. Pyrus germanica, L. Callitriche vernalis, Kuetz. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. Galium erectum, Huds. — sylvestre, Poll. Valerianella carinata, Lois Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. var. pilulare, Wahl. Campanula latifolia, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. Erythraea pulchella, Fries Euphrasia Kerneri, Wettst. Buxus sempervircns, L. Epipactis palustris, Sw. Tulipa sylvestris, L. Carex teretiuscula, Good, (extinct) — Boenninghausiana, Weihe Leersia oryzoides, Sol. Alopecurus fulvus, Smith Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. Festuca elatior, L. Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds. 43 A HISTORY OF SURREY 6. LOWER MOLE The boundaries of this district are on the north the river Thames, on the south the chalk ridge, on the east a line starting on Walton-on-Hill Heath and passing near Headley, Epsom and Kingston to the Thames side a little north of the latter town, and on the west the Lower Wey district. The chalk mass now widens out, and the same is the case with the London Clay formation, while the Bagshot Sands are now more limited in extent and are not found east of this district. Of the more interesting plants the box (Buxus sempervirens) deserves the first place, occurring as it does in great quantity at the well known locality of Box Hill, with all appearance at the present day of being indigenous. Nevertheless some of our best authorities have doubted whether it be really so. Many years ago the late Professor Babington pointed out a passage in Asser's Life of King Alfred, in which it is stated that in that day, a thousand years ago, Buxus grew most abundantly in the adjacent county of Berkshire ; and if one could accept Asser's Buxus as certainly representing our box tree, the question of its nativity in this country might be regarded as settled. On the dry slope of the hill facing the river Mole, the water figworth (Scrophularia aquatica), a plant rarely seen in such places, grows abundantly. It also occurs on the railway embankment at Thames Ditton, where it has no doubt been introduced ; but elsewhere it is only found in more or less moist localities. Another plant of the Box Hill region is the Turk's cap lily (Lilium Martagon), probably introduced but thoroughly established. Seedling plants have been found on the side of the valley opposite to its main habitat, indicating that the seeds may sometimes be distributed by birds (Dr. A. R. Wallace). It is also reported from another locality in the neighbourhood. The principal species are : — Adonis autumnalis, L. Calamintha Nepeta, Clairv. Ranunculus Drouetii, Schultz Teucrium Botrys, L. Fumaria densiflora, DC. Cynoglossum montanum, Lam. Iberis amara, L. Chenopodium glaucum, L. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt. Buxus sempervirens, L. Hypericum quadrangulum, Fries Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm. Rosa systyla, Bast. Damasonium stellatum, Pers. Linum angustifolium, Huds. Orchis militaris, L. Trifolium glomeratum, L. — fusca, L. Ribes Smithianum (Syme) Epipactis purpurata, Smith CEnanthe Lachenalii, Gmel. Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. Valerianella Auricula, DC. Lilium Martagon, L. — carinata, Lois. Scilla autumnalis, L. *Silybum Marianum, Gaert. Juncus compressus, Jacq. Filago spathulata, Presl. Leersia oryzoides, Sol. Erythrsea pulchella, Fries Alopecurus fulvus, Smith Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. Verbascum Lychnitis, L. Poa compressa, L. Linaria repens, Mill. 7. HOGG'S MILL RIVER This district includes the basin of the Beverly Brook as well as that of the small stream from which it takes its name. It is bounded on the north by the river Thames, on the east by a line passing through Banstead, Sutton, Morden and Wimbledon to the Thames side near Wandsworth, and on the south and west by the Lower Mole district. The geological features are similar to those of the last district except that the Bagshot series is wanting and that there is a larger proportion of the London Clay formation. The tidal waters of the Thames have now been reached, and a few usually maritime species are still to be found by the river side near Putney. The sea clubrush (Scirpus maritimus) occurs in plenty, and near it two other much rarer species, Scirpus triqueter and Sc. carinatus. Whether both of these are still to be found there is doubtful, as some years ago there appeared to be but a single small mass of Sc. triqueter left. A sedge (Car ex teretiuscula) formerly grew on Wimbledon Common, and as it appears to be lost in its other locality in the Upper Mole district it cannot be claimed as an inhabitant of the county at the present day. A rare species of bitter cress (Cardamine Hayneana) was first recorded as a 44 BOTANY British plant from this district (G. Nicholson), but is now extinct in its original station. Some interesting roses occur, such as the burnet rose (Rosa spinosissima) which is found on several of the suburban commons, as well as Rosa involuta and R. hibernica, all rare in the county ; the two latter however are now regarded as hybrids rather than distinct species. The hairy violet (Viola hirta), elsewhere confined to the chalk and gault, occurs in two localities on the London Clay : on Ham Common (G. Nicholson), and between Lower Maiden and Epsom Common. The principal plants of the district are : — Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix Papaver hybridum, L. Dianthus deltoides, L. Cerastium pumilum, Curt. Rosa spinosissima, L. — involuta, Sm. — hibernica, Sm. — obtusifolia, Desv. Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. "Centranthus ruber, DC. Valerianella Auricula, DC. Filago spathulata, Presl. Antennaria dioica, Br. (extinct ?) *Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. *Inula Helenium, L. Crepis biennis, L. Campanula latifolia, L. Gentiana praecox, Raf. Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmelin Euphrasia Kerneri, Wettst. Atriplex marina, L. Rumex maritimus, L. — elongatus, Guss. — sylvestris, Wallr. Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm. Scilla autumnalis, L. Luzula maxima, DC. Juncus diffusus, Hoppe Scirpus carinatus, Smith — triqueter, L. — maritimus, L. Alopecurus fulvus, Sm. Festuca elatior, L. Bromus madritensis, L. (extinct?) 8. WANDLE The Wandle district includes also parts of the basins of other small streams, but owing to the alterations in levels in the neighbourhood of London it has not been thought advisable to attempt to make any subdivisions. The district is bounded on the north by the river Thames, on the south by the chalk ridge, on the east by the county of Kent, and on the west by the Hogg's Mill district. About one half of the district is on the chalk formation, the remaining half being on the London Clay. In proportion to its area, it possesses considerably less running water than any other district, the river Wandle being practically its only stream. The blue wood anemone (A. apennina) was formerly abundant as an introduced plant in Wimbledon Park, but it is now reported extinct. A rare crowfoot (Ranunculus heterophyllus var. triphyllus) grows on Mitcham Common (H. and J. Groves), as well as the two less rare plants R. Drouetii and R. trichophyllus. The London rocket (Sisymbrium Irio) formerly occurred, but is no longer to be found. A very uncommon species of milkwort (Polygala amara) was found some years since in the Caterham Valley (W. Whitwell). This particular form of the species, called Polygala austriaca, is confined to Surrey and Kent. The hairy vetchling (Lathyrus hirsutus), another very rare plant, is found on the hills in the same valley. A yellow clover (Trifolium ochroleucum) was recorded from Duppas Hill so long ago as 1798 ; but, as far as I am aware, it had not been seen there during the nineteenth century previously to 1882, in which year Mr. Arthur Bennett informs me that Miss Bennett brought him a specimen from the hill, thus confirming its occurrence in Surrey. The cowbane (Cicuta virosa) formerly grew by the Thames side at Battersea. Gerarde also records the plant (1633) from ' Moor Parke,' and it has been suggested that Moor Park near Farnham was intended ; but the plant does not appear to grow there, and I think it more probable that Moor Park, Chelsea, is the locality meant, and that it occurred on both sides of the Thames. The plant is scarcely likely to be refound in the county, unless in the neighbourhood of the Thames between Chertsey and Runnymede. The sea aster (A. Tripolium) formerly grew by the Thames near Battersea (J. Britten), but is no longer a plant of the county. Among other extinctions are the brookweed (Samo/us Valerandi), a goose foot {Atriplex marina), and the two rare club rushes, Scirpus triqueter and Sc. carinatus. 45 A HISTORY OF SURREY The principal plants of the district are : Ranunculus heterophyllus var. triphyllus (Hiern.) — Drouetii, Schultz — trichophyllus, Chaix Papaver hybridum, L. Fumaria Boraei, Jord. (extinct f) — densiflora, DC. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. Sisymbrium Irio, L. (extinct) Lepidium Smithii, Hook. Iberis amara, L. Polygala amara, L. Dianthus Armeria, L. — deltoides, L. Silene quinquevulnera, L. — noctiflora, L. Trifolium ochroleucum, L. — glomeratum, L. Lathyrus hirsutus, L. — palustris, L. (extinct) Rosa spinossima, L. — sepium, Thuill. Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. et M. Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Callitriche obtusangula, Le Gall. Cicuta virosa, L. (extinct) CEnanthe Lachenalii, Gmel. Carduus pycnocephalus, Jacq. Filago spathulata, Presl. Campanula latifolia, L. Gentiana praecox, Raf. Verbascum Lychnitis, L. Euphrasia Kerneri, Wettst. Lathraa squamaria, L. Teucrium Botrys, L. Samolus Valerandi, L. (extinct) Chenopodium ficifolium, L. Atriplex marina, L. (extinct) Rumex palustris, 8m. Allium oleraceum, L. Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Luzula maxima, DC. Scirpus carinatus, Sm. (extinct) — triqueter, L. (extinct) — maritimus, L. Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth, (extinct) 9. MEDWAY This concludes the districts comprised within the Thames drainage system. It is bounded on the north by the chalk ridge, on the south by the county of Sussex, on the east by that of Kent, and on the west by the Upper Mole district. The greater part of its area is occupied by the Wealden formation, the Lower Greensand belt being much restricted, as in the case of the adjacent district. At the extreme south-eastern corner there occurs a small tract of Hastings Sands, on which are found several interesting species. The general botanical features are very similar to those seen in the Upper Mole basin. A pale flowered buttercup (Ranunculus hirsutus), a very scarce plant in Surrey, occurs abun- dantly in several places near Lingfield, and a flax (Linum angustifolium) near the same place. In a swamp to the west of Hedge Pool is one of the few localities for Cnicus Forsteri. The wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica), found in many other parts of the county, grows here truly wild and in great profusion. Recorded many years for the county without any specific locality, it was first found about the top of Titsey Hill by Mr. Arthur Bennett. It has since been observed to occur in almost every wood and copse over an area of several square miles, extending from Oxted chalk pit up to and beyond the Kent boundary. Southwards its limit appears to be practically the edge of the Lower Greensand. The daffodil (Narcissus pseudo- narcissus) is exceptionally abundant in the neighbourhood of Hedge Court. The Hastings Sands supplies three species not met with elsewhere in the county. These are a violet (f^iola lactea) found about Copthorne and Hedge Court ; a pondweed (Potamogeton Zizii) abundant in Hedge Pool ; and a sedge (Carex turfasa) which grows in a swamp at the north-west corner of the same piece of water. The principal plants are : — Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt. Viola lactea, Smith Hypericum quadrangulum, Fries Rosa obtusifolia, Desv. Callitriche obtusangula, Le Gall. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. Cnicus Forsteri, Smith Crepis biennis, L. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. Pyrola minor, L. Myosotis sylvatica, L. Utricularia neglecta, Lehm. Potamogeton Zizii, Roth. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus, L. Luzula maxima, DC. Juncus lamprocarpus x acutiflorus Carex canescens, L. — turfosa, Fries — strigosa, Huds. Alopecurus fulvus, Smith Festuca ovina, L. var. tenuifolia, Sibth. BOTANY 10. ARUN This district, unlike all those previously described, drains into the English Channel. It consists of two sub-districts, the river Oke or eastern and the North river or western sub- district, the two streams afterwards uniting and forming the river Arun. The two sub- districts are completely separated by a portion of the Upper Wey basin which intervenes. Both of the sub-districts lie almost wholly on the Wealden Clay, only touching the Lower Greensand along their northern boundaries. The eastern is bounded on the north by Leith and Holmbury hills, on the south by the county of Sussex, on the east by a line leaving the latter county near Cowick and passing east of Ockley to Coldharbour, and on the west by an almost direct line from Holmbury Hill to the county border. The western is bounded on the north by a line running from near Boundless Farm by Witley and Hambledon to a point south of Hascomb, on the south by the county of Sussex, on the east by a line running south-east to a point near Alford, and on the west by a line running almost south past Haslemere to the county border. The Oke sub-district is chiefly remarkable as affording the only locality for the coral root (Dentaria bulblfera\ found some years since by Mr. E. Straker ; the old record of the occurrence of the plant near Croydon arising through a misconception of the meaning of the prs-Linnean name Dentaria as indicating the present plant instead of the toothwort, an error pointed out by Mr. S. W. Carruthers. In Vann woods the yellow wort (Chlora perfoliata\ very rare away from the chalk, grows in abundance in one place. The less common form of the hawthorn (Crattsgus oxyacanthoides) is frequent, and its long sweeping branches give quite a character to the woods. One of the taller sedges (Carex pendula) is exceptionally plentiful. The water speedwell (Veronica Anagallis) is absent so far as I have observed, though common enough in wet places in most of the other districts. The few more noteworthy plants are : — Dentaria bulbifera, L. Chlora perfoliata, L. Hypericum quadrangulum, Fries Euphrasia stricta, Host. Cratasgus oxyacanthoides, THuill. Carex strigosa, Huds. Arctium nemorosum, Lej. — pendula, Huds. The North River sub-district is chiefly noted for the plants which occur in or about the Wey and Arun canal. Here the agrimony (Agrimonia odorata) grows in great profusion ; the canal also supplies the only stations in the county for two rare pondweeds (Potamogeton tiuitans and P. decipiens). The water speedwell appears to be wanting here also, and neither the dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) nor the elder (Sambucus nigra) have been observed except where the latter has been planted. One of the sowthistles (Sonchus oleraceui) is extremely rare, its place being quite taken by the other species (S. asper). In considering these absent species it is, of course, necessary to remember that the two Arun sub-districts include a very small portion of the river basin of which they form part. The principal species are : — Barbarea stricta, Andrz. Pyrola minor, L. Hypericum quadrangulum, Fries Euphrasia stricta, Host Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt. Potamogeton fluitans, Roth. Rosa systyla, Bast. — decipiens, Nolle Agrimonia odorata, Mill. Epipactis media, Fries Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. et M. Leersia oryzoides, Sol. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. THE BRAMBLES (Ruin) Surrey is especially rich in brambles ; so far as has been yet ascer- tained amongst the richest counties in Great Britain. Two only, Hereford and Devon, are known to surpass it in the number of their species and subordinate forms (sub-species and varieties) ; and in both of those the search for brambles has probably been much more nearly exhaustive than in Surrey. All three counties are pre-eminent both for 47 A HISTORY OF SURREY the extent of their bramble ground and for the number of forms first discovered as British within their borders ; but as especially favourable places for the study of the genus the best localities in Britain are perhaps to be found in Surrey — in the extensive commons and heaths to the south-west of London near the Kent border, and to the south-west of Guildford towards the Hants and Sussex borders. Fifty-three species and twenty-seven additional sub-species or varieties have already been found in the county ; and, out of these, three species and two subordinate forms had not been known as British until they were observed in Surrey. These are Rubus bolerythros, Focke ; R. Marshall!, Focke & Rogers ; and R. viridis, Kalt. ; with the sub-species or varieties rbombifolius, Weihe, and britannicus, Rogers. Of these R. Mar- shalli and JR. britanntcus were new to science and are still numbered among our endemic brambles, though both have since been found abundantly in several British counties. R. bolerytbros, R. rbombifolius and R. -viridis have also proved to be somewhat widely distributed, though chiefly or wholly in the south of England. Among other Surrey brambles perhaps the most interesting, for their rarity elsewhere or for their special beauty, are R. Bakeri, F. A. Lees ; R. Colemanni, Blox. ; R. leucantbemus, P. J. Muell.(?); R. dnerosus, Rogers ; R. ericetorum, Lefv. ; R. mutabilis, Genev. ; R. bostilis, Muell. & Wirtg. ; and R. cognafus, N. E. Brown. Until recently these were either unknown in Britain or most imperfectly understood ; and for the most part they have become fairly familiar to us chiefly through Surrey specimens. Four of them, Bakeri, Co/emanni, dnerosus and cognatus seem to be endemic. Of many good Surrey localities some of the best are the commons at Wimbledon, Barnes, Tooting and Wandsworth, and Putney Heath near London, and further west the commons and heathy land at Oxshott and round Godalming and Haslemere. In all or nearly all of these the most conspicuous brambles, in addition to some of those mentioned above, are R. plicatus, Wh. & N. ; R. carpinifolius, Wh. & N. ; R. Lind/eianus, Lees ; R. rbamnifolius, Wh. & N. ; R. pulcherrimus, Neum. ; R. argenfatus, P. J. Muell. ; JR. subinermis, Rogers ; R. leucostachys, Schl. ; R. Babingtonii, Bell Salt. ; R. adornatus, P. J. Muell. ; and R. cory/ifotius, Sm. Hence it will be seen that the group best represented in the county is that of the Rbamnifolii. The abundance of R. carpinifolius and (in a less degree) JR. pulcherrimus is especially remarkable, and the comparative rarity of R. rusticanusy R. c&sius, and most of the glandular species. As instances of single localities, Wimbledon Common alone produces 24 species and 3 sub-species, and Putney Heath 16 species and 6 sub- species or varieties ; while the six chief commons to the south-west of London have between them about 50 different brambles in all, and the commons and heathy places between Guildford and the Sussex border seem at least as richly supplied. Perhaps the most marked feature in the Haslemere district is the extraordinary abundance of R. Marshall! and R. rosaceus, Wh. & N. Between Haslemere and Godalming R. fasus, Lindl.; R. nitidus, Wh. & 48 BOTANY N.; R. affints, Wh. & N.; with forms of R. imbricatus, Hort; R. eryf&rinus, Genev. ; and R. incurvatus, Bab., are fairly frequent and locally abundant. CRYPTOGAMEjE VASCULARES LYCOPODIACEJE Three species of this order are found in the county. Of these the peat-loving clubmoss (L. inundatum) is the commonest. It has been found in all of the districts except Medway, and is particularly abundant on the heaths and moors of the western part of Surrey. The common clubmoss (L. clavatum) occurs in about six of the districts, and is de- cidedly uncommon, while the fir clubmoss (L. Selago) is rare. It has been found in about half of the districts, but it occurs very sparingly where I have seen it. The following is a list of the species : — Lycopodium clavatum, L. L. inundatum, L. L. Selago, L. EQUISETACE^E Eleven species of horsetail are found in Great Britain, and of these Surrey possesses seven, of which one is of special interest. Of the others Eq. arvense and Eq. limosum are very common, Eq. maximum and Eqs palustre considerably less so. The wood horsetail (Eq. sylvaticum) occurt in about half of the districts but is not common ; it may be seen in grea- beauty and profusion on the railway banks between Witley and Hasle, mere, and in some of the adjoining woods. The Dutch rush is very rare, having been found in only two districts. The remaining species, Eq. titora/e, has been briefly referred to before. It grows in plenty on the curious sand-covered bog on Bisley Common, and in one or two peaty places close at hand. This plant, by many regarded as a hybrid (Eg. arvense and limosum) , is not known to occur elsewhere in Britain. It is sparsely scattered over a considerable part of Europe and is also found in North America. The following is a list of the species : — Equisetum maximum, Lam. Equisetum litorale, Kuhl. — arvense, L. — limosum, L. — sylvaticum, L. — hyemale, L. — palustre, L. MARSILEACE^ The pillwort (Pilularia globulifera), the only species of this order found in Britain, is a curious little creeping herb with erect, rush-like leaves 3-4 inches long, at the base of which are found the round capsules from which the plant derives its name. It is not very uncommon about margins of ponds, but is easily overlooked. It grows in a number of localities extending over five or six of the districts. i 49 B A HISTORY OF SURREY FILICES Owing to the absence of any important outcrop of rock, the ferns of Surrey are naturally restricted to such species as love either woodland shade or the open heath. A very limited extent of bare rock may be seen by that part of the Eden stream which flows from Hedge Pool to Woodcock Pool, in the extreme south-eastern corner of the county, and it may be noted that the formation here is the Hastings Sands, the same as at Tunbridge jn Kent. Towards the extreme south-western corner also, between Grayswood and Killinghurst, the streams have somewhat rocky banks, but so far these have not proved productive. The most common of all, the bracken (Pteris aquilina) occurs abun- dantly in all the districts, and to it our woods and heaths owe much of their autumnal beauty. The other commoner species are the lady fern (Atbyrium Fi/ix-famina) , male fern (Nephrodium Filix-mas) , polypody (Poly- podium vu/gare),znd hard fern (Loma ria Sp icant) , while on the open heaths and moorland Nephrodium spinulosum is most general. Excepting the bracken, all of these have all but disappeared from the neighbourhood of London, and little is to be seen of the less common species within twenty miles of the metropolis. Among the latter may be mentioned the prickly shield ferns (Aspidium aculeatum and A. angu/are), marsh fern (Nephrodium Tbelypteris), abundant on several parts of Bisley Common but rare elsewhere, the spleenwort (Asplenium Tricbomanes), still plentiful on some parts of the Lower Greensand, wall rue (A. Ruta-muraria) and scale fern (A. Ceterach). The adder's tongue (Ophioglossum vu/gatum) is not rare, but the moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria), although not a species greatly sought by the fern-hunter, seems to be diminishing in frequency. When residing at Godalming Dr. A. R. Wallace informed me that the beech fern (Polypodium Phegopteris) formerly grew within the Surrey bor- der near Haslemere. No station is known for it at the present day although it occurs a short distance beyond the county boundary in Sussex. It remains only to notice the royal fern (Osmunda rega/is), once so plentiful in some parts of the county. It has occurred in at least nine of the ten districts, but is now on the verge of extinction. Some plants were met with by the Rev. E. S. Marshall in 1883 in the region of Hind Head, but a few years later they had gone. But from information gleaned in a still more remote part of the county, I believe I may safely say that the giant fern, as it is there called, is not quite extinct in Surrey. The following is a list of the species : — Pteris, L. Scolopendrium, Sm. — aquilina, L. — vulgare, Sm. Lomaria, Willd. Aspidium, Sw. — Spicant, Desv. — aculeatum, Sw. Asplenium, L. — angulare, Willd. — Ruta-muraria, L. Nephrodium, Rich. — Trichomanes, L. — Filix-mas, Rich. — Adiantum-nigrum, L. — spinulosum, Desv. — Filix-foemina, Bernh. — dilatatum, Desv. — Ceterach, L. _ Thelypteris, Desv. 50 BOTANY Nephrodium Oreopteris, Desv. Osmunda regalis, L. Polypodium, L. Ophioglossum, L. — vulgare, L. — vulgatum, L. — Phegopteris, L. (extinct) Botrychium, Sw. Osmunda, L. — Lunaria, Sw. SUMMARY OF VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS Genera Speciei Filices 10 20 Equisetaceae I 7 Lycopodiacez I 3 Marsileaceae i i Total genera and species. . 13 31 The total genera and species of vascular cryptogams for the whole of Britain is 25 and 70 respectively. MOSSES (Musct) Surrey possesses a moss flora closely resembling that of Kent and Sussex but is less favoured than either as regards conditions suitable for the growth of these plants. The climate is drier, the land better drained and the rocks softer and less durable. Geologically the three counties are identical, the same formations occurring in all and in about the same proportion, the chief distinction lying in the limited outcrop of Hastings Sand. In Sussex this bed covers a large area and composes the High Rocks at Tunbridge Wells, furnishing many species of considerable interest. In Surrey however it only occurs in the extreme south-east. The county is intersected midway by the chalk which extends from the west as an increasingly broad belt towards the east and north-east. The highest land is formed by the ridge of Lower Greensand which lies to the south of the downs as a series of hills covered with heather and well wooded with pines and larches. In the west on the Bagshot sand are extensive undulating commons rising into low hills capped with clumps of pines, and with bogs and marshy ground of considerable extent, and in the south-west also are several large commons with numerous ponds and alder swamps. The bryology of the county has received considerable attention from many workers of ability, but some districts still require careful investiga- tion as is shown by the recent addition to our list of several striking species. There are however few lists in existence and none of much importance with the exception of an excellent paper on the ' Mosses of Kew,' by Mr. E. S. Salmon. Among others who have contributed to our knowledge of the mosses of the county is Dr. Capron, who devoted many years of his residence at Shiere to the collection of species growing in his neighbourhood. His collection and records however are unfortu- nately not accessible. Dickson also collected, and Black, the latter working chiefly in the Dorking district, many of his specimens being in the British Museum Herbarium. More recently, Mr. E. S. Salmon, who has devoted considerable time to the mosses of the Reigate district, A HISTORY OF SURREY and Mr. Ferguson Shepherd of Staines have been instrumental in adding largely to the county records. The present writer has also worked for many years at the distribution of species through the eight watershed districts. The species recorded include several mosses of great interest, chief among them being Buxbaumia aphylla, which formally grew upon mud banks at Virginia Water on the border of the county, the almost equally rare Pbyscomitrium sphcericum, which is abundant on the muddy margin of a pond near Felbridge, and Weisia rostellata, from the mud of a drained pond at Dormansland. Campylopus subulatus is another rare species of recent discovery, of which a single tuft was gathered by the writer in 1899 at Addington on dry stony ground. Several commoner species are of interest from their occurrence under unusual conditions. Pleurochcete squarrosa, which is most frequently found by the sea, is well established on the steep northern slopes of Box Hill, and Brachythecium megapolitanum, another maritime plant, grows close by ; two other mosses which frequent sub-alpine regions, Bartramia ithyphylla and Rbacomitrium canescens, occur, the former on a soft sandy bank near Dorking and the latter on moory commons and by the side of stony roads. Hypnum imponens and H. giganteum are rare species which appear to be becoming better known as new records are multiplying. The former has no doubt been confounded with H. cupressiforme var. ericetorum, which it much resembles ; it grows on most of the larger commons, often in profusion. The Sphagna are well represented. S. medium recently made known to us as a British species is abundant on Pirbright Common ; 5. molle from the same locality is perhaps our rarest bog moss, although S.fimbriatum has so far been recorded from only one locality. S. Girgensohnii has not yet been reported, but it is not unlikely to occur in one of the more elevated bogs. Instead of a single list enumerating all the species found in the county, the most interesting or characteristic mosses recorded in each watershed division are given, with, in the case of rarities, a reference to the localities. 1 . BLACKWATER. The smallest division, forming the extreme north- west of the county. The greater part is composed of Bagshot Sand with a small area of chalk at the base. The hills forming the eastern boundary are covered with heather and pine woods, and with a few bogs at the base. Aulacomnion androgynum, Schwgr. ; Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. ; Philonotis fontana, Brid. ; Brachythecium albicans, B. & S. ; Hypnum cordifolium, Hedw. 2. UPPER WEY. The southern slopes of the chalk downs form the north border of this district, and a broken ridge of high hills of Lower Greensand forming the highest land in the county lies about halfway between them and the Sussex border. To the south of this ridge extends the Weald Clay characterized by oak woods and plantations. In the west are large commons with numerous ponds, bogs and alder swamps. 52 BOTANY Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. — papillosum, Ldb. — rigidum, Schp. et vars. compactum, Schp. squarrosum, Russ. and subsquarrosum, W. — tenellum, Ehrh. ; S. subsecundum, Nees. et var. contortum, Schp. — laricinum, Spr. Leith Hill — squarrosum, Pers. ; S. acutifolium, Ehrh. S. intermedium, HofF. et vars. mucro- natum, W. et amblyphyllum, W. ; S. cuspidatum, Ehrh. et var. falcata, Russ. Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. Not uncommon and often fruiting Polytrichum formosum, Hedw. Ditrichum flexicaule, Hpe. Downs, frequent Brachyodus trichodes, Ftirnr. Blocks of sand- stone in shady places, Leith Hill; Ewhurst Dicranella rufescens, Schp. ; D. cerviculata, Schp. Fissidens crassipes, Wils. Leith Hill Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. ; Rhacomitrium canescens, Brid. Not common but plenti- ful in a few localities Acaulon muticum, C. M. Frequent Pottia caespitosa, C. M. Friable chalky ground, occurring sparingly along the downs Tortula ambigua, Angstr. Downs. T. cunei- folia, Roth. ; T. marginata, Spr. ; T. an- gustata, Wils. Barbula rubella, Mitt. ; B. cylindrica, Schp. ; B. Hornschuchiana, Schultz Weisia crispa, Mitt. Abundant on the downs. W. tortilis, C. M. Downs Encalypta Streptocarpa, Hedw. Ulota Bruchii, Hornsch. ; Orthotrichum Lyellii, H. & T. Fruiting freely Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr. Splachnum ampullaceum, L. Ephemerum serratum, var. /3 angustifolium, B. & S. Clay banks and amongst grass in meadows Aulacomnion palustre, Schwgr. c. fr. Philonotis fontana, Brid. Frequent through- out the county but in poor condition Neckera crispa, Hedw. ; N. pumila, Hedw. ; Homalia trichomanoides, Brid. c. fr. Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr. ; Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. ; Thuidium hystrico- sum, Mitt. Abundant along the downs Thuidium recognitum, Ldb. Broadmoor Bot- tom amongst Sphagna ; it is much more commonly met with in drier situations, and occurs plentifully on the downs, always however barren Cylindrothecium concinnum, Schp. Bare places on the downs Brachythecium albicans, B. & S. ; B. rivulare, B. & S. ; B. caespitosum, Dixon. Sand- stone walls, and trees by water Eurhynchium abbreviatum, Schp. Dry banks, Ewhurst ; Shiere Plagiothecium Borrerianum, Schp. IVotton. P. denticulatum, var. /9 aptychus, L. Cat. ed. 2. ; P. undulatum, B. & S. c. fr. Amblystegium varium, Ldb. ; A. irriguum, B. & S. Shiere Hypnum stellatum, var. /3 protensum, B. & S. ; H. Sommerfeltii, Myr. c. fr. — commutatum, Hedw. Rare ; Gomshall Marsh. H. scorpioides, L. Hylocomium loreum, B. & S. Rather spar- ingly distributed throughout the district 3. LOWER WEY. With the exception of the narrow strip of land forming District I., this forms the north-western section of the county. About halfway along the south boundary the chalk widens out consider- ably and is covered by extensive beech woods. Further north and west are undulating commons and low hills of Bagshot Sand. The sandstone is soft and offers no support to rock loving species. On the commons occur the most considerable bogs in the county. Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. ; S. medium, Ldb. ; S. papillosum, Ldb. ; S. rigidum, Schp. et vars. squarrosum, Russ. and sub- squarrosum, W. ; S. molle, var. /S Mttlleri, Braith. — tenellum, Ehrh. ; S. subsecundum, Nees. et var. /3 contortum, Schp. ; S. teres. S. squarrosum, Pers. ; S. acutifolium, Ehrh. et vars. rubellum, quinque- forium — fimbriatum, Wils. Pools by the canal Brookwood ; rare Sphagnum intermedium, Hoff. et vars. ambly- phyllum, W. et mucronatum, W. ; S. cuspidatum, Ehrh. et vars. falcatum, Russ., and plumosum, Nees. & H. Catharinea angustata, Brid. Buxbaumia aphylla, L. Virginia Water Dicranum undulatum, Ehrh. — Bonjeani, De Not. Leucobryum glaucum, Schp. Fruiting near Weybridge Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. Grimmia apo- carpa, Hedw. Rather rare 53 A HISTORY OF SURREY Rhacomitrium canescens, Brid. Tortula Vahliana, Wils. Barbula lurida, Ldb. Zygodon viridissimus, var. rupestris, Ldb. ; Z. Stirtoni, Schp. Dry walls, fairly com- mon Orthotrichum anomalum, var. saxatile, Milde. Splachnum ampullaceum, L. Not uncommon on the moory ground by the Basingstoke Canal Aulacomnion palustre,. Schwgr. ; A. androgy- num, Schwgr. Bryum murale, Wils. ; B. roseum, Schreb. Rare ; sandy bank, St. George's Hill Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. ; Neckera pu- mila, Hedw. ; Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr. c. fr. Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. Leptodon Smithii, Mohr. Trees and dry walls ; rare, although frequent in Kent and Sussex. Horsley Climacium dendroides, W. & M. Not a frequent inhabitant of the bogs of the county. Brtfktootd) plentiful Camptothecium lutescens, B. & S. ; Brachy- thecium glareosum, B. & S. ; B. albicans, B. & S. ; B. illecebrum, De Not. c. fr. Hypnum stellatum, Schreb. H. exannulatum, Gtimb. ; H. imponens, Hedw. Abun- dant on several moory commons — scorpioides, L. ; H. stramineum, Dicks. ; H. cordifolium, Hedw. — giganteum, Schp. Pools and marshes, rare : Brookwood 4. UPPER MOLE. This resembles District II. with however a far less extensive development of Lower Greensand which forms a much lower series of more isolated hills, well wooded and with a few bogs and alder swamps. Sphagnum papillosum, Ldb. ; S. molle, var. /3 Mulleri, Braith. Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. c. fr. ; Ditrichum homomallum, Hpe. ; Seligeria paucifolia, Carr. Dicranella varia, Schp. ; Dicranum Bonjeani, var. calcareum, Br. Fissidens exilis, Hedw. Reigate. F. incurvus, Starke. Abundant on the downs — decipiens, De Not. Frequent and often fruiting freely Phascum Flosrkeanum, W. & M. Chalky fields. Pottia bryoides, Mitt. ; P. lanceo- lata, C. M. P. caespitosa, C. M. Bare ground on the downs sparingly Tortula pusilla, Mitt. Barbula lurida, Ldb. ; B. fallax, var. /9 brevi- folia, Schultz ; B. cylindrica, Schp. ; B. vinealis, Brid. Leptodontium gemmascens, Braith. Betch- worth Weisia crispa, Mitt. ; W. multicapsularis, C. M. ; W. tenuis, C. M. RedhUl Trichostomum tortuosum, Dixon. Ephemerum recurvifolium, Ldb. Physcomitrella patens, B. & S. Buckland Bartramia ithyphylla, Brid. Near Dorking Leptobryum pyriforme, Wils. Bryum inclinatum, Bland. ; B. Donianum, Grev. ; Mnium affine, Bland. ; M. ros- tratum, Schrad. ; M. stellare, Reich. Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. Neckera crispa, var. falcata, Boul. Reigate Hill Thuidium hystricosum, Mitt. Abundant on the downs. T. recognitum, Ldb. Climacium dendroides, W. & M. ; Cylindro- thecium concinnum, Schp. Brachythecium illecebrum, De Not Eurhynchium crassinervium, B. & S. ; E. pu- milum, Schp. ; E. tenellum, var. scabrel- lum, Dixon. Trees about Dorking. E. murale, Milde. ; E. prselongum, var. /9 Stokesii, Turn. Hypnum stellatum, var. /3 protensum, B. & S. ; H. Sommerfeltii, Myr. c. fr. — imponens, Hedw. Reigate Heath ; plenti- ful. H. stramineum, Dicks 5. LOWER MOLE. The southern half of the district is almost entirely composed of chalk and exhibits the most typical scenery of that formation. Norbury Park and Box Hill are richly wooded and yield a large number of species. Further north is a broad belt of London Clay with a small outcrop of Bagshot Sand towards Cobham. Sphagnum rigidum, Schp. ; S. tenellum, Archidium alternifolium, Schp. ; Ditrichum Ehrh. ; Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. flexicaule, Hpe. ; Seligeria paucifolia, c. fr. Carr. Very common in the woods on Polytrichum nanum, Neck. ; P. aloides, the downs, growing on small stones. S. Hedw. calcarea, B. & S. 54 BOTANY Dicranum Bonjeani, var. calcareum, Braith. Leucobryum glaucum, Schp. Fissidens pusillus, Wils. Box Hill. F. in- curvus, Starke ; F. adiantoides, var. 8 collinus, Mitt. ; F. decipiens, De Not Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Not common Acaulon muticum. Frequent Pottia minutula, Furnr. ; P. lanceolata, C.M. ; Tortula marginata, Spr. ; T. mutica, Ldb. Barbula cylindrica, Schp. ; B. vinealis, Brid. ; B. sinuosa, Braith. Weisia microstoma, C.M. ; W. tortilis. Box Hill, etc. Trichostomum crispulum, Bruch. Box Hill. T. mutabile, Bruch. Box Hill — tortuosum, Dixon. Box Hill, where it becomes detached and rolling over forms a number of small completely spherical masses Pleurochaete squarrosa, Ldb. North slopes of Box Hill Cinclidotus Brebissoni, Husn. c. fr. ; Enca- lypta Streptocarpa, Hedw. Zygodon Stirtoni, Schp. Walls, frequent Orthotrichum leiocarpum, B. & S. ; O. affine, var. 8 rivale, Wils. — Sprucei, Mont. Trees by the Mole Ephemerum serratum, var. /8 angustifolium, B. &S. Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid. Mnium undulatum, L. Common, and fruit- ing freely in Norbury Park — stellare, Reich. ; M. punctatum, L. Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. ; Neckera crispa, var. falcata, Boul. Box Hill — pumila, Hedw. c. fr. ; N. complanata ; Homalia trichomanoides, Brid. Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr. ; Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. ; Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. Anomodon viticulosus, H. & T. c. fr. ; Thui- dium hystricosum, Mitt. — recognitum, Ldb. Abundant on the north slopes of the downs Cylindrothecium concinnum, Schp. ; Campto- thecium lutescens, B. & S. Brachythecium glareosum, B. & S. ; B. rivu- lare, B. & S. — caespitosum, Dixon ; B. illecebrum, De Not Eurhynchium piliferum, B. & S. Fruiting on Box Hill. E. crassinervium, B. & S. c. fr. ; E. pumilum, Schp. c. fr. ; E. tenellum, var. scabrellum, Dixon — circinatum, B. & S. Norbury Park Plagiothecium depressum, Dixon. c. fr. ; Amblystegium irriguum, B. & S. Hypnum riparium ; H. stellatum, var. /8 pro- tensum, B. & S. ; H. chrysophyllum, Brid. ; H. imponens, Hedw. ; H. Som- merfeltii, Myr. — Patientiae, Ldb. Not common, sandy places on Box Hill. H. molluscum, Hedw. c. fr. ; H. stramineum, Dicks Hylocomium loreum, B. & S. ; H. squarrosum, B. & S. (Box Hill. c. fr.) — triquetrum, B. & S. (Norbury Park. c. fr.) 6. NORTHERN STREAMS. The north-east section of the county, drained by three small rivers, consists of chalk hills in the south-east, and more or less flat country of London clay stretching away to the Thames. Near Croydon are some elevated commons of the Oldhaven series. 6A. Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. et var. ft squarrosulum, N. & H. ; S. subse- cundum, Nees. et var. B contortum, Schp. ; S. acutifolium, Ehrh. ; S. in- termedium, Hoff. ; S.cuspidatum,Ehrh. Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. ; P. alternifolium, Rab. 6u. Campylopus fragilis, B. & S. ; Fissidens exilis, Hedw. ; F. viridulus, var. Lylei, Wils. ; F. pusillus, Wils. ; F. crassipes, Wils. Kew. Acaulon muticum, C. M. Phascum cuspidatum, var. Schreberianum, Brid. Kew. Cinclidotus fontinaloides, P. Beauv. Funaria fascicularis, Schp. Kew Bryum atropurpureum, W. & M. ; Mnium affine, Bland. Kew 55 Brachythecium illecebrum, De Not ; Am- blystegium varium, Ldb. Kew Amblystegium Kochii, B. & S. Riverside, Kew Hypnum elodes, Spr. Kew. H.'palustre, L. Campylopus subulatus, Schp. Addington Hills ; dry stony ground — brevipilus, B. & S. ; Phascum curvi- colle, Ehrh. ; Leptodontiumflexifolium, Hpe. Orthotrichum Sprucei, Mont. ; Epheme- rum recurvifolium, Ldb. Near Croy- don. Thuidium hystricosum, Mitt. ; Plagiothecium undulatum, B. & S. ; H. Sommerfeltii, Myr. ; H. gigan- teum, Schp. Pool on Mitcham Common A HISTORY OF SURREY 7. EDEN. A small but interesting division, noteworthy from possessing the only outcrop of Hastings Sand. The country is very undulating with deep hollows and many little watercourses, besides large ponds. The land northwards is flatter and of Weald Clay, with the Lower Greensand and Chalk in the north. Polytrichum nanum, Neck. ; P. aloides, Hedw.; Physcomitrium sphaericum, Brid. Muddy edge Archidium alternifolium, Schp. of a pond near Felbridge Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. Copthorne Common Brachythecium salebrosum, B. & S. ; B. illece- Rhacomitrium canescens, Brid. brum, De Not Tortula rigidula, Mitt. ; Barbula vinealis, Brid. Hypnum aduncum, var. Kneiffii, Schp. ; H. Weisia rostellata, Ldb. Dried mud of a pond uncinatum, Hedw. Felbridge, c. fr. near Felbridge H. imponens, Hedw. — squarrosa, C. M. ; Orthotrichum tenellum, Bruch. 8. ARUN. Two small detached districts drained by two branches of the Arun and lying respectively one to the south of Leith Hill, and the other to the south-east of Hind Head. Orthotrichum Lyellii, H. & T. ; Neckera Eurhynchium myosuroides, Shp. ; Plagio- pumila, var Philippeana, Milde. thecium sylvaticum, B. & S. Brachythecium illecebrum, Dixon CHARACE^ This somewhat obscure group of water plants had received but little attention until the publication of Messrs. Groves' monograph led to a more general study of the order. The London Catalogue of British Plants (1895) enumerates 28 species, a number which has since been slightly increased. Eleven of these are found in Surrey. The most widely dis- tributed and, I think, the commonest Chara is C. vu/garis, which occurs in all of the districts, while C.fragilis is so far recorded from eight. C. aspera and C. hispida are each of them found in three. The rarest species, C. contraria, has been noted in two districts ; it has been gathered in the pool by the Thames below Walton bridge, and in Fetcham Mill pond (C. E. Salmon). Lycbnotbamnus stelliger was discovered in the above- mentioned pool by Walton bridge (H. & J. Groves) some years ago ; no other locality is known for it in the county. 'Tolypella intricata is con- fined to the neighbourhood of Egham, where it has occurred in several ditches. The commoner species T. glomerata, which grows on the opposite side of the Thames, near Staines, has not yet been detected. Of the genus Nitella the commonest is N. opaca, found in nine districts, but not yet noted in the Bourne Brook basin, where it doubtless occurs. N. flexilis and N. translucent are each found in six districts. There remains N. gracitis, a few fragments of which occurred mixed with a gathering of Chara fragilis collected near Kingston (G. Nicholson). Although including a few interesting species such as, more particularly, Lycb- 56 BOTANY nothamnus stelliger, the county list can scarcely be regarded as a rich one. SUMMARY OF GENERA AND SPECIES CHARA TOLYPELLA Chara fragilis, Desv. Tolypella intricata, Leonh. — aspera, Willd. NITELLA — contraria, Kuetz. Nitella gracilis, Agardh — hispida, L. — translucens, Agardh — vulgaris, L. — flexilis, Agardh LYCHNOTHAMNUS — opaca, Agardh Lychnothamnus stelliger, Braun. FRESHWATER ALG^E The county of Surrey is very rich in algae. The best gatherings can be obtained from the larger commons, the one at Thursley yielding the greater number of species. Puttenham Common is also very productive, especially General's Pond. Wherever the small carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia minor) occurs a number of interesting algae are sure to be met with, and this interesting plant occurred on both these commons accom- panied by submerged species of bog moss (Sphagnum), which latter also are good indicators of the presence of small species of algas. On Thursley Common there is also an abundance of the fine richly-coloured julaceous moss (Hypnum scorpioides) , which always indicates that algas will be prolific. A rather uncommon sedge (Rbyncospora fusca) also occurs on this common and the bog water surrounding this species never fails to be productive of algas. Among other localities which are well worth visiting by reason of their richness in these interesting plants are : Barnes Common, Bisley Common, Bolder Mere, Brockham Green to Betchworth, Chobham Com- mon and the neighbourhood, Ditton Marsh, Frensham (Devil's Jumps, bog by river Wey, the Great Pond and the Little Pond), Esher and Esher West-end Commons, Dorking, Earlswood Common, Felbridge, Hack- bridge, Mitcham Common and Grove, Putney Heath and Roehampton Lane, pond on Ranmore Common, Richmond Park, Wandsworth Common, Wimbledon Common, the canal at Woking, Whitemoor Common, Worplesdon, Witley Common, and in the south-east Blindley Heath, Crowhurst, Frogit Heath and Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood. The bluish-green algae (Myxopbyceee) are not represented as well as they would be if the county possessed some rocky hills, nevertheless the county is one of the richest in England. The reader must bear in mind that the use of the microscope is absolutely essential to the discovery even as well as to the determination of all but an extremely few of these algae. They are exceedingly pretty objects and will amply repay the attention of any investigator. Those in the following list, including a new genus to science and twenty species and varieties also new to science — no less than fifty-nine in number — were recorded for the first time in the British Isles from 57 A HISTORY OF SURREY this county in a paper by the writers which appeared in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1897.' Hormiscia subtilis, De Toni, var. tenerrima, Kirchn. Esher Common, Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common — subtilis, De Toni, var. variabilis, Kirchn. DevirsJumps(Frensham),Esher and Esher West-end Commons Microthamnion Ktitzingianum, Nag. Esher Common, Richmond Park and Puttenham Common Gonatonema Boodlei, West and G. S. West. A species new to science of a very in- teresting and rare genus ; Mitcham Common Spirogyra Spreeiana, Rabenh. Esher West-end Common — decimina, Kfitz. A distinct new variety ; Frensham Little Pond Penium subtile, West and G. S. West. A species new to science ; abundant on Thursley Common Closterium siliqua, West and G. S. West. New to science ; Esher West-end Com- mon Cosmarium Subcucumis, Schmidle. Esher West-end and Wimbledon Commons — ocellatum, B. Eichler and Gutw., var. in- crassatum, West and G. S. West. A new variety ; Thursley Common — bioculatum, Breb., var. hians, West and G. S. West. A new variety ; Putten- ham and Thursley Commons — aspherosporum, Nordst., var. strigosum, Nordst. Puttenham Common — geometricum, West and G. S. West. Puttenham Common — helcangulare, Nordst. Thursley Common — Heimerlii, West and G. S. West. Thursley Common and Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood — sphagnicolum, West and G. S. West. A species new to science ; Thursley Common — difficile, Lutkem. Thursley Common — Sinostegos, Schaarschm., var. obtusius, Gutw. Puttenham Common — Portianum, Arch., var. orthostichum, Schmidle. Puttenham Common — Nathorstii, Boldt. Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood — subbroomei, Schmidle. Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood Cosmarium Ungerianum, De Bary, var. sub- triplicatum, West and G. S. West. A new and very distinct variety of a very rare species not previously known from the British Isles ; Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood — ellipsoideum, Elfv., also its var. minus, Racib. Both on Thursley Common — subarctoum, Racib. Esher West-end Common — gonioides, West and G. S. West. Thurs- ley Common Staurastrum trachytithophorum, West and G. S. West. A species new to science ; Thursley Common — tunguscanum, Boldt. Puttenham Common — nodosum, West and G. S. West. A species new to science; Thursley Com- mon Staurastrum rostellum, Roy et Bisset, var. erostel- lum, West and G. S. West. A new and very distinct variety ; Thursley Common — tetracerum, Ralfs, var. validum, West and G. S. West. A new variety; in Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood — Heimerlianum, Lutkem., var. spinulosum, Lutkem. Thursley Common — margaritaceum, Meneg., var. subcontortum, West and G. S. West. A new variety ; DeviFs Jumps (Frensham) Arthrodesmus Incus, Hass., var. subquadratus, West and G. S. West. A new varietyi; Chobham Common Sphaerozosma vertebratum, Ralfs, var. latius, West and G. S. West. A new variety ; Esher West-end Common Hyalotheca neglecta, Racib. A rare species ; very abundant on Thursley Common Chlamydomonas Kleinii, Schmidle. Barnes, Chobham, Esher and Wimbledon Commons Dactylococcus dispar, West and G. S. West. A species new to science ; occurring on old wood at Dorking Scenedesmus granulatus, West and G. S. West. A species new to science ; Richmond Park Rhaphidium polymorphum, Fresen., var. mirabile. A very remarkable new variety ; Wimbledon Common — polymorphum, Fresen., var. tumidum. A new variety ; Puttenham Common 1 As the British Desmids and British Freshwater Algte by Mr. C. Cooke only contain a part of the species now known for Britain, the writers have also used standard works such as Bornet and Flahault's Revision des Nostocac^es Hetencystites, Gomont's Monographic des Osc'tHar'tites, as well as standard Swedish, German, Italian and Polish works ; also published works of the writers themselves, as well as using the original figures contained in such standard works as Ralfs British Desmidiea. 58 BOTANY Sclenastrum gracile, Reinsch. Puttenham Hapalosiphon intricatus, West. Puttenham Common Common Lagerheimia genevensis, Chodat. Mill Pond Lyngbya putealis, Mont. Richmond Park east of Chapel Wood — srugineo-ccerulea, Gom. Esher to Kingston Tetrafidron horridum, West and G. S. West. — versicolor, Gom. Dorking A species new to science; Puttenham Phormidium molle, Gom. Growing on Common Myriophyllum in Richmond Park Characium Pringsheimii, A. Br. Barnes and — foveolarum, Gom. In a chalk pit at Mitcham Commons Dorking Ineffigiata neglecta, West and G. S. West. — tenue, Gom. Wimbledon and Bisley Com- The genus itself is new to science ; the mans species occurs on Thursley, Esher West- Oscillatoria prolifica, Gom. Ranmore Common end and Puttenham Commons, also at in a pond Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood — simplicissima, Gom. Wimbledon Common Stichococcus dissectus, Gay. Occurs on damp — angustissima, West and G. S. West. walls about London Wimbledon Common Trochiscia aspera, Hansg. Wimbledon Common Polycystis flos-aquae, Wittr. Thursley Common — stagnalis, Hansg. Chobham Common No less than thirty species of Desmids have been found with zygospores ; this proves that the conditions and places are often suitable for their production. The total number of species which have been determined is nearly 500, in addition to which the writers have noticed several hundred species of diatoms. Batrachospermum vagum (Florideae) is a large and graceful alga which feels like frog-spawn, hence its generic name ; it can be recognized without the aid of a microscope ; it occurs at Devil's Jumps, Frensham, as well as in boggy pools at Thursley Common. Three species of Coleochcete occur — C. orbicularis at Crowhurst, C. soluta at Fren- sham and Bisley, C. scutata being more widely distributed ; the species of this genus are usually found attached to larger submerged aquatic plants. Three species of Bulbochaete occur, B. mirabilis being of the most interest, from Thursley Common. Monostroma bullosum is an uncommon species ; it occurs on Mitcham Common. So many good species of Desmids occur that it is a difficult matter to select certain of them for special mention. Penium spirostriolatum, P. curtum and P. interruptum are fine at Puttenham Common ; the last also occurs at Thursley Common, and a large form in the Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood. The charac- teristic and uncommon P. rufescens is found on Bisley Common. Other rare species of Penia are polymorphism from Chobham Common, incon- spicuum from Puttenham Common, cucurbitinum from Thursley Common, and cruciferum from Wimbledon Common. Many species of Closterium occur : Malirrvernianum at Esher West-end Common and Frensham, pseudodiance at Thursley Common, Cynthia and regulare at Puttenham Common, directum at Esher and Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood, Ralfsii var. hybridum and setaceum at Puttenham and Thursley Commons, and Ceratium on Esher and Wimbledon Commons. The genus Euastrum is well represented and the following good species are worth enumerating : affine and insigne at Chobham Common, pyramidatum, inerme, sinuosum, •ventricosum and cuneatum at Thursley Common, erosum var. notabile at Bisley Common. The rarer species of the beautiful genus Micrasterias 59 A HISTORY OF SURREY are the following : Thomasiana and mucronatum at Chobham and Thursley Commons, Americana and radiosa at the Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood, and Jenneri and angulosa at Thursley Common. The rarer species of Xanthidium that occur are : concinnum var. Boldtianum at Thursley Common, and Smithii var. -variabile at Devil's Jumps, Frensham. The large genus Cosmarium is represented by no less than ninety-eight species ; the follow- ing are a few of the rarer ones : Ralfsii on Chobham Common, pachyder- mum at Mitcham Common and at Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood, subtumidum at Devil's Jumps, Frensham, isthmium, Gregorii, fontigenum and succisum on Puttenham Common, inconspicuum on Mitcham Common, Quasillus at Esher West-end and Wimbledon Commons, quinarium, pygmceum and Broomei at Mill Pond east of Chapel Wood, Blyttii and Regnellii at Bisley Common, truncatellum on Chobham Common, subcren- atum at Witley Common, eboracense at Richmond Park, Nymannianum, cristatum, ortbostichum, margaritatum (most abundant), amasnum, cymatonoto- pborum, sphagnicolum, pseudoprotuberans, elegantissimum, nitidulum and vario- latum at Thursley Common. The large genus Staurastrum is also well represented, the following being some of the rarer ones : glabrum on Bisley Common, O'Mearii on Thursley and Puttenham Commons, incon- spicuum and sibiricum at Devil's Jumps, Frensham, turgescens at Wimbledon Common, sexcostatum at Esher West-end Common, oxyacanthum, pseudo- sebaldi, asperum, corniculatum, pachyrbynchum, subpygmceum, lanceolatum and brevispinum at Thursley Common, iotanum, micron and tunguscanum at Puttenham Common. Tetragonium lacustre is only known from Esher Common ; Ccelastrumverrucosum also occurs at Esher Common. Pedias- trum glanduliferum is very fine at Bisley. Scenedesmus antennatus is abundant on Puttenham Common and Rbaphidium convolutum occurs in Richmond Park. TetraSdron tetragonum occurs in Ditton Marsh and Dimorpbococcus lunatus with Dasyglasa amorpba and Gloiotrichia pisum are found on Thursley Common. Scytonema figuratum is found on Esher West-end Common. Cbroococcus pallidus, Glceothece confluent and G. linearis occur on Thursley Common. The student who may continue the investigation of the algae of the county will find plenty of work to do, some districts not having been visited at all and others only at certain times of the year. LICHENS (Licbenes] Lichens flourish only where there is a moist atmosphere and full exposure to sun and pure air. They are therefore very rarely seen in the neighbourhood of smoky cities, almost the only species known to exist in the Surrey suburbs of London being Lecanora galactina, which, with the sub-species dissipata, occur in the Crystal Palace grounds ; and Urceolaria scruposa, which has been found in Kew Gardens. But as a rule until a distance of ten or fifteen miles from London is reached, it is only a waste of time to search for well developed lichens, the thallus in a more or less undeveloped state being alone met with. Lichens are there- 60 BOTANY fore indicative of pure and moist air. In the eastern counties of England, where the atmosphere is drier, they are by no means so numerous as in the moister air of the western and southern counties. Surrey is probably rich in species growing in woodlands and on walls, in those found on heaths and on flint stones and chalk, but as the students of lichenology in this county have been extremely few and their researches have been confined to a very few localities, chiefly the tract of country between Guildford and Dorking and the neighbourhood of Esher, the number of species recorded is comparatively small. Never- theless a few rare species have been met with. Of these may be mentioned Lecidea spododes and L. Ntege/ii, found by Dr. Capron at Shiere ; L. lubens, found by the Rev. J. M. Crombie at Shiere ; also Verrucaria sfarsu/a, found by Mr. W. Joshua at Dorking, the last three not having been found recorded from elsewhere in Great Britain, al- though L. Nagelii has also been found in Ireland. There are thus two species apparently peculiar to Surrey, although it is of course possible they may subsequently be found in other counties. Another very rare species also found by Dr. Capron at Shiere is Opegrapha prosodea, which has also been recorded from Jersey, but from nowhere else in Britain than in Surrey. The list of lichens hitherto found in the county is nevertheless a very small one : but as it is somewhat mixed in character, containing some comparatively rare and other very common species, whilst a large number of common species have never been recorded that would almost certainly reward a careful search, a full list is here given, so far as county records are obtainable. The most recent work on British lichens, by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, being incomplete, the previous work, by the Rev. W. A. Leigh ton, The Lichen Flora of Great Britain (3rd edit.), has been followed both as to classification and nomenclature except in those cases in which new species have been discovered since Leighton's work was published. In such cases Crombie's work has been followed. My own initials are only given after species not mentioned in either of these works as occurring in Surrey, and are therefore more recent records. The initials 'J. M. C.' indicate that the species are mentioned in his work without the name of the finder, but the specimens have not necessarily been found by himself, the list of localities given in his work referring to specimens in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the British Museum. The initials ' W. B.' refer to William Borrer late of Henfield ; < W. J.' to William Joshua late of Cirencester ; and ' E. C.' to Dr. E. Capron of Shiere. COLLEMACEI (Jelly Lichens) COLLKMEI (continued)— COLLEMEI Collema limosum, Ach. Croydon (E. M. H.) Collema pulposum, Bernh. Reigate — granuliferum, Nyl. Headley Lane (J. M. C.) (E. M. H.) var. ceranoides, Borr. Shiere Leptogium microphyllum, Ach. Ockley (J. M. C.) Green (W. B.) var. tenax, Ach. Reigate (J. M. C.) — cretaceum, Sm. Reigate (W. J.) 61 A HISTORY OF SURREY COLLEMEI (continued) — Leptogium pusillum, Nyl. Shiere (J. M. C.) — lacerum, Ach. Godalming (W. B.) var. pulvinatum, Hffm.\ Shiere — subtile, Schad. J (J. M. C.) — fragrans, Sm. Surrey (W. B.) — palmatum, Huds. Cobham (W. B.) — turgidum, Ach. Reigate ; Shiere (J. M. C.) — Schraderi, Bernh. Shiere (E. M. H.) Collemopsis Schcereri, Mass. \ Shiere — Arnoldiana, Nyl. J (J. M. C.) Pyrenidium actinellum, Nyl. Box Hill (J. M. C.) ; Shiere (E. M. H.) LICHENACEI (Ordinary Lichens) CALICIEI Sphinctrina turbinata, Pers. Shiere (J. M. C.) Calicium aciculare, Sm. Esher (J. M. C). — trichiale, Ach., var. ferrugineum, Borr. Reigate (J. M. C.) var. brunneolum, Ach. Dorking (W. J.) — melanophaeum, Ach. Leith Hill (W. J.) — hyperellum, Ach. Shiere (E. M. H.) — quercinum, Pers., var. lenticulare, Nyl. Shiere (J. M. C.) — curtum, Borr. Shiere (J. M. C.) Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach. Shiere (E.M.H.) Trachylia stigonella, Fr. Shiere (J. M. C.) BCEOMYCKI Bceomyces rufus, DC. Haslemere (E. M. H.) — roseus, Pers. Ewhurst (E. M. H.) CLADONIEI Cladonia endiviaefolia, Fr. Surrey (Mr. Dickson), Shiere (E. M. H.) — pungens, Flk. Esher (W. B.) f. foliosa, Flk. Shiere (J. M. C.) sub-sp. muricata, Cromb. Shiere a- M. c.) — pyxidata, Fr., var. chlorophaea, Flk. Leith Hi/I (J. M. C.) — fimbriata, Fr. Darting (J. M. C.) — Floerkeana, Fr., f. trachypoda, Nyl. Leith Hill (W. J.) Cladina uncialis, Hffm. Reigate (J. M. C.) f. adunca, Cromb. Esher (J. M. C.) USNEI Usnea florida, L., f. rubiginea, Ach. Al- bury (E. M. H.) RAMALINEI Evernia prunastri, L. Shiere (J. M. C.) ; Albury, in fruit (E. M. H.) Ramalina farinacea, L.) , - pollinaria, Ach. I-ShS"i N — evernioides, Nyl. ) I*" M' H') CETRARIEI Cetraria aculeata, Fr. Reigate (J. M. C.) PARMELIEI Parmelia caperata, L. r T T , , , Leatherhead — tiliacea, Ach., var. rugosula, Leight. Esher (W. B.) ; Dorking (W. Jenner) — Borreri, Turn. 1 c, . /1? -,, ,-, > .,.' T \ Shiere (E. M. H.) — saxatihs, L. J — subaurifera, Nyl. Tooting (J. M. C.) Physcia parietina, L. var. lychnea, Ach.J — ciliaris, L. Darting (J. M. C.) — pulverulenta, Schreb. — obscura, Ehrh. Shiere — stellaris, L., var. /8 leptalea (E. M. H.) var. tenella, Scop. var. caesia, HfFm. Richmond House (J. M. C.) — aipolia, Nyl., var. cercidia, Nyl. Rei- gate (J. M. C.) LECANO-LECIDEII Pannaria nigra, Nyl Squamana saxicola, roll. Placodium murorum, HfFm. Leatherhead (E. M. H.) — citrinum, Ach. Leatherhead (SL. M. H.) Lecanora vitellina, Ach. Haslemere (E. M. H.) — glaucocarpa, Whlnb., f. pruinosa, Sm. Shiere (J. M. C.) — varia, Ehrh. Shiere (J. M. C.) - Syringea,Ach. } s^Vr, (E. M. H.) — comzaea, Nyl. J — atra (Huds.) Reigate (J. M. C.) — expallens, Ach. Shiere (E. C.) — subfusca, L. 1 01- /T? i\/i u \ r „ \Shiere (L. M. H.) f. rugosa, PersJ f. intumescens, Rabenh. Shiere (J. M. C.) f. chlarona, Ach. Shiere (J. M. C.) — urbana, Nyl. Dorking (J. M. C.) — galactina, Ach., sub-sp. dissipata, Nyl. Crystal Palace grounds (J. M. C.) — parella, L., f. Turneri, Sm. Shiere (E. M. H.) ; Holmwood (J. M. C.) — rupestris, Scop., f. calva, Dicks. Reigate (J. M. C.) — irrubata, Nyl. Shiere (J. M. C.) — ferruginea, Huds. Shiere (E. M. H.) — hzematomma, Ehrh. On trees, Albury, with very young apothecia (E. M. H.) Pertusaria multipunctata, Turn. Shiere (J. M. C.) — communis, DC. Shiere (J. M. C.) — melaleuca, Sm. Shiere (E. C.) — fallax, Pers. Ockham (W. B.) — lutescens, Lamy. Ockham (J. M. C.) — faginea, L. Shiere (E. M. H.) — velata, Turn., f. aspergilla, Cromb. Shiere (J. M. C.) 62 BOTANY LECANO-LECIDEII (continued] — LECANO-LECIDEII (continued] — Pertusaria globulifera, Turn. ) Shiere Lecidea effusa, Sm., var. caesiopruinosa, Phlyctis agelaea, Ach. J (J. M. C.) Mudd. Shiere (E. C.) — argena, Ach. Hademere (J. M. C.) — tantilla, Nyl. Reigate (W. J.) Urceolaria scruposa, L. Kew Gardens GRAPHIDEI (J. M. C.), Leatherhead (E. M. H.) Graphis inusta, Ach. Shiere (E. M. H.) Lecidea ostreata, Hffm. \ ^•ere (£ M H ) Opegrapha herpetica, Ach. Shiere (E. C.) — lucida, Ach. / * ' — varia, Pers., f. tigrina, Ach. Coulsdon — spododes, Nyl.l p, . /T r> \ (W. B.) L- -o [ Shiere (E. C.) * , ' , „,. ,„ _, . — dubia, Borr. i — prosodea, Ach. Shiere (E. C.) — quernea, Dicks. Shiere (E. M. H.) — viridis, Pers. \ Sturt — canescens, Dicks. Leatherhead (E.M.H.) Arthonia astroidea, Ach. / (E. M. H.) — Lightfootii, Sm. Reigate (W. J.) ; PYRENOCARPEI Hademere (E. M. H.) Normandina laetevirens, Turn., Borr. Esher — denigrata, Fr. Esher (W. B.) (Mr. Turner) — cyrtella, Ach. Shiere (E. C.) Endocarpon hepaticum, Ach. Croydon — Caradocensis, Leight. Wonham (W. J.) (Mr. Dixon) — Naegelii, Hepp. Shiere (E. C.) Verrucaria margacea, Whlnb. Hindhead, — aromatica, Sm. Leatherhead (E. M. H.) and near Abinger (W. B.) — milliaria, L., f. saxigena, Leight. Leith — sparsula, Nyl. Dorking (W. J.), Gams- Hill (W. J.) tall (E. M. H.) — sabuletorum, Flk. •» „, . /jr p \ — punctiformis, Ach. Shiere (W. C.) — endoleuca, Nyl. I v — olivacea, Borr. Shiere (E. C.) — lubens, Nyl. Shier? (]. M. C.) — nitida, Weig. -) Leatherhead — muscorum, Sm. Shiere (E. M. H.) — rupestris, Schrad. J (E. M. H.) It will be observed from the above list that the Surrey lichen-flora is richest, so far as it has been investigated, in those species which are found on old trees and palings, and in the jelly lichens found in chalky districts, whilst those growing on sandstone rocks and limestone walls are comparatively few in number. The genus Cladonia is represented only by a few species. There can be hardly any doubt that when the damp heaths so numerous in the county and the stony districts of the Upper and Lower Greensand have been more thoroughly explored, the list of species might be very considerably extended. Sub-alpine lichens are practically not represented at all in Surrey, probably owing to the absence of suitable localities. In the neighbouring county of Kent these species are chiefly confined to the sea beach at Lydd, where many lichens common to mountainous or sub-alpine and maritime districts occur. The exploration of parks and woods containing very old trees would probably also add a considerable number of species, as well as the stony southern sides of the high hills overlooking the weald, as at Leith Hill, Ewhurst and Black Down. THE FUNGI The occurrence of fungi in any given locality depends almost entirely on the relative abundance of the higher forms of plant life, since it is on these latter that the fungi are dependent for food ; some kinds, as rusts, mildews, smuts and bunts, attack living plants, causing in many instances serious injury when they appear as a widespread epidemic on cultivated 63 A HISTORY OF SURREY plants. Others again, as illustrated by the numerous forms of fungi popularly known as toadstools, derive their food from dead wood or decaying vegetable matter. The common mushroom and other kinds that grow in the ground might be supposed to obtain their food directly from the soil as flowering plants do. This however is not the case ; the spawn or mycelium of all such fungi derive their food from decaying vegetable matter present in the soil. Just about five thousand different kinds of fungi are natives of Britain and out of these two thousand have been found in Surrey. This number, although higher than that for any other equal area in Britain or probably elsewhere, does not necessarily prove that the fungus flora of Surrey is exceptionally rich but simply that one particular portion of the county has been thoroughly investigated. This portion is the Royal Gardens, Kew, where continuous attention has been paid to the fungi for many years past. The Gardens have an area of about three hundred acres, and in 1897 a list of the fungi was published which included 1,340 species (Kew Bulletin, April, 1897). Since the above publication some hundreds of species have been added to the list, hence after deducting 1 50 foreign species introduced along with exotic plants the number of native species is enormously in excess of any published record for a similar area. The latticed stinkhorn (Clatbrus cancellatus) is undoubtedly the most interesting fungus met with in the county, not only on account of its quaint form, beautiful colour and most abominable smell, but more especially as being along with two other commoner British species the outlying representatives of one of the most highly organized groups of fungi characteristic of tropical regions. In the vast majority of fungi the spores or reproductive bodies are dispersed by wind, but in the group under consideration (Phalloidea) the spores are produced on a body which at maturity dissolves into a dripping slimy exceedingly foetid mass possessing an intensely sweet taste and is much appreciated as food by blue-bottles and other flies which visit the plants in myriads, being attracted by the widespread penetrating smell and brilliant colour of the fungus. The spores after passing through the body of an insect germinate readily, and those that are deposited in a suitable locality give origin to a fungus in due course. The development of the fungus takes place underground, where at a certain stage it resembles in shape and size a hen's egg, feeling rather soft and elastic. When the spores are mature the egg-like structure bursts irregularly at the top and a hollow sphere bounded by an irregular network of a bright red colour and varying from two to four inches in diameter appears above ground. The foetid mass of greenish slime containing the spores is spread over the latticed sphere. It is interesting to note that the combination of smell and colour utilized by many flower- ing plants for the purpose of attracting insects to secure cross-fertilization should also be employed by certain fungi as an indirect aid in spore dispersion. Tremellodon ge/atinosum, Pers., another very remarkable fungus and 64 BOTANY so rare everywhere that no provincial name has been assigned to it, is confined so far as is known to one locality on Paul's Cray Common near Chislehurst. The entire substance of the fungus consists of a nearly colourless quaking jelly-like mass having just sufficient consistency to retain its form, which is tongue-shaped and covered on the under surface with pointed spines. No other county in England can boast of so many species belonging to the beautiful genus Russula — fifty-five out of a total of sixty-one British species. All grow on the ground and are distinguished by the stout smooth stem and rigid white or yellow gills ; the cap is usually bright-coloured — crimson, purple, yellow and green being the prevailing tints. During early autumn members of the genus Boletus command attention owing to their large size and brilliant colour. Seen growing the species might be mistaken for gill-bearing fungi, but on examination it will be found that instead of gills the under surface of the cap is furnished with myriads of small holes or tubes in which the spores are produced. In many kinds of Boletus the colourless flesh of the cap changes instantly to a deep blue when broken. Edible fungi are abundant. At least thirty different kinds perfectly safe to eat and each possessing its own peculiar taste and aroma have been tested. Among these the parasol mushroom (Lepiota procera) is perhaps most frequent and most easily recognized. The general appearance of the fungus is that of a parasol ; stem slender, five to eight inches high, furnished with a loose ring or collar ; cap six to ten inches across, rather scaly ; gills white. The horn of plenty (Craterellus cornucopioides] is a quaint fungus blackish in colour, thin and rather gelatinous, funnel-shaped, usually growing in clusters and delicious when properly cooked. The edible boletus (Boletus edulis) has a cap corresponding in size and colour to a penny bun, supported on a stout stem ornamented with a delicate network of raised lines. Poisonous fungi are not lacking. The death-cup (A manita phalloides) is probably responsible for at least ninety per cent, of the deaths due to fungus-poisoning both in this country and on the continent. It is an elegant fungus and entirely devoid of any objectionable taste or smell ; the stem is slender, three to five inches long and inserted at the base into a sheath or volva with a loose broken margin ; gills white ; cap three to four inches across, whitish or pale primrose-yellow. Parasitic fungi, many of which prove very destructive to cultivated plants, are unfortunately too abundant. The leaf blotch (Rhytisma aceri- num), forming large black patches on the living leaves of sycamores and maples, is generally present. Coral spot (Nectria cinnabarina) , very common on decaying branches of various trees, is recognized by forming numerous small wart-like bodies of a clear coral-red colour; these warts are the fruit of the fungus, which bursts through the bark after the branch has been killed by the mycelium. Apple tree canker is caused by a closely related parasite (Nectria ditissima)^ and the minute bright red pustules of the fungus may be found nestling in the crevices of the cankered parts of i 65 F A HISTORY OF SURREY the branch. Rose mildew (Spbarotbeca pannosa), forming delicate white cottony patches on the living leaves, young shoots and sometimes also on the fruit of both wild and cultivated roses, is everywhere common. The following list includes many rare and interesting species. Those preceded by an asterisk (*) were first observed in Surrey and many have not yet been recorded as occurring outside the county. BASIDIOMYCETES HYMENOMYCETES Collybia protracta, Fries — prolixa, Fries (The arrangement in Massee s Bntub Fungus Fkra M a lianthi Frjes lsad°Pted> - lineata, Bull. Amanita virosa, Fries — polygramma, Bull. — mappa, Batsch. * — dissiliens, Fries — phalloides, Fries — atro-cyanea, Batsch. — muscaria, Linn. — ammoniaca, Fries — pantherina, DC. — metata, Fries — spissa, Fries — vitrea, Fries Lepiota excoriata, Schaeff. — rubro-marginata, Fries — leucothites, Vitt. — elegans, Pers. — badhami, B. and Br. . — haematopoda, Fries * — emplastra, Cke. and Mass. — vitilis, Fries — caepistipes, Sow. — tenella, Fries — carcharia, Pers. — consimile, Cke. — felina, Pers. — tenerrima, Berk. *Armillaria citri, Inzeg. — discopoda, Pers. Tricholoma portentosum, Fries — hiemale, Osbeck — imbricatum, Fries — stylobates, Pers. — ionides, Bull. Omphalia rustica, Pers. — carneum, Bull. — muralis, Sow. — album, Schaeff. — infumata, B. and Br. * — duracinum, Cke. — sphagnicola, B. and Br. * — pes-caprae, Schaeff. — retosta, Fries * — circumtectum, Cke. and Mass. — griseo-pallida, Desm. * — tenuiceps, Cke. and Mass. — campanella, Batsch. * — russula, Schaeff. — fibula, Bull. * — subpulverulentum, Fries var. swartzii, Fries — cuneifolium, Fries Pleurotus salignus, Fries Clitocybe odorus, Fries — limpidus, Fries — dealbatus, Pers. — tremulus, Schaeff. — tornatus, Fries — acerinus, Fries — gilvus, Fries — acerosus, Fries — lobatus, Sow. — algidus, Fries — fumosus, Pers. — chioneus, Pers. — inversus, Scop. * — sapidus, Kalchbr. — pruinosus, Fries Hygrophorus aureus, Arrh. Laccaria bella, Pers. — mesotephrus, B. and Br. *Collybia distorta, Fries — livido-albus, B. and Br. — stipitaria, Fries — fornicatus, Fries — tuberosa, Bull. — distans, Berk. — nitellina, Fries — clarkii, B. and Br. — esculenta, Fries — irrigatus, B. and Br. — tenacella, Pers. — calyptraeformis, Berk. — aquosa, Fries Lactarius controversus, Pers, — ocellata, Fries — pubescens, Schrad. — rancida, Fries — quietus, Fries — ambusta, Fries — aurantiacus, Fries 66 Lactarius glyciosmus, Fries — camphoratus, Bull. •Russula albo-nigra, Kromb. * — densifolia, Gillet * — mustelina, Fries * — olivascens, Fries — rosacea, Fries * — maculata, Qu£let — sardonia, Fries — purpurea, Fries — lactea, Fries — cutefracta, Cke. — linnaei, Fries — olivacea, SchaefF. * — serotina, Quelet * — lilacea, Quelet — galochroa, Bull. — expallens, Gillet * — elegans, Bres. * — fingibilis, Britz. * — granulosa, Cke. * — aeruginea, Fries — citrina, Gillet * — punctata, Gillet — veternosa, Fries *— barlas, Qudlet * — armeniaca, Cke. * — chamaeleontina, Fries Cantharellus lobatus, Fries — infundibuliformis, Fries Nyctalis asterophora, Fries Marasmius urens, Fries — prasiosmus, Fries — erythropus, Fries — archyropus, Fries — alliaceus, Jacq. — hudsoni, Pers. Lentinus tigrinus, Fries — cochleatus, Fries Volvaria bombycina, SchaefF. — temperata, B. and Br. — speciosa, Fries Entoloma rhodopolium, Fries — jubatum, Fries Clitopilus cancrinus, Fries — carneo-albus, Wither. Leptonia anatina, Lasch. — chloropolia, Fries Nolanea mammosa, Fries Eccilia acuus, W. G. Sm. — rhodocylyx, Lasch. Claudopus depluens, Batsch. Pholiota erebia, Fries — dura, Bolt. — aegerita, Fries — spectabilis, Fries Inocybe incarnata, Bres. * — fasciata, Cke. and Mass. — bongardii, Weinm. — asterospora, Quelet BOTANY Inocybe perbrevis, Weinm. — scabella, Fries Hebeloma firmum, Fries — claviceps, Fries — longicandum, Pers. *Flammula purpurata, Cke. and Mass. — gymnopodia, Bull. — lenta, Pers. Naucoria hamadrya, Fries — striaepes, Cke. — tabacina, DC. Galera hypnorum, Batsch. Tubaria crobula, Fries Cortinarius carulescens, Fries — glaucopus, Fries — mucifluus, Fries — castaneus, Fries *Paxillus orcelloides, Cke. and Mass. — leptopus, Fries Agaricus augustus, Fries — comptulus, Fries * — sagatus, Fries Stropharia thrausta, Kalchbr. Hypholoma epixanthum, Fries — catarium, Fries — . osdipus, Cke. Psilocybe spadicea, SchaefF. — sarcocephala, Fries Psathyra semivestita, B. and Br. Panaeolus egregius, Mass. Psathyrella hiascens, Fries Coprinus soboliferus, Fries — fimetarius, Fries * — tardus, Karsten * — tuberosus, Quelet — hendersonii, Berk. — lagopus, Fries POLYPORE.S *Boletus elegans, Schum. — subtomentosus, Linn. — impolitus, Fries * — fulvidus, Fries — castaneus, Fries — spadiceus, Fries * — radicans, Pers. — duriusculus, Schulzer — bovinus, Linn. * — tenuipes, Cke. * — regius, Krombh. — purpureus, Fries — rubinus, W. G. Sm. — laricinus, Berk. * — caespitosus, Mass. Polyporus rufescens, Fries — picipes, Fries — giganteus, Fries — dryadeus, Fries — chioneus, Fries — caesius, Fries — armeniacus, Berk. 67 A HISTORY OF SURREY Fomes lucidus, Fries — connatus, Fries — nigricans, Fries — fraxineus, Fries — ferruginosus, Mass. Polystictus perennis, Fries — abietinus, Fries Poria blepharistoma, B. and Br. — medulla-panis, Fries Trametes serpens, Fries Daedalea quercina, Pers. — unicolor, Fries Merulius lacrymans, Fries — tremellosus, Schrad. HYDNE.S: Hydnum viride, Fries — weinmannii, Fries — niveum, Pers. — alutaceum, Fries Caldesiella ferruginosa, Sacc. Irpex fusco-violaceus, Fries Radulum orbiculare, Fries Phlebia vaga, Fries — radiata, Fries — merismioides, Fries Grandinia granulosa, Fries Odontia fimbriata, Pers. KneifEa setigera, Fries THELEPHORE^ Solenia fasciculata, Pers. Cyphella capula, Fries Craterellus cornucopioides, Pers. Stereum sanguinolentum, Fries Corticium coeruleum, Fries * — roseolum, Mass. «— lycii, Cke. Hymenochaete tabacina, LeV. * — leonina, B. and Curt. *Peniophora pezizoides, Mass. — phyllophila, Mass. * — terrestris, Mass. Soppittiella cristata, Mass. Thelephora caryophyllea, Pers. *Coniophora incrustans, Mass. — pulverulenta, Mass. CLAVARIE^E Clavaria kewensis, Mass. — fusiformis, Sow. — uncialis, Grev. Typhula erythropus, Fries Pistillaria micans, Fries DACRYOMYCET^ Dacryomyces succineus, Fries Ditiola radicata, Fries Calocera striata, Fries TREMELLINE.S: Tremella tubercularia, Berk. Ulocolla saccharina, Bref. Tremellodon gelatinosum, Pers. AURICULARLS Hirneola auricula-judae, Berk. GASTROMYCETES PHALLOIDE^: Mutinus caninus, Fries Clathrus cancellatus, Fries LYCOPERDE.S: Lycoperdon echinatum, Pers. * — atropurpureum, Vitt. *Bovista ovalispora, Mass. NIDULARIE.S Cyathus striatus, HofFm. Crucibulum vulgare, Tul. Nidularia pisiformis, Tul. Sphaerobolus stellatus, Tode. *Thelebolus terrestris, Tode. ASCOMYCETES PYRENOMYCETES (Arranged according to Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum) ERYSIPHE/E Podosphaera tridactyla, D. By. *Uncinula bivonae, LeV. — spiralis, B. and Cke. HYPOCRE.S: Cordyceps militaris, Link. Nectria aquifolii, Fries — mammoidea, Plow. XYLARIE.S Xylaria carpophila, Fries — vaporaria, Berk. DIATRYPE^ Diatrype brassicas, Cke, Valsa stellulata, Fries — ailanthi, Sacc. — hippocastani, Cke. Fenestella salicis, Rehm. EUTYP.S: Eutypa flavo-virens, Tul. Diaporthe ryckholtii, West. SORDARLS Sordaria fimicola, Rob. * — anserina, Hans. *Delitschia insignis, Mout. *Sporormia ovina, Desm. CRYPTOSPH^RIE^: Endophlaea sphingiophora, Oud. Lasstadia veneta, Sacc. and Speg. BOTANY DISCOMYCETES (Arranged according to Massee's Fungus Flora) HELVELLE.S Morchella crassipes, Pers. — smithiana, Cke. Mitrophora gigas, LeV. Vibrissea guernisaci, Crouan PEZIZEJE Acetabula vulgaris, Fckl. Peziza ampliata, Pers. Humaria chateri, W. G. Sm. * — nicholsonii, Mass. — violacea, Sacc. *Dasyscypha vitriola, Mass. *Chlorosplenium discoideum, Mass. *Helotium renisporum, Ellis *Mollisia melaleuca, Sacc. ASCOBOLE/E *Ascobolus asininus, Mass. * — masseei, Sacc. Saccobolus violascens, Bond. * — tetraspora, Mass, and Salm. *Ascophanus rhyparobioides, Hiem. HYPHOMYCETES *Monilia pruinosa, Cke. and Mass. *Oidium farinosum, Cke. * — erumpens, Cke. and Mass. * — pactolinum, Cke. *CEdocephalum sulphureum, Cke. and Mass. *Rhinotrichum niveum, Cke. and Mass. *Botrytis croci, Cke. and Mass. * — corolligena, Cke. and Mass. 69 ZOOLOGY MOLLUSCS Although Surrey has not been so well, or so systematically, worked as some other English counties, 103 species have been recorded out of the 139 known to inhabit the British Islands. Several more, especially slugs, will doubtless be found when thorough search is made, but so far the principal records are a series of -papers by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell in the Zoologist for 1885, so that further and more extended observations remain to be made. The assemblage presents an average British facies, with the addition of two or three forms of interest. Thus the occurrence of Helicella car- tustana, if established, is noteworthy, since this is rather a costal species. More interesting still is the discovery near Mickleham of a colony of the cheese snail (Helicodonta obvoluta), and probably more may yet be met with in other places along the North Downs, where it should be sought for in beech woods. Surrey is distinctly the home of the Roman snail (Helix pomatia] , its headquarters being the great escarpment of the North Downs. Its English name is inappropriate, since it has been found in deposits of pre-Roman age near Reigate, and was consequently not introduced by the Romans as formerly supposed. Yet more unfortunate is its other trivial name of 'apple snail,' derived from a mistaken translation of its specific name, pomatia^ which was given because in winter the animal closes the mouth of its shell by secreting a chalky lid (Trm/xa) or trapdoor. The Royal Gardens at Kew have furnished some introduced forms, such as Subulina octona from the West Indies, Physa acuta from southern Europe, and Vitrea lucida, which last however may yet prove indigenous in the county, since it occurs on the other side of the Thames at Isle- worth. A. GASTROPODA I. PULMONATA Limax arborum, Bouch. -Chant. Aeriolimax agrestis (Linn.) a. STYLOMMATOPHORA Barnes Testacella haliotidea, Drap. Nutfield Priory Amalia sowerbii (Fer.) in company with the next species ; Vitrina pellucida (Mttll.) Sutton Common Vitrea crystallina (Mull.) — scutulum, Sby. Nutfield Priory ; Syden- — lucida (Drap.) ham ; Croydon, etc. — alliaria (Miller). Barnes Common Limax maximus, Linn. — glabra (Brit. Auct.) — flavw, Linn. — allaria (Mull.) 71 A HISTORY OF SURREY Vitrea nitidula (Drap.) — pura (Aid.) — radiatula (Aid.) — excavata (Bean). Copthorne Common (E. Saunders) — nitida (Mull.). Barnes — fulva (Mull.). Haslemere Arion ater (Linn.) — hortensis, Fdr. Punctum pygmeeum (Drap.) Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.). Mickleham — rotundata (Moll.) Helkella virgata (Da C.) — itala (Linn.) — caperata (Mont.) — cantiana (Mont.) — cartusiana (Mull.). Banstead Downs (Cooper) Hygromia granulata (Aid.). Reigate ; Limps- field — hispida (Linn.) — rufescens (Penn.) Acanthinula aculeata (Mtill.) Croydon, etc. Valhnia pulchella (Mttll.) Helicodonta obvoluta (Mull). Norbury Park, near Mickleham [dead specimens]. One reversed example said to have come from Mitcham, but more prob- ably also from Mickleham Helicigona lapicida (Linn.) — arbustorum (Linn.) Helix aspersa, Mull. — pomatiaj Linn. — nemoralis, Linn. — hortensis, Mtlll. Buliminus montanm (Drap.). Near Godalming (H. W. Kidd) ; also in a holocene deposit at Reigate — obscurm (Mall.) Cochlicopa lubrica (Mail.) Azeca tridens (Pult.). Between Reigate and Dorking Calianella acicula (Mull.). Barnes Common ; Epsom Pupa cylindracea (Da C.) — muscorum (Linn.) Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.). Barnes — substriata (Jeff.). Redhill (E. Saunders) — pygrmea (Drap.). Near Oxtead — pusi/la, Mull. Reigate (E. Saunders) Vertigo angustior, Jeff. Battersea Fields (Ste- phens) Balea perversa (Linn.) C/ausi/ia laminata (Mont.) — bidentata (StrSm.) — biplicata (Mont.). Putney, near the banks of the Thames — rolphii, Gray. Between Reigate and Dorking Succinea putris (Linn.). In addition to the type, which is common, a variety that has been described as a separate species under the name of 5. virescens has been met with at Mitcham and Twickenham — elegans, Risso b. BASOMMATOPHORA Carychium minimum, Mtlll. Ancylus flwviatilis, Mttll. Barnes Limneea auricularia (Linn.) — pereger (Mull.) — palustris (Mull.) — truncatula (Mall.) — stagnalis (Linn.) — glabra (Mall.). Battersea (Cooper) Amphipeplea glutinosa (Mull.). Barnes Planorbis corneus (Linn.) — albus, Mall. — glaber, Jeff. — nautileus (Linn.). Tooting ; Bookham Common — carinatus, Mail. Kew — marginatus, Drap. — vortex (Linn.) — spirorbis, Mttll. — cantor tus (Linn.) — fontanus (Lightf.). Kew — Kneatus (Walker). Barnes Common Physa fintinalis (Linn.) — bypnorum (Linn.) II. PROSOBRANCHIATA Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.) — leachii (Shepp.) Vivipara vivipara (Linn.). Guildford, etc. Valvata piscinalis (Mttll.) — cristata, Mttll. Pomatias elegans (Mttll.) Acicula lineata (Drap.). Gatton ; Battersea (Cooper) Neritina fluviatilis (Linn.) B. PELECYPODA Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.) \ p • TTT Sphterium male (F^r.) Unio pictorum_(Linn.)_ JJ _ laaatrt (Mall.). Guildford Pisidium amnicum (Mttll.). Nutfield — pusillum (Gmel.) — fontinale (Drap.) — tumidus, Retz. Basingstoke Canal Anodonta cygn&a (Linn.) Spbierium r'micola (Leach). River Wey — corneum (Linn.) — milium (Held.) 72 INSECTS' A comparatively small county like Surrey, some considerable part of which is absorbed by south London and the suburbs, cannot of course be expected to have an insect fauna equal to any one of the adjoining counties of Hampshire, Sussex or Kent, each of which has not only a much larger acreage but an extensive coast line. Whilst making allowance for the size of the county as compared with that of any one of those just named, the suburban character of the north-eastern portion of it, and the absence of sea coast and conse- quently of all maritime species, it must be confessed that considering the varied geological formations of Surrey and the great extent of its heaths and woodlands, the number of species in one or two orders is smaller than would be expected, the Rhopalocera (Butterflies) being especially poorly represented.* It is believed that no other county in England of similar size possesses anything approaching the extent of wooded common land and heaths, and in proportion to its acreage Surrey includes more wasteland than Yorkshire. ORTHOPTERA Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers and Crickets The list of Orthoptera known to have been taken in Surrey is very meagre ; in fact only the generally distributed forms occur, with a very few of the more restricted species. This may possibly be due to want of observation, for several good collecting grounds are within the borders of the county. The fact remains however that the list compares very unfavourably with that of Hants or of Kent. Such a rarity as Decticus verrucivorus, L., the Wartbiter, has occurred in both these counties, but has yet to be recorded for Surrey ; Platycleis roese/ii, Hagenb., and Apterygida albipennis, Meg., have also been taken in Kent, which should encourage entomologists to search carefully for them in Surrey. The number of localities, too, from which Orthoptera have been recorded is small, and a very little trouble will doubtless greatly add to the number 1 The sequence of the orders here followed is that adopted by Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., in the Cambridge Natural History, 1889-92. — H. G. * I have to express my cordial thanks for valuable assistance received to Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S. ; Mr. Ernest E. Austen ; Mr. C. G. Barrett, F.E.S. ; Mr. Alfred Beaumont, F.E.S. ; Mr. E. B. Bishop ; Mr. C. A. Briggs, F.E.S. ; Mr. Thomas H. Briggs, M.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. G. Bowdler Buckton, F.R.S. ; Mr. Malcolm Burr, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; Miss Ethel F. Chawner, F.E.S. ; Major A. Ficklin ; Mr. J. G. Hewat ; Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. ; Mr. R. W. Lloyd, F.E.S. ; Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S. ; the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. Percy Richards ; Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S. ; and Mr. Sydney Webb. — H. G. 73 A HISTORY OF SURREY of species known to occur and also to the localities in which the more interesting forms have been taken. Of the twenty-six l species recorded in the following list, five are introduced, and established more or less permanently under artificial conditions, leaving the poor total of twenty-one indigenous forms. Species which should be most carefully sought for are Apterygida albi- pennis, Meg., recorded from Ashford and Norwich ; Ectobia panzeri, Steph., which occurs more or less frequently in the southern counties ; Locusta viridissima; L., in thickets, etc. ; Stenobotbrus e/egans, Charp., on sandy heaths ; Mecostetbus grossus, L., and Xiphidium dor sale, Latr., in marshy places ; Platycleis grisea on chalk hills, especially among Rest Harrow (Ononis aruensis) ; PI. roeselii, Hagenb., in grassy fields ; Decticus verrucivorus, L., the Wartbiter, on barren and arid spots, clearings in woods, etc. The Field Cricket (Gryllus campestris, L.) and the Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L.) may also be found in warm sandy commons, and the latter too in moist spots, where the soft ground permits it to make its well known burrows. FORFICULARIA Earwigs Labia minor, L. The Lesser Earwig is by no means rare on warm evenings in the early summer, and has been found at Dormans, at Leatherhead by C. A. Briggs, and at Kew Gardens and Kingston-on- Thames by W. J. Lucas. The Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia, L.) is abundant everywhere. Forficula lesnei, Finot, is common at Box Hill and Reigate, and also close to Leatherhead, and should be found in other localities ; it is best taken by sweeping flowery thickets and hedges. Cbelisoches morio, Fabr., an exotic species, has been taken at Kew Gardens. BLATTODEA Cockroaches Ectobiidee. Ectobia lapponica has been taken at Horsley, Albury, Byfleet, Gomshall and Oakham Common. Ectobia livida, Fabr. This cockroach has been taken at Box Hill (C. A. Briggs) and Mickleham (W. J. Ashdown). Phyllodromiida. Phyllodromia germanica , L., the German Cockroach, is an imported species, which is now abundant in many hotels, restaurants and warehouses. Blattidee. The common Cockroach or Black Beetle (Blatta orient- alls^ L.) is of course generally distributed. Periplaneta australasice, Fabr. This is a cosmopolitan species which is now so thoroughly established at Kew Gardens as to be a pest. It has also been taken in an orchid-house at Camberwell. 1 There are thirty-six species recorded for Hampshire. — H. G. 74 INSECTS Panchloridee. Leucopheea surinamensis, L. This is a cosmopolitan species which has been taken at Kew Gardens. It is a tropical insect. ACRIDIODEA Grasshoppers Truxalidce. Stenobothrus /ineatus, Panz., is a somewhat local form. It has been taken at Leatherhead and Box Hill. Stenobothrus viridulus, L., occurs everywhere on grassy places. Stenobothrus rufipes, Zett., has been taken at Box Hill, but it is by no means rare, and should be taken on grassy hills, especially by woodsides. Stenobothrus bicolor, Charp., and Stenobothrus parallelus, Zett., are our two commonest grasshoppers, and are numerous on almost every patch of grass in the later part of the summer. Gomphocerus rufus, L.,1 is restricted in distribution : it is common at Reigate, Battersea Fields, Box Hill, Leatherhead, and on Bookham and Oxshott commons. Gomphocerus maculatus, Thunb. This little species is numerous on all commons and sandy heaths ; it has been taken on Blindley Heath near Godstone, Oxshott Heath, and certainly occurs in many other localities. Tettigida. Tettix bipunctatus^ L., our smallest grasshopper, is abundant everywhere in dry places throughout the year, and may even be taken in winter among dried leaves on mild days. Tettix subu- /afus, L., is less common than the above. It has occurred at Dormans. The members of this family are known in America as ' grouse locusts.' LOCUSTODEA Grasshoppers Phaneropteridee. Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc. Widely distributed and fairly common. It has been taken at Wimbledon, Surbiton, Dor- mans, Box Hill, Guildford and Bisley. Meconemidee. Meconema varium, Fabr. This delicate little ' grass- hopper ' lives on trees, especially oaks, limes and elms. It is common, and often taken at ' sugar.' Box Hill, Richmond Park, Dormans, Leather- head, Horsley, Kingston-on-Thames and Bisley are localities for it. Conocephalidce. Xiphidium dorsa/e, Latr., has been recorded by the early authors from ' near London.' It is a rare and local form, occurring only among reeds in marshy places. Locustidez. Locusta viridissima, L., the Great Green Grasshopper, has not been actually recorded from within the county, but it is almost certain to occur. It has been taken at various localities near the borders. Decticidce. Thamnotrizon cinereus, L., is common in late summer in dry thickets and hedges almost everywhere. Its short sharp chirp, * tss, tssy tss,' is familiar to many collectors ; it is most frequently to be 1 A specimen was recorded by Samouelle in the beginning of the nineteenth century from the Battersea Fields. 75 A HISTORY OF SURREY heard after dark on warm August and September evenings, especially before rain. Platycleis brachyptera, L. This is a local species. It is common at Esher and on Oxshott Heath, also at Wisley, Leith Hill, Woking and Pyrford. GRYLLODEA Crickets Gryllida. The House Cricket, Gryllus domesticus, L., is abundant under artificial conditions. It can only live in warm places, and so is confined mainly to kitchens, bakehouses and restaurants. NEUROPTERA Psocids, Stone-flies, May-flies, Dragon/lies, Lacewing-flies and Caddis-flies Perhaps no group of the Insecta is better represented in Surrey than the Neuroptera. Several of the sub-orders (or orders), collected under Linnaeus' comprehensive title, pass the early, or nymph, stage in the water. Such are the Perlidae (stone-flies), Ephemeridce (May-flies), Odonata (dragonflies), and Tricboptera (caddis-flies). All these are well represented and widely distributed, except perhaps the first, whose nymphs as a rule prefer swiftly flowing streams, which of course are not numerous in a district whose greatest elevation does not reach 1,000 feet. The Psocidee and Planipennia, which complete the group, are well provided for in the numerous woods of oak and Scotch fir to be found throughout the county, the latter tree growing luxuriantly on the generally unproductive stretches of Bagshot Sand. Until recently the first three groups, viz. the Psocidee, the Per- lidce and the Ephemeridae, have received but scanty attention at the hands of Surrey collectors since the days of Stephens, Curtis and New- man, by whom many species were recorded. Owing to the changes in nomenclature, the confusion then existing between allied species and the subsequent discovery of species new to our list, it is unsafe to rely on these old records without individual verification, and they therefore are not used in compiling the present list. The first of these groups, the Psocidee, is fairly well represented ; and if collectors would but record the species they capture, the list would soon show how rich the county is in the group. Of the portion of it that is wingless, or only possessing the most rudimentary wings, Atropos divina- toria, Miill., so long supposed to be the cause of the noise familiarly known as the * deathwatch,' is unfortunately common in houses among old papers, books, botanical and other collections, and is perhaps quite as common and destructive as Clothilla pulsatoria, Linn., which is so terrible an enemy to ill-kept collections. Clothilla picea, Mots., a species not so rare as formerly, and usually found indoors, has been recorded from Leatherhead, and would probably be found to be fairly common if search were made in cellars, old store-rooms and similar localities. The winged section of the group is chiefly taken by beating or 76 INSECTS sweeping, only one species, Ccecilius pedicularius, Linn., being taken also on the wing. The genus Psocus is represented by Ps. longicornis, Fabr., recorded from Mickleham and Box Hill (Ashdown) ; Ps. nebulosus, Steph., from Leatherhead (Ashdown) and Bookham Common (Briggs) ; Ps. fasciatus, Fabr., from Cobham and Ockham Common (Briggs) ; Ps. sex- punctatus, Linn., from Leatherhead (Ashdown) ; Ps. major, Kolbe, from Bookham Common (Briggs). Stenopsocus immaculatus, Steph., has been recorded from Wisley and Leatherhead (Briggs) ; St. stigmaticus, Imhoff, from Reigate and near Chertsey (McLachlan) ; St. cruct'atus, Linn., near Ranmore (Lucas) and Leatherhead (Briggs). Caecilius pedicularius, Linn., is frequent in houses, especially on windows, but occasionally flies in bright sunshine in great numbers ; C.Jtavidus, Steph., near Ranmore (Lucas), Bookham Common (Briggs) ; C. atricornis, McLach., Chertsey Bridge (McLachlan) ; C. da/ii, McLach., from Weybridge (King) ; and C. piceus, Kolbe, Box Hill (King). Peripsocus alboguttatus, Dalm., was beaten in some numbers from heath at Weybridge in 1873, but does not seem to have been taken since. Elipsocus unipunctatus, Mull., occurs at Bookham Common (Briggs) and Esher Common (Lucas) ; E. west- woodii, McLach., and its variety, abietis, Kolbe, is not uncommon round Leatherhead ; E. Jlaviceps occurs sparingly at Bookham Common (Briggs) ; and E. cyanops, Rost., is found at Leith Hill. Another much neglected group, the Per/ida, seems to have been very little worked in the county, and records are practically non-existent. Dictyopteryx microcephala, Pict., is found on the Thames in spring. Chloroperla grammatica, Poda, occurs along the banks of the Mole in the Leatherhead district, where also Isopteryx tripunctata. Scop., and I. torren- tium, Pict., are common. Leuctra fusciventris, Steph., is common in suitable localities ; L. geniculata, Steph., is found on the Thames. Nemoura variegata, Oliv., occurs in profusion at Wisley Pond, Esher, Byfleet, Bookham Common, etc. ; j!V. meyeri, Pict., is found sparingly at Leatherhead, Bookham Common, etc. ; a solitary specimen of N. avicu- laris, Morton, was whipped off a reed in the canal at Byfleet ; and N. inconspicua, Pict., has been taken (Lucas) at Esher in May and Sep- tember. The Ephemeridce, the third of the ' neglected ' groups, has been but little more worked or recorded than the others. Ephemera vu/gata, Linn., and E. danica, Mull. — the May-flies par excellence of anglers — are of course in the utmost profusion, though not often together, the former requiring warmer water temperature than the latter. The scarce E. /ineata, Eatn., has been taken near Kingston-on-Thames in 1901 (Lucas). Potamanthus /uteus, Linn., has occurred at Weybridge (McLachlan). Leptopblebia submarginata, Steph., is not uncommon at the White Falls Leatherhead (Briggs) and Esher Common (Lucas), while L. marginata, L., occurs at Byfleet Canal (Lucas). Habropblebia fusca, Curt., has been taken at Newark Abbey, Box Hill and the White Falls, at which place also Cam's dimidiata, Steph., Ephemerella ignita, Poda, BaStis vernus, Curt., B. rt>odani,Pictet, Centroptilum pennulatum, Eatn., and Cloton rufu/um,Mu\L, also occur. Centroptilum luteolum, Mull., at Esher (Lucas), CloHon simile, Eatn., 77 A HISTORY OF SURREY from Ockham Common (Lucas) i, Heptagenia sulpburea, Mull., from Walton- on-Thames (Annett), and C. dipterum, Linn., complete the scanty list. Excepting perhaps Hampshire, no county probably has so rich a dragonfly fauna as Surrey. The numerous tributaries of the Thames, meandering through the county and on their way traversing a variety of geological formations, are the abode of the nymphs of many species, while the insects that throng the vicinity of their banks provide exhaustless provender for the perfect dragonflies to which the nymphs give birth. Even the Thames . itself, before it becomes a tidal river, has a certain limited dragonfly fauna also. But the numerous lakes and ponds in park, wood, or common, that are found throughout the country are the happy hunting-ground of the odonatist. Those situated in fir woods seem to be most prolific, a little group near Ripley that has been well worked having produced twenty-three species, and a single one some six miles distant twenty-one, the total for the county being thirty, out of a total for the whole of the British Isles of forty-one. That there is plenty of scope for fresh workers nevertheless is quite evident, seeing that but a small minority of these lakes and ponds have been systematically worked in connection with their dragonfly inhabitants, even if some of them have been visited for that purpose at all. The Basingstoke Canal, which however is most uncanal-like in its surroundings, is another good locality, and no doubt other canals of a similar character would well repay the attention bestowed upon them. Of the dragonflies not so far recorded for Surrey, four — Leucorrbinia dubia, Lind., Somatochlora metallica, Lind., S. arctica, Zett., and Mscbna carulea, Strom — are northern species, and therefore not likely to occur ; but there seems to be no intrinsic reason why the others should not be found. Of the conspicuous species, Oxygastra curtisii, Dale, and /Escbna isosceles, Mull., however, it is probably safe to say that they are absent. The case is different with Libellula fufoa, Mull., Lestes dry as, Kirb., Iscbnura pumilio, Charp., Agrion hastulatum, Charp., and A, mercurials, Charp. Unless carefully examined they so closely resemble neighbouring species that they may very well have been passed over. Collectors there- fore should always make it a point to look out for, and catch as suspects, all dragonflies that resemble them, especially in new localities. Libellulints. — All the British species of the in 1898 (Lucas), and the species occurred genus Sympetrum have been taken in the again in 1899 and 1900, while one was county. S. striolatum, Charp., is no doubt seen (Lucas) in 1898 at Elstead. In each present everywhere in suitable localities from year all taken were males, and these again the end of June till as late as mid-November were probably immigrants. A few 5. san- under favourable circumstances. Its very guineum, Mull., were taken on Ockham close relative, however, S. -uulgatum, Linn., Common in 1898— 1900 (Lucas), though they has been taken but twice — a male on Book- were not noticed there previously. 5. scoticum, ham Common in 1891 (Briggs), and another Don., is widely spread throughout the county male in Richmond Park in 1898 (Lucas), in suitable localities — ponds and pools on Of S.fonscolombii, Selys, seventeen males were swampy heaths. Libellula depressa, Linn., is taken on Ockham Common in June, 1892 a common, widely distributed insect flying in (Briggs), their presence being no doubt due to the spring, and here again no localities need be immigration. 5. flaveolum, Linn., was met given. L. quadrimaculata. Linn., is more local, with in fair numbers on Ockham Common though usually common where it occurs. It 78 INSECTS has been met with on Esher Common, By- fleet Canal, Ockham Common and Chobham Common (Lucas), Weybridge (J. E. Tarbat). Its variety, pnenubila, Newm., is fairly com- mon : the typical, absolutely unsuffused form, does not often occur. Both species of the genus Orthetrum occur, though neither species has been met with frequently. Localities for 0. ctsrulescens, Fabr., are Chobham Common (E. Vincent), Bisley (A. Ficklin, jun.) and Weybridge (Stephens, 1842); for 0. cancel- tatum, Linn., Ockham Common (Briggs), Merton (J. S. Brocklesby), near New Maiden (Lucas), Chobham Common (Vincent), near Byfleet, probably (F. A. Walker). Corduli'mte. — Cordulia Generally distributed — nana, Kirb. J — proximo, Kirb. Weybridge (Smith) — dorsata, Kirb. Waking, Chatham (Saun- ders), Gotham (Morice) — afzeliella, Kirb. ) ,-, ,, ,. ^ -, - wilkella, Kirb. } Generally d.stnbuted — similis, Sm. Wandsworth, Waking, Chatham (Saunders), Bisley, Oxshott (Morice) Macropis, Panz. — labiata, Fab. Waking (Enock) Dasypoda, Latr. — hirtipes, Latr. Godalming (Latter), Chatham, Waking (Saunders) Cilissa, Leach. — hasmorrhoidalis, Fab. Godalming (Lat- ter), Shirley, Weybridge (Smith), Chat- ham (Saunders) — leporina, Panz. Waking, Chatham (Saunders) Panurgus, Panz. — calcaratus, Scop. Godalming (Latter), Waking, Chatham (Saunders) — ursinus, Gmel. Godalming (Latter), Waking, Chatham (Saunders) Dufourea, Lep. — vulgaris, Schk. Waking (Billups), Chatham (Saunders) Nomada, Fab. — fucata, Panz. Godalming (Latter) — solidaginis, Panz. Generally distributed — sexfasciata, Panz. Chatham (Saunders) — succincta, Panz. Generally distributed — lineola, Panz. Wandsworth, Waking (Saunders) — alternata, Kirb. Generally distributed — jacobaeas, Panz. Clandon (Saunders), Waking, Chatham (Morice) — alboguttata, H.-S. Chatham (Saunders), Ripley (Morice), Fremham (Thornley) — ruficornis, L. 1 — borealis, Zett. L Generally distributed — bifida, Thorns. ) — ochrostoma, Kirb. Chatham, Waking (Saunders) — atrata, Smith. Clandon (Saunders), Waking (Morice) — roberjeotiana, Panz. Chatham, Waking (Saunders) — ferruginata, Kirb. Chatham (Morice), Waking (Saunders), Redhill (Smith) ANDRENID/E (continued) Nomada fabriciana,L. Generally distributed — flavoguttata,Kirb. Ga/7<^9r^(Champion), Cotham, Ottershaw, Waking (Morice) — furva, Panz. Generally distributed APID.S Epeolus — rufipes, Thorns. Waking, Chatham (Saunders) Ceratina, Latr. — cyanea, Fab. Weybridge (Smith) Chelostoma, Latr. — florisomne, L. Holmwood (Mortimer), Wandsworth, Chatham (Saunders), Godalming (Latter) — campanularum, Kirb. Chatham, Wa- king (Saunders) Heriades, Spin. — truncorum, L. Weybridge (Morice) Melecta, Latr. — luctuosa, Scop. Chatham (Saunders) — armata, Panz. Waking, Chatham (Saun- ders), Godalming (Latter) Coelioxys, Latr. — vectis, Curt. Shirley, Wimbledon (Smith) — quadridentata, L. Waking, Chatham (Saunders), Oxshott (Morice) — rufescens, Lep. Chatham (Saunders), Holmwood (Mortimer) — elongata, Lep. Waking, Chatham (Saun- ders), Oxshott, Ripley (Morice) — acuminata, Nyl. Chatham (Saunders) Megachile, Latr. — maritima, Kirb. Chatham, Wimbledon (Saunders) — willughbiella, Kirb. Generally distri- buted — circumcincta, Lep. Chatham, Waking (Saunders) — ligniseca, Kirb. Chatham, Waking, Surbiton (Saunders) — ericetorum, Lep. Weybridge (Smith) — versicolor, Sm. Waking (Morice), Wey- bridge (Smith) — centuncularis, L. Generally distributed — argentata, Fab. Weybridge (Smith) Anthidium, Fab. — manicatum, L. Godalming (Latter), Wimbledon (F. S. Saunders), Waking (Morice), Holmwood (Mortimer) Stelis, Panz. — aterrima, Panz. Holmwood (Mortimer), Weybridge (Smith) — phoeoptera, Kirb. Battersea (Smith) — octomaculata, Smith. Mayford, near Waking (Morice) Osmia, Panz. — rufa, L. Generally distributed - pilicornis, Sm. Shirley (Rothney), Holmwood (Mortimer) 89 A HISTORY OF SURREY APIDX (continued) APIDJE (continued) Osmia coerulescens, L. \ Generally Psithyrus vestalis, Fourc. \ Generally — fulviventris, Panz. / distributed — barbutellus, Kirb. / distributed — aurulenta, Panz. Godalming (Latter) — campestris, Panz. Chobham (Saunders), — bicolor, Schk. Reigate (Saunders), Box Godalming (Latter) Hill (Morice) — quadricolor. Generally distributed — leucomelana, Kirb. Charlwood, Wo- Bombus, Latr. ting, Chobham (Saunders), Weybridge, — venustus, Smith, looking (Morice) Ottershaw (Morice) — agrorum, Fab. \ Generally — spinulosa, Kirb. Reigate (Saunders), — latreillellus, Kirb. / distributed Croydon (Smith)1 var. distinguendus. Shirley, Norwood Eucera, Scop. (Smith) — longicornis, L. Godalming (Latter), — hortorum, L. \ C 11 Chobham. Wokine (Saunders) var. subterraneus. L . , T -11 distributed Anthophora, Latr. var. harnsellus. J — retusa, L. Chobham, Waking (Saun- — jonellus, Kirb. Waking, Chobham ders), Godalming (Latter) (Saunders), Coombe Wood, Shirley, — pilipes, Fab. Generally distributed Purley Downs (Smith) — furcata, Panz. Chobham (Saunders), — pratorum, L. ~\ ^ /- j ; • /T . % Generally Godalming (Latter) — sylvarum, L. ,. 7 ., . Saropoda, Latr. — derhamellus, Kirb. } — bimaculata, Panz. Chobham, Waking — sorofinsis, Fab. Croydon (Rothney) (Saunders), Wevbridge, Coombe Wood — lapidarius, L. \ ^ ., ,. .. )c • u\ r> j i • tj . \ • T f Generally distributed (Smith), Godalming (Latter) — terrestris, L. J Psithyrus, Lep. Apis, L. — rupestris, Fab. Generally distributed — mellifica. Generally distributed CHRYSIDIDjE The Chrysids, or Hymenoptera tubulifera, are insects with brilliant (chiefly metallic) colours, i3-jointed antennas in both sexes, and single- jointed trochanters, which last character they share with the Aculeata. The neuration of their wings, though very ill-developed or rather per- haps obsolescent, also connects them on the whole with that group. The apical segments of their abdomens are thinly membranous, nearly colourless, and so retracted one within another (telescope-fashion) into the body of the insect, that as a rule only the three basal segments are visible. The females are armed with a sting-like ovipositor, but, except in Cleptes, no poison-bag occurs. That genus is believed to be in some way parasitic on Tentbredinidte (according to Lepelletier on Nematus), but scarcely anything is really known on the subject. Other Chrysids infest the cells of various Aculeata, depositing eggs, from which larvae are produced, which devour the aculeate larvae, and appear as imagines in their stead. Ellampus seems to attack in this way chiefly bramble-pierc- ing genera like Pempbredon ; Hedychrum and Hedychridium infest rather the genera that burrow in sand (e.g. Cerceris, Tachysphex and Astatus) ; Chrysis ignita attacks many solitary wasps and bees of various habits ; C. viridula and neglecta are especially attached to Odynerus spinipes, while C. cyanea is to be found almost exclusively about old palings and the like which are riddled with the burrows of Chelostoma, T'rypoxylon, etc. We have but few species of Chrysids in England, perhaps not more than five-and-twenty, and I have myself taken most of these in Surrey. Chrysis birsuta, Gerst, and osmiee, Th., are probably confined to 90 INSECTS more mountainous or more northern districts ; C. pustulosa comes as near to us as Reading, but I have not heard of it in Surrey ; nor has C. ruddii to my knowledge occurred in the county, though Smith says he has occasionally found it ' near London,' so that we may yet hope to find it here. One species, H. coriaceum, is recorded from Surrey only ; and if Holopyga gloriosa be really a British insect, it also probably may be added to the Surrey list, but the evidence is not completely satisfactory. The Chrysids which I know for certain to occur in Surrey are the following : — LIST OF SURREY CHRYSIDS Cleptes pallipes, Lep. Clandon (Morice) Hedychridium roseum, Rossi. Chobham Notozus panzeri, F. Chobham (Saunders), (Morice) Waking, Ripley (Morice), Eyfleet (Smith) Hedychrum nobile, Scop. ? ( = lucidulum, F.) Ellampus auratus, L. Common everywhere Waking (Saunders) (Morice) Chrysis neglecta, Shuck. Longcross (Morice), — aenus, F. Waking, Chobham (Morice) Chobham (Saunders) — caeruleus, Dhb. Chobham (Morice) — cyanea, L. Generally distributed (Morice) Hedychridium integrum, Dhlb. Chobham — viridula, L. ( = bidentata, L.) Longcross, (Morice) Chobham, etc. (Morice) — coriaceum, Dhlb. Ottershaw, Waking — fulgida, L. Waking, Byfleet (Morice), (Morice) Weybridge (Smith) — minutum, Lep. Chobham, Waking, etc. — succincta, L. Waking and Ripley (Morice) (Morice), Weybridge (Smith) — ignita, L. Common everywhere (Morice) PHYTOPHAGA The Phytophagous Hymenoptera, i.e. sawflies, wood wasps and gall- flies, are abundant throughout Surrey. Several well known entomo- logists have worked in the county and have obtained good results. No doubt many species still remain to be discovered, for comparatively few naturalists take up this particular branch of entomology. Consequently much interesting work might be done in apportioning the larva? to their imagos and elucidating their life histories. Sawflies can easily be bred and reared in captivity, and it is only by doing this in large numbers that we can hope to arrive at the laws which control that most mysterious phenomenon, parthenogenesis. In nearly all species the females far out- number the males, and in many kinds the male is extremely rare, scarcely occurring in the proportions of one to a hundred, and in a few cases it is absolutely non-existent. Pcecilosoma luteolum may be given as an example of a common species which only produces females. Several thousands of these flies have been bred for six years in succession and all turned out to be females. On the other hand many of the smaller Nemati only produce males from unfertilized eggs ; others hatch out males and females in fairly equal proportions. No rule can as yet be given for this pheno- menon, as one species will produce males only from virgin eggs while its near relation will persistently produce females ; such are Abia sericea and A.fasciata. Some few of the larvae are dimorphic, for example Hylotoma gracili- cornis, the larva of which is generally green with black and yellow 91 A HISTORY OF SURREY markings, may sometimes have the green replaced by bright mulberry ; this is a very pretty variety. It is not known if the descendants of a mulberry coloured larva will also be mulberry or whether it is merely a ' sport,' but the two forms may be found feeding side by side. Cimbex lutea and Nemafus turgidus also have occasional red forms ; these abnor- mally coloured larva? are very delicate and difficult to rear. Many species have brightly coloured larva? which feed in company and are very conspicuous. They protect themselves from birds by their abdominal glands which emit a powerful and disagreeable odour and (probably) by a disagreeable taste. The Croesus genus furnish good examples of this peculiarity, especially C. septentrionalis, which gives out a disgusting and fetid smell when disturbed. The Dineura genus, notably D. stilata, are protected in the same manner. Nemafus abdominalis on the other hand, an inconspicuous green larva, is very fragrant, its scent resem- bling that of the lemon verbena. Solitary feeding larvas generally trust to protective colouring for their safeguard and are often very difficult to detect even when they are known to be on a given plant. Such is Camponiscus luridrventris, an absolutely flat green larva which lies stretched out on the undersides of alder leaves on which it feeds. It resembles some kind of scale insect rather than a caterpillar. Others imitate bird droppings, for instance Eriocampa ovata, which is covered with a white flaky substance disguising it very effectually. The flakes can easily be rubbed off and disclose a pale green larva, but they are renewed and intensified after each moult. All these devices however effectual against birds seem powerless to repel the attacks of ichneumons and parasitic Diptera to which sawflies are exceedingly subject. Every species suffers from one or more of these parasites, and it is chiefly by their agency that in this country sawflies do not often multiply sufficiently to do serious damage, as has sometimes happened in Germany where swarms of Lopbyrus pint have destroyed whole pine plantations. Gallflies form a very large group of insects and much still remains to be discovered concerning their economy. Wherever oaks and roses thrive there will the gall makers and their inquilines and parasites abound. Galls vary infinitely in appearance, texture, structure and position ; they may be situated on any part of a plant including the roots, may contain one or many inhabitants, may drop off the plant in autumn or remain growing with the twig long after the fly has escaped. They may be smooth, spiny or warty ; green, white, brown, yellow, pink or purple ; regular or irregular, round or spindle shaped, globular or ovoid ; woody, succulent or stringy. Mr. Cameron in his Monograph, after mentioning the theories held by different authorities on the origin of galls and how they are produced, concludes that as regards the Cynipida ' there is no evidence that the venom emitted by the insect when laying has anything to do with the origin of the gall, and that as observation shows that the mechanical irritation produced by the birth and growth of the larva is the primary factor in gall genesis, we may fairly conclude that the theory 92 INSECTS of mechanical irritation is more in consonance with observed facts than the infection one.' Lists of species taken in the county have been supplied by Mr. Alfred Beaumont and the Rev. F. D. Morice, the latter having also most kindly revised and corrected the lists and arranged them according to Konows' system of nomenclature. LIST OF THE PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA OCCURRING IN THE COUNTY Lyda stellata, Christ. Oxshott (Beaumont) Pamphilius silvarum. Steph. 1 ,,, ,. .,. . . ,,.,, >• trokmg (Monce) — manitus, Vill. — silvaticus, L. Chobham (Morice) — depressus, Schr. Oxshott (Beaumont) Cephus arundinis, Gir. Box Hill (Beaumont) — tabidus, F. Ripley (Morice) — pallipes, Klg. Hooking (Morice) - pygmaus, L. }*,>/<, (Morice) Macrocephus hnearis, Schr. J Xyela julii, Breb. Oxshott (Beaumont) Xyphydria dromedarius, F. Ripley (Morice) Trichiosoma lucorum, L. Waking (Morice) Abia sericea, L. Oxshott (Beaumont) — loniceras, L. 1 Tf/r ,. /».- . \ Arge ustulata, L. } Wtkm* (M°nCe> — pagana, Pz. Reigate (Chawner) — cyanella, Klg. Oxshott (Beaumont) — cyanocrocea, Forst. Waking (Morice) Lophyrus sertiferus, Cam. Oxshott (Beaumont) Camponiscus apicalis, Brischke. Weybridge (Billups) Cryptocampus saliceti, Fall. Chobham (Morice) Pontania leucosticta, Hte."l /•» , . . /••» \ .. ,-, ' ' \Oxshott (Beaumont) — nigrolmeata, Cam. J — salicis cinerese, Retz. Byfleet (Beaumont) — gallicola, Steph. Oxshott (Beaumont) — bridgmanni, Cam. Box Hill (Beaumont) Pteromus brevivalvis,Thoms. Box ///'//(Morice) — curtispinus, Thorns. Waking (Beaumont) — virescens, Htg. Oxshott (Morice) — myosotidis, F. Box Hill (Beaumont) — croceus, Fall. Byfleet (Beaumont) — ribesii, Scop. Oxshott (Beaumont) — melanaspis, Htg. Oxshott (Beaumont) Amauronematus haemorrhoidalis, Cam. (Bil- lups) — amplus, Knw. Oxshott (Morice) Croesus septentrionalis, L. Box /////(Beaumont) Holcocneme lucida, Pz. Guildford (Morice) Pachynematusrumicis,Fall. Chobham (Morice) — albipennis, Htg. Byfleet (Morice) — capreae, Pz. \ — salicivorus, Cam. I Box Hill (Beau- Lygaeonematus mollis, Htg. j mont) — compressicornis, F. / — biscalis, Forst. Dorking (Morice) Pristiphora pallipes, Lep. Waking (Morice) Pristiphora pallidiventris, Fall. Box Hill (Beau- mont) — fulvipes, Fall. Byfleet (Morice) — betulae, Retz. Wimbledon (Bridgman) — n. sp. ? allied to subbifida, Th. Cranleigh (Morice) Phyllotoma vagans, Fall. "I Oxshott Eriocampoides rosas, Harris./ mont) — cinxia, Klg. Waking (Morice) - wipes, Klg j Q g. J eau- (Beaumont) Reigate (Chawner) Dorking Klg. Weybridge (Billups) Dorking (Morice) Chobham (Morice) — annulipes, Klg — limacina, Retz. Hoplocampa rutilicornis, (Morice) — plagiata, Klg. — ferruginea, F. — crataegi, Klg. - Pectoralis> T110"18'} Oxshott (Beaumont) Mesonema opaca, r. J Phymatocera atterima, Klg. Putney (Curtis) Tomostethus nigritus, F. Waking (Beaumont) — fuliginosus, Schr. Oxshott (Morice) — funereus, Klg. \ — dubius, Grnl. \ Oxshott (Beaumont) — luteiventris, Klg.) Scoleoneura vicina, Knw. Klg. liana, Blennocampa assimilis, Fall. •Waking (Morice) - alternipes, Kl. — subcana, Zadd. Oxshott (Beaumont) Monophadnus albipes, Grnl. Chobham (Morice) Kaliosyphinga ulmi, Cam. Byfleet (Beaumont) - melanopoda, Cam.j Ow^ (Beaumont) Fenusa albipes, Cam. J Fenella nigrita, Westw. Chobham (Morice) Athalia spinarum, F. Waking (Morice) - lineolata, Sep. Weybridge (Beaumont) — lugens, Kl. Waking (Morice) — glabricollis, Thorns. Oxshott (Beaumont) Selandria serva, F. Waking (Morice) — stramineipes, Kl. Box Hill (Beaumont) — morio, F. \ Waking Strongylogaster cingulatus, F. / (Morice) Eriocampa ovata, Cam. Byflett (Beaumont) Pcecilosoma excisa, Th. | Qjr^w (Morice) — immersa, Klg. J — klugi, Steph. Box /////(Beaumont) — submutica, Thorns. Oxshott (Beaumont) 93 A HISTORY OF SURREY Emphytus succinctus, Kl. Waking (Morice) Tenthredopsis litterata, Geoff. Virginia Water — cingillum, Kl. Waking (Morice) — dorsalis, Lep. I- Oxshott (Beaumont) — calceatus, Kl. Ripley (Morice) — coqueberti, Klg.J — tener, Fall. Oxshott (Beaumont) — campestris, L. Box Hill (Beaumont) — grossulariae, Klg. Wtybridge (Beaumont) — var. fulviceps, Steph."| Virginia Water Taxonus glabratus, Fall. Waking (Morice) — excisa, Thorns. / (Morice) — fletcheri, Cam. Oxshott (Beaumont) — nassata, L. sec. Konow. Byjteet (Morice) Dolerus pratensis, Fall. Box Hill (Beaumont) — thornleyi, Knw. Stoke fAbernon (Morice) — aericeps, Thorns. }*&-,• /»» • \ Pachyprotasis rapae, L. Box /////(Beaumont) — thomsoni, Knw. / ' Macrophya ribis, Schr. Cobham (Morice) — anticus, Klg. Ripley (Stephens) — punctum album, L. Box Hill (Beaumont) — puncticollis, Thorns. Waking (Morice) — rufipes, L. Cobham (Morice) — nigratus, Mull. Box Hill (Beaumont) — blanda, F. Chatham (Morice) — picipes, Klg. Oxshott (Beaumont) — annulata, Geoff. Reigate (Chawner) — rugosulus, V. Dalla Torre. 1 Allantus temulus, Scop. Cranleigk (Morice) Loderus palmatus, Kl. I Waking — scrophulariae, L. Waking (Morice) — vestigialis, Kl. j (Morice) — flavipes, Four. Battersea (Curtis) — pratorum, Fall. J — distinguendus, V. Stein. Byfleet (Morice) Rhogogastera viridis L. Reigate (Chawner) - arcuatus Forst j (Chawner) - ff a> K1|" } Box Hill (Beaumont) Tenthredo l.v.da, L / •• '• — fulvipes, Scop. J — solitana, Scop, (surrey, Cam. vol. i. p. eo) — aucupariae, Kl. Chabham (Morice) — mesomela, L. Reigate (Chawner) COLEOPTERA Beetles The following list includes all the species known to me as occurring in Surrey, or of which I can find any record. The county has, perhaps, next to Kent, been more worked than any other in England ; hence the list is a very long one, though even now there are not a few fairly common species, known to occur in Kent, Sussex, or Essex, of which there appears to be no Surrey record. The localities where the insects have chiefly been found may be grouped under four heads : (i) Godstone, Caterham, Purley, Merstham, Redhill, Reigate, Betchworth, Dorking, Mickleham, Gomshall, Shiere, Merrow, Guildford, etc., on the line of the North Downs between Farnham and Limpsfield ; (2) Dulwich, Norwood, Shirley, Addington, Wimbledon, Merton, Richmond, Claygate, Oxshott, Esher, Ashtead, Leatherhead, Clandon, Weybridge, Woking, Horsell, Chobham and Bagshot, as well as various places along the south bank of the Thames between Putney and Egham, to the north of the North Downs ; (3) Earlswood, Charlwood, Leith Hill, Chiddingfold, Haslemere and Frensham, to the south of the North Downs ; (4) South London and the various towns, which have furnished many cosmopolitan forms not usually found in the open country. The published lists of Carabidee, Dytiscidce, Hydrophilida, Staphylinidce, etc., of the Reigate district, by Mr. J. Linnell, as well as a MS. catalogue of the Coleoptera of Chiddingfold, kindly lent by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, have been of great service in compiling the present list. It may be noted that nearly three-fourths of the total number of species have been found by myself in Surrey. Those marked with an asterisk have been re- corded from this county only in Britain. 94 CICINDELID^: Cicindela campestris, L. — sylvatica, L. CARABID^E CYCHRINA Cychrus rostratus, L. CARABINA Carabus catenulatus, Scop. — nemoralis, Mttll. — violaceus, L. — granulatus, L. — monilis, F. — arvensis, F. Calosoma inquisitor, L. NOTIOPHILINA Notiophilus biguttatus, F. — substriatus, Wat. — 4-punctatus, Dej. — aquaticus, L. — palustris, Duft. — rufipes, Curt. NEBRIINA Leistus spinibarbis, F. — fulvibarbis, Dej. — ferrugineus, L. — rufescens, F. Nebria brevicollis, F. ELAPHRINA Blethisa multipunctata, I. Elaphrus riparius, L. — cupreus, Duft. — uliginosus, F. LORICERINA Loricera pilicornis, F. SCARITINA Clivina fossor, L. — collaris, Herbst Dyschirius politus, Dej. — aeneus, Dej. — globosus, Herbst PANAGJEINA Panagaeus quadripustulatus, Sturm LICININA Badister unipustulatus, Bon. — bipustulatus, F. — sodalis, Duft. Licinus silphoides, F. — depressus, Payk. CAU.ISTINA Callistus lunatus, F. INSECTS CHL^NHNA Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. — nigricornis, F. OODINA Oodes helopioides, F. STENOLOPHINA Stenolophus teutonus, Schr. — vespertinus, Panz. Acupalpus dorsalis, F. — exiguus, Dej. — brunnipes, Sturm — meridianus, L. — consputus, Duft. Bradycellus distinctus, Dej. — verbasci, Duft. — harpalinus, Dej. — similis, Dej. HARPALINA Harpalus sabulicola, Panz. — rotundicollis, Fairm. — punctatuJus, Duft. — azureus, F. — rupicola, Sturm — puncticollis, Payk. — rectangulus, Thorns. — rufibarbis, F. — ruficornis, F. — seneus, F. — consentaneus, Dej. — rubripes, Duft. — discoideus, F. — caspius, Stev. — latus, L. — tardus, Panz. — anxius, Duft. — ignavus, Duft. ANISODACTYLINA Anisodactylus binotatus, F. — nemorivagus, Duft. ZABRINA Zabrus gibbus, F. PTEROSTICHINA Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Platyderus ruficollis, Marsh. Pterostichus cupreus, L. — versicolor, Sturm — dimidiatus, Ol. — lepidus, F. — madidus, F. — niger, Schall. — vulgaris, L. — anthracinus, 111. — nigrita, F. — gracilis, Dej. 95 Pterostichus minor, Gyll. — strenuus, Panz. — diligens, Sturm — picimanus, Duft. — inaequalis, Marsh. — vernalis, Gyll. — striola, F. AMARINA Amara fulva, Dej. — apricaria, Sturm — consularis, Duft. — spinipes, auct. — patricia, Duft. — infima, Duft. — rufocincta, Dej. — bifrons, Gyll. — famelica, Zimm. — ovata, F. — similata, Gyll. — acuminata, Payk. — tibialis, Payk. — lunicollis, SchiOd. — familiaris, Duft. — lucida, Duft. — trivialis, Gyll. — communis, Panz. — continua, Thorns. — plebeia, Gyll. ANCHOMENINA Calathus cisteloides, Panz. — fuscus, F. — flavipes, Fourc. — melanocephalus, L. — piceus, Marsh. Taphria nivalis, Panz. Pristonychusterricola, Herbst Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L. Anchomenus angusticollis, F. — dorsalis, Mull. — albipes, F. — oblongus, Sturm — livens, Gyll. — marginatus, L. — sexpunctatus, L. — parumpunctatus, F. — atratus, Duft. — viduus, Panz. — versutus, Gyll. — micaiis, Nic. — scitulus, Dej. — fuliginosus, Panz. — gracilis, Gyll. — piceus, L. — quadripunctatus, De G. Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. BEMBIDIINA Tachys bistriatus, Duft. Bembidium rufescens, GueV. A HISTORY OF SURREY Bembidium quinquestriatum, Gyll. — obtusum, Sturm — guttula, F. — mannerheimi, Sahl. — biguttatum, F. — assimile, Gyll. — clarki, Daws. — sturmi, Panz. — articulatum, Panz. — doris, Panz. — gilvipes, Sturm — lampros, Herbst — nigricorne, Gyll. — tibiale, Duft. — nitidulum, Marsh. — affine, Steph. — quadriguttatum, F. — quadrimaculatum, Gyll. — testaceum, Duft. — concinnum, Steph. — femoratum, Sturm — bruxellense, Wesm. — littorale, Ol. — bipunctatum, L. — punctulatum, Drap. — flammulatum, Clairv. — obliquum, Sturm Tachypus flavipes, L. TRECHINA Trechus discus, F. — rubens, F. — minutus, F. - secalis, Payk. Patrobus excavatus, Payk. CYMINDINA Cymindis axillaris, F. ODACANTHINA Odacantha melanura, Payk. LEBIINA Lebia cyanocephala, L. — chlorocephala, HorF. — crux-minor, L. Demetrias atricapillus, L. Dromius linearis, Ol. — agilis, F. — meridionalis, Dej. — quadrimaculatus, L. — quadrinotatus, Panz. — quadrisignatus, Dej. — melanocephalus, Dej. — nigriventris, Thorns. — sigma, Rossi — vectensis, Rye Blechrus maurus, Sturm Metabletus foveola, Gyll. — truncatellus, L. — obscuro-guttatus, Duft. BRACHININA Brachinus crepitans, L. HALIPLID.& Brychius elevatus, Panz. Haliplus obliquus, F. — confinis, Steph. — flavicollis, Sturm — fulvus, F. — cinereus, Aub6 — ruficollis, De G. — fluviatilis, Aub£ — lineatocollis, Marsh. Cnemidotus impressus, F. PELOBIID^ Pelobius tardus, Herbst DYTISCID^E NOTERINA Noterus clavicornis, De G. - sparsus, Marsh. LACCOPHILINA Laccophilus obscurus, Panz. — interruptus, Panz. HYDROPORINA Bidessus geminus, F. Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Coelambus versicolor, Schall. — quinquelineatus, Zett. — inasqualis, F. — decoratus, Gyll. — confluens, F. — impressopunctatus,Schall. Deronectes assimilis, Payk. — depressus, F. — 1 2-pustulatus, F. Hydroporus pictus, F. — granularis, L. — flavipes, Ol. — lepidus, Ol. — rivalis, Gyll. — dorsalis, F. — lineatus, F. — umbrosus, Gyll. — angustatus, Sturm — gyllenhali, Schiod. — vittula, Er. — palustris, L. — erythrocephalus, L. — rufifrons, Duft. — longulus, Muls. — melanarius, Sturm — memnonius, Nic. — obscurus, Sturm — nigrita, F. — pubescens, Gyll. — planus, F. — lituratus, F. 96 DYTISCINA Agabus guttatus, Payk. — biguttatus, Ol. — paludosus, F. — didymus, Ol. - nebulosus, Forst. - femoralis, Payk. — sturmi, Gyll. — chalconotus, Panz. — bipustulatus, L. Platambus maculatus, L. Ilybius fuliginosus, F. — fenestratus, F. — ater, De G. — obscurus, Marsh. — subaeneus, Er. — asnescens, Thorns. Copelatus agilis, F. Rhantus grapii, Gyll. — exoletus, Forst. — pulverosus, Steph. — notatus, Berg. — bistriatus, Berg. Colymbetes fuscus, L. Dytiscus punctulatus, F. — marginalis, L. — circumflexus, F. Hydaticus transversalis, Berg. — seminiger, De G. Acilius sulcatus, L. — fasciatus, De G. GYRINID^E Gyrinus natator, Scop. — marinus, Gyll. Orectochilus villosus, Mtlll. HYDROPHILID^: HYDROPHILINA Hydrophilus piceus, L. Hydrous caraboides, L. Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sahl. Anacaena globulus, Payk. — limbata, F. — bipustulata, Steph. Philydrus testaceus, F. — nigricans, Zett. — melanocephalus, Ol. — minutus, F. — coarctatus, Gredl. Cymbiodyta ovalis, Thorns. Enochrus bicolor, Gyll. Helochares lividus, Forst. — punctatus, Sharp Laccobius sinuatus, Mots. — alutaceus, Thorns. — minutus, L. — bi punctatus, F. Berosus signaticollis, Charp. Berosus luridus, L. — affinis, Brull. Limnebius truncatellus, Thorns. — papposus, Muls. — nitidus, Marsh. Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst HELOPHORINA Helophorus rugosus, Ol. — nubilus, F. — aquaticus, L. — dorsalis, Marsh. — aeneipennis, Thorns. — laticollis, Thorns. — mulsanti, Rye — affinis, Marsh. — brevicollis, Thoms. — brevipalpis, Bedel — arvernicus, Muls. Hydrochus elongatus, Schall. — angustatus, Germ. Octhebius pygmaeus, F. — bicolon, Germ. — aeneus, Steph. Hydrasna testacea, Curt. — riparia, Kug. SPH^ERIDIINA Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. Sphaeridium scarabasoides, F. — bipustulatum, F. Cercyon haemorrhous, Gyll. — haemorrhoidalis, Herbst — obsoletus, Gyll. — aquaticus, Muls. — flavipes, F. — lateralis, Marsh. — melanocephalus, L. — unipunctatus, L. — quisquilius, L. — nigriceps, Marsh. — pygmaeus, 111. — terminatus, Marsh. — analis, Payk. — lugubris, Payk. — granarius, Er. — minutus, Muls. Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. Cryptopleurum atomarium, F. STAPHYLINID^: ALEOCHARINA Homoeusa acuminata, Mark. Aleochara ruficornis, Grav. — fuscipes, F. — lata, Grav. — brevipennis, Grav, I INSECTS Aleochara tristis, Grav. — bipunctata, Ol. — cuniculorum, Kr. — maculata, Bris. — lanuginosa, Grav. — lygaea, Kr. — moesta, Grav. — succicola, Thoms. — mycetophaga, Kr. — brunneipennis, Kr. — nitida, Grav. — v. bilineata, Gyll. — morion, Grav. — spadicea, Er. Microglossa suturalis, Sahl. — pulla, Gyll. — nidicola, Fairm. — gentilis, Mark. Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. — lividipennis, Mann. — vittata, Mark. — opaca, Grav. — alternans, Grav. — exoleta, Er. — lentula, Er. — umbrata, Grav. — pectita, Sharp — nigrina, Wat. — exigua, Er. — mutata, Sharp — longiuscula, Er. — formiceticola, Mark. — recondita, Kr. — hasmorrhoa, Mann. — waterhousei, Rye — annularis, Sahl. — brachyptera, Steph. — misella, Er. Thiasophila angulata, Er. — inquilina, Mark. Ischnoglossa prolixa, Grav. — corticina, Er. Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. — maura, Er. — picina, Aubi Phlceopora reptans, Grav. — corticalis, Grav. Ocalea castanea, Er. — badia, Er. Ilyobates nigricollis, Payk. — propinquus, Aub6 — forticornis, Lac. — glabriventris, Rye Calodera nigrita, Mann. — riparia, Er. — aethiops, Grav. — umbrosa, Er. Chilopora longitarsis, Steph. Dinarda markeli, Kies. — dentata, Grav. 97 Atemelcs emarginatus, Payk. — paradoxus, Grav. Myrmedonia haworthi,Steph. — collaris, Payk. — limbata, Payk. — funesta, Grav. — humeralis, Grav. — cognata, Mark. — lugens, Grav. — laticollis, Mark. Astilbus canaliculatus, F. Callicerus obscurus, Grav. — rigidicornis, Er. Thamiaraea cinnamomea, Grav. — hospita, Mark. Notothecta flavipes, Grav. — confusa, Mark. — anceps, Er. Alianta incana, Er. Homalota languida, Er. — insecta, Thorns. — pavens, Er. — planifrons, Wat. — gregaria, Er. — luteipes, Er. — fallax, Kr. — pruinosa, Kr. — luridipennis, Mann. — gyllenhali, Thorns. — londinensis, Sharp — hygrotopora, Kr. — elongatula, Grav. — volans, Scrib. — oblongiuscula, Sharp — silvicola, Fuss. — vicina, Steph. — pagana, Er. — graminicola, Gyll. — occulta, Er. — fungivora, Thorns. — monticola, Thorns. — nigella, Er. — aequata, Er. — angustula, Gyll. — linearis, Grav. — pilicornis, Thorns. — debilis, Er. — deformis, Kr. — caesula, Er. — circellaris, Grav. — elegantula, Bris. — *rufo-testacea, Kr. — *hypogaea, Rey — splendens, Kr. — aegra, Heer — immersa, Heer — cuspidata, Er. — gemina, Er. — vilis; Er. A HISTORY OF SURREY Homalota laticeps, Thorns. — analis, Grav. — soror, Kr. — exilis, Er. — palleola, Er. — validiuscula, Kr. — depressa, Gyll. — hepatica, Er. — exarata, Sharp — aquatica, Thorns. — aeneicollis, Sharp « — xanthoptera, Steph. — euryptera, Steph. — trinotata, Kr. — xanthopus, Thorns. — triangulum, Kr. — fungicola, Thorns. — ignobilis, Sharp — boletobia, Thorns. — liturata, Steph. — coriaria, Kr. — sodalis, Er. — gagatina, Baudi — divisa, Mark. — nigricornis, Thorns. — ravilla, Er. — palustris, Kies. — corvina, Thorns. — puberula, Sharp — atomaria, Kr. — perexigua, Sharp — scapularis, Sahl. — dilaticornis, Kr. — testaceipes, Heer — oblita, Er. — autumnalis, Er. — sericea, Muls. — indubia, Sharp — mortuorum, Thorns. — atricolor, Sharp — inquinula, Grav. — nigra, Kr. — germana, Sharp — celata, Er. — sordidula, Er. — canescens, Sharp — cauta, Er. — setigera, Sharp — lasvana, Muls. — cinnamoptera, Thorns. — macrocera, Thorns. — atramentaria, Gyll. — cadaverina, Bris. — marcida, Er. — intermedia, Thorns. — longicornis, Grav. — sordida, Marsh. — testudinea, Er. — aterrima, Grav. — pygmaea, Grav, Homalota muscorum, Bris. — pilosiventris, Thorns. — laticollis, Steph. — fusca, auct. — subsinuata, Er. — montivagans, Woll. — orbata, Er. — fungi, Grav. — orphana, Er. — cribrata, Kr. Gnypeta labilis, Er. Tachyusa constricta, Er. — coarctata, Er. — scitula, Er. — flavitarsis, Sahl. — umbratica, Er. — atra, Grav. — concolor, Er. *Borboropora kraatzi, Fuss. Falagria sulcata, Payk. — sulcatula, Grav. — thoracica, Curt. — obscura, Grav. Autalia impressa, Ol. — rivularis, Grav. Encephalus complicans, Westw. Gyrophsena pulchella, Heer — affinis, Mann. — poweri, Crotch — gentilis, Er. — nana, Payk. — fasciata, Marsh. — minima, Er. — laevipennis, Kr. — strictula, Er. Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr. Placusa pumilio, Grav. — infima, Er. — denticulata, Sharp Epipeda pi ana, Gyll. Silusa rubiginosa, Er. Euryusa laticollis, Heer Leptusa fumida, Er. Sipalia ruficollis, Er. Bolitochara lucida, Grav. — bella, Mark. — obliqua, Er. Hygronoma dimidiata, Grav. Oligota inflata, Mann. — parva, Kr. — pusillima, Grav. — atomaria, Er. — punctulata, Heer — granaria, Er. — flavicornis, Lac. — apicata, Er. Myllaena dubia, Grav. — intermedia, Er. — minuta, Grav. 98 Myllasna kraatzi, Sharp — elongata, Matth. — gracilis, Matth. — in fusca ta, Matth. — brevicornis, Matth. Gymnusa brevicollis, Payk, Deinopsis erosa, Steph. TACHYPORINA Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. — Iseviusculus, Mann. — ovulum, Heer — seminulum, Er. — punctum, Mots. — apicalis, Bris. — discoideus, Er. Conosoma littoreum, L. pubescens, Grav. — immaculatum, Steph. — lividum, Er. Tachyporus obtusus, L. — formosus, Matth. — solutus, Er. — pallidus, Sharp — chrysomelinus, L. — humerosus, Er. — tersus, Er. — hypnorum, F. — pusillus, Grav. — brunneus, F. — transversalis, Grav. Lamprinus saginatus, Grav. Cilea silphoides, L. Tachinus flavipes, F. — humeralis, Grav. — scapularis, Steph. — bipustulatus, F. — rufipes, L. — subterraneus, L. — marginellus, F. — laticollis, Grav. — elongatus, Gyll. Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. — analis, F. — inclinans, Grav. — formosus, Grav. Bolitobius lunulatus, L. — trinotatus, Er. — exoletus, Er. — pygmseus, F. Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. — splendens, Marsh. — punctus, Gyll. — lepidus, Grav. — longulus, Mann. — nanus, Er. — angularis, Rey — clavicornis, Steph. Mycetoporus splendidus, Grav. — longicornis, Kr. Habrocerus capillaricornis, Grav. TRICHOPHYINA Trichophya pilicornis, Gyll. STAPHYLININA *Acylophorus glabricollis, Boisd. Euryporus picipes, Payk. Heterothops dissimilis, Grav. — quadripunctula, Gyll. Quedius longicornis, Kr. — microps, Grav. — ventralis, Ar. — lateralis, Grav. — mesomelinus, Marsh. — fulgidus, F. — puncticollis, Thorns. — brevicornis, Thorns. — cruentus, Ol. — scitus, Grav. — cinctus, Payk. — brevis, Er. — ruliginosus, Grav. — tristis, Grav. — molochinus, Grav. — picipes, Mann. — nigriceps, Kr. — fumatus, Steph. — maurorufus, Grav. — umbrinus, Er. — suturalis, Kies. — scintillans, Grav. — *kraatzi, Bris. — rufipes, Grav. — attenuatus, Gyll. — semiaeneus, Steph. — boops, Grav. Creophilus maxillosus, L. Emus hirtus, L. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. — murinus, L. Staphylinus pubescens, De G. — stercorarius, Ol. — latebricola, Grav. — caesareus, Ceder Ocypus olens, Mull. — similis, F. — cyaneus, Payk. — brunnipes, F. — fuscatus, Grav. — cupreus, Rossi — ater, Grav. — morio, Grav. — compressus, Marsh, INSECTS Philonthus splendens, F. — intermedius, Boisd. — laminatus, Creutz — aeneus, Rossi — proximus, Kr. — addendus, Sharp — carbonarius, Gyll. — decorus, Grav. — politus, F. — lucens, Er. — varius, Gyll. — marginatus, F. — albipes, Grav. — cephalotes, Grav. — fimetarius, Grav. — sordid us, Grav. — fuscus, Grav. — umbratilis, Grav. — ebeninus, Grav. — corvinus, Er. — fumigatus, Er. — debilis, Grav. — sanguinolentus, Grav. — cruentatus, Gmel. — longicornis, Steph. — varians, Payk. — agilis, Grav. — ventralis, Grav. — discoideus, Grav. — quisquiliarius, Gyll. — thermarum, Aub6 — nigrita, Nord. — fumarius, Grav. — micans, Grav. — nigritulus, Grav. — trossulus, Nord. — fulvipes, F. — puella, Nord. Actobius cinerascens, Grav. — signaticornis, Rey — villosulus, Steph. — procerulus, Grav. Xantholinus fulgidus, F. — glabratus, Grav. — punctulatus, Payk. — ochraceus, Gyll. — atratus, Heer — glaber, Nord. — linearis, Ol. — longiventris, Heer Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll. — batychrus, Gyll. — linearis, Grav. — formicetorum, Mttrk. Baptolinus alternans, Grav. Othius fulvipennis, F. — laeviusculus, Steph. — melanocephalus, Grav. — myrmecophilus, Kies. 99 PJEDERINA Lathrobium elongatum, L. — boreale, Hoch. — fulvipenne, Grav. — brunnipes, F. — longulum, Grav. — punctatum, Zett. — filiforme, Grav. — quadratum, Payk. — terminatum, Grav. — multipunctum, Grav. Achenium depressum, Grav. — humile, Nic. Cryptobium glaberrimum, Herbst Stilicus fragilis, Grav. — rufipes, Germ. — orbiculatus, Er. — similis, Er. — subtilis, Er. — affinis, Er. — geniculatus, Er. Scopasus sulcicollis, Steph. Medon castaneus, Grav. — brunneus, Er. — fusculus, Mann. — apicalis, Kr. — propinquus, Bris. — melanocephalus, F. — obsoletus, Nord. Lithocharis ochracea, Grav. Sunius intermedius, Er. — diversus, Aub£ — angustatus, Payk. Paederus littoralis, Grav. — riparius, L. — caligatus, Er. EV.SSTHETINA Evaesthetus scaber, Thorns. — ruficapillus, Lac. — laeviusculus, Mann. STENINA Dianous coerulescens, Gyll. Stenus biguttatus, L. — bipunctatus, Er. — guttula, Mull. — bimaculatus, Gyll. — asphaltinus, Er. — juno, F. — ater, Mann. — longitarsis, Thorns. — speculator, Er. — providus, Er. — v. rogeri, Kr. — lustrator, Er. — buphthalmus, Grav. — melanopus, Marsh. — incrassatus, Er. A HISTORY OF SURREY Stenus tnelanarius, Steph. — morio, Grav. — atratulus, Er. — canaliculatus, Gyll. — nitens, Steph. — pusillus, Er. — exiguus, Er. — fiiscipes, Grav. — circularis, Grav. — vafellus, Er. — declaratus, Er. — crassus, Steph. — opticus, Grav. — carbonarius, Gyll. — argus, Grav. — nigritulus, Gyll. — brunnipes, Steph. — subaeneus, Ev. — ossium, Steph. — fuscicornis, Er. — geniculatus, Grav. — palustris, Er. — impressus, Germ. — aerosus, Er. — erichsoni, Rye — pallipes, Grav. — flavipes, Steph. — pubescens, Steph. — binotatus, Ljun. — canescens, Ros. — pallitarsis, Steph. — bifoveolatus, Gyll. — nitidiusculus, Steph. — picipennis, Er. — picipes, Steph. — foveicollis, Kr. — kiesenwetteri, Ros. — cicindeloides, Grav. — similis, Herbst — solutus, Er. — tarsalis, Ljun. — paganus, Er. — latifrons, Er. — oscillator, Rye — fornicatus, Steph. OXYPORINA Oxyporus rufus, L. OXYTELINA Bledius pallipes, Grav. — subterraneus, Er. — longulus, Er. — fracticornis, Payk. — opacus, Block Platystethusarenarius, Fourc. — cornutus, Gyll. — alutaceus, Thorns. — capito, Heer — nodifrons, Sahl. Platystethus nitens, Sahl. Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. — insecatus, Grav. — sculptus, Grav. — laqueatus, Marsh. — piceus, L. — inustus, Grav. — sculpturatus, Grav. — nitidulus, Grav. — complanatus, Er. — clypeonitens, Pand. — tetracarinatus, Block — fairmairei, Pand. Haploderus oelatus, Grav. Ancyrophorus aureus, Fauv. Trogophloeusarcuatus, Steph. — bilineatus, Steph. — rivularis, Mots. — elongatulus, Er. — fuliginosus, Grav. — corticinus, Grav. — pusillus, Grav. — tenellus, Er. Syntomium aeneum, Mtlll. Coprophilus striatulus, F. Acrognathus mandibularis, Gyll. Compsochilus palpalis, Er. OMALIINA Deleaster dichrous, Grav. Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze — sicula, Er. Acidota crenata, F. — cruentata, Mann. Olophrum piceum, Gyll. Lathrimaeum atrocephalum, Gyll. — unicolor, Steph. Philorhinumsordidum, Steph. Coryphium angusticolle, Steph. Omalium rivulare, Payk. — allardi, Fairm. — exiguum, Gyll. — oxyacanthse, Grav. — excavatum, Steph. — caesum, Grav. — tricolor, Rey — pusillum, Grav. — punctipenne, Thorns. — rufipes, Fourc. — salicis, Gyll. — vile, Er. — iopterum, Steph. — planum, Payk. — concinnum, Marsh. — deplanatum, Gyll. — striatum, Grav. Hapalarxa pygmsea, Gyll. 100 Eusphalerum primulas, Steph. Anthobium minutum, F. — ophthalmicum, Payk. — torquatum, Marsh. — sorbi, Gyll. PROTEININA Proteinus ovalis, Steph. — brachypterus, F. — macropterus, Gyll. — atomarius, Er. Megarthrus denticollis, Beck — affinis, Mill. — depressus, Lac. — sinuatocollis, Lac. — hemipterus, 111. Phlceobium clypeatum,Mull. PHLCEOCHARINA Phloeocharis subtilissima, Mann. Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. PIESTINA Prognatha quadricornis, Lac. PSELAPHID^ PsELAPHINA Pselaphus heisei, Herbst — dresdensis, Herbst Tychus niger, Payk. Bythinus puncticollis, Denny — bulbifer, Reich. — curtisi, Denny — securiger, Reich. — burrelli, Denny Batrisus venustus, Reich. Bryaxis sanguinea, L. — fossulata, Reich. — haematica, Reich. — juncorum, Leach — impressa, Panz. Trichonyx markeli, Aub6 Bibloporus bicolor, Denny Euplectus kunzei, Aub£ — karsteni, Reich. — signatus, Reich. — nanus, Reich. — sanguineus, Denny — piceus, Mots. — ambiguus, Reich. CLAVIGERINA Claviger testaceus, Preyss. Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull. — angulatus, Mtlll. — rubicundus, Muls. — carinatus, Muls. — sparshalli, Denny Neuraphes longicollis, Mots. Scydmaenus scutellaris, Mall. — collaris, Mall. — pusillus, Mall. — poweri, Fowler — exilis, Er. Euconnus denticornis, Mull. — hirticollis, 111. — fimetarius, Chaud. Eumicrus tarsatus, Mall. — rufus, Mull. Eutheiascydmaenoides, Steph. — schaumi, Kies. — plicata, Gyll. Cephennium thoracicum, Mull. LEPTINID^ Leptinus testaceus, Mull. SILPHIDjE CLAMBINA Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. Clambus pubescens, Redt. — armadillo, De G. — minutus, Sturm ANISOTOMINA Agathidium atrum, Payk. — seminulum, L. — 'bevigatum, Er. — marginatum, Sturm — confusum, Bris. — varians, Beck — convexum, Sharp — rotundatum, Gyll. — nigrinum, Sturm Amphicyllis globus, F. Liodes humeralis, Kug. — orbicularis, Herbst Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt Anisotoma cinnamomea, Er. — grandis, Fairm. — oblonga, Er. — dubia, Kug. — obesa, Schmidt — badia, Sturm — similata, Rye — ovalis, Schmidt — brunnea, Sturm — punctulata, Gyll. — calcarata, Er. — curvipes, Schmidt — nigrita, Schmidt — curta, Fairm. — lunicollis, Rye — triepkei, Schmidt — rugosa, Sahl. — parvula, Sahl. Colenis dentipes, Gyll. INSECTS Agaricophagus cephalotes, Schmidt — conformis, Er. Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph. — punctatus, Sturm — strigosus, Schmidt Triarthron markeli, Schmidt SILPHINA Necrophorus humator, F. — mortuorum, F. — vestigator, Heer — ruspator, Er. — interruptus, Steph. — vespillo, L. Necrodes littoralis, L. Silpha tristis, 111. — obscura, L. — quadripunctata, L. — opaca, L. — thoracica, L. — rugosa, L. — sinuata, F. — laevigata, F. — at rat a, L. CHOLEVINA Choleva angustata, F. — sturmi, Bris. — cisteloides, Fr8hl. — intermedia, Kr. — spadicea, Sturm — agilis, 111. — velox, Spence — wilkini, Spence — anisotomoides, Spence — fusca, Panz. — nigricans, Spence — coracina, Kell. — moria, F. — grandicollis, Er. — nigrita, Er. — tristis, Panz. — kirbyi, Spence — chrysomeloides, Panz. — fumata, Spence — watsoni, Spence — colonoides, Kr. Ptomaphagus sericeus, F. — varicornis, Ros. Colon viennense, Herbst — serripes, Sahl. — angulare, Er. — rufescens, Kr. — dentipes, Sahl. — brunneum, Latr. — appendiculatum, Sahl. — latum, Kr. 101 HISTERID.E Hister unicolor, L. — merdarius, Hoff. — cadaverinus, Hoff. — succicola, Thorns. — purpurascens, Herbst — neglectus, Germ. — carbonarius, 111. — 12-striatus, Schr. — bimaculatus, L. Carcinops minima, Aubi — 14-striata, Steph. Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst Hetaerius sesquicornis, Preys. Dendrophilus punctatus, Herbst — pygmaeus, L. Myrmetes piceus, Payk. Gnathoncus nannetensis, Mars. Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. — aeneus, F. — virescens, Payk. Teretrius picipes, F. Abrasus globosus, Hoff. Acritus minutus, Herbst — nigricornis, Hoff. Onthophilus sulcatus, F. — striatus, F. SCAPHIDIID.& Scaphidium quadrimacula- tum, Ol. Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. — boleti, Panz. — assimile, Er. TRICHOPTERYGID/E Pteryx suturalis, Heer Ptinella denticollis, Fairm. — apt era, Gu6r. Trichopteryx thoracica, Matth. — atomaria, De G. — anthracina, Matth. — grandicollis, Mann. — lata, Mots. — cantiana, Matth. — fascicularis, Herbst — attenuate, Gill. — bovina, Mots. — brevipennis, Er. . — edithia, Matth. — longula, Matth. — chevrolati, All. — ambigua, Matth. — variolosa, Muls. Nephanes titan, Newm. Ptilium kunzei, Heer — spencei, All. A HISTORY OF SURREY Ptilium marginatum, Aub£ Nossidium ptlosellum, Marsh. Ptenidium fuscicorne, Er. — nitidum, Heer — evanescens, Marsh. — atomaroides, Mots. — formicetorum, Kr. CORYLOPHID^E Orthoperus kluki, Wank. — corticalis, Redt. — atomus, Gyll. Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll. COCCINELLID^: Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. Hippodamia 1 3-punctata, L. — variegata, Goeze Anisosticta ig-punctata, L. Adalia obliterata, L. — bipunctata, L. Mysia oblongoguttata, L. Anatis ocellata, L. — v. hebraea, L. Coccinella lo-punctata, L. — hieroglyphica, L. — ii -punctata, L. — y-punctata, L. — distincta, Fald. Halyzia i6-guttata, L. — 14-guttata, L. — i8-guttata, L. — conglobata, L. — 22-punctata, L. Micraspis i6-punctata, L. Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst Scymnus redtenbacheri, Muls. — nigrinus, Kug. — pygmaeus, Fourc. — frontalis, F. — suturalis, Thunb. — testaceus, Mots. — haemorrhoidalis, Herbst — capitatus, F. — ater, Kug. — minimus, Rossi Platynasp*is luteorubra, Goeze Chilocorus similis, Rossi — bipustulatus, 111. Exochomus quadripustula- tus, L. Rhizobius litura, F. Coccidula rufa, Herbst — scutellata, Herbst ENDOMYCHID.E Symbiotes latus, Redt. Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. Alexia pilifera, Mall. Lycoperdina bovistae, F. Endomychus coccineus, L. EROTYLID^: Dacne humeralis, F. — rufifrons, F. Triplax russica, L. — aenea, Schall. — lacordairei, Cr. Cyrtotriplax bipustulata, F. PHALACRIDjE Phalacrus corruscus, Payk. — v. humberti, Tourn. — caricis, Sturm Olibrus corticalis, Panz. — aeneus, F. — bicolor, F. — particeps, Muls. — flavicornis, Sturm — millefolii, Payk. — pygmaeus, Sturm Eustilbus testaceus, Panz. MICROPEPLID^: Micropeplus porcatus, Payk. — staphylinoides, Marsh. — margaritae, Duv. NITIDULID.ffi Brachypterus gravidus, 111. — pubescens, Er. — urticae, F. Cercus pedicularius, L. — bipustulatus, Payk. — rufilabris, Latr. Carpophilus hemipterus, L. Epuraea decemguttata, F. — difFusa, Bris. — aestiva, L. — melina, Er. — oblonga, Herbst — longula, Er. — florea, Er. — deleta, Er. — parvula, Sturm — obsoleta, F. — neglecta, Sturm — pusilla, Er. — angustula, Er. Omosiphora limbata, F. Micrurula melanocephala, Marsh. Nitidula bipustulata, L. — rufipes, L. — quadripustulata, F. 102 Soronia punctatissima, 111. — grisea, L. Amphotis marginata, Er. Omosita depressa, L. — colon, L. — discoidea, F. Thalycra sericea, Sturm Pocadius ferrugineus, F. Pria dulcamaras, Scop. Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. — lumbaris, Sturm — corvinus, Er. — aeneus, F. — viridescens, F. — difficilis, Heer — kunzei, Er. — memnonius, Er. — ochropus, Sturm — brunnicornis, Sturm — viduatus, Sturm — pedicularius, Gyll. — bidens, Bris. — umbrosus, Sturm — ovatus, Sturm — flavipes, Sturm — picipes, Sturm - rotundicollis, Bris. — symphyti, Heer — nanus, Er. — serripes, Gyll. — murinus, Er. — lugubris, Sturm — obscurus, Er. — erythropus, Gyll. — bidentatus, Bris. — solidus, Sturm Cychramus luteus, F. Cryptarcha strigata, F. — imperialis, F. Ips quadripunctata, Herbst Pityophagus ferrugineus, F. TROGOSITID,E Nemosoma elongatum, L. Tenebrioides mauritanicus,L. Aglenus brunneus, Gyll. Oxylaemus variolosus, Duft. Orthocerus muticus, L. Ditoma crenata, F. Cicones variegatus, Hellw. Cerylon histeroides, F. — fagi, Bris. — v. excavatum, Fowler Murmidius ovalis, Beck CUCUJID^: Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. — depressus, F. INSECTS Rhizophagus perforatus, Er. — parallelocollis, Er. — ferrugineus, Payk. — bipustulatus, F. Laemophloeus bimaculatus, Payk. — duplicatus, Waltl — ferrugineus, Steph. — ater, Ol. Brontes planatus, L. Psammcechus bipunctatus, F. Nausibius dentatus, Marsh. Silvanus surinamensis, L. — unidentatus, F. — similis, Er. Cathartus advena, Waltl MONOTOMID^: Monotoma conicicollis, — formicetorum, Thorns. — spinicollis, Aub6 — brevicollis, Aubi — picipes, Herbst — quadricollis, Aub6 — rufa, Redt. — sub-4-foveolata, Wat. — longicollis, Gyll. LATHRIDIIDjE Anommatus 1 2-striatus, Moll. Lathridius lardarius, De G. — angulatus, Humm. Coninomus nodifer, Westw. — constrictus, Humm. — car in at us, Gyll. Enicmus minutus, L. — transversus, Ol. — testaceus, Steph. Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. — elongata, Curt. Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. — crenulata, Gyll. — denticulata, Gyll. — serrata, Payk. — umbilicata, Beck — fulva, Com. — *obscura, Bris. — elongata, Humm. — fenestralis, L. Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst — fuscula, Humm. CRYPTOPHAGID^E Diphyllus lunatus, F. Telmatophilus sparganii, Ahr. — caricis, Ol. — typhae, Fall. Antherophagus nigricornis,F. — pallens, Gyll. — silaceus, Herbst Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst — setulosus, Sturm — pilosus, Gyll. — punctipennis, Bris. — populi, Payk. — saginatus, Sturm — scanicus, L. — badius, Sturm — dentatus, Herbst — distinguendus, Sturm — acutangulus, Gyll. — cellaris, Scop. — affinis, Sturm — pubescens, Sturm — bicolor, Sturm Micrambe vini, Panz. — *abietis, Payk. Henoticus serratus, Gyll. Paramecosoma melanocepha- lum, Herbst Myrmecoxenus vaporario- rum, Gudr. Caenoscelis pallida, Woll. Atomaria fimetarii, Herbst — rumata, Er. — nigriventris, Steph. — umbrina, Er. — linearis, Steph. — elongatula, Er. — badia, Er. — fuscipes, Gyll. — peltata, Kr. — nigripennis, Payk. — munda, Er. — fuscata, Schon. — atra, Herbst — pusilla, Payk. — atricapilla, Steph. — berolinensis, Kr. — basalis, Er. — mesomelas, Herbst — gutta, Steph. — apicalis, Er. — analis, Er. — ruficornis, Marsh. — versicolor, Er. Ephistemus globosus, Waltl — gyrinoides, Marsh. MYCETOPHAGID^E Typhaea fumata, L. Triphyllus suturalis, F. — punctatus, F. Litargus bifasciatus, F. Mycetophagus quadripustu- latus, L. 103 Mycetophagus pi ecus, F. — atomarius, F. — quadriguttatus, Mull. — multipunctatus, Hellw. BYTURID^E Byturus sambuci, Scop. — tomentosus, F. DERMESTID.E Dermestes vulpinus, F. — frischi, Kug. — murinus, L. — lardarius, L. Attagenus pellio, L. Megatoma undata, Er. Tiresias serra, F. Anthrenus varius, F. — musaeorum, L. — claviger, Er. Xrinodes hirtus, F. Syncalypta spinosa, Rossi — hirsuta, Sharp Byrrhus pilula, L. — v. dennyi, Steph. — fasciatus, F. — dorsalis, F. — murinus, F. Cytilus varius, F. Simplocaria semistriata, F. Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll. PARNID^E Elmis aeneus, Mall. — volkmari, Panz. — cupreus, Mull. Limnius tuberculatus, Mull. — troglodytes, Gyll. — rivularis, Ros. Potaminus substriatus, Mull. Parnus prolifericornis, F. — auriculatus, Panz. — algiricus, Lucas HETEROCERID^: Heterocerus marginatus, F. — laevigatus, Panz. LUCANIOiE Lucanus cervus, L. Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. Sinodendron cylindricum, L. SCARAB^ID^E COPRINA Copris lunaris, L. Onthophagus ovatus, L. — coenobita, Herbst A HISTORY OF SURREY Onthophagus vacca, L. — fracticornis, Payk. — nuchicornis, L. Aphodius erraticus, L. — subterraneus, L. — fossor, L. — haemorrhoidalis, L. — foetens, F. — fimetarius, L. — scybalarius, F. — ater, De G. — granarius, L. — nitidulus, F. — sordidus, F. — rufescens, F. — putridus, Sturm — lividus, Ol. — porcus, F. — tristis, Panz. — pusillus, Herbst — quadrimaculatus, L. — merdarius, F. — inquinatus, F. — tessulatus, Payk. — sticticus, Panz. — punctato-sulcatus, Stm. — prodromus, Brahm — contaminatus, Herbst — obliteratus, Panz. — zenkeri, Germ. — luridus, F. — rufipes, L. — depressus, Kug. Plagiogonus arenarius, Ol. Heptaulacus testudinarius, F. — villosus, Gyll. Oxyomus porcatus, F. Odontaeus mobilicornis, F. Geotrupes typhoeus, L. — spiniger, Marsh. — stercorarius, L. — mutator, Marsh. — sylvaticus, Panz. — vernalis, L. — pyrenaeus, Charp. Trox sabulosus, L. — scaber, L. MELOLONTHINA Hoplia philanthus, F(iss. Homaloplia ruricola, F. Serica brunnea, L. Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. Melolontha vulgaris, F. RUTELINA Phyllopertha horticola, L. Anomala frischi, F. CETONIINA Cetonia aurata, L. Gnorirnus variabilis, L. — nobilis, L. BUPRESTID.E Agrilus laticornis, 111. — angustulus, 111. Aphanisticus pusillus, Ol. Trachys minuta, L. — pumila, 111. — troglodytes, Gyll. THROSCIDjE Throscus dermestoides, L. — carinifrons, Bonv. — obtusus, Curt. EUCNEMID^ Melasis buprestoides, L. ELATERID^ Lacon murinus, L. Cardiophorus asellus, Er. Cryptohypnus riparius, F. — quadripustulatus, F. Elater lythropterus, Germ. — sanguinolentus, Schr. — balteatus, L. — nigrinus, Payk. Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Pz. Megapenthes lugens, Redt. — tibialis, Lac. Ludius ferrugineus, L. Melanotus rufipes, Herbst Athous rhombeus, Ol. - niger, L. — longicollis, Ol. — haemorrhoidalis, F. — vittatus, F. Limonius cylindricus, Payk. — minutus, L. Sericosomus brunneus, L. Synaptus filiformis, F. Adrastus limbatus, F. Agriotes sputator, L. — obscurus, L. — lineatus, L. — sordidus, 111. — sobrinus, Kies. — pallidulus, 111. Dolopius marginatus, L. Corymbites tessellatus, F. — quercus, Gyll. — holosericeus, F. — metallicus, Payk. — bipustulatus, L. Campylus linearis, L. DASCILLID^ Dascillus cervinus, L. Helodes minuta, L. Microcara livida, F. 104 Microcara livida,v. bohemani, Mann. Cyphon coarctatus, Payk. — nitidulus, Thorns. — variabilis, Thunb. — pallidulus, Boh. — padi, L. Prionocyphon serricornis, Mull. Scirtes hemisphasricus, L. — orbicularis, Panz. MALACODERMID^ LYCINA Platycis minutus, F. LAMPYRINA Lampyris noctiluca, L. DRILINA Drilus flavescens, Rossi TELEPHORINA Podabrus alpinus, Payk. Telephorus fuscus, L. — rusticus, Fall. — lividus, L. — pellucidus, F. — nigricans, Mull. — lituratus, F. — figuratus, Mann. — bicolor, F. — haemorrhoidalis, F. — oralis, Germ. — flavilabris, Fall. — thoracicus, Ol. Rhagonycha unicolor, Curt. — ruscicornis, Scop. — testacea, L. — limbata, Thorns. — pallida, F. Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. — fasciatus, Ol. — balteatus, Suff. — frontalis, Marsh. Malthodes marginatus, Latr. — guttifer, Kies. — dispar, Germ. — pellucidus, Kies. — minimus, L. — fibulatus, Kies. — nigellus, Kies. — atomus, Thorns. MELYRINA Malachius aeneus, L. — bipustulatus, L. — viridis, F. Axinotarsus pulicarius, F. — ruficollis, Ol. INSECTS Anthocomus fasciatus, L. Dasytes flavipes, F. — asrosus, Kies. — niger, L. Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh. Phloeophilus edwardsi, Steph. CLERID^E Tillus elongatus, L. — unifasciatus, F. Opilo mollis, L. Thanasimus formicarius, L. Necrobia ruficollis, F. — violacea, L. — rufipes, De G. Corynetes cceruleus, De G. PTINID^E PTININA Ptinus germanus, F. — sexpunctatus, Panz. — lichenum, Marsh. — fur, L. Niptus hololeucus, Fald. — crenatus, F. Hedobia imperialis, L. Mezium affine, Boield. Gibbium scotias, F. ANOBIINA Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. — anobioides, Chevr. Priobium castaneum, F. Anobium denticolle, Panz. — domesticum, Fourc. — fulvicorne, Sturm — paniceum, L. Xestobium tessellatum, F. Ernobius mollis, L. Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Ochina hederae, Mall. Xyletinus ater, Panz. Lasioderma serricorne, F. Ccenocara bovistae, HoflF. Dorcatoma chrysomelina, Sturm — flavicornis, F. Anitys rubens, Hoffi BOSTRICHID^E Rhizopertha pusilla, F. LYCTID.E Lyctus canaliculatus, F. — brunneus, Steph. SPHINDID^E Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Cis boleti, Scop. — v. rugulosus, Mell. — villosulus, Marsh. — micans, F. — hispidus, Payk. — bidentatus, Ol. — alni, Gyll. — nitidus, Herbst — pygmaeus, Marsh. — festivus, Panz. — vestitus, Mell. - fuscatus, Mell. Rhopalodontus fronticornis. Panz. Ennearthron affine, Gyll. — cornutum, Gyll. Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. CERAMBYCID^E PRIONINA Prionus coriarius, L. CERAMBYCINA Aromia moschata, L. Asemum striatum, L. Hylotrupes bajulus, L. Callidium violaceum, L. — variabile, L. — alni, L. Clytus arietis, L. — mysticus, L. Gracilia minuta, F. Molorchus minor, L. — umbellatarum, L. Rhagium inquisitor, F. — bifasciatum, F. Toxotus meridianus, Panz. Pachyta cerambyciformis, Schr. — collaris, L. L'eptura livida, F. Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. — armata, Herbst — nigra, L. — melanura, L. Grammoptera tabacicolor, DeG. — ruficornis, F. LAMIINA Leiopus nebulosus, L. Pogonochaerus bidentatus, Thorns. — dentatus, Fourc. Mesosa nubila, Ol. Saperda populnea, L. Tetrops prsusta, L. Phytoecia cylindrica, L. 105 BRUCHID^E Bruchus cisti, F. — canus, Germ. — pisi, L. — rufimanus, Boh. — atomarius, L. — v. fahraei, Gyll. — rufipes, Herbst — loti, Payk. — villosus, F. CHRYSOMELID/E EUPODA Orsodacna lineola, Panz. — v. humeralis, Latr. Donacia crassipes, F. — dentata, Hoppe — versicolorea, Brahm — sparganii, Ahr. — dentipes, F. — limbata, Panz. — bicolora, Zsch. — thalassina, Germ. — simplex, F. — vulgaris, Zsch. — clavipes, F. — semicuprea, Panz. — cinerea, Herbst — sericea, L. — discolor, Panz. — braccata, Scop. - affinis, Kunze Zeugophora subspinosa, F. Lema cyanella, L. — lichenis, Voet — melanopa, L. Crioceris lilii, Scop. — asparagi, L. CAMPTOSOMATA Labidostomis tridentata, L. Clythra quadripunctata, L. Cryptocephalus coryli, L. — bipunctatus, L. — v. thomsoni, Weise — aureolus, Suffr. — hypochasridis, L. — ochrostoma, Har. — parvulus, Mall. — moraei, L. — bilineatus, L. — fulvus, Goeze — pusillus, F. — labiatus, L. CTCLICA Lamprosoma concolor, Sturm Timarcha tenebricosa, F. — violaceonigra, De G. Chrysomela marginalis, Duft. A HISTORY OF SURREY Chrysomela banksi, F. — staphylea, L. — polita, L. — orichalcia, Mull. — varians, Schall. — goettingensis, L. — fastuosa, Scop. — didymata, Scriba — hyperici, Forst. Melasoma populi, L. — longicolle, Suffr. Phytodecta rufipes, De G. — viminalis, L. — olivacea, Forst. — pallida, L. Gastroidea viridula, De G. — polygoni, L. Plagiodera versicolora, Laich. Phaedon tumidulus, Germ. — armoraciae, L. — cochleariae, F. Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L. — cavifrons, Thorns. — vitellinae, L. Hydrothassa aucta, F. — marginella, L. Prasocuris junci, Brahm. — phellandrii, L. Phyllobrotica quadrimacu- lata, L. Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goez. — rufipes, Scop. — flavipes, L. Lochmaea capreae, L. — suturalis, Thorns. — crataegi, Forst. Galerucella viburni, Payk. — nymphaeae, L. — sagittariae, Gyll. — lineola, F. — calmariensis, L. — tenella, L. Adimonia tanaceti, L. Sermyla halensis, L. Longitarsus pulex, Schr. — anchusae, Payk. — ater, F. — holsaticus, L. — dorsalis, F. — luridus, Scop. — brunneus, Duft. — agilis, Rye. — suturellus, Duft. — atricillus, L. — patruelis, All. — melanocephalus, All. — atriceps, Kuts. — distinguendus, Rye — nasturtii, F. — piciccps, Steph. Longitarsus lycopi, Foudr. — abdominalis, Duft. — membranaceus, Foudr. — ballotae, Marsh. — waterhousei, Kuts. — ferrugineus, Foudr. — cerinus, Foudr. — flavicornis, Steph. — femoralis, Marsh. — pusillus, Gyll. — tabidus, F. — v. thapsi, Marsh. — jacobaeae, Wat. — ochroleucus, Marsh. — gracilis, Kuts. — laevis, Duft. — pellucidus, Foudr. Haltica lythri, Aub£ — ericeti, AH. — coryli, Brit. coll. — oleracea, L. — palustris, Weise — pusilla, Duft. Hermaeophaga mercurialis,F. Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh. — nigripes, F. — consobrina, Curt. — punctulata, Marsh. — atra, Payk. — cruciferae, Goeze — vittula, Redt. — undulata, Kuts. — nemorum, L. — ochripes, Curt. — tetrastigma, Com. — exclamationis, Thunb. Aphthona lutescens, Gyll. — nonstriata, Goeze — venustula, Kuts. — atroccerulea, Steph. — virescens, Foudr. — atratula, All. — herbigrada, Curt. Batophila rubi, Payk. — aerata, Marsh. Sphaeroderma testaceum, F. — cardui, Gyll. Apteropeda orbiculata, Marsh. — globosa, 111. Mniophila muscorum, Koch Podagrica fuscipes, L. — fuscicornis, L. Mantura rustica, L. — obtusata, Gyll. — matthewsi, Curt. Ochrosis salicariae, Payk. Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. 1 06 Crepidodera ferruginea, Scop. — rufipes, L. — ventralis, 111. — helxines, L. — chloris, Foudr. — aurata, Marsh. — smaragdina, Foudr. Hippuriphila modeeri, L. Epitrix atropae, Foudr. Chaetocnema subcoerulea, Kuts. — aridula, Gyll. — confusa, Boh. — hortensis, Fourc. Plectroscelis concinna,Marsh . Psylliodes attenuata, Koch — chrysocephala, L. — napi, Koch — cuprea, Koch — instabilis, Foudr. — arfinis, Payk. — dulcamarae, Koch — chalcomera, 111. — pi cina, Marsh. CRTPTOSOMATA Cassida fastuosa, Schall. — nebulosa, L. — vibex, F. — sanguinolenta, F. — nobilis, L. — flaveola, Thunb. — equestris, F. — viridis, F. — hemisphaerica, Herbst TENEBRIONID^ Blaps mucronata, Latr. — similis, Latr. Microzoum tibiale, F. Heledona agaricola, F. Scaphidema metallicum, F. Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Say Tenebrio molitor, L. — obscurus, F. Alphitobius diaperinus, Panz. — piceus, Ol. Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Tribolium ferrugineum, F. — confusum, Duv. Palorus ratzeburgi, Wissm. Hypophloeus bicolor, Ol. — *linearis, F. Helops coeruleus, L. — striatus, Fourc. CISTELID^ Cistela luperus, Herbst — ceramboides, L. — murina, L. INSECTS Eiyx ater, F. Mycetochares bipustulata,Ill. LAGRIID^E Lagria hirta, L. MELANDRYID.E Tetratoma fungorum, F. — desmaresti, Latr. — ancora, F. Clinocara tetratoma, Thorns. Hallomenus humeralis, Panz. Conopalpus testaceus, Ol. Melandrya caraboides, L. Anisoxya fuscula, 111. Abdera quadrifasciata, Steph. — bifasciata, Marsh. Phlceotrya rufipes, Gyll. Hypulus quercinus, Quens. PYTHID.E Salpingus castaneus, Panz. — aeratus, Mull. — *mutilatus, Beck Lissodema quadripustulatum, Marsh. — cursor, Gyll. Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. — viridipennis, Steph. — planirostris, F. CEDEMERID^E Oedemera nobilis, Scop. — lurida, Marsh. Oncomera femorata, F. Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt Ischnomera ccerulea, L. — sanguinicollis, F. PYROCHROID^E Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. SCRAPTIID^E Scraptia fuscula, Mall. MORDELLID^ Mordella fasciata, F. Mordellistena abdominal is, F. — humeralis, L. — brunnea, F. — pumila, Gyll. — brevicauda, Boh. — parvula, Gyll. Anaspis frontalis, L. — garneysi, Fowler — pulicaria, Costa — rufilabris, Gyll. — geoffroyi, Mall. — ruficollis, F. — v. alpicola, Emery — costas, Emery Anaspis subtestacea, Steph. — maculata, Fourc. — latipalpis, Schilsky RHIPIDOPHORID.E Metoecus paradoxus, L. ANTHICID^ Notoxus monoceros, L. Anthicus floralis, L. — antherinus, L. XYLOPHILID^E Xylophilus populneus, F. — brevicornis, Perris — oculatus, Gyll. MELOiDJE. Meloe proscarabaeus, L. — violaceus, Marsh. — brevicollis, Panz. ANTHRIBID^: Brachy tarsus fasciatus, Forst. — varius, F. Anthribus albinus, L. Tropideres niveirostris, F. Choragus sheppardi, Kirby CURCULIONIDjE ATTELABINA Apoderus coryli, L. Attelabus curculionoides, L. RHYNCHITINA Byctiscus betuleti, F. — populi, L. Rhynchites aequatus, L. — aeneovirens, Marsh. — cceruleus, De G. — minutus, Herbst — interpunctatus, Steph. — pauxillus, Germ. — nanus, Payk. — uncinatus, Thorns. — sericeus, Herbst — pubescens, F. Deporatts megacephalus, Germ. — betulae, L. APIONINA Apion pomonas, F. — craccae, L. — subulatum, Kirby — ulicis, Forst. — genistas, Kirby — fuscirostre, F. — malvae, F. — urticarium, Herbst 107 Apion vernale, F. — miniatum, Germ. — cruentatum, Walt. — haematodes, Kirby — rubens, Steph. — sanguineum, De G. — pallipes, Kirby — rufirostre, F. — viciae, Payk. — difforme, Germ. — dissimile, Germ. — varipes, Germ. — laevicolle, Kirby — schOnherri, Boh. — apricans, Herbst — trifolii, L. — dichroum, Bedel — nigritarse, Kirby — confluens, Kirby — stolidum, Germ. — hookeri, Kirby — aeneum, F. — radiolus, Kirby — onopordi, Kirby — carduorum, Kirby — flavimanum, Gyll. — annulipes, Wenck. — vicinum, Kirby — atomarium, Kirby — minimum, Herbst — virens, Herbst — punctigerum, Payk. — pisi, F. — aethiops, Herbst — ebeninum, Kirby — filirostre, Kirby — striatum, Kirby — immune, Kirby — ononis, Kirby — spencei, Kirby — crvi, Kirby — vorax, Herbst — unicolor, Kirby — platalea, Germ. — meliloti, Kirby — scutellare, Kirby — livescerum, Gyll. — waltoni, Steph. — loti, Kirby — seniculum, Kirby — tenue, Kirby — simile, Kirby — pubescens, Kirby — curtisi, Walt. — sedi, Germ. — marchicum, Herbst — affine, Kirby — violaceum, Kirby — hydrolapathi, Kirby — humile, Germ. A HISTORY OF SURREY OTIORRHYNCHINA Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, Herbst — fuscipes, Walt. — raucus, F. — scabrosus, Marsh. — ligneus, Ol. — picipes, F. — sulcatus, F. — ligustici, L. — ovatus, L. — muscorum, Bris. Peritelus griseus, Ol. Trachyphlceus aristatus,Gyll. — squamulatus, Ol. — scaber, L. — scabriculus, L. — spinimanus, Germ. — alternans, Gyll. Caenopsis fissirostris, Walt. — waltoni, Schfin. Strophosomus coryli, F. — capitatus, De G. — fulvicornis, Walt. — retusus, Marsh. — faber, Herbst — lateralis, Payk. Exomias araneiformis, Schr. Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd. — hirtus, Boh. Sciaphilus muricatus, F. Tropiphorus carinatus, Mall. — tomentosus, Marsh. Liophlceus nubilus, F. Polydrusus micans, F. — tereticollis, De G. — pterygomalis, Boh. — flavipes, De G. — cervinus, L. — confluens, Steph. Phyllobius oblongus, L. — calcaratus, F. — urticae, De G. — pyri, L. — argentatus, L. — maculicornis, Germ. — pomonae, Ol. — viridiseris, Laich. Tanymecus palliatus, F. Philopedon geminatus, F. Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. Barynotus obscurus, F. — elevatus, Marsh. Alophus triguttatus, F. CURCULIONINA Sitones griseus, F. — cambricus, Steph. — regensteinensis, Herbst Sitones waterhousei, Walt. — crinitus, Herbst — tibialis, Herbst — hispidulus, F. — humeralis, Steph. — meliloti, Walt. — flavescens, Marsh. — puncticollis, Steph. — suturalis, Steph. — lineatus, L. — sulcifrons, Thunb. Gronops lunatus, L. Limobius dissimilis, Herbst Hypera punctata, F. — rumicis, L. — pollux, F. — alternans, Steph. — polygoni, L. — suspiciosa, Herbst — variabilis, Herbst — murina, F. — plantaginis, De G. — meles, F. — trilineata, Marsh. — nigrirostris, F. Cleonus nebulosus, L. Lixus paraplecticus, L. Larinus carlinae, Ol. Lepyrus binotatus, Payk. Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv. — v. collare, Rye — oblongulum, Boh. — pyrenaeus, Bris. — troglodytes, Rye Liparus coronatus, Goeze Hylobius abietis, L. Plinthus caliginosus, F. Pissodes notatus, F. Orchestes quercus, L. — scutellaris, Gyll. — v. semirufus, Gyll. — alni, L. — v. ferrugineus, Marsh. — ilicis, F. — v. nigripes, Fowler — avellanae, Don. — fag', L. — pratensis, Germ. — rusci, Herbst — iota, F. — stigma, Germ. — salicis, L. — saliceti, Payk. Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv. Orthocaetes setiger, Beck Pseudostyphlus pilumnus, Gyll. Procas armillatus, F. Grypidius equiseti, F. Erirrhinus scirpi, F. 1 08 Erirrhinus bimaculatus, F. — acridulus, L. Thryogenes festucz, Herbst — nereis, Payk. — scirrhosus, Gyll. Dorytomus vorax, F. — tortrix, L. — hirtipennis, Bedel — validirostris, Gyll. — maculatus, Marsh. — melanophthalmus, Payk. — pectoralis, Gyll. — salicis, Walt. Smicronyx reichei, Gyll. — jungermanniae, Reich. Tanysphyrus lemnae, F. Bagous alismatis, Marsh. — nodulosus, Gyll. — lutulosus, Gyll. — frit, Brit. coll. — brevis, Schan. — glabrirostris, Herbst Anoplus plantaris, Naez. — roboris, Suffr. Elleschus bipunctatus, L. Tychius venustus, F. — squamulatus, Gyll. — schneideri, Herbst — meliloti, Steph. — junceus, Reich. — tomentosus, Herbst — tibialis, Boh. — pygmaeus, Bris. Miccotrogus picirostris, F. Sibinia potentillae, Germ. — primita, Herbst Miarus campanulas, L. — graminis, Gyll. — plantarum, Germ. Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. — beccabungae, L. — melanarius, Germ. — rostellum, Herbst — pascuorun, Gyll. — labilis, Herbst — antirrhini, Payk. Mecinus pyraster, Herbst — circulatus, Marsh. Anthonomus ulmi, De G. — rosinae, Des Gozis. — pedicularius, L. — chevrolati, Desbr. — pomorum, L. — rubi, Herbst — comari, Crotch Nanophyes lythri, F. — gracilis, Redt. Cionus scrophulariae, L. — tuberculosus, Scop. — thapsus, F. INSECTS Cionus hortulanus, Marsh. — blattariae, F. — pulchellus, Herbst Orobitis cyaneus, L. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. — turbatus, Boh. Cceliodes rubicundus, Herbst — quercus, F. — ruber, Marsh. — erythroleucus, Gmel. — cardui, Herbst — quadrimaculatus, L. — exiguus, Ol. Poophagus sisymbrii, F. Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. — setosus, Boh. — constrictus, Marsh. — cochleariae, Gyll. — ericae, Gyll. — erysimi, F. — contractus, Marsh. — cyanipennis, Germ. — chalybaeus, Germ. — pilosellus, Gyll. — quadridens, Panz. — geographicus, Goeze — pollinarius, Forst. — viduatus, Gyll. — pleurostigma, Marsh. — alliarias, Bris. — rapae, Gyll. — punctiger, Gyll. — marginatus, Payk. — urticae, Boh. — rugulosus, Herbst — melanostictus, Marsh. — asperifoliarum, Gyll. — arcuatus, Herbst — euphorbiae, Bris. — chrysanthemi, Germ. — campestris, Gyll. — litura, F. — trimaculatus, F. Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. — hepaticus, Gyll. Ceuthorrhynchidius pyrrho- rhynchus, Marsh. — nigrinus, Marsh. — melanarius, Steph. — posthumus, Germ. — terminatus, Herbst — horridus, F. — distinctus, Bris. — quercicola, Payk. — troglodytes, F. — chevrolati, Bris. Rhytidosomus globulus, Herbst Amalus haemorrhous, Herbst. Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. — gramineus, Herbst — perpendicularis, Reich. — castor, F. — bruchoides, Herbst — quadrinodosus, Gyll. Eubrychius velatus, Beck Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. Phytobius comari, Herbst — waltoni, Boh. — quadrituberculatus, F. — canaliculatus, Fahr. — quadricornis, Gyll. Limnobaris X-album, L. Baris laticollis, Marsh. — picicornis, Marsh. — lepidii, Germ. Balaninus venosus, Grav. — nucum, L. — turbatus, Gyll. — betulae, Steph. — rubidus, Gyll. — villosus, F. — salicivorus, Payk. — pyrrhoceras, Marsh. Magdalis armigera, Fourc. — cerasi, L. — pruni, L. — barbicornis, Latr. CALANDRINA Calandra granaria, L. — oryzae, L. COSSONINA Cossonus ferruginous, Clairv. Rhyncolus lignarius, Marsh. — gracilis, Ros. — ater, L. SCOLYTID^E Scolytus destructor, Ol. — pruni, Ratz. — intricatus, Ratz. — rugulosus, Ratz. — multistriatus, Marsh. Hylastes ater, Payk. — cunicularius, Er. — opacus, Er. — angustatus, Herbst - palliatus, Gyll. Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh. Hylesinus crenatus, F. — oleiperda, F. — fraxini, Panz. — vittatus, F. Myelophilus piniperda, L. Cissophagus hederae, Schmidt Phlceophthorus rhododacty- lus, Marsh. Cryphalus binodulus, Ratz. — *granulatus, Ratz. — abietis, Ratz. — piceae, Ratz. — fagi, Nord. Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft. Dryocsetes villosus, F. — alni, Georg. — coryli, Perris. Tomicus laricis, F. Pityogenes chalcographus, L. — bidentatus, Herbst Trypodendron domesticum, L. Xyleborus dispar, F. — dryographus, Ratz. — saxeseni, Ratz. Platypus cylindrus, F. Stylops melittae, Kirby ABNORMAL COLEOPTERA STYLOPID.E Elenchus tenuicornis, Kirby LEPIDOPXERA Butterflies and Moths With the possible exception of its southern portion and its extreme south-western and western limits bordering on Sussex and Hampshire, probably no county in England — except perhaps Kent — has been more 109 A HISTORY OF SURREY thoroughly worked by collectors of the Lepidoptera than Surrey, and it is unlikely that many rare or local species have been overlooked. Whatever number of species may have occurred therein in the beginning or middle of the last century, there can be no doubt that the Rhopalocera (Butter- flies) throughout the greater portion of the county are, and have been for many years past, poorly represented both as to species and the quantity of specimens. The number of species occurring in Surrey does not equal the number recorded for either Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Gloucestershire or Northamptonshire. All the counties named contain local species of considerable interest ; but no butterfly is found in Surrey which does not occur in most of the southern, eastern, western and midland counties. The greater part of the north-eastern portion of the county is absorbed by south London, while the suburbs extend to Croydon and Reigate on the south, and to Surbiton, Epsom, Leatherhead, Molesey, Esher, Walton-on-Thames, Weybridge and Woking on the west and south-west. In this more or less suburban district the butter- flies— with the exception of the commonest and most widely distributed species, or species which occur sporadically, like Colias edusa, C. hyale and Vanessa cardui — are conspicuous by their absence or extreme rarity. This may to some extent be accounted for by drainage and building operations, by London smoke, or by the extermination of local species by over-collecting. No one accustomed to the woods of Hampshire, Sussex, Northamp- tonshire, Gloucestershire and many of the other English counties can fail to be struck by the rarity, and in some cases the entire absence, of sylvan species — such as the Fritillaries — in localities like Coombe Wood near Kingston, the Prince's Covers near Claygate, Ashtead Woods between Surbiton and Leatherhead, or Bookham Common between Stoke d'Abernon and Bookham. Even further from London, in the woods between Effingham and Ockham, or in the wild moor and woodland country extending from Ranmore Common on the east to near Guildford on the west and from Horsley on the north to Shiere on the south, the scarcity, or entire absence, of more or less local butterflies is astonishing. On the other hand the list of the Heterocera (moths) found in Surrey is a fairly good one, though it is not equal to the lists for Hampshire or Sussex. RHOPALOCERA Butterflies^- The Wood White (Leucopbasia sinapis, L.) is recorded by Mr. Barrett as formerly common at Haslemere, but the writer has never met with it in the county, or received any notes of its occurrence from any of his other numerous correspondents. If it ever occurred in any of the Surrey woods in addition to the Haslemere locality, it has probably been extinct for some years as it has been in many of its former localities in adjoining counties. 1 The caterpillars of the Swallow-tail (Papilio machaon, L.) are recorded by the late G. Austin as having been taken fifty years ago in the osier beds in the Battersea fields. — H. G. no INSECTS The Large Cabbage White (Pieris brassica, L.), the Small Cabbage White (P. rapes ^ L.) and the Green-veined White (P. napi, L.) are generally distributed throughout the county and are usually abun- dant. The Bath White (P. daplidice^ L.) has been recorded by Mr. Sydney Webb as having been taken singly at the Hilly Field, Headley and near Box Hill, but no captures have been reported since 1860. The Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines, L.) is generally distributed in lanes, fields and woods and is often abundant. The Brimstone (Gonepteryx rbamni, L.) is generally distributed throughout the county and is common in many places where its food plant is plenti- ful, but I have never seen it as common in Surrey as it is in the New Forest and in many of the Sussex woods. The Clouded Yellow (Golias edusa, Fb.) is generally distributed in the county in favourable seasons, and has been taken commonly in the suburban districts about Reigate, Croydon, Surbiton, Hook, Chessington and elsewhere. It was plentiful in clover and lucerne fields close to Surbiton in 1877, 1888, 1893 and 1900. Mr. T. H. Briggs also records it from Betchworth, Ranmore and Leatherhead. The white variety of the female (var. helice) generally occurs with the type more or less commonly. Mr. Sydney Webb says that in the great edusa year of 1877 the var. he lice occurred at the rate of about 20 per cent to the type. In some seasons it averages only about 5 per cent to the type. The Pale Clouded Yellow (C. byaley L.) is generally dis- tributed in the county in certain seasons. The late Edward Newman recorded it as being common at New Cross in 1835. Mr. Barrett recorded it from Haslemere in 1868 and Mr. Sydney Webb says it was common on the railway bank at Buckland in 1876. It occurred sparingly about Surbiton, Hook and Chessington in 1893 and com- monly in clover fields in the same localities in 1900. The Silver Washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia^ L.) occurs sparingly in most of the woods in the county, but is very rare in the metropolitan district. It has been recorded by Mr. Sydney Webb from Tilburstow and Glutton's Wood south of Redhill, by Mr. J. G. Hewat from the Prince's Covers near Claygate,1 by Mr. T. H. Briggs from Headley Lane and Mickleham. The writer has taken it occasionally in Headley Lane by the skle of Sir Lucas Pepys' wood, and in the wooded valleys between the locality last named and Betchworth. It also occurs sparingly about the Sheep Leas, West Horsley, and in the woods on Shiere Common ; but it is not, apparently, abundant in Surrey as it is in the New Forest and in many other Hampshire woods, or in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, and in some of the Sussex woods. I have never seen in Surrey the greenish black variety of the female — va/ezina — which is so common in the New Forest. The Dark Green Fritillary (A. ag/aia, L.) is generally distributed on the chalk downs in the centre of the county, especially at the base of the hills 1 It must be very rare in this locality, as I have never seen more than one or two in a season. — H. G. ill A HISTORY OF SURREY about Reigate, Betchworth and Dorking. I have taken a few speci- mens near West Horsley, and it is sometimes common in the woods and on the downs to the east of Newlands Corner. The High Brown Fritillary (A. adippe, L.) has been recorded by Mr. Barrett as occurring sparingly at Haslemere. Mr. Sydney Webb says it occurs in similar localities to A. aglaia and also in woods. I have taken a few specimens near the Sheep Leas, West Horsley, on Shiere Common between Horsley and Shiere, between Mickleham and Headley, and in some of the wooded valleys to the east of Box Hill. This species, like A. papbia and A. aglaia, is almost entirely absent frbm the neigh- bourhood of London, and even in the centre and south-west of the county occurs very sparingly. The Queen of Spain Fritillary (A. lathonia, L.) has been recorded by the late Edward Newman from Croydon. Mr. Webb tells me that it has been also taken near Headley, Betchworth and Redstone, but that no captures have been reported since 1851. The Pearl Bordered Fritillary (A. euphrosyne, L.) has been recorded as abundant about Haslemere by Mr. Barrett. It is also recorded from Reigate by Mr. Sydney Webb, from Crohamhurst near Croydon and from Leatherhead by Mr. T. H. Briggs, and from Claygate and Horsley by Mr. J. G. Hewat. I have known the Claygate Woods for twenty-six years, but have never seen more than three or four specimens there in one season. It is not uncommon in the woods near the Sheep Leas between West Horsley and Shiere, but it is apparently absent from, or very rare in, the woods in the suburban district. The Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary1 (A. selene, Schiff.) seems to be rare in the county. Mr. T. H. Briggs says he found it on Wimbledon Common about forty years ago and at Byfleet as recently as 1896. Mr. Webb refers to its occurrence near Reigate. Mr. Barrett also records this species as common near Haslemere, but I have never seen a specimen in the county, although it is abundant in many parts of the adjoining counties of Hampshire, Sussex and Kent. The Greasy Fritillary (Melitcea artemis, L.) is, or was, locally common near Hasle- mere. Mr. Barrett says : ' It occurs irregularly in numbers, but is occasionally abundant.' It does not seem to have been noticed lately and has probably disappeared from Surrey, as it has from so many English counties. I have never met with the species in the county, and with the exception of Mr. Barrett's record of its Haslemere locality I have never heard of its occurrence from any of my numerous friends and correspondents in any part of the county. The Large Tortoiseshell (Vanessa polycbloros, L.) is generally distributed throughout the county, but I have never seen it in abundance as it is in the New Forest. 1 The capture of a specimen of a continental species of Fritillary, Argynnts did, was reported by the late Mr. Arnold Lewis in the Ent. Monthly Magazine, March, 1876, vol. xii. p. 229, as having been made by Master Wallace Smith, a relative of his, at Worcester Park in 1872. This report was no doubt due to an error. A. dia has never, either before or since 1872, been recorded from Worcester Park, nor do the common species of Argynnis — euphrosyne and selene, or either of them — occur at Worcester Park. Mr. Arnold Lewis went to Switzerland every year and no doubt the specimen had been caught by him on the continent and given to his young relation, who after a time mixed it up with his British specimens and fancied he had caught it in Worcester Park. — H, G, II? INSECTS Mr. Barrett says it is not uncommon near Haslemere. I have noticed it as being not uncommon, after hybernation, about Cranleigh and other parts of south Surrey on the borders of Sussex. It is also not uncommon near the farmhouses on Abrook and Esher Commons between Oxshott and Esher, and has been recorded from Claygate, Chiddingfold, Worcester Park, Kingston, Leatherhead and West Horsley by Mr. J. G. Hewat, Mr. Kaye, Major Ficklin, and Mr. T. H. Briggs. Considering the amount of elm timber in the county it ought to occur plentifully, but with the exception of the commonest species Surrey does not seem to produce any butterflies in abundance. The rare Camberwell Beauty (V. antiopa, L.) has been taken in the county. Mr. Sydney Webb records the capture of a specimen at Copthorne on August 24, 1872, by Mr. Gilbert, who had also taken one a week earlier at Box Hill, Mr. J. G. Hewat informs me that he saw a specimen near Ox- shott on the 2Oth April, 1900, and Mr. Edward Saunders reports1 the capture of a specimen in August, 1 900, by a friend of his, near Woking. The Peacock (V. io, L.), the Red Admiral (V. atalanta, L.) and the Painted Lady (V. cardui, L.) are generally distributed throughout the county. V. to is much scarcer than formerly. V. atalanta is a common insect in autumn, especially in gardens, even in the London suburbs, and V. cardui occurs plentifully in favourable seasons all over the county, especially in clover and lucerne fields.2 The Purple Emperor (Apatura iris, L.) was recorded by the late Mr. Edward Newman as being formerly abundant near Godalming. It may have been so in the beginning or middle of the last century, but I am afraid it has now disappeared from Surrey as it has from the suburban portions of Kent, Essex and other metropolitan counties. Mr. Sydney Webb found this species about forty years ago not uncommonly in a small wood near Colley Farm, Rei- gate, and he also occasionally caught or saw specimens at Hightrees and Redstone Wood near Redhill, but the last specimen he observed was in 1864. Mr. Barrett informs me that he has only twice seen A. iris in Surrey, viz. in a wood near Haslemere. Both specimens were females and they were apparently looking for sallow bushes on which to deposit their ova. He thinks that they were, probably, mere stragglers from the Sussex woods from four to ten miles away. A tradition exists that the species occurred in the early part of the last century in the oak woods known as the Prince's Covers between Claygate and Stoke d'Abernon Chase. The Marbled White (Arge ga/at&ea, L.), which, although local, is so abundant in many localities in Kent, Sussex, Hamp- shire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Northamptonshire, Gloucestershire and 1 A few specimens of the White Admiral (Limenttii lybilla, L.) have been reported by Mr. H. Maxwell of Surbiton, as having been taken by him in the woods near Horsley in July, 1901. I have never met with the species in any part of Surrey, nor am I aware that its capture has been previously recorded from any part of the county. It seems possible that the specimens of L. sybilla taken by Mr. Maxwell may have been purposely introduced into the Horsley Woods in the pupal state, or that they may have immigrated from the neighbourhood of Liphook and Woolmer Forest in east Hampshire, where the species occurs commonly. * Ent. Mo. Magazine, April, 1901, p. 100. — H. G. I "3 i A HISTORY OF SURREY other southern and midland counties, only occurs sparingly in a few localities in Surrey. It has been recorded by the late Edward Newman from between Busbridge and Highdown's Ball, near Godalming, and in one field adjoining Headley Lane, Mickleham. Mr. Sydney Webb has taken it at Gomshall and about Ranmore Common near Dorking. I have never met with the species in Surrey except in the woods adjoining the Sheep Leas, West Horsley. Mr. Barrett reports it as occurring rarely near Haslemere. The Wood Argus (Satyrus egeria, L.) is generally common in woods and lanes, and the Wall (S. megcera, L.) is common everywhere by roadsides throughout the county. The Grayling (S seme/e, L.) is locally common on the chalk hills, also at Leith Hill on the greensand, and in most places on the Bagshot Sand district, such as Oxshott, Chobham, Woking, Worplesdon, etc. The Meadow Brown (S. ianira, L.) is abundant everywhere in meadows and on hillsides, and the Large Heath (S. tithonus, L.) is common throughout the county by hedgerows and roadsides and also in woods. The Ring- let (S. hyperanthes, L.) is not so generally distributed as its congeners, but is common in many woods throughout the county. The Small Heath (Chortobius pamphildus, L.) is everywhere common in fields, and on roadsides, heaths and hillsides. The Green Hairstreak (Thecla rubi, L.) is not uncommon in woods and lanes throughout the county. I have found it abundantly in some years about whitethorn hedges and bushes on the borders of the Sheep Leas, West Horsley, and between Horsley and Shi ere, but I have never found it commonly in the north-eastern or metropolitan district of the county. The Purple Hairstreak (T. quercus, L.) is generally distributed in the oak woods of the county and Mr. J. G. Hewat has found it commonly, in some seasons, in the Prince's Covers near Claygate. The White Letter Hairstreak (T. In all oak woods — runcapitella, Haw. — anomalella, Goe. Generally common — pygmaeella, Haw. Redhill, Haslemere - pomella, Vaugh. ~| Reigate and Redhill — oxyacanthella, Stn./ district — aucupariella, Frey. Reigate Hill ; scarce — viscerella, Dougl. Batts Hill, Redhill; scarce - catharticella, Stn. Wray Lane, Reigate ; not rare — septembrella, Stn. Haslemere, Reigate, Wray Lane — cryptella, Frey. Headley Lane, Mickleham — intimella, Zell. Redhill, Reigate, Hasle- mere — headleyella, Stn. Headley Lane, Mickleham — subbimaculella, Haw. In all oak woods — trimaculella, Haw. Redstone Hill, scarce ; Haslemere — floslactella, Haw. In all woods among hazel — sorbi, Stn. Reigate, Redhill ; local — salicis, Stn. In all woods among sallow — microtheriella, Wing. Redhill and Reigate district - poterii, Stn. Mickleham, Reigate Hill, Betchworth Hill — betulicola, Stn. Redhill, Mickleham, Hasle- mere — ignobilella, Stn. Reigate and Redhill dis- trict, South London suburbs — argentipedella, Zell. Redstone Wood, rare ; Haslemere Nepticula plagicolella, Stn. Reigate and Red- hill district - tityrella, Dougl. Everywhere among beech — angulifasciella, Stn. Redhill, Reigate, Mil- ford — atricollis, Stn. Abundant at Redhill — continuella, Stn. Scarce at Redhill - arcuata, Frey. Reigate and Redhill district — gratiosella, Stn. Milford Heath — marginecolella, Stn. Redhill, Witley ' c 1- In alder swamps, Redhill — glutmosae, Stn. J — aurella, Fab. Among brambles everywhere - gei, Wk. Redstone Hill, Leith Hill . — luteella, Stn. Redstone Wood ; scarce — regiella, Frey. Redhi/land Reigate district Trifurcula atrifrontella, Stn. Haslemere ; scarce — immundella, Zell. Redstone Hill, Barnes Common, Haslemere ; comes to gaslights — pulverosella, Stn. Haslemere ; on trunks of crab-trees PTEROPHORI Platyptilia ochrodactyla, Hb. Generally dis- tributed — trigonodactyla, Haw. Common every- where among coltsfoot, even in the South Condon suburbs Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb. Redhill, Reigate, Haslemere, Witley — punctidactyla, Steph. Haslemere, Witley ; scarce Oxyptilus parvidactylus, Haw. Reigate, Dor- king, Box Hill — pilosells, Zell. Mickleham, Box Hill — teucrii, Greening. Box Hill ; among wood sage Mimssioptilus phaeodactylus, Hb. Croydon, Reigate, Dorking, Box Hill — bipunctidactylus, Haw. Generally com- mon among Scabiosa succisa — loewii, Zell. Redhill, Haslemere — fuscus, Retz. Generally common CEdematophorus lithodactylus, Tr. Hasle- mere, Churt ; among ploughman's spike- nard Pterophorus monodactylus, Linn. Abundant everywhere, even in South London suburbs Leioptilus tephradactylus, Hb. Ripley, Hasle- mere ; among golden rod in woods Aciptilia galactodactyla, Hb. Croydon, Hors- ley ; among burdock i n 11 \ Reigate, Dorking, Box ~ bahodacty a, Zell. I ^ Mickleha% . on - tetradactyla, Linn. J c'halk downs — pentadactyla, Linn. Abundant everywhere in lanes and gardens Alucita polydactyla, Hb. Common every- where among honeysuckle 150 INSECTS DIPTERA Flies Out of the three thousand odd species of Diptera at present known to be British the following list contains the names of some three hundred and sixty — a result which is solely due to the paucity of collectors of this order of insects. For owing to its natural features, and especially to its richness in heath-land, Surrey is peculiarly adapted to the needs of the sunshine-loving, flower-haunting Diptera ; so that if properly studied during a series of years the actual total of species would probably not fall short of those of Hampshire or Devon. An asterisk (*) signifies that the specimen referred to is in the collection of the British Museum, and that the present writer is respon- sible for the determination. Collectors whose names frequently recur are indicated by their initials, as follows : — Y. = Lt.-Col. Yerbury. O. G. = W. R. Ogilvie Grant. A. B. = A. Beaumont. [Such of Mr. Beaumont's species as are preserved in his own collection, and have not been presented by him to the British Museum, were determined either by the late Dr. Meade or by Mr. Billups.] F. W. T. = F. W. Terry. G. H. V. = G. H. Verrall. E. E. A. = E. E. Austen. F. B. J. = F. B. Jennings. T. R. B. = T. R. Billups. [According to a note by Mr. Billups in Entomologist, vol. xxiv, (1891), p. 236, some at least of his captures were determined by the late Dr. Meade, and others by Mr. Brunetti.] Br. Fl. = Verrall, British Flies, vol. viii. C. = Curtis' British Entomology, vol. viii. In the case of species recorded in entomological journals the refer- ence to the original record is given : Ent. Mo. Mag. = Entomologist's Monthly Magazine ; Ent. = Entomologist. Species recorded in Curtis' British Entomology and elsewhere have only been included when there seemed reasonable probability of their having been correctly determined, while the nomenclature has been revised in all cases. ORTHORRHAPHA NEMATOCERA CECIDOMYIDJE Cecidomyia pteridis, Mi'ill. Shirley ; larvas in rolled leaflets of fronds of Pteris aquilina ; Sept. 1871 ; A. Mtiller, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. viii. (1871), p. 99 — salicina, Schrk. South Norwood ; larvae infesting the shoots of Salix alba ; Aug. 1869; A. Mtiller, ibid. vol. vi. (1869), p. 109 — taxi, Inchb. Godalming ; bred from galls on branches of Taxus baccata ; CECIDOMYID.S (continued) June, 1869; A. Mtiller, loc. cit. p. 61 Cecidomyia ulmariae, Bremi. Godalming ; bred from galls on Spiraea ulmaria, found July 25, 1865 ; first ima- gines emerged Aug. 29, 1865 ; also bred from galls on same plant, found Aug. i, 1865 ; imagines emerged Aug. 10, 13, 1 6, 1865 ; galls also found Oct. 13 ; H. W. Kidd, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. iv. (1868), p. 233 — urticas, Perris. Merton Abbey ; bred from galls on Urtica dioica, found 151 A HISTORY OF SURREY CECIDOMYIDJE (continued) Nov. 25, 1900; imagines emerged Dec. 15, 1900; F. W. T.* Cecidomyia veronicae, Vallot. Dorking ; bred from galls on Veronica chamse- drys, June 2, 1898 ; F. Milton * MYCETOPHILID.S: Sciara thomae, Linn. Woking, Aug. 15, 1891 ; A. B.* Mycetophila punctata, Mg. Denmark Hill, Oct. 5, 1866; G. H. V.* Platyura cincta, Winn. June I, 1892; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. v. (1894), p. 79 Macrocera stigma, Curt. Coombe Wood, Oct. 5, 1866 ; G. H. V.* — phalerata, Mg. Coombe Wood, June ; C. BlBIONID-ffi Scatopse notata, Linn. Merton Park (out of rotten bones), April 15, 1900 ; F. W. T.* Denmark Hill, June 8, 1869; G. H. V.* Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 — flavicollis, Mg. Oxshott, Sept. 28, 1892; A. B.* — subnitens, Verr. Denmark Hill, May ii, 1868 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 180 Dilophus febrilis, Linn. Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y* Bibio marci, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, 1895; Y., O. G.* Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. — hortulanus, Linn. Firginia Water, April 1 8, 1894 ; F. A. Baker.* Merton Abbey, June 9, 1901 ; F. W. T.* — anglicus, Verr. Denmark Hill. ' Occurring in a garden here (Denmark Hill) by hundreds on leaves of shrubs, principally currant bushes.' — G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. v. (1869), p. 270 ; May 5 and 14, 1870; G. H. V.* — reticulatus, Lw. Oxshott, May 20, 1900 ; Y.* — laniger, Mg. Shirley, July 5, 1872; G. H. V.* Oxshott, April 8, 1894 ; Y.* — johannis, Linn. Esher, April 8, 1894; Sir G. F. Hampson, Bt.* Mickle- ham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. loc. cit. — clavipes, Mg. Box Hill, Oct. 10, 1891 ; A. B.* SIMULID.S Simulium reptans, Linn. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. CHIRONOMID.S Camptocladius aterrimus, Mg. Merton Abbey, Dec. 9, 1900 ; F. W. T.* Metriocnemus fuscipes, Mg. Merton Abbey, May 15, 1900; F. W. T.* Tanypus varius, Fabr. Wandsworth, Aug. 1 6, 1900; F. W. T.* — nebulosus, Mg. Coombe Wood, be- ginning of May ; C. PsYCHODIDjE Pericoma decipiens, Eaton. Denmark Hill, June i, 1868 ; G. H. V., A. E. Eaton, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. vii. (1896), p. 210 Corethra plumicornis, Fabr. Wimbledon, May 13, 1900 ; F. W. T.* Anopheles nigripes, Staeg. Merton, May 27, 1900, F. W. T.* ; June 6, 1899, F. W. T.* Culex pipiens, Linn. Merton, Sept. 9, 1900; F. W. T.* — nemorosus, Mg. Coombe Wood, May ; C. Cobham ; C. — ornatus, Mg. Merton Park, June 18, 1900 ; F. W. T.* — can tans, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — dorsalis, Mg.1 Camberwell, Sept. 1899 ; Dr. Simpson * PTYCHOPTERID./E Ptychoptera contaminata, Linn. Oxshott, June 1 6, 1895; O. G.* — albimana, Fabr. Dulwich, May 15, 1871 ; G. H. V.* LlMNOBID^E Dicranomyia chorea, Mg. Putney, July 10, 1901 ; F. Low * Erioptera flavescens, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Limnophila ochracea, Mg. Merton Abbey, larvae found in rotten wood about the middle of March, 1901; pupated about the middle of April, and the perfect insects emerged about the end of the same month ; F. W. T.* Wimbledon, larva found May 17, 1 Said at the time to be very abundant and troublesome, its bites causing inflammation, swell- ing and abscesses. At the same period this species was also attracting attention in other London suburbs, such as Lewisham and Stamford Hill. At Aldeburgh in Suffolk, where the insect is abundant and sometimes makes itself very objec- tionable, it is known as the ' Norway mosquito,' and is said to have been introduced from Norway by a yacht. It is however doubtless indigenous to this country. Cf. A. Piffard and E. E. Austen, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. z, vol. vi. (1895), pp. 227- 229. 152 INSECTS LIMNOBID.S (continued) 1 892, under birch bark ; imago emerged June 5, 1892; B. G. Rye* Trichocera hiemalis, De G. Merton Abbey, Dec. 9, 1900; F. W. T.* Pedicia rivosa, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, l895 ; Y • TIPUUD.S Pachyrrhina crocata, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y.* Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. — imperialis, Mg. Denmark Hill, April 4, 1867 ; G. H. V.* — cornicina, Linn. Keui, July 8, 1 892 ; F. Sumner * Tipula nigra, Linn. Battersea, end of May ; C. Coombe, June ; C. — scripta, Mg. Box Hill, June ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 20 1. Oxshott, June 9, 1895$ Y., O. G.* — lateralis, Mg. Merton Park, April 28, 1900; F. W. T.* — gigantea, Schrk. Penge, June, 1891 ; F. Moore.* Oxshott, June 9, 1895, Y.*; June 16,1895, O. G.* Mer- ton Park, June 29, 1901 ; F.W. T.* — lutescens, Fabr. Putney, Aug. 17, 1892; B. G. Rye* — oleracea, Linn. South Norwood ; larvae swarming in fields of rye-grass, May, 1870; A. Mtiller, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vii. (1870), p. 60. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. — ? sp. (near T. peliostigma, Schumm.). Oxshott, June 9, 1895, Y.* ; June 1 6, 1895, O. G.* BRACHTCERA STRATIOMYID.K Beris clavipes, Linn. Weybridge, June 1 8, 1892 ; A. B. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 — chalybeata, Forst. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. Ox- shott, July ii, 1891; T. R. B. loc. cit. Chorisops tibialis, Mg. Clandon, Aug. 6, 1900 ; Y.* Pachygaster atra, Pz. Coombe Wood, July ; C. Box Hill, June 9, 1896, A. B.*; July 1 8, 1893, A. B. — leachii, Curt. Oxshott, July 1 1, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. p. 203 ; cf. Verrall, Ent. loc. cit. p. 235. Dulwich, Aug. 1889 and 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. STRATIOMYID^ (continued) xxiv. (1891), p. 22 ; cf. Verrall, loc. cit. Nemotelus nigrinus, Fin. Battersea, be- ginning of July ; C. Oxycera pulchella, Mg. Battersea, in elder bushes and amongst rushes ; C. Oxshott, July 6, 1895, A. B. ; July 11, 1891, T. R. B. loc. cit. P. 203 — trilineata, Fabr. ' Amongst elder leaves, Battersea meadows ' (Dono- van) ; C. Odontomyia ornata, Mg. Mitcham, pupa found June 6, 1900 ; fly emerged June 9, 1900 ; F. W. T.* — tigrina, Fabr. Merton Abbey, June 2, 1901 ; F. W. T.* — viridula, Fabr. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. p. 262 Chloromyia formosa, Scop. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. p. 203 TABANID.S Haematopota pluvialis, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, 1 895 ; Y., O. G.* Mickle- ham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 — crassicornis, Wahlbg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G * Therioplectes tropicus, Mg. ; var. melano- chroiticus, Br. Oxshott, June 9 and 1 6, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Tabanus sudeticus, Zlr. Byfleet, July 18, 1898; A. B. — bovinus, Linn. Oxshott, June 16, 1895 ; O. G.* Farnham, on window of sub-postofEce, July 13, 1899 ; A. Rawlins * — bromius, Linn. Oxshott, June 16, 1895, O. G.*; July 5, 1896, O. G.*; July ii, 1891, T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 Chrysops caecutiens, Linn. Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Oxshott, July 5, 1896, O. G.*; July 8, 1891, A. B. — relictus, Mg. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 Leptis scolopacea, Linn. Chobham, June 6, 1897 ; O. G.* Merton Abbey, June 9, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Mickle- ham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Ox- shott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. — tringaria, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, 1895; Y.,O. G.*; July 1 1, 1891 ; 153 A HISTORY OF SURREY LEPTID.* (continued) T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262 Leptis nigriventris, Lw. Oxshott, Aug. 28, 1892; A. B. — lineola, Fabr. Coombe Wood, end of July ; C. Waking, Aug. 2O, 1892 ; A. B. Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. Coombe Wood, June 13 ; C. Oxshott, Aug. I, 1894; A. B. Clandon, Aug. 8, 1 900 ; Y. * — atratus, Fabr. Merton Abbey, June 1 6, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Oxshott, June 16, 1895, O. G.* ; July n, 1891, T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 (auratus). Bletch- ingley, July 14, 1895 ; O. G.* Nutfield, July ; C. (Donovan) Leptogaster cylindrica, De G. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (i 890), p. 256. Chobham, June 29, 1895 ; A. B. Oxshott, July ii, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 Dioctria reinhardi, Wied. Oxshott, July 6, 1895 ; A. B. — atricapilla, Mg. Oxshott, July 9, 1898; A. B. — rufipes, De G. Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 — baumhaueri, Mg. Box Hill, June 5, 1892; A. B. Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 203 — flavipes, Mg. Box Hill, June 5, 1892 ; A. B. Isopogon brevirostris, Mg. Box Hill, June 6, 1891 ; A. B. Lasiopogon cinctus, Fabr. Oxshott, May 17, 1896; O. G.* Laphria marginata, Linn. Coombe Wood, Middle of June ; C. Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw. Oxshott, June •16, 1895; O. G.* Dysmachus trigonus, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895; Y., O. G.* Box Hill, June 13, 1891 ; A. B. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 BOMBYLID/E Anthrax hottentota, Linn. Chobham * — fenestrata, Fin. Oxshott, June 7, 1895 ; A. B. Bisley Common, July 17, 1898, H. S. Piffard*; July 19, .1896, E. E. A.* Waking, E. BoMBYLlDj« (continued) Saunders.* Chobham, E. Saunders, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxv. (1888), P- 13* Bombylius discolor, Mik. Box Hill, May 9, 1891 ; A. B. — major, Linn. Coombe Wood, Mar. 28 (pupa) ; Westwood, ' Introduction," vol. ii. p. 542. Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y.* Box Hill, April 1 6, 1895 ; F. B. J. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. vi. (1895), p. 145. Mickleham, April 16, 1895 ; F. B. J. loc. cit. Coombe, April and begin- ning of May ; C. THEREVIDJE Thereva nobilitata, Fabr. Oxshott, July 28, 1893 ; A. B. — fulva, Mg. Chobham, July 1 1, 1895 ; A. B. CYRTID^E Oncodes gibbosus, Linn. Wimbledon Com- mon, May and June ; C. Coombe Wood, C. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), P. 203 Paracrocera globulus, Pz. Bookham Common, June 3, 1893 ; C. O. Waterhouse.* Oxshott, July 25, 1896; A. B. Wimbledon Common (on birch), Aug. 3, 1896; B. G. Rye* EMPID.S Hybos grossipes, Linn. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892; A. B. — femoratus, Mtlll. Oxshott, July ii, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Rhamphomyia sulcata, Fin. Coombe Wood, June 4 ; C. Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — gibba, Fin. Waking, Aug. I, 1875 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. v. (1894), p. 140 — fumipennis, Ztt. Oxshott, Aug. 6, 1892 ; A. B. Empis tessellata, Fabr. Merton Abbey, June 9, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Mickle- ham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 — livida, Linn. Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — trigramma, Mg. Coombe Wood, May ; C. — scutellata, Curt. Coombe Wood, June 4 ; C. 154 INSECTS EMPID.S (continued) Empis pennaria, Fin. Coombe Lane, begin- ning of May ; C. Chobham, June IO, 1893 ; A. B. — vernalis, Mg. Coombe Wood, May 22, 1870; G. H. V.* — caudatula, Lw. G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 202 — chioptera, Fin. Denmark Hill, May 5, 1869; G. H. V.* — pennipes, Linn. Coombe Wood, be- ginning of June ; C. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. Hilara cilipes, Mg. Dulwich, May 20, 1870 ; G. H. V.* — interstincta, Fin. Coombe Wood, May 22, 1870; G. H. V.* — pinetorum, Ztt. Denmark Hill, May 4, 1868, G. H. V.* ; May 5, 1869, G. H. V.* Hemerodromia precatoria, Fin. Oxshott, May 20, 1893 ; A. B. DOLICHOPODID.*: Psilopus platypterus, Fabr. Box Hill, June 6, 1891 ; A. B. Clandon, Aug. 6, 1900 ; Y.* Dolichopus aeneus, DeG. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, Linn. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262. Wimbledon, July 12, 1889 ; E. Brunetti, Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 124 Hercostomus nanus, Macq. Reigate, July 5, 1872 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xii. (1875-6), p. 35 Gymnopternus cupreus, Fin. By fleet, May 19, 1891 ; A. B. Chrysotus cupreus, Macq. Denmark Hill, May and June ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 247 — hesus,Wied. Reigate, Woking ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 248 Melanostolus melancholicus, Lw. (Dia- phorus dorsalis, Verr.). Woking, ' near the banks of the canal,' Aug. i, 1875 ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 198 Argyra leucocephala, Mg. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Thrypticus bellus, Lw. Between Kew and Richmond ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vi. (1869), p. 2 Porphyrops pectinatus, Lw. Near Kew, 1869; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xii. (1875-6), p. 148 — micans, Mg. (simplex, Verr.). Near Box Hill (bank of river Mole), Sept. 5 ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 197 DOUCHOPODID.S (continued) Hydrophorus nebulosus, Fin. Oxshttt, Sept. 28, 1892 ; A. B. Teucophorus spinigerellus, Ztt. Reigate ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 268 Anepsius flaviventris, Mg. Weybridge ; G. H. V. loc. cit. p. 145 LONCHOPTERID.S Lonchoptera lutea, Pz. Wimbledon, July 12, 1889 ; E. Brunetti, Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 124 CYCLORRHAPHA PROBOSCIDEA PlPUNCULlDj-E Chalarus spurius, Fin. Box Hill, Aug. 5, 1893; A. B. Pipunculus furcatus, Egg. Br. Fl. — modestus, Hal. Coombe Wood, 'on grass beneath trees,' May and June ; C. ; Br. Fl. — terminalis, Thorns. Chobham, June, 1896; Br. Fl. — campestris, Latr. Coombe Wood, May, June, July ; C. Oxshott, July 25, 1893; A- B- — pratorum, Fin. Coombe Wood, May 7 ; C. By fleet, Aug. 5, 1 892 ; A. B. — ? confusus, Verr. Oxshott, July 1 1 , 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 ; cf. Verrall, Br. Fl. p. 114 SYRPHID^ Paragus tibialis, Fin. Weybridge, July I, 1871 ; Br. Fl. Oxshott, Aug. 8, 1891 ; A. B. Pipizella virens, Fabr. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. — ? maculipennis, Mg. Reigate, July 5, 1872; Br. Fl. — flavitarsis, Mg. Oxshott, June 1 1, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 ; cf. Verrall, loc. cit. p. 235 Pipiza noctiluca, Linn. Oxshott, May 20, 1893 » A- B- Cnemodon vitripennis, Mg. Denmark Hill, June, 1867; Br. Fl. Chrysogaster virescens, Lw. Oxshott, June 1 6, 1895; O. G.* Chilosia pulchripes, Lw. Near Richmond ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vi. (1870), p. 206 — illustrata, Harr. Near Dorking, June, 1868 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vi. (1870), p. 204 (oestracea). Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — variabilis, Pz. Oxshott, June 9, 1895; Y., O. G.* Box Hill, June 6, 155 A HISTORY OF SURREY SYRPHID/E (continued) 1891 ; A. B. Battersea Fields, May ; C. — vulpina, Mg. Chobham, May 10, 1893; A. B. — barbata, Lw. Near Leitb Hill, June 25, 1868; Br. Fl. — albipila, Mg. Oxshott, April 8, 1894 ; Y.* — albitarsis, Mg. Chobham, May 27, 1893; A. B. — fraterna, Mg. Box Hill, Aug. 5, 1893; A. B. — ? bergenstammi, Beck. Waking, Aug. 20, 1892 ; A. B.* Platychirus manicatus, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G * — discimanus, Lw. Shirley, May 5> 1872 ; Br. Fl. — albimanus, Fabr. Box Hill, May 9, 1891 ; A. B. — immarginatus, Ztt. Near Kew (banks of the Thames), July 16, 1868 ; Br. Fl. Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. Oxshott, June 4, 1892 ; A. B. — rosarum, Fabr. Chobham, June 3, 1895 ; A. B. Bisley Common, July 1 8, 1897 ; E. E. A.* Melangyna quadrimaculata, Verr. Oxshott, Mar. 7, 1897 ; Y.* Claremont ; Y.* Box Hill, April 2, 1892 ; A. B. Melanostoma ambiguum, Fin. Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y.* — mellinum, Linn. Bletchingley, July 14, 1895; O. G.* Waking, Aug. 20, 1892 ; A. B. — scalare, Fabr. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Leucozona lucorum, Linn. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 Ischyrosyrphus laternarius, Mtill. Br. Fl. Didea fasciata, Macq. Holmwood, June 5, 1895 ; F. B. J. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. vi. (1895), p. 280 Syrphus tricinctus, Fin. Oxshott, May 1 7, 1896; O. G.* Holmwood, June 5, 1895 ; F. B. J. loc. cit. — lunulatus, Mg. Oxshott, May 17, 1896; O. G.* — albostriatus, Fin. Coombe Wood, May 22, 1870; G. H. V.* — vittiger, Ztt. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — annulatus, Ztt. Shirley Common, 'about furze (Ulex) blossom,' May 5, 1872; Br. Fl. — nitidicollis,Mg. Denmark Hill; G.H.V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. v. (1869), p. 192 — ribesii, Linn. Oxshott, May 17 and SYRPHID.S (continued) June 9, 1895, O. G.*; July 4, 1900, A. B. — latifasciatus, Macq. Near Richmond ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. v. (1869), p. 193 ; var. b. Verrall. Box Hill, 1 88 1 ; Rev. H. S. Gorham ; Br. Fl. — luniger, Mg. Dulwich, Sept. 9, 1885 ; E. Brunetti — lasiophthalmus, Ztt. Shirley Common (about furze blossom), May 5, 1872; Br. Fl. Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y* — punctulatus, Verr. Shirley Common, about furze blossom, May 5> 1872; Box Hill; Denmark Hill; Br. Fl. — umbellatarum, Fabr. Denmark Hill; Br. Fl. — compositarum, Verr. Denmark Hill ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ix. (1873), p. 255 — auricollis, Mg. Denmark Hill. ' Very common in garden.' 1867; G.H.V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ix. (i 873), p. 255 — cinctus, Fin. Byfleet, May 30, 1891 ; A. B. — cinctellus, Ztt. Oxshott^ May 17, 1896; O. G.* Box Hill, Aug. 5, 1893; A. B. Sphaerophoria scripta, Linn. Box Hill, June 6, 1892 ; A. B. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — menthastri, Linn. Oxshott, May 17, 1896 ; O. G.* Bisley Common, July 19, 1896; E. E. A.* — flavicauda, Ztt. Denmark Hill (on asparagus beds) ; Br. Fl. Xanthogramma citrofasciatum, De G. Dul- wich ; Br. Fl. Box Hill, June 6, 1891 ; A. B. — ornatum, Mg. Oxshott, Aug. 4, 1 900, A. B; July ii, 1891, T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Volucella pellucens, Linn. Oxshott, July 8, 1891 ; A. B. Waking, Aug. 3, 1891 ; E. E. A.* — bombylans, Linn. Oxshott, July 5, 1896; O. G.* Eristalis aeneus, Scop. Denmark Hill, Aug. 14, 1868 ; Br. Fl. — tenax, Linn. Oxshott, May 24, 1893 ; A. B. Merton Abbey, Sept. 2, 1900 ; F. W. T.* — intricarius, Linn. Oxshott, June 16, 1895 ; O. G.* Coombe Wood, June ; C. Merton Abbey, Sept. 2, 1900 ; F. W. T.* 156 INSECTS SYRPHID.S (continued) Eristalis arbustorum, Linn. Denmark Hill, Aug. 1 867 ; Br. Fl. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — pertinax, Scop. Oxshott, June 16, 1895 ; O. G.* Merton Abbey, Sept. 2, 1900 ; F. W. T.* Myiatropa florea, Linn. Chobham, July 8, 1891 ; A. B. Coombe Wood, July ; C. Oxsbott, July 1 1, 1891 ; T.R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Helophilus trivittatus, Fabr. Merton Abbey ; F. W. T.* — hybridus, Lw. Oxshott, June 9 and 1 6, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Chobham, May 10, 1893 ; A. B. — pendulus, Linn. Englefield Green ; larvae found June 4, 1893, in a tub con- taining some five inches of pond water ; perfect insects emerged June 26, 1893 ; Hon. Katherine A. Thring.* Oxshott, June 16, 1895, O. G.* ; July n, 1891, T. R. B. loc. cit. Waking, Aug. 3, 1891 ; E. E. A.* — versicolor, Fabr. Oxsbott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — transfugus, Linn. Woodside ; Br. Fl. Putney ; C. Oxsbott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — lineatus, Fabr. Oxsbott, June 9 and 1 6, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Merodon equestris, Fabr. Denmark Hill, June 8, 1869 ; Br. Fl. Oxshott, June 13, 1896; Aug. n, 1900; A. B. Criorrhina floccosa, Mg. Oxshott, May 1 7, 1896; O. G.* Xylota segnis, Linn. Oxshott, May 17, 1895 ; June 9 and 16, 1895, Y., O. G.* ; July n, 1 891, T. R. B. loc. cit. — florum, Fabr. Oxsbott ; Br. Fl. — abiens, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Eumerus strigatus, Fin. ' Flying about brambles in Coombe Lane ' ; end of July ; C. — ornatus, Mg. Weybrldge ; Br. Fl. Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. Box Hill ; Br. Fl. Oxshott, April 8, 1 894 ; Y.* Sericomyia lappona, Linn. Oxshott, June 9 and 1 6, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — borealis, Fin. Woking ; E. Saunders. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. Chrysotoxum cautum, Harr. Wimbledon, June 5, 1898; F. W. T.* — octomaculatum, Curt. Godalming ; Br. Fl. Oxshott, Aug. 4, 1900 ; A. B. SYRPHID.S: (continued) Chrysotoxum festivum, Linn. Oxshott, July 5, 1896; O. G.* — bicinctum, Linn. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. Microdon devius, Linn. Box Hill, June 25, 1895 ; A. B. — latifrons, Lw. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Conops quadrifasciatus, De G. Woking, Aug. 3, 1891 ; E. E. A.* — ceriiformis, Mg. Box Hill, Aug. 4, 1898 ; A. B. — flavipes, Linn. Oxshott, July 13, 1895; A. B. Physocephala rufipes, Fabr. Oxshott, July 8, 1891 ; A. B. Zodion cinereum, Fabr. Chobham, May 17, 1893; A. B. Oncomyia atra, Fabr. Box Hill, July 15 and 24, 1893 ; A. B.* — pusilla, Mg. Oxshott, June 7, 1895 ; A. B. Sicus ferrugineus, Linn. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204. Box Hill, July 24, 1893 ; A. B.* Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. Myopa buccata, Linn. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. loc. cit. — testacea, Linn. Oxshott, April 6, 1893 ; A. B. Coombe Wood, ' on Umbel- liferae,' May ; C. — ephippium, Fabr. (fasciata, Mg.). Chobham, June 6, 1896 ; A. B. MUSCINJE Meigenia majuscula, Rond. Dulwich, June, 1893 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxvii. (1894), p. 136 ; cf. Meade, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. v. (1894), p. '57 Gymnochaeta viridis, Fin. Walton-on- Thames, April i, 1894 ; Y.* Ox- sbott, April 8, 1894; Y.* Exorista notabilis, Mg. Wimbledon, Aug. 29, 1900; F. W. T.* Phorocera cilipeda, Rond. Wimbledon ; bred from larva of Acronycta psi, found Sept. II, 1897; pupated Sept. 15, 1897; 'mago emerged Mar. 29, 1898 ; F. W. T.* — concinnata, Mg. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Gonia divisa, Mg. Oxshott, April 8, 1894 ; Y.* Aporomyia dubia, Fin. Walton-on-Thames, April i, 1894 ; Y.» 157 A HISTORY OF SURREY MUSCIDJE (continued) Degeeria collaris, Fin. Box Hill, July 1 5, 1892; A. B. Thelaira leucozona, Pz. Oxshott, July 8, 1891, A. B.; July n, 1891, T.R.B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Olivieria lateralis, Fabr. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Micropalpus vulpinus, Fin. Oxshott, July 5, 1896 ; O. G.* Bisley Common, July 19, 1896; E. E. A.* — comptus, Fin. Bitsley Common, July 1 8, 1897 ; E. E. A.* Erigone strenua, Mg. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G * Tachina grossa, Linn. Oxshott, June 15, 1893 ; A. B. — fera, Linn. Oxshott, July 24, 1893 ; A. B. Servillia ursina, Mg. Box Hill, Mar. 28, 1894; A. B. Walton-on-Thames, April i, 1894 ; Y.* Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y* Bigonichaeta spinipennis, Mg. Wimbledon ; pupa under loose bark on oak tree, May 10, 1892 ; fly emerged June 4, 1892 ; C. O. Waterhouse* Melanophora roralis, Linn. Oxshott, Aug. 6, 1892; A. B. Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn. Merton Abbey, June 9, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Oxshott, June 1 6, 1895 ; O. G.* — infantula, Rond. Reigate ; G. H. V., R. H. Meade, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xii. (1876), p. 264 — cruentata, Mg. Cray don; bred from pupae found in pigeons' dung, in which were the remains of dead pigeons ; R. H. Meade, loc. cit. p. 266 — haematodes, Mg. Oxshott, June 16, 1895 ; O. G.* Cynomyia mortuorum, Linn. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262 — sepulchralis, Mg. Oxshott, Sept. 28, 1892 ; A. B. Nyctia halterata, Pz. Box Hill, May 13, 1893 ; A. B. Melanomyia nana, Mg. Oxshott, June 1 5, 1893; A. B. Miltogramma punctata, Mg. Chobham ; E. Saunders.* Oxshott, Aug. i, 1894; A. B. Metopia leucocephala, Rossi. Bisley Com- mon, July 19, 1896 ; E. E. A.* Arrenopus piligena, Rond. Bisley Common, July 1 8, 1897 ; E. E. A.* Dexiosoma caninum, Fabr. Chobham, July 29, 1892 ; A. B. MUSCID^E (continued) Prosena siberita, Fabr. Waking, Aug. 20, 1892 ; A. B. Haematobia irritans, Linn. Denmark Hill ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 231 Pollenia rudis, Fabr. Box Hill, April 2, 1892 ; A. B. Oxshott, April 8, 1894 ; Y.* — vespillo, Fabr. Oxshott, July II, 1891, T. R. B. loc. cit. p. 262 ; Sept. 28, 1892, A. B. Musca domestica, Linn. Wimbledon, Aug. 28, 1900; F. W. T.* — corvina, Fabr. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. Graphomyia maculata, Scop. Waking, Mar. 20, 1892 ; A. B. Cyrtoneura simplex, Lw. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; O. G.* Bletchingley, June 14, 1895 ; O. G * Calliphora azurea, Fin. Box Hill, Aug. 9, 1894, A. B. ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 231 — erythrocephala, Mg. Richmond Park, June i, 1892 ; E. Y. Watson * — vomitoria, Linn. Epsom, April 24, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Morden, May 7,1899; F. W.T.* Lucilia cornicina, Fabr. Oxshott, Sept. 28, 1892 ; A. B. — nobilis, Mg. Wimbledon, May 19, 1901 ; F. W. T.* ANTHOMYIN.S: Polietes lardaria, Fabr. Merton Park ; larvae in old manure heap, Mar. 25, 1901 ; imagines emerged April 21, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G* — albolineata, Fin. Denmark Hill, June 6, 1867 ; G. H. V.* Hyetodesia lucorum, Fin. Oxshott, April 6, 1892 ; A. B. — perdita, Mg. Denmark Hill, May 24, 1870; G. H. V.* — erratica, Fin. Chobham, July 13, 1897; A. B. — basalis, Ztt. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — scutellaris, Fin. Chobham, June 10, 1893; A. B. Mydaea urbana, Mg. Oxshott, July n, 1891; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — tincta, Ztt. Oxshott, Mar. 6, 1892; A. B. — pagana, Fabr. By fleet, Aug. 3, 1892 ; A. B. — impuncta, Fin. Chobham, June 10, 1893 ; A. B. 158 INSECTS Muscnxffi (continued) Spilogaster duplicata, Mg. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892; A. B. — communis, Dsv. Oxshott, July 25, 1893; A. B. Hydrotaea ciliata, Fabr. Coombe Wood, May ; C. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — irritans, Fin. Oxshott, June 30, 1893 ; A. B. Hylemyia variata, Fin. Denmark Hill, May 17, 1870 ; G. H. V.* — seticrura, Rond. Chobham, June 10, 1893; A. B. — pullula, Ztt. Denmark Hill, April 29, 1868 ; G. H. V.* — strigosa, Fabr. Box Hill, May 13, 1893 ; A. B. Anthomyia pluvialis, Linn. Merton Abbey, June 2, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* Waking, Aug. 15, 1891 ; A. B. — pratincola, Pz. Oxshott, Aug. 5, 1892 ; A. B. Chortophila albescens, Ztt. Oxshott, Aug. i, 1893 ; A. B. Phorbia floccosa, Macq. Denmark Hill, May i, 1867 ; G. H. V.* — pudica, Rond. Denmark Hill, April 27, 1867 ; G. H. V.* — trichodactyla, Rond. Denmark Hill, Feb. ii, 1867; G. H. V.* Pegomyia flavipes, Fin. Box Hill, Aug. 2, 1883 ; G. H. V.* Homalomyia fuscula, Fin. Oxshott, April 15, 1893; A. B. Caricea tigrina, Fabr. Denmark Hill, June i, 1868; G. H. V.* Caenosia sexnotata, Mg. Waking, June 5> 1893; A. B. CORDYLURIDJE Cordylura pubera, Linn. Battersea Fields, May; C. Scatophaga stercoraria, Linn. Oxshott, April 8, 1894; Y.* Wimbledon, April 26, 1896 ; May 19, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y., O. G.* — merdaria, Fabr. Oxshott, June 16, 1895 ; O. G.* HELOMYZID^: Helomyza variegata, Lw. Byfleet, Aug. 3, 1892 ; A. B. — flava, Mg. Putney ; C. — olens, Mg. Chatham, June 10, 1893 ; A. B. Blepharoptera serrata, Linn. Putney ; C. Tephrochlamys rufiventris, Mg. Brixton, on window, April 22, 1867 ; G. H. V.* SCIOMYZIDJE Dryomyza flaveola, Fabr. Oxshott, June 2, 1900 ; A. B. Sciomyza albocostata, Fin. Waking, June 3, 1893 ; A. B. — cinerella, Fin. Box Hill, April 20, 1893; A. B.* — dubia, Fin. Oxshott, Aug. 16, 1890 ; T. R. B. ; cf. Verrall, Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 236 Tetanocera laevifrons, Lw. Kew, July 17, 1868 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 232 — (?) unicolor, Lw. Waking, June 3, 1893 ; A. B * — robusta, Lw. Merton Abbey, June 2, 1901 ; F. W. T.* [T. robusta is regarded by Hendel (Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, Bd. L. (1900) p. 339), the latest writer on the genus Tetano- cera, as a synonym of the following species] — ferruginea, Fin. Wimbledon, May 19, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Waking, June 3, !893 ; A. B. Pherbina coryleti, Scop. Merton Abbey, June 2,1901 ; F. W. T.* Bletching- ley, July 14, 1 895 ; O. G.* Waking, July 17, 1897 ; A. B. Trypetbptera punctulata, Scop. Mickleham, June 20, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256. Leith Hill, June 28, 1891 ; E. E. A.* Reigate, July 5, 1872; G. H. V.* Box Hill, July 15, 1893 ; A. B.* Chobham, July 29, 1893 ; A. B.* Limnia marginata, Fabr. Mickleham, Aug. 2, 1896; B. G. Rye* — unguicornis, Scop. Clandon, Aug. i, 1896; A. B.* — rufifrons, Fabr. Chobham, July 18, 1896; A. B.* — obliterata, Fabr. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262. Box Hill, Sept. 24, 1892; A. B. Elgiva cucularia, Linn. Waking ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii.( 1886), p. 233 PSILID.S Psila fimetaria, Linn. Chobham, June IO, 1893; A. B. — pallida, Fin. Oxshott, May 2O, 1893 ; A. B. — bicolor, Mg. Chobham, May 27, 1893 '•> A. B. Loxocera aristata, Pz. Oxshott, July 8, 1891 ; A. B. — albiseta, Schrk. Oxshott, July 1 1, 1891, T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262 ; Aug. 5, 1891, A. B. 159 A HISTORY OF SURREY MICROPEZID.S Micropeza corrigiolata, Linn. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262 Calobata petronella, Linn. Leith Hill, June 28, 1891 ; E. E. A.* ORTALID-ffi Ptilonota guttata, Mg. 'By the lake in Wimbledon Park ' ; C. Pteropaectria affiicta, Mg. Oxshott, Aug. 8, 1891 ; A. B. — frondescentiae, Linn. Oxshott, July 1 1 , 1891 ; T. R.. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Platystoma seminationis, Fabr. Merton Abbey, June 2, 1901 ; F. W. T.* Mickleham, June 21, 1890; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 Seoptera vibrans, Linn. Oxshott, June 9, 1895 ; Y.* Egham, June 28, 1899 ; O. G.* Chrysomyza demandata, Fabr. Oxshott, June 30, 1893 ; A. B. TRYPBTID.S Halterophora capitata, Wied. Peckham Rye ; larvae infesting Marie Louise nou- velle pears in October, 1868 ; flies emerged last week in October ; E. Newman, Ent. vol. iv. (1868-9), pp. 1 8 6-8 (Ceratitis citriperda) Acidia cognata, Wied. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — heraclei, Linn. Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiii. (1890), p. 256 Spilographa zo6, Mg. Wimbledon, June 5, 1898 ; F. W. T.* Mickleham, June 21, 1890 ; T.R.B. loc. cit. Oxshott, July 9, 1898 ; A. B. Trypeta onotrophes, Lw. Oxshott, July 1 1, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 — florescentiae, Linn. Oxshott, July 8, 1891, A.B. ; July n, 1891, T.R.B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 Tephritis miliaria, Schrk. Oxshott, May 3, 1896, A. B.*; July II, 1891, T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204, cf. Verrall, loc. cit. p. 235 ; Aug. i, 1894, A.B* — corniculata, Ztt. Waking, Aug. 2O, 1892 ; A. B.* — vespertina, Lw. Oxshott, May 20, 1893 ; A. B.* Waking, June 3, 1893 ; A. B.* Chatham, June 29, 1895 ; A. B.* Esher, Aug. ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 234 TRYPETID.S: (continued) Tephritis proboscidea, Lw. Gatwick, Aug. i, 1891 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. v. (1894), p. 145. Ox- shott, Aug. 15, 1893 ; A. B.* Euaresta conjuncta, Lw. Oxshott. April ii, 1894; A. B.* LONCH.SID.S: Palloptera muliebris, Harr. Oxshott, July n, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 204 ; cf. Verrall, loc. cit. p. 236 (Toxoneura) SAPROMYZID.*: Peplomyza wiedemanni, Lw. Putney, June 7, 1896 ; B. G. Rye.* Clandon, Aug. 6, 1 900 ; E. Saunders * Sapromyza pallidiventris, Fin. Chatham, July 29, 1893; A. B. — praeusta, Fin. Clandon, Aug. 6, 1900 ; E. Saunders * — plumicornis, Fin. Chatham, July 28, 1894; A. B.* — inusta, Mg. Oxshott, Aug. 7, 1894 ; A. B.* — biumbrata, Lw. Denmark Hill, Aug. i, 1867 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, vol. v. (1894), p. 145 Lauxania aenea, Fin. Oxshott, July II, 1891 ; T. R. B. Ent. vol. xxiv. (1891), p. 262. Clandon, Aug. 6, 1900 ; E. Saunders* PIOPHILID.S Piophila casei, Linn. Wimbledon, Jan. 18, 1900 ; F. W. T.* EPHYDRID.S Discomyza incurva, Fin. Box Hill, Aug. 5, 1893; A.B. Ephydra breviventris, Lw. Kew, Aug. 4, 1868 ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), p. 234 Scatella noctula, Mg. Coombe Wood, be- ginning of May ; C. PHYTOMYZID^ Phytomyza obscurella, Fin. Merton Park, May 1 6, 1898 ; F. W. T.* BORBORID.S: Limosina ferruginata, Stnh. Denmark Hill ; ' used to be abundant ' ; G. H. V. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xxii. (1886), P- 234 PHORID.S Phora abdominalis, Fin. Coombe Wood, May 7; C. EPROBOSCIDEA HlPPOBOSCIDJE Ornithomyia avicularia, Linn. Bletchingley (on thrush), July 14, 1895 ; O. G.* 1 60 INSECTS HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA Bugs Of this section of the Hemiptera 340 out of the 454 British species have been recorded from Surrey, eleven (indicated in the list by a prefixed *) not having thus far been recorded from elsewhere in Britain. Gonocerus venafor has only been found on the box trees at Box Hill, but on the continent it has occurred on various trees, and there seems to be no reason why it should not occur elsewhere in England, unless originally introduced. That this is possible is rather suggested by its European distribution, which is given by Puton as ' Europe centrale et meridionale,' as well as by the suspicion that its food plant may also have established itself as an escape from cultivation. The only other suspicious native of the eleven is Amblytylus delicatus, of which about twelve examples were taken by myself at Woking on Gnaphalium germankum ; the locality is now destroyed, but diligent search on the same species of plant growing close by has failed to produce more, and it is now twelve years since they were found. The road by the side of which the Gnaphalium grew was then new and ' in the rough,' and just in that condition which seems to encourage the growth of introduced though apparently wild plants, such as Hieracium aurantiacum, etc., and this makes me feel a little uncertain as to its being truly indigenous. I hope however it may yet be rediscovered, as it is a particularly beautiful little insect, and its food plant is common enough in the neighbourhood. GYMNOCERATA PENTATOMIDJE (continued) PENTATOMID/E ./Elia acuminata, Linn. Reigate (Saunders), Corimelaena, White Shiere (Capron), Mickleham, Wey- — scarabaeoides, Linn. Reigate, Woking, bridge (Champion), Gomshall, Albury Pur ley (Saunders), Mickleham, Headley (Butler) (Billups), St. Martha's Hill, Gomshall, Neottiglossa, Curt. Shalfird (Butler), Croydon (Blatch) ' — inflexa, Wolff. Woking (Saunders), Eurygaster, Lap. Weybridge, Headley (Ri\\\ips),Gomsha II, — maura, Linn. Woking (Saunders), Albury (Butler) Headley (Billups), Ewhurst, Gam- Eysarcoris, Hahn. shall, Ranmore (Butler), Reigate (Lin- — melanocephalus, Fab. Weybridge (Bil- nell) lup5)* Esher, Guildford (Champion), Podops, Lap. Gomshall (Butler) — inuncta, Fab. Generally distributed Pentatoma, Oliv. Sehirus, Am. S. — baccarum, Linn. Generally distributed — bicolor, Linn. Generally distributed — prasina, Linn. Headley Lane (Billups), — dubius, Scop. Horsley (Billups), Cater- Redhill (Linnell), Ewhurst, Gomshall ham (Champion) (Butler) — biguttatus, Linn. Reigate (Linnell), — juniperina, Linn. Sanderstead, Mickle- Ewhurst (Butler) ham, Caterham (Douglas and Scott) — morio, Linn. Reigate (Billups), Mickle- Strachia, Hahn. ham (Champion), Box Hill (Jennings) — oleracea, Linn. Chobham (Saunders) Gnathoconus, Fieb. Piezodorus, Fieb. — albomarginatus, Fab. Generally dis- — lituratus, Fab. Generally distributed tributed Tropicoris, Hahn. — picipes, Fall. Chobham (Saunders) — rufipes, Linn. Generally distributed Sciocoris, Fall. Picromerus, Am. S. — cursitans, Fab. Box Hill (Jennings) — bidens, Linn. Wimbledon, Chobham, i I6l M A HISTORY OF SURREY PENTATOMID/E (continued) Reigate (Saunders), Esher, Weybridge, Headley Lane (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) Asopus, Burm. — punctatus, Linn. Haslemere (Barrett), Weybridge, Headley Lane (Billups), Wimbledon (Dale), Mickleham, Esher, Leith Hill (Champion) Podisus, H.S. — luridus, Fab. Chertsey, Weybridge, Head- ley Lane (Billups), Chobham (Blatch), Waking^ Caterham (Champion), Al- bury, Gomshall, Ranmore (Butler) Zicrona, Am. S. — ccerulea, Linn. Wimbledon (F. S. Saun- ders), Shiere, Gomshall, Mkkleham, Esher (Newbery), Chilworth (Butler), Headley Lane, Horsley (Billups), Waking (Champion) Acanthosoma, Curt. — haemorrhoidale, Linn. Waking (Saun- ders), Headley Lane, Horsley, (Billups), Wimbledon (Kirkaldy) — dentatum, De G. Shirley (Billups), Reigate (Brewer), St. Martha's Hill, Gomshall, Holmbury (Butler), Coombe Wood (Newbery) — interstinctum, Linn. Generally dis- tributed — tristriatum, Linn. Box Hill, Mickleham (Saunders), Shiere (Butler) COREID« Spathocera, Stein. — dalmanni, Schill. Reigate Heath (Saun- ders), Weybridge (Douglas and Scott), Albury, Farley Heath (Butler) Syromastes, Latr. — marginatus, Linn. Generally distributed Verlusia, Spin. — rhombea, Linn. Chobham, Waking (Saunders), Gomshall (Butler), Albury, Ripley, Caterham, Esher (Champion) *Gonocerus, Latr. — venator, Fab. Box Hill Pseudophlaeus, Burm. — fallenii, Schill. Weybridge (Billups) Ceraleptus, Cost. — lividus, Stein. Chobham (Billups), Waking (Walker), Albury (Butler) Coreus, Fab. — denticulatus, Scop. Waking (Saunders), Caterham (Champion), Oxshott (Bil- lups), Weybridge (Douglas and Scott), Leith Hill, Albury, Gomshall (Butler) Alydus, Fab. — calcaratus, Linn. Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Esher, Weybridge, Leith Hill (Champion), Farley Heath, Gom- shall, Ewhurst (Butler) COREID.S: (continued) Stenocephalus, Latr. — agilis, Scop. Chobham (Billups), Redhill (Linnell) Corizus, Fall. — crassicornis, Linn. Chobham, Reigate (Saunders) — maculatus, Fieb. Chobham (Saunders), Waking (Champion), Ewhurst (But- ler) — capitatus, Fab. Reigate, Dorking (Saun- ders), Gomshall, Ewhurst (Butler), Headley (Billups) — parumpunctatus, Schill. Chobham, Poking, Reigate (Saunders), Esher, Weybridge (Champion), Ripley, Gom- shall (Butler) Myrmus, Hahn. — myriformis, Fall. Generally distributed (on heaths) BERYTID/E Neides, Latr. — tipularius, Linn. Waking, Chobham, Reigate (Saunders), Esher, Mickleham (Champion), Albury (Butler), Merton (Newbery) Berytus, Fab. — crassipes, H.S. Headley (Billups), Shirley (Champion), Gomshall (But- ler) ' — clavipes, Fab. Reigate (Blatch) — minor, H.S. Generally distributed — signoreti, Fieb. Ewhurst, Gomshall (Butler), Reigate (Saunders), Sander- stead (Douglas and Scott), Mickleham (Billups), Cobham, Caterham (Cham- pion) — montivagus, Fieb. Waking (Saunders), Reigate, Caterham, Mickleham (Cham- pion), Sanderstead(Doug\zsznd Scott), Shalford, Gomshall (Butler) Metatropis, Fieb. — rufescens, H.S. Waking (Champion), Ewhurst, Gomshall (Butler) Metacanthus, Cost. — punctipes, Germ. Reigate (Saunders), Headley Lane (Billups), Mickleham (Douglas and Scott), Gomsha //(Butler), Shiere (Newbery) LYG.KDI.S: Nysius, Dall. — lineatus, Cost. Waking, Chobham (Saun- ders), Shalford (Butler) — thymi, Wolff. Generally distributed Cymus, Hahn. — glandicolor, Hahn. Generally distri- buted — melanocephalus, Fieb. Chobham, Waking (Saunders), Esher, Caterham (Cham- pion) 162 INSECTS LYGXDIJE (continued) Cymus claviculus, Fall. Generally distri- buted Ischnorhynchus, Fieb. — resedas, Panz. Coombe Wood (Saunders), Oxshott, Chatham (Billups), Mickle- ham (Champion), St. Martha's Hill (Butler) — geminatus, Fieb. Generally distributed Ischnodemus, Fieb. — sabuleti, Fall. Merton (Power) Heterogaster, Schill. — artemisiae, Schill. Reigate (Saunders), Mickleham, Caterham (Champion), Ranmore, Gomshall (Butler) — urticae, Fab. Betchworth (Power) Plociomerus, Say. — luridus, Halm. Chatham (Saunders) Rhyparochromus, Curt. — dilatatus, H.S. ") -, - chiragra, Fab. I Generally d.stnbuted — antennatus, Schill. Reigate Hill (Saun- ders), Gomshall, Ewhurst (Butler), Caterham (Champion) Tropistethus, Fieb. — holosericeus, Schltz. Reigate, Wands- worth (Saunders), Mickleham (Cham- pion), Headley Lane (Billups), Gom- shall (Butler) Ischnocoris, Fieb. — angustulus, Boh. Generally distributed Macrodema, Fieb. — micropterum, Curt. Generally dis- tributed, on heaths Plinthisus, Fieb. — brevipennis, Latr. Waking, Chatham, Weybridge (Saunders), Reigate (Blatch), Shalford, Ewhurst, Gom- shall (Butler), Wimbledon (Champion) Lasiosomus, Fieb. — enervis, H.S. Weybridge (Billups) Acompus, Fieb. — rufipes, Wolff. Redhill (Linnell), Wey- bridge, Oxshott (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) Stygnus, Fieb. — rusticus, Fall. Reigate, Chobham (Saun- ders), Leith Hill, Gomshall, Ewhurst (Butler), Weybridge (Billups), Cater- ham (Champion) — pedestris, Fall. \ Generally — arenarius, Hahn. / distributed Peritrechus, Fieb. — geniculatus, Hahn. Waking, Reigate (Saunders), Headley Lane (Billups), Gomshall, Albury (Butler), Esher (Newbery) — luniger, Schill. Waking (Saunders), Ox- shott (Billups), Caterham (Champion), Gomshall, Leith Hill, Shalford (Butler) (continued) Trapezonotus, Fieb. — agrestis, Panz. Reigate, Waking (Saun- ders), Chobham, Chertsey (Billups), Holmbury, Ewhurst, Leith Hill (Butler) Aphanus, Lap. — lynceus, Fab. Shirley (Douglas and Scott) — pini, Linn. Waking, Chobham (Saun- ders), Ewhurst, Gomshall (Butler), Shirley (Champion), Addington (Doug- las and Scott) — pedestris, Panz. Chobham (Saunders), Croydon (Blatch), Purity Downs (Douglas and Scott) Eremocoris, Fieb. — fenestratus, H.S. Sanderstead, Headley Lane (Douglas and Scott), Reigate (Saunders), Caterham, Mickleham (Champion), Croydon (Blatch) Notochilus, Fieb. — contractus, H.S. Generally distri- buted Scolopostethus, Fieb. — affinis, Schill. Generally distributed — grandis, Horv. Leith Hill (Butler), Waking, Chobham (Saunders) — neglectus, Edw. Generally distributed — decoratus, Hahn. Generally distributed (on heaths) Drymus, Fieb. — pilipes, Fieb. Betchworth (Saunders), Mickleham, Chobham (Billups), Croy- don (Rye) — pilicornis, M. & R. Caterham (Cham- pion), Weybridge (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) ' — sylvaticus, Fab. \ Generally — brunneus, Sahib. J distributed — piceus, Flor. Chobham (Saunders), Wimbledon (Rye), Headley Lane (Billups), Leith Hill (Butler) Gastrodes, Westw. — abietis, Linn. Chobham (Billups) — ferrugineus, Linn. Waking (Saunders), Esher (Champion), Weybridge (Bil- lups), Mickleham, Shiere, Farley Heath, Leith Hill (Butler) TINGIDID.S Piesma, Lap. — capitata, Wolff. Generally distributed Serenthia, Spin. — laeta, Fall. Reigate, Chobham, Waking (Saunders), Shiere, Gomshall (But- ler) Campylostira, Fieb. — verna, Fall. Reigate (Saunders), Cater- ham, Mickleham (Champion), Wey- bridge (Dale), Oxshott (Billups) 163 A HISTORY OF SURREY TINGIDID.S (continued) Orthostira, Fieb. — brunnea, Germ. Redhill (Linnell), Hartley (Billups), Ewhurst, Gomshall (Butler) — cervina, Germ. Reigate (Blatch), Shirely, Caterham (Champion), Coombe, Croydon (Douglas and Scott), Gom- shall, Hurst (Butler) — parvula, Fall. Generally distributed Dictyonota, Curt. — crassicornis, Fall. \ Generally — strichnocera, Fieb. j distributed — *ruliginosa, Costa. Weybridge (Power), Waking (Edwards) Derephysia, Spin. — foliacea, Fall. Generally distributed Monanthia, Lep. — ampliata, Fieb. Reigate, Waking, Chob- ham, Wimbledon (Saunders), Esher (Champion), Gomshall, Ripley (But- ler) — cardui, Linn. Generally distributed — costata, Fab. Reigate (Saunders), Cater- ham (Champion), Gomshall (Butler), Headley Lane (Billups) — quadrimaculata, Wolff. Eivhurst (But- ler) — dumetorum, H.S. Chobham (Saunders), Esher, Ashstead (Champion), Waking, Oxshott (Billups) — simplex, H.S. Redhill (Linnell) — humuli, Fab. Waking (Saunders), Gom- shall (Butler), Merton (Newbery) ARADID.S: Aradus, Fab. — depressus, Fab. Reigate, Coombe Wood, Waking (Saunders), Caterham (Cham- pion), Gomshall (Butler) Wimbledon (Newbery) Aneurus, Curt. — laevis, Fab. Reigate (Saunders), Cater- ham (Champion), Chobham, Oxshott, Weybridge, Mickleham (Billups) HEBRIDES Hebrus, Curt. — ruficeps, Thorns. Chobham (Saunders), Leith Hill (Butler) HYDROMETRID.S: Mesovelia, M. & R. — furcata, M. & R. Waking Canal (Saun- ders) Hydrometra, Latr. — stagnorum, Linn. Generally distri- buted Microvelia, West. — pygmaea, Duf. Chobham, Reigate (Saunders) Velia, Latr. - — currens, Fab. Generally distributed HYDROMETRIDJE (continued) Gerris, Fab. — paludum, Fab. Chobham (Saunders), Byfleet, Waking (Kirkaldy), Caterham (Champion) — najas, De G. Reigate, Chobham (Saun- ders), Ripley (Butler), Waking (Kirk- aldy) — thoracica, Schum. ~\ — gibbifera, Schum. I Generally — lacustris, Linn. distributed — odontogaster, Zett.J — argentata, Schum. Reigate, Chobham (Saunders) REDUVIIDJE Ploiaria, Scop. — vagabunda, Linn. Chobham (Saunders), Mickleham, Reigate (Billups), Ew- hurst, Shalford, Holmbury (Butler) — culiciformis, De G. Reigate, Chobham (Saunders), Shiere (Newbery), Holm- bury (Butler) — *baerensprungi, Dohrn. Waking (Cham- pion) Reduvius, Fab. — personatus, Linn. Waking (Saunders) Coranus, Curt. — subapterus, De G. Waking (Saunders), Addington, Weybridge (Douglas and Scott), Coldharbour, Shalford, Ew- hurst (Butler), Shirley, Esher (New- bery) Nabis, Latr. — brevipennis, Hahn. Wimbledon (Saun- ders), Headley Lane, Weybridge (Bil- lups) — ktiyentris, Boh. j Generall distributed — major, Cost. ) — boops, Schbidte. Gomshall (Butler) — flavomarginatus, Scholtz. Chobham, Waking, Reigate (Saunders) — limbatus, Dahlb. Generally distributed — lineatus, Dahlb. Chobham (Saunders), Oxshott (Billups) — ferus, Linn. ) .-, „ T . Generally — rugosus, Linn. \ ,. '., , c , , distributed — encetorum, Scholtz. ) — *brevis, SchiSdte. Waking (Saunders) SALDIDJE Salda, Fab. — saltatoria, Linn. Generally distributed — arenicola, Scholtz. Shiere (Capron) — marginalis, Fall. Chobham (Saunders), Waking (Billups) — orthochilia, Fieb. Waking (Saunders), Shirley (Billups), Addington (Douglas and Scott), Coldharbour (Butler) — cincta, H.S. Reigate, Chobham (Saun- ders), Redhill (Linnell), Shalford (Butler), Shiere (Newbery) 164 INSECTS SALDID^E (continued} Salda cocksii, Curt. Reigate(Power),Woting, Chobham (Saunders), Leith Hill (But- ler), Wimbledon (Newbery) Ceratocombus, Sign. — coleoptratus, Zett. Chobham (Saunders), Weybridge (Power), Claremont (Bil- lups), Esher (Power), Holmbury, Ew- hurst, Leith Hill (Butler) Cimex, Linn. — lectularius, Linn. Generally distributed — hirundinis, Jen. Chobham (Saunders) Lyctocoris — campestris, Fall. Generally distributed Piezostethus, Fieb. — galactinus, Fieb. Reigate, Waking (Saunders), Ewhurst, Albury (Butler) — cursitans, Fall. Reigate (Saunders), Headley Lane, Chobham, Weybridge (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) Temnostethus, Fieb. — pusillus, H.S. Generally distributed Anthocoris, Fall. — gallarum ulmi, De G. Gomshall, Chob- ham, Surbiton (Saunders), Mickleham, Caterham (Champion) — confusus, Reut.\ Generally — nemoralis, Fab./ distributed — sarothamni, D. & S. Weybridge (Doug- las and Scott), Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Shirley (Billups) — sylvestris, Linn. Tetraphleps, Fieb. — vittata, Fieb. Acompocoris, Reut. — pygmseus, Fall. — alpinus, Reut. Esher (Champion) Triphleps, Fieb. — nigra, Wolf. ~\ .-, 0 Generally — maiuscula, Keut. >• ,. ' ., , T'. distributed — minuta, Linn. J Brachysteles, M. & R. — fasciiventris, Garb. Horsell, Chobham (Saunders) *Xylocoridea, Reut. [(Morley) — brevipennis, Reut. Richmond Park Xylocoris, Duf. — ater, Duf. Reigate, Chobham (Saunders), Caterham, Richmond (Champion) Microphysa, Westw. — pselaphiformis, Curt. Croydon, Box /////(Douglas and Scott), CoombeWood, Waking, Reigate (Saunders), Ewhurst, Shiere (Butler) — elegantula, Baer. Reigate, Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Ewhurst (Butler) Myrmedobia, Bser. — tenella, Zett. Waking (Saunders), Esher (Champion), Gomshall (Butler) Generally distributed Wimbledon, Wo- Generally distributed CIMICIDJE (continued) *Myrmedobia distinguenda, Reut. Busbridge (Saunders), Esher (Champion) CAPSID.* Pithanus, Fieb. — maerkeli, H.S. Generally distributed Acetropis, Fieb. — gimmerthalii, Flor. king (Saunders) Miris, Fab. — calcaratus, Fall. — laevigatus, Linn. — holsatus, Fab. Megalocersea, Fieb. — erratica, Linn. — longicornis, Fall. Clandon (Saunders), Shalford, Box Hill, Shiere, Mickleham, Gomshall (Butler) — ruficornis, Fourc. Generally distri- buted Teratocoris, Fieb. — antennatus, Boh. Leptopterna, Fieb. — ferrugata, Fall. — dolobrata, Linn. Monalocoris, Dahlb. — filicis, Linn. Bryocoris, Fall. — pteridis, Fall. Pantilius, Curt. — tunicatus, Fab. (Saunders), . ham (Billups), (Butler), Shiere (Newbery) Lopus, Halm. — gothicus, Linn. Reigate, Waking (Saunders), Coambe (Power), Merrow Downs (Butler), Shiere (Newbery) Phytocoris, Fall. — populi, Linn. — tiliae, Fab. — longipennis, Flor. — dimidiatus, Kb. — reuteri, Saund. Reigate, Wimbledon, Chobham, Surbiton (Saunders), Mickle- ham (Champion), Shiere, Gomshall, Holmbury (Butler) — varipes, Boh. — ulmi, Linn. Calocoris, Fieb. — striatellus, Fab. . — sexguttatus, Fab. Headley Lane (Billups), Redhill (Linnell), Caterham (Cham- pion) — fulvomaculatus, De G. Reigate (Saun- ders), Leather head (Billups), Cater- ham (Champion), Shalford, Ewhurst (Butler), Wimbledon (Newbery) — bipunctatus, Fab. \ Generally — chenopodii, Fall. J distributed Reigate (Saunders) Generally distributed Reigate, Wimbledon St. Martha's Hill Generally distributed Generally distributed 165 A HISTORY OF SURREY CAPSID.* (continued) Calocoris ticinensis, Mey. Chobham, Gom- shall (Saunders), Chilworth (Butler) — roseomaculatus, De G. Gomska// (But- ler) — infusus, H.S. Wandsworth, Reigate, Charlwood, Gomshall (Saunders), Shiere, Farley Heath (Butler), Oxshott, Chub- ham (Billups), Ashtead (Champion) — striatus, Linn. Headley Lane (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) Oncognathus, Fieb. — binotatus, Fab. .Generally distributed Dichrooscytus, Fieb. — rufipennis, Fall. Reigate, Chobham (Saunders), Shirley (Douglas and Scott), Mickleham, Esher (Power) Plesiocoris, Fieb. — rugicollis, Fall. Waking, Chobham (Saun- ders) Lygus, Hahn. — pratensis, Fab. Generally distributed — rubricatus, Fall. Reigate, Waking (Saunders), Chobham, Mickleham (Champion), Shiere, Shalford, Gom- shall (Butler) — contaminatus, Fall. \ Generally — viridis, Fall. J distributed — *limbatus, Fall. Wimbledon (F. S. Saunders) — lucorum, Mey. Reigate (Saunders), Shalford, Albury, Ewhurst (Butler) — spinolae, Mey. Waking, Reigate, Chob- ham (Saunders), Headley Lane (Bil- lups), Caterham, Esher (Champion), Ewhurst, Shalford (Butler) — pabulinus, Linn. — pastinacae, Fall. — cervinus, H.S. — kalmii, Linn. Zygimus, Fieb. — pinastri, Fall. Waking (Saunders), Esher (Champion), Ewhurst, Shalford, Leith Hill (But- ler) Poeciloscytus, Fieb. — gyllenhalii, Fall. Generally distributed — nigritus, Fall. Mickleham (Douglas and Scott), Caterham (Champion), Shiere, Gomshall, Shalford (Butler) — unifasciatus, Fab. Generally distributed Camptobrochis, Fieb. — lutescens, Schill. Reigate, Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Surbiton (Mar- shall), Gomshall (Butler), Coombe Wood, Esher (Newbery) Liocoris, Fieb. — tripustulatus, Fab. Capsus, Fab. — laniarius, Linn. Generally distributed Weybridge, Chobham, Generally distributed CAPSID.S (continued) Capsus scutellaris, Fab. Chobham, Reigate (Saunders), Oxshott (Billups) Rhopalotomus, Fieb. — ater, Linn. Generally distributed Pilophorus, Hahn. — cinnamopterus, Kb. Shiere (Capron), Weybridge (Billups), Farley Heath (Butler) — perplexus, Scott. Waking, Chobham, Surbiton (Saunders) — clavatus, Linn. Waking (Saunders), Oxshott (Billups), Shalford (Butler) Systellonotus, Fieb. — triguttatus, Linn. Waking, Chobham, (Saunders), Weybridge (Douglas) Allodapus, Fieb. — rufescens, Burm. Reigate Heath, Chob- ham, Waking (Saunders), Leith Hill, Ewhurst (Butler) Halticus, Hahn. — luteicollis, Panz. Shalford, Ewhurst (Butler) — apterus, Linn. Reigate, Char/wood (Saunders), Ewhurst, Shalford (Butler) Strongylocoris, Costa — leucocephalus, Linn. Mickleham (Power), Gomshall (Champion) — luridus, Fall. Weybridge (Douglas and Scott) Labops, Burm. — saltator, Hahn. Generally distributed — mutabilis, Fall. Chobham, Waking (Saunders), Weybridge (Douglas and Scott) Macrolophus, Fieb. — nubilus, H.S. Reigate (Saunders) Dicyphus, Fieb. — constrictus, Boh. Shiere, Gomshall (Butler) - ePilobii>Reul- } Generally distributed — errans, Wolff, j — strachydis, Reut. Reigate, Betchworth, Waking (Saunders), Shalford, Ewhurst, Leith Hill, Gomshall, Shiere (Butler), Oxshott (Billups) — pallidicornis, Fieb. Wimbledon, Esher, Reigate (Champion), Ewhurst, Shal- ford, Shiere (Butler) — globulifer, Fall. Waking (Saunders), Shalford, Shiere (Butler), Mickleham, Shirley, Caterham (Champion) — annulatus, Wolff. Reigate (Saunders), Caterham (Champion), Gomshall, Ranmore (Butler), Shiere (Newbery) Campyloneura, Fieb. — virgula, H.S. Generally distributed Cyllocoris, Hahn. — histrionicus, Linn. — flavonotatus, Boh. Generally distributed 1 66 INSECTS Generally distributed Chobham (Saun- (Billups), Wey- (Douglas and Generally distributed CAPSID.S (continued) ^Etorhinus, Fieb. 'I — angulatus, Fab. J Globiceps, Latr. — fiavomaculatus, Fab. ders), Leatherhead bridge, Sanderstead Scott) — cruciatus, Reut. Chobham (Saunders), Reigate (Champion) — dispar, Boh. Oxshott (Billups) Mecomma, Fieb. — ambulans, Fall. Cyrtorrhinus, Fieb. — caricis, Fall. J — pygmaeus, Zett. Chobham, Wimbledon (Saunders), Esher (Marshall) Orthotylus, Fieb. — bilineatus, Fall. Wimbledon (F. S. Saun- ders) — flavinervis, Kb. Waking, Esher (Saun- ders), Shalford (Butler) — marginalis, Reut. ) Generally — tenellus, Fall. j distributed — nassatus, Fab. Wandsworth, Chobham (Saunders), Oxshott (Billups), Shalford (Butler) — scotti, Reut. Putney (Newbery) — ochrotrichus, D. & S. Waking, Surbi- ton, Chobham (Saunders) — viridinervis, Kb. Waking, Chobham (Saunders) — diaphanus, Kb. Ripley, Gomshall (But- ler), Putney (Newbery) — flavosparsus, Sahib. Eyfleet (Billups), Gomshall (Butler) — chloropterus, Kb. Generally distributed, where broom occurs — concolor, Kb. Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Gomshall, Holmbury (But- ler) — adenocarpi, Perr. Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Weybridge (Champion), Shalford, Shiere (Butler) — ericetorum, Fall. Generally distributed Hypsitylus, Fieb. — bicolor, D. & S. Reigate, Waking, Chobham (Saunders), Ewhurst, Gom- shall, Shalford (Butler), Oxshott (Bil- lups) Loxops, Fieb. — coccineus, Mey. Reigate, Chobham (Saunders), Oxshott (Billups), Shalford, Gomshall, Ranmore (Butler) Heterotoma, Latr. — merioptera, Scop. Heterocordylus, Fieb. — tibialis, Hahn. Malacocoris, Fieb. — chlorizans, Fall. CAPSID^E (continued) Onychumenus decolor, Fall. Wandsworth, Chobham (Saunders), Farley Heath, Gomshall, Ewhurst, Shalford (Butler), Chertsey (Billups), Wimbledon (New- bery) Oncotylus, Fieb. — viridiflavus, Goeze. Charlwood (Saun- ders), Ewhurst, Gomshall (Butler) Macrotylus, Fieb. — paykulli, Fall. Generally distributed on Ononis — solitarius, Mey. Reigate (Saunders), Shiere (Capron), Ewhurst, Shalford (Butler), Caterham (Champion), Mickleham (Power), j/ has much the s"116 _,, . . . i , i r u range in this county as the sand lizard. It This larger spec.es remarkable for the ^^ found in D'orsetshi between Ri bright green colour which adorns the sides wood and Wimb in l8s3 ^ *t and lower parts of the males during spring Bournemouth in l8s9. It has since been and early summer, is known from the eastern recorded from poole ^ ^ Ngw FQ parts of Dorsetshire, Bournemouth and the ^ Qn thg limit feetween 'north Hants and sandy heaths bordering the New Forest ,n south fierks ^ occurrence in west s Hampshire, Welhngton College in Berkshire, ^ Chobham was first recorded by Mr. H. N. and Farnharn in Surrey, where it was first Rjdl in lgg2 Qne imen7 is rted observed by Gilbert .White, and where ,t is b ^ Rey ; £ i&Jfe have been talcen stated by Mr. Hook to be common on the J ^ hmg Jbetween Yatdy ^j Camberley> heaths' on the borders of Hants and Surrey, in 1883 ; 3. Slow-worm, or Blind-worm. Anguh fra- and four specimens were observed by Mr. gilis, Linn. Bryan Hook near Farnham between 1891 and OPHIDIA l898' 4. Common or Ringed Snake. Tropidonotus 6. Common Viper or Adder. Vipera berus, natrix, Linn. (Natrix torquata, Ray). Linn. BATRACHIANS ECAUDATA 3. Natterjack Toad. Bufo calamita, Laur. Easily distinguished from the common 1. Common Frog. Rana temfarana, Linn. spedes by the yellow Hne running down 2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris, Laur. the spine, the shorter limbs, the running gait, 200 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS and the loud croak, consisting of a single roll- ing note. It prefers sandy localities, and breeds in May and June, rarely as early as end of April. Colonies of natterjacks fre- quent ponds for the purpose of breeding, but are rarely met with in the water before dusk, when they indulge in choruses, heard a mile away or more, often called ' brass bands ' by the villagers in west Surrey. These colonies are very local, and appear to shift their quar- ters without apparent reason. They have long been known from Cobham, Woking, and Wisley Heath ; and I have ascertained their presence at Ripley, and between that village and Byfleet. I have also been in- formed of their occurrence at Horsell and Worplesdon, north of the downs, and on Blackheath, south of the downs ; and Mr. Bryan Hook has found them abounding near Farnham, where they are called 'jar-bob.' They used to be found many years ago at Deptford, in the immediate vicinity of Lon- don. I have never come across them in any part of east Surrey. CAUDATA 4. Crested Newt. Molge cristata, Laur. 5. Common Newt. Molge vu/garis, Linn. 6. Palmated Newt. Molge palmata, Schneid. This small newt, which may always be easily distinguished from the common species, in both sexes and at all seasons, by the absence of pigment on the throat, which is flesh-coloured, is very local in this county, and has only been recorded from Tooting and Woking. It is found near Haslemere. 201 BIRDS : ; Although, being without the seaboard, Surrey naturally lacks the repeated occurrences of many of the rarer and the permanent presence of several interesting maritime and littoral birds, the fact that it contains a number of lakes of big size and is connected more or less directly with the sea by the river Thames renders it capable of affording occasionally a haven for storm-driven stragglers from the coast and a resting-place for migrants which would not otherwise visit the county. With all these natural advantages it is not surprising to find that Surrey compares very favourably with other counties in its actual numerical list, and that quite apart from mere number of varieties, presents to the ornithologist a very choice field for what may be termed inland observation. Within the last thirty or forty years the growth of the metropolis has had a very marked and curious effect upon the avifauna of the county. The extremely rapid increase in building in the immediate neighbourhood of London has caused all those parts which are within the circuit of easy daily travel to assume a suburban character, and within this radius the distribution of birds now presents all those characteristics which are to be met with in the suburbs of most large towns. It is in this connection worthy of notice that certain species seem capable of assuming a quasi-feral state and of fearlessly adapting themselves to locali- ties where they meet with protection. Examples of this quite modern trait are to be found in the presence of the pigeon, moorhen, dabchick and gulls in the South London parks and the recent establishment of a heronry at Richmond. Apart, however, from these few instances, the Surrey suburbs present no features of peculiar interest. Out in the country the tide of building has spread almost throughout Surrey : the wild and high hills are thronged with houses, and the rail- way and bicycle render few places free from invasion. This increase of population has almost driven away several naturally shy species, such as the great plover and the black grouse, the ring-ousel and the nesting woodcock, all of which, once common enough, are now quite rare. Then, too, with the many country houses have come the many sports- men and close, rigid game preservation, with the inevitable result that almost all the predatory birds have quite disappeared, and many harmless species which are ignorantly supposed to be dangerous to game are in fear of extinction. The raven, the harriers and the buzzards have gone ; the owls, the magpie and the sparrow-hawk are decreasing ; whilst the woodpeckers and the nightjar suffer sadly from misplaced zeal. On the other hand, a general and laudable growth in the public 202 BIRDS interest in birds and the recent development in the machinery of the Wild Birds Protection Acts have undoubtedly checked, to some slight extent, the insane desire to slaughter all and every species which present the slightest peculiarity ; and this effect is quite noticeable in the case of such charming residents as the kingfisher and great crested grebe ; whilst there is little doubt that the numbers of many both resident and migrant natives, chiefly amongst the smaller classes, which find a sanctum in the carefully-guarded pheasant woods and there live unnoticed by the keeper, sharing elsewhere as well the benefit of the two former advan- tages, have largely multiplied. Surrey may be said to be a small-birds' paradise. The wheatear on the downs, the cirl bunting on the high chalk hills, the grasshopper and even the Dartford warbler on the furze commons find a home : the nightingale abounds, and so, too, many other warblers — the reed, the sedge, the blackcap, the garden, the willow, the chiffchaff, the wood, and both the whitethroats. The finches are nearly all found ; the hawfinch frequents all rural Surrey, and the goldfinch in winter is quite common, though now a local breeding species. The crossbill visits the fir-tree districts every winter, and no doubt sometimes stays to nest ; so, too, the siskin, lesser redpoll and tree-sparrow. Sometimes the oriole and hoopoe visit the woods, and if not molested, would breed regularly. The three woodpeckers all are resident, and the wagtails — the pied, the yellow and the grey — are often, the first always, seen. Even the snipe and teal, the water-rail and quail, the wild duck and woodcock still sometimes nest — the wild duck often, but the others more rarely ; while in winter all kinds of wildfowl flock to the big lakes. The pochard, the wigeon, the tufted duck, the goldeneye, and even the pintail, then may at times be seen. From a purely ornithological point of view the still wilder dis- tricts of the west and south-west portions of the county are by far the most interesting. Here, round the big meres of Frensham and on the margins of these and neighbouring lakes drop many migrant waders. The common sandpiper and the green are not uncommon in many local places ; but on these sheets of water the redshank, the greenshank, the dunlin, the ringed plover, the curlew, and even the black-winged stilt have been recorded, and many other species of rarity and local value. Here, too, in hard weather flock gulls and terns, and even an occasional cormorant, and many of the rarest county records have been obtained from this neighbourhood, and the zoological journals show from the earliest years of the century a long local death-roll. The black grouse is perhaps on the whole the most interesting county bird. From time immemorial it inhabited the two districts sur- rounding Leith Hill and Hindhead, and was until some time twenty years ago regularly pursued for sport. It was frequently assisted by im- portation, and for many years by this aid well held its own. It is at the present day almost, if not absolutely, extinct — a sad loss. Surrey has never, until this year (1900), had a complete history of its birds written.1 1 The Birds of Surrey, by John A. Bucknill, M.A. London (1900) : R. H. Porter. 203 A HISTORY OF SURREY There have, however, been several books published, all more or less deal- ing with the avifauna of the county, and the chief of these was a little work, published in 1 849, under the title of The Letters of Rusticus. This treated very fully of the avifauna of the Godalming district, and was the joint production of a group of enthusiastic naturalists in that town — Messrs. Newman, Kidd, Salmon and Stafford. The last-named gentle- man brought together a large local collection of birds during a very long residence in that neighbourhood, and his ornithological museum passed at his death practically intact into the possession of Charterhouse School, where it now remains. It is by far the most interesting and, in fact, the only really important collection in the county of local interest. Although since and before the publication of The Letters of Rusticus there have been issued several works possessing some local references, the only attempt to bring together all the county history and ornithological records under one cover has been that of Mr. John A. Bucknill, in his recently published work on the Birds of Surrey, from which have been quoted in the ensuing catalogue of species the occurrences of most of the rarer local visitors. i. Missel-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. been regarded by the classic authors as of A common resident in the rural districts, more or less authentic origin, but the circum- but rapidly decreases in numbers near the stances attending its capture are not wholly metropolis. Locally largely reinforced by uniformly stated by the prominent ornitho- autumnal immigration. logical authors. 2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn. 6. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn. A very common resident in the county, A very common resident, its numbers being penetrating also to the parks and gardens of swelled by considerable parties of autumnal even the most thickly-populated suburban migrants. It may be found in many of the areas. Receives some additional strength by Surrey metropolitan parks. Very subject to migrants in autumn. albinism, pied varieties being quite common. 3. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn. A common winter visitor to the open parts of Surrey, but being essentially a bird of the fields is comparatively seldom observed in the immediate neighbourhood of London. Ar- rives in October and leaves at the end of March. It has been reported to have nested in the county, but on evidence which is not now regarded as accurate (Bucknill, p. 5). 4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn. A common winter visitor, resembling in its habits and distribution the preceding species ; known in Surrey by several names, ' felter- birds,' ' blue felt,' etc. 5. Siberian Thrush. Turdus sibiricus, Pallas. The late Mr. Frederick Bond had in his collection a bird of this species. The speci- men, which is now in the National Collection, is a female and was shot near Guildford, in February, 1865 (Bucknill, pp. 15-17). It is the only British-taken example which has 7. Ring-Ousel. Turdus torquatus, Linn. In former years this beautiful species was a regular visitor to many parts of Surrey on its spring and autumnal migrations, and may have at one time bred on the western hills (Bucknill, p. n). It is now much restricted in the county localities which it visits, and may be said to be practically confined to the high hills of the south and the west. On these it may sometimes be observed at the proper seasons, but it can nowhere in Surrey be regarded at the present day other than of somewhat unusual appearance, its diminishing occurrence being due to the many causes which have assisted towards the decrease of the rarer of the avifauna of the county. 8. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.). A regular summer visitor, breeding not un- commonly on some of the commons and downs of the county. Rather local in its distribution. 204 BIRDS 9. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.). A common summer visitor, arriving about the middle of April, and leaving in September. Nests freely on the commons and rough grounds, and may generally be regarded as abundant. 10. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.). A partial resident. The bulk of its num- bers leave the county in autumn and return in spring. It is rather local in-its distribution, but nests on many of the furze-covered Surrey commons. 11. Redstart. Ruticilla phaenicurus (Linn.). A regular summer visitor of fairly general distribution. Arrives about the middle of April, leaving again in September, and is oc- casionally noticed in the south metropolitan parks. 12. Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli). A rare winter visitor, sometimes probably overlooked. Has been recorded from the county on six occasions (Bucknill, pp. 22, 23). 13. Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). Has occurred once at Wandsworth (1862), and possibly elsewhere. A very rare straggler (Bucknill, p. 24). 14. White-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula •uuolfi, Brehm. A specimen in the Charterhouse collection is stated to have been killed at Guildford Castle (Bucknill, p. 25). The record is not wholly satisfactory. 15. Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.). A common resident even within the metro- politan area. Its numbers are largely in- creased by migrants from the continent in autumn. 1 6. Nightingale. Daulias luscinia (Linn.). An abundant summer visitor to all rural Surrey, where it is probably as common as in any other county in England. It arrives in early April and leaves towards the beginning of September. 17. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein). An abundant summer visitor to all rural districts of the county. Known by several familiar names, such as ' hay-tit ' and ' nettle- creeper.' 1 8. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca (Linn.). Another common summer visitor almost as abundant as the preceding species. Both the whitethroats arrive about the middle of April. 19. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.). A summer visitor rather more numerous than the garden-warbler, and less retiring. The possessor of a song only equalled by that of the nightingale. Arrives in early April. 20. Garden- Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech- stein). A fairly common summer visitor to the rural parts of Surrey. Seldom arrives before May, and is rather shy. 21. Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod- daert). In former years a tolerably common resi- dent in many parts of Surrey, where it fre- quented the thickest furze-covered commons. Chiefly through the eager pursuit of collec- tors it is now restricted to a few remote and secluded corners, where its shy and retiring habits still allow it to skulk in safety and unnoticed. 22. Goldcrest. Regulus crista tus, K. L. Koch. A fairly common resident, receiving con- siderable accessions to its numbers during winter, in which season it is more noticeable than at any other. 23. Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (Brehm). Although this species has occurred in all the neighbouring counties, it seems rather doubtful if it can properly be added to this county's list. The recorded examples have hitherto proved to be unsatisfactory records, although there is no reason why it should not have occasionally occurred (Bucknill, p. 52). 24. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechstein). A regular and common summer visitor ; one of the earliest of our spring migrants, being usually observed before the end of March. 25. Willow- War bier. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). The commonest summer visitor of the warbler tribe which favour the county with their presence. Arrives early in April, and is very generally distributed even near the metropolis. 26. Wood -Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein). The wood-wren, as this species is often called, is a summer visitor of rather local but fairly abundant distribution. It should not be regarded as uncommon, but, being very sylvan in its habits, is often unnoticed in localities where it may be found if searched for in its proper haunts. 205 A HISTORY OF SURREY 27. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus (Vieillot). A fairly common summer visitor, but being restricted by its fondness for high reeds and water is to that extent local in its distribution. It is found on the Thames, Wey, Mole and several other smaller streams, and occasionally on the rushy margins of the local lakes. 28. Marsh -Warbler. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein). It is doubtful if this species has been cor- rectly recorded from the county. The late Mr. Edward Blyth believed that he had dis- covered it in Battersea Park, but his account is not wholly satisfactory (Bucknill, p. 44). 29. Great Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus tur- doTdes (Meyer). Said to have occurred at least once in the county. The Charterhouse collection con- tains a specimen shot in 1858, near Godal- ming (Bucknill, p. 41). 30. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis (Bechstein). An abundant summer visitor, but is nearly always found somewhere near water, and is to that degree local. Arrives towards the latter end of April. 31. Grasshopper- Warbler. Locustella tiievia (Boddaert). A regular summer visitor of rather local distribution, occurring tolerably frequently on many of the furze commons and heath lands of the country districts. It is of wary and retiring habits and secretes its nest with great care. 32. Hedge - Sparrow. Accentor modularis (Linn.). A common and familiar resident through- out the county. 33. Alpine Accentor. Accentor collaris (Sco- poli). This species has occurred once in Surrey, at Milford, near Godalming, in 1841 (Buck- mil, p. 30). 34. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein. A very rare straggler to the county which offers it no attractions. It has only been recorded on two or three occasions (Bucknill, pp. 62-64). 35. Bearded Reedling. Panurus biarmlcus (Linn.). The bearded tit may have nested within the county many years ago, and if so pro- bably on the border of the Thames. It is doubtful however if it should be regarded as a resident in any other part of the county, and it is quite certain that it has not bred in Surrey for over half a century if at all. At the present day it has entirely ceased to exist, and no record of even its occurrence as a straggler has been published for very many years. It has also become extinct in all parts of England with the exception of one or two localities in the Eastern provinces (Bucknill, pp. 57-60). 36. Long - tailed Tit. Acredula caudata (Linn.). A fairly common resident, and in the rural districts tolerably abundant. 37. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn. A common resident, more abundant in Surrey than any of the Paridse, except the blue tit. 38. Coal-Tit. Parus ater, Linn. Another resident, not so common as the two preceding species, but nevertheless of general distribution throughout the county. In common with all the Paridae it is more often seen near London in the winter months than in the nesting season. 39. Marsh-Tit. Parus palustris, Linn. A fairly common resident, but more local in its distribution, and generally less abundant than the former three species. 40. Blue Tit. Parus ctgruleus, Linn. A familiar and abundant resident, usually known as the 'Tom tit.' The commonest tit found in Surrey. 41. Crested Tit. Parus cristatus, Linn. A straggler of great rarity. It is doubtful if the county can claim more than one well- authenticated example, although it has been recorded on two or three occasions (Bucknill, P- 56). 42. Nuthatch. Sitta ctesia, Wolf. A fairly common resident, frequenting chiefly those districts where there is large timber. Often popularly known by the name 'woodpecker.' 43. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. A common and well-known resident, often found in places quite close to the metropolis. 44. Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Like the nuthatch, a fairly abundant resi- dent in Surrey, which offers to both species by its thickly-wooded character a very con- genial home. From its dull colour and feeble note it is less often observed than the pre- ceding species. 206 BIRDS 45. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris, Tem- minck. A common resident, but largely reinforced by migration in spring. It nests freely in the rural districts, and has been found breeding in the South London metropolitan parks. A very favourite host of the cuckoo. 46. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn. Apparently a very rare visitor, the records of its appearance being few. From its like- ness to its common relative the pied wagtail, it has probably been sometimes, possibly often, overlooked (Bucknill, pp. 133-135). 47. Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope, Pallas. A winter visitor of somewhat local distribu- tion, and has without doubt occasionally nested in the county. In some places it may be considered a regular and tolerably common winter migrant (Bucknillt pp. 135-137). 48. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla fla-ua, Linn. Apparently another rare visitor on migra- tion. It is a summer migrant to Great Britain, and may have in Surrey been some- times overlooked. It has been noticed in the county, but seldom (Bucknill, p. 138). 49. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla raii (Bona- parte). Rather a common visitor in spring and autumn on migration, and a few, though not very many, remain to breed in the county. As a breeding species it is distinctly local, but as a migrant is often noticed even near London. 50. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivia/is (Linn.). A common summer visitor, arriving in the first half of April, and nesting freely in the rural districts, sometimes even in the metro- politan area. 51. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.). A common resident, its numbers being in- creased by migration in spring. Familiarly known in Surrey as the ' tit-lark.' 52. Richard's Pipit. Anthus richardi, Vieillot. Yarrell records a single specimen taken at Bermondsey in the early part of the century, and Mr. Blyth believed that another was taken on Tooting Common a few years prior to 1836. The county can only lay claim to these occurrences (Bucknill, p. 142). 53. Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham). One or two specimens of this bird appear to have been undoubtedly taken in Surrey, but it is a mere straggler from the coast (Bucknill, pp. 141, 142). 54. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn. A summer visitor, which from its beautiful 'appearance is seldom allowed to remain long unmolested. It may have nested occasionally in the county, but it has been savagely harried and killed on many occasions. It is perfectly harmless and a lovely and brilliant creature, and if only permitted to live would doubtless soon become a common visitor to this and other southern counties. As it is its repeated attempts at colonization have always met with a sadly inhospitable reception (Bucknill, pp. 64-67). 55- Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor, Linn. A winter visitor of somewhat irregular appearance. As it has been recorded from the county on over a score of occasions, it cannot be regarded as of extremely uncommon occurrence (Bucknill, pp. 85-87). [Lesser Grey Shrike. Lanius miner, Gmelin. A dubious visitor. A pair are recorded to have visited Dorking in 1886, but the evi- dence supporting the account cannot be re- garded as conclusive (Bucknill, p. 87).] 56. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius col/urio, Linn. A somewhat common summer visitor nest- ing in many parts of the county, and some- times even in the neighbourhood of London. It arrives towards the beginning of May, leaving at the end of September. [Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pomeranus, Sparrman. Appears to have occurred on two or three occasions in Surrey, but none of the records are entirely satisfactory (Bucknill, pp. 89, 90).] 57. Waxwing. Ampelh garrulus, Linn. A rare winter visitor of very capricious appearance. In some years it has occurred in Great Britain in considerable numbers, and a few have as a rule been noticed in Surrey during these spasmodic invasions. The last local example was shot near Epsom in 1892 (Bucknill, p. 92). 58. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla, Linn. A rare summer visitor which has bred occasionally in the county, but not, as far as is known, in recent years. It has however been casually recorded on a number of occa- sions (Bucknill, pp. 93-95)- 207 A HISTORY OF SURREY 59. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola, Linn. A common summer visitor, arriving about the middle of May and leaving again in September. Very generally distributed over the county. 60. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn. An abundant and familiar summer visitor, arriving about the middle of April and leaving in October or even earlier. 61. House-Martin. Che'idon urbica (Linn.). Another very common summer visitor, rather more abundant than the preceding species, which it much follows in its arrival and departure. 62. Sand-Martin. Cattle riparia (Linn.). A common summer visitor, arriving and leaving about the same time as the swallow. Breeds in colonies in holes in high banks, sand-pits and similar localities, and is to that extent local in its distribution. 63. Greenfinch. Ligurinus Moris (Linn.). A common resident, nesting freely on the commons and in the hedges of all parts of Surrey. With other finches it packs in winter in considerable and often immense flocks, and then frequents the stubbles and rickyards. 64. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas. At one time regarded as of rare occurrence in Great Britain, this species has since been recognized as a common enough resident in this and many other counties. It is shy and easily alarmed, and except during the autumn and winter months frequents the thick woods where it nests, though it sometimes favours an orchard. Although it would not be proper to term it abundant in Surrey it is of fairly general distribution, and perhaps as common in this county as in any other part of England (Bucknill, pp. 98-102). 65. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens. Has decreased of late years very consider- ably. Rather a rare nesting species at the present day, and as a winter visitor of much less common occurrence than formerly, al- though in severe weather it still is to be found in some places in considerable numbers. 66. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.). A rather irregular winter visitor, occurring however in certain spots in some — usually hard — seasons in tolerable abundance. Has also been recorded nesting in the county on a few occasions. 67. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.). An abundant resident throughout the whole of the county. 68. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.). Mainly a winter visitor, although a few breed, usually in small colonies, very locally. In some winters it appears in large numbers, and in others is conspicuous by its absence. 69. Chaffinch. Fringilla coelebs, Linn. A common resident throughout the county. In winter it assembles in large packs, often composed of one sex. 70. Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. A not uncommon winter visitor, but of irregular appearance. Severe winters appear favourable to its occurrence, and when it does occur it is usually abundant. 71. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.). A common enough resident in the rural districts, where it frequents the furze com- mons. In winter it is gregarious and is then caught in some numbers by the birdcatchers. 72. Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.). An irregular and apparently rare winter visitor to the county, in which it has been occasionally noticed. It is, however, doubt- less often overlooked, although recognized as a distinct species by many birdcatchers (Bucknill, pp. 112, 113). 73. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot). A fairly common winter visitor to many parts of the county ; on a few occasions it has been found nesting in Surrey, and it is probable that it remains with us more often than is generally believed. It is extremely fond of the seed of the alder. 74. Twite or Mountain-Linnet. Linota flavirostris (Linn.). A winter visitor of considerable rarity, al- though from its resemblance to other mem- bers of the genus it no doubt sometimes passes unnoticed. Has been recorded on several oc- casions (Bucknill, pp. 115, 1 1 6). 75. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europtsay Vieillot. A common resident, breeding freely in most parts of the county. Owing to its bright colour it is more often popularly noticed in winter than when the foliage is on the trees. 76. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra. Linn. Generally speaking an autumn and winter visitor of capricious and local appearance. A few localities seem to be favoured annually with its presence, and it has nested and pro- 208 BIRDS bably still occasionally breeds in a few places with regularity. Those places in which coni- ferous trees abound are chiefly favoured by it during its sojourn in Surrey and from these come most of the records of its visits and all the notices of its nest. It may be regarded as a winter visitor which shows no decrease in numbers and as one of the rarest birds which can claim the term of ' resident.' 77. Parrot - Crossbill. Loxia pityopsittacus, Bechstein. This northern form of dubious specific identity appears to have been noticed in Surrey upon two occasions (Bucknill, p. 122). 78. Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata (Brehm). A very rare visitor to the county, from which it has been recorded on some six occasions (Bucinill, pp. 123-125). 79- Corn-Bunting. Emberiza mi/iaria, Linn. A fairly common resident, pretty generally distributed throughout the county, and al- though not abundant may be found on several of the metropolitan commons. 80. Yellow Hammer. Emberiza citrinella, Linn. A very common resident, packing in winter with other finches in large flocks. Often known in Surrey as the ' writing ' or ' scrib- bling-lark.' 8 1. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cirlus, Linn. A resident, and probably as common in Surrey as in any other part of England. It is rather local in its distribution, but may be found on all the high chalk ranges of hills in fair numbers. It is however only in com- paratively recent years that it has been re- cognized in this county as other than a somewhat rare species. Modern observers have however recorded it on many occasions, and its nest has been repeatedly discovered. It is probably one of those few species which is somewhat increasing in numbers. 82. Ortolan Bunting. Linn. Emberiza hortulana. There is a male in the Charterhouse collec- tion which is stated to have been shot at Godalming. It is the only definite record to which Surrey can lay claim, and it is quite possible that it may have escaped from cap- tivity (Bucknill, pp. 130, 131). 83. Reed - Bunting. Emberiza schaeniclus, Linn. A fairly common resident, usually, although not always, frequenting the neighbourhood of water during the nesting season. In the winter it joins flocks of other finches and is then in no way local in its distribution. 84. Snow- Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). A rare winter visitor. A few may occa- sionally visit the county in severe seasons, but its local records are rather scanty (Bucknill, P- 132). 85. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). An extremely rare winter visitor to Surrey, having only been recorded on about half a dozen occasions (Bucknill, p. 133). 86. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. A common, well-known, useful and rapidly increasing resident. 87. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus (Linn.). An extremely rare straggler to the county, in which it has been recorded three or four times only (Bucknill, p. 70). 88. Chough. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). A very rare visitor, having been noticed four or five times. It may well be that all these recorded instances are merely escaped specimens (Bucknill, p. 70). 89. Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linn.). A rare straggler, twice shot and also twice seen in Surrey, all prior to the year 1847 (Bucknill, pp. 71-73). 90. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.). A fairly abundant resident, and although much persecuted by gamekeepers manages, owing to its wariness, to more or less hold its own. 91. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli). Formerly a common enough resident, but has of late years decreased rapidly and is now quite scarce. Its diminution in numbers is mainly due to the increase of game preserva- tion and its consequent destruction by the keepers, who all regard it, with some justifica- tion, as a deadly foe. 92. Jackdaw. Corvus monedu/a, Linn. A common resident even in the suburban districts. In the rural districts it consorts largely with the rook. 93. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. Formerly, many years ago, a resident, but as such has long ceased to exist. Can now only be regarded as a very rare straggler, the last recorded example having occurred in 1895 209 A HISTORY OF SURREY (Buctni/l, p. 79). The examples which have been specifically recorded from the county are singularly few. 94. Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone, Linn. A partial resident, and at the present day much less common than in former years. Although it nests in some parts of the county, it is mainly noticed as a winter visitor. Being extremely destructive to game, it is the bete- noire of the keeper. 95. Hooded Crow. Corvus comix, Linn. A winter visitor of much less common ap- pearance at the present day than in years gone by. It visits the county still in severe winters, but not in any numbers. 96. Rook. Co runs frugilegus, Linn. An abundant resident, running right up to the metropolitan area, within which there are many old-established rookeries. 97. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn. A very common and familiar resident in all the rural districts, and will take up its abode on almost any piece of waste land in the metropolitan neighbourhood. A very frequent captive, and sadly prized for its song. 98. Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn. A resident of extremely local character. Although found nesting occasionally in the county, it cannot be regarded as common in any part of Surrey. It seems to have wholly escaped the notice of many modern naturalists, but is doubtless sometimes overlooked. It has probably decreased in numbers in recent years, as some of the early county observers con- sidered it to be extremely common. 99. Shore-Lark. Otocorys alpestris (Linn.). A very rare straggler ; only recorded once or twice in Surrey (Bucknill, p. 146). 100. Swift. Cypselui apus (Linn.). A common summer visitor, arriving early in May and leaving in September. Not common in the immediate neighbourhood of London. 101. Alpine Swift. Cypselus melba (Linn.). A very rare visitor ; only noticed on three or four occasions in the county (Bucknill, pp. 147, 148). 102. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europteus. Linn. A common summer visitor to many of the suitable localities in Surrey. The open com- mon and heath lands offer it a congenial home, and although, owing to the diminution in unenclosed and unmolested grounds, it is not so abundant as it was in years gone by, it is still frequent, even near London, in those spots where it can find its requisite food of moths, beetles and other winged insects. 103. Wryneck. lynx torquilla, Linn. A common summer visitor arriving, as a rule, a day or two before the cuckoo. This peculiarity has caused it to be popularly called the ' cuckoo's mate.' 104. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis (Linn.). The most abundant and largest of the British woodpeckers. In Surrey it is a common and well-known resident, its loud, laughing cry rendering it very conspicuous. It usually is known by the name ' yaffle.' Near the metropolis it is of course much less often noticed than in the country. 105. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendro- copus major (Linn.). A resident in the more rural districts, where it nests in the thick and big-timbered woods. Occasionally is found also in the parks nearer London, but is nowhere a common species. 1 06. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dendro- copus minor (Linn.). Also a resident, and although, owing to its smaller size and arboreal habits, it is less liable to observation than the preceding species, it is in reality rather more generally distributed. [Great Black Woodpecker. Picus martius, Linn. Has been recorded on one or two occasions in Surrey, but none of the accounts can be regarded as at all satisfactory (Bucinill, p. i57)0 107. Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn. A fairly common resident, though owing to its habits is naturally extremely local in its distribution. Has been much persecuted by collectors, and is doubtless not so abundant as in former years. The law has recently helped to protect it. 1 08. Roller. Coracias garru/us, Linn. Has occurred once at Penge, in 1832 (Bucknill, p. 1 60). 109. Bee-Eater. Merops apiaster, Linn. Has occurred twice in Surrey, at Godal- ming, and near Walton-on-Thames (Bucknill, p. 161). no. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn. A summer visitor of rather rare occurrence. It has nested on a few occasions in the county, 2io BIRDS and would doubtless do so, if permitted, in many places, but its singularly handsome ap- pearance causes it to be the subject of the most wanton destruction. It is nearly always slaughtered directly it shows itself, and its history in Surrey consists of a long death-roll (Bucknilly pp. 162-166). III. Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn. An abundant summer visitor, arriving about mid-April and leaving in early autumn. The meadow-pipit, hedge-sparrow, robin, yellow hammer and pied wagtail are its favourite foster parents in Surrey. 112. White or Barn-Owl. Strix flammed, Linn. A common resident in the rural districts, and is sometimes noticed in suitable places near London. Popularly called the ' screech- owl,' from its hoarse note. 113. Long-eared Owl. Asia otus (Linn.). A scarce resident, frequenting the thickest woods. It is very retiring and seldom noticed, but is to be found in the fir-covered grounds of the wilder portions of the county. Its nest has been recorded occasionally from several different localities. 114. Short-eared Owl. Asia accipitrinus (Pallas). A somewhat rare winter visitor to the county, from which it has been recorded on possibly a score of occasions (Bucknill, p. 171, 172). 115. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluto (Linn.). A fairly common resident, and in many well-wooded parts of Surrey quite plentiful. 1 1 6. Little Owl. Athene noctua (Scopoli). A doubtful straggler which, although noticed in the county on two or three occa- sions, may quite possibly have never occurred in Surrey in a truly feral state (Bucknill, pp. '73, 174). 117. Marsh-Harrier. Circus arbastel/usy Schre- ber. Bell — Barbastellus ttaubentonii. This is a rare bat, but appears to have been noticed in Surrey once or twice. A single specimen was taken in the spring of 1860 clinging to the side of a tree in Richmond Park ; it was in a state of semi-torpidity, basking in the warm sun. It was recorded at some length in the Zoologist, 1860, p. 6,953, by Mr. R. Mitford. Professor G. B. Buckton, F.R.S., informs us that he has captured it at Greys Wood, Haslemere (in lit.). No further occurrence of this species has been recorded in the county of which we are aware. 5. Great or White's Bat (Noctule). Pipis- trellus noctula, Schreber. Bell — Scotophilus noctula. White — VesperAKo alttvolani. This bat is generally distributed through- out the county. From its large size and 1 We wish to express our cordial thanks to those many gentlemen who have so kindly assisted in the compilation of this list, and notably to Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Prof. G. B. Buckton, F.R.S., of Haslemere, Mr. L. Humphrey of Headley, Mr. C. Reeves of Reigate, Mr. H. Sawyer of Richmond Park, Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant and Mr. G. E. Barrett-Hamilton of the British Museum, Mr. R. F. Tomes of Evesham, Mr. O. H. Latter of Charterhouse, Col. Healey of Milford, Mr. B. B. Gough of Capel, Mr. E. P. Larken formerly of Gatton, the Rev. J. E. Kelsall of Lymington, Mr. W. L. Distant of Upper Warlingham, Mr. G. E. Lodge of London, and Mr. F. B. P. Long of East Sheen. 219 A HISTORY OF SURREY bold flight it is known to most dwellers in the country, and we have notes of its appear- ance in a large number of localities. An interesting account of a kestrel pursuing one of these bats at Norbury appears in the Zoologist, 1890, p. 107. Mr. H. W. Murray has kept this species in captivity for some time, but though it fed freely and drank water from the hand, it was as a rule quite savage, and bit in a very lively manner. It may most frequently be seen circling round the tops of high trees, from which habit is derived its oldest trivial name ' altivolans.' 6. Pipistrelle. Pipistrel/us pipistrellus, Schre- ber. Bell — Scotophilus pipistrellus. This is of course the most abundant species in the county, where it is very gener- ally distributed. It is the least nocturnal of the British bats in its habits, being frequently noticed in the daytime. It is also sometimes seen in winter, and has even been observed in Surrey when snow was on the ground and the temperature below freezing point (Zoologist, 1887, p. 69). 7. Natterer's Bat. Myotis nattereri, Leisler. Bell — Vespertilio nattereri. Mr. J. E. Harting, in his paper on the distribution of this species in this country (Zoologist, 1889), was unable to give any evi- dence of its occurrence in Surrey, but thought that very likely it had been overlooked. No local published record is discoverable, but Professor G. B. Buckton, F.R.S., informs us that he has captured two specimens of this bat at Greys Wood near Haslemere (in lit.). Beyond this account we have no other note of its appearance in the county, but a careful investigation would probably lead to its being found in other localities. 8. Daubenton's Bat. Myotis daubentonii, Leis- ler. Bell — Vespertilio daubentonii. Although seldom specifically recorded from the county, this species is, in our opinion, not uncommon. Several local naturalists recog- nize four species of bats which are identified as the long-eared bat, the noctule, the pipis- trelle, and a fourth which is probably Dau- benton's. A large number (of which eight were taken) were found in July, 1888, in a hollow apple tree at Cranleigh. The species was identified by the Rev. J. E. Kelsall, and the occurrence recorded by him in the Zoologist, 1889, p. 308, and by Mr. W. JefFery, ibid. p. 450. This bat is usually seen in the neighbour- hood of water, and we are quite confident that it occurs in some numbers on the Mole near Leatherhead. 9. Whiskered Bat. Myotis mystacinus, Leisler. Bell — Vespertilio mystactntu. We have been unable to discover any pub- lished record of the occurrence of this bat in Surrey. Mr. Robert F. Tomes informs us that he has taken specimens in the under- ground workings in the greensand near God- stone, and that it is there not uncommon (in lit.}. As it has occurred in all the neighbouring counties, it is probable that a careful search would discover it in other parts of Surrey ; it is sometimes, doubtless, mistaken for its common congener, the pipistrelle. INSECTIVORA 10. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europ&us, Linn. Common in all the rural districts, but has receded before the advance of the suburban building. Mr. Reeves had a white specimen which was killed near Reigate in 1894 (in lit.). 11. Mole. Talpa europesa, Linn. Abundant nearly everywhere. Much sub- ject to variations in colour, white, buff, orange, grey, and even pinkish specimens being occa- sionally met with. Mr. Reeves of Reigate has a collection of twenty-seven colour freaks, some of which are most striking. 12. Common Shrew. Sorex araneus, Linn. A generally distributed and common resi- dent. It is popularly recognized, owing to its being at certain seasons of the year frequently observed dead in the country roads. 13. Pigmy Shrew. Sorex minutus, Pallas. Bell — Sorex pygmeeus. According to Bell this little animal is found all over England, but is rarely met with on account of its nocturnal habits, being very rarely seen in the daytime. It is the smallest mammal known in Europe, being only 2^ inches in length, including its tail which is I inch long. We have taken its remains (skull, etc.) from the castings of white owls at Epsom. 14. Water Shrew. Neomys fodiens, Pallas. Bell — Crossopus fodiens. So few persons are aware of the existence of this species that it has been found rather difficult to gauge its distribution in Surrey very accurately. Doubtless a careful watch 220 MAMMALS will reveal its presence in all the rural dis- tricts, and that, although we have but few specific records of its occurrence, it is fairly common on all likely waters. Jenyns, in his Manual of British Vertebrate Animals (1835), mentions under the name of ' oared shrew ' (a well-known variety of the water shrew, believed for a long time to have specific dis- tinction) the occurrence of this species in Surrey (q.v. p. 18). Brewer includes it in his Reigate list of mammals (Flora of Reigate, 1856), and Smee in 1872, writing of the Wandle, says : ' We occasionally see it here . . . but it is very shy . . .' (My Garden, pp. 520, 521). We have also notes of its occurrence within quite recent years from the Lade Brook near Redhill (Gough in lit.), Chobham (Le Marchant in lit.), the Wey near Guildford (Latter in lit.), Reigate (Reeves in lit.), and Headley (Buck- nill), and when more attention is paid to the mammals of the county, it will be no doubt found to be much more common than it at present appears to be. CARNIVORA 15. Wild Cat. Fills catus, Linn. Almost, if not completely, extinct in Eng- land, at the present day there is, as far as we can ascertain, only one record of the occurrence of this species in Surrey in which any sort of claim can be made to a genuinely feral origin. In the Letters of Rusticus (pp. 5, 6) a long account is given by the late Mr. Edward Newman of the trapping of a specimen of the true Felts catus by one Chalcraft, keeper to a Mr. Mellersh of Godalming. The exact spot where it was taken was a wood sur- rounding Mr. Mellersh's seat, known as ' Blunden's,' a place situated a little south of the town. The skin alone was preserved, in the form of a cap, the local taxidermist, Mr. Waring Kidd, being too unwell at the time to set up the animal. The occurrence was shortly noticed in the Zoologist, 1849, p. 2,439, and that year was the date in which the Letters of Rusticus were published, but the account refers to a considerably earlier period, probably to the early twenties.1 As Mr. Newman was a very able and accomplished naturalist, and draws a long and careful contrast between this specimen and the 'outlying tabby,' it is probable that the record may be considered an authentic one, particularly as the story carries us back to times when the country round Godalming was almost terra incognita. 1 6. Fox. Vulpes vulpes, Linn. Bell — Vulpei vulgaris. Still common enough in the rural districts, but becoming quite scarce in the neighbour- hood of the suburban areas. Even in the country it is, owing to the great increase of close game preservation, much less abundant than it was thirty or forty years ago. A curious litter of cubs was reared near Farn- 1 Cobbett believed that he saw the true wild cat near Waverley. Date uncertain, but before the Blunden specimen (Rural Rides, p. 279). ham in 1896, in which the heads were per- fectly white and the bodies marked with white spots (Field, August 8, 1896). 17. Pine Marten. Mustela martes, Linn. Bell — Martes abietum. This species has long been extinct in Surrey, and very few records of its occurrence in the county are in existence. In May, 1834, one was caught in Richmond Park by Thomas Neal, an underkeeper employed by Mr. J. Sawyer. It was recorded in the Field, March 10, 1860. Mr. H. Sawyer informs us that the species was not uncommon in the park sixty or more years ago, but has now long disappeared (in lit.). At a meeting of the Surrey Natural History Society, held at the Museum, Guildford, June 3, 1847, Mr. R. A. Austen, one of the vice-presidents, announced that a marten had been recently caught in a wood near Blackheath, Albury, by Mr. Bray of Shere (Zoologist, 1847, p. 1,806). Both these specimens are referred to by Mr. Hart- ing in his paper on this species published in the Zoologist, 1891, p. 157. The marten is included by Brewer in his Reigate list with- out remark (Flora of Reigate, 1856). On May 12, 1879, Mr. G. E. Lodge observed a specimen in a large wood known as the Redlands Wood near Holmwood and Dork- ing. This wood is of several hundred acres in extent, composed chiefly of Scotch, spruce, silver and larch firs, oak, Spanish chestnut and beech, and is very wild, so that the locality is suitable for the occurrence.8 Mr. Lodge says (in lit.) that he had an excellent view of the animal, which appeared to be chasing a rabbit. A full note of this story appears in the Zoologist, 1892, p. 190. We have no further notes of the local ap- pearance of this species. 2 A great part of Redlands is not suitable for pheasants, and so not strictly preserved. The same or another specimen was seen close to Red- lands by Mrs. H. E. Maiden shortly after 1879. 221 A HISTORY OF SURREY 1 8. Polecat. Putorius putorius, Linn. Bell — Mustcla putorius. The polecat certainly existed in Surrey for many years after the disappearance of the marten, but there is little doubt that it is now extinct. It is probable, from the records which exist of its occurrence, that it was much commoner than the former animal. Mr. Harting, in his paper on this species pub- lished in the Zoologist, 1891, p. 283, writes : 'In the woodlands of Surrey in years gone by I have occasionally come across traces of the polecat, and seen recently killed speci- mens strung up by the keepers or brought home to be stuffed by the local taxidermist.' Brewer included it in his Reigate list of mammals (Flora of Reigate, 1856), and Mr. Henry Sawyer of Richmond Park tells us that fifty years ago they were well known there, but have now disappeared (in lit.). About twenty-eight years ago seven were killed amongst some poultry near Chobham, one killed about twenty years ago near the same place, and another about 1885 taken alive in that neighbourhood (Le Marchant in lit.). Mr. Larken believes that many years ago it used to be found in Gatton Woods (in lit.), and about 1886 one was observed and nearly caught at Headley Park, Epsom (Murray). Since that date there seems to be no record of any specimen having been observed or captured in the county. The existence of both this and the preceding species became utterly impossible as game preservation — particularly of pheasants — grew more and more close. 19. Stoat. Putorius ermineus, Linn. Bell — Musteb erminea. The stoat is still common in the rural districts, though it is probably slowly sharing the fate of the marten and polecat. A speci- men preserved by Mr. Reeves of Reigate was of a whitish yellow colour with pink eyes and without any black tip to its tail, probably a true albino. It was shot near Reigate in 1885. A curious story — by no means unique — is told by Mr. F. H. Salvin, who states that a man bathing in a canal near Guildford was attacked by no fewer than twelve stoats and badly bitten, but with the aid of a passer-by managed to kill three and put the remainder to flight. The account of this remarkable incident is related in the recently published Memoir of Lord Lilford. 2O. Weasel. Putorius nivalis, Linn. Bell — Mustela vulgaris. Still abundant in the country and in our opinion a good deal more common than the stoat. It is of course trapped and shot religiously and is probably on the decrease. Bell in his British Quadrupeds (2nd ed. p. 187) states that in Surrey it is known by the name of 'kine,' a word signifying the same as the French ' chien.' 21. Badger. Meles meles, Linn. Bell — Meles taxtu. The badger is of such nocturnal habits that its presence is often seldom recognized even in places where it is of quite common occur- rence. In Surrey the species is now confined to the most rural districts, but it is only within the last twenty years that it has come to be regarded as at all uncommon. They were once quite abundant round Boxhill and amongst the thick woods running across the Weald, but at the present day the chief localities in Surrey in which they are to be found are the western district near Hascombe and Bramley and again westward by Loseley, Eashing and Peper Harrow. We have however casual notes of its occur- rence from all over the county and a few are still to be found in a good many places. Brockham, the little village not far from Dorking, is doubtless ' The Badger's Home,' ' Brock ' being the old English name given to this species. ^ Mr. F. H. Salvin of Whitmoor House, Guildford, bred and reared the badger in captivity very successfully. As a rule little mercy is shown to this poor beast if a chance is obtained of shooting or catching it or even, as has been the case to our own knowledge more than once, running into it with a pack of hounds. 22. Otter. Lutra lutra, Linn. Bell — Lutra vulgaris. The occasionally published exploits of the redoubtable 'Otter' Hone show that this species is still fairly common on the Thames. Up the Wey and Mole and right up their smaller tributaries the otter frequently ascends and sometimes is found too on the chain of big western lakes. The otter travels over- land so quickly and so far that it is quite possible that the Surrey specimens are not all ascendants from the Thames but come from the south country watershed. Most of the Surrey otters are on the move when caught, but a good many breed in the ' deeps ' of the two principal streams and we understand near one at least of the larger meres. We have a strange record of a fine male, weighing 32 lb., being killed by the train between Betchworth and Reigate in 1886. 222 MAMMALS Mr. Salvin of Guildford tamed, trained and bred them in captivity with great success. Owing to constant trapping and thoughtless destruction of this animal whenever possible the otter is in Surrey becoming much rarer than in former years. RODENTIA 23. Squirrel. Sciurus leucourus, Kerr. Bell — Sciurus vulgaris. Still quite common in the country and occasionally found within the suburban area. 24. Dormouse. Muscardinus avellanarius, Linn. Bell — Myoxia avellanarius. Fairly common but rather local in its dis- tribution. 25. Brown Rat. Mus decumanus, Pallas. Abundant. Albinos, truly wild and not merely escaped white rats, have been met with ; we have also a note of black speci- mens taken at Epsom and Mitcham, a variety which is very well recognized and sometimes has occurred in some numbers in other parts of England. 26. Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. We can find no recorded instances of this species in Surrey. There is however no doubt that at one time it was quite abundant. It probably lingers still round the wharves of the Surrey side of the Thames. 27. House Mouse. Mus musculus, Linn. Abundant. 28. Wood Mouse or Long -tailed Field Mouse. Mus sylvaticus, Linn. Abundant and sometimes quite a nuisance in gardens, where it gnaws and eats almost anything. 29. Harvest Mouse. Mus minutus, Pallas. Fairly common in most places. Mr. Reeves had a very curiously spotted speci- men from Reigate in 1880. 30. Water Vole. Microtus amphibius. Linn. Bell — Arv'tcola amphibius. Common in all suitable localities. Melanic varieties have been taken locally. 31. Field Vole. Microtus agrestis, Linn. Bell — Arv'tcola agrettii. Though subject to much, apparently capri- cious, variation in its numbers the field vole is as a rule common enough in all parts of the county. In some seasons it has been known to become so numerous as to cause serious damage to crops and grass. Mr. Reeves of Reigate has had several white specimens sent to him from that neighbour- hood for preservation and pied varieties have been also taken in the county. 32. Bank Vole. Evotomys glareo/us, Schreber. Bell — Arv'tcola glareolui. Curiously enough when in 1887 Mr. J. E. Harting published in the Zoologist his paper on the distribution of this species in Great Britain no record existed of its occurrence in Surrey. That this was, as doubtless in the case of other small mammals, due merely to lack of observation seems now quite clear, for shortly after this publication a lengthy note on its common appearance near Westcott and Godalming appeared in the same periodical (Zoologist, 1888, p. 298), in which places the writer had known of its existence for some years prior to the date of writing. Since that time the British Museum has received speci- mens from various localities in the county, such as Betchworth and Bletchingley (Ogilvie- Grant, 1895), Elstead (Blandford, 1894) and Milford (Col. Healey, 1894). In that year the species seems to have been very abundant in the Godalming district, and it is a well- known fact that this vole, like the former species, is subject to periodical variation in its numbers, due probably to migration forced upon it by local failure of its usual sources of food. Mr. Larken informs us he has taken it at Gatton (in lit.), and Mr. H. Sawyer states that it is found in Richmond Park (in lit.). It is also found at Headley and without doubt is locally plentiful throughout the county. 33. Common Hare. Lepus europaius, Pallas. Bell — Lefus timidus. In places where it is well preserved the hare is very abundant— over I oo were bagged in one day's shoot in the autumn of 1900 on one farm at Nork near Epsom — but in many districts it is not as a rule very common. Its numbers and its presence in suitable localities depend almost entirely on the protection afforded to it. 34. Rabbit. Lepus cunicu/us, Linn. Abundant. Melanic wild varieties are not uncommon. 223 A HISTORY OF SURREY UNGULATA 35. Red Deer. Cervus elaphus, Linn. The red deer was a native of the primeval forests of England. Their remains have been found together with those of the mammoth in the gravel deposits of the Thames valley, and no doubt it roamed free all over Surrey until the time of the Conquest, when the Normans arrived on the scene, with their love of hunt- ing, and formed the first parks for that pur- pose, enclosing large tracts of the country and making the most stringent laws regarding them. In the twelfth century Henry II. re- duced the whole of Surrey to the state of a forest, and converted the royal manor of Guild- ford into a deer park. This excessive extension of the royal forest of Windsor was complained of by the county ; and under Richard I., John, Henry III., Edward I. and Edward III. successive and at last successful efforts were made which ended in reducing the bounds of Windsor Forest to the boundaries of the counties of Surrey and Berkshire, but in leaving the Surrey parishes west of the Wey and north of the Hog's Back as a purlieu of the forest, known as the Surrey bailiwick.1 Here the red deer were numerous, not only in enclosed parks, but all over the country. Keepers were appointed whose business it was to drive them back to Windsor Forest. This was not always done, it was probably impossible, and the wild red deer are continually spoken of as present in the county. A stag and a hind were ordered in 1519 to be delivered yearly to Sir Chris- topher More from the Surrey bailiwick of Windsor Forest.8 In Queen Elizabeth's reign the Surrey bailiwick was practically treated as forest, and the deer were preserved there. On April 24, 1573, the Earl of Leicester wrote to William More and Edward Docwra, Esquires, appointing them to view the deer in the walks of the Surrey bailiwick of Windsor Forest, and to certify him of their numbers and state.8 Disorders and poaching in Surrey are continu- ally spoken of in the Loseley Papers as calling for the interference of the verderers of Wind- sor Forest, whence probably they include deer stealing. This offence is specified on one occasion, July (no day), 1604.* The red deer were common in the royal and many other 1 Manwood, Treatise and Discourse of the Laws of the Forest, 1598, pp. 243-86. 2 Loseley MSS., August i, 1519, ix. p. 9. s Op. cit. April 24, 1573, i. p. 82. *• Op. cit. July, 1604, i. p. 50. parks, whence no doubt they often escaped.5 A curious monument to John Selwyn, the royal keeper at Oatlands, in Walton church, represents him astride upon a deer and plung- ing a knife into its throat. The feat is said to have been performed in the presence of Elizabeth.6 James I. hunted in Surrey in the open country outside the royal parks.7 He was fond of hunting deer, as we learn from the number of references to the sport in the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, and did all in his power to preserve them. In a letter from Secretary Conway to the justices of the peace of Surrey,8 dated April 5, 1624, temp. James I., we read, ' requests them to put the laws into execution as far as possible against Taddy Farnwill, who has killed red deer in Windsor Forest (in the bailiwick of Surrey), the king being very particular to have justice done in such cases.' In the time of Charles I. the deer became so plentiful in west Surrey that the inhabi- tants sent a petition, dated 1630, to Henry, Earl of Holland, lord warden, asking for his help as the deer had impoverished the land to a very great extent by eating all the grass and corn. We also learn that Charles I. had two stags turned down in Sir Francis Leight's park at Addington for his disport.9 At the time of the Commonwealth the soldiers killed many of the deer and tore down the park fences, and those that escaped the soldiers took to the woods again. We find that in 1652 red deer were kept in Hampton Court Park.10 When Charles II. came to the throne the royal parks were nearly denuded of deer, so he collected them from various private enclosures to restock his own herds. In a letter dated March 7, 1662, an order for a warrant was made to pay Sir Lionel Tolle- mache, Bart., £300 for feeding the deer lately brought to Richmond Great Park for the king s disport.11 Charles II. also imported a large number of both red and fallow deer from France to replenish his parks of Richmond and Sher- « Op cit. August 26, 1583, x. p. 93, and Au8ust 31, 1583, vi. p. 27. . 6 Grose, in the Antiquarian Repertory, vol. i. p. 27, tells the story. The monument is extant. 7 Loseley MSS., June 8, 1608, i. p. 55- » Cat. S. Papers, Domestic, p. 208, 1624. 8 Op. cit. p. 294, 1624. 10 Op. cit. p. 349. 1652. 11 Op. cit. p. 302, 1662. 224 MAMMALS wood, and in 1664 he had all the red deer and 200 fallow deer removed from Richmond to put in ' such places as shall be ordered.'1 In the same year, 1664, the inhabitants of the old Surrey bailiwick complained that their crops were overrun by deer. Their petition is printed in Manning and Bray, vol. iii. appendix Ixxx., and is said there to be pre- served at Windlesham, Surrey, in the church chest. Mr. Evelyn in his diary (1685) re- cords that Bagshot Park was full of red deer.8 In the reign of Queen Anne red deer were still common in the south of England, as on her way from London to Portsmouth she saw a herd of 500 from a bank east of Liphook, very near the meeting place of Surrey, Sussex and Hampshire. Mr. Joseph Whitaker in his descriptive list of the deer parks of England, 1 892, states that fifteen red deer were kept in Mr. Godman's park at Park Hatch near Godalming, but no herd is now preserved there. Red deer are still kept in Richmond Park, and Mr. H. Sawyer, the junior ranger, says that at the present time (1901) there are sixty head, but they usually number fifty (in lit.). 36. Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn. Whether the fallow deer is indigenous to England or not is a question that has not yet been finally settled, but the general opinion seems to be that it is not. In 1868 Mr. Boyd Dawkins described a new species of deer in Mr. Brown's collection,3 which he named Cervus browni. This deer is almost identical with the existing fallow deer of our parks, but it is somewhat larger, and it pos- sesses a third tyne above the bez, which, accord- ing to the late Sir Victor Brooke, occasionally occurs in the fallow deer. Bewick tells us that James I. introduced a dark variety from Norway, on account of its hardiness, and turned them down in Scotland, and from thence transported them into his royal chases of Enfield and Epping.4 In a letter from Sir Roger Ashton to Salisbury, dated Greenwich, May 1 1, 1 6 1 1, he writes : 'the king will not despatch the ships which brought the deer before he knows what Salisbury gave for the last that came,' etc.,6 but Mr. J. E. Harting has shown us that this dark variety existed at Windsor in the reign of Edward IV., about the year 1465. Mr. Shirley in his book, p. 21, quotes an 1 Cal. S. Papers, Domestic, p. 13, 1664. 8 Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 570. 3 The Quarterly Journal of the Geokgical Society, 1868, vol. xxiv. p. 511. 4 Bewick, History of Quadrupeds, p. 143. 6 Cal. S. Papers, Domestic, p. 3 1 . interesting letter written by the command of Queen Margaret of Anjou : — By the Queene ! To my Lords, squier and ours J. D. Keeper of Shene Parke (now Richmond, Surrey) or his depute there : — Trusty and well beloved, For as moche as we suppose that in short tyme we shall come righte negh unto my Lord's menoir of Shene, we desire and praye you heartly that ye will keepe against our resortinge thedor, for oure disporte and recreation, Two or iii of the grettest bukkes in my Lord's pare there, saving alwayes my Lord's owne command- ment there in presence as we trust, etc.8 Fallow deer were so plentiful in the middle ages that they were looked upon as a recog- nized article of food. Moryson, writing in i6i7,7 says (in a discourse on the English- man's love of pleasure) : ' Lastly (without offence be it spoken), I will boldly say that England (yea, perhaps one county thereof) hath more fallow deare than all Europe that I have seen.' Queen Elizabeth used to hunt the fallow deer in the royal park of Nonsuch, Cheam. Camden mentions this park as being full of deer, and as late as 1650 there were 100 fallow deer in it. In the royal park of Guild- ford (of which no trace now remains) there were, according to Mr. Nordon, in 1607, 600 fallow deer. Mr. Evelyn, writing from Albury near Shere on July 2, 1 662, says : ' We hunted and killed a buck in the park. Mr. Howard invited most of the gentlemen of the county near here.'8 Mr. Shirley gives an historical account of no less than thirty-nine parks in Surrey, thirty of which at the present day have ceased to exist. Fallow deer are still preserved in the few remaining, which, according to Mr. Joseph Whitaker's list, written in 1892, were : — Richmond . . . . 1,100 Clandon .... 100 Park Hatch . . . 2OO Peper Harrow. . . 22O Farnham .... 300 Wonersh .... 200 Carshalton .... 42 Ashstead .... 120 Wimbledon ... 35 37. Roe Deer. Capreolus capreolus. Linn. Bell — Capreolus caprea. The roe deer is indigenous to Britain, and was very abundant in prehistoric times. Mr. John Millais has examined perfect skulls from 6 Letters of Queen Margaret of Anjou, printed by the Camden Society, 1863, pp. 100-37. 7 Moryson's Itinerary, pt. iii. p. 148. 8 Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 286. 225 A HISTORY OF SURREY the Surrey side of the Thames valley, and many horns and bones from the London clay (in lit.). Mr. J. E. Harting gives us some very interesting information relating to the introduction of roe deer into Surrey in the reign of Charles I. He says : ' The king had expressed a wish to have some turned out at Wimbledon in one of the royal parks, and application was made to Lord William Howard of Naworth Castle, Cumberland (where we may presume the roe deer was then common), to have some caught and sent up.' Directions for the> purpose were accord- ingly given, and what followed may be gathered from the following entries in the Household Book of the Owner of Naworth : — 1633, June 29. To severall persons for Takeinge 31 Roekidds as appeareth by bill vijV;. xi. and vjV. They were no doubt taken in a haie with nets and kept there according to the ancient custom until they had become more tame and accus- tomed to confinement, and were ready to be removed to London.1 This was accomplished by means of three carts, as we learn from the next entry : — July 1 6, 1633. To William Lancaster the Smith For binding three payre of wheeles with iron which conveyed Roes to London v/f. xvjV. 1 ' Haie ' signifies fence or hedge enclosing a forest or park, and after a time came to mean the enclosed space into which deer were driven, having outlets across which nets were placed for their en- tanglement and subsequent capture. A picture of a boar hunt, attributed to Velasquez, in the Hert- ford House collection, gives a good idea of the haie. and subsequently on the return of the carts : — For repairinge three cartes sent with Roes to London to King Charles thether and home again xv*. *J. Mr. Harting goes on to say : ' How far these animals fared in their new home in Surrey we are not accurately informed, but it may be surmised that they throve and did well, for a few years later, viz. January 1 7, 1639, a warrant was issued to Sir Henry Hungate for the preservation of roe deer, broken out of Half Moon Park, Wimbledon, and now lying in the wood adjoining thereto, and to take care that no person hunt, course, or use any net or gun within four miles of the said park.'2 In recent years the roe deer does not seem to have done well in Surrey, as it is very shy and the county has become too thickly popu- lated for an animal of such retiring habits. Mr. H. Sawyer, the junior ranger of Rich- mond Park, says : ' At one time a few roe deer were kept in Richmond Park, but they never did well ' (in lit.). Mr. John Millais, in his British Deer and Horns, writing in 1897, says: 'There are a few roe in the woods by Virginia Water as well as at Pet- worth in Sussex, and there were certainly some in the heather and fir country near Swinley in Surrey as late as 1894, for Mr. Garth's hounds killed two bucks in that year, whilst another was seen.' 8 J. E. Harting, Essays en Sport and Natural History. 226 HISTORY OF SURREY PRE-HIS i — x t ^ Jj/i*. '" *>f» " i *V \ 'LV> - --Biuiili iajoKSigiiin *r«ni(,» *„„,/„„ REFERENCE Settlements and Camps Interments Drift Implements and "Eolithic Flints" Miscellaneous Finds, Neolithic implements, coins, .(•<-. X Bronze Implements THE VICTORIA HISTOR 1C REMAINS. 15' THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND T EARLY MAN f • ^HE story of Surrey before the period of written history may be pronounced as interesting, in every sense, as that which has been recorded on paper or parchment. Nor is the general trend of the evidence less certain ; for whilst some details are indefinite, the chief facts relating to early man are founded upon grounds as indisputable as are those of geological science. The human elements, such as misleading chroniclers and the untrustworthy scribes who often copied incorrectly, are wanting, and the student of prehistoric times is guided by the actual objects which show traces of man's handiwork. Every particle of human workmanship of that early period becomes therefore of great importance, and every indication of its association with or relationship to other remains deserves the most careful attention of those who wish to obtain a fairly complete idea of the conditions under which prehistoric man lived. The various ages into which antiquaries have almost unanimously divided the prehistoric period will be followed in this account as being the most convenient. The remains of this period in Surrey will there- fore be considered in the following order : palaeolithic age, neolithic age, bronze age, and prehistoric iron age or Late Celtic period. THE PALEOLITHIC AGE It must be remembered, in considering the earlier stone or palaeo- lithic age, that at that time what is now Great Britain and Ireland was united to the continent of Europe, and as a consequence the climate was subjected to greater variations than those which our present insular situation gives us. Man's status too in the scale of civilization was lower than that with which we are now familiar. It would be difficult from the available data to describe it accurately, but it may be in- ferred from the following facts. He did not possess the knowledge of making pottery, neither did he know how to work metals, nor to shape flints or stone by means of grinding. He had no domesticated animals, and he did not till the soil ; but his means of subsistence con- sisted of such food as hunting and fishing were capable of furnishing. Yet it must not be inferred from these circumstances that the men of the palaeolithic age were animals of such a low type as some authorities would have us believe. Abundant evidences of their artistic abilities 227 A HISTORY OF SURREY have been found in the form of vigorous sketches of men, animals and other objects made upon bones as well as in carvings executed in the same material. The skill displayed in the fashioning of palaeolithic implements is very great, and from the few actual remains of man of that period which have been discovered and recorded there is reason to believe that he was as well endowed with brain as were the men and women who lived in the neolithic age. Very few if indeed any traces have been found of human inter- ments of the palaeolithic age, most of the graves which had been regarded as belonging to that early period having been proved upon careful examination to belong to the neolithic or subsequent races. The only evidence of this interesting age in Surrey that has yet been recorded consists of the flint implements which were shaped by human workmanship. These, in consequence of the practically im- perishable material of which they are formed, have been preserved through all the changes which have happened during the long period of time which separates the palaeolithic age from our own. Perhaps it will be convenient at this point, before considering the implements discovered in Surrey, to mention a few of the more promi- nent features by which the implements of the palaeolithic age may be distinguished from those of the neolithic age. There are several points of difference between the two classes, but a few will be sufficient for the present purpose. As far as the workmanship is concerned it may be remarked that a palaeolithic implement was formed by a few bold and skilful blows which produced the desired shape without the expenditure of much labour. The stone selected for this purpose was sometimes one that had been procured from the chalk, and sometimes a flint from the coarse gravels of the river drift which had already been fractured and worn by natural forces. Neolithic implements, on the other hand, to which more particular reference will be made hereafter, were usually formed from a special kind of flint that was found to be particularly suitable for the purpose. The blows by which it was brought into the desired shape were more carefully directed and more numerous ; and in the case of highly finished celts and axes, the whole or a portion of the cutting edge, and not infrequently the whole of the surface, was finished by a grinding process which brought the stone to a smooth condition and obliterated all marks of the chipping by which it had been roughly shaped. With regard to the superficial or other changes which the two kinds of flint implements have undergone, it will suffice for the present purpose to say that the palaeolithic have in many cases been much changed in structure for some depth below their surface, whilst the larger proportion have acquired a reddish brown stain much resembling in appearance that produced by oxide or protoxide of iron. It is un- doubtedly a mark of the antiquity of the fractures, but apparently does not necessarily imply that the implements have been embedded in a 228 EARLY MAN ferruginous deposit, as it has been shown that the colouring matter may have been contributed by the flint itself, the iron being liberated in the process of alteration.1 Neolithic implements rarely if ever ex- hibit these characteristics, although their surfaces are often whitened or rendered of a milky colour and smooth or glassy to the touch. Palaeolithic implements vary in shape from a pointed form not unlike a flattened pear to a flattened ovoid shape with a cutting edge all round. There are also large flakes, scrapers, and, of course, the cores or nodules of flint from which flakes have been struck off. Generally speaking the implements are such as would be useful for scraping, chopping, cutting and piercing purposes, and they do not exhibit the specialization of form for particular uses which is found in neolithic implements. Many of the palaeolithic implements found in Surrey have been procured from beds of drift gravel, most of the stones of which are much battered and abraded. The implements show the same character- istics, and have in most cases been modified by drift wear, particularly upon the angles and ridges. Perhaps an even more significant fact, as pointing to the geological changes which have occurred since the implements were made, is to be found in the position which the gravel beds containing implements now occupy high above the present valleys. From its very nature and the causes which have produced it we know that gravel of this character must have been deposited in the lowest parts of the valleys of the district in which it now occurs. Since it is now found high up on the sides of the valleys, or even in terraces which seem to have a closer relation to the tableland which the present valleys traverse than to the valleys themselves, it follows that these lower valleys must have been eroded subsequently to the time when what is now the high level gravel was laid down. Owing to the practically indestructible nature of gravel we should expect to find, and as a matter of fact we do find, that much of the harder portions of the high level gravel has been carried down to the lower levels where it is mixed up with other materials. It is these facts which give so much importance to discoveries of palaeolithic implements among beds of undisturbed drift gravels, etc., and although the knowledge so obtained does not enable us to fix the exact number of years by which the palaeolithic age is removed from our own, because we cannot ascertain the rate at which the natural forces have operated, yet it gives us good reason to infer that there was a great gap between the age of palaeolithic man and that of neo- lithic man. In attempting a brief sketch of the story of Surrey in the palaeo- lithic age it will therefore be convenient to pay special attention to the positions in the drift gravels, etc., in which the implements occur. A glance at the map of Surrey will show that one of the chief physical features in the surface of the county is the long range of chalk 1 Quarterly Journal of the Geo/ogical Society, Ivi. 8, 9. 229 Q* A HISTORY OF SURREY hills running roughly in the direction of east and west and known as the North Downs. These hills, which attain an altitude in some places of considerably over 800 feet above the sea level, form the northern boun- dary of the Weald and the southern crest of the chalk plateau. From them the chalk dips gently down to the Thames valley in a northern direction and terminates more abruptly at the margin of the Weald on the south. The North Downs in Surrey are however not without cross-valleys. At Guildford there is a valley of this kind through which the river Wey finds its course. Near Dorking is another, through which the river Mole flows. A little to the north of Merstham is a third valley cutting through the chalk hills, but this is now dry and its bottom is considerably above the surface of the adjacent gault valley of the Weald. It is the bed of the old Wandle, a river which owing to important modifications of its drainage area now commences its course at Croydon and ends it at Wandsworth, where it joins the Thames. Numerous discoveries of paheo- lithic implements have been made in West Surrey, particularly in the valley of the river Wey near Farn- ham. Sir John Evans l records the discovery of one palaeolithic implement, about the year 1842, at Peasemarsh, between Guildford and Godalming. It was found by Mr. Richard Whitbourn, F.S.A., about 5 feet deep in a bed of gravel, and is now in the collec- tion of Sir John Evans, K.C.B. About the year 1 887 a fine pa- laeolithic implement was found by a labourer at Worplesdon in some ballast which had been brought from Farnham. The Farnham gravel was thereupon carefully examined by Mr. Frank Lasham2 of Guildford, who in the space of less than five years succeeded in procuring therefrom more than 300 implements. Some of these are now exhibited in the Museum of the Charterhouse School at Godalming and in Guildford Museum. It is a curious fact, and also remarkable as showing the intelligent interest which some workmen now take in matters of this kind, that in 1887, the same year in which the implement was found at Worplesdon, another fine specimen was found by another labourer on the railway between Guildford and Farnham. The specimen was shown to the Rev. G. S. Davies, one of the curators of the Charterhouse School Museum, who recognized its importance. It would appear however 1 indent Stone Implements, ed. 2, p. 594 ; Archtfohgia, xxxix. 72. * Surrey Archeeobffcal Collections, xi. 25-6. 230 PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT, PEASEMARSH, NEAR GUILDFORD. o Q £ o * o To face page 230. EARLY MAN that it was the Worplesdon specimen which first led to the discovery of implements in the Farnham gravels. These gravels in which the Farnham implements have been found are from 10 feet to 40 feet thick and lie about 364 feet above sea level and about 1 50 feet above the present level of the river Wey. An unworn palaeolithic implement has recently been found in Wonersh churchyard, but as the gravel in which it occurred had been imported from some unknown locality the discovery is not of very great importance. It is probable that the gravel was brought from Farnham. The specimen is now in the collection of Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B. At Limpsfield, a village situated upon the Lower Greensand, Mr. A. Montgomerie Bell l has found at an elevation of 500 feet above the sea level many palaeolithic implements embedded from 3 feet to 7 feet deep in gravel. If this gravel ever formed a part of that which caps some of the chalk hills to the north it must have been very con- siderably degraded. This is improbable, but the implements, as also the gravel in which they were discovered, have undergone a good deal of drift wear.2 On the slope of the Lower Greensand escarpment to the south of Limpsfield Common at a place called Redland's farm 3 more than 300 palaeolithic implements have been discovered, principally upon the surface of the ground, but also in the brick earth at a depth in some cases of 5 feet. The levels at which the implements were found range from 570 feet to 450 feet above the sea. On both sides of the Wandle, within about a mile of the point where the river falls into the Thames, many palaeolithic implements have been found. Mr. G. F. Lawrence4 of Wandsworth has for some years past been finding numerous specimens in this neighbourhood. In 1882 Mr. Worthington G. Smith 6 discovered a palaeolithic implement in an exca- vation for the foundations of a new house on Battersea Rise near Clapham Common. The gravel formed one of the higher terraces of the Thames, where palaeolithic implements occur in such abundance as to lead Mr. Smith to think that the specimens occasionally found in the bed of the Thames near the mouth of the Wandle have been brought down from the terraces. Mr. Lawrence6 has also succeeded in finding palaeolithic imple- ments at Lavender Hill, the borders of Wimbledon Common, Earlsfield, 1 Quarterly Journal of the Geokgical Society of London, xlvii. 140, etc. ; Evans, Ancient Stone Imple- ments, ed. 2, pp. 609—10. * The relation of this gravel to the valley of the river Darent has been ably discussed by the late Professor Prestwich (Quarterly Journal of the Gfo/ogicat Society of London, xlvii. 1 26-63), who points out that ' before the deposition of this river drift at Limpsfield Common, a valley of considerable width and 200 to 300 feet deep had been excavated between the Lower Greensand hills and the adjacent Chalk plateau, by which the future Chalk escarpment was first brought into relief. This channel (which is on the line of the Gault) was subsequently worn deeper.' 3 Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, ed. 2, p. 610. * Ibid. ed. 2, p. 604. 6 Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xii. 230—1. 6 From private information. 231 A HISTORY OF SURREY Roehampton, and in the bed of the Thames at Putney, Richmond and Wandsworth. A rough ochreous flint implement of the palaeolithic age, found at Clapham, is now in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. In the higher parts of the valley of the present Wandle, as also in the dry valley of the ancient river, palaeolithic implements are much more rare. The gravels which are so well developed in the neighbourhood of Croydon, and which have been constantly searched over for worked flints, have hitherto proved remarkably barren, and the only specimen to be recorded is a rather well made ovoid implement of the palaeolithic age found upon the surface of a ploughed field near Croham Hurst, about one mile south of Croydon. The implement is now in the collection of Mr. A. J. Hogg of South Norwood. In some of the upper parts of the chalk plateau numerous pieces of fractured sub-angular and deeply stained flints have been found which have been accepted by some authorities as implements roughly shaped by the hand of man. Many antiquaries, however, are unable to accept them as artificial forms. Their shape is largely, perhaps entirely, the result of natural fractures and drift wear, and the general shapes of the implements are so rude and inconvenient that, until some more conclusive evidence is forthcoming, we prefer to consider them naturally shaped flints. Examples of so-called ' eolithic implements ' have been found by Mr. N. F. Roberts, F.G.S., at Warlingham and Tatsfield, and they have also been recorded from other localities in Surrey. THE NEOLITHIC AGE In the course of the neolithic age the surface of the land had assumed its present appearance. The river drift period as it had formerly existed was closed, and the trees, plants and animals of the neolithic age may be said to have been roughly the same as those we now have, except that some species have been exterminated and others introduced by the forces of civilization. There have also been some changes on the sea coast by which the shore has been modified since the first appearance of neolithic man, but these appear trivial when com- pared with those of the palaeolithic age. In a district such as Surrey, abounding in chalk, whence flint could readily be obtained, it would be remarkable if neolithic implements were not well represented. As a matter of fact they are scattered upon the surface of the ground throughout the county, and it would be diffi- cult, perhaps impossible, to name a single parish in which they do not occur. In the following account of the neolithic age in Surrey therefore it is not proposed to pay any particular attention to the occurrence of neolithic chips or flakes of flint unless those remains are specially note- worthy. But whilst only the discovery of the more regularly formed 232 EARLY MAN tools or weapons will be noticed, there are other remains such as traces of dwellings and camps of which it will be necessary presently to speak in some detail. The sharp-edged ground axe or celt which must have been one of the most valuable of the neolithic implements either for peaceable or warlike purposes, and which indicates a great advance upon the tools of the earlier age, has been found pretty evenly, but not plentifully, scat- tered over the surface of the country. Examples of ground celts have been found at the following places in Surrey : Albury, Ash (2), Chertsey, Chipstead, Croydon (3),Egham, Dorking, Elstead, Kingston-on-Thames, Mitcham Common, Purley, Puttenham, Reigate, Titsey, Whitmore Common in Worplesdon parish, and Wisley. This does not profess to be a complete list, but it will serve to indicate the distribution of antiquities of this kind in Surrey. NEOLITHIC FLAKES, REIGATE. It should be added that many examples of ground flint celts of the neolithic age have been procured from the bed of the river Thames near the Surrey shore. The varieties of forms of flint implements shaped by chipping alone are very great, but examples of practically every class have been discovered in Surrey. Perhaps one of the most remarkable collections of flakes, which are the simplest forms of neolithic implements, was found between the years 1848 and 1860 at Redhill near the railway junction. The dis- covery, made by Mr. John Shelley, was communicated to the Society of Antiquaries of London1 early in 1860 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Evans. The flakes were accompanied by numerous cores of flint, from which it is evident that the manufacture of implements was carried on at this spot. 1 Proceedings, ser. 2, i. 69-77. 233 A HISTORY OF SURREY Scrapers, formed of trimmed flakes, and so shaped as to present a sharp and bevelled edge for cutting or scraping purposes, have been found in abundance on the Hog's Back, at Wonersh, East Shalford farm in Shalford parish, at several places on the North Downs, par- ticularly Riddlesdown, and also on the surface of the fields around Croham Hurst near Croydon. Of the more elaborately made objects, the fine spearhead discovered many years since at Carshalton is a good example. It is lanceolate in shape with a flat base and four small notches obviously intended to receive the ligatures by which it was fixed into its shaft. There is an account of it, with an engraving, in Skelton's Engraved Illustrations of Ancient Arms and Armour from the Meyrick Collection.1 Skelton, who describes the spearhead under the heading of ' Ancient British Stone Weapons,' mentions that it was found 6 feet below the surface of the ground at Carshalton in Surrey, and pre- sented by Edmund Lodge, Esq., Norroy King-at-arms. Other examples of daggers have been found at Peasemarsh (near Guildford)8 and Walton - on -Thames.3 There is reason to doubt whether some of these objects which look like spear- heads and are often supposed to have been used as such were not originally mounted in a short handle and used as knives. The methods of modern savages suggest the probability of some of the so-called spearheads having been so used. Several neolithic hammer-stones, usu- ally of some kind of sandstone and fur- nished with a hole for the handle, have been found in Surrey. The usual form is ovoid or discoidal. Examples have been found at Battersea, Hazlemere, Redhill, Reigate, Titsey and Wanborough. There are some implements which have been shaped only roughly by chip- ping and subsequently perfected by long- continued use. To this class belong crushers and pounders which have been worn to a spherical shape by having been used for crushing. Examples have been found at various places in Surrey. They seem to have been sometimes used in con- nection with masses of sandstone which have been considerably worn c v SPEARHEAD, OR KNIFE, CARSHALTON. 1 Vol. i. pi. xlvi. ; Evans, jfncient Stone Implements, ed. 2, p. 351. 8 Evans, op. cit. ed. 2, p. 353. 3 Evans, op. cit. p. 351. 234 URN FOUND IN TUMULUS AT WHITMORE COMMON, WORPLESDON. See page 236. NEOLITHIC ARROWHEADS, FARLEY HEATH. (In the. cabinet of Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B.) •To face page 235. EARLY MAN by use. Two such pieces of sandstone bearing small bowl-shaped depressions were found some years ago in barrows near Sheen.1 Another form of implement made of chipped flint found at various parts of Surrey is one which at first sight might be mistaken for a roughly made celt, and indeed there is no reason why it should not be so described, as it was probably affixed to a handle in much the same way as celts. It was however probably used for agricultural purposes such as breaking up the ground before sowing seeds. It might be described as a hoe rather than a celt. Examples have been found in the Thames near Mortlake, at Putney and Wanborough, and there are in the museum at the Charterhouse School, Godalming, several specimens procured in West Surrey. Flint arrowheads shaped by careful and skilful chipping have been discovered in some numbers in different parts of the county, but perhaps more particularly in the western half of Surrey. These beautiful little objects bear evidence of great skill and care, and have always been regarded by the ignorant with some amount of superstition. It has been supposed that they may have been made in the bronze age. One reason for this opinion is the absence, or at any rate the remarkable rarity, of arrowheads of bronze. Another is the wonderfully delicate flaking by which they have been shaped, and which is a mark of excellent and probably very late neolithic work. In the Charterhouse School Museum at Godalming there are many examples of these arrowheads from West Surrey. Specimens have been found at the following places : Dorking, Eashing, Farley Heath, Farn- ham, Godalming, Lingfield Mark Camp, Puttenham, Redhill, Scale, Tilford, Wanborough and Woking. The arrowheads from Farley Heath, which were found by, and are now in the cabinet of Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., are particularly fine examples and of two types, viz. (i) stemmed and double- barbed, and (2) leaf-shaped, approaching in one example almost to a lozenge. In the same collection are several beautifully formed flakes, scrapers and saws, all procured from the Farley Heath district.2 One of the arts of the neolithic age was that of making pottery. This was shaped by the hand without the assistance of a wheel, coarse in texture, and not always perfectly baked. In the year 1900 in a small round barrow on Blackheath, near Shamley Green,8 not far from Guild- ford, on the property of Mr. C. D. Hodgson, a cinerary urn was found enclosed in a rude kind of cist formed of rough slabs of local ferrugi- nous sandstone. The urn contained remains of calcined bones, doubt- less those of a human being, accompanied by neolithic implements but without any traces of metallic objects. Mr. R. A. Smith,4 who inspected the site and remains on behalf of the British Museum, considers that 1 Bateman, Ten Tears' Diggings, p. 172. * The writer is indebted to Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., for much valuable information in reference to prehistoric discoveries at Farley Heath. 8 Surrey Archaeological Collections, xv. 156. * Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, ser. 2, xviii. 251-7. 235 A HISTORY OF SURREY the interment belonged to the transition period between the neolithic and bronze ages. Judging from the character of the pottery, it is not difficult to identify several fragments which have been found in other parts of Surrey as belonging to the same period. Other tumuli of the neolithic age, or possibly of that of bronze, have been noted at Crooksbury Hill, in Farnham parish, Scale, Elstead, Tatsfield and Whitmore Common, in Worplesdon parish. The tumuli at Whitmore Common which were excavated by the late Lieut. -Gen. Pitt-Rivers were of the bronze age, and yielded several interesting urns, which are now preserved in the Pitt-Rivers Museum at Oxford. One of these, by the courtesy of Mr. Henry Balfour, is here figured. Remains, or rather traces, of neolithic dwellings have been dis- covered at more than one locality in Surrey, and as examples of the very earliest evidences of artificially constructed dwellings in the kingdom and for many other reasons they are of very great interest. The sites selected for habitation in the neolithic age seem to have been always such as were naturally well drained. The summits of hills or the sides of valleys were the favourite situations. In the numerous small depressions called hut circles, which are now found on the surface of the ground in Surrey and other parts of England, we see all that remains of the dwellings in which neolithic families lived. These hut circles generally occur in clusters, but sometimes singly. The depres- sion in the ground is surrounded by an annular mound composed of the removed earth, and is generally broken at one point where the entrance to the hut was situated. The construction of this mound was probably the first step towards making a neolithic house. The next step was to build over the hollow a kind of beehive hut made of intertwined branches. In the case of the smaller dwellings this was accomplished without difficulty, but where the hut was made upon a large scale with a diameter of 20 feet or upwards, a conical mound in the centre is generally found, and this was apparently intended to receive a central support, such as the stem of an uprooted tree. The object of making the depression in the surface of the ground was obviously to procure sufficient headroom and some degree of warmth, and the encircling mound was evidently intended to throw off the rain which fell upon the roof of the hut. The inflammable character of such a structure as this rendered it impossible to have within the hut such a fire as would be necessary for cooking purposes without incurring a great danger of setting the whole dwelling alight. The cooking fire was therefore made outside the hut1 at a convenient and safe distance from it. Remains of such fires have been found in exactly this relation to the floors of neolithic dwellings,2 and from the marks of great heat and the amount of charcoal found 1 W. Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, p. 273. 8 G. Clinch, ' Prehistoric Man in the Neighbourhood of the Kent and Surrey Border, Neolithic Age,' Journal of the Anthrofihgical Institute, n.s. ii. 127, 134. 236 EARLY MAN within them it is evident that cooking was carried on in neolithic times in much the same way as among some modern savages, the ground being made sufficiently hot by long continued firing to cook whole animals. The methods of hut building varied in different places according to the nature of the soil and the supply of materials. There are in Surrey various stretches of dry ground often too poor to pay for the trouble of cultivation and too remote from the railway systems for residential purposes, which have therefore never been touched by the plough or the builder, and remain practically in the same condition as in neolithic times. These spaces of virgin forest land contain numerous traces of human dwellings of the neolithic age, and in two of them these remains have been examined and described,1 and there is no reason to doubt that many other commons in the county would furnish similar remains if carefully explored. The two particular localities to which we refer are Shirley Com- mon and Croham Hurst, two eminences near Croydon, both composed of pebble beds and remarkable for the dryness of their soil. Perhaps the hut floors at Croham Hurst are the more remarkable because some of them have been placed in such a position as to be sheltered from the winds blowing from the east and north. They present certain features which remind one of the rock shelters to be found in other places. Flint implements, mainly in the form of flakes and chips, and accompanied by cores of flint, are found in abundance around the hut floors, and the significance of their presence is increased by the fact that no chalk flints occur naturally either at Croham Hurst or Shirley. All these chalk flints must have been brought from the outcrop of the chalk at a considerably lower level. The flints too, almost without exception, bear traces, sometimes very pronounced, of having been worked. At Shirley Common flakes and chips of flint have also been found near the hut floors, but in smaller numbers. The inhabitants of Surrey in the neolithic age were farmers and herdsmen, and the sheltered southern side of Croham Hurst probably formed the winter quarters of some of the families or a small tribe and their herds. In the neolithic age man possessed domesticated animals which furnished one of the most constant sources of food supply. There are several hilltop defensive earthworks in Surrey which, although their precise age is doubtful, may be reasonably considered to be of neolithic origin. The space enclosed is often of considerable extent, and the works may be considered to represent the strongholds in which early tribes entrenched themselves, their families and their cattle, rather than purely military camps. The difficulty of determining the period to which they belong is much increased by the fact that they have been occupied by successive races, but roughly speaking the 1 ' Prehistoric Man in the neighbourhood of the Kent and Surrey Border,' Journal of the Antbro- pobgicat Inttitute, n.s. ii. 127 et seq. 237 A HISTORY OF SURREY evidence in favour of their neolithic origin is derived from these two facts : firstly, the occurrence in and around them of numerous neolithic flint implements, and secondly the necessity, which must have been manifest even in neolithic times, of having some means of protecting animals and other property from plunder or theft. Again, the conversion of a natural hilltop into a kind of fortified platform by the construction of encircling lines of ditches and mounds is perhaps the first method a man or a tribe would adopt in the effort to procure personal safety as well as the safety of valuable possessions. Finally we know that Roman military camps were not placed upon small hilltops, and that some of the square camps which were excavated by the late Lieut.-Gen. Pitt- Rivers were proved to be of the bronze age. The theory that these hilltop entrenchments, following the natural shape of the ground and often enclosing a considerable space of ground, are of neolithic origin is therefore highly probable. Examples of camps in Surrey which may be classed under the head of neolithic strongholds exist, or have existed, at Anstiebury Camp (near Leith Hill), Hascombe Hill (near Bramley), Holmbury Hill, Crooksbury Hill, White Hill (south of Caterham), St. George's Hill, Weybridge, Wimbledon, and Hillyfield, Longdown and Kinchill, three eminences in the parish of Tilford. A large mound near Abinger church has been considered by some to be a prehistoric camp, but opinions are divided as to its origin. Lingfield Mark Camp, which stands near the point where Surrey, Kent and Sussex meet ; an earth- work in Squerries Court grounds at Westerham ; Hoi wood Camp, Keston ; ' Caesar's Camp ' near Aldershot ; and another camp bearing the same name near the northern end of the Chobham Ridges in Berk- shire, may be added to the list, as they are only just over the border ; and from the fact that they occupy high points of ground and are associated with neolithic implements they probably form parts of the great group of camps of the district in neolithic times. From remains which have been discovered it is evident that the people who lived in the neolithic age were acquainted with the art of spinning and possibly weaving. They could construct canoes and sea- worthy boats, and were well acquainted with the art of husbandry. Their dress consisted partly of the natural skins and furs of animals and partly of the fabrics produced by the spindle and distaff. Personal ornaments included beads and pendants of stone, bone, shell, etc. The dead were buried in a contracted posture near the surface of the ground, and a long oval mound or barrow was heaped above the interment. Weapons and other articles were usually buried with the dead body, and this has led to the inference that this primitive people had a belief in a future state of existence after death. Neolithic man was of small stature, generally standing about 5 feet 5 inches high. His skull was long or oval and of fair capacity. The length of the skull, which was one of the most characteristic marks of the race, was produced by a great development of the back of the 238 EARLY MAN head. The face was oval, and the cheek bones only slightly developed. The forehead was low and the nose aquiline. THE BRONZE AGE One of the most important events which happened in our islands during the prehistoric period was unquestionably the introduction of metal. It is difficult if not impossible to understand all that was involved in the introduction of bronze and the knowledge of working it. Hitherto the only materials available for the manufacture of the toughest and hardest tools had been flint and stone. But, excellent as some of the neolithic work undoubtedly was, the implements were extremely liable to be injured by use, and the fear of damaging an elaborately wrought celt, for example, must have been a source of constant care to the neolithic warrior or hunter. The need of some hard and at the same time more pliable material for the manufacture of weapons and tools must have been keenly felt before the discovery of the wonderful properties of metals, the method of extracting them from their natural ores, and convert- ing them into their most useful form. How that knowledge was first acquired is not known, and perhaps, seeing how great an interval of time separates the earliest age of metal from our own, it will never be discovered, but a distinguished metal- lurgist l has made the ingenious suggestion that it may have been discovered accidentally at the period when neolithic man cooked for food entire animals by means of heating small pits dug in the surface of the ground. The intense heat generated in such a fire was in all prob- ability quite sufficient to produce fusion of the metal if easily workable ores happened to be present in the soil closely adjacent to the fire. Such fires of intensely high temperature were made, as may be clearly seen by the existing remains, near the neolithic dwellings at Hayes,2 Kent. It is not suggested that the first discovery of metals was made in these islands in this manner. The evidence goes to show that the art of extracting copper and tin from their ores and the skill of blending them in the proportions which gave the desirable property of hardness were both acquired in some other part of Europe or Asia or even Africa. This is pretty clear from the fact that some of the earliest metal objects found in the British Isles are made of good bronze, and have evidently been made by people skilled in the art of blending metals.8 The discovery of metal must have produced results which revolu- tionized the earlier methods of war, of hunting, and the more humble arts of the carpenter and the builder. The earliest forms of metal tools or weapons used in the British Isles were the small bronze hand-daggers and the flat axes or celts, both of which are found to have been formed of bronze of the best quality. 1 Mr. William Gowland, F.S.A., Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, n.s. ii. 140. * Op. cit. pp. 1*7, 134-6. 8 Dr. Munro, Prehistoric Scotland, pp. 177-8. 239 A HISTORY OF SURREY At first the metal would doubtless be very scarce, but when native metallic ores were found and worked it would be a natural desire to produce in metal the heavy celts which had hitherto been the common form of large weapon in use. For this purpose it was natural to use an actual stone celt to serve as the model for a mould for the bronze cast- ing ; and as some knowledge of casting was already possessed, it would be a comparatively easy task to produce metal celts of this kind. The remains of the bronze age comprise celts of metal which have evidently been cast in this way from stone originals, and they have been con- sidered to represent. the earliest form in which metal celts were made.1 The objection to such a theory is that they would require a large amount of metal at a time when it was scarce, and one feels inclined rather to regard them as indications of a period when bronze was procurable in some quantity. Prehistoric objects formed of bronze are sometimes found singly on the surface of the ground or slightly below the surface, but more usually they occur in the form of hoards comprising many different implements, worn or unworn, and cakes or portions of cakes of copper. Hoards of bronze are among the most suggestive and important as they are also the most characteristic of the remains of the bronze age. They may be conveniently divided into three groups. First, there are the collections of broken, damaged and worn-out implements, formed perhaps by an individual for the purpose of barter with a worker in bronze. The second group, comprising worn-out implements and cakes of copper, represents the stock of a worker in bronze. The third group consists of new and unworn tools. From the fact that these implements sometimes have not been freed from the irregularities and excrescences arising from the operation of casting it is obvious that the hoards of this kind represent the stock of a worker in bronze. The occurrence of bronze hoards of these three classes is of considerable importance as showing, first, that the metal was of great value, and when an imple- ment was damaged or worn out it was saved in order to be melted down again ; secondly, it shows that the founding of articles of bronze was the special trade of certain individuals ; and, lastly, it indicates that no suffi- ciently strong building existed in which the metal could be safely stored, and that as a consequence the possessor was compelled to hide it in a secret place underground. The various discoveries of bronze age antiquities in Surrey com- prise the following hoards : — Albury, Farley Heath. A hoard of bronze objects, comprising two spearheads, two palstaves, and part of a copper cake was discovered here, and presented in 1853 by Mr. Henry Drummond to the British Museum, where it is now deposited. Beddington. This hoard was found in Beddington Park about the year 1870, and comprised a gouge, two broken spearheads, half of a celt-mould, six celts, and three lumps of bronze or copper. 1 Wilde, Catalogue of the Museum of the Roy. Irish Acad. p. 3 66 ; Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements, p. 40. 240 BRONZE CELTS, BICDDLESTEAD GREEN, CHELSHAM. BRONZE CELTS, BEDDLESTEAD GREEN, CHELSHAM. To fact fagi 241. EARLY MAN Chehham. A bronze hoard was found at Beddlestead Green, in this parish, in 1890, comprising four celts, socketed, and each furnished with one loop, one fragment of a socketed celt, one fragment of a palstave furnished with one loop and well developed flanges, and three lumps of copper cake. Croydon. An important hoard of bronze objects was discovered some years ago at Wickham Park. It comprised one palstave, six socketed celts, one gouge, one hammer, one knife, one dagger, one sword, one spearhead, one ferrule, one mould, and fragments of imple- ments and copper cake. Dorking. A small hoard of bronze was found in a cavity of the rock underground, in 1787, by some workmen digging stone. Only BRONZE CELT, PART OP CELT-MOULD AND GOUGE, BEDDINCTON. two bronze celts, and a semicircular piece of bronze (probably a sickle) were found in the hole, but several lumps of copper cake had been found previously by the workmen. Kingston Hill. About the year 1869 a hoard of bronze objects was discovered at the George Gravel Pits, Kingston Hill. It comprised the following articles : two socketed celts, one sword, one spearhead and one piece of copper-cake. Farnbam. A hoard of bronze celts and palstaves was found at Sandy Farm, near Crooksbury Hill, by a workman in 1857. The dis- covery is noted and figured in The Illustrated London News of June 27, i 241 R A HISTORY OF SURREY 1857 ; but the locality is there confused with Send, a parish some miles distant. These various hoards were all the property of bronze founders. The Wickham Park (Croydon) hoard is perhaps the most interesting, SWORD AND SPEARHEAD. PALSTAVE. BRONZE PIN» BRONZE AGE ANTIQUITIES FOUND AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER WANDLE. from the fact that it contained so many single examples of different kinds of tools or weapons. There are other miscellaneous collections of bronze age antiquities, which can hardly be considered hoards in the usual sense, but which 242 EARLY MAN may be mentioned here perhaps more conveniently than elsewhere. The first is the accumulation which has been found in the bed of the river Wandle near its mouth. The bronze objects comprise a sword, a spearhead, a palstave, a pin, and many miscellaneous objects of bronze. Another more important collection of bronze objects has been made from the bed of the river Thames near the following places in Surrey : Battersea, three swords, two spearheads, a gouge and a caul- dron, all of bronze ; Kingston, two palstaves, one socketed celt, three rapier blades, a leaf-shaped sword, a spearhead, and a knife with broad tang ; Lambeth, a bronze spearhead ; Richmond, a broad knife-dagger; Runnymede, a spearhead ; Vauxhall, a long rapier blade and a leaf-shaped sword ; Wandsworth, a remarkable socketed and looped celt, with the loop placed in the same direction as the socket (see illustration). The distribution of antiquities of the bronze age over the surface of Surrey will be seen by a glance at the archae- ological map in which the various discoveries are noted. The positions in which hoards of bronze are found do not necessarily indicate settlements or places of permanent occupation, because, as a hoard was essentially a deposit of a secret character, it is quite conceivable that the most unlikely and inaccessible situations would be chosen for such purposes. Flat bronze celts of the early type have been found at Albury and Godal- ming, whilst in addition to the socketed celts and palstaves mentioned in connec- tion with hoards of bronze, specimens have been found at the following places in Surrey : Bagshot, Chertsey, Farnham, Godalming,Guildford, Riddlesdown, Roth- erhithe, Wanborough, Wonersh ; and at Kingston some remarkable specimens of socketed and looped celts bearing some interesting ornamentation consisting of vertical ribs or lines ending in a kind of ring ornament or circle with a central pellet (see illustrations, p. 245). * This ornament,' as Sir John Evans 1 has pointed out, ' is perhaps the simplest and most easily made, for a notched flint could be useci as a pajr Of compasses to . . r produce a circle with a well marked centre on almost any material however hard.' This device is also found on other objects of the bronze age, notably 1 Ancient Bronze Implements, etc. p. 124. 243 BRONZE SWORD, BATTERSEA. BRONZE SOCKETED CELT, WANDSWORTH. A HISTORY OF SURREY in an elaborated form upon shields, on which we find concentric rings with a large number of small knobs or pellets between them. Socketed celts appear to have been evolved by a very natural process from flanged palstaves. The original flat celt was a kind of axe, derived, as far as form is concerned, from the neolithic celt, and fitted at right angles, or nearly so, to the handle. In the course of time a lateral stop was introduced, and from this circumstance apparently sprang the idea of fitting the implement at the end of a long handle like that of the modern weeding spud. In this way the palstave was invented, and in order to attach it securely to its handle, so that it might not be accidentally lost, a loop was added to it. The next development was to increase the flanges of the palstave in such a way (as is seen in a fragmentary specimen in the Chelsham bronze hoard) as to form what were practically two sockets. The next step was the removal of the partition between these two sockets, and the implement approached very closely to and in fact became the socketed celt of which so many excellent specimens have been found in Surrey. Bronze spearheads have been found in Surrey at Kingston, Ditton, Battersea and in the neighbourhood of Croydon. The spearhead from the last-named locality is a magnificent specimen, no less than 31^ inches long, although more than an inch of the point is missing, and a| inches broad at the broadest part. It is in the possession of Mr. I. J. Coleman, and was exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London on May 2, 1901 1 ; but the exact spot where it was found, for obvious reasons, has not been made public. A weapon of these proportions can hardly have been intended for military purposes, and it has been suggested that it was intended for state or ceremonial use. In addition to the bronze sword found in the Wickham Park (Croydon) hoard, a broken example was found in the bed of the Thames at Runnymede, and others have been found in the river Thames, as has already been stated. 1 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. z, xviii. 352. 244 BRONZE RAPIER-BLADE, DITTON. BRONZE SOCKETED CELT, RIDDLESDOWN. To face page 244. EARLY MAN Two bronze armlets were found in association with a spindle whorl at Reigate.1 The form of bronze implement most frequently found in Surrey is the socketed celt, an object which was probably put to a great variety of uses. The idea as expressed by many writers seems to be that bronze celts, whether of the flat, flanged, or socketed forms, were employed for warlike uses. This however seems extremely unlikely for several reasons. It is improbable that the use of metal would be confined to implements of war. It seems much more likely that it would, soon after its discovery, be applied to other purposes for which a hard sharp edge was required. Indeed, the discovery of celts in association with chisels and gouges, as for example in the Wickham Park (Croydon) hoard, suggests that they were used as carpenters' tools. The manner in which celts have been worn, re-sharpened and frac- tured is instructive, and points to the same conclusion. The fact that the fracture has occurred near the termination of the wooden handle within the socket leads to the inference that the implement was used in such a way as to produce considerable strain on the side ; and it is, in fact, just such as would be produced by splitting or cleaving wood. The methods employed in casting articles in bronze in this early age were ingenious. In some cases it appears that when a mould of a good pattern was obtained care was taken not to wear it out with too much use, and in order to preserve it as a good pattern a model of it was sometimes cast in lead, which was then made to serve as the pattern of a clay mould, which of course was made in two pieces. Little is definitely known about the ordinary buildings of the bronze age, but it may be inferred, from the existence of metallic tools, that the domestic dwellings — probably constructed upon the same lines as those of the neolithic age — were more commodious and more ela- borate than any which had existed at an earlier period. In the bronze age, moreover, crannoges, or artificial islands, were constructed as sites for dwellings, and, although damp and unhealthy, the surrounding water furnished some compensating advantages in the way of protection from unwelcome visitors. In various departments of civilization the people who used bronze exhibit a distinct advance upon those who, at an earlier period, had been furnished only with implements of stone. In husbandry this progress is indicated by the use of bronze reaping hooks, by the employment of oxen in ploughing, and by the cultivation of several plants, such as beans and oats, which had not previously been made to minister to the wants of man. The bronze age man seems to have possessed also the knowledge of spinning, weaving and pottery-making. Pottery of this period was often ornamented by a series of impressed lines arranged in zigzag fashion. The costume of bronze age man comprised articles of linen and 1 Arck FARLEY place included enamelled circular fibulae and two HEATH (two views). enamelled four-legged stands, which are now in the British Museum. These however are probably of the Roman period. During the prehistoric iron age of course iron was in general use, but bronze was used for ornaments, and it is not improbable that some 1 Charles H. Read, F.S.A., Parliamentary Return en Celtic Ornaments found in Ireland (1899), p. 8 ; and Mr. Arthur Evans's Monographs. ' Farley Heath : A Record of its Roman Remains and other Antiquities (1850), p. 25. 247 A HISTORY OF SURREY of the antiquities which have been referred to the bronze age really belong to this, just as it is also probable that some of the highly wrought arrowheads, etc., and such implements as stone hammers may be reason- ably referred to the age of bronze. COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS Gold and silver coins of the prehistoric period have been found in several different places in Surrey, particularly at Farley Heath, Albury, BRITISH COINS FOUND IN SURREY. where in 1848 a shepherd boy discovered a hoard of upwards of twenty gold pieces, including some examples of a type which had hitherto been unknown, and which Sir John Evans1 has figured and described in his BRITISH COINS FOUND IN SURREY. monumental work on this branch of British numismatics. The coins, which were uninscribed, were found on a newly mended road, where it is supposed a hollow flint in which they had been concealed had been broken by the wheel of a passing vehicle. 1 The Coins of the Ancient Britons, p. 84; and pi. D, figs. 6, 7, 8, Numismatic Chronicle, xi. 91. 248 EARLY MAN Numerous British coins, both inscribed and uninscribed, particu- larly those of Verica, Commius and Cunobelin, have been discovered at Farley Heath. At Guildford coins of Caratacus, Epaticcus and Verica have been found, and at Kingston one of Tincommius has been discovered. Many of the British coins bore devices which had obviously been derived from those on the beautiful coins of Philip II. of Macedon, but in consequence of being repeatedly copied by incompetent artists the original forms of the devices became scarcely recognizable. A coin of Verica found at Reigate in 1888, for example, is impressed with the figure of a vine leaf, a form which, as Sir John Evans has shown, was derived from one of the early varieties of the British Philipus.1 Another coin found in a brickyard at Kew is of great interest from the fact that the device, originally the head of Apollo, has become much altered in the course of repeated copyings and really represents a form about halfway between that of the head of Apollo and that of the vine leaf. ANCIENT ROADS IN SURREY The difficulty of assigning a particular date or period to a roadway which in the first instance may have been a mere trackway across the country is so great that we cannot be too cautious in dealing with this important subject. Yet it is certain that roadways must have existed in Britain before the Roman occupation, and by general consent the old road known as the Pilgrims' Way which runs along the North Downs has been regarded as a pre-Roman way, and most of those who have written upon the subject agree that it was probably one of the first roads through Surrey at a time when the Weald was an almost impas- sable forest. In several parts of its course all traces of the road have been destroyed, in some places by cultivation of the soil, in other places by neglect and disuse, and in some instances portions of it have been entirely removed in the course of digging chalk from the side of the hill. Yet notwithstanding all this the way may be traced pretty clearly in many places in Surrey and Kent. In the western part of the county it is first found near Farnham, whence it extends along the North Downs to the Kentish boundary. Sometimes it is found on the crest of the hills, but perhaps more fre- quently on the southern slope. Between Farnham and Guildford, and for some distance further to the east, there appear to be two separate branches of the road, one of which keeps along the top of the Hog's Back, whilst the other is found on the southern slope of the hills. This lower-level road has been traced to St. Catherine's (where there was probably a ford over the river Wey), to St. Martha's Hill, Albury and Shere, rejoining the upper road near Dorking. The lower road is supposed to have been the way actually used by the mediaeval pilgrims. Eastward of Dorking the road is well seen at White Hill (an eminence 1 The Coins of the Ancient Britons, Supplement, pp. 441, 510. 249 R* A HISTORY OF SURREY about a mile and a half south of Caterham), and at the foot of the North Downs near Titsey.1 Many of the villages which have sprung up in the districts through which it passes are near it but not in connection with it, showing that they belong to a new order of communications which was not introduced until the ancient Pilgrims' Way had become forgotten. In certain districts an attempt is made to explain this by the suggestion that pilgrims who used the road desired to avoid observation. This ingenious theory does not however account for the construction of the roadway in such a. solitary and secluded position. The subject as far as Surrey is concerned has been pretty fully dealt with by various writers, including Mr. William Bray, F.S.A., in Archao- logia * and in his History and Antiquities of Surrey? by various authors in the publications of the Surrey Archaeological Society,4 and in the Glou- cester Congress volume of the British Archaeological Association.6 Some of the British trackways were doubtless adopted and im- proved by the Romans whose appearance in Britain brought the pre- historic period to a close. TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF PREHISTORIC ANTIQUITIES IN SURREY. In the following list an attempt is made to record the various sites in Surrey where prehistoric antiquities have been found or where pre- historic remains still exist. In order to avoid frequent repetition of book titles, etc., the following abbreviations in the references to authori- ties have been adopted : — Charterhouse Museum = The Museum in the Charterhouse School at Godalming. Evans B. = The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain, by John Evans(i88i). Evans C. = The Coins of the Ancient Britons (1864), and Supplement (1890), by John Evans, F.S.A. Evans S. = The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain, ed. 2, by Sir John Evans (1897). Guildford Museum = The Museum of the Surrey Archaeological Society at the Castle Arch, Guildford. Surr. Arch. Coll. = Surrey Archaeological Collections (The Transactions of the Surrey Archeeological Society). ABINGER. — Mound, possibly a barrow, with defensive earthworks near the church [Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 162]. ALBURY. — Fragment of neolithic ground celt in the collection of Sir W. C- Roberts-Austen, British gold coin [Evans C. 181]. Bronze hoard now in the British Museum. Late Celtic fibula [Tupper, M. F. Farley Heath (1850), pp. 24-5]. British coins [Evans C. 84-5, 90, 108, HO, 117, 157, 176, 179, 181, 282, 346]. 1 Surrey Archieological Collections, v. 178-85 ; vi. 301-4 ; Popular County Histories : Surrey, by H. E. Maiden, pp. 29-30. * Vol. ix. 96-109. 3 Vol. iii. pp. xliv. et seq. 4 Surrey Arcbceok&cal Collections, v. 177-85, vi. 301-4, ix. 336-52, xii. 159. 8 1846 (published 1848), pp. 96-8. 250 EARLY MAN ANSTIEBURY CAMP. — Neolithic arrowheads found here and at Meriden farm [Archteologia, ix. 100 ; Evans 5. 389]. Chipped neolithic celt [Surr. Arch. Coll. v. 23], A pre- Roman, possibly neolithic camp is here [Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 157, etc.]. ASH. — Two neolithic ground celts [Surr. Arch. Coll. xi. 247-8; Evans S. 101]. One neolithic ground celt in Guildford Museum. BAGSHOT. — Bronze palstave with stop-ridge and flanges, and another with stop-ridge, small flanges and one loop, in Guildford Museum. BATTERSEA. — Perforated quartzite hammerhead (neolithic), discoidal in form, in Charterhouse Museum. Bronze spearhead 14^ inches long, with traces of wooden handle in socket [Evans B. 327 ; Arch. Assoc. Journal, xiv. 329, pi. xxiv. fig. 3]. BATTERSEA RISE. — Palaeolithic implement [Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xii. 230]. BEDDINGTON. — A hoard of bronze objects, comprising thirteen pieces, including one gouge, two broken spearheads, half of a celt mould, six celts, and three lumps of bronze [Surr. Arch. Coll. vi. 125-6 ; Evans B. no, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468]. BEDDLESTEAD. — See CHELSHAM. BRAMLEY. — Neolithic camp. Neolithic flakes [Surr. Arch. Coll. Anthropological Journal, xiii. 137]. CARSHALTON. — Neolithic spearhead, or knife, found 6 feet below the surface [Skelton's Meyrick's Armour, i. pi. xlvi. fig. 5 ; Evans S. 351]. Neolithic implements found near the river Wandle. CATERHAM. — White Hill, probably a prehistoric camp. It is called the ' Cardinal's Cap.' CHELSHAM. — Hoard of bronze objects found at Beddlestead Green, comprising four celts socketed and each furnished with one loop, one fragment of a socketed celt, one fragment of a palstave furnished with one loop and well developed flanges and three lumps of copper cake [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. 2, xviii. 285 et seq.] CHERTSEY. — Neolithic ground celt in Charterhouse Museum. Bronze celt found in the stump of an old tree near St. Ann's Hill [Arch. Journal, xxviii. 242]. CHILWORTH. — Neolithic flake, scrapers and cores in Guildford Museum. Rough neolithic flakes [Anthropological Journal, xiii. 137]. CHIPSTEAD. — Neolithic celt of micaceous grit [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. 2, v. 374-5]. CLAPHAM. — Rough palaeolithic implement found in gravel, now in Jermyn Street Museum, London. COMPTON. — Neolithic implements, now in the Charterhouse Museum. CROOKSBURY HILL. — See FARM HAM. CROYDON. — Neolithic celts in the possession of Dr. J. M. Hobson. Bronze hoard found at Wickham Park. Fine bronze spearhead 31! inches long, found in 1900. CROHAM HURST. — Neolithic implements and traces of dwellings [Journal Anthropological Institute, n.s. ii. 127 et seq.]. DITTON. — Very narrow socketed bronze celt [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. 2, iii. 398 ; Evans B. 128]. Bronze dagger [Arch. Journal, xix. 364 ; Evans B. 245]. Bronze spearhead 20 inches long with midrib the whole length [Arch. Journal, xix. 364 ; Evans B. 316]. Bronze spearhead 6£ inches long with ornamental socket, now in the British Museum [Evans B. 319]. Bronze spearhead 13! inches long, now in the British Museum [Evans B. 328]. DORKING. — Neolithic arrowhead [Archesologia ix. 100; Evans S. 389]. Neolithic ground celt found at Holloway's farm, now in Jermyn Street Museum, London. Hoard of bronze celts, etc., found in a cavity of the rock under the surface [Archteologia, ix. 99], EARLSFIELD. — Palaeolithic implements found by Mr. G. F. Lawrence. EASHING. — Neolithic implements now in the Charterhouse Museum. EGHAM. — Neolithic ground celt, about 7 inches long [Arch. Journal, xxviii. 242 ; Evans S. 251 A HISTORY OF SURREY ELSTEAD. — Neolithic implements and fine ground celt in the Charterhouse Museum. Roughly made neolithic arrowheads in Guildford Museum. Prehistoric barrows [Surr. Arch, Coll. xii. 152-3]. FARLEY HEATH. — See ALBURY. FARNCOMBE. — Two bronze celts, now in the Charterhouse Museum. FARNHAM. — Many palaeolithic implements found in the drift gravels here by Mr. Lasham and Mr. H. A. Mangles, F.G.S., and now in private possession and in Guildford and the Charterhouse Museums [Surr. Arch. Coll. xi. 25—9 ; Proc. Geologists' Assoc. xiii. 74-81 ; Evans S. 595-6]. Neolithic arrowheads, now in Guildford Museum. Bronze palstave with stop-ridge found at the Holt, Farnham, and now in the Charter- house Museum. British gold coin [Evans C. 434]. Prehistoric camp, probably of the neolithic age. Neolithic implements now in the Charterhouse Museum. Prehistoric barrows {Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 152—3]. Bronze hoard found at Sandy Farm near Crooksbury Hill [Illustrated London News, June 27, 1857 5 Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 152]. This place seems to have been confused with the parish of Send. FRIMLEY. — Palaeolithic implement [Evans S. 596 ; Proc. Geologists' Assoc. xiii. 80]. GODALMING. — In the Charterhouse Museum are several specimens of palaeolithic, neolithic and bronze age antiquities found in West Surrey. British coins [Evans C. 50, 64, 83, 472]. GUILDFORD. — In Guildford Museum are many palaeolithic, neolithic and bronze age anti- quities from West Surrey. Neolithic flakes, etc., from Whinney Hill, Chantry Woods, Guildford, from East Shalford Farm ; and a bronze palstave, with stop-ridge flanges and one loop, found near Stoke Hospital, Guildford. British coins [Evans C. 280, 434, 511, 552]. HASCOMBE. — Neolithic camp. HASLEMERE. — Perforated stone hammerhead of the Neolithic age, now in the Charterhouse Museum. HOG'S BACK. — A large number of Neolithic scrapers and other implements, now in the Charterhouse Museum and other collections. HOLMBURY HILL. — Neolithic camp [Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 160— i]. Neolithic stone axe recently found at Holmbury Hill. HORLEY. — British gold coin [Evans C. 69]. HORNE. — British gold coin [Evans C. 61]. KEW. — British gold coin [Evans C. 441—2]. KINGSTON. — Neolithic ground flint celt 5 inches long [Evans S. 126]. Neolithic ground celt of greenstone found whilst digging waterworks [Evans S. 1 50]. Numerous bronze age objects, including ornamented celts, leaf-shaped spearhead, also sepulchral urn, spindle-whorls, quern, fragments of pottery and pieces of copper cake [Arch. Journal, xx. 372-3 ; xxv. 154-5, !S7 J Evans B. 124, 126, 321]. At Kingston Hill was found a hoard of bronze objects, comprising lumps of copper cake, socketed celts, fragments of swords and spearhead [Arch. Journal, xxvi. 288 ; Evans B. 82, 423, 467]. LETHERHEAD. — British coins [Evans C. 83, 169]. LIMPSFIELD. — Many palaeolithic drift-worn implements found here by Mr. A. M. Bell, F.G.S. Others found at Redland's farm. Neolithic implements and Romano-British pottery, some of which is now in Guildford Museum. British coin [Evans C. 50]. LINGFIELD MARSH (MARK) CAMP. — Neolithic arrowhead [Evans S. 389]. Probably a neo- lithic hilltop camp. MITCHAM. — Lower part of ground neolithic celt found near Mitcham Common, now in the Charterhouse Museum. OXTED. — British uninscribed gold coin [Evans C. 50], PEASEMARSH. — Palaeolithic implement found in gravel [Evans S. 594]. Neolithic dagger of chipped flint [Evans S. 353]. PURLEY. — Neolithic flint celt, partially ground, found on surface of field by Mr. R. Garraway Rice, F.S.A. PUTNEY. — Roughly chipped neolithic hoe, about 7 inches long, now in the Charterhouse Museum. 252 EARLY MAN PUTTENHAM. — Part of a palaeolithic implement, various neolithic implements and a ground celt ; all these are in the Charterhouse Museum. Romano-British pottery found at Hillborough, and Puttenham, now in Guildford Museum. REDHILL and REIGATE. — Various neolithic implements, including leaf-shaped arrowheads, cores, hammerhead, etc., and hut floors [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. 2, i. 71-4 ; Evans S. 244, 277, 378]. Thousands of neolithic flakes and evidences of neolithic dwellings [Proc. Soc. Antiq. Land. ser. 2, i. 69—72 ; Archaeological Journal, xvii. 171]. Ground neolithic celts, hammer-stones and spindle-whorl, and two bronze age armlets of bronze [Evans 5. 100, 244, 278 ; Archteological Journal, x. 72—3]. British coins found at Reigate [Evans C. 83, 511]. RIDDLESDOWN. — Neolithic scraper, flakes and cores. ROEHAMPTON. — Small ovate palaeolithic implement found by Mr. G. T. Lawrence. ROTHERHITHE. — Bronze age palstave of bronze [Evans B. 86]. ST. MARTHA'S. — Neolithic implements from the fields near St. Martha's Hill, in Guildford Museum. Neolithic or bronze age interments found in 1874. SEALE. — Prehistoric barrows [Surr. Arch. Coll. xii. 152—3]. SHALFORD. — Neolithic implements. SHEEN EAST. — Sandstone with hollow cavity, probably formed by use with a crusher or pounder [Evans 5. 253 ; Bateman's Ten Tears' Diggings, p. 172]. Palaeolithic implements found by Mr. J. Allen Brown, F.G.S. [Quarterly 'Journal of the Geological Society of London, xlii. 555 ; Evans S. 591]. SHIRLEY. — Neolithic hut-floors and implements. SUTTON. — Many neolithic implements found in and near Sutton by Mr. J. P. Johnson. TATSFIELD. — So-called ' eolithic implements.' THE THAMES AT BATTERSEA. — Bronze swords, spearheads, gouge and cauldron (Evans B. 175, 278, 279, 281, 321, 327, 411]. THE THAMES AT KINGSTON. — Bronze palstaves, celt, knife, rapier-blades, sword and spear- head (Evans B. 84, 86, 125, 211, 248, 250, 254, 284, 338). THE THAMES BETWEEN KINGSTON AND HAMPTON COURT. — Two bronze celts, bronze sword and two iron spearheads [Archeeologia, xxx. 492]. THE THAMES AT LAMBETH. — Bronze spearhead [Evans B. 330]. THE THAMES AT RICHMOND. — Bronze knife-dagger [Evans B. 246]. THE THAMES AT RUNNYMEDE. — Bronze spearhead [Evans B. 328 ; Archteological Journal, xviii. 158 ; Arch. Assoc. Journal, xvi. 322], THE THAMES AT VAUXHALL. — Bronze rapier blade and leaf-shaped sword [Evans B. 248, 279]. THE THAMES AT WALTON. — British uninscribed gold coin [Evans C. 436]. THE THAMES AT WANDSWORTH. — Bronze socketed celt of unusual form [Evans B. 130]. TILFORD. — Earthworks, possibly of the neolithic age, on hills called ' Hillyfields,' ' Long- down ' and ' Kinchill.' TITSEY. — Neolithic ground celt [Surr. Arch. Coll. iv. 228 ; Evans S. 144]. Neolithic hammerhead of granite [Surr. Arch. Coll. iv. 237 ; Evans S. 230]. WALTON-ON-THAMES. — Two cinerary urns containing bones were discovered about three years ago half a mile west of Walton railway station. They are now in the possession of Mr. A. J. Butler. Neolithic flint dagger [Evans S. p. 351 ; Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, ser. 2, vi. 73]. WANBOROUGH. — Small palaeolithic ovate implement and neolithic implements, in the Charter- house Museum. Perforated hammer-stone formed of a quartzite pebble, in Guildford Museum. Bronze palstave, in Guildford Museum. WANDLE (the river). — Bronze swords, spearhead, palstave and pin [Archaeological Journal, ix. 7-8 ; Evans B. 282, 316, 368]. WANDSWORTH. — Palaeolithic implements found by Mr. G. F. Lawrence. WARLINGHAM. — So-called ' eolithic implements.' WEYBRIDGE. — St. George's Hill : a prehistoric camp. WIMBLEDON CAMP.— Possibly prehistoric. WIMBLEDON. — Palaeolithic implement found on Wimbledon Common. WISHMOOR. — Neolithic ground adze-like celt [Journal of the Anthropological Institute, p. 368, pi. xxi.; Evans S. 70]. 253 A HISTORY OF SURREY WISLEY. — Neolithic ground celt, in Guildford Museum. WOKING. — Fine neolithic stemmed and double-barbed arrowhead, found by Mr. W. Tice, in Guildford Museum. Several fragments of bronze age, or earlier, pottery found at Chobham Park farm, now in Guildford Museum and in the Charterhouse Museum. WONERSH. — Fragment of palaeolithic implement [Evans S. 596]. One palaeolithic imple- ment found by Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., and numerous palaeolithic implements found by Mr. C. D. Hodgson. Neolithic or possibly bronze age barrow found at Black- heath, near Shamley Green [Surr. Arch. Coll. xv. 156 ; Proc. Sac. Antlq. Land. ser. 2, xviii. 251-7]. Numerous neolithic implements found by Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B. WORPLESDON. — Finely chipped neolithic celt found at Whitmore Common, in Guildford Museum. Bronze age tumuli containing pottery ; cinerary urns found at Whitmore Common, now in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. 254 HISTORY OF SURREY ANGLO-SA ; T3TX ABLl-xWlV; • ffiiTiV,!,,,,,, rvsk-.-f •fc' (•• REFERENCE • Interments Miscellaneous Finds. Coin* -I '• V-^T \ LiBtniil' ' '''»''";; THE VICTORIA HI STORY C REMAINS. 3O' HE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS ALL that is derived from the usual sources of early Anglo-Saxon history about the region known to-day as Surrey might be expressed in a single paragraph, which would mainly rest on scraps of negative evidence, or on conjectures that are now for the most part incapable of proof or refutation, and would fail in any case to provide a genuine history of Surrey's beginnings in the post- Roman period. The proximity of London, which explains much in the later history of the county, only deepens the darkness in which its pagan days are hidden ; for it must be borne in mind that in the early time the influence of the city was mainly confined to the north bank of the Thames and even there to a limited area. For the present purpose therefore Surrey must be treated apart from the capital, and its early connexions traced if possible along other channels. The advance of primary education and the spread of railways are every day reducing the scientific value of dialectical varieties, and this involves the abolition of one of the few means of grouping or identify- ing the various tribes or bands of settlers that planted themselves in different parts of the country as soon as the Roman power declined. Greater facilities of communication have, to a lesser degree perhaps, impaired the utility of anthropological research just at a time when the value of that branch of science has been brought to recognition. Though physical types are more permanent than peculiarities of language, there is little hope of recovering by this means the characteristics and affinities of the earliest Teutonic occupants of the county after a lapse of four- teen centuries. While it is vain to look for fresh evidence from the early chronicles, which have been for the most part edited in a thoroughly critical manner, and while the physical and dialectical tests are rapidly failing us, there is yet some hope that excavation may in course of time provide further and unexceptionable evidence, the value of which depends, not on the date of its discovery so much as on the skill and accuracy of the investigator. Not to claim too much import- ance for archaeological inquiry it must be confessed that its sphere is limited, and of history in the wider sense the contents of graves can afford but little ; but at least there is a prospect of amplifying and perhaps correcting thereby the meagre records that precede the Domes- day Survey. 255 A HISTORY OF SURREY It does not require a close examination of dialect and feature among the present inhabitants of Surrey to appreciate the extent of London's expansion to the south ; but it is by this method that the dwellers in the remoter districts of the county may be provisionally classified, and their early predecessors connected with others who were their neigh- bours before the existing borders of the county were adopted. Before the forest was cleared and the lowlands drained, the inhabitants of this part of Britain must have been distributed mainly in accordance with the nature of the ground. It may safely be assumed that while the low-lying areas near the Thames would be liable to flood, the isolated eminences that are yet to be recognized in north Surrey afforded an unassailable site for habitation ; and there is archaeological evidence to show that the river banks were by no means deserted by the ancient Britons. After four centuries of Roman administration the Thames was no doubt more under control, and skilful engineers had carried highways through marsh and forest in several directions ; but the neighbourhood of the Wandle and the lower valleys of the Mole and Wey were then as now subject to floods, and it is rather on the Chalk formation to the south and on the Greensand formation beyond it that traces of Teutonic settlements within the county should be looked for. While geographical considerations would therefore suggest a search for relics of our pagan predecessors all along the southern border of the county, the heights of Sydenham and Forest Hill, of Norwood and Streatham might also be expected to furnish some traces of occupation by strangers who may well have entered the county from the north-east by way of the Thames. The expanse of London Clay around these groups of hills would however discourage further occupation to the east, while the soil in the north-western corner of the county would not support an agricultural or a pastoral people. This area was described in 1859 by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, then rector of Eversley, who called attention to the surroundings of the Roman road which crosses the bare and barren formation of Bagshot Sand, with clays on either side of it, which he believed to have been once covered with deep oak forest.1 Such then being the physical data on which must be based any reconstruction of the history of Surrey during the early Anglo-Saxon period, mention may now be made of those slight and dubious statements on the subject to be met with in the early chronicles. Not that any attempt can here be made to trace in more than outline the fortunes of the district during the centuries of obscurity that followed the with- drawal of the Roman officials. All that is aimed at in the present chapter is to examine and compare the actual relics that have so far come to light, in order to estimate the material condition and political connexion of the pagan or semi-pagan settlers who made, but omitted to record, the early history of our district. It is natural to speak first of the battle fought at Wibbandune in 568, a few years after the accession of the young King Aethelbearht to 1 Society of Antiquaries, Proceedings, iv. 282, ser. I. 256 8 To face fage 257. ANGLO-SAXON ORNAMENTS, ETC. ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS the proudest throne in Britain ; but it is open to question whether the battle took place within the present borders of the county, and the identification of the site with Wimbledon derives no real support from philology. Most recent historians have been content to admit the traditional claims of Wimbledon, but the tradition owes much to the ingenuity of Camden, and has been disputed more than once. Worplesden in the south-west of the county has been suggested, but though the site is not an unlikely one, the alleged similarity of the names is rather fanciful. Another proposal, which certainly has a more solid foundation in history, has been made by Mr. Elliot Maiden,1 who would identify Wibbandune with Wipsedone, a place that was certainly known at the time when the boundaries of the land belong- ing to Chertsey Abbey were added to the original charter, perhaps in the thirteenth century. This would fix the field of battle somewhere on the heaths to the north of Chobham, near the Roman road 2 and the present railway line between Staines and Wokingham. For the present purpose the question is of great importance, for it has a direct bearing on the nationality of the peoples who had settled as early as the middle of the sixth century to the east and to the west of Surrey, the result of their collision affecting the subsequent occupation of the disputed area. A final solution is perhaps impossible, but the area within which the armies may have met is limited by various con- siderations. The prosperous kingdom of Kent was shut in by sea or river on three sides, and almost entirely on the south-western frontier by Romney Marsh and the forest of the Weald. Expansion was possible only along the strip of country between the Thames and the Weald, corresponding to the Surrey of later centuries. After the battle of 568 and perhaps before that date this was politically distinct from Kent ; and whatever the significance of the diocese of Rochester it seems clear that the present boundary between Kent and Surrey dates from the early pagan days of England. It will be observed also that on all other sides Surrey has a border that may well have been dictated by the nature of the ground. Attention has already been drawn to the expanse of barren heath that is backed by the forests of Windsor and the Silchester district ; and while the Thames formed a more effective barrier then than now, the southern limit seems to have depended on the progress of forest clearing in the Weald. On the other hand the Kentish border looks purely arbitrary on the map, for the valley of the Ravensbourne, which is certainly followed for a short distance, seems to have no bearing on the delimitation.8 If this line is as old as the diocese of Rochester, it may be inferred that there was an efficient force on the west to maintain the frontier against any encroachments on the part of Kent. It is difficult however 1 EngTtsh Historical Review, iii. 428. * This is the Herestraet or via mifttaris of the charter. 8 On this point see Mr. Elliot Maiden's paper on the West Saxon conquest of Surrey in EngRib Historical Review, iii. 423, and his History of Surrey, p. 51. i 257 s A HISTORY OF SURREY to account for the silence of the chronicles as to the prowess of a people who could thus permanently hold in check the leading powers of Britain ; for in the sixth century Wessex under Ceawlin already exercised a supremacy that rivalled that of Kent, and was destined later to unite the English kingdoms under one sovereign. At some time the West Saxons made the upper Thames valley their own, and after the extinction of Silchester probably came upon the Roman road which leads to Staines. The issue is thus narrowed, and whatever site is ultimately fixed on for the battle it may be reasonably assumed that Wibbandune was in Surrey, and that ' the battle resulted in the extension of West Saxon conquest or control to the Kentish border much as it stands to-day. Beyond this rather dubious reference some insight into the early condition of the district is afforded by the Chertsey Charter, which will be fully dealt with elsewhere, but must here be referred to as marking the definite establishment of Christianity in a part of Surrey not by any means the most attractive or populous at that time. The foundation of the abbey by Wulfhere is generally placed in the year 666, while Frith- wald was the local under-king owning allegiance to the Mercian throne ; but the mention of Ecgberht in the preamble1 looks like a confusion in the mind of an editor between the kings of Wessex and Kent who bore that name. The latter was in fact contemporary, but had no authority in Surrey, and only serves to fix the date. Something will presently be said as to the bearing of the Charter on the archaeology of the county ; but as it was granted at a date when we may suppose Christianity to have been already a living force in what were then the more healthful and civilized parts of Surrey, it will be more convenient first to notice the remains of a pagan or half-converted population that have been brought to light from time to time. An investigation of the few well attested relics of the early Anglo-Saxon period will no doubt justify certain conclusions as to the condition of the first Teutonic occupants of the district ; but more extensive discoveries are necessary before the nationality of those early comers, and their relations with other settlers in the south, can be determined with any degree of accuracy. The most important discovery of Anglo-Saxon remains in the county is no doubt that recorded by Mr. Francis LI. Griffith in 1895," though circumstances rendered a complete account impossible. In constructing the present Edridge road, to the south of the town-hall at Croydon, the workmen came upon a number of burnt and unburnt interments at a depth of about z\ feet ; but as the excavations extended over many months, and were not specially watched, the remains cannot be precisely grouped or located, and their archaeological value is thereby much impaired. An interesting collection was however made by Mr. Thomas Rigby, who presented typical specimens to the British Museum ; and some objects from the site are exhibited in the Croydon town-hall. 1 The words are 'regnante ghrioso Egberto, rege Angkrum? ' Society of Antiquaries, Proceedings, xv. 328. 258 ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS Besides some pottery and other objects of the Roman period, twelve iron shield-bosses, three swords and the same number of axe- heads, an angon, a glass cup, and several smaller relics were recovered, which may with confidence be assigned to the Anglo-Saxon period. These are described in detail and partly figured in the original account, which may here be briefly summarized. To deal first with the unburnt burials, the direction of which is not recorded, but was prob- ably east and west, the shield-bosses varied in shape, but are not unusual, with the exception perhaps of two tall specimens of conical form with ribs running from point to base. One of this description is preserved at Oxford, and a similar specimen from Farthingdown will be noticed later. The swords and spearheads were in all probability associated with the shields in the graves of warriors, and it is interesting to notice first that the swords occur on this site in more than the usual proportion and may thus have some bearing on the average social position of the inhabitants at the time ; and secondly, that one of the specimens retains the bronze chape of its scabbard, a feature that is by no means confined to any particular district in this country, but is of sufficient rarity to be specially noticed here. The angon1 has been the subject of much inquiry and even of dispute, but it is commonly thought to be a weapon of the javelin class, distinguished by a barbed point and a long thin shaft of iron, which was no doubt fitted to a wooden handle, the latter being beyond a swordsman's reach. It was used at close quarters for transfixing an opponent's shield, which could then be borne to the ground by the assailant's weight. The classical passage 2 is however somewhat obscure and cannot here be discussed. Though seldom met with, the majority are known to have come from Prankish graves on the Rhine ; a and the weapon, over a yard in length, found at Croydon may be compared with others in the national collection from Strood, Kent, and the Department of the Marne, France. It has been stated that on the continent the angon occurs only in the Alemannic and Burgundian territories and among the Ripuarian Franks.4 The Abbe Cochet, who has been quoted to show the extreme rarity of this weapon in France, found only one specimen during his extensive excavations in Normandy, and only knew of one or two more in the country.6 But several have come to light since his time, as in the Department of the Aisne,6 and they are now said to be specially plentiful in Belgium and the region of the Salian Franks,7 whence the English specimens were no doubt imported. 1 Though in common use among antiquaries, this term has been objected to on the ground that the Old English anga means a ' goad ' ; and according to Mr. W. H. Stevenson, there is no trace of its use in the sense of a weapon. * Agathias, bk. ii. ch. v. ; Arcbtfologia, xxxiv. 177 and xxxv. 48 ; Baron de Baye, Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 25. 3 Lindenschmit, Handbueh der deutschen Alterthumskunde, p. 180. * Archirobgia, xxxvi. 78, 84 6 La Nonnandie Souterraine, ed. 2, p. 352 ; Sepultures Gaulolses, etc. p. 160. 6 F. Moreau, Album Caranda, iii. pi. 102 (nouvelle serie). 7 Barriere-Flavy, Arts industriels de la Gaule, \. 38. 259 A HISTORY OF SURREY As somewhat of a rarity in English graves the angon may be connected with the three franciscas or axeheads, which again are more commonly found in Merovingian graves on the continent. In the British Museum are examples from the Isle of Wight, from Suffolk and London, but all are not of the same pattern. Strictly speaking, the francisca is an iron axehead for throwing, which has the centre of its cutting edge beyond the centre of the socket ; and to this type belongs at least one of the Croydon specimens. Other axeheads of about the same period have blades adapted for use at close quarters, extending below the socket,' or above and below like a halberd.1 The francisca proper has been assigned to Prankish graves of the fifth and sixth centuries, as it occurs abundantly in Belgium, which the Franks reached at an early date, and very rarely in parts of France which were only conquered by them after a long interval. Graves of the seventh and eighth centuries in which examples have occurred are thought with good reason to be those of chieftains.* Among the antiquities preserved at Croydon is the upper part of a bronze bowl or cauldron belonging to a type of which several examples are extant from Anglo-Saxon graves. In the British Museum are three from Long Wittenham, Berks, while one is figured 8 from Linton Heath, Cambs, and another was found with Anglo-Saxon weapons and a bronze vessel of a different pattern at Sawston, in the same county, in 1 8 1 6.4 A specimen of the same type is published s from the neighbourhood of Stade on the Elbe, a district which affords many parallels to our Anglo- Saxon antiquities. The rim generally measures 7 inches across, the body being somewhat wider and the bottom rounded. The lip is horizontal and turned outwards, unlike another common type of bronze bowl which has a thickened rim turned in at an angle. A semi-circular handle of iron is attached to two angular projections from the rim of the vessel, which was hammered out of a circular sheet of metal. The bronze tag of a girdle (fig. 7) is of unusual form, but an almost identical specimen is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, from an interment in the Dyke Hills, Oxon, where it was associated with objects that resemble a bronze mount from Croydon (fig. 9), possibly belonging to a bowl. Two buckets about 4 inches high, mounted in the usual way with ornamented bronze bands but of less than average size, were also found. Their use is uncertain, but it is generally thought that they were originally filled with food offered to the dead, and a similar belief that refreshment was necessary beyond the grave may account for the presence of the elegant glass drinking cup exhibited with the buckets at Croydon. This interesting example of Anglo-Saxon glass (fig. i) is in excellent condition, and may in this respect be compared with another, of conical 1 Various specimens are figured in Archeeokga, xxxiv. 1 79. * Barriere-Flavy, Arts Industrlels de la Gaule, i. 54. 3 Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. 16. 4 Figured in Arcbaologta, xviii. pi. 25, fig. 4. 6 J. H. Mtlller, Alterthiimer tier provinz Hannover, pi. xiv. fig. 109. 260 ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS shape, found in the remarkable cemetery at Kempston in Bedfordshire and now included in the national collection. The Croydon specimen however differs from many of its class in having a foot and being therefore capable of standing unsupported. Other fragments of glass were also found, but these belonged to one or more vases with hollow claws attached in two or three rows to the sides. This form is frequent in Kent and occurs in other parts of the country as Berkshire, Hampshire and Northants*, Gloucestershire and Cambridgeshire ; while it is not uncommon in the Prankish graves of Normandy and the Rhine district. It may be mentioned that both these forms of the glass drinking cup were decorated with threads generally applied in spirals ; and the foot which is always present with the hollow claws is sometimes attached, as in the present instance, to vessels without that peculiar ornamenta- tion. The paucity of smaller relics from the site is to be regretted, for it is suspected that some of the more portable and less conspicuous objects were appropriated by the workmen and thus left unrecorded. A few bronze needles (figs. 10, 11) were found, indicating perhaps feminine burials, but the number of brooches is extraordinarily small when com- pared with the number of graves. This may be to some extent ex- plained by the large proportion of male interments, as shown by the swords and spearheads, ornaments being more plentiful in burials of the other sex. Two discs for attachment to some part of the dress have been preserved, each with an open work centre of triskele form, the limbs being of serpentine appearance (fig. 12). A very similar specimen1 belonging to the Merovingian period has been found in the Department of the Aisne, France ; and another " with four instead of three spokes was discovered in the Linton Heath cemetery. This particular device is not uncommon on objects of an earlier date, and has survived to modern times in the arms of the Isle of Man. This is perhaps the only site in Surrey which has produced exam- ples of the brooch, an important and characteristic item in early Anglo- Saxon costume. It was worn by both sexes, and though widely differ- ing in pattern even within the limits of England was yet fairly uniform in particular districts and among particular tribes; so that the several types constitute an important factor in determining nationality. Little however is contributed to our knowledge of early England by the few brooches as yet discovered in Surrey, and these no more than the records can decide whether Kent or Wessex dominated Surrey in the pagan period. The flat ring brooch (as fig. 8) is indeed represented but is a most uncommon type in England, only a few isolated specimens being known. A finely engraved example from Kent is preserved in the British Museum, and others from Stamford, Lines,3 and Welford, Northants,4 may perhaps be included in this class, though they differ in more than one particular. 1 F. Moreau, Alburn Caranda, \. pi. xxxi. • Figured in Journal of Arch