I; ,.. too ...... .. \. "ð ..... ,. -... : :,. ,.. .,.. .. -=\,.., )0 ,"-;' ",._I I - 'ì by the difficult y encountered in obtaining certain minute to p o- ; f: ! c_ \ - - - CON TEN T S. .. . . PART 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CA ADA AND THE CANADIAN PEOPLE. CHAPTER, PAGE. \ \ I. Pre-lIistoric II, Jacques Cartier III. Cartier's Successors IV, Acadia V, Samuel de Champlain VI. Champlain and the Ottawa VII. The Recollet Mission - VIII. Champlain's Difficulties IX. Champlain Governor of Canada - X. The Jesuit Missions XI. The Beginning of Montreal XII. The Government of Montmagny XII I. Canada under Royal Government XIV. fhe English Military Government XV. The American Revolution as it affected Canada - XVI. The Constitution of 1791 XVII. The Settlement of English-Speaking Canada XVIII. Lower Canada from 1791 to 1812 XIX. The \Var of 1812-'15 XX. Lower Canada from the Peace to 1828 XXI. Upper Canada from the Peace to 1828 XXII. Canada on the Eve of Rebellion XXII 1. Re 'olt 1 7 13 16 - 22 - 33 - 3 8 - 50 - 57 - 59 - 67 73 - 82 - 93 - 97 - 10 3 - no - 119 - 12 5 - 137 - 139 - 143 - 1+8 , 1 , .... - VI. Contents. PAGE. CHAPTER, XXIV, The Civil \Var XXV, The Civil \Var-Colltinlled - X.XVI. The Civil \Var-Montgomery's Farm XXVII. The Family Compact Terror XXVIII. The Union of the Provinces XXIX. Confederation XXX. Prosperous Days XXXI. Recent Years . 15 0 - 159 - 16 5 . 175 - 179 - 195 - 20 3 - 20 7 PART II. THE COUNTY OF YORK. I. lntroductory.-Character and Limits of our Local History,- The Twilight of Fable,-Michilimackinac, the Western Centre of the Fur Trade.-The Various Routes Thither.-The Huron Nation. - The "Pass" by Toronto. - Destruction of the Hurons by the Iroquois.-Fort Rouille.-The Province of Upper Canada Constituted.-Governor Simcoe,- Y ork.- The Aborigines 1 II. The Building of Yonge Street.-Origin of .its Na.me,-Dundas Street. _ Early Territorial Divisions of Upper Canada,- Extent of the County of Y ork.-Departure and Death of Governor Simcoe.-Interest Attaching to His Name.-An Unpublished Letter of His.-Selfish and Unpatriotic Policy of other Lieutenant-Governors,-President Russell and His Successors.-Pen-Pictures by Robert Gourlay 12 III Modern Territorial Divisions of York.-Parliamentary Repre- sentation.-The Rebellion,-\Vant of Harmony Among its Leaders,-Inaction and Defeat.-Execution of Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews,- The Place of their Interment.-Gallows Hill.-Origin of the Name 24 IV, The Rebellion not altogether a Failure.-A York County Cause Célèbre,-The Tragedy of Thomas Kinnear and Nancy Mont- gomery, near Richmond Hill.-Execution of James l\1cDer- mott.-Grace 1iarks, the Female Fiend,-Her Sham Insanity, -Her Pardon and Marriage - 3 2 V. The Principal Streams of the County of Y ork.- The Credit,- Origin of its Narne,-Peter Jones and Egerton Rytr<;on at the i Contents. Vll. CHAPTER PAGE. Credit Mission,-lndian \Vitchcraft.-The Humber.- The Don.-Sir Richard Bonnycastle's Account of a RIde Through the County Thirty-eight Years Since,-Richmond Hill with- out the Lass,- Thornhill.- The Blue Hill.-List of County \Vardens.-The l\Iunicipal Council.-Officers Appointed by the Council.- Tables of Values - 51 VI. The Report of the Ontario Agricultural Commission.-Statistics Relating to the County of York. -Character of the Soil.- \Vater.-Price of Farms,-Stumps.-Fences,-Farm Build- ings and Out-Buildings.-Drainage.-Farm Machinery,- Fertilizers.-Uncleared Lands.-Acreage and Average Pro- ducts.-Stock and Stock By-Laws.- Timber Lands.-Market Facilities,-Local Industries.-Mechanics, Farm Labourers and Domestics ,. - 63 VII. Public Schools of the County of York.-Division of the County for Educational Purposes.-Extracts from Reports of Inspec- tor Hodgson,-School Statistics,-Inspector Fotheringham's Report 70 PART III. \ TOWNSHIPS OF COUNTY OF YORK. York, Township of Etobicoke, Township of Scarborough, Township of - Markham, Township of Vaughan, Township of King, T ownshi p of Whitchurch, Township of - Georgina, Township of North Gwillimbury, Township of East Gwillimbury, Township of Newmarket, Town of Aurora, Village of Weston, Village of Richmond Hill, Village of Woodbridge, Village of Markham, Village of 77 - 97 - 106 - 11+ . 12 4 134 - 145 - 15 8 - 16 4 - 17 0 - 180 - 18 5 - 18 7 - 19 1 - 19 6 - Ig8 . .. Vlll. Contents. Holland Landing, Village of Stouffville, Village of - PART IV. CITY OF TORONTO. CHAPTER, I. The Town of York Founded II. York at the Close of the Last Century III. The Administrations of Governors Hunter and Gore IV. Brock and the \Var of 1812 V. The Advent of Dr. Strachan and the Fall of York VI. York, 1813 to 182 3 VII. \Villiam Lyon l\1ackenzie and the Rule of Sir John Colborne VIII. The Birth of Toronto IX. From 1838 to 18 5 1 X. From 1851 to 18 59 XI. The Six Years before Confederation - XII. Toronto a Capital Once More TORONTO: HER HIGHWAYS, INSTITUTIONS, AND INDUSTRIES Public Buildings - The City Government The Churches Universities and Schools Parks, Public Squares, and Cemeteries Charitable Institutions - The Press Benevolent and Secret Societies - Military Organizations - The City Clubs The City Hotels Financial Institutions - Cattle Trade Manufacturing Industries "Vholesale Trade - Retail and General PAGE. - 200 - 202 - 20 3 - 210 - 216 - 222 - 228 - 23 6 - 245 - 253 - 25 8 - 26 5 - 26 9 - 27 6 - 28 3 - 29 0 - 29 8 - 3 08 - 3 18 - 3 22 - 3 2 5 - 3 26 - 3 2 9 - 33 0 - 33 0 - 33 1 - 333 - 37 1 - 375 - 4 0 5 - 4 2 7 1..151"' OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ... PART 1. Louis Papineau Louis H. Lafontaine Sir George E, Cartier - Joseph Howe Thomas D'Arcy McGee Hon. George Brown Sir Francis Hincks PARTS n.-IV. Hon, Eùward Blake Hon. Alexander l\Iackenzie :\Iarquis of Lorne Earl Dufferin Toronto in 1803 First Church in Toronto (St. James') _ Parliament Buildings, 18 33 King Street, 18 34 Russell Abbey St. Andrew's Church James Ashfield Edward James Lennox \Villiam G, Storm Samson, Kennedy & Co.'s \Varehouse John l\Id\'lillan Elias Rogers & Co. . PAGE, - 43 7 1 99 - 113 - 133 - 153 -211 3 1 - II I - 143 - 159 - 20 3 - 223 - 239 - 255 27 1 2t)6 - 3 02 - 354 - 35 6 - 4 12 - 4 1 4 - 4+4 . PART I. . JJ lJriet Ijisforg 011 anada. . A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA AND THE CANADIAN PEOPLE. CHAPTER 1. PRE-HISTORIC C.A _\D_\, HE history of Canada is the history of three races,--the Indian, the Frenchman, and the English-speaking immigrant from the British isles or the neighbouring Republic, The Indian tribes had roamed over the unbroken forest that is now the Dominion of Canada, through ages that we can only approximately estimate by the guesses of experts in our pre-historic annals. Like the other inferior races of man, they have no annals, no record of their own past; but the record of race, stamped on skin and skeleton, would seem to indicate an _\siatic origin. In the part of North America south of what is now N e\v York State, the present race of Indians appear to have superseded a far more civilized race, the builders of fortified towns and permanent temples, who were well acquainted with the use of metals. But when, in the sixteenth century of Christian civilization, French and English maritime enterprise, born of the new birth of classical literature, discovered or re-discovered this country, the Indian race in Canada had not advanced beyond the civili- zation of the Stone A\ge. They were in some respects behind, they were in no respect in advance of, the human wild beast who was the contemporary of the mammoth and the cave-bear. Their spears and arrows were pointed with carefully-chipped flint, their knives were of clam-shells; qf the use of '" c.-"" fI' t.-: (f\ . ;.. \ . .'" ,..... pt . . -, r \' . ' ",: r G.4:J..' 2 Callad'l alld the Calladian People. metal they kne\v nothing; their dress was that of the earlier savages described in the legends of Hebrew and other primitive races, paint and the skins of wild beasts. They had no domesticated animals except a breed of dogs useless for the chase, which they kept for the urpose of religious sacrifice and of food. They had lived for unknown centuries with no home hut the forest, which they shared \vith the wolf, the bear, and the lynx. In architecture they were inferior to the brute instinct which had shaped the LIke cities of the beaver, the cave-sl}aped nests of the mole, the wax hexagon of the bee. The Indians of Canada represent its pre-historic age, It is impossible to estimate the date of their sparse and nomadic occupation of a country that, now civilized into farms, to\vns, and cities, supports an increasing population which to their feeble and shifting number is as a thousand to one, No doubt these inferiur races fulfilled a useful purpose, They were of some service to the first white immigrants into Canada. They guided Champlain up the tortuous courses of the Ottawa; their conversion from Fetichism to Roman Catholicism elicited the noblest missionary effort which the Christian Church has seen since its first century of miracles and martyr- doms. But they surpassed all other savage races known to history in cruelty, treachery, and revenge; and whenever, after a fashion, they have become civilized, they seem to have lost many of the virtues of savage life, It may be doubted whether the heroism of the French Jesuits does not count among the wasted efforts of man's noblest powers, The Christian- ized Indian is no permanent or prosperous element in the population of this country; his civilization is second-hand; disease and vice decimate his ranks; alcoholism fastens its fangs into his strength, An intelligent officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed at the Pacific Railway station of ::\Iattawa, in 1882, not long since expressed the opinion that the Indian tribes in the northern part of Canada will most likely be extinct before the end of another hundred years. \ Vhen the continent of America was first discovered, what is now the Dominion of Canada \vas inhabited by a number of sa vage tribes ,dlO, in their approach to civilization, were on a level with the negroid races of Africa or Australia, although to some degree surpassing them in courage and physical vigour. Of these, there were two principal di,-isions: the tribes of the Algon- quin race, and those of the Iroquois, since known as the Six Nation Indians. The Algonquins, as a rule, did not live in fortified villages; the solitary hunter wandered through the woods, or with wife and children erected t-he birch- Lark wigwam by the banks of some stream, whose plentiful supply of fish \\ould supplement the more precarious venison, In the tropical Canadian Pre-Historic Canada, 3 summer, life passed in Arcadian content. \Yith the Arctic winter came the severer struggle for existence against the wild beasts and the weather. \Vhen the long-hoarded supply offood, often little better than putrid carrion, became nearly exhausted, old people and women were knocked on the head, and can- nibalism became a necessity; the scanty supply of fuel, hewn with long-con- tinued labour of flint knife and stone hatchet, gave little protectio against the terrible winter wind which entered every crevice of the wretched dwel- ling. Deaths. from exposure thinned the ranks of the hunters; wolf and wildcat vainly strove to tear the marble-stiffened form frozen in the snow. _\nd still, with the conservatism of savage life, no advance was made, no protection sought against cold and hunger; the warrior in the brief hour of feasting forgot the sure approach of famine, and the terrors of winter descended upon his defenceless home, without any provision having been made against its approach. \ nearer approach to civilization was made by those tribes that, as a rule, lived in settled communities. Of these, by far the most remarkable were the Iroquois, whose organization, once that of the terrible Iroquois League, continues to this day in the Reserve on the Grand River, which the British Government granted as an asylum for their race, They formed a Confederacy originally seated in what is now l\ew York State, but whose hunting grounds extended, and whose villages were built, over the entire lake region and valley of the St. Lawrence. Their settlements were made up of a number of large houses, surrounded by a \vooden rampart. Each house was solidly built of wood, and well protected against wind and rain. It was generally from a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet long, and con- tained many fire-places, and a number of bunks, a few feet from the ground, on which the various families-men, women, children, old and young slept promiscuously together. Provision for privacy or decency there was none. Their only drink was the water of the stream; their food, meat or fish, often kept till it was putrid; their sole luxury, tobacco, that great gift of the K ew \Y orld to the Old, in return for which she had not yet received the more questionable gift of fire-water. The Iroquois have been aptly termed" the Romans of the "'estern \ V orld, .. Their political organization, with its extensive settlements of allied tribes and towns, enabled them to conquer the other Indian races in every part of Canada, to exterminate the two great tribes of the Hurons and the Eries, and to become an important ally to England in the wars of the French and English colonists pre\'ious to the conquest, and in the two wars with the United States which followed it. Enthusiastic writers on the romantic aspects of savage life have drawn rose-coloured pictures 4 Canada and the Canadian People. of the courage, the simplicity, the eloquence of the noble red man. But, looked at in the light of careful and patient investigation, the ways of the dwellers in wigwams lose much of this ideal colouring, The Indian Chief was not, 'as writers like the poet Campbell have repre- sented him, a hero king, like those of the Grecian årmy before Troy. He was simply a warrior raised above others by superior strength or cunning; with no authority of life or death; no power as a ruler, beyond what the influence he could exert in the interminable "\-Tangling of war-council might give him for the time. He was in no respect a member of an aristocratic caste; he fished and hunted just. as did every other member of his tribe; had no privilege of class, such as those of the chief of a Highland .clan, or an Irish sept. The most noted chiefs of even the most recent, and therefore the best, phase of Indian warfare, such as Pontiac or Tecumseh, were in many respects mere painted savages among their fellow-savages. The courage of the Indian warrior differed from that which in all civilized ages has been regarded as the essential attribute of manhood, He could die a death of horrible and prolonged torture without a complaining cry, but on the battle-field the Indian would rarely risk his life before an equal foe. A handful of Europeans, as in the case of the Carillon massacre, could hold hundreds of these wolves of the wilderness at bay. The Indian on the war-path resorted to every treachery, every coward's subterfuge of ambush and surprise. On children, women, and captives, he gloried in exercising cruelties of which there is no trace in the record of any other savage race, even the most degraded known to history. Of endurance of inevitable pain, these Stoics of the forest gave abundant proof; of pity. placability. chivalry, none. It is true that the annals of Iroquois warfare show no instance of treachery to allies resulting from mere abject cowardice like that shown by the Huron allies of Daulac des Ormeaux.at the critical turning point of the disasters of Carillon, But, in many respects besides this. the Iroquois stand alone among the Indian races, \Vest of the St, Lawrence Valley were two great tribes, the Huron and the Erie. Like the Iroquois and the more civilized of the Algonquin tribes, the Hurons lived in towns. \Yhen Champlain visited their settlements in the \Yest, he was surprised at the superiority of their villages, and at the cultivated ground covered with corn and vegetables, The religious chivalry of the French Jesuit missionaries converted, and might have civilized, the Hurons. But the torch and tomahawk of Iroquois warfare exter- minated the race as utterly as the Canaanites were destroyed from the face of earth by the pious zeal of the children of Israel. Nothing remains i Pre-Historic Canada, 5 of them but the name given to the lake by which they dwelt, the record of their slow and doubtful conversion by the Jesuits, and the mocking but brilliant romance written in ridicule of the Jesuit Relations by Voltaire.';' It is true that there are other remains in the huge bone pits found in the country once occupied by the Huron race, immense receptacles of human skeletons containing hundreds in one vast sepulchre. The existence of these places of sepulture is well expl ined by the account given by the early Jesuit missionaries, who witnessed the process of the formation at the loathsome Feast of the Dead. Every few years it was the Huron custom to exhume the bodies of all those who had been buried during that period. The bodies were wrapped in robes of honour, and carried into the houses where they had dwelt during life; there the festering remains were treasured for several days, then brought all together and thrown into a deep pit, as soon as the skeleton could be denuded of the last particle of flesh. Then, with endless oratory from a high plat- form, and a feast as of ghouls in presence of this foul spectacle, the " Feast of the Dead " came to an end, There were other feasts common to the Indian race, of all of which unlimited gluttony was the main feature. For drunkenness they had no opportunity till civilization came with the rum- bottle, which is so rapidly helping to exterminate their race. At some of the public dances and festivals, gir-Is and the younger women danced robe- less, as the witches at Faust's \Yalpurgis Xight, \ Yhen preparing for war, the usual council was held and the usual interminable speechification, characteristic of these grown-up children, was continued for days, Then, the warriors, smeared with paint so as to ensure disguise, issued forth, armed with flint-pointed spear, arrows, and tomahawk, to tread the war-path, Of all savage races, these alone practised the cruel and disgusting custom of scalping; a custom practised by Pontiac, Tecumseh, and Captain Brant, as ruthlessly as by the earliest and least civilized braves of Indian warfare. \s to religion, much has been said of the pure monotheism of the Indian race: of their hope in a future life, and \\ orship of the Great Spirit. C nscientific writers have found it easy to exalt this crude and shocking :\Ianitou worship to a level with the monotheism of Socrates and the New Testament. But those who have studied the abundant early records of Indian superstition know well that this, like e'"ery other savage race, never emerged from the stage of intermingled animism and fetichism, Animism is the superstition of children when they beat the ground against which they have fallen and hurt themselves. It is the superstition of savages when . .. Voltaire's Le Hur01l. 6 Canada and the Canadian People. they attribute a conscious life to the phenomena of nature. A more ad,"anced step in animism, the worship of deceased ancestors, the Indians never seem to have reached, Till they learned some vague monotheistic notions from the white man, their idea of a Great Spirit seems to have been extremely vague, and to have consisted in the worship of a number of " :\lanitous," good or malignant, who dwelt in forest, lake, or cataract, and whom it was well to propitiate with offerings of tobacco. Of a future state their notions were equally vague. It was a shadowy reproduction of the present life; a hunting-ground where good and bad fared alike, and where the ghost of the hunter flitted in pursuit of the ghost of the wild beast, accompanied by the ghost of the tomahawk, his spear, bow and arrows, and tobacco pipe. Poets, moralists, and romance \vriters, from \' oltaire downward, have delighted to pourtray the noble red man, the chivalrous and undaunted Indian chief, the lovely and faithful daughter of the forest. In all this there is little reality, .A sterner and coarser picture is drawn by the impartial hand of history, and by those travellers who have visited the less civilized Indian settlements of the present day in remote parts of Canada. It may be added that, unlike even the negroid race of Africa, the Indian has invented no art beyond the civilization of the Stone Age, One thing, among the most graceful although the simplest products of human skill, he has invented-the birch canoe; exquisitely proportioned, buoyant, yet so frail, and so unsafe in all hut the most practised hands, that it will in all probability pass away with the decaying race to whom it belongs, and who appear doomed to fade in obedience to that inexorable law of the non-survival of the unfit, leaving as their memorial only the strange music of their names for the rivers, lakes, and hills of a country which has become the Dominion of a higher race, , - , '... , , t...:.' ;: J.. : CHAPTER II. JACQUES CARTIER, l.:. .:;J .-fær ß . .. S the delusions of astrology and alchemy were the motive power . '(k of the researches w ich have given s the t ue sciences of ' '-, astronomy and chemIstry, so the favounte delusIOns of the last . century of the ::\Iiddle Ages gave to the world the boon which f" ranks with the invention of printing and the European Reyo- . . lution-the discovery of America. Men like Cartier, Columbus, the two Cabots, even Champlain a century later, dreamed of a passage across the \Vestern Ocean to India and China. And kings, like those who sent out these and other discoverers, had, as their chief object, the finding of a treasure-trove of gold and gems, But an impulse had heen given to European thought which stimulated maritime discovery as well as every other art, by the new birth of learning resulting from the taking of çonstantinople, and the consequent dispersion over Italy and France of the band of Greek scholars who held the key of ancient Greek letters, Among other arts, ship-building and navigation had now improved, the use of the bowline enabling mariners to sail on a wind, the discovery of the compass and of the method, as yet but imperfect, of taking observations, made long voyages through unknown seas possible. The trade with the Orient, hitherto monopolized by the Turk, was thrown open to Christendom hy Vasco da Gama's success in doubling the Cape of Storms, This last also led to all the maritime nations giving their attention to new methods of constructing ships large enough to undertake long voyages to distant seas. It WdS such ships, the first of modern naval art, that carried the discoverers of America- and Canada, There seems good reason to suppose that the hardy Norman fishermen had, with the Bretons and Basques, visited the Newfoundland fisheries for -.:enturies before the voyage. of Cabot. There is also a tradition of a 8 · Canada and the Ca1ladian PeoPle. sea captain from Dieppe, voyaging on the \frican coast, being carried by a storm across the \Vestern Ocean, and seeing an unknown land and river's mouth. This may have been heard of by Columbus, who, four years later, made his voyage of discovery, The alleged discoveries of Verrazzano are probably mythical, but they found a place in the compilation of Ramusio. and have ever since been commonlyaçcepted as veracious history, until within the last few years, during which the investigatiOns of distinguished American savants have caused them to be pretty thoroughly discredited. Suffice it to say that in process of time Canada was claimed by three European powers: by Spain, as part of her province of Florida, in consequence of the preposterous gift of the whole continent to the Spanish king by Pope Alexander the Sixth: by France, in consequence of the discoveries claimed to have been made by several navigators under the auspices of Francis 1.; and by England, in consequence of the undoubted discoveries of Sebastian Cabot. After the Treaty of Cambray, France began, in some degree, to recover from the exhaustion of the disastrous war into which she } ad been plunged by the ambition of Francis. The plans for Canadian exploration were re- vived by a young noble in favour with the volatile king, in \vhose schemes of gallantry and war he had shared. The king had appointed his YOllng comrade Admiral of France, and a fitting choice was made of one worthy to be entrusted with the task of exploration. Jacques Cartier, afterwards ennobled by Francis for his discovery of Canada, was a bold and experi- enced sea captain, a God-fearing seaman, fearless of tempest or battle, No part of France has produced a more fearless race of mariners than the rugged old town of St, :\Ialo, where Cartier was born. His portrait is still pre- served there, and we can judge, to some extent, of its expression by the familiar copies in this country. A face firm, yet kindly: the rough sailor's beard pointed after the fashion of the time, On an April morning in 153+, Jacques Cartier, being then in his fortieth year, sailed from his native town with two small ships, neither of them over sixty tons, and a crew of a hun- dred and twenty-two men. It was usual in those days to send out ships of war two at a time, for the ships were so built as not to carry anything but the munitions of war and the crew. An attendant ship held provisions and a cooking-room. Much space was taken up by the amount of ballast required to steady the ship, A voyage of twenty days brought 'them to 1\ewfollnd- land. Thence sailing to the south of that island, Cartier passed the Mag- dalen Islands, and entered a bay, which, from the heat of a Canadian summer's day, he named Baie des Clwlcur$, Having erected a large wooden cross as a sign of the claim of the French king to the whole Jacques Cartier, 9 country, a proceeding watched with dismay by an Indian chief, who regarded it as an act of sorcery, Cartier advanced up the St. Lawrence till in sight of the Island of Anticosti, when, dreading the storms already threatening, as autumn approached, he set sail for France. He first carried away two Indian boys, a more justifiable act of kidnapping than those of which he and others were afterwards guilty, since it was needful to pro- cure Indian guides who could understand the white man's speech, so as to serve as interpreters in future xpeditions. The news of his discovery was received with enthusiasm. Here was a chance for the French king to obtain new dominions in that lately discovered world, which was regarded as containing new EI Dorados and Empire Cities like those conquered by Spain. Then, the Catholic reaction, already gathering its powerful forces to repair the damage done by the storm of the Reformation, seized on the idea of converting the heathen, A new expedition was resolved on, with Cartier in charge, several of the young noblesse of France being under his. command-in all a hundred and ten souls. There were three ships, the largest bearing the memorable name of La Grande Hermine, 110 tons bur- den; the second, La Petite Hermine, and the third of lesser size, All con- fessed and heard mass in the Cathedral of St. Malo, and on the nineteenth of :\Iay, 1635, set sail from the rugged stone harbour of the Breton port. After a stormy voyage, they all met at the Straits of Belleisle, and entered a bay close to Anticosti, which, it heing the Feast of Saint Lawrence, Cartier named after the Roman martyr, St. Lawrence, From that day the saint b came sponsor to the mightiest river of Canada. Cartier's conduct in kidnapping the two Indian boys has been severely .blamed by the historian Parkman and other writers; but had he not done so, it is inconceiyable that he could have guided his squadron through the dangers of the first river voyage, Day after day they sailed up the gloomy stream, to the giant cliff of Cape Tourmente, and anchored beside an island. which, from its profusion of grape-vines, Cartier named after the god Bacchus. At last the squadron anchored in the River St. Charles, close to the site of Quebec, where then, under the shadow of the historic hill, an Indian town or village, called Stadacona, clustered its bark-built wigwams, The Indians received the Frenchmen with all kindness. The two Indian boys, fresh from the wonders of court, camp and city, told a tale of marvellous experiences in the land of the white man. Donnacona, the chief, was received anù feasted on board Cartier's ship, The Indians told Cartier that the entire region through which he was proceeding was called CANADA, out that the chief town was some distance up the river. After no slight difficulty in obtaining the necessary guidance from the Indians, whose sorcerers, dis- 10 Canada aud the Canadian PeoPle, guised as demons, with hideous paint and long horns, endeavoured to terrify the pale-faces, Cartier, with the smallest of his ships, a galleon of forty tons and sixty men, began to ascend the river. It was autumn: the unbroken forest on either bank lay reflected in the water; boughs where the ripe grape clusters hung from tree to tree; masses of foliage, lit with the colours which no other forest can emulate-the gold of larch or maplf', the flame-red of the soft maple, the garnet of the sumach. Amid the woods everywhere the song-birds thrilled the air. As the galleon sailed on, count- less wild-fowl flew, hoarse-screaming, before their approach. \t length the Indian guides signalled to beach the galleon. An Indian trail led them through the oak groves which covered what is now the site of :\lontreal to the Indian town of Hochelaga, surrounded with ripe fields of gold- coloured maize, Here the entire population turned out to receive the strangers with tumultuous welcome; men, women and children yelling and leaping in the wildest excitement at the arrival of those whom they looked on as beings gifted with a supernatural superiority, The town consisted of some fifty oblong dwellings, each housing a number of families, These houses were constructed of birch bark twisted around a number of poles. In the centre of the town was a large open space. Here Cartier and his friends were seated on mats upon the ground. Around them, row behind row, the warriors squatted, the women and children thronging. the outer area. There the chief, a palsied and repulsive-looking old man, was carried for Cartier to lay his hands on him and heal him. Cartier did not refuse to touch the aged and helpless limbs, and read a passage from the Gospels over a crowd of Lcd-ridden savages, who crawled out of their huts to he cured. This done, he distributed a lavish present of beads, knives and hatchets, to squaws and braves, The Frenchmen were offered profuse sup_. plies of food, maize and deer-flesh, which, however they did not accept. Cartier then was guided to the summit of the beautiful mountain, to which, in honour of Francis 1., he gave the name of :\Iount Royal. From that stately hill where now the traveller looks down upon a scene in which human art in its noblest forms mingles with and ministers to natural beauty; where the river, magnificent now as then, bears on its bosom the navies of the merchant princes of Canada, and where its waters are spanned by the vast granite arches of a bridge which is one of the wonders of the world; where one of Canada's noblest cities covers the site of the vanished Indian town-the illustrious discoverer gazed far and wide upon an unbroken mass of forest, stretching to either horizon and beyond, from the \rctic North to the savannah of Florida. Jacques Cartier, II After a stay of several days at Hochelaga, Cartier returned as he came, to Stadacona. There a rude fort of earth-works and palisades had been built, in front of which ships lay moored in the St. Charles River for the winter. Cartier and his company passed that gloomy season amid hard- ships innumerable, and suffered the loss of some of their best men. The Indians, at first so ready to welcome them, were no longer to be propitiated with wine and presents; the fickle savages became dreaded foes, and were excluded from the fort. At length the terrible blood-poisoning disease that comes with cold and famine broke out among them, An Indian, who observed the scurvy symptoms in Cartier, told him of the remedy, a decoction of the evergreen spruce leaves, A large spruce was cut down, and through six dåys the sick Frenchmen drank abundantly; the salts of potash contained in the leaves effecting a speedy cure. At length the long expected spring, dissolving the ice that bound their ships, set the prisoners free, Just before leaving, Cartier managed to seize Donnacona and several leading chiefs, and, conveying them on board his ship, sailed for France, This seems to us a treacherous act, though we must remember how strongly the Jesuit teaching pervaded the Catholic reaction. The maxim that it is lawful to do evil that good may come had been early impressed on minds like Cartier's. It was unfortunate for poor old Donnacona that he told Cartier all sorts of Indian legends of wonder-land of gold and jewels in the far \\T est. He must be taught to recount these marvels to the 1\Iost Chris- tian King, After all, the old chief was probably much better off than he would have been in his own wigwam, cared for kindly in a country where he was looked on with some sort of respect as an Indian" king," for the early French discoverers of Canada, with their feudal notions, regarded the chiefs as possessing a dignity and authority belonging to European kings and lords, The chiefs were baptised with great pomp in Rouen Cathedral, but all died shortly afterwards, ,\fter an interval of six years, another expedition sailed from St. Malo for Canada, A renewal of war between the Emperor Charles the Fifth and Francis had much abated the interest of the French in American coloniza- tion, The inducements already tried were not attractive. But a new court favourite, a nobleman whose title was the Sieur de Roher\'al. in Picardy, was appointed the first Viceroy of Canada, and managed to secure a grant from the king of sufficient money to equip five ships for the yoy.lge, The squadron was manned, in a great degree, by all manner of thieves and useless vagabonds, whom De Roherval had authority to impress from the puhlic prisons. Kept waiting for promised supplies, Roherval remained to obtain them, Cartier sailing at once for ewfoundlalld and the 12 CalZada and the Canadian PeoPle. St. Lawrence. Once more he anchored at the familiar mooring-place; but when the Indian warriors swarmed, as they had been wont, in their birch canoes around his ship to ask news of Donnacona, and were told by Cartier of his death, they withdrew in sullen discontent, Thus, Cartier's requital of the Indian chief's hospitality proved not only a crime but a mistake. Two forts \'..ere built: one on the height, one on the river bank. A little land was cleared, and seed sown, \Vhile this was being done, Cartier withdrew, with two boats, to explore the ri\'er. He did not succeed in getting "beyond Hochelaga, and on returning found that the expected supplies had not yet appeared, and the terrors of a Canadian winter must again be undergone, with deficient supplies, a thoroughly discontented crew, and the Indians alienated, Roberval did not arrive with the supplies till June of the next year, 1542, by which time Cartier had already quitted the colony, fearing to pass another winter such as the two that he had lived through. The vessels of the two commanders encountered each other in the harbour of St. John, Newfoundland. In vain De Roberval com- manded Cartier's return; that night his ships set sail for France, The sole result of this expedition was a few glittering scales of common iron pyrites which Cartier took for gold, and several quartz crystals, which he supposed to be diamonds. Hence its name was given to Cape Diamond, where he found them, It is pleasant to know that the discoverer of Canada met with no cold receptions on account of the scanty success of this expe- dition, He was created a noble by the king, and lived long to enjoy his dignity in the neighbourhood of his native St. Malo. De Roben'al qid not meet with better success. The expedition was ill provided. with provisions and other necessaries, They built a fort or barrack on the site of the former entrenchment of Cartier. .Again" the rigours of a Canadian winter came upon a French colony totally unpre- pared to meet them, They had to subsist on such fish as could he procured from the Indians, and on roots fried in whale oil. Added to this, the company quarrelled incessantly among themselves. To maintain discipline, De Roberval resorted to lash and cord for the sliahtest offence, Theft was b checked by hanging the first offender. Several men and women were shot. The colony was a hopeless failure. De Roberval returned to France, leaving a small garrison behind him, Sometime afterwards he again sailed for Canada with a ship-load of colonists, but he never reached his destin- ation, and is supposed to have perished by shipwreck. :\Ieanwhile the garrison he had left on the shore of the St. Lawrence joined the Indian , and degenerated into barbarism, Thus ends the first chapter of the French settlement. It is but the prelude to a nobler record, CHAPTER III. ! CARTIER'S S'CCCESSORS. v .....;& ' CRI G the next half century, the French Government and i,:} . noblesse, occupied in the disastrous civil wars, had no thought .4 . wha ever of Canada. The gen ration which knew artier had ji passed away; that of Champlam had not come, "\ et, through f all these evil years the barques of the Breton and Norman fisher- folk swarmed upon the Banks of Newfoundland, and returned to France full-freighted with the harvest of the sea, The still more profit- able trade in furs, too, became more and more an established branch of commerce between the Indians and the Frenchmen, who, building their huts on the margin of the St. Lawrence Gulf, found that, for a few trinkets, they could procure supplies of beaver and bear skins, walrus tusks, and the valuable furs of the smaller animals, such as the mink, ermine, and silver fox, then held in so much value in France, l\Iany of these married Indian girls, acquired the Indian language and habits, and made voyages in the canoes which traded to some distance up the St. Lawrence, But the noblesse had not lost sight of the advantage of acquiring new territories and new titles by enterprises of Canadian colonization. A very abortive effort in this direction was made by the :\Iarquis de la Roche, a Breton noble, who obtained from the king permission to found a colony in Canada. He repeated the mistake which had ruined the enterprise of Roberval. He ransacked the prisons, and brought together a company of thieves and cut-throats who were forced to embark in a small vessel, so deep-freighted with its cargo of convicts that the wretched men, leaning over the ship's side, could dip their 11ands in the water. By good seamanship, or good luck, they crossed the Atlantic, and reached a low stretch of sand-bank with breakers surging unceasingly over the skeleton of a wrecked ship, This was Sable Island, eighty miles off the coast of Nova Scotia. In ac- cordance with the cruel custom of the time, La oche landed his convict colonists on this dismal islet, while he and his sailors went in search of a suitable spot for settlement. But a storm from the west came on, and the tiny craft could do nothing else than run before the tempest, which speedily 14 Canada and the Canadia1l PeoPle. carried her to France, There La Roche was imprisoned by one of the rival leaders in the civil war, and, though oppressed by remorse for the fate of the unfortunates he had abandoned to almost certain starvation, could do nothing until five years later, when he was able to bring the circumstances under the notice of the king, Meanwhile, the con,'icts haYÏng learned to despair of La Roche's return, faced their miserable fate, The island, about three miles long, contained in its centre a small lake fed by a clear spring of fresh water. There were a number of wild cattle, the progeny either of some that 'had escaped from the "Teck of a Spanish ship, or of some left there eighty years before by the explorer De Lèry, ot a tree or shrub was to be found, but the sand-hills were covered with a coarse grass on which the wild cattle fed. Black foxes burrowed in the sand-hills; seals basked on the beach. On these they managed to subsist, eating the flesh, and clothing themselves with the skins. They contrived to construct huts with the timbers of wrecked ships, wherein, huddled together without a fire, these miserable outcasts learned to regret the warmth and shelter of the dungeons whence they h.ad been taken. Thus they liyed for five years, when a ship passing near sent a boat to the island and carried the survivors of the strange exile back to France, The king sent for them. They stood in his presence like \vild men, with hair unkempt and long shaggy beards,-their only clothing the skins of beasts. They had hoarded up a quantity of valuable furs, which had been taken from them, but were returned by the king's order, who also pardoned them and bestowed on them pensions, Once more a seaman from St. :\Ialo undertook the attempt at settle- ment. Pontgravé of St. :\Ialo, with the aid of Chauvin, a captain in the royal navy, obtained a monopoly of the fur trade on condition that they should found a colony. Their only th ught was of the trade; as to th colony, they brought out some sixteen persons in 1599, for whom they built a dépôt under the shadow of the gloomy, inaccessible hill-sides at the outlet of the Saguenay. Here a stone house was built, the first erected in Canada. But the colonists were utterly deficient in self-help ;lnd energy. Unable to face the horrors of winter in that dismal region, several of them died of cold and eÀposure; the rest, preserved by the charity of the Indians, were afterwards carried back to France, In 160 3, A ymer de Chastes, a veteran soldier and commander of the Order of St. John, had -saved the cause of Henry the Fourth at the most critical period of the civil war which ended with the triumph of I vry. A devout Catholic, De Chastes longed to deyote the last years of his life to the cause of his God and his King, He could think of no nobler achieve- Cartier's Successors. 15 ment than to win the wilds of Canada for the Cross of Christ and the Crown of France, King Henry readily granted to his devoted follower the title of Viceroy of Canada, De Chastes very wisely formed a company, thus sharing with others the profits to be derived from his monopoly of the fur trade, Of his party vere Pontgravé and a young soldier and sea-captain, named Champlain, of whose character and career we shall speak hereafter, as his is, beyond question, the central figure in early Canadian history, From Honfleur, Champlain and his companion sailed with two small ships over the ocean, through the gloomy St. Lawrence, past the majestic promontory of Quebec, from beneath whose shadow the Indian town of Stadacona had vanished; on, past lake and island, to Montreal. Here, too, the town of Cartier's day had disappeared, leaving no trace behind. The explorers vainly endeavoured to make their way in a canoe farther up the St, Lawrence; they were stopped by the whirling eddies and miniature cataracts of the rapids of St. Louis, against which these bold adventurers strove in vain to make way. Baffled for the time, they returned to France, only to learn that the death of the good De Chastes had probably put an end to their enterprise. Colonization, however, was once more taken up by a nobleman of high character for energy and valour, the Sieur de 1\1onts, who obtained from the king a commission as Viceroy of Canada, or rather of La Cadie or Acadia. The name of Acadia was soon afterwards restricted to X ova Scotia, The name itself is derived from a less poetical source, being the Indian for a species of small cod, called by the English the pollock. In De ::\lon1's commission Acadia included all Canada, with the entire country from Philadelphia northwards. As usual, the new Viceroy received a monopoly of the fur trade. Also a"s usual, he received and made use of the refuse of French society to be swept into the holds of his vessels, But he was fortunate enough to carry with him several associates of high rank and character, foremost among whom was the young Baron de Poutrincourt. Their adventure, now to be recorded, brilliant and memorable as it undoubtedly was, is but a prelude, and that a tentative and unsuccessful one, to the real history of Canada. \. .("'" "M.-... ) r '" ::>,w -L': l_'"':) . . -= .J'>- -- -. -.:;:? , ( '".?fi' ''''' '_ ' v c'\,.). _ )0 CHAPTER IY. I ' Ð7 \CADL\, < '- f . - -{ HE strangely-freighted ship in which e l\Ionts sailed with some :: I \ three-score soldiers t subdue a contment, s pported as h,e was ...1 by a company of thIeves and murderers, In order to WIn the '\ heathen to Christianity, held other strange and incongruous J& .G..': elements of discord. De :Monts was a rigid Calvinist, but at he French court, even in the time of Henry the Fourth, nothmg could be done without consulting the interest of ::\Iother Church, De :\Ionts had agreed that the converted Indian should belong to the Catholic fold, But, for the welfare of his O'\-\"n soul and those of his fellow Protestants on board, Calvinist ministers also formed part of the ship's company, During the voyage, priests and ministers engaged in perpetual wrangling on theological points; from arguments they sometimes fell to hlows; which, as Champlain quaintly says, "was their way of settling controversy." 1\1r. Parkman quotes a story, given in Sagard's Histoire du Ca1lada, to the effect that when they reached land, the dead bodies of a priest and a minister were laid in the same grave by the crew, who wished to see if even there they could lie peaceably together. At length the ship reached the southern coast of Nova Scotia. There they waited in a land- locked bay for the arrival of Pontgravé's store-ship, After a month, she brought their supplies, and De ::\Ionts passed on to the Bay of Fundy, and, sailing through its broad southern expanse, entered a small inlet to the north-east, which opened into a wide reach of calm water, surrounded by forest-mantled, undtÙating hills. This was the harbour of Annapolis, Poutrincourt foresaw the importance of this place as a site for a settlement, and obtained a grant of it from. De l\Ionts. He named it Port f-{!=>yal. They then coasted along the tortuous windings of the bay, and, returning, discovered the St. John River and Passamaquoddy Bay, At the mouth of the River St, Croix they formed their first settlement. They built houses, \\orkshops, and a magazine. Champlain tried to layout a garden, but the Acadia, 17 soil was too sterile. Poutrincourt then set sail for France, in order 'to procure supplies for his new domain at Port Royal. De l\Ionts was left behind on the rocky and barren islet which repre- sented his vice-royalty, The only civilized men in that vast region were the seventy-nine French exiles under his command, The brief summer had gone; soon autumn had passed as surely. as summer. The perpetuany eddying snow now covered ll things: the impenetrable wall of woodland, the marble-frozen stream, the pine-covered hiBs, The cold became intense, wine was frozen and served in solid lumps to the men, Scurvy broke out; they tried, but with no effect, to cure it by the decoction of spruce employed by Cartier. Thirty-five died before that dismal winter had ended. Dis- gusted with St, Croix, De :\Ionts and his followers moved to Annapolis basin, Thither their vessels transferred the stores and furniture, A portion of the forest was soon cleared, and the dwellings of the colonists were built. De ::\Ionts had been warned by letters from France that his enemies in that country were busy undermining his good name in the fickle favour of the court, in order to deprive him of the valuable fÜr monopoly. He therefore sailed for France, Pontgravé taking his place at Port Royal. He was coldly looked upon at Paris, Something had been heard of the snow-clad wilder- ness, the impenetrable fogs, the famine, and the death-list of the previous winter. Not even a priest would undertake the Acadian mission vacant by the deaths of those who had gone there at the outset. But Poutrincourt's zeal secured several followers who were destined to afford him admirable aid, Of these was Lescarbot, a lawyer and a good writer, who has left a history of this ill-fated settlement. In July, 1606, they arrived at the clearing in the forest, and saw the wooden for and buildings of Port Royal. They found there two Frenchmen only, and an Indian named Iernbertou. \nxious at the advance of summer, and fearing that De -:\Ionts might not return with supplies, the settlers had built two small barques and gone in quest of some friendly ships that might give help, A boat was sent in quest of Poutrincourt, who joyfully returned. Their friends met them at the vessel with arquehuse discharges, shouts, and trumpetings; -:\Iembertou's Indian warriors, whose wigwam was at hand, crowded to the fort, where they were feasted, and Poutrincourt broached a cask of wine in the court-yard. Soon after this supplies were again procured on a more 1iheral scale from France, The settlers took heart; Lescarhot made larger clearings in the forest, and sowe.d grain in the virgin soil. ear the fort gardens were laid out. The settlement semed to prosper. The bill of fare at the dinner-tables of Port Royal included trout, salmon, and sturgeon, speared through the river ice', and sea fish caught in the waters of the bay, 2 II I Callada and tlie Calladiall PeoPle. There was abundance of game: the venison of the moose- and caribou, the hare, the otter, the bear, furnished a list of good things not known to Parisian epicures. The wintet of 1600 was a mild one. Abundance of food, a generous supply of good wine, of which-the allowance to each man was three pints a day, warded off danger of scurvy. The firm rule of the noble Baron de Poutrincourt, and the buoyant energy of the not less noble Champlain, had turned into Christian order the outcasts whom he had gathered from the French prisons. There being no priest, the good Lescarbot read the Bible to the assembled colonists every Sunday evening. The accounts given by this good man in his History of ...Yew France read like an idyl. "On the fourteenth of January," he tells us, "on a Sunday afternoon, we amused ourselves with singing and music on the River Equille, and in the same month we went to see the wheat-fields, two leagues from the fort, and merrily dined in the sunshine." All seemed bright with hope, but all depended on the favour of a monarch too easily influenced by fair women and courtly priests. As Lescarbot and his associates were at break- fast, their faithful Indian chief, lembertou, came with news of a strange sail out of view of any vision but his own, although he had passed his hundredth year. The "essel bore news fatal to the colony, Their monopoly of the fur trade had been withdrawn by the king, De l\lonts and his associates had spent enormous sums on the colony; the king's breach of faith had ruined them. Lescarbot and Champlain sailed for France, and reached 51. l\Ialo in October, 160 7. But De Poutrincourt would not even then despair of his little republic. He obtained from King Henry IV, a new and more definite grant of the ownership of Port Royal; he sold property of his own; and associated with himself several men of good means and reputation. .\bundant supplies were obtained, and a ship's company of intending settlers a\vaited him at the port of Dieppe. A Jesuit confessor, a profligate queen, and a virtuous but fanatical lady of rank, combined to induce King Henry IV. to consent to the Jesuits having religious charge of the new colony. Now, Poutrincourt, although a fervent Catholic, disliked the Spanish Order of Ignatius, and objected to priests who intermeddled, as the Jesuits were forever intermeddling, no doubt having religious ends in view, with everything secular. The authori- ties of the Order named Father Biard, Professor of Theology at Lyons, as Chaplain to Port Royal; but De Poutrincourt eluded the indignant Jesuit hy a hasty departure for Acadia, He had with him a priest who was not a Jesuit. They both set hard to work, so as to gain such success in con- \ erting the Indians that King Henry might see no necessity for sending Acadin. 19 Jesuits to undertake the mission. Poutrincourt in this seems to have made a mistake; one that resulted in the ruin of his colony and himself, by forfeiting the magnificent reinforcement which that Republic of the Black Robe might have brought to his aid. To the student of human nature there is a melancholy såtisfaction in considering how this hater of Jesuitism sought to fight the Jesuits with their own weapons, by pushing with indecent haste the solemn work of conversion, merely in order to send, for political purposes, a long baptismal list of his converts to the king. The centenarian chief, l\Iembertou, was the first baptised; after renouncing" the Devil," whom he had served, and "all his works" which he had practised with conscientious thoroughness all the days of his life of a hundred years. His example was followed by the Indians of his village of four hundred braves, An epidemic of conver- sion set in, The water of the fort was supplemented by fire-water and good fare. One aged warrior, newly baptised, when about to die, asked, with anxiety which was evidently sincere, whether in heaven pies could be had as good as those he had eaten at Port Royal. In- a short time, Poutrincourt was able to send a baptismal list of portentous length to France, He despatched it by the hand of his son, a noble and gifted boy of eighteen named Biencourt. But Biencourt, when he reached Newfoundland, heard news which might have taught him that his mission was useless. The king who had given peace, order and plenty to France, the Victor of I vry, De Poutrincourt's friend, was dead, On Iay 14th, 1610, Henry the Fourth was stabbed to the heart by one of those political pests of whose execrable breed our own age has not 'as yet rid itself, Young Biencourt went to the Court and had an audience of the queen, the infamous l\Iarie de l\Iedicis, He found her altogether in the hands of the Jesuits, Two other ladies, then all-powerful in the Court, threw their influence into the same scale, Many other wealthy women were persuaded by their Jesuit confessors to raise an immense fund for the Acadian l\Iission. "ïth this at their command, the wily Order of Jesus completely out-flanked their enemy, De Poutrincourt. He imagined himself secure in the possession of Port Royal, which had been deeded to him hy the late king; a donation which, according to French law, could not be reversed, But the Jesuits obtained from the imhecile young king, Louis the Thirteenth, a grant of all Acadia, a term which, be it remembered, then included all Canada. They had, in their own words, hemmed in De Poutrincourt in his own narrow domain of Port Royal, as in a prison. And even in Port Royal they obtained a controlling voice, by purchasing, with mone," obtained from the . 20 Callada. and the Canadian PeoPle, ladies to whose profligacy they gave such easy absolution, a preponderat- ing number of shares in the company which managed Port Royal, and of which Poutrincourt was but a single member. And, as if that" was not enough, they contriyed to involve the foolish noble who had set himself against their powerful Order in a mesh of lawsuits, and even to throw him into prison, He was released, however, and returned to Port Royal. Young Biencourt could do nothing, He came back with the Jesuit Biard on board his ship. Their arrival was the signal for discord of all kinds, the death-knell of the prosperity which Poutrincourt had so fondly hoped, by his noble self-sacrifice, (0 retain, The son of Pontgravé had outraged or seduced an Indian girl, and Poutrincourt was resolved to punish an act so likely to cause ill-feeling hetween the Indians and the French. But the Jesuits sought out the youth, heard his confession, and gave their usual easy absolution, They insisted on protecting him, Poutrin- court, indignant at their interference, sailed for France, :\Ieanwhile, the colonists at Port Royal fell into a state of indigence and misery, aggravated by constant quarrels between young Biencourt, whom his fat.her had left in command, and the Jesuits Biard and Masse. The latter tried to live as a missionary in an Indian town, He failed; the filthy food, the filth, indescribable, of every kind; the incessant jabber of scolding women, the fleas, the smoke, were too much for the good man, He returned to Port Royal almost in a dying condition, The old chief, lembertou, had now come to the end of his long career. The Jesuits tended him most kindly, Father Biard placed him in his own bed, He made a most edifying end; the only sign of relapse being a wish to be buried with his heathen forefathers, which however he allowed the Jesuits to overrule, In the hour of utmost need a vessel came from France with supplies. It was sent by the fair penitents of the Jesuits, one of whose order, Father Du Thet, was on board, This ch fed Biencourt more and mo . Mean- ,,,hile, in Paris, De Poutrincourt being utterly powerless, the Jesuits and the frail court beauties-beauties of whose consciences they held the key- resolved to take possession of Acadia, and found a spiritual empire of Indian slaves bound body and soul to their sway, as they had already done with such unexampled success in Paraguay, Canada was to become a second Paraguay. A ship was freighted with all things needful for the establish- ment of a new settlement in Acadia, which should throw Port Royal into the shade, All kinds of necessary and comfortable things were put on board: horses, goats, agricultural tools, barrels of wine. She set sail in an atmosphere of religious incense and courtly perfume, Her commander was Acadia. 21 a brave and pious noble, named Saussaye, Arrived at Port Royal, they found their Jesuit colleagues and the Port Royal followers of Biencourt in the most miserable condition, digging for roots and living on what fish might be caught in the river. \\'ithout caring for the Port Royal colonists, they took the Je mits on board, and steered for the Penobscot, \Yrapped in the fogs of that" dreary bay, they prayed earnestly for sunshine, and lo! the curtain of mist was swept away suddenly, and they could see the precipitous cliffs of :\Iount Desert, rising like a castle, defiant of the army of breakers that stormed so fiercely at its fore. \\ïth a fair wind they entered Frenchman's Bay, and came to anchor in a haven east of l\Iount Desert. They landed, and raised a cross, when, amid a throng of friendly Indians, mass was sung, and incense mingled with the odours of the summer woods, The mission was soon settled, with every prospect of thriving, when an English ship from the colony at \Tirginia, carrying thirteen guns, swooped down on the startled French. The land they had seized was a part of the dominions of His Majesty of Britain, The thirteen guns opened fire on the feebly armed French vessel, which made a brave resistance, led by the Jesuit Du Thet, who died on her deck, sword in hand. The English destroyed every vestige of a building in St. Croix and Port Royal. Such was the ruin of Acadia; the beginning of a struggle which v. as to end on the heights of Quebec. . y],l:, ,... --.. - .. CHAPTER Y, c --- S.\l\lUEL DE CHA}IPLAIX, , ! . HE story of the rise and ruin of Acadia, told in the last chapter, is indeed but an episode in the history of Canada, which we now resume at one of its most interesting points-the explo- ration of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, and the great inland seas of our country; and the story of the foundation of Quebec, This was all the work of one man, who may well be called the Father of Xew France. All that had been done before his time amounted to nothing more than a mere recollnaissance. Samuel de Champlain was born in 1567, at Brouage, a small town on the Bayof Biscay, He was a captain in the navy, and a soldier of no little military skill. During the wars of the League he had done good sen ice for King Henry the Fourth in Brittany, and his prowess had con- tributed to the triumph of the royal cause at I vry, After the war he travelled all through the Spanish settlements in the \Yest Indies and South .\merica; an adventure of no slight risk, as the Spaniards, always averse to their South .\merican possessions being visited by foreigners, ,\ ere especially jealous of the French, Champlain's manuscript journal of his travels is still preserved, in clear, ,\-ell-marked characters, and illustrated by a number of coloured drawings, which, with a childlike disregard of proportion and perspective, yet give a sufficiently distinct idea of the objects represented. .\s has been said, Champlain accompanied De 1\Ionts on his Acadian enterprise. \Yhen that had utterly failed, the latter was easily induced by Champlain toehplore the St. Lawrence, and, hy,founding a French colony in Canada, deliver the heathen of that land from eternal punishment, so that they might become loyal subjects to His Iajesty of France and His Holiness of Rome, De :\Ionts eagerly adopted a project so full of piety and patriotism. He fitted out two ships, one in charge of Pontgravé, the other in charge of Champlain. Pontgravé, with a cargo of wares for harter among the Indians, sailed for Canada on the .sth of .\pril, 1608; Champlain ,.., , i i , F . ', .)J(,\ "' t )j; .. "'V- Samuel de ChamPlain, 23 left on the 13th, As he rounded the cliff which to the south-east of the St. Lawrence projects like a buttress into the' turbulent waters, he found Pontgravé's ship at anchor, and beside her a Basque vessel which, on some difficulty arising between the two captains, had fired upon Pontgravé, wounded him, and killed one of his crew, \Yith some difficulty, Champlain compromised the question at issue, and the Basques departed in peace to the neighbouring whale-fishery, Amid the desolation of sombre woods and hills, sombre even at this day, where after three centuries of civilization, the Saguenay rolls its sullen waters, ink-black, in the shado-w of the green rocks that guard its channel, Champlain encountered an Indian tribe, his alliance with whom was destined to exercise no slight influence upon his future, They belonged to the great race of the Algonquins, who 'were the hereditary foes of the Iroquois. The lodges of their village, wretched huts of birch-bark, feebly supported on 'poles, were far inferior in comfort and appearance to the fortified towns visited by Cartier at Stadacona and Hochelaga. These Indians called themselves Montagnais, They traversed the gloom of the surrounding ;"ilderness, armed with their . flint-pointed arrows and spears, in patient quest of the only wealth the land yielded-the fur of the fox, lynx, otter: the skins of the hear, wolf, wild-cat, and the various species of deer. These men circled round the French ships in their frail but exquisitely graceful canoes; and several of thcir chiefs were taken on board and feasted to the utmost conlentment of thcir gluttonous appetites. They promised to furnish guides, Pontgravé had now left for France, his vessel full-freighted with costly furs obtained hy barter from the Indians, Champlain held his course, for the second time, up the St. Lawrence, through scenes which in some respects civili- Lation has done nothing to change; where, now as then, the dark green wall of forest fringes the utmost marge of the precipice, and the towers and buttresses that guard the river are reflected in the sunless depths below, He passed where now a long-settlcd farm country, varied at every few miles by a bright, picturesque-looking village, meets the eye Of the tourist; where then the wilderness held unbroken sway. Soon he beheld once more the huge promontory of Quebec, towering like a fortress built by some god or giant to bar the rash cxplorcrs' onward way, _\t this point the lake-like expanse of the St. Lawrence suddenly narrows to a strait, whence the Indians named the place" Kebec," or .. Strait." Champlain anchored his ship at the old mooring-place where the River St. Charles enters the St. Lawrencc, The stone hatchcts of the aborigines were scarce capable of feHing a single tree without the lahour of several days; very different was the effect of the stcel axes \\ ith which ci"ili7ation had armcll the white man. 24 Canllda ll1ld the Canadian PL'oNe. 'Yielded by the strons arms of these resolute and hopeful "men, inspirited hy the presence and example of one who himself was a practised woodman, the gleaming a),.e-blades were smiting hard and fast all through the summer day; and eyer as they smote, the huge pines, that were the advanced guard of the wilderness, fell before them. Soon several acres were cleared. On the site of the market-place of the Lower Town of Quebec was erected a rude but sufficiently strong fortress, consisting of a thick wall of logs, defended on the outside by a'double line of palisades, and haying at its summit a gallery with loop-holes for arquebuses, On platforms raised to a level with the summit of the wall were three small cannon, commanding the approaches from the river. There were barracks for the men, and a strongly-built magazine. The outer wall was surrounded by a moat. Grain, maize, and turnip seed ,\ ere sown on þart of the land which had heen cleared; and Champlain, practical man as he was in all things, culti- vated part of the land close to the fort as a garden. Early in September Pontgravé sailed for France to report progress and bring back supplies, Champlain was left in charge of the newly-erected fort, to which its founder had given the name of Quebec, The mother city of Canadian ciyilization, the centre and shield of resistance to bloody Indian warfare, through a long and chequered history of nearly three centuries, Quebec has held the place of honour in the annals of each of the great races that now c mpose the Canadian People. The hero who was its founder had, like all heroes from Hercules down- wards, not only labour and pain to contend with; not only the hydra to smite down; he had to crush the serpents that attacked his ,york in its cradle, One Duval, a locksmith, had formed a plot to seize Champlain when sleeping, and, having murdered him, to deliver up the ship to their late enemIes the Basques, and to the commander of a Spanish ship then at Tadoussac. \ided by three other ringleaders, Duval had gained o"er nearly the whole of Champlain's garrison of t,,-enty-eight. Prompt measures were taken. ,\ shallop had lately arrived from Tadoussac, and was anchored close to the fort. Among the crew was one on whose loyalty Champlain kne'w he could depend. Champlain sent for him. and giving him two bottles of \\-ine, directed him to inyite Duyal and his three accomplices to drink with him on board the shallop, and while drinking, to overpower them. This was done that evening. At ten, most of the men in the fort were in bed, Champlain gave orders that the trumpet should be sounded, and the men summoned to quarters; they were told that the plot had been discovered. that its author would be hanged at da\\ .: \ ..::-;::: '\l .w e e ... ( ..7 ' . ) ., , .., CHAPTER YII. THE RECOLLET :\IISSIO OF CAX ADA, è,... , ' HE Recollet Order was a mendicant one, and as it strictly observed the vow of poverty in the spiri of St. Francis him- self, it had no funds to contribute to the new mission. However, . '\ the exertions of Champlain's friend Houël, who held the post of Com ptroller-General of the salt mines of Brouage, and of some others interested in the mission, procured enough money to enable the Fathers dedicated to it to proceed to the scene of their pious work. Those of the Recollets who had a vocation for the mis- sion to Canada were four, Denis Jamet, Jean Dolbeau, Joseph Le Caron, and Pacifique du Plessis. All confessed their sins, received plenary absolution, and set sail with Champlain from Harfleur. They reached Quebec in the last week of l\Iay, 1615, According to the custom of their Order in tinder- taking a mission in a strange place, their first proceeding was to choose a site for their convent, They selected a position close to the wooden rampart surrounding the fort and barracks erected by Champlain. They next set up an altar, decorated it with a crucifix and the mystic seven candlesticks, and intoned a mass beneath the blue vault of heaven, a fitting temple for the first mass eyer celebrated in Canada. Dolbeau was the celebrant. The entire colony of New France knelt on the bare earth before him, the naked savages from forest and river looked on in amazed perplexity, and as the host was held on high by the officiating priest, cannon after cannon sent forth its salute from ship and ramparts, After this the friars took counsel together in order to allot to each his sphere of labour in this vast harvest field of souls, To Father Dolbeau the l\Iontagnais were assigned as his peculiar care; to Le Caron, the distant tribes west and north-west of Lake Huron; Fathers] amet and Du Plessis were for thé present to remain in the convent at Quebec, Dolbeau, fired with missionary enterprise, accompanied one of the roving lodges of the Montagnais hunters to their winter hunting ..... . \ V\' \ : -. - ... .:õ.. The Recollet Jlissi01l of Canada. 39 grounds. Of these it has been said by a missionary priest who knew them well, that whereas the Iroquois were nobles of the Indian race, and the Algonquins the burghers, the :\Iontagnais were the peasants and paupers. Dolbeau was not of strong constitution, and was subject to a weakness of the. eyes, The Indian hunters treated him kindly, and shared with him such food as they used themselves: boiled maize, fish speared through the ice, and the flesh now and then of deer, bear, wild-cat, porcupine, and a multitude of other such animals with which the forest swarmed, But Dolbeau was expected, when the camp moved, to carry his share of the poles and birch bark of which their frail hut consisted; task too heavy for his strength, Day and night the icy wind swept through every crevice in the scanty walls. Day and night the pungent smoke from the wood-fire tortured the eye-sore missionary. The dogs, the intoler- able stench, the filthy cooking, the innumerable fleas, the scolding, the inces- sant chatter of women and children, made the good father's life a burden too heavy to be borne. At last he debated in the court of conscience and casuistry the question whether God required of him the sacrifice of losing his eyesight, and having most sensibly decided that this was not the case, he returned to his convent at Quebec, But in the spring of 1616, un- daunted by his experiences, a worthy disciple of the saint who embraced lepers, he went once more with a Montagnais hunting lodge on a tour through the vast sea of forest that extends to the regions of perpetual ice. He penetrated so far north as to meet wandering bands of Esquimaux, \Yhile the Recollet convent was being rapidly brought to completion by the willing hands of the brothers set apart for the duty, Le Caron had gone in a canoe to the trade rendezvous at " the Sault" (:\Iontreal), where were assembled countless canoes laden with furs, and a number of eager, chattering, gesticulating Indians, of the Huron and Algonquin tribes, Here Le Caron stayed for some time, picking up what he could learn of the Huron lancruacre and observinE! their manners. He succeeded in winning b b' u the friendship of several of the Huron chiefs, who invited him to accompany them in their canoes on their return voyage, and promised that they would convey him to the chief town of their nation, Carhagouha, and there build him a house and listen to his teachings, \Yhen Champlain anù Pontgravé arrived, they tried to dissuade Father Le Caron from his project of spend- ing the winter among these far-off savages. But in vain. The disciple of St. Francis had devoted his life to perpetual poverty; he knew no ambition hut to serve his God; what to him were privations? On the festival of Dominion Day in our modern Canada, July 1st, 161 5, Father Le Caron bade adieu to the scanty comforts of such civilization as 4 0 Canada and the Canadian Pcoplè, then was in New France, and embarked on board one of the large Huron canoes. Twelve French soldiers, deyout Catholics, attended the expedition, Day after day the fleet of frail but exquisitely graceful craft shot over the expanse of the un rippled stream; day after day the wondering eyes of the missionary must have rested on scenes of nature's beauty on which, scarcely changed since then, the tourist of the Upper Ottawa looks with such pleasure at this day. There, on either bank of such a river as the simple French monk had never seen before, was an everchanging Eden of maple, oak and beech; while, over all, the giant pines lifted heads defiant of the storm. Then, on countless islets of emerald green, summer had spread her honey feast for humming-bird and bee, The strange beauty of the forest, fresh with the life of summer, the colours and scents of unknown flowers, the ever-changing panorama of riyer, lake, and island archipelago, must have awakened new sensations of pious happiness and gratitude in the breast of the Franciscan missionary, The yoyage proceeded, As with slow steps the voyageurs carried their canoes hy the portage, long and difficult, that leads past the Falls of the Calumet, the pious Catholics must haye felt scandalized to see their heathen guides cast in their tobacco offerings to the guardian l\Ianitou, the water-fiend, as it seemed to Le Çaron, who had his lair in the recesses of those dark precipices crowned with sombre pines, or beneath the arches of those masses of descending water lashed into a sea of foam. The mission- ary tried to dissuade them from this act of devil-worship so abhorrent to his soul. But the Indians persisted in their act of unmeanillg superstition, saying to Le Caron that it was the custom of their fathers. On from thence the canoes held their way without interruption, past the mouth of the river which the town of Pembroke had not yet poisoned with the saw-dust of its lumber mills; on, where for seyen miles the river became a lovely lake. beneath the ink-black shadows and sheer precipice ot the Eagle rock (Cape Oiseau) till the roar of rapids and the death-dance of breakers fatal to many a gallant lumberman's boat warned them to the portage of De Joachim, Thence, for twenty miles, straight as bird can fly, the Ottawa lay pent between its deep and clark mountain shores. Thence past the Rocher Capitain. where the imprisoned ri\Ter struggles like a huge serpent between its rocky barriers; past the DeuÀ Riyières, where it escapes into a \\-ider channel; at length they reach the junction of the trihutary river '!\Iat- tawa. That scene is little changed since the seventeenth century. There the congregated hills, covered with gloomy frondage, still harbour the beasts of prey which have become e'\.tinct elsewhere in Upper Canada; there still the scream of the eagle is not yet silenced by the whistle of the newly arri,'ed locomoti\'e. .\scending the :\Iatta\\ a some forty miles the . . The Rccollct JIissiOll of Canada. 4 1 voyagers launched their canoes and men' on the marge of a limpid lake, bearing the name, as it does still, of the Xipissing Indians, All day long they saw leafy shores, and verdure-covered islands seemed to float by them in the depth of blue. Avoiding the villages of the ipissings, a nation who, as the Huron chief told the much-believing Franciscan, were a nation of sorcerers, and whose country, fair as it seemed to the eye, was the abode of demons and familiar spirits, they passed down the stream now called French River, and reached the country (near Lake Huron) of the Indian tribe afterwards known as the Clzeveux Relevés. These bestowed the most elaborate care in plaiting' and dressing their long black hair. They next reached the principal Indian town of Carhagonha, 'which Le Caron found to present a seeming approach to civilization such as he had seen in no othe rIndian community. It contained a multitude oflarge-sized houses, each with the household fires of many families, and was defended by a triple rampart of palisades, thirty-five feet high, supporting a gallery with a breastwork, whence stones and missiles could be hurled against a foe. Here, on their arri,-al, the Hurons huilt a house of suitable size for the missionary, who at once began his labours to teach and convert them. A few days after his arrival he beheld, with the joy of one who sees a brother from whom he has long been parted, Champlain and his ten French soldiers. The true- hearted priest pressed the illustrious soldier to his heart. Then mass was celebrated-the first mass in the country of the Hurons. The forest was Le Caron's sanctuary, the song-birds of midsummer were assistant choristers, the odour of a thousand blossoms blended their per- fume with the incense. Multitudes of the heathen beheld with a,,-e what seemed to them the ::\Iedicines of the "'hite :\lan, the monotoned pra) er, the g-orgeous vestments, the strange, s'weet chanting of the psalms, the altar with its mystic lights, the figure which looked on them from the crucifix with agonized face and tortured limbs, Thus did this brave Franciscan, armed with cross and breviary, carry the Cross into the very stronghold of sa,-age pagal1lsm, and, by offering the holy sacrifice of the mass at his mystic ..lltar, bid defiance to its lords. But our thoughts must turn from these wielders of the spiritual weapons to that great man whose influen e with the Indian heathen was far greater than that of any II Chief of the Black Robe," These benighted pagans were much more anxious for Champlain's aid with the carnal weapon. .\gain and again they prayed him to come once more to their aid against the common enemy, .\fter mature deliberation. Champlain and Pontgravé agreed that the wisest course for the good of .New France would be to throw in théir lot" ith the Hurons and .\lgonquins. to strike a hI ow at the Iroquois 4 2 Cauada aud the Canadian PeoPle. ascendency, and endeavour to form out of the shifting and disunited tribes of Canada a confederacy capable of resisting the formidable league south of Lake Ontario. Of such a confederacy it was intended that the French colony should be the centre, that its armies should be led and officered by Frenchmen, and that its bond of union should be allegiance to the faith taught by French missionaries. Thus the Indian race, indifferent to dan- gers from its numbers, and its skill in the tactics of the wilderness, would be ruled by being divided, It was a plausible, scheme, and to the last con- tinued to be the policy of the French colony of Canada. To a certain extent it was successful; the Algonquins were made the faithful allies of Xew France, the Hurons were exterminated in the course of the struggle, The French power stood in the path of the Iroquois power to the complete ascendency over all tribes north of the lakes, which they would, no doubt, otherwise have obtained; but the Iroquois threw in their weight against Xew France in the English war of conquest, as they did against American Independence in 177 8 , and American aggression in 1812. For New France to side with the Indian tribes of Canada against those south of the lakes was inevitable, but she thereby incurred the hostility of the boldest, best organized and mC!st terrible enemies that the savagery of the wilderness could match against civilization. A war council was held (June, 1615) at "the Sault," of the chiefs of the Ottawa Algonquins and of the Hurons. It was stipulated by Cham- plain that they should raise a force of twenty-five hundred warriors, to he in immediate readiness for invading the Iroquois territory, He himself would join them with all his available force of French soldiers. To this the Indian chiefs, after much discussion and many speeches, agreed. Cham- plain went back to Quebec to muster his force and prepare what was necessary for the expedition; but when he returned to the place of meeting he found that the volatile and impatient Indians had set fire to their camp and departed, taking with them, as has heen already related, the missionary Le Caron, But Champlain was determined not to be baffled by the fickle- ness of his allies, Taking with him only his French soldiers, one of whom was the trusty and intrepid Etienne Brulé, his interpreter, and ten Indians, with two large canoes, he made his way over the track of his former expe- dition up the Ottawa as far as Allumette, Beyond this he followed the course of the Ottawa, till among the sombre hills of :\Iattawa he reached its junction with the river of that name, Following- the course of that stream, and crossing Lake Kipissing, he reached the Huron country, not without having undergone severe suffering from hunger, for the ten Indians, with the usual impro\ ident glutting of their race, had gorged themseh"es ,I' \\' \.: :c-;/ /' ,,-.. t?ßÞ -'" h ...,.., r' ... .., , \... . " \ '.' ,,\, . I.. \ . : . ,,\t ...'..... .. . . \...'j. , :' ' " ':.\\' '.' . '\\ "': 't .... " '. .. : :. : . ""-'''''' 'I" I, ,' \ \\ 1 :: , _.\ 'i, \" ,\, \.: :. I.II'\\\ _\11 \ -..... .... ---...<:-) --,,1{ ', !l )i , ,7 ft _ ,,'. < '"--- /' }''''" :.. -" :. (I ,"-.:--...; II:\ l. , r '!L _, 7 ,-.....: "" -- :,' I' , 1 1 ':.:......'1 fi. }'- :- : }ì I ,/1 ' \ JY 7 'l j :-./ I" /\ .Ii-, ;' ,- . 1 I 'tt?'f , J) . 'tf :: --. ( I. . .... -- '-'" , 1, -v " ,., '" = g I . " ':. ',' " \, '.I ,,'I :'" .:- ',I :' ;- -\ , ;;:;:::;.. " -". \ ) 1f'1 ' /J ". . ..': ;'_.:.4;ti .. .../::i;; ;;;;J::!ff ...... z, ,:"'...:.'.. dØ - ;:5? / LOUIS PAPI!\EAP. t: The Recollet Jfissioll of Callada, 45 with the entire commissariat supply f.:>r the voyage, and they were glad to gather blueberries and wild raspberries for sustenance, Encountering some of the Chéveux Relevés Indians, of whom mention has been made. they found that they were within a day's journey of the great inland sea of the Hurons, Soon launched upon the broad bosom of the '.' Mer Douce," the Sweet-\Vater Sea of the \Vest, he held his course for over a hundred miles along its shores, and through the mazes of its multitudinous islands. Crossing Byng Inlet, Parry Sound and :\latchedash Bay, he reached, as the terminal point of his voyage, the inlet of the bay near the. present village of Penetanguishene, Then thè y ieft their canoes hidden in the woods, and struck inland for the Huron town Otouacha. Champlain found this to he one of the better class of Indian towns. It was of long, bark dwell- ings, surrounded by a triple line of palisades, and stretching far into the distance were fields of maize, the ripe yellow spears of grain sparkling in the sunshine, and the great yellow pumpkins lolling over the ground, _\t Otouacha Champlain met with enthusiastic welcome. "The man with the breast of iron" was feasted again and again, amid rows of stolid warriors squatting on their haunches around him, while the younger squaws handed round the huge platter containing boiled maize, fried salmon, venison, and the flesh of various other animals, not to be too curiously enquired into. Pending the complete muster of his Indian allies, Champlain made an extensive tour of observation through the Huron country. At Carha- gouha, as has been mentioned. he met the Recollet missionary, Le Caron, I-Ie visited a number of the Huron villages and towns, the largest of which was Cahiague, in the modern township of Urillia, This contained some two hundred of the usual, long, bark dwellings, The entire number of those towns in the Huron territory of sixty or seventy square miles was eighteen, according to Champlain's estimate, Cahiague was now swarming with hosts of warriors in readiness for the march. It was known that a neigh- bouring tribe had promised to send into the Iroquois territory a reinforce- ment of five hundred warriors, Of course, the inevitable feasting anlI speech-making went on for several days. .\t length the muster was com- plete, and, laden with their canoes and stock of maize for commissariat, they began their march. They crossed the portage to Balsam Lake, and passed across the chain of lakes of which the River Trent is one of the outlets. Those lakes are at the present day among the most desolate features of Canadian scenery, Nothing varies the monotonous wall of woodland which fringes the horizon. The canoe of the traveller moves along forests of reeds, hundreds of acres of e:\tinct forest growth- 4 6 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle. cemeteries of dead trees, with not a sign of life or movement, except when the cry of the startled crane or heron breaks the silence of the solitary luere. At length they reached, after many portages at the yarious rapids, the mouth of the Trent. \Yhere now the pleasant streets of the picturesque town of Trenton nestle amid the villas and gardens which fringe the Bayof Quinté, Champlain crossed the Bay close to the present village of Carrying Place to the township o,f .Ameliasburgh, in Prince Edward county, and, crossing the two-mile-wide creek which leads to the village of ::\Iilford, passed through the township of N orth I arysburgh to the lake shore beyond, Their voyage was prosperous; they landed on the New York coast, and, leaving their canoes carefully concealed in the wood, they marched, silent and vigilant as hyena or panther, through the forest to the south. After four days they reached a forest clearing, and saw the fields of maize and pumpkin, which showed an Iroquois town to be close at hand. Presently, they saw a large number of the Iroquois at work gathering in their harvest. \Vith their usual incapacity for a moment's self-restraint, and contrary to Champlain's orders, they yelled their war cry and ran to capture their foes. But the Iroquois warriors were armed, and offered a prompt resistance, fighting with such resolution as to turn the war against the Hurons, who were retreating in disorder, when a shot from Champlain's arquebuse drove back the pursuers, The Iroquois town was of consider- able size, and Champlain describes it as more strongly fortified than those of the Hurons. The rampart of palisades, crossed and intersecting, was four feet deep, They gave support to a gallery defended by a breastwork of shot-proof timber, well furnished with piles of stones for defence; while, as a precaution against an attempt by an enemy to fire the wood-work below, a wooden gutter ran round the walls, capable of being amply supplied with water from a small lake on one side of the defences. The Huron chiefs and "\varrior:s seemed to have no plan and very little heart for attacking the town. Their idea of a siege seemed to be to leap and dance round the palisades, screaming out epithets of abuse, and shooting their arrows at the strong, wooden buildings which they could not penetrate. At length Champlain called them together, and upbraiding them in no measured terms for their inaction and want of courage, proposed a plan by which the town might be assailed with more effect. Borrowing his tactics from the moveable towers of mediæval warfare, Champlain, aided by his few Frenchmen and the Hurons, constructed a huge wooden tower capable of commanding the wall, and with a platform sufficiently spacious to support a body of Frenchmen armed with the arquebuse. Two hundred Hurons The Recollt:t J[ iSSlO1l of Ca1lada. 47 dragged the tower, to which ropes had been fastened, close to the palisades, and the French arquebusiers at the top began their fire on the naked savages densely crowded on the rampart below them. The Iroquois stood their ground with rare courage, even when exposed to the terrors of a mode of attack to which they could offer no effectual resistance. But the excitable Hurons lost all self-control. Instead of making a united effort to storm the palisade under Champlain's leadership, they yelled, danced, gesticulated, and showered aimless arrows at the defences of the Iroquois, Champlain's voice was drowned in the tumult. The attack was discontinued after three hours; the Hurons falling back to their camp, which they had taken the precaution of fortifying, Champlain was wounded in the leg and knee by arrows. Losing all heart from their repulse, the Hurons resolved to remain where they were for a few days, in order to see if the five hundred promised allies would come; if not, to withdraw homewards. After five days waiting, they left their camp, retiring in what order they could maintain, and carrying in the centre of the main body their wounded, of whom Champlain was one, He was packed in a basket and carried on the back of an able-bodied Huron brave, :\Ieanwhile the Iroquois hovered on their flanks, At last the miserable retreat was ended. They launched their canoes and crossed the lake in safety, paddling over the sheet of water between the eastern mouth of Bay Quinté and \Yolf Island. Having landed, Champlain learned conclusively the value of an Indian's promise, The Huron chiefs, in return for Champlain's promised aid in '\ar, had undertaken that at the close of their expedition they would furnish him with a guide to Quebec. They now very coolly declared that it was impossible; he must winter with them, and return in the spring with their trade canoes down the St, Lawrence, And so the irregular army disbanded, each eager to return home, and all quite indifferent as to what might become of their late ally, Fortunately a chief named Durantal, an Algonquin, whose abode was on the shore of a small lake north of Kingstoll, most probably Lake Sharbot. offered Champlain his hospitality, \\ïth him the French leader stayed during the first part of the winter, Durantars dwelling seems to have been much more comfortable and better pro,'ided than most Indian houses. It was necessary to wait till the setting-in of the coldest season of the winter should freeze the marshes and rivers that lay in their path before they could make the journey to the Huron towns, Mean- time Champlain amused himself by sending the shot from his arquebuse among the multitudinous wild fo,.."l that flocked and flew around the lake shore. On one occasion he had a narrow escape from being lost in the woods. A deer-hunt was being prepared for, on the hanks of a small rin r . 4 8 Callada and the Canadian PeoPle. which had its outlet into the lake, They constructed two walls of forts connected by interlaced boughs and saplings, which, standing apart at a wide distance, converged and met, At the angle where they met, the walls were strengthened with timber on each side, so ås to form an enclosure from which there was no escape. The hunters then dispersed through the forest and drove the deer into the enclosure, where they were easily slaughtered, It happened that Champlain was posted deeper in the forest than the rest, and he was attracted by the appearance of a strange red-headed bird, unlike any that he had seen before, It flew before him from tree to tree; he followed, !:\,O absorbed in watching it that 'when on a sudden it took flight and disappeared from yiew, he had lost all trace of the direction whence he had come. He had no pocket compass, All round him was the mountainous maze of forest, no one tree to be distinguished from another. The night closed on him wandering and perplexed, and he lay down to sleep at the foot of a tree. The next day he wandered on once more and came to a dark pool, deep in the shadows of the pine woods, Here he shot some wIld fowl with his arquebuse, and flashing some powder among the dry lea,.es, managed to light a fire and cook it. Then, drenched by rain, he lay down once more on the bare ground to sleep, Another day and another night he passed in the same way. .At length he came to a brook, and following its course he reached the ri,.er just at the spot where his friends were encamped, They received him joyfully. having searched everywhere for him in vain. December. at last, brought the true, hard frost of winter; and after nineteen days' journey they reached the Huron town of Cahiague. There they rested for a few days. then proceeded to Carhagouha, where Cham- plain found the missionary, Le Caron, in good health, and still actiyely engaged in the good work of conversion, Le Caron had by this time made some progress in the mysteries of the Huron tongue, Champlain and he visited the Tobacco Nation, a tribe south-west of the Huron, and of kindred origin. They also visited the Cheveux Reln'és, to whose custom of cleanliness and neatness he pays a tribute of admiration, but justly condemns their total abstinence from wearing apparei. Champlain was about to proceed homeward when he was delayed by having to act as umpire in a quarrel between a tribe of the Allumette Algonquins and the Hurons of Cahiaglle, The latter had given the Algonquins an Iroquois. with the kind design that the .\lgonquins should amuse themselves by torturing him to death, The ungrateful .\lgonquins on the other hand adopted the man, and gave him food as one of themselves, Therefore a Huron warrior stabbed the Iroquois, whereupon he was forthwith slain: The Recollet JIission of Canada, 49 \Var would have been the result, but that fortunately they asked Champlain to decide between them. He pointed out to them the exceeding folly of quarrelling among themselves when the Iroquois were waiting to destroy them both, and certainly would destroy them, if they became disunited. He then pointed out the great advantages both sides would gain from the trade with the French, and urged them to shake hands like brothers, and be at peac . This good advice 'was taken, fortunately both for the Indians and for Xcw France, At last Champlain went homewards by the circuitous route of the Cpper Ottawa, while the frequent presence of roving Iroquois bands in the St. Lawrence region rendered it the only secure one. He took with him his Huron friend and entertainer, Durantal. At Quebec it had been rumoured by the Indians that Champlain was dead; great therefore was the joy of all the dwellers in <.Juebec, when it was seen that the Founder had returned safe and well. . 4 CHAPTER YIII. CHA IPLAI 'S DIFFICULTIES AT QUEBEC, :.. -/. o 1 _. ;,-.æ HAì\IPLAI found the future metropolis of New France in an '. unsatisfactory condi ion, Th.e merchants of his own co p ny ,1. lt: obstructed the p actIcal wO,rkmg o.f the schemes of colonIzatIon W for the forwardmg of wInch theIr charter had been granted, \Yhatever colonists came to Quebec were hampered and dis- \) couraged in every way, were not allowed to trade with the Indians, and compelled to sell their produce to the company's agents, receiving pay, not in money, but in barter, on the company's own terms, The merchants, not Cha'mplain, were the real rulers. But few buildings had been added. Champlain erected a fort on the verge of the rock over-hanging what is now the Lower TO\vn, and where still may be seen the ruined buttresses of the dismantled Castle of St. Louis, \ few years afterwards the Recollet friars built a stone convent on the site of the present General Hospital. The number of inhabitants at this time did not exceed fifty or sixty persons. These consisted of three classes, the merchants, the Recollet friars, and one or two unhappy pauper householders who had neither opportunity nor wish for work. Small as was the com munity, it was full of jealousies, and split up into a number of cliques. To other evils was added the pest of religious controversy, Most of the merchants were good Catholics, to whom any discussion or doubt of the Faith was a sin, But some were Huguenots, belonging to the most ignoble form of Protestantism, hecause the narrowest and most exasperatingly disputatious. The Huguenots would not leave the Catholics alone; they persecuted them with dragonnades of controversy. Forbidden to hold religious services on land or water in Ne\v France, they roared out their heretical psalms, doggerel that, like the English" Tate and Brady," degraded and vulgarized the finest and oldest religious poetry in the world. Added to this, the Huguenot traders of Rochelle carried on a secret traffic with the Indians, to the great loss of Champlain's company of monopolists. ChamPlain's Difficulties at Quebec. 51 Champlain was not discouraged, Again and again he visited France in order to revive the interest, always flagging, of the merchants of St. :\lalo and Rouen in the colony, epeatedly the post, which the opportu- nity of receiving bribes made a lucrative one, changed hands by purchase or intrigue among noblemen, the worthless bearers of great historic names. At last, with some hope that the merchants of the company would fulfil the promises they had made to him in 1620, Champlain returned to Quebec, bringing with him his beautiful young wife. As the boat that bore Madame de Champlain neared the shore, the cannon from the fort welcomed her to the colony founded by her husband. The story of their marriage is a curi- ous one, illustrative as it is of religion a la mode of the Catholic France of 1620. The lady was daughter of Kicholas Boulé, a Huguenot, who held the post of Secretary of the Royal Household, at Paris, und r Henry the Fourth. The marriage contract was signed in 1610, but the bride being then but twelve years old, it did not take effect till her fourteenth year, although 4,500 livres out of a 6,000 livres dowry were, it seems, paid over to Champlain, He, in return, bequeathed all his fortune to his wife, " in case he should die while employed on sea or land in the service of the King," The young Madame de Champlain was a Huguenot, but Champlain exerted himself to such good effect for her conversion that she became a most devout Catholic, and only consented to live with her husband on the under- standing that they .lived together as if unmarried, in a sort of celibate matrimony, familiar in the legends of monasticism, But at Quebec the mono- poly continued to palsy aU improvement. The few colonists outside the circle of merchants belonging to the company fell into the lazy, loafing ways of people to whom honest labour was forbidden, and even the Mon- tagnais Indians began to plot against the settlement. They and other tribes of cognate origin actually met, to the number, it is said, of eight hundred men, with the design of overpO\vering and destroying the colony for the sake of what plunder they could gain. But Champlain found out the trea- son they were plotting, and the wretched cowards and ingrates soon after- wards, being threatened with starvation, were fain to crawl to him for a morsel of food, "Then we consider the benefits which Champlain and the French colony under him had so freely bestowed on these contemptible savages-their battles fought against a nobler race of savages, their women and children fed, clothed and taught by ladies like Madame de Champlain- one is tempted to thank with some brief thanksgiving the beneficent law of the U nsurvival of the U nfittest. Their trihe and its kindred tribes have long vanished from our Canadian Province of Quebec, but the taint of their blood, no doubt, still lurks in the veins of some of the habiill1lts. 52 Callada alld the Calladiall PeoPle. But in the summer of 1622 a more dangerous foe descended on the colony of ew France, A formidable band of the Iroquois came to attack Quebec, but the dread of the \Yhite :\!an's thunder, and former experi- ence of the arquebuse fire, kept them from venturing too near the walls of the fort. The Recollet convent was close by, but it was built after the fashion of the block houses of a later period, and the upper windows com- manded all the approaches. The good Franciscans were equal to the occasion, and \..-hile some adùressed their prayers to the saints in the chapel below, the others, lighted match and arquebuse in hand, stood on the walls, ready to pick off the approaching foe. So the Iroquois withdrew, merely burning the Huron captives in sight of Quebec, as a hint of their intentions towards the garrison. So great. were the dissensions with regard to the fur trade monopoly, and so bitter the 'wrangling between the merchants of St. Ialo and Rouen on the one side, and that of Rochelle on the other, that the great noble who held the post of Governor of Canada suppressed the compåny formed by Champlain, and gave the fur monopoly into the hands of the Huguenot merchants, \\ïlliam and Emery de Caen. It must be remembered that the Huguenots of Rochelle had not yet broken out into open rebellion, and that their irrepressible self-assertion was backed by this influence of powerful robbers. The brothers De Caen undertook all sorts of pledges to support the Catholic missions, and to promote the interests of colonization, which pledges they respected as little as the company they superseded had res- pected theirs. Such confusion and ill-feeling resulted from their rule at Quebec that Champlain addressed a petition to the king. But a new influ- ence had come into operation at Paris, which was destined not only to set aside the ascendency of fanatical interlopers like the De Caens, but to influ- ence powerfully the whole future of New France, The worthless historic- named noble who held the post of Viceroy of Canada, becoming weary of the correspondence and worry It caused him, sold it, such being the political morality of France in those days, to another noble, his nephew. The lloblesse of those days, not yet ripe for the guillotine, were either profligates or fanatics. The new Governor of Canada was an amateur in the conyersion of souls. He had left his place at Versailles, and had entered into holy orders, His mind, such as it was, a Jesuit confessor directed, It was suggested to him that the strength of that m hty order which had been in part put forth at the ill-fated Acadian settlement might be exerted with happier results in converting the heathen in Canada. But the Jesuit enterprise in New France and in the Huron country deserves a chapter to itself. In the mean- time the influence of the elder De Caen was being attended with the worst Champlain's D f}icltlties at Quebec, 53 scandals in Quebec, He not only insisted on holding his interminable Huguenot services, but forced Catholics to join them, He was continually devising new insults against the Jesuit Fathers who had now undertaken the mission of Canada. And more than any preceding monopolists, he forced all trade with the Indians into his own bands, in one year exporting, in place of the ordinary number of beaver skins, which did not exceed twelve thousand, as many as twenty-two th')usand. In spite of the greed and the sinister bigotry of De Caen, the colony showed signs of improve- ment. The inhabitants of Quebec now numbered 105' Several families were self-.supporting, subsisting on the grain and vegetables yielded by their farms. Although De Caen, in direct violation of his solemn promise. long delayed furnishing the men and funds needed to rebuild the fort which was by this time untenable against an enemy, Champlain's complaints at length had their effect, and a new fort was begun. Happily for New France, there came into power at this time a ruler whose masterly intellect could appreciate the value to France and to Catho- licity of the policy which Champlain had so long been labouring to carry out against every hostile influence. Cardinal Richelieu, the Bismarck of the seventeenth century, ruled France in the name of the despicable imbecile who was nominally King, Louis the Thirteenth, He soon perceived the advantages of French supremacy in at least a portion of the New \Vodd. To the abuses connect d with the De Caen regime, he applied the effica- cious remedy of annulling all their privileges by a decree from that King who was a mere tool in his powerful hands. He then formed an altogether new company, that of the Hundred Associates, of which he constituted himself president. The investment at once became a fashionable one, Seyeral of the great nobles took shares; merchants and. rich citizens fol- lowed in their wake. They were granted ample privileges, no less than sovereign power over all the territory claimed by France in the ew \Vodd, a claim which, nominally, covered the ntire continent from the North Pole to Florida. They were granted, for eve.r, a monopoly of the coveted fur trade, and of all other cOIpmerce whatever for a term of fifteen years. All duties on imports were remitted. A free gift from the ,King conferred on the company two ships of war, fully equipped- for active service. This was in 1627. In 1628 the company were pledged to transport to Quebec several hundred artisans, and before 16+3 to import at least four thousand immigrants, men and women; to provide for their maintenance for three years after their arrival in the colony, and to gi\"e them farms already cleared. one but Catholics were to be admitted as settlers. His- torians like Parkman, to whom the commonplaces of nineteenth century . 54 .Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, 1> toleration seem applicable to all times and conditions of human society, ha\-e exclaimed against this exclusion of the Huguenots, and have speculated on the benefit to Canada of a large immigration of French colonists during the persecution, which forced them from the country against 'which they had so persistently plotted and rebelled during the seventeenth century. But New France's experience of Huguenot rule under De Caen does not support the conclusion that what is called Richelieu's bigotry '\vas anything else than political common sense. Unity was above all els needful in a com- munity whch, among the multitudinous savage nations around it, had count- less foes and not a single friend. The Huguenots had ever shown them- selves intolerant, tyrannical. and impracticable. A considerable number of them settled in Ireland about the close of the seventeenth century. The Protestant oligarchy opened its ranks to persecuted Protestants, many of whom bore the noblest French names. As a consequence the new impor- tation strengthened the hands of the oppressors of the Celtic and Catholic proletariat, and intensified religious bitterness. The Huguenot immigration to Ireland is perhaps no slight factor in the anarchic deadlock of the Ireland of to-day, Quebec was now in the utmost need of supplies of food, a famine being threatened. The new company showed its vigour by taking prompt meas- ures to avert this calamity, A number of transports laden with immigrants and abundant stores of provisions, seeds, and agricultural tools, left Quebec 111 April, 162 . They were destined never to arrive, though watched for week after week by the starving garrison, For, in the meantime, war had broken out between England and France, or rather between France and the worthless favourite who controlled the weak mind and weaker principles of the first Charles Stuart. The Duke of Buckingham had received a slight from the French Government. He forced on his country an abor- tive war in aid of the Huguenots of Rochelle, now in open rebellion against France. \Yhen war was declared, a favourable opportunity presented itself for taking possession of the French colony in Canada, The" cruel eyes that bore to look on torture, but dared not look on war" were turned greedily toward Xew France. And a Huguenot renegade was not wanting to be his tool in ruining Quebec, David Kirk, though on the father's side of Scotch extraction, was to all intents and purposes a French citizen of Dieppe. He was a zealous Huguenot, and with his brothers, Louis and Thomas, Kirk had been among the loudest singers of psalms, and wranglers in controversy, who had so troubled the peace of Quebec, For this he haJ been expelled by Champlain as soon as Richelieu's new company was established. He now saw his way to revenge, \\ïth true Huguenot hatred ChamPlain's Difficulties at Quebec, 5 against the country of his birth and the colony out of whose monopolised trade he had made a fortune, De Caen, through a creature of his, one Michel, whom C:harlevoix describes as "a fierce Calvinist;' " Cah,iniste !urieux," suggested a descent by a sufficient naval force on Quebec. The suggestion was at once carried out, David Kirk, who, as a mariner, had considerable experience, and knew especially well t e navigation of the 51. Lawrence, was appointed Admiral, many Huguenot refugees being under hIS com- mand, But at Quebec the colonists were confidently awaiting the arrival of the promised fleet laden with provisions from France. On July 9 th , 162 , two men from the outpost at Cape Tourmente made their way to Quebec, and announced that they had seen six large ships anchored at Tadousac. Father Le Caron and another Recollet friar volunteered to go in a canoe to ascertain the truth. They had not passed the Isle of Orleans when they met a canoe whose Indian crew warned them to return to Quebec, and shewed them a wounded man at the bottom of the canoe. It was the French commandant at Cape Tourmente, The six ships were English men-of-war, and their destination was to capture Quebec, Cham- plain had but scant means of resistance. The fort was little better than a ruin, two of the main towers had fallen, the magazine contained but fifty pounds of powder. For this, Quebec had to thank the malicious neglect of duty of the Huguenot De Caen. Yet, Champla"in resolved on resistance to the last; even with starving garrison and ruined fort he assigned to every man his post, and when some Basque fishermen brought a summons to surrender from the Huguenot renegade Kirk, he refused. l\Ieantime, the disastrous news had arrived that a battle had taken place between the four French ships of war and the squadron of six ships under KIrk. The French had been worsted, and all the fleet of transports, laden with the supplies so long expected, had been captured by the English and their Huguenot captains. \Yithin the walls of Quebec the handful of defenders were now brought to the last extremity . Yet so boldly defiant ,vas Cham- plain's bearing, and such his .character for determined courage, that the Huguenot feared to attack him, and cruised about the St. Lawrence gulf, doing what mischief he could by destroying fishing boats. In Quebec the population subsisted on roots, acorns, and a daily diminishing pittance of pounded peas. Champlain had even conceivftd a plan to leave the women and children whatever food remained, and himself, with the garrison. invade the Iroquois country to the south, seize on one of their villages, entrench himself thercin, and subsist ,on the stores of buried maize invariably to be found in Iroquois towns. Ieanwhile Kirk's squadron returned to England, and Qucbec, left "Úthout supplies, was almost perishing. But in July, 3 6 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, 1628, the English fleet came once more in sight, and though Champlain ordered his garrison, now reduced to sixteen, to man the ramparts, when a boat with a white flag arrived with a proposal to surrender, he accepted it, the conditions being that the French were to be conveyed to their own country, each soldier being allowed to take with him furs to the value of twenty crowns. The fort and the town were given up to the nglish, who made no harsh or unfair use of their conquest, The few farmers were en- couraged to remain, The Recollet and Jesuit l\Iissions were not interfered with, And so, for a short space the Red Cross flag 'waved over the rock of Quebec, whence, a century later, it was to flQat permanently, or until succeeded by the ensign of a new Canadian nationality, Kirk's enterprise was piracy, pure and simple, He held no commission from the English Crown, but so lax were the laws of maritime war at the tIme that a privateer 'who succeeded, at his own risk, in inflicting a blow on the enemy, was sure of countenance, if not of reward.. Kirk's piratical pro- ceedings were more flagrant, inasmuch as he well knew that before he began his descent on Quebec, peace had been ratified between the two Governments, \Vhen his squadron had reached the English port of Plymouth, Cham- plain at once repaired to London, where he induced the French ambassador to insist on the restoration to France of her colony, in accordance with the terms of the treaty, Neith r the French nor the English GO\'ernment set much store on the feeble trading post beneath the rock of Quebec, Kirk was commanded by the English King to surrender Quebec to Emery De Caen, who was commissioned by the French Government to occupy the fort and hold a monopoly of trade for one year, as compensation for great losses sustained by him during the war. \\'hy the renegade was thus favoured it is hard to say. Doubtless the great Cardinal's subtle policy had good reason. J; d J' _0 -..........: - .. b CHAPTER IX. CHA:\rPLAI GOYERKOR OF CAK AD.\. HE last real's of the heroic founder of New France closed with a picture of dignity and happiness pleasant to contemplate. Car- dinal Richelieu saw further into the future than the short-sighted sneerers at the arpents of snow and the handful of half-frozen settlers on the rock of Quebec. He saw that France should not be without a share in the vast inheritance which the other maritime powers of Christendom were portioning out for them- selves in the Kew \Vodd. Intercourse with Canada would prove an in-. valuable school for the French marine. And the fact that he, the Cardinal Duke de Richelieu, was at the head of the company whose possessions had been seized by foreign pirates, gave the ruler of France the strongest per- sonal motive for dispossessing the intruders, He knew of one man only who deserved the trust of ruling the new colony. By order of the King, Champlain was commissioned as Yiceroy and Governor-General of New France. Amid the pealing of the cannon from the fort, and the salutes of pikemen and musketeers, Champlain received the keys of the citadel from the crest-fallen De Caen, . For two peaceful years his rule continued. It will have been seen that Champlain's nature had ah\ays a strong tinge of asceticism, In his last days the fires of military ardour and of adventurous exploration seem to have died out. The stern, practical soldier spirit 'was purified and calmed. His main care henceforward was for the religious and moral interests of his colony. In this he was well seconded by the Fathers of the Jesuit missions \\.hose history will be given in another chapter. Under Champlain's rule Quebec became like a convent. Religious services were held at each one of the nine canonical hours from prime to compline. The traffic with the Indians for fire water was no longer permitted. Indeed it is a note- worthy fact to the credit of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada that they have from the first done all they could to suppress this iniquity. But '-"\. 58 Canaaa ana the C llaaiall PeoPle, the Indians were encouraged to yisit the fort, and when they did so they were kindly received, and encouraged by every means to enter the Christian fold. .\s the bells of the church which the Governor had built were ring- i g for mass on Christmas Day, 1635, the spirit of Samuel de Champlain passed quietly away, So, after many hardships, battles and wanderings, the life of one of the greatest men of his generation closed in peace and honour, and with every consolation of the faith he loved. The entire colony of New France attended his funeral. The funeral oration, in adequate terms of affection and respect, was pronounced over his remains by the Jesuit Father Le J eune; and over the spot where he was buried a fitting monument was raised. So passed away from French history the type of soldier, half hero, half saint-a type which another. ten years was to dis- play in Puritan England. OTE TO CHAPTER IX, Champlain was generally thought to have been buried In the Governor's Chapel. This is a mistake, He was buried in a brick vault in the church built by the Recollet Friars in 1615. The site of this church was in Little Champlain Street, in the Lower Town of Quebec. Some years ago a public officer caused an excavation to be made in the street referred to. He found a brick vault at the foot of II Break-neck Stairs." It contained a coffin with the remains, apparently, of some very distinguished man. The coffin and relics were handed over to the Cathedral authorities. The Archbishop of Quebec ordered it to be buried in the churchyard of the Cathedral, and record to be kept of its location, This unfortunately was neglected, But on examination of the vault, an inscription could be traced: II Samuel de Champlain." Champlain's wife survived him, and became an U rsu- line nun, in a convent founded by herself. CHAPTER X. THE JESUIT IISSIOXS. , e __ .r" !..-!!: S ,----.., E have described the apostolic labours of the Recollet Fathers --1. ,\ I " for the conversion of the Indians. But the field was too vast, "1\ ., ".. '- \ /.. and the resources at command of a poor community too ', ' ." slender, to support an enterprise so great, The Recollet { M,/ Þ Fathers suggested that the mighty Jesuit order might attempt < the work of Indian l\Iissions 'with better chance of success, The Jesuits came, saw and conquered, Their Canadian mis- sions include a record of martyrdom and apostolic labour without parallel since the first century of Chrisdanity, The history of Canada cannot be complete without some account of these men and their work. The first superior of the Jesuit residence at Quebec was Father Le J eune, who came to Canada when the piratical seizure of Quebec by the Huguenot Kirk had been annulled by order of the English King, to whose service Kirk professed to belong. Le Jeune arrived at Quebec on July 5th, 1632. He found the Jesuit residence a 1eap of ruins, the Huguenots having entertained a special hatred of that order. The earliest settler in )J" ew France had been a man named Hébert, who had by thrift and industry made the ground around his house for some acres a tolerably thriving farm, and had built an unusually commodious house. To that house Father Le Jenne now repaired in order to celebrate his first mass in the new country, He was received with tears of joy by the widow Hébert and her pious family. That first of duties performed, Le Jeune and his companions set themselves at once to rebuild their residence, with sllch skill and materials as they could command. and to cultivate anew the fields left waste so long. The residence was on the eastern side of the little ri\"er St. Charles, probably on the very spot where Cartier spent the winter of 1535' [t was fortified by a square enclosure of palisades, no unnecessary precaution. \\Ïthin this were Ì\\'O buildings, one of which was store-room, workshop, and bakery; the other a rude frame huilding, thickly plastered 60 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle. with mud, and thatched with the long dry grass from the river banks. It had four principal rooms, one used as ref ctory, a second as kitchen, a third as a sleeping place for workmen. The remaining or largest room was the chapel. All were furnished in the most primitive manner possible. The chapel had at first no other ornament than two richly executed engravings, but the Father had now obtained an image of a dove, which was placed oyer the altar, seeing \vhich, an Indian asked if that was the bird that caused the thunder. They had also images of the] esuit Saints, Loyola and Xavier, and three statues of the Virgin. Four cells which opened from the refec- tory gave lodging to six priests. First, Jean de Brebæuf. a noble of ancient family in Normandy; a man stalwart and tall, with the figure and mien of a soldier. Kext was l\Iasse, who had been the associate of Father Biard in the Acadian mission of whose failure we have made mention. There were also Daniel, Davost, De Noué, and Father Le Jeune, Their first object was to learn the Algonquin language. The traders, who did not love Jesuitism, refused to help them. At last, Le J eune sighted a hunter who had lived in France some time, and consequently could speak French or Algonquin equally well, This man, Pierre, was one of those outcasts who had learned only the vices of civilization, but whose want of practice in the woodcraft of ,savage life unfitted him to support himself as other savages do. By a presen.t now and then of a little tobacco, Le J eune prevailed on Pierre to become his private tutor, and speedily gained a working knowledge of the Indian dialect. To improve this, he resolved to accept an invitation from Pierre and his brothers to join their winter hunting party, l\Iany were the hardships that befel Le J eune in that expedition, His friends, with ill- judged zeal, had persuaded him to take with his provisions d small keg of wine. The provisions were soon devoured by the gluttonous savages, anù the first night that he spent with them, Pierre tapped the wine cask, got drunk, and would have killeù Le J eune had he not sought refuge in the forest, where he passed the night under a tree. By day he accompanied their march, carrying his share of the baggage. Towards evening the squaws set up the poles which supported the birch-bark covering which was their sole detence against an unusually severe winter. The men shovelled the snow with their snow-shoes till it made a wall three or four feet high, enclosing the space occupied by the wigwam, On the earth thus bared they strewed cedar or spruce boughs for a bed, A bear skin served as a door at the opening by which they entered; in the centre a huge fire of pine logs blazed fiercely through the night. At the top of the wigwam was an opening so large that Le Jeune, as he lay on his spruce bough bed at night, could watch the stars through it. In this narrow space, men, women, The Jesuit Jfissiolls, 61 children and dogs were hud,dled together. Attempt at decency there was none, Le J eune classes the sufferings he went through in this expedi- tion under four chief heads: cold, heat, dogs and smoke. Through crevice after crevice the icy blast crept in, threatening to freeze him on one side, while on the other the intense heat of the pine fire nearly roasted him. The smoke that filled the wigwam was an intolerable nuisance; when a snow- storm took place, it was often necessary for all of them to lie with their faces to the ground, in order to avoid its penetrating acrid fumes. The dogs were of some use, for by sleeping around where he lay they kept him warm, but they were in intimate alliance with another pest, the fleas, innumerable as voracious, which often rendered sleep impossible. At length he became so ill and worn that one of the better-natured Indians offered to carry him back to' Quebec. Their frail canoe narrowly escaped being crushed by the floating ice-masses, it being the beginning of \pril, when the ice fields break up, They ,vere obliged to camp as best they might on the Island of Orleans. Le Jeune narrowly escaped drowning, but his com- panion had sufficient strength to draw him up to the fixed ice, and at three o'clock in the morning the long absent Superior knocked at the door of the residence of .X ofre Damc des A llges, Our Lady of the Angels, It became evident to the Jesuit Fathers that their efforts would be wasted on the scattered and wandering \lgonquin hunters, and that in order to produce a permanent effect, it would be necessary to attempt the conversion of some settled race, the dwellers in village and towns. Such a race was that to which the Recollet, Le Caron, had made a mission journey which produced no converts owing to the brief period of his stay; the Huron tribes whose seventeen or eighteen to\\TnS had, most of them, been visited by Le Caron and Champlain. A description has been given in a former chapter of the superior agriculture and social organization of this race of Indians. They,vere akin to other powerful and settled communi- ties; to the Tobacco Nation whose territory was south-west of the Georgian Bay; and to the Neutral Kation which extended south towards i\iagara, between the Iroquois and the Canadian Indians. The Jesuits had ever before their eyes the great things accomplished by their order among a people akin to these Indians in Paraguay, Could the history of that success be made to repeat itself in Canada, what mattered the long and terrible journey through a ,\'ilderness haunted by savage beasts and more savage men, amid the gloom of pathless forests, hy rock and cataract, till the dism;ll travelled to a drearier termination? \Yhat mattered a life passed remote from every pleasure and every prize, amid the filth and squalor of naked savages; day after ciay attempting conversion that seemed hopeless, 62 Canada aud the Canadian PeoPle. rolling the stone of Sisyphus up an interminable hill? If the Church of God and the Order of Saint Ignatius Loyola could but gain thereby, what mattered the life of martyrdom, the death of fire? In July, 1633, the three priests chosen by their superior La Jeune for the Huron rission were introduced by Champlain to the assembled Hurons who had come down to the Sault prontreal), as was their annual custom, to trade the furs which they had collected during the winter. The three Jesuit missionaries were Brebæuf, Daniel, and Davost. Champlain earnestly commended them to the reverence and good offices of the Hurons, who made every promise of charity and friendship, as is invariably the custom of their race. But Champlain refusing to set at liberty an Algonquin who had murdered one of his French soldiers so angered them that they refused to take with them "the three Black robes." The Jesuits gave a year to quiet study ofthe Huron language at their convent. Next year the unstable savages changed their minds, and consented to carry back the missionaries. Terror of the Iroquois made it necessary, as usual, to take the long and circuitous route by the Upper Ottawa. The distance was at least nine hundred miles. The toil was severe, all day toiling with unaccustomed heat. and faring far worse than the galley slaves in their own country, since the only food given to them was a little maize pounded between two stones and mixed with water. There were thirty-five portages, 'where they had to carry the canoes, often by tortuous and difficult paths, round rapids or cataracts. :More than fifty tÜi1es they had to ,vade through the water, pushing their canoes before them by main force. Add to this, that the fickle savages soon lost their first good-humour, and treated the pnests as prisoners, whose work they exacted to the uttermost. Davost's baggage they threw into the river, and it was with the greatest difficulty, even when the party reached the Huron country, that the three priests made their way to the town of Ihonatiria. Here, at first, they were welcomed, the whole town turning out to assist in building them a house, \vhich was erected on the usual Huron pattern, but which they divided in the interior by a partition, into dwelling place and chapel. As long as the novelty of their visit lasted, "the Black- robes" were caressed and petted. The savages were never tired of looking at several wonderful things which the Jesuits brought with them, especially a magnifying glass, a coffee mill, and above all a ticking and striking clock. The Jesuits, as usual, neglected no means to impress and attach the Indians among whom they had cast their lot for life. They visited and tended the sick, baptizing any child that seemed likely to die. They gat ered the children to their chapel, and after each lesson gave presents of a few beads or sweetmeats. The children learned prayers in the Huron tongue; The Jesuit JIissiolls, 63 the ai'e, crcdo, and the commandments in Latin; and were proficients in the art of crossing themselves. The Jesuits also taught the Hurons to build fortifications with flanking towers wherefrom the arquebusiers could harass an attacking foe. All seemed to go smoothly for a time, Then came a drought, want of water, and fear of famine in the maize fields. The Black robes were sor- cerers; the huge cross, painted red, which stood before their chapel, had frightened the bird that brings the thunder. \Vorse still, a terrible pesti- lence broke out; all the chief medicine men of the tribe declared that it was the witchcrafts of the Black robes, their baptisms and crucifixes and other \Vhite l\ledicine which had brought the sickness, The lives of the Jesuits vere at this time frequently in danger. They faced it with courage as unflinching as that of any Iroquois prisoner whom the Hurons had tor- tured at the stake. In vain they toiled through the snowdrifts from one plague-stricken town to another, bending over the victims of pestilence to catch the slightest confession of faith uttered by that tainted breath, risking instant death from the parents who looked on baptism as a dangerous act of sorcery, and by stealth giving the indispensable sacrament to some dying infant with a touch of a wet finger and formula noiselessly uttered, They met with no immediate success, hut when the panic of the pestilence had passed off, the savages, ungrateful as they were, began dimly to recognize in the Black robes the goodness of superior beings. But the Black robes were no longer at their town, They thought it better to choose a more central position for a mission settlement, and chose a spot where the river \Vye, about a mile from its debouchement into :\latchedash ßay, flows through a small lake, The new station was namep Sainte Marie, It had a central position with regard to every part of the Huron country, and an easy water communication with Lake Huron. From thence Fathers Garnier and Jogues were sent .on a mission to the Tobacco t\ ation. Though they escaped torture and death, their preaching produced no effect whatever on these obdurate savages. \\'hen they entered the first Tobacco town, a squalid group of birch-bark huts, the Inùian children, as they saw the Black robes approach, ran a,,,-ay, screaming "Here come Famine and Pestilence." They found themselves everywhere regardeù as sorcerers, sent thither by the white man to compass the destruction of the Indians, In other towns no one would admit them into his house, and from within they could hear the women calling on the young men to split their heads with hatchets. Only the darkness of night and of the forest enabled them to escape, On Koyember 2nd, 16+0, Fathers Brebæuf and Chaumonot left Sainte 6+ Canada and the Canadian PeoPle. :\Iarie for a mission to the Neutral Nation, Their mission produced no other results than the curses and outrages of the heathen, But in the Huron country the Jesuit mission had begun to bear fruit. Each consider- able Huron town had now its church, whose bell was generally hung in a tree hard by, whence every morning was heard the summons to mass. The Christian converts were already a considerable power in the councils of the tribes, and exercised a most salutary influence in humanizing to some degree even their still heathen kinsmen. The Christian Hurons refused to take part in the burning and torturing of prisoners. In March, 1649, there were engaged in missionary work in the Huron country eighteen Jesuit priests, four lay brothers, twenty-three devout Frenchmen who seryed the mission without pay, and by their success in fur-trading-not for their own profit but that of the order-made the mission self-supporting, Fifteen of these priests were stationed at various towns throughout the Huron country; the rest at Sainte Marie, Every Sunday the converts resorted to Sainte :\Iarie from all the surrounding country, and were received with the most hospitable welcome, The august rites of the Catholic Church were cele- brated with unwonted pomp. Eleven successful mission stations had nmv been established among the Hurons, and two among the Tobacco Nation. The priests who served these stations endured hardships through which it seems incredible that men could live, To toil all day paddling a canoe against the current of some unknown river; to carry a heavy load of luggage under the blaze of a tropIcal sun; to sleep on the bare earth; in winter to be exposed to storm and famine; the filth and indecencies of an Indian hut: these were held as nothing, if only it was ,. ad majorem glorial1l Dei,"- I< to the greater glory of God," The first death among their ranks was that of De Noué, a Jesuit Father who was found in the snowdrift kneeling, his arms crossed on his heart, his eyes raiseà heavenwards, frozen wliile he prayed, The efforts of the Jesuit priests at last were being crowned with success, and the Huron country might have become a second Paraguay but for the annihilation of the Huron tribes, whom it had taken such heroic efforts to conyert. The fair prospects of the mission were overshadowed by a dark cloud of war as early as 1648. Had the Hurons been united and on their guard they might have been a match for the Iroquois, to whom they were not so much inferior in courage as in organization and subtlety. Father Daniel had just returned from one of those brief visits to Sainte Marie, which converse with his brethren, and some approach to stateliness of religious ceremonial, made the one pleasant event in mis- sionary life, He was engaged in celebrating mass at the church of his mission station of St. Joseph, when from the town without was raised Jesuit 1.11 issiolls. 65 the cry, "The Iroquois are coming!" '\ crowd of painted savages scream- ing their war-whoop were advancing on the defenceless town. Daniel hurried from house to house calling on the unconverted to repent and be baptised, and so escape hell. The people gathered round him imploring baptism; he dipped his handkerchief in water and baptised them by asper- sion, The Iroquois had already set the tow,n in a blaze. "Fly," he said to his congregation-" I will remain to stop them from pursuit. \Ve shall meet in Heaven r' Robed in his priestly vestments, he went forth to meet the Iroquois, confronting them with a face lit up with unearthly enthusiasm. For a moment they recoiled, then pierced his body with a shower of arrows, Then a ball from an arquebuse pierced his heart, and he fell gasping the name of Jesus. They flung his mutilated corpse into the flames of his church, a fit funeral pyre for such a man, This was the beginning of the end of the Huron Nation. Next year (1649) the Huron village which the Jesuits had named after St. Louis was taken by surprise. The priests of this mission station were Brebæuf and Lalemant. They were urged by their converts to fly with them into the forest, but reflecting that they might be able to cheer some of the congrega- tion in the hour of torture, as by baptizing a repentant heathen to snatch his soul from perdition, they refused to escape, Brebæuf and Lalemant, with a large train of Huron captives, were led away to be tortured, Th.e Iroquois then attacked Sainte Marie, hut the French laymen, with their hundred Christian Hurons, assailed them with such impetuous valour that they were glad to retreat to the ruined palisade of St, Louis, But before they left for their own country, on March 16th, 1649, the Iroquois bound Father Brebæuf to a stake. He continued to exhort his fellow-captives, bid- ding them suffer patiently pangs that would soon be over, and telling them how soon they would be in the Heaven that would never end. The Iro- quqis burned him with pine wood torches all over his body to silence him, \Vhen he still continued to pray aloud, they cut away his under lip, and thrust a red hot iron into his mouth. But the descendant of the ancient orman nobles stood defiant and undaunted, Next they led in Lalemant, round whose body they fastened strips of bark smeared with pitch. Lale- mant threw himself at 13rebæufs feet. "\V e are made a spectacle to the world, to angels, and to men !" he cried, in the words of St, Paul. They then fastened round Brehæufs neck a collar of red-hot hatchet-blades, but still the courage of the Christian martyr would not yield. A renegade Christian poured boiling ''w-ater on his head in mockery of baptism; still he would give no signs of giving way. This, to an Indian, is the most provok- ing rebuff. If he fails by his tortures to wring out a cry of pain from a 5 66 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, prisoner, it is held a disgrace and evil omen to himself. Enraged, they cut pieces of flesh from his limbs before his eyes, They then scalped him, and when he was nearly dead cut open his breast and drank his blood, thinking it would make them brave. 'An Iroquois chief then cut out his heart and devoured it, in the hope that then he could endue himself with the courage of so valiant an enemy. Next day the defenders of Sainte l\Iarie found the blackened and mutilated bodies of the two priests amid the ruins of the St, Louis mission. The skull of Brebæuf, preserved in the base of a sih'er bust of the martyr, which his family sent from France, is preserved at the nunnery of the Hotel Dieu at Quebec. Other Iroquois armies invaded the Huron country, and carried all before them. Fifteen Huron towns were burned or abandoned. The Jesuit Fathers resolved to abandon Sainte :\Iarie, and with a number of Huron converts which gradually swelled to over three thousand, sought refuge on an island in the Georgian Bay which they called St. Joseph. There they built a fort, and managed to sustain the wretched remains of the Huron nation through the winter, eking out what scanty supplies of food they possessed with acorns and fish purchased from the northern )dgonquins. \Yith the spring it was known that a large band of the Iroquois meditated a descent on their la t place of refuge. The Huron chiefs implored the Jesuits to allow them to remove to Quebec, where, under the shelter of the fort, they might enjoy their religion in peace. To this the Superior agreed. \Vith sorrow and many tears the Jesuit missionaries left the land which had been the scene of their apostolic labours, and where the blood of their martyr breth- ren had been the seed of a church which would have proved a centre of Christian civilization, ,. had it not pleased Christ, since they ceased to be Pagans and became Christians, to give them a heavy share in His Cross, and make them a prey to misery, torture and a cruel death." The Superior added, truly enough, "They are a people swept away from the face of the earth." Thus ended the Jesuit mission to the Hurons. It cannot be called a failure, for it succeeded in conyerting the heathen, and only collapsed by the extermination of its conyerts, . , CH.-\PTER XI. THE BEGIN:XI G OF MO TREAL, '\h'1 ,.... ..:::.. I{'I , ., ... . '" =?- =...:;".; . "\ ......"':: ..;:::::::.:::.-'" - (). ' :?.. \ , fb ... - ç''y; - :...'" I .. : _-. ": ',- ' LOUIS H, LAFO T.-\I E. - -, _ 0 - - - - - '"... , - ..... ...... ...... -" a- . ,.::;; - I .. ;? ... I. -f-'3:;,' :::: -ð' . . L_" -_ -.: . ft-1IIit- . _------=----, I __ - - _ - --------;--' I 1- .. -- CHAPTER XII. THE GOYER 1IEKT OF IOKT:\IAGKY. "t";r OR a year the new settlement of Vi lie Iarie escaped the notice , ' ') of the Iroquois, The settlers were therefore left unmolested <,.\ '", till they had entrenched themselves with a strong palisade, A ;-. birch bark chapel was raised above their altar, At first the , ' " whole community liyed in tents, but soon strongly-built wooden i'" houses were erected. and the first feeble beginnings of what should be a great city in the future began to shape themselves. The whole community lived together in one large house, with the Jesuit Superior, Vimont, and his brother priest. The life of the settlement was a simple and happy one, regulated in all things by the religious enthusiasm which was the life of the colony, The great event of each month was a festival, a procession, a high mass, in honour of some saint's day. Then the soldiers were marshalled under arms by Maisonneuve, The altar was decked with a taste which showed culture as well as piety, by lademoiselle Iance and Madame de la Peltrie, For this purpose they loved to resort to the neighbouring wood, and gather the l\Iay-flowers and the lilies among the fresh green grass. They were unmolested by human enemies, but with December came a rise of th St. Lawrence which well nigh swept away the entire village. In this their strait the pious Maisonneuve placed a large wooden cross on the margin of the rising tide, and at the same time he vowed a vow to the Mother of God that if it so might be that the advance of the waters were stayed, he would carry another cross, equally large, to the summit of the mountain, Our Lady of Gracious Help hearkened to his prayer, and the rising tide was stayed. Therefore, Iaisonneuve, bearing a heavy cross which the good Fathers had conse- crated, carried it to the topmost brow of the hill. \ \ïth him followed the ladies, the soldiers, and the other colonists. Long did that cross stanJ there. a sign of hope to the beleaguered inhabit,mts of Ville :\Iarie in many a bitter Jay. 7+ Ca1lad'Z and the Ca1ladia1l PeoPle, Ville :\larie received an important addition to its strength in the autumn of 16+3, when Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonges, a valiant and devout noble- man of Champagne, accompanied by his young and beautiful wife, arrived. She, too, was noble. \Yhen she was asked in marriage by d' Ailleboust, she refused him, having at the age" of five made a vow of perpetual chastity. To this refusal her Jesuit confessor objected, since her proposed husband was about to proceed to Canada, to devote his sword and his life to the service of the church in that distant land. It was most important that she should go with him to help in the good work. But how could her consci- ence be relieved of the vow she had taken? Her confessor suggested a means of escape. "Let the marriage ceremony be performed, but let hus- band and wife live together as if unmarried. A year after its foundation the Iroquois discovered Ville :\Iarie, Fortunately, very soon afterwards, d'Ailleboust, who was a skillful engineer, had surrounded the town with ramparts and bastions of earth, that proved a far more secure defence than mere palisades. One day ten Algonquins, flying from a band of Iroquois, sought shelter in Ville 1\Iarie. For the first time, the Iroquois beheld the new fortifications. They examined the place carefully, and carried the important news home to their nation. In the summer of 16+3, a party of sixty Hurons descended the St. Lawrence, laden with furs for the Ville :\Iarie market. \Yhen they came to the rapids of Lachine they had to land and carry their canoes by the portage, Quite unexpectly, they came on a large war-party of Iroquois, The Hurons, panic-striken, sought to gain favour with their enemies by betraying all they knew of the defences of their French benefactors. The Iroquois sent a party of forty warriors, who sur- prised six Frenchmen within shot of the fort, and having killed three of them, carried off the others for torture and the stake. It is satisfactory to know that the Huron traitors were, most of them, put to death that night by the Iroquois. Of the French captives, one escaped to Ville Marie, the others were burned alive with the usual tortures, It now became unsafe to pass beyond the gates of the fort without a vigilant and well-armed escort. From this time forth the Iroquois were in perpetual ambuscade, not only at \llle :\Iarie, but near a fort lately built at the central point of Three Rivers, and at another fort which l\1ontmagny had erected at the mouth of the Richelieu, to check the advance of the Mohawk Iroquois, who usually made their descents on the settlements by this river. At Ville Marie, especially, the Mohawk spies lay in wait; concealed in a wood, or coiled up, bear-like, in a hollow tree, a single warrior would watch for days, almost without food, for the opportunity of taking the scalp of whoever ventured unarmed outside the gate. But this danger was much lessened by the arrival from France The Government of JI ontmagll)', 75 of a number of strong mastiffs which proved to be most efficient in instantly indicating the presence of the Iroquois, so that it was no longer possible for the savages to lurk in the woods undetected, Among these dogs the most remarkable was one named Pilot, which every morning, followed by a strong detachment of her progeny, explored the outskirts of the fort. If anyone of them was lazy, or returned unauthorized to the fort, she bit the delinquent iìeverely. She could detect the presence of the Iroquois, even at a distance, by the scent, on which she would run back with loud barking to the fort. In 16++, a considerable detachment of Iroquois camped near Ville ::\1arie, intending, if possible, ,to surprise the garrison. But Pilot gave warning of their movements every day, and Iaisonneuve-a1though no braver soldier ever drew sword beneath the flag of France-thought it his duty to observe extreme caution in exposing his men to a fight with an enemy of far superior force, But his soldiers grew discontented at this forced inaction, They even so far forgot themseh'es as to accuse :\Iaison- neuve of want of courage. Hearing of this, Maisonneuve resolved .on decisive action. One morning in :\Iarch, while the snow still lay deep around Ville :\Iarie, Pilot ran into the fort barking furiously. The soldiers begged their leader to allow them to confront the foe, " Yes," said Iaisonneuve, "get r ady at once, and take care that you are as brave as you profess to be. I will lead you myself." All was made ready, and with guns well loaded, a body of thirty French soldiers sallied forth, Iaisonneuve at their head. They marched into the forest east of the fort, whence the barking of the dogs had first been heard, Suddenly from be- hind the trees started forth some eighty Iroquois warriors, who greeted them with a volley of bullets and arrows, Steadily the Frenchmen returned the fire, and several of the savages fell dead in the snow, The French had the advantage of being armed with the newly-invented flint-lock musket, while the Indians had only the match-lock arquebuse, Iaisonneuve, with wise precaution, ordered his men to imitate the tactics of the foe by taking shelter behind trees, But, being outnumbered, the fight was an unequal one, and it was necessary to retreat to the fort. From time to time, the French turned round and fired on their pursuers; but as they got closer to the fort, the retreat became a panic, and Iaisonneuve was left. alone. The Iroquois pressed close upon him, anJ might have surrounded him, hut that they wished to leave the honour of his capture to their chief. :\Iaison- neuve shot him dead with a pistol, and while the savages busied themselves with securing the body of their chief, the French leader made his way in safety to the fort. In 16+5, Iontmagny endeavoured to secure a treaty of peace with the 7 6 Canada and tlle Canadian PeoPle. Iroquois. He had succeeded in saving from the stake several Iroquois who had been captured by the Algonquins, These he sent back to their own country unharmed. The result was an embassy from the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois. The Iroquois, it will be remembered, consisted at that time of five nations, of which the Senecas and other western tribes were engaged in exterminating the Hurons, while the Mohawks alone carried on the war against New France. The :\Iohawk ambassadors were received by 1Vlont- magny with much pomp at the fort at Three Rivers, Endless speeches were made, endless belts of wampum were presented; one belt to unite the French and the lohawks as brothers; one belt to scatter the clouds; one belt to cover the blood of the slain Iroquois; one belt to break the kettle in which the :Mohawks boiled their enemies; and so on, through the endless maze of metaphors which constituted the oratory of these grown-up children, Peace was concluded, but l\Iontmagny overlooked the fact that it was only ratified by two out of the three trIbes of the l\Iohawk Nation, The clans of the \Volf and the Turtle seemed to have been sincere in their desire for peace; that of the Bear was unappeased, Father J ogues, a Jesuit missionary, was sent to the :\lohawk country by :\Iontmagny as a political emissary, The story of this man's life is a remarkable one. His portrait, as given by Charlevoix, presents a delicate, refined, almost femi- nine type of face; not by any means one that would typify the stoical endurance of Brebæuf, or the placid courage of the martyred Daniel. But, as has been well said, when inspired with the same holy enthusiasm, the lamb has proved as brave as the lion. Several years before, when on the Huron mission, Jogues had been captured by the Iroquois, from whom he suffered incredible tortures, but one finger being left on his hands. By the kindness of a Dutch trader, he was able to escape to France, where he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Numerous honours and preferments were offered him, Anne of Austria, the Queen of Louis the Thirteenth, kissed his mutilated hand. As Charlevoix says, he had all the more temptation to enjoy repose at home, because he must have felt that it was. deserved. But he would not be unfaithful to his vocation, and returned to Canada, His embassy to the :\Iohawks soon came to an end, The minority of the Bear tribe, being eager for war, desired to implicate the other Mohawks by taking the life of the French emissary, A sickness fell on the town in which he lived, The old cry was raised that the Jesuit was a sorcerer whose presence brought famine and the pest. ]ogues was murdered, happily without torture, by a blow on the head. So the peace of a few months was broken, and. the Iroquois terror once more haunted forest and stream. _\s the French King had decreed that the term of office for colonial The Governmcnt of J/olltmagny, 77 . governors should not exceed three years, Iontmagny resigned in 16+8, Th'e government of this nobleman was made illustrious by the foundation of l\Iontreal and of the Ursuline Convent at Quebec, and by his wise erec- tion of the Richelieu fort, He was succeeded in the same year by :\1. d'...\illeboust, who had taken a leading part in the settlement at Ville :\larie, and had afterwards been commandant at the important fort at Three Rivers. During the two years of his term of government took place the extirpation of the Hurons, a small remnant of whom sought' shelter in Quebec. At Lorette, a few miles from thence, their descendants are still to be found . . , though with ever-dwindling numbers, In 16+8 an envoy arrived at Quebec from the British colonies in New England, This was the first direct com- munication between the colonies of France and England. The Kew Eng- land envoy proposed a treaty for reciprocity of commerce, and an alli- ance between the colonies. The proposal was very acceptable to the government of New France, They sent to Boston, as their represen- tative, a Jesuit priest named Druillettes, Only three years before, a law had been passed by the New England Legislature that any Jesuit entering ew England should be put to death. It has been truly said that the men of Boston hated a Jesuit next to the devil or a Church of England minister. However, owing to his character of envoy, Druillettes reached the Puritan mother city in safety, and was hospitably entertained. He visited Boston again in 1651, in order to press on the New England government d'Aille- houst's wish for an alliance between Kew France and New England against the Iroquois, But then, as now, the New Englander was disinclined to fight for any interests but his own. And as to the plea which Druillettes urged, that it was the duty of the English colonists to protect his Huron converts against their heathen fellow-countrymen, the Puritans probably thought that there was little to choose between the heathenism of the Iroquois and the idolatries of the popery to which the Hurons had been converted. So the negotiation came to nothing, In the year 1650, that of the final destruction of the Hurons, 1\1. d',A,ille- boust resigned office, but settled in the colony where he died. He was suc- ceeded by 1\1. de Lauzon, who had been one of the leading men in Hichelieu's company. The prospeçts of new France were dark when he entered on its government, The Iroquois, flushed with their success over the Hurons, directed all their energies against the unhappy colonists, and their yet more unhappy Indian allies. None, without being armed, dared to plough a field or bind up a sheaf of grain, The dwellers on outlying farms had either to entrench themselves with strong defences, or to abandon their dwellings, As an illustration of the straits to which the colony \\-as reduced, the . , 7 8 Callada and tile Calladian P,:oþle. . following from the Relations for 1653 may be quoted: "The war of the Iroquois has dried up all the sources of prosperity. The beavers àre allowed to build their dams in peace, none being able or willing to molest them. Crowds of Hurons no longer descend from their country with furs for trading. The Algonquin country is dispeopled; and the nations beyond are retiring further away still, fearing the musketry of the Iroquois. The keeper of the company's store here in ì\Iontreal has not bought a single beaver skin for a year past, At Three Rivers, the small means at hand have been used in fortifying the place from fear of an inroad upon it. In the Quebec store-house, all is emptiness. And thus everybody has reason to be malcontent, and there is not wherewithal in the treasury to meet the claims made upon it, or to supply public wan"ts," An Iroquois band attacked Three RIvers, and killed the commandant, with several men, in a sortie from the fort. So critical was the condition of \ïlIe ::\Iarie in the year 1651 that l\Iaisonneuve went to France to represent the state of the colony. He obtained, chiefly from Maine and Brittany, a body of a hundred and five colonists, all well trained both in war and agriculture, whose arrival checked the Iroquois advance, and greatly served to build up the fortunes of Ville Iarie, By this time the fickle Iroquois seemed inclined for peace, which was accordingly concluded in 1655, and though the ,,,oar broke out again in a few months, ev.en this short interval of tranquillity was of great use to the colony. A number of Jesuit missionaries took ad,oantage of the peace, precarious as it was, to venture their lives in preach- ing the gospel among the Iroquois. The Onondaga Nation had requested of :\1. de Lauzon that' a settlement might be formed in their country, in consequence of which Captain Dupuis, a French officer of noble birth, was sent into the Iroquois country with fifty soldiers and four missionaries, \Yhen they left Quebec their friends bade them a last solemn farewell, not expecting to see them return alive from the land of those ruthless savages. The French force began to form a settlement in the Onondaga country, but the sleepless jealousy of the savage tribe was soon aroused against them. Jealousy soon became hatred. A dying Indian who had been converted warned one of the priests that the Iroquois had resolved on surprising and slaughtering their French guests. Dupuis resolved on a stratagem, pardon- able under the circumstances: he invited the Iroquois to a feast, gave them plenty of brandy, and when every man, woman and child, was perfectly drunk, he and his soldiers embarked in canoçs which had been secretly prepared, and made their escape. In 1658, Viscount d'Argenson became governor. He ascended the ri,-er Richelieu with two hundred men, and drove back the Iroquois for a Tile Gm'eYlt11lCIlt of JI Oil till aglt)' , ï9 considerable distance, In 1659 the celebrated De Laval came to Quebec as Vicar Apostolic, a step by which the Pope made Canada independent of the French episcopate. He was afterwards bishop, and by his arbitrary assumptions of authority was engaged in constant bickering with the civil O"overnment, In 1660 it became known to the colonists of Ville :\Iarie and r-, Quebec that a united effort for the destruction of those towns and of Three Rivers, and the consequent extermination of the entire French race, was meditated by the Iroquois. The danger was averted by an act of heroic self-sacrifice not unworthy to be compared with the achievements of a Decius or a Leonidas, \ young French nobleman, named Daulac des Ormeaux, with sixteen companions, resolved to strike a blow which, at the sacrifice of their own lives, might check the savage enemy's advance, at least for the present. They confessed their sins, received absolution, and, armed to the te th, took up their position in an old palisade fort situated where, then as I)ow, the roar of the Long Sault Rapids on the Ottawa blend ,vith the sigh of the wind through the forest. \Vith them were some fifty Huron a lies, who, however, basely deserted them in the hour of danger. \ \Thile they were engaged in strengthening their fortifications the Iroquois fell upon them. For ten days, and through incessant attacks, this handful of Europ ans held at bay the five hundred painted savages who swarmed, screeching their war-whoops and brandishing their tomahawks, up to the very loop-holes of the fort, but only to be driven back by the resolute fire of its defenders, The savages left their chief among the heaps of slain, Re- pulsed again and again, the Iroquois put off their main attack till the arrival of reinforcements, the chief body of their forces which was moving en Ville :\Iarie. To the last, Daulac des Ormeaux and his handful of gallant fol- lowers held their own against the swarming hordes. The base Hurons deserted, and, it is satisfactory to know, were nearly all put to death by the Iroquois. At length Daulac and his men, exhausted by their almost super- human efforts, as well as by hunger, thirst, and sleeplessness, fell, fighting to the last. Four only survived, of whom three, being mortally wounded, were burned at once, The fourth was reserved for torture. The Iroquois had paid very dearly for their victory over a handful of men, whose valour so daunted the spirit of the savages that they gave up their designs on the French colony. There was great joy in Quebec at this deliverance, and a solemn Te Dcum was sung in the churches. In 1661 the Baron d'Avaugour was appointed governor. He was a skilful soldier, and had seen service in the wars in Hungary. His term of office was embarrassed, like that of his predecessor, by constant disputes with Laval, chiefly on the subject of selling liquor to the Indians, to which . 80 Canada and tllC Canadian PeoPle, Laval, like all the rest of the clergy, was, on principle, opposed, D'Avau- gour at this time induced the French king to give up a project which many of the French court advocated-the abandonment of Canada. He also obtained for the garrison of New France a reinforcement of four hundred lnen. In February, 1663, a terrible earthquake affected the whole of Canada, the shocks being felt two or three times a day over a period of alf a year, o damage, however, was done to life, and very little to property. The Indians believed that the earthquake was caused by the souls of their ancestors, who wished to return to the world, D' A vaugour induced King Louis XIV, to abolish the Richelieu company, and to take the govern- ment of Canada into his own hands, Under the King, Canada was to be governed by a Sovereign Council, consisting of the Governor, the Bishop, the, Intendant, or l\Iinister of Justice and Finance, and five leading colonists, _\cadia, where the English, or rather the Huguenot Kirk under English colours, had destroyed every vestige of the French settlements, had been ceded again to France at the request of Cardinal Richelieu. It was divided into three provinces, under three governors, one of whom, a Huguenot adventurer named La Tour, intrigued and finally rebelled against the g-overnor in chief, Charnissey, in 1647. \Vith the usual Huguenot tactics, La Tour asked for and obtained aid from the English colony at Boston against his own countrymen, although England and France were then at peace. Charnissey remonstrated with the English, who proposed an alliance between his government of Acadia and New England. Having learned that La Tour was absent from fort St. John, Chai-nissey attempted to take it by surprise. It was gallantly defended by Madame de La Tour, a French lady of noble birth and of great beauty and accomplishments. Charnissey was forced to withdraw, after a loss of thirty-three of his men. He perceived during the siege that English soldiers from Boston, contrary to the treaty, were among the garrison. Enraged at this breach of faith, Charnissey seized and destroyed a ship belonging to New England. .\larmed at the danger to their commerce, the practical-minded Bostonian merchants sent no more aid to their unfortunate co-religionists. Again, and with a stronger force, Charnissey besieged fort St, John, Again, the Lady of the Castle, with a few faithful followers, beat back his thrice- repeated attack. The treason of one of the garrison enabled him to make his way, at an unguarded entrance, into the main body of the fort. But Madame de La Tour and her soldiers stood at bay in an outlying part of the castle, and Charnissey agreed to terms of surrender which he basely violated, He had the unspeakable wickedness to hang everyone of The GO ler1l1llellt of J! 01ltmagfl)', 81 these faithful soldi rs, and to force the noble lady whom they had served so 'well to witness the execution with a halter round her neck. The shock affected her reason, and she died soon after. Her husband had better fortune, \Yhen Puritanism, under Cromwell, became the arbiter of Europe, La Tour was appointed one of the three governors of ..\cadia, By the treaty of Breda, _-\cadia was once more transferred to France. Its history at this time contains little worthy of record. \\ïth a meagre soil and a sea- board ever exposed to invasion it was held of little conse,quence, either by England or France. 6 e-., ...... "",,,D '\Ø r f'. _'-'f. -, ,,'S.. 't' -=-' J, / """"', - ..... .' CHAPTER XIII. CANADA UKDER ROYAL GOVER :\IENT. r- ' 1fJ' - ARON D'A V AUGOUR was succeeded by the Chevalier de Mézy. - , , In consequence of the continual quarrels between the late Gover- . :tI f nor and Bishop La val, De l\Iézy had been chosen because, from u IT ttt" his ostentatious professions of piety, it was thought that he would -:í?f. be certain to act in harmony with the priesthood, so po\verful 'J in New France. This proved to be a mistake, Of De l\1ézy's government there is nothing left worthy of record. He quarrelled with two members of the Council, and, in utter contempt of law, dismissed them from office. This was trenching on the royal prerogative, of which his master, Louis XIV" was so jealous. \Vorse still, knowing that Bishop Laval and the Jesuits were most unpopular in the colony, on account of the tithes exacted by the Bishop, and the constant interference of the Jesuits in secular matters, he actually made an appeal to the people by calling a public meet- ing to discuss the cond uct of the officials he had displaced. This was the worst of all sins in the opinion of the Grand l\1onarque, Louis resoh'ed to make an example of De l\1ézy, He was superseded, and death only sayed him from being impeached in the Quebec court, Alexander de Prouyille, Iarquis de Tracy, was appointed by King Louis as Viceroy. He reached Quebec in 1665, bringing with him one who was destined to succeed him as Governor, Daniel de Rémi, Sieur de Courcelles, and 1\1. Talon, who was to fill the new office of Intendant, and prove one of the wisest and most successful fosterers of industry and colonization that New France has ever known. In the same year with De Tracy, arrived almost the entire regi- ment of Carignan, veteran soldiers of the war against the Turks in Hungary. \Vith them came their Colonel, M, de Salières. The transport which con- veyed them brought a considerable number of new colonists, and of sheep, cattle, and horses; the latter never before seen in Canada, although the Jesuits had imported some to their short-lived Acadian settlement. De Tracy's first care was to check the Iroquois. For this purpose he built three Canada under Ro)'al Government. 83 new forts on the Richelieu River, two of them called after his officers ::\I I. Sorel and Chambly, who were the first commandants. Meanwhile, three out of the five nations of the IroquQis had made peace. De Tracy and Sorel marched into the country of the other two Iroquois nations, who sued for peace, but who, with their usual perfidy, could not resist the opportunity to massacre a party of Frenchmen who fell in their way, Amon those murdered was a nephew of Marquis de Tracy. it so happened that several envoys from the Iroquois had waited on De Tracy, and were being entertained by him at dinner, One of the savages, flushed with wine, boasted that it was his hand that had taken the scalp of De Tracy's nephew. \ll present were horrified, and the :\larquis, saying that he would prevent the wretch from murdering anyone else, had him seized, and at once strangled by the common executioner. This most righteous punishment of course broke off the negotiation. l\Ieantime :\1. de Courcelles invaded the Iroquois country, After a toilsome march of seven hundred miles through wilderness and forest deep with snow, he marched at the head of his men, shod with snow-shoes, and, like the private soldiers of his command, with musket and knapsack at his back. \\ïth him, under La YaIlière and other French nobles of historic name, marched for the first time the representatives of that Canadian militia which has since gained such deserved fame for courage and every soldier-like quality. They found the Iroquois country a solitude; the men were all absent on expe- ditions elsewhere; the wOl'nen had fled to t)le woods. But this eÀpedition, made at mid-winter, struck terror into the hearts of the savages, and showed them that they were contending with a civilization whose power was greater than they had supposed, I t would exceed the limits of a work like this to give in detail all the benefits which Canada owes to the wise and virtuous Talon. I t was he that discovered the existence of iron at Gaspé and at Three Rivers; it was he that opened up trade with the Hudson's Bay Territory, and that suggested the mission of Joliet and larquette to the ::\Iississippi, He and De Courcelles resigned office in the same year- I6 7 I - 2 . The next Governor was Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac; a noble of high reputation for ability and courage, Taking advantage of existing"peace with the Iroquois, and with the consent of their chiefs, Frontenac built at the head of Lake Ontario a fort, called by his own name, I t stood on the site of the present artillery barracks at Kingston. The discovery of the ::\Iississippi by Joliet, although it took place in Frontenac's term of office, hardly belongs to Canadian History, ..\nother explorer, La Sdlle, sailed down the ::\Iississippi to the Gulf of l\Iexico, He received a grant of Fort Frontenac, which he rebuilt with stone walls and bastions. \ few miles R4- Canada and the Canadian People. ahove K iagara Falls he built a ship of sixty tons and seven guns, .which he called the Griffon, In this vessel he sailed to Lake Michigan, On his return he sent hack the Griffon laden with furs, but, she was never seen again, and is believed to have foundered in a storm, Frontenac was much harassed by disputes with Laval and the clergy on the old vexed question of the }liquor trade, to which they were opposed. In 1682 he was succeeded as Governor by :\1. de La Barre, The Iroquois onc more began to give trouhle by endeavouring to take what remained of the fur trade out of the hands of the French, and transfer it to the British colonies. La Barre, with two hundred soldiers, marched into the Iroquois country; but sickness and a badly managed commissariat made his expedition a failure, and cancelled the influence which the successes of the three pre- vious Governors had won over the savages. He was recalled in 1685, and the Marquis de Denonville took his place, Denonville's administration marks the lowest point in the fortunes of New France, which now contained about ten thousand colonists. He was meditating an attack on the Iro- quois, when, in 1686, he received a letter from the English Governor of Kew York, warning him that the Iroquois were now subjects of the King of England, and therefore must not be molested by the French. But Denon- \"ille was about to strike the Iroquois with weapons that were not carnal; he was ahout to degrade himself by fighting them with their own favourite arms, dissimulation and treachery, Through the influence of the mission- aries in the Iroquois country, he called a meeting of the chiefs at Fort Frontenac, where he had them seized and sent in chains to France to work as galley-slaves. Even the selfish tyrant on the throne of France was ashamed of an act like this, and wrote to reprimand his viceroy, Denon- ville meantim collected as many Iroquois as he could lay hands upon, intending to send them also to the galleys; but an order from the King released these and the other victims, Denonville's act was not only a great crime, but a still greater mistake. Strange to say, the Iroquois did not visit it on the missionaries who lived in their country. They said to the Jesuits, .. 0 men of the Black Robe, we have a right to hate you but we do not hate you ! Your heart has had no share in the wrong that has been done to us. But you must leave us. \\"hen our young men sing the song of war, haply they might injure you in their fury, Therefore, go in peace:' And so the Iroquois chiefs sent away the missionaries, under the protection' of armed guides, who escorted them to Quebec. F or some time all seep1ed tranquil. ,\ raid made by Denonville into the Iroquois country led to no adequate result; and an Indian ofthe Huron race, known as" The Rat," whom Raynal terms" the :\Iachiavel of the \\ïlderness;' complicated matters still further, Canada under Ro)'al Government, 85 by seizing some Iroquois envoys who were on the way to treat of peace with Denonville, Of these" The Rat" murdered one, and having captured the rest, told them that this was done by Denonville's orders, but that he would set them free. This of course infuriated the Iroquois still more. .. I have killed the Peace!" said the Rat, \Vith the accession of \Villiam III, and Iary, war broke out between England and France, the first of the wars between their rival. colonies. In that war the Iroquois gave their powerf,ll support to New York and New England. But they had a private grudge for which a signal vengeance was to be exacted. On the night of August 5th, 1689, all was still in the picturesque village of Lachine, The industrious inhabitants, weary with the day's work in their harvest fields, lay asleep none the less soundly for a storm of hail which swept on their village from the lake, Under cover of this storm, which effectually disguised the noise of their landing, a force of many hundreds of Iroquois warriors, armed and painted, made a descent upon Lachine. Through the night they noiselessly surrounded every building in tl'ie village. \Vith morning's dawn the fearful war-whoop awoke men, women, and children to their dawn of torture and death. The village was fired, By the light of its flames in the early morn the horror-stricken inhabitants of Montreal could see from their forti- fications the cruelties that preceded the massacre, It is said that the Iro- quois indulged very freely in the fire water of the Lachine merchants, and that had the defendants of Yille :\larie been prompt to avail themselves of the opportunity, the drunken wolves might have been butchered like swine. Paralyzed by the horrors they had witnessed, the French let the occasion slip, After feasting all day, at nightfall the såvages withdrew to the main- land, not, however, without signifying by yells, repeated to the number of Plinety, how many prisoners they carried away. From the ramparts of Yille :\Iarie, and amid the hlackened ruins of Lachine, the garrison watched the fiercely-burning fires on the opposite shore, kindled for what purposes. of nameless horror they knew too well. Panic-stricken, the French blew up Fort Frontenac and withdrew to :\Iontreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec, to which towns the French posses- sions in Canada were now reduced, In this crisis Frontenac, superseding the incompetent Denonville, was once more sent to govern !\ew France, He at once organized three expeditions, wliich invaded and ravaged wllLlt are now the States of Xew York, New Hampshire, and Iaine, In retalia- tion, th British sent two expeditions against Canada, The first. under General \ \ïnthrop, broke down before it reached :\Iontreal. The second, a fleet of twenty-two ships of war, was directed against Quebec, but owing to Frontenac's vigorous resistance, was forced to withdraw, abandoning-its 6 Callada alld the Canadian People, artillery to the Canadians. In honour of this success a church was built in Quebec and dedicated to " Notre Dame des Victoircs." Next year another attack on 1Iontreal by the English was repulsed, This war between the colonies, which is called" King \\ïlliam's war," was brought to a close by Úle treaty of Ryswick in 1697, The yeteran soldier De Frontenac died at QueLec in the year 1698, and was succeeded by one of his lieutenants, 1\1. de Callières, In 1701 war broke out again between France and England, and, therefore, between their colonies, It is known as "Queen Anne's war." In 1700 Calliéres died at Quebec, and was succeeded by the Marquis de Yaudreuil, under whom the colony attained its greatest prosperity. The total population of New France was then 15,000, An attack was made by four hundred French on a border fort named Haverhill, which they captured, In 1710 seven regiments of Marlborough's veterans were sent under Admiral Sir Hovendon \ Yalker to meet a force of four thousand under General icholson. But the fleet was wrecked amopg the St. Lawrence reefs, and icholson, when he heard of this, marched back to Albany, This war closed with the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, by which \cadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson's Bay Territory were ceded to England. Canada was retained by France, In 1725 Vaudreuil, like his two predecessors, died at Quebec. He was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauharnois, in whose time the popu- lation rose to 40,000. This Governor, with consent of the Iroquois chiefs, built a fort at the entrance of the Niagara River. In 1745 war broke out again between France and England, but happily this did not affect Canada, as its operations were chiefly carried on in the ::\Iaritime Provinces, where a British force took Louisbourg, The next Governor was the 1\Iarquis de la Jonquière; hut he was taken prisoner, his fleet being defeated by Admiral Anson, For the two years th3;t followed-17+7-1748-the war closed by the peace of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, when La J onquière, being released, assumed the gm;ernment. As a defence against the British fort of Oswego, La Jonquière built a fort near the River Humber on Lake Ontario, called, from the French :\Iinister of :\Iarine, Rouillé, or by its Indian name, TORONTO, This first feeble beginning of a great metropolis dates from 1749, a year for this reason one of the memorable ones of Canadian history. This fort, the germ of Canada's industrial and intel- lectual centre, was situated about a mile from the Humber, to the south of the present Exhibition Building, in \Vest Toronto. l\Ieanwhile the administration of New France was becoming more and more corrupt. The greed and dishonesty of Bigot, the last of the Intendants, did much to hasten the downfall of the colony. The wealth he accumulated by fraud amounted to the enormous sum of {400,000, La Jonquière died at Quebec Ca1lada ullder Royal GoveY1l11le1lt. 87 in 1752, and was buried in the church of the Récollet Friars, beside Fron- tenac and Vaudréuil. He was succeeded, in 1752, by the Marquis Duquesne de Menneville. This Governor sent a force to destroy a fort named Fort Necessity, which was defended by a Virginian officer of militia known to history as George \Vashington. \Vashington was forced to capitulate to the French commandant, :\1. de Villiers, The war which ensued is called the French war. Duquesne having applied for his recall, was succeeded hy the Marquis de Vauçréuil-Cavagnal, son of the former Governor Vau- dréuil, and born at Quebec. He arrived in Canada in 1755, Every man in New France was now called to arms; the farms were deserted, the fields uncultivated, the fur trade was extinct, prices rose as provisions became scarce, and wretches like Bigot throve on the miseries of the people, But the English received a check by the almost total destruction of their army in the fight in which General Braddock fell. This, however, was partly retrieved in the victory gained by General Johnson over the French General Baron Dieskau, near Lake George, George the Second made Johnson a baronet, as a reward for his success, In 1756, the French King named the Marquis de Montcalm Commander-in-chief of the forces in Kew France, Thus, on the ve of her downfall, after suffering much from incompetent rulers and corrupt officials, there was given to ew France a leader who, in the purity of his chivalrous nature, in his combination of the two-fold type of soldier and statesman, is not unworthy to be compared with the heroes of her earlier and nobler day, with Chomedey de l\Iaison- neuve and Samuel de Champlain, In the autumn of 1756 :\lontcalm captured Forts Ontario and Oswego. and demolished them. This gave the French command of the entire lake region which Fort Oswego had controlled, and di\Terted the fur trade from the English colonies to New France, l\1ontcalm continued his victorious career until Fort \Villiam Henry-which a French force, under a hrother of Vaudréuil, had vainly endeavoured to take in the early part of the year- had surrended, and was destroyed, This brilliant success gave Montcalm the control of Lake George, which he utilized by capturing and sinking all the English war ships that sailed on it. The glory of these exploits was stained hya series of massacres of English prisoners by :\lontcalm's Indian allies and camp followers, But so great was the impression made by his exploits that the ever-faithless Iroquois meditated deserting their alliance with England, and would have done so had it not heen for the influence of Sir \Villiam Johnson. The Pitt administration had now assumed power in England, and the war was carried on with greater energy. An expedition was sent to o\'a RH Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, Scotia and Cape Breton in 1758, and, in the face of great difficulties, Louisbourg was taken. This was due in part to the skill and courage of a young officer, Brigadier-General \VOLFE, who succeeded in marching a body of troops up a height which had been thought inaccessible-tactics which he was destined to repeat, with an ampler success, on a more memorable occasion. A second expedition, consisting of the largest army yet assembled in America, marched on Ticonderoga and Crown Point under General Abercromby. :l\Iontcalm in vain applied to the French King for succour; the selfish voluptuary, \-vhose political wisdom was expressed in the saying, "After me the Deluge," preferred spending the people's money on diamonds for his mistresses, rather than in an effort to redeem the national honour by preserving to France her finest colony, But l\1ontcalm did not relax his efforts, though he knew that his cause was hopeless, "\Ve shall fight," he wrote to the French Minister, "and shall bury ourselves, if need be, under the ruins of the colony." One final triumph awaited him,. the greatest victory ever gained on .American soil by a far inferior force over a magnificent army, ;\lont- calm, with 3,600 Canadians, had entrenched himself on a triangular space of elevated ground between a small river, called La Chute, and Lake Champlain into which it flows, At the apex of the triangle was a small fort, whose guns commanded lake and river. Abercromby ad- vanced with his army of 15,000 veteran troops in four columns, :\lont- calm had defended his position on the only assailable side by a breast- work of felled trees, and had ordered the country in front to be cleared of woods, so as to afford no cover to an attacking force. The fight began by a movement made by a number of gun-barges on the river, which opened fire on the right flank of the French, They were speedily sunk by the cannon of the fort. Then the four columns of the British advanced, Montcalm writes, "with admirable coolness and order." The column, composed chiefly of Highlanders under Lord John Iurray, opened fire on :\Iontcalm's right wing, commanded by 1\1. de Lévis, who, seeing the danger, ordered a portée to be made in order to assail the flank of the dttacking column. This move succeeded, The column of Highlanders, in order to avoid a cross flanking fire, were forced to incline the column next their own; thus the four columns of the British as they advanced to the breasL work became massed into a dense body of troops, an easy mark for the fire of their opponents, Montcalm took advantage of the disgraceful blunder in strategy by which Abercromby sacrificed the lives of so many gallant soldiers. He gave strict orders that his troops should reserve their fire till the English came within twenty paces of the entrenchments. His Ca1lada u1lder Royal GO'l'erume1l!, 89 . ordei- was obeyed to the letter, \Vhen the densely crowded mass of the English columns came quite close to the breastwork of trees, a storm of shot and flame leaped forth at once from all the French line in front of them; the leaden hail tore its way resistlessly through their crowded ranks, In vain they attempted to return the fire against the Canadians, secure behind the entrenchments. Falling back in some confusion, the English columns reformed and returned to the attack. They displayed the utmost valour. The Highlanders, in :\lontcalm's own words, " covered themselves with glory," the picturesque costume of the Scotch mountaineers being distinctly visible through the smoke in the foreground of the battle, But :\Iontcalm held a position impregnable except by artillery, and Abercromby's artillery lay on board the gun-boats at the bottom of the river. For six hours the attack was renewed by the British columns, but whenever they advanced to the breastwork of trees they were driven back by a murderous fire to which they could not reply with advantage. All through the battle 'Montcalm exposed himself to every danger. From his station in the centre he hastened to every spot where hi men were most hotly assailed, bringing reinforcements, and ch ering them by his voice and example, Such was the great victory which shed its lustre on the name of :\Iontcalm and the declini g fortunes of New France. This defeat was in some degree retrieved by the capture and destruc- tion of Fort Frontenac (Kingston) and of Duquesne by General Forbes, who changed its name to Pittsburg, in honour of the great Commoner. Abercromby was now superseded by General_'\mherst, who made a success- ful move against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. At the same time General Prideaux and Sir \\ï1liam Johnson attacked Fort Niagara, where'Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a mortar. Johnson succeeded in taking the fort. Meanwhile, :\1r. Pitt, with that instinctive appreciation of true genius which distinguished that great minister, had appointed young General \\'olfe to the supreme command. James \Volfe was a typical example, to borrow \Vordsworth's language, of "whatever man in arms should wish to be." Devoted to his profession, he declined lucrative staff appointments in order to go on active service. _\t the capture of Louis- bourg he had already distinguished himself. Unlike most of the military men of his time, \ \' olfe had an ardent love for literature and art. He was engaged to be married to a young lady of great beauty and considerable wealth; but he left England with the germs of a mortal disease in his con- stitution, which would too probably prevent his seeing her again. Late in l\Iay, 1759, a fleet of twenty ships of the line and as many frigates conve)ed , \\'olfe and his lieutenants. Townshend and :\lurray, with their eight thousand go Calzada and the Canadian PeoPle. regular troops, up the St. Lawrence to the Isle of Orleans, where the troops disembarked, and took up a position at the western end, facing Quebec, The fleet meantime reconnoitred, the soundings being taken by James Cook, afterwards the celebrated sea captain and discoverer. It is a curious coincidence that there were then present in the two opposing camps of France and England the two greatest explorers of. that age-Cook and Bougainville, \Yolfe himself ascended the river, above Quebec, in a barge, in order to make a general observation of their position. It is characteristic of him that he held in his hand, and read from time to time, a poem, then lately published in England, by Mr. Gray, of Cambridge-" An Elegy \Yritten in a Country Churchyard." "Gentlemen," he said to the officers beside him, " I would rather have the glory of having written this poem than that of the capture of Quebec," "Xone but God knows how to attempt the impossible!" wrote :\lontcalm from his post within the beleaguered city, The king whom he had served with such signal success had ahandoned him to his fate, His army was forced to sub,sist on horse-flesh and a small daily allowance of hiscuit. In front of him, supported by a powerful fleet, was a well-appointed army ahundantly supplIed with provisions and munitions of war. The viceroy and his creatures thwarted him at every step; yet, amid all discouragements, the \'ictor of Carillon held his ground, firm as the rock on which he stood, \ British force under Ioncton defeated the French troops at Point Lévis, directly opposite Quebec, From this commanding position, \Yolfe, with his heavy artillery, proceeded to bombard the city, The cathedral and the best houses were destroyed, the whole of the Lower Town was con- sumed by fire; a shell struck the garden of the U rsulines, ploughing a deep trench close to the wall. l\Ieanwhile, Montcalm had taken up a position outside the city, his army being entrenched from the mouth of the St. Charles, which was defended by a hoom of ships, with masts chained together, to the mouth of the Montmorency; every point where an enemy could land being defended by a small redoubt. Every point where access seemed possible was guarded hy sentinels, especially one zigzag path that led from what is now \Y olfe's Cove to the Plains of Abraham above the city, I t seemed scarce likely that such a harebrained attempt would be made as to risk the ascent by such a narrow and precipitous approach. Still, sentries were posted on the river bank below, and a redoubt with cannon com- manded the entire ascent. The command of the redouht was intrusted to one V ergor, who, three years before, had surrendered Beausejour to the British. Brought to a court-martial for this unsoldier-like act, he was acquitted by the influence of the Intendant, Bigot, whose creature he was, Canada under Royal GO'l.'ernmem. 9 1 \Volfe resolved to attack Montcalm's army on the left wing, near the mouth of the :\Iontmorency River. On July 31st, under cover of broadsides from the men of war, \Volfe, with eight thousand troops arranged in four columns, landed on the north St. Lawrence strand, crossed the l\Iontmorency þy a ford in the face of fire from a redoubt, which \Volfe captured, They were then within musket shot of l\Iontcalm's entrenchments. \Volfe's troops, having formed once more in column, attacked the entrenchments with fixed bayonets, But as at Carillon. the Canadian militia reserved their fire till the British were within a few yards of their position; they then rose from the trenches and poured in their fire 'with unerring aim, The British soldiers fell fast before it. \Volfe's columns were broken, and they fled. Their retreat was covered by a violent thunderstorm. \ Vhen the mist and rain cleared away, the British were seen re-embarking with their wounded. The glory of the victory of :\Iontmorency belongs to De Lévis, one of l\lontcalm's lieutenants, Anxiety at this defeat brought on a severe attack of \Volfe's malady, He called a council of war, and was in favour of renewing the attack from the direction of Montmorency. Colonel Townshend proposed the daring plan of marching the army up the steep ascent already referred to, and entrenching themselves on the Plains of Abraham, commanding the city. This plan \"olfe at once adopted, That night 4,828 men, with one field-piece, proceeded in barges to \"olfe's Cove. \Volfe had ascertained from deserters the watch-word which the crews of some provision barges, expected that night, were to give to the sentries on the river bank. Officers who spoke French were appointed to answer the challenge of the sentries; thus the barges passed undiscovered, \ "hen they touched the shore \Volfe sprang out, followed by his light infantry. They quickly overpowered the French soldiers in the guard-house at the foot of the ascent. Noiselessly and quickly, company after company ascended the narrow and precipitous pathway. At the top was a redoubt. It was surprised, Vergor, the commandant, was taken prisoner in bed, .\t dawn \\'oIfe's army was ranged in hattle array on the heights above Quebec, :\lontcalm, probably fearing that the British might entrench themselves, marched through St. John's Gate to attack them, His army advanced in an irregular line three deep, and began the fight with a well-sustained fire. which the British bore without flinching, \Volfe passed through the lines of his men to animdte their courage, lIe ordered each soldier to put two bullets into his musket, and not to fire till the French were within twenty yards. So effective was the storm of shot that met the French advance that their lines were broken, on which \\' olfe, though wounded in the wrist, led his Grenadiers to the charge. Presently he fell, shot through the chest, 9 2 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, " They run!" cried one of the officers who was supporting him in his arms, "\Vho run?" asked \Volfe. "The French," was the reply. "Then I die happy," were the last wç>rds of the hero. Quebec was won, and with Quebec was won Canada for English speech, English law, English freedom of thought and utterance, The remains of \Yolfe were sent to England to be buried, Those of the conqueror of Caril- lon who had fallen about the same time with \Y olfe, found a resting place in the garden of the U rsulines, being buried in a trench which a shell had ploughed close to the wall, On September 8th, 1760, the other French forces in Canada surrendered, and all Canada was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, ''éi0f! CHAPTER XIV, THE E GLISH :\IILITARY GOYER :\IE T. .-<ñ I. -tt" I/;;. ", OR ten years after the cession of Canada to England, the govern- , ment of the colony was necessarily a purely military despotism. ,/ /' The first arrangement of any regular governmental machinery "' ', i \ was made by General Amherst, who divided Canada into three :' ' departments, following the old di,-ision of Quebec, l\Iontreal, and -. Three Rivers, in each of which martial law was to be in force, . under the direction of General :\Iurray at Quebec, General Gage at l\Iontreal, and Colonel Benton at Three Rivers, l\Iurray instituted a council composed of seven of his officers, which sat twice a week, and took cognizance of the more important civil and criminal cases. But in all, he reserved to himself the decision, without appeal. Gage; ,\ith yet more regard to the rights of the conquered French Canadians, estahlished fi,"e justice courts, composed of former officers of the French Canadian militia, reserving a right of appeal to himself. This military administration of jus- tice does not seem to have been, in practice, offensive; but to the naturally susceptible feelings of the conquered race it seemed an intolerable tyranny, and rather than appear before such tribunals, litigants generally settled their differences by referring them to the arbitration of the parish cllré or notary, For some time, the hope was cherished that France would make yet another effort to regain her greatest colony. It was now seen that such hopes were vain, indeed. The court was only too glad to get rid of a source of constant expenditure, :\[adame de Pompadour made bOil mots about the King having only lost a few acres of snow. The rising- spirit of republi- canism rejoiced at the capture of Quebec as a victory of freedom over despo- tism. There was a consider ble emigration from Canada to Fr' CARTIER. . The American Revolutioll as it affected Callada, with the Americans soon found that they were treated as an inferior race, their opinions never being asked. They foresaw that, if the Americans conquered Canada, they would be, in every respect, worse off than under British rule, The ragged and unsoldier-like appearance of ::\Iontgomery's levies, too, could not but excite the contempt of those who, in the British and French armaments, were well accustomed to the pomp and circumstance of war. :Montgomery decided on attempting to carry Quebec by escalade, on the night of December 31St. The weather was suitable for his purpose: neither moon nor stars shone through the darkness; a boisterous wind would serve to prevent the movements of the attacking force from being noticed. But several days before this, Carleton had been warned by deserters that a night attack was in contemplation, and was well on his guard, The Gannon on the ramparts and barricades were kept ready loaded, and the sentries warned to give the alarm at any sign of an enemy's approach. Montgomery sent two detachments to make a feint of attacking St. John's Gate and the Citadel, in order to divert Carleton's attention from his own movement. Arnold, with 450 men, was to enter the Lower Town from the suburb of St. Roche, and take the battery at the Sault au l\Iatelot. He himself leading the strongest column, would carry the barricade of the Près de Yille, and march by Champlain Street to the Upper Town. At 4 a,m" January 1st, 1776, his troops were ready, but the signals agreed on, two rockets, answered by others from the other columns, were of course seen by Carleton's sentries, who at once gave the alarm. Montgomery's column had to move along a narrow path between the cliff and the strand. encumbered with ice-blocks and snow, However, they reached Près de Ville in good order, and succeeded in passing the outer barricade, But as the column approached the next barricade a battery of seven cannon confronted it, manned by fifty men under Captain Chabot. :i\Iontgomery rushed forward, followed by the men of his column, when the battery opening fire, discharged a storm of grape shot through their ranks, l\Iontgomery fell dead with his two aides-de-camp, and many others, The rest turned and ran away, not caring to face a second salute from the battery. Arnold, as he approached the outer barricade of the Sault au :\Iatelot Street, was severely wounded in the leg by a ball, and had to be carried back to his camp, This column was efficiently led by a Captain Major, who succeeded in passing the outer ha rier, but the inner barricade was so admirably defended by a party of rench Canadians, under Captain Dumas. that he could make no further way, and Carleton having sent round a strong force to attack the Americans in the rear, they were caught as in a trap, and obliged to surrender. 101 , ,," . .. 102 Canada and the Canadian Pcopl . Carleton then stormed the hattery at St. Roche The British general did himself honour by burying the remains of the brave but rash l\Iontgomery with full military obsequies. The American forces continued to inyest Quebec, but removed to a dis- tance of several miles, They tried to bombard the city from Point Levis, but failed, not having artillery of sufficient range. Carleton, with somewhat of excessive caution, did not take the field against them till the arrival of reinforcements from England, when he marched with a thousand men and six field-pieces, and defeated the Americans, who ran, leaving their stores, artillery and baggage, with the sick and wounded, in the hands of the British. . But Congress did not relax in its efforts to hold the ground which :\Iontgomery had won in Canada. They sent reinforcements both to Mon- treal and to General Sullivan, who was in command in the Richelieu district, so that the Americans in Canada amounted to 5,400 men. But Carleton had been largely reinforced from England, especially by a corps of German mercenaries whose hereditary prince had sold them to George III., and who after the war made very useful settlers in Upper Canada, He took the field against Sullivan, defeated the American force, taking a number of prisoners, and finally drove the invaders from Canada by the fall of 1776. Elsewhere during this war the English arms were not as successful as in Canada, But the record of their reverses, and of the triumphs of the ,\mericans when fighting on their own soil, does not belong to Canadian history, Peace was made, and the independence of the United States recognized by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. Thus did the most momentous event in the annals of the civilized world, since the Reformation and the discovery of America, rivet the attachment of conquered New France to her British masters. In the American Revolu- tion, as in the European Revolution, 'which was its afterbirth, Kew France had neither part nor lot. The peasantry, the soldier settlers of Montcalm and his predecessors, hated the Puritan enemy of ew York and New Eng- land far more than the subjects of King George, The landed proprietors and the priests scented in the new revolutionary gospel all that resulted there- from in the Terror of 1793, Unlike the France of those days, New France was an island stranded by the wreck - 9 \ -J> ".... ...... ... \ \\-. . - '- \ : :,. -- .:- * ..*X . / I o: :., I _- , ,";.. ..........::. -Øf ...,........, ......... .......'" . .... ::ø: ;;;..: .......,', ".......".... } w.'* ..: .QZ - .... :-"*':, '4--;p . t... : :I, ,/'t-""ff / _......"......,;. ....': ,. ....,.. ::-': .I .: .....:-:- " II/Jl1',,"#. I:?,A iäS I J/I. 2U.fí:":f# .;"'" ::;, If. .-.:: """, ... ..:: ..... I;.' Jí!...Jí' ':J1' 'lIp, -; ,:.!:.. .?...J:. ',. ,I 'd"' ' / / :.:;J ........,. ',,' I """''1' 1!:: ,: ,.1 ,( , \"' ' ...,' -- .-, ::=. -::==- .;: "" --- -> \ { , " ::=.:. ' =:3 ,. :. ( 'Ej : , " "\-.1\, ",' '- '" ;:-- . '" A:o;:- - . - ...... -- ---- . ..".,.- . :\\' ...' .' -jl . , . x\.\ /" :-' I:.,' JOSEPH HOWE, The Settlement of E1lg1ish-Speakillg Canada, II5 of it b) Grass being favourable, offered to furnish to John Grass, and as many of the Loyalists as he could induce to accompany him, means of con- veyance from Quebec, and the supplies necessary for subsistence till the settlers could provide for themselves. Grass accepted this offer, and with a considerable company of men, women and children, set sail from Quebec in a ship provisioned for the purpose. They were forced to spend the winter at Sorel, in Lower Canada, but in the spring reached Frontenac, pitching their tent on "Indian Point," where the pleasant dllage of Portsmouth is now built around its two caravanseries for crime and misfortune, the. Penitentiary and Lunatic Asylum, The adjoining country was not fully surveyed until July, Other companies had meantime arrive at the new centre of colonization, The GO\Ternor, who had come to visit them, called on [r. Grass as having the first claim to a choice as to which township he would choose for himself and his company, Grass chose the first township, that of Kingston, In the same way Sir John, Johnson chose the second township, Ernestown; Colonel Rogers the third township, Fredericksburg; l\Iajor Van Alstine the fourth township, Adolphustown; and Colonel l\Iac- donnell the fifth township, l\Iarysburgh. Those who, like the present writer, have lived for some time in Prince Edward County, know well how their names, borne, as they are, by worthy representatives of the Pilgrim Fathers of Ontario's settlement, are household words among the thriving populations o{ "the garden of Canada" at the present day; and on those beautiful shores of the Bay of Quinté, where the wild beast and the prowling savage have long disappeared, where the masts of ships overtop thè apple orchards and harbour, and harvest fields are almost eyerywhere close at hand, the few survivors of the children of the first settlers have many a tale of the hardships and privations with which their childhood was familiar. Even to reach the new settletnents in \Yestern Canada was a matter of much time and difficulty. The journey was performed in "hatteaux,"' large flat-bot- tomed boats resembling scows, calculated to contain four or five families and their effects. Tweke boats were counted as a brigarle, and each brigade had a conductor, who gave orders for the safe management of the boats. These boats were supplied with but the bare necessaries of life, Shelter there was none. At night the immigrants slept, huddled close together, with only the sky above them. Grants, in a few cases of pensions, hut for the most part of provisions, farming tools, oxen and seed, were made to the new settlers. Including the officers and men of the disbanded 8th regiment, the numher of Cnited Empire Loyalists who first settled in what is now the Province of Ontario may he estimated at between ten and twelyC thOllSl' , >'......:' ", h"Z \ \ .;: '''-,.\0 ,"Í - J , CHAPTER XIX, X the 18th of June, 1812, war was declared against Britain by the United States; as regards Canada it may well be called the \Yar of \ggression. The States' Government knew well that Britain needed all her armaments for the gigantic struggle in which she was then engaged with the greatest soldier of the age. They calculated on over-running Canada. A force of' 25,000 regular troops was ordered to be enlisted by Congress, This was to be supported by 50,000 volunteers. General Dearborn, a veteran officer of the \Yar of Indef'endence, was appointed to command, Sir George Prevost at once ordered all Americans to quit Canada within four- teen days, and made 'a tour of observation along the St. Lawrence and lake frontier. He found the settlers of Upper Canada, all of them good marksmen and trained to fighting as w ll as farming, to a man ready to leave farming or clearing to the care of the women and boys, and to take the field in defence of their newly-settled country. lIad the United States Government confined itself to fighting England, as was done with a fair amount of success by their spar-decked corvettes, on the high seas which were the original scene of the quarrel, the people of Canadd. might have felt some sympathy for a brave people subjected to the wanton insult of the right of search, But to strike at England through Canada, a country whose manifest destiny it was to grow up into a free nation, was felt to be mere aggression, The spirit of Lower Canada, too, was roused to resistance, The insolence, the squalor, the exaction of l\Iontgomery's troops, whom their officers allowed to seize on the farmer's stores, and who never pretended to pay for anything except in their worthless paper money, were remembered with disgust. The clergy gave the whole weight of their influence, all-powerful as it was, to kindle the patriotic resolution for the defence of altar and hearth against a heretic banditti, _\lthough the Lower Canadian Assembly declined to pass an \lien .\ct, they gave a THE \YAR OF 1812-'15. 126 Canada and the Canadian People. most liberal grant for organizing the militia, and for the general defence of the PrmTince. The money so voted was to be raised in the form of army bills, in order to prevent specie from Leing carried to the United States. In Upper Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor had temporarily left the Province, having gone to England, leaving the administration of public affairs in the hands of l\Iajor-General Isaac Brock, a name which has become inseparably woven with our history. Though a tompdratively young man, he had had much military experience, and was admirably fitted by nature and training for the difficult part he was now called upon to play. He had at first some difficulty in gaining the desired grant from the Legislature, which did not helieve that war would ensue. But as soon as hostilities were declared, they cheerfully passed a very ample militia hill. There were then in Upper Canada 3050 regular troops; in Lower Canada, 1450, The Governor-General informed Brock that no further aid need be expected from England for at least some months, The war began with the capture of Fort lackinac, (Michillimackinac) by Captain Roberts, commandant of the small military post of St. Joseph, on Lake Huron. Mackinac was surrendered without bloodshed. It was an important position, commanding the entrance to Lake Michigan, On July 12th, 1812, the American General Hull invaded the western peninsula of Upper Canada with 2,5 00 men, He occupied Sandwich, and issued a procla- mation inviting the Canadians to join his standard, and .. enjoy the blessings of peace and liberty," which he proceeded to illustrate hy vaunting his country's alliance with war and despotism incarnate in the person of Napoleon I. Colonel St. George was stationed at the neigh- bouring town of Amherstburg with a force of about 300 regulars. Had Hull advanced at once, St. George must have been overpowered. But Hull delayed, sent small detachments which St. George defeated, aild meantime the Indians from Grand River poured in to St. George's support, and Brock advanced in force from Toronto. Hull now recrossed the river, and took up a positiofJ at Detroit, Among the Indians present in Brock's command \\ as one of the most remarkable of Indian chiefs, Tecumseh, who in physique was a typical example of the strength and versatile dexterity which the wilderness sometimes developes in its children. He was born in the :\Iiami Valley, and having distinguished himself in war and hunting, became recognized as a chief of note among his countrymen. He devised a new scheme for uniting the Indians into a political confederacy under his . sway. In concert with his brother, \"Tho claimed supernatural powers, he originated a religious movement, in part borrowed from Christianity; but afier some years the .-\merican troops attacked his town in Tecumseh's . The H?ar of 1812-'15, 12 7 absence. It was taken and destroyed, and this Iahomet of the Red len had ever since hated the Americans with the implacable rancour charac- teristic of his race. In a council of war held opposite Detroit, Tecumseh traced with his scalping knife on a piece of birch bark a rude plan of the defence of Detroit. Brock then crossed the river, and opened fire on Detroit, which he was on the point of assaulting, when General Hull signalled his wish to capitulate. Hull and all his regular troops were sent to Quebec as prisoners of war, Brock returned in well-deserved triumph to York. But the Americans, anxious to efface the diggrace of Hull's unsoldierlike conduct, sent an army of 6,000 men to the Niagara frontier, with orders to the General in command, Van Rensellaer, to force his way through Brock's lines of defence, and establish himself on Canadian territory, The British and Canadian force for the defence of this entire frontier of thirty.six miles was less than 2,000 men. The Americans succeeded in landing, after some opposition from a party of the 49th regiment under Captain Dennis, who was compelled to retreat. He was met by General Brock with his aide-de- camp, Colonel -:\lcDonnell. Brock at once put himself at the head of six hundred men of the 49th, and, drawing hIS sword, led them to. charge the Americans on the heights above, They advanced under a heavy fire, which killed several; among the first the gallant Brock. Infuriate at the fall of a leader universally beloved, the regulars and Canadian troops rushéd up the hill, and swept before them a foe far superior in numbers. But the Americans were reinforced, and the British and Canadian force of three hundred, after a brilliant display of valour, had to retire, Meanwhile a vigorous attack had been made on General Scott's forces (he had succeeded Van Rensellaer) by a young Iroquois chief, John Brant, who came in command of a body of warriors from the Grand River Reserve. General Sheaffe now succeeded Brock, and after a sharp conflict for about half an hour, although with a force inferior in numbers, forced the enemy to surrender. Brock was buried side by side with the oraye McDonnell, at Fort George, Niagara, the Americans as wcIl as his own army firing minute g-uns during- his funeral. Dearborn now threatened to invade Lower Canada from his position at Plattsburg, General Prevost then called out the entire Lower Canadian militia, and his summons was obeyed with such enthusiasm that Dearhorn gave up the proposed invasion as impracticable. -:\Ieanwhile General Smith, who nm",- commanded the American force on the iagara Ri, er, made several attempts to cross to the Canadian frontier, in all of which he was so completely held in check by a much smaller force, that he had to skulk from his camp to avoid the dnger of his own soldiers. These 128 CalZada alld the Canadian PeoPle. brave men deserved a more competent general. He was received in Buffalo with general execration, the very taverns being closed against him, He was soon after most deservedly cashiered. :\Ieanwhile, in Congress, the repre- sentatives of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, who had refused to furnish militia for the war, were backed up by :\Iaryland, :\1r. Quincy denounc d the war against Canada as piratical. "Since the Invasion of the buccaneers," he said, "there has been nothing in history more disgraceful than this war." In 1813, once again the legislatures of both Upper and Lower Canada took ample measures to supply the Governor with funds for defence of the country, The campaign of this year opened with a victory of Colonel Proctor with five hunçlred regulars and six hundred Indians over General \\ïnchester, in command of a detachment of General Harrison's aqny. \Vinchester, with five hundred of his men, was taken prisoner. This checked Harrison's advance. For the rest of the campaign, raids were made with varying success on both sides, upon either bank of the St. Lawrence. Ogdenshurg was taken by :\Iajor :\IcDonnell, who crossed the frozen river with a force of regulars, Fort Presèntation, with seven guns, four field pieces, and a considerable quantity of arms, ammunition, and other stores, was taken by Captain Jenkins and Captain Eustace. In the next campaign, Commander Chauncey sailed from his naval-stronghold of Sackett's Harbour, with 1,600 regulars on board of fourteen vessels, These troops, under Brigadier Pike, landed, after some opposition, three miles west of York. :\1eanwhile the fleet opened fire on the very insignificant defences on shore, where Pike had succeeded in carrying the first battery. As he advanced, a tremendous explosion from the powder magazine shook the earth, and killed many, mortally wounding others, among whom "\-vas General Pike. It was impossible for General Sheaffe, with the force at his command, to resist the \.merican invaders, He withdrew in orderly retreat to Kingston, leaving, for some inexplicable reason, Colonel Chewett with two hundred and ninety-three militia, who, after a hard-fought conflict of seven hours, surrendered. Having fired the town andde stroyed what public stores were left, Chauncey, with reinforcemens from Sackett's Harbour, made a descent on iagara, where General Vincent, with but fourteen hundred men, held Fort George, Those who have visited the dismounted earthworks, where now the Niagara sheep, horses and children play in the casements and entrances, will have observed how completely it is exposed to the fire of the American Fort :i\ iagara on the east side of the river. The fort now opened fire. Chauncey's ships poured in a shower of grapeshot and shell from the lake close by, After three hours' fighting, Vincent spiked his guns, blew up his magazine, The H 7 ar of IbI2-'15. 12 9 and retreated to a position on Burlington Heights, near Hamilton. On the Detroit frontier, General Harrison, who, notwithstanding \Vinchester's defeat, wished to retake Detroit and :\lichigan, received a severe check from General Proctor, with a loss of seven hundred men, But Proctor's Indians wished to return home with their plunder, the militia were unwilling to sustain a siege, and he was thus compelled to leave Detroit, carrying with him his stores and munitions of war. Sir James Yeo was now sent from England with a naval force of four hundred and fifty men. In concert with him, Prevost led an expedition against Sackett's Harbour, which was partially successful, and would have been completely so, had not Prevost, mistaking the dust raised by the fugitive Americans for the approach of another army, ordered a retreat; a disgraceful blunder for which he was deservedly condemned by puhlic opinion, Dearborn was now established on the Niagara peninsula. where, however, he was held in check by the neighbourhood of Vincent, with his small army on Burlington Heights. Dearborn sent a force of six thousand regulars, two hundred and fifty cavalry, and nine field pieces, to attack Vin- cent. The latter resolved on a night attack upon the .American camp. which was carelessly guarded, \Yith but seven hundred men Vincent and Colonel Harvey surprised the camp, inflicted a heavy blow on the enemy, and took a hundred and twenty prisoners, with the Generals, Chandler and \Vinder. .Dearborn now retreated to a position on Forty MIle Creek, whence Yeo's fleet soon forced him to fall hack on Fort George, at Niagara, From thence Dearborn sent five hundred men, with fifty cavalry and ten field guns, to attack a British post at Beaver Dam, hetwEen Queensto'n and Thorold. :\Irs, Secord, wife of one of the soldiers of Queenston, heard of this expedition, and the night before it took place, walked nineteen miles through the woods to give warning to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, who at once communicated with the commanders of regulars and Indians in the vicinity. and prepared to give the .\mericans a warm reception. After a sharply con- tested struggle, the .\mericans surrendered to a force not half their number. -:\Iean\vhile, Vincent. by a skilful movement. extended his lines from Twelve :\Tile Creek to Queenston, thus isolating the four thousand ,\mericans at Fort George to the narrow neck of land between river and lake. Hut Chauncey had now built another ship of war at Sackett's lIarbour, and had the superiority over Yeo's squadron. He attempted a descent on Vincent's depot of stores at Burlington, but was prevented from doing any mischief by the militia regiment from Glengarry, which marched from Toronto to Burlington. They thus, however, left York unprotected. Chauncey sailed thither, burned down the barracks and tores. .1I1d S('t free 9 13 0 (,{l1lada and tlte Canadian PeQþle. the prisoners from the jail. Thus was the Provincial capital twice captured during this war of piratical raids. The Americans now put forth all the resources of their powerful country in order to stem the tide of Canadian success. Commodore Perry, with a well-equipped fleet of craft, out- numhering by ten the British squadron, and carrying guns of far heavier metal, encountered the British squadron, under the command of Captain Barclay, off Put-in Bay, on Lake Erie, The British ships were embarrassed by the insensate measure of having more landsmen than sailors on board. The fight began at a quarter before !welve, and continued till half-past two, during which time fortune seemed to favour Barclay's fleet. Perry's flag- ship, the Lawrcncc. being injured by the British fire, he went on board the S iagara. Soon after this the Lawrcnce struck its colours. But so defective was the equipment of Barclay's ships that there was not even a boat to enable him to board his prize. A change of wind, which occurred just at the crisis of the fight, enabled Perry to get at the weather-side of the British ships, into which he poured such a deadly fire that, the officers being all killed or wounded, a third of the crew killed, and the yessels unmanageable , the entire squadron of Barclay surrendered, Perry showed the courtesy due from one brave man to another, to Barclay, whom he released on parole. The defeat and loss of the ships was a severe blow to General Proctor, who was now compelled to retreat. Having destroyed the fortifi- cations of Amherstburg and Detroit, he now commenced his disastrous retreat. His army consisted of eight hundred and thirty men, with an auxiliary force of 1,200 Indians, under the chief Tecumseh, General ,Harrison followed in pursuit. with three thousand men, among whom were included one thousand dragoons and mounted Kentucky riflemen. Near Chatham, Harrison overtook Proctor's rear guard, and captured all his stores and ammunition. The only resource for Proctor now was to try the fortune of a battle. The ground he chose seems to have been well selected, Those who have visited and examined the field will remember that at this point the river banks are steep, descending some twenty feet to the water. There is still a swamp among the remains of the woods a few hundred yards from the river. The intervening ground is now level and open; it was then cO\'ered with lofty trees. Proctor's left wing was pro- tected by the riyer, and strengthened by a field-piece; part of his centre and all the right wing were defended effectually by a swamp; in the swamp, lurking in their usu'al manner behind trees, were a large body of Indians, with Tecumseh. The battle may be said to have begun and ended with a charge which General Harrison ordered to be instantly made by Colonel Johnson with the mounted Kentucky riflemen. To ordinary cavalry the The JVar of 1812-'15. 13 1 ground, swa mpy as it was, would have been most unfavourable, but the Kentucky horsemen had been from boyhood accustomed to nde at full speed through the forests and swamps of their own state, They swept in full areer on the British ranks before they had time to discharge a third volley,' The soldiers, exhausted by forced marches and hunger, were no match for fresh troops, well supplied with everything, and flushed with Perry's recent victory. The battle was lost. Proctor fled ignominiously, as did his men, nor did either stop till they reached the shelter of Burlington Heights. \Ieanwhile Tecumseh and his Indians kept up a galling fire from behind trees in the swamp, The \merican Colonel's horse was shot, and. he fell with it to the ground. A chief, conspicuous for his plume of eagle's feathers, rushed forward, knife in hand, to scalp him. Johnson drew a pistol and shot the Indian dead, He believed that he had shot Tecumseh, but his having done so is, to say the least, very doubtful. It is certain, however, that Tecumseh was slain at the battle of the Thames, though his body was never found. The site of the battle is now marked by the site of a house, opposite the Indian village of Moravian Town, ançl formerly used as a tavern. It is now a farm house called the Red House. Proctor's force was scattered to the winds, Some two hundred and twenty, with the General, answered to their names next day at Burlington Heights. Harrison set fire to the village of the unoffending Christian Indians under care of the :\Ioravians, It has since been rebuilt, and still retains its name, a reminiscence not to be set aside of the good work done among the Indians by the "Cuitas FratrulIl." For his. conduct on this occasion General Proctor ,,,,-as brought to a court martial, severely censured, 'and fined six months' pay. But in Lower Canada the British arms had more success. Colonel Taylor, with his gunboats manned by artillerymen from one of his regiments, attacked the American naval force on Lake Champlain, and in a fight closely contested on both' sides, all but annihilated the American naval power on that lake, In the same campaign two victories took place, each of which more than compensated for the rout of Proctor's army at l\IoraYÏan Town-the battles of Chateauguay and Chrysler's Farm. On September 20th, 1813, the ,,\merican General Hampton, with a well- equipped army of five thousand infantry and cavalry, advanced towards :\Iontreal by a road leading through the village of Odelltown, There was then a forest swamp of about fifteen miles sqllare,which Colonel DcSalaherry, with his corps of \'oltigeurs, had during the year he fore rendered impracti- cable by abattis. Ön account of these obstructions, Hampton changed his direction westward by the hanks of the Chateauguay Riyer. Colonel De 'I . 13 2 Canada and the Canadian Pèople. Salaberry took up a position with his small force of four hundred men in a thick wood on the banks of this river constructing breastworks of felled trees, and covering his front and right wing with an abattis; his left wing being sufficiently defended by the river. There was a small ford, which he com- manded with a breastwork outpost, He rightly judged that, at whatever odds, this point ought to be defended against an invading enemy; for it was the only position where a stand could adyantageously be made, all the rest heing open ground as far as the St. Lawrence. On October :l+th, Hampton adyanced with three thousand five hundred men, led by General Izard. He sent Colonel Purdy, with a brigade, to march by a detour and attack the British in the rear. But Purdy got lost in the woods, and did not arrive in time, De S laberry placed his men in extended order along the breastwork in front of their line, with orders not to fire till he discharged his own rifle as a signal. The Americans advanced in open columns of sections to within musket shot, when De Salaberry gave the signal by firing his rifle, with which he brought down a mounted officer among the enemy's line. A hot fire was now poured into the dense columns of the Americans, They wheeled into line and attempted to reply, without much effect. De Sala- herry now tried a ruse which Dr. Ryerson compares to Gideon's ruse dt: {{Herre described in the Book of Judges. He stationed his buglers as far apart as possible, and ordered them to sound the adyance. This caused a panic among Hampton's troops, who thought that large reinforcements were about to aid the British. At the same time Purdy had been encountered b) two companies o{ De Salaberry's men, who completely routed his force. General Hampton, disconcerted at the failure of Purdy to execute his orders. and not daring, though with a force so immensely superior, to attack the breastwork and abattis with the bayonet, withdrew in good order. Thus did this gallant French Canadian soldier, with a force of less than four hundred. defeat an American army of several thousand strong, \Yell may Lower Canada be proud of De Salaberry's memory, and honour those who hear his name at this day, :\leantime, \Vilkinson, with an army of nine thousand Americans, had moved from Sackett's Harbour, intending to take Kingston, form a junction wIth Hampton, and march on Iontreal. But finding that Kingston was no"v garrisoned hy ten thousand men, under General De Rottenburg, he did not attack it, but carried his army in three l undred boats down the St. Lawrence. \\Ïthin three miles of Prescott he landed on the American side, in order to avoid the British batteries at that place, while his fleet of barges passed them in the night. 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U ... ;' , f \" 'r 'ç -- -=-=- n..-\RCY :\I'GEE. . to The lYar of Ü312-" 15. 135 Kingston to follow \Vilkinson's movements. On the loth of November this corps of observation came up with Boyd's division of \Yilkinson's army, consisting of between three and four thousand men, at Chrysler's Point. The British took up a position, the right flank resting on the river, the left on a dense growth of pine wood. A general engagement took place, during which the British stood firm against a charge of an entire regiment of .\merican cavalry, whom they met with a fire so hot that the cavalry were driven to retreat in confusion. _\t half-past four in the afternoon the entire .\merican force withdrew from the field. Such was the battle of Chrysler's Farm, the most elaborate military display of the war, On the Niagara frontier, the American General, 'McClure, after ravaging the surrounding country, by the barbarous orders of Congress, set fire to the village of )Jewark (Niagara). The darkness of the night of December loth, 1813, was lit up by the flames of the burning houses, the women and children were turned, shelterless, upon the snow. Of course reprisals followed this outrage; General Riall surprised and gave to the flames the American towns of Buffalo and Lewiston, and the worst passions of warfare bein now a{oused, both armies m,arched torch in hand. The Assembly of Lower Canada which met in the next year ( 181 4) impeached several of Governor Craig's subordinates as having been accomplices in his unconstitutional acts, more especially in the mission of the spy and traitor, John Henry, through whose agency, before the war of ISI2, Craig had tried to sow disunion in some of the northern States, No definite result, however, followed, In the spring of 1814, Colonel \Yilliains, with a force of 1,500 men, was attacked unsuccessfully by General \Yilkinson with +,000 \mericans. The British General Drummond cap:ured Oswego in Iay, but Commodore Yeo sustained a defeat in the same month, when endeavouring to cut out some boats laden with stores, at Sackett's Ha'rbour. In the )Jiagara district, General Riall having been reinforced fro111 Toronto, resolved to assume the offcnsi\e against General Drown in the neighbour- hood of Chippewa. Brown's force amounted to o\er +,000. On July 25 th , 181+, the battle of Lundy's Lane was fought. At first the British were worsted, and their general, Riall \\ as taken prisoner. Dut the arrival of General Drummond from Toronto with a force of 800 men turned the scale, and the ,,\mericans made a hasty retreat to Fort Erie. .\fter the victory of the British at Toulouse and the abdication of Napoleon, troops could be spared for service in Canada, and 1,600 of \Vellington's \eterans were sent over. Sir George Prevost, however, disgracefully mismanageJ the abundant means thus placed at his. disposal. He attacked Plattshurg with 11,000 men, and after some idle manæuvring withdrew before a force .A 1.5 00 13 6 Cmuula alld tlte Ca1ladia1l PeoPle. Americans. For this misconduct he was to have been tried by court martial, but death saved him from the disgrace it might have inflicted, In the Niagara district. General Brown compelled the British General, Drummond, to return to Burlington Heights. Drummond being supported by Commodore Yeo with a squadron on Lake Ontario, compelled Brown to withdraw from Fort Erie, and to retire beyond the river. On December 24 th , I8IS, this weary and unnatural war ended by the Treaty of Ghent, and the sword drawn for fratricide was sheathed, never, God grant it, to be drawn , ' agam. - &Æ lf ",....'\' w . 15L]J l ' CI-iAPTER XX. LO\YER CAX ADA, FRO:\I THE PEACE TO 1828. r : , q 1'-' EKERAL DRU:\I:\IO:\D succeeded Sir George Preyost as \ ,) I) Gov rnor of Lower Canada, H,e had be n bef re this G Yernor ....... of (; pper Canada, He speedIly got mto dIsputes wIth the 1' Assembly, on the old \'exed question of the impeachment of the . h' judges. 'which the Prince Regent had ordered to be set aside, He 21ft was succeeded in July, 1816, bySir John Sherbrooke, who had been Governor of 1\ ova Scotia, He saw, and reported to the English :\Iinisters, the great need there was for a conciliatory policy, and the hitter animosity that was g-rowing up between the Assembly and the Executive Council. In 1817 the Assembly chose as its Speaker the risi;]g young orator Louis J. Papineau, son of the constitutionalist leader before the war. In the same year the Bank of :\Iontreal. the earliest bank in Canada, was established in :\Iontreal; and, soon afterwards, the Bank of Quebec in the older capital. In 1818 the Goyernor informed the Assembly that he was instructed from England to apprise them that their former offer to undertake the ci\-illist of the country was now accepted. This was a most welcome announce- ment to the popular head of the Legislature, who had Long desired the control of the public expenditure. Sherbrooke, disgusted with the reluc- tance of the English Tory Government to permit needed reform, returned home, much regretted by the Lower Ca adians, He was succeeded by the I )uke of Richmond, a dissipated and spendthrift noble, \\ ho had often .. heard the chimes at midnight" ., with the wild Prince and Poins." .\ year afterwards, the Duke's eccentric career was closed by an attack of that terrible malady, hydrophobia, the result of the bite of a tame fox. The Duke broke from his attendants. and ran furiously along the banks of the little tributary of the Ottawa which flows throug l the \ illage of Richmond, Arrived at the nearest house, the unhappy nobleman died in the village that bears his name, which he had purposed to make a consider- able town. f 13 8 Canada ll1ld the Cauadia1l People. In June, 1820, the Earl of Dalhousie came from ova Scotia, where he had been Governor, to Canada, as Governor-in-Chief. \ stormy session of the Legislature took place in 1821, Inquiry was demanded into the accounts of the Receiver-General of the Province, who was suspected of ha\-ing appropriated large sums of public money, Exception was also taken to the iniquitous system of making lavish grants of Crown lands to the favourites of Government. As the Council and the Assembly could not agree on these points, no money was voted by the Assembly for the civil list. Meanwhile the Province advanced; no such freedom, no such prosperity, had been known under the French regime, as no less a witness t1 an i\1. Papineau was free to own in a speech from the hustings. l\Iontreal steamers were numer- ous on the lakes and the St, Lawrence. The Lachine and Rideau canals ave a great impetus to trade, The first beginnings of Ottawa "'ere being advanced by Colonel By, The lumber trade was beginning to reap its harvest of rafts from the hitherto useless forests. The Eastern Townships alone now held a population as large as that of all Canada at the Conquest. There now arose a project for the Union of the two Canadas, to which th French Canadians were bitterly opposed. They sent John eilson and Louis J. Papineau to England with a petition against it, signed by sixty thou- sand French Canadians. A gross case of fraud and embezzlement was now clearly proved "against the Receiver-General, John Calùwell, The Govern- ment had been guilty of the folly of screening him, and were compelled to bear the odium of his crime. In June, 182+, Lord Dalhousie was succeeded by Sir Francis Burton, his Deputy, till 1826, when Dalhousie returned, The dispute between the French and English colonists, between the oligarchy of the Executive Council and the popular Assembly, went on year by year with wearisome iteration, Papineau being in the van of the malcontents. At last the Governor refused to recognize Papineau as Speaker, and declared that he could listen to no communication from the Assembly till it got itself legally constituted by electing a Speaker. The ever-recurring wrangle between the Government and the Assembly at last attracted notice in the British Parliament, and a Committee was appointed to consider the Lower Canada question. They met and decided every point in favour of the French Canadians. The \ssembly ordered four hundred copies of their report to be printed and circulated through the country, I a . CHAPTER XXI, UPPER CAXADA, FRO::'.I THE PEACE TO 182t), 'j:- r-;:........ · , .Ji lÍI- :--.. ::\C\IEDIA TELY after the war, measures were taken by the British ''- Government to send a stream of immigration into Upper Can- . , ada, A large number of valuable settlers came at this time from r., .... t::- t Scotland. In 1816 an Act of the Upper Canada Parliament "'; ( established Common Schools, the first of a series of measures / -f"'''' destined to culminate into the present Public School system which has attracted the admiration of European nations. \Yith increased prosperity the people of C pper Canada began to have leisure to ohsen-e the working of the machinery of Government. ::\1 uch dissatisfaction was caused by the promised lands not being giyen to the militia who had seryed during the war. The E:\.ecutive Goyernment, too, ,vas in the hands of a few influential men, for the most part connected more or less by family ties, who kept all offices, all emoluments, and well nigh all grants of land in their own hands, and about this time became known by the name which has such sinister association in Canadian History-that of the Family (' ompact. .\t this time Robert Gourlay, a Scotch immigrant who was desirous of becoming a land agent, bethought himself of the expedient of addressing.a number of blank forms containing each thirty-two queries as to agricultural matters in each district. C nfortunately he added another query: .. \ Vhat, in your opinion, most retards the improyement of your township in particular, or the Proyince in general?" This alarmed the Gm"ernment, who were in the. habit of conferring large grants of land on their 0\\ n fclyourites, d. practice which they well knew was injuring the Prm-ince. Gourlay began to be denounced as a republican and preacher of disloyalty; while on the other hand, the generality of the replies that poured into his hands dene>unced the Clergy Reseryes as the bane of proyincial improyement. The Clergy Reserves, set apart as an endowment for a State Church, took from the people one-seyenth of the Proyince of epper Canada. They wen' 1+0 Callali-l alld the Ca1ladia1l People. not in one place, but scattered here and there all over the Province, For the most part, they were waste, and this deteriorated the value of adjoining property, by their paying no tax, and infesting the neighbourhood with the wild beasts they sheltered, Finding himself the object of unjust attack, Gourlay proposed to the people of Upper Canada to petition the Imperial Parliament for an investigation of the affairs of the Province. On the ground of a passage in a draft of this petition, prepared by Gourlay. a prosecution ,,-as entered against him on .,a charge of libel. He was imprisoned for six months in Kingston gaol, but when tried was acquitted. He had every chance of becoming a popular leader, when he offended the Assembly by proposmg to assemble a rival body, "the Convention;" and so lost popu- larity. The Family Compact were then able to hunt him do\\-n unhindered, .\ creature of their own basely s\\-ore that Gourlay was a seditious person. He was ordered to quit the country, and not doing so, was thrown into a cell at the old j ail of K iagara whence he wrote some telling attacks on the Family Compact Government in the Xiagara Spectator. But ill- usage and prolonged incarceration told on his health. He became almost insane, and after being brought to trial, and condemned, was allowed to quit the country, where he owned a considerable tract of land. Thirty-five years later an old man whom no one knew visited the villages and farms on what had once been Gourlay's estate. It was Robert Gourlay himself, come to reclaim his land. The squatters, great or small, were compelled to come to terms with him. In 1822 he published his book on Canada. It is full of bombast and ill-temper, but contains much valuahle information for those who wish to picture to themselves the state of things in this Province during the palmy days of the Family Compact. Maitland, the Lieutenant- Governor, had completely identified himself with that party, and his unfair dealings with poor Gourlay made him more unpopular than any previous Governor. Xotwithstanding misgovernment, Upper Canada was now more flourishing than ever. with a population of 120,000, Inconsequence of this, there was an increase of representation in the Assembly, Five new mem- hers were added to the Legislative Council, by far the most remarkable and influential of whom was the Rev, John Strachan, who afterwards became the first Church of England bishop of Toronto, This noteworthy personage made his first appearance in Canada as pri\-ate tutor in the household of the late Richard Cartwright, of Rockwood, near Kingston, at a salary of fifty pounds cl. year. From this he was promoted to be teacher of the District schoo] at the village of Cornwall, where he married a widow with some money. Young Strachan had been bred a Presbyterian, but Presby- terianism at that time in Canada meant poverty. The Church of England Upper Canada from the Peace to 1828. 1+1 was the Church of the Family Compact magnates, and to minister at its altars insured good pay and admissi n to the best society. So John Strachan threw aside his dislike to the ,. rags of popery," and the" kist 0' whustles," and without difficulty was ordained. He became an extreme advocate of political absolutism and religious intolerance, and to the end of his long life hated non-episcopalian Protestantism with intense bitterness. In 1823, a new subject of contention arose between the Legislative Council and the .\ssembly, in consequence of the attempts of the Family Compact to set aside the election of :Marshall Spring Bid well, for Lennox and Addington, On one pretence or other they ,\Tere successful for the time, and their creature, one G, Ham, was declared elected, but Bidwell was soon afterwards returne.d, and became Speaker of the Assembly. The Family Compact made themselves odious in every way. The Assembly, in lð23. passed a law enabling Methodist ministers to solemnize marriage, but the Upper House, acting under Dr. Strachan's influence, threw it out. On the 18th of :\Iay, 182+, the first trumpet note of reform was sounded .. in the puhlication of The Colonial A dvocate of \\ïl1iam.. Lyon l\Iackenzie. This remarkable man was the son of a poor Highland family of Perthshire. His grandfather had fought with the Cavalier Prince at Culloden, after which he had escaped with him to France, Young :\Iackenzie came to Canada in 1820, and for some time kept a small drug store in Toronto. The first few numbers of his paper showed a vigour and command of sarcasm hitherto unknown in Canadian journalism. I t was eagerly read hy the great body of the people in Upper Canada, and in proportion aroused the bitter hatred of the Family Compact; for Iackenzie designated the Legislative Council as the" tools of a servile power," pointed out the injustice of one church monopolising a seventh part of the Province, and freely criticisecl the unjust imprisonment of Gourlay, In 1826, the hatred of the Family Compact against :\Iackenzie rose to such a pitch that a mob of well-dressed rioters broke into the printing office in :\Iackenzie's absence, wrecked the printing machines, and threw the type into the lake, This outrage was almost openly sanctioned hy the Family Compact. Hut Iac- kenzie was not to be thus suppressed, He sued the rioters, and gained his case, with [625 damages, and costs. Of course :\Iackenzie now became more popular than ever, and in 182R was elected to the Assemhly for the county of York by a large majority. :\leanwhile in Lower Canada discontent and ill-feeling became worse and worse, though the colony continued to flourish. In 1826, :\[cGill College, l\Iontreal, received a charter, and in 1828, a petition signed hy 87,000 of the French Canadians, was sent by their delegates to the Irnperi.d 1+2 Canada aud the Canadian PeoPle. Parliament, a committee of which recommended that its prayer should be granted, and the whole of the revenue he placed under the control of the Lower Canada Parliament, Lord Dalhousie was now recalled, and Sir James Kempt, formerly Governor of Koya Scotia, was sent to succeed him, charged with a mission of reconciliation. He confirmed the election of Papineau as Speaker, called into the Council representatives of the popular party, and in 182 9, raised the representation of Lower Canada from fifty members to eighty-four. In 1830, Kempt was succeeded by Lord Aylmer, In the same year, the entire control of the revenue was assigned to the Provincial Legislature, The property of the Jesuits, long the subject of dispute, was now definitely made oyer for educational purposes, In 18 3 2 , a terrible outbreak of Asiatic Cholera passed over Canada, from a ship at the quarantine station on the S1. Lawrence, A second visit of the same pest took place in the summer of 1834. By this time the \ popular party, kindled into enthusiasm by the fervent harangues of Papineau, began to dream of an independent Repuhlic, Constitutional clubs were formed, and a con\"ention was held, The \ssembly also appointed the late 1\1r. Roebuck as their representatiye in the Imperial Parliament, \vhere he \vas of the utmost sen"ice to Canada in eXplaining the tyranny of the execu- tive of Lower Canada, whic . unless it were abolished, he affirmed, would driye the colony into insurrection. lec.}v;Y ìJ JG CHAPTER XXII. CAl'\ADA O THE EYE OF REBELLIO , 'k T fP,' ,j IR JOH COLDORX E succeeded the unpopular l\Iaitland in l:" pper Canada, \Yhen Parliament met, it was found that the : - "'" Assembly C , onsistel almost entir,ely of Reformer . l\ ackenzie \ as ;' perpetually harassmg the Family Compact ExecutIve byaskmg all kinds of awkward questions, no less than by hiseloquent adyo- (. I cacy of the Assembly's right to control all the revenues of the Pr?yince, For, with the growth of prosperity in the colony, the territorial revenues which were still retained by Government had increased so much that the executive had now a civil list of their own, and were inde- pendent of the popular branch of the Legislature, It will b obseryed that the grievances objected to by the Reform party in Upper and Lower Canada were the same, but it would be untrue to conclude that the political aims of Reformers in the two Provinces were identical. Both complained of the tyranny of the irresponsible executive; and both wished tHe Legislature to have full control of the public revenue, But while the Cpper Canada Reformers desired, as the result of a radical change in these respects, the equality of all citizens irrespective of creed or race, those of Lower Canada wished to get power into their own hands in order to tig lten the bonds of race amI creed exclusiveness, to isolate themselves more com- pletely in their Provincial-French nationality, to exclude from equal share of power and place those English-speaking settlers in Quebec and :\Iontreal who had waked the slow-going old colon)' into active industrial life. but whom the Canadiall sneered at as aliens and intruders. It would he an abuse of language to call Papineau and his followcrs "LiDcral." .\ new member of the Asscmbly who had becn electcd to represent Tor;onto now began to exert considerable influcnce. His fathcr, Dr. Baldwin, had left his native Cork in the heat of the troubles of 1798, and some time after his arrival in Canada had come to Toronto, ne.lr which he built a house callcd by the name Spadina, a name still preserved h) . 144 Canada and the Ca1ladian Pe(!fle, the stately a\'enue which stretches its broad highway from Knox College to the lake. Dr. Baldwin practised law as well as medicine, a union of se\'eral professions, not uncommon Ïn those primiti\'e times of Toronto"s history" Dr. \\ïlliam Baldwin did not seem to be of aristocratic family, or to be received as such by the e'\:clusive coterie of the Famih- Compact. His first venture in Toronto was that of a private schoolmaster. It i probahle that his exclusion from \\ hat were then regarded as the aristocratic circles of the capital of English Canada deter- mined Dr. Baldwin"s mind in the direction of that Liberalism afterwards so ably advocated by his celebrated son, But by the death of the Hon. Peter Russell, a large estate, in what is now western Toronto, fell into the hands of his sister, a maiden lady, who thought fit to bequeath it to Dr. Baldwin, who then became a rich man and a person of consequence, Like most parvenus. he seemed to be bent on "founding a family," and resoh-ed that .. there should he forever a Baldwin of Spadina:' The original house thus grandiloquently described stood on the corner of Spadina .h-enue and Oxford Street. Having been built before the property was laid out, it stood with the gable end to the street. The son of this gentleman, Robert Baldwin, commanded general respect by his unimpeach- ahle integrity and honesty of purpose, no less than by his political good sense, which, while it made him side with the Reform partyeon all the main issues. preserved him from" the falsehood of extremes,"" and the Reformers of C pper Canada were now beginning to form into two distinct camps. On the one side, were the moderate men who were determined, come what would, to seek their constitutional aims by constitutional means, Of these Robert Baldwin was nmv the recognized leader. The other section of the Reform party was led by Iackenzie, whose influence was great, especially all through the county of York, and through most part of the counties of Brant and Oxford, Indeed, the farmer population generally, with the e ception of the Orangemen, now a factor of some influence in the com- munity, and the Anglican Church people. were assiduous readers of the Colmlial Ad'l.'ocate, and sympathizers with Iackenzie, Ieanwhile, the stream of immigrants continued to pour into Canada, .\ large number of Catholic Irish settled in Peterborough and the central part of Cpper Canada, These, as a rule, favoured the Reform party. Iany Clster protestants also took up land, sturdy and thrifty colonists, whose 100'e of constitutional freedom inclined them to join the moderate Reformers, while the hatred they had learned to feel for the Irish" rebels,'" kept them thoroughly in the groove of loyalty. The population of Cpper Canada in I 31 had reached a quarter of a million. .\t the election of Canada OIl the E'i'e of Rebellion. 145 18 3 0 the Family Compact exerted every influence that a large corruption fund placed at their disposal to secure a majority of their own supporters in the Assembly. Their tactics were successful. Iackenzie moved a resolution that the House ought to nominate its own chaplain, instead of ' having the choice of the Executive forced upon them. But the Assembly, by a three-fourths vote, refused to allow the motion, and the Family Com- pact Attorney-General, Boulton, compared the claim tbat the House should appoint its own chaplain. to the conduct of a street assassin, to which rabid insult the Assembly tamely submitted, Iackenzie then moved for a committee of inquiry into the state of legislati\'e representation in the Pro- vince of Upper Canada, It was bad indeed, a House packed with Family Compact officials, the mere creatures and mouthpieces of the Executive Council. Iackenzie 's unanswerable exposure of the corruption of the existing system so alarmed the House that they consented to his motion for inquiry amid applause from the public in the gallery of the House. But Iackenzie would not stop there; pension lists, fees, sinecurists, salaries, money abuses of all kinds so rife in that Augean stable of corruption, the .. Family Compact Goyernment, were attacked and exposed in speeches whose scathing common sense struck home and were carried broadcast Over the Province in the columns of the Colonial Advocate, At last, driven to des- pair, the Family Compact resoh'ed to crush the man whom they could not answer. .-\ committee headed by Allan IacX ab, the Attorney-General, endeavoured to impeach Iackenzie for breach of pri\"ilege, but their case broke down. :\Iackenzie now continued to spread the agitation for Reform all through the Province, He spoke to excited multitudes in Galt, in Cornwall, and Brockville, His success in rousing the people's mind was reat, even in the heart of such Family Compact centres as Brock\'ille and the Talbot settlement. He now prepared a petition in Toronto, asking that the Assembly might have full control of the public revenues and of the ale of public lands; that the clergy reserves might be secularized; that municipal councils might be established; that the right to impeach public officials might be conceded; that judges and clergymen might be excluded from Parliament; and the law of primogeniture repealed, To this petition 25,000 signatures were appended. All that :\Iackenzie asked has long been part of the law of Canada. \Ye scarcely realize the benefits of our free institutions, because \\e take them, like light and air, as a matter of course. It is well to remind ourselves of what we owe to those who struggled in the hitterness of patient battle, not fifty years ago, against corruption en- trenched in power. But the Family Compact, ha\ iug now secured a majority of its 0\\ n creatures in the Assembly, resoh'ed to make use of it to 10 14 6 - Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, crush their enemy, Some pungent and not very judicious strictures on the Assembly's reception of petitions from the people were, by a vote of the House, construed as a libel. By another vote Mackenzie was expelled from the Assembly, In the debate on this question Attorney-General Boulton called Mackenzie "a reptile," and Solicitor-General Hagerman compared him to a spaniel dog, Mackenzie rose to the height of his popularity; petition after petition poured in to the Governor entreating him to dissolve the cor- rupt Assembly. 'On the day of Mackenzie's dismissal nine hundred and thirty of those who had signed the petition waited on the Governor to receive his reply. It was given in two or three curt, contemptuous words. The troops were ready armed, artillery men stood beside the loaded can- non, prepared, at a moment's notice, to sweep the streets with grapeshot. It was well that the crowd of Canadian Reformers was perfectly orderly. as the chivalrous English Governor was fully prepared for the massacre of men, women and children within range of his guns. But the Assembly now attempted to bid for popularity; they voted an address to the Crown, praying that the clergy reS'erves might be secularized for the purpose of education. They then issued the writs for York County, but l\Iackenzie was retnrned by acclamation. Again they expelled him from the Assembly; again he was triumphantly returned. In 1832 Mackenzie went to England with his petition, In 1H34 the Lower Canadians embodied their grievances in the famous "ninety-two resolutions," chiefly dra,vn up by Papineau, The effect of these on the Imperial Parliament was to appoint a committee who reported that the successive Governors had done their duty; that the troubles in Lower Canada were due to the quarrels between the two Houses of the Legislature, This was to shelve the difficulty, and it was now evident that the Lower Canadian Reformers would, sooner or later, revolt. In 18 35 Lord Aylmer was succeeded by the Earl of Gosford, but he did not pro- .. duce more effect than his predecessors on the heated passions of the French. Papineau, who aspired to be the Mirabeau of Lower Canada, was, for the moment, all powerful. In 1837 it became evident that the revolt was inevi- table, Gosford learned that Papineau was organizing societies for the pur- pose of insurrectionary drill, and applied to Sir Colin Campbell, Governor of Nova Scotia, for a regiment, which was accordingly sent. :Meanwhile, throughout the country parishes, drilling and arming went on openly. But the priesthood, whom the abolition of the Catholic Church by the French revolutionists had taught to hate the name of Republic, were frightened at Papineau's republican projects, He had provoked the opposition of a power whose hold on the French Canadian peasant was mightier than his own. I Cai/ada on the Eve of Rcbellion, 147 The first collision with the authorities took place in l\Iontreal, where a republican society, called the "Sons of Liberty;' were attacked while walking in procession. They were easily put to flight, and warrants were issued for the arrest of Papineau and twenty-six other leaders. Papineau sought shelter at the house of one of his Parliamentary colleagues, Dr. \\Yolfred Kelson, in the heart of the disaffected district. General Colborne, determining to check the insurrection at the outset, sent Colonel Gore, a \Yaterloo veteran, to attack St. Denis with a force of two hundred infantry, a troop of militia ca yalry, and three field pieces. . . ' ... P:J. . ".,...... , , . " :'; , , '" -...t 00-" { .,: ':J .. ., \..:- !.:: .. . CHAPTER XXIII, REVOLT, .J .i , . ;: 2 ' R, \YOLFRED NELSON had for many years practised medi- f., , - . l..ó t,," cine in and around St. Denis, He spoke the language and :J;, _' thoroughly understood the character of his French neighbours. Considerable professional skill, freely exerted without payor ti reward for all the poor among the habitants, had made him for years past exceedingly popular. He was elected to the Assembly, and there followed the leadership of Papineau, with whose republicanism he sympathized. Early intelligence was, of course, brought to him by the habitants of Colonel Gore's approach. Nelson had seen seryice as military surgeon during the late war, and had sufficiently the courage of his opinions to resolve on active resistance, Not so Papineau. The Mirabeau of :\lon- treal had not a particle of the pluck that gave backbone to the somewhat bizarre eloquence of the Mirabeau of the great Revolution. He left his fol- lowers to their fate and made an inglorious retreat to the States, Mean- while Nelson rang the village tocsin, and the aroused habItants came flock- ing' to its summons, Nelson stationed his men at the windows and loop holes of a large stone building, and at those of two others wherever a flanking fire could be directed on an attacking force. \ Yhen Colonel Gore arrived he attacked ?\ elson's position from ten in the morning till four in '[he afternoon, But his one gun could make no impression on the thick stone walls. He could not take the building by storm, his own men were being shot down, and at last he was forced to spike and abandon his field piece, and retreat as best he could, This victory, the only marked success of the revolt of 1837, was gained on November 23rd, But at St, Charles, though the insurgents were in far greater force, they were badly led, and fell an easy prey to Colonel \Yetherell, who had been sent with a strong force to attack the place, \Vith the exception of a raid by American sym- pathizers, across the border, this was the last of the revolt in 18 37, It is pleasant to record that Dr. elson, who had shown the greatest kindness .. Revolt. 149 to Colonel Gore's wounded soldiers, left on his hands, succeeded in escap- ing to the States, whence, in calmer times, he returned to his home in St. Denis, But next year a second insurrection took place in Lower Canada, led by a brother of Dr. i'\ elson. It was soon suppressed. Both insurrec- tions were severely ayenged by gallows and torch. Numbers of men were hanged with scant form of trial, and the darkness of the December night, in the parishes of St, Denis and St. Charles, were lit up by blazing home- - steads and barns. In Upper Canada, Colborne had been superseded at his own request, and was succeeded by Sir Francis Bond Head, a half-pay Major and an in- dustrious writer of second-rate magazine articles. This vain and self- opinionated officer was sent out with instructions to pursue a policy of con- ciliation, which he at first attempted to carry out by appointing three Re- formers, Rolph, Baldwin. and Dunn, to the Executive Council. But he never consulted these gentlemen, and they soon resigned in disgust, At the elections oÍ June, 1836, the Family Compact put forth all their apparatus of corruption, and again secured a subservient majority in the Assembly. By this time the easily-flattered Governor was completely won over by the blandishments of the Family Campact clique, It was evident to l\Iackenzie that there was no hope in constitutional agitation, to which he and his fol- lowers had adhered while the faintest hope of fair-play remained. .\11 which will be told at more length in the following chapter. - pi _ ' _ .. ...J &$ T -- -... - - . ( ): -:../f!-..... . '. 8::? ....... - _..... CHAPTER XXIV. THE C I V I L \V A R. S the mist of papty prejudice clears away we are able to judge of public acts by their results, The rebellion of 1837-'3 was a p rely Canadian movement, an armament of a portion of the Canadian people to win back by force those constitutional rights which the Family Compact Government had wrested from the electors; and, but for acci- dental circumstances, to be detailed in the sequel, this rebetlion would, no doubt, have been successful in overthrowing, without bloodshed, the whole Family Compact system, and the rule of Sir Francis Bond Head, Of course, it would have been absurd to suppose that any attempt could haye been made to hold Upper Canada against the military power of England. But the course of subsequent events, and the legislation which followed the publication of Lord Durham's Report, show that it is equally absurd to suppose that the Liberal party then in power in England would haye exerted military force to retain a system like that of Head and the Canadian Tories, The :\Iackenzie rising, in 1837, must be carefully distinguished from the other movements, from the Lower Canadian insurrection, and from the filibustering raids of American "sympathizers" which followed, The English Canadian movement resembled only in appearance the Lower Canadian insurrection of 1837, The Cpper Canadian movement was essentially a popular one, It was supported by the great mass of English Canadian people. i\ot so the rising in French Canada. The latter move- ment never had a really popular support, for it was from the first under the ban of the Church, and the Lower Canadian is a Catholic first, a patriot afterwards, Lafontaine had to mend his ways and become reconciled to the Church before he could become, what Papineau never had been, the real leader of French Canada. The English Canadian movement, under :\Iackenzie, had a distinctly national aim and support, and a military Tlze Civil lVar. ISI programme which came very near being successful, The French revolt under Papineau never could have been a success, Its solitary success in the field was gained under the English-speaking leader, Dr. \Volfred Nelson. or is the movement of 1837 to be confounded with the raids at Navy Island, at .A.mherstburgh, and at Prescott in the succeeding year, which were mere filibustering expeditions, for which no justification whatever is admissible. It is clear that Sir Francis Bond Head was sent to Canada on what was intended to be a mission of conciliation. He bore the reputation of holding Liberal, or rather \Yhig opinions; he had been a zealous official as Assistant Poor Law Commissioner, in Kent; he was chiefly known to the public as the author of several magazine articles describing his personal adventures, and written in a garrulous, egotistical, but good-humoured tone, His utter ignorance, frankly avowed in his narrative of his official career, of Canadian politics, was not likely to be regarded as a disqualifica- tion by his English superiors, it being then the custom for English insular officialism to ignore colonial interests, Sir Francis Head arrived at Toronto in January, 1836, and was greeted with inscriptions covering the fences on King Street of " \ Yelcome to Sir Francis Head, the tried Reformer!" The H tried Reformer" soon showed the cloven hoof of partisanship, In reply to an address adopted at a public meeting of the citizens of Toronto, he snubbed the addressers as of inferior capacity, and requiring to be addressed "in plainer and more homely language," words which naturally gave much dissatisfaction. Head's manner, as he met the members of the Legislature, was also discourteous and haughty, A reply to the Lieutenant-Governor's official insolence was drawn up hy Drs. Rolph and O'Grady, "\\Y e thank Your Excellency," it began, "for replying to our address, principally from the industrious classes of the city, with as much attention as if it had proceeded from either branch of the Legislature; and we are duly sensible in receiving Your Excellency's reply, of your great condescension in endeavouring to express yourself in plainer and more homely lan uaße, presumed by Ytmr Excellency to be thereby hrought down to the lower level of our plainer and more homely und.er- standings," The rejoinder then deplored, with sarcastic humility, the deplorable neglect of their education, resulting from the misgovernment of King's College University, and the veto imposed by the EÀecutive Govern- ment on the popular Assembly's resolutions that the Clergy Resen es should be applied to the needs of public education, This able document proceeded to recite other grievances, and concluded with what, according 15 2 Cmwda a1ld the Ca1ladian People. to 1\1r. Charles Lindsey, "\Yilliam Lyon Mackenzie, in a manuscript note he has left, calls the' first low murmur of insurrection.''' " If Your Excellency will not govern us upon those principles, you will e ercise arbitrary sway, you will violate our charter, virtually abrogate our law, and justly forfeit our submission to your authority," ran the reply, The able and sar% CHAPTER XXIX. CO FEDERATION, 1 . , ,.1' ': T ha been for ome t me e\ïden that under the legislative system it whIch had eXIsted SInce the umon of Upper and Lower Canada, -; . -;' frequent deadlocks were inevitable, and that some new basis for '(I "'; the Constitution must be sought elsewhere. In the session of -;'..-i.. 186+ the Sandfield Macdonald Go,'ernment had received the full 'r support of 1\1r. George Brown, and of the Liberal party, which regarded him as their leader, and his newspaper as their organ and standard, Tired of the endless party wrangling that had impeded aU useful legislation, that Government resigned-a mistake, as it has always seemed to many Reformers, in political tactics. To them succeeded the Taché-Macdonald Government, which led a hand-to-mouth existence from day to day on the sufferance 01 Parliament, and in virtue of a majority of two. From this feeble .\dministration 11r. Brown succeeded in obtaining a Committee to "consider the best means of settling the constitutional changes which might be recommended, to avoid trouble." The Committee adopted ami presented to Parliament a report in favour of " a federation system, applied either to Canada or to the whole of the British North Ame- rican Provinces." John A. l\Iacdonald was foremost in opposing the adoption of the report. But next day the decrepid Conservatives fell into one of those pitfalls which their leaders have so often unwittingly prepared for the downfall of their own popularity. It" came out "-how many such things have" come out" since John A. Macdonald has been leader of the .. Consen"atives-that A, T. Galt, Finance .:\Iinister in the Cartier-.:\1acdonald Government, had, without the sanction of Parliament. lent i100,000 to the Grand Trunk Railway corporation. This of course inculpated. as they themselves did not attempt to deny, the whole of the Cabinet, :\11'. Dorion moved a vote of want of confidence in this helpless .:\Iinistry, the two members whose votes alone sustained them in office having h('come hostile at thi:. critical moment. "-hat use did Geurge Brown, for in those 19 6 Canada a1ld the Ca1ladian PeoPle. 'It days George Brown and Canadian Liberalism were convertible terms, make of this signal )'ictory ? His bitter political foes lay at his mercy in humi- liating defeat. A less high-minded statesman would have thought of party, if not of personal objects. George Brown was above both considerations, and thought only of the opportunity now ready to his hand of carrying into effect the federation system which he and he alone had desired, which above all else he wished to see carried into effect, even if the glory of its achieve- ment should accrue to the Conservatives, who till the previous day had been its bitterest opponents. Immediately after the Ministerial defeat 11r. Brown sought an inter- view with J. H. Pope and Alexander l\Iorris, Conservative members of the House, He did this after consultation with his principal friends and supporters, as to how far the Reform party would cons nt to forego mere personal and party advantage in order to ensure the carrying out of a con- stitutional change of great benefit to the country. He conferred next with :\Iessieurs Pope and )'lorris. Ahme of the Reform party, the French Cana- dian Reformers refused to follow his self-sacrificing course in this matter, preferring the ordinary course of party triumph on the defeat .of opponents, )'1r. George Brown was grieved at this defection of his so long faithful allies, Dut he would not for that reason swerve from the path of patriotic duty. In consequence of the conversation between 1\1r. Brown and l\Iessieurs :\lorris and Pope, interviews took place between the Reform leader and members representing the defeated Government, John ...\. 1\Iacdonald exhibited a highly characteristic willingness to get his Government strength- ened by a coalition, there being no other possibility of prolonging its exist- ence, and proposed, with what motive it is easy to guess, that George Brown should himself become a member of the Cabinet, But the Father of Con- federation was too wary to act with precipitation, and proposed that all personal matters should be postponed for the present. On l\lr. Brown asking what remedy the Government proposed, to do away' with the present system of injustice to English Canada, Messieurs )'lacdonald and Galt stated that they proposed as the remedy a federal union of all the British :N orth American Provinces, local matters being committed to local bodies, and matters common to all, to a Federal Govern- ment. It will be remembered that but two days before John A, 1\lacdonald had voted directlY,against the proposal for a Federation of the Provinces. Truly, the conversion was sudden, and the neophyte zealous. In reply, ::\Ir. Brown objected, not to the adoption of Federation, which had been his own ideal from the first, but to its too great remoteness and uncertainty, as a means of settling the injustice of which English Canada complained. As COllfederatio1t. 197 a more prompt measure, he asked for representation by population for all Canada, with no dividing line, But ultimately a compromise was arrived at, on the adoption of the principle of Federation for all the Provinces, as the larger question, or for Canada alone, with provision for the admission of the l\Iaritime Provinces and the N orth- \Vest Territory, A general accord was reached, on the basis that as the views of Upper Canada could not be met under the present system, the remedy must be sought in the adoption of the federal principle, As a guarantee to the Reform party, three seats were to be placed at the disposal of l\Ir. Brown and two of his friends. Parliament was now at once prorogued, and on the same day, the Hon, George Brown entered the Government as President of the Council. supported by the able but unstable Hon. \Villíam lcDougall, as Provincial Secretary, and by the far more able and high principled Hon. Oliver 'l\Iowat. as Postmaster-General. The Hon. A. Mackenzie, in his " Life of the lIon, George Brown":;: frankly states that the appointment of 1\1r. :\IcDougall was one desired by very few of the party. During the ensuing summer the various members of the new Coalition Government made a general tour of the Provinces, and held a convention of the Provincial delegates in October at Quebec, Parliament met early in 1865, The debate which ensued was one of the most remarkable which had, as yet, taken place in a Canadian Legislature, Of the t,\Vo great changes which 'had been effected in the constitution of our country, the first, in 1791, had been altogether the work of the English Parliament, where its details gave rise to one of the most memorable debates of a great Parliamentary Assembly. The union of the Canadas in 18+1 was also both planned and put into practical form by British statesmen, the consent of the Canadian Legislatures being but a form, and a form which, in the case of the French Canadian, was very sum- marily dispensed with. But the inception, the adoption, and thc practical working out of the Confederation Scheme was entirely the work of our own Canadian statesmen; and the debating powers displayed when this question came before the Legislature were said to show a very marked advance in political insight and breadth of view from that shown in any prcyious discussions in the records of our Legislatures. \. few years of that Home Rule which results from Rcsponsible Gm-ernment had already proved a political education. The leading speeches, those of Mcssieurs Brown, Macdonald, and Cartier, in support of the measure; those of l\Iessieurs John Sandfield Macdonald, Huntington, Dorion and Holton, * Chapter XVI., p, 95. The remark wonld be endorsed by most Reformers of the pre,>ent day, 19 8 Canada and the Ca1ladian PeoPle, against it; the very exhaustive and luminous criticism with which Mr. Dunkin's remarkable oration examined its bearings from every side, are well put forward and accompanied with much apt comment in the lIon. John H. Gray's important historical work on Confederation-only the first volume of which unfortunately has been given to the public. John A. :\Iacdonald's speech on this question was one of those rare oratorical successes which came on a few great occasions from one who had hitherto been regarded, even by those who knew him most intimately, simply as an adroit debater, a matchless Parliamentary whipper-in, and a retailer of obscene bar-room jests, l\Iore logical, more incisive, far more effective with thinking men, was the speech of the real founder of Confederation, George Brown. But the most remarkable of all the addresses delivered on this memorable occasion was that of 1\1r. Dunkin, Colonel Gray's criticism of which must be regarded by the impartial historian as utterly beside the facts, Colonel Gray says: "All that a well-read public man, all that a thorough sophist, a dexterous logician, a timid patriot, or a prophet of evil could array against the project, was brought up and pressed against the scheme." Of course Colonel Gray regarded Confedera- tion as the be-all and end-all of Canadian politics. Later students of Canadian political history, who see that difficulties have been left unpro- vided for, th distribution of authority between Federal and Provincial Governments unsettled, and a way left open to vast financial abuses, will see that l\Ir. Dunkin was right in supposing that the settlement effected by ConfederatIOn was no more a final one than that of the Union of the Canadas, or of the Act which created English Canada in 1791. \ remark- able speech in favour of the proposed measure was also delivered on this occasion by l\Ir. \Yalter Shanly, member for South Grenville. On Friday, l\larch loth, the debate had exhausted itself, and the lIon. John \. Mac- donald proposed the following motion :-" That an humble Address be pre- seated to Her l\Iajesty, praying that she may be graciously pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament for the purpose of uniting the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, in one Government, with provisions based on certain resolutions, which were adopted by a conference of dele- gates from the said Provinces held at Quebec on the 16th of October, 11:) 6 5." After some further debate this resolution was carried by a vote of 9 1 to 33. The wish of John A. Macdonald in navigating the measure which he had with such consummate dexterity stolen from its legitimate author through the shoals of Parliamentary debate, was well understood to have been to cen- tralize power as much as possible in the Federal Government, leaving the Confederation, 199 Provincial Legislatures in the position of mere municipal councils. This was in thorough harmony with John A. l\Iacdonald's political character, his insatiate greed for power, and that clinging to every exercise of personal authority which makes him delay conferring an official appointment, even upon a personal friend. But in this matter he was, to a certain extent, backed up by a feeling on the part of all those engaged in the work of political reconstruc- tion, that Canada ought to take warning by what had recently seemed likely to be the break-down of the United States Constitution. It was thought, most erroneously, that what had caused the strain was the weakness of the central Federal authority, In reality the reverse was the case, The war was caused by one faction only, the opposition to slavery on the part of Ir. Lincoln's Cabinet. That Cabinet was unlike a Canadian one, utterly unrestricted in its exercise of authority, John A. l\Iacdonald did not on the occasion of the inception of Confederation succeed in his wish of sowing the dragon's teeth of constitutional mischief, but never since then has he lost sight of his centralizing propensities. or neglected an opportunity to trample on Provincial Rights, A similar motion was introduced in the Legis- lative Council by Sir E, P. Taché, and carried by a vote of three to one. In _\pril Iessrs. John A. Macdonald, Galt, Brown and Cartier made a visit to England, in order to confer with the Imperial Government, and arrange the final details of the scheme of Confederation. Ieantime the feeling of the Iaritime Provinces was increasingly manifested against the proposed Confederation, In Nova Scotia the opposing issues were advo- cated by two of the ablest orators that British America has produced, by Dr. Charles Tupper, erewhile a druggist at Amherst, and by Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer, being the ideal and representative man of hIS native Province. ew Brunswick, ever cautious and reserved in her isola- tion from the rest of English speaking Canada, dreaded increased taxation. The little Province of Prince Edward Island held aloof, and the bleak cod-fishing hanks.of inhospitable Newfoundland withdrcw into their native bay. \Vhen in Engl.md, the Canadian delegates held conference after conference with the Imperial Ministers on the proposed measures, on the question of treaties and legislation, the defences of Canada, the settle- ment of the North-\Yest Territories, and the claims for compensation put forward by the Hudson's Day Company. \nd as one of the most cogent arguments put forward by the opponents of Confederation in :N ova Scotia and New nrunswick was that the aim of those who forwarded that measure was to effect the independence of Canada, and the severance of all connection with Englaml, the Canadian delegates pressed on the British Cabinet the desirability of a strong eÀpression from the Home Government 200 Canada and tlie Canadian PeoPle, in fa your of Confederation being conveyed to the Governments of the Maritime Provinces. It is a curious comment on the change that has come over public opinion, that in 1865 the mere mention of independence should have been regarded as offensive. Strong representations in favour of Con- federation were accordingly transmitted from the English 1\Iinistry to the Governments of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, a step which, curiously enough, drew forth from the anti-Confederationists many bitter expressions of what might most justly have been described as "disloyalty," and the British authorities were roundly denounced for atfempting "an odious system of coercion of the colonies into the hateful bund." It required all the arts of which John A. Macdonald is so justly reputed a consummate master to induce the recalcitrant l\Iaritimes to fall into line. This, however, was at last effected, and the long disjointed pieces of the Canadian fishing- rod at last received that accession of strength which comes from union, Of all the able speeches delivered on this question, the. most remarkable is one delivered by the Hon, George Brown, a passage from which may well be quoted as an example of how this important constitutional change was regarded by the first of Canadian Liberal statesmen, and by one who held no second place either as an orator or writer. "I venture to assert that no scheme of equal magnitude ever placed before the world was received with higher eulogiums, with more universal approbation, than the measure ',:e have now the pleasure of submitting for the acceptance of the Canadian Parliament. And no higher eulogy could, I think, be pro- nounced than that I heard a few weeks ago from one of the foremost of British statesmen, that the system of Government now proposed seemed to him a happy compound of the best features of the British and American constitutions, And well might our present attitude in Canada arrest the attention of other countries. Here is a people composed of distinct races, speaking different languages, with religious and social and municipal and educational institutions wholly different; with sectional hostilities of such a character as to render Government for many years well nigh impos- sible; with a constitution so unjust in the view of one section as to justify every resort to enforce a remedy. And yet, here we sit, patiently and temperately discussing how these great evils and hostilities may justly and amicably be swept away for ever. \Ye are endeavouring to adjust har- moniously greater difficulties than have plunged other countries into all the horrors of civil war. \Ye are striving to do peaceably and satisfactorily what Holland and Belgium, after years of strife, were unable to accomplish. \Ye are seeking, by calm discussion, to settle questions that _\ustria and Hungary, that Denmark and Germany, that H,ussia and Poland, could only Confederation. 201 crush by the iron hand of armed force, \Ye are seeking to do, without' foreign intetvention, that which deluged in blood the sunny plains of Italy; we are striving to settle for ever issues hardly less momentous than those that have rent the neighbouring republic, and åre now exposing it to all the horrors of civil war, Have we not, then, great cause for thankfulness, that we have found a better way for the solution of our troubles than that which has entailed on other countries such deplorable results? and should not everyone of us endeavour to rise to the magnitude of the occasion, and earnestly seek to deal with this question to the end in the same candid and conciliatory spirit in which, so far, it has been discussed? The scene pre- sented by tqis chamber at this moment, I venture to affirm, has few parallels in history, One hundred years have passed away since these provinces became, by force, part of the British Empire. I speak in no boastful spirit, I desire not for a moment to excite a painful thought; what was then the fortune of war of the brave French nation, might have been ours on that well-fought field, I recall those olden times merely to mark the fact that here sit to-day the descendants of the victors and the vanquished in the fight of 1759, with all the differences of language, religion, civil law, and social habit, nearly as distinctly marked as they were a century ago; here we sit to-day seeking amicably to find a remedy for con- stitutional evils and injustice complained of-by the vanquished? no-but complained of by the conquerors'! Here sit the representatives of the British population claiming justice! only justice! .\nd here sit the repre- sentatives of the French population discussing in the French tongue whether we shall have it. One hundred years have passed away since the conquest of Quebec, but here sit the children of the victors and the vanquished, also avowing hearty attachment to the British Crown, all earnestly deliberating how we should best e},.tend the blessings of, British institutions-how a great people may be established on this continent in close and hearty connection with Great Britain. \Yhere, in the page of history, shall we find a parallel for this? ,. Some disturbance of the amicable relations between the parties to the coalition was caused by the death of the Premier, Sir Etienne P. Tache, and the accession to the position of Sir Narcisse Belleau, Mr. Brown and the Reformers, however, thought it their duty to acquiesce. The last Canadian Parliament opened in August at Quebec, and was occupied altogether with receiving tbe report of the deleg-ates to England. The Government measure for Confederation was carried by overwhelming- majorities, ,It was loyally supported by :\Ir. Brown and the Liberals. although that gentleman, whom the Tory tactici,ins vainly cndeavoured to 202 Canada and the Canadian PeoPle, ,. ' '" . "".:. _' ,i -tf "'- ...- ,- .J "__; ,j", __ \ ;:) ; , -# " '. J. II "" ' _,, ' " '_ t :\1 - _-=.=-....:.. .:::::i: .. .' Ü 1" ( = -- ' :-- .' 2;,a1 .<' 2 ,=" - ' " ;' I. , .... IF-- _ ' _ \ ---<. " -::.- " \ , " -- -- ......' . /::-;:;:::- :!> 'j, -=.0 _ .::- - /.?:, ,. , ' , '.! ,-- - - . :% : . j " - ,I, - ./p_ / :.;:.r , __ ':--,.-= / . 0/ :::.: , '\, ;-c=-- ' , . '";.fJ: '-.,. - . i -. :1 =: g ,_-, '. --:. -':-:-:-::-".."...:: - 'I:'::--::,...%:.;: '--;7' _"::-.. __,,_ . ;:, __;;!;_ ..., " ::-:-_.,,: ............... 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' :. "f':. .-, ';' ' ': : ' '." . .,.". .-.. ... -, :::;:;::.:: ' -:; ..:.::: ;::..: " ....:,:..: .+...:... I' 9...:;--: . \.." . . "t!& :;' S:s . f'I"', .. '. -..,> ' \ - .. \,'J: . ")"' - ::-;'+ '\ \,-" '" ':.t' ,",,' ." \ " " SIR HINCKS FRANCIS =') Recent Years. 20 9 last regiment marched down the historic hill where \V olfe and Iontcalm and :\Iontgomery fell, :N ew retribution fell on the Macdonald Cabinet in the revelation of its full connection with the Pacific Scandal disclosures, which are too recent in the public mind to need repetition here. The history of Ontario, the premier Province of Canada, the only one entirely solvent and entirely Liberal, is that happiest of all histories, one with few marked events, and a quiet progress of self-improvement and beneficent, because practical, administration. Under :\Ir. l\Iowat's Govern- ment economical rule has been carried out to a degree unapproached as yet by any Province in the Dominion. Party, at least on the main issues which divide the contending factions at Ottawa, has been banished from the Provincial Councils, appointments in the Civil Service have been made, not from a party standpoint, but on the sole grounds of efficiency for the public service, and, as a consequence, a Government has been established solid in the confidence and in the affections of the people. The host of the Family Compact has, in vain, attempted to do evil with its old weapons, calumny and corruption-the íormer has proved its own refutation, the latter is now in the criminal's dock of our Police Court. " r .. ., !itJ ') I..L .. q. , . PA RT II. Ællt U;ounfll of lJorh. . THE COUNTY OF YORI(. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORy,-CHARACTER AND LIMITS OF OUR LOCAL HISTORY.- THE TWILIGHT OF F ABLE,-:\lIcHILI:\fACKlXAC, THE \VESTERN CEXTRE OF THE FUR TRADE.- THE VARIOUS ROUTES THITHER.- THE H UROK NATION.-THE ., PASS" BY TORONTO.-ÐESTRUCTIOX OF THE HUROKS BY THE IROQUOIS,-FoRT ROUILLÉ.-THE PROn CE OF UPPER CAXADA CONSTITUTED,-GOVERNOR Sn-rCOE.- Y ORK.- THE ABORIGIXES. ;.. è,.. þ , -. )... : HE history of the County of York, like that of almost eyery Ii I. r ' county in "rest ern Canada, is closely bound up with the & , i general history of the Proyince; insomuch that, in treating of ;q those subjects, it occasionally becomes a matter of no little ,,"v'\ . difficulty to keep the respective narratives perfectly clear and , ---....-. itf). distinct from each other, l\Iuch of what commonly passes for local history is the inseparable birthright of the Ðon1inion at large, and cannot adequately be represented upon a narrow canvas, But the 11etropolitan County has nevertheless a consecuti,"e series of incidents which are exclusively its own; which no other community can claim to share with it, and which consequently are of special interest to dwellers upon its soil. In some few cases these incidents are of genuine and undoubted historical value. In others they are transitory and ephemeral in their nature, and haye no further interest for posterity than that which arises from their local associations; but they are not on that account to be contemptuously rejected by anyone who undertakes to chronicle the local annals for the mingled instruction and amusement of future generations of local reader . îhe greatest historian of modern times declared that he would cheerfully bear the reproach of haying descended below the dignity 2 The County of York, of history if he could succeed in placing before the English of the nineteenth century a true picture of the life of their ancestors. In like manner, a less ambitious historian may leave "the dignity of history" to take care of itself, and may venture to declare that he shall feel as though his task had been well accomplished, if he can succeed in placing before his readers a faithful panorama of the mutations through which the scenes immediately surrounding them have passed in the course of the last two hundred years. The known and actual history of the County of York reaches back to a time "\Vhen wIld in woods the noble savage ran," and extends over a period of about a hundred and thirty-five years; that is to say, from the year 17+9. Prior to that time we have merely a few tolerably "yell authenticated but widely disconnected facts with reference to it, These facts, however, are generally founde.d upon no written data, and fable and tradition enter so largely into the record that it is frequently difficult to separate them, or to say whether or not they rest upon any suhstantial foundation of truth. About others there is such an amount of vaguen'ess that but little real significance can be attached to them, even assuming them to be true. For instance, what importance can be attached to the conjectural visit of mendacious Father Hennepin to the mouth of the Humber, in 1678? Or to the subsequent visit of that bold discoverer in unknown regions\ Robert Cavelier de la Salle? There seems to be no manner of doubt that the territory comprised within the present limits of the County of York was trodden as long ago as the middle of the seventeenth century, and even earlier, by some of those intrepid adventurers of New France who were the first European explorer.s of the wild western wilderness. \Vhether the territory adjoining the beaten track which lay north,vard from Lake Ontario along the course of what is now the Humber Riyer was to any considerable extent explored by them seems extremely doubtful. That an occasional cou,reur des bois may have varied his adventurous enterprises by more or less prolonged sojourns among the natives is likely enough. But such voyageurs, if any, have left no permanent traces behind them. All that is absolutely essential for us in these days to know on the subject is, that no portion of the domain now forming the County of York was tl;1e fixed abode of any civilized human being until near the middle of the eighteenth century, The Indians, however, have left very perceptible traces behind them, and with a view to comprehensiveness of outline, it is here desirable to say something about their connection with the region under consideration. The COU1Zty of York. 3 At a very early period in "the history of western exploration, the atten- tion alike of explorers and of natives was turned in the direction of the fur trade, The beetling cliffs of Cape Diamond would yield neither gold nor precious stones; but the contiguous forest, extending indefinitely in all directions, contained a seemingly never-failing supply of fur-bearing animals \vhich promised to yield a princely revenue. The cupidity of French capitalists was aroused, They formed various companies for the purpose of developing the trade, and despatched their agents to all points of the compass, Some of these agents were scions of illustrious families, and were impelled to adopt this mode of life merely from a wild spirit of adventure, The picturesqueness and freedom of the pathless forest had for them an irresistible fascination. They fraternized with the natives, and left the adjuncts of civilization far behind them.. By degrees they pushed their explorations into far-distant regions where their white faces afforded never- ceasing wonderment to the red barbarians of the wilderness, Their eager- ness to obtain furs necessarily aroused a similar spirit in the breasts of the Indians, who found that the pale-faces at Quebec would give them knives, beads, and various other much-desired commodities in exchange for the skins of the beaver, the mink, the fox and the otter, Quebec, however, was a long way to go from the upper lakes where these animals were most abundant, and erelong the companies found it to their interest to establish trading-posts at various points along the St. La\vrence. These \vere but the precursors of still more distant posts along the shores of the lakes. Finally, a post was established on an island in the remote lake region of the west, at a place which is now a delightful summer resort, but which was then regarded by the French voyageurs as the very farthest limit of exploration, The island was called l\Iichilimackinac, and is now known as l\Iackinaw, Its situation is well known to every summer tourist of the present day, It soon became the great western centre of the fur trade, Thither, at stated periods, the Indians of the Lake Superior region, and even from the head \vaters of the l\Iississippi, resorted in countless multi- tudes, to exchange their peltries with the representatives of the great Company of Une Hunùred Partners. :;\lichilimackinac having thus become a great central place of resort, all the land-trails and water-ways were chosen \vith a special eye to con- venient and expeditious arrival thither, The route most traversed from Quebec and the Lower S1. Lawrence was by way of the Ottawa and French Rivers to the inlet of Lake Huron now known as the Georgian Bay, whence the course was open and unrestricted. But those \vho adopted this route were perforce compelleù to neglect the traffic of the upper St. Lawrence, 4 The COUllty of York, and of Lakes Ontario and Erie, which yielded an abundant annual supply of the much-coveted furs, In order to catch this-traffic, some agents made their way to and from Iichilimackinac by a more southerly route than that by the Otta'wa. Pursui.ng their way up the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, they thence struck across by the River Trent and the chain of · lakes and streams intervening between there and the Georgian Bay, This route was invariably productive, for it was literally alive with fur-bearing animals, but it was very toilsome and arduous, owing to the numerous portages, and the consequent difficulty of transportation, A still more southerly route was by way of the Kiagara River. The voyageur a.scended the S1. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, and coasted along either the northern or southern shore to the mouth of the iagara, trafficking along the route whereyer the smoke on the neighbouring shore indicated the proximity of Indian wigwams, and the attendant possibility of turning an honest penny by turning his prow shorewards. By the time he had reached the mouth of the Niagara he had generally secured a sufficient supply of peltries to load his batteau to the water's edge, He accordingly sent back his cargo and boat to l\Iontreal or Quebec, and proceeded up the river to beyond the cataract, where he procured another boat and proceeded to l\Iichilimackinac by way of Lake Erie and Lake Huron, and the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers, But there was still a fourth and intermediate route, which, to readers of these pages, will be the most interesting of all. This was by way of the river now known as the Humber, which was long a not uncommon mode of reaching the Georgian Bay. The voyageur, whose ultimate destination was l\'Iichilimackinac, frequently made his way westward along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, calling at the mouth of the stream \\,here the pretty town of Port Hope now stands, and where he generally found an Indian encampment well supplied .with peltries. Thence proceeqing westward, he soon passed the curving peninsula which in those remote times nearly encircled the beautiful bay upon which the intellectual capital of Canada was destined to rear its front in a far-distant future of which he did not yenture to dream. Thence he arrived at the mouth of the Humber, where he was commonly able to complete his cargo, and start his batteau on its return voyage. He himself then proceeded on his way to Michilimackinac. The Humber River affqrded him access to the ancient country of the Hurons, in what is now the County of Simcoe, Several well-marked trails existed thence to the Georgian Bay, where a boat was easily obtained for the rest of the journey. In those days the Humber was one of the two direct routes between the Huron country and Lake Ontario; tile other being by way of the The County of York. 5 Severn, Lakes Couchiching and Balsam, and the chain of lakes and rivers already referred to, having the Trent as its southerly terminus, The Huron country seems to have contained several spots known by the general name of Toronto. The Georgian Bay is set down in some old French maps as U Daie de Toronto." In others the present Lake Simcoe is set down as u Lac de Toronto." The Humber is sometimes set down as "Riviere de Toronto," and other small streams and lakelets are similarly designated. The explanation of this is to be sought for in the meaning of the word Toronto, which is now generally admitted to be a Huron term signifying OJ a place of meeting." The entire route from the mouth of the Humber to a point near the present site of Penetanguishene was frequently referred to by French writers of two hundred years ago as "the Pass by Toronto," The word "Toronto" is spelled by old writers in a great variety of ways, Thus, we find it variously spelled Toronto, Toronton, Otoronton, Atou- ronton, Tarontah, Tarento, and so on through numberless variations. The conflict is doubtless due to the attempts of different writers to bring the Indian pronunciation within the principles of European orthography, \s the reader is doubtless aware, the whóle of this portion of Canada then formed part of the domain of the King of France, The country south of Lake Ontario, on the other hand, forming the present State of New York, was an English colony, The profits of the fur trade gave additional keen- ness to the rivalry already existing between the French and English colonists, and there were frequent invasions of each, other's rights, The English resolved to participate in the immense profits arising out of the trade at Iichilimackinac, Companies of N ew York adventurers made several expeditions into that distant region, and in each case the profits were sufficient to recompense them for the very serious danger they incurred. The danger was two-fold. The French very naturally regarded them as trespassers, and did not hesitate to treat them as such. The Indians thereabouts were staunch allies of the French, and they had additional grounds of dislike to the English arising out of the alliance of the latter with the much-dreaded Iroquois, Still, they were very much like their white brethren in one important respect-they had eyer an eye exceedingly wide open to the main chance. The English colonists offered better ,prices than the French, and the Indians did not refuse to deal with them. In this way the monopoly claimed by the French as a matter of right was seriously threatened, and they cast about to find a remedy, For some time the English were restricted to the route by way of the Detroit and St, Clair Rivers. The Ottawa s\varmed with French traders and their allies, and the English could not have made their \vay to :\Iichilimackinac 6 The County of York. by that route without fighting their way inch by inch. The two inter- mediate routes presented obstacles equally serious, for they led directly through the Huron country, and the Hurons were firm allies of the French. In the middle of the seventeenth century, however, these two routes were thrown open to the English. It came about in this wise. In 1649 and 1650 the Huron country was subjected to an invasion by the Iroquois from the Province of N ew York. The invasion forms one of the most tragical chapters to be found even in the history of Indian warfare. Tbe doomed Hurons were dispersed, dri\Ten away from their ancient home, and nearly annihilated. Their cultivated fields were turned into a \\Tilderness. There was thus nothing to prevent the English trespassers from availing them- selves of this shorter and more expeditious route to the great western fur dêpot. The French were quick to appreciate the situation, and to perceive that a remedy must at once be found. They resolved to erect strong forts at the entrance to each route. A fort \vas accordingly built at Cataraqui, to guard the passage to the mouth of the Trent by way of the ßay of Quinté. Near the mouth of the K iagara River another fort was built to guard the passage to Lake Erie, A detachment of men was about the same time despatched \vestward to the Detroit River to prevent the English from passing through to Lake Huron, but a fort was not actually constructed there until early in the eighteenth century. The" Pass by Toronto" was still left unguarded, as the resources of the French were seriously taxed by the preparations already referred to, and by the necessity of repelling fre- quent and formidable incursions on the part of the Iroquois, who became bolder and more aggressive year by year. The Humber route thus being the only avenue left free and unguarded, it was largely taken ad\Tantage of by the English colonists, who passed thereby to and from the C pper Lake region with comparative impunity. Their numbers and operations increased to such an extent as to occasion very serious disquietude to the French, who, after the lapse of many years, found it necessary to make special exertions to preserve their supremacy. These exertions were rendered all the more necessary from the fact that the English, in 1722, established a trading-post at Chouéguen, or, as it is now called, Oswego. The latter thus gained practical control of much of the traffic on Lake Ontario, as they offered better terms than the French, and gained a reputation among the Indians for liberal and straightforward dealing, Many of the bar- barians who had been accustomed to resort to the forts at Cataraqui and Niagara to dispose of their wares now began to repair to Chouéguen, and the number of those who did so rapidly increased. . The County of York. 7 Such was the problem which stared the French adventurers in the face, The solution was obvious, The erection of a fort and trading-post at the mouth of the Humber would not only guard the" Pass by Toronto" against the English, but would be the means of arresting the traffic there, This had become the ordinary route of the Indians from the north and north-west to Chouéguen. If they found that they could dispose of their peltries to good advantage at the mouth of the Humber, there would be no inducement for them to extend their journey across the lake to the English trading-post. The French bestirred themselves, and in 1749 a trading-post was built a short distance from the mouth of the Humber, on the eastern side of the bay. Its exact site is marked at the present day by the cairn in the E}",hibition Grounds, near the lake shore, a few yards south of the main Exhibition building. It was fortified by a stockade, and was named Fort Rouillé, in honour of the French Colonial l\Iinister of the period, Antoine Louis Rouillé, Count de Jouy. The fortifications do not seem to have been very effective, to judge from the account left by 1\1. Pouchot, in his "i\Iemoir upon the \Yar in North Ametica, 1755-60." "This fort, or post," he remarks, "was a square of about thirty toises on a side, externally with flanks of fifteen feet. The curtains formed the buildings of the fort. It was very well built, piece upon piece, but was only useful for trade," He adds: II A league west of the fort is the mouth of the Toronto (i.e" the Humber) Ri,'er, which is of considerable size. This river communicates with Lake Huron by a portage of fifteen leagues, and is frequented by the Indians who come from the north." Remains of the foundation of this fortress w re distinctly visible six years ago, when the Ordnance Lands were acquired by the Industrial Exhihition Committee. Rouillé, as has been said, was the official designation conferred upon the fort. But wont and usage refused to be turned aside at the bidding of mere officials, The adjacent stream had, as we have seen, been known as the Toronto H.iver. The very site of the fort itself had from timc to time heen used as a "Toronto," or place of meeting, by the Indians. \\ïgwam villages had occasionally arisen there, to endure only for a brief space. and until the stock of furs on hand could be bartered away to a passing French trader. The name" Toronto ., clung to the site, and that of" Fort Rouillé " sank into disuse, except in formal and official reports of the agents stationed there. At least as early as 1753 the spot became popularly known as Fort Toronto, and by that name it continued to be known as long as it had an existence-and, indeed, for long aftcr. For II the Old French Fort," as it was sometimes callcd, was not: dcstined to bc a permancnt institution. , 8 TIle Coullty of York, Upon the conquest of Canada by the English, there was no longer any reason for maintaining it as a trading-post. It was hurned and deserted by its former occupants, after a brief existence of about ten years. From that time forward history only catches one or hvo fitful glimpses of the spot, until 'the arrival of Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe in' the harbour of Toronto in the month of May, 1793. In September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers and his troops called here on their way \vestward to take possession of Detroit. They found the fort in ruins, and the cleared ground in the neighbourhood fast relapsing into a state of nature. The l\Iajor himself, in his published account of the spot, says: "I think Toronto a most con- venient place for a factory"-by which he means a trading-post-" and that from thence we may easily settle the north side of Lake Erie." Other visitors called there from season to season during the next three decades, and a certain amount of traffic with the Indians appears to have been periodically carried on there, But nothing was attempted in the way of permanent settlement. The hour and the man-Governor Simcoe-had not arrived. In an old manuscript map, the date of which is not definitely ascertainable-but which must have been prepared between 17bo and 1793 -the site of Rouillé is designated by a little cluster of wigwams, appended to which are the words: "Toronto, an Indian village now deserted." Some account of the plan made in 1788 by Captain Gother Iann, and recently discovered in the English archives by 1\1r. Thomas Hodgins, of Toronto, will be found in the portion of this work specially devoted to an account of the city. From that plan, as well as from various references in colonial despatches and documents of the period, it appears that Toronto was even then regarded as the probable site of a future city: Captain Iann delineates an ideal town of large dimensions, extending from about the present eastern boundary of High Park to a considerable distance cast of the Don. and stretching away indefinitely to the north. It is in the highest degree improbable that any survey of such a town-plot \vas ever made. At any rate, no trace of such a survey has ever been discovered, In 1791, the statute known as the Constitutional Act of 1791 was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and Canada was divided into the two Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Simcoe was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Upper Province, upon which he has' stamped his name in indelible colours. He reached his capital-then called Newark, and now called Niagara-in 1792, and opened his first Parliament there on the 17th of September in that year. But i\ewark did not, in his opinion, fulfil the requisites of a Provincial capital. I t was situated opposite the guns of the American fort on the other side of The County of York. 9 the N" iagara River, and it was in a remote corner of the Province; both of which circumstances he justly regarded as serious disqualifications, He explored his domain from east t<:> west in search of a suitable site for the future operations of his Government. He was much in favour of the present site of London the Less, where he at one time had serious intentions of , . founding a city to be called Georgina, in honour of His Majesty King George III. But the founding of the Forest City was to be the work of other hands than his. 'Yhile exploring the northern shores of Lake Ontario, early in )'Iay, 1793, he entered the harbour now known as Toronto Bay, It was then completely land-locked, except on the western side, for what is now" the Island" was then a peninsula, o which the Indians from the mainland were wont to resort for sanitary purposes. The present site of Toronto was then a desolate marsh, from which rose the smoke of two or three wigwams, whose denizens were the only inhabitants of the place, The spot, however, possessed important natural advantages, and the Gov- ernor was not long in making up his mind that h re should arise the future capital of Upper Canada. The Indian name, Toronto, was not to his taste, and he resolved that the place should be called York, in honour of the King's son Frederick, who, it will be remembered, was Duke of York. In the course of the ensuing summer he took up his abode here, with his suite. He also brought over most of his troops and officials, and thenceforward only repaired to Newark during the sessions of the Provincial Legislature. On the 27th of .\llgust, a royal salute was fired by the troops from the shore, and replied to by certain ships in the harbour. This instituted the formal inauguration of the new capital, which was thenceforward known as York for a period of nearly forty-one years, ...\11 of which events will be found described at full length in the history of the city, They merely require enumeration here in so far as they form part of the history of the County of York, ...\ few words respecting the aboriginal inhabitants of this part of Canada would seem to be in order here. The Hurons already referred to were in their own tongue known as \Vyandots-a word variously spelled, according to the nationality of the speller. Sagard, one of the earliest authorities, gives it as" Houandatçs," of which word he supplies no interpre- tation. "Huron" was a purely French word, originating in jest among the soldiers and sailors of New France, and afterwards employed seriously, for the sake of convenience, by the French immigrants generally, ...\ fashion of preserving a row or two of upright bristles along the ridge of the cranium, while the sides were closely shaven, produced, as the first European be- holders thought, a grotesque resemblance to the head of a wild boar, called 10 The County of York. in French hure. Hence, according to Gabriel Lalemant, arose the name Huron, a word which lent itself readily to the Latin tongue, like Teuton and Saxon. The Hurons were comprised)n a Confederation of four can- tons, or nations, to which the Tobacco Nation was afterwards united, They were of the blood and speech of the Iroquois, who nevertheless be- came implacably hostile to them, and finally, as has been seen, destroyed them as a nation, and converted their" place of meeti!lg" into a desolate wilderness. The Mississagas, a few of whom were found encamped on the site of Toronto in 1793, were of the Algonquin race and speech, They were in fact Chippewas, who, after the desolation of the Huron country of the Iroquois, migrated from their homes on the rock-bound north coast of the Georgian Bay, and betook themselves to the ?lOre genial shores of Ontario. These Chippewa bands were called Mississaga-Chippewas, to distinguish them from the Chippewas of Sault Ste, :l\1arie and the Lake Superior region gen- erally. The specific I1ame 1Iississaga was applied because those of them who were first fallen in with by the French hailed from the neighbourhood of the River Mississaga, an important stream which enters Lake Huron about ISO miles west of French River, Several localities around Lake Ontario. still bear names derived from the l\Iississaga Indians. On the west side of the entrance to the Niagara River is Point 1\Iississaga, with the dismantled Fort Mississaga still con- spicuous upon it. In the Bay of Quinté is another Point l\Iississaga, as well as an island called 1\Iississaga off the mouth of the Trent, These names doubtless indicate customary camping-places of bands of 1\lississagas. l\Iajor Rogers speaks of the Iississagas whom he found on the site of Fort Rouillé in 1760; and Bouchette speaks of 1\1ississaga wigwams on the same spot in 1793. So unmixedly were 1\lississagas found along the north shore of Lake Ontario at the time of the British Conquest of Canada that they were treated by the British authorities as the sole owners of the soil there- abouts, whose rights must be extinguished before the Crown could lawfully take possession, The words :\Iississaga and Chippewa are variously spelt in early works in which they are referred to. Among modern writers the latter word is re-assuming the form of "Otchipway," From a partial similarity in sound, l\Iississaga has been imagined by some to be connected with a Chippewa word for eagle; and, without any foundation in fact, it has been concluded that an eagle was the token or cognizance of the Mississagas. The correct interpretation ofthe word l\lississaga is given by 1\1r. Alexander Henry, in his" Travels and _\dvcntures in Canada and the Indian Terri- The C01Wt.J' of York. II tories between the Years 1760 and 1776," a work which is becoming exceedingly scarce, and which has begun to command a fancy price among Canadian bibliophiles, "I pursued my journey," he writes, " to the mouth of the l\Iissisaki [l\Iississaga], a river which descends from the north, and of which the name imputes that it has seyeral mouths, or outlets. From this river all the Indians inhabiting the north side of Lake Huron are called Missisakies [l\lississagas]." Iichi, or l\Iissi, signifies great or man)', while saki or saga conveys the idea of the mouth or outlet of a river. It may further be observed that the l\Iississaga-Chippewas were sometimes called l\1atchedash Indians, from their descending to the shores of Lake Ontario from the direction of :i\Iatchedash Bay. ...- ,, . Q A,Y I..&. ; ,,,-\..,:!I..A} -fC ........ l L/ ...;:.- .. !T - _' - CHAPTER I I. THE BUILDIl\G OF YOXGE STREET. - ORIGIX OF ITS I\.UIE. - DUNDAS STREET.-EARLY TERRITORIAL DI\'ISIOXS OF UPPER CAXADA,-ExTEXT OF THE COUKTY OF YORK.-DEPARTURE AXD DEATH OF GOVERXOR SIMCOE.- INTEREST \TTACHIXG TO HIS A:\IE.-Ax UI\PCBLlSHED LETTER OF HIS. - SELFISH A D UKPATRIOTIC POLICY OF OTHER LIEUTEN"A T-GOVERXORS.-PRESIDE!\T RlTSSELL AKD HIS SUCCESSORS, -PEX-PICTURES BY ROBERT GOURLAY. ,;t -, . /' aRK and its neighbourhood soon began to present an appear- -<11. j; , ance of energetic settlement and civilization. The harbour fÆ ('" was surveyed by Joseph Bouchette, who, in a paragraph which ". has been quoted by e\'ery subsequent writer on the subject, .:;." ! describes" the untamed aspect \yhich the co ntry xhib te?" , - The troops were well employed by Governor SImcoe m bmldmg operations, and in making roads. ::\1r. \y, H, Smrth, author of .. Canada, Past, Present, and Future," writing in 1851, and commenting upon this utilitarian employment of the Provincial troops by our first Governår, remarks: "It would be well for the Province, and equally beneficial to the troops, if other Governors employed them as usefully. The Province would then derive some benefit from the troops being stationed here, and the men themselves would be more healthy, and from being actively employed would be less likely to be led themselves, or to lead others, into dissipation," The most important highway surveyed and laid out under the Gover- nor's auspices was Y onge Street, extending all the way from York to Lake Simcoe, thirty miles distant in the northern wilderness, The name of " Y onge Street" was bestowed upon it by the Governor in honour of his friend Sir George Y onge, who was Secretary of \Yar in the Imperial Cabinet during the early part of GO\'ernor Simcoe's residence in Upper Canada. It may also be mentioned that Lake Simcoe, just mentioned, The COll1lty of York. 13 was named by the Governor in honour of his father, Captain Simcoe, of the Royal Navy, who died on the St. Lawrence River during the expedition against Quebec in 1759, The building of Y onge Street was intended to serve the double purpose of opening up the country along the route, and of shortening and facilitating travel between Lake Ontario and the North- \Yest. It is thus referred to by Provincial Surveyor D, \V, Smyth, in his Gazetteer, published in 1799, "This communication affords manyadvan- tages. Merchandise from i\Iontreal to :\Iichilimackinac may be sent this way at ten or fifteen pounds less expense per ton than by the route of the Grand or Ottawa Rivers, and the merchandise from Ne\v York to be sent up the North and l\Iohawk Rivers for the North- \Vest trade, finding its way into Lake Ontario at Oswego, the advantage 'will certainly be felt of transporting goods from Oswego to York, and from thence across Y onge Street, and down the waters of Lake Simcoe into Lake Huron, in preference to sending it by Lake Erie," Another well-known thoroughfare, which we owe to Governor Simcoe's enterprise, is Dundas Street, which was intended by him to be a means of communication throughout the vhole of Upper Canada from east to west. It 'was named by him after the Right Hon. Henry Dundas, Yiscount Melville, who was Colonial Secretary in those days, Only a small portion of it ,vas actually built during Governor Simcoe's régime, A portion of it is still known in local parlance as the Governor's Road, though its proper and official designation is the one originally bestowed upon it. The territorial divisions of Upper Cánada in Governor Simcoe's'days were very different from those now existing, The first was made by pro- clamation issued by Lord Dorchester, Governor-General of Canada, under authority of an Imperial statute. The proclamation was dated the 24-th of July, 1788, at which date the Constitutional Act had not been passed, and while the Ijrovince afterwards known as Upper or \Vestern Canada still formed a part of the Province of Quebec. The division thereby effected was into four districts, named respectively Lunenburgh, l\Iecklenburgh, Nassau and Hesse, The only one of the four with which the present narrative has any special concern is the District of Nassau, which embraced a large tract of country, extending "\vestward from the head of the Bay of Quinté to a line extending due north from the. extreme projection of Long Point, on Lake Erie, It thus included, among other land, the whole of the present County of York. This division was purely conventional and nominal, as the country was sparsely inhabited, and the necessity for minute and accurate boundary lines had not become pressing, Upon Governor Simcoe's arrival he made a second territorial diyision whereby the Proyince was divided 14 The COlllllJI of York. into nineteen counties, one of which was the County of York. This was in the month of July, 1792, nearly a year before he had caught his first glimpse of the site of his future capital of that name. The County of York, as then defined, extended from the County of Durham westward to the River Thames, then called La Trenche or La Tranche. During the first session of the First Parliament of Upper Canada, which closed its sittings on the 15 th of October, 1792, an Act was passed (32 Geo, III. cap 8) whereby the names of the four districts set apart in 1788 were altered to the Eastern, :Midland, Home and \Vestern Districts-the Home District corresponding to the one theretofore called Nassau, One member was deemed sufficient to represent the Counties of York and Durham and one Riding of the County of Lincoln in the Provincial Legislature. Parliament was con- vened at Newark for five successive years. It met at York for the first time in 1797, by which time Governor Simcoe had bidden the Province a fina,1 adieu. In the year 1796 he departed on a special diplomatic mission to the Island of lIayti, or St. Domingo. ..\fter the fulfilment of his mission he returned to England. He died on the 25th of October, r806, and his remains were interred in a little chapel on his Devonshire estates. A mural tablet is erect d to his memory in Exeter Cathedral. In this country, and ,more especially in the County of York, a strong interest must ever attach to the name of Governor Simcoe, This interest arises not merely from the fact that he was the first Governor of Upper Canada, but from his merits as a man and as an administrator. He was a man of enlightened views, in many respects considerably in advance of his time. He set on foot a wise system of administering public affairs, and, had his example been followed by his immediate successors, Upper Canada would have escaped some of the most serious evils which befell her during nearly half a century of her history. The special obligations of the County of York to him need no elaborate recapitulation, Briefly, it may be said that to him we owe the establishment of the Provincial and intellectual capital within our domain. To him we owe the construction of Yonge Street, and the opening up of the northern townships. His memory has claims upon us and our descendants which are not likely to be forgotten, As everything relating to him may be supposed to have an interest for us, the following letter, addressed by him, about five years before his death, to the clergyman of his parish, and now published for the first time, will doubtless be acceptable to the readers of this work. The original is in the possession of Dr. Scadding, of Toronto, whose valuable contributions to our local archæology are well kn.own.- II Dear Sir," it runs: "On the 22nd of this month I shall have lived half a century, You will therefore much .. The COim!J' of York, 15 oblIge me If you will spend the day with me, and will celebrate divine service at 12 o'clock in our chapel. I shall esteem it as a favour if you would take for your text' Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,' etc, The advantages of being a Christian, of having been educated by a most pious and excellent mother (my father dying, whilst I was yet an infant, in the service of his country), assisted by the companions of my father's youth and the protectors of my own; the advantages of being an Englishman, and of that Church where Christianity is administered in its purest form; the advantages of being a member of that government where laws are most equal, and where justice is administered in mercy, are impressed on my heart, and I wish them to be recommended to my children. There is a text in Leviticus, I believe, that particularly enforces purity of heart to those who aspire to military command. As mine in all views is a military family, it may not be amiss in a more especial manner to inculcate the remembrance of the Creator to those who shall engage in the solemn duties of protecting their country at these times from foreign usurpation. I am truly yours, J. G, S. Feb, Lfth, IHoI." This interesting letter is thoroughly characteristic of the man. It breathes throughout a spirit of intelligent conservatism and deyotion to duty. Its writer was recognized by successi,'e Governments as d. useful public servant. He has left b hind him very distinct traces of his temporary direction of Upper CanadÜn affairs, Lake Simcoe, named by him as already mentioned, commemorates to successive ages his own name and that of his father. The County of the same name, and the metropolitan town of the County of Norfolk, were also designated after the founder of York. Simcoe and John Streets, Toronto, were moreover so called by way of commemoration of his surname and one of his Christian names, The maiden name of his wife, l\Iiss Gwillim, is also commemorated in the to"nships of North, East and \Yest Gwillimbury, The laying out of Yonge Street was prosecuted under the personal supervision of l\Ir. Augustus Jones, a well-known land surveyor of those primitive times. He began his labours on the 26th of February, lï94-. For many years after the original survey, and indeed down to a period within the memory of persons still living in Toronto, it did not extend southerly to the bay shore, but terminated at Queen (then called Lot) Stred. During the early years of the present century it was impassable south of wh.lt is now l3loor Street. Persons driving into Toronto from the northward were here compelled to make a detour to thc eastward until they tHrived at Parliament Street, which was in tolerable condition for those times. In IRol John Steg-mann, another land sun-eyor whose name i.s frequently met 2 --. 16 The COU1lty of York. with in old Upper Cqnadian surveys, was appointed to examine and report upon the condition of Y onge Street. He reported that: "from the Town of York to the three-mile post on the Poplar Plains the road is cut, and that as yet the greater part of the said distance is not passable for any carriage whateyer, on account of logs which lie in the street, From thence to lot I on Y onge Street the road is very difficult to pass at any time, agreeable to the present situation in which the said part of the street is," The Poplar Plains mentioned in this extract were situated immediately to the north of what is now Y orkville. But Y onge Street was of too much importance to be allowed to remain in such a state as that above indicated, It was largely used by the North- \Yest Company, to whom good roads were an object, for purposes of transportation. They supplied funds for the improvement of the road, and contributed for that purpose as much as {8,000 in one single 'payment. About the close of the first decade of .the century Y onge Street was serviceable along its entire length, The land on each side of the road was granted to actual settlers on con- dition of their performing the usual settlement duties, which involved the necessity of building a house, clearing a proportionate part of the land, and" making the road across or in front of each lot." It nught be supposed that such liberal terms as these would have been readily and eagerly taken ad\'antage of; yet we find that the progress of actual settlement was slo,,-. In 1799 the entire population of the Home District was only 224. For some years afterwards its growth was barely perceptible. In 1798 the aggregate population of the townships of York, Scarborough and Etobicoke, together with the Town of York itself, was only 749. For this state of things the line of policy adopted by Governor Simcoe's successors was in great measure responsible. Large tracts of land throughout the District were granted to favourites of successive administrations, and to others who could bring in- fluence to bear upon those who had the ear of the executive. The lands so granted were usually" held for a rise ,. by the patentees, who resorted to all sorts of devices to avoid even the performance of the ordinary settlement duties. In this way a great proportion of the land was locked up in private hands, and practically closed to settlement. The practice flourished throughout the entire Province, but the Home District, being the head- quarters of the Government, naturally became the focus and centre of such abuses, .:\Iore than ten millions of acres of the public lands had been granted to the U. E. Loyalist immigrants alone; and one-seventh of the entire lands of the Province had been appropriated for Clergy Reserves. It was easy to perceive that land in Upper Canada would in course of time become exceedingly valuable, and many pages might be written illustrative The COU1lty of York, 17 of the spirit of greed which animated the office-holders of those days. There was yery little check upon their rapacity, for the same spirit seemed to actuate all the officials, from the highest to the lowest. President Russell, who, as senior member of the Executive Council, succeeded to the administration of affairs upon Governor Simcoe's departure for the \Vest Indies, was wont to make grants of public land directly to himself-the verbiage employed being somewhat after the following fashion: "I, Peter Russell, adminis- trator, do grant unto Peter Russell," etc, During the regime of his successor, Lieutenant-General Peter Hunter, as well as under those of Commodore Grant and Francis Gore, similar practices prevailed, though it does not appear that in the case of any other person than Russell did the administrator go the length of conyeying real estate directly to himself. without the intervention of a trustee. In the original surveys of the territory embraced within the County of York, as then constituted, it appears that the frontier townships of Pickering, Scarborough and York were at first named Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dublin respectively. Pickering, as the reader is doubtless aware, now forms part of the County of Ontario. Full accounts of the other two townships will be found in their proper places in the present work, under separate and distinct headings, together with lists of the early patentees, showing the slow rate of progress of the settlements, The names of Glasgow and Dublin did not long attach to them, as it appears that they were known by their pre<;ent designations before the ad\'ent of the present century. All, or nearly all, of the territory comprised within these townships, was surrender- ed by the :\Iississaga Indians to the Crchvn during the early months of Governor Simcoe's administration. Other surrenders were made from time to time, until the Indian title was graduallyextmguished, except as to lands specially reserved on their behalf, and as to which unfettered power of alienation was not admitted. In 1798, during President Russell's direction of affairs, an Act was 1 passed" for the better division of this Province," whereby it was enacted that the Counties of Northumberland, Durham, York and Simcoe should form the Home District. The County of York. was di \"ided into two parts, to be called respectively the East and \ Vest Ridings. The East Riding was declared to consist of the townships of \Vhitby, Pickering, Scarhorough, York (including its penin'sula, now the Island) Etobicoke, :\Iarkham, Yaughan, King, \Vhitchurch, Uxbridge, Gwillimbury, "and the tract of land hereafter to he laid out into townships, lying hctwet:l1 the County of Durham and the Lake Simcoe." The \ \" est Riding was made up of the townships of Bcyerley and Flamborough, East and \\ est, so much 18 The COUllty of York. of the tract of land upon the Grand River in the occupation of the Six Nation Indians as lay to the northward of Dundas Street, and all the land between the said tract and the East Riding of the County of York, " with the reserved lands in the rear ofthe townships of Blenheim and Blandford," This adjustment remained undisturbed until the year 1816, when an Act was passed carving the District of Gore out of portions of the Niagara and Home Districts, By this Act also the township of Toronto was annexed to the East Riding of York, Five years later, in 1821, a new territorial division was made of the entire Province, whereby the townships of Reach, Brock, Scott and Georgina were annexed to the East Riding of York, and the townships of Albion, Caledon, Chinguacousy and the Gore of Toronto were annexed to the \Vest Riding. The County of Simcoe was at the same time formed, being made up of various old and new townships form- erly included within the limits of the County of York. The population of the Home District at this time was about 12,000, As it had then been settled nearly thirty years, the admission must be made that its progress had been very slow indeed, Poor Robert Gourlay, writing several years before this time, gives a vivid, and, upon the whole, an accurate pen-picture of the conflicting ele- n1ents then at work in the Home District. As his book has long since become practically unobtainable, and as his account will doubtless prove interesting to the present inhabitants of the territory so graphically de- scribeù, it is worth while to quote a portion of it, more especially as it is of much topographical value. In. order to make his allusions intelligible, the reader should be made acquainted with a few preliminary facts. l\Ir. Gourlay was a Scottish gentleman, of a decidedly critical cast of mind, who visited Canada in 1817, and who, after some observation of the country, resolved to engage in business as a land-agent, and to organize an extensive system of emigration from the British Islands to Canada. Having obtained much statistical information with respect to public lands and settlers, and having become cognizant of the unscrupulousness of many of the officials, and the baneful influence exercised by the Family Compact, he determined to make the facts generally known in Great Britain. In order to obtain minute and exhaustive intelligence, he addressed a series of printed questions to the principal residents in each township in C pper Canada, asking for information as to the date of settlement, number of inhabitants, houses, churches, schools, stores and mills; the general char- acter of the soil; the various kinds of timber and minerals; the rates of wages; cost of clearing land; usual time of ploughing and reaping; extent and condition of wild lands, etc, The questions were thirty-one in number, The Cot/Ilty of York, 19 All of them were unobjectionable, except the last, which ran thus:- "\Yhat, in your opinion, retards the improvement of your township in particular, or the Province in general, and what would most contribute to the same?" Nearly all the replies receh'ed to this question echoed the same strain, The slow development was attributed to the Crown and Clergy Reserves, and to the immense tracts of lands held by non-residents, The prevailing sentiment was well mirrored in a reply received from King- ston. Thus it ran :-" The same cause \vhich has surrounded Little York with a desert, creates gloom and desolation about Kingston, otherwise most beautifully situated; I mean the seizure and monopoly of the land by people in office and favour. On the east side, particularly, you may travel miles together without passing a human dwelling. The roads are accord- ingly most abominable to the very gates of this, the largest town in the Province; and its market is supplied with vegetables from the l! nited States, where property is less hampered, and the exertions of cultivators more free," These remarks, which were perfectly true as applied to the neighbour- hood of Kingston, were still more applicable to the Home District. In the Home District, however, the influence of Dr.-afterwards Bishop- Strachan was paramount. The Doctor regarded Ir, Gourlay as a pesti- lent interloper whose career should not be allowed to go unchecked. Owing in a great measure to the exertions and influence of this active-minded ecclesiastic, not a single reply was received from the Home District. But the tract of country included therein was too important to be left out of l\Ir. Gourlay's consideration, and in compiling his" Statistical Account of Upper Canada," he prepared nine octavo pages of printed matter, wherein the District was portrayed in colours which were all but universall) recognized as combining truthfulness with vigour. "From this District, ' he writes, " I did not receive a single reply to my address, although it was first published here, and had the cordial approbation of the head magistrate of the Province, as well as of everybody with whom I held converse. This may be ascribed to two causes: first, the opposition of a monstrous little fool of a parson, who, for reasons best known to himself, fell foul of the address which I had puhlished, abused me as its author, and has ever since laboured, with unremitting malignity, to frustrate its intention:' The person thus irreverently alluded to as "a monstrous little fool of a parson" was of course Dr. Strachan. .. This man, unfortunately." he continues, .. was a member of the Executi\ e Council. and his efforts. from that circumstance, were but too successful. The second cause may he traced to the low condition of society in the Home District, 0\\ ing- 20 TIle COlt1lfJl of York. to the peculiaT state of property, The foregoing reports sufficiently demon- strate how the farmers of Upper Canada have been baffled in their improve- ments by the large tracts of unsettled land; but in the Home District they have suffered most from this, and not only has it dulled the edge of husbandry, but in a remarkable degree clouded the rise of intellect and spirit among the inhabitants, No sooner was York fixed upon as the capital of the Province than it became obvious that. sooner or later the landed property. around, and on the high roads to Kingston, etc., would bear a high value, For this good reason, the creatures in office and favour bent their avaricious eyes upon it, and large portions were secured to them and their friends. The consequences are melancholy. For five miles round the capital of Upper Canada scarcely one improved farm can be seen in contact with another; and even within a gunshot of the place the gloomy woods rise up in judgment against its neÍarious inmates, I say 'the gloomy woods,' because Nature does not appear in her full attire in the neighbourhood of Little York. The need of firewood has chosen from the forest its chief ornaments, and left a parcel of scorched and decaying pine trees to frown over the seat of rapacity. The only connected settlement commences about five miles to the north, on Y ong"e Street, In other directions, so far as the District goes, you might travel in IRI7 to its utmost limits, and not find more than one farm house for every three miles. It is true, that round York, and particularly to the westward, the soil is inferior, but the convenience attendant on proximity to a town would long ago have overbalanced this disadvantage, had property not been monopo- . lized and mangled. \Vhere Y onge Street is compactly settled, it is welJ cultivated and thriving, part;.icularly beyond what is called the Oak Hills or Ridges, a strip of elevated and irregular ground which parts the waters flowing into Lakes Simcoe and Ontario, and which indeed forms a sort of continuation of tlte JJlOlllltain running through Gore and )J lagara Districts, In this quarter the land is excellent, and it is well occupied by industrious people, mostly Quakers. In other quarters, simple and unsuspecting Ger- mans- Tunkers, and :\Ienonists-have been thinly stuck in by the knowing ones among their precious blocks and reserves, by whose plodding labours the value of this sinecure property may be increased. ,. \ curious document has been published in this country, which gives a sad proof of the effect of narrow-mindedness and wrong arrangement in property. The document is meant to draw reverence to the above-men- tioned parson; but, in fact, is the strongest evidence against his deeds and sentiments. It is stated that seven or eight miles from York, on Yonge Street, there is a place of worship, where it is customary to see many grown TILe County of York. 21 persons coming forward to be baptized. The fact is, that this, with another belonging to the aboye mentioned Quakers, are the only places of worship to be seen in Y onge Street, extending near forty miles, In the first men- tioned, service is only performed once a month; the dominant parson allowing nobody to preach but himself! l\Iuch moan has been made in this country as to the lagging of the gospel in "'C pper Canada; but I can assure the public that the chief cause rests in the state of þroþerty, which so scatters the people as to put the necessary union for building and endowing churches out of the question, The moment that Upper Canada becomes thickly peopled, the gospel, having free course, will be glorified; and this will the sooner take pJace, the sooner that clergy reserves, vainly set apart for the erection of an established church, are sold off to actual settlers. ext to personal security, the security and right ordering of property is the prime concern of wise legislation. Let these indeed be properly seen to, and all else will go well, whether the pate of magistracy be covered with a cowl, a crown, or a cap of liberty, " There are not more desirable situations for settlement in the Province than on the great road from York to Kingston; but here the largest portlOn of land have been seized upon by people in power and office. Some twenty years ago, these people sold two whole townships of Crown Land, and had the effrontery to layout great part of the proceeds in opening the road through their favourite locations, which actual settlers would cheerfully have done gratis, besides keeping it in continual repair. The road was indeed opened, but to this day, eÀcept in sleighing time and fine weather, it is an absolute block up against him who would attempt to pass between the two principal towns of the Province. Upon one occasion that I wended my weary way through this dismal defile, I was glad to rest for a little while in a farm-house, ' far in the wild.' I t has been my frequent custom to judge my fellow men partly through external appearances-their farms' -their houses-their dress, \Yhen approaching a human dwelling in Cpper Canada, I would sun-ey its nelghbourhood: I would observe whether the fire-wood was neatly piled; the implements of husbandry snugly secured from wind and weather in a shed; or whether the pump and o\-en were in ood repd.ir. Sometimes, nay, I shall say often, all was right, sometimes quite the reyerse. In front of a farm-house, I would sometimes See broken ploughs anù decayed wagons lying upon a heap of chips \\'hich had been accumulating for years, and which had for smaller garnishing many-coloured and filthy rags, broken bottles, and pieces of crockery. \Yhat was to be augured of the man who exhibited such signals? certainly neither ood humour nor rational cOIn ersation. Yet if the we.lry tra\'eller must han' 22 The COU1lty of York. rest and refreshment, he will not be repelled by these; he will at least march up to the house, and consult the windows, If well glazed and bright, in he may go, assured that the mistress will prove tidy, though her man is a sloven; and that the interior will yield comfort, though the exterior forbid the hope. If, on the contrary, an old hat, or piece of dirty blanket supplies the place of a pane of glass, the case is bad indeed; and nothing but the strongest necessity, or most violent curiosity, would induce me to enter. ' Both were urgent on this occasion; and after resting a little, I began to examine the various articles by which the light of the front window was obscured, or I should rather say, by which its numerous orifices were closed up, Let the reader reflect on the catalogue. There was one old great coat, and two pair of ragged pantaloons, This story, I think, will match with that of the paganism of Y onge Street, and the same cause has laid the fOlln- dation of both. Inspect all the wretched cottages of England, and you will not find a window so patched as that which I have spoken of. It is not mere poverty that produces such appearances. The poorest creature could find a piece of board, or a bit of paper, to nail or paste up in the place of a broken glass; and either the one or other would have some show of neat- i1ess and respectability; but an old hat, a blanket, a great coat, or ragged pantaloons, taken advantage of for such a purpose, mark a degree of degra- dation below brutality; and such is the state to which circumstances and situation can reduce humanity. It is the removal from social intercourse, the indulgence of indolence, the want of excitement, which can make the mind completely torpid, and at once extinguish taste, feeling and shame, The master of the house spoken of was tenant of a Clergy I eserve. But enough of this at present: there is qUIte enough to show why I had no reply to my queries in such a District. " To carryon my estimate of population, I suppose that Little York -might contain, in 1817, of people, I shall not say souls, 1,200. There are thirteen organized townships in the District; that is, such as hold town meetings for the choice of town office bearers, ami to these, three others are united, each containing a few inhabitants, If to these thirteen town- ships, with their additions, are allowed 500 people each, the full number, I think, will be obtained as it stood in I I 7....................,...... 6,500 The above........,......... ,..,...,...,... .'...,........, ......... ,., 1,200 Total white population.....,.....,.,.,....."..,.,........,..,..... 7,700." :\1r. Gourlay personally reaped nothing hut ignominy and imprison- ment from his public spirit. As his statements could not be met by just argument, the prevailing faction resorted to the llrgllmClltlllll ad homincm, The COU1lty of Ym'k. ::3 and employed the most villainous means of silencing him. The same species of persecution assailed him, under the semblance of law, as was suffered in Great Britaill by the Tookes, the Leigh Hunts, and the Cobbetts. Spies were sent about the country to dog him, in the hope that they might find something in his language upon which an indictment might be founded. The plan was successful. Indictments were found against him by packed Grand Juries, and cumulative prosecutions were set on foot in order to leave him no loophole of escape, The sad story of I obert Gourlay forms one of the darkest chapters in the national history, He was cast into prison at Xiagara, and detained there for many months, after which, by yirtue of an old statute which his persecl1tors warped to their own ends, he was ordered to quit the Prm'ince within twenty-four hours, on pain of death in case of his return. He accordingly left the Proyince, to which he did not return until after the lapse of many years. But the people of Upper Canada in general, and of the Home District in particular, had abutlllant reason to bless his name, The shameful treatment to which he had been subjected drew public attention to his case, and was the indirect means of hringing about a better state of things. \Yhen, nearly forty years afterwards, he again set foot in the County of York, he found that a new dynasty had arisen, and that all the most grievous of the old abuses had been swept a wa y, CHAPTER Ill. :\IODERN TERRITORIAL DIVISIO S OF Y ORK.-PARLIA:\IENTARY REPRESENTA- TION.-THE REBELLION.-\'"ANT OF HARMO Y .c\.;\roNG. ITS LEADERS. -INACTIO AND ÐEFEAT,-EXECUTION OF SA:\IUEL LoU!'n AND PETER l\IATTHEWS,-THE PLACE OF THEIR INTER:\IENT.-GALLOWS HILL.- ORIGI OF THE NAME, f"r- , e, ì, '-, N addition to the statutory territorial divisions indicated in the pre- .,....'. .. ceding chapter, several Acts of partial application only, affecting .: the County of York, were passed both before and after the Union of r '9. , ... the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841. In 1827, 1832 'f/ and 18 3 6 , three several enactments came into operation regula- ting or affecting the local boundaries, but in a brief sketch like the present it would serve no useful purpose to follow minutely the course of Provincial legislation. Suffice it to say that by the statute 14 and 15 Victoria, chapter 5, passed during the session of 1851, just before the second Lafontaine-Baldwin Administration went out of office, it was enacted that the County of York should consist of the townships of Etobi- coke, Vaughan, l\larkham, Scarborough, York, King, \Vhitchurch, Gwillim- bury East and Gwillimbury .:--J orth. Dy this \ct, which came into operation on the 1st of January, 1852, the counties of York, Ontario and Peel were declared to be united for municipal and judicial purposes. 13y section 5 provision was made for the dissolution of unions of counties, and under this enactment Ontario separated from York anù Peel at the close of the year 1853. York and Peel remained united until 1866, when a separation took place, and they have ever since been entirely distinct municipalities. Several subsequ nt partial enactments were consolidated in chapter 5 of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, the 41st section whereof enacts that the County of York shall consist of the townships of Etobicoke, Georgina, Gwillimbury East, Gwillimbury "North, King, :\Iarkham, Scarborough, Vaughan, \Vhitchurch, York, the City of Toronto, and the villages of The COUllty of Ym'k. ::?5 Aurora, Holland Landing, :\Iarkham, Xewmarket, Richmond Hill and Y orkville. In a municipal sense, this is the present division, except that the Village of Y orkvllle was last year admitted into the City of Toronto under the name of St. Paul's \Yard, The reader hardly needs to be informed, however, that the municipal divisions are not identical with the divisions for the purpose of Parlia- mentary representation, It has been seen on a former page that in very early times one member was considered sufficient to represent a tract of territory very much larger than the present County of York. To trace the progress of Parliamentary representation for the County of York from that time down to the present wóuld occupy much space, and would be attended with very little benefit or entertainment to the reader, It will be sufficient to begin with the Union, at which date York was divided into four electoral Ridings, known respectively as the First, Second, Third and Fourth Ridings, During the First Parliament, which lasted from the 8th of April, 18.,p, to the 23fd of September, 18++, these constituencies were respectively repre- sented by James Hervey Price, George Duggan, jr., James Edward Small, Robert Baldwin, and Louis Hypolite Lafontaine. The Second Parliament lasted from the 12th of ovember, 18ff, to the 6th of December, It)f7. )lessieurs Price, Duggan, and Baldwin continued to represent their various constituencies. l\Ir. Small was reëlected for the Third Riding, but his return was declared null and void on the Ifth of Iarch, 18+5, and his opponent, George Monro, was declared to have been duly elected, :\1r. :\1onro accordingly represented the constituency from that time forward until the close of the Second Parliament. As for :\1r. Lafontaine, his repre- sentation of an Upper Canadian constituency was mcrely a temporary e).pedient, and after the close of the First Parliament he was returned for the Lower Canadian constituency of Terrebonne, Defore the asscmbly of the Third Parliament a re-adjustment and re-naming of the constituencies had taken place, and they were thenceforward respectively known as the orth, East, South and \Yest Ridings. The :Korth Riding consisted of the townships of Brock, Georgina, East Gwillimbury, l\orth Gwillimbury, :\1ara, Ramo., I each, Scott, Thorah, Uxbridge, and \\'hitchurch. The East I iding was composed of the townships of 1\larkham, Pickering, Scarborough, and \Yhitby, The South Riding comprised the to\\l1ships of Etohicoke, King, Vaughan, and ì ork;, and thc \\'est H.iding was madc up of the townships of ,\lhion, Caledon, Chinguacousy, Toronto and the Gore of Toronto. During thc Third Parliament. which lastcd from the 2+th of January, I84b, to the 6th of November, 1851, the Xorth Riding was repre- sented by Robert Baldwin, the East Riding by \\'llliam IIume Blake and 26 Tlte County of Jrork, Peter Perry, the South Riding by James Hervey Price, and the \Yest Riding by Joseph Curran l\Iorrison. During the Fourth Parliament an Act was passed increasing the representation to sixty-five members from each section of the Proyince. Thenceforward York was diyided into three constituencies only, the orth, East and \Yest Ridings. \Yithout con- secutively following the representation and divisions of the county any further, it may be said that by the eighth section of the second chapter of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada, the Conn ty of York is divided into three Ridings, to be called respectively the North Riding, the East Riding and the \Yest Riding; the orth Riding consisting of the townships of King, \Yhitchnrch, Georgina, East Gwillimbury and North Gwillimbury; the East Riding consisting of the townships of Markham, Scarborough, and that portion of the Township of York lying east of Yonge Street, and the Village of Yorkyille ; the \Yest Riding consisting of the Townships of EtoLi- coke, Yaughan, and that portion of the Township of York lying west of Yonge Street. Dy statute 45 Victoria, chapter 3, passed on the 17th of :\Iay, 1 82, entitled" An \ct to re-adjust the Representation in the House of Commons, and for other purposes," it is enacted that the East Riding of the County of York shall consist of the townships of East York (-i.c., the portion lyin east of Y onge Street), Scarborough anrl :\Iarkham, and the yillages of Y orkville and )1arkham ; and that the orth Riding shall consist of the townships of King, East Gwillimbury, \Yest Gwillimbury, North Gwillimbury and Georgina, and the Yillages of Holland Landing, Bradford and Aurora. Representation in the Local Legislature is proyided for by the eighth chapter of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, entitled" A.n Act Respecting the Representation of the People in the Legislative Assembly," whereby it is provided that the County of York shall be divided into three Hidings, to be called respecti \"ely the ,N orth Riding, the East Riding and the \ Y est Riding; the Xorth H,iding to consist of the townships of King, \Vhitchurch, Georgina, East Gwillimburyand North Gwillimbury, and the \ïllages of Aurora, Holland Landing and N ewmarket ; the East R.iding to consist of the townships of l\Iarkham and SCd.rborough, that portion of the Township of York lying east of Y onge Street, and the villages of Y orkville and Markham; the \Yest R.iding to consist of the township:; of Etobicoke and Vaughan, that portion of the Township of York lying west of Y onge. Street, and the Village of Richmond Hill. C pon the admission of Y orkville as a portion of the City of Toronto, in 1 83, it was specially provided that the village should for Parliamentary purposes still remain attached to the East Riding of York. TIle County of York. 27 Independently of territorial and Parliamentary divisions, there is not much to record in the way of purely County history, beyond what is given in the various Township histories which will be found elsewhere in this volume. The County played a very conspicuous part in the Rebellion of 18 37-'3 8 , but the details of that ill-starred movement are recorded at con- siderable length in the" Brief History of Canada and the Canadian People," with which the reader of these pages may be presumed to be already familiar, The merest outline is all that can be attempted here, The public dissatisfaction with the many abuses which existed in those days, and wIth the high-handed tyranny of the executive, was intensified in 1836 and 1837 by the injudicious proceedings of the Lieutenant-Goyernor, Sir Francis Bond Head. That dignitary employed the most corrupt means during the elections of 1836 to secure the return of members favourable to his polIcy, anrl the leading Reformers of Upper Canada were defeated at the polls. The most shamelessly dishonest means were employed to secure the defeat of \Villiam Lyon l\Iackenzie in the Second Riding of York, for which con- stituency he had already been returned five times in succession, and he had as often been unjustly e).pelled from membership in the \ssembly, The combined tyranny and abuses of the time had long since aroused a spirit of resistance, and before the year 1837 was many months old this spirit had begun to assume an active shape. An enrolment of the disaffe-:.:ted through- out the Second Riding took place, and the list included many persons of the highest respectability and intelligence. ::\Iackellzie's paper, The CVIl- , stitutivll, circulated largely throughout the constituency, and his influence there was paramount, He and his coadjutors made urgent and repeated inflammatory appeals to the people of the Province generally, who were incited to strike for that freedom which could only be won at the point of the sword, A Central Vigilance Committee was formed, and :\Id.ckenzie devoted all his time to the organization of armed resistance to authority. Dnllillgs were held at night throughout nearly the whole of the northern part of the County of York. It was at last settled that an attempt should be made to subvert the Government. The time fixed upon for the com- mencement of hostilities .was Thursday, the 7th of December (1 37), at which date the rebels were to secretly assemble their forces at :\Iont- gomery's Tavern, a well-known hostelry on Yonge Street, about three miles north of Toronto. Having assemhled, they were to proceed in d. body into the city, where they e).pected to be joined by a large proportion of the inhabitants, They were to mclrch direct to the City Hall, and seize +000 stand of arms which had been placed there. The insurrectionary pro- gr m111e further included the seizure of t1 F? Lieutenant-Governor himself 28 Tile County of York, and his chief advisers, the capture of the garrison, and the calling of a convention for the purpose of framing a constitution, A pro\'isional gov- ernment was to be formed, at the head of which was to be placed Dr. John Rolph, one of the ablest men who has ever taken part in Upper Canadian affairs, The scheme promised well enough, but there was no efficient organiza- tion among the insurgents, who were from the beginning doomed to failure. The details seem to have been largely deputed to 1\1r. Mackenzie's manage- ment, and if active energy could have insured success at the outset, the insurgent programme would have been fully carried out. Sir Francis Head, though kept continually informed of treasonable meetings in various parts of the Home District, treated all such intelligence with contempt, and made no preparation to defend his little capital. There was absolutely no possibility of failure on the part of :Mackenzie and his forces, if they had manifested the least ability for conducting an armed insurrection. But the leaders had no common plan of operations, and were out of harmony with each other. No one seems to have been invested with undivided authority. l\Iackenzie reached the house of his friend and co-worker l\Ir. David GIbson, in the neighbourhood of l\Iontgomery's, on the evening of Sunday, the 3rd of December, when, to quote his own words: "To my astonish- ment and dismay, I was informed that though I had given the captains of townships sealed orders for the Thursday following, the E},.ecutive had ordered out the men beyond the Ridges to attend with their arms next day (l\londay) and that it was probable they were already on the march. I instantly sent one of l\Ir. Gibson's sen'ants to the north, countermanded the Ionday movement, and begged Colonel Lount not to come down, nor in any way disturb the previous regular arrangement. The servant returned on l\Ionday with a message from :\Ir. Lount that it was now too late to stop; that the men were warned, and moving, with their guns and pikes, on the march down Y onge Street-a distance of thirty or forty miles, on the worst roads in the world-and that the object of their rising could no longer be concealed. I was grieved, and so was Mr. Gibson, hut we had to make the best of it. Accordingly, I mounted my horse in "the after- noon, rode in towards the city, took five trusty men with me, arrested several men on suspicion that they were going to Sir Francis with informa- tion, placed a guard on Yonge Street, the main northern avenue to Toronto, at :\lontgomery's, and another guard on a parallel road, and told them to allow none to pass towards the city, I then waited some time, expecting the Executive to arrive, but waited in vain. No one came, anù not c,'en a message. I was therefore left in entire ignorance of the con- The COllnty of York. 29 dition of the capital, and, instead of entering Toronto on Thursday with 4,000 or 5,000 men, was apparently expected to take it on Ionday with 200, wearied after a march of thirty or forty miles through the mud, in the worst possible humour at finding they had been called from the very extremity of the county, and no one else warned at all," This was certainly a disheartening state of affairs, though as a simple matter of fact there is no doubt that the city might easily have been taken just then, even with a less force than 200,. if the rebels had been efficiently commanded, But the change of date from Thursday to Ionday seems to have completely dishearteneJ Mackenzie, who from that time forward seemed to act without either energy or judgment. Instead of proceeding into the city, he actually kept his forces at l\Iontgomery's until Thursday in a state of complete inaction, By that time the authorities in Toronto had of course become aware of the moyement. Assistance had been sum- moned from Hamilton and elsewhere, .and all hopes of success for the insurrection were at an end, On Thursday the loyalist forces advanced northward and met the rebels a short distance north of Gallows Hill. A skirmish followed, but was of very short duration, as the rebels were alto- gether outnumbered, and fled in all Jirections. :\Iackenzie and the other leaJers succeeJed in making their escape to the United States; all except poor Samuel Lount and Peter :\Iatthews, who were captured and executed at Toronto on the 12th of April following. Their remains are interred in the Toronto Kecropolis, As, owing to their tragical ending, much interest is felt in these unfor- tunate persons, it may not be amiss to give some account of them. The following is condensed and aJapted from " Canada in 1837-38," a work written by Edward _\lexander TheIler, an Irish-.\merican citizen who acted as a "Brigadier-General in the Canadian Republican Service." Samuel Lount was born in the State of Pennsylvania, and liyed there until hc migrated to U ppcr Canada, which event took place when he was about twenty-two or twenty-three years of age, He settled ncar the shores of Lake Simcoe, in what was then a wilderness. By industry and frugality he in course of a few years amassed considerable property, To the many poor settlers who came from Europe and obtained grants of land from the Government he was a friend and adviser, and in cases of necessity he frequently supplied their wants from his own purse or his own granaries, He saw and deplored the many grievances which afflicted his adopted country, In 183+ he was electcd a mcmber of the Provincial .\ssembly, in which he servcd until IR36, when, owing to the machinations of Sir Francis Head and his adyiscrs (who did not scruple to employ the 3 0 Tlte County of York. most corrupt means to achieve such a result), he was defeated at the polls by a brother of Chief Justice H.obinson. Like Mackenzie, Rolph and other leaders of the Reform party, he despaired of accomplishing any- thing of importance by further constitutional agitation, so he allied him- self with the insurrectionary movement, and marched a body of men to :\Iontgomery's, \Vhen the collapse of the movement came, he fled, with others, to the neighbourhood of Galt, whence, accompanied by a friend named Kennedy, he made his way to the shores of Lake Erie. Having secured a boat, they attempted to cross to the United States, but their little craft was driven ashore by floating ice, They were at once captured and forwarded to headquarters at Chippewa, where Colonel MacNab's camp was, Lount had no sooner reached Chippewa than he was recognized. He was next sent to Toronto and placed in jail until his trial. There was no question as to his guilt, in a legal and technical sense, and he attempted no åefence. He was found guilty, and sentenced to death. The sequel has already been told, . Peter :\Iatthews was a wealthy farmer, possessed of great influence among the people in the neighbourhood of his residence. He had served as a Lieutenant in the incorporated militia of the Province during the \\'ar of 1812, '13 and '14, and had signalized himself by his bravery. lIe made common cause with l\Iackenzie and Lount, and raised a corps in the nelghbourhood of his home, at whose head he marched to Montgomery.s. On the morning of that fatal Thursday he proceeded with a company of men to the Don Bridge, for the purpose of creating a diversion in the east end of the city, \\'hile there he heard the noise of the engagement at l\Iontgomery's, and was compelled to vacate his position. He fled from the scene, and took refuge in the house of a friend, where, a few days later, he was discovered and captured, He adopted the same policy as Lount, and made no defence, He suffered the extreme penalty of the law, as has already been related, "He was," says Theller, "a large, fleshy man, and had much of the soldier in his composition; and sure am I that he demeaned himself like one, and died like a man who feared not to meet his God." Mackenzie, in his "Caroline Almanac," bears testimony to the same effect. "They behaved," he remarks, "with great resolution at the gallows; (hey would not have spoken to the people had they Jesired it." He adds: .. the spectacle of Lount after the execution was the most shock- ing sight that can be imagined, He was covered over with his blood, the head being nearly severed from his body, owing to the depth of the fall. :\Iore horrible to relate, when he was cut Jown, two ruffians seizEd the enJ of the rope and dragged the mangled corpse along the ground into the jail .....-:;.- -... - __'un' : ' , :, '- - .... - - .. , , ,\.'\.\.. \ ,,\, 0 1 \" II ""', I" ", I \ ",: ", I ======= , n _ , '- ='" /' / / / - =- - ./- ø:;:-- . -;:fç,-... , -= '1 -- -- =ê: -;=- -" ..... -=-- - - .... .: , \ .j' .' .,':j', .. I ':1 1 ,1, .11I' I ' "l"tlt,';Jt '''' , '" '- It:',,f',I'I'S:'':' , , ":....'::. . . , I.l"U ;I:,:!:!;i:1 , \ ':. :; ,- - ''' 'lll íf.U' ;; r' . ,, ':. .... ':. ..... , ;f ;; , W';Jii:!:f!:1 ! \ ':. ... ...':.'....%. 'il :::';: '''' .., , Yr 1,I,fI,' "" "",,,,"'-':.-"":" 7.; -- i,/ I. ;r, ' d: !i \ ':.\':.\ ';.' \ ì -::Ji:. /1} z, / I'., , ",""''''''''''--''\..' ' - , .' 7 /I ' "".......,-, , ..\ . - ->. ")j [f( \t\ . }> -I " "1\ \ ' \ !: ; ':'" -- -- $ 754 29,14 8 1,54 6 , 57 1 3 1 ,05 6 7 10 , 557 3 0 , 86 4 84 6 , 1,34 2 5 1 ,653 1,37 0 , 1,934 86, 156 3. 0 94, 1,7 2 7 67,43 2 3,268, 1,034 4 2 , 20 5 2, 21 4, 1,669 64,839 3 061 , 1,3 0 4 59,73 8 1,861, 3,228 63,9 1 5 5,557, 14,120 53 0 ,006 23,53 1 688 . . . . . . . . . . 444, I 6 1 9 .... . ... . 28 7, 135 ........ . 75 274 . . . . . . . . . . 18 7, 19 1 ......... . 15 0 , 23 2 . . , . 16 7. 9 6 5 .. . , , . . 1,3 60 , 3 2 4 ..... . , . 435, 24 0 . . , . 251, 334 ......... . 108, 4,002 ..... . . . 3,4 6 9, 18,122 53 0 ,006 27,00J, , ..... r:: o..r:: 0 Q) Q) z :::1:-s:1 00 . - 00 Q)..... c-;j Q) r:: :>-ç:::: uQ) Q) Q) < _M .....00 u o Q) <: óç:::: <: z -- $ c, 53 04 108 22 55 5, 01 7 27 45 580 25 07 3,7 6 9 35 9 2 3 6 8 4 8 4 6 ........ .. 52 4 6 3 8 5 47 22 . . . . . . . . . . 31 16 1 34 1 86 95 23 2 14 0 55 0 295 06 4 83 6 073 280 5 0 5 945 7 6 5 453 ........, 10,800 I-- I 974 . .. '...j ...... ...' I 161 65 0 047 805 4 80 575 7 6 5 35 0 4 8 5 73 . . . . . . . . . . 11 II ....... . . 294 741 747 .... 10,8741 . Tile County of York. 59 DULE, also Average Value per Acre of the Several 1\1 unicipalities in the County 01 Year A.D, 1883. :J1 .... ' u...... ....1:: .. :J) 'Ö .....'- o CIJ ..- "'" ;:j I -I:: C1! 0 :>z s 3,74 0 25 950 3,935 I 15,73 0 6,875 1 Q) I - ::: a --;;Z :>c:>....; Q) .... t:: u c-j<: .... \.0 U) Q)Q) :> P-._ <: c, 34 62 5 17 6 78 4 17 18 68 22,600 I 58 7 0 ..., 3:65 ' I " ' 7 ' 22,555 97 21 035 1""""1 . ............. ........ 975 I 1 ........ I .. 15 0 ..,..,..','. : ': : : : :: . : I I" . . .......... ...... .... I --I . -- :: .I ......... .. 'Ö..; ..... 'Ö ' ..... 'Ö . a.i 6- I:: I:: ol:: 01::-:: E C1! C) C1! Q) C1! îi 0 "D Q) 'Ö 0 -.... .......tï) :::1 ,- - :s u ...... _...... tf) """'CJ'J I:: t:: Q) c-j t:: Q) :>t::Q) ..... Q) :>1)...... Q)Q) C;; 'Ö Q) . b.C "Ü , :D I:: - I:: "00 CI! ,jj t:: 0 0 'ë;;Q)o .... Q) 0 C1! U) ;:::::;Z Õ Z ::::Z :.< .... C1! -Q) E-< <: E-< ..... $ $ c. 9. 2 5 6 1,549,880 52 97 7 00 9 6,073 73 6 ,5 00 20 41 85 0 4 1,444 85 0 ,23 0 27 03 1,000 3 8,4 22 1,3 8 5,794 23 7 2 I,goo 6 6,5 2 4 3 101,7 11 35 84 8,050 20 7,43 2 3, 2680 73 4 8 4 6 5,4 00 15 2,590 2,23 6 ,880 52 52 4,64 0 II 4,839 3,061,5 0 5 47 22 5,25 0 12 0,079 1, 86 5,595 3 1 05 1.7 00 10 4,147 5,5 8 0,3 20 86 99 15,800 23 0,806 23,63 6 ,4 88 .............. .. 45,29 0 1,19 I I - ......... .. 444,974 I .......... .. 6,3 00 2 ...... .. 28 7,161 .............. .. 5,75 0 I ......... .. 7 6 , 62 5 -.......... .. 4 00 ...... .. 18 7,047 . , , , 9,05 0 2 ......... .. 15 0 ,955 .............. .. 3,100 .......... .. 16 7,4 80 .............. .. 800 I . 1,3 60 ,575 .............. .. 1,4 00 I .......... .. 435,7 6 5 .............. .. ........ .. . . .......... .. 255,775 ...... .. . . .............. .. ........ .. 108,4 8 5 ....... .. . , 4 00 - -- 741 3,474,844 I........ 27,200 I - 0, 880 1 27. 111 ,33 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 2 ,49 0 1,3 tf) Q) .... u <: o Z:,=, --;;; ...... o E-< 2 3 3 5 8 6 4 6 6 6 54 I, .. - 550 I....... 1- __I 110,5 8 5 ........1 54 . >-. ...... .... $ 9,4 00 4,4 00 8,45 0 5,04 0 5,95 0 6,97 0 3,75 0 9,84 0 3,200 6,600 3,600 0,85 0 5.5 00 3,9 2 5 0,95 0 7,600 345 0 3, 81 5 2,4 20 1,4 00 6,975 06,885 00,4 8 5 c:.; 5 a.i tf) I:: 5 5 ç....g ...... -;;; ......1:: o c-j E-< $ 100,100 45,25 0 39,45 0 66,94 0 21 4,000 162.37 0 118,39 0 135 ago 104, goo 25 2 ,4 00 . 1,238.890 27,15 0 21,25 0 4,3 2 5 3 0 ,000 10,7 00 14. 2 5 0 15, 26 5 2,4 20 1,4 00 7,375 134, 08 5 1,37 2 ,975 60 TIle County of York. SCHE Showing the Aggregate Value of Real and Personal Property and Income; York for the Year IU ICIPALITIES. TOW:-oISHIPS, .. Etobicoke.. , , . . . . . " , . , 1,649,980 Georgina. . . . . . . . , , , . , . . , . , , , , , 78 1,750 Gwillimbury, orth,. .' " " . , " 889,680 Gwillimbury, East.. , ". " 1,452,734 King,.. . ,.. 3,315,71I Markham, , , . ., ,.',.,...,.,.,. 3,430,443 Scarborough. , , , . . , , , , , , . . . . . . , 2,355.270 Vaughan.". .", "., ..,. , , ,... 3,196,595 \Vhitchurch. , . . , , . . ", , . . . , , . ..1 1,97 0 ,495 york,.",..... ...,'.,....., , .,. 5,83 2 ,7 20 1 Total of TownshIps... ,. . ..,1 -;'1,875,378 I ! TOWN, Newmarket...,...,...,...,." . VILLAGES. --___1__ 29,25 0 35,339 3 1 ,549 57, 60 4 86,282 67,4 22 4 2 ,954 65,9 2 4 59,858 63,7 61 I I I , Q)I'V') Q) :> -, 1::00 t5.a . Q) '1:: . Q) I:: Q) ......I::Q) tf) U Q) Q) o S tf) I:: ......;;. Q) Q) ...... .... , ::I U'- .- ...... O....Q) :.< U A Z 29,256 E 36,073 E 31,444 D 58 422 E 86,524 E 67,43 21E 42.590 D 64,839 D 60,079 E 64.147 E 6 735 10 5 818 24 2 10 3 6 3 1,0 8 5 221 3 86 8 I E 2 ,000 41,000 D 31,200 E 61,575;D 78,400 E 69,500 D 45.000 D 68,000'D 63.000 D 61,000 E 1,25 6 4,9 26 244 3,153 8, 12 4 2,068 2,4 0 9 3,161 2,9 21 3,147 I I I:: Q)>-; ç... No, of Acres ."D -I:: Asses sed. c-;j ..- ' ...... - Q) _gs I c-;j 0 0 õ UJu 1882, 18 8 3, E-< -- , $ I 539,943 540.806 C.: 45 6 .05 1 = . . I , . . I j . -- --.-.- 74i , . . . --a.-- 54 0 , 880 1 456,675, , I I Grand Totals, . . . .. ....! 28'484,3071 539.943, 47 2 , 12 4 .. , . , . , ,I I I Aurora.. . .. .. .... .. .. ... .. . .. .. 3 08 ,4 1I .. I Holland Landing". .. " " ., , , '. 80,95 0 , " , , .' l\Iarkam.. . , . . . , . . 217,047 ' , , . . , , , Richmond Hill",. ,...',....., 161.6 55 1 , . Stouffville.. , , . . , , , , , " . . . 18I. 730 . , Parkdale. ..',.. , .' '. " " .. 1.375.79 0 , Brockton....... 43 8 , 187 1 " \Veston... .... . ." 257,175 .. \Voodbridge.. .. . , , ... , .. , ... _ ,860 1 ""'" , Total of Towns and Villages. 3,608,929... I The Coml!)' of J Tork. 61 DULE, also Average Value per Acre of the Severall\Iunicipalities in the County of A.D. 1883.-Continued, :r C o <: .....:.> 'õ"8 'õ 'õ"5'E' :;;. .... .... C'::I \ c;:: .... (f) 0 O I 1 '--,--:-1-- ; I 342 II 1,482 2761 951 2,666 173' 9 3,4 60 7,554 16g 1 1,772 120 5 4,13 0 4, 744 1 300, 3,761 243 3 6,303 13 545 434 1 5,719 5 1 5 24 16,147 7.4 80 93 1 9,683 499 4 7. 1 7 0 1. 181 i 1,0 5 0 1 6,691 375 13 3,3 2 5 4,19 1 1 900 2,385 533 21 Il.845 3,628 808 8,827 397 13 . not I tak en . ... ,... 79 0 5 3,og4 2,44 2 2,9 Il 4,351 ............ t:: t:: 'ÖQ)Q) Q) 'Ö "D (J)__a- U1 U) U) Q) Q) Q) gj e::: <: Q) 0.. Q) Q) ::=' ::=' C;; '@ :> :> Q) 'Ö Q) Q) U bCQ.Ì , <: c-::I '@ U ::=' Q) <: 0'0., <: 1$ c. $ c. $ 1,549,88052 97 52 00 736.500,20 41 28 00 85 0 ,23 02 7 03 33 25 1.385.79423 72,35 00 3.101.711 35 85 1 40 00 3,268,073 48 46156 00 1 2,236,88052 5252 00 3 061,5 0 5,47 22 1 55 50' , 1,865,59431 0539 00 5,580,320186 9982 00' _,__- 23 63 6 ,4 881 3,4 60 .9 60 3,77 6 , 192 1 2,214.680 3,59 8 .5 6 4 2,343, 081 1 5,260,054 214,000 162,37 0 118,39 0 135 09 0 10 4,9 00 25 2 ,4 00 27 0 ,000 24 0 ,000 17 8 ,000 235,000 100,000 245,000, " C;; 'Ö .- '3 t:: 'ëij;:""c-::I -......- &oê C:;OS ::=' UJ 0 _-J....4u c:: c:; t:: ot""""'"r--!Þ--1 E-< $ , 1,635,9 12 , 1,07 8 ,444 1,118.5 1 3 2, 18 3 770 I 3,73 0 ,9 60 4,016,192 2,39 2 ,680 3,ð33,5 6 4 2,443. 080 5,050,054 - I c;J:: 'I)...... 1i If' - U)...... ('j oC;; UJ I:: <: Q) 0 . ::=' UJ Q) -- S c-;j c-::I Q) 0 õ:>;.... U E-< $ 1,649,980 7 81 ,75 0 889,680 1,45 2 ,734 3,3 1 5,7 11 3,43 0 ,444 2,355,27 0 3. 1 96,595 1,97 0 ,495 5,83 2 ,7 20 , I 26,275,17 0 1,23 8 ,89 0 1,663,000,27.93 8 ,17 0 24,875,378 479,000 27,15 0 35. 000 514 000 472 12 4 I ! 3 01 ,17 0 , 21,250 28,83 0 330,000 3 08 ,4 11 85,27 0 4,325 8,73 0 1 94,000 8095 0 18 7 .000 1 30000 29000: 216,000 217,047 157,800 10.700 20,200 178,000 161,655 162,875 14,250 18.000 180,875 181,730 1.187,044' 15215 1 13620 1 200,664 1,375,790 373,0001 24 20 II 000 1 3 8 4 000 43 8 , 18 7 200,000 1,400 20000 220,000 257,175 122,000 1 7,375' 12,000 134000 115,860 -1--1--------- 3,255, 159 , 134.0 85 1 ,380 51,539 3,608,9 2 9 129,530,329, 1,372,975,1,859,380,31,389.709 28,484,307 444 974 28 7,161 7 6 , 62 5' 18 7 047 15 0 ,955 167 4 80 1,3 60 ,575 435 7 6 5 255,775 108,4 8 5 Total for Towns and --I Villages,..... .. 3,474,844 Grand Total....., 27, III,33 2 1 iJ - r- ..Eï -----=-== ",,;"t,. - ;$ - _ r - -1__ L I'(! ' J.,""'::j l-;{ _:- 'é?J, ---,,"" I .. "', 4 ..11 ' -.: .1:'1'1: ..,':""-.......-1.... I..... - l L n . ,j ..." ... .."" '-.1\. - :J} .i1lW.A.: / JII5 'ftIj ! L ---=-- i.. ^' _ - '=0. - , I ...;;;..- -=;- --_ y;., a: . d CHAPTER VI. THE REPORT OF THE O TARIO AGRICULTURAL CO;\I:\I1SSION.-STATISTICS RELATI G TO THE COUNTY OF Y ORK.-CHARACTER OF THE SOIL.- \VATER,-PRICE OF FAR:\IS,-STU:\IPS,-FENCES.-FARI\I BUILINGS AND OUT BUlLDINGS.-DRAINAGE,-F AR:\I l\IACHINERy.-FERTILIZERS.-UN_ CLEARED LANDS. - ACREAGE A D AVERAGE PRODUCTS, - STOCK AND STOCK BY-LAWS,-TIl\IBER LANDS,-::\IARKET FACILITIES.-LoCAL I - DUSTRIES.-l\IECHANICS, FARM LABOURERS A D DO:\IESTICS. T I R f I 0 . \ . I I C ., . J '):-. -..':'''rI t 1e eport 0 tIe ntano i\,gncu tura omnl1SSlOn, compIled ; ' G \ and published under the auspices of the Ontario Government ' about three years since, is to.be found a great mass of agricultu- ; ral and other information respecting .the more important munici- palities in this Province. The information collected therein with 'r regard to the County of York is especially comprehensive and valuable, and includes statistical data relating to the soil, climate, topographical features, cultivable area and products, and the general pro- gress and condition of husbandry. The various townships comprised within the County of York, as at present constituted, are represented as having been "entered and largely settled" between the years 1790 and 1815. "The first entered "-so runs the report-" was l\Iarkham, and the last Georgina, in the years named." One-thinl of the latter township IS represented as being still unsettled, together with about two thousand acres in East Gwil- limbury and one thousand in North Gwillimbury; but some progress has been made since the publication of the report, and the proportion of unset- tled lands are at the present day slightly under the figures therein given. In the remaining townships, we are informed, the process of settlement was completed in, on an average, a little more than +5f years, Under appropriate heading , we next find in the report the following useful information :- 5 64 The COU1lty of York, CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. Heavy clay, clay loam, and sandy loam, are the predominating soils in this county, Heavy clay exists in the proportion of about twenty-one per cent., with a depth of from eight to twenty-four inches, and resting princi- pally on subsoils of clay and marl; clay loam, about thirty-eight per cent., depth from eleven to fifteen inches" and resting principally on subsoils of clay and marl; sandy loam, about twenty-two per cent" depth from six to twelve inch.es, with subsoils of clay and marl; sand, about ten and a-half per cent" depth not determinable, with subsoils of quicksand and gravel; gravelly, not appreciable; black loam, about eight and a-half per cent., depth from two to eight feet, and resting on clay, sand and quicksand, Except in North Gwillimbury, which reports three thousand acres, there is no land in the county which is too stony or has rock too near the surface to be profitably cultivated. About seven per cent. is so hilly as to be objec- tionable for the purposes of cultivation, about eleven per cent. is bottom, seven and a-half per cent. is swampy, and rather less than two per cent. wet, springy land. About sixty-eight per cent. of the area is reported as rolling and cultivable, About forty-four and a-half per cent, is reported first-class for agricultural purposes, thirty-three per cent. second-class, and the remainder third-class. WATER. The county is reported weB watered by creeks, springs and wells; also by the Don, Holland, Humber, Black, and Rouge Rivers; in the south by Lake Ontario, and in the north by Lake Simcoe, and many tributary streams. \Vater is obtained by digging, at depths varying from four to one hundred feet. PRICE OF FARMS. The price of land depends wholly on locality, soil and buildings, and ranges from $25 to IOO per acre. The latter rate is exceptional. From f:qo to $80 per acre may be taken as the average price of land within a radius of twenty miles of Toronto. Farms are leased at from $2.5 0 to $5 per acre. STUMPS. About fifty-four per cent. of the cleared acreage is reported free from stumps. Of the stumps remaining a large proportion are pine. FENCES. About sixty-nine per cent. of the farms are reported to be under first- class fences, consisting principally of cedar, pine and hemlock rails. The COU1lty of York. 65 FARM DWELLINGS AND OUTBUILDINGS. About sixty-two per cent. of the farm dwellings are reported to be either of brick, stone, or first-class frame; the remainder are log, or of inferior frame, Of the outbuildings fifty-seven per cent, are reported first- class; the remainder are inferior. DRAI!\AGE. About twelve and a-half per cent, of the farms are reported to have been drained, principally in King, Markham and York townships. Tile has been largely used in the latter township, and ,in the others to a limited extent. FARM MACHINERY, About ninety-three per cent. of the farmers use improved machinery for seeding and harvesting. FERTILIZERS. There are larger quantities of artificial fertilizers employed in this county than in any other county in the Province-the average being forty- two per cent, Plaster and salt are used in the proportion of from one hundred pounds to one hundred and fifty pounds of the former, and three hundred pounds of the latter, on nearly all descriptions of crops-but plaster, principally, on clover and roots, and salt on cereals, Superphos- phate is also employed to a small extent on roots. UNCLEARED LANDS. About eighty-nine per cent. of the uncleared land is reported suitable for cultivation, if cleared. ACREAGE AND AVERAGE PRODUCTS, The township area of York is 54o,271! acres; the cleared area is 39 2 ,5 I Jï. Of the latter, about 12t per cent. is devoted too fall wheat, which yields, on an average (omitting East Gwillimbury, which does not in any case report the yield), about 20 bushels per acre; spring wheat, about 13 per cent, and 12i bushels; barley, I I t per cent. and 25t bushels; oats, I2! per cent. and 38t bushels; rye (hardly any sown), from 15 to 20 bushels; peas, 7 per cent. and 19t bushels; corn (hardly any grown), from 25 to 4 0 bushels; buckwheat (in \Yhitchurch only), I per cent. and 15 bushels; potatoes about It per cent, and 103t bushels; turnips, Il() per cent. and 3 8 3 bushels; other root crops, about I per cent. and +57 bushels; hay, about 1+ per cent. and It tons. .\bout 16 per cent, is deyoted to pasture, . 66 The COU1lty of York. and about 2 per cent. to orchards. In King 12t per cent., in :l\Iarkham about 9 per cent. and in Vaughan about 14 per cent. is put und r summer fallow. The county is well adapted for stock raising, grain growing and dairying. A good dea.l of attention is being paid to the former in townships specially adapted for grazing and for the growth of clover, Fruit growing and market gardening are also largely followed, especially in Etobicoke and York townships, where are also some extensive nurseries. STOCK AND STOCK BY-LAWS. The townships sustain 27,669 horned cattle, 20,23 0 horses, 27,9 8 + sheep, and 14,]88 hogs. The horses are draught and general-purpose, with Clydesdale blood (some fine thoroughbreds have been introduced, and the number is increasing); cattle-Durham, Ayrshire and Devon grades; sheep-Leicester, Cotswold and Southdown; and hogs-Berkshire, Suffolk and Essex. A great improvement has taken place of late years in all descriptions of farm stock. TI:\IBER LA DS, . About twenty-two and a-half per cent. of the area of York is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, elm, basswood, pine, hemlock, cedar, tamarack and birch; used for builùing purposes, fencing and firewood. IARKET FACILITIES. The market facilities of this county are unexceptionable, Toronto, the principal market centre, is easily reached by road and railway, There are also good markets at Newmarket (which has just become a town.-the only one in the county outside of Toronto), Sutton, Aurora, Stouffville, and King. Every township has one or more railways passing through it, or is within easy access to railways. Nearly all the farm produce of the county is consumed in Toronto, or is shipped thence to eastern and western markets. LOCAL INDUSTRIES. Omitting the City of Toronto, which has no municipal connection with the County of York, and which has large and varied manufactories, then are, in aùdition to other 'local industries dependent upon or providing a market for agricultural products, three flouring mills reported in Etobicoke; hvo cheese factories, two tanneries, two carding mills, seven saw mills anò seven grist mills, in Kmg; milling, farm implements, carriage and wagon and two cheese factories, in Markham; two agricultural implement factories in Vaughan; six grist, one woollen, and three paper mills and three . Tllc COU1lty of York. 67 tanneries, in York; and flouring, saw and planing mills, a tannery, a woollen mill, a hat manufactory, and organ, carriage and furniture manu- factories in N ewmarket. Some lumbering is still carried on in the county. All which matters are more particularly treated of in the respective to\vn- ships, to which they severally belong. MECHANICS, FARM LABOURERS AND DOMESTICS. There is no special demand for farm labourers, but good hands can always secure work in summer at high wages, and domestics all the year round. The demand for mechanic is not great. 68 tIJ Q) N '.... ro ,..... E ;::I tIJ ........ o 0... Q) ,...... ...... tIJ Il) r-o Õ ..... tIJ tIJ '.... ,..... c: ::: õ I u s:: ......... 0 ro ..... ........ ;::I ro .=:: ::: i: , .$ ,..... .:: -< t.D o ,5 o t.o ,..... Q) ,..... õ.$ J:: .... - ........ Q) .... "'d ......... C,) ........ ........ 4-1 ::J.. 0 c-;: -:::..c: c-;! u ;::I E ...... -' c-;! ""0 c..J ,- "'d o ,..... ,..... .... o :3 ('j ........ t..o c: "ê: o ...... :B Q) ..... ;- root C) ..J:: .... '- o (1) .... u ,- CII 0 ..J::,t:: M .... :>, c::b "'drt.-. ,.0 ......(1) , o v . ..... o o 00 ..... (1) .:.: o , ..a o ...... "Ö o o t..O ...... ë; ..J:: 0.. S CII , .... o Z , "Ö .... .... (l) tJ) ..... C;; .... o Z 8_ 00 I/) ...... o ..... ::;j o tJ) (1) M U . M ::;j .a .s ..... ..... .- ;:: èJ "Ö o o t..O :>, :0 CII M (1) Õ E:-c s CII oS :>, CII U , I/) \0 ,CIIO CII s..... " :::: ] E:-c ...... 0.. (l) U ;.0: (1) ..... ..... < . , , , . . , , r<1 o 00 .... 0\ 0 0\ 0\ r--.. r--.. ..... .... ...c ...... s... o Z . , , , , . . , . , :>, s... ::;j .a S ..... .;; " èJ t..O t:: '..... -. s CII ..9 :>, , CII ..... U o r<1 00 ..... s CII ..J:: .:<: s... . U , o v ...... ::;j o .a "Ö ...... .... (1) tJ) ::a 00 0\ r--.. ..... ..J:: t..O ::;j o o .a s... -- CII Ü "Ö t:: -- U tJ) CII (1) >-- I/) r<1 .... ::;j o ..a < ..... ::a \0 0\ r--.. ..... t:: CII ..J:: bD ::;j t..O t:: ...... ...... ';;j >-- "ÖCII SÜ 0>-- s... :> '-CII 1(1) -- o \0 -- o v ..... ::;j o ..a < ..... ..... I/) 0\ r--.. ..... N 0\ r--.. .... ..J:: U ::;j ...- u .... :.a .:.: M o :>; CHAPTER VII. PL"BLIC SCHOOLS OF THE COUNTY OF Y ORK.-ÐIVISION OF THE COUNT\ FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.- EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF INSPECTOR HODGSO ,-SCHOOL STATISTICs.-INSPECTOR FOTHERIr-;'GHAM'S REPORT. f.-":' .: HE public schools of the County of York will compare favour- ' ' ably with those in other parts of \Vestern Canada, and are 'J' :i mainta.ined in a high degree of use uln s and fficiency. For - educatIOnal purposes the county IS dIvIded mto two parts, known respectively as the northern and southern divisions, The Inspector for the northern division is !\Ir, Ð, Fothering- ham, of Aurora, For the southern division the Inspector is Mr. James Hodgson, of Bloor Street \Yest, Toronto. The report of the last- named gentleman, bearing date the 11th of June, 1883, contains a good deal of interesting and useful information respecting the public schools in his division. OJ In the Township of York," he writes, " the standing and efficiency of the schools have, upon the whole, been well maintained, fourteen schools ranking in the I. class, six schools in the I I. class, and five schools in the III. class, In the Township of l\Iarkham., . . , .10 schools rank in the I. class, 9 " OJ II. OJ 4' OJ OJ III. OJ In the Township of Scarborough,.. 6" I. .. + OJ "II. OJ I OJ OJ III. " In Etobicoke.., . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. 5." " I." 3 " OJ II. u I OJ OJ Ill. OJ In Vaughan.. . . . . . . , . . . . , . , . . . . ., 4 OJ OJ I." 3 .. .. II. 70 The COUllty of J""ork, SCHOOL ACCO!\I:\lODA TION. "In the \ïl1age of l\Iarkham a new brick school-house, c ntaining four large, airy school-rooms, has been erected, and in S, S. No. 22, I\Iårkham, a new brick school-house also; the school accommodation in South York is now ample. In the Village of Parkdale the school buildings are decidedly superior, and all the appliances necessary for successful teaching have been provided by the trustees, and the staff of teachers of the 1. and I I. class undoubtedly entitle it to be made the Model School for the training of teachers in South York. The head master is å first-class teacher, holding a Provincial Certificate, and is an undergraduate of Toronto University. In the school building there is a room to be specially set apart for the accom- modation of teachers in training, so as not to interfere with the ordinary work of the school; this requisite was never provided in the Y orkville Model School. "For the above reasons, and also for the convenience of candidates for the teaching profession in South York, I have recommended to the Educa- tion Department that the public school in the Village of Parkdale should be constituted the l\Iodel or Training School for the southern division of the County of York, and I feel confident that such is the public spirit of the trustees and inhabitants of that village that nothing will be left unprovided to make it a credit to the entrre county." SALARIES OF TEACHERS, The highest salary of a male teacher in the Townships of Scarborough and Markham was $525; in York, $900; in Etobicoke and Vaughan, $450, The lowest salary to a male teacher in York, $267; in Scarborough, $340; in Etobicoke, S30o; and in Markham, $325. The a\Terage of male teachers in the township was $422.56. Of female teachers in the township, 234' NORMAL SCHOOL TRAINED TEACHERS. . In York 23 teachers had a Normal training. In l\iarkham I I" " " In Scarboro' 4" " " In Etobicoke 2 " " " In York 3 teachers. held 1. Class Provincial. .. 22 " "II. " In :\larkham 15 teachers held II. Class ProvincÏal. In Scarboro' 7 " "II. " In Etobicoke 2 " "II. " TIle COl/1lty of York. 7 1 In the County of S. York there were 16 teachers Old County Board, I. Class, Forty-three teacþers New County Board, Ill. Class, SCHOOL ATTE DANCE. In the whole of South York (not including villages) 40 children between 7 and 13 did not attend any school. On the Daily Registers 8,753 pupils of all ages attended school; of these 8,537 were of the ages between 5 and 16. 2,24 1 pupils attended 100 days, or 20 school weeks. 1,85 6 " " 15 0 "3 0 " 1,9 16 " " 200 "40 " 432" " every day during the year. CLASSES OF THE PUPILS. 7 ,33 6 in Spelling and Dictation; 7,642 in "\Yriting; 6,610 in Arithmetic; 4,64 8 in Geography; 3,274 in Grammar and Composition; 1,089 in Cana- dian History; 1,)26 in British History; 943 in Hygiene; 247 in Algebra; 228 in Geometry and Mensuration; 376 in Bookkeeping, 7 6 Schools opened and closed with prayer. 47 Schools repeated the Ten Commandments with fair regularity, The Inspector hopes to be able to state in the next year's report a decided improvement in these particulars, as the keeping of the Commandments, and a regard to the Moral Law lie at the foundation of individual and social happiness, and there can be no security for our country's prosperity and well being without them. AYERAGE APPORTIONMENT OF GOVERNMENT GRA T. In Scarborough In York In Etobicoke In l\Iarkham the average for daily attendance was, per pupil, Eil 09 " " " " "I 0967 " I 127 " 9 10 57 " " " " " " " " DAILY AVERAGES. In 1881 the daily average in York was 7, 10 9 " " " Markham, 81 9 " " " Scarboro' , 5 1 7 " " " Etobicoke, 34 6 In 1882 the daily average in York was 1,:l3 I " " .. 1\1 arkham, b61 " " " Scarhoro', 5 2 3 .. ., " Etobicoke, 339 7 2 TIle County of York. In his latest report, presented on the 9th of June, 1884, l\1r, Hodgson, referring to the statistics presented during the previous year, remarks as follows: "I find, upon comparison, very little change in any of the statistics above named, and it has been to myself a source of unfeigned pleasure to witness the earnestness manifested by the teachers generally in their school work, and the increasing efficiency exhibited by them in the discharge of their onerous duties. A great deal has been said of late in favour of what are called' Uniform Promotion Examinations.' I am not going to trouble you with arguing the question at length, It is one of the hobbies of the age, and, of course, has ,its admirers and advocates. My decided opinion is that the teacher is the proper person to make the promotions from one class to another. He knows, or ought to know, what strangers cannot possibly know, the real standing of every scholar, the ability of each, and the temperament also; and I hold him responsible for all promotions, and can never willingly consent to remove that responsibility from the teacher, and place it upon an irresponsible committee, however talented. I very seldom find any particular ground of complaint for improper promotions. :\ly practice is to advise any new or fresh teacher, on taking charge of a school, not to make any changes in classification in a hurry, but to wait and thoroughly understand and find out the merits and standing of each pupil before attempting any changes whatever. I have full confidence in the candidates trained in our Model School for South York, that they will exercise suitable caution in this respect, and what I conceive to be the need- less expense incident to uniform promotions will be avoided altogether. "Of all the drawbacks affecting the success of our public schools, irregular attendance is the greatest, and seems to be the most difficult to be grappled with, Could not something be done effectively by giving prizes in books for regular attendance only, irrespective of attainments, or even what has been termed good conduct? The great object to be aimed at is to get the children to attend school, trusting the teacher to see to it that every thing be done on his or her part to secure their improvement or advancement in knowledge. The daily register would be the criterion for deciding as to the reward, Here there could be no favouritisrp shown; and superior talents could not carry off the prizes, as is often the case, thus giving a premium to ability instead of real merit, and often discouraging and sometimes crushing the spirit of more deserving pupils, " The following note was attached to the annual returns of one of the School Sections in Etobicoke, ' The undersigned trustees wish very respect- fully to say that they consider the School Law, in its present state, as regards the attendance of children between the ages of seven and thirteen years, TIle County of York, 73 as impracticable, at least in rural districts, as it requires the appointment hy the Trustees in each School Section of a public prosecutor, to prosecute delinquent parents. Such a person cannot be found in a majority of rural sections. And while we think the attendance of the children in question very desirable, we think the end would be better, and much more effectually reached by the Trustees being required to examine into each case, and, if they found the 1101l-attendance to be inexcusable, that they be directed to impose a penalty to be collected as a tax through the local Council, or otherwise. The end, in our opinion, would be more effectually reached in this way, without the odium and expense of going before a magistrate.' I concur most fully in the above opinion, and think it very desirable that some .such change should be made in the School Law by the proper authority and remedy, as far as possible, the evil of non-attendance, which is too prevalent in almost all the rural School Sections, as well as in many of our villages." The last report of the Inspector for the Northern Division, which was presented to the 1\Iunicipal Council in June last, embodies a comparison of the state of public school education in 1871 and 1883. It also refers to other factors in educational work, not established in 1871, and not therefore open to comparison, but which now add considerably to general results from year to year. "It is," says Mr. Fotheringham, "over twelve years since the adminis- tration of school matters was put into the hands of County Inspectors, and since the law and regulations were so modified as to begin what may be styled the New Era of Education in Ontario, The period since 1871 is so considerable as to justify conclusions and inferences of comparative reli- ability; and, in this way, a vantage ground may be reached from which to look forward and plan for the future wisely and liherally, I.-COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, School population (5 to 16)............... A yerage attendance of those enrolled Cost per pupil..."...,............,.,....... Pupils to each teacher......,..,..,........ Teachers employed-l\Iale...... ...,..... " " Female ....., ...., " " Total............. " Normal trained ,........,...... Salary- Total-1\Iale....... ............... 18 7 1 8,3 21 37 25 5 45 10 5 60 25 85 20 821,680 00 188 3 7,000 45 $6 65 7 0 65 3 6 101 4 8 S27,6q, 00 74 The COlJ1l!J' of York, Salary-Total-Female ..,...........,... " A\Terage-l\lale.... .".... ... .,. ... " "F enl ale, , , ., , . . . , . . . . . Certificates-Provincial 1. ...... ,......., " "II............,.. " O. C. Board ..,..,.....,.., " N. C. Board..............., " Interim, ... ... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . Inconle- Total...... ,........ ..,'.. ..,...... Value of School Property ............... School Corporations ....,...,............. Sites Adequate".....".,.,..,.............. School Houses .......,.,....,...",......". " Brick ",................... " FraIne..,.."...."........ " Log.., ., . . ., ... . . . ,. , ., . .., " Erected in 12 years ... " Enlarged " Expended on sites and buildings.. ... 6,081 00 3 61 33 243 25 2 18 4 2 21 2 545,392 00 71,000 00 7 1 3 1 7 1 14 53 4 $9,585 00 4 2 + 83 265 62 3 4 8 6 43 I $52,825 00 150,000 00 79 79 82 26 56 o 44 26 89,28+ 00 II.-EXPENDITURE FOR THREE YEARS. 1881. 1882. 188 3' On Buildings and Sites..".. g 3,0 13 00 $2,588 00 $8,097 00 Fuel, Repairs, etc......,.,... 7,13 1 00 8,6+2 00 7.3 0 9 00 Salaries of Teachers .....,.., 37,9 2 3 00 37,210 00 37,026 00 1\1 aps, etc... ... .,. ,.. ... ,..... ,.. 221 00 122 00 393 00 Total . ...... ....,........$48,288 00 $4 8 ,5 62 00 52,825 00 " From these statements gratifying progress in most directions is evident. " The population, not accurately reported for 1883, owing to an error in printing the annual returns, but about 7,000 has fallen off in about the same proportion throughout the Province, as indicated by the annual report of the Minister of Education, But increased facilities have been provided for attendance as shown by the addition of eleven scJlOol houses and eight school boards since 1871. That this has been appreciated is evidenced by a rise in the average attendance from 371 to 45 per cent, " That liberality in the support of education is growing throughout the Inspectorate is evident from the very large amount expended on building, from the marked advance in the average salaries of both male and female TIle COUllty of York. "'5 teachers, and from the higher rate per pupil paid in the county. The average per pupil in the public schools of this Inspectorate is now :;6.65. Throughout the Province it is $6,42; $6,03 in rural districts; 8.8I in cities; $6,86 in towns. In Toronto the cost per pupil is $9.31. The average cost per pupil of the High Schools is $27.56 throughout Ontario. The average attendance, 45 per cent., in North York, is the same as in all the Province. \Vaterloo Coun y has an average of 49 per cent.-the highest among counties, The per cent. of attendance in Hamilton is 66; in Toronto, 64' "The average salary of male te":lchers in the counties of Ontario is $3 8 5; of female teachers, S248; in cities, of male teachers, $742; of females, S331. In York (N.), male teachers receive an average of nearly $425, and females, $265.62. "School property has been largely renewed, and has more than doubled in value; while the accommodation has greatly improved in character as well as in space. The teaching staff has kept pace in this march of improvement-in training, in literary attainments, and in efficiency, There are now 48 or nearly half of the teachers Normal trained; and the 43 third-class teachers have also received training, though of a more limited character, in County :\Iode1 Schools. "These conclusions may be reached and confirmed through facts to be observed in another direction. The classificatlOn and work of the schools are shown to be more efficient by the large increase of successful candidates at the half yearly Entrance Examinations to the High Schools, and al o by the numbers that have passed the Uniform Promotion Examin- ations which have now been held in the Inspectorate three times. After an impartial and careful examination last :\Iarch, 430 out of about 800 candi- dates for promotion were successful, and secured certificates. "It is due to the County Council to say that after three half-yearly examinations for promotions in the schools of North York, these have more thaI} realized my anticipations, They have given general satisfaction, and have proved a healthy and powerful stimulus to both teachers and scholars. So long as they deserve this character, you will not hesitate to make the usual half-yearly appropriatio.n, which is hereby respectfully solicited, "The High School Entrance Examinations, established thirteen years ago, have done much to stimulate to thorough work in the higher classes of the public schools; and never more than at present. \bout sixty at Newmarket and forty-five at Richmond Hill present themselves on each occasion, and an increasing percentage is successful from time to time. These places are, however, so far from some of the rural districts that the 7 6 TIle County of York. task of leaving their own neighbourhood, the cost of travel and board, and the nervousness produced by mingling with strangers at an examination, have deprived many of the advantages of the Entrance Examinations. "To meet this difficulty I enquired in the schools of North Gwillimbury and Georgina, as to the number who might attend were an Entrance Examination held in Sutton, and was encouraged by the estimate of about twenty. I next secured the sanction of the Hon, G. W: Ross, Minister of Education, to this proposal, similar to an arrangement in Peel, where several special examinations are held, and the results found excellent. I then explained the matter to the \Varden of the county, who also favoured the plan, and undertook to guarantee the expense, as the Council could not be consulted in time to allow the necessary advertising to be done. \iVhen I state that I have now applications from fortyjìve candidates to be allowed to write to Sutton, all of whom would either not have written at all or would have gone to High School out of the county, I am sure the Council will see the wisdom of this new departure, and readily provide for the necessary outlay, about one dollar per candidate. The plan I propose is to appoint one, or, if necessary, two competent persons to preside at the examination for two days; then to have all the papers sent to myself; and, with the N ewmarket Head Master, I will examine and value the work done, The School Board of Sutton have kindly and readily placed their building at our disposal for the examination, without charge, Should this experi- ment prove satisfactory, I anticipate your approval of its repetition from time to time. It will afford much better facilities for pupils on the Lake Simcoe Branch Road, as well as for those in the two northern townships; and, at present, several from Mount Albert will attend who otherwise would go out of the county." Further interesting information with respect to the schools of the Coul!ty of York will be found interspersed here and there throughout the sketches of the various townships, t(ji\"^1 !J .::J , ':.':) I...Ñ 4 THE TO\VNSHIP OF YORI , ORK is by far the most populous and important township in the county from which it takes its name. It is situated in the centre of the front tier of townshIps bordering upon the lake, having Scarborough on the west, Etobicoke on the east, and Vaughan and :ðlarkham on the north, It is divided for purposes of Parliamentary representation into East and \Vest York, Y onge street being the dividing line, The concessions, which run north and south, are numbered east and west from Y onge street. East York comprises four and \Vest York seven concessions, two or three of the latter being small and broken, owing to the course of the Humber, which forms the western boundary. The city of Toronto occupies the greater portion of the water front, which would otherwise be embraced within the limits of this township, and within a radius of several miles there are numerous suburban villages within the territory of the township proper, giving it a different character from the other divisions of the county, o\ving to the overflow of the suburban population, The history of York township as a distinct territorial division com- mences in 1791, in which year the work of survey was undertaken, Eleven townships extending along the lake front, from the Humber river to the Bay Quinté and the river Trent, were marked out, York being at the wes- tern end of the line. The name at that time bestowed upon it was Dublin. All that was then done in the way of survey was to run the dividing lines bet\veen these townships. l\1r. Augustus Jones, who had charge of the work, completed it, as far as "Dublin" was concerned, on Septemher 15th, 1791. The name was shortly afterwards changed to that which it now bears, though it seems to have also borne for a while the designation of "Toronto," as is shown b)T the following entry in the official records having reference to the laying out of the townships: 7 8 The COUllty of York. "Surveyor General's office, Province of Upper Canada. 26th January, 1793, Description of the township of York, (formerly Toronto) to be sur- veyed by Messrs. Aitken and Jones, The front line of the front concession commences, adjoining the township of Scarborough (on No. 10), at a point known and marked by l\Ir, Jones, running S. 74 0 west from said front, and one chain for a road, and so on till the said line strikes the river Toronto [Humber] whereon St, John is settled. The concessions are one hundred chains deep, and one chain between each concession to the extent of twelve miles." This is the earliest official reference on record to the township of York. The work was not completed by lessrs. Aitken and Jones. Other surveyors were employed on it at subsequent dates, and it was not until 1829 that he survey was concluded by l\Ir. \Vilmot. The following names appear on the record of the early patentees of this township for the years indicé!-ted: 1796-Patrick Barns, Samuel Cozens, Paul \Vilcott, John Ashbridge, Jonathan Ashbridge, Parker Mills, Benjamin Mosley, John Cox, John Scadding, George Playter, John Matthews, Joseph Barker, James Playter, Eli Playter, John Playter, John Coon, Hon. Peter Russell, \Villiam Demont, D. \V. Smith, \Villiam Smith, Isaac Devens, Abraham Devens, Levi Devens, John lcBride, \Villiam Youman, Elizabeth Russell, Jacob Philips, Elias Anderson, Benjamin Davis, John Graves Simcoe. 1797-David Ramsay, John Matthews, Christopher Robinson, John \Vhite, James Macauley, J. B. Bouchette, Iajor D. Shank, John Hewett, \braham Lawraway, Lewis Vail, P. DeGrassie, Iary Ridout, Rev. Thomas Radish, John Lawrence, \Villiam Cooper, John \Vilson Junr., Capt. R. Lippi:r:cott James Johnson, Ephraim H. Payne, \Villiam D. Powell, J unr. 1 798-\Villiam Cooper, E. \V. Smith, Robert J, D. Gray, Peter Russell, \Villiam Cooper, Hon. Alexander Grant, Lieut.-Co!. D. Shank, David Darns, \lexander l\lcN ab, \Villiam Chewett, \Villiam Allan, Thomas Ridout, Eliza- beth Johnson, John \Vhite, Isaiah Aaron Skinner, Hon. John Elmsley, Eleanora D. \Vhite, vVilliam \Vilcox,Sr., Lieut.John 1\IcGill, James Ruggles, Lieut. James Givins, John Ross, Alexander :Macdonell, Anne Powell, Hon. \V. D, Powell, \Villiam Halton, George Cruikshank, John \Vilson, Reuben Clark, Bernard Cary, Capt, Daniel Cozens, Capt, \Villiam Graham, Robert Franklin, \Villiam Jarvis, Christopher Samuel \Vhite, Charles S. \Vhite, \VilEam S. \Vhite, Joshua Chamberlain, Jr., Zekel Chamberlain, Thomas Kirgan, David Burns, Ale:hander Burns, Marian \Vhite. 1 799-Hon. Eneas Shaw, Rev. Edmund Burke, Elizabeth Tuck, Isabella Chewett. 1800-Lawrence Johnston, Nicholas Johnson, Thomas Johnson, Joseph Kendrick, Duke \Villiam Kendrick, .Abraham Johnson, Joseph Johnson, Tile COllllt.? of York. ï9 1801-Alex Gray, Sr., John Small, John Atwell Small, Benjamin Davis, John Dennis, Angus Iacdonell, Edward Gahan, Robert Henderson James Clark, \Yilliam Davis, Jacob Gower, Ann Hollingshead, Elijah Huson, Jonathan Bell, Nathaniel Huson, Edward Baker Littlehales, Hugh Cameron, George Porter, Jacob Xathawdt. 1 02-Stilwell \Yilson, Augustus' Jones, Alex. Gray, Jr., Thomas Ridout Johnson, David Smith, Hiram Kendrick, Christopher Heron, Jacob \Vinter, James Roch, Isaac Hollingshead, Elsje \Villard, Joseph Provost, :\Iary Garner, George \\ ickle, Ib03- Thomas Gray, Hon. Henry Allcock, Robert Richardson, \Yilliam Allan, Richard Gamble, \Yilliam \Yeeks, :\Iargaret Cockran, John Everson, John Iacintosh, Alexander l\Iontgomery, John Coun, \\" Baldwin, John IcDougall, Charles Field, John Cowan, Mathias Saunders, Jacob Fisher, Jr. ISo+-Frederick Brown, Andrew 1\Iacglashan, Francis Brock. ISQ5-John Kendrick, Patrick Bern, Joseph Shepherd, John \\ïlson, IS06-Henry :\Iulholland, \Villiam Armstrong, D'Arcy Boulton, Jr., S. Smith, IS07-Malcolm \Yright, Augustus Boiten, Thomas Ruggles, Thomas Hamilton, Dorothy Arnold, James Lymburner, Joseph Philips, Alexander l\Iacdonell, "Michael Harris, Robert Lymburner, Thomas Mamilton, ISoS-Richard Lawrence, \Villiam Iarsh, Joshua G, Cozens, IS09-Hon. John l\IcGill, Henry Jackson. ISlo-\Yilliam Halton, George Taylor Denison. ISI 1- \\ïlliam J arvis,J ohn l\Iacdonell, John Eakins,J r.,J acob N athawdt Stephen Jarvis, Cornelius Thompson, Robert l\Iacdonell, l\lichael Dye, IS12-James Block, Simeon Devins, Thomas Humberstone, IS13-John Baskerville Gregg, John l\IcLang. ...\mong later patentees were King's College, the Rectory of St. James, and the Canada Company. In 1798, according to the abstracts of the town clerk's return of inhabitants in the Home District, the town of York, York township, Etobi- coke and Scarborough altogether had a total population of only 7+9, The returns for IS02 gi,.e 659 inhabitants for York town and township and Etobicoke, The abstract of the assessment of the Home District for the ) ear commencing 8th :\Iarch, IS03, gives the area of cultivated land in the township at 1,109 acres. From the same we learn that the live stock of the settlers included 6ti oxen, 133 milch cows, +5 young horned cattle and 53 swine. The township at this time also boasted one grist mill, a couple of saw mills and two taverns. In IS20 York Township had 1672 inhabitants, an increase of 349 over 6 80 The County of York. the preceding year. In 1825 the population numbered 24 12 , In 18 3 0 it was 3 12 7. In 18+2 there ,,,ere 5720 inhabitants, and the rateable property in the township was assessed at [82,682, Since that time the population and wealth of York haye increased steadily, though there have ,been con- tinual fluctuations in the prosperity of different localities. An extensive shipping trade, for instance, was once done at the Humber river, from.which as many as 84-,000 barrels of flour and half a million feet of lumber have been shipped in one season, There was formerly a shipyard at the mouth of the river, where during the war of 1812 two vessels were constructed. Now it is merely known as one of Toronto's most"popular pleasure resorts, its industries having long since disappeared. Other localities have sprung up, and the tendency of the railroad system has been largely to centralize commerce in Toronto and its immediate neighbourhood, The population of York Township according to the census of 1881 was 13,74 8 , of whom 6,491 were in the Eastern, and 6,257 in the \Vestern division. This indicates a considerable increase during the decade of 1871-81, the numbers returned by the census of '71 being, East York, 4,39 0 , \Yest York, 4,112, or a total of 8,502. This is evidently due to the overflow of the city population into the suburban localities which still form part of the township, rather than to the normal increase of the rural population. Of the popula- tion 8,143 are of Canadian birth, In the eastern section the proportion of the English element is greater than in most localities, 3,6+9 being of English ongm, In the eastern portion of the township the number of occupiers, according to latest census returns, is 548, of whom 357 are also owners of the land. The total acreage occupied is 26,72H acres, of which 21,4 0 9 is improved; of this 14,377 is in crops, 5,137 in pasture and 1,89 5 acres occupied as garden and orchards. In \Vest York there are 677 occupiers, of whom 418 are also owners of the soil they till, The total acreage in occupation is 34,19 acres, of which 28,999 acres is improved land-22,0+3 acres are in field crops, 5,218 devoted to pasturage, and 1,73 8 to gardens and orchards. For the whole township the figures are as follows :-Occupiers, 1,225 of whom 775 are also proprietors, acreage in occupation 60,9 2 3, of which 50,408 or as nearly as may be, five-sixths, has been improved; crop- growing land 36,420 acres; pasture land, 13,355 acres'; and orchards and gardens 3,633. The yield of the township in the staples of agricultural production is given as follows in the census returns of 1881: East York, wheat, 4 6 ,612 bushels; barley, 44,983 bushels; oats, 80,611 bushels; peas and beans, 10,5 00 bushels; potatoes, 126,312 bushels; turnips, 19,850 bushels; other root crops 64,874; hay, 5,208 tons; \Vest York, wheat, 72,39 0 bushels; The County of York. 81 barley, 78,004 bushels; oats, 115,625 bushels; peas and beans, 27,7 0 7 bushels; potatoes, 112,207 bushels; turnips, 37,056 bushels; other root crops, 59,117 bushels; hay, 8,301 tons; total yield for the to\vnship: wheat, 119,002 bushels; barley, 122,987 bushels; oats, 196,236 bushels; peas and beans, +7,207 bushels; potatoeË;, 23 8 ,5 1 9 bushels; turnips, 5 6 ,9 06 bushels other root crops, 123,991 bushels; hay, 13,509 tons. It may be'interesting to compare these figures of the present produc- tion of the township with the returns for the year 18+9, as given by \Y. H. Smith in his well-known work on "Canada-Past, Present and Future." In round numbers these are as follows:- \Vheat, 142,000 bushels; . oats, 12 3,000 bushels; peas, 43,000 bushels; potatoes, 58,000 bushels, turnips 9,000 bushels; and hay, 4,000 tons, As compared with recent figures they indicate the change that has been going on latterly all over the r:ountry in the direction of paying less attention to wheat growing and more to other crops. It will be noticed that although the population of the township has. increased by more than one-third during the interval, the wheat production has considerably fallen off, while the roots and leguminous crops have very largely increased, and barley, not mentioned at all by Smith, now exceeds. the wheat crop in volume. The farmers of Canada have learned by bitter experience the folly of risking everything on one staple, and the precarious nature of the wheat market in consequence of the opening up of new grain- producing countries is likely to confirm this tendency towards a diversIfica- tion of farm produce. The report of the Ontario Agricultural Commission issued in IS81 contains some valuable information respecting the nature of the soil and agricultural capacity of the township. The gener8.1 character of the soil is described as being of "all grades from drifting sand to heavy clay." .--\.bout two-tenths of the area is estimated to be of heavy clay, four-tenths of clay loam, three-tenths of sandy loam, and one tenth sand, A very small proportion of the land is gravelly, The rich black loam which is so fertile in sustaining luxuriant crops is only found in few localities, There is no land too stony or having rock too near the surface to be uncultiyaLle, but about one-tenth of the total area is sufficiently hilly and brok n to render tillage dif- ficult or impossible, Two-thirds of the land is undulating, but not to a degree sufficient to interfere with cultivation. Not more than one-twentieth is low- lying, flat land such as would be subject from its location to frequent floodings. which would seriously depreciate its value, and swamp land is still rarer, only about one acre in three hundred coming under this category, \ still smaller proportion is classed as wet, springy land, which is not estimated to include more than two acres out of every thousand. One third uf the total 82 The COUllt.? of York. acreage is ranked as being first-class agricultural land, another third as second-class, one-sixth as third class and one-sixth as inferior. The town- ship is described as being generally well watered, but the depth at which water is obtainable by digging varies from five to one hundred feet. The price of land rules from $40 to $80 per acre, "but this of course in a town- ship surrounding a great 'commercial centre is liable to be governed by . other considerations than those of agricultural fitness, and the land in the immediate neighbourhood of Toronto has a speculative value owing to the rapid growth of the suburbs and the possibility of its being some day avail- able for building purposes. One half the farms are under first-class fence, Two-thirds of the dwellings and outbuildings are of stone, brick or first-class frame. Half the farms are partially drained, principally by tile drainage, The proportion of the acreage devoted to the leading crops and the a,-erage yield per acre is given as follows :-Fall wheat, two-twentieths, twenty bushels; spring wheat, one-twentieth, fifteen bushels; barley, four-twentieths, . twenty-eight bushels; oats, two-twentieths, thirty-five bushels; rye, one- eightieth, twenty bushels; peas, two-twentieths, twenty bushels; potatoes, one-fortieth, one hundred bushels; hay, four-twentieths, one and one half tons per acre. About one twentieth of the township is still timbered, a good deal of pine being mixed with the hardwood which forms the principal growth. The exact area is given at 64,3991 acres, indicating a degree of precision and scrupulous avoidance of exaggeration that cannot be too highly commended, The total number of cleared acres is set down at 56,501, and the enumeration of live stock shows 3,370 cattle, 2,728 horses, 197 0 sheep and 1,520 hogs. The first municipal record of the township relates to a meeting of the inhabitants held in pursuance of the provisions of an Act of the Provincial Legis]ature, passed in 1835, entitled, "An Act to reduce to one Act the several laws relative to the appointment and duty of the township officers in the Province," This Act made several important changes in the methods of municipal government. The record is as follows :-" Monday, 4th January, 1836. In pursuance of the statute passed in the fifth year of the reign of His Majesty, \Villiam IV., the inhabitants of the Township of York met at the house of \Villiam Cllmmers, when they unanimously appointed James Hervey Price, Esq" their chairman, who, in consequence of the unfitness of the house for a public meeting, adjourned to the tavern of l\Ir. John Marsh, on Yonge Street, when the chairman read over the Act, and the meeting proceeded by ballot to choose the township officers, David Gibson, Esq" was chosen secretary to the meeting." The candidates for the office of township clerk were John CUl1uner, Elisha Pease, Joseph l\Ic:U ullin, The County of York, 83 and John \Villson, 4th, On a vote being taken, John \Yillson, 4th, was declared duly elected. It may be necessary to explain to modern readers that the numeral affix to his name denotes that the wearer was the fourth in the line of descent bearing the'same name. The practice still obtains in the New England States. A son who is his father's namesake will sign hImself "2nd," instead of " junr.," following the royal fashion, \Ye commend this fact to those writers who are always endeavouring to prove that the Americans have still a sneaking affection for monarchical institutions. It would be just as relevant as many adduced with that object. But to return to the Township Council for 1836. The vote for councillors resulted in the return of James Davis, Daniell\IcDougall, and \Villiam Donaldson. James :\Ic:\Iullin was chosen assessor. The following were then appointed by a show of hands :-Collector, Abraham Johnson; pathmasters, John :\Iont- gomery, \Yilliam Kendrick, E. Pease, Robert Erwin, \Yilliam :\Iorse, John Beates, John James, Alexander \Yallace, \Villiam Denison, Jacob Kertz, Richard Smith, Joseph Gale, Robert Harding, Henry Crosson, J. Griffith, John Duncan, Stephen Brunndage, Thomas Denison, George Cooper, -Henry Phillips, Joseph Helli\vell, George Thorn, \Villiam Milne, Alex. :ì\1cCormick, James Cunningham, John Sanburn, Richard \Villson, John Harris, David Cummer, \rchibald \Vright, Edward Brock, Henry Devenish, Richard Herron, Christopher \Villiams, Henry Earl, John Thompson, and Jonathan Ashbridge; poundkeepers, Thomas l\Iaginn, Joseph Holby, John l\Iontgomery, and Ir. Finch, The Treasurer's account for the year com- prised the following items :-Cash received of the District Treasurer for wild lands assessment, [3 lIS. 9d,; cash received for fines and costs, [7 liS, 4d.; cash received in commutation of statute labour, [I 12S. 6d, Credit-Cash paid constable for services, [3 10S. lod.; blank book for use of the township, 9S' 6d.; for paper, etc., 5s.; balance on hand, [8 10S. 2d. Economy was evidently the rule in municipal administration in those days, In 1837 the township meeting was held on January 2nd, at John Iont- gomery's, destined shortly afterwards to be the scene of civil commotion and bloodshed. David Gibson officIated as chairman, Elisha Pease ,vas chosen township clerk, Conrad Grau, Jacob Snider, and \\ïlliam Donaldson \\ere elected members of the Council, \braham Johnson, assessor, and \Villiam James, collector. In 1838 we find the electors meeting at :\Iont- gomery's and adjourning to Anderson's' tavern, York l\Iills, whe're the following officials ,vere duly chosEn :- \Villiam Hamilton, town clerk; Peter Lawrence, assessor; {{obert Harding, .\leÀ. :\Iontgomery, and \Yilliam :\Iarsh, commissioners; and \\ïlliam Evans, collector. In 18 39 John \Vill on, 4th, was a ain elccted to\\"I1 clerk, a position" hich he C'ontinw d 84 The County of York, to hold from that time forth until his death, which occurred in 1866. He was succeeded by his S0n, Arthur Lawrence \Villson, who has also had a long term of office. L\nd here some details respecting the \Villson family, who have been so long and mtimately connected with the township, may appropriately he given, John \Villson, 1st, was a native of Surrey, England. The maiden name of his wife, who belonged to the same locality, was Rebecca Thixton, In the year 1752 they emigrated to America, settling in New Jersey. In 1776 John \Yillson took the Loyalist side, and obtained a captaincy in the army, his son, also John \Villson by name, entering the same serv ice as a lieutenant. The property of the family was confiscated, and they joined the large number of U. E, Loyalists who sought refuge in X ew Brunswick. John \Villson, 2nd, was married at this time, his wife being Sarah Sackman, a native of \Vales. The family removed to Upper Canada at the time of Governor Simcoe's arrival, some twenty-four other families of exiled Loyalists accompanying them on their long journey to the \Vestern wilderness, After a short residence in the Niagara District they settled on Y onge Street. Capt. \Yillson had four sons, John (2nd), Stillwell, \\ïlliam, and Jonathan. The first of these was the grandfather of the first township- clerk of York. His son, .Arthur L. "Tillson, who held the office for about a dozen years, is the author of a l\Iunicipal Manual which has been found of practical value as a guide to those requinng a knowledge of municipal law. In 18 4 2 the records show the election of school commissioners, viz.:- Rev. James Harris, Bartholomew Bull, James Sever, Clark Bridgland, Charles :\Iaginn, John Andrew and James Davis. Among the names most frequently recurring in the latest records in connection with the more important positions, we find those of \Villiam James, who was township reeve for the period 1852-60, \Villiam Tyrrell, who succeeded him in office, Bartholemew Bull, Jr., J. P. Bull, \Yilliam l\Iulholland, \Villiam Jackes, E. Playter and R. E. Playter. The Playter family have taken a prominent part in the affairs of the tmvnship and county. They are of Loyalist stock. Their ancestor, Capt. George Playter, 9riginally came from Suffolk, England, He settled in Philadelphia, where he married a Quakeress and became him- self a member of that denomination, But his peace principles could not stand so powerful a strain as the outbreak of the war for Independence. It is recorded that ,,,hen he strippe4 off the Quaker clothes which he wore, to put on' his uniform as a loyalist soldier, he laid down the discarded apparel with the exclamation" Lie there Quaker! '" and so went forth to do his part manfully in the struggle. He participated in several engagements, and when the patriots secured their Independence, he was of course among the proscribed. On first coming to Canada he resided in Kingston, but shortly The County of York, 85 after York had been selected as the capital, he moved to the township, and with his sons took up extensive tracts of land. The family did much to fonvard the progress of the community in various ,va ys, His services to the Crown, during the war, received the recognition of a pension at the hands of the British Government. Capt. Playter was a gentleman of the old school. His precision of manner and old fashioned style in costume were a conspicuous survival of antique modes, He is described as habitually Y\'"eanng a three-cornered hat, silver knee-buckles, broad-toed shoes with large buckles and white stockings, and carrying a long gold-headed cane. His house was a short distance beyond the limits of Toronto, being immediately north of Castle Frank. His son, Capt. John Playter, lived immediately across the Don. At the time of the American invasion in 1813, many of the archives of the Province were conveyed to their residences for safety, but the precaution was in vain, for the invaders found out where they had been placed and carried away all they could lay their hands on. One of the sons of Capt, George Playter, ca1ted after him, was, for some time, deputy sheriff of the Home District, and another 1\1r, Eli Playter at one time repre- sented North York in the Provincial House. The officials for the year 188+ are as follows :-Reeve, H. Duncan; Councillors, F. Turner, Joseph \Yatson, H. R. Frankland and Joseph Dayids; being all Deputy Reeves in the order in which they are named, Clerk, J, K. Leslie; Treasurer, \Villiam J ackes. The township hall is situated in the village of Eglington, on Y onge Street, in immediate proximity to the site of the famous l\Iontgomery tavern where Col. l\Ioodie met his death in the outbreak of 1837. Eglington is about four miles from Toronto, and is a long straggling village of about 7 00 inhabitants. For many miles Y onge Street is thickly settled on both sides, so that that the numerous villages along the route are not so noticeable or distinctive in their character as where the population is more drawn to a centre. About half a mile from Eglington, to the south-,vest, the remains of an Indian village were discovered about twelve or fifteen years ago. The character of the relics unearthed, which were of the usual kind found about the sites of aboriginal settlements in this neighbourhood, indicated that it had been a populous village, and that it must have been a place of habitation for a long period. Between Toronto and Eglington is the Village of Davisville, near which, on the eastern side of Yonge Street, is the l\Iount Pleasant Cemctery, which is beautifully situated and very tastefully laid out in accordance with the modcrn idea - that the'last resting-place of those we have lo\cd and lost should be made attractive and cheerful in its surroundings, instead of sombre and repellant. N carer Toronto, again, on the brow of the high land is . 86 Tile COUllty of York, Deer Park. There are a large number of handsome villa residences in these villages and the interyening spaces, most of them of quite recent con- struction, The land rises abruptly a short distance beyond the present limits of Toronto, and from the brow of the elevation a magnificent view of the surrounding country IS obtainable. This lofty bluff which runs to the westward for some distance is known as the Davenport Ridge, and is some 25 0 to 300 feet above the Lake Ontario level. This ridge consists of fine rounded gravel, the beds of which all dip to the southward. Rounded lumps of fine clay are also of common occurrence among the gravel. Their presence is accounted for by supposing them tohave been rolled, perhaps when in a frozen state, by the waves ofthe ancient lake, In a paper presented to the Geological Society of London, in 1837, 1\1 r. Thomas Roy st ates the occurren ce of thirteen ancient water margins between Toronto and Lake Simcoe, the lowest of which is 342 feet and the highest 996 feet above the sea level. The conclusion drawn from these investigations is that the country was at one time submerged, and that the waters have gradually, or perhaps by spasmodic changes, retired to their present level. Along the Davenport Ridge, which is beautifully wooded in parts, and affords a commanding yiew of the city and adjoining country, with the blue ,vaters of the lake in the distance, are a large number of handsome suburban residences. Seaton Village, a thriving and rapidly growing community, is situated immediately north of the city limits, about a mile west of Y onge Street. In this vicinity there are large deposits of clay suitable for the manu- facture of white bricks, an industry which is extensively carried on in the environs of the city. This clay, which extends through a considerable area of the township, is bluish when moist, but ash-coloured in a dry state. It has a distinctly-jointed structure, and is sparingly interspersed with pebbles and boulders. Over the irregularly denuded surface of this horizontally , stratified clay is spread a coating of yellow clay and sand, which conforms to the undulations of the surface soil. In one section the upper stratum of yellow clay, which holds pebbles and boulders and burns to red brick, is three feet in thickness; beneath, in two sections, are some five to nine feet of yellow sand interstratified with yellowish and bluish clay, þoth burning white, Under this there is a solid blue clay, which has been penetrated to the depth of sixty feet without apparent change. To the east of Toronto clays generally overlaid by sand continue through the southern section of the township. \Yest of the former limits of the city of Toronto, but hemmed in to the north and west by the outlying portion of the city, formerly the yillage of Brockton, is Parkdale, a recently built-up suburb, possessing a separate . The County of York, 87 municipal organization, It is beautifully situated, overlooking the lake shore, and contains a number of handsome villa residences, Of late manu- facturing enterprise has been developed, and the population is increasing rapidly, It numbered 1,170, according to the census of 1881, and its popula- tion must now be in the neighbourhood of 2,700. Mr. Hugh l\Ic::\Iath is reeve of the village, G. S, Booth is deputy-reeve, and H. S, Langton clerk, The natural beauties of the scenery in the vicinity of the lake shore from this point westward to the Humber are greatly appreciated by residents of Toronto, Humber Bay, which is surrounded by shores wooded in portions down to the water's edge, forms almost a semicircle, and on a bright, clear day the view is a most picturesque orie, At the head of the Bay is situated High Park, one of Toronto's most delightful pleasure resorts. It comprises some 290 acres, the principal portion of which is the gift of] ohn G. Howard, whose name ought always to be held in grateful remembrance by the people of Toronto, Other wealthy men have endowed churches, colleges, and the like, but it is questionab1e whether any of them has an equal title to the gratitude and esteem of posterity as the donor of High Park, who has given what was much more urgently required-a breathing-space for a densely crowded and rapidly increasing population, deprived by the stupidity or venality of the municipal representatives of the larger portion of the Queen's Park. An additional area of forty-five acres,.retained by 1\1r. Howard for his own use, will be added to the Park on his death. From the lake front a large marsh runs north between the"eastern and western sections of the Park. The high ground to the west rises in an abrupt, heavily-wooded slope from the marsh, like an unbroken wall of variegated verdure. \ less precipitous incline on the eastern side of the marsh affords space for a shaded drive winding in and out among the trees-now along an open glade, now into the heart of some gloomy hollow, where the overhanging branches exclude the sunlight, and now on the crest of a ridge shaded by the interlacing foliage. The higher ground is reached by a succession of easy ascents, passing several partially wooded elevations, which add to the varied heauties of the charming landscape. To the northward lies an undulating grassy plain, dotted with shade trees, singly or in groups. In the northern portion of the enclosure are great stretches of natural park lands, where art has merely rcmO\'ed what was obstructi, e or unsightly, leaving the natural beauties undefaced, The western slope of the Park overlooks the Grenadier Pond, a pear-shaped sheet of water, the broadest portion of which is towards the lake. The opposite shore rises almost precipitously out of the water, and is well timbered, To the northward stretch away the rich uplands, laid out in tillage or orchard. TI adition 88 The COU1lty of York. \, traces the origin of the name to the drowning of a party of grenadiers in its waters during the war of 1812. It is alleged that when crossing the pond in the winter the ice gave way beneath them, The truth of the story, however, is not beyond peradventure, The pond is of unknown depth, and its edges marshy and overgrown with rank vegetation, The Humber River lies about half a mile further west, forming the boundary between York and Etobicoke townships. It is also a favourite resort for excursionists and pleasure-seekers. Its banks present a variety of scenery, large areas of low lands and swamps overgrown with reeds alter- nating with steep wooded bluffs, There are stone quarrIes at intervals, The rocks, which crop out of the abruptly rising ground, are of the Hudson River formation, which consists of a series of bluish-grey argillaceous shale, enclosing bands of calcareous sandstone, sometimes approaching to a lime- stone, at irregular intervals, and of variable thickness, In some instances the bands are of a slaty structure, splitting into thin laminæ in the direction of the beds; in others they have a solid thickness ðf a foot, but in few cases do they maintain either character for any great distance. The sandstones while in the beds are hard and solid, and upon fracture exhibit a grey colour with much of the appearance of limestone, hut by protract d exposure to the weather they turn to a darker brown, and ultimately crumble to decay; These sandstones generally abound in calcareous fossils, which in some places predominate, sô as to give rise to beds of impure limestone, which are, however, rare. The slfl.ty variety of the sandstones is well ådapted for flagging, and by a careful selection some of the arenacious bands yield abundance of good building material, but the stone cannot be said to be generally adapted for the purpose. The banks of the Humber, as well as those of the :ðIimico, Etobicoke, and Don, for certain distances from the lake shore, expose sections exhibiting sixty feet or more of these strata, hut advancing northward the formation becomes concealed by the great accu- mulation of drift, of which the interior of the country is composed. At Lamhton, a village of some 400 population, about three miles up the Humber, partly situated in Etobicoke, the banks of the stream rise to a height of more than one hundred feet, of which from fifty to sixty feet are composed of the Hudson River shales and sandstone, while the upper part consists of sand and gravel. About the close of the last century the old Indian trail along the maq"Ïn of the lake was enlarged, so as to admit of the passage of vehicles, and became what is now known as the Lake Shore Road. A ferry was established at the mouth of the Humber, where passengers and wagons were taken across in a scow, In 1815 a Scotchman, named McLean, had The County of York. 89 charge of the ferry, and kept tavern in a building on the York side of the river. This was for some time the only house for the accommodation of tra\'ellers between Toronto and Hamilton. After :ðIcLean's death his widow continued business at the hostelry for many years, In 1853 Irs. Creighton was in charge of the tave.rn, but the building was destroyed when the Great 'Vestern was built. In 1838, :\1r. Rowland Burr, one of the pioneers in mill construction in York County, erected a saw-mill on the York side of the Humber, not far from its mouth, The mill was shortly afterwards sold to Mr. 'Yilliam Gamble, who converted it into a barley- mill, and afterwards erected a bone-grinding mill immediately adjoining it. The property fell into the hands of the Bank of Upper Canada, from whom it was purchased, in 1864, by David and Joseph Atkinson. The mills were finally swept away by a spring freshet. In 1801 a saw-mill and a grist-mill were erected at Lambton on the east side of the stream, north of the Dundas Road, by T\Ir. Thomas Cooper, an Englishman, who some years afterwards sold out the property to his son. About 1840 the property was purchased by T\Ir. 'Villiam P. Howland, now Sir "ïlliam, who took some of his brothers into partnership. Messrs. Peleg and Frederick Howland afterwards became sole proprietors, and in 18+5 put up a new flour mill, five stories high, and with six run of stones, south of the Dundas Road, the old mills being pulled down. A saw-mill was erected by the Howlands in the same neighbourhood in 1844, which was some time afterwards leased by Edward and Alfred Musson, and turned into a brewery. In 1846 a new saw-mill was built by Mr. Samuel Scarlet in York Township, about a mile above Lambton, but he abandoned it in a few years for a new site across the river, where greater water-power was ob- tainable. Further up the stream Mr. Joseph Dennis put up a saw-mill in 18++, which afterwards became the property of his son, Henry Dennis, who converted a portion of it into a flax-mill. James 'Villiams had a carding and fulling mill a little distance above, which was destroyed by fire in 1865. The Humber River used to be a famous stream for salmon fishing, but the erection of mills destroyed the fisheries at an early period. 'Vc find the following anecdote, illustrating the plentifulness of salmon at one time, in Smith's "Canada," which '-ve insert to tantalize the modern follower of Isaac "Talton) who sits patiently on the bank all day and comes home with an undersized rock bass and a couVle of measly little perch, The legend runneth thus :-A party during the time the salmon were running came up the river in a skiff to spear fish. In drawing their boat ashore, as they intended to spear standing in the water, they inadvertently left it resting 90 The County of York, across a log lying on the beach. The salmon were plentiful, and they were able to spear them as fast as they could take them out of the water. As they caught them they threw them into the skiff, and excited with the sport took no heed of the way they were piling them up until a sudden crash arrested their attention, and they saw the-ir skiff broken in two in the middle . by the weight of the salmon pressing it down on the log, About three miles above Lambton, on the Humber, and some eight and a half miles from Toronto, by the Grand Trunk Railway, is the Village of \Veston, to which more extended reference is made elsewhere. Other villages in the western portion of the township are Carleton, about a mile and a half from Lambton, and six miles from Toronto by the Grand Trunk, Davenport, half a mile east of Carleton on the Northern Railway, and Fair- bank, about a mile north of Davenport, and a short distance from the Northern Railway, on the road leading to Vaughan. From Davenport to the northern part of Toronto, lately the Village of Y orkville, runs the Davenport Road, winding in an irregular course at the foot of the Daven- port Ridge, previously described. The neighborhood of Carleton and Davenport is a network of railways, A short distance south of Carleton the tracks of the Grand Trunk, Toronto Grey and Bruce and Credit Valley, which run alongside from Parkdale, begin to diverge, the Credit Valley taking a westerly directíon parallel with the Dundas Road, until it reaches Lambton, when it deflects to the south-west, and the others running to the north-west. At this point of divergence the new Ontario and Quebec Railway makes its junction with the Credit Valley, This railway centre is known as \Vest Toronto Junction. Here the railway yard for the accommodation of the through freight traffic of the Ontario and Quebec Railway is located, and it is expected that it will very shortly become an important and populous neighbourhood, Reference has already been made to the most notable localities on Y onge Street as far northward as Eglington, and we will resume a detailed descriptio!) of the local features of interest at that point. About Eglington the name of Snider is prevalent, the family being of old U. E. Loyalist stock, and originally of German ancestry. The name is the Anglicized form of the Teutonic H Schneider." :\lartin Snider was one of the Loyalist refugees who emigrated to Nova Scotia, He afterwards settled on Y onge Street. One of his sons, Jacob Snider, was engaged as a volunteer under Gen. Brock in 181 3. Another of the early settlers in this neighbourhood was l\1r. Charles "Moore, who was born in Ireland in the year 1793. He emigrated to the United States, hut the strong anti-British sentiment then prevailing rendered his position uncomfortable, so he crossed over to Canaùa, The COUllty of York, 91 After a few years spent in the Township of N issouri, then an almost unbroken wilderness, he remove to Y onge Street and purchased a farm on the present site of the Village of Eglington, For many years he was one of the most prominent residents in this section, His death took place in 186 7. North of Eglington, and about six miles from Toronto, is the Village of York Mills, for long popularly known as Hogg's Hollow, from James Hogg, who was at one time the owner of the flour mills in the valley. Here the western branch of the Don is crossed by a bridge. The banks of the river are very steep, but in places the ascent is broken by intervening level land, On one of these flats half-way down the bluff l\Ir. Hogg erected at an early period a Presbyterian place of worship. He was a man of strong individu- ality, and took a prominent part in political affairs. Once, incensed at a newspaper criticism of his conduct, he sent a challenge to mortal combat in due form to 1\1r. Gurnett, editor of the Courier. The meeting, however, did not take place. His death occurred in 1839, The second Episcopal Church in York was erected at York Mills in the fall of 1816. It was an oblong frame building, erected by the united liberality of the people of the neighbourhood, :\lessrs. Seneca Ketchum and Joseph Shepherd being among the chief promotors; the first named contributing largely of his means and time, the latter giving three acres of land for the site of church and for burial ground. The corner-stone was laid in the presence of a large num- ber of spectators by Lieut.-Governor Gore and the Rev. Dr. Strachan, the missionary for York, in a manner in keeping with the infant state of the parish, A hole was dug, and a bottle containing a medal and a halfpenny was placed in it, a rude and unpolished stone was used to cover it, The missionary preached to the people, who had seated themselves on boards and timbers collected near the site. In 1842 it was decided to erect a more com- modious church, 40 x 60, in plain and simple style of construction. On Tuesday, lay 30, 18+3, the foundation stone was laid. Although a very wet and inclement day, a large congregation assembled in the old church. At noon, Bishop Strachan, the former missionary, took his place within the church. The Rev. A. Sanson read the prayers, the Rev. Dr. Beaven, Pro- fessor of Divinity in the University of King's College, preached from Psalm cxviii. 22, 23.24 verses. The Bishop afterwards administered the apostolic t=ite of confirmation to the Reverends A. Townley and A, Sanson, also to l\Iessrs, Leach and Richie, formerly Presbyterian ministers, but then candi- dates for holy orders in the Church of Eng-Iand, After these services the cere- mony of laying the foundation stone of the new church, was proceeded with, The Rev. H, J. Grasett, the Bishop's chaplain, read the appointed prayers. after which the following, inscribeù on a roll of parchment, was read by 9 2 The COU1lty of York. Rev. A, Sanson, the minister of the parish :-" In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, amen, this corner-stone of St. John's Church, Y orkville, County of York, Home District, was laid on the thirtieth day of May, 1843, in the sixth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Vic- toria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, by the Honourable and Right Reverend John Strachan, D.D., LL,D" Lord Bishop of the Diocese, Rev. A, Sanson being minister of the congregation, etc., etc," This document together with the latest number of The Church Journal, a programme of the ceremony, an English shilling, sixpence and fourpenny piece; a penny and halfpenny of the Montreal bank, a halfpenny of King George III., and three silver medals were placed in a bottle which the architect sealed and deposited in a cavity of the stone. One of the medals had been dug up in a good state of preservation from beneath the south-east angle of the old church and bore on one side this inscription :- "FRANCIS GORE, ESQ" Lìeutenant-Governor 1816," on the other II 56th of George III." The following inscription was added: " Removed from the old church near this, 30th l\Iay, 1843." The church was opened for divine service in the fall of 1843, The large folio Bible and Prayer-book used in the old church is still in use in St. John's Church, Y orkville, on the fly-leaf of each is the following- :-" Presented by the Chief Justice Powell to the Seco d Episcopal Church in York.'. The present rector of St. John's Church, Rev. H. B. Osler, was ordained and appointed missionary to Lloydtown, Township of King, Albion and parts adjacent, in October 29th, 1843, and held the appointment until removed to York i\Iills in May, 1874. For many years he held regular ser- vices on Sundays and week days in King and Albion, with occasional ones in the Townships of Adjala, i\Iulmur, Mono, Caledon, Chinguacousy and Vaughan. He was born and educated at Falmouth, Cornwall. Englanà, came to Canada in 1841; read for holy orders with Rev, F. L, Osler, at Tecumseth; was ordained Octoher, 1843; received the appomtment of Honorary Canon of St, James' Cathedral in 1867 from Bishop Strar.han. He was appointed Rector of St. John's, York :.\1ills, May, 1874, and Rural Dean of west and north York in 1875, by Right Rev. A. Bethune, D.D., second Bishop of Toronto. Owing to the steepness of the valley at York :.\1 ills, Y onge Street formerly made a considerable detour to the east. It now crosses the hollow in a bee line on a raised embankment constructed about the year 1835. About a mile north of York Mills is the Village of Lansing, anù a little further on is \Villowdale, Here stood the residence of David Gibson, one . The COUllty of York. 93 of the leaders of the insurrection of 1837, which was burned by the militia, acting under the order of Sir Francis B. Head, after the defeat of the insur- gents, :\Ir. Gibson was a surveyor and farmer, and at one time represented North York in the Provincial Parliament. After the rebellion he became a superintendent of Colonization Roads. His death occurred at Quebec in 186+. A short distance to the eastward from \Villowdale is a noted camp meeting ground, on the lot formerly owned by Jacob Cummer, one of the early German pioneers, It was in the midst of a thick maple bush, and witnessed many characteristic scenes, Peter Jones, the celebrated Indian missionary, furnished in his autobiography the following description of one of the old- time religious gatherings held at this spot. \Vritjng under date of the loth of June, 1828, he says: "About noon I started for the camp ground; when we arrived we found about three hundred Indians collected from Lake Simcoe and Scugog Lake. 1\10st of those from Lake Simcoe have just come in from the back lakes, to join with their converted brethren in the service of the Almighty God. They came in company with brother Law, and all seemed very glad to see us, giving us a hearty shake of the hand. The camp ground enclosed about two acres, which was surrounded with board tents, having one large gate for teams to go in and out and three smaller ones. The Indians occupied one large tent, which was 220 feet long and 15 feet broad. It was covered overhead with boards, and the sides were made tight with laths to make it secure frbm any encroach- ments. It had four doors fronting the camp ground. In this long house the Indians arranged themselves in families as is their custom in their wigwams, Divine service commenced towards evening, Elder Case first gave directions as to the order to be observed on the camp ground during the meeting, Brother James Richardson then preached from Acts II. 21., after which I gave the suhstance in Indian, when the brethren appeared much affected and inh rested. Prayer-meeting in the evening. The watch kept the place illuminated during the night. " A mile or so north of \Villowdale, and about the same distance south of the township line, is the little village of Newton Brook. The villages of East York are mostly of a suburban character, situated to the front of the township, within easy access of Toronto. The city now e"\.tends along the lake front eastward as far as the township line south of the Kingston Road. N" orth of that thoroughfare, a short distance east of the present city limits, is the village of Leslieville, which took its ame from :\Ir. George Leslie, one of the early inhabitants, The nursery of fruit trees established by him is the most notable feature of the locality, The \Voodbine Driving Park is a lIttle further on, on the south side of the Kingston Road, .\t this point, . 94 The COU1lty of York. about two miles east of the Don River, the Kingston Road takes a north- easterly turn, leading to the Village of Norway, A short distance to the north-east of this is the new railway suburb of Little York, where the Grand Trunk Railway has constructed a large freight yard. The amount of railway business transacted at this point renders it probable that the population will increase rapidly, as a number of the employés have their homes here, The villages of Don aster and Todmorden lie within a short distance of each other on the east bank of the Don; the former being about half a mile lower down, The scenery of the Don, in this neighbourhood and for miles further up, is extremely picturesque, The Don winds through a broad valley, the bottom lands immediately adjoining the river, which are usually flooded in the spring time, yielding rich pasturage, The banks, which are thickly wooded, rise abruptly, sometimes from the water, but more often at a considerable distance. They are broken by ravines, where tributary streams unite their waters with the Don, and occasionally these bluffs enclose a wide space, giving an amphitheatre-like effect. The river pursues a serpentine course, but the general direction in ascending it is northward for about four miles, when it takes a turn to the east, the same characteristics being observable, About two miles above Todmorden is the Forks of the Don, where the river divides into three branches, the eastern, middle, and western streams. It is the western Don that crosses Y onge Street at York Mills. The neighbourhood of the Forks, where there is a small village, abounds in romantic scenery. Owing to the hilly and broken character of the land this section is not thickly settled, and much of it, especially along the water courses, remains heavily timbered. The wildness and beauty of the ravines, glens, and stretches of woodland, present attractions for the lover of nature not readily suspassed In this part of Canada. · The water-power in this neighbourhood was formerly utilized for mill- ing and manufacturing purposes to a much greater extent than at present. On the east branch of the Don, or Scarborough Creek, as it is hest known, there were at an early period three saw-mills, one built by \Villiam Hough, one by a man named Dark, and the other, further up the stream, by John Heron. These mills are all gone, leaving hardly a vestige of where they stood, A German, ,named Knotthardt, also erected a carding-mill on this stream, which has long since disappeared. The volume of the stream, once con- siderable, has greatly diminished, owing to the clearing of the country, and it is no longer available for milling uses, In the year 1817, Alexander Milna built a large mill, three stories in height, driven by an oyer shot The COU1lty of York, 95 wheel, eighteen feet in diameter, upon a creek tributary to the west branch of the Don, The two lower stories of the mill were used for carding and fulling, and the third story \\ias a saw-mill. The water, power was shortly afterwards found to be insufficient, and l\Ir. Iilna abandoned this location for a better one on the main branch of the Don, where a woollen factory and saw-mill were put up. Here an extensive new brick building ""as erected in 18 79- 80 , by Alexander \Villiam l\Iilna, a descendant of the original owner of the property. The old carding machine, used by Alexan- der Iilna in the first mill, is preserved as an heirloom. The next sa\v-mill above Milna's was at one time the property of John Hogg, It began opera- tions about 1829, and was run for fifteen or twenty years, Aboye this site is \Villiam Gray's grist-mill, with two run of stones, and Alexander Gray's saw-mill. In the same neighbourhood there was formerly a distillery, owned and operated by J a'nes Gray. A saw-mill was built a little further up by l\Ir. Knotthardt, who committed suicide in 1840, the mill afterwards falling mto the hands of James Hunter. It was rebuilt, a short distance further down stream, by J, Hunter & Sons, and in 1878 was destroyed b) a flood, The firm have since erected a steam mill. Farther up, again, stood Stilwell \\ïlson's mill, which was swept away by a flood caused by the bursting of a water-spout, about 1828. The property afterwards passed into the hands of Thomas Sheppard, who ran a grist-mill here for some time, until it w'as burned in 1869. Above this was a saw-mill constructed by Philip Phillips, and then a saw-mill and woollen-mill built and run by :\Ir. Cummer. His successors in the woollen manufacturing Lusiness were :\Ir. l\IcIntosh and James L. Vroom, operations being discontinued about 1857. Cupper's g-rist-mill came next. It was situated near the point where the German Mill Creek empties into the Don. A saw-mill was built on this creek by :;\Ir. Davidson, and afterwards came into the possession of John Sellers, who ran it un il about 1870. Further up the main Don was a saw-mill"formerly belonging to Samuel Hamil, which' was worked until about twenty years ago. The last mill on the stream, east of Y onge Street, is Brunskill's grist- mill. A log grist-mill, built by \y, \Valker, stands just on the west side of the street. On the lower Don, between the Forks and the city, are situated Taylor's paper mills, one near Todmorden and the other a mile or so further up, At an early period, thc boats of the .i\orth-\Vest Company ell route to Lake Huron used to make their way up the western Don as far as Yonge Street, at the present locality of York l\Iills, where they wcre taken out of the water and carried on trucks to the Holland Ri\"( r. On the banks of the Don, fresh water shclls have been found beneath a con- 7 9 6 The County of York. siderable thickness of sand, thirty feet above the lake level-which, in connection with other indications, are taken as evidence that the entire region has, at one time, been submerged. The Don and its tributaries are crossed III several places by the substantial bridges of the recently con- structed Ontario amI Quebec Railway which, skirting the northern limit of Toronto, strikes across the township in a north.easterly direction. The Village of L'Amaroux is situated in the northern part of the town- ship, near the Scarborough line. It is about nine miles from Toronto. There are in all twenty-five public schools situated within the limits of the Township of York, all of which are under the jurisdiction of 1\1r. Hodgson, who has already been referred to as the Inspector of Public Schools for the South Riding. The most important of them are located as follows: No. I, at Davisville, a short distance north of Mount Pleasant Cemetery; No.2, at Eghngton; NO.3, at York Mills; No, 4, at \Yillow- dale; NO.5, at Newton Brook, near the northern outskirts of the township; Xo. 7. at Doncaster; No. S, at \Vexford, on the town-line between York and Scarborough; NO.9, near Don Post Office; No, 12, at L'Amaroux; No. 13, at Davenport; No. 14, on the second concession; No. 15, at Fairbanks; o. 16, between the second and third concessions, near 1\1r. Duncan's; No. 17, at Down's View, in the fourth concession; No. IS, on the fourth concession, but farther north than No. 17, and near Elia Post Office.; No. 19, beyond \Yeston, near Emery Post Office; No. 20, at Norway; No. 21, at \Veston; No, 25, at Seaton Village. THE TO\YXSHIP OF ETOBICOKE. 4 d : TOBICO Townsh p, situated at t e sou h-west cor er of the \ g " county, IS Irregular In shape, and laId out In a fragmentary and \k1 )o unsystematic fashion. It fronts on Lake Ontario. having the t " Humber river as its eastern boundary, Its western limit is Etobicoke Creek and the Gore of Toronto in Peel County, and cd \ to the north lies th Township of Vaughan, It comprises 29,5+0 acres, being, with the exception of North Gwillimbury, the smallest township in the county, The northern portion, comprising about two-thirds, is laid out in concessions running north and south, the three western concessions being numbered, and the eastern ones known as .\, E, and C. The southern portion is broken up into smaller rows of concessions, some numbered from west to east, and others running north and south, in a very confusing manner. The etymology of the name Etobicoke is uncertain. It is usually sup- posed to be Indian, but on the earliest documents it appears as .. Toby Cook." In the Crown Lands Department there is preserved a map dated Newark, 1793, by Abraham Iredell, Assistant Deputy Surveyor, upon which has been written the following memorandum :-" The river Toby Cook is a rapid stream of water. The land in the bottom good, but much cut to pieces with the high water. On the rear boundary line from the river Toby Cook to the large stream of water on lot 15, the land is very good. From the stream to the north angle is a burr and pine plain; from thence to the said stream, from the stream to lot NO.9, burnt land, but tolerable good; from thence to the lake, good, The land west of the 100 acre lots on the line No, 16, \\'. is good to lot 1\0. 7, but low land to No, 13, the other lots good." "Toby Cook" appears to have been the custcmary spelling during the early days of settlement, as it is seen on several other maps, but in 18 I I the name \\as given as it is now spelled, on an official plan, and since that time" Etobicoke .. has been the recognized etymology. ..\s no 9 8 The COllllty of Y O1'k. such person as Toby Cook is known either to history or tradition in con- nection with the locality, it is altogether probable that the first surveyors or settlers caught the Indian pronunciation imperfectly, and rendered it by this homely appellation as a matter of convenience, the true derivation being obscured by the spelling. The first settlement of the township took pla<:e about the beginning of the century, In 1,795 the .. militia lands" were laid out by Surveyor Iredell. Part of the boundary wa marked out in 1797 by Mr. Augustus Jones. The following year a surveyor named Hambly undertook the work of survey, which was continued at various intervals by Iessrs. \Vilmot, Ridout, Hawkins and Castle, the latter com- pleting the laying out of the township in the year 18 3 8 . The earliest settlers of Etobicoke were the U, E. Loyalist ;efugees, who sought to build up homes in the wilderness, whose strong arms and stout hearts subdued the forest and dared the perils of an unknown and savage land. \ll honour to their memory! Those were indeed H the times that tried men's souls." Their descendants of to-day, in the midst c5f comfort and plenty, surrounded by the blessings of civilization, can hardly even picture to the imagination the rough and rude beginnings of our national greatness, the unbroken forest north of the great lakes, the arrival of the few travel-worn bands of emigrants whom the result of the revolu- tionary struggl<;. had reft of home and possessions, often of their nearest and dearest. Old men, whom cruel war had ro bed of the, sons whom they fondly hoped would be the stay of their declining years, widows and orphans, youths barely grown to manhood, pushed out to battle with the perils and vicissitudes of an unknown region, together with those in the prime and vigour of maturer years, survivors of many a hard-fought field, who had laid down the sword or musket to assume the implements of peaceful industry and carve out homes and build up fortunes for themselves in the Canadian wilds. Such were the original elements of our flourishing and prosperous community. 1 hear the tread of pioneers Of nations yet to be ; The first low wash of waves where soon Shall roll a human sea. They halt where the land seems richest and the position most favour- able, and the forest echoes are awakened with three ringing cheers for King George. Then follows the bivouac around the camp fire, and the next day the woods ring to the unaccustomed sound of the axe, and many a tall tree topples to the grolU1d with a resounding crash, letting the sun stream down on the thick underbrush through the ever-widening rifts in the canopy of . TIle COlt/lry of York. 99 green, Rude log-huts are búilt with chimneys of unhewn stone without plaster, and a single aperture to serve for door and window. The first crop is sown on the narrow clearing, thickly studded with stumps, and bounded on all sides by the straight grey columns of the tree trunks, charred by the burning of the brush heaps. \Yinter comes, and the pitiless storm drifts the snow in between the chinks of the logs, and the howl of the wolves is heard at ights. There is scant store of provisions, and the skill of the hunter must supplement the shortness of the crop, There is sickness, and accident, and death, Ofttimes the settler is crushed and mangled by falling timber or prostrated by fever, and the medical appliances are of the rudest. And so the stern contest with nature goes on until the clearings widen and the forest retreats, until glimpses of the smoke rising from adjoining cabins bring a sense of neighbourhood and closer assoçiation. The old Indian trail through the bush is widened into a wagon track. New waves of population follow, The original log cab.ins give place to larger and more commodious structures. The itinerant preacher comes along, and his visit is hailed with joy as a harbinger of gospel privileges of which the settlers have so long been deprived. He marries half a dozen waiting couples who have delayed their union for perhaps years until such an opportunity should present itself, and admits to the visible Church on earth as many young native Canadians, the first-born of the settlen'lent. It is a great day when a small church of logs is erected, anJ a settled ministe secured. \nd so here and there population crystallizes around centres, the embryo towns and villages, and the first struggles and perils and inconveniences of the pioneers are over. These struggles, these hardships of which we, their descendants. or successors, reap the benefit in such ample measure, should never be for- gotten by Canadians. One of the earliest grantees in Etobicoke was Colonel Smith. of the Queen's Rangers, who received a large tract of land which now forms the +th and 5th concessions of the southern portion of the township. Colonel Smith was for some time President of the Province of 'Cpper Canada, Gourlay, in his "Statistical Account of Upper Canada," thus speaks of Colonel Smith's homestead on the Lake shore, in the ncighbourhooJ of the River Etobicoke :-" I shall describe thè residence and neigh hour- hood of the President of Upper Canada from remcmbrance, journeying past it on my way to York from the. westward by what is called the Lake Road, through Etobicoke. For many miles not a house had appeared, when I came to that of Col. Smith, lonely anJ desolate. It had once been genteel and comfortable, but was now going to Jecay, .\ vista had heen opened through the woods towards Lake Ontario; 100 The County of Y01'k. but the riotous and dangling undergrowth seemed threatening to retake possession from the Colonel of all that had once been cleared, which was of narrow compass. How could a solitary half-pay officer help himself settled down upon a block of land whose very extent barred out the assist- ance and convenience of neighbours? Not a living thing was to be seen around. How different it might be, thought I, were a hundred industrious families compactly settled here out of the redundant population of England," The writer continues to narrate how he lost his way in the woods, owing to the disappea ance of the road a short distance beyond the Presi- dent's house, in a bank of gravel thrown up at the mouth of the Etobicoke. He gave his horse the rein, and let him take his own way. "Abundant time," he says, "was afforded for reflection on the wretched state of property flung away on half-pay officers, Here was the head man of the Province 'born to blush unseen,' without even a tolerable bridle way b tween him and the capital city, after more than twenty years' possession of his domain. The very gravel bed which caused me such turmoil might have made a turnpike, but what can be done by a single hand? The President could do little with the axe or wheelbarrow himself, and half-pay could employ but few labourers at 3s, 6d. per day, with victuals and drink." Colonel Smith, however, showed a good deal of public spirit in some directIOns. He did something towards improving the breed of horses, spending considerable amounts in the importation of blood stock from the United States, Among the original patentees of Etobicoke were the following, their . patents bearing date in the respectIve years indicated :- 17g8-Sergeant Patrick Mealy, -179g-Thomas Tivy, Joseph Hunt, James Hunt, 1800-James Crawford, Thomas Moseley. 1801-Francis Bark, Barnabas lcGrevie, George Bender, Abraham Cameron, Christian Chisholm, Adam Baker, Jr., \\ïl1iam Hooten, Francis Stevenson, John Doggert, Leah T. Gamble, \\'illiam Clarke, Ann Christie, Catherine Magdalen Gamble, Eliza Christie, \Villiam Calder. 180z-Hon. Robert Hamilton,John qamble, Richard \\'ilson, S. Steven- son, A. Brigham, B. \Yilliam, 1803-Isaac Pilkington, Samuel Giles, Alexander Thomson, l\Iichael Miller, Dan Laughlin. I804-Robert Gray, George McDonald, John Berry, Daniel Stewart, J. Doggert. I80s-Isaac Mitchell. I806-Robert Richardson, John Gould, John Claus, Samuel Smith, John Thorn. The COU1lty of Y01,k, 101 , I o7-Andrew l\Iorrow, Gerhard Himck, Thomas B. Gough, Moses Dewar, Dorothy Arnold. I809-Eleonora :\Ioore, Elizabeth Moore, L. Stevenson, I8Io-Simcoe Stevenson, Elizabeth Stevenson, Eleonora Stevenson, Harriet Hainer. I8II-\Villiam Halton, Robert Gray. 18Ij-Sarah Powell, T. H. Stevenson. 18I7-Christopher \Yidmer. Among others who also received pafents at an early date in the history of the township were John Campbell, Caleb Humphrey, Edward Heazzel, John Vanzantee, Esther Burden Davison, Joseph Shaw, George Gowland and Thomas \Vhitaker. The Canada Company, King's College and Christ Church, also obtained extensive grants. No records of the township meetings prior to 1850 have been preserved, At the first meeting in that year, the township was divided into five wards. The following were elected members of the Council by the meeting :-l\1oses Appleby, Thomas Fisher, \Yilliam Gamble, \Yilliam B. \Vadsworth and John Geddes. At a subsequent meeting held on the 21st January, the Council was organized by the election of \Villiam Gamble as Reeve, and \Villiam B. \Vadsworth as Deputy-Reeve, Edward l\Iusson was after- wards chosen Township Clerk. A report presented to the Council by l\Ir. Thomas J, Hodgkin, Superintendent of Common Schools, shows that at this' date there were eight school sections in the township, in seven of which schools were established, The report complains of defective school requi- sites, The number of scholars on the roll between the ages of five and. sixteen years was 333, besides ten above school age, two-thirds of the whole number being boys. Only one of the schools was fr e, Of the scholars, 21+ could write, 13 were studying French and 8 taking Latin lessons, The. expenditure of the year was as follows :-For bridges, [98. I IS. 4td.; pnnt- ing and stationery, [21. IS, 3td,; school assessments, [179; contingencies, [20. 13s. 7d.; salaries, [75. 6s. ltd.; school funds, [89' os. 9d,; cash in hand, [179. 15 S . 8td. In 1851, the Council consisted of Moses Appleby, Alex. McFarlane, Andrew \Vard, Joseph Smith and John Geddes, Joseph Smith was elected Reeve, Andrew "Yard, Deputy-Reeve, and John R, Bagnell, Clerk and Treasurer. 1\1r. Smith retained the Reeveship till 1855, in which year he was succeeded by Alexander McFarlane, who in 1858 gave place to Edward Musson. The latter occupied the position conti nuously for seven years until 1864, \V. .\. \Vallis and Matthew Canning are among those who ha\c <;ince held the Reeveship, Anùrew \Vard first chosen Deputy-Reeve in 102 The COU1lty of York. 1851, retained that office for five years, \Villiam 1\1. Ross succeeding him in 1856, and giving place to \\, A. \Vallis two years later. Since then the Deputy-Reeveship has been filled by \\" B. \\'adsworth, Matthew Canning, \\T, Taylor, P. \Vardlaw, E. C. Fisher, Jonathan Orth, Robert \Villcock, apd others. In 1855, Joseph Dawson was chosen Township Clerk and Treasurer, being succeeded by \Villiam R. Scott in 1861, who held the office for three years. In 1864, Alexander McPherson was appointed and has filled the position ever since, The following are the principal municipal officials for 1884: Matthew Canning, Islington, Reeve, J. D, Evans, Islington, Deputy-Reeve; Daniel F, Homer, Mimico, James Kellam, High- field, and James A. Young, \Veston, Councillors; Adam F. Mather, Isling- ton and John F, Hill, \Yeston, Assessors, The soil of Etobicoke consists of heavy clay, and clay loam, in the northern section, an,d sandy loani and sand in the southern division, black loam being distributed over the township, About 25 per cent. of the area is heavy clay, eight inches deep, with an argillaceous subsoil. About equal proportions consist respectively of clay loam, eleven inches in depth, and sandy loam of the depth of one foot, with a clayey subsoil in botÞ. cases. Perhaps 10 per cent. is sand, and varying in depth, and IS per cent. black loam, two feet or so above a stratum of sand and clay. None is too stony to interfere with remunerative cultivatioI1, and only about I per cent. objec- tionably hilly in character. Ten per cent. is rolling land, and the low flat land is not more than 2 per cent. of the total area. An unusual proportion of the acreage of this township can be classified as first-class lanØ, four- fifths being of this quality; 19 per cent. is of second-class quality, and only I per cent., third-class. The average price it will bring in the market for agricultural purposes is $80 per acre for first-class, and $60 for second- class land. The township is well watered, and where the springs and creeks do not furnish a supply, water can be reached by digging at a depth varying from 10 to 40 feet. l\Iany of the farms are fenced in first-class style, rail and board fences being the kinds most generally adopted. Three- fourths of the dwellings and the out buildings of the farms are constructed of brick or stone, or rank as first-class frame buildings. Drainage is not practised to any considerable extent, only 3 per cent. of the farms bëing drained. Artificial fertilizers are in use upon about one-tenth or the farms, plaster, salt and superphosphate being the kinds generally employed. The proportion of land devoted to the staple crops is as follows: Fall wheat, 15 per cent.; spring wheat, 5 per cent,; barley, 20 per cent.; oats, 10 per cent.; peas,s per cent.; pqtatoes, 3 per cent.; turnips, I per cent.; other root crops, I per cent.. and hay IS per cent. Twenty-two per Tile County of York, 10 3 cent. is pasture land, which is a larger proportion than in any other township in the county, and 3 per cent. devoted to fruit raising. The following is the average yield per acre :-Fall wheat, 20 bushels; spring wheat, 15 bushels; barley, 30 bus lels; oats, 40 bushels; peas, 20 bushels; potatoes, 100, bushels; turnips, 300 bushels; other root crops, '500 bushels; hay, a ton and a-half. A large proportion of the land is still' timbered; the woods consisting mainly of beech, maple, elm, basswood, and pine. There are three flouring mills in the township. In 1881, the number of cattle was, 1887; of horses, 1257; of sheep, 1277, and of hogs, 826. A good deal of imported stock has been introduced. The breeds of stock most extensively raised are draught horses, Durham grade, Devon cattle, sheep of the Cotswold and Leicester breeds, and Suffolk and Berk- shire hogs. . In 1850, the population of the township was 2,904-it contained five grist and seven saw mills, and the crop returns for the previous year were: 82,000 bushels of wheat, 16,000 bushels of barley, 41,000 bushels of oats, 20,000 bushels of peas, 25,000 bushels of potatoes, I 1,000 pounds o( wool, 4,000 pounds of cheese, a'nd 24,000 pounds of butter. Since that time, the popul'ation has been almost stationary. In 1871, the inhabitants numbered 2,985, and the census of 1881 gives the number at 2,976. Of this number, 2,137 ,vere native Canadians, The number of occupiers of land was 425, of whom 254 were the owners of the soil. The total area occupied amounted to 28,527 acres, of which 2+,801 was improved land. The area In cultivatiou for field crops included 19,+35 acres-4,JI9 acres were devoted to pasturage, and 1,047 to gardens and orchards. The staple agricultural products were returned as follows:- \Vheat, 58,245 bushels; barley, 90.)05 bushels; oats, 104,791 bushels; peas and beans, 15,766 bushels; potatoés, 92,905 bushels; turnips, 50,000 bushels; other root crops, 41,705 bushels; hay, 5,394 tons, A saw-mill was constructed by the Government about the. year 1795 on the Etobicoke side of the Humber, about two miles and a-half from the lake, The work was done by a mill-wright named Nicholas Iiller, who was brought from 'New York State for the purpose. The mill, which was huilt partly of logs and partly of boards, was run successfully by parties named Jillson, Cushman, and Stile Stephenson, who either rented it or were employed by the Government, it is. not certain which. About 1820 the mill and twelve hundred acres of land were leased to Mr. Thomas Fisher at a low rent, but he soon afterwards gave up the greater portion of the land. The mill was purchased by 1\Ir. \Villiam Gamble in 1835, and the year following he elected on the site a five-story stone flour-milJ witIt , 10 4 TILe County of Y01,k. , SIX run of stones. The supplies for the mill were carried up from the mouth of the river in barges, and the flour shipped in the same way. Mr. Gamble afterwards built a wharf and storehouse near the entrance of the Humber. In 1835, a four-story flour-mill was erected by Mr. Fisher on the Etobicoke side of the present Yillage of Lambton, It was partly stone and partly frame, and was burned down in 1843. It was, however, rebuilt the following year, and leased to the Howland brothers. The dam was washed away by a flood in 1878, In 1880 the property was purchased by George Smith, who made extensive additions, and fitted up the mill for the woollen manufacture. Near this point a carding and fulling mill was constructed in 1820. which underwent several changes in proprietorship as well as in the uses to which it was put. Mr. James \Villiams was the owner about 1867, since which time it has not been in operation. About a mile above Lambton a saw-mill was erected by Samuel Scarlet, in 1854. It was destroyed by fire six years later, but soon rebuilt, The property was pur- chased by George Stonehouse in 1875. Half a mile or so higher up stream John Scarlet, father of Samuel Scarlet, put up a saw-mill, in 1831, and also partly constructed two flour-mills in the immediate neighbourhood, The saw-mill and a quantity of adjacent land passed to his son Edward, and in 1871 the mill became the property of Mr. Matthew Canning. Market gardening is carried on to a considerable extent in the south- eastern portion of the township, the markets of Toronto affording a ready sal for vegetables and fruit. There are excellent railway facilities, especially in the southern portion of the township, The Great \Vestern branch of the Grand Trunk runs within a short distance of the lake, east and west. It has a station near the Village of :\Iimico, a pleasure resort about a mile and a half west from the Humber, where many of the Toron- tonians have summer residences, The spot is a favourite one for pic- nics and excursion parties. At this point the Mimico River enters the lake, and the beauties of the scenery along its banks and in the neighbour- hood of the lake shore are greatly appreciated by pleasure-seekers. The Credit Valley Railway strikes the township at Lambton, about two miles north of the Great \Vestern branch, and traverses it in a south- westerly direction, parallel for most of the distance with the Dundas Road. About a mile from Lambton, on the Dundas Road, is the Village of Islington, where the agricultural exhibitions of the township are held. Two miles further west, partly in Etobicoke and partly in the adjoining Township of Toronto, in Peel County, is the Village of Summerville, The main line of the Grand Trunk runs west from \Veston. The TIle County of Y01,k, 10 5 Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway runs northward from the latter point to within about a mile from the northern boundary of the township, when it deflects to the north-west. The principal villages in the northern portion of the township are Clairville, in the extreme north-western angle; Smith- field, about two miles to the south-east; and Thistletown, a mile and a-half further in the same direction. These are all connected by a road running from \Veston northward for a mile or so, and then crossing the Humber and running north-west to Clairville. Highfield is situated about a mile from the western boundary, and a short distance north of the Grand Trunk main line. There are, in all, ten public schools within the limits of the Township of Etobicoke, Their respective situations are shown by the following table :- No. OF SCHOOL TEACHER. P. O. ADDRESS, SECTION, -- I John G. Roberts, . . , . . , , Mimico, 2 T, E. Kaiser.. . . , . . , . . . . Summerville, . I 1- B. Kaiser , I Lambton Mills. I 3 . . . . . . . . . . 4 R. E, CastÏn.. . . . . , . . . . . Islington. I I 5 Albert 'Villson . . . . . . . . . . 'Veston. I 6 L. M. Stanette., . . , , . . . . Highfield. I 7 J, C, Clark"......,..... Thistleton. I 8 Richard Lewis, jun'r.. .. Islington, I I 9 John F, Campbell. . . . . . Humber. 10 John F. Ellerby. . , . . . , . Thistleton, THE TO\VNSHIP OF SCARBOROUGH, î 1 , CARBOROUGH TO\vnship is situated at the south-eastern corner 1 of the county, It comprises nine concessions, of which, however, only five extend to the eastern limit of the county, the rest being broken by the water front, which slopes inwards from the western side-line. The broken concessions are known as A, B, C and D, the remaining ones being numbered. The front of the town- ship was surveyed in 1791 by 1\1r. Augustus Jõnes, the name then given it being II Glasgow." It is bounJed on the north by the Township of Iarkham, on the south by Lake Ontario, on the east by Pickering, in the adjoining County of Ontario, anJ on the west by York. The concession lines were not run until the year 1833, when the laying out of the township was continued by 1\1r. Galbraith, P.L.S, In 1850 the western boundary was fixed by Mes rs. \Villiam Smith and John Shier, Provincial Land Surveyors, and in 1854 the eastern limit was established by 1\11'. John Shier, P,L.S. The Boundary Line Commissioners fixed the northern limits of the townships, There are many irregularities in the laying out of this township, owing to the surveys having been made by different parties at long intervals, whereby some of the original land- marks were destroyed or lost sight of. 1\1r. F, F. Passmore, P.L.S" in 186 4 presented a report to the Township Council in connection with a map of a re-survey, in \vhich he stated that there were at that time, exclusive of the exterior road between the township and its neighbours, 126 side-roads, many of them well opened up and travelled. The soil of the southern portion of Scarborough is light and sandy, as indicated by the considerable quantity of pine timber intermixed with the hardwood growths. In the central and northern sections the soil is heavier and better dapted for agriculture, the timber being nearly all hardwood. The township is abundantly watered, and the land is generally undulating, excepting in the neighbourhood of Highland Creek and the River Rouge, the banks of which are steep amI rugged. In the southern part of the township there are extensive beds of " "' J.:. ) \ ,\ (, , I The COUllty of York. 107 clay, suitable for brick-making purposes, generally overlaid by sand several feet in. depth, The geological characteristics of the township are not of much interest, presenting but little variety. Two springs on the 16th lot of the 4th concession have a local reputation for their mineral properties. Their waters give, by boiling, a small amount of earthy carbonate, but even when evaporated to one-tentI they have no marked taste. They contain, in addition, only sulphate of lime with traces of chloride, Sandstone of the Hudson River formation is met with along the banks of the streams near the lake shore. Traces of the large aboriginal population which occupied the western portion of this township, but disappeared before the adyent of the white settlers, are frequently discoyered. Their principal settlement appears to have been near the mouth of the River Rouge, where the site of what was once a considerable Indian village was indicated by the remains of the logs which formed a wooden palisade surrounding their habitations. Here have been discovered from time to time a variety of Indian relics, which, in the opinion of scientists, show a continuous residence on the spot for at least a century. Some have all the characteristics of the stone age, and mixed with the rude weapons and implements of" native industry" are those of copper and iron, and also glass beads) which were probably obtained by intercours with the early French voyageurs and traders. These relics of a vanished race were found intermixed with ashes and charcoal. \ few yards from the site of the village a number of graves containing aboriginal remains were discovered. In the immediate proximity of this site, and near the present villages of Greenvale and Claremont, in the adjoining Township of Pickcring, other Indian relics have been found in considerable quantity, showing that aboriginal villages once existed in those localities. L\t the site near Clare- mont, a large Indian burying-ground was found, These ancient settlements were connected with the one in Scarborough, and all are believed to have belonged to the once powerful Huron nation. The first patents to land in Scarborough were granted in 1796, The following are among the original patentees for the years indicated :- 1796-Capt, \Villiam Mayne, John \Vhite. 1797-James Hoghbelling, John McGill, \\ïlliam Eadus and others, George Irvine, Amos l\Ierritt, Eliza Small, John Hewitt. 1798- Joseph Ketchum, Dorcas Kendrick, James :\1 alloy , Capt. \ \ïlliam Demont, James Ketchem, Owen ::\IcGrath, Elizabeth Davis, Jamcs \\"hitton, Elizabeth Vanderlip, James Thompson. 1799-Sarah Ashbridge, David Flcming, Jonathan \shbridge, John Adair, .\ndrew Templeton, \\ïlliam Osterhout, icholas Smith, Thomas 108 TIle COU1lty of York. Hewitt, Elias Thompson, John \Veaver, James Eliot, David Robertson, Samuel Heron, Martin Buckner, Ephraim Payen, Susannah Harris, John Segar, John Markly, Richard Hatt, Andrew Johnston, Archibald Thomp- son, John Henry Kahman, Eliphalet Hale, Eliza Small, Margaret Ryck- man, Richard Flock, Eva Bradt, Lieut. Miles McDonnell, Barnabas Eddy, Azariah Lundy, 1801-Parshall Terry, jun'r, Ellis Dennis, Samuel Heron, Robert Isaac, Dey Gray, John Smith, John \Vintermute, John Robert Small. 1802-Submission Galloway, Parker Mills, Robert Tait, Nipporah Ro- buck, Jacob Fisher, Nicholas :\lacdougal, David Thompson, Andrew Thompson, 1803-\Villiam Devenish, Valentine Fisher. 1804-John Macdougal. IboS-E. Osterhout, Donald McLean. 1806- John Richardson, Alexander l\IcDonnell. I807-Pelva Cole, 1809- Thomas Cornwell. 1810-Henry \Vebster, John Robert Small. 181 I-Andrew Mercer, James Osburn. 18I2-Peter Reesor, Benjamin \Y. Eaton, George Kuck, Helen Fen wick, John Kennedy, sen'r. In addition to the patents issued to individuals, King's College and the Canada Company appear among the early grantees, Many of the names given above are largely represented among the present inhabitants of the township. No very early municipal records have been preserved, the year 18 4 8 being as far back as the documents now extant reach. In the memorandum of proceedings for that year, the following names of electors are subscribed to a declaration that u \Ve, the undersigned, do sincerely promise and swear that we will faithfully and diligently perform the duties for which we are appointed for the current year "-Joseph Pilkey, George Snider, _\dam \Valton, \\ïlliam Kennedy, \Villiam Fawcett, sen'r, \Villiam Mason, Thomas Kennedy, 'Medley Robinson, Daniel Kennedy, George Galway, John Palmer, John \Varren, Isaac Christie, Timothy Devenish, John Rich; ardson, Alexander \Vilson, George Stephenson, Abraham Stoner, \Villiam Young, \Villiam Richardson, \Villiam \Yesteny, \tVilliam Anthony, James Saw, Isaac Stoner, Thomas Adams, Thomas Booth, King Parkes, James Peters, \Villiam Chamberlain, l\larshall Macklin, Thomas Adams, jun'r, Isaac Stcor, \Yilliam A, Thompson, James A. Thompson, James Johnson John Sherburn, James Spring, Thomas Brown, John Wilson, John Law, \Villiam Nelson, Robert Jackson, Andrew Potter, and Thomas Demma The COU1lty of York. 109 The first meeting of the" l\Iunicipal Corporaton " of the township was held at Thomas Dowswell's tavern, on the 21st of January, 1850, on which occa- sion were present, Peter Sëcor, reeve; John P. \Yheeler, deputy-reeve; \Villiam Helliwell, Christopher Thompson and Edward Connell. The following year ::\Ir. \Yheeler attained the reeveship, and Thomas Brown was elected deputy-reeve, and Stephen Glosson, clerk. In 1854, John Torrance became reeve, and \Villiam Clark, deputy-reeve. 'Ir. \Yheeler was again chosen reeve in 1855, and filled the office for ten years in succes- sion. During three years of this period, 1861-3, he was warden of the county, Among those who have held the reeveship are Donald G. Stephen- son, Thomas Brmvn and George Chester. The deputy-reeveship has numbered among its incumbents John Crawford, Simon Miller and \\ïlliam Tred vay. From 1856 to 1865 James Moyle officiated as township clerk. He was succeeded by John Crawford, who still holds that position. The other leading municipal officials for 188+ are: Reeve, John Richardson; 1st deputy-reeve, A. ),1. Sëcor; 2nd deputy-reeve, George Morgan. In 1842 Scarborough contained 2,75o'inhabitants, and had one grist- mill and eighteen saw-mills. The enumeration taken in 1850 showed that its progress had been very marked, the number having increased to 3,82I. It had then three grist-mills and twenty-three saw-mills. and its agricultural products from the crop of 18+9 were as follows: 90,000 bushels of wheat, 101,000 bushels of oats, 29,000 bushels of peas, 56,000 bushels of potatoes, 5,000 bushels of turnips, 3,700 tons of hay, 1+,000 pounds of wool, 12,000 pounds of cheese, and 35,000 pöunds of butter. The returns of the latest Dominion census, taken in 1881, show a large increase in the productive capacity of the township, The leading items are as follo,,"s: \Vheat, 85,595 bushels; barley, 132,870 bushels; oats, 160,474 bushels; peas and beans, 35,280 bushels; potatoes, 11+,838 bushels; turnips, 283,670 bushels; other root crops, I25,839 bushels; hay, IO,5IO tons. Latterly there has been a falling off in the population of the township, largely owing to the considerable emigration to the Xorth-\Yest, which has drawn away many of the young men. The population in 1871 numbere(l 4,615, in I88I it had decreased to 4,208. The census of the latter year gives the number of occupiers of land at 588, of whom 412 were also owners. The total acreage occupied was 43,634, of \vhich 36,225 acres were improved. Of this, 28,065 acres were devoted to field crops, 6,892 acres to pasturage, and 1,268 were laid out in gardens and orchards. Of the total population, 3,233, or more than three-fourths, are of Can- adian birth, though mostly of recent British origin, as the e. E. Loyalist element in the population is small. Smith's" Canada, Past, Present and Future" says on this point: .. The To\\ nship of Scarborough is said to be 110 Tile COltllty of York. occupied almost exclusively by natives of the British Isles, who have obtained some considerable degree of local celebrity as ploughmen," It is interesting to note that after the lapse of a generation the yeomen of Scarborough still retain their well-won pre-eminence in this department, notwithstanding many a well-contested match in which the representatives of other town- ships have sought to wrest their honours from them, Mr. James Patton, residing near Scarborough Junction, is the pioneer plough man of the county, and one of the most active in promoting competitions. On the 17th of June, 1884, the veteran ploughman ,vas presented with an address and testimonial, in recognition of his services in promoting the cause of prize ploughing, The report of the Ontario Agricultural Commission furnishes some valuable details respecting the condition oi agriculture in the township. The report states that the area was all settled III about forty years after the entrance of the first settlers in 1798. The general character of the soil is described as a clay loam, but about one-nineteenth is a heavy clay, and ten per cent. in the middle of the township is a sandy loam; there is a little gravel which is considerably scattered, and about ten per cent. of the soil is black loam: none" of the land is too ston} or rocky to be profitably cultivated, but about one-fourth is so hilly as to interfere with tillage; the remaining three-fourths is rolling land. Only about one-fortieth is low, bottom lands, one-fourteenth swampy, and one-fifteenth wet and springy. One-half the total area is considered first-class land, the quantity of second and third class being estimated at one-quarter each. \Vater is obtainable, by digging, at from fourteen to ninety feet. The average price, of land is from ::-;80 to IIO per acre for first-class land, from $so to S o for second-class, and from ;;;;10 to 8so for the third-class quality. About half the land is under first-class fences, the material employed being generally rails and posts, Two-thirds of the dwellings are of brick, stone, or first-class frame, the remaining one-third being log or inferior frame. Two-thirds of the out- buildings are also reckoned first-class, A third of the farms are under- drained, principally by means of tile drains. The acreage devoted to the leading crops, and the average yield of those crops per acre, as nearly as can be estimated, are given as follows:- Fall wheat, S per cent., 20 bushels;. spring wheat, 10 per cent., 10 bushels; barley, 12 per cent., 30 bushels; oats, 10 per cent., 4S bushels; peas, S per cent" 20 bushels; potatoes, 2 per cent., 130 bushels; turnips, 2 per cent., soo bushels; other root crops, I per cent.. soo bushels; hay, 20 per cent" It tons per acre; IS per cent, is in pasture lands, and 3 per cent. in orchards. The portion of the township about the flats and banks of the Rouge River and Highland Creek are pronounced better adapted for stock ./) II - F _ .7 .-.-- - -. -- I- 4 \td' ;':. -,' 1'-' ',> ') i> ' : -, \ - 1 J . I : -< "- .. I \fjf - I . I... \ " '- - . ; - r.... '. ,., ' . ,. {' ,,,', \, 1 "_ , , '\ - 1 ... ?" - ' "'Z r'_ " '- " 'p .:':'::._- I':"," lii:f!.lfffll1 l. : , ; 1 1 ' J ' I, /I;{fl''';: ,J d r { ---::...... ""' " ' f .: :. : ß"',", ;.... ''\.. '... 'i .1b _,, ,, ,, m ':.""'''"",,,",,,,, ' ".....\.. .. ..'\....\. \ J 'I !o\......... ..",..",'", , / "" it 1 \"'\"' ''''1$-.\ " } " \\ \ \. '-.. '\ ., . \ -, :' " :':"\ "\ \,1 . ,.,; S \ 1 ' ;. " "'.;, -,.:.-: :1' . '" . 1/111I#" ..... .;.. :.. "'" I'::,', :/:., : =$:.:.... ......: __-.,/,:;,r"tf,:' #I! I i,::: 1: :;:':.%. : .f$h :, . :- -:.- "' 9,,-" ,;' "''''''' 7 . , ... ;{:.__ -=.-:. :;.-::. =. ,-<<.. ;:,,;v È i .: =- ::. ::::... "'':'' I ... ......... .........._... , ....',. ...::.::::.:: :. ..... ., II <:..:::- .:: = '4IoJ .. ... :.......: : -. .,: ::-....:: : ,:... ..e, believing that many U, E. Loyalist families still remained in the United States who would be glad of an opportunity to settle in Canada if encouraged to do so by offers of land, held out inducements which were responded to by a good many, who The Couuty of York. lIS were not actuated so much by the motive of establishing themselves under the rule of King George, as of securing land grants. Among these were sixty-four families of Germans who had but recently arrived from Hamburg, having been brought out by agents to locate on "Captain \Yilliamson's Demesne," or, as it was also called, the Pulteney Settlement, in New York State. Here they would have been in the position of tenants, under the " patroon" system then prevailing in N ew York. The prospect of owning their own farms in Canada was more inviting, and, in the face of great difficulties, they made their way to :\Iarkham. There were then no roads and no stores; supplies had to be procured from the south of the lakes; some few articles could be got at Niagara, but nearly everything required in the way of tools, farm implements and provisions had to be brought from the settlements in New York State. York was then a mere hamlet. Yonge Street did not exist, though the line had been marked out. But Berczy, the leader of the expedition, was a man of indomitable energy and boundless resource. He had, during his residence in the United States, constructed a wagon road all the way from Philadelphia to Lake Ontario, and under his direction the immigrants cut their way through the unbroken forest, and made a wagon track from York to the southern portion of Markham. which. winding in and out among the trees, marked the beginning of Y onge $treet. Over this primitive road they set out on the journey from York with their families and household effects. Their wagons were ingeniously contriyed so that they could be used as boats on an emergency. Made of closely fitting boards with the seams caulked, the body of the vehicle being removed from the carriage could be floated across small bodies of water, carrying a considerable load, Thus they crossed the Don and other streams in their journey. \Vhere the banks were steep they lowered their wagons down the declivity by ropes passed round the trunks of saplings, and pulled them up on the opposite side in a similar manner, They settled on the banks ofthe Rouge, sometimes known as the Nen River, which they at first supposed to be a tributary of the Don, but on following it to its outlet they discovered that instead of leading to York it entered the lake nearly twenty miles to the eastward, This route afforded them easier access to the front than Y onge Street in its primitive condition, and for many years it was the one mainly in use. The first saw and grist mills in York County were built by \Villiam Berczy in the early days of settlement. They were situated on the H.i\"er Rouge, on lot NO.4, in the 3rd concession, and were known as the German Iil1s. The Gazetteer, in 1799, in referring to the Township of Markham, mentions it as having" good mills, and a thrivin6 settlemcnt of Germans." 116 TIle COllnty of York, . It may be mentioned here that the two first white children born in the township were John Stivers and Henry Elson, whose parents came in with Berczy's party. Berczy became greatly embarrassed in his circumstances, and was dis- couraged by the treatment he met with at the hands of the Government. The pledges under which the project of settlement was put into execution were not fulfilled as he had expected, and in 1799 he withdrew from the enterprise, and took up his residence in Montreal. His losses in connection with the settlement of l\Iarkham were stated at -[30,000. Ultimately he returned to the States, and died in New York in 1813, In the year 180 5 the mills were advertised in the Gazette for sale, They were purchased by Captain Nolan, of the 70th Regiment, which was then stationed in Canada, but his venture was not successful. In the Gazette of l\'Iarch 19 th , 1818, the follO\ving advertisement appears: "N otice- The German Mill and Distillery are now in operation, For the proprietors, \lexander Patterson, Clerk." The mills were again offered for sale ten years subsequently, The u. E. Lo)'alist of April 5th, 1828, contains the following advertisement relating to them: "For Sale or to be Leased-All or any part of the pro- perty known and described as N olanville or German Mills, in the 3 rd con- cession of the Township of l\Iarkham, consisting of 400 acres of land; upwards of fifty under good fences and improvements, with a good dwelling- house, barn, stable, saw-mill, grist-mill, distillery, brew-house, malt-house, and several other out-buildings. The above premises will be disposed of, ' either the whole or in part, by application to the subscriber, \Villiam Allan, York, January 26th, 1828. The premises can be viewed at any time by applying to 1\1r. John Duggan, residing there:' The 'Mills formed for long the nucleus of early settlement, the road lying between this point and Y onge Street being a well-travelled thoroughfare, .\nother early pioneer in the industries of Markham was Nicholas :\Iiller. who built the first mill on the H umber. In I 79+, I r. l\Iiller settled on lot 33, concession I, of Markham, and built a small grist mill on a tributary of the Don, About the year 1828, Benjamin Fish put up a distillery near the township line between York and l\Iarkham, on the middle branch of the Don. In 1830, he built a saw-mill at this point, and in 18 4 8 a flour mill, which in 1850 he leased to David McDougal. Some years aftenvards the flour mill was burned, but it was subsequently rebuilt by 1\1r. Fish. In 1860 he built a distillery. The property was purchased by John Parsons in 1856. The distillery business was discontinued, and the flour mill remodelled in accordance with modern improvements. On . lot 26, in the 1st concession, Rowland Burr built a saw-mill in 182 5, which The COllllty of York. 117 became the property of the late John .Arnold, one of the ,pioneers of the township, who lived to the age of eighty-six. It was burned in 1830, but soon afterwards rebuilt, and was in operation until 1870, The Pomona :Mills, on lot 3 0 , in the I st concession, now the Village of Thornhill, occupy the site which was first utilized by the erection of a saw-mill, in 1820, by Allan :\IacN ab, He afterwards added a grist mill, and after some years sold out to Daniel Brooke, returning to Hamilton to resume his original profession of the law. He subsequently attained a leading position in public life, as Sir Allan lac ab, The mills ,vere rented to George Play tel' for a term of years. 1r. Play tel' was well known as the proprietor of a stage line of four- horse coaches, running between York and Holland Landing, After pass- ing through several hands the property was acquired by John Brunskill, who rebuilt the mills on a larger scale, and christened them the Pomona :\Iills. He ran the mills for twenty-five years. After his death they became the property of )'Irs. Harris, and were managed by John Ramsden, who for some time was head miller under 1-Ir. Brunskill. On the same lot a carding and fulling mill was built by Rowland Burr, in 1839, and worked by Benjamin \Villiams for some years. On the pur- chase of the property l?y 11r. Brunskill, ì\Ir. \Villiams established the card- ing mill in a large frame building, which was afterwards burned. Three breweries have been in existence in this neighbourhood, but they have aU been short-lived, .\ distillery was built on lot 33, on a creek north of Pomona l\Iills, about 1828, and \vorked by \\'illiam Cruikshank for about fifteen years. On the north half of the same lot John Lyons built a distillery, in 1810, and ran it for a long time. To the northward again, on the same creek, icholas 1Iiller built the first flour mill in the township, in the year 1793. It was an old-fashioned toffee mill, on a very small scale. Further up the stream, in the year 1856, J Ohll Langstaff built a steam saw-mill, shingle fclctory, and planing mills, which he worked for about twenty years, In 1 66 he put up a factory for the manufacture of pails and other wooden- ware driven by steam power. Un the most easterly branch of the Don in the township, in addition to the German 1Iills, and further to the south, a saw-mill was erected and run by :\1r. Barnell, in 1839, on lot I, concession 3, It was burned down about ten years later. A short distance abO\,e the German 1Iills Ir. Bour- nan built a carding and fulling mill, in 1832, which, together with the other mills and factories in the neighhourhooù, w"as abandoned in 18 35, on account of the damage done by a flood. .\mong other mills on this stream were a sclw-mill put up on lot 7, con- 118 The COU1lty of York. ceSSIOn 2, by Bt;njamin Fish, about the year r 825; a carding and fulling mill, built in the same year by Benjamin Hoshel, on lot II, in the same concession; a g.rist mill, erected by Thomas Shaw in 1848, and burned down almost as soon as completed; a pail factory, put up by John Amos, and also consumed, and a grist mill, erected on the site of the latter, also by John Amos, and afterwards a andoned when the water-power gave out. Prominent among the early settlers of Markham were several of the French emigrés who obtained grants of land in the Oak Ridges region, Those who obtained patents in this township included René Augustin, Comte de Chalus, Jean Louis, Vicomte de Chalus, the Comte de Puisaye, Quetton St. George, and Ambroise de Farcy. The Comte and Vicomte de Chalus derived their tit1 from the Castle of Chalus, in Normandy, where Richard Cæur de Lion met his death. The Vicomte had been a Major- General in the Royal army. Ambroise de Farcy bore the rank of General. The most notable of these exiles, however, was the Comte de Puisaye. " This man," remarks Lamartine, speaking of him in his" History of the Girondists," " was at once an orator, a diplomatist a:u.d a soldier-a charac- ter eminently adapted for ciyil war, which produces more adventurers than heroes." And Thiers, in his" History of the French Revolution," observes of Puisaye that "with great intelligence and extraordinary skill in uniting the elements of a party, he combined extreme activity of body and mind, and vast ambition." In r 803 Puisaye, who took a conspicuous part in the futile loyalist struggle against the convention, published, in London, a work com- prising five octavo volumes of l\Iemoirs in jústification of his course. He died near London, England, in r827. For a time one of the settlements in the Oak Ridges bore the name of " Puisaye's town." The great majority of the emigrés were satisfied with a very brief experience of life in the Canadian backwoods, for which they were not at ail fitted, and returned to Europe; but a few remained, and some of their descendants are still in the country. The following is a list of the early patentees of the township, arranged according to the years in which they received their titles :- 179 6 - J ohn Lyons, Nicholas Miller, Thomas Kinnear. r 797-Samue1 Cozens, 1798-Thomas Lyons, John Dexter. 1799- James B. l\Iacauley, John Simcoe Macauley, 1800-Samuel Ewison, 180r-Ira Bentley, Elizabeth Shiffe, \Villiam Johnson, Martin Holder, Samuel Tiphe, Christian Long, James \Veiant, Elijah Bentley, Timothy Street, Henry Green, Joshua l\Iillar, jun'r, Lieut. Lunout, Jas. McGregor. The COl/nty of York, 119 James Brown, James Osborne, James Hamilton, Levi Collier, George Boils, . Peter DeGeer, Russell Olmstead, Isaac \Vestcook, Rachel Graham, Oliver Prentice, \Villiam Jarvis, Ira Bentley. 180z-Anthony Hollingshead, Baker :ß1unshaw, Hugh Shaw, Andrew Dayidson, John Jumon, \Yilliam Bentley, Jonathan Kuscie, Zachariah Gallway, Nancy Eodus, John \Varts, \br-aham Gordin, Christian Fred, Krister. 1803-John Leslie, Elizabeth Dennis, Abner l\Iiles, Joshua Sly, John Debrug, Melchier Quantz, John Ulsom Francis Sçhmidt, John George Schultze, Henry Liedo, Henry Schell, Frederick Schell, Mark Rumohr, John Gottlieb \Vycheer, Jacob Botger, Peter Stolus, John Cook, _\braham Orth, Henry Boner, Frederick Ubrick, Jacob de Long, John Klandenning, sen'r, Isaac Davis, Alex. Legg, John l\Iacbeath, Abraham Gordin. 1804-Samuel Gardiner, Oliver Butt, \Vm. Smith, John Gray, John Schmeltzer, \Yilliam Berczy, Robert Isaac de Gray, Charles H. Vogel. Ann Kohmann, John Boye, \Villiam \Veekes, John Bakus, Frederick Hederick, Abraham van Horn, John Haacke, Peter Millar, Elizabeth Fisher, Anna l\Iargaretha Pingel, John Rumohr, George Pingel, John 1\icholas Stiffens, Samuel Nash, John Campbell, Elisha Dexter, l\Iary McIntyre, Colin Drummond, John Hamilton, John Luman, 180s-Samuel Osborn, Thomas Stovel, Bowler Arnold, Henry.Hebuor, John .\rnold, Allbright Spring, Jacob Millar, John Peter Lindeman, James Harrison, \Villiam Marsh, sen'r, Samuel Iare, \VilliamLong, James Farr, John Button, Philip \Yeedaman, Joshua Miller, sen'r, John Farr, Andrew Cluhin, Christian Stickley. 1806-Rene Augustin Comte de Chalus, Le Chevalier de l\Iarscal, Quetton St. George, John Furo , Ambroise de Farcy, Daniel Cousins. Nathan Terry, John McGill, Nero Fierheller, Colin Drummond, John Feightne.r, John \Villiams, Margaret Pomeroy, 180 7- John Pickard, Michael Franchard, Jean Louis Yicomte de Chalus, Lieut.-Co!. Augustine Boiton, Neil P, Holm, Peter Pinay, Daniel Suffer, Anna Overhalt, Peter Anderson, :\Iary Hollinshead, John Henry Burkmester, l\Iark Schell, l\Iary Gray, Norman Milliken, John H. Pingel, J olm Edgell. 1808-Stilwell \Vilson, John Gretman, Nicholas Stover, Peter Haldtz, John \Vm. Mischultz, Samuel Bentley, Daniel l\Ierrick, John Philip Eck- hardt, Robert H uisborn, George Post, Frederick Kapke, Julian Ie Bugle, 1809-John Charles Killer, Cornelius ,'an Horn, Cornelius Yan- ostrand, Philip Beck, \\ïlliam Marr, :\Iary Malatt, Christopher Hovell. 1810-J ohn Button, John Street, Daniel" Furon. . 120 7ïle County of York. ISII-Samuel Mercer, Christian Schroder, Jacob Misener, \Vatson Playter, Andrew' Thompson, Henry \Vindeeker. 1813-John Henry Langhurst, James Mustard, Samuel Reynolds. 1815-John Sparham, John Kennedy, Reuben Bentz, Matthias Cline, Jessie Haley, Philip Long. ISl6-Peter Godfrey, John \\'alden J\Iiles, John George Munich, John Stann, John Englehardt Helmke, \Vm. Carpenter, Joseph l\Ioer, Leonard Caster. I8I7-John Farheller, James Stimort, \Villia1ll Hoggner, Samuel \Yhitesides, \Villiam B. Caldwell, Edward McMahon, Henry Keysinger, George Cutler, I8lS-George Backendahl, Francis Schmid. I8I9-Nicholas Hagerman, Absalom Summers. I 820-J ohn Daniel, Frederick Bush. I82I-Polly Marr, John Marr. . 1822-Jacob Rowns. 1824 -Christian \Vhidnear, I825-John Long. IS27-Joachim Lunen. 182 9- Joseph Barris. 1830- Philip Bartholomew, I832-Daniel Tipp, 1833-Christian Reesor, Christopher Vanalen. I837-John Reesor, jU l'r. \V, H. Smith, in his "'Canada, Past, Present, and Future," refers to Iarkham as "long noted for the advanced state of its settlement and agriculture," He states that in 1842 it contained 5,698 inhabitants, and in 1845 there were eleven grist and twenty-four saw-mills in the township. In IS50 the population had increased to 6,868, and there were thirteen grist and twenty-seven saw-mills. The crop of 1849 produced 150,000 bushels of wheat, I 1,000 bushels of barley, 7,000 bushels of rye, 145,000 bushels of oats, 45,000 bushels of peas, 55,000 bushels of potatoes, 3,000 bushels of turnips, and 3,000 tons of hay, Education was also well advanced about this period. In 1847 Markham had twenty-seven Common Schools in operation-a larger number than were to be found in any other township in the Home District. The total production of the principal agricultural staples in I8S1 was as follows :-110,050 bushels of wheat, 199,181 bushels of barley, 271,851 bushels of oats, 55,954 bushels of -peas and beans, 10,2S0 bushels of corn, b9,671 bushels of potatoes, 122,312 bushels of turnips, 118,397 bushels of other root crof)s, and 10,589 tons oÍ hay. Tlte COllllty of York. I I The report of the Ontario Agricultural Commission, issued in 1881, states that 20 per cent. of the acreage of the township is devoted to wheat growing, IS per cent. to barley, IS per cent. to oats, 8 per cent, to peas, IS per cent. to hay, I per cent. to turnips, and 2 per cent. each to corn, potatoes and other root crops, 10 per cent. is in pasture land, and 2 per cent. in orchard. The average yield of the leading products per acre is as follows:-Fall wheat, 25 bushels; spring wheat, IS bushels; barley, 3 0 bushels; oats, 50 bushels; peas, 25 bushels; corn, 40 bushels; potatoes, 120 bushels; turnips, 500 bushels; other root crops, 600 bushels, and hay, It tons, The varieties of stock most extensively raised in the township are Clydesdale hor!:es, Durham cattle, Cotswold sheep, and Berkshire hogs. Imported stock has been largely introduced. The numbe! in 1881 were . cattle, 3,665; horses, 2,829; sheep, 4,+07, and hogs, 1,8+3' The Dominion census for I87I gave the population as 8,152. In 1881 this had fallen to 6,375, the decrease being partly due to a diminution in area owing to the incorporation as separate municipalities of the villages of :\Iarkham, Stouffville and Richmond Hill, the first of which lies entirely and the two latter partially within the township lines. Of the population . of :\Iarkham 1,836 are of German origin, and 2.439 of English extraction. The native Canadians number 5,197. There are 850 occupiers of land, of whom 567 are also owners. The total area in occupation is 66,475 acres, 5 6 ,297 acres being improyed; 46,732 acres are de,'oted to tillage, 7,800 to pasture and 1,7 6 5 to gardens ånd orchards. About 10 per cent. of the area of the township is still in timbe , principally beech, maple and basswood, with a few pine in some parts. The municipal records of the township show that in 1850 6\mos \Yright was reeve, and David Reesor deputy-reeve. The latter became reeve the following year. He was succeeded in 1852 by George P, Dickson. Henry )'liller held the position during the years 1853-5, R. Reesor became reeve in 1856 and retained the office for two years, In 1858 \y, Button was elected and the next year l{, Reesor again filled the chair. In 1860 the reeveship fell to David Reesor, and George Eakin was appointe l township clerk anù trcasurer, a place which he continued to fill until 187+ when he attained his present position as county clerk. In 1861 \Y. :\I. Dutton was chosen reeve and continued in office for three years. In IR6+-5 John Bowman was elected to the reeveship, being succeeùed in 1866 by \Y. l\I. Dutton. John Bowman again occupied the chair for a year, Then James Robinson held the position for the period 1868-72, \Yilliam Eakin became reeve in 18 73, and in 18 74 ] amcs Robinson was again electcd and retained the position for another period of several years, The township officials for I8t;+ an:: David 122 Tlte COUllty Of York. James, Thornhill, reeve; Robert Bruce, Gormley, first deputy-reeve; F. K, Reesor, Box Grove, second deputy-reeve; A. Forster, Markham, third deputy-reeve; \Yilliam Lundy, councillor, and John Stephenson, Unionville, township clerk and treasurer. 1\1r, Stephenson was appointed clerk in 1874, on the resignation of Mr. Eakin, About a mile and a-half north of the southern limit of the township on Y onge Street, partly in Markham and partly in Vaughan, is the Village of Thornhill. At this point, a short distance north of the old road to the German l\Iills, another of the numerous tributaries of the Don crosses Y onge Street, flowing between lofty banks. Here mills and manufactories were establish@d as the country became settled, Thornhill was so named in honour of l\Ir. B. Thorne, who arrived he e from Dorsetshire, England, in 1 20, and built a residence on the bluff overlooking the Don. The early settlers of Thornhill were principally English, Among the pioneers was :i\Ir. Parsons, another enÜgrant fro111 Dorsetshire, who was associated with Mr. Thorne in se,'eral business enterprises. An English church was organized in Thornhill at an early date. One of the first incumbents was Rev. Isaac Fidler, who attained some celebrity as the author of a book entitled "Observations on Professions, Literature, l\Ianners. and Emi- gration in the United States and Canada," It was a good deal in the style of Mrs. Trollope, Capt, Basil Hall, and other early British critics of American democracy, Rev, Geo. Mortimer subsequently occupied the pastorate. He was a man of earnest spirituality and energetic tempera- ment ; though not physically strong, his labours for the advancement of the cause of religion were unremitting, He died suddenly in the midst of the active duties of his sacred calling. Another incumbent of this church was Rev. Dominic E. Blake, brother of l\lr. Chancellor Blake, and uncle of Hon. Edward Blake, at present leader of the Reform party in the Dominion Parliament, Rev. 1\1r, Blake came to Canada in 1832, from the County Mayo, Ireland. Like most of his family he was a man of unusual mental calibre, His death, which was sudden and unexpected, took place in 1859. His successor was Rev. E, H. Dewar, author of a work published at Oxford, in 1844, entitled" German Protestantism and the Right of Pri- vate Judgment in the Interpretation of Holy Scripture," His thorough acquaintance with the condition of religious faith in Germany was gained while residing at Hamburg, as chaplain to the British residents in that city. His death occurred at Thornhill in 1862. It will be seen that the English congregation of Thornhill was exceptionally favoured for a village community in the high intellectual standing of its successive clergymen. An ad,'ertisement published in the Gazette of !\lay 16th, 1798, shows The County of York, 12 3 that at that time salmon were caught in large numbers in the Don at this point. The announcement offers for sale by auction a valuable farm, situated on Y onge Street, about twelve miles from York, and after expatiat- ing on the richness of the soil and other inducements, adds, " above all it affords an excellent salmon fishery, large enough to support a number of families, which must be conceived a great advantage in this infant country." The present population of Thornhill is upwards of seven hundred. Three or four miles north of Thornhill, on Y onge Street, is the incorpo- rated village of Richmond Hill, which is partly in the township limits. It will form the subj ct of a separate notice, A short distance to the no th of Richmond Hill in l\Iarkham was the residence of Colonel :\Ioodie, who was shot at J.\;Iontgomery's tavern in the troubles of 1837, Colonel Moodie was a retired officer of the regular army, having been Lieut.-Colonel of the 10+th regiment. and having seen service in the Peninsular war and the struggle with the United States in 1812-13. The Toronto and Nipissing Railway enters the township from the south in the fifth concession, and proceeds in a northerly direction to Unionville, then making a considerable easterly detour to the village of ?\Iarkham, and from that point it runs north-easterly to Stouffville, in the north-east angle of the township, The latter village is partly embraced within the limits of \\Thitchurch, and, with :\Iarkham Village, will be dealt with separately. U nionville is the place of meeting of the Township Council, and is pleasantly and picturesquely situated about two miles and a half west of :\Iarkham village, on the River Rouge. The population numbers about thrEe hundred, Smith's" Canada," published in 1851, states that it then contained" about two hundred inhabitants, a grist mill with three run of !1tones and a sawmill, with two churches, Congregational and \ \T esleyan :\Iethoc1ist:' It is a thriving and prosperous community. Bllttonville is about 1\vo and a-half miles west of Unionville, It was named after Major John Button, who came to Canada in 1799, and after a residence of two years at K iagara settled in Markham. He raised and commanded a troop of cavalry, known as the" York Light Dragoons," which did good service in 1812. His sons, \\ïlliam and Francis, were mem- bers of the body, the former being lieutenant. In 1837, the family were again to the front, John Button as major and Francis as captain, Co!. \\T. :\1. Button, at one time reeve of the township, is the son of the latter. The smaller unincorporated villages of the township include Gormley's Corners, Almira, Victoria Square, Headford, Cashel, :\Iilnesville and :\Ion- golia, in the northern portion, and Dollar, Brown's Corners, Hagerman's Corners, :\Iilliken, Box Grove, Cedar Grove and lklford, to the south. THE TO\VNSHIP OF VA,UGHAN". AUGHAK is situated west of Yonge Street, which divides it from Iarkham, north of Etobicoke and south of King. It has an area of 67,510 acres. It ranks third in size among the town- ships of York, being a few acres less than Markham, but it is the second in point of population, having 6,828 inhabitants, according to the census of 1881. Survey was commenced in 1795 by Surveyor Tredell, and settlers began to come in during the following year. The concessions are laid out with Y onge Street as the base line, and are numbered to the west. There are eleven in all, the loth and 11th being defective, The survey was not completed until 18 5 1 , and ten years afterwards the side lines were re-surveyed. Owing to mistakes in the early survey of the line in the south-western corner of the township, considerable litigation was necessary before the boundary was rectified. The following is a list of those who received patents in the earlier years of settlement: 1796-Asa Johnson, 1797-\Villiam B. Peters, Captain Richard Lippincott, Samuel Heron, Samuel D, Kiener. 17g8-Jacob Fisher, jun'r, Nathan Chapman, Stephen Colby, Lieu- tenant Abraham Tredell, Jonathan \Villcott, John l\'IcKarrby, James Cram, Jacob Fisher, Captain Daniel Cozens, Bernard Carey, Samuel Street, Hugh McLean, James Ruggles, \Villiam Graham, Nicholas Cower, Robert Franklin. 1799-Silas Cook, Priscilla T.enbreck, Garrett Klingerland, Thomas Barry, Hon, Alexander Grant, Thomas Butter, sen'r, John Tenbroeck. 1800-John Anderson, James Maul, Richard Gamble, \Valter Roe, 1801-Jannette Anderson, John McDougall, Thomas Hill, George 'McBride, Thomas Knight, Dorothy Porter, Alexander Shaw, \V. D. Powell, â&1 , "J...V r 'T? I j l' ! /Þ . .rOt' . ... The COUllty of York. I "" -) Thomas Forfar, \Yilliam Forfar, John \Yintermute, Hugh Cameron, David Thompson, Annie Dally, James Ledan, Ann Dayis, Peter Kulum, Joseph Hilts, Rachael DeFoe, Daniel Cozens, Samuel D, Cozens, \Y. D, Powell, jun'r, \Yilliam Harlong, John Dennis, Garrard ì\IcNutt, r80z-Elisha Dexter, Robert Marsh, James Perigo, -:\Iary Lawrence, Alice Osburn, Catharine \Yilliams, '\chsah Souls, Nicholas J\Iiller, Sally l\Iiller, John 1\IcDonnell, Elias \Villiams, Asail Davis, Eliza Davis, Kathaniel Huson, Rebecca Huson, Ann Haines, John Size, Lawrence \\ïlliams, T ohn \Yintermute, Jacob Phillips, Sarah Hodgkinson, Conrad Frederick, Hugh Sweeny, Sarah Patterson, James B. Macaulay, George )'Iacaulay, Augustus Jones, S.amuel Sinclair, Charles Tremble. r803-Abner Miles, \Villiam Bowkets, 1\Iichael Korts, \Yilliam Hol- lingshead Benjamin Cozens, Abigail Bessey, r804-John Easter, Joshua Y, Cozens, Thomas l\ledcalf. r80s-Daniel Soules, Samuel Sinckler, \Villiam Flannigan, Richard Lawrance, Samuel Backhouse. r806-John Hampstead Hudson, Ambroise de Farcy, Rene Augustin Comte de Chalus, Quetton St. George, Alexander McDonnell. r807-Joseph \Villiams, John Cameron, . r808-John C. Stokes, Julian C. Bugle, 1\Iargaret Chapman, Jane \Y ortsell. r809-John \Vilson, jun'r, Eleanor 'Moore, Louisa Stephenson, r8ro-John \Vilson, sen'r. r8II- James Edward Small, John Robert Small, Eliza A. Small, \Vm. Hunter, Lucy Allen, Haggai Cooke. r8rz-Betsey Ann Holmes, Alex. \Vallace, John Crosson. r8rs-Sophia Dennison, Francis Henry Stephenson, r8r7-James Richardson, jun'r, J. Augustus Stephenson. r r9-David Townsend Stevenson, r8zo-Francis Renoux, Michael Saigon, James J\Iarchaud. r8zr-l\Iaria Lavinia Hamilton, Augusta Honoria McCormick, Hannah Owen Hamilton, \Vm. l\Ionson Jarvis, S. B, Jarvis. Several of the names in the list are those of French loyalist refugees who settled in the Oak Ridges region, concerning whom particulars have been given in connection with other townships. ..\nother notable name is that of Captain Richard Lippincott, one of the U. E, Loyalists who attained considerable notoriety during the American \Var, He was a native of New Jersey and a Captain in the ,Loyalist army, Joshua I-Iuddy, who held the same rahk in the patriot forces, having been made prisoner of war, was entrusted to Lippincott's charge until an exchange of prisoners could be 126 The COllllty of York, effected. ....\ relative of Lippincott's named Philip \Vhite, a loyalist like himself, had fallen into the hands of the patriots and been cut down while attempting to make his escape, In retaliation Captain Lippincott, acting without any recognized authority, hanged Huddy on April 12th, 17S2, leav- ing his body suspended in the air with the following paper fastened on his breast: "\V e, the Refugees, having long with grief beheld the cruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing but such measures carrying into execution, therefore determined not to suffer without taking vengeance for the numerous cruelties, and thus begin, having made use of Captain Huddy as the first object to present to your view; and further determine to hang man for man while there is a Refugee existing, Up goes Huddy for Philip \Yhite," This unjustifiable act-for the killing of a prisoner attempting to escape was obviously no provocation for the deed-resulted in a demand by \Vashington for Lippincott's surrender, which was refused, A British officer, Captain Asgill of the Guards, who had fallen into the hands of the Americans, was selected as a victim in retaliation, and the time for his execution fixed, but strong influences were brought t9 bear in his behalf, and he was finally released. Lippincott at the close of the war obtained as compensation for his dubious" services" three thousand acres of land, a large portion of it being in Vaughan. His only child, Esther Borden, married George Taylor Denison, of Toronto. Lippincott died in Toronto in IS26, in his eighty-second year. Another of the early grantees, Captain Daniel Cozens, was also aNew Jersey loyalist. He raised at his own cos a company of soldiers, and at the close of the war his large estates in New Jersey were confiscated. He received from the Crown grants amounting to three thousand acres as compensation for his losses. Captain Cozens is said to have built the first house in the Town of York. He died in IS01, near Philadelphia. Surveyor John Stegmann, whose name frequently appears in cotmection with the early survey and settlement of the townships of York, also settled in Vaughan. He had been lieutenant in a Hessian regiment, and served in that capacity through the American \Var, after which he took a leading part in the work of laying out the new settlements in this locality, His descendants still live in the neighbourhood of Pine Grove. The name is now spelled" Stegman." The first saw-mill in Vaughan was built in IS01, by John Lyons, who came to Canada from N ew York St te in 1794, and after living for a while in York, settled on lot 32, concession I, in Markham. The mill was built on the main branch of the DOll, where it crosses Y onge Street. In I S02 The County of York. 12 7 he constructed a small grist mill with a dam over 200 feet long and ten feet , in height, The pond was used to conceal articles taken from the Govern- ment warehouse in York at the time the Americans were in possession of the town, during the \Var of 1812. The invaders generously presented the settlers with a quantity of agricultural implements belonging to the Canadian Government, and when they left a search was made through the country for these articles. Many of the residents in this locality consigned their share of the plunder to the waters of Lyons' Mill Pond for safe-keeping, John Lyons died in 1814, and his mills and other real estate were purchased t>y William Purdy, who added many improvements, His sons, in connection with their cousin, \Villiam \Vright, built a tan- neryand grist mill, The Lyons' mill was afterwards used as a carding and fulling mill. A fire in 1828 consumed the new flour mill built by Ir. Purdy, and he sold the whole property to Thorne & Parsons. This firm, in the year 1830, built a new flour mill on a large scale, and also a tannery, and for many years afterwards a large business was done, the locality being named Thornhill in honour of the senior partner of the firm. Ir. Thorne failed in business in 1847, in consequence of heayy losses sustained on flour shipped to England, and shortly afterwards com- mitted suicide. During the period of his prosperity he had added several other branches to his extensive business. After his failure the property fell into the hands of David ::\Iacdougall & Co. They were unfortunate, the principal buildings being destroyed by successive fires. In 1820 Henry \Yhite built a distillery farther up the stream, On lot 3+, concession I, Nicholas Caber, a German, built a saw-mill in 1825, which was destroyed by an incendiary fire five years later, being rebuilt the fol- lowing year. In 1835 it was bought by John Barwick, who ran it' for many years, and subsequently sold out to George \Vright. It was again burned and rebuilt, and is still in operation. On lot 36, in the same concession, Barnabas Lyons, a son of John Lyons, previously mentioned, built a saw- mill in the year 1839, which was worked for about thirty years. Hiram Dexter built a saw-mill on lot 37, in the year 1836, which was in operation for many years. In 1830 John Dexter put up a saw-mill on the next lot, which was in use until about 1870. At this point the stream divides, the west branch passing the village of Carrville and Patterson's Agricultural Implement Factory. On lot 16, concession 2, now Carrville, Thomas Cook built a saw-mill in 1850, which was worked for upwards of thirty years, until the supply of logs failed. On th n next lot Michael Fisher built a saw- mill, in 1820, and the year following put up a grist mill, which is still in good working order. The small village of Patterson is situated on lot 21, COIl- 9 128 The COllllty of York. cession 2, where, in 1854, -;\lessrs, Patterson commenced operations by the construction of a saw-mill, afterwards establishing here t'he extensive farm implement manufactory to which the place O\ves its prosperity, On lot 4 1 , in the same concession, a saw-mill was huilt by Reuben Burr in the year 1828, which was worked for about twenty years. Mr. Burr was an excellent mechanic, and constructed the first fanning-mill in use north of Toronto. Rowland Burr, his son, was one of the most noted mill and fac- tory builders in the early days. He put up a flour mill-known as the Greenfield Mill-on lot 41, which was leased to l\1r. Shephard, and was destroyed by fire about the year 1840. C. E. Lawrence built a saw-mill on lot 4 2 , in 1834, and six years afterwards built a carding and fulling mill and woollen factory, which he worked for many years, until his death, after which it changed hands frequently. James Lymburner built a distillery on lot 43, which was afterwards conducted by 1\Ir. Kurtz, who was succeeded by J. Clarke. The latter also built and kept a tavern at Richmond Hill. On the same lot occupied by the distillery, Lymburner built a small log grist mill in 1811, which was afterwards owned by John Atkinson, who about 1840 put up a new grist mill at a cost of about {I,OOO. Mr. Atkin son afterwards fell into financial difficulties, and his property was purchased by Edward Hawke, of Toronto. This mill is still in good working order. A double-geared saw-mill was erected on lots 45 and 4 6 by James Playter in 18 4 8 , which is still extant. Higher up, on the same branch of the stream, stood a distillery built by James 1\IcDavids in 1844. A saw-mill was built by John Langstaff in 1847, which was the nucleus of various other indus- tries dependent on the same water-power, including a foundry and edge- tool factory, Mr. Langstaff also had an implement factory on another small brartch of the Don, in the immediate neighbourhood. This was con- structed in 1850, a steel file factory being afterwards added, On lot 50, concession I, a saw-mill was built, in 1842, by a man named Heslop, and worked for many years, Peter Frank put up a saw-mill on lot 25, in the second concession, near Patterson, which was used for about twenty years, In all, there ha e been first to last twelve saw-mills, seven grist mills, and three distilleries, built on the Don and its tributaries in Vaughan Township, The settlement of Vaughan was completed about thirty-five years after the arrival of the pioneers. The general cháracter of the land is clay and clay loam; 19,2"66 acres being heavy clay, 41,074 acres clay loam, 5,67 0 acres sandy loam, and 1,500 acres sand, About one-third of the total area is rolling land. The low bottom-land does not embrace more than 1,000 acres, and about an equal area is wet and springy, Thirty-five thousand The County of York. 12 9 acres are regarded as first-class agricultural land, the market price of which averages about 870 per acre; 20,000 are ranked as second-class, and are estimated as worth $50 per acre, and the third-class land, including 12,- 510 acres, is valued at 830 per acre. About one-half of the farms are under first-class fencing. One-third of the dwellings and out-buildings are of brick, stone or first-class frame, Under-drainage is not practised to any considerable extent, only about one farm in twenty-five being under-drained. As nearly as can be given the proportions of the area devoted to the staple agricultural products are as follow:-Fall wheat, 10,600 acres; spring wheat, 2,750 acres; barley, 6,600 acres; oats, 6,500 acres; peas, 5,000 acres; potatoes, 700 acres; turnips, 700 acres; other root crops, 500 acres; hay, 6,600 acres; pasturage,. 8,000 acres, and orchards, 500 acres. The average yield per acre of these crops is as follows :-Fall wheat, 15 bushels; spring wheat, 10 bushels; barley, 18 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; peas, 15 bushels; potatoes, 100 bushels; turnips, 500 bushels; other root crops, 500 bushels; hay, I! tons. About 11,000 acres is still wooded with pine and hardwood, which makes the total area of cleared land about 5 6 ,5 00 acres. In "Smith's Canada" the population of Vaughan for 1842 is given at 4,300. In 1850 it had increased to 6,255. At that time there were in the township five grist and thirty-four saw-mills, and the crop of 1849 produced 155,000 bushels of wheat, 4,000 bushels of barley, 102,000 bushels of o'ats, 46,000 bushels of peas, 5 I ,000 bushels of potatoes, and 7,000 bushels of turnips. In the same year the number of Public Schools in operation was twenty. According to the census of 1881 the total yield was 152,996 bushels of wheat, 149,795 bushels of barley, 2+2,483 bushels of oats, 75,283 bushels of peas and beans, 103,622 bushels of potatoes, 32,890 bushels of turnips, 4 8 ,- 019 bushels of other roots, and 8,656 tons of hay. The population, like that of several of the townships of York, shows a slight decrease during the decade 1871-81, for which the exodus to the States and to the Canadian North-\Vest is partly responsible, but is largely accounted for in the case of Vaughan by the incorporation of Richmond Hill, a portion of which is embraced with the limits of the township. In 1871 the population was 7,657; in 18BI it was 6,828, Of the population in the latter year those of German origin numbered 993, being mostly the descendants of old settlers from Pennsylvania. There were 5,24.8 native Canadians, The occupiers of land numbered 824, of whom 500 were also owners. The total area in occupation was 67,8+8 acres. In 1881 the live stock of the township numbered as follows :-Cattle, 13 0 The COllnty of York. 2,95 2 ; horses, 2,481; sheep, 4,349, and hogs, 2,207. The principal breeds are Clydesdale horses, Durham cattle, long-wooled sheep, and Berkshire and Suffolk hogs. Among the owners of thoroughbred cattle are 1\1. Reaman, Robert Marsh, \Villiam Agar, George Bell, Peter Frank, Jacob Lakmer and sons, and Edwin Langstaff. The municipal records of Vaughan, which have not been preserved farther back than 1850, show that in that year the council was organized under the new legislation which then came in force by the election of David Smellie, David Bridgford, John \V, Gamble, James Adams and John Lawrie as councillors. At the first meeting held in the township hall in the fifth concession, J. \V. Gamble was elected reeve and David Smellie deputy-reeve, James Ashdown was chosen township clerk, and athaniel \Vallace, John Stephens and \Yilliam Porter, assessors, At a subsequent meeting, Rev. James Dick was appointed superintendent of Common Schools at a salary of {20, In 1851 the councillors were David Smellie, D. Bridgford, J, \V. Gamble, Alexander Mitchell and John Lawrie. The election for the offices of reeve and deputy resulted as before. Mr. Gamble held the reeveship without intermission until 1858, when 1r. D. Bridgford, who had been elected deputy-reeve every year since 1852, succeeded him, In 1859-60, H. S, Howland was reeve and Alfred Jeffrey deputy, Ro bert J, Arnold filled the chair in 186 I and the two following years, with \Villiam Cook as deputy-reeve. In 1864 H. S, Howland was again chosen reeve, and continued to hold the position until 1868. Alfred Jeffrey was deputy-reeve during the former year, and Thos. Graham for 1865-7. In 1868 the reeveship fell to Peter Patterson, and \Yilliam Hartman and Robert J. Arnold became deputies, In this year 11r. G. J. F, Pearce, who had officiated as township clerk and treasurer for nearly ten years, resigned, and Mr. J. 1. Lawrence was appointed to succeed him, l\1r, Patterson held the reeveship for four years. David Boyle was elected reeve in 1872-3, and \V, C. Patterson succeeded to the office in 1874, and retained it for several years. In 1875 the number of deputy-reeves was increased to three by reason of the growth of population. The principal municipal officials for 1884 are as follows :-Reeve, T, Porter, Humber; 1st deputy-reeve, \Villiam Cook, Carville; 2nd deputy- reeve, D. Reaman, Concord; 3rd deputy-reeve, Alexander Malloy, Purple- ville; councillor, George Elliott, \Voodbridge; township clerk and trea- surer, J. 1\1. Lawrence, Richmond Hill, Mr. Lawrence is of U. E. Loyalist origin. His grandfather, John Lawrence, held the rank of captain in the royalist forces during the American \Var of Independence, and at its. close he went to New Bruns- The County of York, 13 1 wick, where he remained until 1817, when he came to Upper Canada, Mr. Lawrence's maternal grandfather, Robert Marsh, .settled in Vaughan in 1800, The incorporated villages of Richmond Hill and ,V oodbridge are the most considerable centres of population in the township, Klineburg, a village about two miles from the western and three from the northern line, has a population of upwards of six handred, Other villages in the northerly portion of the township are Purpleville, two miles east of Klineburg, Teston, l\Iaple, and Patterson, further to the east, VeIl ore" is in the centre of the township, and Elder l\Iills, Carrville, Pine Grove, Edgeley, Concord and Brownsville in the southern section. The Northern Railway traverses the township almost parallel with Yonge Street three or four miles to the west, and the Toronto, Grey and Bruce, entering it at the south, near the Humber, takes a north-westerly direction. The first white child born in the Township of Vaughan is said to have been Susan J\Iunshaw, who afterwards became Mrs. "Tright. The School Inspectorate of N orth York consists of the townships, towns and villages of the North Riding, together with that part of the Township of Vaughan north of the second side-road, which separates between lots ten and eleven across the municipality, For reporting purposes the whole Township of Vaughan is included, This inspectorate, therefore, comprises the townships of Georgina, North Gwillimbury, East Gwillimbury, 'Vhit- church, King, and Vaughan, the Town of Newmarket, and the Villages of Holland Landing, Aurora, Richmond Hill and 'Yoodbridge; this last reporting only in the northern inspectorate. In these municipalities there are eighty-five school-boards, who employ from one hundred to one hundred and ten teachers, with an aggregate salary of over $+0,000; an average of $4 2 5 to males and $265.62! to females. The outlay on building in 1883 was over-$8,000; on maps, etc., :;400; on care-taking, heating, etc., 87,500; for all purposes over 856,000. The income from all sources in 1883 was over S62,00o-nearly $3,700 from the Legislature; 7,000 from municipal grants; $32,000 from direct taxation, over $10,000 from C, R. Fund and other funded moneys, and the balance from 1882. The school population of this district is a60ut 7,600, of which the attendance at present at school is forty-five per cent. Twelve years ago the percentage of attendance was thirty-seven and a quarter. The classification of the chIldren enrolled in 188 3 was as follows: 2,400 in the First Book; 1,600 in the Second Book; 1,800 in the Third Book; 1,200 in the Fourth Book; and thirty-five in the Fifth Book. Nearly all are instructed in arithmetic and writing; consid- erably over half in geography, drawing, grammar and object lessons; while 13 2 The COUllty of York. music, temperance and hygiene, geometry and mensuration, algebra, history and elementary physics receive a fair share of attention, according to the numbers in the classes for which these subjects respectively are prescribed. Drill a,nd calisthenics are not entirely overlooked, though they are not taught in half the schools. In this district there are ninety school-houses. Of these, thirty-two are brick and fifty-eight are frame, In seventy-four cases the premises are freehold and in sixteen the grounds are rented, while the houses are the property of the school corporation, N early fifty of the houses have been erected since the year 1871, and thirty have been enlarged or improved so as to meet the requirements of the Act of that year. 'Almost, if not all the school-grounds, are over half an acre, and many are double that size, School property, which has more than doubled in value in twelve years, is now worth $150,000, and $90,000 has been expended in the improvement' of school premises in the same time. The Township of Vaughan has eighteen school sections and unions with houses in them, and three unions with houses outside the municipality. No, I, union with Markham or Thornhill, is a brick house, with a frame addition, in the Village of Thornhill. The average, Vaughan part, 26, l\Iark- ham part, 29. Teachers, R. O. Harvey and Annie Hendrie. No.2, union with Markham. Frame house on Yonge Street, lot o. 9' built nearly fifty years ago, is probably the oldest in the county, Average from Vaughan part, 4, Markham part, 15. Emma 1\1. Ansley, teacher. 'K o. 3, Carrville School, stands on lot 15, half way across the 2nd concession. This frame building was enlarged a few years ago, and is conveniently arranged for its purposes. Teacher, James Bassingthwaighte, A verage attendance, 3K l'J 0, 4, a union with Richmond Hill, has no school of its own. 'Xo. 5, or Hope School, stands on the west end of lot 28, in the 3 rd concession, It is a brick building, with a frame addition for an assistant. \.verage, 37. Teacher, Abram Carley, No, 6, Maple School, is a substantial brick structure, somewhat a wk- wardly divided into two rooms. Teachers, Joseph P. ,McQuarrie and Jennie \Valkington, Average, 50. o. 7, or Iudville School, on the east end of lot 6, 3rd concession. is a good brick building. The average is 32. Teacher, Chester Asling, o. 8, Edgeley School, is a good brick house on the west end of lot 7, +th concession. Average, 41. Teacher, Jacob H. Hoover. No. 9, Towri Hall School, is a large frame structure on the west end of lot 17, in the 5th concession. Teacher, Nellie Franks. Average, 24. The COU1lty of York. 133 o. 10, a fine, new brick building, stands on the north-west corner of lot 30, in the 5th concession. Average 24. Teacher, Robert Moore. No, II, Purpleville School, is a good frame house, with excellent furni- ture recently introduced, It is situated on the- east end of lot 27, 7 th concession. Average, 3+. Teacher, \Vm. \Vatson. No. 12, Pine Grove School, stands on the west end of lot 9, in 6th concession. The building is frame. Average- attendance, 38. Teachers, John \V. Franks and Annie Mason. o. 13, on the east end of lot 6, in the 9th concession, is of brick. Average, 19. Teacher, Joseph Clark. No, 1+ is a union with, and has its school in, \Voodbridge. Average attendance, 9. Ko, IS, near the centre of lot 15, in the 9th concession, is a fine, new brick building, fairly furnished and kept. Average, 38. Teacher, Thos. B. Hoidge. A small part of Toronto Gore is in union with No. 15. No. 16, in union with 7, Toronto Gore, called the Coleraine School, is a brick building, rather awkwardly placed on the ground, and suffering from defective foundations. Teacher, ::\Iiss McDonald. Average, from Vaughan, 19, from Toronto Gore, 6. No. 17, Kleinburg School, in the Village of Kleinburg, is a brick house, with frame addition for assistant. Its situation is fine, overlooking one branch of the Humber. Teacher, Kenneth Beaton, Average, 36. 0, 18, near the middle of lot 3 I, in the loth concession, is a frame house, not well furnished. Average, 24. Teacher, James Asher. No, 19, Patterson School, is a good brick structure, situated on the east end of lot 21, 2nd concession. Average, 28. Teacher, Hesse A. icholls. No. 20, a new frame house on the west end of lot 31, in the 8th concession, has a good situation and is kept in fair condition. Average, 34, Teacher, James R. Graham. X 0, 2 I is a union with the house in :\larkham, about two miles north of Richmond Hill, on Yonge Street. Average attendance from Vaughan, 29, . THE TO\VNSHIP OF I(IKG. . \ ING ha!.' the largest area of any township in the County of York. , its total extent being 86,014 acres. It is situated north of Vaughan, and on the west side of Y onge Street. Its northern boundary is the Holland River, which divides it from \Yest --.{ì. Gwillimbury and Tecumseth, and on the west, in the adjoining County of Peel, is the Township of Albion, King has twelve concessions, numbered westward from Y onge Street, but the last two are deficient, as the county line does not run parallel with Y onge Street. The township was first laid out in 1800 by Surveyor Stegmann, The survey was continued from time to time by others, being completed in 18 59 by 1\1r. \Vhelock, P.L.S, Some alterations in its boundaries were made in 18 5 1 , when the County of Simcoe was organized, and the portion of the township known as North King was detached from \Yest Gwillimbury and annexed to King. The following are the original patentees for the township as given in the" Domesday Book," exclusive of that portion known as :Nortl'! King, which was subsequently annexed,:- 1797-Thomas Hind, John :\IcKay, Edward \Vright, Thomas Phillips, \Villiam :\lcClellan, _\rchibald Thompson. Edward \Vrï'ght. 1799-Daniel Rose, Alexander Gardnar. 1801-John Cole, Mary l\IcDonnell, James Selloch, Jeremiah Taylor, Mary Lutz, David Bessey, Elizabeth Ross, Joseph Gillie, Jonathan Sells, Mary Gordon, Sarah Pla:'yter, Daniel Nixon, Dorothy Burger, Anthony Hollingshead, \Villiam Crowder, \Villiam Smith, Caty Brown. 180z-Henry Harman, James Cody, P. Cody, James Gilbert, Isaac Phillips, 'Kathaniel Gamble, jun'r, Alexander Gardner, Eliza Ghent, Hepzi- j t ,..' "- The County of York, 135 bah l\'Ic \Villiams, Lucretia Stewart, Marianne \Villiams, Pierre Protim, Charles Jabbin, Matthew Hern, Jenny Cairn, Catharine \Valker, Fred. Lewis Iills, Eli Skinner, E. vVright, Sarah Vansicklen, Henry \Vindeckar, George Thompson, .Robert Innes, Christopher Harrison, Jonathan Kincey, James Newkirk, Chloe McDonnell, Hannah Palmer, James Osborn, Titus Doran, 'Margaret Buckner, John Broughner, Philip Bender, Mary Buchnar, Mary Rogers, A. Rogers, Richard Pattinson, Catherine Hesse, Joseph Dennis, Benjamin \Vells, John Latteridge, Aaron Crefas, l\Iary Springer, Duncan Gilchrist, \Villiam Gilchrist, Neil Gilchrist, Eleanor Nugent, Charles Gisso, Thomas \Yalker, David Fraser, John Chisholm, Bernard Maisonville, Iargaret Smith, Joseph Dean, Abin Miner, Alice Forsyth, James Cannon, Marie Joseph Gouin, Alexis Iaisonville, \Villiam Farr, John Van Zantee, Phæbe Adair, Benjamin Springer, Christopher Culp. 1803-Jacob Crane, jun'r, \Villiam Kennedy, \Villiam Hughes, Isaac Hollingshead, James Fulton, Rachel Skinner, Mary Rott, Martin Fuitz, Elizabeth Newkirk, John File, Hugh Heward, Elizabeth Cline, Rosanna Fairis, Martha l\IcKirbie, Alexander Clendenning, \Yilliam Lee, John Mcl\Iicking, Elizabeth Robertson, Mary Smith, George Stewart, jun'r, Mary \Vard, \Villiam Applegarth, Elizabeth Fogelalay, Joshua Applegarth, John Applegarth, Andrew \Vilson, Hugh \Vilson, James Hunter, Abraham Astlestine, \Villiam Emery, \Yilliam Crumb, \Villiam Burk, Archibald l\Iitchell, Elizabeth Hogellang, Sarah File, Caleb Swayze, David Van Every, jun'r, Jane Hover, Elizabeth \Vright, Sarah \Vard, Sarah l\Iann, John Stoner, Valentine Stoner, Mary Myers, \Villiam l\Iacdonell, Annie Turner, Ann Jones, Anna ßroughmer, Christopher Overholk. 1804-James Burgess, Rufus Rogers, Asa Rogers, George O'Kill Stewart, Samuel l\IcKirbie, Mary Thompson, D. Secord, Sarah Boyles, Sarah \Vagstaff, Mary Cushman, Elizabeth McKenzie, Ann l\IcDonald. Isaac Astlestine, Deborah Hill, Daniel Young, Hannah Coldwell, John l\Iinthorn, 1805-Daniel Jackson, Mary l\loody, \V111, Tyler, Isaac Rogers, David Palmer, jun'r, Mary Kithman, Marvin Hunter, Garrett Scram, Gertrand Plato, John \\ïlson, Catherine Farr, Sol. Austin, jun'r, Charles Stewart. 1806-Rene Augustin Comte de ChalliS, J olm Dean Fisk. 1807-Lieut.-Col. Aug-ustin Boy ton. 1808- Joseph Minthorn, Elizabeth Hassun, 180g-l\Iurdoch McLeod, \\'111. \Veer. 1810-Abraham \\"ebster. 1812-John Haviland, Rev, Clarke, 1813-lIenry Bonnell. 13 6 The COllllty of York. 'I8I4-John :McDonald. I8Is-\Ym. Moore. I8I6-Thos. \Vhittaker. I8I7-Rosannah .Ferris. I827-Patrick Hartney. I826-Sarah Lotteridge. I830-N, Gamble, 1833- James Lloyd.. Stephen Bissonette. 1832- John Scott, Ann Purvis, Elizabeth Clow. I83s-Hannah Cowell, Peter Rankin, John Proctor, Jeremiah Smith. IS37-Peter \Vintermute. I838-John Fulton, Bernis Baynam, \Villiam Boyle, Chas. Tomlinson. I839-R. Machell, Richard Perry, J, Edmunds. I840-James Macaulay, \Vm. Brydon, John Grant, \Yilliam H. :Moore, Rev. John Rolph, Jeremiah \V. Dawson, I84I-James Henderson. 1842- Thos, Irvin. 18+3- John Rodenhurst, l\Iartin Snider, \Villiam Proudfoot, Isaac Gude. I8++-Robert Cathgart, Samuel Pearson. I84S- \Vm. Patton, Thomas Allen Stayner, 18+6- \V, D. Parker. I847-Alex. Brown, Philip Boisverd, Isaiah Gardner, \Villiam Hane, John Fogart. I848-Neil \Vilkie. I8so-Patrick Tridnor, John Allen Nibbe, I8S3-Jeremiah P. Cummins, Rev. Richard Edmund Tyrwhitt, Septi- mus Tyrwhitt. I8S4-Thomas'McFee, I860-Benjamin Pearson. A considerable area of land lying in different conceSSIOns was also granted to the Canada Company. \Yhen the alteration in the township lines took place in I8SI the first concession of \Vest Gwillimbury, lying east of the Holland River, was annexed to East Gwillimbury. The remainder of the portion of that town- ship east of the river, forming a triangular-shaped section terminating in a long, narrow strip running along the northern boundary of King, became part of the latter township. The land of north King, as a rule, is swampy, and not fit for cultivation. 1\1 uch of it still remains in the hands of the Government, but f!1any lots have been patented. The following names appear on the list of grantees: , The County of York. 137 180s-0badiah Rogers, Obadiah Griffin, Bethuel Huntley; 180 7- _-\nn Dennis, Abraham Nelles; 1808-Abraham Vanalstine; 1812-John Haviland; 1840-John Darling; 1843-\Villiam Proudfoot; 184s--George Lount; 18+7-Ebeny Doan; 1849-S. \Vatson. The Canada Company also obtained some lots in this section, and numerous patents have been issued during later years. The predominant character of the soH is clay loam. In the western portion of the township an area amounting to about 30 per cent. of the whole is of heavy clay, of the average depth of eighteen to twenty-four inches, Clay loam prevails in the eastern, central and southern sections, constituting about 40 per cent, of the whole, the average depth of the surface soil being twelve to fifteen inches, with a subsoil of clay. In the northern section there are considerable tracts of rich, black loam, of an average depth of from two to eight feet, comprising about 12 per cent. of the total acreage, In various parts there are areas of sandy loam of a depth of from six to ten inches over a clay subsoil, being about fifteen per cent. of the whole township, Two and a-half per cent. of the soil is deep sand, and gravel beds, also of considerable depth, are also met with. The larger portion of the land is undulating, about one-fifth being so hilly as to lessen its value for agricultural purposes. Swamps and wet springy land comprise S per cent. of the area, principally situated along the Holland River, and an equal proportion is bottom-land, The Oak Ridges, forming the height of land between lakes Ontario and Simcoe, run through the centre of the township from east to west. The region is hilly and broken, and contains a number oflakes and ponds, Some of these are the source of the numerous tributaries of the Humber and Holland Rivers. Boulders displaying a mixture of the characteristics of the Laurentian, Silurian and Huronian formations are met with in this reglOn. The proportion of first-class land is comparatively small, being only 2S per cent" the average price of which is 870 per acre. The second-class land comprises 60 per cent. of the whole, and its average value is estimated at 84S, Third-class land brings $2S per acre, and constitutes IS per cent. of the total acreage. Three-fourths of the farm buildings are first-class in point of materials and construction, and about the same proportion of the farms are well fenced. U nderdrainage is adopted on about one-tenth of the number. Four-fifths of the farmers use some description of artificial ferti- lizer-the kinds principally employed being plaster and salt. As nearly as can be given, the following is the proportion of the area given to the leading crops :-Fall wheat, IS per cent.; spring wheat, 12 per 13 8 The C0lt11ty of York, cent.; barley, 8 per cent. ; oats, 14 per cent.; peas, 8 per cent.; potatoes and turnips, I per cent, each; other root crops, t per cent.; hay, 12 per cent. Pasture lands occupy an area of 15 per cent., and orchards about I per cent. The average yield per acre of the staple crops is as follows :-Fall wheat, 20 bushels; spring wheat, 12 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; oats, 35 bushels.; peas, 15 bushels; potatoes, 100 bushels; turnips, 250 bushels; other root crops, 300 bushels ; hay, I ton. Stock-raising is carried on to a greater extent in King than in any other township in the county. In 1881 the number of cattle was 4,088, horses, 2,917; sheep, 5,337; and hogs, 2,282. The larger proportion of these are the common varieties, but in the last decade some importations of thorough- breds have been introduced, comprising Shorthorn cattle, Southdown, Cotswold and Leicester sheep, Clydesdale horses, and Berkshire and Suffolk hogs. Among the proprietors of thoroughbred stock are: George Hollingshead, John Beasley, James Cherry, jun'r, and \Yilliam Jardine, in the western part of the township; and George N. Heacock, Seth Heacock, Simeon Lemon, R. J. Kenne y, \V, Linton, Robert Riddell, and John C. Tawse, in the eastern portion, The municipal records of King are unusually complete; the minutes of the township meetings as far back as 1809 being still extant, and throwing a good deal of light on the early condition of the community. A return of the number of inhabitants taken on l\Iarch 28th, 1809, shows thirty-three heads of families, and a total population of 160, The names are as follows: James Rogers, John Doan, Enos Dennis, Amos Hughes, Isaac Rogers, \Yilliam Doan, Joseph Doan, l\Iahlon Doan, Ebenezer Doan, Rufus Rogers, Levi Dennis, Nathaniel Gamble, jun'r, Isaac Phillips, Isaac Hollingshead, Thomas Taylor, John Nichol, Benjamin Pearson, \Villiam Hughes, Joseph Cody, \Ym. Haines, Jacob Hollingshead, \\ïlliam Tyler, \Ym. Kennedy, Henry Harman, Isaac Davis, Caleb Ic\Villiams, John D.;vine, David Love, James Love, John Hunter, Michael St. John, Henry Sagle anù Benjamin Kester. In 1811 the total number of inhabitants was 206. In 18I2 there were 42 families and 226 inhabitants. A decrease in population was caused by the war with the "C niteù States, which broke out in that year, and three years afterward the inhabitants only numbered 209' But after peace was restored the population began to increase more rapidly, and in 1823 there were 67 families, and the total number of inhabitants was 394. In 1842 the population numbered 2,625. In the course of eight years it more than doubled the number, in 1850 being 5,574, In 1871 it reached its maximum, the Goyernment census of that year showing a total population TIlc COUllty of York, 139 of 7,482. In 1881 it had fallen to 6,664' Of the latter number 5,248 were of Canadian birth. Those of English descent numbered 2,872; 2,047 were of Irish, and r ,087 of Scotch extraction. The occupiers of land were 907 in number, of whom 61 I were the owners of their holdings. The total area occupied was 79,209 acres, of which 59,1+9 were improved, Of this 49488 acres were devoted to field crops 8,402 acres to pasturage, and 1,259 to gardens and orchards. In r849, the agricultural produce comprised 149,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 bushels of barley, 8,000 bushels of oats, 37,000 bushels of peas, 52,000 bushels of potatoes, and 14,000 bushels of turnips. The census f 1881 gives the yield as follows :-200,185 bushels of wheat, 121,776 bushels of barley, 214,506 bushels of oats, 81,875 bushels of peas and beans, 76,688 bushels of potatoes, 93,701 bushels of turnips, 30,r64 bushels of other roots, 8,670 tons of hay and 1,964 bushels of grass and clover seed. The municipal records for r809 give the officials for that year as follows: Town clerk, \Villiam Haines; assessors,J acob Hollingshead and \Yilliam Hughes; collector, \Villiam Tyler; overseers of the roads, Henry Harman, Thomas Taylor, Rufus Rogers; pound-keeper, Isaac Hollingshead; town wardens, \Villiam Kennedy and John Nichol. The following minutes are recorded :- H It is agreed that the fences shall be lawful that are five feet high, two feet of which shall not be more than four inches between the rails, and the other part not more than six inches between the rails, except liners, which shoall not exceed fifteen inches," " It is agreed that hogs shall be free commoners." In 1810 the following were the township officers:- \\ïl1iam Haines, town clerk; Benjamin Pearson and \\ïlliam Doan, assessors; \Ym. Tyler, collector; David Love, John Hunter, Jacob Hollingshead, Thomas Taylor and John Doan, overseers of the roads; Nathaniel Gamble, jun'r, pound- keeper; Henry Harman and \Villiam Hughes, town warùens. \\ïlliam Haines held the position of town clerk until 1836, when he was succeeded in office by John R. Kennedy. The township meetings from r8ro until r838, with one or two exceptions, were held at the house of Nathaniel Gamble, jun'r. Subsequent meeting places were Samuel Clay's, James Graham's tavern, and Goat's Inn, In 1843, Joel Hughes and \Villiam Brydon were town wardens; An- drew Sloan, town clerk; Nathaniel Pearson, assessor; Richard Iurphy, collector; Barnes Beynon, Thos, Cosford, John Tawse, :\I.A., Jacob Lemon, Isaiah Tyson, Donald l\IcCallum and Capt. .\. ,\rmstrong, school commis- 14 0 Tile County of York, slOners; and Thomas Cosford, Thomas \Y. Tyson and Henry Stewart. district councillors. In 1844, John R. Kennedy became town clerk, the district councillors being th same as the preceding year. l\Ir. Kennedy held the clerkship until 18+7. The officers for that year were: Town wardens, John McKinley, Thomas Cosford and James Hunter; assessor, James O'Brien; collector, Andrew Sloan; town clerk, Joseph \Yo d. In 18+8, the district councillors were Henry Stewart and Thorilas \V. Tyson; town wardens, Robert Parker, John \Yells and Benjamin Jennings; asses- sor, James l\IcCallum; collector, Isaac Dennis, In 1850 the present system of municipal organization came into force, and the district councillors were replaced by reeves and deputy-reeves-the first reeye was George Hughes, Joseph \Vells being deputy. In 1851 1\11', Hughes was re-elected and Sep- timus Tyrwhitt chosen deputy, In 1852 Stephen Tyrwhitt was reeve and Joseph \Yells deputy-reeve, George Hughes occupied the reeveship again during the period 1853-7, and was succeeded in 1858 by J. D, Phillips, who had preyiously been deputy-reeve for three years. A. Armstrong filled the chair in 1859, and the next year gave place to James P, \Yells, who had held the second place two years before. Mr. \ Yells remained in office until 186+, when Albert \Yebb was elected. In 1865 Joel Phillips was chosen reeve. filr. \Vebb had another innings in 1866, T. Tyson and J, Stokes followed each for one year, and 1\1r. \Vebb served a third term of two years' duration. Among the later occupants of the position are J. D. Phillips, Joel Phillips and Joseph Stokes, The township officers for 1884 are E. J, Davis, King, reeve; Charles Irwin, Lloydtown, 1 st deputy-reeve; l\lichael J. O'N eill, Holly Park, 2nd deputy-reeve; Thomas \Yilson, Newmarket, 3rd deputy- reeve; Robert Norman, councillor; Joseph \Yood, township clerk; Gershom Proctor, treasurer; John Leigh and \Yilliam Brydon, assessors; Charles Fuller and \\ïlliam \Vinter, collectors; John D. Phillips, township engineer, 111', \V ood has filled the office of clerk since 1847, He is an English- man by birth, and came to Canada in 1830 when quite young. The family, after remaining in York for a year, removed to \Vhitchurch, near Aurora, In 1835 they took up land in the 6th concession of King. l\Ir. \Yood is well known as a prosperous and public-spirited citizen, and the fact that he has been clerk for thirty-seven years continuously shows how highly his services in that capacity are appreciated. The principal villages of King are Lloydtown and Schomberg, near the northern boundary, in the western part of the township; Linton, in the eighth concession, towards the centre; N obleton, in the south-west; Pottage- yille, Kettleby and Grenville, in the northern section; and Laskay, King Horn, King, Eversley, Temperanceville, Springhill and Oak Ridges, in the , The COU1lty of York, 14 1 south and south-east. Aurora is partly in King and partly in \Yhitchurch. The orthern Railway runs across the south-eastern section and enters \Vhitchurch near Aurora. After a lengthy detour to the eastward through that township it crosses the swamp lands of Korth King in a north-westerly direction, Its most important station in the township is at the thriving \Tillage of King, about a mile from the southern boundary, which is a stirring and lively place, with a population of about 120. Lloydtown is a place of some note in the annals of York County. It early became one of the principal centres in the north, and was one of the rallying points of the Mackenzie rising in 1837, A description of the village and the neighbouring country is given in Smith's" Canada." There have been of course many changes since that time. Entering the township from the w st the road known as the" tenth line" leads to the village. The first portion of the road is very hilly, and the timber consists of pine . and hardwood intermixed. About four miles before reaching Lloydtown you cross a cedar swamp, after which the timber becomes principally pine and hemlock for the next two miles; large tracts of land bordering the road being still (1851) covered with wood; the country then opens, and large clearings lie before and on either side of you, The character of the timber here becomes changed, and a large proportion of it is hardwood, The soil the whole distance is of a loamy character, varying in consistence. The country generally has a new appearance, a large portion of the stumps still standing in the fields, and the houses and farm buildings are poor with few exceptions. The road the whole distance is hilly, or composed of a succession of rolling ridges, The population of Lloydtown is given as 350, " The village," Smith goes on to say, .. is situated in the midst of a hilly country. The west branch of the Holland River runs through the village, and a grist mill having three run of stones, a saw mill, and a carding and fulling mill, are situated on it, The grist mill has a fall of twenty-five feet, There are also in the village two tanneries, a post-office, and two churches -Episcopal and Methodist. Lloydtown is twelve miles from Yonge Street, nine miles from the Vaughan Plank Road, sixteen miles from Holland Landing, nine miles from Bond Head, twelve and a-half from Bradford, and fourteen from Newmarket. At about a mile from Lloydtown, situated to the north-east, is a small village called Brownsville. It contains 138 inhabitants, a grist mill, saw mill, and tannery, and a church open to all denominations, Brownsville is also situated on the west branch of th{' Holland River, which has here a fall of twenty feet," The name was subsequently changed to Schomberg. The road cast from Lloydtown to Kettlcby, or as it was then more generally known, Tyrwhitt's Mills, is 14 2 Tile COU1lty of Y Ol'k. described as very hilly, and for pa.rt of the distance timbered with cedar, hemlock and pine, with a little hardwood intermixed, It was; at Lloydtown that the second of the series of public meetings in support of Mackenzie's agitation in 1837 was held, At a meeting of Reformers, held at John Doel's Brewery, Toronto, on the 28th of July in that year, a plan submitted by Mr, l\lackenzie "for uniting, organizing, and registering the Reformers of Upper Canada" was adopted, under which societies were to be established all through the Province as the machinery of agitation. The first outside meeting under this plan was held at Newmarket, the second at Lloydtown, on the 5th of August. It was addressed by Messrs. \V. L. Mackenzie, Jesse Lloyd, Samuel Lount, and David Gibson, all of whom afterwards took a prominent part in the insurrection. Seventeen resolutions were passed. Any intention of resorting to arms was disclaimed. One of the resolutions declared that " A bribed and pensioned band of official hirelings and expectants, falsely assuming the character of the representatives of the people of Upper Canada, corrupted by offices, wealth, and honours bestowed upon their influ ential members by Sir F. B, Head, since they took their seats in the House of Assembly, have refused to allow a free trial to candi ates ready to contest their seats, have refused to order new elections for members who have accepted places of gain under the Government, Have refused to institute a free and constitutional inquiry into corruptions practised at the elections through Sir F. B. Head's patent deeds and otherwise; and although they were returned for the constitutional period which the death of the King has brought near to a close, they have violated the most solemn covenant of the British Constitution by resolving that their pretended power of legisla- tion shall continue over us three years longer than they were appointed to , act," Canadian Independence was advocated on the ground that British connection involved a State Church, an "unnatural aristocracy, party privilege, public debt, and general oppression." It was suggested that the country should pay a money price for its freedom in order ,that civil war might be avoided, 'and a resort to the ballot, it was urged, would show a large majority in favour of dissolving the colonial bond, The meeting declared for elective officials, including the judiciary. Some very significant devices were displayed, including a flag which bore a large star, surrounded by six smaller lustres, and in the centre a Death's head with the inscription, " Liberty or Death," Another flag displayed the word" Liberty" in bold relief, with figures of pikes, swords, muskets and cannon. It had been intended to erect a liberty pole one hundred feet in height, but the design was abandoned, The meeting elected as delegates to the convention pro- ?'-'.....- = -' ::: -- .:= /... '* ,4 ... r . / ,, 'I '; Ir.. i . {\ I' ,I 1\\ .., (" .1 'I ( , \. 1'1 \ ' '\' . ,/ \'\: " '- ::,-"::: t' ...-' ,-1,... - -' -- ......- - ' ::-:-.. ---,..', ....." -::-.... '" " - ' ''''-, - ' - -.' - ......." . - ..... - - ..... .! ..: -", :->;:-. -.;--... ---":',' ,'\ ji "'" ---- --, .... , -- --, ;t:: - \ \\" )'""" ' .' ' :- ". "!:'J 1 I J I I --- # =- .=...-- - f ---==- , ;f< ';: .1.). - \ I 1't1 - --' -- " 'I ;" ':' ;. ... :I - . ..-;:.. ..,/- - :/- .P' .-.. .....:- -- -. -;--- -::t - ---? :::. -" 3" -4 .,J .'1,,11' . '1,' ""1 "' '1 j.1 '1 /OJ' l\1AEQUIS OF LORXE. ,/ 1 --- ,1/1/ ...Ir Ilf 'l 'l I , I PO. J --.............. - - , , .--- , "\. . ,'. I ,' " ;::l J.....,."., ;t':=:!':::= .1;==:.'::=;1::= i :Þ#;':M::::: r II;'f1/ / "' !J . í The County of York, 143 posed to be held in Toronto, Dr. \V, \V. Baldwin, Jesse Lloyd, James Grey, Mark Learmont, John Lawson and Gerard Irwin. Mr. Mackenzie visited Lloydtown again a week or two before the out- break, in order to complete the arrangements for a descent upon Toronto, I t was here that he announced his determination not to assume a position of military command on account of the lack of training and experience requisite to qualify him for it. Samuel Lount and Anthony Anderson were then assigned leaping positions. Lloydtown sent a large contingent to the force finally mustered by the insurgents, They were principally armed with rude pikes, few possessing firearms. The present population of Lloydtown is about four hundred, and it is a prospeious and flourishing community, The Township of King has nineteen school sections, with two unions having houses in the township, and three unions with houses outside the township, . o. I, union with \Vhitchurch, is a double frame house on YonO"e t:> Street, three miles south of Aurora. Daniel Gregory is teacher, The average from King is 17; from \Vhitchurch, 20, No, 2, Spring Hill School, stands on theeast end oflot 7, 4th concession, It is a good brick house with two rooms, Teacher, John T. Saigeon, Average, 54. NO,3, union with \Vhitchurch, has its house in \Vhitchurch, and will be referred to under that township, No. 4, the Laskay School, is situated on lot 7 in the 5th concession, west end, half a mile north of Laskay. It is a good, brick building, but in need of renovation. Teacher, John \Vatson. Average, 31. NO.5, the New Scotland School, stands on lot 16 in the 7th concession. near the centre. The house is a frame one, fairly kept, and well furnished, Teacher, l\Iiss Kate l\IcMurchy. Average, 30. o. 6. a rather old frame house, stands near the middle of lot 25 in the 5th concession. The average attendance is 18. Teacher, George Edward Brown, :t\ o. 7, stands on lot 8 in the 9th concession, on the west end. The house is a fine brick structure in a fine situation. The teacher is \Villiam Boal. Average, 43, Ko. 8, is a small union with .\lbion. Pupils go to Bolton Village, o. 9, the Grenville School stands between the Old Survey and lot 35 in the 2nd concession, The building, a new plank structure, is con- veniently arranged, and has hot air furnaces instead of the universal stun', John S, Stephens is the teacher. \verage, 25. 10 144 TIle COU1lty of York. No, 10, IS two and a half miles west from Aurora, The house is a good brick one. The teacher is Byron Oliver. Average, 32, No. I I, Kettleby School, stands on the east end of lot 27 m the 4th concession, Teacher, Thomas Butler, Average, 35' No, 12, situated on lot 31, near the middle, 5th concession, is a small and old frame house, The teacher is \Villiam Pearson. His average, 22. No, 13, stands on lot 26 in the 7th concession. It is a brick building, recently erected and comfortably furnished. Teacher, Maria Norman, Average, 16, No. 14, Schomberg School, on the north-east corner of lot 32, in the 9 th concession, is a good and commodious brick structure having apart- ments for two teachers. l\Ir. A, \tVilkinson and Miss J, King. Average, 58, No, 15, Lloydtown School, is a fine specimen of school architecture in brick, somewhat thrown out of proportion inside by recent division into two rooms, Teachers, Henry \Vard and l\Iiss Srigley. Average, 48. No, 16, Crawford's School, stands on the south-east corner of lot 21, IIth concession. It is a frame building of moderate size, Teacher, l\1iss Libbie Cody. Average, 14, o. 17 stands on the north side of lot 30, near the centre of the lIth concession. It is an old frame building, and not comfortably furnished, Teacher, Malcolm D, Hall. Average, 23. No, 18, the Linton or Little Lake School, stands on lot 19, in the 9 th concession. It is a frame structure, Teacher, Cunningham Moore. Average, 33. No. 19, Nobleton School, is a double frame house on lot 5, near the west of concession 8. The two teachers are \Villiam F, Moore and Adelaide \Vatson, Average attendance, 60. l'J'o, 20 is a union with 13 Albion, house not in the township. No. 2 I is situated in the I st concession, west end of lots 7 and 8, It is a substantial and almost new brick house, and well furnished. Teacher, Henry J, Bolitho. Average, 3 0 . No, 22, the Eversley School, is a fine new brick house, on the west end of lot 9, 2nd concession. Teacher, H, W. Bolitho, Average, 22, No. 23, Kinghorn School, a well-kept frame house, stands near the west end of lot 6, in the 4th concession. Teacher, Joseph E. l\Iorris. Average, 2 I, No, 24, New Amsterdam or Bradford Bridge School, a good frame house, stands in the Old Survey, on the road between Holland Landing and Bradford. Teacher, Sarah C, McConnell. Average, I!. A small union of East Gwillimburý with 24 has an average of 3' . ' ----= ' " ---Jþ ....-' l- I . I '''''' f.::Æ ^Q;- ..!'- -=-::' :" , 1 1 1 ;' M .?' E. Í4'''' t .0 . _ -: _ : .. ---I 'U THE TO\V"KSHIP OF \\THITCHURCH, HITCHCRCH is situated to the north of the Township of l\Iarkham, and east of Y onge Street, which divides it from .". the Township of King, being in the middle of the eastern row of townships. It wås laid out in 1800 by l\Ir. John Steg- mann, who had been an officer in a Hessian regiment during-- the \Yar of Independence, and afterwards found employr nent as a surveyor in Upper Canada. l\Ir. Stegmann's work was completed in 1802, but further surveys were afterwards made on the 8th and 9th concessions by Surveyor \Yilmot, and in 1869 a re-survey of some of the lines was made by l\Ir. John Shier. \Yhitchurch comprises 59,743 acres. It has ten concessions, numbered eastward from Y onge Street, two of which are deficient. Settlers began to come into the township as early as 1795, The" Domesday Book" records the following patents issued in the earlier years of settlement :- 179 6 - Joseph Bouchette. 1797-Frederic Smith, Charles Fathers, James Pitney, 1798-\Villiam Bond, John Chisholm, Capt. \y, Graham, 1801-Capt, John Baptist Bouchette, l\Iary Chambers, Duke \\ïlliam Kendrick, John Stegmann, 1802-N athaniel Gamble, sen'r, Stephen Barbaree, Simon :\Ic:\Iirty, James ::\Ic::\lurty, Frederic Baron de Hoen, Isaac Phillips, James Roche, Peter ::\Iiller, Ebenezer Cook, John Ferguson, Kathan Hixon, John Baker, George Althouse, John Bogard, John J ferns, James ::\Iitchell, \\ïlliam Smith. 1803-Abner Miles, Abraham Tucker, Robert \Vilson, James Miles, James Fulton, Hugh Shaw, George Chisholm, Joseph \Yebster, Godfrey Hilts, Peter 13rillenger. John Engelhard, Joseph Durham, Jeremiah Dur- ham, Robert Henderson, Hugh \\ïlson, Peter Boughstanch, John Cline, Joseph Derick, Gilbert Vanderbarrow, \\ïlliam 13echtcl, Samuel Betzner. ,,-',' \\ . 4 fj, 41. ' ""--- ..I - 14 6 The County of York, Jacob Bechtel, sen'r, Adam Cline, l\Iary Feeks, \Vilham Cornell, Samuel :i\IcLin, Loyal Davis, John Bricker, David Alberson, George Clemens, John Cornwell, Samuel Bucker, Phil. Saltberger, Hall Davis, l\Ioses l\lcCay, Benham Presson, David Hooter. ISo4--John Jones, John Starkweather, Henry Crone, Timothy Rogers,. Isaac Pilkington, Isaac \Villis, James Starr, \Villiam \Vebster, Thomas Jobett, John Dehart, Jesse Ketchum, Henry Hashall, Ebenezer Lundy, Davenport Philps, John Eyer, Aaron \\ïlson, James Rogers, Josh, Smades, John Cook, jun'r, Ebenezer Jones, jun'r, Obadiah Taylor, Hannah Beans, :\Iartin Bogart, sen'r, John Berry, Robert Gray, ISos-Ebenezer Britton, RDbert \Vard, Shad ack Stephens, Andrew Clubine, Abraham \Yebster, John Lundy, George Semon, John Bassel, Russell Hoag, l\Iary \Yalts, IB06-Joseph Chiniqui, Iary :\IcNab, \\ïlliam Hill, Samuel Palmer, \\ïlliam Pearson, Isaac Johnson, Alexander Gray, John Furon, Ambr.oise de Farcy, IS07-Hannah Johnson, Elijah Groomes, Edward Heazzel, Nathaniel Pearson, Christian Schill, Nathaniel Hastings. ISoS-Sarah Vanwick, James Lundy, Peter \Yheeler, \Yilliam l\Iaclean. ISog-Abraham Stouffer, jun'r, .\braham l\IcDonald, George Foukler. ISIo-Jacob Long, ISn-John R, Small, \Y. \\ïddifield, James Edward Small. ISI2-\Ym, Eadus, \Yhitfield Patterson, John Kendrick, Joseph \\ïddi- field, :\Iary \Vells, Aaron Tool, Joseph Randall, Eliezer Lundy, Osborne Cox. Frederic Baron de Hoen, whose name is given in the above list, received extensive grants of land in \Vhitchurch, He was an officer in a Hessian regiment which disbanded at the close of the American Revolution. and a great friend of the Baldwin family. His real name was Von Hoen. He also had a farm in York Township, about four miles north of Toronto, upon which he resided. Baron de IIoen officiated as the second of _\ttorney-General \Vhite in the duel with l\1r. John Small, in ISOO, which resulted in the Attorney-General receiving a fatal wound, Two or three of the names which appear among the earlier patentees are those.of French royalist emigrés, a number of whom settled in the Oak Ridges region, l\Iost of them were located in Vaughan and !\Iarkham, The land was rough, and not well adapted for farming, and after a few years most of the French settlers left the country, though some of their descend- ants still remain. Among the number is Mr. Henry Quetton St. George, "hose name is well known in the commercial world, ::\1r. St, George still retains an interest in the picturesque locality where the little French colony The COllnty of York. 147 was established, as in addition to his business operations he is engaged in agriculture, according to the most improved scientific methods, on a fine farm in the 2nd concession of \Yhitchurch, inherited from his father, the Chevalier de St. George, His estate is known as "Glenlonely." A number of the first settlers were Quakers, from Pennsylvania. This body now numbers 37 1 , according to last census returns. The Gazette, of October 4 th , 1806, contains an address from the Quakers residing on Y onge Street to Governor Francis Gore, on the occasion of his arrival in Upper Canada, which concludes by "hoping thy administration may be such as to be a terror to th'e evil-minded and a pleasure to them that do well: then will the Province flourish under thy direction, which is the earnest desire and prayer of thy sincere friends." This quaintly worded and characteristic document was presented by Timothy Rogers and Amos Armitage. The first-named, together with Jacob Lundy, took a leading part in the affairs of the Quaker settlement. A few years before the address to Governor Gore the Quakers had occasion to interview his predecessor, Governor Peter Hunter, to complain of the delay in issuing the patents to their lands. Governor Hunter had then just arrived in the country. He heard the story of the Quakers as presented by their spokesmen, Rogers and Lundy, and was convinced that there was just foundation for their complaints of official negligence, He summoned all the officials to whom the Quakers had successively appealed in vain, and entered into a searching investi- gation as to the cause of the delay, It transpired that the order for the patents was of over a year's standing, and that l\Ir. Jarvis, Secretary and Registrar of the Province, was responsible for the documents not being forthcoming, rr. Jarvis advanced the stereotyped official excuse: "press of business," "Sir," replied the irascible Governor, "if they are not forthcoming, everyone of them, and placed in the hands of these gentlemen here in my presence at noon on Thursday next, by George! 111 un-Jarvis you!" Two days afterwards the Quakers got their pa,tents. Other times, other manners. Those 'were the days when governors were not content with being mere "figureheads," as the common phrast:; goes, \Yhat would be .thought nowadays if Lieutenant-Governor Robin- son should talk to Provincial Secretary Hardy in that style? Both Timothy Rogers and Jacob Lundy had numerous relatives, the names frequently appearing in connection with the early history of the township, Further to the north of the township, just beyond the Oak Ridges, the country was largely settled by l\Iennonites and Tunkers, These two sects 14 8 The COUllty (If York. are not identical, as is frequently supposed, owing to the similarity ðf their beliefs and customs, They wear long beards and hair, old-fashioned coats and broad-brimmed hats, though these peculiarities have been much modified, and are principally seen among the older members of these churches, Both denominations hold the same views as the Quakers in relation to war and oaths, The Tunkers practise feet-washing as a religious rite, holding the Saviour's example and precept in this respect as a perpetual ordinance. They also consider the text " greet ye one another with a holy kiss," as prescribing the mode of salutation .among Christians, though this familiarity is not extended to those of opposite sex, as a public observance at least. The Mennonites and Tunkers are mainly of German and Dutch extraction. \ccording to the census of '1881 there were 3 11 belonging to these denominations, The Teutonic element, however, is by no means confined to the sects referred to. It is very strong in this town- ship, and, as everywhere else, is characterized by thrift, honesty and intelligence. Many of the best and wealthiest farmers of the township came of this stock. The last census indicated that of the total population 811 were of German and 260 of Holland origin, The great majority are thoroughly Canadianized by this time, and have little more than their names and family traditions to mark their foreign extraction. The quantity of Indian remains unearthed from time to time in the township indicates that it must anciently have contained a large aboriginal population. By far the most important discoveries of Indian relics within the county have been made in \\'hitchurch. Ever since the early settlement of the vicinity, the site of the Indian villiage on lot 9, in the 8th concession, has been well-known to all who were sufficiently curious about such matters to interest themselves in these relics of a departed race, This village occupied about two acres on the brow of a hill overlooking a steep ravine. There were no indications of the rude fortifications such as the Indians frequently threw up around their villages. \ quarter of a century since many remains were dug up in the' neighbourhood, such as stone-axes, flint arrows and spear heads, and broken crockery-the latter being the frag- ments of vessels large ehough to hold several gallons, and evidently used in cooking. Earthen and stone pipes in great number have also been found here, and also bears' teeth ,vith holes bored through them, and the well- worn and polished teeth of beavers, deer and moose, which had apparently been used for decorative purposes, The implements found also included bone needles and two or three articles constructed from the shoulder-blades of deer, having six prongs about three inches in length. J,t is not known whether they were used as combs or for fish-spears, The large deposits of The County of York, 149 ashes and other refuse, such as partially carbonized corn-cobs, are held to indicate that the village had been a place of continuous residence for many years. Among the more interesting remains was a circular portion of a human skull, well worn, but in excellent preservation. It was perforated with seven holes, and had evidently been held as a trophy, the holes being the score of enemies slaughtered in battle by the wearer. Down in the adjoining ravine are a number of large boulders, in each of which is a round well-worn depression about a foot in diameter and two or two and a-half inches in depth. These were used as millstones by the Indians, the corn being placed in the hollow and crushed with stones, No graves have been discovered at the village, but a quarter of a mile or so distant, on lot 10, in the same concession, a pit containing many hundred Indian skeletons was found. This was opened about 1848, and large numbers of skulls and other remains removed, Another site of a once populous Indian community is located on lot 16, in the 6th concession, It comprises about three acres on the top and partially down "the slope of a hill, and is enclosed by a trench and mound. The trench is still five feet in depth, and on the inside there is evidence that a wooden pali- sade once existed. Trees twenty inches in diameter are growing on the top of the mound. The indications of the occupation of this site by the aborigines include an immense quantity of ashes, bones, flint instruments, etc, The original forest was cleared away for a considerable space around the village, and many of the pine trees now growing there are forked from the root up- wards, showing that they must have been trodden down when young, The burying-ground of this village was situated outside the trench on the north side-two thousand interments having taken place in the immediate spot, These interments were all made singly, and not in accordance with the usual custom among the Hurons of exposing their corpses until the flesh is eaten by birds or beasts of prey, and then interring the bones pro- miscuously in a pit, The position of the remains unearthed showed that the bodies had been laid down on the side with the knees drawn up towards the chin, Large numbers of these ghastly relic.s of mortality were dug up by the early settlers at a time when scientific interest, in anything tending to throw light on the history and customs of the Indian races, had not suf- ficiently developed to lead to their preservation. Latterly, however, the remains unearthed have fallen into the hands of collectors. 11r, Hirschfelder, of Toronto, an enthusiastic archæologist, has secured many of those recently obtained in \Vhitchurch for his large collection of Indian curiosities. About two hundred yards distant from the fort there is a pond three or four acres in extent, on the border of which is another burial ground where 150 Thj} COUllty of York, a large number of interments have been made. The discovery of these cities of the dead, in a neighbourhood from which the last living represen- tative of their race has disappeared, may well excite such reflections as those to which Alexander McLachlan, the too-little known Canadian poet, has given utterance in his poem" To an Indian Skull," which opens as follows :- And art thou corne to this at last Great Sachem of the forest vast ? E'en thou who wert so tall in stature And modelled in the pride of ature, High as the deer you bore your head, Swift as the roebuck was thy tread; Thine eye, bright as the orb of day, In battle a consuming ray! Tradition links thy name with fear, And strong men hold their breath to hear 'Vhat mighty feats by thee were done- The battles by thy strong arm won! The glory of thy tribe wert thou- But where is all thy glory now? \Vhere are those orbs, and where tGat tongue, On which commanding accents hung? Cans't thou do naught but grin and stare Through hollow sockets-the worm's lair- And toothless gums all gaping there? Ah! where's the heart that did imbibe The "Wild traditions of thy tribe? Oft did the song of bards inspire, And set thy yery soul on fire- Till all thy wild and savage blood 'Vas rushing like a roaring flood; And all the wrongs heaped on thy race Leapt up like demons in thy face; And rushing down upon the plain You raised the war-whoop once again, And stood among your heaps of slain! Other Indian sites have been discovered near the Village of Aurora, in the immediate neighbourhood of the Northern Railway depot, and on lot IS in the 5th concession. Rev. Mr, Jenkins, Presbyterian minister, took a great interest in promoting the explorations of the latter locality, which to judge from the remains found, had been occupied as a place of residence for a considerable time, The situation of these and other sites in adjoining townships show that a line of Indian villages extended from the mouth of Tllc CoÎmty of York. IS I the River Rouge to Penetanguíshene, and the more thickly peopled district of the Georgian Bay, The natural features o( \Vhitchurch are a good deal more varied than those of most other sections of the county, The Oak Ridges or high land between Lakes Ontario and Simcoe run almost diagonally from the north-west to the south-east angle of the township. It is a rugged picturesque region abounding in beautiful sylvan scenery, and presenting many features of interest. Here the numerous tributaries of the Don, the Rouge, the Holland River and other streams have their rise. There are numerous small lakes scattered along the height of land, includ- ing Bond's Lake and Lake \Villcocks, in the south-eastern portion of the township, near Y onge Street, Lake Reesor towards the centre, and Lake .\1 usselman and Island Lake near the western boundary. Bond's Lake, at which point Y onge Street makes a slight detour to the west, had its name from \Villiam Bond, the owner of the surrounding property, who as early as I OO had established a nursery garden in the town of York. It covers an area of fifty-one acres, and is over three hundred feet in depth, and having no inlet nor outlet is apparently fed by springs from the bottom. About half a mile to the north-east lies Lake \Villcocks, which is considcrably larger in area, covering perhaps an extent of about 150 acres. It was named after Co!. \\ïlliam \Villcocks, who early in the century was Judge of the Home Vistrict Court, and was allied by marriage with. the Baldwin family. He was an early owner of the property adjoining the lake. -About a mile and a half north of Bond's Lake is the Pinnacle, being the most elevated land in this region, and about eight hundred feet above the sea level. The soil of \Vhitchurch is varied in character, but fairly adapted for agricultural purposes, About one-fifth is composed of heavy clay on the surface, the sub-soil being principally marl, though somewhat diversified, Six-twentieths of the area is a clay loam over a sub-soil of marl and other constituents. Six-twentieths is sandy loam, and three-twentieths sand. About one-twentieth is black loam. Perhaps one acre in twenty is sufficiently hilly to interfere with successful cultivation, Nine-tenths are undulating, about one-twentieth low, flat land, and the same proportion wet and springy. Boulders presenting mixtures ofthe Laurentian, Huronian, and Silurian formations are met with along the height of land. The first-cttsS fanning land comprises about one-quarter of the total area, and seven- twentieths is reckoned second-class, the rcmainder being third-class or inferior, The average price of farms in the market is $60 per acre for first- class land, $+0 for the second quality, and $20 for the third-class farms, .\bout two-thirds of the farm", are wcll fcnced, thc material principally in 15 2 The County of York, use being cedar and pine rails. Draining is not generally resorted to. The farm houses are principally of a substantial and comfortable character, two-thirds being of brick, stone, or first-class frame, one-third log or inÍerior frame. Half of the outbuildings are first-class in point of material and construction, The average yield of the leading crops to the acre is as follows :-Fall wheat, 20 bus.hels; spring wheat, 15 bushels; barley, 28 bushels; oats, 35 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; peas, 20 bushels; corn, 25 bushels; buck- wheat, 15 bushels; potatoes, 100 bushels; turnips, 300 bushels; other root crops, 300 bushels; hay, one ton, The acreage devoted to these crops bears the following proportion to the total area :-Fall wheat, spring wheat, barley and hay, 10 per cent. each; oats, 15 per cent.; peas,s per cent,; rye, corn and buckwheat, I per cent. each; potatoes and turnips, each, 2 per cent., and other root crops, I per cent.; 10 per cent. is in pasture land, and 2 per cent, devoted to orchards. About three-sevenths of the whole is still tirpbered, the remaining bush being a mixture of hardwood, pine, and hem- lock. The number of acres cleared is about 42,000. The township as a whole is considered better adapted for grain raising than for stock and dairy farming, In 1881 it had 3,323 cattle, principally Durham grades; 2.341 horses, largely roadsters and of Clydesdale stock; Cotswold, South- down, and other breeds of sheep to the number of 3,608, and 1,888 hogs, the Berkshire and Suffolk varieties being those principally produced. In 1842 \Vhitchurch contained 3,836 inhabitants, In 1850 the number had increased to 4,242. The population numbered 5,014 according to the census of 187.1. In 1881 the returns indicated that it had fallen to 4,5 2 9, This is partly, but not altogether, accounted for by the fact that Stouffville, part of which was formerly included in the township, having in the mean- time become an incorporated village, has a separate place in the last census, instead of a portion of its population being credited to \Vhitchurch, Of the present population 3,873 are of Canadian birth, In 1849 the crop produced included in round numbers 76,000 bushels of wheat, 8,000 of barley, 81,000 of oats, 22,000 of peas, 42,000 of potatoes, and 40,000 of turnips. The Dominion census returns for 1881 give the leading articles of agricultural produce as follows :-78,5{3 bushels of wheat, 93,562 bushels of barley,2QO,323 bushels of oats, 4,554 bushels of rye, 63,120 bushels of peas and beans, 69,687 bushels of potatoes, 10{,4 82 bushels of turnips, 44,950 bushels of other roots, and 5,825 tons of hay, There are 689 occupiers of land in the township, of whom 458 own their farms. The total area occupied is 53.3{6 acres, of which 39,858 acres are improved land, The area devoted to field crops amounts to 33,3 20 acres, 5,609 are in pasture, and orchards occupy 929 acres. The COU1lty of York, 153 The earliest records of municipal organization e:\.tant date back to 1826, In that year Joseph Hewitt was town clerk, \Yilliam Reader and J. Hewitt, assessors, Samuel Ball, collector, and Eli Gorham and John Bogart, jun'r, town wardens. John Bogart, jun'r, was elected town clerk in 1825 and held that position twenty-three years. The town wardens under the old form of municipal organization were as follows: 1827-Eli Gorham and John Bogart, jun'r; 1828-:\Iartin Bogart and John Bogart, sen'r; 182g -'Martin Bogart and E. Gorham; 1830-James FaulKner and Timothy Iillard; 1831-Isaac Lundy and Jacob \Viedman; 1832-John Balsfred and Abraham Stover, sen'r; 1833-John Sharfer and Ludwick \Yiedman; 1834- \Yilliam Aikins and John Stover; 1835- Thomas Macklin and Andrew Clubine. In 1836 t e Act of the Provincial Legislature, passed the previous year, regulating municipal affairs came into force. Com- missioners took the place of the town wardens, and for the old-fashioned designation of "town" was substituted that of township, The first Com- missioners elected were Samuel Pearson, Joshua \Yilson and Ludwick \Viedman. Among other curious details which appear in the records, indicating the difference between the methods of those days and the present age, we find mention of " money raised by subscription to open and make a road between lots 25 and 26 in the 4th concession, and to make a certain piece of road on the 5th concession line." The total amount raised was [25 18s. Id., ten shillings being the usual figure of individual subscriptions, but John Bogart, jun'r, put down his name for [3. The account of the . . receipts and expenditures on the township roads for 1836 will also be of interest. It runs as follows: " Received of Ir. Cawthra, for gravel taken out of the highway, [I os. 6d., also from Thos. A. Teb, 7S. 6d" from T. Billings, jun'r, for wild land tax for the year 1834, [4 Igs. 7d. Received of Joshua \\ïlson, [I 15s, gratis, also of L. and D. Lang, 2S. 6d, gratis, likewise of :\Ir. Bogart, jun'r, 10 dollars, gratis. Paid for roadwork [+ 7S, 6d. Received of Thomas R, P,earson, in lieu of statute labour, [I; also of Solomon \Vamsley, [I 13s. gd., and Gabriel Lount, [3 2S. 6d,; J, \Yatson, 5S'; Samuel Pearson, 10S., and a number of others for the same. Dr. account, [18 IgS, 6d. Cr. account, [22 10S. Due to the township, [3 18s. +d," This indicates a considerable degree of public spirit among the settlers of that day, In this era the acknowledgment by municipal officials of amounts received " gratis" would cause considerable astonishment. In 1837 Joseph Pearson was chairman of the township meeting, and was appointed one of the Commissioners, the others being J olm :\ldcklin and Lli Gorham. A resolution was passed imposing a fine of [5-a pretty 154 The CCl/lIly of York. stiff penalty in those days-on anyone allowing the Canada thistle to grow on his farm. A project was broached in this year for the erection of a township hall, and the following were appointed a committee to fix a suit- able site and open a subscription list: Adam Gorham, John :M:illard, Simon Beels, Joshua \Vilson, Ezra Çlubine, Ludwick \Viedman, Eli Gorham, James Edmonson, Jacob Laing, J. Lloyd, jun'r, Thomas Macklin and J. Burkholder. The project, hO\'iever, fell through owing, no doubt, to the breaking out of the Rebellion. In the year 1838 it is stated that" there was no township meeting held, by order of the justices of the peace, in consequence of the Rebellion taking place about the same time; and the township officers for the year are to remain as they were in 1837, ehcept those commissioners known to be under bonds or implicated." In 1839 the old nomenclature of "wardens" seems to have been resumed in place of "commissioners," The chairman of township meet- ings and wardens for the next eleven years until the present system of municipal representation was adopted in 1850, were as follows: 1839- Chairman, Jo hua \Villson; wardens, Robert Fenton, Joshua \Villson, Isaac Lundy. 1840-Eli Gorham, chairman; Phil. Bogart, John i\Iiller, John }Iacklin, wardens. 18+1-1', \Yillson, chairman; P. Bogart, Benjamin Bozer, D, Hunter, wardens, 18+2-1', \Yillson, chairman; 1;3, Bozer, J. Dockler, sen'r, T. Hunt, wardens. 1843- T. \Yillson, chairman; T. \V. Collins, Jacob Clark, 1', Bozer, \Y. Graham, wardens, 1844-P, Pearson, chairman; T. :\lacklin, G, Bozer, T. Botsford, wardens, I 845-i\Iichael T. Empey, chairman; J, B. Colwell, C. Stouffer, Hugh Norman, wardens. 18+6-:\Iichael J. Empey, chairman; 1', Botsford, Henry \Viddifield, \V, Seaton, wardens. 1847-:\1. T. Empey, chairman; J. Cook, R. H. Smith, J. Patterson, wardens,. 18+8-J. Hewitt, chairman; 1', Pearson, J. Doherty, J. Iacklin, wardens, 1849-P. Pearson, chairman; J, Hunt, N clson Scott, John Hill, wardens. In 1850, under the present municipal organization, the council were as follows: Joseph Hartman, T. Pearson, J, }lacklin, E. \Viedman, and G. Playter. G, S. Hewitt was appointed township clerk, in place of J. Hewitt who resigned after holding the positiorf for about two years; Joseph Hartman was elected reeve, The following year the council comprised: J. \Yillson, G. Playter, J, Macklin, T. Pearson, and Henry \Veedman. In 1852 the members were: J, Hartman, R. \Veed- man, D. Smith, G. Playter and H.. Brodie, Mr. Hartman obtained the reeveship, which position he retained until his death in 1859, a resolution of respect and condolence being passed by the township ,council. John Ironside succeeded him in the reeveship, which he held until 1863, Among- those who have subsequently been thus honoured are Edward \Yheeler, Tile COllnty of York. 155 John Randolph, D. \Vheeler, and Maxson Jones. The latter was first elected reeye in 1874 and still occupies the position, The other officers for the year 188+ are: Charles J. Brodie, Bethesda, 1st deputy-reeve; Lot L, Hartman, Aurora, 2nd deputy-reeve; John Irwin, Ballantrae, and John Burkholder, Lemonville, councillors; Philip Jones, Bloomington, assessor; Stewart \Valker, Aurora, collector; J, \V. Collins, Newmarket P,O" clerk and treasurer. 1\1r. Collins has held the clerkship continuously for thirty-two years, the date of his appointment being 18 5 2 . Joseph Collins, his father, was one of the early pioneers, having come in from Pennsylvania when the country was a wilderness. He erected a grist mill-the first in the neighbourhood-on the site of the present Yillage of Uxbridge, and not long afterwards met his death by accident, The family are originally of \Velsh stock. On the maternal side, ::\1r. Collins is connected with the family of the Bogarts whose names occur so frequently in the annals of \Vhitchurch, who were also immigrants from Pennsylvania, but of Dutch c}..traction. The Town of Newmarket, the most important business centre ill the county outside Toronto, is in the north-,vestern corner of the township, and about four miles to the south-east, lying partly in King Township, is the incorporated Village of \urora, These places will be fully noticed elsewhere. They are r.onnected by the Northern Railway, which enters the township a short distance south of Aurora. The Lake Simcoe Junction Railway runs through the eastern portion of the township from Stouffville on the southern boundary northward, passing the Village of Ballantrae, where the township meetings are held, and Vivian. about a mile and a-half south of the Township of East Gwillimbury. Other villages are: Ringwood, a mile and a-half west of Stouffville; Lemonville, about two miles to the north-west of the latter place; Bethesda, in the centre of the township, about a mile and a-half north of the southern boundary; Bloomington, about two miles north of Stouffville; Pine Orchard, in thc northcll1 portion, and Pctcln-ille and \Vhite Rose lying to the east of .\urora, \Vhitchurch formed a portion of the North Riding of York for Parlia- mentary purposes until 1882, when the re-distribution of seats in the Dominion Parliament, popularly known as the "Gerrymander .\ct.," took place, by which this township, together with the Town of Newmarket and the Village of Stouffville, were detached from ): orth York, and made a portion of the Riding of \Vest Omario, \\-hitchurch has twelve school sections, and three union sections with houses in the township, and two with houses outside the township. o. I stands on lot 2 I in the 2nd concession, directly east from 15 6 The COU/lty of York. Aurora, The house is commanding situation, 35 on an average, o. 2, on lot 17 in the 3rd concession, near Van Nostrand's Mills, is a frame house in fair condition, surrounded by an unusually attractive lot of evergreen and hardwood shade trees, The teacher is Thomas McCormack. Attendance, 28, o. 3, the Bogarltown School, lot 31, near the centre, in the 3rd Average, 39, 0, 4, the Pine Orchard School, is a renovated frame house on lot 29 in the 4th concession. Robert 0, \Vhite is teacher. The average is 3 0 . No, 5, stands on the south side and near the middle of lot 3 I in the 8th concession. It is a new and good frame house, but badly situated in its yard. The teacher, l\Iiss A. Myers, has an average of 40, No.6, on the west end of lot 10, 3rd concession, is a new frame build- ing with comfortable furniture. The teacher is \Yilliam T. Stone. His average attendance is 22, o. 7, an old and unattractive frame house, stands on the north side of lot 5, near the centre, in the 3rd concession. Teacher, E, J. Smyth, At- tendance, 27' )J 0, 8, on the east end of lot 9, 5th concession, is a frame building, The teacher is l\lary E. Cook. Her average is 16. 1\ o. 9, the Lemonville School, stands on lot 8, 7th concession. It is a frame house, enlarged some years' ago, and supplied with modern desks and seats. Teacher, Alexander Marshall Hannah, The attendance averages 25, No, 10, Bloomington School, is a frame house, on the west end of lot 10, 9th concession. The average under the present teacher', Henry]. Hoidge, is 43. No. I I, known as the Ballantrae School, stands on the side road between the 8th and 9th concessions, on lot 2 I, I t is a double frame house. Teacher, Edwin Ball. Average, 40. No. 12, on the west end of lot 7, 5th concession, is a good brick structure, with dinner and hat rooms, in need of some repairs however. Teacher, Isaac Pike, Average, 3 2 . No, 2, union with Markham, known as the Ringwood School, is a brick structure of unusual pretentions, rapidly falling to ruin through defects in workmanship and neglect. The teacher is \Vellington H, \Yismer. The average for the \\'hitchurch part is 2+. a new, neat and substantial brick building in a The teacher is Henry Love. His attendance is a comfortable brick house, stands on conceSSIOn. Teacher, J, A. Sangster. The COllnty of York. 157 o, 3, union with King, known as the Brick School, Yonge Street, stands on lot 28, 1st concession, The main building is an old brick struc- hue-the addition is frame. Teacher, Joseph A. :\icPherson; assistant, Ellen Cody, Average-\Vhitchurch, 12, King, 30, No, I, union with East Gwillimbury, known as Shrubmount School, a small frame house, is situated on lot 35, 6th concession, Teacher, Agnes Brillinger. Her average-\Vhitchurch, 12, East Gwillimbury, II. 3 :-'_" c m (;2 " "'. 'L?.!' W , , h, -;7' ' ,>', -,tJ',t,. - -::, - h\ _ -"'0>. --...r.. '. " ""' .$ é-iQ -;:, ') - . 1 < , ': b!\-i I , , \. } 2/ ,",' ( ce =.:.y..-<: . -<.:...A u- \.': ::..:> THE TO\V SHIP OF GEORGINA. \. '\, \':J j ì\ . 'Ð--" . EORGI A was surveyed and settled at a date consIderably later (t " than the other townships of the county. According to the : original plan in the Surveyor-General's office it was laid out t <>-á, "r by 1\1r. Duncan McDonald. acting under instructions from Sur- <,V Q veyor-General Thomas Ridout in 1817. Settlement, however, had begun about two years previously. The first patents were issued in 1819. The name of the township was given in honour of George III. It is in the extreme north-east of the county, and is bounded on the north by Lake Simcoe, on the west by North Gwillimbury, on the south by Scott, and on the east by Brock, both the latter townships being in the County of Ontario, to which Georgina seems naturally by its location to belong rather than to York. The township comprises 34,996 acres, about two-thirds of the total area being settled. It has eight concessions running east and west, two of them broken by the lake, It is crossed by numerous ridges running south-west to north-east, the soil of the uplands being good agricultural land. while that of the depressions between the ridges is swampy, requiring drainage to render it cultivable. The swampy portion comprises about half the land in the township. One-fourth of the soil is heavy clay, and an equal area sand, the latter being principally found in the eastern section. The remainder is divided in nearly equal proportions between clay loam, sandy loam, gravel, and black loam. Rock of lower Silurian formation appears on the surface at Pefferlaw along the stream, and at Duclean Point, where the same stratum is exposed on the lake shore, Large boulders are deposited along the ridges, especially at their north-eastern termination, These are water-worn, and have evi- dently been conveyed to the spot by icebergs' when the country was submerged. The first-class land of the township, embracing about one- half the area, is valued at from $50 to $80 per acre; swamp lands bring about $10, - - - - , - -----=--- / , --- " - ' , ",,, , ,'\ \ l I _ 'I ( __- , =--= f , I? ,, _ - 'ì ,::-: , 'u - / - -, I, , . . __ ) Ii. r : : ;;. . :l "" ''', - - - - . ',\ :". ':':.-. ; ;...- {"", , ' -'- 'I 'J , I.- >-_ , - '" " : - '!? , '" i\ ; -- ;= -- ,:., , 1, ' "' =.. - , " '" - ::-.:.. -: "'- - ,- J - -,,:--':' \ ,," "0.. ...... ," ' . - r,o..... ... C,,, _ , . .,. . ' . ., . / , ,. "' ' ,I' ,,- ---- . II ::::::::::---.. " \ , "-, \\ \: '" " \ > ''' - -- - \ "-" - =-=- ., : \', ' < '-.. :==- ',:' ,e' ,-">- :i;;" UFFERIN. EARL D - :--.; . The COU1lty of York, 159 The list of the earlier patentees of the township includes the following:- I8Ig-Alexander Robbins, Rebecca Greangan, DQrothy Buck, l\Iichael Cryderman, Isaac Orser, George Snook, Joseph :\Iorden, jun'r, Abraham Lambert, John Deniell, Jane Deniell, \Vilhelm Dusenbery, Arnoldi Dorland, Jane Smith, Rebecca David, Margaret Baker, Gilbert Orser, John Dusen- bery, Jane Everitt, David Secord, David Burdett, Thomas Fairman, John Fralick, ancy Goldsmith, Nathaniel Hand, David Kinnaly, John McTag- gart, Elizabeth Hess, l\Iargaret Hess, Sarah Coleman, Deborah Osborn, John Phillips, James Phillips, :\Iary Phillips, Samuel Peak, Tenby Taylor, Abram Dafoe, John Goldsmith, David Goldsmith, l\Iary Tripp, John van Horn, Peter Bonner, Susannah Bennett, Joseph Kellar, John Young \Villiam Bouchier. I820-Angus :\IcDonald, alias Roy, Arah 1IcDonald, John McLennan, Donald Fraser. I82I-Susannah Lousuir, Henry A, E, Pilkington, l\Iargaret McDonnell. I822-John Comer, _\sa Smalley, John Peregrine, James Dorithy,james Johnson, \Villiam Carter, John Dusenbery, I82S-Philip \Yickwire, John King. I826-Charles Hay Howard, Thomas McKie, \Yilliam :\Iiller. I827-\Villiam Johnson, \Villiam Kimmerly, Anthony Trimper, Loal Hale. I828-Dayid Brady, James Donnell, I82g-Roche Ioffatt, \Villiam Crawford, Nenas Huntly. I830-..\mable Du Sang, James'Cumming, J. C. Bouchier. I83I-David Robertson, Benjamin Ritchie, Catherine Harvey. I 32-..\ndre\V \Yagner, Austin Huntly, I833-Neil Farman, Daniel Sullivan, Hugh Morrison. I83+-Abram Oldum, l{obert Johnson, Patrick Rock, Simeon Secord. I83s-George Augustus jack, John Elerbeck, Catherine Bogge, Dan. King, ::\:Iary Donahoe; Godfrey \Vheeler, James O'Brien Bouchier. I836-Chårles Henry Bernard, J, Hann, I838-George Playter. I83g-James ..\ppleton, Samuel Park. I840-\\ïlliam \V, Baldwin, \\ïlliam ..\llan, John Rae, John Finston, john Davis, \\ïlliam K. Rains, I843-Patrick Roche. Ið+s-Joseph Lyall, Thomas Allen Stayner, John Griffin, I846-Absalom Hurst. I8+8-Samuel Brook, \Villiam Dalie. IHso-Kenneth Cameron, II . 160 Tlte COllllty of Y"ork. The two earliest settlers in Georgina, so far as known, were Captain James O'Brien Bouchier and John Comer. The former commanded Fort Penetanguishene duping the war of 1812, and afterwards took up land like many other officers who retired on half-pay at the close of hostilities and became permanent settlers, The first white child born in the township was the daughter of John Comer, who lived to a good old age. Mr. Comer was the first assessor and collector of the municipality. Georgina was united for municipal purposes with the adjoining Township of North Gwillimbury until 1826, After the separation took place, the first town clerk elected was Alexander Craig Lawson, the first, and for some time the only, school teacher in the township, who held the clerkship for many years. The accessible records of the township are very scanty, and but little informatio..n is procur- able as to the early officials, The first reeve was Charles H, Howard, who held office during the years 1850-51. The position was filled in 1852 by James Bouchier, in 1853 by John Boyd, in 1854-55 by Samuel Park, in 1856 by \V. S, Turner. Angus Ego, the present township clerk, succeeded him, and continued in office for the six years 1857-62, and after an interval of one year, during which Archibald Ridùell filled the chair, was again chosen for 1864-65. Then Archibald Riddell had a six years term, and \yas followed by Donald McDonald, who presided over the council for five years consecutively. James \.nderson was chosen in 1877, and re-elected in 1878, 1\1r. Ego was township clerk and treasurer from 1872 until 1877, when John Guben was chosen clerk and George Evans, jun'r, treasurer. In 1878 P. l\IcPherson was clerk. Angus Ego wa!;) re-elected township clerk in 1881. The officials for 1884 are as follows :-Reeve, J. R. Steyen- son, Georgina; deputy-reeve, Henry Park, Vochill; councillors, John Kay, ::\Iark Kay and Christopher Raynard; treasurer, George Evans, jun'r; collector, George Lake; assessor, \Vm, E. Tomlinson; auditors, Alexander \Villiams and \Yilliam Fry, In 1842 Georgina contained 586 inhabitants, Tlie population in 1850 had increased to 946, In 1871 the number was 1,987. \Vhiie most of the townships of this county have decreased in population during the decade 1871-81, Georgina shdws an increase of about one-fifth, the number of inhabitants, according to the last census,' being 2,482, Of these 2,039 are native Canadians. The occupiers of land number 298; occupants, who are also proprietors, are 216 in number. The total area in occupation is 29,469 acres, of which 16,938 acres are improved, The portion of this under tillage is 13,109 acres, 3,514 acres being grazing lands, and 315 acres gardens and orchards, The returns of agricultural produce for 1849 gave the following figures The COUllty of York. 161 in round numbers :-13,000 bushels of wheat, 8 000 bushels of oats, 3,000 bushels of peas, 9,000 bushels of potatoes, and 9,000 bushels of turnips, The Dominion census of 1881 gives the following as the yield of the staple crops :-\Vheat, 39,467 bushels; barley, 13,769 bushels; oats, 70,261 bushels; peas and beans, 22,4-26 bushels; potatoes, 25,304- bushels; turnips, 78,583 bushels, and hay 2,196 tons. As closely as can be ascertained, the acreage of agricultural land is distributed among the leading crops in the following proportions :-Fall wheat, 10 per cent.; spring wheat, 20 per cent.; barley, 5 per cent.; oats, 8 per cent.; peas, 6 per cent.; potatoes, I per cent.; turnips, 2 per cent.; hay 10 per cent.; pasturage, 30 per cent,; orchard, I per cent. The land yet uncleared, about one-third of the total area, is timbered with hemlock, hardwood, cedar and tamarack: The live stock of the township in 18S1 included 1,684- head of cattle, 823 horses, 1,4-85 sheep and 606 hogs. The varieties most extensively raised are heavy draught horses and ordif1ary cattle, The quantity of thoroughbred stock raised in the township is small, but increasing, Among those who are owners of Durham cattle may be mentioned John L. Howard and J ames Baine. Sutton, also known as Georgina, the latter being the name of the post- office, is the principal village in the township. It was origmally called " Bouchier's :Mills," and owes its origin to the enterprise of Captain James O'Brien Bouchier before referred to, who established a flouring mill and factories, and did a great deal in other ways to build up the village as a centre of population. Sutton is located on the Black River, about three .. miles from Lake Simcoe, and on the western boundary of the township. It has about 700 inhabitants, and is in a flourishing condition. The Church of England and Presbyterian bodies have places of worship here. Smith, the author of " Canada: Past, Present arid Future," states that in 18 5 1 Sutton contained a grist and saw mill, a carding and fulling mill, a tannery, and a new cloth factory in course of erection. Óf these only the saw and flouring mill are now in operation, and no new industries have taken their place. The tendency of our modern manufacturing system is all in the direction of centralization in the larger towns and cities, and the smaller factories which used to build up the country villages are becoming either abandoned or transferred to the great industrial centres. Jackson's Point, which lies about a mile and a half to the north of Sutton, a picturesquely wooded headland, is the terminus of the Lake Simcoe Junction Railway, It is a favourite resort for excursion parties, as in addition to the beauties of the scenery it has the attraction of boating and fishing, and there are frequent steamboat trips to Belle Ewart, distant 162 The COU1lty of York. about ten miles, and to other points on the lake. The other villages are Port Bolster, situated, as its name indicates, on the lake, at the extreme north- eastern angle of the township; Virginia, about midway between this point and Sutton, a mile or so distant from Lake Simcoe; Pefferlaw, in the eastern portion of tkle township, about three miles south-west of Port Bolster, and Vachell and Baldwin, in the western part of the township. In the south-eastern corner of the township there are three small lakes con- necting with the stream which reaches Lake Simcoe near Port Bolster, and there is also another near Pefferla w. Georgina contains six sections, with seven Public schools. No. I, a union with North Gwillimbury, is situated in the Village of Sutton, the terminus of the Lake Simcoe Branch of the Midland Railway, now a part of the Grand Trunk system. '{he building is a handsome and substantial brick structure, with rooms for three teachers. The Principal is Robert Sanderson, whose well-directed labours have secured for his pupils several third and intermediate certificates, as well as a large number for entrance to High Schools. The average attendance is about 120. No, 2 is situated on the line running east from Sutton, at about four miles distance, on the south-east corner of the farm of George Evans, Esq., the township treasurer. It is a large frame house, and the average attend- ance is about 44, Miss S, Tomlinson is the teacher. NO.3, the school of the fertile and attractive district known as Egypt, is situated about two miles east of the Baldwin station of the Lake Simcoe Railway, and about four south-east of Sutton. It is a large frame house, with rooms for two teachers, of whom the present headmaster is George A, Cole, For years this school has held a foremost place for efficiency. The average attendance is ab9ut 56. The assistant is Saidie Cameron. NO.4, cal1ed the Pe fferl a w School, stands about half a mile south of the Black Rive( Bridge, on the same line as No.2, and about seven miles from Sutton. I t is a mile north of the Village of Pefferla w. I t is a new and good frame structure, The average attendance is 47, Thomas A, Wilson is the present teacher. NO.5, the U dora School, is situated three-quarters of a mile north of U ora, on the base-line, and in the south-east corner of the township. The house is a new and comfortable frame building. The average a-ttendance is about 30, and the teacher is Miss Maggie Thomas, Sub-section NO.5 is a division of NO.5, with a new frame house, about two miles to the west of NO.5. At present it is only kept open for six months of the year, but when paid for, artd the liberal sentiments of the whole section are a little more developed, the children of the western part The County of York. 1.63 of the section will be as well provided for as those of the eastern, l\Iiss Orphea Birdsall was employed during the first half of 1884, No, 6, or Cedarvale School, is situated on the base-line, a mile and three-quarters south of the Egypt School, from which it is a recent offshoot. The house is a new and substantial frame building. The teacher, l\Iiss Bertha Appleton, has an average attendance of 36. THE TOvVNSHIP OF ORTH G\VILLIl\IBURY. .... I' . ,(j '. ', . r ORTH G\VILLIMBURY is the smallest township in the county, r . ': both in area and population. It comprises 2g,OII acres, and ..;.. ' 'J according to the last census has 2,15 1 inhabitants. It is bounded , 7'd by Lake Simcoe to the north, East Gwillimbury to the south, :!:.' Cooke's Bay to the west, and Georgina to the east. The con- cessions, of which there are eight, are numbered eastward from Y onge Street, though the first concession only comprises a few lots in a little strip of land south of Cooke's Bay, and the second has a broken front, 'the water encroaching in some places upon the third con. cession. The eighth concession is also deficient, as the rear line does not run parallel with Y onge Street, but due north and south, North Gwillim- bury was first settled early in the present century. The earliest patent is one dated in 1800. The following is a list of some of the patentees:- 1800-J, Ozburn, 1803-James Roche, Isaac \Villcox, Garrett Vanzante, Antoine La- palme, Ann \ V oodcock. 1804-Antoine German Bertrand, Hon. James Baby, \Villiam Smalley, John :\Iardoff. 1805-Levi Bales, \Villiam Garner, Frederick Sprague, 1806-Edward Heazel, Calvin Ennes, Joseph Quarry, Ira Gardiner, Quetton de St. George, Samuel Lawrence, Benjamin Reynolds, Alice Cook, Mary Rogers, Cornelius Ryckman, Joseph \Villson, Catharine \Vesbour, Magdalene Allair, Frederick Augustus Goring, Elizabeth Veemer, Eliza Forfar, Benjamin Cozens, Simon Montross, James Gromer, Rev, Patrick. 1807-John Small, Peter Anderson, Alexander \Vood, David Bishop \Varren, Ann Sherrard, Lieut-Col. Augustin Boiton, Le Chevalier de Mariscal, John Conrad l\Iiller, James Davidson. The County of York. 16 5 ISOS- Jean Louis, Vicomte de Chalus, Samuel :\Ioody Kinsal, Lina Curlett, Catherine Osborne, Levi Sherwood, George Bond, Margaret Iunday, ...\ndrew Bigham, Sarah Foder. ISog-Esther Dennison. ISIS-D. l\Iann. ISIS-Eli l\IcDonnell. IS20-Peter Anderson, Darius 1\Iann. IS21-l\Iargaret IcDonnell. 1822-D, Cox. IS23-Rachel \Volcott. IS2s-Alexander Kennedy. 1828-John \\"inch, \Yilliam Powell, Henry E. Kichols. 1833-David Sprague. 1835-Louis Fontaine. 1836-Thomas Iossington, Elisha l\Iitchell. IS3g-James Rose, 18+0-Ephraim Holland Payson, Rev. John Roaf, J, B. Sprague, IS42-Arad Smalley. 1845-George Tomlinson. IS46- \Yilliam Iesin, 18+7-Andrcw \\ïlloughby, 18 57- John Gaedike. 1862-Silas B. Fourhonson. \bout one-third of tne total area of North Gwilliamþury, in the northern and western parts, is flat, low-lying land, a large portion of which is swampy, Three thousand acres are stony, and the remainder is undulat- ing cultivable land, Heavy clay and sandy loam are the predominant characteristics of the soil, but there are considerable areas of clay loam and sand, and smaller tracts of gravel and black loam. The proportions of first, second, and third-class land are about equal. The values range from 50 to $So for first-class land, $25 to $50 for second-class, and IO to $25 for third-class farms. About two-thirds of the farms are under first-class fences, and the dwellings are half of the first-class and the remainder inferior. A very small proportion of the land has heen improved by under- drainage. The proportion of land devoted to the principal items of agri- cultural produce is as follows :-Fall wheat, one-tenth; spring wheat, one- third; barley, one-tenth; oats, one-tenth; peas, one-twentieth; potatoes one one - hundred - and - fiftieth; turnips, onc - hundredth; hay, one - tenth; pasturage. one-fifth. The yield pcr acre as nearly as can be calculated is as follows :-Fall wheat, 20 bushels; spring wheat, 15 bushels; barley, 25 166 The C01 llty of Y01'k. bushels; oats, 35 bushels; peas, 20 bushels.; potatoes, 100 bushels; turnips. 500 bushels; hay, one ton. About one-twenty-fifth of the whole area is still wooded. There is but little impro,'ed live stock in the township. The returns for 1881 show 1,75+ head of cattle, 1,306 horses, 1,594 sheep, and 784 hogs, The early records of the township show that in 1821 the number of the inhabitants of North Gwillimbury and Georgina were 272, In 1822 the population of the two townships had increased to 31+-in 1823 it was 339, North Gwillimbury, in 1842, contained 697 inhabitants-in 1850 the num- ber was 1,172. The census of 1871 showed a population of 2,304, which. as in most of the townships, has fallen off somewhat during the last decade, the census of 1881 giving the number as 2,151. Of this number 1,869 are of Canadian birth, The agricultural products of 1849 included 26,000 bushels of wheat, 13,000 bushels of oats, 5,000 bushels of peas, 13,000 bushels of potatoes, and 10,000 bushels of turnips, In 1881 the yield amounted to 53,168 bushels of wheat, 22,921 bushels of barley, 76,720 bushels of oats, 20,843 bushels of peas and beans, 24,367 bushels of potatoes, 26,833 bushels of turnips, and 2,692 tons of hay. The occupiers of land number 335, of whom 224 own the soil, the total area in occupation being 28,783 acres, of which 19,106 acres are improved land. The area devoted to field crops is 1+,763 acres, 3,826 acres being pasture, and 5 I 7 gardens and orchards. The to\-Xnships of North Gwillimbury and Georginá were united for some time, The officials for the united townships for 1822 were as follows: -Arad Smalley, town clerk; Holland A. Payson and Alexander Lawson, assessors; Joshua Utler, collector; Erastus Smalley, Asa Crittenden, George \Villiams, Daniel Mann, Zenas Hentley, Fountain D, Hunter, and \Villiam Carter, path-masters; Silas Emes and L. Hale, pound-keepers; \Villiam Crittenden and Joseph Lile, town wardens, In 1823 Arad Smalley was town clerk; Asa Smalley and Benjamin Jefferson, assessors; H, H. Payson, collector, and Joel Draper and Simeon Iartin, town wardens, The town wardens for 1824 were Jacob Draper and J. Donald- for 1825, John Comer and Squire Martin, In 1826 the Township of Georgina was separated from North Gwillimbury, and the record of muni- cipal proceedings thenceforward relates to the latter township only. In 1827 Joel Draper and David Mann were town wardens; Silas Emes, assessor; John Prossor, collector, and Arad Small y, town clerk. In 1828 David Sprague became township clerk, an office which he retained until 1842. James Crittenden and Ephraim \V, Payson were town wardens for The County of York. 16 7 the former year. The town wardens for some years following were as follows: 1829-David Sprague and Noah Gager; 1830-Joseph Rose and l\Iartin \Yariner; 1831- J. Rose and Squire l\Iartin; 1832-Abraham Sedore and Atlstin Huntley; 1833-N, Gager and Joel Draper; 18 34-- Silas Emes and Israel Bennett; 1835-J. Ross and E, \Villoughby. In 1836 the municipal system underwent some changes. D. Sprague, B. \V. Smith, John Prossor and Justin Hatfield were chosen commission- ers. In 1837 the commissioners were Justin Hatfield, Isaac Bennett and Peter Bilder. A memorandum dated 1st of January, 1838, is as follows: " In consequence of the Rebellion which broke out on the 4th of last Decem- ber no township meeting took place this day. The township officers of last year therefore remain in their various offices during the year. Da vid Sprague, town clerk." The records contain a minute of a special session of the magistrates for the division of North Gwillimbury and Georgina, held at Xorth Gwillimbury on the 16th April, 1838, bearing the signatures of Arad Smalley, J.P., and Thomas Mossington, J.P. In 18 39 Qliver Barton, N, Gager, and D, Sprague, sen'r, were town wardens. There was another special session of magistrates of the two townships this year at which .\rad Smalley, James D. Boucher, of Georgina, Thomas lYlossington, and Simon Lee were present. In 18+0 the town wardens were Silas Emcs, J, Bennett, and G, D. Earl; in 18+1, D. Sprague, sen'r, and George D. Earl; 1842, J. Carbett, Silas Emes, and George \\'. Chipperfield. In this year David Dawson was appointed town clerk in place of J\Ir, Sprague, and retained the position nntil his death, in 1846, when Ir. Sprague was again chosen to the office, The town wardens for 18+3 were G, D. Earl, G. \Y. Chipperfield, and J. Benñett, In 18++ the Home Dist.rict Council was organized, Isaac Bennett being chosen councilman for the township. The town wardens for this year were, G. \Y. Chipperfield, N. Gager, and D, Spra ue, sen'r. The town wardens for the remaining years during which this office existed were as follows: 18+5-JI. Huntly, Austin Huntly, Simeon Huntly: 18+6-T. :\Iossington, Israel Shepherd, J, Chipperfield; 18+7-Cornelius Silver, \Villiam L. T, Corbett, G. D, Earl; 18+8-John Prossor, Hugh H, \Vtlson, Silas Emes; 18+g-Nicholas Bennett, Robert Anderson, S. Sprague, sen'r. In 1850 it is recorded that the first meeting of the municipal council of the township took place on the 22nd of January, at Dughill school house, Isaac Bennett being reeve, and 1\Ies5rs. J, Prossor, \rad Shepherd, J. l\Iorton, and D, Sprague, councillors, and Richd.rd Sheppard, township clerk. Thomas 1\lossington became reevc thc following YCle building was illuminated, The belief of David \Villson -and his followers seems to be one about midway between that of the old Jewish belief and that of the Quakers, and flourished up to about 1840, when, it is thought, nearly 200 souls gathered there for worship. In the year 1843 they built their largest house of worship, called the Town ::\Ieeting-house, The building has a frontage of 100 feet, and a depth of fifty feet. It is of much the same style of architecture as the one already described, and is sur- rounded by a colonnade or row of pillars about four feet from the building. They are arched between, forming a sort of balustrade around the entire edifice. The two buildings seem to represent in a way the Old and New Testament, as inside there is a central colonnade, and upon each of the pillars is engraved the names of the' principal characters in the Old Testa- The COltllty of York. 177 ment; and on the corresponding pillars in the temple are the names of the twelve apostles, and the four central ones are made to represent Faith, Hope, Love and Charity. One of the principal points of difference with the Friends was the introduction of music. This was made a principal feature, and there was at one time at this place one of the finest silver bands in the Province, At the time of the harvest feast the people gathered from near and far, assembling in the Lower Meeting-house, where tables were already spread with every dainty the country afforded. They then marched in procession to the Temple, headed by the band, where an especial half-yearly service wa held; afterwards returning to the Lower House, where feasting and good cheer prevailed, This people have be n friends of an honest and economical administration of Government, and were strongly opposed to the Family Compact. Several of them were with 11r. Mackenzie in 1837, The Patriarch was not; yet he and his two sons were arrested and taken from their homes. The father was soon after released, but the two sons (Hugh D. and John D., who are the only sur- viving members of the family, and now fourscore years or more) were confined each five months in Toronto jail; and the former was then taken to Kingston, where a further incarceration of seven months was endured. Although styled the Children of Peace, and for many years a most har- monious body, dissensions have at last arisen, and the congregation has diminished from time to time, until scarcely a dozen families assemble on the Lord's day; yet we deem it not more than justice to this worthy people, many of whom are now departed to the Land of the Children of Peace, to say that a more intelligent, well-to-do and moral people can not be found throughout the length and breadth of the land." Mr. \Villson died in 1866, at the good old age of eighty-nine years and seven months, his son taking his place as head of the sect, the members whereof still retain many of their peculiarities. . East Gwillimbury contributed largely towards the rising in 1837. One of the most prominent leaders of the agitation-the patriotic and ill-fated Samuel Lount-resided near Holland Landing. He was appointed to a cOlllmand in the insurrectionary force a short time before the outbreak, and one of the principal causes for the miscarriage of the movement was the nlisunderstanding between Mackenzie, Dr. Rolph and himself as to the day upon which the rising was to take place. He organized the movement in the north-eastern part of the county, and raised about eighty or ninety men, who were the first to begin operations in Upper Canada, and bore the brunt of the fighting in the neighbourhood of Toronto. 1\1r. Lount \vas a blacksmith by trade, and many of the pikes which formed the only arms liS Tlte CClt1lty of York. procurable by a large portion of his followers were of his manufacture, He was captured on the 18th of January, 1838, and was sacrificed to the blood-thirsty vindictiveness of the Government, being executed on the 12th of April, 1838, Other villages in the township, in addition to those already mentioned, are: Queensville, about four miles north of Sharon; Ravenshoe, on the northern boundary, five miles east of Y onge Street; and Hartman, Holt, and Mount Albert, in the south-eastern part of the township. The last named village, which has a population of about 380, is a station on the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, which runs northward within a short distance of the eastern boundary, East Gwillimbury has fourteen school-houses and two unions with other townships. No, 1 stands on lot 5 (or 100) on Yonge Street, co'ncession I, west. It is a good frame structure. The average attendance from East Gwillimbury is 20, from the part of King therewith united, 5, The teacher is Robert Irwin Terry. No, 2 stands on lot 30, in the 3rd concession, two miles north of Queensville. It is an attractive and comfortable frame building, The average attendance is 27. It is in charge of Henry Johnston, NO.3 is built of brick, on the west end of lot 10, in the 2nd concession, The average attendance is 14' Miss Frances Kelty is the teacher. NO.4 is situated on the east end of lot 9, in the 2nd concession, on Queen Street, a little south of Sharon. It is a roomy and comfortable, though not modern, frame buIlding, well kept and furnished, The teacher is Ira D. Breals. The average attendance is 40, NO.5, on lot 20, in the 3rd concession, is in Queensville, a double frame house, comfortab,le in furnishing and accommodation. Only one teacher, Robert price, is at present employed. Average, 50. No.6, the Eastville School, is situated on the east end of lot 13, in the 6th concession. It is an old frame building, enlarged to meet legal require- ments, not well furnished according to later ideas, but fairly comfortable. The teacher is George \Velsh, The attendance averages 30. NO.7 is on the south-west corner of lot 8, in the 4th concession, It is a recent brick structure of good appearance and fair comfort. The teacher is \Yilliam L. Bond. The average is 23' No.8 is also on Union Street, east end of lot 20, in the 3rd concession, It is a fairly preserved frame house, well lighted and ventilated, '\vith good furniture recently introduced. The average is 35. Teacher, Miss Lizzie Ross. The COU1lty of York. Ii9 NO.9, on the east end of lot 30, in the 3rd concession, on Union Street, is an oldish frame building, rather poorly furnished and situated, The teacher is Hattie E. Lewis, Her attendance is IS' No. 10 is located near the centre of lot 29, in the Sth concession, on its south side, The building is a plain frame house, with only moderately comfortable furnishings. NIiss Eliza Sheppard, the teacher, has an average attendance of 32. No; II, a recently built frame house, is situated on the west end of lot 14, in the Sth concession, on Silver Street. The attendance averages 2S. Teacher, Minnie Steele, No. 12, a new school in the Ridges, is a frame building on lot 26, in the 8th concession. Miss Jessie Toole is the teacher. The average is 10. Owing to the poor soil and the surrounding swamps this is one of the' weakest sections in the inspectorate, . No. 13, situated on lot 16, in the 8th concession, is directly north of Mount Albert, about three-quarters of a mile. The house is a frame struc- ture, having two apartments. Mr. James A. Breuls and Miss 1\1. Smith are the teachers, The average attendance is 60. No. 14, a large, but badly kept, frame house, stands on lot S' in the 8th concession, a mile and a quarter south of Mount Albert. The teacher, l\Iiss McPhail, has an average of 2S' t . . - , l' -,--:....--1 THE TO\VN OF NE\Vl\IARKET, \t <:D . 'r E\Y-:\lARKET is the only town in the County of York, and is a r. ,.. ',.-; place of historical and commercial importance. It is situated , \ in the Township of \Yhitchurch, close to the northern boundary, , and a short distance east of Y onge Street. It is about twenty- ;' eight miles from'Toronto, with which it has communication by -<ë. th Northern Railway. Newmarket became a centre of trade at a comparatively early period. The foundation of its prosperity was laid by Elisha Beaman, who came here from New York State in r806, and.established mills and stores. Other pioneers of industry were Mordecai ::\Iillard, who, about the same time, built mills upon a branch of the Holland River, and Joseph Hill, who started a tannery. A great impetus was given to its growth by the advent of Peter Robinson, who purchased a mill in r8r2, and went extensively into business. In r8r4, according to the testi- mony of one of the early settlers, there were two frame and several log buildings in the village. ì\Ir, Robinson occupied one of the frame houses, and Timothy Millard, who was in his employ as miller, the other. Ir. Robinson afterwards became one of the representatives of York and Simcoe in the Provincial Parliament, and was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands in r827, His brother, \V. B, Robinson, also resident in Newmarket, attained Parliamentary honours likewise. The Robinsons were famous for their open-handed hospitality. Among the distinguished guests whom they entertained were Sir John Franklin, Sir John Ross and Captain Jack, the Arctic explorers, Their old time residence was one of the landmarks of the village until carried away by a freshet in r878, The convenience of doing their trading at Newmarket, instead of taking their produce to York to exchange it for supplies, was appreciated by the settlers in the neighbour- hood. As trade sprang up, the name of" Kewmarket" gradually came into use as an appropriate designation for this outpost of traffic. The COU1lty of York. ISI One of the earliest settlers, who survived until a recent period. was \Yilliam Roe, who, for over forty years, was postmaster of the village. :\11'. Roe was born at Detroit, while it was in the possession of the British, his father being an Englisþman from London. \Vhen in pursuance of treaty stipulations, Detroit was handed over to the Americans, it was l\1r. Roe, sen'r, who officially delivered the key of the fort to the officer of the United States deputed to recei,ve it. He and his family afterwards removed to \Vindsor, where he died. John Loughton, l\Ir. Roe's maternal grandfather, as a naval officer took an important part in the capture of Quebec. In 1807 \Yilliam Roe came to York. During the war of 1812, he was instrumental in concealing from the invading American force, under General 'Dearborn and Commodore Chauncey, a large portion of the conterits of the public treasury, He was at that time employed in the office of the Receiyer- General, and by the order of the Government he buried three bags of gold and a quantity of army-bills, on the farm of Chief Justice Ròbinson, on the Kingston Road, The enemy afterwards. secured the bills, þut the gold was safely restored to the authorities by -:\1r. Roe when the Americans had with- drawn. He also removed the iron chest of the Receiver-General's office to the house of Donald l\IcLean, Clerk of the Assembly. The latter was killed in battle, and his house phmdered, about one thousand silver dollars being taken from the chest. After the war, l\Ir. Roe removed to Newmarket, where, in partnership with Andrew Borland, he was engaged for many years in the fur trade. The Indians at that time came to Newmarket in large numbers to exchange their peltries for supplies, These parties sometimes numbered as many as three or four hundred, and the value and extent of the trade may be realized from the fact that sometimes :\Iessrs, Roe and Borland obtained fnrs at one time amounting to fifty thousand dollars. Ir. Roe died in April, 1879, at the age of eighty-four. :\Ir. Andrew Borland, who was associated with him in the fur trade, was in active sen'ice during the war of 1812, He was made prisoner by the Americans when York was taken in 1813, but his capture was not effected before he had received six wounds, the results of which he con- tinued to experience for the remainder of his life, He also participated in the. battles of Queenston and Detroit. The Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada, at a meeting held on the 11th of June, 1813, voted him a donation of sixty dollars, in the words of the report, H for his patriotic and eminent services at Dctroit, Queenston and York, at which latter place he was severely woundcd," The petition to the society reqncsting this g-rant to be made was presented by D' \rcy Boulton, in whose employmcot Ir, . 182 Tile COU1lty of York. . Borland had been. The latter afterwards recei\red a pension of twenty pounds a year. The troubles of 1837-8 found Mr. Borland still ready to take up arms in defence of his country, He was placed in command of two hundred Indians, who were stationed at Holland Landing, but their ser- vices were not needed, Mr. Borland had a thorough knowledge of the Indian character, as well as of the language of the neighbouring tribes, and had acquired considerable influence over them. Another of the more conspicuous names among the early settlers is that of l\Ir. John Cawthra, who, with his brother Jonathan, was at the front during the \Var of 1812, and was engaged at Queenst(;m and Detroit. He was subsequently in business at N ewmarket for a considerable time, and was elected Iember of Parliament. ewmarket was one of the centres of the. agitation against the Family Compact, which preceded the insurrection of 1837. The first of the series of public meetings held by l\Ir. Mackenzie throughout the country, in pur- suance of his scheme for organizing the Reformers of Upper Canada, was held hère on the 3rd of August, 1837- After l\Ir. Mackenzie had spoken for an hour and a-half, resolutions were passed approving of the Toronto Declaration of Independence, and declaring that the constitution was" con- tinually violated and trampled upon by the Executive, and countenanced by the Colonial Office and the English Parliament." The resolutions also pledged the meeting to abstain, as far as possible, from the consumption of articles upon which a duty was imposed, and to unite with the Lower Can- adians, whose cause was declared to be the cause of 'C pper Canada, "in every practicable measure for the maintenance of civil and religious liberty," Delegates were appointed to the convention which it was proposed to hold in Toronto, These were Samuel Lount, afterwards executed for his partici- pation in the rising; Nelson Gorham, who was also involved, and who sought refuge for a long time in the United States; Silas Fletcher, another refugee; Jeremiah Graham, and John l\IcIntosh, M,P,P, The latter, although com- mitted to the insurrection, was never called to account for his participation in the preliminary movements, The Ne\\nnarket meeting resulted in the formation of a political association and a vigilance committee, At Lount's suggestion, three cheers for Papineau and the Lower Canadian Reformers were given, and when Lieutenant Carthew, an ex-officer of the British army, called on those opposed to Papineau to separate themselves by moving to the right, he was followed by only two persons, ewmarket in 1851 was described by \V. H. Smith, in his" Canada: Past, Present and Future," as" a considerable village, containing nearly eight hundred inhabitants. It has been long settled, and to tell the truth, . . The County of York. 18 3 it has rather an old-fashioned look about it. It is divided into two distinct positions, at some little distance from each other, . The east branch of the Holland River runs through the village, and two grist mills are erected on it. There are also in N ewmarket a foundry, tannery and brewery; seven churches: Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, \Vesleyan-Methodist, Baptist, Christian, and Roman Catholic; a court-house and a grammar- school. Newmarket is situated in a fine section of country, and IS sur- rounded by excellent farms," The first Episcopal church in Newmarket was built in 1834. It was an unpretentious frame structure, to which, some time afterwards, a school room and two transepts were added. The first clergyman to hold serVIce in this church was the Rev, l\Ir. \Villiams, who was followed by the Rev. (now Canon) Ritchie, Both of these were travelling missionaries, Rev. Robert Taylor was the first incumbent of the church, His successor was the Rev, George Street. In 1848 Rev, Canon Ramsay became incumbent, and continued in charge for twenty-four years, during which period Aurora anù Holland Landing were made distinct missions, anù N ewmarket became a parish, In 1873 Rev. Dr, Tremayne succeeded to the pastoral office, and on his resignation the Rev, Canon Givins temporarily supplied the vacancy for a year. The Rev. H. B. Owen was appointed incumbent in J UIle, 18 79. The present rector, the Rev. Albert \V, Spragge succeeded him in May, 1882. The old frame building was demolished in the summer of 1883 in order to make way for the erection of a substantial stone edifice in its place, On the 26th June, IR84, fifty years after the building of the old chlirch, the corner-stone of the new structure of St. Paul's Church was laid in the presence of a large assemblage by l\Iiss Rosamond Iulock, assisted by the church officers, in accordance with the customary cere- monies observed by the Church of England, Addresses were delivered hy the Rev, \V, \V. Bates, Thornhill, l\Ir, Clark, of Dolton, the Rev. Albert \Y. Spragge, rector of the Church, \Villiam :\Iulock, l\I,P., Lieutenant Armstrong, of King, and others, The new church will be a handsome huildin , with sitting accommodation for three hundred people in the IM\-C. Newmarket possesses a flourishing l\Iechanics' Institute, which was incorporatc<.l in 1856. It has thirty-five memhers, and 82 volumes in the library, the number of volumes issued last business year being 810, It has received since 1869 Government grants amounting to $72 I. fhere dre Ì\\ 0 excellent weekly journals published in the town-the Newmarket Era and the Nortlt York Reformer-the latter, as the name implies, being an ex- ponent of Liheral views, while the fonner, though of similar tendencics, i,s non-partisan. IS-+ TIlc COUllty of York. The town was former;yembraced within the Parliamentary constitu- ency of N orth York for Dominion as well as Provincial electoral purposes, but the Dominion re-distribution measure of 1882 detached it from that Riding, and constituted it, together with \Vhitchurch Township and the Village of Stouffville, a portion of \Vest Ontario. The incorporation of Newmarket as a village took place in 1857- The following were the first officials :-Donald Sutherland, reeve; George H. Bache, E, Jackson, \Villiam Roe and \Villiam \Vallis, councillors; Edwin P. Irwin, clerk, and \Villiam Trent, treasurer. In 1880, Newmarket was incorporated as a town with three wards: St. George's, St. Andrew's and St. Patrick's, The officials for 1884 are as follows :-\Villiam Crane, mayor; Erastus Jackson, reeve; Thomas H. Lloyd, deputy-reeye; H. S. Crane, elson Johnson, B. T. Reesor, T. G. Robertson, John Eves, Dr. Stanley Scott, John H. :\lillard, \Villiam Bowden and John Gascoigne, councillors; David Lloyd, town clerk and treasurer. The population was 1,760 accord- ing to the census of 1871-in 1881 it had inc;reased to 2,006, Among the prominent architectural features of the town is the high school, which is a handsome brick building, situated in a conspicuous position upon a hill. :\Ir. J, E, Dickson, B.A., of Toronto University, is head-master. It has a favourable reputation for thoroughness and efficiency, and many of its graduates have attained leading positions in the country. The ::\Iodel or Public School consists of a large one-story frame building with three wings, furnishing accommodation for the Principal, \Yilliam Rannie, and three assistants, George Rose, Annie Birnie, and Jennie Fidell, There is also a Model Class Room, where students-in- training receive instruction, The spacious grounds are much improved by plank walks and flower-beds in front of the building and shade trees. The average attendance here is about 150. The Primary, conducted by :\Iiss Johnston, is a good frame building in the western part of the town, with an average of about forty pupils in the first two books. THE VILLAGE OF AURORA. . .... :-;? ._ ;l . t fj, U RO.R..:-\., being situat d on y on e Street, abou twenty:fi:ve miles ê north of Toronto, lIes partly In the TownshIp o f \\ h Itchurch J ì and partly in King. It is the largest village i th e- co tiñty,t:l"ie population, according to the census of 1881, being 1,5+0, It was formerly known as I\lachell's Corners, and in 1851 the num- ber of inhabitants was estimated at about a hundred. In 1871 the population numbered 1,132. Aurora was incorporated as a village on January 1st, 1863, the first municipal officials being Charles Doan, reeve; Seth Ashton, Robert Boyd, James Halladay and G, S. Stevenson, councillors; Charles York, clerk and treasurer. The officials for 1884 are, A. Yule, reeve; \Villiam Ough, deputy reeve, and S, H, Lundy, clerk and treasurer. One of the most noteworthy events in the history of the village was the delivery of Mr. Edward Blake's celebrated "Aurora Speech," at a political demonstration held here on the 3rd of October, 1874, which waS intended to foreshadow a new departure in the Liberal policy, and caused much political controversy at the tÍlne. The gathering took place in the drill shed at the head of l\Ioseley Street, about 2,000 persons being present. The chairman of the meeting was l\Ir. Nelson Gorham, of Newmarket, a veteran Reformer, who in his younger days took a prominent part in connection with l\Iackenzie's immrrection. 1\1r. Blake, in what he then described as a "disturbing speech," took strong ground in fa\-our of the encouragement of Canadian national sentiment, and the assertion by Cana- dÍans of the right to more complete self-government than hitherto accorded them. On this point he said: "For my own part, I believe that while it was not unnatural, not unreasonable, pending that process of development which has been going on in our new and sparsely-settled country, that we should have been quite 186 The COUllty of York. willing-we, so few in numbers, so busied in our local concerns, so engaged in subduing the earth and settling up the country-to leave the cares and privileges to which I haye referred in the hands of the parent State, the time will come when that national spirit which has been spoken of will be truly felt amongst us, when we shall realize that we are four millions of Britons who are not free; when we shall be ready to take up that freedom, and to ask what the late Prime Minister of England a sured us should not be denied-our share of national rights," The speech created a sensation in political circles, and the controversy which ensued inspired strong hopes . among men of progressive yiews; but the repressive influences were too powerful, and the movement, though exciting a temporary enthusiasm among the younger element, came to nothing. Aurora is an enterprising and stirring business community, It contains several factories and mills, five churches, and .two weekly newspapers are published there, the Banuer, of Reform politics, and the Aurora Borealis, Conservative. The recent erection of a handsome white brick Episcopal place of worship, upon an attractive site, has contributed materially to the architec- tural beauty of the vilIage. It takes the place of the church opened on the 27 th of September, 18+6, The first Church of England service in Aurora was held in 18+3, in a private house, by Rev, George Street. After the building of the church the Rev. Septimus Ramsay officiated from 18+8 to 18 59. In 1860 the Rev, H. \V. Stewart was appointed incumbent, and the year following he was succeeded by the Rev. J. H. M Collum, during whose pastorate the present parsonage was erected, l\'Ir. McCollum being a large contributor to the fund for that purpose, It was built by the united sub- scriptions of the three congregations of Aurora, Oak Ridges and King, and cost $3,000. In 1871 the Rev. A. J. Fidler succeeded to the incumbency, and remained in charge until 1878, when the Rev, C. \Y. Paterson was appointed. During his incumbency the parish of King was separated from Aurora and Oak Ridges, On the death of 1\1r. Paterson, in 1881, the Rev, E, Horace M ussen, the present incumbent, succeeded him. Mr. M ussen is a graduate of Trinity College, Toronto. In this village the school-house, though substantial, is old and out of keeping with the improvements growing up around it and the unusually rapid development of the place. It is of brick and affords insufficient accomI1)odation for the school population, The teachers are :\1. H. Thomp- son, principal, and l\Iisses Bretta Barron, E. Ruth Dickson and Iary E. Lough. Average attendance, 210. . THE VILL.AGE OF \YESTO;\, 1: - BOUT eight miles from Toronto, in a north-westerly direction, is ::ar the picturesque and busy Village of \Yeston, which lies in a v ' I \ " valley formed by the Humber River. The larger portion of the village is in York Township, that on the west side of the river : 'íÞ.f being in Etobicoke, The village stretches for some distance ?' along the mam street, which is a portion of one of the oldest roads of the county, and diverges from the Dundas Road near Carleton. At \Veston it runs parallel to and within a stone's throw of the rIver. The fall in the river at this point is sixteen feet and a-half, the excellent water power being available for the mill and other industries pursued here. The banks are largely composed of thin horizontal layers of limestone, suitable for some of the purposes for which stone is required other than building, with clay interposed, and a surface soil of sandy loam, \Veston has a population of about 1,200. It was incorporated as a village in 1882, \\Then \Villiam Tyrrell was elected reeve, and \V. J. Conron, clerk and treasurer, which positions they still retain. The other officials for 1884 are as follows :-Councillors, John Barton, Jacob Bull, David Rowntree and James Conron; assessor, John Gram, The village has a fine puhlic hall, erected in ItJS3, which occupies a central position on the west side of the main street, and is a conspicuous feature. It is a handsome building of red brick, two stories in height, surmounted by a tastefully designed mansard roof, with fancy iron \\ork and a dome in front. Here are the council chamber and municipal offices, the library of the l\Iechanics' Institute, and a large hall for publio meetings and entertainments, known as Dufferin Hall, Its erection is justly regarded as a marked improvement, both from the standpoint of practical convenience and architectural taste. There are four churches in 01 near the \ illage. The Methodist church, a brick building erected in 18+9, 188 The County of York. which has a large and flourishing congregation under the pastoral care of Rev. Peter Campbell; the Presbyterian church, also of brick, built a fe\v years ago; the Catholic church, a capacious frame structure, and the Episcopal church, situated within a short distance from \Yeston, in Etobicoke. The three latter churches are at present without resident pastors, being supplied from Toronto. \Veston has a High School of noted efficiency, the head master of which is l\Ir. George \Yallace, B.A., of Dublin University. It is attended by about fifty pupils. Sixty years ago, on the York side of what is now the Village of \Yeston, then known as "Farr's Mills," there were only three houses, all occupied by farmers. The village was almost entirely on the Etobicoke side of the river, being mainly situated upon a narrow strip of land, containing between two and three acres, bounded on the west by \Vadsworth's mill and tail race, and on the east by the Humber. About fifteen houses, besides stores and other business places, constituted the village. It comprised two stores, a tavern, and blacksmith's, weaver's, cooper's, and saddler's shops, This locality was gradually abandoned, owing to the damage caused by spring freshets, Several buildings were greatly injured from this cause in 18+2, and in 1850 the buildings remaining in that part of the village were entirely destroyed, \Veston has latterly been almost entirely o.n the York side of the stream, In the year 1818, Mr. George Dixon constructed a saw-mill on the Etobicoke side, a short dIstance below Eagle's Bridge, On the adjoining lot below, his brother, Thomas Dixon, put up a savv-mill in 1823, which afterwards passed into the hands of a man named Keating, being purchased in 18+0 by Gibson Brothers. They pulled down the old building, and erected a flour mill in its place. It was afterwards sold to l\Ir. Somerville, and twice destroyed by fire, Opposite this point, on the York side, where the extensive mills of the \Veston \Voollen l\lanufacturing Company now stand, a saw-mill was erected in 1827 by Joseph Holley, who two years afterwards sold out to John Chew. The property was successively trans- ferred to James Clifford, J. N, Coons, and James Magee, the latter of whom erected a flax-mill adjoining the saw-mill. In 1853, the property came into the possession of l\Ir. John Dennis, who put up a woollen factory of brick and stone on the site of the old mill. This was run by John \Vardlaw, and afterwards by l\Iessrs. Farren and Iiles. About thirteen years since the place 'was purchased by Messrs. Smith and \Yilby, who made extensÏ\-e iJ1provements, and established the business on a much larger scale. :\Ir. Smith withdrew from the concern in 1879, leaving Oliver \Yilby sole pro- The County of York. 18 9 prietor. The factory was three times destroyed by fire wit hin two years, but rebuilt owing to the indomitable energy of Mr. \Vilby, Latterly it has been turned over to a joint stock company, under the title of the \Yeston \Voollen l\lanufacturing Company, Mr. \Vilby still retaining the manage- ment of its affairs, Further up the river, on the Etobicoke side, just above Eagle's Bridge, a brewery was built about fifty years ago, which ran but a very short time before it was burned down. Opposite this site, on the York side, an oil refinery was establisl ed in 1863 by Messrs. Tyrrell and Noble, Two years later the refinery was consumed, though afterwards rebuilt, Some distance up stream, a saw-mill was put up by 1\1r. Porter in 1830, which ten years later became the property of 1\1r, Burr, who added a flour mill and woollen factory under one roof a few rods west of the saw-mill. It was destroyed by fire, and .in 1849 1\1r. Robert McDougall became the owner of the property, and the year afterwards built a flour mill four stories in height, with three run of stones. This mill is yet in operation. He pulled down the old saw-mill, and replaced it by a new one, which was worked until 1870, 1\1r. Gracey erected a brewery a little way above, which was burned down fourteen years since. \ tannery business was carried on in this immediate neighbourhood by John Lawrence from 1842 to 1855. On the Etobicoke side, somewhat further up, two brothers, Edward and Thomas l\Iusson, þuilt a small distillery in 1820, which was pulled down in 18+2, and a larger one constructed on the site, This was burned down two years later, and immediately rebuilt, During the latter years of the eigOhteenth century, a grist mill was built by Mr. Countryman, on a site just above that now occupied by \Yads- worth's mill. -It met what appears to be the usual fate of mills-destruction by fire-and was rebuilt by Joseph Holley, who also put up a saw-mill adjoining the first building. In 1815, these mills, together with 150 acres of land, fell into the hands of 1\1r. James Farr, from whom the locality took the title of " Farr's l\Iills," by which it was known for a long time. Alex- ander l\Iilne, of l\Iarkham, in partnership with Jacob l\IcKay, of York, subsequently carried on carding and fulling in a portion of the flour mill, The :\lessrs, \Vadsworth purchased the property in 1828, and two years afterwards put up a new saw-mill, which remained until 1870, when it was pulled down. The firm ere ted a distillery in 18+0, which was in operation for twenty years, haying been burned down and rebuilt during that period, In 1856, the \Yadsworths erected a new flour mill, fiye stories in height. and with six run of stones, below the old building. On the cast side of the mill-pond a tannery was built, in 18{0, by \\ïlliam and Peter Gihson, who 19 0 The COUllt)' ('./ York. carried on the business for a long time, Joseph Holley put up a saw-mill just opposite, in 18+1, which the \Vadsworths afterwards purchased and worked until about twelve years since, The industries of the village have done a great deal to advance the progress of the place, and make it one of the most prosperous villages in the county. Its excellent railway facilities are an important factor of its growth, It is a station on the main line of the Grand Trunk, and on the Toronto, Grey and Bruce line, now a branch of the Canada Pacific, \Veston is a noted resort for sleighing parties from the city, being within convenient driving distance, and having first-class hotel accommo- dation, One of the most notable of the old-time residents of \Veston was 1\1r. Joseph Dennis, who was born in New Brunswick in 17 8 9, his father, John Dennis, having been a U, E. Loyalist refugee. The family removed to Upper Canada in 1792, 1\1r. John Dennis receiving a grant of land on the Humber as a compensation for his losses, He subsequently removed to Kingston, on his appointment as superintendent of the dock-yard in that city. This secured to his son a thorough knowledge of ship-building, but he found sailing a more congenial occupation. Joseph Dennis owned a lake vessel at the outbreak of the war of 1812, which he placed at the disposal of the Government, and which was attached to the Provincial marine. In one of the naval engagements on the lake his vessel was lost, and he was cap- tured by the Americans, and remained a prisoner of war for about fifteen months, 1\Ir. Dennis afterwards commanded the Princess Charlotte, sup- posed to have been the first steamer ôn Lake Ontario, which plied between the Bay of Quinté, Kingston and Prescott, On returning from active pursuits he made his home at \Veston, where he passed his declining years, dying respected by all who knew him in the year 1867, aged seventy-eight years. @; )jd C;- 4 . THE VILLAGE OF RICHl\10KD HILL. . ftff: V RYBODY has h ard of the ,beautif l nglish landscape. bear- . mg the name of RIchmond HIll, and It IS often asserted III off- ;\ " hand conversation that our Canadian village was so named in M'''' consequence of its close resemblance to its trans Atlantic pro- fW" totype. As matter of fact, nothing could be much further from 1 ef the truth. The two places bear about as much resemblance to each other as a hawk bears to a handsaw, But, though our Canadian Richmond Hill has little or nothing beyond its elevation in common with the fair Surrey landscape, it has charms peculiar to itself, and is one of the most beautiful villages to be found anywhere throughout the length and breadth of "this Canada of ours." As its name indicates, it stands on an eminence, and it overlooks a wide expanse of richly culti- vated farm land, Its situation is on Y onge Street, about sixteen miles north of Toronto, and nine miles south of the Yillage of Aurora. Y onge Street forms its principal thoroughfare, and diyides it into two parts, the portion to the west of the street lying in the Township of Vaughan, and that to the east being in Markham. It is a long, straggling place, the houses principally fol owing the line of the great northern thoroughfare, instead of grouping round a centre, so that it extends over a more con- siderable area of ground than might be expected from its population, Richmond Hill is referred to in Smith's ., Canada: Past, Present and Future" as a smart little place, the population of which it is difficult to calculate, on account of the houses being so scattered, but which contained at that time (1851) a steam grist-mill, a steam saw-mill, a tannery, and two churches, Presbyterian and Iethodist. But we must go back to a date long anterior to I 5I in order to dis- cover the origin of its name, A settlement seems to ha\ e sprung up here eluring the carl) years of the present century, and to have recei\ed the 13 19 2 T lie County of Y01'k. appropriate name of l\lount Pleasant. It made reasonable progress, anù in 1819 it became necessary to erect a Presbyterian Church for the accom- modation of the profes ors of that faith resident in the neighbourhood. \Vhile the work of construction was in progress a very distinguished per- sonage visited the spot, and his visit proved to be an important historical event in its history, for it was the means of conferring upon it the name which it has borne ever since, The visitor was no less a personage than Charles Gordon Lennox, Fourth Duke of Richmond, who was then Gov- ernor-General of Canada. His Grace was engaged in making a tour of both the Provinces, in the course of which he drove from York to Penetan- guishene. The Village of l\lount Pleasant being situated midway between the two ends of Yonge Street, was a frequent place of tall for travellers, who generaIJy stopped there to rest and bait their horses, The Governor- General and his retinue followed this example, and remained in the village s veral hours on their upward progress. The Duke inspected the little church which was building, and conversed with the workmen with the utmost affability. The people of the village, impressed by his Grace's dignified yet pleasant bearing, resolved to commemorate his visit by re-christening the place in his honour, and accordingly bestowed upon it the name of Richmond Hill. The Governor's visit took place in the month of July, 1819, It was not destined to be repeated. He died from hydro- phobia, in a little hovel on the banks of the Goodwood River, near its confluence with the Rideau, in the County of Carleton, on the 28th of the following month, and within six weeks after his vice-regal progress up Y onge Street. Fifty-three years elapsed between the time of the Duke of Richmond's visit and the incorporation of Richmond Hill as a village. The latter event took place in 1872. The first council comprised Abraham Law, reeve; and \Villiam \Varren, David Hopkins, Jacob Brillinger and \Villiam Powell. l\1atthew Teefy was appointed village clerk and treasurer, and still retains that position. The reeve for the present year is J. Brown. The population of the village, according to the Dominion census of 1881, was 867, and is now about 900, Richmond Hill has no immediate railway connections, but the Northern Railway passes within four miles to the west, and there is a station at this point, known as Richmond Hill station. Stages run regularly to Toronto and other places on Y onge Str et. There are several spots in the village which are of special interest to students of our local history and topography. Not the least interesting of these is the office of 1r. Teefy, the village postmaster, which is situated on the west side of the main street, in a central and convenient locality. ::\Ir, The COllnty of York. 193 Teefy is the gentleman already referred to as the clerk and treasurer of the village corporation. He is an enthusiastic archæologist and antiquarian, and probably knows more of the history, topography, traditions and folk- lore of Richmond Hill and its neighbourhood than all the rest of the inhabitants put together. He is a gentleman of upwards of three-score years of age, but his physical and mental vigour are those of one in the prime of life, and he presents the appearance of a man of forty or forty-five. He has been postmaster for thirty-four years, having been appointed to that position in 1850. He has also been a magistrate for a period of thirty- one years, and has during all the interval been one of the most popular and useful citizens. His private office is immediately to the rear of the post- offi.ce, and is crammed full of objects of interest. In tQe centre of the room is his desk, from which he dispenses magisterial justice. The wall to the right is lined with volumes of the Dominion and Provincial Statutes, and other law books and works for technical reference. Another side of the room is largely taken up by files of the Colonial Advocate and other rare old Canadian newspapers which have long since been practically unpro- curable. Around, set in suitable frames, are various old documents, the sight of which is eminently calculated to gladden the heart of anyone sufficiently versed in Canadian history to know their value. Conspicuous among them is a printed Address from :!.\Ir. \Villiam Jarvis, dated " York, I+th July, 1800," 1\1r. Jarvis was for many years Provincial Secretary of Upper Canada, and was the gentleman referred to elsewhere in this volume as having been sharply admonished by Lieutenant-Governor Peter Hunter for neglect of duty. The document now under consideration is addressed "To the Free and Independent Electors of the Counties of Durham, Simcoe, and the East Riding of York." It sets out that 1\Ir. JarvIs will be a candidate for the r suffrages at the ensuing elections; that he has not relinquished his intention of so doing, and that all reports to that effect are utterly unfounded. Next, we find a framed broadsid.e issued as an advertise- ment by Peter Perry, dated at \Vhitby, on the 20th of December, 18+1. 1\1ost readers of these pages doubtless have some knowledge of ::\lr, Perry. "From forty to fifty years ago," says the author of "The Canadian Portrait Gallery,"* "there was no name better known throughout the whole of Upper Canada; and, in Reform Constituencies, there was no name more potent wherewith to conjure during an election campaign, Peter Perry was closely identified with the original formation of the Reform Party in Upper Canada, and for more than a quarter of a century he .Vol. iii., p, 212. 194 Tlte COllnty of York. continued to be one of its foremost memb rs. During the last ten or twelve years of his life he was to some extent. overshadowed by the figure of Robert Baldwin, whose lofty character, unselfi'sh aims, and high social position combined to place him on a sort of pedestal. But Peter Perry continued to the very last to be an important factor in the ranks of his party." He died at Saratoga Springs, New York State, on the 2+th of August, 18 51. At the time when he issued the broadside which hangs framed in 1\1r. Teefy's office, he kept a general store at \Yhitby, originally named Perry's Corners, The broadside is headed" 0 yes! 0 yes! 0 yes!" and contains a pressing injunction to his debtors to pay up their several liabilities or take the consequences, It is too long for quotation here, but is very suggestive throughout to anyone who remembers the man and the times, \Ve next come to a framed .Address from the Irish inhabitants of Upper Canada to the Queen, printed in 1838, It is headed" Erin Go Bragh !" and deplores the recent rebellion, at, the same time avowing the loyalty of the Irish inhabitants, 1\1r. Teefy also has a number of volumes of rare and unprocurable Canadian pamphlets, concerning which it is not an exaggeration to say that they are worth their weight in gold. But space fails to describe the multiform out-of-the-way objects which are here exhibited. Anyone who feels sufficiently interested in the matter should call on 1\Ir. Teefy and see them for himself. ' On the northern outskirts of the village, on the east side of Y onO"e ð Street, and about twenty feet from the road, stands the whilome residence of Colonel Ioodie, who was shot by the rebels at Montgomery's, while trying to force his way southward, in December, 18 3 8 , The house is an antiquated looking structure, which has undergone various modifications since the impetuous Colonel's days, but the identical frame is still there, and forms a sort of connecting link between the past and the present. It is the property of the Robinson estate, but is at present occupied by a tenant, and seems to stand in need of repairs. About two miles further north, on the opposite side of Yonge Street, stands the former residence of Thomas Kinnear, where the frightful murders described in a former portion of this volume were committed in the summer of 1843::- · Some of the buildings in Richmond Hill are of a character not often found in country villages. The :\Iethodist church, for instance, is a :-.tructure which would do no discredit to any street in any cit) in the Dominion. It stands on the east side of Y onge Street, near the centre of "Allte pp. 32-50, Tile County of York. 195 the village, and is conspicuous for miles in every direction by reason of its lofty and imposing spire. The building, which is of white brick, was erected in 1880. Unnecessary to say that the congregation attending worship there is a wealthy and numerous one. The resident ministers are the Rev. \\ïlliam R. Barker and the Rev, \Villiam B, Booth. The Pres- byterian church, another large and imposing structure of white brick, stands on the west side of Y onge Street, some distance from the road, and near the southern outskirts of the village. It was erected four years ago, near the site of the little church already referred to as having been in course of erection during the Duke of Richmond's visit in July, 1819. This also has a high massive tower of white brick, which is a conspicuous object from the surrounding country. A few yards further south, and on the same side of Y onge Street, is the Episcopal church, a neat and tasteful structure of white brick. The Roman Catholic church is of frame, and occupies a more northerly situation than those already described. \mong other important public buildings, the village can boast of a :Jlasonic Hall, a Temperance Hall, and an excellent High School. Ir. :\IcBride, the principal of the last-named institution, is a graduate of the Cniversity of Toronto, as also is his assistant, Mr. T. H. Redditt. The average attendance at the institution, which was established in 1851, is about eighty pupils. The Public Schools are not well suited to the wants of the place, being crowded together on the front part of a long narrow lot. The Principal, Miss Emma Spragge, and third assistant, Miss Cruick- shanks, occupy the more modern and convenient brick building, built originally for High School purposes; while 1\1rs. \\ïley and Miss Ruther- ford occupy, one a room in the old High School (a frame building), and the other a room in the brick building, properly the Public School-house. .\ verage attendance, 144. The village also possesses a Mechanics. Institut , incorporated in 186 9. which last year had a membership of 66, and a library comprising 5+6 volumes. The number of b"oks issued during the year was 5+7. There are two weekly ne,'}spapers published in the village-the Liberal, and the York fIt. raid-the first being a Reform journal and the latter Consen ative, r.; "'@- þ , -=-ì? (:A v- 'r Þ--c -., í"' '" ...:'" ' J' ?ti '<"', \" ( ' '-Í ,, r tR ,\. 'j')'<"\' z J \ ' - , THE \TILLAGE OF \YOODBRIDGE, . ï'Î"! ,,- (OODBRIDGE is situated on the Humber Riyer, in the Town- .\ ,I ship of Vaughan, about fourteen miles from Toronto. It has i \' - , . a population of about 1,100. It was formerly called Burwick, '. ' , I ; after Rowland Burr, who settled in the neighbourhood in 18 37, I ' , having exchanged a hundred-acre farm on Yonge Street for an e::- uncleared ot on the Humber, the property of \Vashington Peck. A considerab1e migration' of labourers took place at the same time, most of whom obtained building lots in the new village. The irregular manner in which the lots are now divided is accounted for by a tradition of its early settlement, ,according to which 1\1r. Burr meas- ured each man's property by the primitive mode of taking so many paces in each direction, the ground being staked C?ff accordingly. The first mill erected was a flour-mill put up by 1\1r, Durr in 1837. Other industries rapidly follow,ed, including a saw-mill, a distillery, and a woollen factory, erected the following year. The factory latterly passed into the hands of Ir. Abell, and was utilized by him in the manufacture of shoddy. In 18+0 :\1r. Burr built a con derably larger woollen factory, further down the stream, This factory passed through many changes of ownership. It was first operated by Hart & Burr, and afterwards by Self & Burr, who were succeeded by the firm of :\litchell & )'lcN ally. After remaining unworked for a' considerable period it, together with the rest of the Burr property, fell into the hands of John \V, Gamble. The factory was again operated by :\1r. :\1cNally for a time, and subsequently by Duncan McIntosh and the Roe Brothers, successively. In 1874 the property was purchased by John Abell, who leased the factory to J, :\lcIntosh, by whose son the busi- nëss was still carried on at a recent date. :\1r. John Abell, whose enterprise has done a great deal for the pros- perity of \Yoodbridge, settled in the ,'illage in 18+5,' His first business \ The County of York. 197 venture here was undertaken in partnership with Messrs. \Yood & Ethe- ridge, in the wagon and carriage manufacture. The first stage-coach that made regular trips between the city and \V oodbridge was constructed at their factory. In 1847 Mr. Abell put up another shop on a small scale for the manufacture of mill-irons and similar articles. Here he made a lathe, by the aid of which he constructed for his own use the first steam engine used in Vaughan Township, which is still preserved. In January, 1862, Mr. Abell opened an agricultural implement factory employing about twenty men. The business rapidly increased, and to meet its growing wants additional buildings were erected; in 1874 the number of men employed was over one hundred. In that year the establishment was visited by burglars, who, after blowing open the safe and stealing a quan- tity of valuable securities, fired the place, which was destroyed. The loss sustained by Mr. Abell on this occasion was estimated at two hundred thousand dollars. Nothing daunted by this misfortune, however, he set vigorously to work to rebuild, and in two months afterwards the manu- factory was in running order, employing a larger number of men than before the fire, About 1831 a saw-mill was built by Samuel Smith on his property, in what is now the northern portion of the village, but, owing to the result of litigation with lVIr. Burr respecting the water privileges, the mill was removed to a site higher up the Humber. This mill was worked by Mr. Smith until 1856, when the building, having become unserviceable. was pulled down. A new structure was put up on the same site, which was intended to be used as a foundry by Mr. Abell, but a disagreement arose, and the project was never carried out. It was occupied by Louis de Rouche, and afterwards by \Villiam Towers, for the manufacture and repairing of machines. In 18 79 it was purchased by \Villiam Mackie, who ran it as a shoddy factory for a few months, and then sold out to Hardy & Burkholder, who were succeeded by Keys, Hallett & Rea. For some years previous to Mr. Burr's advent \Vashington Peck had been in business as a cooper, which he relinquished.on selling out to Burr, and left the place. After his departure a cooper-shop was started b) Francis J. Bunt on the 8th concession of Vaughan. A year afterwards he sold out to Nathaniel \ \' allace, whose son George is still engaged in the business, The first school was started in \Voodbridge about 1830. The present school-house is a brick structure, with a frame addition. The avcragt attendance is about 112. The teachers arc George Deacon, l\Iaggie Smithers, and Lucy \Voolley. The village was incorporated in 1882, Mr. John Abell is reeve for the current ) car, and 1\1r. C, J. Agar clerk and treasurer. ""' " '-'- ) )0.... , i THE VILLAGE OF IARKHAl\I. f;7 L' - -, <.'" ,ð..- J " :- HE Yillage of 1\Iarkham is located in the sQuthern portion of .': f.J. , the township of the same name, on the line of the Toronto and 'v t.. Nipissing Railway, and about three miles from the line diyiding '\ that township from York. Settlement in this l1eighbourhooc1 was commenced almost at as early a date as in the Town of York, '-"V- the pioneers following the banks of the Rouge River, which for some time formed their readiest means of access to the front. The village is agreeably situated, and on entering it by the main road, which runs north and south, the charms of its natural surroundings are at once apparent, The soil in the neighbourhood is rich, and the farmers prosperous and wealthy, and consequently the village as a centre of local trade is a thriving and comfortable community, although latterly it has not increased much in population, owing to the centralizing tendency of our modern industrial and transportation system, which builds the larger cities and towns at the expense of the smaller places. The upper portion of the village to the northward is built on level land, the lower part where it is crossed by the Rouge being uneven and hilly. In 1851 .. Smith's Canada" described l\Iarkham as" a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the River Rouge, I t contains two grist mills with three run of stones each, a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall, and four churches-Episcopal, Presbyterian, Con- gregational, and \Vesleyan 1\Iethodist." The population given by the census of Ì881 was 954' The village was incorporated by by-law of the County Council, passed on the 20th day of November, 1872, to take effect on the 1st of January, 1873. The following were the members of the first :\Iuni- cipal Council, which held its first meeting on the 20th of January, 18 73:- James Speight, reeve; Captain Thomas A. l\Iilne, John Jerman, Henry Tlte COU1lty of York. 199 Tam , and Hugh McGill, councillors, Henry R. Corson was appointed clerk and treasurer; John D. Smith, police inspector; Levi Jones, license inspector, and John Doherty, assessor. 1\1r. Corson still retains the clerk- ship and treasurership. The reeve for the current year is G, R. Vanzant. l\Iarkham Village has an excellent High School, the head master being l\Ir. Dion. C. Sullivan, LL,B. The number of pupils is about seventy. The school house, which is of brick, occupies a conspicuous position, and is an ornament to the village. The Markham Economist, a well-known weekly journal, of Liberal politics, is of long standing, and exercises considerable local influence. p , r >( t: '. ' 'l)' THE VILL.A.GE OF HOLLAND LAI'\DII'\G \ -i) -, . ! OLLAND LAKDING is the northern terminus of Yonge Street and was a noteworthy point in the line of travel between the Lake Simcoe region and Lake Ontario long before the settlement of the country, A historic interest attaches to it as the spot where the Indians were accustomed to embark and land when going on, or returning from, expeditions to the great lakes. The old Indian trail ran from this neighbourhood to the west of Yonge Street. following the main stream of the Holland River and afterwards the valley of the Humber, The Holland River, from which the Landing is named, and on the east branch of which it is situated, received its appellation from Major Holland, who was Surveyor-General of the Provmce of Quebec, before Upper Canada became a separate Province. This officer distinguished himself in the war which resulted in the conquest of Canada by the British, and after the cession of the country was appointed Surveyor-General, and made extensive explorations in tha.t capacity. He penetrated from Toronto Bay through a then unknown region to the river which now bears his name. l\Iajor Holland died in 1801. At the Upper L;J.nding, where the village proper is located, only small boats can land. The Lower Landing, for steamers and larger craft, is some distance further down the stream, which is much obstructed by the swampy and weedy nature of its banks, At the Lower Landing, near which Yonge Street strikes the river, there were formerly a number of Government buildings, built of logs, and used as military and naval store- houses. This cluster of buildings was known as Fort Gwillimbury. l\Ir. Jöhn Galt's" Autobiography" confains the following references to Holland Landing, Speaking of his journey from Toronto to Goderich via Penetanguishene in 1827, the author narrates how, after leaving Ncwll1arket, fiJ\ t '\$' l g) )ffß :';- 'Ln ø '-'" " )' The County of York. 201 " we went forward to a place on the Holland River called Holland's Land- ing, an open space which the Indians and fur-traders were in the habit of frequenting, It presented to me something of a Scottish aspect in the style of the cottages, but instead of mountains the environs were covered with trees. \Ve embarked at this place." In 1832 the project of a steamer for the Holland River and Lake Superior was advanced, In order to carry out the scheme subscriptions to the amount of {2,000 were called for by advertisement in the York Courier of February 29th of that year, it being intim::tted that Captain McKenzie would take up one-fourth of the amount required to construct the boat. The shares were placed at {12 10S. each, .A number of well-known names in the early history of York County appear on the list of shareholders, including those of Hon. Peter Robinson, J. O. Bouchier, John Powell, Grant Powell, Samuel P. Jarvis, James E. Small, G. Ridout, T. G. Ridout, Thomas Radenhurst, Jesse Ketchum, and Samuel Lount. The movement resulted in the construction of the steamer Simcoe, which was built at the Upper Landing, and when finished was with great difficulty dragged through the swampy accumulations in the river to deep water, This vessel plied for some years between the Lake Simcoe ports and Holland Landing. Other steamers built at an early date were the Peter Robinson, Captain Bell, and the Beaver, Captain Laughton. The population of Holland Landing in 1851 was about 500. At that date it had a grist mill and two saw-mills, one of them worked by steam power, a foundry, tannery, and brewery. The population has not increased much since then, as the census of 1881 gives a total of 5 80 . Holland Landing is a station on the Northern Railroad, and about thirty-two miles from Toronto. It was incorporated in 1861. Its first reeve was \V. D. l\IcLeod, who held office for two years. Among others who have subsequently held the position are R. T. \Vilson, B. Thorne, \V. II. Thorne and James McClure, the latter being the present occupant of the civic chair. Frederick J. Kitching is the clerk and treasurer. There are places of worship in the village in connection with the Church of England, Methodists and Plymouth Brethren, The Public School is a double frame house, with large class-rooms and ante-room, and teachers' retiring-rooms, The teachers, Douglas G, \Yiley and ::\Iiss \Yoodington. have an average of fifty pupils, ',-- -:::::::-= , THE VILLAGE OF STOUFFVILLE. J"I ' "' ,' TOUFFVILLE lies partly in the Township of :\larkham and "" _, \ partly in \Vhitchurch, the main street of the village being the i ' r-Z\. township line. It is near the eastern boundary of the county, L';'; and is a station twenty-eight miles from Toronto on the Toronto { and Nipissing Railway. The Lake Simcoe Junction"Line:con- (, nects with the former road at this point. The village derives its name from Abraham Stouffer, the original proprietor of the site, The orthography was for some time unsettled, the family name often appearing as " Stover," or " Stofer," and the locality being known as "Stoversville," or "Stauffville," under which latter designation it is referred to in " Smith's Canada," as a flourishing little village of recent date, con- taining about 350 inhabitants, a grist and oatmeal mill, saw-mill, fdundry, and tannery, and a Congregational church. This was in 1851. Since that time the growth of the place has been steady, and the census of 1881 gives the population as 866. It has now, in addition to the Congregational place of worship, l\lethodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, and Baptist churches. Stouffville became an incorporated village in .1877, the first municipal officers being, James Dougherty, reeve; J, G, Reesor, \Villiam Leaney, G, L. Freel, and J. Gibney, councillors, and H. \V. \Voodgate, clerk. The present reeve is W. B. Sanders, and Mr. \Voodgate still retains the clerkship. Stouffville has a flourishing Mechanics' Institute, incorporated in 18 7 8 , and according to the latest returns comprising II I members. Its library contains 793 volumes, the number issued during the year being 999. The l\Iasonic body is represented by Richardson Lodge, No. 13 6 , Formerly Stouffville was divided in the matter of Parliamentary repre- sentation by the township line, the \Vhitchurch section belonging to North , York, and the -Markham portion to East York. By the Act of ÒS32, for the redistribution of the Dominion constituencies, the village as a whole was annexed to \Vest Ontario, together with \Vhitchurch and Newmarket. Iii'" ., , " I'II!IF ---"-I1" , '..' r " -''' ;;TW1W I ' ",- rnDl, i , " I !, , . 1 .1' "" '111'1:'" I" 11 11 1" ;:, ':i,.1 ,: III % 1 1 'i I"l!" I u ,it ". '1, \ I.I'lfjl l ,I" II!, " :'11' [, , I II :'11 i' ..:J:!:, .l.. !: r 'I "I'I "',1 ,n., I i1 1 11 , I I I ; ,'I,\I'IIIIIIII I I !! III \I II' i:! -.. - . ,\ 1,li, 'I II ,II " ,j:i' 111 1 :iOO \11"' "" ,, _ ',' ' ' ,,::'; 'n I' 1 1 ,,[':r "I .1 í r J;' hi ,'" >"r.: ." ... 1' 'ßJ', ,' J II' , I ' 1' 1 ' '1'- , I\ ii .p ' 1 :, - '!: 1>'fV,' '\; · , )I )IH r '!' i' I ! 'I,' :,r, I'll,,,' . ..... 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The, office was confer,red . ; upon LIeutenant-Colonel John Graves SImcoe, whose appomt- . - ment led to his crossing the Atlantic in 1792, and taking up his residence at Newark (now called Niagara), the provisional capital. Newark, at this time, if we except Kingston, at the other end of the lake, was the only place of importance in Upper Canada, and it naturally became the cradle of the \Vestern Province. It had, therefore, some claim to become the permanent capital. Unfortunately for the town, its nearness to United States territory and the dangerous proximity of Fort Niagara dashed the hopes of its inhabitants in this respect. To Governor Simcoe's surpI ise, he found that the fort at the mouth of the river was shortly to be garrisoned by American soldiery, and that it did not belong to King George. Having made this discovery, and not approving the idea that the chief town of a Province should he placed under the guns of an enemy's fort, he turned his attention to other parts of the Province for the site of a capital. From the Gazette, published at Newark, \ve learn that "On Thursday, the 2nd of May (1793), his Excellency the Lieutenant- Governor, accompanied by several military gentlemen, set out in boab for Toronto, round the head of Lake Ontario by Durlington Bay"- From Durlington Day he proceeded eastward to the Humber, and thence to 20-+ The County of York. the harbour of Toronto, of which he had heard favourable accounts from the Provincial surveyors. Here, despite the lowness of the land, there were many-and positive attractions, The spot had already been the site of a fort, U a place of meeting," and a mart for trade. It was sheltered from the lake, and in its harbour a fleet might safely ride, The geographical situa- tion, moreover, was excellent, The die at length was cast: Toronto was to be the future capital. Returning to Niagara, the Governor busied himself with the task of removal, and proceeded to make arrangements for taking formal possession of the sit of Toronto, and getting the troops across to assist in laying the foundations of the town. \Yhatever counter-attracti<;ms other sites pre- sented, there is no doubt that Simcoe, in his heart, accepted Toronto. \Ye say Toronto, but this was not the name he chose for his newly-found capital. The King's army was then in Holland, and his second son, the Duke of York, had command of the continental contingent. He it was that our soldier-governor had it in his mind to honour, Hence, York, and not Toronto, came for a time to be the name of the capital. Reporting to Quebec his having found a suitable site for the future metropolis, Governor Simcoe writes in the following strain: U It is with great pleasure that I offer to you some observations on the military strength and naval convenience. of Toronto, now York, which I propose immediately to occupy. I lately examined the harbour, accompanied by such officers, naval and military, as I thought most competent to give me assistance thereon, and upon minute investigation, I found it to be without com- parison the most proper situation for an arsenal, in every extent of the word, that can be met with in this Province." Again, in writing to the Secretar.y of \Var, in London, the Governor speaks with equal warmth when he says that u York is the most important and defensible situation in Upper Canada, or that 1: have een in North America, I have, sir, formerly entered into a detail of the advantages of this arsenal of Lake Ontario. An interval of Indian land, six-and-thirty miles, divides this settlement from Burlington Bay, where that of Niagara commences, The communication with Lake Huron is very easy, in five or six days, and will in all respects be of the most essential importance." In ,Such terms, which to us, in these piping times of peace, seem an exaggeration, did the first Governor of the Province speak of its infant capital. One would suppose that he was about to construct some Alex- andria or Sebastopol, rather than a quiet city for the home of commerce, and a safe haven for the Provincial Parliament. Put to the test of 1813, the Goyernor's naval citadel- u the arsenal ". of which he proudly speaks-cut a The City of Toronto. 20 5 sorry figure, whatever disaster befel the invader. But there is much in the naming of a thing, as we may see in the appellation of our "Gibraltar Point," which, if it ever put the town's enemies to flight, must have done so more by the terror of its name than by its frowning battlements, The times, however, were 1:hen warlike, and there was need of the cities of the lake being fortified. Moreover, we must remember that Simcoe did not stay in the country to put all his plans into effect. Had he done so, York might have become the Quebec of the Lakes, \Vhat it has become we know to-day. \Vith such pomp and circumstance as were possible to the occasion, Governor Simcoe set out from Navy Hall, Newark, on board His l\Iajesty's ship, JIississaga, to take formal possession of the incipient capital. The date-for the event is worthy of a minute chronicle-was the evening of l\Ionday, the 29 th of July, 1793. Some portion of the troops had preceded the Governor by a few days, to make the necessary prepara- tions for the State landing, and, doubtless, to act as a guard of honour in receiving his Excellency, As convoys of the J.1Ii'ssissaga, others of the King's 'ships-the Onondaga and Caldwell-set out to cross the lake, with, as we are told, a favourable gale, and having on board the remaining companies of the Queen's Rangers, As the interesting fleet leaves Niagara's dark stream, the sinking sun paves the water with gold, Cleaving their way over the lake, the forest-crowned Heights of Queenston, which in a score of years \vere to become forever famous, hide the reddening orb from view. Night falls upon the historic scene. \Vith the morrow the fleet rounds the mole which forms a natural fender in front of the city and comes to moorings in the harbour of Toronto. \Vhat a scene of bustle and commotion must the land-locked bay then have witnesseù, its solitudes broken in upon by the intrusion of some com- panies of a regìment which was to hew a town out of the forest, and in time give place to the serried ranks of industry, and the march of incoming battalions of many-tongued commerce. Bouchette's often-quoted pictnre of the harbour at this time will bear another transcribing. It is a reminis- cence of his hydrographical survey of the ports of Ontario, as detailed in his. account of "The British Dominions in North _\merica." Says Surveyor Bouchette: "It fell to my lot to make the first survey of York harbour in 1793' Lieutenant-Governor the late General Simcoe, who then resided at Navy Hall, Niagara, having formed extensive plans for the improvement of the colony, had resolved upon laying the foundations of a provincial capital. I was at that period in the naval service of the lakes, and the survey of Toronto (York) harbour was entrusted by his Excellency 206 The COU1lty of York. to my performance. I still distinctly recollect the untamed aspect which the country exhibited when first I entered the beautiful basin, which thus became the scene of my early hydrographical operations. Dense and trackless forests lined the margin of the lake, and reflected their inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering savage had constructed his ephemeral habitation beneath their luxuriant foliage-the group then consisting of two families of i\lississagas-and the bay and neighbouring marshes \vere the hitherto uninvaded haunts of immense coveys of wild fowl. Indeed, they were so abundant," adds l\1r. Bouchette, "as in some measure to annoy us during the night," In this sanctuary of nature Governor Simcoe proceeded to build his civic and legislative altar, and to rear, under the name of Castle Frank, a domestic shrine among the sombre pines of the Don. \Vith the erection of primitive buildings for the meetings of the Provincial Legislature, a begin- ning was made to clear a site for the town. Under the Governor's eye the building of the new capital had its first start, and what at a later date was to be marked as the path of the sword \vas meantime being wearily won for the axe and the plough. Outside of the little clearing the spirit of the woods rested upon the whole scene, for the forests covered the Province as with a garment. But the soldier-administrator had a practical eye for his work, and speedily set the troops-the Queen's Rangers-to the necessary task of road-making, and the opening of lines of communication with the interior. Y onge Street, an arterial line connecting the infant capital with the Holland River and the water-way to the west, was the first great achievement of the troops, Dundas Street, a main post-road traversing the Province, and giving access to the large and fruitful region of settlement in the penin- sula, was another sagacious undertaking. But we are somewhat anticipating. As yet the Governor, his officers and officials were, with the troops, only effecting a landing at the new capital-an historic proceeding of which we have no detailed account from an eye-witness. Each reader may therefore form his own idea of the significant scene-of the troops landing material of war at the entrance of the harbour, to be stored in the fort which was to command the approaches to the town; a company of stalwart soldiers cuttmg a pathway from the garrison to the Don; and the Governor nd his suite disembarking by the stream on the banks of which he was to hoist his canvas tent, and on the heights to the north subsequently erect his summer home. But if the scenes connected with the formal landing and laying out of the town had no special chronicler, and, so far as history relates, were attended at the time with no ciyic or military display, within a few weeks occasion arose for general rejoicing in an event which . The City of Toro1lto, 2 0 7 happened in the outer world, advantage of which was taken to baptize the Town of York, and mark the natal day of the infant capital. Just a month after the occupation of the .place, news came from England of successes over the French in Flanders, in which the Duke of York and the English troops had taken part, though the lustre of victory was not fated to last. Having determined to call the town by the appellation of York, Governor Simcoe, on hearing the news of th Duke's engagement with the enemies of the Crown in' Holland, conceived the idea of a military demonstration, which would not only commemorate the event, but associate it with the naming of the town and harbour. Hence was issued the following General Order :- "York, Upper Canada, 26th August, 1793. His Excellency the Lieuten- ent-Governor having received information of the success of His Majesty's armies under His Royal Highness the Duke of York, by which Holland has been saved from the invasion of the French armies, and it appearing that the combined forces have been successful in dislodging their enemies from an entrenched camp supposed to be impregnable, from which the most important consequences may be expected, and in which arduous attempt the Duke of York and His Majesty's troops supported the native glory; it is His Excellency's orders that on the raising of the union flag at twelve o'clock to-morrow, a royal salute of twenty-one guns is to be fired, to be answered by the shipping in the harbour, in respect to His Royal Highness, and in commemoration of the naming of this harbour from his English title, York. E, B. Littlehales, Major of Brigade:' \\ïth this military pageant, and the salute from garrison and harbour, which must have scared the wild fowl from the bay and dumbfoundered the :\Iississaga hanger-on in the camp, the rough, un hewn site of the future capital rose to the dignity of a town, while the old oaks by the marge of the lake bowed their heads in recognition of the honour. The echoes of the cannon's thunder, we can well suppose, would carry ne\vs to the rival but provisional capital across the lake, which would be hadly received, and jaundice the liver of every inhabitant of Niagara, Not yet, however, was its full-blown conceit to be humbled, York was still unpre- pared for the assembling of Parliament. Though the first meeting of the Executive Council of the Province was held at York nearly a month before the military demonstration we have chronicled, th'ere was as yet no build. ing in which to give the honourable gentlemen shelter. \\'e must imagine therefore that the weighty affairs of State were discussed in that canvas tent of the Goyernor's which had done duty for the great discoverer, Captain Cook, in his historic voyages. The Council, we learn, remained in session 14 . 208 TILe COU1lty of York. until the 5th of September, when it broke up, and the Government returned to Niagara. I\leantime, the work of laying out the town advanced; and ere the woods had put on their aùtumnal glory several huts were built, and some portion of the region surveyed. In October we find the ever-active Governor back on the north shore of the lake, where he and his family wintered. Before the close of the season he personally conducted an explor- ing expedition to Lake la Clie, or what WiiS thenceforth to be known as Lake Simcoe. Shrewdly discerning the importance of commuilication north- ward, he determined to open up a highway to its waters. Ordering the surveyors to mark out a practical route thither, the winter was spent by the troops in felling part of the timber. This highway to the north, how- ever, was not constructed until the winter of 1795-6; and the early years of the succeeding century had arrived before it was opened out to the shores of Ontario. The road, which is thirty-two miles in length, was called after the English Secretary of \V ar, and has ever since borne the name of Y onge Street. Other expeditions throughout the year 1794 were undertaken by the Governor, and nearly every portion of the Province was embraced in the circuit of his travels, The Governor periodically returned to Newark to summon and prorogue Parliament and direct the affairs of State. The buildings which he had ordered to be planned for the Legislature at York meantime had been proceeded with, and streets were beginning to branch out from the site of the new \Vestminster. \Vith all his enthusiasm and practical energy, however, the development of the town was necessarily slow, The plan of the city was extensive, and before it could be 'built the forest had to be cleared, Yet there was progress as the years went by. Of the year 1795 there is little to chronicle, save the going and coming of the war-ships on the lake, and the occasional expeditions of the Governor. The legal machinery of the Province seems this year to have been put in motion, for we learn for the first time of the arrival at York of Chief Justice Osgoode, accompanied by Attorney-General \Vhite, who were going to dif- ferent parts of the Province to hold circuit, \Ve also learn that the prosaic round of life in these early times was enlivened by the occasional festivity of " a ball," and the reception of some Old \V orld visitor. '\t Navy Hall, and in his famous tent at York, the Governor's hospitalities were both lavish and kindly. It was in June of this year that the Duc de Liancourt and his travelling companion paid their historic visit to the provisional seat of Government, and were treated with marked consideration and courtesy by the Governor. Alas! the return for this was the noble Duke's babbling about desertion among the troops. and his defamation of the character of the people of the new capital. The City of Toronto. 20 9 The following year is notable for the definitIve surrender of Fort Niagara to the Americans, together with other posts on the frontier held by Britain, To Governor Simcoe, as an old campaigner in the Revolutionary \Var, this no doubt was distasteful, and must have increased his antipathy to the people of the Republic. To the Six Nation Indians, who were now settled on their reserve on the Grand River, this also was repugnant, for it meant the abandonment forever of their ancient territory. It also brought home to the chiefs of the confederacy the conviction that they had gained little by their fealty to Britain, and had benefited nothing by their alliance, on many a hard-fought field of battle, with the troops of the British Crown. The improvident character of the concessions of the Treaty of ,1783 were now becoming apparent, and there was much involved in the sacrifices that Simcoe, doubtless, could ill bear. \Vhether his known dislike to his repub- lican neighbours engendered the fear in the British Cabinet that this might lead to interñational complications, or whether the Governor had to thank the Duc de Liancourt for more of his politeness, it would be difficult to say, but suddenly the news fell upon the young colony that its first adminis- trator was to be transferred, In September, 1796, Simcoe left Navy Hall for San Domingo, and the Province that owed so much to him was to see him no more, \Vith what devotion and sturdy fidelity he had served the King in his new Province of Upper Canada there is no need to tell. He gave the colony his every thought, and worked resolutely to put it on its feet, Could he have had his own way, it is not too much to say that it would not long have remained a mere stripling by the side of the nation to the south of it, But he was too independent to be an official truckler, and had been brought up in a school that knew little of dissimulation. The student of history can have nothing but respect for the bluff old soldier. CHAPTER I I. YORK AT THE CLOSE OF THE LAST CENTURY. ( ./ A Þ ' I N the withdrawal from Upper Canada of Governor Simcoe the (\ i ' administration o its affairs devolved upo Pres.ide t Russell, t;. < , who was the semor member of the Executive CouncIl, and had ] ..;"'"11 also acted as Inspector-General. The charge of the Province ....... onl y fell temporaril y , however, to this functionar y , until the 'r .r arrival from England of a new administrator. This did not take place until 1799, when the Crown appointed Lieutenant- Governor Pete]" Hunter. One of the last official acts of Governor Simc0 7 was to prorogue Parliament at Newark (Niagara), on the 3rd of June, 179 6 . On the I rth of the following September, President Russell issued a proclamation setting forth his proyisional appointment as administrator. \Vith this change of régime, what, it may be asked, was the attitude of the acting Governor in regard to the removal of the capital? Fortunately there is a letter of his extant to some one in authority at the new capital, which shows not only what he designs to do, but reveals the inadequacy of the provision which York was as yet able to make for the meeting of Parliament. "As the Legislature," writes the President, "is to meet at York on the 1St of June, it becomes absolutely necessary that provision shall be made without loss of time for its reception. You will therefore be pleased to apprize the inhabi- tants of the town that twenty-five gentlemen will want board and lodgings during thè session; which may possibly induce them to fit up their houses and lay in provisions to accommodate them," To those familiar only with the Toronto of to-day, and having before their eyes the mammoth hotels and multitudinous boarding-houses of the modern capital, the necessity that compelled the administrator of the Province to see in advance to the housing and feeding of the members of the Legislature will hardly seem a serious one, But serious the necessity then was, as the President no doubt .- The City of Toronto. 2 I I would have discovered had he omitted the precautionary measure, \Vhat body of men, need we ask, could be got to sit through the" Speech from the Throne," who had only the planks of the Council Chamber the previous night for their couch, or would consent to vote the supplies on empty stomachs? There were uses in those days for a Lieutenant-Governor! The matter of the removal. of the capital to York having been thus definitely settled, we find Parliament summoned in due course for the dispatch of business, The date of meeting, as we have seen, was the 1st of ] une, 1797. The Houses of Parliament which had been planned by Governor Simcoe, and which he no doubt took pleasure in seeing gradually rise on the site he had chosen for them, he was fated not to inaugurate. The honours of the occasion fell to President Russell. The buildings were situated close by the bay, not far from the Don River, at a point almost due south from what is still known as Parliament Street, at the intersection of Front, or what was then termed Palace Street. The site was long marked, in modern times, by a massive grey stone building used as a jail. This New \Vorld \Vestminster had very indifferent surroundings, and was itself of a primitive type, though contemporary documents describe it as consisting of " two elegant halls, with convenient offices for the accommo- dation of the Legislature and the Courts of ] ustice." They were built of brick, and might have seen length of years, and been preserved to later generations as a sacred relic, but unfortunately, in 1813, they fell a prey to the torch of the invader. \Ve return to the first meeting of Parliament, and to Administrator Russell's umI1:Îons -to Council and Commons to perform their legislative functions for the first time in York. Here is the edict which calls them to their duties: "The King convokes, and by these presents enjoins you and each of you, that on the First day of ] une, in the year of Our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, you do meet Us in Our Provincial Parliament, in Our Town of York, for the actual dispatch of Public Business, and to take into consideration the state and welfare of Our Province of Upper Canada, and therein to do as may seem necessary." In such kingly phrase does his Excellency summon his Councillors and faithful Commons to meet him, in furtherance of their legislative duties, in what, by a euphuism only, could be considered "the Royal Town of York." The population of the place, exclusive of about two hundred soldiers, did not at the time exceed some ten or twelve families, It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that these- were ill-prepared to house and feed the Legislature. Despite the high-flown call of the President, the country's law-makers seem to have kept their heads, and sellsib.ly to have got through . 212 The COUllty of York. their '\vork. \Vith the primitive surroundings of the place the ceremonial of opening and closing the House according to British use and wont must have been apt to raise a smile. But the gravity of the times gave it a dignity, and the simple needs of the Province lent it a grace, in sharp con- trast to the levity and absence of decorum which wait nowadays on much of the legislation of even the Imperial Parliament. The stately dignity of our early law-makers, and the grave decorum with which they conducted their legislative duties, would put to shame the honourable members who in these modern days, in the far-off British metropolis, make a bear-garden of the historic Hall of \Yestminster. There is a delightful passage in Dr. Scadding's " Toronto of Old" in reference to the historic scenes which our Canadian \Yestminster was witness of, and which imparts such a rich colouring to the picture which the genial historian has drawn for us of our humble St. Stephen's, that we cannot refrain from here quoting it. It is a reminiscence of a later time: "Objectionable as the first site of the Legis- lative buildings at York may appear to ourselves," says the Doctor, "and alienated as it now is to lower uses, we cannot but gaze upon it with a certain degree of emotion, when we remember that here it was the first skirmishes took place in the great war of principles which afterwards with such determination and effect was fought out in Canada. Here it was that first loomed up before the minds of our early law-makers the ecclesiastical question, the educational question, the constitutional question; here it was that first was heard the open discussion, childlike, indeed, and vague, but pregnant with very weighty consequences, of topics, social. and national, which, at the time, even in the parent State itself, were mastered but by few. "Here it was, during a period of twenty-seven years (1797-1824), at each opening and closing of the annual session, amidst the firing of cannon and the commotion of a crowd, the cavalcade drew up that is wont, from the banks of the Thames to the r motest colony of England, to mark the solemn progress of the Sovereign or the Sovereign's representative, to and from the other Estates in Parliament assembled. Here, amid such fitting surroundings of state as the circumstances of the times and the place admitted, came and went personages of eminence, whose names are now familiar in Canadian story, Never, indeed, the founder and organizer of Upper Canada, Governor Simcoe himself, in this formal a.nd ceremonious manner, although often must he have visited the spot otherwise, in his personal examinations of every portion of his young capital and its environs. But here, immediately after him, ho'\\'ever, came and went repeatedly, in due succession, President Russell, Governor Hunter, Governor Gore, General Brock, General Sheaffe, Sir Gordon Drummond, Sir Peregrine :\laitland, The City of Toronto, 21 3 "And, while contemplating the scene of our earliest political conflicts, the scene of our earliest known State pageants in these parts, with their modest means and appliances, our minds intuitively recur to a period farther removed still, when under even yet more primitive conditions the Parlia- ment of Upper Canada assembled at Newark, just across the lake. · \Ve picture to ourselves the group of seven Crown-appointed Councillors and five representatives of the Commons, assembled there, with the first Speaker, ,McDonell, of Glengarry; all plain, unassuming, prosaic men, listenmg, at their first session, to the opening speech of their frank and honoured Governor, \Ve see them adjourning to the open air from their straitened chamber at Navy Hall, and conducting the business of the young Province under the shade of the spreading tree, introducing the English code and trial by jury, decreeing roads, and prohibiting the spread of slavery; while a boulder of the drift, lifting itself up through the natural turf, serves as a desk for the recording clerk. Below them, in the magnifi- cent estuary of the River Niagara, the waters of all th Upper Lakes are swirling by, not yet recovered from the agonies of the long gorge above and the leap at Table Rock. Even here, at the opening and close of this primæval legislature, some of the decent ceremonial was observed with which, as we have just said, the sadly inferior site at the embouchure of the Don became afterwards familiar." The scene of these historic ceremonies in York fast rose to importance, The town grew and spread itself; streets were opened out which, though they have now long become unfashionable, were in their day the home of wealth and the dress-parade of fashion. Even their regal names-Palace, Princes, Duke, Duchess, Frederick, Caroline, George, and all the string of them-that sought to honour the person and family of the reigning king, have not saved them from desertion or stayed the hand of decay, But they and the town were then new, and anticipation gilded the future and every hope seemed hright. In addition to the Houses of Parliament there had been erected close by a building which long served the purposes of a Government House, though it afterwards bore the monastic title of Russell Abbey. It was erected for President Russell, by whom and his maiden sister it was long occupied, and subsequently it became the residence of the Roman Catholic Bishop, l\IcDonell, IIere and there the recesses of the neighbouring forest were invaded by courageous settlers, who wished to found a home for themselves and their families in the woods. From these homesteads were erelong to come forth the men \\,-ho were to guide the destinies of the country and become notable figures in the town. :\Iean- 21 4 The COU1lty of York. while the century crept to its close, and the Town of York began to show that it had an existence other than on paper. To what length it had grown and what were its prospects we may learn from a contemporary volume now before us-the u Topographical Description and Gazetteer of U pp.er Canada," prepared by Surveyor-General David \V. Smyth. \Ve will close the present chapter by quoting from it. Says the Gazetteer: " York is in about 43 degrees and 35 minutes of north latitude,* and is the present seat of Government of Upper Canada. It is most beautifully situated within an excellent harbour of the same name, made of a long peninsula, which confines a basin of water suHiciently large to contain a considerable fleet; on the extremity of the peninsula, which is called Gibraltar Point, are commodious stores and block-houses, which command the entrance to the harbour; on the mainland, opposite to the Point, is the garrison, situated in a fork made by the harbour and a small rivulet, which, being improved by sluices, affords an easy access for boats to go up to the stores; the barracks, being built on a knoll, are well situated for health, and com- mand a delightful prospect of the lake to the west, and of the harbour to the east, The Government House is about two miles above the garrison, near the head of the harbour, and the town is increasing rapidly; the River Don empties itself into the harbour a little above the town, running through a marsh, which when drained will afford most beautiful and fruitful meaJ- ows. This has already been commenced in a small degree, which will, no doubt, encourage further attempts. The long beach, or peninsula, which affords a most delightful ride, is considered so healthy by the Indians that they resort to it whenever indisposed; and so soon as the bridge over the Don is finished, it will, of course, be most generally resorted to, not only for pleasure, but as the most convenient road to the heights of Scarborough. The ground which has been prepared for the Government House is situated between the town and the River Don, on a most beautiful spot, the vicinity of which is well suited for gardens and a park. The oaks are in general large; the soil is excellent, and well watered with creeks, one of which, by means of a short dam, may be thrown into all the streets of the town. Vessels of all sizes may be conveniently built here, and a kind of terrace or second bank in front of the town affords an excellent situation for a rope walk. The remains of the old French fort, Toronto, stand a little to the .. :\lore accurately the situ:l.tion of Toronto is as follows :-Latitude, 43 0 49' 4" north; longitude, 79071' 5" west, or five hours seventeen minutes and twenty seconds slower than Greenwich time. The City of Toronto, 21 5 westward of the present garrison, and the River Humber discharges itself into the Lake Ontario about two miles and a half west of that; on this river and the Don are excellent mills, and all the waters abound in fish. In winter the harbour is frozen, and affords excellent ice for the amusement of northern countries, driving in traineaus. The climate of York is tem- perate, and well sheltered from the northerly winds by the high lands in the rear. . The Y onge Street leads from hence to Lake Simcoe, and the Dundas Street crosses tþe rear of the town," _____ (J =- .:- "!: - "N e eo ' :r'J/I! J:"" I I ) \J(\'__..7 ]f; " ' ,.. . - ..,.., \ . ?'- \ " " CHAPTER III. THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS HUNTER AND GORE. r;, ..... UST pnor to the beginning of the present century the infant settlement at York was honoured with the presence of a new Lieutenant-Governor. President Russell, who provisionally suc- ceeded Governor Simcoe, was relieved of his adminIstrative duties by the arrival at the capital of Lieutenant-General Peter Hunter, of whose antecedents, it may here be said, little was known. He was a Scottish gentleman, possessed of the charac- teristic qualities of his nation, and, as it turned out, had those additional virtues which we associate with the military man, and which were needed in his official capacity-discernment and decision. Governor Hunter arrived at York on the 17th of August, 1799, and presently took up his residence in the garrison. The event is duly chronicled in the press, the Niagara Constellation of the 23rd instant supplying us with the following interesting paragraph: "His Excellency, Governor Hunter, arrived at York on Friday morning last in the Speedy, On landing he was received by a party of the Queen's Rangers; and at one o'clock p.m, was waited on at his Honour's, the President's, by the military officers, and congratulated on his safe arrival and appointment to the government of the Province," After a brief visit to Niagara, Governor Hunter seems to have returned for a time to Lower Canada, for we presently find the direction of affairs again committed to the hands of President Russell, with whom is now associated the Hon. J. McGill, J. Elmsley and Æneas Shaw. The official Gazette continues from time to time to report the going and coming of Gov- ernor Hunter, and the various movements of Government schooners on the lake, as they carried to and" fro, on the business of the Crown, the law officers of the Province, and such naval and military magnates as were in this part of the world on His Majesty's service, The entries are varied by the adver- tisements of sailing packets, plying between different ports on Lake Ontario, r r: . '. - f/ _: , - L The City of Toronto, 2[7 in the il'lterest of the growing commerce of the Province. Occasionally there is a paragraph in the Gazette which records some calamitous ship- wreck on the lake, the foundering or running ashore of some Government or merchant vessel, or other dire mishap which brings grief and dismay to the young colony, The naval architecture of the shipping on the lakes was at this period of a very primitive type, and few came to commit themselves to any extended voyage on the lake without serious apprehension and grave misgiving, Abroad, His Majesty's navy was making Britain" mistress of the seas;" but in the inland waters of Canada English commerce had as yet done little to give the colony trustworthy boats. Among the casualties recorded in the journals of the time we find that which overtook the schooner Sþeedy, late in the season of 1802, At the period above referred to she foun- dered off Presqu' Isle, and the \vhole of her passengers, including many nota- bles of the Province, were lost. In Dr. Scadding's " Toronto of Old," he who has a love for the eventful may gratify his taste by reading the account given in the volume of the loss, some twenty years earlier than the period we are writing of, of the Ontario, Captain Andrews in command, which" went down with all on board wh le conveying troops-a detachment of the KiÚg's Own-under Colonel Burton, fron1 Niagara to Oswego," The vessel carried twenty-two guns, the weight of which, when she became disabled. soon sent her to the bottom of the lake. Dr. Scad ding tells us that one hundred and seventy-two persons perished on this occasion, The calami- tous story has long SInce passed from memory or tradition among us, though it deserves to be worthily commemorated in some modern epic. Presently the announcement is made that the Legislature has enacted that lighthouses shall be established round the lake, one of which is to he con- structed on Gibraltar Point. This, in some measure, lessened the risks of navigation on the waters of Ontario, For the next few years we meet with little of moment in the announce- ments of the Gazette. The colony, indeed, was at the time living through hut a humdrum existence, Events that were occurring in the outside world took long to reach the colony, and the inhabitants as yet were so few that their significance failed to make that impression which might otherwise be expected. \Vithin the country we find record of a few events which, to the good people of York, were of absorbing interest. Among these may be men"tioned the opening at the capital of a weekly public market, the necessity for which had now become urgent. Governor Hunter had set aside nearly five acres, in the region of the present St. Lawrence Hall, for this laudable purpose, and the market was opened by official proclamation on the 5th of November, 1803, Henc(.forth it was not necessary to send to K iagara, as 218 The County of York. we have an amusing record of, for a few pounds of butter, In the same year we find several notables of the town elevated by royal proclamation to the rank of the legal profession. This honour fell upon Dr. \V. W, Baldwin, father of the Hon. Robert Baldwin-the noted later-day Liberal-William Dickson, of Niagara, D'Arcy Boulton, of Augusta, and John Powell, of York. Dr. Scadding tells us that these gentlemen used to be referred to as the " heaven -descended " barristers, Another historic announcement appears in the Gazette of the period, in the hoisting, for the first time since the union of Great Britain and Ireland, of the Royal Standard-the flag of the now United Kingdom, This national emblem was first given to the winds in Upper Canada one day about the middle of Novemger, 1801, from the flagstaff of Fort George. In 1 03 the Duke of Kent, uncle of Her Present Majesty, paid his second visit to Canada, and was entertained at York by the Hon, Æneas Shaw, now be- come a general. In this year, for the first time, we come upon an instance of the benefits which "our coloured brethren" derived from Simcoe's humane Act, in forbidding the further introduction of slaves into Canada, and the freedom that was to be granted those born in the country on attain- ing a certain age. On record in the Registry Office of Toronto, under the year 1803, is a registration of the sale, by Robert Franklin, York, yeoman, free black nian, of "the front half of lot number five in the second conces- sion east of the Township of York." On file, in the same depository, is also to be seen the will of Isaac de Gray, Solicitor-General of Upper Canada,';: by one of the clauses of which he gives freedom to a slave in his possession, and leaves a handsome sum for her support. The clause reads thus: " Thirdly, I feel it a duty incumbent upon me, in consequence of the long and faithful services of Dorinda, my black woman servant, rendered to my family, to release, manumit, and discharge her from the state of slavery in which she now is, and to give her and all her children their freedom. My will, therefore, is that she be released, and I hereby accordingly release, manumit, and discharge the said Dorinda, and all and every of her said children from slavery, and declare them and everyone of them to be free," The provision :\1r. De Gray made for them was the funding of -J;I ,200, " the interest of which was to be paid to the said Dorinda, and her heirs and assigns forever." Three years later, in sharp contrast to the humanity of Governor Simcoe, we find ::.\h, Administrator Peter Russell offering for sale in the . For these facts the writer is indebted to the courtesy of Mr, Charles Lindsey. the present Registrar, The Cit.,v of Toronto. 21 9 advertising columns of the" Gazette and Oracle,>:: "a black woman named Peggy, aged forty years, and a black boy, her son, named Jupiter, aged about fifteen years, both of them the property of the subscriber, The woman," so sets forth the advertisement, " is a tolerable cook and washerwoma:n, and perfectly understands making soap and candles," The price set upon Peggy is $150, and upon Jupiter, junior, $200, "payable in three years, with interest from the day of sale, and to be secured by bond." His Excellency is good enough to say, however, that "one-fourth less will be taken for ready money," F or the first time we now hear of what used often to be referred to as " the Church at York." The" meeting-house for Episcopalians," as it was also for a period termed, though subsequently the church was to develop into the Cathedral of St. James, had its origin in the year 1804, and was, as we learn,'" a plain, barn-like structure of framed timber, forty feet by fifty, . . standing east and west." The building was put up with the ass stance of some troops from the garrison, by permission of Colonel Sheaffe, the commandant. Its first clergyman was the Rev. G, O'Kill Stuart, who afterwards became an archdeacon in the church, and for a time was master of the Home District School at York. In the records of both church and school we meet with the names of estimable citizens who, with their families, have been long associated with the town, and been instrumental, in large measure, in advancing its prospects. Society at the capital was presently, however, to receive a shock in the receipt of a despatch conveying intelligence of the death at Quebec of the Lieutenant-Governor, General Hunter. As commander-in-chief of the forces he had gone to the capital of the Lower Province on a tour of military inspection, and there fell ill and died, His body was buried at Quebec on one of the last days of \ugust, 1805, His temporary successor in the governorship was Commodore Alexander Grant, ,vho is chiefly known by his zeal in establishing for a while at York an institution for the promo- tion of Natural Science, anrl in procuring a grant from Parliament for the purchase of the necessary apparatus. In the following year there came to the Province from the governorship of Bermuda the Hon. Francis Gore, who for the next five years was to figure in provincial history as Lieutenant-Governor. During this period York made slow but steaJy progress, and the Province continued satisfac- torily to advance in settlement. Parliament voted sums for the construction of roads and bridges, and made laudable efforts to open up new sections of · Cited by Dr. Scadding, in his" Toronto of Old," page 293, .. 220 The COU1lty of York. the country, Postal facilities were also increased, and communication with LO\ver Canada and the outer world became more practicable, The popu- lation of the capital had by this time grown to 2,000. In George Heriot's wQrk on British North America, he says of York in 1806 that" many houses are already completed, some of which display a considerable degree of taste. The advancement of the place to its present condition," he adds, "has been effected within the lapse of six or seven years, and persons who have formerly travelled in this part of the country are impressed with sentiments of wonder on beholding a town which may be termed handsome, reared as if by enchantment in the midst of a wilderness." 1\1r. Heriot filled the office of Deputy Postmaster-General of Bpitish North America, The mail between Montreal and York, we learn, was at this time so light as .. to be carried by pedestrian white men between these two places, and by an Indian between York and Niagara, all of whom carried axes to enable them to cross streams. The number of post-offices in Upper and Lower anada at this date was less than twenty, and only about eight hundred miles of post road were open, of which not more than one hundred and fifty were in Upper Canada," " No country in the world-" we quote from a modern source-" was less burdened wIth taxes than was Upper Canada at this period. A small direct tax on property, levied by the District Courts of Session, and not amounting to sixteen thousand dollars for the whole country, sufficed for all local expenses, There was no poor-rate, no capitation tax, no tithes or ecclesias- tical rates of any kind. The chief check to the great prosperity of the country was the want of paper currency, there being no bank then in Canada, Gold and silver were the only circulating mediums, and, as the exports did not balance the imports, the little money brought into the colony by settlers, or paid out by Government, was insufficient to meet the increasing wants of the community, A system of barter was thus originated between merchant and farmer, highly prejudicial to the latter, and which frequently led him into debt. "Nor were the public morals as much calculated to advance the wel- fare of the country as could be desired. Intemperance was a prevalent vice. The rough backwoodsmen, too, were often quarrelsome in their cups, and pugilistic encounterS very frequently took place, The mass of the people may be described as a rough, homespun generation, with little religion, still less education; but honest in their general demeanour; steady, yet simple in their manners, and exceedingly hospitable in their homes. In the early days of York the vice of intemperance was punished in a somewhat summary though certainly utilitarian way: all persons guilty The City of Toronto. 221 of drunkenness were made to give a certain amount of labour in pulling out tree-stumps in the public streets," Such is the picture of York on the arrival of Lieutenant-Governor Gore. In some respects the country was an "earthly paradise," where there was abundance for all, with quiet enjoyment and reasonable pleasures to him who would dress the land and till it. But paradises, historically, have not been able to keep out discord. How much of this came to be introduced into Upper Canada, and what evil from the outside threatened to befall the young colony, we shall in the next and following chapters discover. Europe was at the period in the throes of a conflict which was putting Anglo-Saxon pluck and British manhood to the severest test. Nearer hand, the clouds of war were stretching their murky curtain over British possessions in Canada, and the mutterings of a portentous storm were already disturbing the land, In the Governor's address at the opening of Parliament, in r80g, occurs this presage of the coming conflict: "Hitherto," says His Excellency, "we have enjoyed tranquillity, plenty, and peace, How long it may please the supreme Ruler of Nations to favour us is wisely concealed from our view. But under such circumstances it becomes us to prepare ourselves to meet every event, and to evince by our zeal and loyalty that we know the value of our Constitution, and are worthy the name of British subjects," Two years afterwards Governor Gore, obtaining leave of absence, quitted the country, and there now comes upon the scene the memorable figure of Brock. . " -.. CHAPTER IV, BROCK, AND THE \V AR OF 1812. ......... , r -... T can hardly be said that the thirty months' conflict, in which the "...(, , Canadian 'Militia took so large and honourable a part, between 1: the forces of Great Britain and those of the United States, holds iij ,. \, è that high place in history which its importance claims for it. ....t1:;;;i Occurring so soon after the struggle of the American colonies "r for Independence, and while Britain was at the time passing through the throes of a terrible conflict in Europe, we can partly understand why it is that what is known on this side the Atlantic as the "\Var of 1812" has not had its due share of recognition, Recognition from writers in American educational text-books it certainly has had; but this is a recognition which has done justice more to the American faculty of appropriating honours than it has done justice to Canadian patriotism and the cause of truth. Canadians are quite content that the struggle so long and bravely maintained on their soil through the errible years of 1812- 1 4 should be dwarfed in .the greater struggle of which the continent of the Old \Y orld was at the time the witness; but they are not content that the prowess of their forefathers anp the rightful honours of the contest should suffer eclipse at the hands of mendacious historians. Fortunately, however, the history of the struggle is now becoming better known, and if American writers are not wholly taking back their words, their assumptions are not quite so vainglorious; and Canada is allowed to have her share of credit. 'Moreover, among American writers who have given careful thought to the subject, an uncomfortable feeling is beginning to betray itself, in finding justification, if not for precipitating the war, at least for invading Canada. \Vhat the Americans expected to gain by this step they very quickly discovered was not to be realized; and the incensed protest of Randolph, of Virginia, against "converting Canadians into traitors, as a preparation for making them good American citizens," many of theIr í --"- " :-- -'T;;J.3:\" . ',:. :,'"",:,1 ,l -"":='.- - ,,,. i'\.\\: f: , " 'I 1,:' . " r - , , . .. 't; "l'f' :.' :r__j).:.;;'-1J. \', :.;: :h ," 1 I ) ^ \II I' I 'if 'I . I '. ", ' ':.:-.;.... ... .. ' ,,;r 'n. '.' ,0, ", \\ _:\111) 1!!1 I -., ;."" fJ"tI .,...tf" I I' , , .-::'. -=- -: .... "!.. \t"_. , \ ' ' I .:t;, I '. 'oiI,',,: J '. ,. .,.:.. , .....,' ''*'''<'1fl) " "' ' - - '-. '.' ....r,;-'.. \ I , I , :9' I I ," ..;.T\.. ". I". "' .. = 'to . 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11' I L :' / 1' :1 ' 11'\: i :" II, :íl .l I ll i ' II I: :111 1' 11 11 I I 1'1 11\11\'I::il , I, '1,1:' II J I I, III "',\ ' I ' I, " I ,.I'l ' I I : I ' III III. III. III I The City of Toronto. 223 historians and public men now wish they had given heed to, Troubles enough Canada at this time had, and she had many and weighty reasons for being dissatisfied with her political rulers; but this did not lessen her loyalty to Britain, nor dissuade her from doing what she could to keep her soil inviolate. For a moment let us look at the work that lay before her. The total population of Canada at this time did not exceed 300,000, of which number only about a fourth was settled in the Upper Province. The regular troops of all arms in the country did not quite number 4,500 men, less than a third being in Upper Canada. \Vith this small body of troops Canada had to rely upon her own militia, ?ctively aided by the patriotism of her people, to defend a frontier of over 1,500 miles, threatened at many points' by a large anù disciplined army, with a population to draw upon of nearly eight millions! Yet such was the spirit of her sons that, hopeless as seemed the undertaking, she did not hesitate to take -the field at the first signal of danger, \Vith the return to England of Governor Gore, in the autumn of 1811, Lieutenant-General Isaac Brock became President and acting Adminis- trator of the Province. Throughout this year the growing hostility to Britain shown by the United States, which had never got over the acrimony of separation, rose to a flame over some unauthorized acts of British naval officers in command of vessels on the Atlantic coast. Previous acts in asserting England's" right of search" on the high seas for deserters and contraband goods, which the United States had resented, had aggravated public feeling, and intensified the .bitterness between the two countries. President Madison's non-intercourse policy, and his establishment of a close blockade over \.merican ports, so as to cut off all trade with Britain, were portents of the coming storm, \Vith remarkable prescience General Brock saw that trouble was impending, and he set :about making prepara- tions for defence. At the opening of the Legislature at York, in February, 1812, he presses upon the House the importance of adopting at once" such measures as will best secure the internal peace of the country, and defeat every hostile aggression." He expresses the hope, at the same time, " that cool reflection and the dictates of justice may yet avert the calamities of \Var." This, however, was not to be. On the 18th of June, 1812, Congress declared war against Great Britain, and took instant steps to invade Canada. Canada, with equal promptitude, proceeded to call out her militia, and determinedly braced herself to resist invasion. It is the fashion among many American writers of to-day to deny that the \Var of 1812 was a war of aggression, But nothing Cdn well be 15 224 Tile COU1lty of York. further from the truth. There was at the time a bitter hatred of England and increasing jealousy of her maritime supremacy. To humiliate her on the seas was a difficult undertaking, but not so difficult, it was thought, would be the task of snatching from her her colony on the North. That this was the design in invading Canada there can be no manner of doubt. From a volume published at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1820::: we find the following emphatic corroboration of the aggressive intent of the United States in declaring war against Britain. It was nothing less than to secure possession of the rich peninsula of Upper Canada, and obtain control of the entire trade of the St. Lawrence. After enumerating the advantages of the latter river as a highway to the sea, the writer speaks thus frankly of the forcible annexation of Canada. "From these considerations," says "i\Ir. Niles, " as well as from those of a political nature, the annexation of the Canadas to the United States, which would give us the whole of the great valley of the St. Lawrence, and the entire control of the extensive water communication which forms its natural outlet to the ocean, must always be an object of primary importance; and ought never for a moment to be lost sight of by the councils of the Republic. Our extended and extending Republic can never be considered as complete and consolidated until this object is accomplished, \Vas there nothing else to awaken our solicitude, to arouse our fears and provoke our pride, in relation to this subject, the great angle or peninsula of Upper Canada, which projects nearly six degrees into the very heart of the United States, ought to be sufficient, It remains a standing monument, admonishing us of our duty to ourselves, our country and posterity. " The annexation of the territory of the Canadas to the United States would open to the future millions that will inhabit the American borders of the vast interior waters a free and natural channel of commerce down the St. La\vrence; give us a north-western frontier, guarded by impenetrable barriers of frost which would save millions that will be required to defend the present extended and exposed frontier; and remove a permanent cause of differences and wars between the two countries. " But here is another reason, perhaps more important than any which has been noticed: the acquisition of the Canadas is necessary to preserve the political balance of this Union, and to countervail the immense terri- tory \vhich has been acquired to the south and west by the cession of .. Life of Commodore Perry, with biographical sketches of General Pike (who wa killed at the attack upon Toronto) and Captain Lawrence (commander of the Chesaþ('ake), by John M. Niles, Hartford, 1820. The City of Toronto. 225 Louisiana. In addition to these considerations, it is an object worthy of a free, an enlightened and magnanimous nation, which boa ts of its liberty, its laws and civil institutions, to extend, by all just and proper means, the inestimable blessings of a free press, free suffrage, and the principles of repuhlican government, to all who are in a condition to recei\ e and enjoy them; and especially to a brave and hospitable people, whose contiguity to our l\.epublic renders them special objects of our sympathy, and whose destiny seems to have been identified with our own by the common Parent oj the human family." This delectable extract there is no need to enshrine in these pages as very exceptional evidence, from a contemporary American source. of the designs of the United States in invading Canada, The frank remarks of :\Ir. iles are no solitary confession of the feelings and desires of his countrymen at the period. It was, of course, very kind of the .. free, enlightened and magnanimous nation" to take that hearty intere:,t in a young colony which led it to treat it as "a special object of sympathy," and to desire, "by all just and proper means "-i.e., by a war of conquest. blood- shed and pillage-to extend to it "the inestimable blessings of H.epublican GO\-ernment." It was, further, a most laudable undertaking to aid "the common Parent of the human family" in his either unwilling or too difficult task of shaping the destinies of this country. But these orth .\merican possessions of the British Crown did not appreciate this gratui- tous kindness of the good people of the neighbouring Republic; neither were Canadians particularly anxious to avail themsekes of the" inestimable blessings of Republican Government." Nor was Canada merely coy and waiting to be wooed, She did not like the suitor, and from the mouth of many a matchlock she hotly told him so, Spar.e will not permit our following, \\-ith any detail, the forttlllès of the war, nor does it specially lie in our way to do so. T\vo incidents of the conflict, however, York had special interest in, and with one of these, at kast, we must in the present chapter deal. Of these incidents \\e need hardly say that one connects itself with the York militia and their heroic leader; the other with the attack upon and surrender of Fort Toronto, and the raiding of the capital. Early in 1812 the Governor-General, Sir George Prevost, had received instructions to permit the return of General 13roch. to England, that the army of the continent might have the benefit of his services. Of this the Governor-General advised Brock from Quebec. But the latter, impressed with a sense of the critical position of the country, and believing- that preferment was dS likely to come to him in the fulfilment of duty at his 226 .Tlle County of York. present post, decided to remain and share with Canadians the honour, as well as the risk,. of preserving the Province of Upper Canada to the British Crown. \Vhat the risk was to him we shall presently see: the sentinel column that stands to-day on Queenston Heights is a sad memorial of the risk, while it perpetuates the memory of a deed of undying renown, Less than a month after the declaration of war, the American general, Hull, with an army of 2,500 men, crossed the Detroit River and entered Canada. On hearing of this, Brock at once called an emergency meeting of Parliament, despatched some companies of the 4 1st Regiment, then in garrison at York, to Niagara, and thither, within a few days, followed them. Colonel Proctor, with the remaining companies of the 4 1st , was ordered to reinforce the troops at Amherstburg; and Captain Roberts, in command at Fort St. Joseph, was instructed to re-take the old trading-post of Michili- mackinac, \Vith the 3rd Regiment of York militia Brock himself set out, on the 6th of August, for Amherstburg. Here he was joined by the Shawnee Chief, Tecumseh, with whom and his Indian followers Brock concerted for the capture of Fort Detroit. By this time General Hull had withdrawn his army from Canada, and retired upon the stronghold of Detroit. Promptly carrying out his project, Brock put his small force in fighting array, and crossed the river into 1\Iichigan. Before assaulting the fort he summoned the garrison to sur- render. The summons, to Brock's surprise, was complied \vith, and 2,5 00 American soldiers gave up to him their arms. Elated at his unlooked-for success, and enabled by the capitulation of the fort to more efficiently arm the Candian militia, he resolved at once to return to York, thereafter to crç:>ss Lake Ontario and sweep from the Niagara frontier other detachments of the enemy. By the 27th of August we find him and his troops back at the capital, where he was received with the warmest acclaims of the populace, Unfortunately, when about to set out again, Brock's design to prevent the enemy from massing on the Niagara River was for the time frustrated by an ill-timed armistice, which had been agreed to by Sir George Prevost, who held supreme command in Lower Canada. This delayed action till the following October, and gave the Americans time to concentrate a force of some 6,000 men, under Van Rensselaer, in the neighbourhood of Lewiston, At daybreak on the 13th the advance-guard of this force effected a land ng on the Canadian bank of the Niagara River, despite the heroism of its defenders. ' General Brock, hearing at Fort George the cannonading, gal- loped with his aides to the scene of action, and at once found himself in the thick of a desperate onset. The City of Toronto. 227 The story is now a brief one. Two cOl!lpanies of the 49th Regiment, under Captain Dennis, with about a hundred of the Canadian militia, had for sometime been holding the enemy in check. The engagement speedily hecame general. A portion of the invading force, gaining the heights unobs rved, from the r vantage-ground began to pour destruction upon the defenders. Brock, with characteristic gallantry, instantly placed himself at the head of the troops, with whom were two companies of the militia of York, and hastened to dislodge the enemy from the heights. Conspicu- ously leading the storming-party, and with the cry, u Push on the York.. volunteers !" on his lips, Brock was struck by a musket-ball, and fell mortally wounded. Maddened at the death of their heroic leader, the troops twice essayed to clear the invaders from the flame-clad heights. Twice, however, were they driven back; and the gallant column, of barely three hundred men, was compelled to retire upon the village, waiting reinforcements, Presently these came up, and under General Sheaffe they now oucflanked the Americans, and on the brink of the river forced them to surrender. Victory once more rested upon British arms, though its lustre was grievously dimmed by heavy losses sustained by the victors, and by the death of Brock, their loved commander. Three days afterwards they laid his body temporarily to rest in a bastion of Fort George, and the Canadian people mourned for their dead hero. t- {.Z -j \' CHAPTER V. . THE ADVENT OF DR. STRACHAi\', AND THE FALL OF YORK. I] i -Ý URING the remaining months of the year 1812 nothing very . ì " notable happened to the arms of the two nations. The success o. won on Queenston Heights, though it had cost the life of the j.,'. ." gallant Brock, was a serious blow to the Americans, as nearly t;- W a thousand men surrendered to Sheaffe, with \Vadsworth, their ... general. Small as was the Canadian force opposed to the invader, its losses shed a gloom over the capital. \Vith Brock there fell the Provincial Attorney-General, John McDonnell, who was acting as aide-de-camp to the Governor, together with many a gallant militiaman. York gave of its best blood to the war, and few who were able to fight shirked the duty the sword imposed upon them. To mitigate the horrors and alleviate the sufferings of the conflict, there was now established at the capital an association called the "Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada,.' the principal objects of which were to make provision. for the widows and orphans of the war, to tend the wounded, and give succour to those whose homes had been made desolate. The founder of this society, and one of the most active citizens of the still young capital, was a reverend diyine who had but recently come to take up his residence in York, and whose profession well fitted him to act the part of the Good Samaritan. \Ve refer to the Re..v, Dr. John Strachan, a name that was to become a household word throughout the Province, and its owner one of the most notable figures in its history. Born at _\berdeen, in 1778, this young Scot, who was to become the first Bishop appointed by the Crown in Upper Canada, left the charge of a parish school in the neighbourhood of St. Andrews and came to Canada, in 1799, to devote himself to the work of teaching, It had been wisely proposed by Governor Simcoe that the Province should encourage the estahlishment of an acarlemy, to grow in time into a college, and that some The City of Torol1 to, 229 capable person should be obtained from Britain to take charge of the insti- tution, The offer of the principalship, tradition has it, was first made to the notable divine, Dr. Chalmers, and being refused by him, young Strachan, the Aberdeen graduate, was induced to accept it. On the last day of the century, the young Master of Arts arrived at Kingston, and presented himself at the house of Mr. Richard Cartwright, a gentleman of much local repute, who was afterwards heartily to befriend him. . Here he learned that with the departure of Simcoe, and other intervening events, the project of founding an academy under the auspices of the Government had been abandoned, Undeterred by this mischance, and aided by his good friend Cartwright, Strachan opened a private school at Kingston, and immediately met with success. For the first time was now set in motion that educa- tional machinery which erelong was to overspread the Province, and bear the lamp of learning into every village in the land. \ Vhile at Kingston Strachan determined to take orders in the Church of England, and being admitted by Bishop :\lountain to the priesthood, he was given a charge at Cornwall. Thither Strachan and his now celebrated school removed, and for a time we find him imparting more than the con- ventional rudiments of education to a group of young men who from the Grammar School at Cornwall were erelong to go forth to the highest positions in the Province. In I8I I there died at Kingston an intimate friend and correspondent of Strachan, the Rev. Dr. John Stuart, who for a quarter of a century had ministered to the people of that town. The man looked to as his successor was the schoolmaster at Cornwall; but just then Governor Gore was inducing the worthy dominie to come to York, and engage in clerical and educatiqnal work. For a time Strachan wavered in his chOIce, but the incumbency of York being pressed ufJon him by many prominent people of the town, he finally accepted the charge, and removed to the capital. Through the favour of Major-General Brock he was also appointed to the chaplaincy of the troops, and offered some official post in the Provincial Council. Dr. Strachan's biographer, and his successor in the See of Toronto, gives us a brief but interesting picture of York at the period of Strachan's advent. "Y ork, at this time," writes Dishop Bethune, "was a little town of a few hundred inhabitants; the houses all of wood,' and of very unpre- tending dimensions. Seven years later, when first seen by the writer of -This was a slip on the part of the Reverend biographer. The buildings ppropriated to the Legislature, as already mentioned, were constructed of brick. ..... 23 0 The COU1lty of York. this memoir, its population hardly exceeded 1,000; and there were but three brick houses in the whole place. In 1812 it might be regarded as a quiet little parish, affording sufficient but not severe labour to the incum- bent, and quite within the compass of one man's pastoral ministrations. But now it was shaken and disturbed by the din and turmoil of war; it was the residence of the Commander of the Forces, and the centre, conse- quently, of all military arrangements. No sooner was war proclaimed than there followed the active preparations and energetic movements of Sir Isaac Brock; and before many months we had the bloodless triumph at Detroit, and the sanguinary, yet not less glorious, contest at Queenston Heights-having, however, one most calamitous result, the death of the gallant Brock himself. After this, as the wintry season drew on, there was comparative quiet; but far and near were the notes of preparation on either side, and thickening anxieties for the coming spring. In such a stirFing time it was not in the nature of Dr. Strachan to be idle; burning with love of his country, and full of indignation at this unrighteous aggression, he was active and judicious in his counsels; and if he could not take the lead in the field, he was foremost in devising means to ameliorate the calamities which the war was inducing," Among the means devised by Dr. Strachan for the relief of the victims of the war was the founding, as we have already narrated, of the Upper Canada Loyal and Patriotic Society, which, though established at York, had branches throughout the Province. Of this benevolent institution, to the funds of which large contributions had generously been forwarded from England, the writer we have just quoted remarks that" it contributed more towards the defence of the Province than half-a-dozen regime,nts, from the confidence and good-will it inspired amongst the population at large, and the encouragement it gave to thë young men of the country to leave their homes and take their share in its defence." The events of the following year, unhappily, called into requisition all the aid the society could offer for the relief of the wounded, and to meet the necessities of the families of those who had fallen. \\ïth the spring of 1813 the Americans renewed their military and naval operations against Canada, and more actively by way of the lakes. Here the enemy was stronger, and the water boundary between the two countries now became, in great measure, the scene of hostilities, Towards the end of February the Legislature of Upper Canada was called together by General Sheaffe, the Provisional Administrator, and in concert with Sir George Prevost and the Parliament of the Lower Province, active measures were adopted and money votes passed for the continued defence of the country. Efforts were also made to strengthen The City of Toronto. 23 1 the weak marine on the lakes, for the command of which Sir James Yeo had arrived at Kingston, But the Americans were earlier prepared to renew hostilities, at least on the water. They had also planned demonstra- tions by land, both in the east and west, with the hope of .recovering their lost military prestige, and of effacing the recollection of the previous year's disasters, A flotilla was even now read" to leave the eastern end of Lake , Ontario with designs against York. Unfortunately for the Provincial capital, its slender defences and the handful of troops in the garrison-now com- manded by :\Iajor-General Sheaffe-could not avert the fate that menaced it. On the 25th of April, Commodore Chauncey set out from Sackett's Harbour with a fleet of fourteen armed vessels and some 1,600 troops, with the object of capturing Fort Toronto and raiding the capital. The attacking force was under the command of Brigadier Pike, directed by General Dearborn, who re- mained on board the flag-ship, On the evening of the 26th the fleet appeared outside the harbour, and on the following day the troops detailed to attack the fort were landed in the neighbourhood of the H umber River, and, under fire from the ships, proceeded to take th outworks, and to scale the inner defences, which interposed but slight obstacles to the enemy. Conscious of the weakness of his position, General Sheaffe had concluded to evacuate the fort, ?nd had already fallen back upon the town, Passing through it with his few "regulars," he proceeded eastward, ignominiously leaving the militia to make what further defence they could, or to treat with the enemy. The latter, finding that the fire from the fort had suddenly ceased, and anti- cipating a surrender, pushed on in column to take possession. The ne .t moment there was a terrific e}...plosion, General Pike and oyer two hundred of his command were shot into the air. The powder magazine had been fired by an artillery sergeant of the retreating force, to prevent it falling into the hands of the Americans, and the fuse was lit, from all accounts undesignedly, at a horribly inopportune moment. \Yith the evacuation of the fort came the surrender of the town and its subse- quent pillage-a grim pastime which seems to have been carried out in the spirit of the Reyolutionary formula: "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress! " For a few days after the event just narrated, the Americans held possession of York, and received the submission of Colonel Chc\\ ett and the handful of militia who had not fallen in defence of the town, The CanadIan loss, including that of the troops, was ahout 130 men; and nearly 300 militia surrendered themselves prisoners. The casualties also included a number of Indians, who had been of much service, under :\Iajor Givins, when the enemy were in the act of landing. The loss to the Americans, in 23 2 The COUllty of York. killed and wounded, was not short of 350 men, more than a half of whom had been blown up in the fort. The exploding of the magazine and the calamitous loss to the invaders, as may be expected, put them in no humour to treat with apy generosity either the townspeople or the town. The Houses of Parliament, with the library and public records, were burned; one or two vessels on the stocks, with the dockyard, and a quantity of marine stores, were lso given to the flames; and everything of value that could be removed was put on board the fleet. Life only was not sacrificed. The Canadian militia were released on parole, and articles of ca'pitulation, after some little friction, were duly drawn out and signed. There is extant some memoranda of Bishop Strachan, written at the time, which give a graphIc account of scenes connected with the capitulation, and the diffi- culties he had to contend with in getting the enemy to restrain their lawless- ness and respect private property. Some extracts from this diary may not be without interest to the modern reader, and we here append them. Says the Doctor: "On hearing the tremendous explosion of the magazine, hurried home and found :\1rs, Strachan greatly terrified, and off with the children to a neighbour's house; sent her to a friend's a little out of town. Go up towards the garrison, which we had by this time abandoned; find the General and his troops in a ravine, the militia scattering, The General (Sheaffe) determines to retreat to Kingston with the regulars, and leaves the command with Colonel Chewett and Major Allan, two militia officers; and desires them to make the best conditions they can with the enemy for the protection of the town. Offer my services to assist them. Go to Mr. Crookshank's house, and meet :\Iajor King and Colonel :\litchell, on the part of the enemy. Our Attorney-General, :\1r. Robinson,* also went with us, and assisted us to discuss the points of capitulation, A difficulty arose from a ship and naval store having been set on fire during our negotiations; this considered very dishonourable. At length a capitulation is agreed upon, suhject to the ratification of the commanding officer. Soon broken through; Major Allan, though under the protection of a flag of truce, is made prisoner, and deprived of his sword. I accompany him to town in the midst of the enemy's column. The militia on our side ground their arms. The enemy return to the garrison, with the exception of the rifle corps, which is left under pretence of protection to the town, ,. \Vednesday, April 28, inet Major King at the Hon, Mr. Selby's; complain of the indignity offered :\Iajor Allan, and th:l.Ì the capitulation had not been ratified, nor a copy so ratified returned in a few minutes. * Afterwards Chief Justice. The City of Torollto. 233 according to promise; and declared that the whole thing appeared a decep- tion. Major King was sorry, would do everything that lay in his power, and desired us to go to the garrison, and everything would be amicably adjusted. \Vent to the garrison, but the commanding officer, Colonel Pierce, can do nothing, The militia had been detained in the block-house without victuals, and the wounded without nourishment or medicine. Complain to Colonel Pierce, who ordered rations for the prisoners. leet a deputation from General Dearborn, to discuss the articles of capitulation; find that they cannot parole the militia officers and men. .. Demand an officer to take me on board the principal ship, where Dearborn was. :\Ieet him coming ashore, and present him with the articles of capitulation. He read them without deigning an answer. Request to know whether he will parole the officers and men, and de 1and leave to take away our sick and wounded. He treats me with great harshness; tells me that we had given a false return of officers; told me to keep off, and not to follow him, etc., he had husiness of much more importance t,p attend to. Com- plained of this treatment to Commodore Chauncey, the commander of flotilla; declare that if the capitulation was not immediately signed we would not receive it; and affirmed that the delay was a deception, calcu- . lated to give the riflemen time to plunder, and after the town had heen robbed they would then perhaps sign the capitulation, and tell us they respected private property, But we were determined that this should not be the case, and that they should not have it in their power to say that they respected private property, after it had been robbed. Upon saying this, ] broke away. Soon after. General Dearborn came to the room where his deputation was sitting, and having heen told what I had said, settled the matter amicahly. The officers and men were released on parole, and we began to remm"e the sick and wounded. ,. Spent the whole of Thursday, the 29th, in removing the sick and wounded, and getting comforts for them. On the following day "the Gov- ernment building- on fire, contrary to the articles of capitulation, and the church robbed. Call a meeting of the judges and magistrates; draw up d short note stating our grievances, and wait upon General Dearborn with it. He is greatly embarrdssed, and promises everything.' This extract introduces us at an early stage to many of the charac- teristics of a remarkable man, who was to become a notable figure in the history of the Province, and, in time, the first Bishop of Toronto, For over half a century he was to be closely identified with the development of Upper Canada, the affairs of which he thus early took into his own hand,; to manage. :\I,tttcrs politicdl, as well as educational and ecclesiastical, 234 Tlte County of York. were, In large measure, to come under his control, and be more or less moulded by his forceful and practical mind. In many respects his influence was objectionable, and the dominance of the party with whom he worked pernicious; but, on the whole, he may be said to have served his countr) faithfully, and from the best of motives. Curt and stubborn, at times even to rudeness, many often found him; and no doubt it was to this trait of his character, with, perhaps, a little officiousness, that Dearborn's impatience with him is to be traced; though his doggedness and incensed manner would, we may be sure, get all the indulgence possible for the militia and citizens of York from the town's rude captors, After the submission and humiliation of York, Chauncey's fleet set sail for the mouth of the K iagara River, with the intention of attacking Fort George. Though gallantly defended by a small force under General Vin- cent, the fort was at last abandoned by its garrison, which then fell back on a strong position, between Niagara and Burlington Heights. Besides the loss of the fort, over 400 men fell on the sharply-contested field. This loss was, however, more than atoned for, and the account squared, by the heroic engagements at Beaver Dam and Stony Creek, and, later in the year, by the descent upon Black Rock. Eastward, there had been a brilhant exploit at Ogdensburg, and seyeral engagements on Lake Champlain; while, in the Detroit region, Proctor had been successful, with the aid of Tecumseh and his Indians, in harassing the American" Army of the \V est." On the lakes fortune was capricious, now playing into the hands of Chauncey and Perry; anon into those of Barclay and Yeo, Taking advantage of aid sent from the capital to General Yincent at Burlington Heights, which depleted the already slender garrison, Chauncey in July-three months after his first yisit-made another descent upon York, and gave much of the town to the flames. The war-scarred capital now presented a sorry spectacle, for what of value was not burned was carried away. Among the loot of York, it is worthy of mention, was a fire- engine, which was long treasured at the avy Yard, \Yashingtoll, as part of the spoil of the town. The trophy had been presented to the inhabitants of York by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter in 1802, In the reprisals from the seaboard in the following year, when the British captured \\T ashington and burned the capitol, it is comforting to think that there was occasion given the Americans, for its use. Canadian history has in 1813 to chronicle two other successes, which more than counterbalanced the loss to its arms in a year of untold hard- ships and much bloodshed, Chrysler's Farm and Chateauguay has to be added to the roll of honour on the war banners of the young colony,' The The City of Toronto. 235 year closed, however, amid woe and desolation. The American General, :\IëClure, in command of'the captured stronghold of Fort George, being hard pressed by Vincent's troops, decided to winter in Fort Niagara, on the other side of the river. Thinking his safety even there endangered by the proximity of Newark, he committed the inhuman act of t{lrning out of their homes, in the depth of winter, about 150 families, including 400 women and children, and fired the town at thirty minutes' notice. For this bar- barous act the Americans were held to a terrible account in the reprisals which instantly followed-the surprise and capture of Fort Niagara, and the consigning of all American villages, from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, to the flames, There is little to record in the events of 1814, save the failure of the British attack on the strong position of the \.mericans at Chippewa, and the crowning victory of the war, the Battle of Lundy's Lane, with which the \Var of 1812 may be said to have practically ended. The Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on the q.th of December, 1814, terminated the protracted struggle, and left Canada in possession of her own, The country had been devastated, innumerable homes made desolate, and thousands of lives sacrificed, in an inglorious attempt by the American people to subjugate Canada, and supplant the Union Jack by the Stars and Stripes. The ordeal was a trying one for the country, but her sons were equal to the occasion, and she acquitted herself with honour, and carried to the credit of her national life that which has since strengthencJ and ennobled it. CHAPTER VI. YORK: 1813-1823. fl . J,. "' ORK, which for three years, as we have seen, had been passing through the agonies of a long and unequal contest, now hailed with fervour the return of peace, and set herself the task of laying anew the foundations of her material advancement. The harrow of anxious times and the sword and torch of the invader had ruthlessly gone over the town, and desolated hearts as well as homes. \Vith peace in Europe there camE' large accessions to the .troops in Canada; and apprehension ga\re up it fears at the coming of better times and returning confidence, At the close of the year 1813, Lieutenant-General Drummond, who had commanded at Lundy's Lane, arriyed at the capital to take charge of the civil and military affairs of the Province. In the following February we find him calling the Legislature together in a hall used as a ball room. in the York Hotel, situate on King Street East-the Houses of Parliament having been burned during Chauncey"s first descent upon the town. In April, 1815, Sir George Prevost, the Governor-General, was recalled to England, to answer charges ret1e( ting on his military character during his operations with the troops in Lower Canada. General (now Sir Gordon) Drummond was appointed in his place. Until the return of Francis Gore, in 1815, the administration of the Upper PrO\'ince was entrusted to Generals Murray and Robinson. In September, however, Governor Gore returned and resumed control of affairs, His presence was not altogether acceptable to the people, who were now turning their attention to defect!' in the government of the Province, and with good reason. The affairs of Upp-=r Canada had hitherto been almost wholly administered by the Gover- nor-in-Council. In legislative matters representatives were not well versed, and for a time there were few men who were familiar with Parliamentary systems, or had given them even a thought. l'\ecessarily, therefore, the work ..:: " i", . .1 . 'rl:' ,- ' "", t .... The Czty of Toro1lto. 237 of administration fell largely into the hands of the Governor for the time being, and his advisers. \Yhat more natural, then, that having hitherto enjoyed exclusive power, the advisers of the Crown were loth to share it with the people's representatives? But the time had come for a change, The Province was making headway, and the country was being opened up, The militia were disbanded, and many of the troops of the mother country had either been granted or had acquired their discharge, Immigration, more- over, had set in, and settlers desired to take up land. Now came the conflict between the people and the Government, its creatures and officials. \Ve are on the eve, it will be seen, of the period of the" Family Compact." But though political discontent was beginning to show itself, York and the young colony were making substantial progress. Trade was springing up, and the first steamer ever seen on the waters of Ontario, the Frolltell11C, had been launched on the Bay of Quinté. The Session of Parliament held in the spring of 1816 is notable for haying laid the foundation of the Common School system of the Province, An Act was passed authorizing the establishment of schools "in such town, township, village, or place," at each of which the attendance of pupils should not be less than twenty; and [6,000 were appropriated to provide the machinery of education. The measure also provided for the election of school trustees-" fit and discreet persons," who were "to examine into the moral character and capacity of any person willing to become a teacher, and to nominate or appoint him," Considerable sums were voted for building roads and bridges; for the support of a provincial agent in London; for the purchase of books for the Parlia- mentary Library, which had been burned, ,,\ grant from the Provincial Exchequer of {Z,500 was also made for the purposes of ci,'il government, and permission to expend {3,000 was asked of the Crown for the purchase of a service of plate for the Governor. This latter investment seemed to not a fe" of the representatives a lavish and unnecessary one, in view, particularly, of the absence of the Governor during the whole period of the war, and the many other more laudable objects on which the money could be e}...pended, In the following session provision was made for a modest system of police supervision of the town, and for some measure of municipal g-o,-ernment. Before this session closed an effort was made by the Lower House to take into consideration" the present state of the Province." But the spectre of Reform, the Governor and his friends had decided, should not be lon allowed to show itself. Presently down came a message fIom the Gov- I'rnor, summoning the House to the Bar of the Upper Chamber, where, without waste of words, the country's representatives were dismissed to their homes. .. I will send the rascals ahout their business!" were the 23 8 The County of York. irate words of the Governor, when he heard the nature of the House's deliberations, and he almost literally put his threat into execution, In May, ISI7, Governor Gore, however, was recalled to England, and the relations between the administrator and Parliament for the time escaped rupture, \Vith the return of :\Ir, Gore to England another interregnum occurs in the consecutive order of Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada, during which Colonel Samuel Smith acts as President, and for the time being administers the affairs of the Province. Gore left the capital. in the spring of ISI7, and his successor did not arrive until the summer of the following year. Colonel SmIth was a retired half-pay officer, who had been appointed a member of the Executive Council by the Prince Regent, acting for His..1VIajesty, George III. Among the appointments made at thIS period (7th October, ISIS), we notice that of Dr. John Strachan, " to be an Honorary Member of the same Counci1." In the month of August, ISIS, his Excellency, Sir Peregrine Maitland, Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province 9f Upper Canada, and Major-General commanding His Majesty',s Forces, arrived. This officer was the son-in- law of His Grace the Duke of Richmond, with whose daughter, the charming Lady Sarah Lennox, he had eloped from Paris, The Duke himself had just been appointed Governor-General of Canada, and had come to the country with his son-in-law and daughter, Here, a year hence, he was to meet with a painful death, from the bite of a pet fox, as has often been told, The coming to York of Sir Peregrine and Lady Sarah Maitland, it may readily be imagined, raised no little flutter in society circles in the young colony. He was stately, and she was fair, and about both there was a romance which would endear them to the hearts of the young and gushing in the prosaic capita1. But the society of Little York was to see little, comparatively, of their Excellencies. They made their residence mainly at Stamford, not far from the Falls, where Nature was bountiful and life more quiet. At intervals a visit would be paid, however, to the capital, where they were always received with state ceremonial, and interest would now and then be added to the occasion by the presence of some notable visitor from Europe, There were also the ceremonies to be witnessed in connection with the opening and proroguing of Parliament-new Legis- lative Buildings having been erected. On occasional Sundays there would also be the unpretending, but nevertheless attractive, spectacle of the presence of the mimic court at divine service in "the Church of York." 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"II I' I 1'1 q III III 1111, : 111:: 1 'I "h 11' 1 1 "1 1 / 1 11 1 "" Þ I ' ,11I1:, ,I '/11111 i II, I , IIII :I I 'III 1"1 " I " 11I11' ill",1 /" 1 1' / " ,I ,\ ' 11 (' t;, IIIIII'I; 11'1 III t , ,I ,II 'I " I .l I 111111 Tlte City of Toro1lto. 239 St, James's had by this time been enlarged. At the southern end of the church a pew of state had been erected, with an elaborate canopy, and the symbol of the Royal Arms overhead. \Vithin the building, as Dr. Scad- ding, Toronto's genial historiographer, takes pleasure in telling us, "used to assemble periodically the little world of York; occasionally, a goodly proportion of the little world of all Upper Canada," Here the troops and townspeople would assemble, with the judges, members of the Legislative Council, and those of the Lower House, together with the state officers, and the Provincial and town officials, And here the reverend oligarch, Doctor John Strachan, would try to solemnize his mind for the performance of his ministerial duties, and endeavour to forget the evil that was incarnate in politics, and the tribulation that daily beset him in his dual care of the State and the Church, Meanwhile York was extending its boundaries. The once infant capital was now growing up to adolescence, and those who had been born in the town to young manhood. The settlement that had at first hewn itself a home by the banks of the Don was now spreading north and \vestward, .\bout the market had sprung up a number of public buildings, stores, taverns, and land and steamboat offices, and more than one denomination had begun to build itself a sanctuary. The judges had erected residences outside the town limits, and the Reverend incumbent of the parish had domiciled himself in what was long known as "the Palace," situate on Front Street, to the west of York. Newspapers had come into existence, and there was already talk of founding a college, in addition to the District Grammar School, of which Strachan was still Principal. The professions also were beginning to establish themselves, and legislation had been enacted to regulate their practice. In legislation we \lso find the evidence of growth and prosperity. In 1820 increased representation was granted to the House of Assembly, Counties which had attained a population of {,000 were gIVen two members to represent them; while towns of 1,000, in which Quarter Sessions were held, were given one member. In 1822 the Dank of Upper Canada came into corporate existence; and steps were taken to establish a uniform currency. The following year saw the erection of a jail and court-house; an l the unexpended monéys of the "Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada" were devoted to the building of an hospital. The revenues of the Province, besides the moneys raised from land- sales, were mainly obtained from a share in the duties levied by the Lower Province on :goods coming into the country. This sum was yearly increas- mg; though the Province at the time had difficulty in getting the .amount 16 24 0 TIle County of York. regularly paid over by the Lower Canada Government. Goods entering the Province ft;:om the United States of course paid duty directly into. the Upper Canada exchequer, It may not here be amiss to see what was then the tariff. At the first settlement of Upper Canada, it was not uncommon, we are told, for soldiers to sell their zoo-acre lots of land for a bottle of rum, This favourite beverage of the other branch of the service was not then high-priced in consequence of the tariff, but rather from the primitiveness of trade and the dearth of importers. In 18z1 circumstances had changed. The tariff of that year placed a duty of zs. 6d. a gallon on distilled spirits, and 6s. a dozen on beer, in bottles. Sheep paid IS., live hogs zos., cows z5 s ., and oxen 50S. per head. Clothing, cotton goods, books, paper, and pictures were taxed 35 per cent, ad valorem; snuff had an impost put upon it of 7t d ., manufactured tobacco, 7d., and unmanufactured, 4d, per pound. On soap there was levied zd" and on hair powder 4d. a pound, while their comple- ment, looking-glasses, \vere taxed 40 per cent. Boots and shoes paid 25 cents per pair; while all other manufactured goods, the growth and pro- duce of the United States, were subject to a duty of 30 per cent. \Ve are at this early period without information of the amount of revenue these imports yielded at York; but the sum could not have been large, as the tr de of the town as yet had not assumed any great proportions, and most imports were still entered at Niagara. The local traffic at the port, however, was annually growing; and steamboats, which had repla:ced the old-fashioned Durham packets, were now actively plying between the capital and various towns on the lake. It was still, however, a primitive time in York; and the annalist can with truth make nothing more of the place tftan to reveal it in its real colours, True, from the travellers of this period, and even from some of its long-time residents, the town has had bare justice done it. The former have too often written from caprice, or from the impressions formed by a hasty, and perhaps an accidentally unpleasant visit. The latter have not unfrequently described the place with a temper soured by failure in the colony, or with teeth gnashed against some one individual who has unluckily given them offence. A collection of criticisms on the capital, which appear in print from contemporary writers, would be curious reading, They would be as varied as the humours of the visitor, and often as tart as a green apple. But everything must have a b.eginning, and the beginnings of York, we may as well confess, were unlovely, The modern tourist, who has his first view of Toronto kom the water, and lands to drive through its elegant streets, or to take a coupé to one or TIle City of Toronto, 24 1 other of its fashionable hotels, can have little notion of what scenes were presented to the visitor at the water-front, or in the streets of " muddy Little York," in the years prior to the Rebellion, Here is a picture, exag- gerated perhaps, certainly not over complimentary, of York in 1823, It is from the pen oLl\Ir. Edward Allen Talbot, described as of the Talbot Set- tlement, Upper Canada, but who is not to be confounded with the hermit Colonel, with the same patronymic, who in 1803 founded the colony on the northern shores of Lake Erie,>;: Says l\'Ir, Talbot: "The streets of York are regularly laid out, intersecting eacb other at right angles, Only one of them, however, is yet completely built; and in wet weather the unfinished streets are, if possible, muddier and dirtier than those of Kingston. The situation of the town is very unhealthy; for it stands on a piece of low marshy land, which is better calculated for a frog-pond, or beaver-meadow, than for the residence of human beings, The inhabitants are, on this account, much subject, particularly in spring and autumn, to agues and intermittent fevers; and probably five-sevenths of the people. are annually afflicted with these comp.laints, He who first fixed upon this spot as the site of the capital of Upper Canada, whatever predilection he may have had for the roaring of frogs, or for the effluvia arising from stagnated .. waters and putrid vegetables, can certainly have had no very great regard for preserving the lives of His Majesty's subjects. The Town of York," he half-graciously adds, "possesses ore great advantage, which is that of a good, but defenceless, harbour." The contrast between this picture and what would be sober truth, in describing the Toronto of to-day, each one can draw for himself. As the city has improved æsthetically, it has improved sanitarily; and in this respect the modern resident has cause to be grateful for the transformation which time and labour have produced. Not by enchantment, we may be sure, but by the toil of brain and muscle, and the slow evolution of weary years, has the change been brought about, And what has been done for the cities has been done at large for the Province. The whole face of the country has undergone change. \ Vhat, emphatically and universally, was a wilderness, is now, in large measure, a cultivated garden, ature has yielded up its tyranny, and the soil is yearly giving of its abundant increase, At what cost this change has been brought about, and how much of individual toil it represents, only the pioneers of the country adequately know. Nor was the toil alone that of the labouring man: often, indeed. it was that of the delicately nurtured, and the privation .. .. Five Years Residence in the Canadas," vol. I I PP, 101-2. 24 2 The County of York, fell hardest on gentle blood. The work we have just referred to supplies signal proof of this, In a passage dealing with the Talbot Settlement the writer gives us this picture of its celebrated founder; and its local reference must plead excuse for our quoting it: "The Colonel" (Talbot), says his relative, " is perhaps one of the most eccentric characters on the whole continent. He not only lives a life of cheerless celibacy, but enjoys no human society whatever. So great was his aversion to the fair sex, that, for many years after his arrival at Port Talbot, he refused to hire a femal servant, but milked his own cows, made his own butter, and performed every other function of kitchen-maid, cook, and dairy-woman. Is it not strange, that a British officer of such high rank in the army, and respectable connections in civil life, should be induced to settle in the pathless wilder- ness, where he is totally excluded from society, unless he should associate with a class of people whom he considers entirely beneath him, and with whom he has never yet in any respect confederated? Being a member of the Legislative Council of U pp r Canada, he goes to York once or twice in the year; these visits, and an occasional one to England at intervals of five or six years, serve to rub off the rust contracted in his lonely cottage, and to remind him that the wo ld is still as merry as it was when he figured in its gayest circles." Before closing these social pictures of the time, and as a sort of antidote to Mr, Talbot's depreciatory sketch of the capital, let us quote another authority in regard to the condition of York under the régime of Sir Peregrine Maitland. In Bishop Strachan's memoirs, published in 1870, by Bishop Bethune, his successor in the Toronto episcopate, we find the following reminiscences of York in 1820. Says the Bishop: "Though inferior in size and condition to many of our present villages, York took 'a high rank as to social position. From its being the seat of Government, the society was excellent, having not less than twenty families of the highest respectability, persons of refinement, and many of high intellectual culture. To these were added a small sprinkling of military. For the size of the place there was a large amount of hospitality exercised, and on a handsome and bountiful scale.. . Sir Peregrine and Lady Sarah took the lead, of course, in the hospitalities of the place. They had their regular dinner parties during the Parliamentary Sessions, and once or twice a year there was a grand evening party with dancing, which gathered in all the respect- ability of the community in a mass. Sir Peregrine was reserved, but courteous and agreeable; had not a shade of superciliousness; and would at times be very animated in conversation. Lady Sarah was of a more lively temperament, but remarkably gentle and amiable, She held . The City of Toro11 to. 243 her position as became a Duke's daughter; but, like a genuine member of England's nobility, had no pride, and maintained an intercourse on very kindly and familiar terms with the ladies of the place. "The unpretending, old-fashioned wooden house of Chief Justice Powell, with its two-storied verandah facing the bay, was a great attraction to residents and visitors; because it contained a lively, amiable, and hospitable family. And the residence of the rector of the parish-then the best in the place, and aftenvards by courtesy "the Palace "-was renowned for its frequent and elegant hospitalities. So, too, the abode of Attorney-General Robinson, then of small dimensions; but whose inmates possessed, what they ever after maintained, the esteem and love of all who knew them. "The public buildings were not out of keeping with the modest pre- tensions of the town in general; they presented no envy-pròvoking contrast with the abodes of ináividuals. The Court-house was a small, unpainted wooden building, a little to the north of King and east of Y onge Street- the site, and sunburnt aspect of which, some of our old inhabitants may remember; and the jail was a homely and rickety structure on the south side of King Street, where now some of our proudest' shops are exhibiting their attractive wares, The Parliament House was a cottage-looking edifice, near the mtersection of York and \Vellington Streets; afterwards transformed into public offices, and subsequently i,1to a private residence, with neat and tasteful grounds around it. The district schoolhouse was a capacious wooden building, standing on an open common a little in rear of St. James's Churchyard. "There was at that time throughout Upper Canada but a mere sprinklir:g of clergymen; though the members of the Church bore a large proportion to the general population, and everywhere its ministrations were very cordially accepted. There were in those days but few Presby- terian places of worship-not one either in York or in Kingston; and the ministers of that body were correspondingly few. The Methodists were a more numerous body, and had at that time a large chapel in York, which was pretty well filled on Sunday evenings. " To extend our view as regards the position of the Church of England in Upper Canada, it will surprise many to hear that, in 1820, the first clergyman you came to west of Toronto was at Ancaster. On the Niagara peninsula there were three-at Niagara, Chippewa, and Grimsby. Going westward frolll Ancaster, you found none until you reached .Amhcrstburg and Sandwich. All that vast interval-now comprehending a large diocese with nearly ninety clergymen-was, as regards the ministrations of the 244 The COlt1lty of York. Church, a blank. Going eastward from York, the first clergyman we came to was at Cobourg; and north of this, in Cavan, another was settled. Then a blank, until we reached Belleville, then Bath, then Kingston. The next was at \Yilliamsburg, and the last at Cornwall; sixteen in all. There was, besides, a chaplain to the forces stationed at Niagara, a chaplain to the navy at Kingston, and a clergyman at the latter place in charge of the Grammar School. They had but a small revenue to deal with- merely the rents from the (Clergy Reserves) leased lots; but it was con- sidered the hopeful beginning of good days for the extension and strength of the Church," CHAPTER VII. \\"'ILLlA:\I LYON :\1ACKESZIE AND THE RULE OF SIR JOHN COLBORNE. 1 : , N the annals of C pper Canada the period covered by our last , }: chapter is perhaps the least interesting of any with which the ':.' historian has to deal. The era of commotion and disorder which W was to follow not only saw much intellectual activity in Parlia- ..-w J. ment and in the press, but saw even considerable progress in the , r-v building up of the capital. All places have their local prejudices, and the infant Town of York was no exception to the rule. Founded near the banks of the Don, its citizens had determined even thus early to get away from the place of its birth, The town was now growing' to the north and to the west. From \\Ïndmill Street, to the east of Parliament, the place had extended westward as far as York, or even Graves (now Simcoe), streets; while northward from Palace (now Front), King, Duke, Duchess, and Lot (the modern Queen) streets had been surveyed and in part opened out. \Vest of Church Street ran ::\larket (now \Vellington) King, Newgate(now Adelaide), and Hospital (now Richmond) streets; while intersecting them, at right angles, were Jordan, Bay, and York. Already, it will be seen, the town was beginning to assume some proportions.. and justify its selection as the capital city. The year 1824 is notable for the initiation of two enterprises which were fraught with beneficent results to the Province. One of these w,as the proposal to construct the \Velland Canal, to cross the peninsula which lies between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie; the other was the forma- tion of the Canada Land Company, under Imperial Charter. The \Yelland Canal project was the conception of 1\1r. \V. II. ì\Ierritt, a gentleman of U. E, Loyalist parentage, who had been an officer of militia in the \Yar of 1812. He was engaged in large business operatIOns, the importance of which led him early to note the commercial value of an unbroken water- way between the two lakes. Bringing his scheme before the Government, 24 6 The COllllty of York. he, after some delays, obtained the aid which justified his forming a com- pany and proceeding with the work. In five years the enterprise was completed, and it stands to-day a monument to his memory, The Canada Company was organized with the design of acquiring lands in the Province, and of promoting its colonization, The original agreement was for the purchase from the Imperial Government of tracts of the Crown and Clergy Reserves in Upper Canada, to the extent of over two million acres, for which three shillings and sixpence an acre was to be p.aid. Owing to objections made to the sale of the Clergy Reserves by the Upper Canada Executive, a block of one million acres of land in the Huron district was sold to the Company in lieu thereof, one-third of the purchase money being allowed the Company for the construction of public works and improvements in the district. To the operations of the Company is due the settling of a large portion of what is now Huron County, The Company was given sixteen years to carry out its contract with the Gov- ernment, and to pay over the value of the lands in annual instalments ranging from {I5,000 to [20,000, \Vithin ten years the Company paid into the Upper Canada Exchequer [250,000, and, mainly through its operations, 5,000 people were settled in the County of Huron. It was in conection with the Canada Company that York and the Province came to know John Galt, the genial author of .. Lawrie Todd," the much-prized contributor to Blackwood, a d the father of the present Sir Alexander and Mr. Justice Thomas Galt. Mr. Galt came to the Province in 1826 as commissioner for the Canada Company, and for a time had his home at "The Priory," Guelph, where he and Dr. Dunlop, the witty and eccentric surgeon of the Company, with other kindred spirits, held "high holiday," while at the same time actively organizing Scotch settlements along the valley of the Grand River and its tributary, the Speed, In the capital, Galt does not seem to have .found congenial society, for the social circles of York deemed him proud and reserved in his inter- course-the result, perhaps, of failure to establish cordial relations with Sir Peregrine Maitland and his little court. This want of harmony between him and the Provincial Executive finally led to his recall to England, though at headquarters he was deservedly held in high esteem for his probity. \ Vhile a resident of York, notwithstanding his moods and his indiffer- ence to the people of the capital, Galt, in the winter of 1827, gave an entertainment, which, considering the prosaic times and the small number likely to be available to take part in the proceedings, was of a rather to The City of Toronto. 247 unusual chrarcter. Conjointly with Lady l\Iary, the wife of 1\1r. \Villis, who had recently been appointed to the Bench of Upper Canada, he gave a Fancy Ball, "at which, for once," as Dr. Scad ding tell us, " the potent, grave and reverend seigniors of York, along with their sons and daughters, indulged in a little insanity." The ball, as we learn from Toronto of Old, was held in the assembly room in Frank's Hotel, on the corner of :\Iarket Square, which is now known as Colborne Street. The hall used to do duty for the citizens as a concert and ball-room, and was occasionally of service as an extemporized theatre. For an account of the ball, and a list of the characters pres.ented, we must refer the reader to the work we have already quoted, where those who relish a mild bit of scandal may learn of an incident which formed a dé1lolte11le1lt of the ball, and of its remoter consequences, The year before these frolics of the elders of the town took place, a frolic of another sort had been indulged in by the younger blood of the capital, which was attended with like unpleasant consequences, In the wrecking of l\Iackenzie's Printing Office-the escapade to which we have reference-we have a bit of history which, with the ball, somewhat relieves the dull chronicle of those early times, but which, properly to introduce, it will be necessary to go back to the first coming on the scene of him who was thenceforth to fill a large section of the canvas of Upper Canadian history. . \Villiam Lyon Mackenzie was born at Dundee, Scotland, in 1795, and five years later, so poor was his then widowed mother, that we are told she had to part with the tartan plaid of the family clan, in exchange for a little coarse barley meal, to tide over for a time the necessities of herself and her youthful son. Humble as was his origin, and nurtured, as we have just said, on the scant fare of a Scottish peasant, ::\Iackenzie, like many a sturdy Scot, determined at an early age to rise from the poverty of his surround- ings, Deficient as was his education, he made up for the lack of schooling by a zealously pursued course of self-training and omnivorous reading, Between the years 1806 and 1819, he himself tells us he read nine hundred and fifty-eight volumes, in almost every department of literature. His mother used to say of him that he would he found at his books every evening till midnight, until she thought "the laddie would read himsel' oot o' his judgment." And what he read he remembered, In 1820, he came to Canada, though prior to this he had seen some- thing of the world, in England as well as in Scotland, and had even ventured upon a visit to Paris. He possessed good business abilities, had a clear, and for his age, well-stored brain, and was a shrewd critic of his 24 8 Tlze County of York. fellow-men and a keen observer of the world. ::VIr, Charles Lindsey, his son-in-law and biographer, thus describes his personal appearance.::: "He was of slight build and scarcely of medium height, being only five feet six inches in stature. His massive head, high and broad in the frontal region and well-rounded, looked too large for the slight and wiry frame it sur- mounted. He was already bald from the effects of a fever. His keen, restless, piercing blue eye, which threatened to read your most inmost thought, and the ceaseless and expressive activity of his fingers, which unconsciously opened and closed, betrayed a temperament that could not brook inaction. The chin was long and rather broad; and the firm-set mouth indicated a will which, however it might be baffled and thwarted, could not be subdued." For a time Mackenzie was engaged in the combined business of druggist and bookseller, first in York, then in Dundas, where he married, and, at a somewhat later date, in Queenston. At the latter village he renounced trade and espoused journalism, for which he was not unfitted, as he had the gifts of a ready and forcible writer, and was not unfamiliar with politics and political literature, At Queenston, on the 18th of May, 1824, appeared the first number of the Colonial Advocate, :\Iackenzie's earliest effort in journalism. The character of the publication may be judged from its editor's views of the state of the country at the time of its appearing. It had not come into existence to add to the number of Government bulletins or official gazettes. It was a new departure in journalisrh. Previous to his taking up the pen of a journalist, he had never, as he tells us, " interfered in the public concerns of the colony, until the day on which I issued twelve hundred copies of a newspaper, without having asked or received a single subscriber." In the first number of the paper he adds:- " I stated my sentiments, and the objects I had in view, fully and frankly. I had long seen the country in the hands of a few shrewd, crafty, covetous men, under whose management one of the most lovely and desirable sections of America remained a comparative desert. The most obvious public improvements were stayed, dissension .was created among classes, citizens were banished and imprisoned in defiance of all law, the people had been loug forbidden, under severe pains and penalties, from meeting any- where to petition for justice, large estates were wrested from their owners in utter contempt of even the forms of the Courts; the Church of England, the adherents of which were few, monopolized as much of the lands of the colony as all the religious houses and dignitaries of the Roman Catholic *.. Life of \V, L, ::\Iackenzie, with an Account of the Canadian Rebellion;" vol. i., p. 35, . The City of Toronto, 249 Church had had control of in Scotland at the era of the Reformation; other sects were treated with contempt, and scarcely tolerated; a sordid band of land-jobbers grasped the soil as their patrimony, and with a few leading officials, who divided the public revenue among themselves, formed the · Family Compact,' and were the avowed enemies of common schools, of civil and religious liberty, of all legislative or other checks to their own will. " \Vith this severe indictment of the then rulers of Upper Canada, :\Iackenzie set out as a public censor, and bravely began the agitation for those reforms which, after years of unparalleled toil and wrecked happiness, he was yet to see secured to the country. But for a time Reform was to accomplish little, \Yhat, indeed, could it accomplish, with so radically defective a system of administration? To attack abuses in detail was only to court annoyance, and in the end to suffer defeat. And for long this was the fate of l\iackenzie, as it had been that of Gourlay. The Executive was supreme and impregnable, and hardly less so was the Crown-nominated Upper Chamber. The popular Assembly, even when it really represented the people, was powerless against the ruling party. The latter could snap its fingers at the polls, and reject every bill the Assembly saw fit to pass. As Mackenzie's biographer remarks: "The difficulty was that these repre- sentative Assemblies were mocked with the semblance of that legislative power, with the substantial possession of which they were never endowed." Against Mackenzie and his journal there was now directed unceasing malevolence, which, when both were transferred from Queenston to the capital-which transfer shortly took place-was to find expression in a thousand acts of hostility and petty annoyance. Two instances of this hostile feeling may be cited, The first is connected with the re-interring of the remains of Sir Isaac Brock at Queenston Heights; the second, with the wrecking of his printing office and the throwing of the type into Toronto Bay, At the ceremony of laying the remains of General Brock finally to rest, under the column which th country had erected to his memory, it séems that some friend of l\iackenzie had clandestinely deposited a copy of his journal, the Colonial Adt'ocatc, in the cavity where the customary coins and official journals were placed. This fact was presently bruited about, and, coming to the ears of the authorities, the foundation-stone of the structure was ordered to be remO\'ed, and the contaminating paper cast forth from its place of honour. The other incident took place on a summer evening, in June, 1826, and shows how deeply l\Iackenzie had cut into the personal susceptibilities of the" Family Compact ,. by his free.lance criticism in the Colonial Ad'i'ocatc. 25 0 TIle COllnty of York. Two years before" this period, the general elections of 182+ had returned a large Reform majority to the House. Seriously affected by this circum- stance, and much exasperated by the crusade Mackenzie had actively eñtered upon in his journal, the position of the ruling powers was beginning to be exceedingly uncomfortable. The fact was patent, the high-handed, unrighteous stewards of the Upper Cånada vineyard were now having an uneasy time of it. Nor could the troubles of the precious junto be con- cealed. T e younger generation, sons of the placemen and pensioners who were mis-ruling the country, had got to know pretty well the facts, and the quarrel was taken up by the hot-bloods among them. Mackenzie they held responsible, and he it was who was to suffer. Taking advantage of the latter's temporary absence from the town, a band of thes lawless youths effected an entrance into his office, broke up his "forms," scattered his type-much of it they threw into the bay-demolished his printing press, and generally wrecked his establishment. This act of valour on the part of the young chivalry of York, if not actually encouraged, was at least winked at, by two magistrates who were said to be close by the scene of the outrage at the time of its occurring, To these representatives of Justice blindfold, as well as to all the members of the" Family Compact," the summer evening's escapade was, doubtless, a joyful one, though the young rioters, or their fathers for them, had, after process of law, to indemnify Mackenzie for the loss sustained 1)y him, The amount he recovered, after a good deal of haggling, was {625, a sum which enahled him to make good his loss, and to equip his office more efficiently. But beyond the legal satisfactior.. he was fortunate enough to obtain in Court, :\Iackenzie had a more substantial solatium in the sympathy of the people, who were greatly incensed at the affair, and whose denunciations of the act, and of those high in authority who connived at it, were both loud and deep. The hostility of the party in power against their critic and censor wofully miscarried, and the effort to crush l\Iackenzie and his journal only recoiled upon those who had instigated the foul act. The year 1828 witnessed a change in the administration of the affair's of the Province. Sir Peregrine Maitland was transferred to Nova Scotia, and Sir John Colborne reigned in his stead. The latter, like his prede- cessór, was essentially a military man, having been distinguished both in the Peninsula and at \Vaterloo. His régime wa , almost from the very outset, characterized. by stormy s enes in the Legislature, and may be regarded as the transition period in the political history of the Province. The new Governor met his first Parliament on the 9th of January, 1829, in the old brick hospital on King Street \Vest, which had been the scene of its deliber- TIle City of Toro1lto, 25 1 ations since the destruction of the old buildings by fire five years before. During this session the attitude of the Reformers became more aggressive than ever; the forc s of the Compact were reduced in numbers, and the tone of the debate on the Address .was a significant warning as to the state of public feeling, l\Ir. :\1ar;kenzie was a member of this House, having been elected for the County of York in 1828. The House adjourned towards the end of 1\Iarch, and shortly afterwards the editor of the Colonial Ad'vocate once more came into prominence. In j uly of this year Sir john Beverley Robinson, the Attorney-General, was raised to the bench as Chief-justice of Upper Canada. This created a vacancy in the representation of York, for which Robert Baldwin, then twenty-five years of age, presented himself as a candidate and was elected. During the campaign he was vigorously supported by the Colonial Adt'ocate, which published a series of fierce attacks upon Mr. Small, 1\1r. Baldwin's opponent, and upon the Compact, of which he was the nominee. Mr, Small retaliated with an action for libel; and the increased bitterness thus engendered culminated the following year in the expulsion of l\Ir. Mackenzie from the House, by virtue of an obsolete rule which prohibited the unauthorized publication of the Parliamentary proceedings. This was followed by a popular demonstration in his favour in the streets of York, and by his re-election and re-expulsion no less than five times in succession. Finally the constituency was punished by being deprived of one of its members, and Mr. Mackenzie disappeared for a time from the scene of his struggles and triumphs, having embarked on a mission to England as the bearer of petitions to the Home Government in his favour. It may not be out of place here to quote a description by l\Ir. ::\1ackenzie himself, given in his "Sketches," of the demonstration above alluded to, as giving an idea of a scene in those days not unfrequently to be witnessed on the streets of York: "A procession was formed (at the Red Lion Inn on Yonge Street, Price's or Tiers', where the hustings were). In front of it was an immense sleigh belonging to 1\1r. Montgomery"-on which stood the hero of the day, wearing a gold chain and medal just presented to him by his constituents-" which was drawn by four horses, and carried between twenty and thirty men and two or three Highland pipers. From fifty to one hundred sleighs followed, and between one and two thousand of the inhabi- tants. The procession passed by the Government House, from thence to the Parliament House, thence to :\1r, Cawthra's and then to l\Ir. :\1acken- zie's own house, giving cheers at each of these places. One of the most singular curiosities of the day was a little printing-p ess, placed in one of the sleighs, warmed by a furnace, on which a couple of boys continued, while moving through the streets, to strike off their cw Year's .\ddress 25 2 The COU1lty of York. and throw it to the people. Over the press was hoisted a crimson flag, with the motto' The Liberty of the Press.' The mottoes on the other flags were: · King \Villiam IV. and Reform'; 'Bidwell and the Glorious l\Iinority' '1832, a Good Beginning'; 'A Free Press, the Terror of Sycophants.''' The first two years of Sir John Colborne's administration were marked, in so far as York was specially concerned, by notable additions to its public buildings. In 1829 Upper Canada College-an institution on the model of the great English public schools-was founded, and was formally opened in January of the following year in the York Home District Grammar School, on Adelaide Street, pending the completion of the embryo of the present college buildings. The College Avenue, the Don tubular bridge and the St, James' Church which was destroyed by fire in 1839, also date from this period. In 1829, too, immediately after the close of the session, advertisements appeared asking for tenders for the construction of Legislative buildings on what was then known as "Simcoe Place." \.nd, finally, in the same year the construction of "Lawyers' Hall," the original of the present Osgoode Hall, was commenced. Further and fuller accounts of these and other public buildings and works will be found in the chapter which treats of the institutions and industries of Toronto. \mong other noteworthy events occurring during this period of the history of York, may be mentioned the establishment, in 1829, of what is now the oldest journal in the City of Toronto, viz., the Christia1l Guardian, which, whil.5t pre-eminently the organ of a special religious body, at the same time devoted considerable space to the publication of the current news and of general reading, \nother noteworthy event-as being rare in the society annals of York, if it were not indeed the first of its kind-was the opening, in 1832, of a fancy bazaar, the proceeds of which were intended to be applied to the relief of the cholera sufferers. It was l:mder the patronage of Lady Colborne and was held on September 2nd, in one of the C9mmissariat store- houses near the foot of John Street. The proceeds of the sales amounted to i 3 11 . The cholera visitation paralyzed, for a time, the business enterprise of York, but it had a good effect in paving the way for much-needed sanitary reforms. :::::::- ......... - -::::--.:=:::-- CHAPTER VII 1. THE BIRTH OF TOROXTO, cr---: ;U -"> - -J_ ; ,...... -"'t ( - , i < HE population of York in 1834, the year which witnessed the \, (f\ ' birth of the City of Toronto, was, in round numbers, ten thou- t - . sand souls. \Yithin its contracted limits nearl y ever y industrial oJ -4 . , , occupation was represented; there were steam sawmills, iron . ; Î....'f:r foundries, and steam-engine manufactories, starch, candle and --v. soap, and paper factories, besides a theatre, schools, and half a dozen printing offices, a fire department, and an artillery com- pany. The management of the affairs of the town, however, was still unsatis- . factory, and the feeling of the majority of the inhabitants upon the subject had, by the end of 1833, become so strong that it was decided to obtain incorporation. This proposition chiefly met with favour from the Conserva- tives, on the ground that the increased area of taxation would cause a corresponding increase of revenue; while the Reformers opposed it on the ground that the expense of a separate administration for city and count) would more than counterbalance any benefit which the citizens would derive therefrom. In February, 1834, a Bill embodying the proposed measure was introduced in the Legislature by Ir. Jarvis, the member for the town, and carried through the House. On the 6th of ::\Iarch it received the Royal assent and became law. The main features of the .\ct, which was a formidable document, containing no less than ninety-seven clauses, were provisions for constituting the place a city, under the name of the City of Toronto, and dividing it into wards, with two \ldermen and two Common Councilmen for each ward, to be elected by thc citizens, and a :\Iayor, who should be clectell by the \ldermen and Common Councilmen from among themselves-such l\Iayor, Aldcrmen and Common Councilmcn to undcrtake the management of the affairs of the city, and the levying of such moderate taxes as should bc found necessary for improvemcnts and other public purposes. 54 TIle COU1lty of York, On the 15th of March a proclamation appeared in the Gazette appoint- ing the 27th of the same month for the first election of aldermen and common councilmen for the five wards into which the young city had been divided. As was to be expected in a place where party feeling ran so high, much excitement prevailed over the election, which was virtually a trial of strength between Reformers and Conservatives. The former won the day, a majority of their nominees-among them Mr. Mackenzie himself-being returned to the new Council. The names of the successful candidates were as follows :- St. Andrew's TVard.-Aldermen, Dr, Thomas D. Morrison and John Harper; councilmen, John Armstrong and John Doel. Sf, D{l'vid's TVard.-Aldermen, \Yilliam Lyon Mackenzie and James Lesslie; councilmen, Franklin J ackes and -Colin Drummond. St. George's Ward.-Aldermen, Thomas Carfrae, jun'r, and Edward \Yright; councilmen, John Craig and George Gurnett. St. Lawrence TVard.-Aldermen, George Monro and George Duggan, sen'r; Councilmen, \Villiam Arthurs and Lardner Bostwick. St. Patrick's TVard.-Aldermen, Dr. John Rolph and George T. Deni- son, sen'r;' CouncIlmen, Joseph Turton and James Trotter. Of the above gentlemen, whose names, as those of the first rulers of the City of Toronto, have been judged worthy of þeing preserved in these' pages", only two survive at the time of writing, viz" Mr. James Lesslie and : \'Ir, John Harper. Great as had been the victory of the Reformers at the polls, their triumph was not yet complete. The crowning event of the civic campaign was the election of 1\1r. Mackenzie to the honour of the Mayor's chair. The Reformers had it all their own way, and, although it was generally under- stood that Dr. Rolph, a prominent and deserving member of the party, would be its candidate, it was finally decided to give the party vote to :\Ir. :\.lackenzie, as a set-off to the wrongs he had endured both at home and abroad, and as a triumphant reply to the contumelious assertions of his enemies, Dr. Rolph at first seemed unwilling to make way for Mr. l\Iackenzie -a man whom he appears at no time to have held in very high estimation- hut he finally bowed to the will of the majority, not, however, without giving evidence of his dissatisfaction by resigning his seat in the Council, and this notwithstanding the fact that he had been offered the support of the Conservative members in his candidacy for the mayoralty, On the 3rd of April, the day appointed for the election of mayor, the CO,uncil met and by a vote of ten to eight-Dr. Rolph being absent and 11r. Mackenzie abstain- ing from voting-raised the expelled member for York to the highest position I II II I '1111'111 ''' j l' l llll11liliiiiiiiilJï '1 II! ÿjl 11/' 'I ' 1,\\1 I J II:IIII'f \11'1 111 1 111111 1 /; 11'llIrjlll'II;I' i! 111\ :I!1I11 ,! lilli' ":1'11 'If::,:. ' hIH,i:;:: ,\I II!", II :;,11/11111, II lill, 1 )11 H I I 1\\1, , I '/, II 1/'1 il III' I II III;!!I, .I" I II" ß I,ll 'I ' 1 ' I :'II;,t , 1111 "'1 ;', ("i,:I I Ii /1111 I, I I; !! 111111' II ,'111 . 111:;;'1 1,\\, 1111111' ,jl' 1\111" 'II ' I I I i l /! I f;; I I ' ' ,', :;/ :1',11 fl"ll ;;;:::1,1" I II ,III 'A'N II ", ';11 ''I ; I I I II" f',j . I lf, I' "; 'I I I/" " I I " ' , I" I ' II ' J'"I J 'f : II /I;'j: 'I ! "" ! III ,I UI 'I, ,h ,I, I.' I I 'I U, I o 7- ..... .1 rill 1111' 'II I " III., 1'1 "I, I,r II , 'j: II 111,11,/ ,I, J,. I III .' : , II II I .JI _'5fJ ., Fr. 1 \ - ...L 1111, II. ' 1.. ' --- - ,III " , ;::-::!PI I II, \ - _ II I I: .1,', - - The Cit;, of Toronto. 255 in the gift of the city. The same day Mr. :Mackenzie took the prescribed oath, and was formally invested, The new Council soon set to work wIth a will; and there was plenty for it to do. The city's finances were in a deplorable condition; it was burdened by a debt of over nine thousand pounds, due to the Bank of Upper Canada; its treasury was practically empty, and money was urgently needed for public buildings, and still more urgently for the repair of the streets, which were in a vile condition. In the whole city there was not such a thing as a plank sidewalk. The situation was embarrassing, but it had to be grappled with, The first action of the Council, after electing its officers-among whom were James H, Price, City Clerk, and l\Iatthew \Valton, City Chamberlain-was to appomt commIttees to report upon cer- tain matters, in dealing with which no time was to be lost. Prominent among these was the financial question, as a partial solution of which the Council, upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee, resolved to levy an additional tax of two pence in the pound upon the assessed value of all property, real and personal, within the city. An attempt was also made to effect a loan of one thousand pounds, in anticipation of the taxes, in order that the repair of the streets might be commenced forthwith. Negotiations to this end with the Bank of Upper Canada-already the city's creditor- were unsuccessful; but, finally, the money was obtained from the Farmers' Bank, upon the personal security of the l\layor and the individual members of the Council. The result was that 2,618 rods of sidewalk were laid on the principal streets-miserable causeways they would appear in the present day. consisting merely of two twelve-inch planks-laid side by side longitudinall", This work completed, the city again found itself at the end of its resources, and it was decided to levy on the taxpayers an assessment of three pence in the pound, The proposal roused considerable popular indignation, and was the occasion of two public meetings, one of \vhich, the later, terminated tragically, A balcony in the market, upon which a number of spectators were standing, gave ;way under the staB1ping of the crowd and precipitated them into the butchers' shops below, where man\, were impaled upon the hooks, others broke their'limhs, and some seven r eight received fatal injuries. The wisdom of the unpopular measure was abundantly proved when the first collection of taxes was made, as at the increased rate of three pence in the pound the revenue was raised to the substantial figure of [;2,336, and from this time the question of municipal ways and means was no longer found to he an embarrassing one. The year 1834- will long be rememheed in Toronto as the cholera year, and the sights that met the eye on every hand during the visitation 17 25 6 The COU1lty of York. are still fresh in the memory of those who witnessed them. Five per cent. of the population of the city fell victims to the plague; and many of these, it is to be feared, owing to the absence of proper organization and treat- ment, although an association of noble men and women, which included the Mayor, was formed for the purpose of visiting and assisting the sick so far as lay in their power. Old citizens will also remember this year as having been that in which the public pillory and stocks were used for the last time. The fact of the Mayor having caused a dissolute woman to be imprisoned in them caused these old-fashioned instruments of punishment to fall into disFepute, and would seem to have led to their abandonment. The municipal elections of 1835 considerably changed the political complexion of the Council. Mr. Mackenzie had no seat in it, having been defeated by l\1r. Robert Baldwin Sullivan, who successfully opposed him in St. David's \Vard, and who was subsequently elected to the mayoralty. Mr. Sullivan-an eloquent abd brilliant lawyer-had professed Liberal principles, but had of late years evinced a decided leaning towards Con- servatism. 1\1r. Mackenzie, however, who had been returned to the Assembly in the previous October as member for one of the four ridings into which the County of York had been divided, received, on his retire- ment from office, a public vote of thanks for his services, The year 18 3 6 is but little remarkable either in the political an-"nais of the Province or in the history of the city, It witnessed the appointment of Mr. Mackenzie's famous Committee of Grievances and the close of Sir John Colborne's term of office. Sir John, however, continued at the head of the Administration until the early portion of the following year, almost his last official act being the endowment of the forty-four rectories from the Clergy Reserves- a measure which completed the growing disfavour with which he had of late been regarded, In 18 3 6 Mr. Thomas D. Morrison was chosen to fill the Mayor's chair. The city had steadily progressed in prosperity, and its population had proportionately increased. On the. 2Jfd of January the new Lieutenant- Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head, arrived in Toronto, and with this day commences the more immediate history of the Rebellion, \\ïth Sir Francis' connections with his advisers, his futile attempt to conciliate the Reformers by the bestowal of empty office, his contemptuous reply to the address of a number of citizens of Toronto, the no less sarcastic retort which this piece of blundering evoked from the Reformers, and the gradual steps by which the Rebellion was brought about, we have nothing to do in a chapter which pretends merely to deal with the annals of the City of The City of Toro1lto. 257 Toronto, But for some months after Sir Bond Head's arrival, the events which agitated the entire Province were closely connected with Toronto's history. Those events, however, have been sufficiently dealt with in former portions of this work, wherein the story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion has been told with some circumstantiality of detail. The Municipal Council's choice of Mayor for 1837 was l\Ir. George Gurnett. Alderman Powell, who did the city and the Provincial Govern- ment such service by his courageous conduct, as related in the account of the Rebellion on former pages, on the memorable night of the 4 th of December, received his reward at the hands of his fellow-citizens by his return for St. Andrew's \Yard at the municipal elections in 1838, and by his subsequent elevation to the mayoralty, to which he was again elected in 1839 and 1840. . ' \l '_(", F } . .!f:...S L.)t \ CHAPTER IX. FROM 1838 TO 1851. 6-- Þ ,........ _ : ..i"'l..... : - - _ HE year 1838 witnessed the trials in Toronto of those implicated , ,cr \ in the rising of the previous year. I t also witnessed the removal : J 1. of the man who by his fatuous policy had contributed in no ' " ;, small measure to bring about the events of 1837. Sir Francis ... Bond Head had prO\'ed himself eminently unfitted to cope with ... the task with which he had been entrusted, and he was per- mitted to resign. On Friday, the 23rd of March, 1838, he left the city on his way homewards, a few hours after his successor, Sir George Arthur, had assumed the reins of office. Sir George's fir t public utterances subsequent to his assumption of hi's new dignity were on the occasion of the presentation to him of a congratulatory address by the mayor and aldermen of the city. His reply, in which hé urged a policy'of justice tempered with mercy, created a most favourable impression, and excited great hopes- which were doomed to be disappointed-of the success of a petition, signed by 30,000 people, praying for the commutation of the sentence of death passed on Lount and Matthews. A question now arose, however, invoh'ing interests of far greater im- portance to the city than either the arrival of the new Governor or the trials of the rebel prisoners. This was nothing less than a proposal for the removal of the seat of Government from Toronto. The agitation had its origin in Kingston, which aspired to supplant Toronto as capital of the Province, It was urged by the advocates of the removal 'Scheme that recent events had proved that Toronto's unprotected position unfitted it to be the centre of government: whereas, in view of the existence of fortifications at Kingston, the latter city offered every security for the safety of the Govern- ment. The- press of both cities took up the matter, and for some time waged a fierce war of words. The supporters of Toronto argued that as a matter of fact her citizens had amply proved their ability to defend the capital; that Kingston was not as central as it was desirable the seat of The City of Toronto. 259 Government should be; and that, if the Government must be removed, it should be westward rather than eastward; that it would be folly to abandon the existing buildings in Toronto, and either hire or erect new ones elsewhere; and that, finally, such a removal would be ruinous to the business of those who had invested in property in Toronto on account of its being the seat of Government. And so the wordy conflict raged. But in the meantime events elsewhere were slowly paving the way for the change so much dreaded by the Toronto folk. In July of the current year, Toronto received a visit from Lord Durham, the statesman who had been entrusted by the Imperial Government with the task of solving the Canadian problem. On the 17th His Excellency landed, and was conducted in great state to the Parliament buildings, where he was presented with an address by the l\Iayor and Corporation. The next day he left the city, and a few months later returned to England, having resigned his office._ Doubtless :the enthusiastic citizens of Toronto who so vigorously cheered His Excellency had little idea of the grave results for their city that his mission would indirectly be the means of hringing bout. In October of this same year arrived in Canada the Right Honourahle Charles Poulett Thomson-afterwards Lord Sydenham-who had been despatched hither by the Home Government to carry out the recommenda- tions of Lord Durham with a view to effecting a union of the Canadas. On the 21st of November, Ir. Poulett, having gained the assent of the Special Council of Lower Canada to his plans, arrived in Toronto with a similar object in view in regard to the 'Cpper Canadian Legislature, Parliament was convened on December 3rd, and before the end of the month both . Houses had, in compliance with the evident wish of the Imperial authorities, passed resolutions in favour of union, on the understanding that the capital of the united Provinces should be in Upper Canada, a proviso which the Governor-General undertook to carry into effect. So far as the people of Toronto were concerned the project was unpopular, A scheme which included the removal of the capital from Toronto had nothing to recommend .it to them. But, satisfied or not, there was nothing for it but to submit and to put the best face on the matter possible, But ,vhen it became known that Kingston had been, selected as the new capital, then indeed it was felt that a crushing blow had overtaken Toronto. A general panic prevailed; people refused to believe that the city could continue to flourish after being stripped of her glory as the premier city of the Province. It was expected that a tremendous fall in lands and rents would be the inevit- able result of the change, and not a few merchants began to contemplate 260 The County of York, the advisability of removing to Kingston. \Ve shall see that all these fears were utterly groundless; Toronto's prosperity was too well founded to be dependent for its continuance upon the presence in her midst of a staff of Government clerks. After the passage of the Union resolutions by the Upper Canadian Legislature the Imperial Parliament lost no time in pass- ing a Union Act; a royal proclamation dated February 5, 1841, gave effect to its provisions, and on the loth of the same month the union of the Prov- inces was consummated. · In Toronto, as in many other cities of the Province, the first year under the new régime was marked by sanguinary election riots, in order to quell which it became necessary to invoke the assistance of the troops, But the first excitement over, the city settled down to a long period of quiet, marked, notwithstanding the occurrence of periods of commercial depression, by a steady advance in progress and prosperity. During the eight years from 1841 to 1849 the growth of the city was rapid, and the improvements, of which the principal will be noted here, numerous, At the time of the incorporation of the city in 1834 its population was somewhat under 10,000; in 184"I, the first year of the Union, it was slightly in excess of 15,000. Sir R. H. Bonnycastle, who visited Toronto in 184-5, describes it as " a city in earnest, with upwards of 20,000 inhabitants-gas- lit, with good plank sidewalks and macadamized streets, with vast sewers and fine houses of brick or stone. The main street-King Street," he adds, "is two miles and more in length, and would not do shame to any town, and has a much more English look than most Canadian places have." Gas had been introduced in 1840, under contract with 1\1r. Albert Furniss, a Montreal gentleman largely interested in the gas works in that city. But this subject will be referred to again in connection with" The Industries of. Toronto," In the following year, 1846, a local chronicler stated that the city-the entire length of which was three miles-contained ninety-two streets, twenty-one churches and chapels, fifteen common schools, and ten newspapers; it enjoyed the privileges not only of gas but of waterworks; it was connected by steamboat with Kingston, Hamilton, Niagara and Rochester; property had increased wonderfully in value, and buildings in. good business localities commanded rents as high as 1,000 and $1,250 per annum. Truly the removal of the seat of G:.overnment had been ineffectual to interfere with the progress of Toronto. And equally resultless had it been in affecting for good the fortunes of Kingston. Three years after the change which struck with panic the business men of Toronto, Kingston ceased to be the capital, and the seat of Government was again removed, this time to Montreal-soon, however, to return once more to Toronto. The Czty of Toronto. 261 But before Toronto was to be permitted to assume the proud position of capital of Canada, she was destined to be visited by the double scourge of fire and pestilence, Fires of some magnitude occurred during the early months of 18+9, but in April of that year the city was visited by a confla- gration which did infinite damage to property-which, indeed, has been regarded as the most disastrous known in Toronto. It broke out early in the morning, on Saturday, the 7th of April, in some outbuildings in rear of a tfi,vern on the corner of King and Nelson Streets. It then spread to the main part of Nelson Street, on the east, consuming Post's Tavern and the Patriot Office. A contemporary account, quoted by l\Ir, J. C. Dent, in the Semi-Centennial Memorial Volume, thus describes the progress of the flames: "The fire extended from King Street to the south of Duke Street, where it consumed nearly all the back buildings and the office of the Savings Bank. It then crossed to the west side of Nelson Street to Rolph's Tavern, destroying the whole block, including the J/irror Office, to Mr. N asmith's bakery. Proceeding from Rolph's Tavern, the flames laid hold of the corner building, occupied by l\Ir. O'Donohue, which was speedily consumed, and then they ran alóng the whole block to l\1r. O'Neill's, con- suming the valuable stores of Messrs. Hayes, Harris, Cherry, O'Neill and others. About three o'clock the spire of St. James's Cathedral took fire, and the building was entirely destroyed, About the same time the flames broke out in the old City Hall, consuming the greater part of the front building, including i\Ir. McFarlane's small store, The fire then extended from the Cathedral across to the south side of King Street, where a fire had lately occurred, The shops of Mr. Rogers and others were with difficulty saved; all that block was in great danger. Some of them had most of their goods removed, and great injury to property was sustained. About five o'clock the flames were in a great measure subdued. The exertions of the firemen were for a long time retarded for want of water. The soldiers of the Rifle Brigade from the garrison were extremely active, and deserve the highest gratitude of the citizens, The loss by this fire is estimated at the lowest computation to be [IOO,QOO sterling. It is not easy to describe the gloom which this calamity has cast over the city, or the ruined appearance of the ground so lately occupied by many respectable and industrious individuals, who, by the work of four or five hours, were suddenly thrown out of business or seriously injured in their circumstances. In whatever light this serious event be regarded, it must be acknowledged as a heavy blow anù sore discouragement to Toronto; the heaviest it has received, There cannot be a doubt. however, that the activity and enter- prise of the inhabitants will soon surmount the loss. The season is 262 Tile COll1lty of York, favourable for rebuilding, and many improvements will doubtless be intro- duced in the formation of new streets." And so it proved. The present noble cathedral of St. J ames rose from the ashes of that destroyed in the great conflagration, and around it sprung up a better class of buildings than those which had succumbed to the flames. But it was not only the loss of property that cast a gloom over the city. Several casualties occurred, and one valuable life was lost. Mr. Richard \Vatson, Queen's Printer, a man generous and generally beloved, perished in th flames wl ile attempting to save his stock. To the fire succeeded the pestilence. Cholera made its appearance among the immigrants landed at Quebec early in the season, and rapidly swept across the country, reaching Toronto towards the end of June, All possible precautions were adopted to stay its ravages, but in vain; it pursued its course unchecked until the cool weather set in, when it abated, but not until it had occasioned a mortality of sixty per cent. of those attacked. In political as in general affairs, 1849 was a memorable year for Toronto-more especially in connection ith matters arising out of the Rebellion of 1837-8. Shortly after the middle of March, in consequence of the passage of the Baldwin-Lafontaine Amnesty Bill, \Villiam Lyon Mackenzie returned to Toronto, where he was the guest of l\Ir. John 1\IcIntosh, of Y onge Street. His return gave great offence to the ultra- Loyalists of the city, a party of the more hot-headed of whom assembled on the evening-of Thursday, the 22nd of March, with the object of making an anti-amnesty demonstration. After parading the streets they burnt in effigy Messrs. Robert Baldwin and \Vm. Hume Blake, the law officers of the Government, in front of the residence of the former gentleman. They then marched to McIntosh's house, which some of the noisier of the rioters threatened to pull down; but, fortunately, they contented themselves with storming the building and burning 1\Ir. Mackenzie in effigy. Mr. George Brown, editor of the Government organ, the Globe, next came in for a share of their attenti.ons. His house was also besieged and stoned, after which the mob dispersed, without a single effort having been made hy the authorities to put a stop to its lawless doings. It would appear, indeed, that some of the leading city officials at heart sympathized with the rioters, for we are told that Mr, George L. Allen, Chief of Police, and at least one member of the City Council, were unconcerned witnesses of the outrages, while other members of that body called the :Mayor, l\Ir. Gurnett, roundly to task for having incurred the expense of providing special constables to save the life of such a "scoundrelly rebel" as Mackenzie. Another The City of Toronto. 26 3 alderman went even further, and declared in the presence of the assembled City Council that, if it were not for the law, he would not scruple to take Mackenzie's life. Fortunately the anti-Amnesty riot in Toronto had no serious results for the city in which it occurred. I t was otherwise with the disturbances in lVlontreal, during the following month, arising out of the passage of the Rebellion Losses Bill, and which culminated in the burning of the Parlia- ment Buildings and the mobbing of Lord Elgin-the former on the 25th, and the latter on the 30th of April. l\Iontreal's loss in this case was Toronto's gain. It was decided to remove the seat of Government fröm the former city to the latter for the two remaining sessions of the existing Parliament, and then to transfer it alternately to Quebec and Toronto for periods of four years. But, previous to arriving at this decision, the Governor- General deemed it advisable to pay a personal visit to Upper Canada, for the double purpose of satisfying himself as to the state pf public feeling there, and of holding a conference with the President of the United States on the subject of reciprocity. His Excellency arrived in Toronto on the 9th of October, and though his reception was generally characterized by good feeling and enthusiasm on the part of the citizens, its hearti.ness was somewhat marred by the disposition of certain individuals, during the Governor's progress from the wharf to his hotel, to repeat in Toronto the scenes which had disgraced Montreal on the last day of April. There was some stone and rotten egg throwing; but a baker's dozen of the offenders were arrested, and as the grand jury was then in session, the rioters were forthwith presented and committed to gaol. Toronto was evident y in no mood to put up with any follies that might endanger its chances of becoming the capital of Canada. During the following month (November) the removal took place, and the administrative departments were lodged in the Parliament Buildings on Front Street-the same which had been in use by the Legislature of Upper Canada previous to the Union, and which are now occupied by the Ontario Legislature, Of course the buildings had been renovated and fitted up for the reception of their new occupants, The Governor-General, soon after his arrival, established himself at Elmsley Villa, once the residence of Chief Justice Elmsley, and years later on to be converted into Old Knox College. It occupied the site on which the Central Presbyterian Church now stands. In Toronto the Government remained until 1851, when, pursuant to the arrangement agreed upon, it was removed to Quebec. The municipal affairs of the city during the period under consideration may now fairly engage our attention. It has been seen that l\Ir. Powell, 26 4 The COU1lty of York. of Montgomery's Tavern fame, occupied the chief magistrate's chair during the years 1838-'39-'40. The successive occupants of the chair, from the latter year until 1851, were as follows: 1841, Mr, George Monro; 1842- '43-'4+, the Honourable Henry Sherwood; 1845-'46-'47, Mr. William Henry Boulton; 1848-'49-'50, Mr. George Gurnett. Until the last-mentioned year the municipal elections had been held under the Act of 1837, by the provisions of which the aldermen and common councilmen held office for two years, the representative of each class in each ward who received the smallest number of votes retiring at the end of one year, but being eligible for re-election. In 1849, however, an Act was passed reducing the number of aldermen for each ward to one: but this was repealed by an Act of the following year. The number of wards at this time was six, an additional ward, that of St. James, having been formed in 1847 from St, David's \Vard. In 1851 1\Ir. Gurnett-who, shortly after the expiration of his term of office, accepted the position of Police Magistrate-was succeeded in the occupancy of the chief magistrate's chair by Mr. John G. Bowes, a gentle- man described by one of those who knew him best, as "by far the ablest man who had ever filled the chair." During his last year of office (1853) 1\1r. BO\ es's name was brought into unpleasant prominence in connection with a transaction in Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway stock, but his fellow-citizens testified that their confidence in him was unshaken by elect- ing him to the civic chair in 1861-'62-'63. . ' ",ee ' - r , ",,, , _ '..:J CHAPTER X. FROM 1851 TO 1859. - fa) ET\VEEN the above mentioned years is included a period which { was of no great importance in the local history of Toronto, 'r _ W. f It was pre-eminently a political period-a season of ministerial CI f' change, of bitter encounters in the parliamentary arena, of . , incisive diatribes in the columns of the party organs. Perhaps the city was more closely identified with these matters than she might otherwise have been, inasmuch as in 1855 the Government offices were again removed to Toronto. But with politics a history of Toronto pure and simple,. such as this, has little to do, except where political action directly influenced the prosperity or the repute of the city. It will not, therefore, be within the province of these pages to deal with the political duels which were fought within the walls of the Legislative buildings between 1855 and 1859, nor to descant at any length upon the manæuvre by which Ottawa was finally selected for the honour of being the permanent capital of Canada. These matters belong to the history of Canada; our business is with Toronto. .. The first year of the period which forms the subject of this chapter was marked by the inception of a work which would place the city in close relations with the towns of \Vestern Ontario, would narrow down to nothing, as it were, the distance between Lakes Ontario and Huron. and would, hy making Toronto the receiving house for the products of the north-western part of the Province, contribute largely to her importance and her progress. This was the inception of the first railroad in the western half of the Pro- vince, the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway, an inconveniently long title which was soon after exchanged for the simpler one of" the Northern." On the 15th of October Lady Elgin turned the first sod for the new highway on a spot nearly opposite the Parliament Buildings on Front Street. The road was completed and opened to Aurora in May, 1853, and to Collingwod 266 The County of York. in 1855, in which year also Toronto obtained direct railway communication with Hamilton by the Toronto and Hamilton, and with Montreal by the Grand Trunk road. The latter line Vias extended westwards to Guelph in the early part of the following ye?-r, and soon after to Sarnia. Towards the close of 1854, Sir Edmund Walker Head succeeded Lord Elgin as Governor-General, and in November of the following year, a month after the removal of the seat of Government to Toronto, he entered into the occupancy of the old Government House, which stood on the site of the present building, and which, as well as the Legislative Chambers, had been repaired and decorated for the use of the four-year visitors. On the 15th of February, 1856, a memorable session of Parliament was opened, It was a fortnight old when the famous altercation arose between the Hon. John A. l\Iacdonald and Mr. George Brown, in the course of which the latter was accused by the former of grave delinquencies in connection with the Penitentiary Commission, of which Mr, Brown was secretary. \Vith those charges, and with the investigation that followed, and the personal enmity' between the two gentlemen concerned in the matter, we have nothing to do here, any more than with another celebrated altercation between l\Ir. l\Iacdonald and Colonel Rankin, which very nearly led to a duel. One matter, however, did come up during this session, in which the City of Toronto was immediately interested, This was a motion, intro- duced by 1\1r. John Sandfield Macdonald, in favour of discontinuing the system of alternating the seat of Government between Toronto and Quebec. This motion was carried, and, thanks to Lower Canadian influence, the Assembly decided, by a vote of 64 to 56, that after 1859 Quebec should be the permanent capital of Canada. Another political event which marks the last stay of the Government in Toronto, was the celebrated" Double Shu ," by which, within the space of a few days, two changes of ministry occurred, the Macdonald-Cartier Government making room for the short- lived Brown-Dorion 1Iinistry, which in forty-eight hours was followed by the Cartier-Macdonald Administration. It is scarcely necessary to remind the reader that to the unpopularity of Her Majesty's selection of Ottawa as the permanent seat of Government were due these rapidly shifting scenes on the political stage. The time had now come when Toronto had for the last time been the arena on which were fought out the battles of Upper and Lower Canadian politicians. In 1859 the Government offices wel'e finally removed, to remain at Quebec till 1865, and then to be shifted, for the last time, to Ottawa. During November of this year, Toronto was the meeting place of a great Reform Convention, attended by nearly six hundred members of the party, who adopted resolutions condemnatory of the union Tlze City of Toronto, 26 7 in its then existing state, and in favour of Local Governments for the management of local affairs, and of a " joint authority" to regulate matters of interest to the Province at large. In municipal affairs the period with which we are engaged was as uneventful as its political aspect was eventful. In 1853, during l\Ir. Bowes's term of offic as Mayor, a seventh ward, known as St, John's, was formed from St. Patrick's, The following year l\fr. Bowes was succeeded by l\Ir. Joshua G. Beard, who had represented St. La,vrence \Vard in the Council almost continuously since 1834, the year of the city's incorporation; but Mr. Beard falling ill shortly after his election, his place at the head of the Council board was temporarily taken by Mr. John Beverley Robinson. In 1855, Mr. (now the Hon.) G, \V. Allan succeeded to the chief magistracy, and was followed in 1856 by Mr. J. B, Robinson. In 1857, Ir. John Hutchison was elected, and in 1858 Mr. \V, H. Boulton succeeded to the civic chair. The latter gentleman, however, resigned early in November, and his place was taken by Mr, D, B. Read, Q.C. Mr. Read was the last Mayor elected by the City Council until the revival of that system in 186 7. During 1858 an Act-known as the" Upper Canada Municipal Institutions Act"-had been passed, by which it was provided that mayors of cities and towns should thereafter be chosen by the electors of such cities and towns at the annual election to be held on the first Monday in January, This system prevailed until 1866, and under it 1\1r. Adam \Vilson, who now occupies an honoured position on the Bench of Ontario, was elected; but , inasmuch as he had also been returned to Parliament, :\Ir. John Carr, a representative of St. Patrick's \Vard, was appointed President of the Council, to represent the Mayor during the latter's absence. The city's progress from 1851 to 1859 was very far from being such as its well-wishers would have desired, Already in 1856 there were evidences of commercial depression and monetary stringency, hut 1857 will long be remembered as the gloomiest epoch in the history of the commerce and industries of the country. Solvency and enterprise seemed to be things of the past. -:\Iercantile houses of long established reputation went by the board; the factories were idle, trade was stagnant, and the streets swarmed with beggars and vagrants, Even those who had hitherto been in ordi- narily comfortable circumstances now tasted for the first time the bitterness of poverty, and there is reason to believe that not a few deaths from starva- tion occurred. _\s usual, in such times of depression, drunkenness was rife. and during the year close upon two thousand people were committed to gaol. During 1858 the conditiun of affairs underwent a slig-ht imprO\oement, but it was not until the following year that confidence was re-established. and the city resumed its normal business-like aspect. 268 The COU1lty of York. In 1851, at the opening of the period under consideration, the popula- tion of the city was 30,775. In 1856 this had increased to 45,000. The average daily attendance at the city schools in 1854 was 1,459, and in 1857, only 1,863, although the population now numbered over 45,000, The unsatis- factory attendance at the schools at this time was the subject of bitter comment by the Superintendent of Education, who despairing 7 contrasted the returns with those of 1844, when, with a population of only 18,500, the average daily attendance was 1,194, at a cost of i1 10S. per head, whereas the cost in 1857, with the above meagre result, was i3 5s. per head. In the year last mentioned the number of houses in the city was 7,476, and the real and personal property assessment value i515,806, yielding a gross sum of [74,962, ,'-" ,'';.->- .. .' -,,\k... '!"!Vl ') /t' CHAPTER XI. THE SIX YEARS BEFORE CONFEDERATION. er--F J:. .' - .... éi ,: <: HE year 1860 was marked by two notable events-the visit of , (T . H. R. H. the Prince of \Vales, and the .Anderson Extradition . Case. The first of these took place early In September, and was : . , .1-- the occasion of festivities on a scale seldom, if ever, equalled in - . .. Toronto. The Prince, accompanied by the Duke of New- 4À. castle, Colonial Secretary, the Governor-General, Sir Edmund Head, and a numerous suite, reached Toronto from the east on the 7th of September. For days and weeks previous the citizens had been busy with preparations to do honour to the Royal visitor; a series of magnificent triumphal arches had been erected on the treets, flags and bunting in in1mense quantities had been purchased, addresses had been drawn up, programmes of banquets and entertainments prepared-in fact neither trouble nor expense håd been spared to make Toronto's reception of the Prince a brilliant and splendid affair. At half-past six o'clock in the evening f the 7th of September the steamer Ki1lgsto1l, with the Royal party on board, reached the landing-place at the foot of John Street, where a huge amphitheatre had been erected and was now crowded by thousands of the wealth and fashion of the city. The roadway from the landing- place to the Esplanade-where a handsome arch had been erected-was also lined with tiers of seats, in which not a vacant space was to be found, while the entire neighbourhood was black with eager and loyal people, who, undaunted by the threatening aspect of the sky, had turned out to do honour to the city's Royal guest. As the /{ iugstoll approached the wharf a storm of cheers broke from the assembled multitudes, The Prince, on leaving the steamer, ,vas receiYEd by the city magnates, and an address of welcome was read by the Iayor, 1\Ir. \\ïlson. \Yhen the Prince had replied, over a thousand children of the Public and Sunday schools, "ho had been specially trained for the occasion, raised the strains of the 270 Tlze COUlllJI of York. National Anthem, The Prince and the Governor-General were driven to Government House, which had been specially prepared for their reception, In the evening the city was brilliantly illuminated, and the royal party drove through the streets amidst the cheers and acclamations of a vast crowd. The Globe, speakinf{ of the illuminations at the time declared that: " As a whole it is doubted if the display of that night was ever excelled ip America in extent, variety, and brilliancy of decoration," Speaking of the arches the same journal remarked: "The arch erected on the crest of the amphitheatre at the landing will be a lasting monument to the fame of its designer, Mr. Storm. Fine as were the arches erected at Quebec, Mont- real and Ottawa, the finest of them could not for a moment enter into competition with it." I t would be impossible, in the space at our disposal, to give anything like an account of the festivities during the Prince's stay-frOln the 7th to the 12th, The entire six days. were one prolonged fête. The principal features of this carnival time were a levée at Osgoode Hall, a regatta on the bay, a review of the active militia force, a visit to the University, and the formal opening of the Horticultural Gardens by His Royal Highness, who planted there a young maple which still flourishes, though 110 longer young. During his visit the Prince also made a hurried trip to Colling- wood, and on the 12th bid the city farewell. The only unt.oward event which occurred during the Prince's stay was a foolish escapade by a few young hot-heads who assembled on Colborne Street and burnt in effigy the Duke of Newcastle and Sir Edmund Head, The objects of the demonstration having set their faces against the exuber- ant Orange decorations at Kingston and Belleville, the effigy-burners resorted to this method of expressing their dissatisfaction. . The second event which signalized the year 1860-the Anderson Case -was one which will long be remembered for the intense interest it awakened throughout the length and breadth of Canada, and scarcely less in Great Britain. Anderson was a runaway slave from Missouri, who, while making his way to Canada, slew a man named Diggs, who was in pursuit with intent to capture him. In April, in the year mentioned, a man who had tracked Anderson to this country caused his arrest fo.r murder, with a view to extradition, The case came up at the l\Iichaelmas Term of the Court of Queen's Bench, on a writ of habeas corpus, Anderson being defended by leading members of the Bar-for such was the excitement throughout the country that funds poured in for hIS defence. The decision of the Court-one of the three Judges dissenting-was in favour of the sur- render of the prisoner. Anderson's counsel, however, determined to make - - , "-;-.:< ÿ' ,. 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II I r . .' ;'.' ...."-! ., Þ:;1-.' .... - "1.'7,. _ , ' . . . , .!.' , "',, !_&..:? '!i',.i. ()'... ,y- '", .;...... -t "'. '1 -&. _ '"i; ;:. ' ,.. , . '. o. .....,,;:;t r,I .. -:" fIno 'Y' ...- _ ......' __ - .. '.''''... rA ... ;À , .... -....... ' .. ..""..... þ _.. a. ... r' g. .....;"y.. . ",.. .... --.., !: l1 t,./ ;"tif:... ":'1Jdì. .tI\; . ' .' j.I';1. ' -<;''YJIj , - J .. , I.!.' ',," . ,-,1 f P. ,---,",' J . ..1" II . ...-P-"-" --..) , -, H H en :.n ::J cr: The City of Toronto. 27 1 a further effort, and a writ of habeas corpus was obtained from the Court of Queen's Bench in England to bring the prisoner before the Judges there- a decision in his favour from that quarter being beyond a doubt. A con- flict between the British and Canadian Courts seemed imminent, but fortunately it was avoided by the issue of a third "Tit of habeas corþus from the Upper Canadian f:ourt of Common Pleas, which liberated the prisoner upon a technicalitj, without entering into the merits of the case, The excitement which had prevailed while Anderson's case was still sub judice was only equalled in intensity by the rejoicings over his release, The coloured community was especially jubilant; but the whole of Canada, Great Britain, and even New England, shared in their satisfaction, The breaking up of the ice in the Don in the spring of the following year (1861) solved a mystery which for sixteen months had seemed impene_ trable, A battered, bruised and partially decomposed body was discovered in the water near the mouth of the little river, entangled in some weeds, G pon eX3.mination it was identified as that of John Sheridan Hogan, a pro- minent Toronto journalist and Reform member of the Legislature for the County of G'rey, who had unaccountably disappeared in December, 18 59, No end of theories had been broached to account for his disappearance- among others that he had fled "to the United States to avoid the importuni- ties of his creditors; but the idea that he might have been foully dealt with \ does not seem to have struck the public mind. Such, however, upon inves- tigation, proved to have been the case, From the evidence it appeared that on the night of his disappearance the murdered man crossed the Don bridge in pursuance of an intention to visit a friend who lived on the Kingston Road, \Yhen in the act of crossing the bridge he was accosted by a woman who engaged him in conversation, while a second female struck him on the head with a stone placed in the foot of a stocking, Both women belonged to a notorious band of ruffians who infested a wood on the east side of the Don-from which they took their name, the Brooks' Bush Gang, Other members of the gang then came up, a considerable sum of money was taken from the body of the murdered man, and the body itself was thrown over the bridge railing into the river. Although several members of the gang were arrested, there can be no manner of doubt that the really guilty parties escaped punishment, while a comparatively innocent man underwent the extreme penalty of the law. One of the ruffianly set turned Queen's evidence, others succeeded in proving an alibi, while one, named Brown, less success- ful, was found guilty and hanged. Brown, although present at the murder, does not seem to have had any actual hand in it. The revelations at the trial had the effect of completely dispersing the gang, one member of which, 18 . 27 2 The Coimty of York. an infamous woman, is now said to be a notorious resident of Buffalo, Another member, also a woman, was, until comparatively lately, an inmate of Toronto gaol. The year 1861 witnessed the death of \Villiam Lyon lackenzie, one of the most prominent figures in the history of the city of which he was the first Chief l\Iagistrate. The story of the great agitator's declining years is a sad one, From the time of his return to Toronto in 1849, he continued to reside there till his death, supporting himself chiefly by journalism. From 18 5 1 to 18 5 8 he represented the County of Haldimand in the Provincial Legislature, but i the latter year he resigned his seat, and devoted himself entirely to the management of his journal, A/ackenÚe's Weekly ]Iessage, The profits, however, were small, and the editor's life was one of hardship, debt, and deprivation, Some of his Reform friends, becoming a ware of his unfortunate situation, opened a subscription-ostensibly for the purpose of presenting him with a testimonial in recognition of his services; really with the object of relieving his necessities-not an easy object to attain without wounding his feelings of independence and self-respect. A, considerable amount was raised, and with a portion of this a house and lot on Bond Street were purchased and presented to l\Ir. Mackenzie, Another sum was handed to him as a loan-nominally, of course-by the subscription com- mittee; but as no small part of this was employed by him in paying debts, it was not long before he was again in distress, But the end was not far off. Utterly hroken down in body and mind, careless of the approach of death, refusing medical aid, the great Reformer gradually sank, till, on the 28th of August, death put an end to the restless, busy life-within less than four years of the allotted span of three-score and ten. Towards the close of 1861, Toronto was in a ferment. The seizure of the Confederate envoys, l\Iessrs. Mason and Slidell, on board the British mail steamer Trent, had just taken place, and everyone was discussing the probabilities of a war with the United States. The entire population seemed to burn with a sudden military ardour; thousands of volunteers enrolled themselves as recruits; drill was a regular every day matter; new com- panies. were added to existing regiments; and speculations were freely indulged in as to the probability of Toronto becoming the great military centre for Upper Canada, and even a naval station, in view of the proba- bility of operations by water. Sympathy with the South, in which, previous to the Trent affair, the citizens of Toronto, like Canadians generally, were by no means a unit, now became general, and a war with the United States would have been extremely popular. Happily there was no occasion to put to the test the enthusiasm of Canadians; the Confederate envoys were . The City of Toronto, 273 surrenùered, and the excitement in Toronto, as elsewhere, cooled down. But the seed had been sown, the emergency had taught the people a lesson; and from the crisis brought about by the Trent affair, the military spirit which has given Canada its present militia force may be said to date. Outside of the events just related, the local history of Toronto from 1860 to 1865 was that of the proverbial happy country that has no history. The close of the decade of the fifties had witnessed commercial depre sion stagnation in trade and manufactures, starvation and misery. The first half of the decade of the sixties brought commercial vigour, activity in trade and manufactures, abundance and prosperity. It was the story of Pharaoh's kine reversed. The cause of this state of things was to be looked for in the American civil war. The country was overrun with commissariat agents purchasing stores for the army, .\merican gold poured in, in a steady stream, and produce of all kinds could not be supplied with sufficient rapidity to meet the demand. Farmers and' merchants-wholesale and retail- reaped a golden harvest, and many a fortune was accumulated by trader and speculator. Toronto of course had its share of the general activity, and the condition of the city, in those days when war prices ruled. was one of unexampled prosperity, \Ve now come to one of the saddest chapters in the whole of Toronto's history-a story 'of events which threw the entire city into mourning. During the morning of Friday, the 1st of June, 1866, intelligence was received in the city that a body of one thousand Fenian had crossed the 1'\ iagara River at Black Rock, landed near Fort Erie, and \vere ravaging the country in the vicinity. l{egular troops were at once despatched to the spot, and the city volunteers were called upon to furnish their quota to repel the invader. It was now that the military spirit evoked among the citizens ùuring the Trent excitement came into play. The call was promptly responded to, and by two o'clock in the afternoon a force of six hundred men of the Queen's Own-many of them University students- had embarked on board the steamer City of T(}yonto, which was to convey them across the lake, The force was under the command of Major Gillmor, and consisted mainly of young men. \\ïth what happened on the banks of the iagara River \ve have nothing to do here-it is matter of Canadian history, with which every Canadian is familiar. _\ conflict took place at Ridgeway, the brunt of which had to he borne by the volun- teers, owing to the failure of the regulars to put in an appearance in time, and some of the Toronto contingent lost their lives on the battle-field, The news, in an imperfect form, reached the city on the Sabbath morning,. and it wås a sad Sabbath that the Toronto people spent. ,\ writer in the 274 The COU1lty of York. 'Varsity for J nne 2nd, 1883, gives the following grê-phic description of that memorable day: "That Sunday was one such as Toronto had never seen before. The most contradictory rum ours were afloat in the city, The churches presented a most extraordinary spectacle. Instead of the usual attendance of quiet worshippers-of the hymn of praise, the calm discourse- the attendant throng was assembled in deep humiliation and earnest prayer. I doubt whether a single sermon was preached in Toronto that day. Excited people came rushing into the churches and announcing the latest news from the front. Then a prayer would be offered up by the pastor, or the congre- gation would bow their heads in silent supplication, The merchants, on word being received that the volunteers were suffering rom want of food, ransacked their warehouses for supplies to be sent to the front by the steamer that was to go to Port Dalhousie that afternoon for the dead and wounded; and all the young men were hastening to the front." About ten o'clock that: night the steamer above alluded to, with her mournful freight, reached the Y onge Street wharf, where an immense throng had congregated, and where several hearses and stretchers borne by men of the 47 th Regiment were in waiting. A writer in the Globe of the following day thus describes the scene on board the steanier: "At one end of the vessel lay arranged together the rough coffins enclosing the dead. Near the other, laid on couches and shakedowns, tenderly and thoughtfully cared for, were the wounded, No word of complaint escaped them as they were severally mbved by strong arms and feeling hearts to the cab or the stretcher, as their case might require. Ten were severely wounded and were carefully sent to the hospital; the remainder were sent to their respective homes. \Vhile the wounded were being thus disposed of, the dead were deposited in hearses and carried to their several destinations, The :-- . , '" 4 : 1 ' ,, ; - , \ /.. r R - 'I , ,\1\ ' II . ;.. \\ 'j, I I 4 . "1 " 'Ii " ,,,,- , ,\ Ii ' , ',:-=-,' 'I' '1(, +- , ' 1}r' L \ '.' , I I' l t l , . "",... \ '- _ I..:MJ \ ' \ /I .. . "- :. :> -, J , I C - _ .'7,:: lor , } , I ' ....::... '1 I _ I- '" J: . j I . ..... , :-. :' I),\' - ,' ,. . - 't. 't';'I -. : " . , ..... " : II l -.d /, ,Iji'f. 1_ ,I.J. . r II r , I, 1111I III'. -, I !il!\\!i!\\\i l 'iil;ii \"I ':' , " II:' . 'II" 11' " 1 ": 1 111 '!I\I\'1Ii1l !II 'I!i' l iliii":il il ' '!II!I\II . 'lilll . '11 ii \\llllhll' \ 1 1 111 , 111,1' 1 'lIi "11 , , ,.!I!!\\ I!I II 'II . 11 I, " I 1' \ 1' , 1!1 \ ;'t: .:; I;!., I,I!i l l ;, ,!I 1 III i ,II " I I' ,I I I " I \:11",,'- ,1" 1 :: ' ' I , I ,I' 'I I' ..I" 1 IIIi\II' Ii i ' 'I ,I 'II "I ,1, \ 1 :11 I" ' 1 1 ' \ ' 1/ 1 1 111'1', ,::11,,1' '.11 ,II :",illl! I:;lll , :::;\:: I :!ill! I !I\: 11,1 , III :" .. 'II'T ', , The City of Toro1lto. 28 7 offer with the structures in their immediate vicinity is sufficiently striking. By far the larger portion of the business of Queen Street is transacted west of Y onge, the dead-alive condition of the eastern section being the very antithesis of the bustling, business-like air that pervades the section between Spadina Avenue and Bathurst Street. Still further westward Queen Street runs through the suburb of Parkdale, which has hitherto persistently resisted all attempts to inducè it to follow the example of its sister suburbs and link its fortunes with those of the city. A feature worth noticing at this end of Queen Street is the subway-now nearly completed- that dips beneath the railway tracks at what used to be an exceedingly dangerous crossmg. In the district south of King Street almost the entire wholesale trade of Toronto is concentrated, as well as the greater part of its heavIer manu- facturing industries-the former grouped especially in the immediate vicin- ity of Y onge Street, the latter scattered over the outlying districts, Crossing Y onge Street at right angles are, in order from the Bay upwards, Front, \Vellington and Colborne Streets, the two first-named lined with imposing structures erected by private enterprise, the last narrow, dirty and gloomy, but all three" full of business," as will be seen when we come to speak of Toronto's financial and mercantile institutions. In the eastern half of this . division are the City Hall, the St. Lawrence Hall and Market, the Northern Railway Station, the Drill Shed, the Gas \Vorks, a great distillery, a brewery . or two, and several factories, The extreme end of this eastern section is a dreary wilderness, into which no man ever seems to venture except the aborigines, and in which all the refuse of the city seems to accumulate. It has already been hinted that the unsavoury reputation it bears from a sanitary point of view is probably at the bottom of its want of prosperity. Certain it is that if the curious pedestrian wishes to see the ahomination of desolation standing at his very gates he need only take a stroll through this unsavoury region of a Sunday morning. \Vest of Yonge Street, and run- ning parallel to it, Bay and York Streets are almost entirely given up to business, the succeeding streets being as exclusively reserved for private dwellings. At the foot of York Street stands the Union Station-the centre of nearly all the railways of the Province-surrounded by hoteis, both great and small. \Vest of the Union Station are the freight sheds, and from this point westward a large slice of this section is monopolized by railway tracks, cattle sheds, round-houses, immigrant sheds, etc. To the north of the freight sheds are the Parliament Buildings, and still further north Government House. _\t the exheme western end of this division are the Central Prison, the Exhibition Buildings, and the Old and ew 19 288 TIle County of York, Forts. The Esplanade, with its numerous tracks, forms the southern boundary of the division, and is fringed with elevators, wharves, coal-yards, and boat-houses, Between King and Queen Streets lies one of the most important sec- , tions of the city. Not only does it embrace a large portion of the retail trade of the better class, but being the habitat of the minor courts of law, it is much affected by lawyers, whose offices cluster thickly about Adelaide, Church, and Toronto Streets. The latter thoroughfare-a somewhat ambi- tious title for a street not much over fifty yards long-is perhaps the busiest in the city; it certainly is so for its size. It is the immediate approach to the Post-office from the south, which perhaps accounts for a portion of the activity manifested; but apart from this it is, from end to end, emphatically a business street, lined with large and costly buildings, which are chiefly occupied by lawyers, financial and insurance companies and brokers. On the south side of Adelaide Street, to the west of Toronto Street, stands the Court-house and County building, of which t'he less said the better; and further on, on the north-east corner of Adelaide and Church, the Public Library, formerly the Mechanics' Institute. On Court Street, an allpy leading from Toronto to Church, stands the Police Court building, a wretchedly inadequate structure, which also contains a police station and fire hall. From Church Street eastwards there is little to interest the. stranger; the streets, which higher up become broad ana beautiful thoroughfares, being, below Queen Street, squalid and unpicturesque. To ' the west of Y onge, on Adelaide Street, is the Grand Opera House, and just beyond this, running parallel with Yonge, Bay Street, formerly Bear, near the north-west corner of which stands a portion of Doel's brewery, in which the reformers of 1837 used to hold their meetings previous to the outbreak of that year. The next street to Bay is York, which in this portion bears perhaps a worse reputation than any other street in the city, Its low dives are the resort of all the worst characters of both sexes, and it is in this vicinity that illegal liquor-selling and midnight brawling have tneir fullest swing. The street itself has possibilities in the way of making a handsome thoroughfare, but its broken sidewalks, tumble-down shanties, and frowsy second-hand stores give it at present an appearance as unenviable as its reputation. Notfling less than a clean sweep of the ricketty tenements that cover it would be necessary to prepare the way for its regeneration and purification. For some distance beyond York Street this section is characterless-colourlessly respectable; but proceeding eastwards, and more especially on the further side of Spadina Avenue, the evidences of comfort decrease, the dwellings are of a more humble class, and we are once more among the homes of the less fortunate citizens. , The City of Torollto, 28 9 Above Queen Street-with the exception of Y onge, Church, Parlia- ment, Spadina A venue, and other thoroughfares of a similar type-the business character ol the city disappears. Private houses are now the rule, and shops-barring the ubiquitous corner grocery and the tayern- the exception. In the section lying east of Y onge Street are some of the finest residences in the city. In this particular, Jarvis Street, with its costly mansions, carefully tended grounds, and lu}",uriant shade-trees, stands pre-eminent. Sherbourne Street and some of the cross-streets- notably Carlton and \Yellesley-are not far behind; while nearly the whole section, and notably that portion lying north of \Vilton Avenue, is neatly laid out in blocks of private houses of a superior class, The streets are well paved and broad, the situation elevated, the air pure, and these many advantages have caused this portion of the city to be regarded as one of the most desirable positions for private residences, In fact, the whole district has within the last ten years been built over with amazing rapidity, so that it is fortunate that two breathing-spaces, the Horticultural Gardens and Riverside Park, have been secured to the residents. In this section, towards its north-east corner, are the General Hospital, the Medical Schools, St. James' Cemetery and the' Necropolis, Among its public buildings it also numbers the :t\ ormal School, Boys' Home, Girls' Home, and Collegiate Institute, besides a number of handsome schools, and, across the Don, the J ail. Its eastern boundary is Greenwood's side-line, running north from the Kingston Road just below Leslieville. The other section of this diyision . -that to the west of Y onge Street, extending to the western bounùary of the former suburb of Brockton-presents a fantastic mélallge of poverty and wealth, of ramshackle shanties and princely residcnces, of gross igñor- ance and 111gh culture. Immediately adjoining Vonge Street, and c)"tendipg to the Queen Street Àyenue, is the notorious St, Johr.'s \Yard, at once the negro quarter, the Five Points, and the St. Giles' of Toronto, This descrip- tion at least applies to its southerly half; its northern portion contains many elegant residences and handsome streets, But below the Y onge Street A venue, Chestnut, Centre, ang Elizabeth Streets hear a reputation that is only excelled in unsavouriness by that of York Street, and equalled hy that of \\ïlliam Street to the west. In the" Noble" \Yard-so called pre,';Ulllably on the luclts a non lucclldo principle-an: Osgoodc Hdll, the ] louse of Intlustry, the Hospital for Sick Children, and Shaftesbur} Hall, To the north-west of it lie the Queen's Park and Provincial Uni\'ersity, with thc spacious grounds surrounding the lattcr stretching northwdrds to Bloor Street and westwards to St. George. In the ill1medidte vicinity of the University, and lying to the south, are the School of Practical Science, , 290 The COUllty of York. :\Ieteorological Observatory, and \Vyckliffe Hall, the latter a Church of England Divinity School of the Evangelical type, To the east of the Park, on St. Joseph Street, is St. Michael's (R,C,) College, and north of the Uni- versity, on Bloor Street, f..lc::\laster Hall, the Baptist Theological College. All the above mentioned institutions are either connected with or affiliated to the University, Crossing the Queen Street Avenue, a noble drive shaded by chestnut trees, another region of respectability is reached. That portion of this district which lies between Queen Street and College Street is well built up with a substantial and in many cases superior class of residences, Above College Street the land is more open, but building operations are in constant progress, Knox College, the Presbyterian Theological Hall, stands at the head of Spadina A venue, which is probably the widest, and might be one of the finest thoroughfares in the city, Architec'turally speaking, however, it is beneath contempt, if we except one or two recent additions. From Spadina Avenue to Bellwoods Avenue all is dead com- monplace.' In this vicinity is Claremont Street, that has of late acquired an unenviable reputation in connection with a settlement of recently imported Irish paupers who achieved som,e notoriety during the latter portion of 1883' Then come the Bickford grounds and those of Trinity College, spreading north as far as Arthur Street, above which the land is entirely open. From Trinity College to the western limits the &"round has of late years be"en rapidly broken, and a class of private houses erected very similar to those that cover the north-eastern portion of the city, North of Bloor Street lies the beautiful suburb of Rosedale and the former suburb of Y orkville, the latter now forming a part of the city and kn.own as St. Paul's \Vard, Its western section is laid out in well-kept avenues, in which not a few residences of the better class have been erected. Bloor Street, on "both sides, is also well endowed in this respect. To the north of Y orkville lie ,Mount Pleasant and St Michael's cemeteries and the waterworks basin. The only features in this section specially deserving of mention are the former town hall and the Magdalen Asylum. . PUBLIC BUILDINGs, . It is a singular anomaly that in a city of the size and importance of Toronto, the chief çity of the county and of the Province, the three build- ings which might have been expected to present a appearance commen- surate with the dignity of the seyeral bodies of which they are the material representatives, should be the least attractive and least imposing of all the public edifices which grace its streets. Yet such is the fact. The Parlia- ment Buildings, the County Building and Court House, and the City Hall; . The City of Toronto. 291 representing, respectively, the Provincial, the County, and the City Gov- ernments, are, each and everyone, structures of uninviting exterior-to use no stronger word-and totally inadequate to fulfil the purposes for which they were intended, The Parliament Buildings occupy the block formed by Front, Simcoe, \Vellington, and John Streets, They consist of a range of squat red-brick buildings, forming three sides of a quadrangle, and stand in a large open space, one-half of which appears to have been converted into a market garden. Any description of their architectural features is out of the question, for they have none. The question of erecting a more suitable structure has for some years past been mooted, but the scheme has not assumed any tangible form, which is the more to be regretted, inasmuch as within the building, which offers no security against fire, are stored the valuable library of the Ontario Legislature and the title-deeds of all lands held from the Crown, the loss of which would be irreparable. The buildings were erected in 1830, a vote of seven thousand pounds having been made for this purpose in 1826, To the north of the Parliament Buildings stands Government House, the grounds surrounding \vhich are tastefully laid out and extend north- \vards to King Street. The building itself is of red brick with white stone facings, and stands out in strong contrast with the massive gray walls of St. Andrew's Church on the opposite side of Simcoe Street. The present structure was erected in 1t)6g on the site of the old Government House. The Custom House, on the south-west corner of Front and Yonge Streets, is one of the most ornate specimens of architecture which the city possesses. It is built in the Renaissance style, of white pressed brick, with white stone façades, the basement being constructed of Georgeto\" n stone. The decorative work is exceedingly elaborate and intricate, without, how- ever, being bewildering. The main entrance on Front Street consists of an enclosed porch, over the cornice of which is a balustrade from which rise columns with richly carved caps and moulded bases. .\ rich block cornice-each bracket of which presents a different design in carved foliage -separates the. ground floor from the first story; and a plainer cornice separates the latter from the second. Below the windows of the ground floor are panels filled with carved heads of animals, while on the keystones are similarly carved heads representing Commerce, Agriculture, etc., and heads of eminent men of the fifteenth century. The coats-of-arms' of the principal seaports throughout the world are carved on the transoms of the windows, and on the windows of the second story dppear medallion heads of famous navigators of the l\Iiddle .\ges, The huilding was completed in . 29 2 The County of York, 1876, its construction having occupied two years. Hon. James Patton. Q,C" LL.D., is the present Collector of Customs, The General Post-office is, as regards architectural beauty and elabo- rate detail, only second to the Custom House, It stands on an admirably- selected site on the north side of Adelaide Street East, facing Toronto-a position that could scarcely be improved upon, as the imposing appearan.ce of the edifice is much enhanced by the many rich buildings which line the approach to it, The façade is in the Italian style, faced with wrought Ohio stone, and is fifty-six feet high to the eaves, It consists of a central break, relieved with coupled columns and pilasters, wIth foliated caps and moulded' bases and cornices, On each side of the central break is a recessed bay, and beyond, at each angle, a tower, with mansard roof and cast-iron cresting, The main cornice is surmounted by a handsome clock, with moulded frame, flanked by canoed ,trusses, Immediately behind this rises the central dome, thirty-six feet high, giving an entire height of ninety feet to the building. The doors and windows have richly foliated imposts, and tarved heads for keystones, The frontage of the main building is seventy- five feet and its depth sixty-six feet, continued back to Lombard Street, a distance of one hundred and eight feet, by a one-story building used as a sorting and mailing-room, :\1r. T. C, Patteson is Postmaster. The General Post-office has four branch offices-in the eastern, western, and northern portions of the city, and at Parkdale, respectively, · The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, with its huge dome, is one of the most striking features of the city when viewed from a distance, It is a massive building of gray brick, situàted in the midst of spacious grounds on the south side of Queen Street \Vest, about three miles from the City Hall. It consists of a main building nearly six hundred feet in length, flanked at each end by a wing extending two hundred and forty feet to the south. The front elevatiolJ consists of a centre building, five stories high and surmounted by a dome, and two side-wings, which, like the rear wings, are four stories high. The maintenance of the institution entails a yearly outlay of between eighty and ninety thousand dollars, which is met by an annual parliamentary grant of a tax of one penny per pound on the ratable property of each municipality. Nearly one hundred officials are employed in the huilding, the :\Iedical Superintendent being Dr. Daniel Clark, who succeeded Dr. John \Vorkman, the well-known Canadian alienist. The Provincial Asylum has, under the management of Dr. Clark and his prede- cessor, acquired a reputation which is continental. Few of the public institutions in Toronto have undergone such a marked transformation within the last decade as the Generål Hospital. . The City of Toronto. 293 Ten years ago the Toronto Hospital was anything but a credit to the city; to-day, thanks to efficient management and increased resources, it bears a reputation second to none in the Dominion, The building, or rather buildings, for it consists of no less than five, exclusive of laundry, mortuary, and other adjuncts, stands amid spacious grounds which occupy the entire quadrangle formed by Gerrard, Sumach, Spruce and Sackville Streets, and on an elevation of over eighty feet above the level of the Bay, The main building is constructed of white brick with stone dressings, and is three stories high, with mansard roof and a central tower one hundred feet high, and smaller towers at each angle of the front elevation, I t is used for the accommodation of ordinary medical and surgical cases, and contains some seventeen or eighteen public wards, besides a number of private wards for patients who can afford to pay for treatment and attendance, The operat- ing theatre forms an L in the centre and behind, and is flanked on either side by a wing. Connected with the main building by bridges on each side are the Fever Hospital and the l\1ercer Eye and Ear Infirmary, the former on the west, and the latter, which also contains the apartments of the Medical Superintendent, on the east. In the north-west angle of the grounds is the Burnside Lying-in Hospital, which is supported by yolun- tary contributions, by the fees of students in attendance, and by a yearly Government grant of 400, This building, as well as the Eye and Ear and Fever Hospitals, is of the same style and material as the main building. Between the Lying-in Hospital and the main buildings a structure has recently been erected which serves as a resort during the day for c.onva- lescent patients, and immediately to the east of this are the mortuary. laundry, etc. The main buildings are one hundred and seventy feet in length by one hundred and twenty in depth. The wards are roomy and well ventilated-the latter having been a subject to which special attention was paid in the construction of the edifice, The entire institution is under the charge of Dr. Charles O'Reilly, :\Iedical Superintendent, assisted by a matron and a staff of four assistant house surgeons, the latter selected from the graduating classes of each year in the two principal medical schools. Osgoode Hall, the headquarters of the Superior Courts of Ontario, is perhaps the greatest architectural triumph ever achieved in the city of Toronto, Its stately façade excites general admiration among visitors to the Provincial capital, and this admiration is increased by the admirable appointments and tasteful decorations of the interior. If Toronto possessed no other monument of the architect's art, Osgoode Hall alone would repay the visit of the lover of the beautiful. 1\1r. \V. G, Storm, after whose designs " the Hall '. was built, will leave behind him in this magnificent structure . 294 The COllllt')' of York, an enduring memorial of his name and skill, and one of which his fellow- citizens are justly proud. Osgoode Hall stands on the north side of Queen Street \Vest, at the head of York Street, on a plot of ground some six acres in extent-now beautifully laid out as garden and lawn-which was donated to the Toronto Law Society by Sir John Robinson, father of the present Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, and at whose suggestion the proposed edifice was named after the Hon. \Villiam Osgoode, the first Chief Justice of Upper Canada. The first building erected was.a modest structure of brick occupying the site of the present east wing. It was completed in 1832, In 1845 the west wing was built, and subsequently the two isolated edifices were connected by an intermediate range of buildings, which were surmounted by a dome. From 1857 to 1859 the central structure under- went a modification, the dome was removed, and the present handsome façade of cut stone was added. The general style of the façade is Ionic, with some Renaissance modifications, Fortunately the building stands well back from the street, so that none of its imposing characteristics are lost. Of late years considerable additions have been made in the rear, so that the actual structure almost extends to the northern limit of the grounds, The interior is no less remarkable than the exterior, containing some fine tesselated stone work in the atriulIl and vestibules. u The Hall, '. as it is called by the members of the legal profession, is the property of the Law Societ'y of Upper Canada. The grounds are surrounded by a handsome open iron railing-a plan that might be adopted with advantage in the case of several other public buildings, Notably do the grounds of Government House and Trinity College, both hedged in by unsightly board fences, suffer by comparison with others which are more liberally displayed, From Osgoode Hall to the Court House is from the sublime to the ridiculous-from one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital to one of the meanest and most poverty-stricken. It is a shabby-looking edifice, Roman in style, faced with Ohio stone, and stands on the south side of Adelaide Street East, between Toronto and Church Streets. It contains the Assize, County and Division Court-rooms and the County Council chamber, with the offices of the various officials attached to each. Happily the present building will not long continue to disgrace the county at least, as it is proposed to erect a new and more appropriate edifice on Queen Street \Vest. The jails and reformatories of the city are four in number, viz., the Central Prison, a gloomy gray stone building on the west side of Strachan Avenue; the Toronto Jail, situated on an eminence on the north side of the extension of Gerrard Street, beyond the Don; the Industrial Refuge The City of Torollto. 295 for Girls, on the south side of King Street, near Dufferin Street; and the Mercer Reformatory, standing to the north-west of the Exhibition Grounds, also on King Street, near Dufferin Street. Of the two last mentioned insti- tutions the former is intended for the reclamation and industrial training of girls committed under the penal laws of Ontario; the latter for the reception and reformation of girls and women sentenced to a term of im- prisonment therein by the police magistrate, and more especially for fallen women. The Free Library building is a plain, unpretentious structure on the north-east corner of Adelaide and Church Streets. It was formerly occu- pied by the Toronto Mechanics' Institute, the committee of which made over their building and library to the Free Library Board upon the passage of the Public Library by-law by the citizens. The building has been entirely remodelled internally and wa,s formally re-opened, under the new auspices, on the 6th March, 1884, Branches of the library have also been opened in the northern and western portions of the city, In this connec- tion a few facts relating to the inception and growth of the organization which gave place to the Free Library, may not be considered to be out of place. The Toronto Mechanics' Institute was established in January, 1831, at a meeting of influential citizens called by Mr. James Leslie, now of Eglinton. During its early days the meetings of its n embers were held in the" Masonic Lodge" rooms on Market (now Colborne) Street, Here a library and museum were formed, lectures delivered, and evening classes held for the improvement of its members. In 1838 a suite of rooms in the Market Buildings-now the St, Lawrence Hall-wcre obtained from the city corporation for the accommodation of the Institute. Six years later a move was made to rooms above the store, No. 12 \Vellington Buildings. just east of the \Vesleyan Book-room, and the winter lectures were held in the County Court Room. During the year 1846, a second move was made-this time to entirely new quarters in the second story of the fire- hall, just erected (on the site of the present police court), an extension of the original plan of the building having been made on pnrpose to accom- modate the Institute, the latter paying- the difference between the original estimate and the actual cost of the extended building. In 1853 the site of the present Free Library was purchased, and an appeal made to the citizens for assistance to enable the association to erect a suitable building. The result of the appeal was so gratifying that operations were commenced during the same year. During the year 1855 the Provincial Governtnent leased the unfinished building for four years for departmental pnrposes, and the revenue derived from this and other sources was sufficient' to 296 The County of York. enable the Institute to discharge its liabilities. On the expiry of the Government's lease some necessary alterations were made in the building and it was finally taken possession of by the Institute in 1861. During the following winter a more complete system of evening-class instruction was inaugurated, and these classes were carried on with marked success until the winter of r879-80, when they were discontinued in consequence of the establishment, by the Public School Board, of similar evening classes. In 1 71 the Institute building was purchased by the Ontario Government for the purposes of a School of Technology, the Institute being, however, allowed to retain, free of rent, the use of their library, reading and board- rooms. On the removal of the School of Technology to the new bUIlding, in the Park, the Church Street property was re-sold by the Government to the Institute, in whose hands it then remained until handed over, as already stated, to the Free Library Board. , The Canadian Institute, a literary and scientific society of a high class-the only one in Ontario in fact worthy the name-have their head- quarters in a handsome red brick building, with white stone facings, on the north side of Richmond Street east, a little to the west of Church Street. The edifice, which is in the Parisian R naissance style, contains a museum, lecture and reading rooms and a well stocked library. The Institute was established in 18+9 "for the purpose 3f promoting the physical sciences, for ncouraging and advancing the industrial arts and manufactures, for effecting the formation of a provincial museum, and for the purpose of facilitating the acquirement and the dissemination of knowledge connected with the surveying, engineering and architectural professions," The Society meets every Saturday during the season, and meetings of other scientific associations, such as the Toronto :\Iedical Society, the Entomo- logical Society, etc., are also periodically held in its rooms, The Young :Men's Christian Association have their headquarters in Shaftesbury Hall, a convenient and tasteful building on the eastern corner of Queen Street \Yest, and James Street. It contains a large and a smaller hall for public meetings and lectures, besides parlours for the use of members of the Association, and a free reading-room and employment bureau, The Drill Shed is a plaiu but massive structure at the foot and on the west side of Jarvis Street. It is the headquarters of the city regiments of militia, The Industrial Association Exhibition Buildings are pretty well-known to most people in the County of York, to say nothing of the thousands from other parts of the Province who have attended the yearly exhibitions held there since their opening by Lord Dufferin in 1878. The buildings, with The City of Toronto. 297 their annexes, occupy a tract of land of some sixty acres in extent on the lakeshore, at the foot of Dufferin Street, and on the site of the old Fort Rouillé, the exact spot occupied by which is now marked by a monument, whose foundation-stone was laid during the Semi-Centennial Celebration, The main building is a .. crystal palace," constructed of glass and iron upon a solid brick foundation. In addition there are special structures for the machinery, agricultural, dairy, flower and fruit, carriage, stove, and other departments, as well as extensive pens and stalls for cattle, sheep, and pigs, and a well-laid race track and cattle ring. The whole of these build- ings were erected in the comparatively brief period of ninety days. The grounds are tastefully laid out and carefully "kept, and are within easy access of the city, while the railway conveys visitors from abroad to their very gates, So far the .buildings and grounds have cost nearly a quarter of a million dollars. The buildings were erected in 1878 in consequence of a pledge given by the Toronto deputation to the annual meeting of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario in 1877 to the effect that if the Provincial Exhibition for the following year were promised to Toronto, that city would provide suitable accommodation therefor. The pledge was accepted and the promise made, much to the disgust of the Guelph deputa- tion, who were desirous of securing the Exhibition for their own city. But here a new difficulty met the Toronto Council-they were unable to obtain a suitable site for the proposed buildings, Finally, after much loss of time, the present site, a portion of the Ordnance lands, was secured from the Dominion Government, and after considerable further difficulty and delay, owing to the opposition of a portion of the citizens, the buildings were put up and the grounds laid out in time for the exhibition, .\t the following meeting of the Agricultural and Arts Association, however, it was ecided to hold the next annual exhibition at Ottawa. Thereupon the Toronto committee, under the leadership of Alderman \Yithrow, finding themselves left with an expensive set of buildings lying idle on their hands, set to \vork with a will, and in a short time a new organization was formed, composed of representatives of a number of societies and bodies, both local and Pro- vincial, and received incorporation under the name of the Industrial Exhi- bition Association, under whose auspices yearly exhihitions have since been held in Toronto, with the most gratifying and with ever-increasing success. Before quitting the subject of the miscellanf'ous public buildings of Toronto, a few words may he said in reference to the Grand Opera House, which is situated on the south side of Adelaide Street, nearly midway between Yonge and Bay Streets. It is a fine fonr-storied building, with a façade in the Parisian Renaissance style, an.Lckwanls neally half 298 The COll1lty of York. the distance to King Street, Its erection was undertaken in 1872 by a joint-stock company, and its management entrusted to Mrs. Morrison, a lady as well known in the social as in the theatrical circles of the city. V nfortunately the venture did not prove a success, and the theatre passed under the hammer, being purchased by Mr. Alex. Manning, who engaged f..1r. A, Pitou, of New York, to manage it. On Nov. 29th, 1879, disaster in a new shape overtook the theatre, which was destroyed by fire, The proprietor, however, nothing daunted by his ill-fortune, at once commenced re-building, and in ten weeks the present structure was opened by the late Miss Adelaide Neilson, Since then the Grand Opera House seems to have enjoyed unbroken prosperity under the management of 1\1r. 0, B. Sheppard. THE CITY GOVERNMENT. In the unpretending building which stands on Front Street, to the south of the S1. Lawrence Market-but which, it is .10 be hoped, will soon be replaced by a structure more befitting the dignity of the capital of Ontario-is centered the machinery which directs the municipal affairs of the City of Toronto. A writer on the city and its history characterizes the edifice as one of the ugliest in the city, and one does not feel disposed to quarrel with him for his plain-speaking. The City Hall, in its present state, is simply an eyesore, though little more favourable can be said of its surroundings, while its unsanitary condition is a perennial source of dis- comfort and danger to its occupants, It is a plain building of brick, faced with stone, with a frontage of 140 feet, and is about as co'mmonplace as it is possible for any building to he, Some interest, however, attaches to its site, as being that of the original Town Hall of Little York. The government of the city is vested in a l\layor, elected by the people, and thirty-six _\ldermen, three representing each of the twelve wards. The mayor is in receipt of a salary of :;;;2,000, but the Aldermen serve without remuneration, Until January of the year 1884 the city consisted of but ten wards, but by the annexation of the suburbs of Riverside and Brockton-now known respectively as S1. Matthew's and S1. Mark's \Vards-the area of the city has been greatly extended and the mem- bership of the Council correspondingly increased, until, as a prominent daily recently remarked, it outnumbers that of many of the Provincial Assemblies of Canada. The following is a list of the wards of which the city is at present composed :-To the east of Yonge Street: S1. Lawrence, S1. James, S1. David, St. Thomas, and S1. ::.\fatthew. To the west of Yonge Street: S1. Andrew, S1. George, St. John, St, Patrick, S1. Stephen, and St. Mark; and to the north, S1. Paul's \Vard, formerly the suburb of Y orkville. The Czty of Toronto. 99 The civic departments whose headquarters are in the City Hall, are:- City Clerk's Office, City Solicitor's Office, City Treasurer's Office, Engineer's Department, City Commissioner's Department, \Vater \Yorks, Assessment Department, License Inspector's Department, Medical Health Office, Registration Office, and Fire Department. City Clerk's Office,-Robert Roddy, the' present City Clerk, was appointed to this position in 1875, upon the death of the late Stephen Ratcliffe, after having held several important positions in the service of the Corporation. City Solicitor's Of}ìce.-\V, G. Mc\Yilliams, City Solicitor, is a native of the County of Brant. He completed his education at the Cniversity of Toronto, where he graduated in 1863, and subsequently commenced the study of the law in the office of l\Iessrs, Crooks, Kingsmill & Cattanach, and later on with 1\Ir, Thomas Hodgins, Q,C. After being admitted to practise, in 1869, he entered into partnership with :Messrs, Hodgins & Bull, the firm being known as Hodgins, Bull & l\Ic\Yilliams, and continued this connection until 1872, when the firm merged into that of Bull & l\Ic \Villiams. In October, 1875, Mr. l\Ic \Yilliams formed a partnership with Mr. Foster, under the style and title of Foster & 1\1c \Yilliams, and continued in business in this connection until l\T ay, 1876, when he was appointed one of the City Solicitors, being associated in that office with the present Lieutenant-Governor; and on the appointment of the latter to office l\Ir. l\1c\Villiams assumed sole charge of the legal affairs of the CIty, City Treasurcr's Office.- The present Treasurer, 1\1r. S. Bruce Harman, was appointed in 1873. R, T, Coady, Assistant City Treasurer and Chief Accountant, is a native of Toronto, his father having removed to this city in 1827. He for some years held the position of accountant in a local lumbering firm, and in 1872 accepted the position of Deputy-Assistant Treasurer, from which he was promoted, on the death of the then Assistant Treasurer, to the office he now holds. John Patterson, Cashier, was born in Toronto in 1848, His father, the late Thomas Patterson, came from County Cavan to settle in the city in 1847. Mr. Patterson was appointed a junior clerk in the City Clerk's Office in 1872, and was promoted to his present position in 1873. George Kimber, jun'r, Clerk, was born in London, England, in 18+9, and emigrated to Canada in 1870. He was appointed Clerk to the Assess- ment Commissioner in 1873 and was transferred to the Treasurer's Oftice in 1877. City Enginecr's Departmcnt.-Charles Sproat, City Engineer, has held the office since September 2+, 1883' Some years preyious to that datc he 3 00 Tile COltll J/ of York, had occupied the position of Deputy Surveyor, having received this appointment at the time Mr. Frank Shanley assumed the duties of City Engineer, and under his directions the present sewerage arrangements of Toronto were carried out. An account of Mr. Sproat's professional career is given in the biographical section of this wor . Joseph Jopling, C.E., Assistant City Engineer, was born at \Yest- minster, London, England. He studied his profession under the present Sir John Ha}vkshaw, from whom he received his diploma. His pro- fession has taken him through nearly all the principal Oriental cities, much of his time having been spent in travelling in the East. He also spent several years in Italy and was subsequently stationed for a time at Constantinople, He came out to Canada for the purpose of assuming a position on the Canadian Pacific Railway, hut in consequence of a change in the managem nt of the road, he found it necessary to alter his plans, and soon afterwards accepted the position he now holds. 1\1r. Jopling is a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers. \Yilliam H, Schutt, Accountant, is a native of England. He studied engineering at Limehouse, London, England, and was subsequently for several years Inspecting Engineer for the Metropolitan Board of \Yorks, and was also engaged on the main drainage. He came to Canada in 1870, since which time he has been connected with the City Engineer's Office. Charles H. Rust, Assistant Engineer in the City Engineer's Depart- ment, was born at Chatham Hall, Great \Valtham, Essex, England. He emigrated to Canada in 1872 and held consecutively positions on the township survey in Muskoka and on the preliminary survey of the Toronto & Ottawa Railway, He was appointed rodman on the City Engineer's staff in 1877, and to his present position in 1883. City Commissioner's Department.- The City Commissioner, who presides over the Department of \Vorks and Health, is Mr. Emerson Coatsworth, a native of Yorkshire, England. He was born in 1825 and came to Canada when only seven years old. His family selected St. Catharines as their future home, and here Mr. Coatsworth, who adopted the calling of a carpenter, remained until 1846. From that year until 1851 he engaged in yarious contracts, chiefly for the construction of bridges, dock works, saw- mills, etc., in various parts of the Province. His first prolonged visit to Toronto was in 1851, when he undertook the construction of a bridge across the Don; and he subsequently for six months superintended the laying of the plank road running north from the city, The following year he returned to Toronto and engaged in general contracting and building. The City of Toronto, 3 01 Among the many public works in which 1\11'. Coatsworth had a guiding hand, at this time, may be mentioned the wharf at Collingwood, constructed in 1852-3; the first bridge over the Northern Railway, on Dundas Street, in 1852; and the gravel road bridges throughout the County of Grey, In 1873 he was offered the position of City Commissioner, which he accepted, and in this capacity he continued to act until his appointment, in 1881, as Commissioner of \V orks anQ Health-an office for which his previous extended experience in construction works peculiarly fitted him. TVater TV orks Department,- T. J, lvlcMinn, Assistant Engineer and Draughtsman, entered the service of the city in 1874. He has been largely identified with the construction of the water works system, having been employed in nearly all the various departments of this undertaking, as the reservoir, pumping mains, distribution, wharf, engine house and conduits, and having held the position of resident engineer on the lake extension works. George Burton Morris, Secretary of the department, is a native of Li erpool, England, He came to Canada in 1873 and settled in Toronto, and soon after his arrival entered the office of the City Clerk. Here he remained five years, and at the time of the abolition of the \Vater \Y orks Commission he was promoted to his present position. Joseph Raffan, head accountant, has been identified with this depart- ment since its organization in 1872. He came to Canada in childhood, and has ever since been a resident of the city, J ames Hutchinson, rating clerk, is a native of Montrose, Scotland, where he was for some time connected with municipal affairs. He came out to Canada in 1873, and was soon afterwards attached to the Assessment Department, but was subsequently transferred to the \Vater \Vorks. John H. Venables, chief engineer jn charge of the engine house, is a native of England, where he served his time as a mechanical engineer. He came to Toronto in 1868, and followed his profession both in tlÚs city and in the \Vestern States, He was engaged for some time on marine and locomotive works in Detroit, and later on served as foreman in the shops at Muskegon, Mich. In 1872 he returned to Toronto to take charge of the works of Messrs. Dickey, Neil & Co., and two years later he entered the service of the city in his present position. E. Foley is foreman of the street water mains, in which capacity he has acted since 1856, being the oldest employé in the department. lIe is a native of Tipperary, and emigrated to the United States in 1853. In 1855 while in the employ of a New Jersey company, he came to the city to superintend the laying of some cement mains, and has remained ever since in connection with the outside work of the \vater system. both before and . 302 The COU1lty of York. since its transfer to the city corporation, In October, 1883, Mr. Foley was presented by the employés of the department with a gold watch and an illuminated address. Thomas R. Skippon, foreman and manager of the press house, and one of the oldest employés of the department, is a native of Old London, He came to Canada in 1854 and learned his trade as a mechanic in Toronto, where he was employed by Messrs. Dickey, Neil & Co, He was inspector of the engine-house building and adjacent wharf, and also of the pipes manufactured for the company both in the city and in Buffalo. The duties which specially fall under Mr. Skippon's department are the supervision of the repair of engines and valves for the different parts of the city, and the distribution of stores, An idea may be formed of the magnitude of the operations included under the latter head alone, from the fact that in 1883 no less than $16,000 worth of stores left the press-house. Assessment Deþartmcnt.- This important branch of the civic gove n- ment IS in charge of l\Ir. N. :Maughan, Commissioner. Fire Dcpart11lent,-The history of the Toronto Fire Department is so closely interwoven with the story of the career of the present Chief, Mr. James Ashfield, that it is next to impossible to disassociate them. Mr. Ashfield's history for the last forty-five years is the history of the Fire Brigade, of which he has always been a prominent member, and in the improvèment of which he has ever been largely instrumental. His connec- tion therewith dates since 1839, the days of the old" bucket brigade." Previous to, and for some time after, that date, :\1r. Ashfield, who came to this country from the north of Ireland with his parents in 183 I, carried on the business of a gunsmith-his father's trade-after having served for two years as foreman with Ira Smith, and his successor, Wm, Gurd. On the outbreak of the Rebellion in 1837, 1\1r. Ashfield was entrusted with the duty of putting in order and serving out to the volunteers the muskets and small arms then in store in the city, for which purpose he was authorized to engage a competent force of workmen. In 1839, when his connection with the Fire Brigade commenced, the appliances for extinguishing fire were of the rudest description; wells and barrels were the sole reservoirs for water, and the only engines in use were four small hand machines-one of which is now at Riverside-manipulated by an unpaid volunteer corps, Mr. Ashfield's personal courage, added to his mechanical skill and executive ability, soon gained for him the confidence and respect of the members of the brigade and of the citizens generally, He rapidly rose, from private to captain, and in 1851, after twelve years of gratuitous service, he was unanimously elected Chief Engineer, a position which he has since held . , t, \ \ \, ,1' . !\ \.. f \ " \\ .'., ". ,," - '" ,,' ,. .... , ! " J. ' ., 'ì , \ , ',',;..,:\ ,/t":',;;'_ ,: " , ., .... ) ' _. 11. ',... '. . , . :"", "'.t. . .. . J . _, " ' ' ,>" " \, , )I ,) ". i !. '''' '4 4 "'- - <""" ' " f. ' L /. ". 1fr.'T ,L .. ;'. , '.'. ,}, .,: - -::->-. _ ";" Ji'. . ,", _ " , ' ø", "'" . _, . - Y/:: -#' \,:'_ - ; '-- -': S , // A . .-- .l Lß ........ TIle City of Toro1lto. 3 0 3 uninterruptedly until the present time, Other honours had already fallen to his lot, for in 18 4 8 his fellow-citizens had sent him as one of their repre- sentatives to the City Council-a mark of confidence which was renewed year by year until 1854, when his acceptance of a salary as Chief Engineer of the Fire Brigade necessitated his resignation, In the meantime he had every year been confirmed in the latter position, which in those days was elective, though subsequently the appointment was made permanent and vested in the City, Council. In 1855 l\Ir. .-\shfield was sent on a tour of inspection of the fire brigade systems in use" in the principal cities of the United States and Canada, and the result of his observations was the purchase by the City Council, upon his recommendation, of two first-class hand engines, one of Montreal, the other of Boston make. These continued in use until the introduction of steam fire engines, the first of which was brought to the city in 1861, and was followed by a second the succeeding year. The innovation, including the emplöyment of a small paid brigade, created some dissatisfaction in the city, and gave rise to a public demon- stration of hostility to the new order of things, during which the Chairman of the Fire and Gas Committee was paid the honour of being hanged in effigy, The malcontents, however, soon became reconciled to the march of progress, and in 1871 Toronto was in possession of four Silsby steam fire engines, three of which are yet in the city, though one only, the " J. B. Boustead," is in commission. It is gratifying to be able to state-on Ir, .\shfield's authority-that the water pressure at the hydrants has been so good that the services of this relic of a by-gone system have not been required more than three or four times since l\Iarch, 1876. Another improvement that the Chief Engineer was mainly in trumental in intro- ducing was the electric alarm system, As late as 1871 alarms were given by striking on some of the church or other bells the number of the ward in which a fire had broken out; a very inefficient mode of indication, as in many cases the locality of the fire was not known to the brigade until revealed by the glare in the sky. Regularly for seven or eight years had l\1r. Ashfield inveighed against the inadequacy of this method, and urged the adoption of the electric system as the only one adapted to the needs of the city, But in. the year mentioned, Alderman Bousteaù, Chairman of the Fire and Gas Committee, took the matter in hand, anù before ..\ugust of that year the GameweH Automatic system was in successful operation. In 1873 another reform was effected, in the construction r>y the city of its own water works, which in 1876 were so far advanced that the fire engines were no longer required to respond to the summons to a fire, Under the old system, when the water works were the property of a private company, 20 3 0 4 Tllc County of Y01'k. there were but eighty-five fire hydrants. and from these the water was turned off on Tuesdays and Fridays, and at such other times as the neces- sity for making repairs might require. At the present time there are in the city 1,260 hydrants, from any of which a good supply of water may be obtained at a moment's notice, And now for a bit of contrast. In the old Fire Brigade, before the introduction of steam fire engines, there were six engine companies, one hook-and-Iadder company and one hose company- in all about 320 men, \Vhen the alarm was rung the .men had to go from their several places of business to their respective fire halls, and thence haul their respective apparatus to the scene of the fire; and this once reached the probability of securing a sufficient supply of water was, to say the least, small. The present brigade consists of one company of sixty- four men, including the chief and his assistants. This company is told off into thirteen sections, ten of which consist of branch and hose, and three of hook-and-ladder men, The several sections are stationed in comfortable fire halls in different parts of the city. and nineteen horses and fourteen drivers are employed to convey them and their apparatus to the scenes of their operations, Horses and drivers are under contract, and cost the city about $8,800 per annum, The entire cost of the department for the year 1883 was $54,000. :\Ir, Ashfield, who has taken an active and prominent part in all the measures which have contributed towards bringing the brigade to its present high degree of efficiency, is now in his seventy-third year, but is still as active and as fit for work-after forty-five years' service in the department-as most men of fifty, Since 1876, in consideration of his long and faithful services, the City Council has relieved him of that portion of his duties which necessitated his attendance with the brigade at fires. Mr. Ashfield has been a member of the Orange order for many years, and has been connected with the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society since its organization. Donald Gibson, City Electrician, is a naÌIve of Glasgow, Scotland. He came out to Toronto in 1854 under an engagement with the Gas Com- pany, with whom he remained eleven years. He then carried on a plumbing and gas-fitting business for several years, and in 1872, on the establishment of the electric fire-alarm system, accepted his present J2osition. He was connected with the volunteer service for twenty-eight years, having joined the Queen's Own at the time of its organization, In 1867 he was transferred to the Artillery, in 't\'hich he successively held the rank of lieutenant and captain, the latter for a period of thirteen years, until his retirement in 188 4. He has had the honour of competing on four occasions at \Vim- hledon as a member of the Canadian team of marksmen. The City of Toronto. 3 0 5 Police Departmellt.- The City of Toronto is singularly fortunate in its police force, which is composed of as fine a body of men as may be seen in any similar corps in the world, and even perhaps in any military organi- zation, The majority of them have, previous to their Canadian experience, served in the Royal Irish Constabulary, and as they are thus already indi- vidually well drilled and discip ined, the handling of the force, whIch is carried out on strictly military principles, becomes a comparatively easy matter. The physique of the men and their soldierly bearing evokes the admiration f all visitors to the city, and especially of those from the other sIde of the border, accustomed to the anything but martial-looking patrolmen of the American cities. The management of the force has been, since the year 1859, in the hands of three Commissioners, viz., the Police Magistrate, one of the Judges of the County Court and the Mayor. Previous to that time it had been invested in the City Council. but the mismanagement and jobbery under this arrangement were so glaring that the Local Governmcnt interfered and instituted the régi11le which now prevails. The headquarters of the force are in the Central Police Station on Court Street, with four subsidiary stations in different quarters of the city, The present Commis- sioners are Co!. G. T, Denison, who is also Police l\Iagistrate, chairman; Judge McDougall, of the County Court, and A. R. Boswell, Esq" :\Iayor. The Chief of Police is Major Frank C. Draper, and the Deputy-Chief John Macpher.son, The latter officer has had a life-long experience in police matters, and his selection for the position he holds was regarded on. all hands as a most wise one. He is a native of Scotland, where he serveØ for six years on the Edinburgh and \rgyleshire police forces, He came to Canada in 1855, and was attached to the new city police, then just reor- ganized under the management of Chief Sherwood. 1r. :\Iacpherson served two years in the police office, and was promoted in 1862 to the rank of Sergeant; in 1865 to that of Sergeant-l\Iajor, and in IR76 to the position of Depu ty Chief. As already stated, the Police Magistrate is Co!. G. T, Denison, and the Clerk of the Court Mr. J. T. Nudel, who has held the position for many years, but has of late, in consequence of the increasing amount of business entailed by the growth of the city and its population, been assisted hy 1\1r. M. J. Ieyerfey. The latter gentleman is a Hungarian, having been born at Buda-Pesth in 1848. He emigrated to the United States in 1862, and came thence to Canada in 1874, He was appointed to assist Mr. udcl in 1877. The five police stations distributed over the city are as follows :-:r\ o. I, headquarters, Court Street, under the charge of "p. E. Stuart, .\ssistant 3 06 TIle COU1tty of York. Deputy-Chief of Police; No.2, Agnes Street, between Yonge and Teraulay Streets, Inspector \Vm. \Vard; NO,3, St. Andrew's Market; Inspector R, Leith; No. 4, Tilton Avenue, east of Parliament Street, Inspector David Archibald; NO.5, in the former Y orkville Town Hall, Inspector Joseph Johnson, Assistant Deputy-Chief Stuart is a néttive of County Leitrim, Ireland, and was connected with the force in that country for seven years. He came to Toronto in i 861, and soon after joined the force as a constable; passing successively through the grades of patrol-sergeant, sergeant, ser,- geant-major and inspector, he was finally appointed to his present position in May, 188 4. Inspector \Vm. \Vard, of No.2 Division, who is also drill-instructor to the force, was born in Devonshire, England. He is an old soldier, having seen ten years' service in the Coldstream Guards, He was with his regiment in the Crimea, and was present at the memorable siege of Sebastopol. In 1861, being then a sergeant in his old corps, he was sent to Canada to assist in drilling the volunteers, He landed at St. John, N,B., and was stationed for three months at Quebec and for some length of time in Montreal. H was then ordered to the western division of this Province, going from place to place to drill the militia forces, In 1864, his term of service having expired, he was recalled to England and received his dis- charge, hut immediately returned to Canada, and in December of the same year joined the Toronto police force, then under Captain Prince, Like Inspector Stuart he was rapidly promoted, and in 1876 received his inspec- torship, -:\1r. \Vard has been in charge of the police-drill since he joined the force, and is the author of a work on that subject. Inspector David Archibald, of No. 4 Division, is a native of Tipperary. ,-\fter s.erving for over four years in the Royal Irish Constabulary he came to Canada in 1865, and joined the city force in October of that year. Two years later he obtained special promotion to the rank of patrol-sergeant; was made sergeant in 1872, sergeant-major in 1876, and inspector in 18 7 8 . He has had charge of No, 4 station since 1877, Inspector Archibald is well known as a zealous and earnest worker on behalf of the temperance cause, his services in connection with which have been recognized by his fellow- workers by his election this year as lay representative at the First United \onference, Inspector Joseph Johnson, of NO.5 Division, was born in 1842, near Armagh, Ireland. He came to Toronto in 1867, and in March, 18 74, joined the Y orkville police force, of which he became chief constable two The City of Toronto. 3 0 7 months later. He continued to hold this position until the annexation of Yorkville to the city in 1883, and was appointed inspector for that district in May of the following year. The Detective Force consists of the following members:- John New- hall, chief; detectives, JohI?- Hodgins, John Reid, Stuart Burrows, Edward Brown, Henry Reburn and Philip Sheahan, The detectives' headquarters are also in the Police Court building, of which James \Voods is caretaker. The latter is a native of. County Down, Ireland; he came to Canada in 1873, and was appointed to his present position in 1876. Gas TV orks,- The gas supply of the city, although not strictly coming under the head of City Government, may be dealt with in this place, inas- much as the relations of the city with the Gas Company are under the control of one of the committees of the City Council. The Consumers' Gas Company, which supplies all the gas used in the city, has its headquarters on the north side of Front Street East, the works and offices occupying a considerable area of ground on either side of Parliament Street. It also has an office for the convenience of the public at 19 Toronto Street. The company was formed in 1847, but it was seven years previous to this that gas was first introduced in the city, A movement with this object in view was set on foot in 1839, when a joint committee of citizens and members of the City Council was appointed to enquire into the feasibility of the scheme. It was not intended, of course, to light the whole city with gas, but merely the business portion; and that rather as an expenment than as a permanent arrangement, Upon the recommendation of the committee the Council despatched :\1r. Cull, a civil engineer, to lVIorHreal, in order to obtain information as to the practi- cability of the scheme, From l\[r. Furniss, a gentleman largely interested in the gas works in that city, :i\1r. Cull received much assistance, and finally the fonner made an offer to supply the City of Toronto with the . light it required for [7,500. At the same time other tenders were recei,'ed from different quarters. These offers were submitted to a public meeting of citizens, at which :\Ir. Furniss was present by special invitation and entered into a full explanation of the necessary details, The upshot of the matter was that a private company was formed by :\[r. Furniss, and the Council granted a site in the eastern end of the city for the erection of works, The following year the works were in operation. but on a limited scale only. In 1841 the company undertook the duty of supplying the city with water as well as with gas, and was incorporated under the style of H The Toronto \Vater and Gas Light Company." Its operations in the matter of gas could not have been very extensive. ,lS it only had twelve 3 08 The COU1lty of York, lamps to supply, and the quantity of gas manufactured in its first year was less than four million cubic feet. In 1845 the company entered into a twenty-one years' contract with the Corporation, undertaking to light the streets at [6 13S' {d, per light per annum, and to bear the expense of erecting the lamps and keeping them in order. Not very long after this Mr. Furniss became sole proprietor of the works, and in 1847 he sold out to the present company. The twelve lamps and four million feet of gas of 1841 have since increased to 2,540 public and private lamps, and nearly two hundred and forty million feet of gas per annum, with 110 miles of main pipes, supplying 5,600 consumers. The present price of gas is from I .25 to $1.60 per thousand cubic feet, which is in marked contrast to the $5 which consumers were charged in 1848. Mr. \V. H, Pearson, sen'r, secretary of the Company, has been con- nected with that organization for the last thirty years. He is a native of London, England, and came to Canada with his parents in 1834, and to Toronto in 1839, For seven years he held a clerkship in the Post-office, the staff of which at that time consisted of the Postmaster, three clerks and one carrier. He subsequently entered the employment of the Gas Company as chief clerk, and in 1874 was appointed secretary-a position which is virtually that of manager. Mr. Pearson has been for many years a valued and esteemed member of the Richmond Street Methodist Church, and has devoted much attention to the Sunday School in connection with that congregation, having been class-leader for twenty-nine, and superin- tendent for twenty-seven, years, His son, \V, H. Pearson, jun'r, holds the position of Superintendent of \Vorks in the company which Mr. Pearson . manages. F, B. Whittemore, chief clerk since 1874, is Toronto-born, and has been in the employment of the Company since 1864. THE CHURCHES. Few cities of the same population are more liberally endowed in the matter of churches than Toronto, At a distance the city seems to bristle with spires, and in the streets they meet the eye at every turn, Of late years church-building has received a great impetus, and many congre- gations that were content to worship in modest edifices of wood or brick, have either been comp lled by the narrowness of their accommodation and the increase of their membership to enlarge their quarters, or else, fired to emulation by the example of their neighbours, have launched out into building operations in order to keep pace with the times. Toronto is thus eminently a city of churches, counting within its Jimits upwards of a The City of Toro1lto. 309 hundred places of worship. Some of these-such as are especially notice- able either for architectural beauty or historic association-will be briefly described in the following pages:- I.-Eþiscoþal. The Anglican body have about a score of churches within the city limits, chief of these being St. James' Cathedral, on the north-east corner of King and Church Streets. This metropolitan church-as a congre- gation, not an edifice-is the oldest in the city. Previous to 1803 ser- vices were held in a secular building, but in that year the first edifice, subsequently to be dedicated to St. James, was erected, It was an unassuming frame structure, but answered all the purposes of the then scanty congregation. In 1832 it was ,replaced by a plain stone structure with a square tower at its southern end. This was destroyed by fire in 1839, and in the same year a third edifice, also of stone, but with a wooden spire, was erected, The flimsy character of the spire subsequently proved fatal to the church, for, ten years later, during the conflagration of 1849, the spire was ignited by the showers of cinders from the burning houses and the entire chùrch fell a prey to the flames, Thanks to the energetic efforts of Bishop Strachan, a new building-the present cathedral -was soon under way, and in 1853 the congregation of St. James' once more worshipped under their own roof. At this time the cathedral pre- sented a very different appearance to that with which the present genera- tion is familiar. It was a plain, unadorned structure, without tower or spire, the former being only completed in 11%7, and the latter, together with the pinnacles and porch, in 1 74' Ir. T. \V. Cumberland was the architect. The present building is about two hundred feet long, and has seating capacity for about two thousand persons, It is of white brick with stone facings, in style a modified Early English, and its entire cost, including that of the peal of eight bells, was $218,000, The tower is one hundred and forty feet high and the spire one hundred and sixty-six. The latter, with its illuminated clock, is visible far and wide, and forms a prominent feature in the distant view of Toronto. Internally the church consists of nave and transepts; the chancel, an apse in form, contains a richly-carved altar and reredos, erected by the cong-regation in memory of Bishop Strachan, and the choir is enriched with carved oak stalls. The rector of the cathedral is the Rev. Canon Dumoulin, who succeeded the late Dean Grasett in this high but, in view of recent litigation, onerous position. The Bishop of the diocese and President of the Synod is the Rt. }{ev. \. Sweatman, In rear of the church, on the corner of .:\delaide Street, is the P drochial School-house. 3 10 The County of York. Holy Trinity Church, in Trinity Square, was for many years con- spicuous among the Anglican places of worship in the ci y òn account of the ornate character of its ritual and the beauty of its musical services. Under the present incumbent, however, the former has been considerably modified, the cathedral (or choral) service being alone maintained in its entirety, The building is in the so-called debased Gothic style, of white brick, and cruciform in shapë, with a shallow chancel and two shallow tré\,nsepts. Its western end is adorned váth two battlemented turrets. The circumstances attending the foundation of the church are of more than usual interest, and as much doubt seems to exist on tþe subject it may not be out of place to give the correct version, In 1845 Bishop, Strachan received a letter from the Rt. Rev, Dr. Longley, then Bishop of Ripon, informing l1im that [5,000 had been given by an anonymous donor-now generally supposed to be a lady-for the purpose of erecting a church in Toronto, It appears that the munificent founder had been so impressed by the statements made by the Rev. Geo. Hills-afterwards first Bishop of British Columbia-who had been deputed by'the Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel to advocate the claims of the Church in the colonies, that he-or she-was led to devote [10,000 for the benefit of the Colonial Church. Half of this sum was appropriated by the donor for the purpose already mentioned, with the stipulation that the new church should be called .. The Church of the Holy Trinity," that it should be built in the form of a cross, and that the seats should be entirely free. The anonymous founder further carried her generosity to the extent of presenting the future cluv- ch with a set of beautifully-worked altar linen and surplices and costly silver communion vessels. It was also provided that a money gift of [50 . sterling, or $250, should be presented on the altar on the first occasion of the administration of the Holy Communion, and that three similar sums- should be offered respectively for gifts for the poor, for an altar-cloth for the chqrch, nd for beautifying the font. The plans of the church were prepared by 1\1r. H. B, Lane, an English architect, who had settled in Toronto, and who also designed S1. George's and" Little" Trinity; and the building was erected on a site given by Co!. the Hon. John Simcoe Macaulay, the corner-stone being laid by Bishop Strachan on July 1st, 18 4 6 . The opening and consecration service took place on October 27 th , 18 47, The first incumbent was the Rev. Henry Scadding, who was assisted by the Rev, \Valter Stennett, these gentlemen, who were the engaged in scholastic work at Upper Canada College, ha vin offered their services gratuitously, Subsequently the Rev. \V, Stewart Darling was appointed assistant minister, and on the resignation of Dr. Scadding succeeded to The City of Toronto. 3 11 the incumbency, with the Rev, John Pearson. of Fredericton, N.B., as assistant. In 1881 l\Ir, Darling gave up the entire parochial charge to 1Ir. Pearson, under whose admiñistration it still continues. St. George's Church, on John Street, and of which the Re\'. J, D. Cayley is incumbent, was built 111 1845. It is of white brick, with Ohio stone dressings, and is surmounted by a spire one hundred and sixty feet in height. The seating accommodation is about eight hundred, This is one of tl:e few Anglican churches in the city that possess a surpliced choir. St. Stephen's, on the corner of Bellevue Avenue and College Street, was built in 1857 by R. B. Denison, Esq" son of Col. G. T, Denison. It is one of the prettiest specimens of the Early English style of architecture that .the city possesses; it is built of red brick with stone facings, and consists of a nave with shallow transepts and a deep chancel. The service is semi-choral. Rev, C, J. Broughall is the rector. Grace Church, on ,the south side of Elm Street, between Teraulay and Elizabeth, is an outcome of the Low Church movement in the Anglican Church in the city, It is a handsome edifice in second-pointed Gothic, and consists of a large nave and transepts. The most noteworthy of its architectural adornments are the "wheel" window in the northern façade and the mediæval iron-work adorning the doors of the main entrance. Rev, J. P. Lewis is the rector. Trinity Church-commonly known as "Little Trinity," in contra- distinction to Holy Trinity-is one of the oldest Episcopal Church edifices of the city, It is situated on the south side of King Street East, a little east of Parliament, It was erected in 18+3 as a "chapel of ease," to accommodate the overflow from St. James', and was opened for service early in the following year. At that time it was a fine specimen of pictur- esque Gothic-the designs from which it was erected being by l\Ir. H, B, Lane, already mentioned in connection with Holy Trinity. Since then it has been twice improved and somewhat enlarged, The present incumbent is the Rev. Alexander Sanson, who has held office since 1852, and who is the oldest clergyman in charge of any city congregation of the English Church. The other noteworthy Anglican churches are All Saints', on the corner of \Yilton Avenue and' Sherbourne Streets, an edifice of a modified Early English Gothic; the Church of the Ascension (Baldwin l'lemorial Church) on Richmond Street, west of York; the Church of the Redeemer, corner of Bloor and A v nue Streets-both good specimens of early English Gothic; St. Paul's, Bloor Street; St. Peter's, corner of Carlton and Bleeker Streets, 3 12 TIle Count)' of York. . one of the prettiest ecclesiastical structures in the city; St. Luke's, corner of S . Joseph and St. Vincent Streets, a handsome building of red brick; St. Philip's, corner of Spadina Avenue and St. Patrick Street, another red Lrick building, but without any pretensions to architectural beauty; St. :\latthias', Bellwoods Avenue, the "ritualist" church par excellence; St. Bartholomew's, River Street; St. John the Evangelist's, Portland Street; St. Thomas', Huron Street; St. Anne's, in St. Mark's vVard, formerly Brockton Village; and S1. Matthew's, in St. latthew's Ward, formerly Riverside. I I.-Roman Catholic, This body owns eight churches and two chapels in the city, including the mother church or Cathedral of St. Michael. The latter is one of the finest Gothic edifices in Canada, and its graceful spire, surmounted by a huge gilt cross-said to enclose a portion of the true cross-is a prominent feature of the city from all approaches, The cathedral, which is built of white brick, stands on the north side of Shuter Street, between Church and Bond Streets, with its main façade on the latter. The interior of the huilding is highly decorated, and contains a beautiful painted window, representing the Crucifixion, over the high altar. The musical portion of the services, under the direction of the present rector, the Rev, J. l\I. Laurent, who is well known in Toronto musical circles, has of late years assumed a high character, and attracts large crowds to the evening offices, To the north of the cathedral, facing Church Street, is the archi-ep'iscopal palace, standing amid spacious grounds; and further to the north, on Bond Street, is the Loretto Convent, also in connection with the cathedral. Thus nearly the entire block enclosed by Church, Shuter and Bond Streets and \Vilton A venue is occupied by the cathedral and its dependencies, To St. Paul's Church, on Power Street, belongs the honour of having been the first Roman Catholic church built in Toronto. It was erected in 1826, services having, previous to its construction, been held at the residences of private members of the Church. It has in connection with it a large separate school on Queen Street, and hospital, orphanage and refuge for the aged-all three under one roof, and known as the House of Providence, The area occupied by this church and the buildings connected with it is even larger than in the case of St. Michael's. St. Paul's is under the charge of Bishop O'Mahoney, The other RonJan Catholic churches are St. Patrick's, on \Villiam Street, served by the Redemptorist Fathers; St. Basil's, in connection with St. Michael's College, which is in the hands of the Basilian Fathers; 51. :\lary's, on Bathurst Street; St. Peter's, corner of Bloor and Bathurst The CilJl of Toro/lto. 3 1 3 Streets; St. Helen"s, in St. l\I rk's Ward, and St. Joseph's, in St. Matthew's \Vard, St. Patrick's and St. :Vlary's each have a separate school attached, Besides the above are the Chapel of St. Vincent, attached to the archi-epis- copal palace, and that of St. John, on Bond Street, opposite the :\Ietro- politano The latter was formerly a Baptist church, but was purchased by the Roman Catholi"cs and dedicated to St. John the Baptist. I I I.-Jleflzodist. The l\Iethodists are, both numerically and financially, one of the strongest religious bodies in the city; and their importance has been materi ally increased by the recent consummation of the union of the various sub-divisions of the Church. They own twenty places of worship within the city limits, the chief of these being the well-known Metropolitan, the most happily situated of all the city churches, It is built of white brick, with cut stone dressings, and is in style a modernized Gothic, At the south end is a massive square tower one hundred and ninety feet high, which is flanked by numerous pinnacles and spirelets. To the north end is a pseudo-chancel, separated from the auditorium and containing lecture and class-rooms. The seating capacity of the church proper is about two thousand five hundred, The building stands in the centre of spacious grounds, between two and three acres in extent and occupying the entire space-formerly known as McGill Square-enclosed by Shuter, Bond, Queen, and Church Streets. Over $IO,OÖO have been expended in laying out and beautifying the grounds, in addition to $150,000 spent upon the church building. The l\Ietropolitan owes its existence largely to the energy of the Rev. \Villiam Morley Punshon, who was its first pastor, and who, on his arrival in Toronto in 1868, devoted much time to raising the funds for its construction. The task of preparing the plans was entrusted to 1\1r. \V. G. Storm, the well-known Toronto architect, and the result was so satisfactory that Dr. Punshon himself pronounced the :\Ietropolitan to be unequalled among the Methodist churches of the world, The present pastor is the Rev. H, Johnston. The choir of the :\lctropolitan is one of the best in the city, and the special musical services which from time to time are held in the church never fail to attract large and apprecia- tive audiences, The Elm Street Church, under the ministrations of Re\". \V, H, Laird, is a handsome building in Early English Gothic style, built of white brick, faced with stone, and surmounted by a graceful spire. It was erected in 1861 -2 to replace the church which previously stood on the same site, but WdS hurnt down on October 29th, 1861, 3 1 4 The COU1lty of York. The Sherbourne and Carlton Street churches, also belonging to this. body, are specially worthy of notice as specimens of ecclesiastical architec- ture. The latter, Norman Gothic in style, is another of Mr. Storm's productions, of which the city may be proud. The other principal churches of this denomination are those situated on, and taking their names from, Bloor, Berkeley, Queen, and Richmond Streets and Spadina Avenue. I y .-p resbyteriull. The first Presbyterian church in Toronto was erected in 1821, on the site of the present Knox Church, the land having been given for that pur- pose by Mr. Jesse Ketchum. At the present time the Presbyterians possess over a dozen church buildings, some of them among the foremost in Toronto for architectural beauty or boldness of conception. Especially noticeable is St. Andrew's, on the corner of King and Simcoe Streets, a massive edifice in the Middle Norman style of architecture, with a battlemented tower and flagstaff, which, at a distance, give it the appearance of a feudal castle rather than that of a church. The material used in its construction is Georgetown rubble, with Ohio stone dressings, The northern façade of the building, with its three highly decorated arches, supported by polished red granite columns, and flanked at eIther side by a massive tower with pointed roof, is singularly imposing. This church, which is presided over by Rev, D. J. Macdonnell, is an outc me of the division of the congregation which used to worship in the Adelaide Street Presbyterian Church, on the corner of Church Street, also dedicated to Scotland's patron saint. Of this congre- gation, one portion, under Mr. Macdonnell, moyed to Simcoe Street, while the rest continued to worship on Adelaide Street under the ministrations of the Rev. G. l\I, :\lilligan, until the erection of their new church, known as " Old" St. Andrew's, on the corner of Jarvis and Carlton Streets. The latter is built of reddish-grey freestone with Ohio stone dressings, in second- pointed Gothic style, but treated with a unusual simplicity that gives the building a severe character all its own. St. J ames' Square Church, on the north side of Gerrard Street east, is one of the purest specimens of Gothic architecture in the city. It is built of Georgetown rubble, with dressings of Ohio stone, and is surmounted b} a massive tower one hundred feet high. Knox Church, on the south side of Queen Street, near Y onge, was erected in 18+7 to replace the church of the same name destroyed by fire in that year. The material is white brick, and the spire is highly decorated; The Cit}1 of Toronto. 3 1 5 but within the last few months the appearance of the church has been entirely altered-by no means for the better-by painting it an unlovely chocolate brown, Erskine Church, on Caer-Howell Street, at the head of Simcoe, was partially destroyed by fire early during the present year (1884), but has since been restored according to the original plans of the architect, :\1r. \\ . E. J, Lennox, It is a neat Gothic edifice, built of white brick, with Ohio stone dressings and Kingston stone base. It has a frontage of eighty-three feet, by a depth of ninety-seven feet-rhe latter including church and Sabbath-school room. The main feature of the building is a large and handsome tmver on the south-east corner, nineteen feet square and one hundred feet in height, to balance the effect of which there is a small gable on the opposite corner. The roof is of slate, and the stone dressings of the façade are-so arranged as to give the latter a very striking appearance. \Vithin, the main building is divided into a vestibule, extending the whole width of the frontage, and the auditorium, which has a depth of about sixty feet, with seating capacity for about nine hundred people, though provision is made to increase the accommodation by three hundred by means of slIding seats. The auditorium is in form an amphitheatre, the floor having a gentle downward slope towards the platform and pulpit at the north end, The organ also occupies this end of the church, standing behind the pulpit, while a gallery, supported on iron columns contmued to the roof, fills in the other three ides, the ceiling above the gallery being groined, Over the nave is one span ornamented with moulded ribs and bosses. Immediately in rear of the church, but under the same roof, are t11e Sabbath-school room and offices, this portion being thirty feet long by eighty-five wide, and consisting of two stories; of these the lowér is divided off into lecture and class-rooms, library and vestry, and the upper into infant and Bible-class rooms, visitors' gallery, and a large school room. The entire cost of the whole building was 28,000. The Rev John Smith is pastor. The Central Presbyterian Church stands on the corner of Gros\"enor Avenue and St. Vincent Street, formerly the site of old Knox College. a huilding of historic interest as having been, as Elmsley Villd, the residence of Lord Elgin on the removal of the seat of Government to Toronto from Montreal, after the burning of the Parliament buildings in the latter city. The church is built in a moderÌzed form of Gothic. and is an exceedingly hand- some white brick structure, with the additional advantage of being situated in a commanding position. Other Presbyterian churches are Cooke's, on Queen Street East, erected in 1857-8, and those on ColIege. Charles, King, and Queen Streets and Denison A venue. 3 16 TIle COU1lty of York. V,-Baptist. The principal of the half-dozen churches which belong to the Baptist denomination is the fine Gothic building on the north-east corner of Jarvis and Gerrard Streets, which owes its existence largely to the munificence of the Hon \Villiam Mcl\Iaster. The Alexander Street Baptist. Church congregation was organized in 1866, and was composed chiefly of members of the old Bond Street Church, who resided in the northern portion of the city. Its present membership is 24 6 , and its revenue for the year 01884 was $3,861. The church building is a modest but convenient brick structure, in \Vhich Rev. Joshua Denovan has ministered since 1878. The Bloor Street Baptist Church, on the corner of North Street, was built from the plans of l\h, E. J. Lennox, architect. It is a neat modern Gothic structure of red brick, with Ohio stone dressings, and includes under the one roof the church proper, with a frontage of seventy-seven feet and a depth of seventy-five and a-half, and the Sunday-school, etc" in rear, measuring forty-three by seventy-nine feet. One of the principal features of the exterior is a handsome tower with a short spiral roof, and, on one side of it, a circular turret with mock winding-staircase-windows and short spiral roof. The effect of the tower is counterbalanced on the other side of the church by large buttresses and a wing, Leading to the tower and forming one of the principal entrances to the building is an open brick porch, with an open timbered roof and heavy projecting gahles, and closed on the outside by a very fine pair of wrought-iron gates, The auclitorium is in form an amphitheatre, fifty-eight feet in depth, and provides seating accom- modation for about one thousand persons. Opposite the entrances is the platform, with the baptistry-entirely constructed of marble-behind, and above, a handsome choir and organ gallery, supported by carved columns, A gallery for the general accommodation of worshippers runs round the other three sides of the building. The ceiling is. plastered, with groined ribs, dome-shaped in the centre and ornamented with carved capitals, bosses, etc. The Sunday-school building in rear contains the usual lecture and class rooms, which, by an ingenioùs arrangement of sliding doors, may be thrown into one large hall, The entire cost of the building, including organ, upholstering, heating, etc., will be about ::Þ30,000. Among the other Baptist churches the principal are those situated on Parliament, Beverley and College Streets. V [,-Congn.gatiollal. The Congregationalists have five places of worship in the city, viz.: Bond Street Church; the 1\ orthern Congregational, on Church Street. The City of ToroJlto. 3 I ï between Alexander and \Vood; Zion Church, on College Street, at the head of Elizabeth; and modest edifices on Spadina and Hazelton Avenues, The Bond Street Church, on the north-east corner of that street and \Vilton Avenue, was designed by Mr. E. J. Lennox. It is a substantial modern Gothic building, of Georgetown stone, with Ohio stone dressings and slated roof, and has a frontage on \Vilton Avenue of eighty feet, and on Bond Street of ninety feet, It has two towers, the principal one on the south- west corner, rising to a height of one hundred and thirty feet; the other, on the north-west corner, being about sixty-five feet in height, On the north and south sides, and between the towers on the west side, are gables with large tracery windows and a number of small ones beneath; the space between the gables and the towers is also filled in with windows, The roof forms an octagon from the cornice, and from that there is a second octagon, rising several feet and roofed to the ame pitch as the church roof. This serves the double purpose of lighting the dome and ventilating the body of the church. The main entrances are through the towers, with additional doors through the old Sunday-school building to the east of the church, At the east end of the auditorium is the pulpit platform, with the organ and choir in a groined recess behind. A gallery with six rows of seats runs round the remaining three sides of the church, and is supported on columns which are continued to the groined ceiling, The centre of the ceiling forms a large dome of fifty feet span, terminating at its crown in a second orna- . " mental stained glass dome eighteen feet in diameter and receiving its light from the external octagon lantern, The ordinary seating capacity of the ch"urch is one thousand four hundred, with additional accommodation by means of sliding seats for six hundred, The total cost of the building, including organ, upholstery, etc., was in the vicinity of 32,000, In addition to the above denominations the Unitarians have a neat church on Jarvis Street, above \Vilton Avenue; the Catholic ApostoliC' body, a handsome white brick edifice on the corner of Gould and Victoria Streets; and the Lutherans, an unpretending but commodious building on Bond Street. The Reformed Episcopal congregation have erected a white brick church; in the Byzantine style, on the corner of Simcoe and Caer- Howell Streets, and the Hebrews possess a red brick synagogue on the south side of Richmond Street, east of Victoria, The New Jcrusalem Church and the Society of Friends each have a small place of meeting, and the Christadelphians hold services in the Temperance Hall, on Tem- perance Street, and in a private house on Alice Street. ,,\ purely undc- nominational organiza tion, not possessing any distinctiye appellation, meets in Jackson's Hall, on the corner of Y on (' and Bloor Streets. It i<;; . 3 18 The COUJlty of York. under the ministrations of the Rev, \Villiam Brookman, and was organized in June, 1881, when about thirty of the present members with their families, nearly all of whom had seceded from the Y orkville Baptist Church, formed a new congregation, unattached to any religious sect. Previous to the separation-which was based upon the rejection of the doctrin.e of endless life in misery being the punishment for sin-l\Ir, Brookman had been in charge of the above-mentioned church for about a year, and prior to that again had ministered in the Church of England for nearly a quarter of a century, The main features of the belief professed by this little con- gregation, which numbers only fifty-six members, are, in addition to that already mentioned, the adoption of the great central truth of life only in Christ; the acceptation of the \Vord of God as the sole rule of faith and practice, and, whilst holding alone to the immersion of believers as true baptism, practising loving fellowship with all who love the Saviour. U:--JIVERSITIES A D SCHOOLS, . In its wealth of educational institutions Toronto justly claims to be far and away ahead of any of its sister cities in the whole Dominion, In this even Montreal is eclipsed; and it is significant that Toronto's progre s in matters educational has been almost elltirely made within thè last forty years. In 1844 Upper Canada College and the Grammar School were the only institutions that made any pretence at training in the higher branches of learnmg. At the present time, in addition to the Provincial University, the city contains five denominational universities and colleges for advanced students, the Normal and Model Schools, three schools' of medicine, and one each of pharmacy, chemistry, dental' surgery, practical science and veterinary medicine. At the head of the entire educational system of the Province stands the Provincial University, or, as it is commonly called, the University of Toronto. It is one of the most magnificent piles of buildings in the whole country-if not on the entire continent-and its architectural beauties are enhanced by its position in the midst of spacious and well-wooded grounds lying to the west of the Queen's Park. The structure was completed in 1859 from designs by Messrs. Cumberland and Storm, architects, of Toronto, The style of architecture is Norman, and the material a gray freestone, for the most part undressed, which harmonizes admirably with the massive outlines of the edifice, The front of the pile faces to the south, is about a hundred yards in length, and is surmounted by a huge square tower, which adds greatly to the mediæval appearance of the building, The rest of the outline is rectangular, enclosing on three sides a quadrangle The City of Torollto. 3 1 9 of some two hundred feet in width, but open to its north end. The central tower is one hundred and twenty feet in height, and from its summit an admirable view is obtained. On the east front is another, but smaller and pointed, tower. In the interior the entrance-hall and grand staircase are worthy of note, and the fine library will at once attract all lovers of litera- ture, The present President of the University is Dr. Daniel \Vilson, who succeeded Dr. lcCaul, of Trinity College, Dublin, The University, in the first stage of its existence, was known as the University of King's College; it owed its existence in great measure to the exertions of Dr. Strachan, later on Anglican Bishop of Toronto, and was entirely in the hands of that body. Its denominational character gave great offence, and its unpopu- larity on that account was so great that in 1850 this grievance was abolished and it became a purely un sectarian and State institution. For some years previously to the erection of the present edifice the University had its headquarters in the Parliament Buildings on Front Street. The present Chancellor of the University is the Hon. Edward Blake, and the Vice- Chancellor l\Ir, \V. l\Iulock, The University of Trinity College is a Church of England institution, a-nd, like King's College, was the outcome of the untiring energy of Bishop Strachan, in whose honour the avenue leading up to the College building from the south has been named, On the abolition of the sectarian character of King's College, the Bishop, failing to secure the repeal of that measure, successfully appealed to the members of the Churches of England and In land for aid towards erecting a Church University in Toronto, and in April, 1851, the foundation of the present building was laid, In January of the following year the regular course of classes was thrown open, and six months later the University was constituted by royal charter and empowered to grant degrees in divinity, arts, law and medicine. To these have since been added music and theology, the first degree of "licentiate in theology" having been hestowed in the summer of 188+. Though a purely Church of England institution, it does not necessarily require its students, with the exception of those taking the divinity course, to be members of that denomination. The University building, which is situated on the north side of Queen Street \ Vest, imme.Jiately to the east of the Lunatic Asylum grounds, is a two-story white brich. edifice in the Third- pointed style of English, with a frontage of two hundred feet, and sur- mounted by a handsome turret in the centre and similar turrets, one at each wing. A new chapel has just been erected in front of the east wing, which, by obscuring a portion of the main building, detracts considerably from its general appearance. The present Chancellor of the University is 21 . 3 20 Tile County of York. the Hon. G. \V. Allan, D.C,L., and the Provost, who is also Vice-Chan- cellor, the Rev. C, W, E. Body, D,C.L. Knox College is the theological training-school of the Presbyterian body in this Province. It was founded in 1844, but the present edifice at" the head of Spadina Avenue was not erected until 1875, the College having previously to this had its headquarters in the old Elmsley Villa, which occupied the site of the present Central Presbyterian Church, It took its origin in the disruption of the National Kirk and the consequent formation of the Canadian branch of the Free Church of Scotland, The existing building is an extensive Gothic structure of white brick with stone dressings, . and contains, in addition to the usual lecture-rooms, ample accommodation for eighty resident students. It has a frontage of two hundred and thirty feet to the south, and three wings, each of about one hundred and fifty feet, running to the north. Surmounting the main entrance is a massive tower one hundred and thirty feet in height, Rev. W. Caven, D.D" is Principal of the College, and is assisted by a staff of prominent clericai members of the Presbyterian Church as professors. McMaster Hall, which occupies the same position in the educational system of the Baptist Church as Knox College does in that of the Presby- terian body, is situated on the south side of Bloor Street, on grounds that formerly formed part of the Queen's Park. It owes its existence to the liberality of the Hon. \Villiam McMaster. It is a massive building of Credit Valley stone with dressings of red brick, forming a curious and unusual blending of colours, To the south of the Provincial University, and on College Street, is Wycliffe Hall, or the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, an institution organized in 18 79 by the Evangelical branch of the Church of England, and affiliated with the University of Toronto, its professed aim being to impart "sound and comprehensive theological training, in accordance with the distinctive principles of evangelical truth as embodied in the Thirty-nine Articles." In connection with the educational institutions of Toronto a word may be said of the buildings of the Education Department and Normal and Model Schools, which stand in pleasant grounds of their own, occupying the entire block enclosed by Church, Gerrard, Victoria and Gould Streets, The main building, occupied by the offices of the Education Department, faces the last mentioned street. It is of brick faced with stone, and the style of its architecture is a Roman Doric. Its frontage measures one hundred and eighty-four feet, and the façade presents in the centre four pilasters of the full height of the buil ing, with pediment, surmounted by an open Doric cupola ninety-five feet high. Within this building, in The City of Toronto, 3 21 addition to the offices mentioned, is an interesting museum and art gallery, ()pen to the public free of charge. The Normal and ::\Iodel Schools are in the same block of buildings, The former, Intended for the training of Public School teachers, dates from 1847, and owes its e}",istence to the efforts of the late Egerton Ryerson, the father of the educational system ()f Ontario. It at first had its habitat in the Government buildings, but was subsequently, on the transfer of the seat of Government from Montreal to Toronto, removed to the Temperance Hall, and later on, in 1852, to the present building, then just completed. In the Model School, which is merely a complement to the Normal, the teachers who have received instruction in the art of teaching in the latter have an opportunity of putting their experiences to a practical test, The Principal of the Normal · School is the Rev. \V. H. Davies, D.D, The Ontario School of Art, which is doing good service in supplying much-needed instruction in the various branches of art, is also contained in these buildings, The Ontario School of Practical Science, or School of Technology, another Government institution, and in close connection with University College,.is situated to the south of the Provincial University building. In its curriculum special attention is given to instruction in chemistry, engin- eering, mining and assaying, with important practical results to the Province. Upper Canada College was founded in 1829 by Sir John Colborne, then Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. It was at first known as Minor College, and was intended to impa t education of a class only inferior to that of the university type. It occupies, with its grounds. the entire square formed by King, Simcoe, Adelaide and John Streets; and is at present an imposing red brick building of a modified Elizabethan style, having been largely remodelled and added to within the last few years. :\lany' of the most prominent public men in the Province received their early education at Upper Canada Col1ege, Other educational institutions worthy of notice are the Collegiate Institute, on the east side of Jarvis Street, just south of Old St. Andrew's Church; St, Michael's College, on St, Joseph Street.. a Roman Catholic Seminary in the charge of the Basilian Fathers; and the Bishop Strachan School, on the south side of the College Avenue, a high-class \nglican establishment for the education of young ladies, The latter institution is affiliated with the University of Trinity College, where some of its alumnæ have matriculated in the .\rts course. The Medical Schools of the city are:- Trinity :Medical School, on Spruce Street, in affiliation with the Universities of Toronto, Trinity College, Halifax and Manitoba; the Toronto School of Medicine, on the corner of Gerrard and Sackville Streets, in affiliation with the Universities 3 22 Tile COUllty of York. of Toronto and Victoria College; and the recently established Woman's :\Iedical College, on Sumach Street-all in the immediate vicinity of the Toronto General Hospital. The Public Schools of the city are at present twenty-two in number but the supply is scarcely equal to the demand, and many of the classes are unavoidably overcrowded. The latest school edifices are built in a uniform style of a modified Italian Renaissance. The class-rooms are large, lofty and well ventilated, and to each school are attached two spacious playgrounds, one for the boys and the other for the girls. The schools are managed by trustees elected annually in each ward, \Vithin the last few years the Kindergarten system has been introduced in one or two of the Public Schools, · In addition to the Public Schools are the Separate Schools, eleven in number, for the education of Roman Catholic children, They are supported by the members of that faith, whose payments on account of school tax are not applied to the maintenance of the Public Schools. The Roman Catholics also have several educational institutions of a higher class, such as the Loretto Abbey, on Clarence Square; the Loretto Convent, on Bond. Street; the Convent of St. Joseph, De La Salle Institute, St. Mary's Institute, and others. PARKS, PUBLIC SQUARES, AND CEMETERIES. In the matter of what have been aptly termed "the lungs of a city," Toronto is amply endowed, She has an abundance of open spaces, carpeted with green and canopied with welcome shade trees, scattered amidst the bricks and mortar. Of these the chief, because the best known, the most central, and the most frequented, is the Queen's Park, which extends from Coll!;ge Street northward to BloÇ>r Street. It is approached by two avenues which meet at its entrance. That from the east, which begins at Y onge Street, and which is v"ariously known as College Avenue, College Street, and Y onge Street A venue, although it is arcaded by umbrageous trees, and possesses all the possibilities for a noble avenue, is an unspeakably wretched thoroughfare, The roadway is continually being torn up for water-pipe laying, gas-pipe laying or drain construction, and in consequence it is emphatically the very worst in the city, its wretchedness being only equalled by that of the neighbouring sidewalk. The avenue which runs from Queen Street north to the park entrance, is, on the other hand, a thing of beauty-a broad, smooth road, edged by green boulevards, and fringed on either side by a line of stately chestnuts, On entering the park, the first object that meets the view is a mound, rockery and fountain, all of insig- nificant proportions, it is true, but forming a pleasant enough object on a hot summer's day, for the grass is always of a vivid green, the miniature The City of Toro1lto, 3 2 3 garden is scrupulously well kept, the flowers fill the air with perfume, and the plash of the fountain sounds cool and refreshing, In front of the enclosure are two Russian guns captured at Sebastopol. Originally the Park contained considerably more than one hundred acres of ground, but its area has been some\ hat curtailed by the leasing of lots for building purposes, . The road in front of the guns divides, and sweeping round on either side at the edge of the park the two roads unite again a little to the south of the Bloor Street entrance, The road on the eastern side is bordered by handsome public residences, while that to the west skirts the University Grounds, The two roads thus enclose an oval space, on the eastern side of which is a dilapidated old building-an eyesore to the place- used a few years ago as an asylum for the incurable insane, Nearly on a line with this, on the western side, and close to the University Grounds, is the" Soldiers' Monument," erected in memory of the volunteers who fell at Ridgeway in 1866; and close by, to the north, is a plain granite pedestal, upon which stands the monument recentlx. erected to the memory of the late Honourable George Brown. The" Soldiers' :\Ionument," as we have already seen, was erected in I 870, and unveiled on the 1st of July in that year. It is from designs by Mr. Robert Reid, of the firm of Mavor & Reid, l\Iontreal. It stands on a terrace of earthwork four feet high, and consists of a three-storied struc- ture of Nova Scotia sand-stone, surmounted by a figure of Britannia in white-yeined Italian marble, of. the variety commonly used for garden statuary. Its total height is thirty-six feet. The first story contains a panel 011 each side, the front, or eastern panel hearing the Royal .\rms, the ' southern the arms of Toronto, the northern those of Hamilton. and the western the following inscripdon : . CAN ADA ERECTED THIS MOr\U:'.IEXT AS A MEMORIAL OF HER BRAYE so s, THE YOLl1XTEERS, WHO FELL AT LIMERIDGE. OR DIED FRO:'.I WOUr\DS RECEn"ED IN ACTION, OR FRO:'.I DISEASE COr\TRACTED IX SERVICE, WHILST DEFE DIXG HER FROr\TIER IN JU E, 1866, In the second story are niches, surmounting tht; panels on the first. and each containing a statue of the same material as that of Britannia. The statue on the eastern side represents Grief, that on the \\ estern. F.lith, 3 2 4 The County of York. . while on each of the remaining sides is the figure of a rifleman, The third story is ornamented with wreaths and military insignia, Each story is. surmounted by a cornice, The steps and base are of Montreal limestone. The mo ument is surrounded by a fence, consisting of a most unartistic grouping of piled rifles, bayonets and sabres, The Horticultural Gardens occupy the greater part of the. quadrangle enclosed by Gerrard, Sherbourne, Cår1ton, and Jarvis Streets, extending in the latter direction as far as the rear of the buildings on the east side of Jarvis Street. They contain ten acres of ground, beautifully laid out in lawns, flower-beds, and walks, and most sedulously cared for. They are plentifully provided with seats, and are a favourite resort-especially for children-Sunday and week days; and although visitors are allowed perfect freedom to roam where they will, it is very seldom that any act of vandalism is complained of, In the centre of the grounds is a fountain, the largest and finest in Toronto-which, however, is not saying much; and on the western side a handsome three-story pavilion, constructed chiefly of glass and which is largely used for concerts and dramatic entertainments. The Gardens are the property of the Toronto Horticultural Society, to whom half the grounds were conveyed by deed of gift in 1856 by the Hon, G. \V. Allan, and the other half were leased for ninety-nine years by the City Council, who had purchased them for that purpose. The Island, although not a park in the strict sense of the term, is the most frequented of all the "breathing-praces" of Toronto, and is rapidly developing into a summer colony, Perhaps a greater number of people · visit the Island during a fine week in summer than are attracted in the same time to all the parks, inside and outside the city, put together. One of the greatest attràctions of this resort are the free baths, established in 1882 by :\1r. Erasmus \Viman, of New York, and named after him, The other parks of the city are, Riverside Park, on the corner of \Yin- . chester and Sumach Streets, facing the Don, a well-laid-out plot of land but lamentably destitute of trees; and High Park, at the western limits of the city. Outside the city are, Victoria Park, lying four miles and a-half to the east, on the lake shore; and Lorne Park, to the west, and also on the lake shore. The public squares of Toronto are only two in number, namely, the Normal School grounds, of which mention has already been made, and Clarence Square, a large, sodded, open space in the 'west end of the city, on the east side of Brock Street. There are four cemeteries in Toronto, of which two, St. James' and the Necropolis, are beautifully situated Ïn close proximity to each other on the The City of To rollto. 3 2 5 right bank of the Don. The former-the Church of England cemetery-is much the larger, containing sixty-five acres, beautifully laid out and kept in admirable order. In the centre is a chapel in the florid thirteenth century Gothic style. The grounds slope downwards to the Don, opposite the declivity of Castle Frank. In this cemetery lie Chief Justice Powel, Chief Justice Morrison, and the late Hon, John Hillyard Cameron, The Necro- polis lies to the south of St. James', between Sumach Street and the Don, and contains about fifteen acres. It was opened in 1850, and is entirely undenominational. l\1any prominent actors in the history of the Province rest beneath its sod; among others, \Villiam Lyon Mackenzie; Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, both officers under Mackenzie in 1837; and the Hon. George Brown. There is yet no monument to mark Mackenzie's resting place. Beyond the city limits, on Y onge Street, is St 1\Iichael's- the Roman Catholic-cemetery, and 'still further north ::\Iount Pleasant, an undenominational burying-ground, opened within the last few years. It covers fifteen acres of ground, and is tastefully laid out in parterres, lawns, and drives, with miniature lakes and rustic bridges. Before quitting the subject of the cemeteries, a word must be said about the Old l\1ilitary Burying Ground. It is situated to the west of Bathun;t Street, in the vicinity of the Old Fort, and contains the remains of the British soldiers who died while their regiments were stationed in Toronto. The Potter's Field, another old cemetery, used to be situated on the north "ide of Bloor Street, but its last vestiges have been obliterated, and the remains which were once interred there now lie in the Necropolis, CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. The House of Industry is a white brick building on the south side of Elm Street, between Elizabeth and Chestnut Streets, Its object is to supply an asylum to the indigent poor, but it is a very different kind of institution to the British workhouse, Here many a homeless waif obtains a night's lodgIng, with supper and breakfast, to invigorate him for the coming day's search for work. The superintendent is Mr, \V. K, N utt. One of the most deserving institutions in the city is the Hospital for Sick Children, an unpretentious building-formerly occupied by a Protes- tant Si terhood-on the corner of the C'ollege Avenue and Elizabeth Street. It is conducted by a number of charitable ladies, who depend entirely, for the support of the institution, upon voluntary, unsolicited contributions, It contains five wards, with an average of about six beds to each ward. The hospital is attended gratuitously by a staff of six physicians, In connection with it is the Lakeside Home, on the Island, where such of the little patients as can bear removal are taken for the sumlller months, 3 26 The COllllty of York, ... The Boys' Home, on George Street, is intevded for the reception and training in industrial pursuits of destitute boys who have not been convicted of any offence against the law, The Girls' Home, on Gerrard Street, serves a similar purpose for destitute girls under the age of fourteen, but destitute little boys under four years of age are also admitted. The building is a handsome edifice in the Tudor Gothic style. The St. Vincent de Paul Society, an association of benevolent gentle- men of the Roman Catholic faith, have their headquarters in the building on the south-east corner of Shuter and Victoria Streets. It is a benevolent society pur:e and simple, without respect to creed, its object being to relieve suffering wherever found, Another Roman Catholic "institution, the House of Providence, has already been spoken of in connection with St. Paul's Church. In addition to the abov , the tnembers of this faith also conduct the Notre Dame Institute, on Jarvis Street, where young ladies employed in the city, but without homes of their own, are provided with lodging at a small cost, or even gratuitously; and the St, Nicholas Home, a similar institution for young boys, , The Asylum for the Incura.ble affords a refuge to those to whom the General Hospital-which only admits cases supposed. to be capable of im- provement by treatment-is closed. The building/ a large and commodious one, with cheerful rooms for the unfortunate sufferers who are past hope, is situated on Dunn A venue, Parkdale. Other public charities are the Toronto Dispensary, attended gratuit- ously by a staff of well-known city physicians; here the poor obtain advice gratis and medicine at a merely nominal rate, the institution being supported by private subscriptions aided by a small grant from the city; the News Boys' Home, on Frederick Street; -the Infants' Home, on St. Mary Street; the Orphans' Home, north of the Brockton Road; the Magdalen Asy um, on Mcl\lurrich Street, iu St. Paul's \Vard; and the Catholic l\Iagdalen A.sylum, at Parkdale, THE PRESS, The oldest daily newspaper in the city is the Toronto Globe, the first number of which appeared on Tuesday, the 5th of March, 1844' Its founder, the Hon, George Brown, who was at that time twenty-five years of age, had originally emigrated with his fåther from Scotland to New York, but in 1843 the family removed to Toronto. Here father and son commenced the publication of the Banner, a weekly journal of a semi-secular, semi-religious character, but wholly devoted to the interests of the Free Church party, A.t the time of the memorable struggle between Sir Charles Metcalfe and Messrs, Baldwin and Lafontaine, the Messrs. Brown, who had strong poli- tical convictions, warmly espoused the cause of the latter, and to further The City of Toro1lto, 3 2 7 that cause the Globe was brought into existence. At first it was a weekly sheet, but two years later it made its appearance twice a week. In 1849 a tri-weekly as well as a weekly edition was published, and in October, 1853, it became a daily, of four pages, six columns each. It gradually increased the size of its pages to ten columns, and then abandoned the " blanket n sheet style altogether and adopted its present form of eight pages, six columns each-just double the size of its first issues, It need scarcely be said that the Globe is the leading Reform organ in the country, - It has always enjoyed a large advertising patronage; and, previous to the establishment of the 'frI ail, was the only newspaper worth the name in the Province. Under the old regime the managing editor was the Hon, George Brown, who was shot in his own office on the 25th Marc!:, 1880, by an employé named George Bennett, and died six weeks later. Ir, Gordon Brown had superintended the editorial department, and on the death of his brother took the latter's place, which he held until December, 1882. Since that time Ir. John Cameron, founder of the London Advertiser, has been chief editor and manager. The Globe office is at 26 and 28 King Street East. The original building, consisting of the south half of the present structure, was paid for by subscriptions, furnished by the Reform Party in Canada, and presented to the Hon, George Brown in recognition of his services to the party. The northern extension was added many years later when the premises were found to be too small for the business, The . Iail, the Liberal-Conservative organ, was started 'as a morning dally in 1872 by a joint-stock company with a paid-up capital of $100,000. It then occupied the three-story building on the north-west corner of King and Bay Streets, formerly known as the :\Ietropolitan Hotel. Its manager, and subsequently proprietor, was Mr. T. C. Patteson, now Postmaster of Toronto, After a creditable display of enterprise and a brave struggle against adverse circumstances, the journal finally succumbed to its difficul- ties and came under the sherift's hammer in 1877, when it was purchased by the late 1\Ir, John Riordan, the well-known paper manufacturer of St. Catharines, Shortly afterwards the present Jlail Printing Company was organized, with l\Ir. C. \V, Bunting as managing editor; the old offices were pulled clown, and the present imposing edifice erected. The \Iail building has the name of being the finest newspaper office on the continent outside of New York City. On the 24th May, 1884, it was censiderably damaged by fire, but th'e damage was completely repaired before the end of the year, new additions and improvements being introduced. The speciai features of the Jlail are its extensive exclusive cable despatches, its literary critiqucs, and its sporting intelligence. 3 28 The COUllty of York. The News is an off-shoot of the 1J.fail, having been issued in May, 1881, from the same presses as its elder sister. In February, 1883, it severed its connection with the .v[ ail, and in November of the same year removed to offices of its own on Y onge Street. Under the management of its present proprietor and editor, Mr. E, A. Sheppard, it has undergone a complete change of tone, and has become an advocate of Canadian independence and an exponent of democratic principles. The first number of the Evening Telegram was issued on the 17th of April, 1876, from offices on the east side of Yonge Street, just below King. It is, and always has been, entirely independent in politics, and has devoted much attention to municipal affairs, subjecting the actions of the civic offi- cials to the closest scrutiny, and unhesitatingly exposing and denouncing anything that savoured of jobbery or corruption, In 1881 the proprietor, "NIr, John Ross Robertson, erected the handsome building on the south-west corner of King and Bay Streets, where the paper has since been published. The Telegram has a large local advertising patronage and circulation. It aims especially at avoiding long-winded articles of any kind, and supplies its readers with comments in the" paragraph" style. The JVorld made its first appearance as an evening paper, under the auspices of Messrs. Horton & Maclean, in February, 1880, but shortly after- wards the proprietors formed a joint stock company. This arrangement continued for nearly a year, and in October, 1881, the journal passed into the hands of the Messrs. 1'Iaclean, Soon after this it became a morning paper. Although always bright and chippy, it had a hard struggle for existence, and finally on the 14th of April, 1884, it was compelled to suspend publication. Its disappearance from the field was but a brief one, and it speedily resumed its place among the Toronto dailies, as an advocate of Canadian independence, The edItor of the World is Mr, W. F. Maclean, , one of a family of journalists, Among the denominational weeklies, the Christian Guardian, the Methodist organ, stands foremost, as b ing the oldest journal of any description in Toronto, It was iounded in 1829, and was long edited by the Rev. Egerton Ryerson. The other weekly church publications are the Dominion Churcll11la1l and the Evangelic l Cllllrclmwn, the former High Church, the latter Evangelical in tone; the Canada Presbyterian, a high class journal, edited with marked ability, and enjoying a large circulation; the Canadian Baptist,. the Tribune, a Roman Catholic organ, with a tend- ency to the Reform side of politics; the Sentinel, the champion of the Orange body; and the Citizen, the organ of the Temperance cause. Of the secular weeklies, the principal are :-The Jlonetary Times, the standard authority on financial amI commercial questions; the H'eek, a high- The City of Toronto. 3 2 9 class literary periodical; Truth, a family paper of a more popular type; the Canadian Sportsman; the A d'vertiser; GriP, an illustrated satirical paper, etc. Besides these there are several monthly periodicals. BENEVOLENT AND SECRET SOCIETIES, I t would be impossible within the restricted limits of a work like this, to make anything more than the briefest reference to the Secret and Benevo- lent Societies of Toronto. The mere mention of the names of the different lodges, and of their officers, occupies eight pages of the City Directory, An exception may, however, be made in the case of the Masonic Order, an account of whose progress in the city will doubtless prove acceptable to many readers of this volume. At the present time the Order has fourteen lodges under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Canada; seven Royal Arch Lodges, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Chapter; one Chapter of Royal and Oriental Freemasonry; two lodges of Cryptic Masonry; two lodges of the Ancient Scottish Rite, and four lodges of Knights Templar, Previous to 1820, the only lodge in the city was Rawdon Lodge, which worked from 1793 until 1800 under a military warrant, which it surrendered in the latter year, and received another from the Grand Lodge of England. Subsequently the lodge merged into St. Andrew's Lodge, which in 1825 absorbed St. George's Lodge, At this time the meetings were held in a frame building on what IS now known as Colborne Street, and which was also used as a church, a school-room, and a public hall. From 1843 to 1854 the quarters of the lodge were shifted three times; in the year first men- tioned to Turton's Buildings (afterwards Lamb's Hotel) on King Street 'Vest; then in 1848 to the upper story of Beard's Hotel, on the north-west corner of Church and Colborne Streets; and finally, in 1854, to the third story of the St. Lawrence Buildings. King Solomon's Lodge, which had been formed in the meantime, in 18+5, at first met in the Tyrone Inn, on Queen Street 'Vest, and subsequently moved to the Ionic Lodge Room on King Street; and still later, in 1850, to the Odd-Fellows' Hall, on the corner of Church and Court Streets, Three years later it moved to the hall over the 'Vestern Assurance Building, on the corner of Church and Colborne Streets. Finally, in 1857, Mr. A, Nordheimer, a member of the Craft, offered the upper part of the Canada Permanent Building, on Toronto Street, for the use of the Order, and in April, 1858, it was taken possession of. The building, which is now far better known as the Masonic Hall than by any other name, was erected in 1857-8 from designs by :\Ir. \Vm. Kauff- man, It is an Imposing edifice of Ohio Freestone and iron, with a frontage of 101 feet. The Hall itself is on the third story, and is the meeting-place 33 0 Tile COU1lty of York, of nine lodges, one Chapter, and one Knights Templar Preceptory. Other Halls in the city are the Victoria Street Hall, in Victoria Chambers, used by two Chapters, one Preceptory, a Council of Cryptic Masonry, the Con- clave of the Order of Rome and Constantine, and a Lodge of Royal Ark, Mariners; the Hall of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, on King Street \Vest, over Coleman's; Occident Hall, on the corner of Queen and Bathurst Streets; and halls respectively in St. Paul's and St. Matthew's \Yards, and at Parkdale, Of the other orders the Odd-Fellows have eight lodges and two uni- formed encampments; the Orange body three District lo ges; the United \Vorkmen, seven lodges and two legions of Select Knights; the Good Templars, eight lodges, and the Sons of Temperance three divisions; the Knights of Pythias, two lodges; the Foresters, twelve courts; the Sons of England, ten lodges; the Sons of Scotland, three camps; and the Knights of St. John and :;\Ialta, one commandery, Of the purely Benevolent Societies, the principal are the St, George's and St. .Andrew's Societies, the Irish Protestant Benevolent Socjety, the Irish Catholic Benevolent Union, and the Emerald Beneficial Association. In addition to these each trade has its own beneficial union, MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS, A word may be said here as to the volunteer military organizations which have their headquarters in Toronto. Foremost among these is the historical Queen's Own, to whose experiences at Ridgeway reference has already more than once been made, and whose share in that unfortunate business has forever endeared them to their fellow-citizens. The Tenth Royal Grenadiers, since their reorganization two years ago, are a magni- ficent regiment, and at the time of their annual inspection last November, were the subject of most gratifying critiCIsms by the Major-General in com- mand of the forces, Other military bodies are the Governor-General's Body Guard-glittering warriors in scarlet coats and burnished helmets; the Toronto Field Battery, the Toronto Garrison Artillery, the Ontario Rifle Association, and the recently established SchC?ol of Infantry. THE CITY CLUBS, The purely social clubs in Toronto are but three in number, but those devoted to special objects, as sporting, music, literature, etc" are legion. At the head of the former stands the Toronto Club, an exclusIVe institution, composed of wealthy members, situated on York Street, immediately south of the Rossin House. The National Club, on the west side of Bay Street, .. The City of Toronto. 33 1 south of the Telegram office, is less exclusive and more political, being of a decided Reform stripe. Nearly opposite it is the Albany Club, on the west side of Bay Street, between ::\lelinda and \Vellingt')n Streets. It was formed by the Liberal-Conservative party upon the suspension of the U. E. Club about two years ago, THE CITY HOTELS, \Vith the thousand and one hostelries which are scattered over the length and breadth of the city we have nothing to do in this place. Since the change in the liquor license laws, which requires that every applicant for a license must provide accommodation for a certain number f gue ts, every tavern has become an " hotel." But in dealing with the city hotels it will be unnecessary to go beyond the half-dozen or so which are known all over the country, and whose names are more or less familiar to travellers in the United States, Of such establishments there are four in the city espe- cially deserving of notice, viz,: the Queen's Hotel, the Rossin House, the American Hotel, and the \Valker House, None of these have any preten- sions to architectural beauty, but what they lack in this direction, they make up by the elegance of their internal fittings, and by thê superior class of accommodation with which they furnish their guests. The QUEEN'S HOTEL stands on the north side of Front Street \Vest, at the head of Lorne Street, and overlooking the waters of the bay and lake. Its situation from a purely business and matter-of-fac point of view, is an admirable one, being in close proximity, on the one hand, to the Union Station and the Parliament Buildings and Government offices, and, on the other, to the wholesale houses which cluster around the lower end of Yonge Street. Its reputation may be said to be continental, its 6\merican guests hailing from every part of the Union, from Portland to San Francisco, and from the Sault to New Orleans, It has also on several occasions been pcttronized by royalty, and has numbered among its guests Lord and Lady lJufferin, the Marquis of Lorne and the Princess Louise, H, R, H, Prince Leopold, the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, General Sherman and Jefferson Davis. Throughout Canada its name is familiar as a household word, The internal fittings of the hotel are of the most perfect and luxurious kind, and accommodation is provided for over three hundred guests, though on several occasions four hundred have been comfortably quartered beneath its roof. Previous to l\1ay the 1st, 1874, the Queen's had been under the management of the late Captain Dick, but on the date mentioned it passed into the hands of Messrs. McGaw & \Vinnett. These gentlemen are also proprietors of the Queen's Royal Hotel at Xiagara-famous for its Saturday . 33 2 The COU1lty of York. night" hops" during the summer; and they possess a controlling interest in the Tecumseh House, the leading hotel in London, Ontario. The ROSSIN HOUSE has the most central pösition of all the hotels in the city, It is situated on the south-east corner of King and York Streets. It is a solid-looking building forming two sides of a quadrangle, and surmounted at each corner by a mansard-roof turret. The greater portion of the front- age of the ground-floor is occupied as stores,. the hotel having two spacious vestibules leading from the office to King and York Streets respectively, The building contains two hundred sleeping-rooms, and can furnish accom- modation for three hundred guests. It is so constructed as to be practically fire proor: and the safety of the guests in the event of fire is further secured by the fact that every room in the house is provided with a fire-escape. The Rossin House, under the management of the present proprietor, 1\1r. Mark H. Irish, has become a great rendezvous for Americans, who there find all the comforts and conveniences to which they are accustomed in the great hotels of New York and Chicago, . . The AMERICAN HOTEL, on the north-east corner of Y onge and Front Streets, is admirably situated for the convenience of business men, in the very centre of the wholesale trade quarter, opposite the Custom House, and almost within a stone's throw of the wharf at which the Montreal, Niagara and Rochester steamers arrive, This proximity to the centre of lake travel has secured for it a large share of tourist patronage, and it is also a favourite resort for commercial travellers, The proprietor of the American is 1\1r. James H. Mackie, a well-known hotel man, formerly of New York and New Orleans, who succeeded his father a little over a year ago, the latter gentle- man devoting his entire time to the management of his hotel at Port Hope, the St. Lawrence Hall. Mr. Mackie, jr" also manages the large hotel on the Island, erected, and until recently controlled, by Edward Hanlan, the famous oarsman, The vV ALKER HOUSE, on the corner of Front and York Streets, and of which l\ir. David \Valker, is proprietor, is another favourite hotel with the travelling public, its close proximity to the Union Station making it espe- cially convenient for those who arrive by late, or depart by early trains. Other of the principal hotels are the St, J ames, opposite the Union Station; the Continental, on the corner of \Vellington and Simcoe Streets, opposite the Parliament Buildings, and on this account much frequented by countr) members; the Revere, the rendezvous for members of the dramatic profes- sion, on the south-west corner of King and York Streets; the Shakespeare, diagonally opposite the Revere; and the Albion Hotel, on the east side of the :\larket Square. Tile City of Toro1lto, 333 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, Under this head three classes of institutions have to be considered- the Chartered Banks, Savings Banks, and Trust and Loan Companies. Of the first named class there are over a dozen in the city, the majority of them having their headquarters in Toronto, and occupying large and beautiful buildings, The BANK OF BRITISH N ORTH A IERICA, one of the oldest financial insti- tutions doing business in Canada, has its headquarters in London, England, with branches in every city, and most of the larger towns throughout the Dominion, Its Toronto office is on the north-east corner of Yonge and \Vellington Streets, an imposing building which forms one of the prominent features of the approach to the city from the wharf at which the lake steamers arrive. The capital of the bank is IiI,ooo,ooo sterling, and the Toronto Manager is Mr. \Villiam Grindlay. The BANK OF MONTREAL, whose name is familiar in almost every country where the English language is spoken, is the wealthiest and most influential bank in the Dominion, It is in fact to Canada pretty much what the Bank of England is to Great Britain. \Vith the enormous subscribed capital of $12,000,000, and a rest fund of $5,750,000, its influence in financial and commercial circles is immense. Its headquarters are in :\lontreal. The Toronto office-a substantial stone building on the north-west corner of Front and Y onge Streets, opposite the Custom House-is managed by l\Ir. C. Brough. The BANK of TORONTO has its headquarters in a massive stone building on the north-west corner of \Vellington and Church Streets-one of the stateliest edifices in the city, Its capital is $2,000,000, with a rest fund of $1,900,000. Mr. George Gooderham is its President, and Mr. D. Coulson Cashier. The Bank of Toronto, by aiding legitimate enterprise, has con- tributed in a very great degree to building up the commercial prosperity of the city whose name it bears, and with whose interests it is so closely identified. The CANADIAN BANK OF COM IERCE is another institution that has given substantial aid towards the promotion of the commercial and industrial interests of the city, It has a paid-up capital of [6,000,000, and a rest fund of $1,900,000, Its president is the Hon. \Villiam McMaster, anù its general manager, l\Ir. \V. N, Anderson. The offices of the Bank are at 59 Yonge Street, The CENTRAL BANK is the latest addition to the chartered banks of Toronto, It has been in existence for over one year and occupies a fine new building on the cast side of Yonge Strect, a few yarùs north of \\'clling-- ton Street. 334 TIle COU1lty of York. The beautiful new building of the DO:\>IINION BANK, on the south-west corner of King and Y onge Streets-the very centre of activity and bustle- is one of the landmarks of the city, and is in keeping with the high reputation enjoyed and the unbroken success achieved by the institution it shelters. The Dominion Bank has a capital of $1,500,000, and a rest fund of $85 0 ,000; its President is Mr. James Austin, and its Cashier Mr, R. H. Bethune, The FEDERAL BANK, Nos, 17 and 19 \Vellington Street West, is one of the younger banks of the city, having commenced business in 1874. Its present capital is 3,000,000, with a rest fund of $1,500,000. Mr. S. Nord- heimer is President, and Mr. G. \V. Yarker, formerly of the Bank of Iontreal, Manager. The I MPERIAL BANK, on the corner of \ \T ellington Street and Exchange Alley, has a capital of $1,500,000. It too has made a name and a standing by the liberal policy it has pursued towards the business interests of the city, under the judicious management of the Cashier, l\lr. D, R. \Vilkie, l\Ir. H. S. Howland is President of the institution. The branch office of the MERCHANTS' BANK-which has its head- quarters in .:\iontreal-is on the south side of Wellington. Street \Vest, opposite Jordan Street; it is managed by Mr, W. Cooke. This bank has a subscribed capital of $5,798,330, with a rest fund of $1 ,150,000. The MOLSONS BANK-another branch of a Montreal bank-at present occupies offices at No. +6 King Street \Vest, but it is to be moved to the Arcade, now in course of erection on the north side of King Street, in rear of the Grand Opera House. This institution has a subscribed capital of . $2,000,000, with a rest fund of 500,000, The ONTARIO BANK BUILDING is a beautiful structure of cut stone on the north-east corner of \Vellington and Scott Streets, The President of the bank is Sir \V, P, Howland, and l\1r. C, Holland is its General l\Ianager, Its capital is $1,500,000, with a rest fund of $335,000, The Toronto agency of the QUEBEC BANK is housed under the same roof as the Bank of Toronto, The former is one of the oldest financial institutions in Canada, having been incorporated by Royal Charter in the year 1818, It has an authorized capital of $3,000,000, .:\ir. J. \Valker is Manager of the local branch, The STANDARD BANK-another institution closely identified with the commercial ir.terests of the city-at present has its offices at 46 Y onge Street, but will shortly remove to the new stone-fronted building erected for its accommodation on the north-west corner of \Vellington and Jordan Streets. Its capital is $2,000,000. President, Mr. \V. J, Cowan; Cashier, :\Ir. J, L. Brodie, . The City of Toronto. 335 In addition to the Government and Post-office Savings Banks- with offices respectively in the Inland Revenue and Post-office buildings- the city is amply provided with institutions where the thriftily inclined may make small deposits, Of this class are the Home Savings and Loan Com- pany (Limited), 70 Church Street; the People's Loan and Deposit Co., 26 Adelaide Street East; the Dominion Savings Bank, 429 Queen Street \Vest; the Freehold Loan and Savings Co" 54 Church Street; the Union Savings Bank, 30 Toronto Street; the Western Canada Loan and Savings Co., 90 Church Street; and the Farmers' Loan and Savings Co., 17 Toronto Street. Upon many of these depositors may draw by cheque, as in regular banks. LOAN AND SAVINGS COMPANIES, THE BRITISH CANADIAN LOAN AND INVEST IENT COMPANY, though a comparatively young organization-having only been in existence seven years-is doing a large and steadily increasing business, It was formed in July, 18 77, and was incorporated und r a special Act of the Dominion Par- liament, with an authorized capital of $5,000,000, Its first President was Sir Alexander T, Galt, and its first Vice-President, :\Ir. A. H, Campbell, The Honourable D. A. Macdonald, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, the Honourable John Simpson, the Honourable C, F. Fraser, Commissioner of Public \Vorks, the Honourable S, C. \Vood, ex-Provincial Treasurer, l\Iajor Greig, Messrs, William Ince, Donald l\lcKay, John Burns, J. K. Kerr, Q,C" and other Toronto business men were among the organ_ izers of the company, of which Mr. James Turnbull was appointed l\lanag r. The company commenced operations by taking over the business of the Provincial Loan and Savings Company, amounting to about $350,000, On the appointment of Sir A, T. Galt to the position of Canadian High Com- missioner in London, Mr. _\. H, Campbell succeeded to the Presidency, and Major Greig was elected to the Vice-Presidency. Both these. gentle- men were re-elected at the last annual meeting, On the 1st of Iay, 1881, a change occurred in Jhe management; Mr. Turnbull having resigned, his place was filled by l\Ir, R. H, Tomlinson, the present Manager, who for eleven years had held a responsible position in connection with the Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company. During the last financial year the company, under Mr, Tomlinson's management, effected loans to the amount of $123,778, upon real estate valued at $376,725, making the total amount of loans on mortgage $1,015,574,32. The net revenue for the year, after paying expenses, was $27,764.92-equal to ten and two-fifths per cent. on the paid up capital. Since its formation the Company has paid a half- 22 . 33 6 The County of York, yearly dividend at the rate of six per cent., and has accumulated a reserve fund of $27,000, During the past year it has absorbed the business of the Canada Mortgage Company, involving mortgages to the amount of $365,- 248.51, and it has also considerably extended its operations in Manitoba. The solicitors of the Company are Messrs. Blake, Kerr, Lash & Cassels; and Messrs. Scott, Moncrieff and Traill, \;V,S" of Edinburgh, are its general agents in Britain. THE BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION was established on the 1st of March, 1870. Its offices are at 13 Toronto Street. Dr, Larratt W, Smith is President, Mr. John Kerr, Vice-President, and 1\1:r. Walter Gillespie. Manager. The capital of the association is $750,000, all paid up, and its assets amount to $1,614-.000, During the fiscal year ending on the 31st of December, 1884, the earnings of the company amounted to $109,691.89. out of which sum, after all expenses and two dividends had been paid- the latter amounting together to $44.866,20-$15,000 were added to the reserve fund, making it $68,000, and $3,360.43 to the contï"ngent account. The net cash value of the mortgages held by the association at the close of the year exceeded that of the preceding year by $137,124,44, This company has also of late years established an agency in Manitoba. with most satisfactory results. Mr. \;V alter Gillespie, the Manager of the Building and Loan Association, is a native of Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland In 1852 he settled in the United States, but in 1877 removed to Toronto. , where he held the position of Commissioner of the Trust and Loan Company. In 1881 he assumed the managership of the Credit Foncier, and in the fol- lowing year he entered upon the position which he now holds, The CANADA LANDED CREDIT COMPANY was established in 1858, and is one of the o dest of its kind in the Province, The object specially aimed at in its formation was to aid the agricultural interests, then in an extremely depressed condition, by the introduction of the cheap money of England, and lending it to the farmers ere on such terms as to repayments, as would enable them to avail themselves of the advantages offered by it with- out undue anxiety as to their ability of repaying the loan, and so of redeem- ing their farms; eight per cent, per ann UIll was the uniform rate charged by the company from its inception, and the special feature as to repayment which distinguished it was the Sinking Fund, to which two per cent. per annum of the loan was payable, and on which interest at six per cent. per annum. compounded half yearly, was allowed, and which extinguished the loan in twenty-three years, While the borrower had the money from the company for that period, and so could not be unexpectedly called upon to repay it, he Tlze City of Toronto, 33ï had, what has also been and is now a distinguishing feature of the company, the privilege of paying off his loan on giving six months' notice, For many years after its commencement all the loans made by the company were on this plan, which was well adapted to the circumstances of the country at the time, but latterly the principle of straight loans has been largely substituted for it, \Vhile the company has thus been of advantage to those who borrowed from it, it has also done well for its shareholders, and besides paying them liberal dividends has accumulated a reserve fund of $130,000, The company has throughout been characterized by its fair dealing with its borrowers, The President of the company is Mr. John L, Blaikie, who was elected to that office in 1871 upon the retirement of l\1r. Lewis Moffatt. The present General Manager and Secretary, Mr. David McGee, succeeded 1\1r. John Symons in 1876, The CANADA PER:vt:ANENT LOAN AND SAVINGS COMPANY has its offices in the company's building on Toronto Street. It has a subscribed capital of $3,000,000 of which $2,200,000 are paid up. Its total assets are $8,000,000, and it has a reserve fund of $1,100,000, The President is Ir, E, Hooper, aud Vice-President Mr. Samuel Nordheimer. A feature in this Company is its Savings Bank branch, It also receives money for investment, for which debentures are issued in currency or sterling, with interest coupons attached, payable in Canada or in England. 1\1r. J, Herbert Mason is Managing Director. THE FARMERS' LOAN AND SAVINGS COMPANY has its office at 17 Toronto Street, It was established in 1872 with a capital of $250,000, which has since been increased to $1,057,250; of this latter amount $6II,OOO are paid up. The net profits of the company's business for the year ending April 30th, 1884, after deducting expenses of management, and aU charges, commissions, etc., amounted to $51,242,II, out of which two half-yearly dividends-one of four and one of three and one-half per cent.-were paid, amounting together to $45,857.25, and leaving a balance of $5,3 8 4. 86 to bé added to reserve, making the sum of $87,768.25 now to the credit of that fund, At the last annual meeting of the Board of Directors, Mr, \Villiam Mulock, l\l.P., was re-elected President, and Mr. James Scott, Vice-President. The Secretary and Treasurer is Mr. George S, C. Bethune, who has held that position since the Company was formed, l\Ir. Bethune is a native of Canada. The head office of the FREEHOLD LOAN AND SAVINGS COMPANY is on the corner of Church and Court Streets. The company has been in exist- ence a quarter of a century, and has a paid-up capital of 839,680, with 33 8 TIle COU1lty of York. a reserve fund of $364,250. Its President is the Honourable \iVilliam :\lcl\Iaster; Vice-President, Mr. A, T. Fulton, and l\Ianager, the Honourable S. C. \Vood, The net profits for the last financial year were $9 8 ,7 2 4. 62 , from which have been paid two half-yearly diyidends of five per cent. each, amounting to $78,330.75, and leaving a surplus of $20,393.87. Ofthis sum $10,000 were carried to reserve, and the balance transferred to contingent account. During the year the company effected loans on mortgages to the amount of $846,840.73, on property valued at $2,260,454; and at the present time it holds mortgages of the net cash value of $2,805,152.17. A portion of the company's business is done in Manitoba, the oversight of which is attended to by a branch office at \Vinnipeg. The LONDON AND CANADIAN LOAN AND AGENCY COMPANY (Limited) com- menced business in 1873. At the present time it has a paid-up capital of $5 60 ,000, and a reserve fund of $260,000; its investments, made almost entirely on mortgages, amount to $3,547,216,50. During the first two years of its existence it paid dividends of seven and eight per cent. re pectively, but since then it has paid ten per cent. During the fiscal year ending on the 3 0th of August, Ü 84, it effected loans to the amount of $414,574.51, on property valued at $944,598, and the net result of the year's operations showed a profit of $83,920,49, The President of the company is Sir \iV, P. Howland; Vice,Presidents, Co!. Gzowski, and Mr. A. T. Fulton; and Manager, Mr. 1. Grant Macdonald, formerly of Inverness, Scotland. The company's head offices are at 44 King Street \Vest, Toronto, but it also has an advisory board in Edinburgh, The NATIONAL INVESTMENT CO:\IPANY OF CANADA (Limited), which was established in 1876, is an off-shoot of the private investment business of the financial firm of Blaikie & Alexander, so well and favourably known both in Canada and in Great Britain, It is largely a Scottish company, The i\Ianager is Ir. Andrew Rutherford, Messrs, Osler & Hammond-General ::\lanagers in Canada for the NORTH OF SCOTLAND CANADIAN MORTGAGE COMPANY (Limited), home office at Aberdeen, Scotland-are also financial agents and dealers in stocks, municipal and railway debentures; and are members of the Toronto Stock Exchange, The agency of the first mentioned company was established same ten years ago under the management of the present firm, and now enjoys a full share of the public confidence. The UNION LOAN AND SAVINGS Co., of which Mr. \Villiam Maclean is Ianager, commenced operations in 1863, Mr. Maclean is a native of . TIle City of Toronto. 339 Aberdeen, Scotland, and was sent out to Canada in 1856 by the London Board of Direètors of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway to take the positions of secretary, treasurer and director of the Company at Brantford, which he held, severally for twelve years. He has been seventeen years with his present company. In connection with the financial institutions of Toronto it will not be out of place to refer to "THE INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANTS AND ADJUSTERS OF ONTARIO," The object of this association, which is to a great extent modelled on the same lines as a similar institute in England, is to improve the standing of those who are actively engaged in accountants' work, or who may be looking forward to it, It includes in its ranks the majority of the leading financiers of the Province, and is steadily growing in numerical strength and in importance, The TORONTO STOCK EXCHANGE was incorporated in 1878, It meets at 2+ King Street East, but none but members of the Exchange are admitted to its meetings, even members of the Press being excluded. The President is Mr. Henry Pellatt; Vice-President, Mr. H. R. Forbes; Treas- urer, l\Ir. James Brown; and Honorary Secretary, Mr. H. L, Hime. There are in all about thirty-one members of the association, The TORONTO CORN EXCHA GE was incorporated in the year 1872, but during the summer of 1884 was amalgamated with the Toronto Board of Trade, the united boards having their headquarters in the Imperial Bank building, on the corner of \Vellington Str8et and Exchange Alley. ACCOUNTANTS. J. J, PRITCHARD, 28 and 30 Toronto Street, accountant, insurance and commission agent, has been engaged in his business since 1878, He has also had charge of R, \V. Prittie's real estate and emigration business. He was born in England, and came to Canada in 1871. LEWIS REFORD, accountant, native of Belfast, Ireland. Came to Canada in 1845, settled at once in this city, and has been connected with its business interests to the prescnt time, He is a brother of Robert Reford, of the firm of R" Reford & Co, BROKERS, J. ICK EVANS, financial agent and patent right brokcr, 26, 27 and 2 Union Loan Buildings, is a native of Hereford County, England, and located in Toronto in 1863. He commcnced in the hotel and restaurant busnress. 34 0 TIle County of York. afterwards establishing the well-known "Headquarters" in Post-office Lane, He became connected with the firm of Evans, \Valker & Roe, wholesale shirt makers, and in the year 1880 commenced his present business, and in 1883 became Manager of the Union and Hand-in-Hand Ranching Colonization Company, . W, \VHITE, STEWART AND Co., \'Tanagers of the Exchange and Mercan- tile Company of Canada, and Business Brokers, 58 King Street East, took over in 1884 the business established in 1881 by \y, \Vhite & Co. They are engaged in buying and selling businesses, negotiating partnerships and organizing joint stock companies. :!\Ir. \Vhite is a native of Aylmer, ant., and has always been engaged in mercantile business. Mr. Sturgeon Stewart is a native of Simcoe County, ant, He published for five years the Liberal newspaper at Richmond Hill, and has also extensive experience in professional and mercantile life, A, R. VV ILLIAMS carries on at 36 and 38 Melinda Street the business of manufacturers' agent and machinery broker. The business was established in 1877 by Morrison :Bros., who were succeeded by Mr. \Villiams in 1883' He deals in all kinds of wood and iron-working machinery, both new and second-hand, handles all the iron-working machinery made by the London, ant., Machine Tool Company, consisting of iron lathes, planes, drills, mill- ing machines, etc. In woodwork machinery he is agent for Cant, Gorley & Co., of Galt, and in shingle machinery for Goldie & McCulloch, also of Galt. He keeps a full line of machine supplies, consisting of French band saw blades, band saw files, planer knives, " Sweetland lathe chucks," twist drills, taps, dies, etc, He also holds the Toronto agency for J. C. McLaren's oak-tan leather belting, which was awarded the only medal in 1883, An important feature of the business is the exchange of machinery -new for old and vice versa. An extensive import business is done on special lines of machinery not manufactured in Canada. Mr, Williams has lately purchased the Soho Machine Works in front of the Union Depot, on the Esplanade, whither he is about to remove. INSURANCE. The BOILER INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA has an authorized capital of $500,000. Its officers are :-Sir Alexander Campbell President; John L, Blaikie, Vice-President; John Galt, General Manager; George C, Robb, Chief Engineer; and Â. Fraser, Secretary-Treasurer, The head office of the company is in the Free Library Building, Toronto, and it has a branch office at 237 St. James St" :\Iontreal. The company The City of Toronto. 34 1 was formed about nine years ago under the name of" The Canadian Steam Users' Insurance Association:' which name was afterwards changed to one more readily understood by the public, Its business is similar to that of companies in Britain, Germany and the United States, and consists of the regular periodical inspection of steam boilers, and the granting of policies of insurance, covering such loss or damage as may be directly caused by the explosion of steam boilers. The object aimed at is to assist owners of boilers in preventing accidents, and in diminishing the cost of steam power. The company not only makes regular inspections, but also sends to the owners written reports of the condition of the boilers inspected, with advi e as to the proper means to adopt to remedy any defects affecting the safety or economy which may have been discovered, The system has proved of great benefi t to owners of hoiler;-s and users of steam power. All the steam boilers in the various public buildings belonging to the Dominion and Ontario Governments are under the inspection of this company, and most of the large and important manufacturing establishments throughout the country have their boilers insured and regularly examined and reported upon. No better means have yet been found for the prevention of steam boiler explosions, and in addition to the increased safety ensured, it has been found that the directions given for the construction, arrangement, and management of steam machinery have resulted in reduced expenditure for fuel and maintenance. The company, in addition to the insurance and inspection of steam bOIlers, furnishes plans and specifications for steam machinery, iron roofs, etc., and also carries on business as general con- sulting engineers. The CANADA LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, which has its head offices in Hamilton, is represented in Toronto by Mr. j, D, Henderson, This gentle- man's identification \vith insurance dates back to 1869, and he has been a resident of Toronto since 1876, This company is the oldest and largest in the Dominion; their assets and capital are over $7,000,000, with an income of $1,200,000, Mr. A, G. Ramsay is President of the company as well as Managing Director, and has had a general supervision of the company since 1859. "\Ir, Henderson is a native of Scotland. Mr. C, B. Boughton represents the CITIZENS' ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA, the head office being in Montreal. This is one of the leading insurance institutions of this country, and has been doing business in Toronto since its incorporation some twenty years ago. 1\1:r. Boughton was connected with the Travellers' Insurance Company of Hartford, Con- necticut, for about five years, and joined the Citizens' in November, 1883, He is General Agent for the Province and city. 34 2 The County of York. Mr. Richard Wickens, of the firm of Wickens & Mitchell, at present represents the COMMERCIAL UNION FIRE INS.URANCE COMPANY in Toronto. He is an Englishman by birth; came to Canada in 1836, and arrived in Toronto in 1854. He was for nearly nineteen years connected with the British America Fire Insurance Company, He then in 1873, in connection with !'vIr, Westmacott, undertook the management of the first-mentioned company, and on the decease of Mr. vVestmacott, five years later, he was joined by the late Mr. Mitchell, the firm being general agents for Ontario, and sole agents for Toronto. The agency enjoys a large share of the under- writing of the city, The CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION is a Home Company, having its head office in Toronto, with agencies in various parts of the Dominion, It was incorporated in 1871 by a special Aét of the Dominion Parliament, and commenced to issue policies on the 1st of November of the same year. The company has made excellent progress, and stands high in the estima- tion of the public. Its popularity is well attested from the fact that for some years it has ranked second amongst the life companies operating in Canada in the matter of new business. The management has been careful and conservative, and the Directors have been more anxious to have a good strong balance-sheet than to do a large business, though it may be fairly claimed that both objects have been attained. At the time of writing its assurances have reached $12,500,000, and its capital and funds $2,250,000; $390,981.11 have been paid to the heirs of deceased policyholders; $25,348.63 to the holders of endowment policies; $63,670 for surrendered policies; $153,040.20 as profits to policyholders, in addition to which during the later years 10 per cent. has been paid as dividend to the stockholders. The directorate of the company is composed of the best known and most successful business men in the several Provinces. The President is Sir \V. P. Howland; Vice-Presidents, Honourable William McMaster and \Villiam Elliot, Esq.; Managing Director, J. K. Macdonald, Esq. The EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY has its head office in Broad- way, New York. The company first did business in Canada in 1868, and in Toronto shortly after. They are now carrying on the largest business of any company in the world, and are doing in Great Britain alone more than ten of the largest native companies there. They have general offices 111 Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, and Halifax. Mr. \V, J. Smyth, Manager of the Toronto office, is a native of Hastings, a descendant of aU, E. Loyalist of Teutonic ong111, His grandfather came to Canada just one century ago. The City of Toro1lto, 343- THE GUARDIAN ASSURANCE COMPANY: of London, England, is repre- sented in Toronto by Mr. Henry D. P. Armstrong. He is a native of Ireland, and was born at Holy Cross House, in the County of Tipperary. After his arrival in this country, he was for some six years with \V. J. G. vVhitney, the well-known rèal estate agent, The Toronto agency of the Guardian Company was established in 1869, 1\1r, Armstrong becoming connected with it in 1878, He is the sole agent for the city, and also places a large amount of business outside. 1\Ir. \Villiam Henderson, city representative of the HARTFORD FIRE I:-JSURANCE COMPANY, of Connecticut, U ,S., was born in the County of Caithness, and educated at Thurso School, Scotland. He came to Canada in the year 1833, and first learned the business of a grocer, under Alexander Ogilvie, when he commenced business on his own account, and was for upwards of thirty years a wholesale and retail grocer. He represented the \Vard of St, David for two years as an Alderman, and is also an ex-President of St, Andrew's Society. He has been a member of the Board of Trade,. and was for many years on the Board of Arbitration. He is a J ,P. of the City of Toronto and County of York. Some sixteen years ago he turned his attention to insurance, and is now agent for the Hartford for the City of Toronto, as well as General Inspector for the Dominion, His son, Christo.pher M. Henderson, is connected with him in the business of the agency. Mr. Joseph B. Reed, represents the LIVERPOOL AND LONDON AND GLOBE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, and the LANCASHIRE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY of Manchester, England; also the DOMINION PLATE GLASS INSURANCE COMPANY, of Montreal. Mr. Reed has been engaged in insurance for upwards of ten years, The companies he represents have been doing business in the city for from twenty to thirty-five years, Mr. Reed is à Canadian by birth,. and is descended from one of the oldest settlers in York County, his grand- father coming from Staten Island at a very early day in the history of the county. The Toronto agency of the LONDON GUARANTEE AND ACCIDENT COM- PANY (Limited), of London, England, of which :Mr. Alexander Cromar is Local Manager, was established in 1880, A. T, IcCord being :\Ianager for Canada. Mr, Cromar is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, whence he came in 1882, to look after the interests of the company in Canada. He is now General Agent, Inspector and Superintendent of agencies in the Dominion. Mr. R, :N. Gooch represents the NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE I;.JSURA CE CO:\-IPANY, of Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, England. The 344 The COU1lty of York. company was first established in 01809, and is doing a large business both in Fire and Life. The Toronto agency was opened some twenty years ago, Mr. Gooch, who had been for some five years previously interested in insurance matters, taking the management, ,He filled the position of Chairman of the Board of Underwriters for twó years. The NORTHERN FIRE ASSURANCE COMPANY, for which Mr. E. P. Pearson is the agent for Toronto and vicinity, is one of the oldest and wealthiest of the British Fire Companies. The offices of the company are situate at No. 17 Adelaide Street East. Mr. Pearson now controls the business of many of the largest business firms in the country. There is no better company than the Northern, and no more experienced !vlanager than Mr. Pearson. . 1r. Alexander Dixon is the Manager for the Dominion of Canada of the NORWICH UNION FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY, and the NORWICH AND LONDON ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, both of Norwich, England. The Toronto agency of the former Company was established in 1880, and that of the latter some three years later. Mr, Dixon is a native of Toronto, and previous to taking up insurance was connected with the Toronto Mail for about six years, Mr, John Haldane, who was for many years general manager. of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company, now represents as special agent, the ONTARIO MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, of\Vaterloo, Ontario. He is also largely interested in N orth- West lands, He is a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1833. For pearly fifteen years he was Manager of the Connecticut Mutual, which company was the largest Life Company ever doing business in Canada, and the second in the world, The company discontinued business here on account of the Insurance Act, requiring conditions with which they could not constitution- ally comply, Its annual income at that time was ten millionso Mr. Hal- dane's brother, Bernard Haldane, was, during his lifetime, one of the most prominent insurance men in the city, and was for many years connected with the vVestern Insurance Company, which largely owes its present posi- tion to his efforts. 1r. Lewis Moffatt, of the firm of Lewis Moffatt and Son, representatives of the PHCENIX FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, of London, England, for which they are the sole agents of this city and district, was born in Montreal in 1810, of English parentage, His father, the late Honourable George Moffatt, came to Canada in the spring of 1800, and in 1812 he became . The City of Toro1lto, 345 a partner In the leading mercantile firm of Parker, Gerrard & Ogilvy, with which he remained connected till his death, in February, 186 5, Mr. Moffatt was the first President of St, George's Society established in Montreal, a member of the Legislative and Executive Councils of Lower Canada, and a member of the Special Council under Lord Syd nham. He was instrumental in promoting the Union of Upper and Lower Canada, and represented the City of :\Iontreal in the first United Parliament, which met a Kingston. Mr. Lewis Moffatt joined the firm of Gillespie, Moffatt & Co, in 1837, and came to Toronto in May, 1842, to establish a branch of the Montreal house, with which he remained connected until 1875, when he continued the branch of fire insurance that had been carried on by the late firm, His son, Lewis Henry Moffatt, came into the business in 1872, and another son, Frederick Covert Moffatt, is a barrister-at-Iaw in the city. The PHENIX INSURANCE COMPANY, of Brooklyn, N, y" has a capital of $1,000,000, and its annual statement shows gross assets amounting to $3,759,035.98. It first opened an agency at Toronto in 1874, and Mr. L. C, Camp, the pr ent Manager, was at that time appointed local agent, In 1881, he took charge of the management, and was succeeded in the local agency by his son. The Toronto offices of the company are at 26 \Velling- ton Street East. Mr. Camp is a native of the County of Peel, and is the youngest surviving son of Garry Camp, a citizen of the United States, who came to Canada in 1810 and started business as a millwright at St. Cathar- ines, where he died in 1880, Mr. L. C, Camp married, in 1855, ::\1iss Adeline Hopkins, eldest daughter of Obadiah Hopkins, a farmer, of St. Catharines. George Graham represents the QUEEN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, of Liverpool and London, England, I t is one of the oldest agencies in this city, and has been doing business in Toronto about twenty-five years. Mr. Graham is sole agent for this city and district; he is a native of Toronto, and has been connected with its mercantile interests for upwards of twenty years. Capt. Chas. Perry, sole agent for this. city of the ROYAL CANADIAN INSURANCE COMPANY, of Montreal, is a native of Somersetshire, England. He came to Canada in 1832, and was in steamboating on the rivers and lakes for twenty-four years. Since 1873 he has been identified with his present company and the insurance interests of the city. l\lessrs. Maughan, Kay & Banks represent the ROYAL FIRE AND INSUR- ANCE COMPANY, of Liverpool, England, the city agency of which was established in 1852. They are general and sole agents for the city and " . . 34 6 The County of York. county. The members of this firm have been engaged in the business of underwriting from twenty-five to thirty years, Mr. Maughan has been connected with insurance in Toronto for the past thirty-two years, and in 1880 joined the Royal; subsequently Messrs. Kay & Banks (who had repre- sented the British America for thirteen years) entered the firm, and now have full control of the local interests of the company, l\Iessrs. Banks Bros. are the local agents of the SCOTTISH UNION AND NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, of Edinburgh, Scotland. They also do a real estate business in connection with underwriting. They have been identified with the above named company since the establishment of the agency here in 1882, and are its sole agents for the city. They have been connected with the insurance and real estate business for about sixteen years. :\1r. A, H. Gilbert is Manager for Western Ontario and General Sgent for Toronto for THE SUN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, of Canada, who have been doing business about twelve years in the city. Mr. Gilbert commenced with this company in January, 1883, previous to which time he was engaged with the Canada Life. He is of U. E. Loyalist stock; his grandfather, Stephen Gilbert, having settled on the Bay of Quinté, where he was one of the earliest residents, Mr. H, O'Hara, who does a general brokerage, estate and insurance business, was formerly, for several years, manager of the Toronto branch of the Sun Life Assurance Company, and at present takes an interest in the formation of the TEMPERANCE AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, for which a charter has just been granted, Mr. O'Hara is a native of the Emerald Isle, and came to Canada in 1843, at the age of eight years; and after spending a year in Kingston he, with his parents, removed to Bowmanville, He has been over twenty years engaged in the insurance business, fifteen of which were spent in the Town of Bowmanville, where he carried on an extensive retail book, stationery and general mer- chandise establishment, and was the founder and first President of the Dominion Organ Company, of that place. He has held several offices of trust and confidence, among which were those of Councillor, member of the Board of Education, Grand \Vorthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temper- ance of the Province of Ontario, etc" etc, He came to Toronto in 1879. 1\1r. C, T, R. Russell is the city representative of the TRAVELLERS' LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, of Hartford, Connecticut. The agency was established in the year 1868. Mr. Russell's connection with the Com- . . The City of Toro1lto. 347 pany commenced in 1873, and he is now general agent for the Dominion and sole agent for the city, He is a native of the Province of Ontario, and came .to Toronto in 1875. His father, \Villiam Russell, who came to the County of Lennox when a young man, is a pioneer, and still a resident of that county, The city agency of the UNION MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, of Maine, U,S" is managed by Mr. R, K. Freeman, son of Isaac Freeman, aU, E. Loyalist, who settled in the County of Halton many years ago, and is said to be the only Loyalist now living in that neighbourhood, The son was born in Halton, where he resided and followed, agricultural pur- suits till 1875, when he engaged in insurance, and in 1883 accepted the management of the Union Mutual, having jurisdiction over the city and the greater part of the Province. The agency was established in the Province in 1850. :\Ir. James Pringle is general city agent for the \VESTERN FIRE ASSUR- ANCE COMPANY, of Toronto. He has been engaged in the insurance business thirty years, twenty of which he has spent in this city. He has represented the \Vestern for twenty-five years, He is a native of Roxburghshire, Scot- land; came to Canllda in 1853, and has been President of the Caledonia Curling Club for several years, He has always taken a great interest in the pastime of curling. \\'111. A, Lee & Son are city agents for the \YESTERN ASSURo\NCE Co., of Toronto, and do in connection with the same a general real estate and loaning business. They also represent the ONTARIO MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE Co., of vVaterloo, Ont, l\Ir. \V. A. Lee is a native of Canada, of Irish parentage. He has been engaged in underwriting since 1873, previous to which time he was a builder and contractor. He occupied the position of City Collector from 1873 to 1883, and served as Councillor for St. Patrick's \Vard for one year. His father, Patrick Lee, came to this country in 1826, was employed as a surveyor for the Canada Company, and surveyed the Township of Guelph. In 18+3 he settled in Toronto, where he taught school for several years and had for his pupils many who are among the city's most prominent men, , l\Ir. Isaac C. Gilmor represents the CALEDONIAN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, and the SCOTTISH IMPERIAL. He is of Scotch descent, and was born in Quebec. He was for many years engaged in the wholesale dry goods business of the country; and in 185 I was one of the founders and heaviest shareholders of the Western Fire Insurance Company, and sub- . 34 8 The County of York. sequently was for many years its President. He has been actively engaged in the business interests of the city since the year 1839, Messrs, Medland & Jones are the city representatives of the AcèlDENT INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH A IERICA, which has its home office in Iontreal. This firm are general agents for Western Ontario, and sole agents for the city. The agency was established in 1872, and the firm took the same in 1881. They are also city agents for the NORWICH UNION FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY, of Norwich, England. Mr, Medland is an Englishman by birth and came to Canada in 1867, since which time he has been engaged in insurance business. Mr. Jones is a native of the County of Halton, and has been connected with insurance matters since 1.874. His father, Charles Jones, M,R,C.S., came to Canada in 1844. Josiah Barnett, general accountant, auditor and insurance agent, acts specially for the COMMERCIAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE COMPA-NY, He is auditor for the. Toronto Paper Company, of Cornwall, and the Speight Manufacturing Company, of Markham. He is an Englishman by birth and came to this city in 1874, and has held the position of head bookkeeper for some of our leading merchants. . REAL ESTATE AGENTS. E. W. D. BUTLER, real estate and financial agent, valuator and arbi- trator, etc. The business of this firm was established in 1860, by the late \Vilkin B. Butler, and since its commencement has been in active operation, enjoying its share of Toronto real estate transactions, and retaining the confidence of all doing business with it. The steady growth of the business shows the reliability of the firm in the transaction of confidential and general business, in the purchase, sale, valuation, rental and management of proper- ties. The clients of this firm embrace a number of the most wealthy and influential citizens and land corporations of Toronto, besides a large number residing in the United States, England and other countries. Mr. Butler also transacts a large business in investment of private and trust funds, in real estate, mortgage security, municipal debentures, etc" negotiation of loans, securing investments, management of estates, etc" etc. Intending investors in Toronto, Parkdale, Rosedale and suburban real estate will consult their interests by securing reliable valuations, giving full particulars, plans, etc., special and personal attention being devoted to this important branch. A large list of city and suburban properties for sale, exchange, etc., is con- stantly on hand; printed catalogues containing all details and information are furnished free of charge to investors. The offices of this firm are complete The City of Toronto. 349 and commodious and in keeping with the steady growth and requirements of the business, and'are situated on the ground-floor of 66' King Street East. JAMES HEWLETT was born in Somerset, England, on November the 13th, 1845, and settled in Toronto in 1871. He was a butcher on Yonge .Street for nine years; but lately has been in the real estate business at 24 Toronto Arcade. In September, 1878, he married Elizabeth Margaret Carter, who was born in Toronto in 1858, being the daughter of John Carter, born in Toronto about 1820. ROBERT KIDNEY, who carries on business as a real estate agent, on the corner of Victoria and Adelaide Streets, was born in the County of Elgin, and is the eldest son of Thomas Kidney, a native of Ireland, who came to Canada in 1844, Mr. Kidney carried on a hardware business until 1882 when he took up his present occupation. . \VM, McBEAN, real estate owner and dealer, 452 Y onge Street, has followed the business of property speculator for the past twenty years, during which time he has built about 200 houses for himself and a great number of other people. His real estate business is almost entirely confined to his own property, it being only occasionally that he acts for outsiders. He is generally considered as the pioneer of the north-eastern section of the city, though he has erected buildings in the other districts. RICHARD McDoNELL, estate agent, Queen Street and Gladstone A venue is a native of Toronto, being the youngest son of the late Richard McDonell, of Scotch descent. Before taking to his present business Mr. McDonell was a railroad contractor, and constructed the Lake Simcoe J unction and other roads. PEARSON BROS., real estate brokers and valuators, are among the longest established and-best known firms in the City of Toronto. They have been engaged in the purchase and sale of real estate for the past ten years. They number among their clients a great many of the largest property- holders and incorporated companies and associations in Toronto and the Province, also owners of Canadian property residents of other countries, The Real Estate Journal, Building and Insurance Record, publi3hed by this firm, contains an extensive list of properties for sale, and a number of useful and well written articles in connection \vith the real estate, insurance and building businesses. Each number of the Joltrtzal contains a most complete plan of a house, with estimated cost of erection. This firm have again extended their premises, and now occupy the entire ground floor of No. 17 Adelaide Street East. In the last number of their Journal, under the head of u Real Estate," they say :_u There should be no difficulty in 35 0 The COUllty of York. the. mind of anyone in determining where the safest investment and best security can be obtained. The issue in the past has been between stocks and real estate. The present appears to be essentially a panic in stocks, and their decline has been heavy and irresistible, the reason being that for the past few years they had been forced up beyond their true commercial. value, There was no margin for a rise, as all the 'rise' had been taken -out of them. Stock speculation in Canada is dull, but no duller than it ought to be, The market being so, many a hundred dollars of hard-éarned money lies in the pockets of former stock speculators instead of in the speculation, The New York Herald says that speculation both in stocks and grain is knocked on the head. This follows: that the attention of investors will be more and more drawn to sound, solid investment in real estate, This will undoubtedly prove to be the case not only here but else- where. There can never be a panic or anything akin to a panic in real estate, There have been some severe collapses of prices where misplaced judgment has overreached itself, or too heavily discounted the future, In really desirable prr in 18 7 0 , and employs from fifteen to twenty hands in the manufacture of his goods, and in 187 commenced to make brushes of all descriptions, He has one representative, who introduces his goods throughout the Provinces, 1\1r. Barton is alderman for St. Stephen's \Vard. CHAS. BOECK & SON, brush, broom and wooden-ware manufacturers, 80 York Street. The building where the business is conducted has a front- age of 30 x 200 feet and is four storeys high, the front premises being used for manufacturing and the rear for storage, The business was originally established, in 18 5 6 , for the making of brushes alone and was the first of its kind in Toronto, the broom and wooden-ware industry being added in 18 7 8 . The firm have full control of the Newmarket Pail and Tub \Vorks. The manufacture of brooms is carried on at 150 Adelaide Street, where twenty hands are employed; seventy-five hands are engaged at the York Street factory, Four travellers look after the interests of this firm. ONTARIO BRUSH MANUFACTORY, 106 Front Street East, Sanderson, Bailey & Pillow, proprietors. Established in 1880, Employ from fifteen to twenty_ five hands and one traveller, and introduce goods all over the Dominion. JAMES \VILSON, brush manufacturer, was born in Burnley, Lancashire, England, and came to Toronto in 1863, when he established his present business. In 1882 he was burned out. He then employed fifteen hands; now he has only seven, :\1r, \Vilson is prospering in his business and attributes his success to the National Policy, . Carriage and Waggon Makers. T, BREWER, waggon-maker and carpenter, 1\0. 8 Gould Street. Busi_ ness was established in 1882, 25 3 8 4 The County of York, \Vr-.r. BRISCOE, waggon and sleigh-!TI kel., 139 Queen Street \Vest, established his business in 1842 and now employs nine men. He was born in Staffordshire, England, 1816, and settled in Toronto in 18+2. C RRIAGE, ::\I.-\NUFACTORY, 14 and 16 Alice Street, two doors west of Yonge, J. P. Sullivan, proprietor. Established in 1879, and employs from eighteen to twenty-two men. Makes all kinds of carriages and sleighs, as well as hook and ladder trucks for the Fire Brigade, His works are new and of brick, built in 1883, 52 x 85 feet in size and three storeys with base- ment, l\Ir. Sullivan was born in Prince Edward's County, Canada, and has had extended experience in his calling, having worked several years in New York and New Haven, U. S.; retured to Canada in 1872. . CARRI-'\GE MANUFACTORY, \V. Mahaffy & Son, proprietors, 130 Front Street East. Established in 1883, and employs from five to eight hands; does general waggon-making, horse-shoeing and blacks ithing. 'MATTHEW Guy, steam carriage and waggon works, 103 and 105 Queen Street East, established his business in 1871. He employs about twenty men. His specialties are cartage, grocery, express and delivery waggons and railroad lories, F. JOBIN, No, 93 Richmond Street \Vest, manufacturer of carnages and waggons, etc., both light and heavy; established in 1879. Employs fourteen men; does custom work and repairing in the retail business. The wood and blacksmith shop is 100 x 30 feet, Paint and trimming shop, 60 x 37 feet, Corset Manufacturers. . THE CROMPTON CORSET COMPANY, 78 York Street, Incorporated on the 15 th of March, 1880. President, F. Crompton; Vice-President, T. James Claxtón; Secretary and Treasurer, John \\Talker. This establishment gives employment to about three hundred and fifty hands, who are engaged in the making of hoop-skirts, corsets, bustles, etc, The travelling department includes five representatives, The firm has a branch hõuse in Montreal, the management of which is entrusted to T. J. Clahton & Co" who look after the interests of the company east of that city, while the Toronto office attends to the business west. They received a gold medal in 1881. and 1882, and also silver and bronze wherever their goods have been exhibited. They manufacture fourteen diff rent lines of goods, ,their specialty being "The Coraline Corset;' for which they hold a Dominion patent. The City of Toronto. 3 8 5 . Electricians. ELECTRIC LIGHT.- The first electric light machine in Toronto was con_ structed by J. J. \VRIGHT, in the summer of 1882, at the premises of the Rawbone Manufacturing Company, 81 Yonge Street. Mr. \Vright now has three machines supplying light on King and Y onge Streets, He employs the arc system of lighting, devised by himself, and covered by patents. One of the advantages of this system is that the lights can be turned on and off independently of the machine. He has examined all the :lifferent electric light machinery in the United States, and experimented with Professor Thompson, of the Philadelphia High School. T, J. FRAME & Co" 120 King Street East, manufacturers of telegraph and electric goods, harness ornaments, and dealers in electric supplies, and opticians' goods, etc. This firm was established in 1879 by T. J. Frame, who in 1883 admitted T, C. Elwood as a partner. The business is wholesale, and gives employment to fourteen men, Furniture Manufacturers and Dealers, GILMOUR & TWEEDIE, manufacturers of furniture, 75 Richmond Street \Vest. Established in 1883; employ five hands and do a wholesale business. Bedroom sets a specialty. ROBERT HAY & Co" furniture manufacturers, 19 and 21 King Street \Vest, This old established firm was originally known under the appella- tion of Jacques & Hay; but on the retirement of the former, in 1872, it became known by its present title, They employ on an average five hun- dred and seventy-five hands, most of whom are engaged in the manufacture of furniture. About three hundred thousand feet of lumber are a nually used for this purpose, from which is manufactured about $500:000 worth of furniture, Charles Rogers, one of the partners connected with the above firm, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1816, and came to Canada in 1851, and entered the service of the firm under the old dispensation. He was a carver by trade, and took charge of that department. After the retirement of l\1r. Jacques in 1872, Mr, Rogers became a partner of the firm. George Craig, another member of the above firm, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, [ 81 9, and came to Canada in 1842, He was from the time of his arrival associated with the firm as machinist and in 1872 became a partner. Iron Founders. EDWARD BECKETT, iron-founder, Queen Street \Yest, is a native of Staffordshire, England, came direct to Toronto in 1843 and has been In 3 86 The COU1lty of York, business here ever since, At one time he did a large and extensive trade; but commercial panics and other cause3 led to a collapse from which he honourably issued, but with diminished capital. l\Ir. Beckett's business motto is sound: "No man is ever exempt from the payment of a Just debt when he is able to pay in the future." At present he only employs eight men at his foundry. , :\lATTHEWS & BELL, proprietor of cornice works, 30 Adelaide Street \Vest. Firm composed of Asa :\Iatthews and \Yalter Bell. They manu- facture galvanized iron cornices, window caps, dormer windows, eave- troughs, and general tin and iron work. RICHARD RABJOH , iron and brass founder, Tecumseth Street, Estab- lished in Hamilton in 1874, with a Toronto agency. ::\10ved to Toronto in 1880. Employs from twenty to fifty hands, l\Ianufactures ornamental goods in bronze, brass and iron. Received thirteen first-class prizes in Hamilton in 1876 in ornamental bronze, brass and iron work, also in Toronto, London and other places has received first-class prizes, ST. LAWRENCE FOU, DRY CO:VIPA Y, 206 to 222 Front Street East, Established in, 1851 by \Vm. Hamilton, father of the present manager. In 18 79 the present company was formed. John Leys, president; A. B. Lee, vice-president; \Vm. Hamilton, manager and secretary. Employ about one hundred "and fifty hands, with capital stock of IOO,OOO, \Vater and gas-pipe and building and general casting specialties, . J ewellery Manufacturers, P, \V, ELLIS & Co., manufacturing jewellers, 31 King Street East. This business was established at 4 Toronto Street in 1877, and was moved to its present location in 1880. Employment is given to one húndred hands and three travelling agents, l\Iessrs. Ellis & Co, have the only factory of any importance in the Dominion, They also have a whole- sale department, in which they handle watchmakers' and jewellers' tools and supplies, also lines of American and English Jewellery, \Vatches, Diamonds and Precious Stones. Knitting Factories, JOSEPH SI:\IPSON, proprietor of the knitting factory, Esplanade East, was born at Charlestown, South Carolina, United States, 1825, His father, :\1. 1. Simpson, was of German extraction; his mother was a daughter of \Villiam Cohen, of Nova Scotia. :\1r. Simpson's parents died when he was but a mere lad, and he was thrown upon his own resource . TIle City of Toro1lto. 3 8 7 he attended the public school at Charlestown until he was sixteen years of age, then engaged in mercantile business in the State of Georgia until 1864, when he came to Toronto and embarked, in the manufacture of woollen underwear, without having had any previous experience. He first purchased from :i\Ir. Burton, on the Dundas Road, a carder and spin- ning-jack of one hundred and twenty spindles, and began business, His business rapidly increased, and a few years later he purchased the most improved machinery, "and from time to time has added to the same until at the present time he has eighteen carding machines, seven spinning jacks, and eighteen knitting machines, upon which he turns out from seventy-five to eighty dozen garments per day, of every grade and variety; his estab- lishment is the only one of the kind in Toronto. He employs about one hundred and twenty hands, seventy-fi\-e of whom are ladies. He manu- factures shirts and drawers of wool and nion. His shop is situated at the foot of Berkeley Street. He takes the wool or raw material from the sheep's back, and after being cleansed, it is carded, spun, coloured, aDd then knit upon the most improved form of spiral knitting machine into a long seamless sack, which is afterwards cut up into the desired length for the garment; sleeves are adùed, and it is then transferred to the shaping and drying room, where each garment is placed upon .wooden forms and stretched to the proper shape and size, then dried and finished. His building is of brick, 55 x 145 feet upon the ground, and three storeys in height; the third floor is used for carding or working the raw material, the second floor for spinning and knitting, and the first floor .for finishing, store-room and offices. He has the very best machinery manufactured, He has the pioneer estahlishment of Canada, being the oldest in the Dominion. He consumes about twelve hundred pounds of woo] and cotton per ùay; the value of his manufactures for one year has e'\.ceeded one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Leather, F'ancy Goods, etc. CHARLES CHA:\mERLAI (.\merican Novelty \Yorks) was born at I{ich- mond Hill, York County, 18+5, His father, Ryal Chamberlain, was born in the United" States in 1796; he came to Canada in 181+, and settled at Richmond Hill, where he engaged in the business of farming and building, which he carried on there until his death, _\ugust 5th, 1867, The mother of the subject of our sketch was a daughter of Colonel James Fulton, a U. E. L., who served in the \Var of 1812. He was born Lit St. John's, and came to settle in York County in the year 1792, They were the first family who located on Y onge Street, a fdmily of the name of :\1 iller being the econd 3 88 TIle COU1lty of York, Colonel Fulton first went to Elgin Mills, but eventually settled in Markham. He died in 1834. \Vhen twenty years of age, :\1r. Chamberlain began business in Toronto as builder, of which trade he had acquired a knowledge from his father. He continued in this business until 1875, when he com- menced as a property speculator. A great many buildings have been erected in various parts of the city by :\lr, Chamberlain, notably the block where he at present resides, called Chamberlain's Block. He has also built in the north-east part of the city one hundred houses, forty-three on Guilder- sleeve A venue, of which he sold twenty-four to C. F. Guildersleeve, of King- ston. During the present year l\Ir. Chamberlain has entered upon quite a new line of business to that he has hitherto conducted, At the American Novelty \Vorks, 90, 92 and 94 Duke Street, are manufactured children's toys and useful domestic articles, baby carriages, velocipedes, express waggons, wheel-barrows, sleds, etc. A large amount of can and willow is used in t,he construction of these articles, which is imported from the United States, The establishment is in charge of a most skilled workman, and the work turned out excels anything seen in this market, and equals any in the world. The American Novelty \V orks is the largest of its kind in Canada. Mr. Chamberlain married Esther, second daughter of Edward Smith, of \Vhitby Township. A. R. CLARKE & Co" leather manufacturers, 153 to 159 Eastern Avenue; office and salesroom, 28 Front Street East. This business was removed here from Pet rborough in 1882, and employs forty-five hands. The factory is 40 x 90 feet and four storeys, and has a large storehouse attached, and engine-house 15 x 30 feet, with a fifty horse-power engine, Armington & Sims' automatic cut-off pattern, made by Doty, As a specialty they manufacture black and colou,red sheep, calf and morocco, as well as all kinds of fanc} leathers, The firm has agencies in :\lontreal and Quebec cities. FREDERICK E. DIXON, manufacturer of leather belting, 70 King Street East, is a native of Toronto, being the youngest son of .\lexander Dixon, born in Carlow, Ireland, in 1792, and came to Toronto in 1830, commencing business as a saddlery hardware merchant, In 1840 he built the premises at 72 King Street East, where he afterwards conducted his business. This building was erected in front of the old Jail and Court-house block, and running through to Court Street, covered the spot where Lount and :\latthews were executed for participation in the Rebellion of 1837, The late Mr. Dixon was for several years Alderman of St. George's \Vard. He died in 1855. F. E. Dixon, the present head of the firm of F. E, Dixon & Co., commenced business at 81 Colborne Street in 1872, under the ,style . Tile City of Toronto. 3 8 9 of Dixon, Smith & Co, In March, 1883, he removed to his present premises, 70 King Street East, the firm in 1877 haying changed to F, E, Dixon & Co, Their principal manuf cturing specialties are the "Star Revit Leather Belting," also the" Patent Lap Joint:' Goods of all kinds and various sizes are sent by this firm to all parts of the Dominion, from New Brunswick to British Columbia, having three travellers constantly on these routes, The factory machinery is driven by steam-power, and they employ on an average about fourteen men, Ir. Dixon was formerly an officer in the Queen's Own Rifles, and was gazetted :\lajor in 1866, retiring in 1869, retaining rank. JULIAN SALE & Co. Firm composed of Julian Sale and \V. J. Somer- ville. Business established in 1874 by Mr. J, Sale. lanufacturers of po ket-books, satchels, bill cases, and all kinds of fancy leather and plush goods-exclusively for the wholesale trade throughout Canada, Employs about twenty hands, This was the first firm to engage exclusivel)' in their line of goods in the Dominion. Address: 169 Bleeker Street. P. STRAUSS, leather manufacturer, etc" 436 King Street East, is a native of Belgium, and came to America with his parents in 1845. In 1876 he located in this city and engaged in his present business, viz.: manu- facturing mats from all kinds of skins, and including also the trade of wool- buying. Twelve hands are employed by l\Ir. Strauss in this business, which is the only one in the production of this class of goods in the city. Lime and Stone, D. D. CHRISTIE, proprietor of stone quarries and lime manufacturer. The works and quarries are situate three miles west of l\Iilton Station, on the C,P ,R., and there from thirty to forty men are employed. The material finds its chief market in Toronto and the surrounding districts, tl.lOugh con- siderable quantities are shipped to other localities. He has three lime-kilns, with -a capacity of nine car loads (3,600 bushels) weekly. In the year Ib83 the stone shipped from the quarries amounted to three hundred car loads. J, & G . FARQUHAR, contractors and lime merchants, 70 Esplanade East. This firm manufactures lime and cement at " Limehouse," near Guelph, and during the past year have sold over fifty thousand bushels of lime in Toronto alone, besides a similar quantity collectively to the other towns of the Province, They also import a vast deal of stone, and take up contracts for the making of roads, having paved several streets in the city. EDWARD TERRY, dealer in Portland and Thorold cements, fire-brick, sewer pipes, lime, plaster, etc., 23 and 25 George Street. This business was 39 0 The County of York. first established by T. \V, Coleman, and was taken possession of by the present proprietor about twelve years ago. Mr. Terry was born in Kent, England, in 1839, and came to Canada in 1857 and located in Toronto, where he has since resided, He has the city agencies for Thorold cement and New Brunswick Plaster of Paris, the latter of which he makes a specialty, Machinists, . lAMES FINDLAY, 50 Esplanade, machinist, manufacturer of 'steam engines, shafting and general machinery, established business in 1871, and employs from six to eight men. Is the patentee of a car replacer, or railway dog; alsp of an improved hose fastener. Mr. Findlay was formerly an enþineer on the Grand Trunk Railway. FREDERICK IDE DEN, machinist, Duke Street, was born at Hythe, En land, and learned his trade in Brighton. He came to Canada in 1870, and worked first as journeyman fo Dickey, Neil & Co., with whom he stayed three years. He then entered the shop of Fensom & Co., elevator manufacturers, where he has charge of the mechanical department, com- prising a force of twenty-eight men, where is turned out good and efficient work. 1\1r. Idenden was married in England, He is a member of St. George's Lodge of Freemasons; attends the English Church; and his political views are Conservative. lAMES MARTIN,mechanical engineer and machinist, 15 Sorauren Avenue, Parkdale, was born in Dundee, Scotland, in 1820, and is the son of Peter Martin. He came to Canada in 1848, and located in Toronto. He was sent out from Scotland to -;\Iontreal to fit up two locomotive engines, the ses::ond and third in Canada, on the Lachine Line, manufactured by Kinmond & Co" of Dundee, Scotland. He afterwards engaged in the St. :\Iary's foundry for some time, and came to York in the fall of 1848, and entered the service of the late F, H. Medcalf, machinist, Queen Street East, Toronto, where he remained a considerable time, and then went to Brampton, Ontario, and entered the employ of Haggart Bros., foundrymen. After three years he came back to Toronto, and engaged in the Soho Foundry, from which he entered the service of the Grand Trunk Railway contractors, and remained there till near the completion of the line, when he went to the St. Lawrence Foundry, where he was some nine years; after which he started business for himself in the engine and machine lin , and carried on in Toronto the works known as the Ontario Engine \V orks for some fifteen years, when he left the business in the hands of his son 1 ames. He represented the \Vard of St. David in the Municipal Council, The City of Toronto. 39 1 Toronto, for two years, 1874 and 1875. He is a member of. the Presby- terian Church, and Independent in politics. After a married life of forty-four years, his wife, l\lary 1\1 udie, of Lochie, Scotland, died in Park- dale on the 19th of October, 1884, Of his family four sons and two daughters survive, \VILLIAM POLSON & Cb" 81 Esplanade Street East, engineers, machin- ists and machinery brokers, makers of engines and boilers. Steam yacht machinery a specialty, Established in 1883, and employ from twenty to thirty hands, Mineral Waters. CLARK BROS., mineral water manufacturers, 34 and 36 \Villiam Street. The business was established in 1879, and was first located at 229 Queen Street \Vest, removing to theIr present premises in 1883, The property has a frontage of 41 x 126 feet, and the manufactory gives employment to si teen hands, JOHN VERNER, soda and mineral water manufacturer, 124 Berkeley Street. The business was established in 1867, the present owner purchasing in 1881 from \. Burns, and in 1883 from James \Valsh. The factory is 40 x 100 feet, and two storeys high, and employ from ten to fourteen hands. 1\1r. Verner came to Canada in 1881. CHARLES \VILSON, manufacturer of aërated waters, 481 Sherbourne Street, was born in Ireland, and came to Canada with his parents in 1839, He was engaged in this business in 110ntreal previous to his settle- ment in Toronto in 1875. His place has a frontage of 30 x 86, three storeys in height, and gives employment to sixteen hands. :\lr. \Vilson has a medal from Philadelphia, and one from Sydney; his business extends from Port Arthur to Kingston. Miscellaneous Manufactures. JAMES ADA:\IS, sail maker, Tinning's wharf, is a native of London, England, where he learned his trade, He came to Canada in 1840, and first was engaged at his trade in Quebec, afterwards removing to Kingston, where he stayed seven years, He came to Toronto in 1851, and estab- lished himself in business on Tinning's wharf, but was burned out after he had been there three years, He next removed to a tannery building which then occupied the site of the present \Valker House, where he rcmained four years, returning again to Tinning's wharf at the expiration of that time, where he has since been extensively engaged as a sail manufacturer, filling large contracts for Government, in tents, flags, etc, He is the only one in this line of business in Toronto, 39 2 TIle County of York, Do nXION SAW AND LEAD \VORKS, 253 to 271 King Street \Vest. Established in 1870 by J as. Robertson, of Montreal. This firm has increased its business to such an extent that they now employ fifty hands. They manufacture all kinds of saws, white lead, putty, lead pipe, shot and colours, A. :\Icl\Iichael is Manager, MESSRS. T. FANE & Co., bicycle manufacturers and importers, Sole makers of the celebrated" Comet" bicycle, the only machine manufactured in the County of York. Also sole agents for the well-known "Invincible " and other first-class English bicycles and tricycles, Iessrs. Fane have earned for themselves a wide and well-deserved reputation. THE FENSOM ELEVATOR \VORKS, 34 to 38 Duke Street, John Fensom, proprietor, established in 1872, employs about twenty-five m..en ; manufac- tures hand, hydraulic, and steam elevators. He does business not only in Toronto, but in adjoining cities, :\1r. Fensom settled in Toronto in 1846, and for several years carried on the business of a machinist. GRAHAM & Co., proprietors of the Graham File \Vorks, 73 Adelaide Street \Vest, Toronto, manufacturers of files and rasps, The following list of awards at the exhibitions named testify to the reputation of the pro- ductions of this firm: First prize and bronze medal at Toronto, 1879 and 1882; first prize at Kingston, 1882; and at Guelph first prize in 1883, Sales last year $9,000, Give employment to ten hands, l\Ir. T. Graham, founder of the firm, was born near Sheffield, England, in 1834, where his ;lncestors had been engaged in the file trade for a century and a-half, 1r. Graham came to Toronto and established his business here in 1874, from which period to the present time he has devoted himself to the devolopment of this trade. GROSVENOR, CHATER & Co., paper makers, Their paper works are in ßngland and \Vales, and established as early as 1690. Their Toronto branch was established at 26 Church Street in 1882, Canniff Haight, manager, does exclusively a wholesale business, supplying jobbers. GEORGE IBBOTSON & SON, manufacturers of cutlery, 12 Francis Street, started business in 1868. Three men are employed. 1\1r. Ibbotson learned his trade in Sheffield, England, and came to Toronto in 1862. LAUDER BROS" 39 Adelaide Street \Vest, manufacturers of steam gauges, vacuum gauges, engineers' and plumbers' brass goods, etc, Established in 1881 ; employ four men. H, SELLS & SON, manufacturers of apple cider and cider vinegar, estab- lished in 1881. They were located at 55 Adelaide Street; but they removed to their present quarters, 952, 954 and 956 Queen Street \Vest, where they The City of Toronto. 393 are also engaged in manufacturing Sell's improved corn huskers and cider mills, controlling the trade in that line, having patents on five different mills, which they have managed for the past twenty years. They are also manu- facturers of Sell's patent friction clamp, which can be used for straps, ropes, etc. The factory has a frontage of fifty feet and is four storeys in height. JULIUS SILVERSTEIN, manufacturers of tassels and fringes, being the only one in this line of business in the Province, Established in 1880 at No, 29 Front Street, Employs a staff of forty-one hands. Mr. Silverstein only sells his manufactured goods to wholesale houses. His trade has grown from the smallest dimensions, and is now doing a business of over $+0,000 per year, 1'1r, Silverstein was born in Hungary, and came to Canada in 1880, since which time he has been resident in Toronto. \V, J. SUTTO & Co" hair cloth manufacturers, 962 Queen Street \Vest.' was established in 1882, the firm being composed of \V. J. Sutton, sen'r. and \V. J. Sutton, jun'r, who are both of English birth. Previous to commencing business in this city they were for twelve years engaged in the States. Their factory is one of the first in the Dominion, where eight hands are employed, and five hundred yards of hair cloth is produced weekly, woven by seventeen of the finest improved American looms. TAYLOR BROTHERS, paper manufacturers, warehouses and offices 30 \Vest Market Square, In 1845 John Taylor & Bros, erected their first mill on the Don River, and from that modest commencement may be dated the connection of the name of Taylor with the manufacture of paper in this city, On the death of John Taylor the rm became Thomas Taylor & Bro., and on the retirement of Thomas and George, the business was assumed by the three sons of George, viz,: John F" George A. and \Villiam Taylor, who now compose the present firm. They at present own three mills and employ one hundred hands, their output being four tons every twelve hours, R, THOJ3,ÑE & Co., 79 Richmond Street \Vest, manufacturers of woven wire, spiral spring mattresses, and exclusive manufacturers of" Johnson's. waggon gear and Newton's patent shaft coupling. Established their busi- ness in 1880, being the first of the kind in the city, Employ from six to twelve hands, and three travelling agents. The firm received the highest award given in 1882, viz., a bronze medal. The TORONTO GUN AND CLIMAX SKATE ì\IANUFACTURING COMPANY, 851 Yonge Street, was established in 1883. Twelve men are employed. The goods are sold on commission all over Canada, besides which there is a good business done in the gun repairing line, The following are the 394 The County of York, officers :-Orlando Dunn, president and manager; John Hoskins, H. S. Strathy, John Dunn, and \V. C. Adams, directors, ELIJAH \VESTMAN, manufacturer of butchers' tools, saws, etc., 177 King Street East. This manufactory is the only one of its kind in the cIty, and gives employment to six men. 1\1r. \Vestman also keeps general hardware, and superintends all work done in his shop. \VESTMAN & BAKER, prmtmg press manufacturers, II9 Bay Street. This business was established in 1874 by James H. and Samuel R. Baker, both natives of Toronto. They are the only makers of this class of work in Canada, and turn out Gordon presses, Beaver's cutting machines, Baker's binding machines, and other work of a similiar kind. Mr. \\' est- man is a native of Toronto, was born in 1848, and learned the trade of machinist with John Fensom. Mr. Baker was born in Toronto in 18 4 6 , and learned his trade with Dickey, Neil & Co. . Mouldings and ,Picture Frames, J AMES CASH & Co., manufacturers of mouldings and picture frames, r I Colborne Street. This business was first established on Gerra'rd Street by James Cash, in 1873. The present co-partnership was formed in thé spring of 188+. They employ from ten to fifteen hands and do a wholesale business. THE COBBAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 47-61 Hayter Streeet, This business was established by C, G, Cobban in 1874, and came into posses- sion of the present firm in June, 1881, being composed of the following: John Bacon and Frank J. Phillips. About one hundred and twenty-five hands are employed in the manufacture of mouldings, looking-glasses, frames and all kinds of cabinet work. The firm also imports platt?, German and sheet-glass, making a specialty of plate-glass and silvering. In 1882, they received a silver medal for mirrors at the Industrial ExhibItion, Toronto. The building has a frontage of 200 x 50 feet, and contains three storeys, besides which there is alarge yard for the storage of lumber, etc. This firm ranks as one of the largest in the Dominion, having a trade which eÀtends from the Atlantic to'the Pacific ocean. Overalls, LATHAM & LOWE, manufacturers of clothing, 35 Scott Street, estab- lished their business in 1881. They employ 100 hands, and two travelling salesmen, who traverse the counties from Halifax to British Columbia, TIle CÜy of Toronto. 395 . Paints and Oils, McKE ZIE, l\Iusso & Co" Toronto Varnish Ianufactory, corner of Strange Street and Eastern Avenue, This business was established in 1873. Their manufactures include all kinds of varnish and japans, with a specialty of a high-class carriage, cabinet-makers', musical and japanners' instrument varnishes,. Their producing capacity is from four hundred to five hundred gallons daily, and they are the sole firm in the city in this line, Two travellers introduce their goods over Ontario and a portion of the Lower Provinces. They were awarded extra prizes at the Provincial Exhibitions of 1874, 1878 and 1879; diploma in 1880; bronze medals in 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1884 at ths Industrial Exhibition, being the highest prizes given at those exhibits. The PEOPLE'S OIL COMPANY, 5 and.7 Church Street, was established in 1882 by \V, J, Nichol. The building, which is of brick, is 100 X 40 feet. The specialties are N.P, engine machine oil, and gilt-edge burning oil. The business, which amounts to $25,000 annually, has doubled since it was started. J\Ir. Nichol contemplates enlarging it to a considerable extent. A. G. PEUCHEN, paint manufacturer, corner of Front and Princess Streets, In the spring of 1879 this industry was commenced in a small way on the Esplanade, It attained such proportions that it was doubled each succeeding year. In 1883 Mr. Peuchen erected his present ommo- dious factory, which is 64 x 100 feet and four storeys high, He employs from twelve to fifteen men-and four travelling salesmen, QUEE CITY OIL COMPANY, 30 Front Street East, was established in Toronto by Samuel Rogers & Co., in January, 1877, under the name of the Queen City Oil \Vorks, which was changed to its present style in 1882, with Samuel Rogers as manager. The works were on the Esplanade till 1882, when they were removed to their present location. The manu- factory is situated on Sherbourne Street, and is a brick structure 66 x 119 feet, with a wing 60 x 22. There are two brick warehouses on Princess Street, being respectively 60 x 22 feet and 40 x 80 feet, the latter having a wing 25 x 80 feet. There are also offices and cooper shops. Eighteen men are employed at the works; nine in the office, and twelve on the road in Ontario, At l\Iontreal there is a branch warehouse, where a large quantity of oil is sold annually, The business has increased from time to time until at present it reaches fully half a million of dollars a year. All kinds of lubricating and refined oils are manufactured, and sold in e\ ery part 39 6 The COll1lty of York, " of the Dominion, The company owns six tank cars, which are constantly kept busy on the road. In 1883 they received gold medals at Toronto, Guelph and London. Pianos, Organs, etc. AGENCY OF THE SPEIGHT MANUFAéTURING COMPANY, 501 Yonge Street, C, Chapman, manager. He is a native of Lincolnshire, England, and came to Canada in 1846, He has been manufacturers' agent for the last twenty years, handling pianos, etc, lAMES COLEMAN, organ builder, 173 Dalhousie Street, is a native of the Isle of \Vight, England, and came to Canada in 1848. He settled in Toronto in 1851, and commenced as carpenter and builder, which business eventually developed into the present firm of organ builders, trading under the name of Coleman & Sons. CROSSIN PIANO 1ANUFACTURING COMPANY, 85l -Yonge Street. Estab- lished in 1883, Employ about thirty men, and turn out about three instru- ments per week. · THE DANIEL BELL ORGAN COMPANY was established on King Street in 18 75, In 1881 the business was removed to 56-64 Pearl Street, where the manufacture of the Excelsior Organ is carried on. Forty men are en ployed in turning out from fifteen to eighteen organs weekly. In 1884 J\Ir. loseph PriestII1an became owner of the business. The factory is three storeys in height, and has every accommodation for doing good work. GERHARDT HEINTZMAN, piano manufacturer, 86 York Street. l\1r. Heintzman first commenced business in 1878 on Little Richmond Street, where he made his first ten pianos, doing all his own work. In the following year he moved to 365 Queen treet, where he remained till 1881, when he removed to his present location, He has so extended his business that he now employs from fifty to sixty hands, and turns out eight pianos a week. He makes a specialty of the Upright Piano. At the Industrial Exhibition. of 1881 he received a silver medal for producing a superior quality of tone in the Upright piano. This was repeated in 1882 when he also received a bronze medal for elaborate design and finish of case, In 1883 he received an illuminated address for excellent exhibit. 1\1r. Heintzman contemplates making still further enlargements to his factory. He employs a force of the very best workmen, among whom may be mentioned lacobF, Quosig, tone and fine action regulator; 0, ::\lartin, foreman in the action department; Ir. Louis Schreiner, foreman in the varnishing and p.olishing department. The City of Toro1lto. 397 THEODORE A. HEINTZMAN, piano manufacturer, 117 King Street \Vest, first established his business on York Street in 1860, In 1862 he moved to the corner of Duke and George Streets, and in 1861 located at his present place. He now employs about one hundred and fifty men, and makes from twelve to fifteen pianos weekly, Four travelling salesmen are employed, besides local agents throughout the Province. 1\1r, Heintzman was born in Berlin, Prussia, in 181 7, and in 1850 s ttled in New York City, where he was fore- man in Lichte & Newman's piano manufactory for two years, He then removed to Buffalo where he remained till he came to Toronto. From his early youth he has been a practical piano-maker. · E. LYE, 18 St. Albans, manufacturer of pipe organs, Established his business in a small way in 1865 on Yonge Street, and moved to his present location in 1874. He does work principally to order for churches, OCTAVIUS NEWCOMBE & Co" manufacturers of square and upright pianos, 10 7 and 10 9 Church Street; warerooms corner of Church and' Richmond Streets; piano-case factory, 15 Queen Street East. This business was established in 18 7 1 by 1\1r, New ombe and two others, and continued until 18 7 8 when the present firm was formed, the present commodious factory being soon after erected, The leading upright styles are thp Boudoir, the Salon and the Cabinet-Grand. The Square pianos are also made in different styles. The firm employs four travelling agents, \VAGNER, ZEIDLER & Co., key-board manufacturers, and dealers in piano and organ materials, factory 59 to 63 Adelaide Street \Vest, offices and warerooms I16 Bay Street. This business was established in 18 79 by Carl Zeidler, and in May 1880 was first carried on by the present firm which now gives employment to forty-five men, l\Ir, Zeidler was the first in the Dominion to establish this particular line of business, He was born in Berlin, Prussia, in 1852, and settled in Toronto in 18 7 8 , S, R, \V ARREN &" SO , manufacturers of church organs, etc., corner \Vellesley and Ontario Streets. This business was established in 1836, by S. R, \Varren, in lontreal, and was removed to this city in 1878. The main workshop is a building two storeys in height, measuring 80 x 100 feet; office and voicing rooms are 35 x 100, and thirty-seven feet in height. The establishment also contains engine and boiler house, store and dry rooms (operated by Patent Common Sense Dry Apparatus), this block heing 4 0 x 3 0 feet. The buildings are heated by steam, thirty horse-power boilers, and fifteen horse-power engine, and the business gives employment to about thirty men. Their pipe organs received the gold medals in Ib79,'80 in Toronto; 39 8 TIle COllnty of York. silver medals in l\lontreal in 1861 ; and ten diplomas at various fairs and different dates, There are nearly a thousand of the firm's organs in use between Nova Scotia and British Columbia. R. S. \VILLIAMS & SONS, manufacturers of pianos; factory 31 to +1 Hayter Street; offic and salesrooms, 143 Y onge Street, This business was established in 1854, in a small way, from twelve to fifteen hands being employed. It has been increased from time to time to such an extent that at present employment is given to about one hundred and fifty skilled work- men, who turn out about twenty pianos and six organs per week. In 185+ this firm was the first to introduce the making of melodeons, subsequently introducing harmoniums and organs, being the first in the Dominion in thqt line. Their factory is 40 x 230, and is six storeys high. They have sales- rooms at 229 Dundas Street, London, besides local agents in other places. Ten travelling salesmen are employed. Pump Manufacturers, NORTHEY & Co" pump manufacturers, proprietors and sole makers of " Northey's Patent Steam Pump," patented in 1878. Thomas Northey first established his business in Hamilton and removed it to Toronto in 18 7 8 , John P. Northey, the son of the patentee, carries on business at the present time, and employs from twenty-five to fifty hands añd two travellers, The works are situated at the corner of Front and Parliament Streets, ONTARIO PUMP COMPA Y, corner Spadina Avenue and Cecil Street; president, Mr. O. R, Peck. The business was established in 18 73 for the manufacture of wooden pumps, In 1882 was commenced the manufacture of iron pumps also; and recently, in addition, the firm began to make auto- matic windmills of one to forty horse-power, for use in pumping or forcing water, grinding grain, cutting wood and running all kinds of machinery, They employ in all about twenty-five men at the works, and have about thirty-five agents in different parts of the Dominion, sending their machines, etc" to all districts between British Columbia and the Maritime Provinces. Size of the factory 200 x 30 feet, with two and three flats. Mr. 0, R, Peck, President and Manager, is the eldest son of \Villiam Peck, a native of \Vindfarthing-, Norfolk, England, who came to Canada about 1840, and commenced farming in Leeds County, Mr, 0, R. Peck married Alice, fourth daughter of the late John Hitchcock, of Sudbury, Suffolk, England. Planing Mills, etc. \V, BURKE, manager of planing mill, 75 Richmond Street \Vest. This mill was first built in 1869, was burned in 1873, and was partly rebuilt the The CilJI of Toronto. 399 . same year, The present building is built of brick and stone, thre.e storeys high, with basement, and extends 208 feet on Sheppard Street and 16 4 on Richmond. It contains twenty different shops, which are rented to various parties, The machinery is propelled by a one hundred horse-power " Corliss Engine," built by Inglis & Hunter. HENRY Fox & Co., manufacturers of sashes, doors and blinds, and all kinds of building materials, 32+ to 330 King Street \Vest. The business was established in 1871. Messrs, Fox & Co. are also builders and con- tractors, and during the building season employ a much larger force than ordinarily, which is from twenty-five to fifty men, They also do an exten- sive business in the manufacture of show cases, H. JOSLIN & Co., planing-mill", Severe. Street, commenced business in 18 7 8 on Ontario Street. They moved to their present premises in 188 3, They make sashes, doors and blinds, employing fifteen to twenty-five hands, The machinery is propelled by a twenty-five horse-power engine. KENNEDY & Co., planing-mills, l\IcDonnell Square, manufacturers of sashes, doors and blinds. The business was established by Mr, \Valton in 18 7 2 , the present firm obtaining possession about three years ago. Thirty hands are kept employed in this factory, and amongst the various materials supplied, builders' materials and supplies may be noted as a specialty, The firm uses annually about one n\illion five hundred thousand feet of lumber, besides planing custom work to a like amount. In the year 1882 they dressed nearly five hundred "thousand feet of lumber for the l\Ianitoba market. MOIR & MCCALL, 26 Sheppard Street, manufacturers of sash doors, blinds, mouldings, flooring and sheeting, established their business in 18 7 2 , and employ in this department about twenty-five hands, The firm also conducts a building and contracting trade in whi h it employs from twenty- five to forty hands. ' GEORGE RATHBONE, 1038 Queen Street 'Vest, proprietor of planing mill, where are manufactured sashes, doors, blinds, etc, Established in 1881, and at present employs from twenty to thirty hands. Dresses custom lumber and keeps a general stock of house furnishing, JOHN SIM fI GTON, proprietor of planing mill anù circular saw works, Esplanade, established his business in 1879; the machinery in his building being driven by a fifteen horse-power engine. He makes a specialty of the manufacture of cigar boxes. 1\1r. Simmington settled in Toronto in 18 57, and was for many years engaged in ship-work. 26 4 00 TIle' COUllty of York. . THE. TOROKTO PLA IKG MILL COMPANY, corner Niagara and Tecum-. seh Streets, was established in 1879 on Lisgar Street, by Messrs, \y, H. Essery & Reed, and formed into a joint stock company some four years later, under the Presidency of James Tennant, with a capital stock of $100,000. They employ fifty hands, who are engaged in the manufacture of sashes, doors, blinds, and hard and soft wood flooring. The size of the main building is 140 x 70 feet, and is two storeys high, In addition to a substantial boiler and engine room of brick, there is another shed I+OX 30 feet, and a dry kiln 19 x 70 feet (Rundell's). The machinery is propelled by a two hundred horse-power engine, with three boilers, The yard is accom- modated with two switches which connect with the railway, Lumber, kiln- dried, dressed and re-shipped, a specialty. J. P. \ V AGN ER, contractor, etc., was born in Rhine Province, Prussia, 182 5, and settled in Rochester, N .y" in 1837, He early learned the trade of a builder, and subsequently became a contractor, He came to Toronto in 18 55, and undertook the erection of the Rossin House, which he com- pleted in 18 57. Since then he has been steadily engaged as a builder and contractor, and has erected many of the better buildings and residences in Toronto, among which are the houses of l\1r. Perkins on College Street, and of 1\1r. McMaster, Bloor Street, and \Valker's store, King Street; he also finished the Central Prison. In connectiol1Jwith his business Mr. \Vagner has a manufactory of sashes, doors, blinds, etc" at 59 to 63 Adelaide Street West, He is also senior partner in the Dominion Piano and Organ Keyboard Company, and senior partner in the Dominion Show-case Manu- facturing Company, . In the three businesses there are on an average about one hundred and twenty hands employed. JOHN \VOOD was born in Kent County, England, in 1815. He early learned the use of tools, and became a thorough mechanic in different lines, principally as a carpenter and millwright. He settled in Toronto in 18 44, and in 18 7 0 started a planing-mill on the corner of Front and Erin Streets, 45 x 100 feet, the machinery of which is propelled by a thirty horse-power engine. The firm of John \Vood & Sons also manufactures boxes and packing cases, In 1835 1r. Wood married Elizabeth Steers, who was born in Kent, England, in 1815. Of his family three sons and three daughters are living, viz,: James, Philip, Amos, Emily, Sophia and Correna, Scale Makers, O TARIO SCALE \V ORKS, 123 Berkeley Street, S. E, Durnan, Proprietor; established, May, 1883. He manufactures all kinds of scales from counter to platform. Local trade, TIle City of Toro1lto. = 4 01 C, \YILSON & Co., Toronto Scale \Vorks, 45 Esplanade. This is one of the oldest businesses of the kind in the Dominion, having been established i 1851. Employment is given to twenty-five men and eight travellers, 1\Ir, C. \Vilson was born in Co. Armagh, Ireland, in 1818, and settled in Ottawa in 1840, obtaining a position in the department of the Surveyor- General. He came to Toronto in 1849, Stained Glass. , Do n ION STAI ED GLASS COMPANY, Burke's Block, 77 Richmond Street \Yest. N. T. Lyon, President; John Harrison, :\Ianager in cutting depart- ment; \V, \Vakefield, :Manager in lead, glazing, etc., department. This business was established in 1882, and is at the present time one of the leading firms in the Dominion, They do a large business in cut glass, and an extensive amount of church work, and employ from fifteen to twenty hands, Mr. Lyon commenced the manufacture of stained glass in this city in 1863, having then entered the employment of 1\1r. J, McCausland, with whom he remamed eighteen years, JOSEPH MCCAUSLAND, glass stainer, house, sign and ornamental painter, established his business in 1852, and added the stained-glass works in 18 57, being the first of the kind in the city. He is now employing 0\ er fifty hands. Mr. McCausland was born in County Armagh, Ireland, in 182 9, and came to Toronto in 1836, Stone Works, TORONTO STOr-;'E CO.,95 Queen Street East. Campbell, O'Brien & Co., proprietors, manufacturers óf all kinds of artificial stone, crocks, arches, keystones, etc. Concrete floors a specialty, Established 1870; came into the present hands in 1873. They received the first prize at the Ontario Industrial Exhibition in 1883 for concrete flooring. Surgical Appliances. CHARLES CLUTHE, surgical machinist, inventor and sole manufacturer of the patent perfected Spiral Spring Truss for cure of rupture. Any invention tending to lessen human suffering, or assisting to ameliorate the unfortunate condition of those who are crippled or deformed, is deserving of patronage, and the inventor is worthy of being ranked. among the bene- factors of his day and generation. Toronto, in the fifty years of her existence, has produced many men of sterling worth, while others have taken up their abode within her boundaries and done work reflecting credit upon themselves and on the place of their adoption, Such a one is :\lr. 4 02 The COllnty of York. Charles Cluthe, the well-known ,surgical machinist of 118 King Street \Yest. He is thoroughly acquainted with the business in all its details, having served his apprenticeship to it in his fatherland, Germany, He landed on this continent seventeen or eighteen yeãrs ago, and .having worked at his trade for some time in several of the leading cities of the States-New York, Cincinnati, Indianapolis-he came to Canada in 1870, commencing business in a small way among his compatriots in Berlin. Here he acquired the reputation of being a conscientious, hard-working man, and his business increased in its proportion to such an extent that after three years he determined to remove to Hamilton. Mr. Cluthe's good luck accompanied him there. Gradually he extended the field of his operations, making periodical visits to outside towns, and by judicious advertising, which is " the keystone of success," from possessing a merely local reputation, he began to acquire a provincial one. Then it was that he recognized the necessity of locating at so e central place, where he would have the best facilities for shipping goods and carrying on his operations. Accordingly about four years ago he located in this cIty, where he keeps seven men constantly at work in making different apparatuses for the relief or cure of deformities of the human frame, Chief among these is his patent Spiral Spring Truss for ruptured persons. The untold suffering from this complaint . ' goes without saying; thousands are unable to pursue their daily toil, and endure tortures of a terrible nature from hernia or rupture. It has there- fore been Mr. Cluthe's object to invent an instrument which should relieve the suffering and restore them to health and strength, His long experience in treating cases of this kind, especially among farmers and working people, led him to experiment and make various improvements, so that he has been enabled to perfect a truss which challenges competition. The very best spring wire is used for its manufacture. The top plate, which revolves freely, and gives to every side motion, turns on a solid brass shoulder three- sixteenths of an inch, resting on a washer on either side in brass, nickle- plated, making the lightest, strongest, coolest, and most perfect truss pad in existence, In speaking the tongue acts as a valve in the mouth, which causes a pressure immediately on rupture, This pad is so perfect as to imitate instantly the motion of the tongue on rupture, It is so arranged as to have down-up pressure as holding with the finger. \Vhen pressure is brought to bear on it a perfect contraction of the opening made by the rup!ure is the result. For instance, press the hand with fingers and thumb extended over the rupture, then draw fingers and thumb together, bringing the flesh with them, and an exact illustration is afforded of what the spiral pad does. In addition to this the air can circulate freely under and around TIle City of Torollto, 4 0 3 the pad; in fact, as regards ventilation, the pad is not to be excelled. The charge for this instrument is moderate-cheap, in fact, to the sufferer, as thousands of persons in this country and the States can affirm, Mr. Cluthe has agents all over the Dominion, and a branch office at Buffalo, l\,Y, He pays periodical visits to London, Hamilton, St, Thomas, Peterboro', Ottawa, Kingston, Belleville, O\ven Sound, Stratford, Guelph, and other places, and at each of these does a large business. It is estimated that since he commenced operations in Canada, nearly 50,000 trusses have been made and sold by him, In speaking of the instruments he manufactures reference should be made to the machines for curing curvature of the spine, distorted or disjointed bones, bad arms, legs, club feet, etc, They are marvels of simplicity, and the benefit derived from them is incalculable. Those who are so fortunate as to possess sound bodies may perhaps question the fact that instruments such as these can fulfil the functions ascribed to them, but if they take the trouble to call at Mr. Cluthe's estab- lishment, opposite the Rossin House, that gentleman will doubtless be willing to, exhibit his large and yaried stock to the incredulous, Managing his business on legitimate mercantile principles, honourable and liberal in his policy, never refusing to afford substantial assistance to the suffering poor, it is a pleasure to refer to his establishment as a representative one in its line, and to the proprietor as a man of whom any place might be proud in calling him one of her citizens, Tanneries, , BECKETT & \VICKETT, tannery, corner Cypress and Front Streets, office and warehouse, 30 Front Street, East. ThIs business was established July, 188!. The size of the buildings IS respectively 40 x 80 feet and 40 x 65 feet, all four storeys in height. They tan all kinds of common leather, and as a specialty make coloured bag leather. They have also secured Dobson's patent for the manufacture of grain, upper and lace leather, which is considered the best wearing"material marle, the firm being the sole manufacturers of this kind in the Dominion. They were a warded a silver medal of merit in 1873. They employ about forty men and run fifty. five vats. The tannery was originally located in \Yhitby Township, being started there by 1\1r. \Vickett in 1 69, who was awarded a silver medal at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. J. n. Beckett, the first-mentioned namc in connection with the above firm, was born in Devonshire, Eng- land, in 1828, and settled in Canada in 18+6. He is a miller by trade, and for some years managed the mill of the Hon. John Simpson at Bowman. viIle, and while engaged there was awarded thc first prize at the Ehhibition 4 0 4 The COU1lty of York, held in London, England, in 1851, for the best barrel of flour. He subsequently owned mills at \Vhitby, and while there was awarded a silver medal and ploma at the Paris (France) Exhibition of 1867, He was Reeve of the Township of\Vhitby for twenty years, and was highly esteemed in that section as a friend and neighbour. He settled in Toronto in 1882, and joined 1\1r. \Vickett in the above business. . Window Shades. \V. G. BLACK, manufacturer of tents, awnings, window blinds, etc., 8 King Street East, established his business in this city in 1880, having conducted a similar business in Hamilton several years. He is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1851. 1\1r. Black employs six hands in his manufactory, and during last year cut over 4,000 yards of material for awnings alone. ::\IACFARLANE, lcKINLAY & Co. (Union \Vindow Shade Company), 3 1 and 33 St. Alban Street. This firm manufacture and deal largely in ornamental oiÏ shades, shade cloth and spring rollers, tassels, cords, fringes, shade pulls and ornaments. The business was first established in \Vood- stock, Ontario, in 1878, by 1\1r. l\IacFarlane who removed to this city in 1880. They employ thirty-five hands, and two travelling agents, who secure orders from Halifax to \Vinnipeg. In the years 1882-3 the firm received a silver medal at the Toronto Industrial Fair; also bronze medal in 1882. They received two bronze medals and diploma at the St. John, New Brunswick, Exhibition in 1883, From a small beginning the business of this firm has rapidly increased, and at present they do fully $60,000 annually. Their specialty is the Hartshorn spring roller, of which they hold the sole agency in Canada. Their building is 45 x 200 feet, with a height of two storeys, 1\1. J. OTTMAN & Co" 417t Queen Street \Vest, trading under the name of "The Toronto \Vindow Shade Company;' manufacturers and dealers in plain and decorated oil-finished hand-made cloth shades and spring rollers for stores and dwellings. The business was established in 1882, and has extended greatly since its commencement, doing a rapidly increasing trade in the rural districts. The members of the firm fl.re practical decorators and designers-no small advantage in these days of competition.. 1r. Ottman is a native of the United States, JOH \VOOD, manufacturer of window shades, 464 Yonge Street. Tlte Czty of Toronto. 4 0 5 THE \VHOLESALE TRADE. Booksellers and Stationers. BROWN BROTHERS, stationers, bookbinders, account book manufac- turers, publishers of diaries, etc., 66 and 68 King Street East, and 7 and 9 Court Street, Toronto, commenced business in May, 1856, succeeding their father, who was established in the same line within a door or two of the present house, in the year 1846, The firm have now some binders' tools that have been in use in the same family for over a century, their ancestors having been engaged in the same business for generations in Newcastle, England. Since their establishment, over twenty-eight years ago, the business has gradually increased, so that they now make use of every inch of room in the large premises they occupy. The business is divided into several separate departments; and in the manufacturing department alone they employ upwards of one hundred hands, many of whom entered the house when young and have grown up with the business, Their specialties are the manufacture of Account-books and Leather goods, Book-binding, Publishing of Diaries, which they have published for the past twenty-one years, They can well claim to be the premium manufacturers in these lines. They have exhibited at many exhibitions, and have always taken the lead in prizes: Medal, Exhibition opening of Victoria Bridge, Montreal, 1860; diploma at Dublin, 186 5; Paris Exposition, 1867 and 1878; silver medal and diploma at Toronto Exhibitions. Their Stationery business has very largely developed, Th,eir stock comprises everything in the general sta- tionery line, made up from the principal markets in Britain, Europe, \merica and Canaùa. _\nother special feature in their business is the Book-binders' material department, where are kept large supplies of leather, cloth, etc" for binders' use. The' book-binding department is very com- plete with steam power and the addition of every known new device in tools and machinery; it has grown in efficiency second to nOlle on the Continent, They turn out large editions.for publishers, for which they enjoy peculIar facilities. Almost every bank, insurance or loan company and merchant can testify to the superiority of the account books manufactured by this firm, COPP, CLARK & Co., 7 Front Street \Vest, wholesale dealers in books, stationery and fancy goods, They are also manufacturers of stationery and pocket books, publish text-books for schools and colleges, law books, etc. In their manufactory they employ from seventy to eighty hands, and about the warehouse and office from sixteen to twenty hands. The business was , . 4 06 The COU1lty of York. originally established on King Street East as early as 1841, by Hugh Scobie, who died in 1853, and was succeeded by ::\1aclear & Co. in 1854, who were followed by Chewett & Co. in 1857, In 1869 the present firm became the 'proprietors, Their manufactory is located at 67 and 69 Colborne Street, THE TORONTO NEWS COMPANY, 42 Yonge Street, 1\11'. A. S, Irving, Presi- dent and Managing Director. This business was established by l\Ir. Irving in 1864, their premises then being located on King Street \Vest. In 1874 the firm took in the respective busi ess of Copp, Clarke & Co" and \Y. E. Tunis, of Clifton, and since that date has been known as "The Toronto News Company." They do a large wholesale trade (the bulk of the periodical business of Canada is in their hands), yielding a turn-over of about $250,000 yearly, employing four travellers, who visit all parts of the Dominion. They have branch houses in :\Iontreal, Clifton and L9ndon, England, and 'act as agents for the large publishing firms of the latter city, The News Company make a specialty of Christmas and Easter cards, being agents for " Prang's" celebrated goods in this line, and sold last . year of that firm's manufacture over $27,000 worth. The warehouse of the company has a frontage of +2 x 90 feet, and is five storeys in height. .:\1r. Irving, the 1anager, -may be said to be the father of the cartoon paper GriP, having commenced it. He is of Scotch descent, and in early life was a resident of the United States, He has lived in Toronto for the past twenty years. Boots and Shoes. CHARLESWORTH & Co., boot and shoe manufacturers, 16 Front Street East, established their business in 1880. They employ one hundred and fifty hands and four travelling salesmen. They manufactUIe fine goods principally, and do an annual business 0/ 250,000. S, 1\1. SANDERSO:N, boot and shoe manufactory, 84 Bond Street, first established his business on King Street East, in 1857, About six years ago he moved to his present location, where he employs from eight to ten hands, manufacturing for the wholesale trade. THE TORONTO SHOE COMPANY, "Headquarters," corner King and Jarvis Streets, is an old establishment. In 1882 the business was pur- chased by Joseph Tolfree, nephew of an old York pioneer of the same name. In 1883 the adjoining premises were added, making it the most complete shoe house in Canada. All sales are made for cash. ::\1r. Tolfree does a general jobbing trade and employs nine clerks. The house is known far and near as the original one-price establishment, .. TIle City of Toro1lto. 4 0 7 Brewers'Supplies, AUGUSTE BOLTÉ, business established in 1880, as wholesale dealer in brewers' supplies, some of which he manufactures himself. His trade extends from 'Halifax to British Columbia, and his premises have a frontage of 30 x 80 deep, located at 39 Colborne Street. This is the only house that makes a speciality of brewers' supplies in Canada, :VIr. Bolté was born in Montreal, and " came to Toronto in 1880. Butchers. EDWARD BLONG (of the firm of Thompson, Flanagan and Blong, cattle exporters, 21 and 23 St, Lawrence l\Iarket), was born in Queen's County, Ireland, 1838, His father came to Canada and commenced business as butcher in 18+1, which he continued until his death in 1861, being suc- ceeded in his business by his sons, In 1874 Edward formed a partnership with James \Valsh, and the two conducted a wholesale business for some time. In the spring of 1878, in connection with others, :\1r. Blong commenced to ship live stock to England, which business he has since been engaged in, He owns and cultivates four farms outside the city, and is the owner of two thousand acres of land in the Province of l\Ianitoba. JOHN GLENVILLE, wholesale cattle dealer, 47 St. Lawrence :\Iarket, was born in Devonshire, England, 1833. He came to Canada in 1854, and engaged with P, Armstrong in the meat market until 1859, after which he entered into business for himself and continued for about five years, He then became manager of the pork-packing establishment of \Villiam Davis, with whom he remained until 1865, in which year he established the business he at present owns, Clothiers, \V, E, SANFORD & Co., wholesale dealers and manufacturers of ready- made clothing, 14 \Vellington Street \Vest, This firm was established in Hamilton in 1860, and has been represented in Toronto since 1875, They employ eighteen travellers, and the trade extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. From the I:familloll Sþectator, August 31st, 1880: "This firm have transacted more business during the past eight months than in any year since they have been in business. It is a pleasure to, pass through an establishment that is arranged in departments, the indi,"iduality of \vhich is strictly maintained, as is the case in this instance, Our citizens \\ ill be pleased to learn of the continued advancement of this enterprising firm, and that the prospects for a further increase are most promising,O' . 4 08 The COUllty of York. Confectionery. \V. \V. PARK, confectionery, cigars and vinegar, 98 to 106 Adelaide Street East, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, 1850, and settled in Toronto in 1863, Druggists. ELLIOT & Co" drug merchants, manufacturing chemists, etc" 3 Front S reet East. The senior partner, \\ïlliam Elliot, joined the house of Lyman Brothers & Co. in 1853, which became Lyman, Elliot & Co" until 1870, when \Villiam Elliot and his son established the present firm. They do an exclusively wholesale business, and manufacture at their factory, Beverley Street, white lead in oil, putty, linseed oil, pharmaceutical pre- parations, grind drugs, etc., and employ about thirty hands, clerks, etc, 11r. Elliot, sen'r, was President of the Board of Trade for two years; Director in the Northern Railway eight years; is at present Vice-Presi- dent of the Bank of Commerce; President of the People.s Loan and Deposit Company; a Vice-President of the Confederation Life Association; Director of the Anchor l\Iarine Insurance Company. He was born near London, England, [8[2, and first came to Toronto in 1827, and made it his home in 1853, EVANS, So s & MASON (Limited), late H. Sugden, Evans & Co., wholesale druggists and pharmaceutical' chemists, 23 Front Street \;Vest, established their business in l\Iontreal in 1864, a branch of which was opened in Toronto in 1'ö77, the warehouse at the above address occupying 150 x 30 feet frontage, and in height having three flats in addition to base- ment. The business is managed in Toronto by Mr. James H, Pearce, who has been connected with the firm since his arrival in Canada twenty years ago. A staff of three travellers and ten men are employed by the company, who are engaged in the sale and despatch of goods throughout the Dominion, \Ye may add that this firm makes a specialty of the celebrated" l\Iontserrat Lime Fruit Juice." LYMAN BROTHERS & l o., importers and general dealers in drugs, Nos, 7 1 and 73 Front Street East, This firm is composed of Henry Lyman, G. \y, Lillie and John Henderson: a combination we have no hesitation in affirming the drug trade of this country is indebted to for its present stability. Their warehouse has a frontage of 45 x 200 feet. and is four storeys high. The building itself is a handsome one, the c:ost of erection reaching $50,000, Three travellers are employed by the firm, who push the trade through the Provinces of Ontario, l\Ianitoba and the western districts. . The City of Toronto. 4 c 9 Dry Goods. B, A. BOAS & Co,- This firm, we believe, 'are the oldest dry goods commission merchants in Canada, They commenced business in 1860 under the name of 1. Meyer & Co., with l\Ir. B. A, Boas as managing part- ner in Montreal, with head-quarters in New York. In 1870 the firm became Meyer, Boas & Co" and in 1879 the New York partners were bought out by Mr. B, A. Boas, and the firm became B. A, Boas & Co, It now has its head-quarters in Montreal, with a branch in Toronto under the management of :r..lr. R. J. Tackaberry, and another branch in linden, Prussia, under the management of l\Ir. I. Boas, jun'r. This firm shows the productions of some thirty to forty of the best manufacturers scattered over the continent of Europe, They take importation orders from the largest dealers in Cancída for kid gloves (of which they are the largest importers in Canada), Thread gloves, hosiery of all kinds, mantle cloths, silks, velvets, laces, knitted goods, and all kinds of trimmings, etc" etc, BOYD BROTHERS, wholesale dealers and importers of dry and fancy goods, 41 and 43 Yonge Street, was established in 1868, and was first located on \Vellington Street. The warehouse has a frontage of 60 by 100 feet on Yonge, and 30 by 100 feet on Front Street. Employ six travellers and a staff of thirty-five in their warehouse. The trade is principally con- . fined to the Province of Ontario. The firm is composed of Alexander, George, jun'r, and John Boyd, This firm makes a specialty of dry goods, fancy goods, and gents' furnishing goods, BRYCE, :\Ic:\1 URRICH & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in dI y and fancy goods, 3+ Y onge Street, This business was first established on King Street East, in 1832, and is without doubt the oldest dry goods house in Toronto, The firm has also a house in Glasgow, Scotland, under the style PIa yfair, Bryce & Co. C.o\LDECOTT, BURTON & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in dry goods, The firm is composed of S. Ccddecott, P. H. Burton, \V. C. Harris, and R. \V. Spence, who established the business in 1879, locating first at 52 Front Street, from whence they removed to their present large building in 1883, which has a frontage of 52 by 120 feet, and is five storeys in height. Seven travellers and about thirty clerks are t:mployed, and their trade extends from :\Iontreal to Sarnia. The firm represent several French and. German manufacturers, Messrs. Caldccott and Burton are English hy birth, the remaining partners being Scotch. 4 10 Tile COllnty of York. \V, H, CROSS, wholesale dealer in general goods, 42 Scott Street. The business was established in 1872, and for seven years was located on \\ ellington Street East. In 1879 it was removed to its present site, the premises having a frontage of 30 x 100 feet, with a height of four storeys. Two travellers are employed, and the trade chiefly confined to the Province. ::\lr, Cross was born in England, and came to Canada in 1863, and spent some years in Hamilton before hIS settlement in this city, DARLING, COCKSHUTT & Co., wholesale dealers in imported and Cana- dian woollens and merchant tailors' goods, 34 \Vellington Street \Yest. This firm comprises Robert Darling and Charles Cockshutt, the first namerl being formerly one of the partners in the firm of \Yyld & Darling Brothers. The present business was established in 1879, and has been progressive from the commencement. There has been a continued increase in volume done from season to season, and by the combined ability and energy of both parties, they now stand at the head of this particular branch of trade. Their warehouse is five storeys high, occupying a frontage of 25 x 120 feet, and is well adapted for the woollen trade, being lighted on the north, west and south, The first floor is devoted to heavy Canadian woollens; second floor, to tailors' trimmings, linings, etc., etc" and offices; third floor, to six- fourths imported woollens; fourth floor, to three-fourths imported woollens of Scotch, English, Irish, French, and German manufacture; fifth floor, to fine Canadian woollens. These goods find a ready market in the Provinces of Ontario, Manitoba and Quebec, five travellers being employed by the firm for their introduction, as well as a resident agent in Montr al. Mr. Darling is a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, and has been a resident of Toronto since Ib7I. 1\1r. Cockshutt is a Canadian, FORBES, \V AUGH & Co., 53 Y onge Street, wholesale dealers in gent's furnishings, consisting' of shirts, collars, scarves, ties, braces, sIlk handker- chiefs, umbrellas, rubber coats, underwear, etc. This business was estab- lished in 1881, under the name of Forbes, Roberts & Co" but towards the end of 1883 l\'Ir. Roberts retired from the firm, and was replaced by l\Ir. \V. J, \Vaugh, of Hamilton, who did a large and successful business in that city, The business extends throughout the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba. The warehouse has a frontage of 30 80 feet deep, is four storeys high, and contains a large assortment of the above lines the year through. Co J, \v. GALE, wholesale dealer in staple and fancy dry goods, woollens, tailors' furnishings, and gents' furnishings, 24 nd 26 \Vellington Street \Yest. Business established in 1839, by John Robertson, afterwards known The City of Toronto. 4 11 as John Robertson, Son & Co. In 1881 l\Ir. Gale entered the partnership, under the name of Gale, Robertson & Co" which continued up to 1883, when Mr. Robertson retired, since which time the business has been'continued by l\Ir. J, \Y. Gale, under the name and style of J. \V. Gale & Co. His ware- house has a frontage of 36 x 80 feet in depth, and was built by l\Ir. Robertson. ::\I . Gale employs five travellers, and, a staff of sixteen clerks in the ware- house. His trade is confined principally to the Province of Ontario. l\Ir. Gale is also the manufacturer of the celebrated "Gale Shirt Collars and Cuffs," and ladies' underwear, in which he employs over one hundred and thirty-five liands. He is a Canadian by birth, and has been a resident of Toronto for the past fifty years, JOHN MACDONALD & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants and im- porters, 21 to 27 \Vellington Street East, and 30 and 32 Front Street East. This business is of extensive proportions, and was established in 18+9 at 30 \Vellington Street East, since which time the present premises have been occupied, and at stated periods enlarged to suit the requirements of increased trade. . The warehouse has a frontage of 100 x 140 feet, and is the largest dry goods warehouse in Canada, and is furnished with all modern improve- ments in heating, lifts, etc, Some ide'a of the immensity of their trade may be gained when it is stated that they employ twen y men in their entering rooms alone, sending goods to, all points in Canada between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Ninety to one hundred hands are engaged at the ware- house in the different departments. Appended hereto is the order in which goods are clas d. First flat, entering, packing and shIpping; second flat, imported and Canadian tweeds and staple dry goods; third flat, imported woollen stuffs, dress goods, hosiery, etc,; fourth flat, bonded ware-rooms, silks, satins, mantles, embroidered laces, etc.; fifth flat, haberdashery, small wares, and innumerable fancy goods; sixth flat, carpets, oil cloths , house furnishings, etc. l\Ir. :\Iacdonald was born in Scotland, and came to Canada at an early day. A, R. :\IC1\IASTER & BROTHER, importers and wholesale dealers in dry goods, 12 Front Street \Vest. This business was established in 18-t-+ by the Hon, \V. Ic!\Iaster, and to his energy, skill and care, may be attri- buted in a measure the high rank which the firm is ena bled to take at the present day amongst the great wholesale houses of the Dominion. The success which attended each stage of its career repeatedly caused the firm to make alterations and extensive additions to their premises, and on the retirement of the Hon. \V111. l\Ic:\Iaster from the business they erected the large and commodious warehouse on Front Street yet occupied by them. 4 12 TIle COllnty of York. Up to 1881 the members of the firm were A. R., J, S" \y, F" and S. F. :\Ic:\laster, but on the death of A. R, McMaster in that year the business has since been conducted by the remaining partners, The frontage of the warehouse IS 50 x 120 feet, with five flats, each being 6,000 square feet in area, access to which is gained by steam and water hoists. ,Adjoining the warehouse is the engine house, packing room and shipping office, ++ x 50 feet, and two storeys high. They employ about forty warehouse hands and seven travellers, who have charge of a trade which is confined principally to the Province. The first flat of the warehouse is devoted to staples, cottons and linens; second flat to tweeds, cloths, woollens and trimmings; third flat to dress goods, laces, silks, etc,; fourth flat to hosiery, gloves, haberdashery and furnishings; fifth flat to carpets, blankets and flannels. All the members were born in Ireland, the founder of the firm coming to Canada in 1835. \y, J, :Mc:\1ASTER & Co" wholesale dry goods merchants, 41 Front Street. The business was established in 1867 at Montreal, and was removed to Toronto in 1878, being located at 54 Front Street until 1883, w hen they took possession of their present premises, The warehouse has a frontage of 30 x 200 feet, with four' flats, the first of which consists of entry room, bonded warehouse, storage and packing rooms. The second flat is devoted to imported woollens, Canadian tweeds, heavy linens, flannels and cottons, and also the offices. Dress goods, prints, stuff goods, silks, velvets, mantles, carpets, haberdashery and fancy goods occupy the third flat, while the fourth is given up to lace curtains, Canadian. hosiery, fancy \voollens, rubber clothing, and blankets. The working staff comprises eight travellers and twenty-five clerks, and the trade extends from l\Ianitoba to St. John's, Newfoundland. OGILVY & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in dry goods, corner of Bay and Front Streets. This business was established in 1850 at :Montreal, and was located at the corner of St, Paul and St. Peter Streets of that city, where a large staple trade was carried on. In 1871 they opened a branch in Toronto; such success attended it that eight years afterwards they entirely closed the Montreal house and concentrated their energies on the business in this city. The building has a frontage of 35 x 200 feet, and is four storeys high. The first flat consists of entry and packing rooms; the second flat is devoted to prints, cottons, linens, flannels and carpets; the offices are also situated on this flat. On the third flat is the dress goods department, which reprèsents the most celebrated English, French and German manufactures; this department also includes Canadian 1 0 ! - - - --- - --- I I II II :/ II I I i' , '. I , I' I' I I L I ! I, l. L I , L F" II IIllt 'I I. I- "C' " ,' ' I l' . '! !'I I \ , I 'I' - =- \1 E -==-- -C- : " - , ---- - II "" ."fi..!rtG L- ...__ . ===- - & CO'S '\V AH,EHOUSE SAMSON. hENNEDY The City of Toronto. 4 1 3 and Scotch tweeds, worsted coatings, l\Ieltons, cloakings, muslins, lace curtains, etc, The fourth flat includes gloves, laces, hosiery, ribbons, parasols, umbrellas, gents' furnishings and small wares. The firm employs six travellers, with a staff of thirty hands in the warehouse. The members of the firm are John Ogilvy, Thomas Ogilvy, Thomas 0, Anderson and A. T, Ogilvy, all being of Scotch birth. SIMPSON, ROBERTSON & SIMPSOK, wholesale dry goods merchants, 3 6 and 38 Colborne Street. This business was established in 1879 by the present members of the firm, and deal on general lines of Canadian and European goods. 1\1r. James Robertson is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1866. He was 'three years in the establishment of John Macdonald & Co" and eleven years with Sampson, Kennedy & Gem- mell, and on leaving the last-named house formed the present firm. TAIT, BURCH & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, 64 and 66 Yonge Street, The business was commenced in 1881 at the present premises, which are five storeys in height, the different flats being devoted respectively to linens and staples, silks, velvets, dress goods, mantles, mantle cloths, kid gloves, hosiery, umbrellas, etc., with the fourth flat set apart for packing. This firm has a large connection. Fancy Goods, JAMES S. RUSSELL, wholesale dealer in fancy goods, 122 Bay Street. This business was established in 1877. He does a large trade in specialties not kept by other houses, and deals extensively in native Indian goods, drawing his supplies from the Province of Quebec and from Lake Superior and the N orth- \ Vest. One of his specialties is agates from Lake Superior in all stages of manufacturé; another is gold and silver lace and fringes, procured from France and Germany; and manufactures of cork from Austria. He also supplies curling stones, imported from Scotland, to all the Provinces of the Dominion, and largely to the United States, \ visit to this store will prove interesting: there is always something strange and peculiar to he seen, and frequently one comes across articles of rare and unique interest, Fruit and Oysters. JOHN McMILLAN, wholesale fruit and oysters, 70 Front Street East, established his business in 1871, as a retailer, but now has a large wholesale trade. He is agent for nearly one hundred of the principal fruit growers of the Province, and sells largely in the season on the wharves for the local trade. He distributes all over Ontario, Ottawa and Montreal, and does a 4 1 4 The County of York. large commission business, and is agent for D. E. Foote, and T. B, Schall, the Baltimore Oyster Packers, Handles large quantities of D. \Vyer & Co's Portland Finnan Haddies, averaging about one ton weekly, and deals in all kinds of smoked fish. Has three waggons, and employs from six to nine hands, Business returns $1,500 to 52,000 weekly. Grocers, CRAMP, TORRANCES & Co., warehousemen, 45 Front Street East, were established in 1869. The firm is composed of Thomas Cramp and John and G. \V. Torrance, the latter of whom is also manager of the Canada Vine Growers' AssociatioQ. The warehouse has a frontage of 3 0 x 180 feet, and is composed of four flats. '1\1r. Torrance is a Canadian by birth, being a grandson of John Torrance, deceased, of l\Iontreal, who formerly carried on the oldest grocery 'Concern in the Dominion. FITCH & DAVIDSON, wholesale grocers, 36 Yonge Street. The names connected with the firm are John C, Fitch, John I. Davidson and \V. C. Fitch, the business having been in existence thirty-three years. It was only in 1881 that the firm adopted its present title, which it has since continued t? bear, and it is doing a trade second to none in the city, The warehouse at the above address has a frontage of 40 x 195 feet, and is four storeys high. They employ five travellers and a staff of seventeen clerks. The 1\1essrs. Fitch are Canadians, and their partner is a Scotchman. THOMAS KIN mAR & Co" 47 Front Street East, wholesale grocers. Thomas Kinnear was born in the County Antrim, Ireland, and came to Canada in 1862 with his father, locating in Toronto, In 186 3 he engaged with Henry Swan, grocer, King Street East, remaining there two years. He subsequently engaged as salesman with James Hutchinson, Yonge Street, and with Richard Dunbar, of \Vest Market Square. In 18 7 1 he entered into business with J, \V. Laing. They carried on a grocery job- bing trade until 1880, when the partnership was dissolved. Mr, Kinnear then entered into the wholesale grocery trade exclusively, occupying the large and commodious warehouse where his business is now located. Mr. Kinnear's trade has increased to such an extent that his house is now regarded as among the leading ones in the city-evidence of the ability of one of the successful young business men of Toronto, JA:-'IES LUMBERS, wholesale grocer, 67 Front Street East, first estab- lished his business in 1874, at No. 5 Manning's Block. In 18 7 6 he removed to his present large and commodious warehouse, which has a frontage of thirty feet, is one hundred and seventy feet in depth, and four "- -:; , . ..... \, .' , - - . . , - , \'ï . \ "':::: ;, ,...... .1 , 't" I .. ,)1 I " , .' ' . -I / . I / ,,/ /-"6" . 7 1 / #' - / . II Þr ?r <.. ,@ .If! - .... .',./ < -"" '% ç - . . 4!h' ==-/ L/Çi ._- - _.....-c.- - - - Cd" - /' ik - " I, '\ II ) The City of Toronto. 4 1 5 storeys high. 1\1r. Lumbers does not send out travellers, but does his busi- ness by means of circulars. He imports a large quantity of goods direct. His trade extends over the whole Dominion, necessitating the employment of a staff of fifteen clerks, Mr, Lumbers was born in Toronto in 18+3, and is the eldest son of \Villiam Lumbers, sen'r, who came to Toronto in 1837. F. 1\1:. l\ICHARDY & Co., wholesale grocers, 69 Yonge Street. This firm first located at 70 Front Street, where they remained five years, and took possession of their pre!:!ent premises in 1877, and are at present doing a business which extends all through the Province. They employ two travellers and a number of hands, and the premises they occupy have a frontage of 25 x 160 feet. Mr. McHardy was born in Scotland, and after his arrival in Canada in 1853 was connected with several well-known firms ere his commencement in the above business. 1\1r. l\IcHardy was a member of the Queen's Own Rifles during the years between 1859 and 1867, and in the Fenian raid which culminated in the battle of Ridgeway was severely wounded, and also taken prisoner. PERKINS, INCE & Co., wholesale grocers, wines, liquors, etc., 41 and 43 Front Street East, The business was established in 1836, and for seven years was conducted under the name of Hart & Co. Upon the retirement of 1\Ir. H<}rt in 1843, the firm was known as F. & G. Perkins, and remained so until 1855, in which year 1\1:r. Ince, the senior member of the present firm, was taken into partnership, and Co. was added to the then title of the firm. In 1874 ì\Ir. F. Perkins retired, and from that date up to the present time the business has been carried on under the name of Perkins, Ince & Co. This is without doubt the oldest grocery house in the city. They have a warehouse with a frontage of 60 x 180 feet, with a height of five storeys, and the extent of their trade may be calculated from the fact that among their staff are included four travellers and ten other employés. In 1875 Mr. G. Perkins died, and since then the business has been conducted under the old title by Messrs, Ince and Young. - - \V, J, RAMSAY & Co" wholesale grocers and wine and liquor dealers, 29 Church Street. established their business in 1874, in the premises tlÍey at present occupy, which have a frontag-e of 30 x go feet, and have a height of four storeys. They do a large trade, which is almost wholly confined to the Province, and employ three travellers and a staff of seven clerks. Mr. H,amsay is a native of Toronto, and is the son oL\Ir. James l{amsay, an early settler. 27 4 16 The County of York. SLOAN & :MASON. The firm is composed of John Sloan and Herbert D. :Mason, who succeeded the firm of Sloan, Jardine & :Mason in July last. Their premises are situated at the corner of Church and Front Streets, and are composed of three warehouses, 59, 61 and 63 Front Street, 75 x 14 0 feet, and four storeys high, This firm is chiefly engaged in importing and jobbing teas, and employs five travellers and a staff of fourteen men. Hardware. \VILLIAM BROWN, importer of, and wholesale dealer in carriage hard- ware, woodenware and trimmings, 44 and 46 \Vellington Street East, Toronto. This business was established in 1866, and has now become well known as the place for carriage and waggon-makers' supplies. The stock is large and well assorted, and compr-ises full lines in all the departments, and well selected, and suitable for the wants of the trade, and at prices low as regards quality of goods. Auspicious circumstances have surrounded this house from its inception, and it sprang into prominence and became a favourite resort for buyers of these 'goods, from the very fact that they have found by experience that all goods coming from this establishment fulfil to the very letter every representation made for them, A. & T, DARLING & Co., wholesale hardware dealers, 5 Front Street East., where they have a large and commodious warehouse 40 x 180 feet, and four storeys high. The business was first established in Montreal in 18 39, and it was only in 1878 they opened a branch in this city. Five travellers are attached to the Montreal house, and four to the branch in Toronto, in addition to a staff of thirty clerks, They do a very extensive trade, all the Provinces of the Dominion being included. The members of the firm are by birth Canadians. C. DAVIDSON & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in carriage and saddlery hardware" 13 Front Street West. This, business was first com- menced in 1866 by,Davidson, McVittie & Co., at 18 King Street East, and was changed to Davidson & Co., in 1876. In 1880 the firm removed to their pre ent address, where their warehouse occupies a frontage of 30 x 165 feet, and is four storeys in height. Their trade c"overs a large area, including Ontario and Manitoba, and gives employment to two travellers, and a staff of seven hands at the warehouse. Mr. Davidson was born in Scotland, and came to Canada in 1853, H. S, HOWLAND, SONS & Co., wholesale hardware merchants, 37 Front Street \Vest. This firm includes H. S. Howland, sen'r, H. S. Howland, jun'r, and Peleg Howland, who established their business in 1877. The The City of Toro1lto. 4 1 7 articles which cçmstitute their chefs-d'æuvre are builders' hardware, mecha- nics' tools, cutlery, house-furnishings, fire-arms, garden and farming tools, lumbermen's supplies, chains, etc, Their trade employs three travellers, who introduce the goods of the company throughout the Province. The warehouse has a frontage of 30 x 180 feet. 1\1r. Howland is an American by birth, and came to Canada in 1840, He has been a resident of this city for the past twenty years, RICE LEWIS & SON, wholesale and retail hardware merchants, 52 and 54 King Street East. This business is a very old one, its orig'Ïn dating from the earlier years of the city (1844). It was first established by Rice Lewis, and up to the time of his death in 1871, was composed of G. \V. Lewis, Arthur ß. Lee, and John Leys. For seven years after the latter date, G, \\. Lewis continued a member of the firm, and on his retirement in 18ï8 'Messrs. Lee and Leys have since managed the business, Their King Street warehouse has a frontage of 50 x 80 feet, and is four storeys in height, and their trade is of such proportions as to necessitate the employment of twenty- five clerks, Messrs, Lee and Leys are also proprietors of the St. Lawrence Foundry, where ar:e manufactured gas and water-pipes, and general castings, giving employment to about one hundred and fifty men, They have a large warehouse in Globe Lane, three flats, 60 x 160 feet, in which they do their iron and heavy hardware business-average stock over one thousand tons in iron, besides steel, iron pipe, rope and other heavy goods, Both members of the firm are Canadian by birth, G. V. :\lARTIN, wholesale manufacturer of saddlery hardware, 16 and 20 Sheppard Street, is the only one in Canada who l.las established this line, having commenced the business in 1880. lIe employs twenty-five hands, and his goods have a market from Prince Edward Island to British Columbia, Mr. l\[ art in is from the United States, his residence in J'oronto having only covered the last four years, RISLEY & KERRIGAN, wholesale dealers and importers in light hard- ware, No. 3 0 Front Street \Vest. This is quite a new firm, but the energy and business qualifications of its two members have been the means of accumulating a fair share of the trade of the western Provinces. The ware- house occupies a frontage of 30 x 120 feet and is six storeys in height. They employ seven travellers, and a staff of thirty-five hands. The firm is com- posed of John T. Risley and James Kerrigan', Canadians by birth, who established the business in 1883, , :\1. & L, SA\fUEL, BE JAMIN & Co" wholesale importers of hardware, metals, house-furnishing goods, etc., 56! and 58 Y onge Street; lamp and \ \ 4 18 TIle County of York. lamp goods department, No. 9 Jordan Street. This firm carries a large and well-assorted stock, and do one of the most extensive businesses in their particular line in the Dominion, This business has been a growing one since their establishing themselves in this city in 1856, when the style of the firm was 1\1. & L. Samuel. They now employ some forty hands, which include five representatives on. the road. They have a house in Liverpool, England (Samuel, Sons & Benjamin), which places them in a position to purchase to the best possIble advantage, \VILLIAM THOMSON & Co., hardware merchants, 18 and 20 Front Street West, have been established since 1855, their occupation of the present premises taking place in 1868, The warehouses have a frontage of 90 x 180 feet, and are four storeys in height. In addition to general hardware, the firm deals in china, glass and earthenware; four travellers are employed, who cover the territory between Belleville and Thunder Bay; the ware- house staff is composed of thirty-five hands, The members of the firm are \Yilliam Thomson, George Hutchinson and F, J. l\1enet, The first-named is of Scotch birth, the remaining two being Canadians, Hats, Caps and Furs, A. A. ALLAN & Co., wholesale dealers in hats, caps, furs and robes, and manufacturers of cloth caps and furs. This business was established in 1877 at 32 \Vellington Street \Vest, where it is still being carried on. The ware- house has a frontage of 25 feet, is 110 feet deep and five storeys high. The cap factory is at 49 King Street \Yest. This well-known firm employs five travellers, and has a staff of nine clerks, besides employing about sixty . hands in the manufacture of hats, caps and furs. l\Ir. Allan was born in Scotland, and came to Canada with his parents, locating in Toronto in 1860. T. CHRISTIE & Co" wholesale dealers and manufacturers in hats, caps and furs, and straw goods, 20 and 22 ,Vellington Street. This firm estab- lished their business in 1866 at Hamilton, removing to Toronto ten years afterwards. They were for some time located on Front Street, but took possession of their present commodious warehouse in 1878, which is four storeys high, and has a frontage of 40 x 80 feet, and where forty hands are engaged in the manufacture of furs, . They employ four travellers, and have a trade which extends from :\Iontreal to the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Christie is a Canadian by birth. . GILLESPIE, ANSLEY & :\IARTIN, wholesale dealers in hats, caps and furs, 28 and 30 \Vellington Street. This firm was established in 1864, under The City of Toronto. 4 1 9 the title of J. Gillespie & Co., who carried on business first at No. 39 and afterwards 64- Y onge Street, The re-arrangement of the firm under its existing title was consummated in 1882, and is composed of George E. Gillespie, A. Ansley and John ì\Iartin, The warehouse has a frontage of forty-five feet on the ground floor, the flats above being 85 x 135 feet. Six travellers are employed by the firm, and seventy-five hands in the manu- facture of furs, Leather and Shoe Supply Merchants, P. JACOBI, wholesale leather-dealer and importer of shoe findings, 5 \Vellington Street East, established the business in 1869 at 103 Y onge Street. In 1877 he removed to his present locality, the building occupying a frontage of 30 x 90 feet, having a height of four storeys, He does a large and extensive trade, in which two travellers cover the Provinces of Ontario and :l\Ianitoba, ì\Ir. Jacobi is of German birth, and came to Canada in 1854, KING BROTHERS, tanners, curriers, and leather-dealers, warehouse situate at 44 Colborne Street, The tannery is at \Vhitby, where the business was first established in 1863, About forty men are constantly employed, To meet the requirements of a rapidly-growing business, the Toronto branch house was opened in 1878. Their trade is largely confined to the supply of wholesale houses with their staple manufactures. CHARLES P ARSO S & Co., wholesale leather and shoemakers' oil and findings, 79 Front Street East, established their business in 1876 at the above address, where they have a warehouse frontage of 32 x 200 feet. The business carried on is one of the largest in the city, employing three travellers and seven clerks. Ir. Parsons is the son t>f \\rilliam Parsons, who came to Canada in 1814, and originated a milling business at Thornhill. J AMES PEPLER & SO:-l, dealers and importers of leather and tanners' supplies, 5 I Front Street. This firm is composed of James Pepler and T. S, G. Pepler, who established their business III 1877 at 86 Front Street East, removing to their present place in Ib83. The varehouse has a front- age of 30 x 100 feet, and in addition to a basement there are three flats. They employ two travellers, and have a trade which extends through Ontårio, Quebec and :Manitoba. Liquors, Wines and Spirits. C. \V. BROWN, commission merchant, dealer in wines and spirits. This business was established in 1872, and was first located at 32 Church Street until 1878, It is now 10cated at 2 Leader Buildings. I r, Drown represents 4 2 0 The COUllty of York, the firms of J, Guest, L. Huot, Green & Houston, Dufresne & l\Iongenais, of l\Iontreal. He was born in England, and came to Canada in 18 71. BURNS & Co.. wines, liquors and cigar merchants, 62 Front Street East. The leading partner in this firm, 1\1r. George A. Burns, is a native of Ballamard, Ireland, and came to America in 1865, landing in New Y.ork: Subsequently he came to Toronto, and in 1868 in partnership with his cousin engaged in the wholesale grocery and liquor trade, under the title of G, \.. Burns & Co, This dispensation lasted two years, and on the retire- ment of his cousin, ::\Ir, Burns conducted the business alone until the fall of 18 7 1 , when he and 1\Ir, Adams formed a company partnership under the style of Adams & Burns. This well-known firm existed until 1882, when ::\lr. Burns removed to \Yinnipeg, and, returning again to this city in 188 3, he again engaged in his old business, and continues to push trade with char- acteristic vigour. The business extends over the entire Province, and few names are more widely or favourably known than the genial head of this firm. \y, KYLE & Co., importers and shippers of wines and liquors, 3 8 \VeIL ington Street East. The business was established by \V. J. Shaw in 1860, and was afterwards taken by Charles Hutchinson until 1878, when 1\1r. Kyle and C. Ionroe took possession, and have since conducted the business. They employ three travellers, and their trade extends through Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba, The firm also ships largely to the cities of Chicago, St. Paul, Detroit, and other parts of the United States. Their warehouse has a frontage 30 x 175 feet, occupying two flats, Lumber Merchants. T. & S, BALDWIN, 4 and 5 Dundas Street, lumber dealers, established in 1882, Handle over three million feet annually, employing from six to eight men and eight to ten horses. Deal principally in pine lumber. JOSEPH DAVIDSON, lumber merchant, corner Queen and Dufferin Streets, was born near Toronto, November 24th, 1829. He early engaged in lumbering and farming, and has built a number of saw-mills, two of which he yet owns. He alsó constructed the telegraph line from Thunder Bay to Fort Garry. In 1866 he established a lumber yard at Spadina Avenue, and in 1879 moved to his present premises, where he disposes of about three million feet of lumber annually, , THOMAS DOWNEY, lumber merchant and builder, succeeded to the business of his father, Thomas Downey, sen'r, on his retirement in 186 9, fhomas Downey, sen'r, came to this country from Ireland in 1842, and after following his trade as carpenter and joiner for some years, commenced The City of Toronto. 4 21 business as a builder in 1852. By close attention to his affairs he amassed a competency and retired in favour of his son, the subject of this notice. :Mr. Downey, sen'r, was Alderman for St. John's \Vard for five years succes- sively, retiring in 1876. He died in 1879, His son, Thomas Downey, is still carrying on the business, and gives employment to a large number of men, He was also elected Alderman for St. John's \Vard for 1882-3, and then retired. He is a brother of John Downey, a member of the well-known legal firm of l\Iowat, 1\IacLennan, Downey & Biggar, of this city. Estate of \V. & R. HENRY (lately deceased). This firm has mills at Randwick, County Dufferin, and at Kagawong, Manitoulin Island, which annually cut about six millions of lumber, one-half of which finds its way to Toronto, James :\IcGee, financial agent, 10 King Street East, is attorney and manager for the estate. l\ICCRAKEN, GALL & Co., lumber merchants, Victoria Street. This firm does a large business in lumber, and also in manufacturing, hardwoods being a specialty, The main building of the factory is 176 x 40 feet, and with engine house and other buildings, and their large yard at Strachan and \'Vellington Avenues, occupies about four acres. They employ about ninety hands, and handle upwards of ten million feet of lumber ann!Jally. At the factory is kept in stock dressed lumber for building and other purposes. Thomas l\IcCraken, of the above firm, was born at Bonaventure, Bay de Challeurs, September, 1835. His father was a native of \yr, Scotland, and followed the business of lumber merchant, and was one of the pioneers of the Ottawa Valley, In the early part of his career, Thomas entered the lumber trade, but from 1869 to 1876 he occupied the position of Cashier of the Royal Canadian Bank, the head office of which was in Toronto, after- wards resuming his former occupation, George Gall is a native of ...\ber- deenshire, Scotland, and came to Toronto in 1874. He first estdblished himself on Richmond Street East, as a builder, subsequently entering the above lumber firm. JOHN ULIVER, lumber merchant, Esplanade, is a native of Ireland, and on leaving there in 18+9 settled in Philadelphia, where he remained one year, finally locating in Toronto, where he learned the trade of carpenter and builder, which business he carried on from 1856 to 1870, when he commenced the wholesale lumber business, together with a planing-mill, but the latter being burned he has since confined himself to the lumber trade. GEORGE REID, SE:-.I'R (of REID & Co.), lumber merchants, offices and docks, foot of Sherbourne and Berkeley Streets, Esplanade Street. Son of James and Anne Reid, Sligo, Ireland, He WdS born in the year Ið26, and 4 22 The County of York. came direct to Toronto in 1849. He worked the first three years as a mechanic, and afterwards carried on a building business. He did not commence the lumber business till the year 1880, and now the firm turn over about eight million feet of lumber per annum. J. & F. N. TENNANT (lumber merchants, Dovercourt Road), Estab- lished in 1880 in this city. James Tennant was formerly in the lumber business at Barrie. F, N. Tennant was Principal of the Canada Busi- ness.College at Hamilton, for ten years. The firm now handles about forty million feet of lumber in the year, and by strict attention to business have been more than usually successful. l\Ir. James Tennant occupied the position of J.P. in his native county (Brant), but neither of the brothers take.. rank as a general office seeker. Millinery and Laces. . G. GOULDING & SONS, wholesale millinery, 38 Yonge Street. This business was commenced in 1869, by Peach & Goulding, at 40 Yonge Street, where they carried on a general wholesale trade up to 1877, when ::\Ir. Peach retired. ::\Ir. Goulding then continued the business with his sans under the present name. They subsequently removed to the com- modious building at 38 Y onge Street, occupying the whole of it. They have a very large trade, extending all over the Province, They employ three travellers and a large force of salesmen. The firm is now composed of George Goulding, \V, Goulding and H. Goulding. D. ::\ICCALL & Co" 12 and 14 \\Tellington Street \Vest, wholesale deal rs in millinery, mantles and fancy dry goods. This business was established in 1880, and located at 51 Yonge Street. Their trade increased so rapidly that the firm was obliged to remove to its present handsome and com- 1 modious warehouse, which has a frontage of eighty-fiye feet, is eighty-five feet in depth and five storeys high. This enterprising firm employs -eight travellers and a staff of thirty clerks, besides from one hundred to one hundred and fifty girls in the manufacturing of millinery goods, The firm is composed of D. McCall and \Vm. Blackley. The latter was born in Inverness, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1860, remaining in Montreal until 1866, when he removed to Toronto. :\IcKINNON, PROCTOR & Co. In the year 1871, l\Ir. IcKinnon, who was born in Halton County, came to Toronto, and in 1873 he established this business. In the following year he was joined by Messrs. Proctor and l\IcCall, who, with himself, continued the business up to 1880, when Ir. l\IcCall retired, leaving the business to be carried on by the two remaining The City of Toro1lto. 4 2 3 partners. This well-known firm employs nine travellers, whose routes extend over the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and :\lanitoba. A staff of twenty-seven salesmen, clerks, etc., is employed in their wholesale house, which is situated 011 Front Street. It has a front of 32 feet, is 110 feet deep and five storeys high. Arrangements are being made for the erection of another warehouse as the present premises are too small for the growing trade, PATERSO , McKENZIE & Co., wholesale dealers and importers of millinery, Berlin and other wools, dress trimmings and fancy dry goods, The business was established in 1872, and was first located at 58 and 60 \Vellington Street West, where they remained until the present year, when they removed to their present warehouse, II \\Tellington Street \Vest. The building has a frontage of 26 feet, depth 125 feet, and is four storeys high. Five travellers and a staff of fifteen clerks and salesmen are employed. The firm is composed of L. Paterson and G. l\IcKenzie. :\Ir, Paterson was born in Scotland, and came to Canada in 1848, locating in Toronto in 1868, ':\Ir. :l\IcKenzie is a Canadian by birth. Photographers' Supplies. LYON & \.LEXANDER, importers of photographers' goods, manufacturers of mouldings, frames, etc., 110, 112 and 114 Bay Street. ThIs business was established by E, J. Palmer in 1851, and was purchased and taken posses- sion of by the present firm in 1878, They employ ten hands. Provision and Commission Merchants. H, \V, CUFF, +8 to 52 St. Lawrence Market, pork and prOVISIon dealer, packs a large amount of pork, cures hams and bacon, which he was the first to ship to the old country, in 185+, which he continued until 186 5, He also deals in butter, cheese and eggs. IIe was born in Bath, England, and settled in Toronto in 18+8; and took a lively interest in starting cheese manufacturing in Canada, and inducing farmers to embark in the enterprise. FRA CIS GALLOW (of the firm of GiLb & Gallow, wholesale merchants) is a native of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. He came to Canada in the year 1857 and settled in the City of Toronto. He assisted his father (\Villiam Gallow) in the market gardening for two years, and the following eight years he spent in the wholesale grocery business. In 1869 he entered upon his present career in conjunction with 1\Ir. Lawrence Gibb, in the whole- sale provision trade and commissiun, which is carried on at their premises, 83 Colborne Street. 4 2 4 The COlWry of York. JOHN GARTON, dealer in smoked and cured meats, 406 Queen Street East, is a native of Yorkshire, England, and came to Canada in 1861. He located in Hamilton one year before his settlement in Toronto, He is engaged in smoking and cunng meats for the trade, his property having a frontage of 100 x 217 feet. l\IR. LAWREN GIBB (firm of Gibb & Gallow, wholesale merchants) was born in the City of Edinburgh, Scotland, February 27th, 1832, He emigrated to Canada in 1857, and came direct to Toronto, He commenced first as grocer and baker on Queen Street \Vest, which business he con- tinued for several years. In 1869 he formed a partnership with Mr. Francis Gallow, and the present prosperous business at 83 Colborne Street is theresult. In 1862 Mr. Gibb married )\rlary Gallow, sister of his partner in business. \VILLIAM HAGUE, proyision dealer, 174 Queen Street East, Is a native of Stillbridge, Cheshire, England. His father, John Hague, was a cotton- spinner in that town, In 1856, lVIr. Hague came to Toronto, and estab- lished business at 202 Queen Street East, in a small way, and in one of the only two shops then east of Sherbourne Street; and about" 1877 removed to his present stand, where he does a business of about $50,000 annually. G, L. KAVANAGH & Co., 22t Church Street, produce and commission merchants, This business was established in 1878 at 63 Colborne Street, and was carried on there until 1881, when the firm moved to their present quarters. This firm make a specialty of pork-packing and brokerage, Mr. Kavanagh was born in Toronto. JAMES PARK (pork packer, etc.) was born in Glasgow, Scotland (1831), emigrated to Canada in 1853 and came direct to Toronto. He began in the grocery business with 1\1r. \Villiam Hogg (son of the founder of Hogg's Hollow) on Yonge Street, with whom he remained about two years, qn leaving Mr. Hogg, he commenced a grocery business for himself at the corner of Agnes and Chestnut Streets (then called Sayer Street), at which place he continued for five or six years. He then removed to St. Lawrence Arcade, Nos. 41 to 47, where he is located at present, carrying on a flourish- ing business as pork packer and general provision merchant. Added to this he has another store at 95 Front Street, where pork packing is carried on under the name of James Park & Son, and also another store at 161 King Street \Vest. 1\1r. Park was maq;ied before he left Scotland. Seed Merchants. . J. A, SIMMERS, (Anton and Hermann Simmers,) importers, growers and dealers in seeds and farmers' supplies, 147 King Street East. In 18 5 6 The City of Toronto. 4 2 5 this business was started by J. A. Simmers, who, born In Saxony, Prussia, in 1827, settled in Toronto in 1854, In 1873 he was appointed Consul for the German Empire, and died in 1883. The business is now conducted by his sons, Anton and Hermann, who employ eight clerks and one travel- ling salesman. They have a seed garden consisting of five and a-half acres, situated just outside the city limits, where are grown all kinds of seed, which are tested before being offered for sale. STEELE BROS. & Co., importers, growers, dealers and exporters of all kinds of field, flower and garden seeds, corner of Front 'ilnd Jarvis Streets. This business was established in 1873, at 23 East l\Iarket Square, and increased so rapidly as to necessitate removal to more commodious quar- ters at the present location. During the working season employment is given to about one hundred hands, Goods are shipped to all parts of the Dominion as well as to the United States and to England. The firm imports seeds from Europe and the United States, The bulk of their staple, agri- cultural and vegetable seeds, are grown specially for themselves by experts in seed culture, and are tested in a hot-bed in their establishment before being sent out. They export clover seeds to a large extent to Britain and the Continent, where they command a high price. The building, which is 3+ x 120 feet, and four storeys high, is accommodated by engine-po\\er, elevator, etc. They have their own materials for manufacturing and printing all requisites for their trade in coloured \\ork, etc. Shirts, Collars and Cuffs, A. II. SIMS & Co., 27 Front Street \Vest, manufacturers of shirts, collars and cuffs. This is a branch of the Montreal house, which is one of the largest shirt manufacturing firms in Canada, employing oycr three hundred hands. The Toronto branch was established in 1877. Their goods are sold only to the tradc. Tea and Coffee, JOHN W. COWAN & Co" importers and wholesale tea and coffce mer- chants, 52 and 54 Frone Street East, first located at 25 Church Street, where they established their business in IR76. The present warehouse has a frontage of 60 x 60 feet, and .the business employs three trayellers who solicit orders in every district of the Province. The firm is composed of John \V. Cowan and _\, R. l\IcFarlane, the fonner of \\hom is a native of Ireland. 1\1r, Cowan is also connected with a firm engaged in the manu- facture of chocolate, trading under the name of Cowan, 1\1 usgraye &- Co, This place is situate at 7 and 9 Tcmperance Street, and employs from twelve to fifteen hands. 4 26 The COllnty of York. J. KEER (:\Iajor-General H. M. S.), tea merchant, 58 Church Street, commenced this business in 1883, and imports direct from India, the choicest brands only passing through his hands, JAMES LAUT, wholesale and retail tea merchant, 281 Yonge Street, established his business in 1878, in London, Ont" removing to Toronto to the above premises in 1881, where a frontage of 30 x 80 feet and a building of four storeys high attracts public attention. An agency of 300 members have charge of Mr. Laut's trade, which, through their energy and persever- ance, has been extended from l\Iontreal to Sarnia. MINTO BROS., wholesale tea merchants, 73 Colborne Street. This firm is composed of John and \Villiam Minto, who commenced their business in 18 74, five doors higher than their present location, They import stock direct, and their goods find a market all over the Province. Both brothers are natives of Scotland, and after their arrival in Canada spent several years in Montreal previous to their settlement in this city. \V. MONTGO),fERY, wholesale dealer in teas, coffees, etc., 108 Front Street East; business established in 1883. Trade principally confined to city. :Mr, :Montgomery was born in Ireland and came to Canada in 1873, and has been resident in Toronto for the past eleven years. JA:\IES WATSON, coffee and spice manufacturer, 121 Bay Street, started business in 1867. He employs eight men. .:\1r. \Vatson was born in Scot- land in 1833, and came to Toronto in 1853, R. S. \VATT & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in teas, etc., 878 Queen Street 'Vest. This business was established in 1879, on the corner of Y onge and Elm Streets, from which place they removed to Adelaide Street, and from thence to York Street, where they carried on business until the early part of the present year, Their travelling staff is composed of sixteen members, and the warehouse gives employment to eight men, who ship goods throughout the Province. l\Ir. \Vatt was born in Scotland and came to Canada in 1869, Wall Paper. FAIRCLOTH BROS., importers of English, French and American wall papers, artists' materials, etc. Business established in 1857 as G, S, Fair- cloth & Son. They first located on Adelaide Street, afterwards removed to Victoria Street, at this time carried on house painting, decorating, etc. In December, 1881, the firm moved to their present quarters, 256 Yonge Street, and added the paper trade to their business, since which time they have .. The City of Toronto. 4 2 7 . been known as Faircloth Bros. The firm is composed of J. l\I. & G. \Y. A. Faircloth, The store has a frontage of 13 x 100 feet, and is three storeys in height. Employs a staff of fifteen to twenty hands in the business. Wool and Hide Dealers, T. HEnmIcH & So : wool and hide dealers, This firm is composed of Tobias Heinrich and his son George, the last-named entering the business in 1879, The business was first established in 1869 by the father, who is a native of Germany, and came to Canada in 185+. He located in several places before he finally settled in Toronto in 1860, and from this date to the period of his commencement in business he acted as foreman for l\Ir. E, Leadley. E. LEADLEY & Co., wool and hide dealers, corner of Front and \Yest Market Streets. On this business being commenced in 1863, it was located at 758 Queen Street \Vest, but was removed to the present site in 1866. The warehouses have a frontage of 35t x 135 feet with a height of four storeys, The firm deals largely in wool, hides, skins and grain, and own also a pulling factory situate on Queen Street \Vest, and an additional store- house on George Street. The whole establishment provides employment for twenty-five men, l\Ir. Leadley is an Englishman by birth, and came to Toronto in 1856, where he has since remained. RETAIL AND GENER,,\L. Bakers, Confectioners, etc. JOHN BAIN, proprietor of steam bakery, located at 339 Queen Street \Vest. lIe is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, where he learned his trade and' worked for several years. Soon after his arrival here he established himself in the premises he now occupies, where he is doing a constantly incrèasing trade, using two waggons to distribute his goods around the city, and employing three men. His trade is mostly confined to supplying private families with bread and cakes, of which he manufactures a considerable . variety. G. H. BOWEN, proprietor of the bread, cake and confectioneryestab- lishment, 84 Queen Street \Vest, has been connected with the business since 1875. In 1879 he commenced business on his own accopnt on Yonge Street where he only remained one year, removing afterwards to Sullivan Street. In 1883 he changeJ his address to his present location, where by energy and perseverance he has built up a respectable and increasing trade. 4 28 TIle County of York. A, \V, CARRICK, baker and confectioner, corner of Bay and Richmond Streets, is the son of A. ,V. Carrick, a native of Ireland, who came to' Canada in 1847. The father had learned the trade of baker in Armagh, and on his arrival in this country, aft,er working a period as journeyman, com- menced business 9n his own account in this city, which he conducted until his death in 1862, After his demise the business was carried on by the family, the subject of our sketch taking entire possession in 1882. He runs two waggons, and employs five men, and is doing a prosperous wholesale and retail trade. j.UfES Cox & SON, pastry cooks, confectioners, etc. Refreshment Rooms, 83 and 441 Yonge Street. The head of the firm is a native of Devizes, \Viltshire, England, and learned his trade, working at the same in his native town for fifteen years afterwards. He came to Canada in 1857, and a little later established himself in business in this city, He began only in a small way, but by perseverance, thrift and integrity the present magnificent business is the result; an illustration of what may be acconL plished in a growing city like Toronto by the aid of these qualifications, \VILLIA:\I CARLYLE, baker, confectioner, and proprietor of the elegant and commodious refreshment parlours, situate at the corner of Queen and Simcoe Streets, was born at Stranraer, \Vigtonshire, Scotland, where he learned his trade. In 1868 he came to Canada, and for two years worked at his trade as journeyman, afterwards establishing himself in business at 149 York Street. He remained there seven years, and in 1877 purchased and removed to his present premises, which have a frontage of 26 x 74 feet. He employs in all six hands, and manufactures goods bath for wholesale and family trade, making a specialty of a superior class of confeçtionery for his own retail business. GEORGE COLEMAN, proprietor of ladies' and gents' refreshment rooms, 1 II King Street \Vest, is a native of Suffolk, England, and came to Canada in 1846, He stayed in Montreal the first five years, and then settled in this city where he has since liyed. He learned in England the trade of baker, and worked at the same until 1851 when he commenced in this city on his own account. He was first for thirteen years at 69 King Street \Vest, and nine years at 99 King Street \Vest, and commenced business at his present location in 1874, where he has one of the finest business stands in this line in the city. . GEORGE CO STABLE, proprietor of steam bakery, 450 Queen Street \Vest, was born in Blair Gowrie, Scotland, and came to Canada in 18 53, The City of Torollto, 4 2 9 having previously learned the trade of baker. He worked at his trade in this city for some time, and in 1857 commenced business for himself. He manufactures for both wholesale and retail trade, employs six hands, and keeps three waggons for the delivery of his goods. Every vanety of bread, cakes, confectionery and pastry are made in this establishment, and its pro- prietor was the first in this country to manufacture common bread by steam; having made four trips to the old country, he has all the modern appliances used in the manufacture of his line of goods, THE CO-OPERAT!VE UNION BAKING AND MILLING SOCIETY. This is an outgrowth of the Bakers' Union, established in 1880, John :Mac:\Iillan, President, James F. Crait, Secretary; have lately leased the buildings on Parliament Street and \Vilton Avenue, where they expect to establish an extensive baking business. They are now employing five men and require three waggons to distribute their goods. J, F. CRAIG, baker and confectioner, was born in Toronto, where he has always resided, and has been engaged in the confectionery business for the past twenty years. He first located on Church Street, afterwards removing to Berkeley Street, and finally locating at 262 King Street East, where he is engaged in the manufacture of confectionery exclusively for the trade, ROBERT CURESTON, proprietor of bakery and confectionery at 3 2 4 Queen Street \Vest, is a native of Glasgow, Scotland; came to Canada with his parents when a child, who settled and lived in Quebec, where he learned his trade, and has worked at the same ever since, He started him- self in business at his present location in 1882. Employs three hands in the bakery and one to drive a waggon around town to supply his customers. . R. F, DALE, proprietor of bakery located at the corner of Portland and Queen Streets, The quality of his goods is demonstrated by the fact that he received the first prize awarded for the best bread, at the Toronto Exhibition in 1882. He is a native of the" Braes of Bonnie Doon," Scot- land, and came to Canada in 1854, He learned his trade in this city, and in August, 1878, hought out a haking business at 93 Queen Street \\g est , where he remained, somewhat over two years, afterwards removing to his present quarters, where he manufactures goods for both the wholesale and retail trade, and employs five hands. His business requires h\o waggons for the delivery of his goods. The growth of this business can be summed up from the fact, that his weekly output of loaves in 1881 was two thousand, and for a corresponding week in 188+ was three thousand two hundred. 43 0 The COUllty of York. H. 1\1. DEVLIN, proprietor of bakery, ice-cream and confectionery parlours, 483 Y onge Street. Does a large trade, both wholesale and retail. Employs five hands, and uses two waggons for the distribution of his goods in and around the city. He manufactures every variety of bread, cakes, confectionery and pastry, his chief aim being to supply only a first-class article, Mr, Devlin is a native of Simcoe County, but has lived in York the greater portion of his life, He carried on business in London, Ontario, for two years and a-half, and on his return to this city, commenced busi- ness on Church Steeet, where he remained one year, and in 1882 leased and took possession of his present premises. C, J. FROG LEY, proprietor of bakery store, corner of Yonge and York- ville Avenue, is a native of London, England, where he learned his trade, and continued at the same nine years, He came out in 1872, and in 18 74 established himself in business at 497 Y onge Street, where he remained five years, he then moved to 768 Y onge, doing busines for another five years, when he bought and took possession of the large and commodious bakery and store at the above location, where he does a large wholesale and retail trade, Runs three waggons, employing five men, also keeps ice-cream and confectionery rooms, DAVID GALLOWAY, baker and confectioner, 101 Church Street, is a native of Falkland, Scotland, where he learned his traåe, and coming to Canada in 1871, he worked in this city as journeyman two years. In 1873 he removed to Acton \Vest, and commenced business on his own account, from thence to Shelburne, where he remained for five years. In 1883 he returned to Toronto and established himself at the above-mentioned address, employing three hands in the manufacture of several kinds of bread, con- fectionery and pastry, and using waggons for åelivering to his customers. THOMAS GARDINER, proprietor of the Lorne Bakery, 6 Queen Street \Vest, is a native of Scotland, and came to Canada in 1870. He acquired a knowledge of his trade in Dundee, Scotland, in which town he worked six years as journeyman. On his arrival in this city he worked as journeyman two years, afterwards establishing himself in business at 3 I 6 Y onge Street, where he remained three years. About this time he emigrated to Streets- ville, Ontario, and carried on baking business there until 1879, when he returned to this city and opened the premises he at present occupies. He makes a specialty in superior pastry and manufactures only for his retail trade. His confectionery parlour is tasteful and elegant, and is one of the attractions of its kind Toronto. The City of Toronto, 43 1 N. GARDINER, baker and confectioner, store, corner of King and Sher- bourne Streets, was born in Scotland, and came to Canada in 1871. He learned his trade with his brother, J. Gardiner, and afterwards worked for him a considerable time, He established his present business in 18 79, and now employs two hands, manufacturing a variety of goods for his own retail trade, Although only recently commenced in business, l\Ir. Gardener is fast gaining a fair .share of the trade. R. JOSE, proprietor of pastry and fancy cake bakery, 559 Queen Street \Vest, was born in Quebec, April 5th, 1848, and came to Toronto with his parents two years later, where he has since resided. He served his apprenticeship with l\Ir. J, Cox, who now carries on business on Y onge Street, and worked with him one year after his time was out. In 186 9 he started business on his own account, on Queen Street, four doors east of Peter Street, and remained there about three years; he then removed to Y onge Street and did business there for over two years, and in 18 75 removed to his present place of business, when that locality was nothing more than open fields. l\Ir. Jose employs three men, and manufactures a variety of fancy goods in his line of business for his own retail trade, . EDWARD LAWSON, importer of teas and groceries, and manufacturer of confectionery, wholesale and retail, 93 King Street East, first established his business on Y onge Street in 1843, In 1860 he moved to his present location 'where he employs fifteen hands, l\Ir. Lawson was born in Cumber- land, England, in 1819, and settled in Toronto in 18 3 0 . J, D. NASMITH, proprietor of the steam bakery, corner of Adelaide and Jarvis Streets, is the son of John Nasmith, a native of Glasgow, Scotland. who formerly conducted a bakery for many years in Greenock, Scotland. and by industry and economy was enabled to retire from business. Specu- lation combined with the great fundamental changes effected through the repeal of the Corn Laws absorbed his capital, and in 18.1-4 he came to Canada to attempt the restoration of his broken fortunes. He remained a short time in l\Iontreal, removing afterwards to this city and rented wh lt was then known as the old Herald building, corner of Newgate and Nelson Streets, now Adelaide and Jarvis, where the present proprietor, J. D. N asmith. was borr., He commenced with a very limited capital, and once more as he thought had laid the foundation of futme prosperity, His hopes on this occasion were doomed to disappointment. In I8{g he was burned out, losmg nearly everything he possessed. Through the encouragement and substantial assistance of the Hon. John :\Ic:\Iurrich, he was induced to build .lgain and 28 . 43 2 The COU1lty of York, from that time forward fortune favoured his efforts, and in 1870 he retired in favour of his son, to el)joy that ease which his years of labour and mental trials certainly entitled him. His death occurred four years later. J. D, N asmith, his third son and successor to the business, owns now one. of the largest baking establishments in the city, and being on a recent tour through Great Britain was astonished to find among all the large bakeries he visited" that few could compare with his own in Toronto in variety of mechanical appliances for use in his line of business. He employs fifteen hands and three delivery waggons. He recently opened a branch store and lunch counter at 51 King Street \Vest. FRANKLIN REYNOLDS, baker and confectioner, 164 Queen Street vVest, is a native of this city, being a son of \Villiam Reynolds, one of the first bakers in Toronto, Our subject acquired a knowledge of the business from his father-whose store was situate at the corner of Gould and Y onge Streets-and continued with him until 1860. On the retirement of hIS father in that year Franklin succeeded to the business, which he continued to conduct at the "old place" six years longer. He then moved to Victoria Street, remaining there but one year, however, before he bought and took possession of his present premises, 1\Ir. Reynolds does a large wholesale trade, employing three men and sending out two waggons, He manufactures all kinds of bread and cakes, and the large yearly increase of his sales is the result of careful attention to all the details of his busine s. ' RICHARD REEVES, baker, 52 Centre Street, was born in Dublin, Ireland, 18 I 7, where he learned the trade of haker, afterwards working at the same in the City of \Vexford. He came to Canada in 1837, and soon after his arrival joined the militia in Kingston, under Colonel Benson, He came to Toronto in 1839, and established himself on York Street in the business to which he had been brought up, and which he carried on for thirteen years. In 1864 he located at his present address, where he has since con. tinued to conduct his trade, He employs three men and manufactures every variety of bread. ROBERTSON BROTHERS, manufacturers of and wholesale dealers in confectionery, 83, 85 and 87 Queen Street East, established their business in 1862. They employ one hundred hands and use five thousand barrels of sugar annually. They have five travellers. GEORGE ROBERTSON, proprietor of confectionery and refreshment parlours, 253 Y onge Street, is a native of Scotland, and came to Canada . T/ze City of Toronto. 433 when a boy. He has resided in this city since 1851, and learned his trade with Dodson, Shields & Morton, with whom he continued to remain as manager some years after the completion of his apprenticeship, He has carried on his present line of business for twenty-one years at various places in the city, and in 1880 he took possession of and opened his . present elegant store and parlours, CHARLES SCHMIDT, proprietor of the bakery, go Queen Street \Vest, does a large wholesale and retail trade, employing six men, and owns two delivery waggons. He is a native of Germany, and learned his trade in London, England. He worked as a journeyman twenty-four years, during that period travelling- through France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, England, and the United States. He came to Toronto in 1876, and for four years worked at his trade in this city, commencing b siness for himself at his present address in 1880, where he manufactures all kinds of bread, cakes, confectionery and pastry, He makes a specialty of the "Toronto Brown Bread," for which he has a patent. JOSEPH TAIT, 660 Yonge Street, baker, confectioner and grocer. Estab- lished business in 1872, Employs thirteen hands and runs five waggons, Deals in all kinds of flour and feed, canned goods, and everything in the grocery line. HENRY TO IL1N, proprietor of bakery at 320 Queen Street \Yest, and retail store at 514 Queen Street \Vest. He is a native of Hampshire, England, and came to Canada in 1870, having previously learned his trade at Peckham, England, and worked at the same for several years. :\Ir. Tomlin has been connected with the baking business since his arrival here, and the extent of it is now such as to reqUIre two waggons to distribute his goods. Employs four hands in the manufacture of bread and cakes. lIe also carries on a milk business in connection with the same. H-\RRY \VEBB, caterer and confectioner +47 Y onge Street, established his present business in 1876. He was born in Toronto, clnd is the second son of Thomas \Vebb, a native of Hampshire, England, who came to Toronto in 18,p, It was after several years' absence from his natiye city :\1r. \Vebb returned in 1876 and commenced his present successful business. He married in 1871 Miss Z\lary Hartman, second daughter of the late Ir. \Villiam Hartman, Vaughan. JAME \VILSON, baker and confectioner, 4-97-9 Yonge Street, is a native of Inverness, Scotland, being the second son of James \\'ilson, a, 434 The COU1lty of York, schoolmaster in that district. Our subject came to Toronto in 1868, but it was not till 1881 that he established his present business, His specialty is Vienna bread and rolls. Booksellers and Stationers. . J. S. ROBERTSON & BROS., booksellers, stationers and newsdealers, corner of Toronto and Adelaide Streets. Also subscription book publishers, and proprietors of the Chronicle, \Yhitby, ant. The business was estab- lished at \Vhitby in 1874, In 1882 l\Iessrs, Robertson purchased the Post- office Book Store of this city, the firm being represented by l\'Ir. Charles Robertson. The store has a frontage on Toronto and Adelaide Streets of sixty feet. This firm employs over one hundred agents in their subscription book business, which is controlled from \Vhitby. The Messrs, Robertson are Torontonians by birth. . \VINNIFRITH BROS, booksellers and stationers, 6 and 8 Toronto Street. The business was established in 1856 by l\'Ir. C. A, Backas, in a part of the premises at present owned by the firm. In 1883 the present proprietor added to the building, and now has one of the finest store frontages in the city. They keep a large and varied stock of English and American works, and import direct, l\Ir. \Vinnifrith. is a native of the County of Kent, England, and came to Canaùa in 1871. He located in Hamilton four years before he settled in Toronto. Bookbinder. CARSWELL & Co., 28 Adelaide Street East, bookbinders and publishers of law books, Established in 1870 by R, Carswell, who in 1878 took in three partners; the firm being now composed of R. Carswell, \V. E. Collins., and Arthur Poole, They employ about twenty hands. Boots and Shoes. H. & C. BLACHFORD, 87 and 89 King Street East, manufacturers and retail dealers in all grades of hoots and shoes, make a specialty of the finer classes, and are importers of French, English and American goods. The house was first established in 1864, at 131 King Street East, under the name of A. Blachford, and at the end of two years, the rqom becoming too small for the increased business, they moved to 107 King Street East; eleven years after, their largely-increasing trade necessitated their removal to their present commodious premises. Their trade is not con- fined to this city, but extends from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. .. The City of Toronto. 435 They carry, in ladies' and children's fine goods, the largest stock in the Dominion, employing at the present time over twenty hands, E, DACK & SON, 73 King Street \Vest, is the oldest and best shoe house in Canada, having been established over half" a t:entu y ago, by the late Matthew Dack, and during that time has gradually increased its business year by year, and now counts as its customers almost all the pro- minent men of the Dominion, and sends goods from one end of the country to the other, and throughout the United States, They manufacture and devote their whole attention exclusively to gents' fine hand-made custom shoes, and thereby have attained perfection in that line, and have gained 'an enviable reputation as makers of the best wearing and fitting goods on the Continent. ALEXANDER G EMMELL, dealer in boots and shoes, I 15 King Street \Vest, was born. in \.yrshire, Scotland. In 1851 he came to Toronto, and in 1854 commenced his present business in a shop on King Street" near Y onge Street, having had thirteen years' experience in Scotland, He after- wards moved to his present location, where he is doing a fine trade, In 1849, in Scotland, l\Ir. Gemmell won the first prize for the best essay hy one of the working classes, on " The Temporal Advantages of the Sabbath." JOHN GREEN, manufacturer of fine shoes and general dealer in all classes of boots and shoes, N"o, 103 Y onge Street, He commenced business in 1883 at his prese'nt place, which remains about one of the oldest stands for boots and shoes in this city, having been occupied previously by Mr. John Smith, for some time Reeve of Bracebridge, and before him by \Villiam Guinane, who carried on business there for se,-eral years. 1\Ir. Green is a native of Brampton, and bas resided in Toronto for the last ten years; his father, John Green, sen'r, was a native of Norfolk, England, and for many years a resident of the County of Peel ip this Province. . S, R, HANNA, boot and shoe dealer, 428 Y onge Street, The business was established by his brother in 1878, and came into l\Ir. S. R. Hanna's hands in 18th. He was formerly with the firm of J. D. King & Co" and is a native of the north of Ireland, emigrating to this country in 1872. PATRICK HIGGINS, wholesale and retail boot and shoe merchant, 144- Y onge Street, is a native of Roscommon, Ireland, being the only son of Charles Higgins, who came to Toronto in 1838, and died in 1874. :\Ir. Higgins commenced business in 1859, near Richmond Street \Yest, and in 1864- remoycd to the premises he yet occupies. 43 6 The COll1lty of York. THO:\IAS LANGTO , boot and shoe maker and dealer, 307 Yonge Street, is a native of Sligo, Ireland, and came to Montreal in 1849, He removed to Toronto in 1854, and commenced business in the above line on King Street, north-east corner of George, removing to his present stand in 18 75. He is a P. 1\1., A. F, & A. 1\1., King Solomon Lodge, No, 22 G. R. C. \Y:\I, IOSELEY, boot and shoe dealer, corner ofY onge Street and Bismarck Avenue. He established his business in 1873, and since that time has done a constantly increasing trade, He was born at Stafford, England, and c me to Canada in 1866. He was connected with the firm of'Sessions, Turner & Cooper, as cutter in their manufacturing establishment. JOH B, THOMPSON, boot and shoe dealer, 142 King Street East, is a native of this city, born in 1830; his father, the late Thomas Thompson, being a native of Yorkshire, England, came out and settled in thi city, the year of our subjects' hirth, Soon atter his arrival he engaged in 6chool teaching, anJ afterwards, through the encouragement of friends, established the first store for the sale of ready-made boots and shoes in this city on King Street near Yonge. He afterwards sold out, and erected the Mammoth House, where our subject, the father, and brother engaged for some years in the dry goods and clothing business. In the year 1870 our subject separated himself from the business, and taking the boot and shoe part of the trade, established himself at the above address, where he is making extensive sales. The death of his father occurred in 1868. The Butchers and the Markets. The present St. Lawrence Hall building was erected in 1849 in place of a brick structure which had to be pulled down in consequence of the damage it received by the great fire of that year. The edifice is said to be a copy of the Temple of Jupiter Stator, at Rome, the façade consisting of a portico of fluted columns supporting a pediment, upon which the arms of Toronto are sculptured, the whole surmounted by an open cupola. The market proper is approached from King Street by an arcade, and lined by butchers' stores, while the outer portion is set aside for the sale of farmers' and garden produce, Among the principal butchers who do business in this market are the following :- BRITTON BROTHERS, butchers, 13 and IS St. Lawrence Market. This firm was established in 1854 by James Britton, father of the present mem- bers of the firm, and who now resides at 221 George Street. The Britton Brothers came into possession of the business in 1881. They buy their stock in the country and do their own killing. , Tlte City of Toro1/to. 437 THO IAS J, CAMPTON, butcher, in stall No, 5, St. Lawrence Market. The busin.ess was established first on York Street in 1873, and was moved to its present location in 1882, 1\1r. Campton runs one waggon. He was born in Maroon Town, Jamaica, June 3rd, 1841, being the son of Thomas Campton, a serjeant in the 68th Light Infantry, and came to Toronto in company with his father in 1842. GEORGE B. CANN, 28 St. Lawrence l\larket, was established on Yonge Street in' 1870, and moved to his present location in 1883, He kills his own meat and keeps poultry in season, He runs two waggons, HENRY R. FRAKKLAND, son of G, F, ,Frankland, was born in lork Township in 1858, He does a wholesale and retail business in St. Law- rence ?\1arket, 22 and 2+. He is serving his second term as Deputy-Reeve for York Township. JOHN GALLAGHER'S meat market is at 17 and 19 St. Lawrence Market. The stand was formerly occupied by the late Samuel Toy, who commenced at a very early date. Mr. Gallagher worked with 1\1r. Toy from 1860 to 1880, and on his death assumed the control of the business. He, does mostly his own killing, and runs two waggons. JOHN MALLON & Co.. 12, 14 and 16 St. Lawrence 1arket; who are also exporters of cattle, They do a large business in mess beef and beef hams with the Lower Provinces; also a wholesale and retail business. They find a great drawback to the shipment of meat to the Lower Pro- vinces in the strong competition with American dealers, who ship in bond, store on vesseis, and thus evade the duty of $2,00 per barrel. St, Patrick's Market, on Queen Street \Vest, is much smaller than St. Lawrence, and has no pretensions to architectural beauty. CREALOCK & BROWN, 7, 9 and 10 St. Patrick's )'Iarket, established in 1874, They keep pickled and fresh meats and run two waggons. St. Andrew's Hall and Market building, also on Queen Street \Vest, but further west than the preceding, is a handsome white brick structure in the French ReDaissance style, It is occupied, among others, by the . following butchers: J. H, C. BROWN, butcher, 2 St. Andrew's larket, does a wholesale and retail business; he buys his stock in the country and does his own killing. He employs four hands, runs two waggons, and deals in all kinds of fresh meats, also hams, tongues, poultry, and vegetables in season. He first established business at 336 Queen Street \Yest in 1 7+, moving to the market in 1876, 43 8 The COUllty of York. Jow CHANTLER, butcher, first established on Queen Street, in 186 7, and upon the opening of St. Andrew's l\1arket he removed to h s present location, I I St. Andrew's Market. He runs one wagon, He was born in lanchester, England, in 1815, and settled in Toronto in 1866. \VILLIA OXEN HAM, butcher, 12 St. Andrew's :Market, first established his busihess at St. Patrick's l\Iarket in 1855, and in 1861 removed to the corner of Chestnut and Queen Streets, and in 1876 established himself at his present location, He runs one waggon. He was born in De onshire, England, in 1815, and settled in Toronto in 18 4 8 . The following butchers do business in their own stores in various parts of the city: \VILLIAM H. ARKSEY, meat market at 112 Queen Street \Vest, estab- lished his business in 1876, and runs one waggon. The business was formerly conducted by the late James Brown. Previous to embarking in the meat business l\1r, Arksey was engaged in the grocery and liquor trade at 172 Queen Street \Vest. , \V, J. AYLES, butcher, 91 Agnes Street, has been employed in the business since 1878. He moved to his present place in 188 3, G. P. BEZLEY, meat market at 387 Yonge Street, established the business at Y orkville in a wholesale way in 1860, and at. his present location on Yonge Street in 1870. He kills all his own stock, going to the country. for it. He does a retail as well as a wholesale business, and runs two waggons. T. H, BILLS' meat market, 66 Queen Street \Vest, was established in 1863. He dpes most of his own killing, and keeps all kinds of poultry and vegetables. He runs two waggons, J. H. P. BONNICK, meat market, 393t Yonge Street, was established on Yonge Street as early as 1857. He has ever since been in the trade, and is one of the oldest butchers in the city, He was born in the COl;mty of Kent, England, in 1813, and settled in Toronto in 18 57, . G, H. BOULTON, 237 Yonge Street, established business by him elf in 18 74, but the stand had been occupied previously by others in the same line. He does part of his own killing, and buys part at the market, He runs two waggons. JOHN BROWN, meat market, 222 King Street East, established business on King Street in 1877, and moved to his present location in 1881. He keeps a general line of meats, poultry, vegetables, etc., and runs one waggo n . The City of Toronto. 439 T. CHANTLER, son of John Chantler, has a meat market at 581 Queen Street West, which was established in 1876, He runs one waggon. JOHN DANCY, meat market, 233 Church Street, first established his business at the corner of Chestnut and Edward Streets in 1868. He moved in 1870 to 231 Yonge Street, thence to 453 Yonge Street, and to his present location in 1882. He kills his own cattle, deals in poultry and vegetables, wholesale and retail, and runs three waggons, J. B. DAVISON, butcher and provision dealer, 451 Yonge Street, estab- lished business in 1870 on Parliament Street, moved to 384 Yonge Street in 1872, and to his present location in 1875. He deals in game, poultry, and vegetables in season, and runs two waggons. C. H, DUNNING, 359 Y onge Street, commenced business in Toronto in 18 57 on Queen Street \Vest, and is one of the oldest butchers in the city at present in business. In 1865 he removed to the St. Lawrence Market, and in 1870 opened a shop on Yonge Street in connection with his stall in St. Lawrence 'l\1arket. In 1877 he located in his present commodious premises. :\1r. Dunning has made a specialty of meat curing, in which branch of his business he has long held first place in the city; his corned and spiced rounds of beef, sug?r-cured hams and bacon especially are purchased by private families over a great part of Ontario. JOSEPHE fERY, meat market, 597 Queen Street \Vest, established busi- ness on Centre Street in 1857, and moved to Queen Street in 1859. He is one of the oldest butchers in the city. He runs two waggons. T. FOSTER, 260 Queen Street East. Established in 1872. \Yhole'sale and retail fresh meats and provision merchant. A large supply of smoked hams, bacon, pickled pork, lard, sausages and vegetables of all kinùs, poultry, and other things too numerous to mention. One waggon and one cart. HENRY HAYNES, 101 Grosvenor Avenue, corner of Oxford Street, butcher, established in 18fh, keeps all kinds of fresh and salt meats, vege- tables, fruit anù poultry in season. A, J, l\1ANNELL'S meat market, 10I Queen Street \Vest, was first established at an early date by H. Jones, who sold. to George Griffin in 1880. 1\1r. Mannell obtained possession in IS83. He runs one waggon. \VILLIAM HENRY :\hLLER, meat market, 206 Queen Street East, estab- lished in IS79, keeps a general assortment of fresh and salt meats, poultry, vegetables in season, etc, He runs one waggon. 44 0 The County of York, ]A",ms MUMFORD, proprietor of the Baldwin Street 1\Iarket, known as No. r Baldwin Street, first established on Yonge Street in r857. and moved to his present location in r 880, He runs two waggons, and keeps a constant supply of fresh and salt meats, poultry and vegetables in season, He kills small stock, cures his own hams and bacon, and manufactures sa usages. HENRY NORRIS' central meat market, 333 Yonge Street, was established by James \Vard in r86r, and came into 1\1r. Norris' hands in r872. 1\1r. N orris purchases stock amongst others from Thompson, Flanagan, Blong and R. Pugsley, and runs two waggons. ]OH R. OUTHET, family butcher, 451- Grange Avenue, established in r88r, keeps salt meats, hams, bacon, and sausages; also poultry and vegetables in season, He runs one waggon. F, H. PEARCE, meat market, 233 Yonge Street, established in his present location in r856, being the oldest active butcher on Yonge Street. He also does a general trade in fresh and corned meat and general pro- visions, He runs two waggons. ]AMES E. PITTS, meat market, 327 Yonge Street, established in r875 at 38r Y onge Street, and moved to his present location in r 876. He runs two waggons. F. L. PRIOR, 324t Spadina Avenue, meat market and family butcher. The business was established by]. & ]. \V oollings and managed by Mr, Prior, who became owner of the. establishment in r882. He runs one waggon, and keeps poultry and vegetables in season. WILLIAM ROBINSON, butcher, 207 Gerrard Street East, established in r876, kills his own cattle, and runs two waggons. He deals in poultry and vegetables. SAMUEL T. ROSENBERG, 116 Lumley Street, butcher, established on Claremont Street in 1882, and in his present place in r883. He keeps all kinds of fresh and salt meats and vegetables, and runs one waggon. \VILLIAM SCHUBAIT, r74 Brunswick Avenue, family butcher, estab- lished in r878, keeps fresh and salt meats, poultry, vegetables in season, and he runs one delivery waggon. D. C. SHAEFER, meat market, 112 Church Street, established business in r 874, He keeps poultry and vegetables, and runs one wagon. 1\1. J. STACK, corner of Lippincott and Nassau Streets, butcher, keeps all kinds of fresh and salt meats, Established in r880. He kills his small stuff. The City of T01'011tO. 44 1 F. B. STEPHENS, 53 Oxford Street, family butcher, established in 188 3, keeps all kinds of fresh and salt meats, yegetables and poultry in season, R. STONE, meat market, 379 Parliament Street, established on Y onge Street in 1871, and m,oved to his present location in 188 3. He runs two waggons, and keeps poultry and vegetables in season, JOHN SYMONS, meat market, 231 Yonge Street, occupies an old stand established as early as 18 59, having come into possession in 18 77. He purchases at the market, and runs two waggons. THOMAS TAYLOR, 204 St. Patrick Street, butcher. Established in 1884. Keeps poultry; bacon, etc. THOMAS \V ATTS, meat mark t, 331 King Street East, keeps a general stock of provisiåns, game, poultry, flowers and vegetables in season. He runs one waggon, ]. & J. \VOOLLINGS, l\1cCaul Street Market, at 163 and r65 l\IcCaul Street, established in 1873. They kill all their own stock. Joseph \Voollings, the elder brother, lives on a farm at Islington, butchers and comes to town three times a week; he does a wholesale and retail trade. The firm deals in poultry and vegetables in season, also hams, bacon, and pickled meats, They employ ten hands, and run three waggons. \VILLIAM \VORDLEY, butcher and pork-packer, corner of Church and Carlton Streets, was established first at 325 Church Street in 1871, and removed to his present location in r872, lIe does all his own killing, runs six waggons, and employs eleven men. He first started in a small way and now does íully $75,000 annually, packs about $ro,ooo of pork annually, corns beef extensively, and does a large business in game and poultry in season, etc. Carpets, JOHN KAY, importer of carpets and house furnishings, 34 King Street \-Vest, first commenced his business in 1847, and located in his present premises in 1880, The building is 205 x 26 feet, and is four store) s high, Fifty hands are employed in a business that amounts to a quarter of a million annually, Mr. Kay's carpet sewing factory is on Queen Street \Vest, Coal and Wood. ROBERT ALLINGHA:\I, coal and wood merchant, r79 and 181 Bathurst Street, was born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and came to · Toronto in r874 with his parents, both of whom are still living here. lIe commenced his present business in 1883, anò keeps two teams. 44 2 The COllnty of York, BELL BROS., coal and wood merchants, 166 Simcoe Street, This busi- ness was established twenty years ago by Thomas and James Bell, who were born in the County Fermanagh, Ireland, and came to this country in 1858, It is now carried on by James Bell. The sales average $60,000 yearly. \VILLIAM BELL, coal and wood merchant, and real estate agent, 83 Dundas Street, is a native of \Voolwich, England, and came to Canada with his parents during the Rebellion in 1837. He served his time to a machinist in Montreal, and for a number of years afterwards travelled in the United States. He finally settled in Toronto, and in 1879 was elected School Trustee for St. Stephen's \Vard, a position he held for four years. He was elccted Alderman for the same ward in 1881, by a large majority, and continued to represent the constituency until 1883; when he resigned, having been appointed Tax Collector. On the annexation of Brockton to the city (now St. Mark's \Vard), he was elected School Trustee, and is still on the Board. His business which has been established now two years is very extensive, especially in the coal and wood department, and his real estate business is greatly on the increase. He is a man highly respected in his vicinity, and the public offices he has and is at present filling is sufficient testimony that he is fully deserving of public confidence. PATRICK BURNS, coal and wood dealer, Bathurst and Front Streets, established his business in the year 1856. He handles about thirty-five thousand cords of wood, and one hundred and fifty thousand tons .of coal . annually, and employs about three hundred men, and from one hundred and fifty to two hundred horses and carts for delivery. His wood comes to the city by all railways, and his coal both by lake and rail. ,He has several offices in different parts of the city for the receiving of orders, which are connected with the yard by telephone. As an instance of, l\1r, Burns' great success in this line of business, it is only necessary to say that at the com- mencement two horses were requisite for delivering purposes. Mr. Burns is a native of County ;Fermanagh, Ireland, 3.nd came to Toronto the same year in which his trade was established, JOHN CHiSHODf, coal and wood merchant, hay, straw, and seed store 447 King Street East, was born at Kingston, Ontario, and established business here about 1876, \Vorks two horses and carts, and handles about I ,000 ton of coal and an equal number of cords of wood annually. DENNIS DANIELS, coal and wood merchant, 628 Y onge Street, was born in England, and came to Canada with his parents in 1836. In 1854 he com- menced his present business in Y orkville on a small scale. He now handles about five thousand tons of coal, and five thousand cords of wood yearly. Tlze City of Toronto, 443 \VILLIAM HALE HOWARD, cpal and wood merchant, 25 Victoria Street, is the eldest son of \Villiam Howard, of Devonshire, England, He married Susannah \Votton, of the same place, and in 1872 came to Toronto, where in 1879 he opened his present business. His sales of coal average eight thousand tons, and those of wood five thousand cords annually. He keeps three teams of horses. SAMUEL HUNTER, coal and wood, 245t Spadina Avenue, and 321 Queen Street \Yest, was born in the County of "Green Bushes," Tyrone; Ireland, May 3rd, 1831. On emigrating to Canada in 1852 he came direct to Toronto. He has nmv been in business here twenty one years. \Vhen the vessel" Maggie Hunter" (Captain Frank Nixon) was lost Mr, Hunter was left behind to the extent of $13,000, there being no insurance. In spite of this drawback however ::\1r. Hunter has accumulated by strict business attention considerable property, and may be justly spoken of as a man of independen t means, NEAVIN l\ICCoNNELL, coal and wood merchant, 78 Queen Street East, was born in the County of Peel, ant. After farming for some years in his native county he came to Toronto in 1875, and established his present business which has proved very successful. He sells about two thousand tons of coal, and fifteen hundred cords of wood a'nnually. \VrLLlAM MCGILL & Co., c al and wood merchants, 146 Bathurst Street. Mr. McGill was born in Berwickshire, Scotland, and came to Canada with his parents in 1837. His father settled at Springfield, Dundas Street, where he had a grist and saw mill, and where \Villiam remained till he was twenty years of age. \Ve may incidently add that soon after their arnval in Toronto the father was called out by the Government to aid in sup- pressing the Mackenzie revolt. On leaving home, \Villiam removed to Oakville and carried on a grocery business for some years, after\\>ard con- ducting a similar business in Guelph for five years. In 1872 he came to Toronto and established himself in the coal and wood trade, which has proved very successful. They imported direct from the mines by rail last year twelve thousand tons of anthracite coal, and received one thousand, three hundred and eighty-five car loads of wood of all kinds by I'\orthern Railroad, Mr. McGill married in' 1863 Eliza Jane Bullock, by whom he had a family of seven children, six of whom are still living. His wife died February 28th, 188+, and in her he lost, at once, a cheerful helpmate and a wise and faithful councillor. ELIAS ROGERS & Co. The firm whose card appears on the next page opened an office in Toronto ill '1876, :\1r. Rogers had previously been 444 Tlte COU1lty of York. interested in coal mines in Pennsylvania which he continued to operate. His partner 1\1r. F. C, Dinniny, a wealthy gentleman residing in Elmira, N. Y., is president of two large coal mining companies. The firm have always been in a position to procure their coal at first cost, and have supplied their customers with the best grades at the lowest prices. This together with their strictly honourable course, and careful attention to business, has rapidly won for them a first place in the coal business of this province. They supply t.he wholesale trade direct from the mines, and their facilities for doing a retail business in Toronto are unsurpassed, Their sheðs for storing coal on Esplanade Street are the largest in Can da, They also do a large wood business, and keep two steam sawing and splitting machines constantly running. 1\1r, Rogers was born in North York, near Newmarket, he is a comparatively young man, and it is gratifying to note his success. His father who bore the same name was one of the early settlers, and a man of sterling qualities. \VILLIA I SPEXCE, coal and wood merchant, 486 King Street \Vest, is a native of County Donegal, Ireland, being the youngest son of \Villiam Spence, farmer. Mr, Spence came to Toronto in 1864, and after farming for ten years, commenced his present business, He has three horses and carts, q.nd handles about. one thousand cords of wood and one thousand tons of coal annually. STINSO & SONS, coal and wood merchants, and proprietors of express and furniture vans, 96 Terauley Street. This business was established in 1873. Ten teams exclusive of those hired, and ten men are employed, while six thousand tons of coal, and four thousand cords of wood are handled annually. The firm is composed of James Stinson, who was born in Ireland, and came to Canada in 1842, and his sons Alexander A., and Edward Stinson, JAMES H. TITUS, coal and wood merchant, 12 Queen Street, Park- dale, was born in Nova Scotia in 1846, and came to Toronto with his parents in 1849, For some time he was engaged as captain on lake vessels, and in 1872 commenced his present business, He keeps four teams and handles about t three thousand tons of coal, and one thousand cords of wood annually, THOMAS R. \VHlTESIDE, coal, wood, flour and feed merchant, 102 Sherbourne Street, was born in Toronto in 18+4. In 1867 he established a store in the Township of Brock, and in 1875 commenced his present business, which averages $25,000 per annum, For some time he was School Trustee for St. Thomas' \Vard, . \,\.'3 )þ Þ A ;:-<1 \..)f I .,J)I /" ..,""""' , '" / ll p,I"..,u. n . r ; 11' I'w .0101 " . - - r . , " " " " 'J , ....... _ 1 f? r- . ...ø . I'! 0, - - ----=-I IJ &- 5 IN Ol..fS,ð. f,ð.l.. fR \fJOOD. \]J "II..D J...& REf eO 1 I"T" rrr--rrn-r ""'1"'r l )G lts <<. , .,. \ 4 -V- I .,L' ,..' )0 . - -"!::::::::--a I ,T/ / / h -..l , , """'" ....., { Å " , , )Á.\.. Á. \.. ,,( . '-"- l !, Jill ; it .. !.f' - ', .. ß" - Yi: t.! --.- .r J - .-.' .-.. - --- h -- J./j 1 ..... ...... ' ,', :I -. W. f - I .. , _. 't t · It' \-1 i -, .. ," I , JI r J, ' ... to. fl- ......,....c..IIo ,... ... ..,í" '" il tl k J - -- ,.- '. . - -. - .. -" ESPLAN....DE STREET DOCtlS AND Y^RDS, TORONTO, ONT. HEAD OFFICE, 20 KING ST. W OFFICE & YARD,COR ESPLANADE & PRINCESS. BA^NCH OFFICE. +13 YONGE ST OFFICE&YARD,ESPlANADE 8T.NEAR BERKElEVST BRANCH OFFICE,6.36 QUEEN ST, W OFFICE & YARD. COR. NIAr...,U' & I , t"> ST '1' . ,"' . . The City of Toronto. 445 Crockery, Glassware and Pottery, ... A. BORROWMAN, Staffordshire House, 289 Y onge Street, importer and dealer in china, glassware, fruit-jars, plated and fancy goods, cutlery, lamp.fixtures, etc, This business was established by John Oulcott in 186 9, and was taken possession of by Richard Moyer, subsequently by its present proprietor in 1 8I. He imports most of his goods from Staffordshire, England, France and Germany, and keeps constantly on hand one of the largest stocks in the city; all for cash. JAMES R. BURNS, proprietor of the Toronto Stoneware Pottery, located on Scadding Street, is a native of County Tyrone, Ireland, and came to Canada in 1879. He had learned his trade in the land of his nativity where in conjunction with his brother he had carried on a pottery for fifteen years, For some little time after his arrival on this continent he worked as journeyman, eventually purchasing his present business, where he has six hands employed in the manufacture of all kinds of stoneware, turning out about $10,000 worth of goods annually. HUTCHINSON & PETERSON, 100 Front Street East, manufacturers of bottles, stoppers, and soda water supplies. patented by Hutchinson. Estab- lished busine,ss in 1881, and supply the trade, They employ four men, JOHN SINCLAIR, dealer in earthenware, glass and fancy goods, 2+5 Y onge Street, is a native of Scotland; came to America in 1850. He spent three years in New York, and two years in Montreal previous to settling in this city. He first commenced business at No, 315 Yonge Street, where he stayed five years, afterwards removing- to his present address, where he does a large business in articles as above described. Druggists. ARTHUR \V, AUBOTT, chemist and druggist, Rossin House, 131 King . Street \Vest, is a native of Toronto, being the second son of Isaac and Jane Hutchinson Ahbott, of English extraction. !\Ir. Abbott is a graduate of the Ontario College of Pharmacy (1883), and established his business in 1882, succeeding Elliott & Co, R. G. BREDIN, druggist, 326 Spadina Avenue, was born in Cobourg, 1850, being the second son of Rev. John Bredin, D.D. His early education was received in the Common School, finishing with two years at the Victoria University. He took a special course in chemistry and obtained a diploma in 1871 from the Ontario College of Pharmacy. l\Ir, Bredin began business in Belleville, continuing the same in Buffalo and ew York, and locating 44 6 The County of York. and commencing business in this city in 1882 at the present address, where he does a flourishing business in drugs and chemicals, his specialty being the filling of our leading physicians' prescriptions. Mr. Bredin married in 1875, Miss Augusta Moore of this city, daughter of Mr. Rodney l\Ioore, a U, E, Loyal st; her mother is a descendant of Sir \Valter Raleigh. F. T. BURGESS, druggist and manufacturing chemist, 364- King Street East and Kingston Road, is a native of Markham, and established his busi- ness in 1883, In addition to general dispensing, the following specialties should be mentioned: Burgess' Magnetic Oil, Burgess' Blackberry Cordial, Burgess' Jersey Lily Tooth Powder, Burgess' \Vorm Powders, Burgess' Liver Pills, all being in universal demand by the trade. He employs ten hands, 1\1r. Burgess is of Irish descent. R. l\'I. DICKSON, druggist, corner Church and Queen Streets, was born in Ottawa in 1860. In 1881 he passed the final examination at the Ontario College of Pharmacy, and commenced the drug business at the corner of Queen and Sumach Streets, the firm then being under the name of R, M. Dickson & Co, In the same year he moved to his present quarters, having bought out the old-established business of C, A. Mitchell, which he is now carrying on successfully. A. B. EADIE, chemist and druggist, 237 King Street East, is a native of Brantford, Ontario, and an undergraduate of Toronto University. In 18 3 2 he acquired the business formerly conducted by 1\1r. D, S. Thompson. He is of Scotch descent, his grandfather, Andrew Eadie, ,having emigrated from Paisley, Scotland, about the year 1815. His father, Robert Eadie, formerly carried on business as a general merchant at Mount Pleasant, but is now living retired. S. NELSON ERBE, druggist, Queen Street East, was born in the County of \Vaterloo in 1860, In 1882 he passeq. the final examination at the Ontario College of Pharmacy, and started business in his present location. ALBERT HARWOOD, 316 Queen Street West, dealer in drugs, chemicals, and general toilet additions, dispenser of physicians' prescriptions, etc. This business was organized by its present proprietor in 1867, and at that time he was but the second druggist in the west end of the city. Since his establishment he has considerably improved his position, and is at present doing a large and prosperous trade. GEORGE HODGETTS, druggist, 305 Yonge Street, of English parentage, was born in Ireland, 1826, being the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel '" The City of Toronto, 447 Hodgetts, who came to Canada in 1829 with the 24th Regiment, His parents retured to England in the spring of 1837, where, the subject of this sketch, after having received his education at a private academy, was apprenticed to the drug business for seven years, Subsequently he pur- chased the business where he served his apprenticeship, which he carried on till 1.857, when he returned to Canada, and after fulfilling a bookkeeper's engagement, resumed the drug business, which he has since continued to conduct, and is at present doing a large and lucrative trade. Mr. Hodgetts was one of the organizers of the Canadian Pharmaceutical Society, which has since been incorporated as the Ontario College of Pharmacy. He was 'also \V. M. of St. Andrew's Lodge, A. F. & A.l\1.; also Grand Steward of the Grand Lodge of Canada, and Grand Scribe N. of the Grand Chapter. Since 1873 he has been Registrar and Treasurer of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, and was also one of the Council of the College for three years. ' Ir, Hodgetts married, in 1850, 'Miss Gittoes, of Westbromwich, England, by whom he has four childrep, all sons, as follows: George, Thomas, Charle , and Albert. EDWARD HOOPER, 43 and 45 King Street \Vest, was born in London, England, in 1808, He served his apprenticeship as druggist in his native city, and emigrated to Canada in 1832, living at Kingston and other places for several years. He finally settled in Toronto in 1838, entering into the employ of lVIr, Beckett, then the leading druggist of Toronto, ßlr. Hooper continued this connection until the year 1850, when he bought the business himself, since which time he has been the senior partner, The business has grown to immense proportions, but notwithstanding the heavy duties devolving upon him in connection with this large business he has devoted a great deal of his time to other important business and financial institutions. "Vas elected President of the Canada Permanent Company last year, a company he has served in different capacities for the past twenty-five years. Has also been connecte<.l with the Confedcration Life Assurance Company since its commencement. He is at present Chairman of the Insurance Committee. Although now in his 76th year, his energies do not seem in the least impaired, but he is hearty and strong, with indications of many years yet of usefulness, HE RY A, K:-WWLES, druggist, was born at Guelph, August 29, 1839, his father being Thomas Knowles, In 1860 he came to foronto, where he has since resided, He has been in his present place of business since 186 9, lIt: married Mary Matilda Playter, daughter of Jamcs Playtcr by whom he hqs had six children. 29 44 8 Tlte County of York, J. R. LEE, chemist and druggist, corner of Queen and Seaton Streets, also at 339 King Street East. r..1:r. Lee first commenced business at 339 King Street East in 1868, and in 1872 opened a branch store on Queen Street, and is now doing one of the largest dispensing businesses in the city. The business is retail, giving employment to six clerks, NEIL C. LOVE, chemist and druggist, 166 Yonge Street, is a native of Saltcoats, parish of Anderson, Ayrshire, Scotland, being the youngest son of Robert Love, manufacturers' agent of that town. Mr, Love was partially educated in Scotland, afterwards completing his studies at Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland. He came to Toronto in 1842, and finished his business education with Lesslie Brothers, King Street, In 1845 he became assistant to his brother Robert, a druggist on Y onge Street, with whom . he remained five years, subsequently commencing business for himself on the same street, but three months had barely expired ere he was burnt out. He removed to a store opposite, remaining there till 18 7 0 , when, having purchased 155 Yonge Street, he took possession and conducted business there till 1881, since which year he has been located at his present premises. 1fr. Love has been for many years a J.P. for both city and county. He has taken an active and important part in municipal affairs for many years, and still represents St. James' Ward as Alderman, He has for many years been M:anager of the House of Industry, ànd has been Chairman of the same Institution since 1881. Mr. Love is a man highly respected both in his public and private capacity. As a magistrate he is conscientious in the discharge of a grave duty, and as a private citizen he is ever ready to bestow advice and counsel on those who need it. ANGUS MATHESON, chemist and druggist, 136 King Street \Vest, was born in Inverness, Scotland, in 1813, He early enlisted in the 93 rd Regiment, and was for several years Depot Hospital Sergeant. He came with the regiment to Toronto in 1838, and received his discharge at home in 18 5 2 . He then took up the drug business, which he has since continued, having been educated for the medical profession. JOHN P. MAY, druggist, 212 Queen Street East, was born in Toronto in 18 5 2 . He is the son of Dr. S., P, :\1:ay, well known in medical and educational circles, He first began the drug business in 1867, serving with Henry J, Rose. He is now manager for J. R. Lee, O. H. PHILLIPS, chemist and druggist, 38 Queen Street West, is a native of Schomberg, Ontario, his father being the first white child born there. Mr. 0, H. Phillips was educated at the Ontario College Gf Pharmacy, TIle City of Toronto. 449 H. SHERRIS, druggist, 444 Queen Street \Vest, was born in London, England, 1849. He was educated in Cornwall, England, and came to Toronto in 1873. For three years he was the manager of the drug store which he now occupies. At the expiration of that time he bought it, and since then has conducted a very successful trade, D. L, THOMPSON, chemist and homæopathic pharmacist, 394 Yonge Street, was born in Cavanville, Durham County, Ontario, He first estab- lished his business in Huron County, Ontario, in 1859, and ten years later commenced in thi6 city. He deals in general drugs and dispensing; also a specialty in homæopathic medicines. His father was by trade a tanner, and was born in the Town of Lancaster, England, and came to Cavanville, Canada, in 1819. . HENRY ALGERNON TURNER, chemist and druggist, 568 Yonge Street, was born in Toronto, and is the son of Henry Turner, a native of Bath . , England, who came to this country in 1849, and died in 1857. l\Ir. Turner is a graduate of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, and established his business in 1877. He is Secretary to the Toronto Royal Arcanum Council, No. 263, Vv. C, \V ILD & Co., 462 Queen Street. This busmess has been estab- lished a great number of years, the present firm buying it during the present year. They are doing a large and thriving business in drugs, medicines, chemicals, etc" making a specialty of filling physicians' prescriptions. lr. Wild, the senior partner, is the son of the Rev, Dr. \Vild, our popular preacher, of the Bond Street Congregational Church. The College of Pharmacy of Ontario granted Mr. \Vild his diploma in 1884 with honours, JOSEPH WRIGHT, chemist and druggist, 100 Queen Street \Vest. This business was established first by Mr. Samuel Howarth, who continued up to 1862, when he was u,nfortunately burnt out, the building being entirely destroyed, The present building, now occupied by Ir. \Vright, was moved to the vacant lot by Dr. Howson, who opened a drug store, which he conducted until 1871. 11r. J. \Vright then joil1ed him in the business, the firm being known as J. \Vright & Co" until the death of Dr. Howson in 18 73, since which time it has been wholly in the hand.s of l\Ir. "'right. He is a native of Lincolnshire, England, and came to Toronto in 18 53. Since becoming a resident of the city þe has taken great interest in muni. cipal affairs, Dry-Goods. ARMSON & STONE, select dry goods merchants, 49 King Street \YesL The business was established in 1881 under the title of Armson & Floyd, the latter retiring in 1883, being succeeded by Mr. Stone. The firm deals largely 45 0 The County of York, in foreign silks, dress goods, fine dry-goods, mantles, etc., and employs a staff of twenty-five salesmen and ladies, and hands engaged in manufacture. Both members of the firm are of English birth. J. S. BODDY, dry-goods, 256 Queen Street East, established his business in 1878, which was first located a few doors west of his present situation. The store has a frontage of 22 x 50 feet deep, and is two storeys high, He employs three clerks, and oes a fair business in millinery and fancy goods, Mr. Boddy is a Canadian by birth, and has been a resident of Toronto since 18 7 2 . CHAS, S. BOTSFORD, retail dry-goods merchant, 486 Queen Street West. Business established in 1\Îarch, 1878, It was first located at the corner of Queen and Portland Streets, and removed to its present quarters in 1883' The s ore has a frontage of 35 x 85 feet, and is three storeys in height. This is doubtless the finest store of its class on the street, the establishment giving employment to a staff of seventeen clerks. The mate- rials supplied are dress goods, staples, prints, fancy goods, gents' furnishings, carpets, oil cloths, tweeds and woollens, silks, window shades, lace curtains, window cornices, cornice poles, and general house-fittings. BROOM & SON, dry-goods, 283 Y onge Street. Thi business was estab- lished in 1866 at 246 Y onge Street, and was removed to its present locality in 1882, The store has a frontage of 25 x 100 feet, and is four storeys high, Firm is composed of Mr. James Broom and his son, Mr. "Valter Broom; the former being born in England, and having settled in Canada in 1853. J. BROWN, 95 King Street East, dealer in dry and fancy goods, is suc- cessor to Mrs. 1\1. Pollard, who established this business in 1854, having occupied at stated periods stores on Bay, King and Yonge Streets, Mr. Brown. her nephew, took possession in 1879, and is now located at the above address. The store has a frontage of 30 x 14.0 feet, and is known as " Kensington House." He employs a staff of fifteen hands, and is doing an extensive trade. Mr. Brown is a native of London, England, and came to Canada with his parents in 1858. JOHN CATTO & Co., dry-goods Jllerchants, King Street. This business was established in 1 64 at the present address, which has a fine frontage, facing the Post-office, They make a specialty of silks and household napery, and are direct importers, employing a staff of sixteen hands. 1\1r. Catto is a native of Scotland, and came to Canada in 1854, since which time he has been a resident of this city. The City of TOY01ztO. 45 1 J. COLLINS & Co., 3 Crocker's Block, Queen Street \Vest. Business established in 1875. They deal largely in dry-goods, gents' furnishings, clothing, carpets, oilcloths, etc. The dry-goods interest of Toronto is one of such vtal importance to the sum total of our commercial wealth, and a factor of uch powerful influence in the development and welfare of every other branch of trade, as to demand special recognition by any work bearing upon the resources of this city. Prominent among the most important houses engaged in this branch of trade, is that of J, Collins & Co. The building occupied is 20 X 80 feet, and four storeys high, provided with all the modern facilities for exhibiting and handling goods. The immense stock constantly kept on hand is systematicaHy located in proper apart- ments, each under expe.rienced and competent persons, and the whole is managed with judgment and order. Personally 1\1r. Collins has been long known in Toronto as a man of business. integrity and reliability, He is a son of the late Captain Collins, of Her Majesty's navy. Mr. Collins was born in Liverpool, England, and came to Canada with his parents when seven years of age. He has since been a resident of Toronto, and we cheer- fully accord him a place in these pages. A. \V. COOPER. Business established in 1883 at his present location, 216 Yonge Street, where he has a frontage of twenty-five feet by ninety, Carries staples and fancy dry-goods, dress and mourning goods, Trade principally confined to the city, Employs a staff of five ladies and sales- men. Ir, Cooper was born in Canada, and has been a resident of the city for the past year. E. H, DENT, dry-goods merchant, 330 Yonge Street, established his business in 1881. The store ,has a frontage of 32 x 60 feet, and is three storeys high. Conducts a staple and fancy dry-goods, gents' furnishings, etc" trade, Mr. Dent is of English birth, and came to Canada in 18+2, and has been a resident of this city since 1860, G, \V. DU:.1N & Co., "Golden Crown" diy-goods house, 2+0 and 242 Y onge Street. Business established in 1864. The building has a frontage of 32 x 110 feet, and is four stories high, The firm employs a staff of four- teen salesmen and ladies, and about forty hands in dress-mah.ing department. They carry ladies' furnishings, millinery and mantles, and do one of the largest fancy goods business in the city, T. EATON & Co" general dry-goods merchants, 190-196 Yonge Street. This well-known firm established their business in 1857, at Kirkton, Huron County, under the title of T. Eaton, where they remained until lR6g, 45 2 The County of York. when they opened in St. Marys, and remained there till 1869. Removing to Toronto, they located for a short time on Front Street, afterwards taking up the premises at 178 Yonge Street. In 1883 they opened thé extensive store they now occupy, where are offered fashionable. dry-goods, millinery, mantles, ladies' and children's fine shoes, carpets, house-furnish- ings, etc. The store has a frontage of 52t x 125 feet, and is three storeys high, The employes number ninety-two salesmen and ladies. The busi- ness has improved wonderfully since its commencement, and now ranks as one of the largest in the city. The building is fitted with all modern appliances, including elevators, steam-heating apparatus, etc, Mr, Eaton is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 1 56. FARLEY & Co., " The Bon IVlarché" dry-goods and millinery establish- ment, Nos. 7 and 9 King Street East, In 1855 Mr. Arthur Farley began business in a store on Queen Street \Vest, opposite Peter Street, removing from thence to the corner of the two streets, where he remained until 1880 and then retired. The present firm comprises \V, \V. Farley and James C. Farley, the eldest and the youngest sons respectively of the original promoter of the business, Their premises front 30 x 100 feet; the class of goods dealt in include every description of dry and fancy goods, millinery, mantles, etc., their extensive sales necessitating the employment of a large staff of clerks, etc. :Mr. W. \V, Farley, the eldest son of Mr. A. Farley, was born in Toronto, and during his career has taken an active part in municipal affairs, having at one time represented St. Andrew's \Vard as alderman. He has also identified himself closely with the Temperance Societies of the city, and other societies organized for þenevolent and charitable purposes. Mr. J, C. Farley was also born in Toronto in 1863. and is a younger brother of the above. In his care is placed the manage- ment of the office of the firm. Like his elder brother, he is an ardent advocate of temperance reform, and holds the position of Hon, President of the \Vest End Christian Temperance Association. MRs. HALLIDAY, dry-goods, 508 Queen Street West. Business was established in 1861, and is at present the oldest dry-goods business on Queen Street. The store has a frontage of 28 x 60 feet, in which is done a general dry-goods trade, Mrs. Halliday has been a resident of Toronto since 1860, and has two sons associated with her in the business, 1\1r. Alex. and :\1r. John Halliday, J. M. HA:\fI, LTON dry-goods merchant, 184 Yonge Street, established his business in 1878 at 246 Y onge Street, and removed to his present situa- tion in February, 1883, His stock includes silks, satins i brocades, velvets, TIle City of Torollto. 453 gloves, hosiery and underclothing, The store has a frontage of 26 x 80 feet. A staff of cler s is employed, also hands engaged in the manufacturing department. A large letter order trade is done in connection with this business. l\Ir, Hamilton is a Scotchman by birth and came to Canada in 1868, and has been a resident of the city for the last six years, previous to which he had conducted a successful business in Hamilton, HUSBA D & Co" drý-goods merchants, 352 Yonge Street. The business was established in 1875, under the title of Summers & Husband, the latter retiring from the firm in the year 1880, and commencing at the above address. The building has a frontage ,of 25 x 84 feet and IS five storeys high, includmg basement. Carries a general stock of dry-goods, carpets, house-furnishings, and does both city and country trade, which gives employment to a staff of eleven clerks, etc. 1r. Husband is a native of England and came to Canada in 1879, having been a resident of Toronto since that time, LAlLEY & Co" dry-goods, etc" 582 Queen Street "Vest. Business established in 1872. The firm carries on a general trade in dry-goods, clothing, shirts, overalls, etc. Their store has a frontage of 18 x 75 feet in depth. 1\Ir. Lailey was born in London, England, and came to Canada in 18 3 2 , since which time he has been a resident of the city, LUKES, DAGGE & Co" dry-goods merchants, corner of YOllge and Adelaide Streets. The business was established in 1882, the firm having taken up the stock of J, \V, Gale & Co, They deal in dress goods, silks, velvets, laces, staple and fancy goods, and make a specialty of gents' fur- nishings and ordered shirts, The store has a frontage of 25 x 200 feet, and is four stories high, Mr. Lukes is of English birth and came to Canada in 186 9. l\Ir. Dagge is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 1866. THos. McILROY, retail dry-goods, 385 King Street East. Established in Ü 78, The store has a frontage of 18 feet by 34 feet, two storeys high. He carries a stock of dry-goods and fancy goods, tweeds, carpets, etc. 1\1r. McIlroy was born in Ireland and came to Canada in 1862, since which time he has been resident in Toronto. ROBERT ),IcI\:AY, dry-goods merchant, 250 and 25 2 Queen Street East Business established in 18 74-, The frontage of the premises occupies thirty- one feet, and the staff engaged numbers eight hands. Carries dry, staple and fancy goods, gents' furnishings, carpets, etc. Mr. McKay is .1 Canadian by birth, and has been a resident of this city for twenty years. . 454 The County of York, . l\ICKENDRY &, FARRAR, dry-goods merchants, 278 Y onge Street. Busi- ness established in 1883. Deals in staple and fancy dress goods, millinery, ladies' and children's underclothing. The store has a frontage of 26 x 100 feet, with a heIght" of five stories. They employ a staff of twenty-five hands in connection with the business, which is principally confined to the city. Mr. McKendry is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 1878, and previous to his commencement in business was btIyer for T, Eaton & Co. The store of this firm is fitted with plate glass windows thirty-five feet in width. . EDWARD 1\lcKEowN, 182 Yonge Street. Busine s established in 18 75, Deals largely in dry-goods, and has recently added drèss and mantle- making to his business. The store has a frontage of 30 x 150 feet, with four flats, Employs a staff of sixty hands, including clerks, and do s a large letter order trade, Mr. McKeown is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 1866, having since that time been a resident of this city, JAMES 1\IITCHELL, d.ry-goods, 218 College Street, is a native of Aber- deenshire, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1854. He was sixteen years in Bryce, l\Icl\1urrich & Co.'s, and in 1872 opened a dry-goods store on Queen Street \Vest, and in 1878 moved to the present stand. \V. A. l\IURRAY & Co" dry-goods merchants, 21 King Street East. This business was estabhshed in 1854, by \Vylie & Murray, at the above address, which at that time occupied but a frontage of twenty-five feet; :\ir, \Vylie occupying the top fla as a residence, In 1858 :\1r. \Yylie retired from the firm, and from that date until 1872 :\1r. lurray conducted the business alone. 1\1r. Drynan then entered the firm, which is at prese t composed of Messrs, \V. A. and \V. T. Murray and himself, The store now has a frontage of 82 x 100 feet, and is five storeys in height. A large business is conducted in dry-goods, millinery, house-furnishings, carpets, etc. The staff employed includes over 30a clerks and hands engaged in the manufacture of clothing. From small proportions the volume of trade accumulated by this firm now reaches 5oo,000 yearly. Mr. \V. A. Murray is of Scotch birth, and came to Canada at an early day, and during the last thirty years has made IIg trips across the Atlantic. 1\1r. Drynan is also Scotch by birth and came to Canada in 1857, \Vith regard to the goods dealt in by this firm, we may add, special attention is given to silks, mantles and velvets; the trade being chiefly confined to the city ånd adjoining towns. The letter order department finds continuous employment for three hands. This establishment is conducted on the regular departmental system, each having to recognize its own profit or loss. The parcel delivery The City of Toronto. 455 department is very methodical and well arranged, reflecting great credit on " the management. There are six deliveries daily. GEORGE NOBLE, dry-goods, 701 Yonge Street, was first established at 2. 1 4 Yonge Street in 1867, where he remained till 1874, afterwards locating at No. 349 for seven years, taking possession of his present premises in 1881. The store has a froptage of 25 x 40 feet, and carries a general stock of dry-goods, Mr. Noble is of Caledonian birth and came to Toronto in 1862. PAGE & PAGE, retail dry-goods, 202 and 204 Y onge Street, This busi- ness 'was established in 1857 by Mr, Chas. Page, who retired in 1882 from the firm, which is at present coni posed òf C, J. and J. H, Page. Their store has a frontage of 26 x 107 feet, with a height of five storeys. They make a specialty of fancy dry-goods, including ladies' and children's wear. The firm employs a staff of forty clerks and other hands. l\1essrs. Page are of English birth and came to Canada at an early day. .. HE RY PARRY, fancy goods merchant, Kingston Road. Business established in 1877, and includes dry and fancy goods, stationery, etc, The premises have a frontage of 60 x 90 feet, and are two storeys in height. l\Ir. Parry is a native of l\1anchester, England, and came to Canada as early , as 1842, and has been a resident of Toronto since that year, being until of recent years in the contracting and building business. PETLEY & PETLEY, dry-goods merchants and clothiers, 128 King Street East, This business was established in 185+ by Hughes Bras" and affords a striking example of the progressiveness of this branch of trade in Toronto. In 1872 the business came into the possession of Petley & Co" whose energy, combined with commercial knowledge, laid the groundwork of that success which at present marks the career of the firm. In 1883 they found it neces- sary, in consequence of the rapidity with which the business had grown, to greatly enlarge their premises, and in so doing pulled down the old store and rebuilt on an extensive scale: the present store having a frontage of 55 x 130 feet, with a height of five storeys. The staff employed consists of salesmen and. ladies, and one hundred. and fifty hands in the tailoring, millinery and carpet thirty manufacturing departments, In. addition to a good city trade, they gain a fair share of country custom also, and have built up a wide-spread reputation for cheapness and durability in their class of goods, The members of the firm are Canadians by birth, ì\Ir, \VIll. Petley having been a resident of this city for seventeen years, PHCX-NIX HALL. Opened in 1 83 at Queen Street \Yest. Manager: Ur. H. Hutchinson. This store has a frontage of twenty-fiyc feet by 45 6 The COU1lty of York. ninety deep, Does a general dry and fancy goods trade, including man- I tIes, etc. Mr. Hutchinson was born in Yorkshire, England, and came to Canada in 1881. ROBERT H. PLATT, dry-goods, 288 King Street East, established himself in business in 1866, at Phelpston, Simcoe County, where he conducted a general store and performed the duties of postmaster till 1881. The following year he opened his present store, and continues to carryon a good trade in staple and fancy goods. He is agent for Bazaar patterns, Mr. Platt was born in Toronto in 1835, and is the eldest son of Thomas Platt, deceased, A. F. ROCQUE, general dry-goods merchant, 242 Queen Street East. Business established in 1869 by P, McGraw, who conducted it in connec- tion with a boot and shoe trade until 1876, when Mr. Rocque took charge of the business, J, ROWLAND, retail dry-goods, 173, N, E. corner of Y onge and Queen Streets. Business established 1854. Carries general dry-goods, carpets, oil cloth, house-furnishings, etc, The store has a frontage of 25 x 90 feet, and is five storeys high, including basement. He employs a staff of six salesmen, the trade extending both through city and country. \Ve may mention that J\rIr, Rowland counts among his customers the third genera- tion of families who trade with him, He was born in the Island of Jersey and came to Canada with his parents in 1840, He has been a resident of the city since 1842. J, H. SHEARER, dry-goods merchant, 226 Yonge Street, established his business in 1872. The store has a frontage of 40 x 85 feet. Does a general dry-goods and furnishing trade, which is confined principally to the city. Employs a staff of eight salesmen and ladies. Mr. Shearer came from Scotland in 1866 and has since been a resident of Toronto. R, SIMPSON, dry-goods, 174, 176 and 178 Yonge Street, established his business in 1873, and continues to conduct a large and successful trade in dry-goods, millinery, mantles, carpets, and all kinds of house-furnishings His store has a frontage of 75 x 100 feet, and is three storeys high, the busi_ ness giving employment to fifty-seven clerks, etc. THOMAS THOMPSON & SON, "Mammoth House" dry-goods establish ment, 136-140 King Street East. This business was commenced as early as 1834, and is now in its third generation. The commodious premises have a frontage of 57 x 120 feet, and four storeys high, also a capacious warehouse used for reserve stock. They employ a staff of two hundred hands in the store and manufacturing department. The first flat is devoted to fancy The Czty of Toronto. 457 goods, hosiery and gloves, staple and dress goods, re dy-made and ordered clothing, gents' furnishings, etc. The second flat to millinery and mantles, carpets and house-furnishings, The third to manufacturing clothing, millinery, shirts, etc, The returns are now $250,000 yearly, The firm is composed of Thomas Thompson, Boyce Thompson and \ V. A, Thompson, who are all Canadians by birth; and amongst the firm, we may add, one hundred and fourteen journeys have been made to England for purchasing purposes, The trade is about equally di\".:ded between city and country. There are thirty-seven thousand, six hundred and twenty square feet of flooring to the premises, which are heated by steam. GEORGE VENNELL, dry-goods and stationery, 115 Kingston Road. Busi- ness established in 1880, The store has a frontage of 18 x 50 feet, and is two storeys high. 1\1r. Vennell was born in England in 1840 and came to Canada in 1870. He has been local correspondent for one of our city daily papers for the past five years, and has the largest newspaper trade in the east end of the city, R. \V ALKER & SONS, dry-goods merchants," Golden Lion" Buildings, 33-37 King Street East and 18 Colborne Street. This is one of the oldest business houses in the city, and, as such, deserves more than a passing notice. n the year 1835 \V m, Lawson occupied the premises at NO.9 King Street East, where he carried 011. a clothing business, which was purchased during that year by R. \Valker, who took possession of and con- ducted the business until 1848. He then removed to the east half of the present premises, which were built by Mr. Patterson and himself, this being the first cut-stone building in the city, the firm at the same time being joined by l\Ir. T. Hutchinson, who, however, retired in 1855, when the eldest son of 1\1r. \Valker entered the company, which was hereafter known as R. \Valker & Son, In 1862 two other sons entered the firm, and about this time was purchased the west half of the lot on which the present building stands, In 1866 was erected the 'Golden Lion" Buildings, which have a frontage of 52 x 200 feet and a height of seventy-six feet, The whole building is lighted by a magnificent centre dome, one hundred and thirty- five feet in circumference, rising fifty-five feet from the floor, containing two thousand square feet of glass, This pile of buildings was erected at a cost of $45,000. In 1875 1\11'. R, \Valker retired from the firm, and the business has since been carried on by Mr, Robert Irving \Valker and Mr. Frederick \V. Walker, !\ir, II. \Valker, a nephew, becoming a partner in 18R+, The goods dealt in by the firm include clothing, dry-goods, mantles, millinery, carpets, house-furnishings, etc. 45 8 The County of York. T, H. WATERS, dry-goods and millinery business. Established in 1882 at No, 138 Kingston Road, where he has a frontage of sixteen feèt þy twenty-eight feet. Carries a stock of general dry-goods and millinery. !\Ir. Waters is an American by birth and has been resident in Toronto since 18 77. GHARLES WELSMAN, dry-goods merchant, was established in 1881, at No, 13 2 Kingston Road, where he does a general dry-goods trade. His store has a frontage of 26 x 34 fee, deep, He also owns the boot and shoe store adjoining. Mr, \Velsman was born in Devonshire, England, and came to Canada in 1865, and has been a resident of Toronto for the past fourteen years. He was a car inspector on the Grand Trunk at the Union Station for eight years, T. \VOODHOUSE, dry-goods merchant, 123, 125 and 127 King Street East. Established in 1871. The store has a frontage of 55 x 150 feet, and is four storeys high, The trade carried on is in dry-goods, clothing, millin- ery, mantles, carpets, oil cloths, etc. He employs a staff of twenty-six salesmen, and has one hUI')dred hands engaged in the manufacture of millinery, clothing, etc. Originally the store of Mr. \Voodhouse was only 13 x 30 feet, the business being conducted by himself and a boy. He is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 1866, and has since been a resident of Toronto. ' Dyers, or A. M. DENOVAN, 3 2 9 Yonge Street, proprietor of the Perth steam dye- works. They were first established in 1877 by J. Eyres & Son, and came into the hands of the present owner in 1883. Employs four hands. GEORGE N,. LUCAS, 388}- Yonge Street, proprietor of steamßye-works, Does all kinds of dyeing, cleans and dyes kid gloves, feathers, etc. Estab- lished his business in 1870, and employs six hands, l\ir, Lucas is a tailor by trade, and makes, turns, alters and repairs all gentlemen's clothing. All clothing dyed warranted not to stain, First-class tailors employed to finish gentlemen's clothing, ROBERT PARKER, 824 Yonge Street, proprietor steam dye-works. Estab- lished in 1876, Does all kinds of colouring, cleans and dyes gloves, feathers, piece-goods and wholesale dry-goods. Employs thirty-four hands, thirteen male and twenty-one female. Has three offices in Toronto and one in Hamilton. It is probably the largest establishment of its class in Canada, THOMAS SQUIRE, proprietor of the Ontario steam dye-works, located at Parkdale; offices: 306 Yonge Street, City, The present works were TIle City of Toronto. 459 erected in 1883 (size of building, 30 x 70 feet), and give employment to four hands, Silks, damasks, kid gloves, feathers and other articles are dyed at this establishment, Mr. Squire commenced his business in 1869, and has been a practical dyer for forty years, . Engravers, ALEXANDER, CLARE & CABLE, engravers and lithographers, JIail Building, This firm was organized in 1880. They do all kinds of wood and steel engraving and general lithography, making a specialty of fi'ne commercial, card and invitation work, and employ from twenty to thirty hands. They are all practical men and Torontonians, but spent con- siderable time with the best American lithographic establishments in order to perfect themselves in their particular branches. GEORGE E. PATTERSON, manufacturer of bookbinders' stamps and general engraving, 31 Adelaide Street East, was born near Kingston in 1862, and settled in Toronto in 1871. Express Companies. A. E. FISHER, proprietor of improved furniture and moving vans and cartage agent, 62 Gerrard Street East, is a natlve of Kent County, England, and came to Canada in 1870, He settled in this city two years later, and in 1874 started his present business with one single waggon, and now owns four single and double waggons. THOMAS FISHER, proprietor of Fisher's Express, 539 Yonge Street, is a native of Hampshire, England, and came to Canada in 1870. He soon after established his present business, the extent of which can be summed up in the fact that he keeps six waggons on the street-moving furniture and express goods. He is also agent for the "Thomas" piano, manufactured at Hamilton, and the" Thomas" organ, manufactured at Woodstock; and also for Stewart's furniture. JOHN V, IRWIN, agent in this city for the Canadian and American Express Companies, is a native of Colborne, Onta io, and has been identi- fied with the Express Company for thirty years, fifteen of which were spent at Hamilton, and the remainder in this city, J. J, VICKERS, "Vickers' Express." This enterprising citizen's first connection with this business was in 1852, when, on his arrival in this city, he entered the service of the _\merican Express Company, with whom he remained tWQ years. On the completion of the Northern H.ailroad he 4 6 0 The COU1lty of York. embarked in the business on his own account, and from a small beginning has, by perseverance and honourable exertion, built up the present exten- sive concern, which employs a great number of people, He has had control of the Express Department of the Northern Railroad since 1854, also that of the T. G. & B. since its opening, and in connection with the service nine messengers arrive and leave Toronto each day, His eldest son, J. A, D, Vickers, is acting superintendent. (For further particulars of Mr. Vickers' life, see J.l1iscellaneous BiograPhies.) , Florists, W. HILL, 461 Yonge Street, florist, established in 1880, keeps a general assortment of cut flowers and choice table plants, floral designs, has a hot- house on the premises, and buys largely from outside parties. Hè also deals in all sorts of foreign and domestic fruit, fish, game, poultry and confectionery, THOMAS VAUGHAN, Seaton Village. florist and market gardener, settled in Toronto in 1856, and has always been engaged in the same business. Has one green-house and one forcing-house. vVholesale and retail trade. Employs from two to five men, and runs two delivery waggons. Flour and Feed, JOHN LU:\fBERS, dealer in flour, grain and produce, In 1869 Mr. Lumbers established his business at 17 Francis Street with a very small capital. but, with perseverance and close attention to business, through increasing trade he was obliged to remove from Francis Street and took possession of 101 Adelaide Street East. \Vhile there, and in the year 1876, Mr. Lumbers added to his business the" Great Devonshire Cattle Food," of which he is the sole proprietor and manufacturer. This preparation has achieved great success, the food being shipped to all parts of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In 18,]9 1\1r. Lumbers again removed and purch sed from Mr. John Irwin the premises 97 and 99 Adelaide Street East. which he now occupies, the building commanding a frontage of nearly fifty feet on one of the principal streets of the city. Mr, Lumbers is by birth a Canadian, having been born in Tóronto. E, G, RUST, 31 I Yonge Street, is the manager for T. & 1, N. ANDREWS, who are large flour manufacturers at Thornbury, Ontario, where they have for twenty years been engaged as general merchants. The Toronto branch was opened in 1879, and is doing a business of about two hundred dollars a day. The City of Toronto. 4 6r J, WILLIAMS, flour and feed merchant, 336 Queen Street \Vest, was born in Toronto in 18 51. His father, Joshua \Villiams, was an upholsterer, and died in 18 7 8 , aged fifty years. ::\lr. \Villiams has been engaged in his present business some years, and is now handling about $3 0 ,000 worth of flour per annum. He is a Reformer, and a member of the Queen Street Methodist Church, In 1873 he married Miss Kate E. \Voodhouse. ISAAC WILLIAMSON, flour and feed merchant, 136 Front Street East, was born in Toronto in 1848. His father, Matthew \Villiamson, was born in Cumberland, England, and in 1813 came to York, where he worked at his trade, that of a carpenter. In 1851 he removed to a farm of one hundred acres, being lot 17, in the 3 rd concession of East York, where he died in 18 77, aged sixty-seven years, His wife was Sarah Pearson, The subject of this sketch spent the first three years of his life in Toronto, From 18 5 1 to 1879 he lived on his father's farm. In the latter year he came to Toronto and began business life with :\lessrs, Chapman & Sons, flour and feed and commission merchants, with whom he remained for four years. In 1883 he began business for himself at his present location. He is married to Lydia, second daughter of Thomas Clark. l\Ir. \Villiamson is a Reformer in politics, and is a member of the A, F. and A, M. Fruit and Vegetables, MRS. BILTON, fruit dealer, 188 Yonge Street. This well-known estab- lishment, which takes high rank of its class in the city, was founùed by the late \Villiam Bilton in 1862, 1\'1r. Bilton was born in Kingston in 1833, and came with his parents to Toronto at an early day. His father conducted the only first-class tailoring establishment then in Toronto. Mr, Bilton died in 1869. the business being still successfully carried on by his widow and two sons. CHARLES ÐALDRY, dealer in fruits and vegetables, 123 Kingston Road. He is a native of Ipswich, England, came to Canada in 1871, and has been Oa prominent dealer in his line since that time. Furniture Dealers, J ROBERT LESLIE was born in Sutherlandshire, Scotland, August, 1812, Settled in what is now Toronto in 1826. His father, \Villiam Leslie, died in Scotland in 1813, after which his mother married John Leslie, \\ho died in Toronto in 1879, \Vhen they settled in Toronto the combined family consisted of eight children. Robert Leslie, the subject of this sketch, served his time at carpenter work; subsequently lived in the State of ew York 4 62 Tlze County of York. for six y ars, where, in 1837, he married Mary Ann House, and returned to Toronto in 1840, and engaged in contracting and building. In 188 3 he added to þis business furniture sale-rooms, at the corner of Strange Street and Kingston Road. He has had six sons and four daughters, all alive but one. A, ROBERT PIPER, furniture maker, 59 Adelaide Street \Vest, started his business in 1880, and manufactures principally office furniture, He employs six men. WILLIAM ROBERTS, 83 Yonge Street, manufacturer of office, library and all kinds of furniture, started his business in 1881. He employs four men, JAMES H, SAMO, 189 Yonge Street, manufacturer of furniture in every style, pårlour sets, bedroom wardrobes, makes a specialty of fitting up banks and offices, Established first at Whitby in 1863, and in Toronto in 18 71. His manufactory and warerooms are all on the same lot. Size of the cabinet shop is 50 x 30, two storeys high, and his upholstery rooms 80 x 3 0 feet; finishing rooms, 86 x 50 feet; warerooms, 100 x 22 feet; two storehouses, 60 x 30 and 80 x 30. Employs thirty to forty hands in whole- sale and retail. H. A. SCHOMBERG & Co" 635, 637, 639 Yonge Street, manufacturers of furniture and upholstered goods. The senior partner, H. A. Schomberg, was born in London, England, in 1824, and settled in Toronto in 1842. He established the business in 1863, previous to which time he had been . foreman for Jacques & Hay for seventeen years. The junior partner, John Weston, was born in the City of Oxford, England, and served his time with the celebrated firm of \Vm. Roddis & Co., of that city, He came to this country in 1866, and wis engaged with Frank Holmes & Co" of Boston, :\lass., and J. Jung & Co., of Brooklyn, N.Y.; was admitted to partnership in the above firm in 1878. The firm employ twelve hands, and purchase largely from other manufacturers, Gents' Furnishings, F. COOPER, gents' furnishings and manufacturer of shirts, 5 1 7 Queen Street West, established his business in 1871 at 129 Yonge Street with his brother. In 1876 he opened a store at 493 Queen Street \Vest, and remained there until 1880, when he removed to his present place of business. He was born in England and came to Toronto in 1871. 1. J, COOPER, shirt manufacturer, men's furnishings, etc" 10 9 Yonge Street, Toronto. In 1870 11't. Cooper commenced business at 12 9 Yonge The City of Torollto. 4 6 3 Street, opposite Temperance Street, where he remained six years, but the premises being too small for his increasing trade he removed to the large and very prominent stand on the corner of Y onge and Adelaide Streets. Mr. Cooper makes specially the perfect-fitting" Imperial Shirt," carries one of the finest stocks of men's furnishings in Toronto, and imports his goods from the best manufacturers. Mr. Cooper was born in England, and came to Canada in 1860; settled in Toronto 186 5. HUGH I\'IATHESON, merchant tailor and gents' furnishings, 283 Yonge Street. This husiness was established in 1848, by the firm of McKay & l\Iatheson, and was continued to 1861, when the partnership was dissolved, 1\1r. Matheson then continued the business. In 1866 he removed to 16 King Street East, and in 1882 to his present quarters. Mr. Matheson was born in Scotland in 1826, and came to Canada in 1842, He studied medi- cine for three years at Hartford, and one year at Trinity College, and has practised more or les since 18+8, In 18+3 1\1r. Matheson went to Connec- ticut and remained there for five years, He afterwards returned to Toronto, where he has since resided. He expects to relinquish his present business this year, and will then devote the whole of his time to the practice of medicine. Mr. :\1atheson is also the patentee of the following articles: Matheson's system of cutting coats, vests and pants without patterns, and takes less cloth to draft on; Matheson's Vital Magnetic Iedicines, solids and liquids; Matheson's Improved Compound Oxygen, etc. ROBERT PLATT, gents' furnishings, and merchant tailor, ISI Yonge Street, was born in Kent, England, and came to Toronto in 186+. In 18 7 1 he was engaged in his present business at 165 King Street East. In 187R he retired from the trade and entered Thompson & Sons' ")lammoth House" as manager, which position he held until 1881. He then commenced business for himself in his present premises. J. l\1. TREBLE, gents' furnishings and ladies' underwear. This husiness was established at \Vindsor in 1865, In 1R70 Mr. Treble removed to Toronto, and located at 53 and 53! King Street \Yest. He makes a spe- cialty of manufacturing shirts and ladies' underwear. His shirts are known as Treble's perfect-fitting French yoke shirts, Mr. Treble was born in England, and came to Canada in 1850, Before corning to Toronto he spent most of the time in London and St Thomas. \VILLIAM \VILSON, 563 Queen Street \Vest, merchant tailor and gents' furnishings. This business was established in IRï+ at 551 Queen Street \Vest. Two years later :\1r. \Vilson removed to 553, and in 1883 to his. 3 0 4 6 4 The County of York, present quarters, and is now opening a branch store at \Vest Toronto Junction. He was born in Scotland in 1841, and came to Canada in 1868. In 1874 he settled in Toronto, Grocers, Retail, A. G. BOOTH, 379 Yonge Street, grocer and provision dealer, estab- lished in 1881. Employs one man, and one to run waggon, H. T. BROWN, groceries, crockery, glass, fruit, etc" 752 Yonge Street, corner of Yorkville Avenue, commenced business in 1878 at 47t Yonge Street, Y orkville, removing subsequently to his present address, Drives tWQ waggons and employs six hands, Size of store and warehouse, 25 x 200 feet. JOHN BURROWS, grocer, 226 Front Street, was born in Halton County, 1834, being the son of Henry and Ann Burrows of the same county, He followed farming until 1872, locating in Toronto the year following, where he opened the above store, and does a nice steady business. Mr. Burrows married Miss Eliza Clark, also a native of Halton County, by whom he has five children. The CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY (limited), 369 Yonge Street, estab- lished September, 1880, John W, Carter, Esq" President; A. E, \\Thinton, Esq" Secretary; George Welsh, Esq., Treasurer; and five Directors, compose the Board. The business is managed by Mr. William Davis, and a large trade is done in groceries, cutlery, crockery, sewing machines and general supplies. They have had, and are having, a healthy growth both as regards membership and sales, which in 1883 amounted to over $20,000. They have federated with the Manchester, England, Co-operative \\Thole- sale Society, who have branch houses over the world, and do annually about $140,000,000 in business, JOHN CHARTERS, corner of Alexander and Y onge Streets, dealer in general groceries, provisions, flour and feed, fruit, vegetables, oysters, etc. He commenced on the corner of \Vood Street in a small way in 1872, removing afterwards to his present locality, the store being four storeys high and 30 x 80 feet. Employs three clerks and runs two waggons, J AMES DUFF, corner of Howard and Bleeker Streets, dealer in gro- ceries, provisions and teas. Born in Toronto in 1838, Commenced the manufactory of boilers with Neil Currie & Co" on the Esplanade in 1871, and in 1877 commenced the grocery business, in which he is still engaged. Runs a delivery waggon, and does a good business. The City of Toronto. 4 6 5 H, A. EASTMAN, grocer, etc., 451 Queen Street \Yest, established in 1880 his present business, which is rapidly improving, He does a good retail business in all articles connected with the trade, LOUIS EQUI, 267 and 269 Yonge Street, general grocer and liquor dealer, also deals in flour and feed; first established business on the corner of Bay and Richmond Streets in 1858, and in 1863 moved to his present location, where he employs five men and two waggons. He settled in Toronto in 1854. JAMES GOOD & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, wines and liquors, 220 Yonge Street. The business was established in 1869 by Mr. James Good, and employs one traveller and a staff of fourteen hands, The ware- house and store has a frontage of twenty feet, with a depth of one hundred and nine feet. The :firm are also agents for "Labatfs," of London. Ontario, celebrated ales, in which they do a large trade. l\Ir. Good is a native of Fermanagh, Ireland, and came to Toronto in 1868, \VALTER GRANT, grocer and liquor merchant, corner of York and Ade. laide Streets, commenced business in 1871 in a small way, which has since so greatly increased that at the present time he employs six men and runs two waggOJls. He is sole agent for George Sleemin, ale, porter and lager bre\'.ers, Guelph; and also deals in Pelee Island wine, He bottles his own beer. lAMES H, GREENSHIELDS, grocer, was horn in Scotland in 1853. He emigrated to Canada in 1868, and entered the employment of :\Iessrs, Swan Brothers. Toronto, and remained with this firm about nine years, after which he embarked in the grocery business on his own account, IH77. l\Ir. Greenshields' store is 300 King Street East, where he keeps a nice stock of goods and does a good family trade, DAVID HUNTER, proprietor of the grocery and provision store, corner of Leslie Street and Kingston Road. His first start in business was in market gardening; he carried on both businesses for two years, and in I8 + rented out the garden and devoted his attention to the grocery business, He married Catherine Ross, daughter of the late lohn Ross, an early settler in this county, and one of the victims of cholera. ':\IORGA l. KELU, grocer and liquor dealer T was born 111 Toronto, being the YOllngest son of the late Morgan Kelly, a well-known hotel kn"pcr in Toronto. l\Ir. Kelly. jun'r, received his early education at the De La Salle Institute, He took up the business formerly owned by Thomas Lee & Co" and by his diligence and industry works a profitable undertaking-. Mr. Kelly married, in 1881, Eli1'aheth Hyan, also a nati\e of this city. 4 66 The County of York. E, J. KINGSBURY, grocer and provision dealer, 103 Church Street, was born in N ew York State, and commenced business in 1882, taking over the stock of J. J. Powell. Does a general trade; has one waggon, and employs three hands. Trade returns about $30,000 annually. J. \Y. LAING (1, \V, Laing & Co" grocers) was born in Ireland, 18 4 8 . \Vhen only a few months old he came with his parents to Canada and settled in Toronto. He served his apprenticeship with J. Fleming & CO,y and by degrees worked himself up to the position of manager. In 1865 he moved across the line and filled situations in Toledo and Philadelphia, remaining a few years and eventually returning to his old position of mana- ger to Fleming & Co" Toronto. Not long after he commenced a grocery business in conjunction with 1\1r. Kinnear, which coutinued for nine and a-half years, In 1881 the firm was dissolved, lVIr. Kinnear retiring. Mr. Laing held to the business, however, and its rapid increase rendering his premises inadequate for his reqUIrements, he has recently taken posses- sion of one of the largest and most commodious grocery warehouses in the city, 33 Front Street East. The LI-QUOR TEA COMPANY, 446 and 448 Yonge Street, was estab- lished in Toronto in 1879. They have branch houses in Halifax and \Vinnipeg, and employ two travellers, who visit the proyinces of Ontario and Quebec, The Toronto house is under the management of 1\1r. George Clark, a native of England, who came to Canada in 1881. ' THOMAS LUMBERS, grocery and liquors, was born in the City of Toronto in 1850. From 1864 to 1875 he, in partnership with his brother, carried on a grocery business at 146 King Street East, and on a dissolution at the latter date, Mr, Thomas Lumbers continued the business on the same premises until 1881, when he removed to 152 King Street East, where, by earnest attention to a business conducted on cash principles, he has built up a good and increasing trade, PETER MACDONALD, grocer, 114 Church Street, was born in Argyle- shire, Scotland, in 1838, and settled in Toronto in 1850. In 1859 he commenced his present business, IRA :\'lARKS, corner of Grosvenor and Oxford Streets, dealer in groceries y provisions, fruits, flour and feed, Established at 575 King Street \Vest in 1883, and came to his present location late in the same year, C. MARSLAND, corner of McCaul and D'Arcy Streets, general dealer in groceries, provisions and liquors. Employs three clerks and runs a waggon. The City of Toronto. 4 6 7 As specialties, is agent for Sleemin's ale, of Guelph, and Little's Stilton cheese, manufactured in Renfrew, Perth County. \VILLIAM JOSEPH MCCORMACK, (McCormack Brothers, grocers and liquor dealers, 431 Yonge Street,) was born in Eglinton Village, and served a five years' apprenticeship to the carpentering and building, In 186r he opened a grocery store in Yorkville, but at the end of twelve months, being attacked with the gold fever, he emigrated to British Colum- bia and afterwa ds to San Francisco, spending upwards of seven years on the Pacific Coast. In r869 he returned to Toronto and entered into part- nership with his brother, the late Thomas G, McCormack, in the bu iness which is still carded on under'the name of McCormack Brothers. Their first premises were on the corner of Y onge and Elm Streets, but after a lapse .of two years they erected the building in which the business is still carried on. In addition to their ordinary grocèry and liquor trade a considerable business is done in the bottling line, for which the firm is specially noted, 1\1r. l\lcCormack married, in r872, Miss Barker, daughter of Captain Barker of Kiagara, by whom he has three children, ANDREW McFARREN, grocer, corner of Queen and Sherbourne Streets, was born in Ireland in 1826, being the son of Andrew and :\Iary (Dougan) McFarren. He came to Canada alone in r847 and located at York, where he attended the Normal School for one year. The next two years he spent teaching school: one year on Y onge Street above the old Golden Lion Hotel, and one vear in Scarboro' Township. T.hen, having laid by $200, he opened for himself in 1850 a small grocery store on King Street, where he remained until 1870, when he removed to his. present location, where he has a good business. He also deals largely in flour and feed, In r850 :\1r. l\IcFarren married l\Iartha Mulligan, from Bonbridge, County Down, Ireland, by whom he has three sons and one daughter. Two of his sons are in the grocery business with him. He is a Conservative, and a member of the Baptist Church, RICHARD NURSE, 376 Church Street, general dealer in groceries, pro- visions and liquors, Established on Yonge Street in 1861, anù moved to his present location in 1867, Requires two delivery waggons and four men to do his business. \VALTER PAGE, 704 Yonge Street, grocer, is a son of Charles Page, and was born .in Toronto in 1861. He began In\sincss in 1 8+, previous to which time he was employed with Smith Gemmel, architects. He married a daughter of Alexander Chisholm. 4 68 The County of York, ADAl\1 REDDOCK, 279 Gerrard Street East, grocery and provision dealer F established on River Street in r 880, and came to his pre ent location in 188+. Has been engaged in the milk business since 1877. EDWARD KENT SCHOLEY, provision merchant, 35, 37 and 39 St. Law- rence -:Ylarket, is a native of Lincolnshire, England, and emigrated to Canada in 1853, For five years he resided in Montreal, after which he came to Toronto and worked seven years with William Ramsay & Co. Commenced on his own account in 1865 in his present premises, where he does a good trade, Mr. Scholey was married in 1866 to l\Iiss Piggott, a natÌve of Toronto. FRANCIS SHERIFF, dealer in groceries and liquors, was born in Hunt- ingdon, Province of Quebec, in r 848. He came to Toronto in the fall of 1870F and for five years was employed in .the establishment of Fitch & Eby. He commenced a grocery business on his own account at the Haymarket, which he conducted for five years. He afterwards removed to his present address, 60 Front Street East, where he carries on a successful trade, J nms SHIELDS & Co" wholesale and retail dealers in groceries, wines F liquors and cigars, This business was established thirty years ago, the present members of the firm being John and James Shields, and has always been known under its present title, They employ two travellers, who visit every portion of the Province, and a staff of eleven men in the store and warehouse, They have a frontage of thirty feet on Y onge Street and a rear width of ninety feet, with a depth of one hundred and sixty feet, with three flats. They are sole agents for Holland & Co" of Fergus, and Taylor & Bates', of St. Catherines, celebrated ales. \V, J. SYLVESTER, Atlantic Tea House, 213 King Street East, com- menced business in the St. Lawrence Market, 1881, and removed to his present store in r883, Deals largely in tea-this being a specialty. He has one waggon and employs four hands, and does a trade of about $30,000 annually. :\1r. Sylvester is a native of York County, and has resided in the city for the past eight years. Gunsmiths. 'GEORGE F. OAKLEY was born in England in 1846, and settled in Toronto in 1854, Being a gunsmith by trade he engaged with \V. P, :\Iarston, 132 Yonge Street. In r883 he established a business for himself at 9 Adelaide Street East. He was married to Annie Jeffers, November 12,1867, and has one child, Henry \Yalter, born July 8, 1870. The City of Toronto. 4 6 9 Hair Works. JOSEPH COPLEY, dealer in hair goods, 238 Yonge Street, was born in Yorkshire, in England, 1816, and came to Toronto in 1862, with a little means, and established himself in business on Y onge Street in the manufacture of wigs and hair goods, He had previously learned the trade in Yorkshire, England. After his arrival in Toronto, he rented the building he at present occupies at 238 Y onge Street, and has built up a good business as an importer and manufacturer of all kinds of hair goods. 1\1ost of the raw material is brought from England, He is assIsted by his wife, who was a Miss Midgley, from England, and by their united efforts they have been very successful in supplying the wants of a large class of customers, among the best people of Toronto and York. J AHN & SCHWENKER, 75 King Street \tVest. Proprietors of hair works. Have a full assortment of hair goods, Saratoga \Vaves, Star Waves, curls, switches, ladies' and gents' half and full wigs, ladies' head jewellery, etc. Established in 1882. Employ from five to eight hands; the business was formerly conducted by Mrs, Ellis. Hardware. JAMES AIKENHEAD, of the firm of Aikenhead & Crombie, hard- ware merchants, was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1817, being fourth in a family of eleven children. His father, Thomas Aikenhead, was born in Kilkenny; he was a bookseller and stationer, and died in 1859, His mother was Eliza Beal, born in Thomastown, County Kilkenny; she died in her native county. 1\1r, Aikenhead learned the trade of a cabinet-maker, and worked at it for ten years; then he learned the hardware business in his uncle's establishment in Kilkenny. In 1849 he came to Canada and settled in Toronto, where he became employed in the establishment of Ridout, Bros, & Co. He afterwards became a partner in the business with Joseph and Percival Ridout, and A. T. Crombie. The Ridollts ultimately retired, leaving the business in the hands of Messrs. Aikenhead & Crombie. In 1858, 1\1r. Aikenhead was married to Eliza, daughter of l{obcrt Higgin- botham, A, F. CROMBIE, of the firm of Aikenhead &. Crombie, wholesale and retail hardware merchants, was horn in the City of Aberdeen, Scotland. He acquired his first knowledge of business in the hardware establishment of Hugh Gordon & Co" better known as the" Copper Company," estab- lished in I 769, one of the most widely known manufacturing and importing houses in the north of Scotland. He emigrated to Toronto in IR56, and was 470 The COUllty of York. in charge of one of the departments in the firm of Thomas Haworth, in the building afterwards occupied by the Leader. He left him in 1858, and went into the Birmingham, Sheffield and \V oolverhampton warehouse of Ridout Brothers & Co" and remained there until he became a partner with Ir. J. D, Ridout and Mr. James Aikenhead on the retirement of Mr. Percival Ridout in 1867. The present partnership was formed in 1876 on the retirement of the late respected l\'Ir. J. D. Ridout. This business was established in 1830 by Geo. P. and J. D, Ridout, in the building then known as the" \Vakefield Auction Mart," which was found to bl:.. too small for their business, and in 1833 the present premises were erected and occupied in the following year. JOHN R, BARRON, dealer in house-furnishings, etc" 241 Parliament Street, was born in Bowmanville, and is a son of l\Ir. J Ohll Barron, King Street East. JOH L, BIRD, hardware dealer, 313 Queen Street \Vest, is an Englishman by birth, having first seen the light of day at Bury St. Edmunds, in the County of Suffolk. He came to Canada in 1851, and settled in Toronto, where he has resided ever since, Since that time he has seen something of the ups and downs of life in this city; and now that Toronto is on the high tide of prosperity, it is something for him to say that he has joined in it. He commenced in the hardware business in 1880, and notwithstanding the great amount of competition in this line it has proven a successful venture with him. The first year his turn-over far exceeded his expectations, the second year it was doubled, while the third year it was doubled again, until now it stands as the leadmg retail hardware business in the west end of the city, Entering the commodious store one cannot but be struck with the large and well-selected assortment of goods there visible, Builders' general hardware, paints, oils, glass, cutlery, plated goods, wheelbarrows, grindstones, contractors' supplies, wire fencing, in fact everything from a needle to an anchor, as Mr. Bird himself tersely put it. In all branches of the business he keeps his stock replenished, never allowing it to run down, His trade is chiefly confined to the city, although he does not want for country custom, The people of the west end are fortunate in having a store with such a well-selected stock of hardware to choose from right in their midst. In his charges Mr. Bird will be found reasonable, and no purchaser can complain that he does not get fair value for his money. G. BOTTOM, hardware, etc., 258 Queen Street \Vest, was born in Shef- field, Yorkshire, England, in 1833. After spending twelve years in N w Zealand, his adventurous spirit brought him to Canada inI872. He remained The Ct"ty of Toronto. 471 In Montreal some eight or nine months, when, desirous of a change, he went to Ottawa. In 1874 he came to Toronto, and entered upon the business he at present successfully conducts at the above address, \V. 1\'1, COOPER, hardware merchant and manufacturer, 69 Bay Street, is a native of Newcastle, England, being the son of a large farmer who lived in that district until his death in 1846. He had joined the reserve militia during the French war, in which he held the rank of captain and adjutant, Mr, Cooper was apprenticed and had eighteen years' experience in Birming- ham, England, part of which time he was partner in a large hardware manufacturing establishment. PIe came to Canada in 1870, and established himself in business in Toronto, in the above line, where he is also engaged in manufacturing specialties and importing a superior class of fire arms for the Canadian market. He has been since 1875 a volunteer officer, being gazetted ensign, and in 1878 was placed in command of NO.9 Company, loth Royals, as first lieutenant. He retired in 1880, retaining his rank, and in 1882 was gazetted captain of No. I Company, 12th battalion, York Rangers, Head Quarters, St. Matthew's \Vard. In 1875 and 1879 Mr. Cooper was selected as a member of the \\Ïmbledon team, He was a member of the 1st Warwickshire Rifle volunteers before he came to Canada for about nine years, and was six times a representative of that corps at \Vimbledon. \VILLIAM J. KNOWLES, house-furnishings and general hardware, 430 Y onge Street, was born in Guelph Township, and commenced a successful and increasing business at the above address, which he has carried on for seven years. \V. H. SPARROW & Co., house-furnishings, hardware, etc., 87 Yonge Street. The father of the present head of this firm was from Clonmel, Ireland, and' when he settled in Toronto, initiated the present business, which he suc- cessfully conducted until his death, about one year ago, His son continues the business under the able and efficient management of I\[r. Charles S, McDonald, together with a staff of workmen for the manufacture of tinware. The firm import saleable articles from England, including mangles and water filters, and their average yearly sales of gooùs amount to from :;;; 30,000-to $40,000. F. \V. UNITT, general hardware merchant, 362, 36+ and 366 Queen Street \Vest, was born at Newcastle, Ontario, in 1845, and commenced busi- ness as above in 1868, He has taken great interest in volunteer matters, and was gazetted ensign in the " loth Royals" in \pril, 1873, lieutenant in 47 2 The COU1lty of York. April, 1874, adjutant, December, 1875, and captain in July, 1878; retiring with his rank in 1880, In municipal matters he has also taken a prominent part, "having been Alderman for S1. Stephen's vVard in 1876-7. He was School Trustee for St. Patrick's \Vard in 1875-6. Harness Makers. , JOHN C. ALBERY (late of Horsham, Sussex, England), 802 Y onge Street, harness-maker and saddler, established in 1875, being the oldest in North Toronto. Employs two men, Keeps on sale complete assortment of all kinds of harness, collars, whips, brushes, etc, Settled in Toronto . in 1870. WILLIAM CHRISTIE, harness and saddle maker, 21 I King Street East, established his business during the present year and employs two hands, The premises have a frontage of 16 x 100 feet deep. Mr, Christie has been a resident of the city for two years. His trade is confined principally to Toronto, \V. P, KEARNS, saddle, harness and collar manufacturer. Business established in I 70, first located at King and George for several years, then removed to his present location, No, 63 George Street, where he employs five hands. Mr. Kearns was born in Ireland, and has been a resident of Toronto for the past twenty-nine years. W. A, KIRKPATRICK & SON, saddle and harness manufacturers. Busi- ness established in 1856 at Thornhill, where they remained until 1880, then removed to this city, and are now located at 181 King Street East Their show rooms have a frontage of 25 x 130 feet in depth. Employ a staff of from eight to ten hands. Mr. Kirkpatrick was born in Ireland, and came to Canada in 1854, and has been a resident of Toronto for the past four years. LUGSDIN & BARNETT, saddle, harness and trunk manufacturers, 115 Yonge Street. This business was established in 1868. Their show rooms have a frontage of 35 x 140 feet in depth and five storeys high. They employ twenty-five hands, and import a fine class of riding and driving goods, making a specialty of sole leather trunks, for which they have taken the first prize for three years in succession. They also hold two medals for ladies' and gents' saddles, one received at the "Centennial" at Phila- cklphia, and one at Paris in France. The firm manufacture largely in saddles and harness, and do an extensive export trade to the United States and other ports, Mr. Lugsdin is of English birth, and came to Canada at an early day. 1\1r. Barnett was born in Scotland, and came to Canada and took up his residence in Toronto in 1856. The City of Torollto. 473 JOHN SAUNDERS, manufacturer and dealer In saddles, harness and trunks, 485 Queen Street \Vest. The business was established in 1880, and at present he employs three hands, His store has a frontage of 16 x 100 feet, with three flats, his trade being chiefly confined to the city. Mr. Saunders has been a resident of Toronto for the past twenty years. S, G. SAYWELL, manufacturer of saddles and harness, trunks, etc., 16 5 King Street West, established his business in 1879. He employs four men. ANDREW SMITH, manufacturer and dealer in saddlery, harness and trunks, 690 Queen Street West. Established in 1857, and has occupied his present premises since 1859. His store has a frontage of 23 x 44 feet deep; and he employs five hands in the manufacture of harness. Mr, Smith is a Canadian by birth, having been a resident of the city since 1847, J. SWALLOW, manufacturer of collars and harness; business established in 1882, in l\Iallandine's Block, Riverside, Employs three han,ds. The store has a frontage of twenty feet. Mr. Swallow was born in Pickering, Ontario, and has been a resident of Toronto and vicinity for the last fifteen years, Hatters and Furriers, JAMES LUGSDIN, wholesale and retail dealer in hats, caps and furs, 39 Yonge Street, established himself in 1867 at 101 Yonge Street, removing afterwards to 74 King Street \\Test, where he remained until his occupation of the present premises. The warehouse has a frontage of 52 x 45 feet, and is five storeys high, He employs three travellers, who visit Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. He also employs some sixty hands in the fur manufacture, and a staff of ten clerks. l\Ir. Lugsdin was born in England, and came to Toronto in 1852. J, & J. LUGSDIN, hatters and furriers, 101 Yonge Street. This firm is composed of John and Joseph, who have carried on business as practical hatters and manufacturing furriers in this stand for upwards of seventeen years, They are the oldest firm now doing business in the block from Adelaide to King Street, and, strange to say, this is the only one that has stood the "ups and downs" of trade during that time, \11 the furs they offer for sale are of their own manufacture, personally supervised by the senior partner, who has had twenty-five years' eÀperience. They employ about twenty-five hands all the year round for this hranch of thcir business, Having established a reputation for making a first-class .lrticle, thcIr trade has steadily grown, and for some years past they have done one of the leading businesses in their line. They secured first pri.æ medals for l.H.lies' and 474 The County of York. gents' fine furs at the Industrial Exhibition, against all competitors. The partners are both popular men, and are always to the front with open hand, whenever called upon to aid deserving ones, less fortunate than themselves. Their store does not present the most imposing appearance from the front, and the amount and quality of the goods turned out of their place would lead one to suppose their premises were much larger; but appearances are deceitful, as most of their room lies at the back, where they have a large building four storeys high, in which are their work and store rooms. JOSEPH ROGERS, manufacturer and retail dealer in hats, caps and furs, located at 141 King Street East. :Manufactures goods solely for his retail trade, employing seven hands, This business was established in IS30 by his father, C, K. Rogers, who is also a native of this city. The grandfather, Joseph Rogers, came to Canada from Ireland about IS05, He was one of the early pioneers and was the first hatter here, establishing himself in the business about ISI5, He controlled this line of trade many years, and started his business on the smalle t beginning, and it has increased steadily to the present time. This is, without doubt, the oldest business house in , this city. Hides and Skins. J A:\IES LOWDON, 69 Cameron Street, dealer in hides. He commenced to deal in IS72, and has been very successful in his business. Hotel-Keepers. R. \V. ABELL, proprietor of the popular hotel known as the" Elephant and Castle," corner of Queen and Parliament Streets, is a native of Long- hope, Gloucestershire, England, and came to this city in IS71. He was engaged at his trade, that of wood-turner, for some time, and later on carried on a wood-yard near his present location, He was afterward;; burned out, and he bought the hotel business near his present stand. He has been Returning Officer of St. David's \Vard for the past ten years. JOHN A YRE, proprietor" Lake View House," corner of vVinchester and Parliament Streets, This is one of the pleasantest public resorts in the east end of the city, and is deservedly well patronized, l\'Ir. A yre has lately built in connection with the hotel a large and commodious lodge-room and public hall, in which several Friendly Society Lodges hold meetings. The hall is 75 x 25 feet, and the size of the whole building is 125 x 125 feet. An additional attraction in the shape of a pleasant summer garden is much appreciated, There are also a fine billiard-room and bowling-alleys in connection with the hotel. --... The City of Toronto, 475 ELIJAH BAILEY, hotel proprietor, was born in :\Ianchester, England, in 1832. He emigrated to Canada in 1852, and settled first in Kingston, and for some time was employed on the Grand Trunk Railway as locomotive fireman, receiving promotion afterwards to the position of engineer, which he filled for eight and a-half years. He was appointed foreman in the Grand Trunk Round-house at Toronto, a position which he satisfactorily filled for two and a-half years. During a portion of the time he was employed by the Grand Trunk he kept an hotel called "The :\Ianchester House," King Street West. He afterwards occupied" The Old Ship," corner Douro and Tecumseth Streets, and" The Golden Kite " on Front Street. In 1877 he opened" The Lady of the Lake" Hotel, 21 George Street, where he still remains. 1\1r. Bailey was twice married; his present wife's maiden name was Agnes Hart. FRANCIS SU:\'Il\IERVILLE BERRY, hotel proprietor, was born near Cul- lendar, Perthshire, Scotland, December 23rd, 1843, He came to Canada in 1853, and stayed three years in Quebec, where he was employed for a few months at a shingle machine, afterwards taking a butler's position. He gave the latter up at the end of nine months, and betook himself to Ander- sonville, and there learned the trade of rope-maker. The firm failing in the year 1856, he came to Toronto, which place he made his point of departure to different towns in the neighbouring counties, putting his hand to a variety of industries. In 1868 he was again in Toronto, and worked {or a short time as bar-keeper. From 1871 until 1880 he kept hotel on King Street. After another short absence he returned to the city and commenced a grocery business near John Street, from which he migrated. to an hotel in the Haymarket. In 1882 he moved to the" Prince Arthur Hotel," 609 King Street West, where he still remains. In 1871 1\Ir. Berry married a daughter of Mr. \Vm. Brandon, Simcoe County, a native of the north of Ireland. THO:\IAS J. BEST, proprietor of" The\Voodbinc Park Club House." 1\lr. Best has been in the hotel business all his life; his father, Thomas Best, having been for many years proprietor of "The Bay Horse Hotel," Mr. Best, jun'r, succeeded him on his retirement. T, J, Best afterwards took the" Globe Hotel," changing its name to the Ie Bay Horse"; this he ran a year and a-half, when he leased and took possession of the handsome and commodious place above mentioned. CHARLES BREWER, " The Canadian Hotel," :\laud Street. This house was erected in 1876, and in 18ð3 was taken possession of hy the prc ent proprietor, who is a native of Bristol, Somersetshirc, England, and came to -.. 47 6 The COU1lty of York. America in 1856. Previous to his settlement in Toronto in 1875, he had spent the time conducting hotels in the U uited States. He established him- self at his present location in 1883, and is prepared to attend to the wishes and comforts of the travelling public. R, DISSETTE, hotel proprietor, was born at N ewmarket, York County, in 1848, His commencement in business was at Orillia, in partnership with l\Ir. Robert Hay, where after nine years' successful career he accumu_ lated a considerable competency in the harness trade, He came to Toronto in 1875, and for a time was engaged in property speculations. In 1875 he opened the hotel known as the" Crosby Hall," on the Esplanade, opposite the Union Station, Here his attention to the comfort and requirements of his patrons has necessitated a considerable enlargement of his premises to meet the wants of his increasing business, and the hotel is now capable in ordinary times of accommodating ninety guests; and on special occasions is prepared to receive almost double that number, lAMES EMANEY, hotel proprietor, was born in the English metropolis in 1831, and served his time in the carriage department of \Voolwich Arsenal. \Vhen on y eighteen years of age he was despatched to the Bar- bary Coast, to superintend the erection of gun-carriages and batteries, and on his return home in 1853 was at once detailed on the siege train depart- ment for service in the Crimea. The transport in which he sailed was attacked with cholera at Gibraltar, and after losing half its complement in the journey from that port to Malta, eventually landed its men and stores at Varna, only to swell the list of victims who perished there from that terrible scourge, The heroism of our soldiers during those calamitous months is immortalized in the pages of history. After encountering the difficulties of Alma, and the more heavy work and danger connected with the siege of Sebastopol, and the capture of Kertch, in the Sea of Azov, :\lr, Emaney was able to return home at the close of the war, to receive at the hands of his countrymen in after-life that respect which is always accorded to those whose lives have been imperilled in the defence of their country's honour, He subsequently came to Canada, and for twenty years conducted a carriage business at Prince Albert, in North Ontario, after which he moved to Toronto, 1881, and commenced hotel,keepmg on the premises he at present occupies, 172 King Street, where by attention to the wants of his patrons he secures a fair amount of custom. ALEXANDER GIBB, hotel proprietor, was born on Yonge Street, in York Township, in 1840, being the eldest son in the family of the late 10hn Gibb. He was brought up on his father's farm, and after arriving at years of The City of Toronto. 477 maturity he embarked in the business of dairyman. During this period he was elected to and accepted the Deputy-Reeveship of York Township, in which office he continued for five years. 1\1r. Gibb is at present proprietor of the" Bay Horse" Hotel, 163 Y onge Street, where seventy-five to eighty guests can be comfortably housed, \VIÍ.LIAM GREEN, "Simcoe House," corner of Front and Simcoe Streets, is a native of Oxfordshire, England, and came to Canada in 1857, settling first in Belleville, afterwards removing to Quebec, and thence to Ottawa, where he took charge of the Ottawa Citizen, which he conducted for ten years, and was manager of the Government Printing Office for five years. He then removed to St. Catharines, and kept the" Russell House" for four years, eventually taking possession of his present hotel. 1\1r. Green IS a printer, and lea ned his trade in Birmingham, England, JOHN GREGG, hotel proprietor, owns the" Gregg House," corner of Queen and McCaul Streets. He opened the house in 1875, and has since carried on a good business. The" Gregg House" has accommodation for twenty-five guests. 11r. Gregg was born in Ireland, and when twenty-two years of age went to New York, where he remained a short time, finally coming to Canada. He first settled in Kemptville, and then removed to Toronto, VVILLIAM HALL, hotel proprietor, was born at Deptford, England, in 18 53, and came to this country with his parents in 1858, Before embarking in the hotel business he had occupied responsible positions in the leading hotels in Toronto, Niagara, and J\ladison, \\ïsconsin, U ,S. His hotel is situate at 170 Queen Street \Vest, formerly known as Jones' Hotel, where he does a good trade. In 1876 1\1r. Hall married Georgina Jones, a daughter of his predecessor in the business. \VILUAM HANCOCK, hotel proprietor, was born in 18+3 at Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, within two miles of the historic battlefield where the English King, Richard III" was killed. J\Ir. Hancock came to Canada in 1871, and was employed in the household ofthe then Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario (Sir \Villiam Howland) as btitler. Leaving this position he went to work in the mechanical department of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway. He was afterwards steward of the Royal Canadian, U. E., and Toronto Yacht Clubs, remaining with the latter club two years. He com- menced in the hotel business first on East :',[arket Square, afterwards removed to the" Simcoe House," corner of Victoria and Richmond Streets, and eventually settled down at his present premIses, 252 Kmg Street East. Mr. Hancock married before he came to Canada. his wife being also from Leicestershire. 47 8 The COlmty of York. JOHN HOLDERNESS, proprietor of the" Albion Hotel," was born in Hull, Yorkshire, England, in I 834. He engaged in farming there, and on his arrival in Canada in 1866 followed the same occupation for a short time, Afterwards he worked as hostler at the Black Horse Hotel for six years, and then embarked in the hotel business at Woodbridge, Returning to Toronto at the end of about three years he bought out the Black Horse Hotel, and successfully ran that for nine years, In 1880 Mr. Holderness purchased the property of the" Albion," and after laying $95,000 out in enlarging, fitting and furnishing, has an hotel which for comfort and conyenience is equal to any in Toronto, He can accommodate three hundred and fifty guests, and has excellent facilities for dining a great number. THOMAS HOLMES, " Red Lion" Hotel, Y orkville, is a native of Ireland, and came to Canada in 1840, settling in the Gore of Toronto, where for eleven years he worked at farming, About this time he married Mary McCourt, also from Ireland, and then opened an hotel at Thistleton, in the Township of Etobicoke. He afterwards kept the" Albany House" for over twenty-two years, removing in 1852 to his present establishment, which he bought from Robert Nixon. The" Red Lion" Hotel is one of the oldest in Y orkville, and under the efficient management of Mr. Holmes is well patronized, W, J. HOWELL, hotel proprietor, was born in New York City in 1844. He came to Toronto in 1872, previous to which time he had conducted an hotel in the city of his nativity, He purchased the " Woodbine" on Y onge Street, which place he kept for four years, He then, in conjunction with Mr. Pardee, laid down the Woodbine Race Track, Kingston Road, sinking about $19,000 in the enterprise. It proved a failure, however, the public interest in the affair being small, Disposing of the track to 1\1r. Joseph Duggan, 1\1r. Howell remained out of business for some time, but in September, 188 3, commenced hotel again at his present premises, 448 Y onge Street, the " A ven.ue House," where he can accommodate thirty guests. He was married in Toronto in 1871. ROBERT IRVING, proprietor of the" Pioneer Hotel" at Seaton Village, is a native of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, He came out in May, 1873, and at once settled In Toronto, He learned in his youth the trade of black- smith, and followed the same here up to September, 1883, when he leased and took possession of the above-named house, where he is doing a good local and constantly improving business. This is one of the oldest houses in this location, having been established over thirty years ago. The City of Toronto. 4;-9 . E. A, JONES, proprietor of the" 1\lorin House," 483 Kingston Road, is one of the few individuals who, in spite of all obstacles that misfortune places before them, have by resolution, courage and energy, emerged from times of difficulty and failure that would have disheartened most men, He was born in Vermont, his people having originally come from \iV ales, His grandfather was. killed in the " Revolutionary \Var;" and when he was thirteen years of age his mother died, and he at once started out to face the trials and discomforts of the world alone, He went to Livonia, }.J', J" and remained there five years; from thence to Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he was engaged in an hotel; then returned to New York State, and drove a stage about fourteen years. He came to Canada in 1855, and commenced as omnibus proprietor, owning twelve 'busses and twenty-four horses, but about two years afterwards was burned out, and raided on the corner of Duke and George Streets by cabmen and carters, By this outrage he lost the whole of his vehicles, He managed, hO\vever, to continue his business until the introduction of Street Railways, but on their advent he found his occupation in this direction gone, and from that time forward until 1881 he was variously engaged, subsequently renting his present place of business. JOHN KEMP, proprietor of the" Commercial Hotel," Jarvis Street, was born in England in 1835, He emigrated to Canada when twenty years of age, settled in Toronto, and for a number of years followed farming and hostler- ing. In the year 1860 Mr. Kemp commenced hotel-keeping, first at \Veston for nine years, then at Y orkville for eight years; quite recently he removed to his present locality, where he does a large and lucrative business. His accommodation both for" man and beast" is excellent, his stables surpass- ing any in the city, He is also greatly interested in the importation of draught stallions, having sold lately the famous Clyde stallion" Norseman," which he considers one of the best horses of its kind in Canada. H. U. LAYTON, proprietor of the" Caer Howell Hotel," was born in the building in which he still resides, his father, the late Henry Layton, having been proprietor from 184+ until the time of his death, The house is well- known and popular as a summer resort. J\Ir. Layton married in 1878, his wife being Florence Jane Mitchell. \VILLIAM LEDLEY, hotel proprietor, was born in Stockport, Cheshire, England, in 1832. He emigrated to Canada in 1870, and came direct to Toronto, where he at once entered upon the hott::l business, having had previous experience in Manchester, England. 1\lr. Lcdley occupies. the same premi es now as when he first commenced, 493 Yonge Street, thL' 3 1 4 80 The COlWty of York. house bearing the name of its present proprietor, and having accommo- dation for twenty-five guests, l\Ir. Ledley married before he left England, and a son and daughter, the issue of his marriage, remain in England. THO AS LEE, hotel proprietor, 423 Gerrard Street, is the step-son of the late Morgan Kelly (one of the old hotel-keepers of the city) who opened out on Jarvis Street in l8Sl, subsequently building, on the corner of Gerrard and River Streets, the hotel known as the" Shamrock." He died in l860, and for two years the place was carried on by his widow, but her death taking place in l862, the business has since been carried on by the present proprietor. The hotel has a frontage of sixty-six feet. HENRY LEMON was born in England, in l834, and came with his father and family to Toronto in l84I. His father conducted an hotel on Yonge Street, and the son remained at home till l8S7, when he went to Thornhill, and commenced hotel-keeping on his own account. At this he remained until l879, when he returned to this city and opened the hotel he at present occupies, lS8 King Street. Mr. Lemon married in l8S7 Sarah Miller, daughter of the late Nathan Miller, who was well-known in his section. \VILLIAM LUSH, hotel proprietor, is a native of Dorsetshire, England, where he was born in l847. He came to Canada with his family in l87S, and at once entered the service of the Hon. D. L. Macpherson, as butler, having previously occupied similar positions in England. After a few months he was employed at the" Toronto Club," first as head waiter, but afterwards was promoted to the position of steward, which he occupied for three and a-half years. In l882 he embarked in the hotel known as "Marble Hall," 66 Jarvis Street, where he is working up a respectable trade, l\Ir. Lush married in England Maria Louise Southgate, JOHN MCCAFFREY, hotel proprietor, is a native of Ireland, and was brought up on his father's farm in Fermanagh, Ireland. He emigrated to Canada in l86S, and on his arrival in Toronto joined the loth Royals, and was present at the skirmish with the Fenians at the time of the raid, He afterwards followed the employment of a baker, and also entered the service of the Street Railway Company for six years, and then went to Ireland for a brief trip, Upon his return to Toronto he opened the" Rose and Crown," l4 8 Front Street East, where he can room forty guests and at the, present time averages seventy daily at dinner. He married in 1870 Ann Jane Johnstone, a native of Enniskillen. ANDREW l\1CCULLY, hotel proprietor, was born in North Augusta, near Brockville, l8SI. He was the youngest son of Henry McCully, who The City of Torollto, 4 81 . removed his family from Augusta to Bishop's l\Iills in 1857, where they still reside, At the latter place Andrew learned the trade of shoemaker, which he continued to follow until he entered upon the hotel business. In 18 7 1 he came to Toronto, and in 1873 he married Amelia Marsh, daughter of Leonard Marsh. The hotel which Mr. McCully conducts is situated on the corner of Jarvis and Front Streets, and has accommodation for thirty guests, He has succeeded in working up a very good and paying business, and tries in every way to make his guests comfortable, JAMES l\IcF ARLAND, deceased, was a native of County Tyrone, Ireland, and while yet young sought a prospective fortune in Canada, In 18 7 0 he married and subsequently entered the hotel business. He opened the .. Royal Arms," which he run for twelve years until his death. His widow, Christiana McFarland, still carries on the business; the bouse being able to accommodate from thirty to forty guests, FRANCIS MCGARRY, proprietor of the" Duke of Conn aught " Hotel, 200 Front Street East, was born in the County of Leitrim, Ireland, in 1834. His . father was a farmer, and young McGarry's early days were spent upon the farm, Probably not appreciating the monotonous life of rural labour, he entered the service of the" Irish Constabulary," and for seven years formed one of that body, whose achievements are closely connected with the political history of Ireland. ::Ur. McGarry emigrated to Canada in 1861, and for a shor:t time took up his residence near Guelph, but on coming to Toronto he immediately joined the police force, and continued in that body during five and a-half years as constable and detective. He then removed to- Ottawa and joined the police there, but owing to poor health returned to- Toronto and opened a grocery and liquor store at the corner of Dorset and King Streets, He remained here about one year, and then opened an hotel on Church Street, stayed three years; and at the end of that time moved to the Esplanade, where he remained five years. In October, 18 77. 1\1r. McGarry purchased his present premises, and has accommodation for twenty guests. In 1869 he married Mary Kehoe, hy whom he has six children. JA:'.IES MCGINN was born in the County Armagh, Ireland, in 1835, and settled in Toronto in 18+5' In 1861 he went to California. After remaining there three years he returned to Toronto and commenced the hotel business in the" Golden City Hotel," King Street \Vest. In 1871 he went into the cigar trade, in \vhich he continued until 1875, when he opened the" Royal Billiard Rooms," 79 King Street \Vest. In IH79 he again went into the hotel business at 102 Bay Street, where he still remains. 4 82 The COU1lty of York. JOHN MALLINDINE, was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1837, and came to Canada in 1859. He located in Toronto, and engaged in the upholstery business on King Street East, which he carried on up to 1873. He purchased vacant lots on the corner of Grant Street and Kingston Road, and erected his present block, comprising an hotel and three stores. MI. Mallindine carries on the hotel business, as well as a shoe store and butcher trade. He has been identified with the improvements in St. Matthew's \Vard, having built several fine houses in this locality, In the rear of his hotel he has an Armoury 28 x 16, and a Hall of 22 x 50 feet. His buildings have a frontage of 200 feet on the Kingston Road and Grant Street. JAMES MELRICK, proprietor of the" Alexander Hotel," 102 Queen Street vVest, was born in Toronto, 1846, and is the eldest son of the late James Melrick, who was one of the first to run the stage from Toronto to Holland Landing. :\1I. James )'1elrick, jun'r, has been in the hotel business since a boy, and was employed at the Rossin House at the time of, the fire, on that occasion having a narrow escape, only being saved by leaping from one of the upper windows. He next went to the Queen's Hotel, remaining there three years, He was in Chicago from 1865 to 1877, and on his return to Toronto during the latter year he engaged as manager for Edward Hanlan (the famous oarsman) at his hotel on the Island, remaining with him until he began on his own account in 1882. lVlr. Melrick's experience enables him to conduct his business with success, at the same time paying every attention to the comfort and requirements of his patrons, He has accom- modation for forty guests, JAMES NEALON, grocer and liquor dealer, was born at Newmarket, in the County of York, in 1850. He was the youngest in a family of ten children, and the only one of the family born in Canada. In early life he was apprenticed with Henry Mintern, of Newmarket, to learn the business of carpenter, At the expiration of his term he worked at his trade in Toronto for three years, and afterwards for two years in Rochester, V,S, Returning again to Toronto in 1875, he commenced the grocery and liquor business on the north-east corner of \Vilton A venue and Sumach Streets, He remained here eighteen months, and then embarked in his present prosperous business at 197 and 199 King Street East, which is the largest of its kind in Toronto. In 1876 Mr. Nealon married Mary Riordan, adopted daughter of Mr. Thomas O'Connor, of Balmy Beach, east of the \Voodbine race-course, PATRICK O'CmoJ'xoR, hotel proprietor, was born near the Village of obleton, in King Township, York County, in 18+8. His first commence- The City of Toronto, 4 8 3 ment in business was as junior clerk in O'Hagan & Company's grocery establishment at Stratford, where he only remained six months. His next employment was with \Villiam Munsie, of N obleton, and on the latter remov- ing to \Voodbridge, he went to that place with him. In April, 18 75, 1\1r. O'Connor came to Toronto and entered the employment of l\Ir. Thomas O'Connor, King Street East, with whom he remained about four years. He afterwards commenced business for himself on Front Street, near the Haymarket. "The' O'Connor House" is well-known, and in its line of business is unsurpassed in the éity, l\Ir. O'Connor married, in 18 77, Mary Ann Cahill. l\1. O'HALLORAN, proprietor of the" Deer Park Hotel," is a native of this city, being the son of Michael O'Halloran, who emigrated from Ireland in 18 3 2 , and for many years kept an hotel on the present site of the Ontario Bank, which was known as the "Cove of Cork." He afterwards bought some land on which he built the" Deer Park Hotel" in 1862, He died in August, 186 5; the place was then leased and the family removed to the city. In 1878 :\1r. O'Halloran returned to the hotel which his father had erected, where he has since continued to reside. JOSEPH O'HARA, hotel proprietor, was born in the City of Toronto, in 18 53. His early ed,ucation was received at the School of the Christian Brothers. He commenced business in the dry-goods trade, but left it for a few months' experience in the lumbering districts. He returned again to Toronto, when he entered the firm of T, \Valls & Co., where he remained six years. He afterwards took a position in the establishment of Hughes Bros., and stayed there five years. Leaving Toronto, he commenced to travel for :\Iessrs, Skelton Bros., of Montreal, and continued to do so until 188+, when he started the" Continental Hotel," corner of Simcoe and \\'el- lington Streets. This property Mr. O'Hara owns, and its close proÀimity to the Union Station renders it very convenient for travellers, It is a well conducted and comfortable house, entirely new, with all the latest appli- ances, heating apparatus, etc" and should be well patronized, T, H. O'NEIL, hotel and restaurant, 60 \delaide Street East, is a native of County Mayo, Ireland, being the fifth son of James O'Xeil, land agent. T. II. O' eil came to Canada in 18+1, and in 18+8 established his present business. J OH:-J' ORIHSO , proprictor of the U Ulster House;' go Esplanade Street, W'lS born in Philadelphia, U. S, II is parents were natives of the Emerald Isle, and at the age of eight YCLl! s he accompanied thcm back to their native 4 8 4 The County of York. r land. In County Down he received his education and, later, was instructed in the trade of a machinist. In 1873 he returned to this continent and worked in various places at several branches of industry. He was employed for six years on the Nipissing Railway, on leaving which he entered into the hotel business, having previously married Elizabeth Leslie, daughter of Joseph Leslie, Highland Creek, Scarboro' Township. On a pressure Mr. Orbison can well accommodate fifty guests, and generally his success in business is to be attributed to the comfort with which he always provides his patrons. JOHN OULCOTT, proprietor of the" Eglinton House," Yonge Street, is a native of Staffordshire, England, and came to ,Canada in 1863. . He was with Thomson & Burns as chIna packer seven years, after which he opened a crockery stqre on Y onge Street, and continued in the business until 1 72. He kept the" Globe" hotel at Carlton about five years, subsequently taking charge of the" Dovercourt Road Hotel" and keeping the same until 1882. In 1883 he built the large and commodious three-storey brick hotel, which has a frontage of forty-eight feet and a depth of one hundred feet, with large sheds and stables, and took possession the same year. This house is a credit to the locality in which it is situate, and stands on the site of "Montgomery's Hotel," one of the most historic spots in this yicinity. JOSEPH POWER, proprietor of the" Power House," corner of King and Brock Streets, was born in Halifax, N. S" and has been a resident of Toronto since 1854. He first kept the hotel known as the" Royal George," corner of Queen and Bathurst, subsequently removing to the" Hamilton House," King Street, and in 1879 he erected his present large and com- modious hotel, which has a frontage of 25 x 125 feet. and is three storeys in height. ALEX. PURSE is a native of the North of Ireland and came to Canada with his father, \Vm. Purse, in 1845, He has been identified with hotel interests in this city for the last twelve years, His place of business is located on Adelaide Street \Vest, and is known as ".Purse's Hotel." Retired in 1 881. R. H, REID, proprietor of the" City Hotel," is the eldest son of Joseph Reid, who came to Toronto in 1837, He was colour-sergeant in the 66th Regiment, and was in the hotel business from 1854 to 1870. He died in 1873, R. H., his son, has been engaged in the hotel business for the past five years, His hotel is situate at the corner of Front and Simcoe Streets, has a frontage of 40 x 75 feet, and is three storeys in height. . The City of Toro1lto. 4 8 5 SAMUEL RICHARDSON, hotel-keeper, is from the County of Antrim, Ireland, being the eldest son of Robert Richardson, a man well-known in that county. Samuel served in the 13th Hussars from 1858 to 186 9, having during that time seen a great deal of foreign service, His regiment came to Canada in 1866, and on its being ordered home again two years later, through the medium of friends in Toronto (his period of service not having expired) he was allowed to remain in Canada as a military settler. The first position he obtained was in connection with the survey party on the Nipissing Rail- way, with whom he continued until the running of the first train, In 18 7 1 he returned to Toronto and commenced the hotel business on Teraulay Street, where he remained two years. He then purchased the property on which his present hotel stands, corner of King and Brock, known as the "Richardson House," where, when necessity arises, he can room nearly one hundred guests, To industry and perseverance Mr. Richardson owes his continued success: possessing nothing on his arrival, he is now worth $4 0 ,000. He was married in 1872 to Emma Moore, who was born in the County of Grey, though of English parentage; her father still living in that district. W OLSTAN RILEY, proprietor of the "Victoria Hotel," at the corner of Caer Howell Street, was born at the Cape of Good Hope. His father, \Villiam Riley, was for many years a cattle dealer at that port during the Kaffir war. The son visited England in 1856, and soon after came to America and was three years in Buffalo; in 1859 he came. to this city and carried on the butcher busIness for two years. He was one year at sea on the "Anglo-Saxon," and was shipwrecked and washed ashore at Cape Bbght, Newfoundland, He then came back to Ontario and engaged in the hotel business. He has kcpt seventeen different hotels, thirteen of which were in this city. He established himself at his present location in 1882, SUSANNA ROBINSON, proprietress of the hotel known as the" Gladstone House," situated at 1068 Queen Street \Vest, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1825, and came to Canada with her grandfather in 1837. She lived with her grandfather until her marriage with 1\[r. Nixon H,obinson. brewer, of Toronto, which took place in 1846, Mrs, Robinson has had considerable e}.perience in the hotel business, her husband having kept an hotel at Kleinburg, "The Red Lion Hotel," Yorkvillc, " Globe Hotel," city, and the house occupied by her at present.. Her husband died some time ago, leaving her with a family of thirteen childrcn. Irs, Robinson has accommodation in busy timcs for fifty gUest . . 4 86 The County of York. THOMAS E. SCHOLES, proprietor of the "Sch les Hotel," situated at 86 4 Queen Street \Vest, Dundas Street corner. He was born in Quebec, but came to Toronto with his father and family in 1857, then being only three years of age. He served his apprenticeship at Gurney & Co's at the trade of a moulder, and after leaving there worked for four years with his brother on Albert Street, after which he commenced business at the hotel above mentioned, His success has been marked, and his strict attention to the requirements of his patrons is well known. Recently J\'Ir. Scholes built the large hotel at Parkdale (plans by Mr. James Davis), on the corner of ing and Queen Streets, which was only opened in December last, and at the present time an addition of fifty rooms is being made to it. In 1877 Mr. Scholes married Ann Jane Scholes, daughter of the late Richard Scholes. JOHN SHANNESSY, proprietor of the" Royal Hotel," Y onge Street, is a native of Ireland, and was born in 1834, in the County of Limerick. He came with his father and family to Canada in 1840 and settled in Toronto, and for twenty-five years navigated the lakes in different steamers. About eighteen years ago !\Ir. Shannessy commenced the hotel business at the "Niagara House," Yonge Street, and afterwards removed to the" Royal Saloon" on King Street. In 1876 he opened his present premises, which he owns, and conducts a prosperous business, As President of the Toronto Branch of the Licensed Victuallers' Association, Mr. Shannessy is deservedly popular, his energy and perseverance being of material assistance to that society. In 1862 he married Jane Thompson, by whom he has four children, RICHARD SLEES, proprietor of "Slees' Hotel," 789 Yonge Street, is a native of Devonshire, England, and came to Canada in 1872. He waS engaged in the brewing business about ten years, and in 1882 bought the suburban hotel where he is at present located, and is doing a good local and country trade. D-\.NIEL S:\IALL, hotel proprietor, was born in Adjala, Simcoe County, 18.B. About ten years ago he came to Toronto and commenced business at an hotel on Queen Street \Vest, which he conducted for about five years. At the end of this period he entered on his present venture-the "Grand Opera House Saloon," 13 Adelaide Street \Vest, where he has excellent accommodation for fifteen guests, Mr. Small married in 1862 Ellen Brazell whose family were residents of Bond Head. \VILLIAM S:\IITH, "Osgoode Hotel," corner of Chestnut and Queen Street \Vest. The proprietor of this establishment has been in the hotel business about ten years, his first venture being as caterer at the Union .. . The Cz"ty of Toronto, 4 8 7 Station, where he remained until 1879, taking possession of the" Osgoode Hotel" in that year. The premises have a frontage of 50 x ISO feet, and are three storeys high. JOH:-.l SOMERS, proprietor of the" Sportsman Hotel," No. II and 13 Albert Street, is a native of Ireland and came to Canada in 18+2, He first located in Quebec, where he "remained until 1850, and afterwards coming to Toronto worked at his trade, that of a cabinet-maker, until 1853, He engaged in the cab business for nine years, and, on giving up that vocation, commenced an hotel at the corner of Elm and Elizabeth Streets known as the "Dove Hotel," continuing there for two years, He next took charge of the "Prince of Wales'" hotel, Y onge Street, and before he opened his present premises had charge of the" Durham House." S. STROUD, hotel-keeper, 54 Bay Street, was born in Kent, England, in July, 1821, and settled in Toronto in 1837. In 1844 he commenced the hotel business at the corner of King and Sherbourne Streets. In the same year he married Sarah \Vilson, the daughter of aU, E, Loyalist. ARTHUR GERARD TAYLOR, proprietor of the" Taylor House," corner of Agnes and Elizabeth Streets, is a native of Banffshire, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1873, taking up his residence in this city. He was four years on the Scotch police, and was eight years on the police force of this city, In April, 1882, he succeeded l\1r. Patterson in the above popular hotel and restaurant. CHARLES \V ALKER, proprietor of the" Crown Hotel," 81 Bay Street, was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 1847, \Yhen quite young he was employed by a firm of tube-makers in Glasgow, with whom he remained ten years, afterwards working for a M r. Richmond in the same business. He emigrated to Canada in the year 1871 and came direct to Toronto, remaining but a short time however, Port Hope being his next destination, There he was engaged with Mr. Smart, postmaster; but ultimately he returned to Toronto and served for eleven years at the" \Valker House" under Ir, David \Valker, his half-brother, He commenced hotel-keeping on his own account in 1882 at the premises he at present occupies, where he has good accommodation for twenty-five guests; including also a fine billiard room, Mr, \Valker married, in 1872, Elizabeth Moore, from Southampton, England, He intends shortly to enlarge his hotel; his increasing business necessitating this outlay. DAVID \V ALKER, proprietor of the well-known and high-class hotel named after its owner. This building was erected by James Smith in Ib73. 4 88 The Coullty of York. and since that time has been enlarged on two occasions, viz., 1875 and 1878, the alterations at the latter date doubling its accommodating capacity. Since its erection the hotel has been entirely under the proprietorship of 1\1r. \Valker, who in the management has the able assistance of Mr. \Vright. whose connection with the travelling community is well-known. There are one hundred and twenty-five rooms at the U Walker House," and excellent accommodation for three hundred guests. JOHN HENRY \VESTMAN, hotel-keeper, was born in Toronto, January loth, 1856, His father (the late Samuel \Vestman) was a York pioneer, and in the early days of the city kept hotel on Adelaide Street, Church Street and Market Square. Mr. \Vestman learned the trade of machinist with Mr. John Fensom, which occupation he followed up to the tIme of his father's death. His first venture in the hotel business was on Colborne Street, from which (after a trial of eighteen months' duration) he removed to his present hotel on Jarvis Street, U The Westman," where he does a good trade, Mr. Westman married in 1879 Anna \Villiams, daughter of the Inspector of the Esplanade. E, \V. \VILLIAMS, hotel proprietor, was born in Newcastle, England, in 1833, In 1861 he came to Canada and located in Toronto, where he engaged in the hotel business, having built the house on Front and Bathurst Streets, Three years later he purchased the "Algeria Hotel," corner of Niagara and Bathurst Streets, which he is carrying on at the present time. His hotel has a frontage of 104 x 105, and is three storeys in height, built of brick. GEORGE \VILLIAMS, Esplanade Inspector, was born at Petty Harbour, Newfoundland, July 31st, 1831. He came with his parents to Toronto when only seven years of age, Brought up to no particular business, he engaged in various occupations during the early portion of his life, some time of which he spent on the lakes, owning a trading schooner, which he ran for some years, He entered the hotel business at No.6 \Vest Market Street, " Williams' Hotel," which he conducted successfully for twenty-one years. Discontinuing the hotel business he still retains his office of Esplan- ade constable (to which he had some time previously been appointed), and by his urbanity and general kindliness of disposition earns the respect .of all who know him, Mr. \Villiams was twice married, first in 1855 to Eliza Boyd, and secondly to Jane, widow of the late Samuel \Vestman. JOHN \VILSON, proprietor of the U \Vilson House," III York Street, was born in Dublin, Ireland, 1846. He came with his father and family to Canada in 1850 and settled in Toronto. He early learned the trade of a The Cz"ty of Tor01lto. 4 8 9 machinist with F, H. Medcalf, after which he followed his business in New York State, U, S. Again he came to Toronto and became foreman for Joab Scales, tobacconist, till 1875, when he embarked in the hotel business at the above mentioned house, where he can accommodate sixty guests, In 1870 IVlr. Wilson married Barbara lurray, daughter of Peter Murray, one of the first settlers in the Township of Mono. JOHN R, \VILSON, "Durham House," 624 Yonge Street, was born at Thornhill Village, York County, 1848, Served an apprenticeship to harness making at his birthplace, but did not follow it up, He travelled for the firm of Taylor & Wilson about nine years, and was agent for Thomas Davies & Co. about one year. In the year 1880 he entered upon his present business at the above mentioned add ess, where he has accommodation in crowded times for twenty-five guests. He married, in 1875, Diana Hardy, who is a native of this county. THO:\IAS \VILSON, hotel proprietor, was born in Yorkshire, England, 1834. His father, George \Vilson, emigrated to the United States in 1837 and settled in the Village of Antwerp, Jefferson County, N, Y. At the end of one year's residence he removed from there to Guelph in Canada, Mr. Thomas \Vilson, served his apprenticeship in Galt at carriage-making, and on completing his term returned to Guelph, where he worked at his trade for Scott & Watson, Eighteen months afterwards he commenced business on his own account at \Vl1son's Corners (the place being named after him), where he remained from 1856 to 1860. Subsequently he removed to Mount Forest, staying there about eleven years, conducting during that period first the "Anglo-American" and afterwards the "Palmerston" hotels. The' enterprise of 1\1r. \Vilson next took him to Durham, the " British" hotel falling to his management for two years, after which he went to Orangeville and secured the control of the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Refreshment Rooms, where he remained until burnt out six years later, In 1879 he came to Toronto and opened the well-known '. \Yilson's Hotel," 15 1 - 1 53 Bathurst Street, where he accommodates thirty guests. :\Ir, \Vilson married, in 1854, Mary Channing, whose relatives belong to Devon- shire, England. \VILLIAM \VOODS, proprietor of the" Leslie Hotel," Kingston l{oad, was born in King's County, Ireland, and came to Canada in :\Iay, 1853. For seven years he occupied a position in the warehouse of Robert Rcford, establishing himself in the grocery and liquor business at the corner of Caroline and King Streets afterwards. From this locality he removed to the corner of Sackville and King Streets, remdining there till he bought 49 0 The County of York, and took possessIon of the above hotel in 1876, In connection with this hotel he has a garden and conservatory, and also owns a lot near the lake for the use of guests desirous of boating or fishing. His premises have a frontage of 81 x 230 feet. JETHRO \VORDEN, hotel proprietor, was born in Kingston Township, Addington County, the birthplace also of his parents. His father, John \Vorden, was a prominent farmer in that neighbourhood and in the eariy pays owned a large amount of property. His son, Jethro, adopted the trade of a machinist, and was the first to establish an organ reed manufactory in the Dominion. He selected Toronto for his venture, and in 1878 opened the place on Adelaide Street \Vest, now known as Augustus Newall & Co:s In 1881 Mr. \Vorden purchased his present premises and embarked in the hotel business-17 and 19 Adelaide Street \Vest, "Grand Opera Hotel," where twenty guests can be made comfortable. He married in 1867 Sarah Hudson, whose family originally came from Devonshire, England. House-Furnishings. \VILLIAM COTTRELL, manufacturer and dealer In copper, iron and tin- plate hardware. Established in 1866. ROBERT 1\1, LARTER, house-furnishings, etc" 433 Yonge Street, was horn in the County of \Vellington, and served twelve years in the stove manufacturing business, commencing for himself in the early part of 1882 at the above address where he does a general and increasing trade in stoves, tinware, etc, THOMAS J. SPINK, house furnishings, stoves, etc., 92 Queen Street \Vest, was born in the Town of Dundas, and came to Toronto in 1878. He has been four years in his present business, and by close application and earnest attention thereto has made it successful. l\Ir. Spink employs from five to seven hands. Ice Dealers. DO:\fINION ICE DELIVERY, 320 and 322 King Street East, Charles Burns, proprietor. Established in 1866. Mr. Burns has two ice-houses on King Street East, 50 x 100 feet each; four on \Vater Street, three of which are 4 0X 60 feet, and one 40 x 96 feet; one on Carlaw Avenue, 30 x 135 feet, Stores from thirteen ,to fourteen thousand tons annually, and runs six double and several single waggons, Employs about fifteen men in the summer time; in the winter time, eighty men and twenty-five teams, . He secures his ice mostly from the lake, and has testimonials from Thomas . The Czty of Toro1lto. 49 1 Heys, Professor of Chemistry in the Toronto School of 'Medicine, as to the purity of his ice for 1884, l\lr. Burns was Grand President of the Emerald Beneficial Association of Ontario, assembled at St. Catharines in 188.}; also President of the Toronto Ice Association, Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Separate School Board of Toronto, of which he has been a member for twenty-four years, and a Justice of the Peace for the County of York. He was born in the County \Vicklow, Ireland, in 18.}0, and settled in Toronto in 1849. H first engaged in the flour and feed business, subse- quently in grocery and liquors, both of which he is still engaged in together with his ice business. JOHN C. GRAHAM, 81 Esplanade East, proprietor of ice delivery, established in 1874' Ice-house, 87 Esplanade (MetropolItan Ice-house), 63 x 152 feet and 30 feet high, capacity, six thousand tons; one on Cecil Street, 96 x 43 feet, and 20 feet high, capacity one thousand, eight hundred tons; one on Lake Street 110 x 50 feet and 18 feet high, capacity two thousand, two hundred tons. Employs eight delivery waggons; and in summer eleven hands. In winter he elevates by horse-power and runs two gangs of men, eighteen each and six horses, Puts up about tons annually. Settled in Toronto in 1857, and is an iron founder by trade, in which capacity he was engaged for twelve years, MRS. CATHERINE GREENWOOD, Kingston Road, ice dealer and hotel proprietor, established in 1864 by John Greenwood, who was also a carriage- maker and painter. Jewellers and Watchmakers. BE JAMI CHAP:\UN, watchmaker and jeweller, 261 Yonge Street, is a native of Belfast, Ireland, where he learned his trade and carried on business for sixteen years. He came to Canada in I K64, and ten years later established himself in business at his present store, where he has a first-class connection, his specialty being fine work. J. E, ELLIS & Co., jewellers, etc, I King Street East. This business was established in 1836, and does a large retail trddc in all kinds of jewellery, watches, clocks, etc, The firm is composed of Jamcs E, Ellis and 1\1. T. Cain. G, GOWLAND, watchmaker and jewcller, 17+t King Street East, estab- lished his business ill 187+, and does a general retail trade, rCJMiring, etc. JOHN MARSHALL PARKINSO , manufacturing jewellcr, I3! Richmond Street East, was :)orn in Toronto. Iwing- thc dell , t son of Rcuhcn Parkin- 49 2 TIle County of York, son, a native of the United States, who carne to Toronto in r8r9 and died here in 1879, aged eighty-six years. l\1r. Parkinson commenced business in 1860 at his present address, where he does all kinds of solid work for the trade, J, SE,GSWORTH & Co., importers of Swiss and American watches and English and American fine gold jewellery, 23 Scott Street, The business was established on Yonge Street in 1860, and removed to its present location in 1874. It is exclusively wholesale, two travelling agents being employed. Mr. Segsworth was born in Toronto in 1837, His father, John Segsworth, was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1806, and settled in Toronto in 1831 ; he died in 1872, CHARLES \V ARD, 223 Queen Street East, is a manufacturing jeweller and electro-plater, conducting business at this address, He first com- menced business on Queen Street \Vest in 1856, removing in 1876 to his present premises.. Mr. \Vard is a native of New York City, and came to Toronto in 1841. GEORGE \V ARD, manufacturing jeweller, 27 Colborne Street, is a native of N ew York State, and first commenced business in this city on Toronto Street in 1853. He remained here five years, subsequently removing to King Street, and in 1876 occupied his present place of business, 27 Colborne Street, Toronto, Ontario. He treats with the trade wholesale, but does a retail trade as well. HENRY T, WINDT, gold chain manufacturer, 38 Scott Street, is a native of New York City, and in 1881 commenced business in Toronto in the above line. Law Stationers, DAVID H. DOUST, manager for the Toronto Law Form Company, lithographers, printers and law stationers, 326 Adelaide Street East, is a native of London, England, having there learned his business, He came to Canada in 1868 and soon afterwards commenced business at the Masonic Hall, Toronto Street. He was with 1\1r. Carswell for about five years, and in r877 took the law stationery part of the business, which he continued for a time. He established himself in business at his present location in r883. J. 1\1. DRANSFIELD, law book and law form stationer, 28 Front Street East, was born in Manchester, England, and came to Canada in r862, but two years later returned to England, and on corning back to Canada in r866 travelled for a Montreal firm, On his settlement in Toronto he opened . The City of Toronto, 493 a wholesale fancy goods store on Y onge Street. He moved to Kingston and took charge of the Bonded Vinegar \Vorks at that place, staying but a short time however, and returned to Toronto and became connected with Mr. Carswell in the law book and law form stationery business. In 18 77 Mr. Dransfield took possession of the business of James G, Owen, in which line he has since continued, Livery Stables. ALLAN BOLTON, proprietor of the cab, coupe and livery stable at 33 1 Y onge Street, is a native of London, England, and came to this city in May, 1884, Established himself at once in this business. Keeps twelve horses, runs five cabs and a variety of new and tasty turn-outs, and trusts by attention to his customers to merit a fair share of the trade. FRANK CAMPBELL, veterinary surgeon and proprietor of sales and boarding stables, 30, 32 and 34 Richmond Street \Vest. This gentleman graduated in 1874 at the Ontario Veterinary College, and practised his profession at Rochester and Canandaigua, N.Y" up to 1878. His father, Duncan Campbell, President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, dying that year, :\Ir. Frank Campbell came to Toronto and located at the address above, and at present is in the possession of a large city practice. FREDERICK DOANE, proprietor of livery, cab and boarding stables, 61 9 to 623 Y onge Street, is a native of this city, being the son ofthe late Henry Doane, who came from England to this country in 1851, and followed the occupation of blacksmith for several years in this city, In 1866 he started the livery stable business, subsequently building the premises where the trade is now carried on. At his death, which occurred in 1868, Frederick assumed control of the business, which he still successfully conducts, He owns thirty horses and runs six cabs. GRAND & \V ALSH, proprietors of th extensive sale stables, 47, 49, 51 and 53 Adelaide Street West. This justly celebrated firm has established a world-wide reputation, and is fast becoming one of the prominent insti- tutions of this country-being the largest business of its kind on this continent. They sold over four thousand horses by auction last year, the sales taking place every TuesddY and Friday. They buy and sell large numbers of horses, aside from doing an extensive commission business; they also do a large business in selling blooded horses on commission, and this branch, though lately established, is becoming one of the important features of their trade, They also run in connection with their business t\\enty-five horses 494 The COU1lty of York, in liveúy and twenty-five one-horse cabs, running night and day, They have telephone communication with all parts of the city, The business was established by the late Joseph Grand in 1855, who was an Englishman by birth, and carne to Canada about the above date, doing a business on a small scale at the start, his attention being devoted to the sales business. His death occurred in 1877, \V. D. Grand taking the business soon after; the firm of \Valsh & Grand was formed in 1879. Their trade extends throughout the Dominion, United States and England, They h ve supplied, and contmue to supply, the garrison at Halifax. Capacity of their stable is for one hundred and fifty horses. Their buildings have a frontage of 90 x 25 0 feet. lVII', Grand is the auctioneer and manages the office department; l\Ir. \Valsh doing the buying outside. The sale business is carried on after the plan of the famous" Tattersall" stables in England; horses are sold by guaranteed catalogue, C, G. LONGBOTTOM, proprietor of livery and boarding stables, 16 Ade- laide Street \Vest, has been a resident of this city since he was three years of age, In the year 1884 he bought out the livery business where he is at present located, and he is now prepared to give satisfaction to the general public, JA:\IES MCCARRON, Jr., proprietor of livery, cab, sales and boarding stables, 19 to 21 Queen Street East, is the son of the late James McCarron, a native of Ireland, who took up his residence in this city in 1852, and engaged in various occupations, finally entering the hotel business which is yet in the hands of the family, His son J ames was born in Toronto, and started his present business in 18 o, He owns nine horses and two cabs, and is doing a largely increasing business, JOHN MITCHELL, proprietor oflivery, sales and boarding stables, 16 and 18 Duke Street, is a native of Clare County, Ireland, and carne to Canada with his parents when very young, His father died of cholera soon after his arrival here in 1832, l\1r, Mitchell, during his long residence in the city, has in turns adopted other branches of business besides the one he is at present engaged in, having been in the grocery and also hotel line, He commenced as livery stable proprietor in 1855, and has done a con- tinuous business for nineteen years, He owns from twenty to thirty horses, and does a large trade. J, L. SCOTT & Co., proprietor of boarding, livery and sales stables, 8 and 10 Duke Street. Business established by the above firm in 1880. where they keep about twenty horses for the use of their customers, and are prepared to give the best accommodation in their line. TIle Cz"ty of Toro1lto, 495 ISAAC STUTTEN, proprietor of hack and coupé business, 550 Y onge Street, was born in Perth, and came to this city in 1864, He was con- nected with the hosiery business for several years, and in 1880 retired from the same and started his present business, He runs a hack, coupé, and rockaway, owns the building, and is about to increase his stock, GEORGE C. TUMLIN, proprietor of sales and commission stables, 56 George Street, is a native of the State of Maryland, and came to Canada in 1865, settling at once in this city, and stårting the business he still suc- cessfully carries on. In 1868 he established himself at his present location, where he does an extensive horse trade, having large contracts with Michigan lumber firms, and also with the Buffalo Street Car Company, GEORGE VERRALL, cab, coupé, and boarding stable proprietor, 1 I to 19 Mercer Street, was born in Sussex, England, and came to Canada in 1846, settling at once in this city, Before commencing in his present business he was in the employ of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, first in connection with the survey party, afterwards as an official. His livery business is one of the oldest in the city, and as an instance of what may be accomplished by perseverance and energy we may mention that he started business with a single one-horse cab, while at the present time he owns thirty-two horses and fifteen cahs and coupés. 1\1r. Verrall is Alder- man for St. Georg"e's \Vard, Locksmiths, THOMAS HICKS, locksmith and bell-hanger, II Richmond Street East, was born in England, and came to Canada in 1867, He had before this worked at his trade of locksmith in New York for two years, and on his arrival in Toronto he located on Yonge Street, removing four years later to his present address. l\Ir. Hicks has the sole agency for the ProvInce of Ontario of Zindar's patent pneumatic bell, which has a large and increasing sale, He has done most of the bell-hanging in Toronto for this patent, which has given great satisfaction, During the last three years he has taken the prize for locks at the Exhibition. JOHN & E. H. ROBERTS, proprietors of the" Beaver Lock \Vorks," established 1868, manufacture keys and locks to order. Locksmiths to Toronto Post-office, Dominion Postal Service, Central Prison, Mercer !{eformatory, Toronto Jail and Public Schools. Also manufacture white metal, house door numbers and street corner tablets, for which they are contractors to the City of Toronto, Employ six men, At the Industrial Exhibitions of 1883-4 they were awarded four first prizes, two diplomas and two bronze medals. 3 2 49 6 The County of York. " Marble Works. J. G, GIBSON, proprietor of steam marble works, 417 to 425 Parliament Street, Established in 1868. He imports from Italy and the United States, and supplies to smaller dealers in the rough, He makes a specialty of marble mantels. This is the only steam works in the city, and gives employment to twelve men. Mr. Gibson received the first prizes at the Toronto Exhibitions of 1876,. 1880 and 1882 for mantels, those being the only years he exhibited, He deals largely in slate also, FREDERICK B. GULLETT, granite and marble works, 100 and 102 Church Street, was born in Devonshire, England, in 1842, and came to America in 1857, He remained in New York until 1868, and removed in that year to Toronto, and commenced business at the above location, He executes monuments, sculpture and carved work of all aescriptions in marble, granite and stone, He first introduced the celebrated Bay of Fundy red granite, for monumental and building purposes, and is also wholesale dealer in all kinds of granite and foreign marble, He employs from fifteen to twenty men, and distributes his work over Ontario, and various parts of the United States. The carved work of the New Post- office, Queen City Insurance Company's office-; McMaster's warehouse, and numerous public buildings of. the city was executed, by Mr. Gullett, J, E, PEAREN, 535 Yonge Street, importer of marble and granite. Imports marble largely from Italy, having the chief share of this business in the cIty. He makes a specialty of furniture tops, mantels and building class works, Established in 1875, and employs six hands. Received first prize at Toronto Exhibition for mantel works in 1881, Sells to the trade wholesale marble, in the raw. - Millers, ALEXANDER B>\RCLAY, oat and corn meal mill, 192 King Street East, established his business in 1879. I n connection with this he has a flour and feed mill, which was established in 1873, Milk Dealers, FRED. SOLE, -t-81l Y onge Street, Oakville Milk Depôt, Established in 1877, and deals exclusively in country milk, Runs three waggons, and supplies two hundred gallons of milk to hIS customers daily. Miscellaneous. 'VVILLIAM ARMSTRONG, general smith, 53 Sherbourne Street, is a native of Roxburghshire, Scotland, being the eldest son of George Armstrong, of -- The City of Toronto. 497 Newcastleton, also a general smith, who died at \Vhitby, Ontario, in 18 78, Mr. William Armstrong came to Canada in 1862, and established business at Darlington, Ontario, and in 1872 removed to his present place of business, GEORGE F. BOSTWICK, 50 Church Street, agent for Goldie & McCulloch, safe manufacturers, Galt, commenced business in Toronto in 1874 as a coal merchant, and in 1884 took charge of his present business, He is a native of Toronto, and only son of Mr. George Bostwick, of this city. N. P. CHANEY & Co" feather and mattress renovators, 230 King Street East, established their business in 1880, In 1882 they received a diploma for superior mattresses, feathers and pillows. A. H, DIXON & SON, 305 King Street \\'est, Catarrh specialists, The head of the firm is a native of Jedburgh, Scotland, and came to Canada in 1857, Previous to establishing his present business he had for a short period followed the profession of accountant, afterwards doing a large trade in wholesale picture dealing. W. H, FERGUSON, builder and contractor, 81t Bay Street. JAMES W, INGHAM, modeller and designer, 28 Victoria Street, was born in London, England, and came to Canada in 1871. He first located on \Vood Street in this city, and engaged in his profession. The orna- mental work of the Metropolitan Church, together with several other buildings in Toronto, are the product of his skill. In 1879 1\1r. Ingham married Miss Jane Beamish, of this city, by whom he has one daughter. ADDISON NORMAN, proprietor of Norman's electro-curative appliances and curative baths, 4 Queen Street East, Toronto, Ontario. Ir, Norman is a native of Yorkshire, England. He emigrated to Canada in 1863, and for the past twenty years he has been actively engaged in the application of electricity as a curative to the human system. He has also invented several appliances, among which are the Norman Truss and the .\cme Electric Belt, brought out in 1879, the only appliance in use that combines galvanism with magnetism consecutively, This appliance transmits two kinùs of currents to the body-galvanic and magnetic. The first strengthens, rebuilds and heals the weak and suffering organs; the other charges the iron particles of the blood and causes it to resume its proper circulation; and both have a soothing, strengthening effect upon the nervcs. lIe has also invented a variety of galvanic belts, which have been used with great success in thousands of cases, His magneto-electric belts are manu- factured of silk, satin anù flannel, the magnets being hermetically seale(l and scientifically arranged with appliances. The electrical condition of 49 8 The County of York. the blood is now a well-established fact; also in proportion to its electrical condition is the circulation vigorous, and all the functions of life efficiently performed. He has also in connection with his business established electric, sulphur, vapour, steam, herbal, mercurial, hot, cold and shower baths, which are wetl adapted to the various diseases that the human family are heir to, The utility of these baths has become so general that there is scarcely a large city without one or more, The effect is so marked and permanent that no person can fail to appreciate their value, THOMSON & SONS, dealers in wall paper, etc, 364 Yonge Street. The firm is composed of James Thomson, sen'r, James B" and John G. Thomson. Music Dealers, THOMAS CLAXTON, importer and dealer ÏJ1 sheet and book music, band instruments, violins, guitars, etc., and all kinds of musical merchandise, located at 197 Yonge Street. Business established in 1869, first located at 24 Adelaide Street East, where he remained a short time; then removed to his present location, His show-rooms have a frontage of 25 x- 125 feet and occupy three flats, 1\1:r, Claxton is one of the oldest music dealers in the city; born in England; came to Canada in 1850. Nurserymen. HENRY SLIGHT, city nurseries, 407 Yonge Street, is a native of Lincoln- shire, England, and came to Canada in 1862, soon after settling in this city. He established himself in his present line of business in 1876, He has conservatories and sales yard at the above location, where he keeps on hand a full assortment of fruit and ornamental trees, plants and shrubs, including a choice variety of roses, vines, cut flowers and decorative plants. Painters, etc, ALEXANDER & SON, painters and sign painters, This firm does a good business, employing from ten to twenty hands during the year. It is com- posed of Henry S. Alexander, who was born in County Armagh, Ireland, and came to Toronto in 1857, and his son, John Alexander. E, H. BODDY, painter, 245 Queen Street East, is the son of James S. Boddy, a native of County Leitrim, Ireland, who came to Canada in 1830, and followed his trade of carpenter and builder for many years. He died in 1872. His son learned the trade of painter with the late Mr. Alexander Hamilton, and worked for nineteen years after as journeyman, He then established himself in business, which up to the present time he has worked successfully. The City of Toronto. 499 GEORGE H, CLAYTON, house painter and decorator, 57 Y orkville Avenue, is a native of Lancashire, England, and came to Canada in 186+ ; settled in this city and commenced his present business, which he has since successfully carried on. CHARLES D, S. CORIN, sign painter, was born in Devonshire, Eng- land, in 1834. He is the eldest in a fal1).ily of ten children, and came to Canada with his parents when only ten years of age. He received his early education in this city, and on leaving school decided to follow the same trade as his father-that of a painter; accordingly he was put under the care of Mr. Charles March, from whom he learned his business. In 1861 he married Miss Rebecca Allen, of Scarboro' Township, Mr. Corin belongs to the Orange body, and is a Conservative in politics; he is a member of the English Church. M, O'CONNOR, painter and decorator, 95 Church Street, was born in Ireland in 1830, and at the age of ten years came to Canada with his parents, He learned his trade with Hart & March, of this city, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship commenced business for himself, which he has since carried on. During his business career he has done the painting and decorating of some of the largest buildings in the city, among which may be mentioned the new Post-Office, Central Prison, Inland Revenue Office, Grand Opera House, All Saints' Church and the New Arcade, He also does a large business in the importation of plate glass, and we may safely say that his trade in this line fully equals that of anyone else in the city, Mr. O.Connor is a J.P, for the County of York, and besides fulfilling this public duty with conscientious care, likewise takes a deep interest in the temperance cause. In his business he employs from forty to sixty men. T, E. PHILLIPS, house decorator, I IS Church Street. JEREMIAH SEARS, painter and decorator, 139 Church Street and 22, 24- and 26 Dalhousie Street, was born in Kent, England, in 1823, and came to Canada in 1842, He first located in Quebec, where he worked at his trade, and in 1850 removed to Toronto, commencing the business which he has since successfully conducted. :\lr. Sears has done some of the finest work in the city, and is the only one who produces the enamelled white letter signs. He employs from eight to ten hands. He was an officer of the first Painters' Union, established in 1854, and later on in conjunction with Mr. Fairclough organized a second Union. R. J. STANLEY, painter and decorator, 410 Yonge Street, was born in Toronto in 18.-1-+, and is the son of Robert Stanley, of Irish hirth, who 5 00 The County of York, emigrated to Canada in 1832, and followed his trade of mason in this city for a number of years; he is still living on Seaton Street, being seventy- nine years of age. R, J. Stanley learned his trade with his brother \Villiam (late Alderman for St. John's \Vard), with whom he worked as journeyman until they formed the partnership which continued till the death of Alderman Stanley in 1877. Since that date Mr. Stanley has conducted the business alone, and the possession of a thorough practical knowledge of his trade enables him to give every satisfaction in all contracts he undertakes. ANDREW VVIDDOWSON, painter and decorator, 89 \\Tilton Avenue, is a native of N ottinghamshire, England, and came to Canada in 1842, He first located at Kingston, where he worked at his trade, afterwards removing to Toronto, In 1854 he established himself in the grocery business on the corner of Y onge and Shuter Streets, and continued the same for five years, subsequently returning to his original business, which he has since continued to follow. Paints, Oils and Varnish, \VILLIAM ELLIOTT, dealer in plate glass, etc., commenced business in Toronto in 1859 as a painter and glazier. In 1878 he began importing British plate glass, and about the same time began the business of staining and enamelling on glass, sand cutting and embossing, figure painting on glass for church and other purposes, which he sends to all parts of the Dominion. Fresco painting, and all kinds of decorative work, etc., are also executed at this establishment, which had heretofore been done by foreign labour. The name of the firm is now Elliott & Son, and they employ on an average from seventy to eighty men, and transact business to the amount of about $60,000 annually. . 'I '} ::-'t t,t oJ. ,.." d \ .., \ ") , !.i,.\" . . , . ... l , 1 " . .... ,,;.. 4'')' I ,', ..... ,, . ..... ..)1 l It. ', ..; .r)' .;. . tr\ '1 . ')' I. ) . f....' ... h ' ,- . ..'h}.' 1 .,. , , ,1" \"7 ' T. . .' .. ,;', .. )! '. "t. . ',i .... M ,'>. ' ,'.. I " \, Jt" I .' 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