UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

HONEY PLANTS Of CALIFORNIA

By M. C. RICHTER

BULLETIN No. 217

Berkeley, Cal., June, 1911

SACK A M ENTO

W. W. SHANNON --- - SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE PRINTING

1911

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF.

E. J. Wickson, M.A., Director and Horticulturist.

E. W. Hilgard, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist (Emeritus).

W. A. Setchell,.P1i.D., Botanist.

Leroy Anderson, Ph.D., Dairy Industry and Superintendent University Farm Schools.

M. E. Jaffa, M.S., Nutrition Expert, in charge of the Poultry Station.

R. H. Loughridge, Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Physicist (Emeritus).

C. W. Wood worth, M.S., Entomologist.

Ralph E. Smith, B.S., Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California

Pathological Laboratory and Experiment Station.
G. W. Shaw, M.A., Ph.D., Experimental Agronomist and Agricultural Technologist,

in charge of Cereal Stations.

E. W. Major, B.Agr., Animal Industry, Farm Manager, University Farm, Davis.

F. T. Bioletti, M.S., Viticulturist.

B. A. Etcheverry, B.S., Irrigation Expert.

George E. Colby, M.S., Chemist (Fruits, Waters, and Insecticides), in charge of
Chemical Laboratory.

H. J. Quayle, M.S., Assistant Entomologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

W. T. Clarke, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of University Exten-
sion in Agriculture.

H. M. Hall, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist.

C. M. Haring, D.V.M., Assistant "Veterinarian and Bacteriologist.
John S. Burd, B.S., Chemist, in charge of Fertilizer Control.

E. B. Babcock, B.S., Assistant, Agricultural Education.
W. B. Herms, M.A., Assistant Entomologist.

J. H. Norton, M.S., Assistant Chemist, in charge of Citrus Experiment Station, River-
side.
W. T. Horne, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

J. E. Corr, Ph.D., Assistant Pomologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.
C. B. Lipman, Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Bacteriologist.
R. E. Mansell, Assistant in Horticulture, in charge of Central Station grounds.

A. J. Gaumnitz, M.S., Assistant in Cereal Investigations, University Farm, Davis.

E. H. Hagemann, Assistant in Dairying, Davis.

B. S. Brown, B.S.A., Assistant in Horticulture, University Farm, Davis.

F. D. Hawk, B.S.A., Assistant in Animal Industry.

J I. Thompson, B.S., Assistant in Animal Industry, Davis.

R. M. Roberts, B.S.A., Field Assistant in Viticulture, University Farm, Davis.

J. C. Bridwell, B.S., Assistant Entomologist.

C. H. McCharles, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.
N. D. Ingham, B.S., Assistant in Sylviculture, Santa Monica.

E. H. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.
T. F. Hunt, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

C. O. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

F. L. Yeaw, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Vacaville.
F. E. Johnson, B.L., M.S., Assistant in Soil Laboratory.
Charles Fuchs, Curator Entomological Museum.

P. L. Hibbard, B.S., Assistant, Fertilizer Control Laboratory.

L. M. Davis, B.S., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, University Farm, Davis.

L. Bonnet, I.A., Assistant in Viticulture.

S. S. Rogers, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

B. A. Madson, B.S.A., Assistant in Cereal Laboratory.

Walter E. Packard, M.S., Field Assistant, Imperial Valley Investigation, El Centre

M. E. Stover, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.

P. L. McCreary, B.S., Laboratory Assistant in Fertilizer Control.

E. E. Thomas, B.S., Assistant Chemist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier.

F. Flossfeder, Assistant in Viticulture, Davis.
Anna Hamilton, Assistant in Entomology.
Mrs. D. L. Bunnell, Secretary to Director.

W. H. Volck, Field Assistant in Entomology, Watsonville.
E. L. Morris, B.S., Field Assistant in Entomology, San Jose.
J. S. Hunter, Field Assistant in Entomology, San Mateo.
J. C. Roper, Patron, University Forestry Station, Chico.
J. T. Bearss, Foreman, Kearney Park Station, Fresno.
E. C. Miller, Foreman, Forestry Station, Chico.

HONEY PLANTS Of CAUfORNIA,

INTRODUCTION.

This Bulletin attempts to present an account of that flora in California
which is visited by the honey bee for the purpose of gathering nectar,
other sweetish material, pollen and propolis. There has been no work of
this kind heretofore published; and what literature we possess is but
fragmentary, being confined to a few short accounts and notes in the
various apicultural and agricultural journals on some honey plants.
Owing to a demand among the beekeepers for a work of this kind, and
as six other states — Texas, Nebraska, Massachusetts, Arizona, Oklahoma,
and North Carolina— already possess lists (Experiment Station Bulle-
tins1) of their honey-producing floras, this station has seen fit to prepare
this publication. It is the result not only of a compilation of all litera-
ture obtainable upon the subject, but also of field work in different parts
of the State during the past four years. Many beekeepers have been
consulted on the university demonstration train, at various farmers'
institutes and beekeepers' conventions.

The nomenclature that has been followed is that of the Index Kewen-
sis, Plantarum Phanerogamarum.

Local common names have been noted whenever known. If more than
one name is given, the first mentioned should be preferred to all others,
either because most frequently used, or for other reasons.

The statements of the geographical distribution of many of the differ-
ent species are taken from botanical works of California. When this
is so, the quotation is followed by the name of the author alone. The
publications referred to are the following :

W. L. Jepson, "Flora of Western Middle California."
LeRoy Abrams, "Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity."
H. M. Hall, "Composite of Southern California."

For descriptions of most of the native species, the reader is referred
to the above publications.

The account of each plant gives, in as condensed a form as seemed
advisable, all information that will tend to help the beekeeper in ascer-
taining its value as a honey plant. This knowledge, if gleaned from
literature, receives the author's name and reference is made to the
citation. All other accounts are the result of personal observations by
the writer, except in those cases where "reported to" or similar state-
ments are made, in such cases they are the result of either conversation
or correspondence with beekeepers. A star prefixed to the name of a

JThe North Carolina List is published by the North Carolina Department of Agri-
culture.

974

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

plant indicates that a specimen of that plant is to be found in the
herbarium (54 species) of "The Honey Producing Flora of Calif ornia,"
of the University of California, which is open to the inspection of the
beekeepers of the State.

It must be noted that atmospheric conditions play an exceedingly
important part in the quantity of nectar secreted by the different plants.
A good honey plant in one locality may prove actually worthless as such

ML Relief Map

^SK^ of

f » CALIFORNIA

" '^^k. showing the

'< m^ HONEY REGIONS

V- ' ■ "^

J| ' ~':'^k K-KIamath region.

& N-Northern

fifc, valley.
^F- Foothills of

^L the Sierras.

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Owens

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region of

the south. \

S- Southern \

V-hv( ' " VV"S§g§i.

coast region. \

f-lmper \

x l^^H ^fSgSBB

vaiicv.

Fig. 1. — California Honey Regions (Santa Catalina Island is
indicated in the text by X).

in another. A difference of only a few miles may show a marked change
in the nectar-secreting powers of some plants; a fact which has given
rise to the so-called "alfalfa honey belt" and "lima bean honey belt."
The color, aroma, body and granulating propensity of honeys are like-
wise influenced by climatic conditions as well as by altitude, the char-
acter of the soil and its moisture content. The color of honey, but only
to a very slight degree, is affected also by the character of comb (brood)
in which it is stored. A difference of opinion among beekeepers, as to

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 975

the source of some honeys, is often due to a failure to recall that an
exceedingly small amount of aromatic honey may impart a characteristic
flavor to a large bulk of mild honey.

These basic factors in determining the nectar-secreting values of
plants have been mentioned in order to point out : first, how necessary
it is to make close and careful observations in determining the real
worth of a plant throughout its entire distribution as a yielder of
nectar, and, secondly, that the beekeeper in making a selection of honey
plants in a given vicinity, should do so very cautiously, ever bearing in
mind that an excellent honey plant in one locality may not live up to
its reputation in another.

The present bulletin is by no means complete, and must be considered
merely as a preliminary account of our melliferous flora. The writer's
intention is to continue this work, and any additional data and informa-
tion pertaining to bee botany, as well as the correction of whatever
errors that may be found, will be appreciated.

He wishes to thank Dr. H. M. Hall for the assistance which he has
given in the identification of some of the flora and in the arrangement
of the botanical sequence herein followed, and in reading the proof. To
Professor W. L. Jepson, who has rendered valuable help, and to Pro-
fessor C. W. Woodworth, under whose supervision this Bulletin has
been written, he wishes also to extend his thanks.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HONEY PLANTS.

California possesses an unusual number of different forms of plant
life. This is, to a great extent, due to a diversified topography and to
the resulting influence this bears upon climate. If the State be con-
sidered geographically, it may, from the standpoint of the distribution
of its melliferous flora, be divided into eleven districts. These districts,
although they contain many honey plants in common, yet possess enough
different forms to materially change the methods of beekeeping in each
of the several districts. The different honey flora of the various sections
is, to a certain extent, responsible for this. Not only has each such
division many different honey-producing plants, but in some cases
where a plant is a good producer in a number of regions, it may, in one
particular region, be so influenced by either climate, altitude, soil, etc.,
that it will yield little, if any, nectar.

The boundaries between these divisions are by no means distinct, for
that boundary line which would satisfy one plant would not necessarily
include the zone of another. The relative importance of the honey
plants of each district is given in brief survey in the following para-
graphs :

976 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

SOUTHERN COAST RANGE.
(S)

Those eucalypti grown very near the coast where they are favored by
warm winter weather often furnish the bees with a twenty to a fifty
pound surplus during the winter months. Along river bottoms the
willow and Cottonwood provide the first bloom to stimulate bees to
breeding, and, on the higher foothill sagebrush ("old man") and
manzanita are the first to start activity among the bees. The acacia,
wherever grown, also furnishes some of the first pollen. Following
these there is an abundance of minor bloom, such as wild cherry, ceano-
thus, buckthorn, wild currant, wild blackberry, oak, poison oak, and
figwort. Those spring plants known to yield surplus crops are : filaree,
burr clover, mustard (Lompoc Valley), caterpillar phacelia (Ventura
County), orange, and black sage, the latter, as is well known, is the
principal honey plant of southern California. The summer bee forage
consists of the black, purple, and white sages (blooming in the order
named), wild alfalfa, horehound, barberry, pepper tree, and sunflower.
On the sand dunes in San Diego County ice plant yields a white honey
which candies very readily. In the vicinity of Ventura and Oxnard the
lima bean yields an excellent honey during parts of July and August.
Late summer and fall plants are : white sweet clover, Christmas berry,
tarweed (a dark and bitter honey), sumac, wild buckwheat, turkey
mullein and blue curl. The leading honey-producing counties are, in
the order named, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange, and Santa
Barbara.

IMPERIAL VALLEY.
(I)

This is the only section in California where a scarcity of pollen may
exist. The bloom of the wild hollyhock is the first for the bees to visit,
and when this ceases they go to work upon the cantaloupes which come
into bloom soon after, and which* furnish an abundance of pollen, as
well as yielding some honey. During the latter part of May arrow weed,
growing along irrigation ditches and canals, secretes a great deal of
nectar, but alfalfa coming into bloom at about the same time, is the main
source of honey in the valley. There is a constant flow from this source,
but occasionally the first crop does not yield as much as the others, while
the last crop is a little dark in color. Mesquite is the last to yield honey,
but it is not at all constant in its secretion ; one year the bloom lasting
three weeks and another year only one week. It has, however, two
blooming periods, both of which vary to a considerable extent. Cot-
ton is now being planted in the valley to a considerable extent, and it
may prove valuable for the beekeeper. Eucalyptus rostrata, which
does well here, and the date palm, which also will, no doubt, be under
extensive cultivation before long, are plants which bee men are looking

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 977

upon with much favor. Much of the information regarding the honey
plants of this valley has been secured from Mr. George of this section.

PLATEAU REGION.
(P)

The willow and cottonwood along river beds and the manzanita (2,000
to 9,000 feet, November to February)1 are again the two chief plants
that are responsible for the earliest breeding among the bees. Eucalypti,
however, whenever planted, aid materially. Wild lilac (pollen), buck-
thorn, filaree (300 feet, January to May), and Phacelia tenasitifolia are
the very early spring plants. The orange is a splendid yielder in the
vicinity of Kiverside, Redlands, and San Bernardino. Next comes the
black sage (1,700 to 5,000 feet, April to June), wild alfalfa (1,200 to
2,500 feet, June to July), wild buckwheat (1,200 to 5,000 feet, July to
December), and sumac; all of which are excellent producers. What is
known as "Straight Up Cactus" by some of the beekeepers of these
mountains is reported to yield considerable honey. The Yucca and
prickly pear are also good yielders. During the fall a good deal of blue
curl honey is stored, and late fall showers do not greatly alter the con-
stancy of nectar secretion of this plant at a 2,300-foot altitude, on the
plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, however, an unusual
nectar secretion of blue curls follows a light, soft rainfall. The counties
of this district that figure in honey shipments are San Bernardino,
Riverside, San Diego, Inyo, and Kern.

SANTA CATALINA ISLAND.
(X)

Much of the honey-producing flora of this island is greatly reduced
by some twenty-five thousand head of sheep. Even a large percentage
of the bloom of the black and white sage is yearly eaten by sheep. Yet
eucalypts, Christmas berry, and a great abundance of sumac will
always afford a quantity of nectar. In March and April, when there
is but little wind, the bee forage consists of the caterpillar phacelia,
phacelia ramosissima and sow-thistle, followed by oak, tocalote, and an
abundance of turkey mullein.

OWENS VALLEY.
(O)

Mr. William Muth-Rasmussen of Independence has kindly furnished
the following information. He states that with three or four feet of
snow on the ground in January a good crop of honey is usually assured.
Willow is the first bloom, coming in February, with the deciduous fruits
in March and April, shortly followed by the oak and locust. Alfalfa,

aThe altitudes and dates are those for the San Bernardino mountains and were fur-
nished by Mr. G. D. Bullock, of Redlands.

978 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

the principal honey producer, commences to bloom about the middle of
May and ends the latter part of September. Other surplus yielders are
sweet clover and wild buckwheat, both commencing to yield in July.
Those plants which help to some extent are grapes (pollen), catnip,
horehound, golden road, ragweed (pollen), and Cleome lutea (yellow).
During September and October rabbit brush yields a honey of a dis-
agreeable smell and taste which is left on the hives for the bees to winter
upon.

FOOTHILLS OF THE SIERRAS.
(F)

In the lower portion of the foothills some eucalypti and the willow
provide the first bloom, and higher up in the canyons it is the manzanita.
This tree very often yields an extraction of a white-colored and delicious
honey. Filaree, burr clover and fruit bloom follow in many sections,
but the next honey plant of importance is the creeping sage. During
favorable seasons it is reported to yield exceptionably well in Nevada
and El Dorado counties. Minor spring and summer plants are mustard,
wild onion, buckeye, birch brush, morning glory, milkweed, wild alfalfa,
grease wood, and Spanish needle. The coffee berry (wrongly called
Cascara sagrada) and the Christmas berry, with alfalfa, are the prin-
cipal honey plants blooming respectively in May and July. Pennyroyal
and " witch hazel" yield some honey in El Dorado County. Kern,
Tulare, Fresno, El Dorado, Nevada, Yuba, and Placer are the chief
honey-producing counties of this section.

CENTRAL VALLEY.

(C)

In this valley bees continue to breed during the winter if kept in the
vicinity of E. robusta (November to December) and E. globulus
(December to January). The willow bloom follows shortly after. Next
of importance are the deciduous fruits (almond, February 15th, others
in March), followed by the orange (April 15-20 to May 15), filaree, burr
clover, fiddle neck, tarweed and other spring flowers. When this bloom
ceases a scarcity of nectar of about one month's duration exists, except
in some favored localities where either the white or yellow sweet clover
are found. This is relieved by alfalfa (second crop, the first not yield-
ing), which begins to yield about the first week in June. It is the
valley's mainstay, and continues to secrete nectar throughout the
summer months, with the last month in the fall seldom producing any
n ((tar. The fall bloom consists of four good honey plants, namely,
jackass clover, blue curl, alkali weed, and spike weed. They all bloom
on the plains favoring the poorer or alkaline soils, with the exception of
blue curl, which is frequently found among the stubble of grain fields
as well as in pasture lands. All vary greatly in nectar secretion, but
usually when any one plant commences to once yield well, it will con-

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 979

tinue to do so until the first nights of frost set in or up to the first heavy
rain. Those counties producing the most honey are Fresno, Tulare,
Kern, and Kings.

MIDDLE COAST.

(M)

In December the willow, Cottonwood, eucalypti and mustard act as
stimulators, and they are shortly followed by the manzanita, which
usually yields a surplus. Other excellent honey plants are poison oak,
barberry, black sage (main producer), and Christmas berry. In the
mountainous regions of Monterey County, according to Mr. Gauze of
Jolon, the manzanita does not bloom until March or April, and during
May with favorable weather, Chia (an annual sage) yields a good
crop, but usually the season proper does not commence until June,
when the bees store honey from wild alfalfa, bastard sage and wild
buckwheat (not a regular producer). During the past few years
some of the best sage ranges have been supplanted by eucalypti and
fruit trees. In September and October honeydew from the oak is
gathered in considerable quantities.

SAN FRANCISCO AND BAY COUNTIES.
(B)

During the winter, months bees breed well on eucalypti and acacia,
the former often yielding considerable honey. In the foothills manza-
nita provides the first nectar. Many of the spring flowers, with fruit
bloom, furnish honey. They are filaree, burr clover, figwort, oak, poison
oak, buckeye, mustard, locust and others. In the vicinities of cities and
towns considerable honey is stored from garden flowers. The sage in
the foothill regions of Alameda and Contra Costa counties occasionally
yields an abundance of honey.

During late summer and fall some horehound, tarweed and honeydew
honey are often stored. The leading bay counties are Santa Clara,
Alameda, Contra Costa, and Marin.

NORTHERN VALLEY.
(N)

The season in the valley opens with pollen from the chickweed, acacia,
poplar and willow, the latter sometimes yielding honey. The deciduous
fruits bloom next, accompanied and followed by filaree, burr clover,
mustard and other minor spring bloom. Between spring and summer
there is usually a scarcity of honey, but in a few favored sections May
weed, Napa thistle, and white sweet and yellow sweet clover yield some
honey. During summer the bee pasturage consists of alfalfa, carpet
grass, white sweet clover, smartweed, thistles, button willow (restricted),
and some vegetable bloom, such as carrots, onions, asparagus and melons.
Alfalfa and carpet grass continue to furnish honey during the fall. In

980 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

the lowlands peppermint and blue thistle secrete nectar between June
and November. In San Joaquin County considerable honeydew of
inferior quality is gathered from the willow.

On the plains, according to Mr. B. B. Hogabloom of Elk Grove, during
a normal season are found yellow sticker (July 1st), tarweed (July 15th,
with a flow lasting twenty days), and blue curl (August 1st). During
winter the eucalypti furnish some honey. The principal beekeeping
counties in this district are Sacramento, Yolo, Colusa, and San Joaquin.

KLAMATH DISTRICT.
(K)

The first bee forage in the most northern region is again willow. It is
soon followed by a variety of spring bloom, with filaree and burr clover
predominating. At Yreka and other cities and towns the locust tree
affords some honey. Both white and red clover are found near Edge-
wood and Montague, from which bees are reported to gather honey.
Considerable white sweet clover is not only present, but is rapidly
spreading in almost all the regions of this district. It is a splendid
honey yielder here. In Merrill, Shasta, and Scott valleys, and especially
about Edgewood and Gazelle, alfalfa has proven the principal honey
plant, with the second crop yielding the most. At Gazelle there is a
yellow sage reported to yield a stringy honey, and Scott Valley reports
another sage to be a honey producer. Some of the minor plants are a
certain species of ceanothus, manzanita, tarweed, and turkey mullein.
The common horehound is also represented in this district.

CHART OF HONEY PLANTS.

The chart below consists of an arrangement into groups based on the
ability of the various honey plants to secrete nectar and can only be
approximately correct, for the behavior of many such plants in the
different localities, even during the same season, is so variable that a
fair percentage of them would constantly need shifting from one divi-
sion to another. The first group aims to include all those plants from
which bees are known to gather a surplus amount of honey during an
average season. In the second group are found those which only under
very favorable climatic conditions will secrete enough nectar to make an
extraction of honey possible. It also includes that flora which greatly
stimulate bees to breeding and to "fill up" for winter. The last group
contains all plants which bees are known to frequent, and which are not
already mentioned in the two above divisions. Most of the plants listed
in this group are only visited by bees during unfavorable seasons or
where honey-producing plants are scarce, and do not, generally speak-
ing, secrete nectar in sufficient quantities for the bees to store.

BXTLLETIN 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

981

FIRST GROUP.
Honey plants yielding a surplus during an average season.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Eegion.

Botanical name.

Yucca

Willow

"Wild Buckwheat

Black Mustard

English Mustard

Rocky Mt. Honey
Plant.

Jackass Clover

Christmas Berry

Pear

Apple

Wild Alfalfa

Burr Clover

Alfalfa

Sweet White Clover.
Sweet Yellow Clover-
Lima Bean

Alfilerilla

White Stem Filaree_

•Orange

Tree of Heaven

Poison Oak

(Laurel) Sumac

Pepper Tree

•California Buckeye —

Coffee Berry

Cascara Sagrada

"Wild Hollyhock

Prickly Pear

Lemon Scented Gum

"White Stringy-bark _

Blue Gum

Red Gum

Manna Gum

Blue Thistle

Manzanita

Yerba Santa

Caterpillar Phacelia.
Valley Vervenia

Carpet Grass

Horehound

Peppermint

White Sage

Thistle Sage

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Hesperoyucca whip-

plei.
Salix (sp.).

Eriogonum fascicu-

latum.
Berberis pinnata.
Brassica nigra.
Brassica (sp.).
Cleome integrifolia.

Wislizenia refracta.
Heteromeles arbuti-

folia.
Pyrus communis.
Pyrus malus.
Lotus glaber.

Medicago denticu-

lata.
Medicago sativa.

Melilotus alba.
Melilotus officinalis.
Phaseolus lunatus.
Erodium cicutarium.

Erodium moscha-

tum.
Citrus aurantium.
Ailanthus glandu-

losa.
Rhus diversiloba.
Rhus laurina.
Schinus molle.
Aesculus califor-
nica.
Rhamnus califor-

nica.
Rhamnus purshi-

ana.
Sidalcea malvae-

fiora.
Opuntia lindheimeri

occidentalis.
Eucalyptus citrio-

dora.
Eucalyptus eugonio-

ides.
Eucalyptus globulus.

Eucalyptus rostrata.
Eucalyptus vimi-

nalis.
Cryngium articu-

latum.
Arctostaphylos

(sp.).
Eriodictyon tricho-

calix.
Phacelia hispida.
Phacelia tenaceti-

folia.
Lippia nodiflora.
Marrubium vulgare.
Mentha spicata.
Salvia apiana.
Salvia carduacea.

982

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

First Group — Continued.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Annual Sage

Mr Ap My

F

Salvia columbarise.

Purple Sage

Ap My Je Jl

S P

Salvia leucophylla.

Black Sage

F Mr Ap My Je

X S PM B

Salvia mellifera.

Creeping Sage

Ap My Je

M

Salvia sonomensis.

Blue Curls

Ag S O

S P F C B N

Trichostoma lanceo-

lata.

Button Willow

Jl Ag S

C N

Cephalanthus occi-
dentalis.

Napa Thistle

My Je

X N

Centaurea meliten-

Spike Weed

Ag S-

C

Centromadia pun-
gens.

Bull Thistle

Je Jl

N

Cirsium lanceola-
tum.

Common Sunflower

Jl Ag S

S P C M B

Helianthus annus.

Coast Tarweed

Je Jl

B

Hemizonia corym-
bosa.

Tarweed

Je Jl

S P B

Hemizonia fascicu-

lata.

(Yellow) Tarweed

Ag S O

N

Hemizonia virgata.

"Yellow Tops"

Ap My Je

C

Hemizonia (sp.).

Goldenrod

Ag S O

N

Solidago occiden-

talis.

Rabbit Brush

S N

Chrysothamnus nau-

(White).

seosus hypolluca.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.
Cultivated plants that would rank with the above had they a wider distribution.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Common Century

Jl

S P B

Agave americana.

Plant.

White Clover

My Je

C B N K

Trifolium repens.

American Linden

My Je

S C B

Tilia americana.

Tamarisk

Ap My Je

S C

Tamaris (sp. ).

Ag S O

Eucalyptus calo-
phylla.

Yate Tree

My Je Jl Ag

Eucalyptus cornuta.

Sugar Gum

Ag S O N .

Eucalyptus coryno-
calyx.

Cider Gum

Ap My

Eucalyptus gunnii.

Ag S

Eucalyptus leh-
manii.

White Ironbark

Ja F Mr Ap

Eucalyptus leucoxy-
lon.

Spotted Gum

My Je

Eucalyptus macu-
lata.

Honey Scented Gum

Ja F Mr Ap

Eucalyptus mellio-
dora phaceafolia.

Red Boxtree

F Mr Ap

Eucalyptus polyan-
thema.

Red Mahogany Gum

Ag S

Eucalyptus resini-
fera.

Swamp Mahogany

Ja F Mr

N D

Eucalyptus robusta.

Gum.

Broad Leaved Iron-

Ja

O N D

Eucalyptus sidero-

bark.

phora.

Victoria Ironbark

Mr

D

Eucalyptus sider»
oxylon.

Apple Scented Gum-

Ap

Eucalyptus stuar-
tina.

Forest Gray Gum

My Je Jl

S P F C M B N

Eucalyptus tereti-
cornis.

Ap

S I P C M B N

Wisteria.

BULLETIN 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

983

SECOND GROUP.
Honey plants occasionally yielding a surplus.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Asparagus

My Je Jl

N

Asparagus officin-
alis.
Quercus agrifolia.
Quercus douglassii.
Quercus lobata.

Live Oak

Ap

M B

Blue Oak

Ap

M B

Valley Oak

Ap

S C M N

Ag S

N

Polygonium lapathi-
folium.

Mistletoe

D S P F M B

Phoradendron (sp.).
Brassica campestris.

Common Mustard

F Mr Ap

S P C M B N

Wild Radish

Ap My Je

S P C M B N

Raphanus sativus.

Je

B

Escallonica monte-
vidensis.

Wild Currant

Ja F

S

Ribes sanguineum.

Greasewood

Ap My Je Jl

S P M

Adenostema fasci-
culatum.

Castor Oil Plant

Je Jl

S P

Ricinus communis.

Islay or Holly

My

S M

Cerasus illicifolia.

Leaved Cherry.

Bitter Almond

F

S P F C M B N

Prunus amygdalus.

Apricot

Mr

S P F C M B N

Prunus armeniaca.

Cherry

Mr

S P F C M B N

Prunus cerasus.

Plum and Prune

Mr

S P F C M B N

Prunus domestica.

Peach

Mr

S P F C M B N

Prunus persica.

Raspberry

Ap My Je

S B

Rubus strigosus.
Rubus villosus.

Cultivated Black-

My Je Jl Ag

B

berry.

Himilayan Berry

Ag

B

Rubus villosus var.

Common Wild Black-

S M B

Rubus vitifolius.

berry.

Black Wattle

F Mr Ap My Je

S P C M B N

Acacia decurrens
mollis.

Golden Wattle

F Mr

S

Acacia pycnantha.

Rattleweed

c

Astragalus (sp.).

Sweet (Yellow)

Ap My Je

S P 0 C N

Melilotus indica.

Clover.

Locust

Ap My

C M B N K

Robinia pseuda-

cacia.

Sour Clover

My Je

N

Trifolium fucatum.

Alsike

My Je

N

Trifolium hybridum.

Gorse

Mr Ap My

B

Ulex europaesus.

Mandarin

Mr Ap My

S

Citrus nobilis.

Jl

S

Croton californicus.

Turkey Mullein

Jl Ag

X S P

Eremocarpus setige-

rus.
Ceanothus cuneatus.

F Mr Ap

S M

Wild Lilac

Ap My

S M K

Ceanothus (sp.).

F Mr Ap My

S M

Thamus crocea.

Grape

My Je

C N

Vitis vinifera.

My Je

B

Tilia (sp.).

Cotton

Je Jl Ag

I

Gossypium herba-

ceum.

Je

B

Godetia bottse.

California Water-

Jl Ag

N

Jussiaea califor-

weed.

nica.

Sweet Fennel

My Je Jl Ag S

S P F C M B N

Foeniculum vulgare.

Madrona

Ap

M B

Arbutus menziesii.

Oregon Ash

Ap My

N

Fraxinus oregona.

Olive

Ap My

P N

Olea europaea.

Morning-glory

My Je Jl

N

Convolvulus arven-

sis.
Gilia chamissonis.

My Je

S

Hill Vervenia

Mr Ap

S M

Phacelia distans.

Je Jl

X S M

Phacelia ramosis-
sima.

Heliotrope

My Je Jl Ag
Je Jl Ag

S c

Heliotropium (sp. ).

Lawn Plant

s

Lippia repens.

Wild Verbena

Jl Ag S

S P

Verbena prostrata.

984

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.
Second Group — Continued.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Yerba Buena

Hedge Nettle

California Figwort

Simpson's Honey
Plant.

Watermelon

Canteloupe

Cucumber

Winter Squash

Pumpkin

My Je

Mr Ap

Mr Ap My Je

Ap My Je

My Je Jl Ag
Ja F Mr Ap My
My Je Jl Ag
My Je Jl Ag
My Je Jl Ag
Je Jl
Je Jl

My Je Jl
Ag S
Je Jl
Je Jl

M B

B

S M B

S

S C N
I

S C N
S C N
S C N
S C N
S C N

N

C N

Micromeria chamis-

sonis.
Stachys bullata.
Scrophularia califor-

nica.
Scrophularia ver-

nalis.
Citrullus vulgaria.
Cucumis mello.
Cucumis sativus.
Cucurbita maschata.
Cucurbita pepo.

Globe Artichoke

Jerusalem Artichoke

Mayweed

Cynara scolymus.
Helianthus tubero-

sus.
Anthemis cotula.

Beggar Ticks

Spanish Needle

Bidens frondosa.
Bidens pilosa.
Coreopsis gigantea.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.
Cultivated plants that would rank with the above had they a wider distribution.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Migonette

Ap My Je Jl

Reseda odorata et
lutea.

Ja F

Cytisis elongatus.

White Tree Clover—

Ja F
My Je Jl

Cytisis proliferus.
Melilotus bicolor.

Poinsettia

Jl

S P

Euphorbia pulcher-
rima.

THIRD GROUP.
Honey plants not known to yield a surplus.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Corn

My Je Jl

Zea mays.

Tanbark Oak

Je

B

Quercus densifiora.

Virgin's Bower

Je Jl

S M

Clematis ligustici-
folia.

Ap

S

Clematis (sp.).

California Laurel

Ja F Mr

M B

Umbellularia cali-
fornica.

California Poppy

Mr Ap My Je Jl

SPFC M B N

Eschscholtzia cali-
fornica.

Cream Cups

Ap

C

Platystemon cali-
fornicus.

Canyon Gooseberry —

Ja F Mr

Ribes menziesii.

(Western) Choke

Ap My Je

S M

Cerasus demissa.

Cherry.

California Wild Rose

S

Rosa californica.

Wild Sweet Pea

F Mr

S

Lathyrus splendens.

Lupin

Ja F Mr Ap
My Je Jl
Jl Ag S O

S M

Lupinus affinis.

N

Medicago lupulina.

Red Clover

N K

Trifolium pratense.

Spring Vetch

Mr Ap

S

Vicla sativa.

Maple ,

Mr Ap

N

Acer negundo.

Virginia Creeper

Jl

S M B

Ampelopsis quinque-
folla.

California Wild

My Je

C

Vitis californica.

Grape.

BULLETIN 2171

HONEY PLANTS

OF CALIFORNIA.

985

Third Group

— Continued.

Common name.

Blooming period.

Region.

Botanical name.

Small Flowered Mal-

Ap My Je

S

Malva parviflora.

low.

White Mallow

Je

S

Malva sylvestris.

Jl Ag

S

Helianthemum scop-
arium.

Milkweed

Jl Ag S

N

Asclepias mexicana.

Milkweed

My Je Jl

N

Asclepias speciosa.

Dodder

Jl Ag S

S P F C M B N

Cu scuta.

Common Heliotrope _

Je Jl Ag S O N

S P F C M B N

Heliotropium curas-

/

savicum.

Je

B

Tournefortia helio-
tropoides.

Tule Mint

Ag S
Je Jl Ag

B N
S

Mentha canadensis.

Pennyroyal

Monardella lanceo-

lata.

Loving Sage

Mr Ap My Je

S

Salvia amabilis.

Winter Savory

Je

B

Satureia montana.

My Je Jl Ag

N

Stachys ajugoides.

Je Jl

B

Stachys albens.

Je

B

Veronica ander-
sonii.

Common Plantain

My Je Jl Ag

S C B N

Plantego major.

Wild Honeysuckle

My Je

S

Lonicera.

Blue Elderberry

My Je

S C M B N

Sambucus glauca.

Cornflower

My Je

S B

Centaurea cyanus.

Ja F Mr Ap

S

Encelia californica.

Ap My Je Jl

B

Eriophyllum confer-
tiflorum.

Jl Ag S O

B

Heterotheca grandi-
flora.

Je

B

Malacothris saxa-
tilis.

Common Sow-thistle.

Mr Ap My Je Jl

X S P C M B N

Sonchus oleraceus.

F Mr Ap

B

Sonchus maruan-
thus.

Finns (sp.).

Cloud's Rest.
honev.1

GYMNOSPERMAE.
Pinace^e. Pine Family.

PINE.

A great abundance of aphidian

Yosemite region

ANGIOSPERMAE.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Gramine^e. Grass Family.
Triticum sativum Lam. Wheat.

Introduced: cultivated extensively in the Sacramento and San Joa-
quin valleys.

Nectar from stubble of wheat prematurely cut.2

Zea mays L. Maize. Indian Corn.

Introduced : under cultivation throughout California. May-July.

iCook, A. J. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Mar. 15, 1904.

2Cook, A. J. Bee Keeper's Guide. Geo. W. York Co. Chicago, 1904.

986 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Some nectar from pistillate bloom and from the intersection of the
leaves and stalks, and an abundance of pollen from staminate bloom.
Sorghum (sp.). Egyptian Corn.

Tulare County reports Egyptian corn a wonderful pollen yielder.
Cyperace^:. Sedge Family.
Scirpus (sp.). Tule.

In marshes about Sacramento River.

The tule has been mentioned as a honey plant since many beekeepers
claim it to be one, but the writer believes that it yields no nectar. Honey
buyers often refer to honey gathered along the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers as ''tule honey.' '

Palm,e. Palm Family.
Phoenix dactylifera L. Date Palm.

Introduced: cultivated throughout California.
Bees visit the bloom very profusely.

Liliace^e. Lily Family.
Allium (sp.). "Wild Onion.

Vicinity of Sacramento.
This is reported to occasionally yield a surplus in the above locality.

Allium cepa L. Common Onion.

Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of the State.

A fine yielder of an amber honey. The characteristic onion flavor of
this honey departs when the honey becomes thoroughly ripe.

Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus.

Introduced : under cultivation in different parts of California. May-
July.

' ' Grown principally in the delta country, between Sacramento, Stock-
ton, and Port Costa."3

Occasionally yields a quantity of amber honey which, when thor-
oughly ripe, loses its flavor; considerable orange colored pollen.

Hesperoyucca whipplei Baker. Yucca. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish

Dagger. Mountain Queen. Roman
Candle. Our Lord's Candle.
"Common in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. June- July."
Abrams: "Coastward slope of the San Bernardino mountains, and
southern Sierra Nevada. ' ' Coville :4

Southern Coast Range from Santa Barbara to San Diego counties.
Eagerly visited by bees, and where abundant enough, yields a surplus.

3Smith, R. E. Asparagus Rust. Bull. No. 165 Agr. Exp. Sta. of California.
♦Botany of the Death Valley Expedition, Division of Botany. U. S. Dept. of Agr.

b'ulletin 217] honey plants of california. 987

Amaryllidace.^.
Agave americana L. Common Century Plant.

Introduced : cultivated throughout California. July- August.
Very rich in nectar.

DICOTYLEDONS.

CHORIPETAL^E.

Salicace^e. Willow Family.
Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Black. Cottonwood. Poplar.

"Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, thence south to southern Cali-
fornia as far as Palomar mountain." March.5

Some honeydew in the fall in parts of the Sacramento Valley.

Purple pollen in abundance and valuable for early breeding ; propolis.

Salix (sp.). Willow.

Common along most streams and rivers throughout California. Jan-
uary-March.

A dark amber and bitter honey. Surplus yields have been reported
from Sacramento, San Joaquin, Fresno, and Tulare counties. Very
important throughout California for the early and abundant pollen it
produces, and which is used for breeding purposes; in San Joaquin
County much honeydew honey of dark color is gathered in the fall ; much
propolis. Professor A. J. Cook states that both the plant lice, Lachnus
dentatus LeBaron, and Aphis salicti Harris, secrete sweets, especially
in September and October on the willow which the bees visit.6

Juglandace^e. Walnut Family.
Juglans regia L. Persian or English Walnut.

Introduced: cultivated principally in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los
Angeles and Orange counties.

Considerable honey and some pollen from the flowers.

Fagace^e. Oak Family.
Quercus agrifolia Nee. Live Oak. Field Oak. Encina.

North Coast ranges from northern Sonoma County to Marin and to
Suisun Valley, and throughout the south Coast ranges, where it is very
abundant and widely scattered, to southern and Lower California.7
April.

Honey and pollen from the flowers ; often aphidian honey in the fall.
Quercus densi flora H. & A. Tanbark Oak.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

5Jepson, W. L. The Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch. San Fran-
cisco, 1909.

6Cook, A. J. Bee Keeper's Guide. Geo. W. York & Co. Chicago, 1904.

Mepson, W. L. The Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch. San Fran-
cisco. 1909.

2— Bul. 217

988

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Quercus douglassii H. & A. Blue Oak. Mountain White Oak.

Rock Oak.

' ' Throughout middle California : most abundant on the dry foothills
of the Coast ranges, especially towards the interior; rarely found on
the higher mountain slopes or in the valleys. ' ' Jepson. April.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. At Jolon (Monterey County)
enough honeydew is gathered during September and October to winter
bees. No ill effects have been experienced on wintering bees from this
source, according to Mr. Gauze, a veteran beekeeper of this section.

Fig. 2. — a Wild Buckwheat, b Smartweed. c Clematis.

Quercus lobata Nee. Valley Oak. Roble. Weeping Oak.

"Most characteristic oak in the fields and along the water courses of
the Coast Range and interior valleys. April. ' ' Jepson.

Eagerly visited by bees for both honey and pollen. With favorable
climatic conditions considerable honeydew is gathered in the fall.

A Gridley beekeeper reports the honeydew to be water white in color.

Loranthace^e. Mistletoe Family.
Phoradendron (sp.). Mistletoe.

Parasitic on pine, cottonwood, buckeye, sycamore, etc. December-
January.

Pollen and perhaps honey from the flowers. Mr. Louis Sholl reports
for P. flavescens Nutt. : ' ' Honey yield abundant and also pollen ; very
valuable for early brood rearing. ' '8

8Texas Honey Plants. Bull. No. 102, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta.

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 989

Polygon ace^e. Buckwheat Family.
Antigonon leptopus H. & A. Mexican Rose. Mountain Rose.

Coralita.
Listed as a honey plant from California in the 1910 edition of A B C
& X Y Z of Bee Culture.

*Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Wild Buckwheat. Flat Top.

Fig. 2a.

Very common throughout southern California. April-November.

Honey light amber, of agreeable flavor, and subject to granulation.
The principal honey-producing plant in many southern California
apiaries. This plant blooms two months earlier on the valley side of
the Coast Range mountains. This honey has been analyzed by the
United States Department of Agriculture.9
Polygonum bolanderi Brewer.

1 ' On rocky outcroppings, mostly in the lowest foothills ; known only
from the Mayacamae Range and parallel chains; Suscol Hills; Hood's
Peak; east of Napa City and northward to the La Jota Plateau on
Howell mountain. July-September. ' ' Jepson.

Of this plant Mr. W. A. Gridley of Edgewood says that it grows on
the poorest land yielding every year about 20 pounds to the colony
between September 20th and October 20th. The honey is amber, and is
usually left for the bees to winter upon.

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Smart Weed. Common Knot

Weed. Willow Weed.

"Common along streams or in low land often whitening great areas.
August-September. ' ' Jepson.

Honey from the flowers, but not as good a honey plant as the dotted
smartweed. This is not the smartweed or heartease (Polygonium per si-
caria) of the eastern states.

Polygonum punctatum Ell. (Dotted) Smartweed. Fig. 2b.

' ' Common in low and especially marshy ground, or in moist mountain
meadows ; Howell mountain. September. ' ' Jepson. Sacramento Valley,
June 15-September.

Yields a great deal of dark honey of poor quality in and about Yolo
and Colusa counties, and probably elsewhere.

, Ranunculace^. Buttercup Family.
Clematis ligustici folia Nutt. Virgin's Bower. Hill Clematis.

"Almost throughout California, in the hilly districts, from San Ber-
nardino north to Santa Cruz; San Jose, Marin County, Ukiah; and
Weldon Canyon, Vaca mountains ; Sierra Nevada. June- July. ' ' Jepson.

A great deal of pollen and probably some honey.

8Browne, C. A. Chemical Analysis and Composition of American Honeys. Bureau
of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agr.

990 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Clematis (sp.). Clematis. Fig. 2c.

Introduced : in the cultivated gardens of our cities and towns. April.

Bloom eagerly sought after for both pollen and honey.
Migella hispanica.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.

A great favorite with the bees.

Fig. 3. — a Common Yellow Mustard. b Black Mustard.

Berberidace^e. Barberry Family.
Berberis pinnata Lag. California Barberry.

''Rather common on hills, mostly along the edge of thickets. Berkeley
Hills and San Francisco southward to Monterey. March-April. ' ' Jep-
son.

Amber honey. Some sections of Monterey County report surplus
yields after the manzanita and poison oak have blossomed and before
the sages commence to produce.

Magnoliace^e. Magnolia Family.
Magnolia glauca L. Sweet Swamp, or White Bay

Beaver Tree.
Introduced: cultivated throughout California.
Honey from the flowers.

Laurace^:. Laurel Family.
*Umbellularia calif ornica Nutt. California Laurel. Bay Tree.

Pepper Wood. Spice Tree.
"Throughout California, mainly along mountain streams, more rarely
in the valleys. December-March. ' ' Jepson.

Bees work upon bloom when other melliferous flora is scarce.

Papaverace^e. Poppy Family.
Eschscholtzia calif ornica Cham. California Poppy.

In abundance throughout almost entire California. March-July.

Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 991

Some honey, and a considerable amount of orange-colored pollen.
Eastern beekeepers occasionally claim that bees visiting bloom of the
poppy family become diseased, but no such trouble, as far as the writer
knows, has been reported in this State. It is interesting to note that
Friedrich Huck's "Unsere Honig und Bienenpfl anzen, " a German work
on honey plants, has listed the California poppy as an introduction from
California, and as a source of pollen for the bees.
Playtystemon calif ornicus Benth. Cream Cups.

''Common almost throughout California, in the hills and on the plains,
in April.' ' Jepson.

Bees reported to work well on bloom in Madera County.

Crucifer^. Mustard Family.
'^Brassica campestris L. Common Yellow Mustard. Fig. 3a.

"Very common. February- April. " Jepson.

Varies in the amount of honey produced according to locality ; a con-
siderable quantity of yellow pollen.

Brassica nigra Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 3b.

"Naturalized weed, everywhere common and very abundant in
interior grain fields. May- July." Jepson.

An excellent honey plant in the Lompoc Valley. In many other local-
ities does not yield as well, probably due to some climatic factor.

Mr. Fred A. Parker, of Lompoc, states that this honey is light amber,
has an agreeable flavor, but a peculiarity characteristic odor, and is
prone to early crystallization.

Brassica (sp.). English Yellow and Trieste, or

Red Mustard.

Introduced: under cultivation in Lompoc Valley, where they are
grown for seed. April-May.

Character of the honeys from both varieties alike ; mild in flavor, of
a light color and body, with a tendency for rapid granulation, some-
times four or five days after extraction.10

Raphanus sativus L. Wild Radish.

' ' Common weed of waste places in towns and villages about San Fran-
cisco Bay ; less frequent in the interior. ' ' Jepson.

"Frequent in poorly cultivated fields and waste places, especially in
sandy soils. April- June, or of ten throughout the year. ' ' Abrams.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Capparidace;e. Caper Family.
Cleome integrifolia T. & G. Rocky Mountain Honey or

Bee Plant.
Reported to have been recently introduced at Banning (2,500 feet),

10Oates, W. J. Gleanings in Bee Culture. June 15, 1905.

992 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

where it commences to bloom in March and lasts for three months. It
thrives exceedingly well in waste places and among rocks, where bees
work upon it very eagerly. In other states this plant has been under
cultivation for many years as a bee plant.

Wislizenia refract a Engelm. Jackass Clover. Stinkweed.

''Sacramento to Lathrop and southward in the San Joaquin Valley.
Not abundant in the lower San Joaquin twenty years ago as now (Mrs.
K. Brandegee) . Grows on the white alkali at Travers and Goshen, but
appears only once in two years. Greedily visited by bees when in
flower. ' ' Jepson. August-October.

Honey water-white, mild in flavor, and of good body, granulates in
three to six months, when it much resembles a paste made from powdered
sugar. The very fact that it is spreading so rapidly over the poor lands
of the San Joaquin Valley, and that it produces the only water-white
honey, with the exception of blue curls, as far as the writer knows, that
is produced in the late fall, has led to the conclusion that jackass clover
will be one of the greatest honey-producing plants of this State, and
may, in the future, rank next to sage and alfalfa. During the fall of
1909, a Fresno beekeeper reported that he extracted 30 pounds per
colony each week for six weeks from this source. Another beekeeper of
the San Joaquin Valley relates that during a jackass clover flow the
noise was terrific, and that home-coming bees flew so slowly that they
could be picked out of the air. It was Henry T. Chrisman of Coalinga,
who first became aware of its value as a honey plant, and gave it its
present name.

Resedace^e. Mignonette Family.
Eeseda odorata L. et lutea L. Common Mignonette.

Introduced : commonly found in the gardens of our cities and towns.
April-July.

Very much visited by bees whenever in bloom.

Saxipragace^e. Saxifrage Family.
*Escallonia montevidensis D. C.

Introduced : an ornamental in the San Francisco parks and elsewhere.
June.

Bees visit bloom in great numbers on fine days.

*Bibes menziesii Pursh. Canyon Gooseberry.

"Outer Coast ranges of middle California. The flowers appear in
January or February from winter buds." Jepson. Frequent in Santa
Barbara County. January-March.

Honey from the flowers.

Bulletin 217] honey plants OF California. 993

Bibes sanguineum Pursh. Wild Currant.

Flowering Currant.

Common near the coast in canyons or on northward slopes. January-
March.

"A white flower buckthorn is, with the wild currant, the earliest shrub
for the bees to begin on."11

Rosacea. Eose Family.
Adenostema fasciculatum H. & A. Greasewood, Chamisal. Chamios.

"The most abundant and characteristic bush of the high Coast
ranges. ' ' Jepson. April- July.

Eagerly visited by bees in Lake, Marin, Santa Barbara, and Ventura
counties, and, no doubt, elsewhere.

Cerasus de.missa Nutt.12 Western Choke Cherry.

"Common: Sierra Nevada mountains; middle north Coast Eange
(Napa mountains); Oakland Hills; Mount Hamilton." Greene.

"Rare on the seaboard or altogether absent. Last of April- June. "
Jepson.

"Occasional in the San Bernardino mountains and San Antonio
mountains ; in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine
belt." Abrams.

Honey and considerable pollen from the flowers.

Cerasus ilicifolia Nutt. Islay, or Holly Leaved Cherry.

"Oakland Hills; San Francisco peninsula; Loma Prieta, and south-
ward to Santa Barbara. May- June." Jepson. Santa Barbara and
south to San Diego County. March-May.

A great aid in building bees up in the spring, furnishing both honey
and pollen.

Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Loquat. Japan Plum.

Introduced : under cultivation in parts of southern California.
An excellent honey plant.

Fragaria chiloensis Duch. et var. Strawberry.

Introduced: very wide distribution; cultivated principally in the
Pajaro and Santa Clara valleys, and in the outlying districts of Los
Angeles and Sacramento. Blooms at all seasons. Considerable honey
and pollen from the flowers.

*Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. Christmas Berry. California

Holly. Toy-on. Fig. 4.
"Common on mountain sides and along streams everywhere in the
Coast ranges, flowering in July. ' ' Jepson. June- July.

"Pleasants, J. E. Bee Keeper's Review. Oct. 1909.
12Some authors include this genus with Prunus.

994

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

A thick amber honey with a decided flavor, candying to coarse gran-
ules within two or three months after extraction. Surplus crops are
reported from Monterey, Colusa, and Nevada counties. The honey is
gathered after the sages have bloomed. Mr. Chas. Goodman of "Williams
says that this honey makes better comb than extracted for the reason
that the extracted not only gives off a great deal of scum, but also upon
casing it, the upper portion of the honey in the can granulates while the
under portion remains in the liquid state.

in

'•' J*

'^^i#&iM

. ^%.'l-«aS

r

.*.,,,.' ■

Fig. 4. — Christmas Berry.

Prunus amygdalus Stokes et var. Bitter Almond.

Introduced : under cultivation in the higher lands of the coast valleys
and in some districts in the interior valleys and foothills. February.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. Where abundant, of much
importance to stimulate brood rearing.

Prunus armeniaca L. et var. Apricot.

Introduced : a valley fruit ; succeeds near the coast, both in southern
and central California. March.

Honey and pollen from the flowers; an aid in building up bees in
the spring.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 995

Prunus cerasus L. Cherry.

Introduced: under cultivation principally in Alameda, Santa Clara,
Solano, Napa, and Sacramento counties. March.

Among the leading honey producers of deciduous fruits. This is
especially true in Sacramento County.

Prunus domestica L. et tri flora Plums and Prune.

Roxbg. et simonii. Can.

Introduced : ' ' The plum has an exceedingly wide range in California,
from the immediate vicinity of the coast and in coast valleys, where the
sea winds and fogs intrude, eastward towards the great interior valleys,
and upwards on the sides of the Sierra Nevada. ' '13

Honey and pollen from the flowers. Sacramento County reports sur-
plus yields.
Prunus persica S. & Z. et var. Peach

Introduced: very wide distribution; most abundant in San Joaquin
Valley ; eastern slopes of Coast Range ; Sierra foothills at not a too high
elevation. March.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. When favorable weather prevails
the peach is reported to yield enough for an extraction.

Pyrus communis L. et var. Pear.

Introduced : wide range ; interior valleys, foothills of the Sierra, and
through the Coast Range. March.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. Perhaps the best honey producer
of deciduous fruits. Warm weather at blossoming time usually means
an extraction of pear honey accompanied with swarming. There is no
doubt that the honey bee is the principal agent in the distribution of
pear blight, but should she be excluded other bees and insects are quite
capable of spreading the disease.

Pyrus malus L. et var. Apple.

Introduced: throughout the Coast Range, especially in the Pajaro
Valley ; southern California, and in the low lands of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin valleys. March.

Honey and pollen from the flowers ; surplus crops of apple honey are
often reported. A question much asked is : ' ' How many colonies of bees
are required to fertilize an orchard ? ' ' Professor W. T. Clarke of this
station contends that one colony is amply sufficient to fertilize 80 acres
of apple bloom, and that other bees and insects aid greatly. Editor
Root, however, believes that ten colonies might pollenize a ten-acre
orchard, "but probably 50 or 100 would be much better."14

13Wickson, E. J. California Fruits. The Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco. 1909.
"Gleanings in Bee Culture. Feb. 15, 1906.

996 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

llosa calif omica C. & S. California Wild Rose.

"Common everywhere along river and creek banks throughout Cali-
fornia, often forming small thickets. Flowering most freely in June. ' '

Jepson.

A great deal of pollen from the flowers.
Rubus strigosus Michx. et var. Raspberry.

Introduced: under cultivation in many parts of the State, especially
in the vicinity of large cities. April-June.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Rubns villosus Ait. et var. Cultivated Blackberry.

Introduced : grown in similar situations as the raspberry.

Honey and cream-colored pollen from the flowers. Yuba County
reports some honey from the blackberry. Of the Himalayan variety :
' ' It secretes nectar at a time when other berries are on the wane, and it
continues well into the fall. ' '15 May- July.

Rubus vitifolius C. & S. Common Wild Blackberry.

1 ' Common along creeks and rivers in the valleys and among the hills
of the Coast Range country and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. ' '
Jepson. March-April.

Some seasons considerable honey ; cream-colored pollen.

Leguminos^e. Pea Family.
Acacia dealbata. Silver Wattle.

Introduced : under cultivation as an ornamental throughout the State.
Honey and a quantity of yellow pollen.

* Acacia decurrens mollis. . Wild. Black Wattle.

Introduced: widely distributed throughout the State; grown as an
ornamental in our gardens and along roadsides. February-June.

Some honey and an abundance of yellow pollen in early spring.
Acacia pycnantha.

Introduced: Santa Barbara, and, no doubt, elsewhere. February-
March.

Some honey .and an abundance of yellow pollen in early spring.

Astragalus (sp.). Rattleweed.

Southern California. June-July.
Reported to yield honey.

Cytisus elongatus Borkh.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. January-Feb-
ruary.

Very eagerly visited by bees and apparently an excellent honey plant.

,5Pryal, W. A. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Nov. 1, 1909.

B'ULLETIN 2171

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

997

Cytisus proliferus alius. White Tree Clover.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. December-
February.

Much the same as the above.

Lathy rus splendens Torr. Wild Sweet Pea.

"A very handsome species of Riverside and San Diego counties."
Abrams. February-March.

Honey from the flowers; more favored by Bombus than Aphis mel-
lifera.

Mi^MWti

Fig. 5. — a Sweet Clover, b Burr Clover, c White Clover. d Wild Alfalfa.

* Lotus glaber Greene. Wild Alfalfa. Deerweed. Deer

Clover. Tanglefoot. Wild Broom.
Fig. 5d.

' ' Common everywhere in the Coast ranges in the hill country : Solano
and Napa counties southward to San Diego. June-September." Jep-
son.

Sacramento and Nevada counties and southern California. Blooming
period from January to August.

A very erratic honey producer. Some years in some sections yielding
twice as much as the sages ; this is true for either the coast or valley side
of the Coast ranges, yet a good wild alfalfa honey flow on the east coast
does not necessarily mean such is the case on the west side. Beekeepers
report wild alfalfa honey as being white, light amber, amber and at

998 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

times with a characteristic greenish tinge. It is one of the main honey
plants of the Coalinga district. This plant, according to Mr. Z. Quincy
of Ramona, upon reaching its second year's growth, after a mountain
fire, is said to give us a great amount of nectar.

*Lupinus affinis Agardh. Lupine.

"Vacaville, Napa Valley, Martinez, Oakland hills, San Francisco
peninsula, and southward to southern California. Very common in late
February and in March. ' ' Jepson. ' ' Frequent in the valleys and foot-
hills, mostly in heavy soils. ' ' Abrams. Santa Barbara County. Janu-
ary-April.

Honey from the flowers.

*Medicago denticulata Wild. Burr Clover. Fig. 5b.

"Very common throughout California, especially on the plains, low
hills and in the valleys. March-June, but flowering in most places at
nearly all seasons. ' ' Jepson.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. An excellent clover to stimulate
bees to breeding and fully the equal of filaree as a honey plant. Extrac-
tions from this source are occasionally obtained.

Medicago lupulina L. Nonesuch. Black Medicle.

' ' Uncommon : Santa Clara County. Berkeley. April-May.'' Jepson^
Low lands of Sacramento County. May-July.

Honey from the flowers.

*Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. Lucerne.

Introduced: under cultivation in most valleys throughout the State.
April-October.

Honey water-white, white, light amber and amber, according to local-
ity, character of the soil and season of the year; of excellent body and
granulates within a few months after extraction. Alfalfa, due partly
to irrigation, is the most reliable honey plant of California. In those
years when the Coast ranges do not receive sufficient rainfall, the output
of alfalfa honey exceeds that of the sage. The San Joaquin and
Imperial valleys are the two leading alfalfa honey districts. In the
former, the first and last crops yield little if any honey, but the second
and third, when proper climatic conditions prevail, give up a great
abundance of nectar. Mr. J. T. Dunn of Fresno says that four or five
days of hot weather and little or no wind, in the early part of June,
will "bring out" the nectar, and insure a flow, whether or not wind or
cooler weather comes later. In respect to the influence of the soil on
the color of the honey, it appears that alfalfa grown on sandy soil which
does not hold water will produce honey light in color, but in many por-
tions of the valley where alluvial soil prevails, and, where water is
within four to eight feet of the surface, the color of the honey is decid-

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 999

cdly amber. In the Imperial Valley the flow is constant except that
sometimes the first crop is a little light. Both these districts report that
the color of the last extraction of honey is perceptibly darker than
earlier extractions. In the Sacramento Valley considerable honey of
excellent quality is procured especially when either the second or third
cutting of alfalfa is allowed to go to seed. Mr. Thos. J. Mumma of Dun-
nigan states that alfalfa grown on light, sandy soil produces a pure
white honey while that grown on heavier soils is slightly amber in color.
Alfalfa fields along the coast do not yield sufficient nectar to make it
worth while to the beekeeper. The miller and grasshopper often decrease
the flow from the third crop in the San Joaquin Valley, whereas the
alfalfa butterfly (Eurymus eury theme) causes a loss to the beemen of
the Imperial Valley.

^Melilotus alba Lam. Sweet (White Bokhara and Stone)

Clover. Incorrectly called Wild

Alfalfa in Yuba County. White

Melilot. Fig. 5a.

"Rare in the bay region, occurring only in river beds. San Leandro

Creek, Davy, Napa River, near St. Helena; common in moist valleys

northward." Jepson. Rapidly spreading in the Sacramento, San

Joaquin, and lower Santa Clara valleys. June-August.

Honey, white to light amber, with sometimes a slight greenish cast,
medium body and of a variable flavor (mild to unpleasant) ; pollen dull
yellow color. Much esteemed by beekeepers wherever grown, and may
be found from Siskiyou to San Diego County.

Melilotus bicolor.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. May-July.
Bees very active on bloom.

Melilotus indica All. Sweet Yellow Clover.

Yellow Melilot.

Very common in damp situations in many parts of the State. April-
June.

Much visited by bees, but not to be ranked as a honey plant of much
importance in this State. During 1910 a Colusa County beekeeper
disposed of seed of this sweet clover to be sold as a bee plant. In some
parts of the State indica is known as ' ' Sour clover, ' ' thus confusing it
with T. fucatum. In Arizona indica is commonly known as sour clover.

Melilotus officinalis Lam.

Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and probably elsewhere ; known
as a pest in the grain fields. May- June.

Considerable honey of a slightly amber color and not unpleasant
flavor. (Yolo County.) This species is very much like indica, and may

1000 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

be most easily differentiated from the above in that its yellow flowers
are slightly larger.

Phaseolus lunatus L. et var. Lima Bean.

Introduced: cultivated principally in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los
Angeles, and Orange counties. July- August.

Honey, water white, heavy body and very delicious flavor. The
Ventura bean fields produce most of our lima bean honey. Cool, foggy
weather preceding bloom, with sunshiny days following appear to be
ideal conditions for nectar secretion. The first two weeks of bloom are
the best, and as much honey is secured then as is gathered during the
following four weeks of what is known as the ' ' after-bloom. ' ' Towards
the last of the flow the honey darkens noticeably. Some years the lima
bean louse does considerable damage to the maturing buds, thus destroy-
ing some of the first blossoms.

Prosopis juliflora D. C. Mesquite, Algaroba (Hawaiian

Islands) Honey Mesquite.

Mohave and Colorado deserts, ranging northward to Death Valley and
into the upper San Joaquin Valley in Kern County eastward toward
Texas.16

Coachella and Imperial valleys. There are two blossoming periods,
both" of which vary greatly.

It is reported a good honey plant in the Imperial country, and some-
times furnishes the last crop of honey in that section. "It yields
immense quantities of light amber honey of medium quality."17

Robinia pseudacacia L. Locust. False Acacia.

Black Locust.

Introduced: different parts of the State, grown usually as a shade
tree in cities and towns. April-May.

A surplus of white honey in Sacramento (reported) and Marin
counties, and said not to be a regular yielder in parts of Monterey
County.

Trifolium fucatum Lindl. Sour Clover.

"Common in low and often alkaline fields: Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys; Coast ranges (Napa Valley, Oakland, Santa Cruz, and
Hollister, Setchell, and elsewhere)." May- June. Jepson.

Considerable honey from the flowers.

Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike or Swedish Clover.

Introduced: cultivated occasionally in different parts of the State.
May-June.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

"Jepson, W. L. The Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch. San Fran-
cisco, 1909.

I7A B C of Bee Culture. Medina, Ohio, 1903.

B'ULLETIN 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1001

Trifolium pratense L.

Red Clover. Pea Vine Clover.
(Mammoth.)
"Naturalized in the moister parts of northern California, and seem-
ingly spontaneous on the islands of the Lower Sacramento. July-
October. ' ' Jepson.

Beekeepers in the vicinity of Sacramento report bees to work upon it.

Fig. 6. — a Gorse.
b Spring Vetch.

Trifolium repens L. White or Dutch Clover. Fig. 5c.

' ' The white clover of our lawns, occasionally appearing as an escape. ' '
Abrams. May- June.

A great deal of honey from the flowers. Not abundant enough in

1002 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

California to rank as a honey producer, yet it may rank of importance
in the Klamath district.

Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. Furze. Fig. 6a.

On the hills of Marin County favoring sunny exposures. Blooms
during all seasons, but most profusely during spring.

A very good honey plant.

Vicia sativa L. Spring Vetch. Tare. Fig. 6b.

Introduced: grown as a cover crop throughout the State. March-
April.

Honey from the flowers.

Wisteria (sp.). Wisteria.

Introduced : under cultivation in the gardens of many of our homes.
March-April.

Very much favored by bees as a source of honey, and apparently very
constant in nectar secretion.

Geraniace^e. Geranium Family.
Erodhim cicutarium L. Her. Alfilerilla (Filaree or Filere).

Musk and Pin Clover.
Pin Grass. Heron's Bill.
"Hillsides or barren or dry soil everywhere. Very common, begin-
ning to flower in February or March usually some weeks in advance of
the last, and in many places continuing through the summer. ' ' Jepson.
"The prevailing species of the interior valleys and foothills." Abrams.
Considerable honey of good quality and excellent flavor in many
localities; an abundance of yellow pollen. A very important plant to
stimulate bees to breeding.

Erodhim moschatum L. Her.

White stemmed or coarse leaved filaree as contrasted with red stemmed
or fine leaved filaree (cicutarium) . Pin clover and pin grass apply to
either species.

"Abundant in rich lands of valley orchards and vineyards. March-
April." Jepson. "The more prevailing species in the coast valleys."
Abrams.

Xo distinction has been drawn between this and the former species as
to their honey producing merits.

Limnanthus douglasii R. Ba. Marsh Flower.

Listed as a honey plant, and as a native to California in the 1910
edition of "A B C & X Y Z of Bee Culture."

A well known honey plant in England, where it is cultivated for the
bees.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1003

RuTACEiE. Rue Family.
Citrus acida Hook. Lime.

Introduced : grown occasionally throughout California.
Blooming period varies.
Honey from the flowers.

Citrus aurantium L. et var. Orange.

Introduced: cultivated in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys,
but principally in southern California. March-May.

Honey, water white, of heavy body, exquisite aroma and superb flavor :
granulates within a few months after extraction. Yet beekeepers of
Lindsay and Portersville report that it does not granulate for one or
more years. It is more constant in the secretion of nectar than is the
sage. The largest crops are in the neighborhood of Riverside and Red-
lands. To quote Mr. McNay of Redlands: "Four years out of five
orange has yielded a fair crop, so I have been able to select and ship
one or more carloads of pure orange bloom honey each year, except
1904. "18 "The scale hive showed that nearly all orange honey was
secured in about five hours of each day, from eleven to four o'clock.19
Very warm weather often produces unusual nectar secretion in such
abundance that it is impossible for the bees to gather all of it. Mr. R. K.
Bishop of Orange County has observed that the bees pay no attention
to the large globules of nectar on the leaves, but go direct to the bloom,
and it is his contention that the nectar in the bloom is much more con-
centrated.

Citrus decuman a L. Grape Fruit. Pomelo.

Pumelo. Shaddock.

Introduced: grown in similar situations as our other citrus fruits.
Blooming period varies.

Considerable honey from the flowers, but not the equal of either the
orange or the lemon.

Citrus limon L. Lemon.

Introduced: cultivated principally in the coast regions of southern
California. Blooms all seasons of the year.

Although a valuable honey plant, it does not yield as well as the
orange. This may be partly due to the proximity of lemon orchards to
the coast, for, orange trees grown in similar regions do not secrete as
much nectar as those of the interior valleys — a climatic factor. (A more
striking example of this will be found in the case of alfalfa.)

Citris nobilis Lour. Mandarin. Kid Glove Orange.

Introduced: not common; cultivated occasionally in different parts
of the orange belt. Blooms a little later than the above.

Honey from the flowers.

lsGleanings in Bee Culture. July 1, 1906.
"Gleanings in Bee Culture. Sept. 1, 1907.

3— Bul. 217

1004

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Ailanthus glandulosa Desf .

SlMABACEiE.

Tree of Heaven.
Chinese Sumac. Varnish Tree.
Introduced : grown as an ornamental in some parts of the State. June.
A wonderful honey producer. The staminate bloom has a most dis-
agreeable odor. An abundance of very ill-tasting honey.

Fig. 7. — a Turkey Mullein, b Poison Oak.
c Laurel Sumac.

Euphorbiace^e. Spurge Family.
*C 'rot on calif ornicus Arg.

' ' Sandy hills near the ocean, from the San Francisco peninsula south-
ward to southern California ; also near Antioch. ' ,20 Jepson. ' ' Common
in dry ground throughout our range." Abrams. July.

Bees visit the small bloom in large numbers.

*Eremocarpus setigerus Benth. Turkey Mullein. Woolly White

Drouth Weed. Yerba del Pascado.
Fig. 7a.

20Langstroth, L. L. Hive and Honey Bee. Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, 111. 1902.

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1005

"Very abundant towards the interior: plains of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin; Sierra foothills; low hills and valley fields of the Coast
ranges. " Jepson. July- August.

A thick amber honey ; in some localities aids the bees in filling up for
winter.
Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. Poinsettia.

Introduced : grown in the gardens of our homes. July.

Much visited by bees; listed as a honey plant in the 1903 edition of
''ABC of Bee Culture."

Ricinus communis L. Castor Oil Plant. Castor Bean.

Palma Christi.

"An introduced plant, which is becoming well established. In pro-
tected places it often becomes woody and tree-like." Abrams. June-
July.

Much favored by the bees and apparently a good honey plant ; pollen.
Texas reports that " it is an excellent honey producer. ' '21

Anacardiace^e. Sumac Family.
Rhus diver siloba T. & G. Poison Oak. Fig. 7b.

"Everywhere common throughout California. Flowering in April
and May. ' ' Jepson.

Some localities in Monterey County report a superior grade of white
thin honey which granulates very readily. Mr. Pryal, however, states
that the honey is of heavy body.22

*Rhus laurina Nutt. Laurel Sumac. Fig. 7c.

"Very common in the foothills and extending well up into the chap-
arral; less common in the interior. June- July. " Abrams.

Amber honey with a marked odor, but of a fine flavor. Many southern
California apiaries get one or more extractings from this source.

*Schinus molle L. Pepper Tree.

Introduced: grown in southern California and as far north as San
Francisco Bay region. Blooms principally in summer, but also in
spring and fall.

An excellent and regular producer of an amber and strong flavored
honey.

Acerace^e. Maple Family.
Acer negundo L. Ash-leafed Maple. Box Elder.

"Common along streams from San Bernardino northward: Contra
Costa County, Sonoma County, Sacramento River. March-April."
Jepson.

Honey from the flowers, honey dew from the leaves in the fall.

"Gleanings in Bee Culture. Nov. 1, 1907.

22Pryal, W. A. American Bee Journal. Sept. 1909.

1006

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Sapindace^e. Buckeye Family.
Aesculus calif ornica Nutt. California Buckeye. Fig 8b.

"Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, north to south Fork
Trinity and Redding, and southward to Fort Tejon and Antelope
Valley."23 June.

Yields considerable honey in some localities. A few beekeepers in
the vicinity of Sacramento believe they have good evidence that the
honey poisons their bees.

Fig. 8. — a California Water Weed, b California Buckeye.

Rhamnacfle. Buckthorn Family.
*Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt. Nuttall's Ceanothus.

"Very abundant in the higher Coast ranges and in the Sierra foot-
hills, either isolated or gregarious, and forming impenetrable and often
extensive thickets. March-April. ' ' Jepson.

"Occasional along the southern rim of the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino ranges." Abrams. Common in Santa Barbara and Ven-
tura counties. February.

Honey and pollen from the flowers, and no doubt a valuable plant for
early stimulative purposes.

23Jepson, W. L. The Trees of California. Cunning-ham, Curtiss & Welch. San Fran-
cisco, 1909.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1007

Ceanothus (sp.). Wild Lilac and others.

Very common throughout the Coast ranges forming part of the chap-
arral belt. March-May.

Honey and an abundance of yellow pollen.

Rhamnus calif ornica Esch. Coffee Berry. Buckthorn.

Cascara Sagrada (erroneously).

' ' Common everywhere in the Coast ranges and at low altitudes in the
Sierra. June- July. ' ' Jepson. San Diego County. April-May.

Yields an amber honey of very heavy body in the foothills of the
Sierra Nevada mountains. San Diego County reports the coffee berry
a good producer of an amber honey of good flavor but slightly catharic.
It appears that Mr. Herold of Sonora has very good evidence that this
honey has poisoned his bees.

'MRhamnns corcea Nutt.

"Mayacamus mountains (east of Napa Valley) and southward near
the coast ; Oakland, etc. February-May. ' ' Jepson.

' ' Occasional on the dry plains and in the chaparral belt of our interior
region." Abrams. Common in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties.

Honey from the flowers. Of value to induce early breeding in late
winter and early spring.

*Rhamnus purshiana D. C. Cascara sagrada. Chittam.

' ' Point Keyes according to Davy ; scarcely known in our region, more
common in northern California. ' ' Jepson. May.

An excellent honey plant in the northern part of the State producing
an amber-colored honey.

ViTACEyE. Vine Family.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Virginia Creeper.

Introduced: a common ornamental in our gardens. June-July.

An abundance of pale yellow pollen very eagerly sought after by bees.

Vitis calif ornica Benth. California Wild Grape.

"Along streams throughout the Coast ranges, Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys, and Sierra foothills. May- June." Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

Vitis vinifera L. et var. Wine Grape. European Grape.

Introduced : grown almost everywhere ; extensively cultivated in many
of our valleys and especially in Fresno County. May-June.

Some honey and green pollen. In the fall where honey-producing
plants are scarce, the bees often gather and store considerable quan-
tities of grape juice when the fruit becomes punctured by other insects
or birds. This juice sometimes ferments in the cells and causes dysen-
tery among the bees.

1008 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. '

TiLiACEiE. Lime or Linden Family.
Tilia americana L. American Linden. Basswood.

Introduced : grown occasionally. Berkeley, Fresno. May- June.

Judging from the way in which bees worked upon a single tree at
Fresno, it should prove to be an excellent source of honey if grown
extensively here.

Tilia (sp.).
Introduced: single tree growing in San Rafael.
Very much worked upon by bees. May-June.

Malvaceae. Mallow Family.
Gossypium herbaceum L. Cotton.

Introduced: under cultivation in the Imperial Valley, and to some
extent in Los Angeles and San Diego counties. June-August.

Honey from the flowers. Of this plant Mr. Louis H. Scholl of Texas
says : ' ' Honey yield good, steady flow till frost, honey white and of good
quality. Main source throughout cotton belt. Nectar glands on ribs
of leaves and on bracts of buds, blooms and bolls. June to frost. ' '24

Malva parvi flora L. Small Flowered Mallow.

"Very common in waste places, especially near dwellings in the
interior valleys ; flowering in spring and early summer. ' ' Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

Malva sylvestris L. (albino). White Mallow.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. May-June.
Eagerly visited by bees.

Sidalcea malvaeflora Gray. Wild Hollyhock.

"High places of open fields in the valleys and on the plains, or in a
reduced form on hill tops. Last of April-May." Jepson. Eeported
along roads and irrigating ditches in Imperial Valley, blooming in
January.

The first honey plant of any importance in the Imperial Valley accord-
ing to Mr. George of that section.

Tamaricace.e. Tamarisk Family.
Tamarix (sp.). Tamarisk.

Introduced: cultivated in some parts of the State. Santa Barbara
and Fresno counties. April-June.

A very great favorite with the bees.

Cistace;£. Rock-Rose Family.
*Helianthemum scoparium Nutt.

"Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast ranges, from Lake County to

"Texas Honey Plants. Bull. No. 102. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta.

Bulletin 2173

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1009

Mt. Tamalpais and southward; not common. April-May." Jepson.
1 ' Frequent on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all our mountains and
foothills." Abrams.

Honey from the flowers during July and August in southern Cali-
fornia.

Cactaceje. Cactus Family.
Opuntia lindheimeri occidentalis Prickly Pear. Fig. 9.

Coult.

' ' Frequent in our valleys and foothills from Los Angeles eastward. ' '
Abrams. Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. May-July.

Fig. 9. — Prickly Pear.

Considerable honey from the flowers. Of the species engelmanni,
native of Texas. Mr. Louis Scholl says: "Of much importance to the
beekeeper especially during a season of partial drouth. Both an abund-
ance of honey and pollen was obtained, the honey being light amber in
color, of heavy body, but 'stringy'— so much so that it fairly draws out
into 'strings' when very thick. The flavor is very rank."25

25Gleanings in Bee Culture. Apr. 15, 1907.

1010 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

MYRTACEiE.

Eucalyptus calophylla R. Br.26

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. August-October.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus citriodora Bailey. Lemon-Scented Gum.

Introduced: under cultivation in many parts of California. June-
July.

A splendid yielder of nectar.

Eucalyptus cornuta Labill. Yate Tree.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. May-August.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx F. & M. Sugar Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. August-November.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus eugonioides Sieb. "White Stringy Bark.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. August.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Blue Gum.

Introduced : extensively cultivated throughout California. December-
June.

Honey, amber, of an acid flavor, heavy body and granulating within
a few months. The blue gum is very constant in nectar secretion, even
in spite of unfavorable weather, and, since it is of wide distribution, con-
siderable quantities of honey come from this source. On account of the
pronounced flavor of eucalyptus honey there is little or no demand for
it in retail trade.

Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. Cider Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. April-May.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus lehmannii Preis.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. August-September.

Honey from the flowers.

ee Bull. No. 196 of this Station concerning "The Eucalyptus as Bee Pasture."

Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OP CALIFORNIA. 1011

Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. & M. White Ironbark.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. November-April.

Reported to be a great honey producer, with a beautiful flavor, much
like a vanilla extract.

Eucalyptus maculata Hook. Spotted Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. May-June.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus melliodora Cunn. Honey-Scented Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. January-June.

Very eagerly visited by bees. It secretes nectar constantly throughout
its long blooming period.

Eucalyptus polyanthema Schau. Red Box Tree.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. February-April.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus phaceafolia.

Southern California; rare.

A wonderful producer of a water-white honey, and according to
Mr. M. H. Mendleson of Ventura, as many as three bees at one time have
been observed to sip up from a single blossom as much nectar as it was
possible for them to carry off.

Eucalyptus resinifera Smith. Red Mahogany Gum.

Kino Eucalypt.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. August-September.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus robusta Smith. Swamp Mahogany Gum.

Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of California. Novem-
ber-March.

An excellent honey tree, yielding more nectar than globulus and as
much as melliodora. These three trees, with leucoxylon, appear to be
the most favored by California beekeepers.

Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht, Red Gum.

Introduced: under cultivation in many parts of California. May-
July.

Considerable honey from the flowers; may prove of much value to
the Imperial Valley beekeepers.

1012 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Eucalyptus siderophlora Benth. Broad (Large) Leaved Ironbark.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. October-November, also January.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea Cunn. Victoria Ironbark. Red Ironbark.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. December, also March.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus stuartiana F. & M. Apple-Scented Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. April.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith. Forest Gray Gum. Flooded Gum.

Introduced : University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. May- July.

Honey from the flowers.

Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Manna Gum.

Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else-
where. July-August.

Honey from the flowers.

ONAGRACEiE.

Godetia bottae Spach.
Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.
Very rich in nectar.

Jussiaea calif ornica Jepson. California Waterweed. Fig. 8a.

"Regions of the lower Sacramento and the lower San Joaquin, par-
ticularly in tide sloughs. July-September. ' ' Jepson.

Considerable honey from the flowers and supposed to be very ill-
tasting in flavor.

Umbelliferje. Parsley Family.
Daucus cariota L. Carrot.

Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of California.

Honey white, with a characteristic flavor and granulating within a
few months after extraction. A most excellent yielder in the Sacra-
mento Valley, where it is considered to surpass the onion as a honey
plant.

Eryngium articulatum Hook. Blue Thistle. Fig. 10a.

' ' Common in the Suisun marshes ; should be looked for in the Alva-
rado marshes. August-September." Jepson. Common along Cosumnes
River, August-October.

A dark honey, but good in flavor.

BULLETIN 2173

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1013

Foeniculem vulgare Gaertn. Sweet Fennel.

Cummin. Fig. 10b.

"Waste places on old farms and by country lanes, flowering in
summer: Solano County, Napa Valley, Berkeley," etc. Jepson. "In
waste places and along streets." Abrams. Along roadsides in Santa
Barbara and Ventura counties. May- April.

A good honey plant, producing a light amber honey.

Fig. 10.

-a Blue Thistle, b Sweet Fennel.
d Caterpillar Phacelia.

c Dodder.

SYMPETALAE.

Ericaceae. Heath Family.
Arbutus menziesii Hook. Madrona.

"Occasional in northern Sierra foothills and very common in the
Coast ranges, especially northward. April." Jepson.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

1014 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Arctostaphylos (sp.). Manzanita. Bear Berry.

Throughout Coast ranges; Sierra Nevada foothills, and San Bernar-
dino Mountain (2,000 to 9,000 feet). November-February.

Honey amber and of excellent flavor, much like manzanita itself
(Colusa County) ; pollen. San Diego County reports a white honey
from the manzanita. One of our most important honey plants to
induce bees to early breeding. In some parts of Monterey, Colusa, and
El Dorado counties a 20 to 40 pound surplus is obtained, and on very
warm days (Monterey County) nectar can be shaken from the bloom.
A beekeeper of Applegate reports it to be his best honey yielder.27

Primulaceje. Primrose Family.
Dodecatheon (sp.). Shooting Star.

Reported to furnish pollen in considerable quantities in the San
Joaquin Valley.

Oleace^e. Olive or Ash Family.
Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Oregon Ash.

"Along the Sacramento River and Coast Range streams, especially
toward the coast. April-May." Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

Ligustrum japonicum Thumb. Japan Privet.

Listed as a honey plant from California in the 1910 edition of
"A B C & X Y Z of Bee Culture."

Olea europaea L. et var. Olive.

Introduced: under general cultivation throughout California. April-
May.

Mr. T. O. Andrews of Corona and Mr. B. B. Hogaboom of Elk Grove
report that bees work well upon olive bloom. The olive tree is also well
known as a source of honey in Spain,28 yet the writer's apiary (Santa
Barbara, 1909) is within easy distance of 5,000 olive trees, but he has
never seen more than two or three bees on any single tree, and they only
were collecting pollen.

AscLBPiADACEiE. Milkweed Family.
Asclepias mexicana Cav. Milkweed.

"Forming patches in dry ground; distributed throughout California,
but not near the coast within our limits. ' ' July-September. Jepson.

Honey from the flowers. The pollen grains of each anther are col-
lected into a compact mass, each such mass being encased in sacs by a
thread-like substance, at the end of which is situated a minute viscous
gland. The bees frequently become entangled herein, and sometimes so
much so that they perish in considerable numbers.

27Penn, Enoch. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Mar. 15, 1906.
28Sefior Miguel Pons. Fabregeus, Barcelona.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1015

Asclepias speciosa Torr. Milkweed.

" Along streams, Solano County, common in the Sierra Nevada,
Marin, Contra Costa, and Alameda counties, according to Green. Last
of May- July. ' ' Jepson.

Honey from the flowers. This species also possesses these viscous
glands.

Convolvulace^e. Morning Glory Family.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Morning Glory. Common Bind-

weed.
Very wide distribution throughout California. May-July.
Bees work upon the bloom in the vicinity of Sacramento, and it
appears, at times, store some hcney.

Cuscuta (sp.). Dodder. Gold Thread.

Love Vine. Fig 10c.
A parasite on many of our plants, including some of our best
honey flora, such as the willow, poison oak, figwort, wild alfalfa, wild
buckwheat, sages, alfalfa and others. Flowering from June to Sep-
tember, according to species.

Bees visit the small white flowers very freely and no doubt gather
some honey.

POLEMONCIACEiE.

Oilia chamissonis.
Botanical gardens of the University of California. May-June.
An abundance of sky-blue pollen.

HYDROPHYLLACE.E. Phacelia Family.
*Eriodictyon trichocalyx Eas. Yerba Santa.

Ventura County. June- July. Not listed by Jepson or Abrams.
An excellent honey plant frequently yielding a surplus.

Phacelia distans Benth. Hill Vervenia.

"Higher hills of the Coast ranges from Napa Valley to Mt. Tamalpais,
the ocean at Bodega (where first collected), and southward. April."
Jepson. "Very common in the plains and foothills. March-April. ' '
Abrams.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

* Phacelia hispida Gray. Caterpillar Phacelia. Fig. lOd.

"Very common in the chaparral belt in open grassy places. April-
June." Abrams. Common in Ventura County. June-July.

"The honey is water white, and of fine flavor; but it candies, soon
after it is extracted, to the consistency of fine paste.29 I extracted a
carload from phacelia before the sages came in. ' '30

29Menclleson, M. H. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Dec. 15, 1908.
30Mencllesc-n, M. H. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Oct. 1, 1908.

1016 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

*Phacelia ramosissima Dougl.

1 ' Colusa and Lake counties southward to Santa Cruz. Sierra Nevada.
June- July." Jepson. Southern California. April-June.

A fair honey plant, but not the equal of either of the three other
species herein listed.

*Phacelia tenacetifolia Benth. Valley Vervenia.

''Plains and valleys: Marysville Buttes; Sacramento Valley; Vallejo.
Greene 1874. Tracy. April." Jepson.

"The honey is light amber, some times light green and of a mild,
aromatic flavor. The sky-blue pollen comes from it alone. ' '31 Some San
Joaquin Valley beekeepers call this plant ' ' Fiddle neck. ' '

Wigandia (sp.).

Introduced : Orange County and probably elsewhere.

Mr. R. K. Bishop of the above county considers it one of the best
honey plants he has seen.

Boraginace^e. Borage Family.
*Heliotr opium curassavicum L. Common or Wild Heliotrope.

Chinese Pusley. Imperial County.
"Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or
alkaline lands throughout California. June-November." Jepson.
Honey from the flowers.

Heliotropium (sp.). Cultivated Heliotrope.

Introduced : under cultivation in the gardens in towns and cities.
Honey from the flowers. May- August.

Tournefortia heliotropoides Hook.
Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.
Some honey from the flowers.

Verbenace^e. Verbena Family.
Duranta plumieri J acq. Golden Dew Drop. Tropical Lilac.

Pigeon Berry.
Introduced : grown as a hedge plant in our gardens.
Mr. Morrison says, ' ' bees go crazy over it. ' '33

Lippia lanceolata Michx.

"Common on muddy banks of the islands lying near the confluence
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers; Grand Island; Bouldin
Island," etc. Jepson. "Occasional along slow-running streams in
marshy places. June-August." Abrams.

Valued as a honey plant, but not to the extent as is the following :

81Horn, H. E. American Bee Keeper. March, 1904.
"Gleanings in Bee Culture. Aug. 1, 1905.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1017

Lippia nodiflora Michx. Carpet Grass. Mat Grass.

Fog Fruit. Fig. 11a.

" Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin, especially on river banks.
July-September. ' ' Jepson. Sacramento Valley, May-October.

The beekeepers in the regions surrounding Sacramento report the
honey light, of mild flavor, good body and granulating with a very fine
grain. One of the leading honey plants of the Sacramento Valley, com-
mencing to yield about the middle of May, and lasting till frost. If the
coast beekeepers are anxious for bountiful rains, it is not so with their
Sacramento brothers, for, the earlier the Sacramento River recedes, the
sooner are the slopes of carpet grass bordering the river drained of all
excess water, a condition which means a sooner and better flow of
nectar. Three fourths of the honey output of Sutter County is reported
to be from carpet grass. Mr. J. J. Thornber of the University of
Arizona says that nodiflora is also known under the trade name of
repens.34 As a honey producer in central Texas it is absolutely worth-
less.35

Lippia repens Hort. Lippia. Lawn Plant. Fig. lib.

Introduced: cultivated as a lawn in many of our homes, especially
in southern California. May- August.

Continually visited by bees while in bloom. Introduced from Rome
by Dr. F. F. Franceschi of Santa Barbara, less than ten years ago, and
to-day not only are thousands of acres naturalized to this lippia in our
State, but also in Arizona, Mexico, Australia, and other countries.36
This plant seeds from October to February, and takes six weeks to
mature. Cuttings may be planted at any time.

Verbena prostrata R. Br. "Wild Verbena.

Common Vervain. Fig. lie.

''Dry, open hill country throughout western California; Humboldt
County, Sonoma and Vacaville, southward to Alameda County, Santa
Clara County, and southern California. July-September. ' ' Jepson.

Reported to yield considerable honey in some localities along the coast.

Labaitle. Mint Family.
*Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound. Fig. lid.

"Common weed of old fields and waste places about farms and vil-
lages everywhere in the Coast ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys, Sierra foothills and southern California. Evergreen with us.
July-September." Jepson. Southern California. May- June.

A splendid yielder of dark amber honey, too strong and dark for

"Timely Hints for Farmers. No. 83. Arizona Agri. Exp. Sta.
35Sholl, Louis H. The Southern Queen. Aug. 1903.

86"Behavior of Alien Plants at Santa Barbara." Address before American Breeders'
Association at Omaha, Neb., Dec. 8-10, 1909.

1018 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

I ■']<;. 11. — a Carpet Grass, b Lippia. c Wild Verbena, d Horehound. e Tule
Mint, f Thistle Sage, g Purple Sage, h White Sage, i Black Sage.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1019

table use, but is used largely in medicine. This honey is reported by
some Ventura County beekeepers to be of a light color with a greenish
tinge. It is, however, probably wild alfalfa honey, with a slight addi-
tion of horehound, for this honey is very aromatic, and requires but a
small amount to impart to any honey its characteristic flavor. Ventura
and Los Angeles counties produce horehound in considerable quantities.
Considered a pest on a sage range, for if its nectar is gathered in even
small quantities, the color and flavor of sage is impaired.

Mentha canadensis L. Tule Mint. Fig. lie.

' * Common in marshes ; lower Sacramento and lower San Joaquin, San
Francisco Bay. August-September." Jepson. Sacramento County.
July-October.

Honey from the flowers.

Mentha spicata L. Peppermint. Spearmint.

"Rather common in wet places : Berkeley ; Napa Valley, Lake County.
Naturalized." Jepson. Common in lower San Joaquin Valley.
August-October.

In Sacramento County and southward, yielding a great abundance of
a dark amber-colored honey.

Micromeria chamissonis Greene. Yerba Buena.

"Common in woods near the coast: Humboldt County, Berkeley, San
Francisco, Belmont, Monterey County, and southward to southern
California. June." Jepson. "Santa Monica mountains in shady
places not common. May- June." Abrams.

Considered a fair honey plant in some localities.

*"Monardella lanceolata Gray. (Western) Pennyroyal.

"Sierra foothills or at middle elevations." Jepson.

"Frequent in dry ground in the interior region in the valleys and
mountains. June- August. " Abrams. In canyons of Ventura County.

A honey plant in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.

* Salvia amabilis. Loving Sage.

Introduced species grown in Santa Barbara. March-June.
Honey from the flowers.

* Salvia apiana Jep. White Sage. Fig. llh. Fig. 12a.

"Very common on the dry plains toward the foothills and ascending
these to about 3,000 feet. April- July. ' ' Abrams. Common from Santa
Barbara County southward. May- August. (Audibertia polystachia.)

Honey white, of superior flavor and body, and believed not to granu-
late. As abundant as the black sage, but not as good a yielder nor has
the honey as fine a flavor.

4— Bul. 217

1020

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Salvia carduacea Benth. Thistle or Annual Sage. Fig. llf .

" Inner south Coast Range valleys (Contra Costa County and south-
ward), and throughout the San Joaquin Valley; southern California,
June. ' ' Jepson.

"Occasional in sandy soil in all the valleys and in the foothills.
March-May. ' ' Ab rams .

Honey, white and of excellent flavor; a well known honey plant in
many of the above sections.

Salvia columbariae Benth. Chia. Annual Sage.

"Throughout the Coast ranges, Sierra Nevada, and southern Cali-
fornia, on hill and mountain slopes. April-May. ' ' Jepson.

"Frequent throughout our range in the foothills and on the plains.
March-May. ' ' Abrams.

A white honey of excellent quality, yielding a surplus in Monterey
County and elsewhere.

Fig. 12. — a White Sage, b Purple Sage, c Black Sage.

^Salvia leucophylla. Purple, White Leaved and

Silver Sage. Fig. llg. Fig. 12b.

"Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and San Fernando
mounttains. April- July . ' ' Abrams. From San Luis Obispo to San
Diego counties, and not extending inland beyond the Coast ranges.
(Audihertia nivea Benth.)

Honey, water white; unexcelled flavor; of heavy body and does not
granulate. Not as abundant as the black or white sages, but a splendid
yielder and the finest flavored of the sage honey. Attacked by a
sage worm. This species probably crosses with both S. mellifera and
S. apiana.

BULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1021

^Salvia mellifera Greene. Black, Ball, Button and Bine Sage.

Fig. Hi. Fig. 12c.

"Mt. Diablo, Los Trampas Ridge, near Hay ward, San Mateo County,
Glenwood and Loma Prieta, southward to southern California. April-
May.' ' Jepson. Coast ranges and ascending to 5,000 feet in the San
Bernardino mountains. March- June. (Audibertia stachyoides Benth.)
San Diego County, February-May.

Honey, water white and of a rich and delicious flavor ; of heavy body
especially north of San Luis Obispo; does not granulate; moderate
amount of yellow pollen. This is the best honey producer on the coast,
the flow being dependent upon winter rains with a warm spring quite
free from cold winds and fog. When in bloom a certain amount of
warm weather is required before it will produce nectar. As a general
rule, every fifth year an excellent crop is obtained, and every third or
fourth year a total failure is experienced. That which is commonly
known as "California White Sage Honey" throughout the United
States and Europe is not from the white sage, but the black sage. The
white sage yields comparatively little honey as compared with either the
black or purple sage. The sage worm, in cloudy weather, often becomes
abundant enough to destroy much of the bloom. Dodder and a rust
(Puccinia) also do damage in certain localities. There is a cross
between this species and 8. apiana. For the correct botanical history of
the melliferous sages, see H. M. Hall, Pacific Rural Press, February 22,
1908.

* Salvia sonomensis Greene. Creeping Sage. Ramona.

"Montana species at middle altitudes, Ramona, mountains west of
Calistoga, Mt. Shasta, Calaveras, and Mariposa counties, San Diego
County. May." Jepson. Also June. Sierra foothills from Sierra to
Inyo counties, usually in shaded situations. April 1-May 15. {Audi-
bertia humilis Benth. Ramona humilis Greene.)

Honey, water white and of excellent flavor ; the main source of honey
in many of the above districts. Believed not to granulate.

^Salvia spathaceae Greene. Humming Bird Sage.

Crimson Sage.

"Coast ranges from the Vaca mountains, Mt. Diablo and San Fran-
cisco, southward to Santa Monica. April-May." Jepson. (Audibertia
glandiflora Benth.)

This has often been termed a honey plant, but the corollas are much
too deep for bees. The humming bird appears to be the only visitor of
this bloom.

Satureia montana L. Winter Savory.

Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.
Much liked by bees.

1022 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Stachys ajugiodes Benth.

"Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast ranges and Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys." May- August. Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

Stachys alb ens Gray. White Hedge Nettle.

' ' Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coast ranges, Knox-
ville grade to Lower Lake, Livermore Pass, Pacheco Pass. July-
August." Jepson. Fresno County. June.

Honey from the flowers.

Stachys bullata Benth. Hedge Nettle.

' ' The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills of
the Coast ranges. March-April." Jepson.

"It is very rich in nectar and furnishes considerable forage for the
bees."37 '

Trichostema lancealatum Benth. Blue Curls. Vinegar Weed. Pur-
ple Blue Curls (Orange County).
Mustang (Sacramento County).
Camphor Weed (Tulare County).
Nigger Weed (San Bernardino
County). Flea Weed( Los An-
geles County). Fig. 13a.
"Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast ranges, southern
California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville,
Winters, Healdsburg, and northward. Sierra foothills. A bee plant in
Fresno County, where it abounds in many localities, and "yields a
white honey that granulates remarkably quick." 0. L. Abbott.
August-September. Jepson. "Frequent in dry fields, especially on
the mesas of our interior valleys. June-September." Abrams.

San Bernardino mountains (2,300 feet), Ventura County and Santa
Ynez Valley. Sacramento Valley. August-November.

A milk-white honey, and one of our quickest honeys to granulate,
doing so with a very fine grain. This honey has often been observed
to granulate in the cells before the bees were ready to seal them. Blue
curls usually commences to yield in August and continues till frost. A
beekeeper of Fresno reports that should a light rain fall during Septem-
ber, a terrific flow will follow and tons of honey are stored by the bees.
Some beekeepers in the San Bernardino mountains maintain that a
September rain decreases the flow of nectar from blue curl. A very
attractive table honey when sold in small crystallized blocks, yet the
bulk of this honey goes to biscuit manufacturers.

"Pryal, W. A. American Bee Journal. April, 1909.

B'ULLETIN 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1023

Sckophulariace;e. Figwort Family.
*Scrophularia calif ornica Cham. California Figwort. Fig. 13b.

"Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills, Coast
ranges, Sierra Nevada, southern California. May- June." Jepson. In
southern California blooms as early as March.

Fig. 13. — a Blue Curls, b California Figwort. c Button
Willow.

Excellent honey plant, and although it is never abundant, there is
no doubt that some figwort honey is stored.

Scrophularia vernalis. Simpson 's Honey Plant.

Introduced: under cultivation by M. H. Mendleson of Ventura.
April-June.

Thrives as well as does our native species, and is much visited by the
bees.

Veronica andersonii L. & P.
Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.

1022 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

St achy s ajugiodes Benth.

"Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast ranges and Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys." May- August. Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

St achy s alb ens Gray. White Hedge Nettle.

"Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coast ranges, Knox-
ville grade to Lower Lake, Livermore Pass, Pacheco Pass. July-
August." Jepson. Fresno County. June.

Honey from the flowers.

Stachys bullata Benth. Hedge Nettle.

' ' The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills of
the Coast ranges. March-April. " Jepson.

"It is very rich in nectar and furnishes considerable forage for the
bees."37

Tricho sterna lancealatum Benth. Blue Curls. Vinegar "Weed. Pur-
ple Blue Curls (Orange County).
Mustang (Sacramento County).
Camphor Weed (Tulare County).
Nigger Weed (San Bernardino
County). Flea Weed( Los An-
geles County). Fig. 13a.
"Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast ranges, southern
California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville,
Winters, Healdsburg, and northward. Sierra foothills. A bee plant in
Fresno County, where it abounds in many localities, and "yields a
white honey that granulates remarkably quick." 0. L. Abbott.
August-September. Jepson. "Frequent in dry fields, especially on
the mesas of our interior valleys. June-September." Abrams.

San Bernardino mountains (2,300 feet), Ventura County and Santa
Ynez Valley. Sacramento Valley. August-November.

A milk-white honey, and one of our quickest honeys to granulate,
doing so with a very fine grain. This honey has often been observed
to granulate in the cells before the bees were ready to seal them. Blue
curls usually commences to yield in August and continues till frost. A
beekeeper of Fresno reports that should a light rain fall during Septem-
ber, a terrific flow will follow and tons of honey are stored by the bees.
Some beekeepers in the San Bernardino mountains maintain that a
September rain decreases the flow of nectar from blue curl. A very
attractive table honey when sold in small crystallized blocks, yet the
bulk of this honey goes to biscuit manufacturers.

"Pryal, W. A. American Bee Journal. April, 1909.

Bulletin 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1023

Sckophulariace^e. Figwort Family.
*Scrophularia calif ornica Cham. California Figwort. Fig. 13b.

"Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills, Coast
ranges, Sierra Nevada, southern California. May- June." Jepson. In
southern California blooms as early as March.

.1

' mm

Fig. 13. — a Blue Curls, b California Figwort. c Button
Willow.

Excellent honey plant, and although it is never abundant, there is
no doubt that some figwort honey is stored.

Scrophularia vernalis. Simpson's Honey Plant.

Introduced: under cultivation by M. H. Mendleson of Ventura.
April-June.

Thrives as well as does our native species, and is much visited by the
bees.

Veronica andcrsonii L. & P.
Botanical gardens of the University of California. June.

1024 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Plantaginace^e. Plantago Family.
Plantago major L. Common Plantain. Buck Plantain.

' ' Not uncommon in low fields and waste places. ' ' Jepson. May- June.
Honey and white pollen from the flowers during the forenoon. .

Rubiace.e. Madder Family.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Willow.

Button Bush. Fig. 13c.

"Common along interior streams, especially the San Joaquin and
Sacramento rivers, some times growing 40 feet in height. August-Sep-
tember." Jepson. Sacramento Valley, July.

Honey very light in color and of a mild flavor. A good honey plant
in the Sacramento Valley, but not abundant enough to figure as a good
surplus yielder. The button bush is well known as a honey plant along
the Mississippi River.

Caprifoliace.e. Honeysuckle Family.
Lonicera (sp.). Wild Honeysuckle.

Common throughout California. May-June.
Reported to yield some honey.

Lonicera caprifolium L. Cultivated Honeysuckle.

Introduced : a common vine in the gardens of our homes.
Honey from the flowers.

*Sambucus glauca Nutt. Blue Elderberry.

1 ' Common in open woods or canyons of the lower hill country, or at
middle altitudes, or along stream banks in the valleys: Coast ranges,
Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Sierra Nevada. May- August."
Jepson. i l Frequent on low hills and in wastes in all the valleys. May-
June. ' ' Abrams.

No honey ; excellent as a source of pollen of a yellow color.

Cucurbitace^:. Gourd Family.
Citrullus vulgaris Schacl. Watermelon.

Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August.
Considerable honey and pollen from the flowers.

Cucumis melo L. et var. Cantaloupe. Muskmelon.

Introduced: under cultivation throughout California, especially in
the Imperial Valley. January-May.

Reported to be of importance in the Imperial Valley for its yield of
pollen during the early part of spring.

Cucumis sativus L. Cucumber.

Introduced : under cultivation throughout California. May- August.
Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Bulletin 217]

HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA.

1025

Cucurbita pepo L. Pumpkin.

Introduced : 'under cultivation throughout California. May- August.

An amber honey granulating very rapidly and containing a great
deal of pollen.

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. Summer Crookneck Squash.

Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August.
Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne. Winter Crookneck Squash.

Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August.
Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Composat^e. Sunflower Family.
Anthemis cotula L. May Weed. Dog Fennel. Fig. 14a.

"Very common late spring or summer weed in pastures and neglected
lands throughout California." Jepson.

Light yellow, but very bitter-flavored honey; pollen.

Blooming as it does between the spring and summer it has proved to
be of considerable value to many Sacramento Valley beekeepers.

m f&JWto

Fig. 14. — a May Weed, b Common Sunflower, c Coast Tarweed. d Tarwed.
e Yellow Tarweed. f Western Goldenrod.

Artemisia calif ornica Less. Sage Brush. Old Man.

Hill Brush.
"Common on hills of the upper Sonora zone, from lower California
north to San Francisco Bay ; most plentiful towards the coast. ' ' Hall.

1026 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Much valued for its very early and abundant pollen. The sage brush
is often mistaken for the true sages which belong to the genus Salvia
and not Artemisia.

Bidens frondosa L. Beggar Ticks.

"Lower Sacramento River; very common. September." Jepson.

Listed as a honey plant in the 1910 editions of"ABC&XYZof
Bee Culture."

* Bidens pilosa L. Spanish Needle.

"A native of the tropics; frequent in southern California as a weed."
Hall. June-July.

A light amber honey.

Centaur ea cyanus L. Cornflower.

Introduced : under cultivation in many of our homes. May- June.
Honey and pale yellow pollen from the flowers.

Centaurea melitensis L. Napa Thistle. Tocalote.

"Abundant everywhere in agricultural lands and pastured hills.
May- June. ' ' Jepson.

Reported to yield some pollen in the San Bernardino mountains, but
nevertheless a very obnoxious weed, and beekeepers of this section are
unanimous for its eradication. In Sacramento County, however, Mr. B.
B. Hogaboom reports this thistle to yield a honey light amber in color,
of good flavor and fair body from May 15 to June 15. It abounds on
the sage ranges of Ventura County, but has never been known to yield
any nectar there.

*Centromadia pungens Greene. Spikeweed.

"Abundant on the plains of the lower San Joaquin, southward to
southern California and westward to Walnut Creek and Alameda. On
the alkaline plains of the upper San Joaquin this species covers tens of
thousands of acres and often forms thickets four or five feet high. It
is a valued bee plant. Carloads of spikeweed honey are shipped
annually from Fresno County, the honey is of amber color, good quality
and granulates quickly." 0. L. Abbott. Jepson.

It is not any longer the honey plant it once was among the San
Joaquin Valley beekeepers. Such plants as blue curls, alkali weed, and
jackass clover, all blooming about the time spikewood does, appear to
be better liked fall honey plants among the valley beekeepers.

Cirsium lanceolatum Scop. Bull Thistle.

"European species, introduced in recent years in the bay region:
Berkeley, lower San Joaquin," etc. Jepson. Sacramento County.
June- Aug 1 1 st.

Considerable honey from the flowers.

B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1027

^Coreopsis gigantea Hall.

"Near the coast from Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo
County." Hall.

Botanical gardens of University of California. February.

Honey from the flowers; a great favorite of the bees.

Cynara scolymus L. Globe Artichoke.

Introduced: cultivated in our truck gardens and elsewhere. June-
July.

Greedily visited by bees.38

*Encelia calif ornica Nutt.

"Common on dry hillsides of the upper Sonoran zone throughout
southern California, except on the desert." Hall. January- April.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. At times quite frequently visited
by bees.

*Erigeron foliosus Nutt.

"Common in the hill country: Marin County to the San Francisco
Peninsula, Leona (Alameda County), Mt. Diablo and southward. June-
August." Jepson. "Common on hills and in the mountains up to
2,100 feet altitude throughout California." Hall.

Honey from the flowers.

*Eriophyllam confertiflorum (D. C.) Gray.

"Abundant on dry hills from San Diego north throughout western
California. ' ' Hall. April- July.

Honey from the flowers.

*-Helianthus annas L. Common Sunflower. Fig. 14b.

"Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, first appearing
in low places along country roads. July-September. ' ' Jepson.

"Common along roadsides and in waste places throughout western
North America." Hall.

An amber honey, with a most characteristic flavor, not unliked by
many. In some years the wild sunflower produces very heavily. Mr.
Mendleson a few years ago shipped a carload of this honey from Ventura
County. Sacramento County also reports favorable yields of a black
colored honey with a shiny appearance.

Helianthus tuberosus. Jerusalem Artichoke.

Introduced: cultivated in our truck gardens and elsewhere. June-
July. Greedily visited by bees.39

*Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.

"Emigrant from southern California; San Jose. etc. August-
October." Jepson.

38Pryal, W. A. Gleanings in Bee Culture. May 1, 1909.
3BPryal, W. A. Gleanings in Bee Culture. May 1, 1909.

102S UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

' ' A common weed along ditches and in waste places, throughout south-
ern California except in the mountains." Hall. Ventura County.
June.

Honey and pollen from the flowers.

*Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed.

Botanical gardens of University of California. February.
Honey and pollen from the flowers.

Hemizonia corymbosa T. & G. Coast Tarweed. Fig. 14c.

"Abundant in valley fields and on hillsides. Berkeley to Santa Cruz
and Monterey County. June- July. ' ' Jepson.

Some honey from the flowers, but not near as good a honey plant as
the two following species:

^Hemizonia fasciculata T. & G. Tarweed.

"On mesas throughout southern California, except on the desert,
north to San Francisco Bay; common especially towards the coast and
on the islands." Hall. June-August.

Honey dark amber, with strong tarweed aroma (preferred by some
to the milder honeys), and granulates two or three months after extrac-
tion. An excellent producer along the coast extending from Santa
Barbara to San Diego County. The honey is reported to be used largely
in the manufacture of chewing tobacco and shoe blacking.

Hemizonia virgata Gray. Yellow Tarweed.

"Common on the plains of the Sacramento Valley (Suisun, Vorden,
Gait, etc.) and the San Joaquin Valley and in the valleys of the inner
south Coast ranges. August-October." Jepson.

Honey of light yellow color, good flavor and heavy body. This tar-
weed is a heavy and consistent yielder, beginning in August and lasting
for about twenty days, according to Mr. B. B. Hogaboom of Elk Grove.

Hemizonia (sp.). Yellow Tops. Yellow Tarweed.

Vinegar Weed.
The tarweed of Fresno County, generally known as "Yellow Tops,"
blooms from April to June, and is reported to yield an occasional sur-
plus. "Vinegar weed" has been applied to a tarweed in the San
Joaquin valleys. The tarweed (probably H. corymbosa) of the San
Antonio Valley (Jolon), although very abundant, is reported not to
produce enough honey for an extraction.

*Malacothrix saxatilis T. & G.
Frequent in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. June-July.
Some honey and pollen from the flowers.

Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1029

*Senecio douglasii D. C.

' ' Common throughout southern California in the upper Sonoran zone,
especially in sand-washes and other gravelly places; north to Lake
County/ ' Hall.

Honey from the flowers.

Solidago occidentalis Nutt. Western Golden Rod. Fig. 14f .

"Marshes, stream beds and river banks; Sierra Nevada, Sacramento,
and San Joaquin Valley ; Coast ranges ; southern California. August-
October. ' ' Jepson.

Honey from this source is amber in color. A honey plant with Mr.
Wm. Muth-Rasmussen of Independence.

Solidago calif ornica Nutt. Common Golden Rod.

* ■ Common on dry plains and hillsides or in the mountains throughout
California. September-November." Jepson. "In dry, open places
from the lower foothills to 3,000 feet altitude in the mountains. August
to December." Hall.

Honey and pollen from the flowers. A fair honey plant.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow Thistle.

"Naturalized European weed; old fields and waste places, flowering
at all seasons. ' ' Jepson.

Honey from the flowers.

*Sonchus mariianthus.
Botanical gardens of University of California. February- April.
Honey and pollen from the flowers; much visited by bees.

Chrysothamnus nauseosus liypol- (White) Rabbit Brush.
luca.

Vicinity of Independence. September-November.

"Bees work vigorously on it, but the honey is dark, of poor flavor
and disagreeable odor. When the bees evaporate it at night, it can
then be smelled all over the place. ' ' Mr. Wm. Muth-Rasmussen, Inde-
pendence, California.

INDEX.

Acacia, 976, 979.

Acacia dealbata, 976.

Acacia decurrens mollis, 983, 996.

Acacia, false, 1000.

Acacia pycnantha, 983, 996.

Aceraceae, 1005.

Acer negundo, 984, 1005.

Adenostoma fasciculatum, 983, 993.

Aesculus californica, 978, 981, 1006.

Agave americana, 982, 987.

Ailanthus glandulosa, 981, 1004.

Alfalfa, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 998.

Alfalfa, wild, 976, 978, 979, 981, 997, 999.

Alfilerilla, red-stemmed or fine-leaved, 981,

1002.
Alfilerilla, white-stemmed or coarse-leaved,

981, 1002.
Algaroba, 1000.
Alkali weed, 978.
Allium, 986.
Allium cepa, 986.
Almond, bitter, 983, 994.
Alsike clover, 983, 1000.
Amaryllidaceae, 987.
Amelopsis quinquefolia, 984, 1007.
American linden, 982, 1008.
Anacardiaceae, 1005.
Angiospermae, 985.
Annual sage, 982, 1020.
Anthemis cotula, 984, 1025.
Antigonon leptopus, 989.
Apple, 981, 995.
Apple-scented gum, 982, 1012.
Apricot, 983, 994.
Arbutus menziesii, 983, 1013.
Arctostaphylos, 981, 1014.
Arrow weed, 976.
Artemisia californica, 1025.
Artichoke, globe, 984, 1027.
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 984, 1027.
Asclepiadaceae, 1014.
Asclepias mexicana, 985, 1014.
Asclepias speciosa, 985, 1015.
Ash family, 1014.
Ash leaf maple, 1005.
Ash, Oregon, 983, 1014.
Asparagus, 979, 983, 986.
Asparagus officinalis, 983, 986.
Astragalus, 983, 996.
Ball sage, 1021.

Barberry, California, 976, 979, 990.
Barberry family, 990.
Bass wood, 1008.
Bastard sage, 979.
Bay tree, 990.
Bean, castor, 1005.
Bean, lima, 976, 1000.
Bear berry, 1014.

Beaver tree, sweet swamp, 990.

Beaver tree, white bay, 990.

Beggar ticks, 984, 1026.

Berberidaceae, 990.

Berberis pinnata, 981, 990.

Berry, Christmas, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981,

993, 994.
Berry, coffee, 978, 981, 1007.
Bidens frondosa, 984, 1026.
Bidens pilosa, 984, 1026.
Bindweed, common, 1015.
Birch brush, 978.
Bitter almond, 983, 994.
Blackberry, common wild, 976, 983, 996.
Blackberry, cultivated, 983, 996.
Black cottonwood, 976, 977, 979, 987, 988.
Black locust, 1000.
Black medicle, 998.
Black mustard, 981, 991.
Black sage, 976, 977, 979, 982, 1018, 1020,

1021.
Black wattle, 983.
Blue curls, 976, 977, 978, 980, 982, 1022,

1023.
Blue curls, purple, 1022.
Blue elderberry, 985, 1024.
Blue gum, 981, 1010.
Blue oak, 983, 988.
Blue sage, 1021.

Blue thistle, 980, 981, 1012, 1013.
Bokhara clover, 999.
Borage family, 1016.
Boraginaceae, 1016.
Box elder, 1005.
Brassica campestris, 983, 991.
Brassica nigra, 981, 991.
Brassica, 981, 991.

Broad (large) leaved ironbark, 982, 1012.
Broom, wild, 997.
Brush, birch, 978.
Brush, rabbit, 982.

Buckeye, California, 978, 979, 981, 1006.
Buckeye family, 988, 1006.
Buck plantain, 1024.
Buckthorn, 976, 977, 1006, 1007.
Buckthorn family, 976.
Buckwheat family, 989.
Buckwheat, wild, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981,

988, 989.
Bull thistle, 1026.
Bur clover, 978, 979, 98Q, 981, 998.
Buttercup family, 989.
Button bush, 1024.
Button sage, 1021.
Button willow, 979, 982, 1023, 1024.
Cactaceae, 1009.
Cactus family, 1009.
Cactus, straight up, 977.

1032

INDEX.

California barberry, 990.

California buckeye, 981, 1006.

California figwort, 984, 1023.

California holly, 993.

California laurel, 984, 990.

California poppy, 984, 990.

California water-weed, 983, 1006.

California wild grape, 984, 1007.

California wild rose, 984, 996.

Camphor weed, 1022.

Cantaloupe, 976, 984.

Canyon gooseberry, 984, 992.

Caper family, 991.

Capparidaceae, 991.

Caprifoliaceae, 1024.

Carpet grass, 979, 981, 1017, 1018.

Carrot, 979, 1012.

Cascara sagrada, 978, 981, 1007.

Castor bean, 1005.

Castor oil plant, 983, 1005.

Caterpillar phacelia, 976, 977, 981, 1013,

1015.
Catnip, 978.

Ceanothus, 980, 983, 1007.
Ceanothus cuneatus, 983, 1006.
Ceanothus, Nuttall's, 976, 1007.
Centaur ea cyanus, 985, 1026.
Centaurea melitensis, 982, 1026.
Centromadia pungens, 982, 1026.
Century plant, 982, 987.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 982, 1024.
Cerasus demissa, 984, 993.
Cerasus ilicifolia, 983, 993.
Chamois, 993.
Chamisal, 993.

Cherry, holly leaved, 983, 993.
Cherry, western choke, 984, 993.
Cherry, 983, 995.
Cherry, wild, 976.
Chia, 979, 1020.
Chickweed, 979.
Chinese parsley, 1016.
Chinese sumac, 1004.
Chittam, 1007.

Choke cherry, western, 984, 993.
Chosiptalae, 987.
Christmas berry, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981,

993, 994.
Chrysothamnus nauseosus hypolluca, 982,

1029.
Cider gum, 982, 1010.
Cirsium lanceolatum, 982.
Cistaceae, 1008.
Citrullus vulgaris, 984, 1024.
Citrus acida, 1003.
Citrus aurantium, 981, 1003.
Citrus decumana, 1003.
Citrus lemon, 1003.
Citrus nobilis, 983, 1003.
Clematis, hill, 989.'
Clematis ligusticifolia, 984, 989.
Clematis, 984, 988, 990.
Cleome integrifolia, 981, 991.
Cleome lutea, 978.
Clover, alsike, 983, 1000.
Clover, Bokhara, 999.

Clover, bur, 978, 979, 980, 981, 997, 998.

Clover, deer, 997.

Clover, Dutch, 1001.

Clover, jackass, 978, 981, 992.

Clover, musk, 1002.

Clover, pea vine, 1001.

Clover, pin, 1002.

Clover, red (mammoth), 980, 984, 1001.

Clover, sour, 983, 1000.

Clover, stone, 999.

Clover, Swedish, 1000.

Clover, sweet, 978.

Clover, sweet white, 976, 978, 979, 981,

997.
Clover, sweet yellow, 978, 979, 980, 981,

983, 999.
Clover, tree (white), 984, 996.
Clover, white, 980, 982, 997, 1001.
Coast tarweed, 982, 1025, 1028.
Coffee berry, 978, 981, 1007.
Common bindweed, 1015.
Common century plant, 982, 987.
Common goldenrod, 1029.
Common heliotrope, 985, 1016.
Common knotweed, 989.
Common mignonette, 992.
Common onion, 986.
Common plantain, 985, 1024.
Common sow-thistle, 985, 1029.
Common sunflower, 982, 1025, 1027.
Common vervain, 1017.
Common wild blackberry, 996.
Common yellow mustard, 983, 990, 991.
Composatae, 1025.
Convolvulaceae, 1015.
Convolvulus arvensis, 983, 1015.
Coralita, 989.

Coreopsis gigantea, 984, 1029.
Cornflower, 985, 1026.
Corn, Egyptian, 986.
Corn, Indian, 984, 985.
Cotton, 976, 983, 1005.

Cottonwood, black, 976, 977, 979, 987, 988.
Cream cups, 984, 991.
Creeping sage, 978, 982, 1021.
Crimson sage, 1021.
Croton calif ornicus, 983, 1004.
Cruciferae, 991.
Cryngium articulatum, 981.
Cucumber, 984, 1024.
Cucumis melo, 984, 1024.
Cucumis sativus, 984, 1024.
Cucurbitaceae, 1024.
Cucurbita maxima, 984, 1025.
Cucurbita moschata, 1025.
Cucurbita pepo, 984, 1025.
Cultivated blackberry, 983, 996.
Cultivated heliotrope, 1016.
Cultivated honeysuckle, 1024.
Curls, blue, 976, 977, 978, 980, 982, 1023.
Curls, blue, purple, 1022.
Cummin, 1013.
Currant, flowering, 993.
Currant, wild, 983, 993.
Cuscuta, 985, 1015.
Cynara scolymus, 984.

INDEX

1033

Cyperaceae, 986.

Cytisus elongatus, 984, 996.

Cytisus prolifeius, 984, 997.

Date palm, 976, 986.

Daucus car ota, 1012.

Deciduous fruits, 978, 979.

Deer clover, 997.

Deer weed, 997.

Dew drop, golden, 1016.

Dicotyledons, 987.

Dodecatheon, 1014.

Dodder, 985, 1013, 1015.

Dog fennel, 1025.

(Dotted) smartweed, 989.

Duranta plumieri, 1016.

Dutch clover, 1001.

Egyptian corn, 986.

Elderberry, 985, 1024.

Encelia californica, 985, 1027.

Encina, 987.

English walnut, 987.

English (yellow) mustard, 981, 991.

Eremocarpus setigerus, 983, 1004.

Eriaceae, 1013.

Erigeron foliosus, 1027.

Eriobotura japonica, 993.

Eriodictyon trichocalyx, 981, 1015.

Eriogonum fasciculatum, 981, 989, 1027.

Eriophyllum confertiflorum, 985, 1027.

Erodium cicutarium, 981, 1002.

Erodium moschatum, 981, 1002.

Eryngium articulatum, 1012.

Escallonia montevidensis, 983, 992.

E schscholtzia californica, 984, 990.

Eucalypts, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980.

Eucalyptus calophylla, 982, 1010.

Eucalyptus citriodora, 981, 1010.

Eucalyptus cornuta, 982, 1010.

Eucalytus corynocalyx, 982, 1010.

Eucalyptus eugonioides, 981, 1010.

Eucalyptus globulus, 978, 981, 1010.

Eucalyptus gunii, 982, 1010.

Eucalyptus lehmannii, 982, 1010.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, 982, 1011.

Eucalyptus maculata, 982, 1011.

Eucalyptus melliodora phaceafolia, 982,

1011.
Eucalyptus polyanthema, 982, 1011.
Eucalyptus resinifera, 982, 1011.
Eucalyptus robusta, 978, 982, 1011.
Eucayptus rostrata, 976, 981, 1011.
Eucalyptus sidrophlora, 982, 1012.
Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea, 982, 1012.
Eucalyptus stuartiana, 982, 1012.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, 982, 1012.
Eucalyptus viminalis, 981, 1012.
Euphorbiaceae, 1004.

Euphorbia pulcherrima, 984, 1004, 1005.
European grape, 1007.
Fagaceae, 987.
False acacia, 1000.
Fennel, dog, 1025.
Fennel, sweet, 983, 1013.
Fiddle neck, 978.
Field oak, 987.
Figwort, California, 976, 979, 984, 1023.

Figwort family, 1023.

Filure or filere, 976, 977, 97S, 979, 980,

981, 1002.
Flat top, 989.
Flea weed, 1022.
Flooded gum, 1012.
Flowering currant, 993.
Foeniculum vulgare, 983, 1013.
Fog fruit, 1017.
Forest gray gum, 982.
Fragarea chiloensis, 993.
Fraxinus oregona, 983, 1014.
Fruit bloom, 978, 979.
Furze, 1002.
Garden flowers, 979.
Geraniaceae, 1002.
Geranium family, 1002.
Gilia chamisonis, 983, .1015.
Globe artichoke, 984, 1027.
Godetia bottae, 983.
Golden dew drop, 1016.
Goldenrod, common, 978, 982, 1029.
Goldenrod, western, 1025, 1029.
Golden wattle, 983.
Gold thread, 1015.
Gooseberry, canyon, 984, 992.
Gorse, 983, 1001, 1002.
Gossypium, herbaceum, 983, 1008.
Gourd family, 1024.
Gramineae, 985.
Grape, 978, 983.

Grape, California wild, 984, 1007.
Grape, European, 978, 983, 1007.
Grape fruit, 1003.
Grape, wine, 1007.
Grass, carpet, 979, 981, 1017, 1018.
Grass family, 985.
Grass, mat, 1017.
Greasewood, 978, 983, 993.
Gum, apple-scented, 902, 1012.
Gum, blue, 981, 1010.
Gum, cider, 982, 1010.
Gum, flooded, 1012.
Gum, forest gray, 982, 1012.
Gum, honey-scented, 982, 1011.
Gum, lemon-scented, 981, 1010.
Gum, manna, 981, 1012.
Gum, red, 981, 1011.
Gum, red mahogany, 982, 1011.
Gum, spotted, 982, 1011.
Gum, sugar, 982, 1010.
Gum, swamp mahogany, 982, 1011.
Gymnospermae, 985.
Hawkweed, orange, 1028.
Heath family, 1013.
Hedge nettle, 983, 1022.
Hedge nettle, white, 1022.
Helianthemum scoparium. 985, 100S.
Helianthus annuns, 982, 1027.
Helianthus tuberosus, 984, 1027.
Heliotr opium sp., 983.
Heliotropium curvassavicum, 985, 1016.
Heliotrope, common, 983, 985, 1016.
Heliotrope, cultivated, 1016.
Heliotrope, wild, 1016.
Hemizonia corymbosa, 982, 102 S.

103-4

INDEX.

Hemizonia fasciculata, 982, 1028.

Hemizonia virgata, 982, 1028.

Hemizonia, 1028.

Heron's bill, 1002.

Hesperoyucca whipplei, 981, 986.

Heteromeles arbutifolia, 981, 993.

Heterotheca grandiflora, 985, 1027.

Hieracium aurantiacum, 1028.

Hill brush, 1025.

Hill clematis, 989.

Hill vervenia, 983, 1015.

Himalayan berry, 983, 996.

Holly, California, 993.

Hollyhock, wild, 976, 981.

Holly leaved cherry, 983, 993.

Honey mesquite, 1000.

Honey plant, Rocky Mountain, 981, 991.

Honey plant, Simpson's, 984, 1023.

Honey-scented gum, 982, 1011.

Honeysuckle, cultivated, 1024.

Honeysuckle family, 1024.

Honeysuckle wild, 985, 1024.

Horehound, 976, 977, 979, 980, 981, 1017,

1018.
Hummingbird sage, 1021.
Hydrophyllaceae, 1015.
Ice plant, 976.
Indian corn, 985.

Ironbark, broad (large) leaved, 982, 1012.
Ironbark, red, 982, 1012.
Ironbark, Victoria, 982, 1012.
Ironbark, white, 982, 1011.
Islay, 983, 993.

Jackass clover, 978, 981, 992.
Japan plum, 993.
Japan privet, 1014.
Jerusalem artichoke, 984, 1027.
Juglandaceae, 987.
Juglans regia, 987.
Jussuaea calif ornlca, 983.
Kid glove orange, 1003.
Kino eucalypt, 1011.
Knotweed, common, 989.
Labiatae, 1017.
Lathyrus splendens, 984, 997.
Lauraceae, 990.
Laurel, California, 984, 990.
Laurel family, 990.
Laurel sumac, 981, 1004, 1005.
Lawn plant, 983, 1017.
Lemon, 1003.

Lemon-scented gum, 981, 1010.
Lignminosae, 996.
Ligu strum japonicum, 1014.
Lilac, tropical, 1016.
Lilac, wild, 977, 983, 1007.
Liliaceae, 986.
Lily family, 986.
Lima bean, 976, 1000.
Lime, 1003.
Lime family, 1008.
Limnanthus douglassii, 1002.
Linden family, 1008.
Linden, American, 982, 1008.
J/i/i/jki In ticeolata, 1016.
Lippia nodiffora, 981, 1017, 1018.

Lippia repens, 983, 1017.

Live oak, 983, 987.

Locust, 977, 979, 980, 1000.

Locust, black, 1000.

Lonicera, 985, 1024.

Lonicera caprifolium, 1024.

Loquat, 993.

Loranthaceae, 988.

Lotus glabra, 981, 997.

Loving sage, 985, 1019.

Love vine, 1015.

Lucerne, 998.

Lupine, 984, 998

Lupinus affinis, 984, 998.

Madder family, 1024.

Madrona, 983, 1013.

Magnoliaceae, 990.

Magnolia glauca, 990.

Maize, 985.

Malacothrix saxatilis, 985, 1028.

Mallow family, 1008.

Mallow, small flowered, 985, 1008.

Mallow, white, 985, 1008.

Malvaceae, 1008.

Malva parviflora, 985, 1008.

Malva sylvestris, 985, 1008.

Mammoth clover, 1001.

Mandarin, 983, 1003.

Manna gum, 981, 1012.

Mansanita, 976, 978, 979, 980, 981, 1014.

Maple, 984.

Maple family, 1005.

Marribium vulgare, 981, 1017.

Marsh flower, 1002.

Mat grass, 1017.

May weed, 979, 984, 1025.

Medicago denticulata, 981, 998.

Medicago lupulina, 984, 998.

Medicago sativa, 981, 998.

Medicle, black, 998.

Melilot, white, 999.

Melilot, yellow, 999.

Melilotus alba, 981, 999.

Melilotus bicolor, 984, 999.

Melilotus indica, 983, 999.

Melilotus officinalis, 981, 999.

Mentha canadensis, 985, 1019.

Mentha spicata, 981, 1019.

Mesquite, 976, 1000.

Mesquite, honey, 1000.

Mexican rose, 989.

Micromeria chamissonis, 984, 1019.

Migella hispanica, 990.

Mignonette, common, 984, 992.

Mignonette family, 992.

Milkweed, 978, 985, 1014, 1015.

Milkweed family, 985, 1014.

Mint family, 1017.

Mint tule, 985, 1018, 1019.

Mistletoe, 983, 988.

Mistletoe family, 988.

Monardella lanceolata, 985, 1019.

Monocotyledons , 985.

Morning glory family, 1015.

Morning glory, 978, 983, 1015.

Mountain queen, 986.

INDEX

1035

Mountain rose, 989.

Mountain white oak, 988.

Mullein, turkey, 976, 977, 980, 983, 1004.

Musk clover, 1002.

Muskmelon, 1024.

Mustang, 1022.

Mustard, 976, 978, 979, 983.

Mustard, black, 981, 990, 991.

Mustard, common yellow, 990, 991.

Mustard, English yellow, 981, 991.

Mustard family, 991.

Mustard, red, 991.

Mustard, trieste, 991.

Myrtaceae, 1010.

Napa thistle, 979, 982, 1026.

Nettle, white hedge, 1022.

Nigger weed, 1022.

Nonesuch, 984, 998.

N lit tali's ceanothus, 1006.

Oak, 976, 977, 979.

Oak, blue, 983, 988.

Oak family, 987.

Oak, field, 987.

Oak, live, 983, 987.

Oak, mountain white, 988.

Oak, poison, 976, 979, 981, 1004, 1005.

Oak, rock, 988.

Oak, tanbark, 984. 987.

Oak, valley, 988.

Oak, weeping, 988.

Old man, 976, 1025.

Oleaceae, 1014.

Olea europaea, 983, 1014.

Olive, 983, 1014.

Olive family, 1014.

Onagraceae, 1014.

Onion, common, 979, 986.

Onion, wild, 978, 986.

Opuntia lindhiimeri occidentales, 981,

1009.
Orange, 976, 977, 978, 981, 1003.
Orange, hawkweed, 1028.
Orange, kid glove, 1003.
Oregon ash, 983, 1014.
Our Lord's candle, 986.
Palma Christi, 1005.
Palmae, 986.
Palm, date, 986.
Palm family, 986.
Papa vera cea e, 990.
Parsley family.
Peach, 983, 995.
Pear, 981, 995.
Pear, prickly, 977, 981, 1009.
Pea vine clover, 1001.
Pea family, 996.
Pea. wild -sweet, 984, 997.
Pennyroyal, western, 978, 985, 1019.
Peppermint, 979, 981, 1019.
Pepper tree, 976, 981, 1005.
Pepper wood, 990.
Persian walnut, 987.
Phacelia, caterpillar, 976, 977, 981, 1013,

1015.
Phacelia distans, 983, 1015.
Phacelia family, 1015.

5— Bul. 217

Phacelia hespida, 981, 1015.
Phacelia ramosissina, 977, 983, 1016.
Phacelia tenacetifolia, 977, 981, 1016.
Phaseolus lunatus, 981, 1000.
Phoenix dactylifera, 986.
Phorodendron, 983, 988.
Pigeon berry, 1016.
Pinaceae, 985.
Pin clover, 1002.
Pine, 985, 988.
Pine family, 985.
Pin grass, 1002.
Pinus, 985.

Plantaginaceae, 989, 1024.
Plantago family, 1024.
Plantago major, 985, 1024.
Plantain, buck, 1024.
Plantain, common, 985, 1024.
Play ty stem on calif ornicus, 984, 991.
Plum, 983, 995.
Plum, Japan, 993.
Poinsettia, 984, 1005.
Poison oak, 976, 979, 981, 1004, 1005.
Polemoniaceae, 1015. 4
Polygonaceae, 989.
Polygonum bolanderi, 989.
Polygonum lap athi folium, 983, 989.
Polygonum punctatum, 989.
Pomelo, 1003.
Poplar, 979. 987.
Poppy, California, 984, 990.
Poppy family, &90.
Populus trichocarpa, 987.
Prickly pear, 977, 981, 1009.
Primrose family, 1014.
Primulaceae, 1014.
Privet, Japan, 1014.
Prosopis juliffora, 1000.
Prune, 983, 995.
Prunus amygdalus, 983, 994.
Prunus armeniaca, 983, 994.
Prunus cerasus, 983, 995.
Prunus domestica, 983, 995.
Primus persica, 983, 995.
Prunus simonii, 994.
Prunus triflora, 995.
Pumelo, 1003.
Pumpkin, 984, 1025.
Purple blue curls, 1022.
Purple sage. 976, 982, 1018, 1020.
Pyrus communis, 981, 994, 995.
Pyrus malus, 981, 994, 995.
Quercus agrifolia, 983, 987.
Quercus densiflora, 984, 987.
Quercus douglassii, 983, 988.
Quercus lobata, 983, 988.
Rabbit brush, white, 982, 1029.
Radish, 991.
Rag weed, 978.
Ramona. 1021.
Ranunculaceae, 989.
Raphanus sativus, 983, 991.
Raspberry, 983, 996.
JRattleweed, 983, 996.
Red box-tree, 982, 1011.
Red clover. 9S4, 1001.

1036

INDEX.

Red gum, 981, 1011.

Red ironbark, 1012.

Red mahogany gum, 982, 1011.

Red mustard, 991.

Resedaceae, 992.

Reseda lutea, 984, 992.

Reseda odorata, 984, 992.

Rhamnaceae, 1006.

Rhamnus calif ornica, 981, 1007.

Rhamnus crocea, 1007.

Rhamnus purshiana, 981, 1007.

Rhus diversiloba, 981, 1005.

Rhus laurina, 981, 1005.

Ribes, menziesii, 984, 992.

Ribes sangineum, 983, 993.

Ricinus communis, 983, 1005.

Robina pseudacacia, 983, 1000.

Roble, 988.

Rock oak, 988.

Rock rose family, 1008.

Rocky Mountain honey or bee plant

991.
Roman candle, 986.
Rosa calif ornica, 984, 996.
Rosaceae, 993.

Rose, California wild, 984, 996.
Rose family, 993.
Rose, Mexican, 989.
Rose, mountain, 989.
Rubiaceae, 1002, 1024.
Rubus strigosus, 983, 996.
Rubus villosus, 983, 996.
Rubus vitifolius, 983, 996.
Rue family, 1002.
Rutaceae, 1003.
Sage, 979.

Sage, annual, 982, 1020.
Sage, ball, 1021.
Sage, bastard, 979.
Sage, black, 976, 977, 979, 982, 1018,

1021.
Sage, blue, 1021.
Sage, brush, 976, 1025.
Sage, button, 1021.
Sage, creeping, 978, 982, 1021.
Sage, crimson, 1021.
Sage, hummingbird, 1021.
Sage, loving, 985, 1019.
Sage, purple, 976, 982, 1018, 1020.
Sage, silver, 1028.
Sage, thistle, 981, 1018, 1020.
Sage, white, 976, 977, 981, 1018,

1020.
Sage, white leaved, 1020.
Saliaceae, 987.
Salix, 981, 987.
Salvia amabilis, 985, 1019.
Salvia apinan, 981, 1019.
Salvia carduacea, 981, 1020.
Salvia columbariae, 982, 1020.
Salvia leucophylla, 982, 1020.
Salvia mellifera, 982, 1021.
Salvia sonememsis, 982, 1021.
Salvia spathaceae, 1021.
8ambucu8 glauca, 985, 1024.
Sapindaceae, 1006.

981,

1020,

1019,

Satureia montana, 985, 1021.

Savory, winter, 985, 1021.

Saxifragaceae, 992.

Saxifrage family, 992.

Schinus molle, 981, 1005.

Scirpus, 986.

Scrophularia calif ornica, 984, 1023.

Scrophulariaceae, 1023.

Scrophularia venalis, 984, 1023.

Sedge family, 986.

Senecio douglassii, 1029.

Shaddock, 1003.

Shooting star, 1004

Sidalcea malvaeflora, 981, 1008.

Silver sage, 1020.

Silver wattle, 996.

Simarubaceae, 1004.

Simpson's honey plant, 984, 1023.

Small-flowered mallow, 985, 1008.

Smartweed, 989.

Smartweed (dotted), 979, 989, 988.

Solidago calif ornica, 1029.

Solidago occidentalis, 982, 1029.

Sonchus maruanthus, 985, 1029.

Sonchus oleraceus, 985, 1029.

Sour clover; 983, 1000.

Sow-thistle, common, 977, 985, 1029.

Spanish bayonet, 986.

Spanish dagger, 986.

Spanish needle, 978, 984, 1026.

Spearmint, 1019.

Spice tree, 990.

Spikeweed, 978, 1026.

Spotted gum, 982, 1011.

Spring vetch, 984, 1001, 1002.

Spurge family, 1004.

Squash, summer crookneck, 1025.

Squash, winter crookneck, 984, 1025.

Stachys ajugoides, 985.

Stachys albens, 985, 1022.

Stachys bullata, 984, 1022.

Stink-weed, 992.

Stone clover, 999.

Straight up cactus, 977.

Strawberry, 993.

Stringy-bark, white, 981, 1010.

Sugar gum, 982, 1010.

Sumac, 977.

Sumac, Chinese, 1004.

Sumac family, 1005.

Sumac, laurel, 981, 1004, 1005.

Summer crookneck squash, 1025.

Sunflower, common, 982, 1025, 1027.

Sunflower family, 1025.

Swamp mahogany gum, 982, 1011.

Swedish clover, 1000.

Sweet fennel, 983, 1013.

Sweet pea, wild, 984, 997.

Sweet clover, 97 8.

Sweet swamp beaver tree, 990.

Sweet yellow clover, 978, 979, 981, 983,

999.
Sweet ' white clover, 976, 978, 979, 980,

981, 999.
Sycamore, 988.
Sympetalde, 1013.

INDEX

1037

Tamarecaceae, 1008.

Tamarisk, 982, 1008.

Tamarisk family, 100S.

Tamarix, 1008.

Tan bark oak, 984, 987.

Tanglefoot, 997.

Tare, 984, 1002.

Tarweed, 976, 980, 982, 1025, 1028.

Tarweed, coast, 982, 1025, 1028.

Tarweed, yellow, 982, 1025, 1028.

Thamus crocea, 983.

Thistle, 979.

Thistle, blue, 980, 981, 1012, 1013.

Thistle, Napa, 982, 1026.

Thistle, sage, 981, 1018, 1020.

Tiliaceae, 1008.

Tilia americana, 982, 1008.

Tilia, 983, 1008.

Tocolate, 977, 1026.

Tournefortia heliotrope* ides, 985, 1016.

Toyon, 993.

Tree clover, white, 997.

Tree of heaven, 981, 1004.

Trichostema lanceo1<itum, 982, 1022.

Trieste mustard, 991.

Trifolium fucatum, 983, 1000.

Trifolium hybridum, 983, 1000.

Trifolium pratense, 984, 1001.

Trifolium repens, 982, 1001.

Triticum sativum, 985.

Tropical lilac, 1016.

Tule, 986.

Tule mint, 985, 1018, 1019.

Turkey mullein, 976, 977, 980, 983, 1004.

Ulex europaeus, 983, 1002.

Umbelliferae, 1012.

Umbellularia calif ornica, 984, 990.

Valley oak, 983, 988.

Valley vervenia, 981, 1016.

Varnish tree of China, 1004.

Verbenaceae, 1016.

Verbena family, 1016.

Verbena prostrata, 983, 1017.

Verbena, wild, 983, 1017, 1018.

Veronica andersonii, 985, 1023.

Vervain, common, 1017.

Vervenia, hill, 983, 1015.

Vervenia, valley, 981, 1016.

Vetch, spring, 984, 1001, 1002.

Vicia sativa, 984, 1002.

Victoria ironbark, 982, 1012.

Vine family, 1007.

Vinegar- weed, 1028.

Virginia creeper, 984, 1007.

Virgin's bower, 984, 990.

Vitaceae, 1007.

Vitis calif ornica, 984, 1.007.

Vitis vinifera, 983, 1007.

Walnut, English, 987.

Walnut family, 987.

Walnut, Persian, 987.

Watermelon, 984, 1024.

Water-weed, California, 983, 1006.

Wattle, black, 983, 996.

Wattle, golden, 983.

Wattle, silver, 996.

Weeping oak, 988.

Western choke cherry, 984, 993.

Western goldenrod, 1025, 1029.

Western pennyroyal, 1019.

Wheat, 985.

White bay beaver tree, 990.

White clover, 980, 982, 997, 1001.

White hedge nettle, 1022.

White ironbark, 982, 1011.

White leaved sage, 1020.

White mallow, 985, 1008.

White melilot, 999.

White sage, 976, 977, 981, 1018, 1019, 1020.

White rabbit brush, 982, 1029.

White stemmed filarie, 981.

White stringy baric, 981, 1010.

White sweet clover, 976, 981, 999.

White tree clover, 984, 996.

Wigandia, 1016.

Wild alfalfa, 976, 978, 979, 981, 997, 999.

Wild blackberry, 976, 983, 996.

Wild broom, 997.

Wild buckwheat, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981,

988, 989.
Wild California grape, 984, 1007.
Wild California rose, 984, 996.
Wild cherry, 976.
Wild currant, 976, 983, 993.
Wild heliotrope, 1016.
Wild hollyhock, 976, 981, 1008.
Wild honeysuckle, 985, 1024.
Wild lilac, 977, 983, 1007.
Wild onion, 978, 986.
Wild poppy, 984.
Wild radish, 983, 991.
Wild sweet pea, 984, 997.
Wild verbena, 983, 1017, 1018.
Willow, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 987.
Willow, button, 979, 982, 1023, 1024.
Willow family, 987.
Willow weed, 989.
Wine grape, 1007.

Winter crookneck squash, 984, 1025.
Winter savory, 985, 1021.
Wislizenia refracta, 981, 992.
Wistaria, 982, 1002.
Witch hazel, 978.
Woolly white drouth weed, 1004.
Yate tree, 982, 1010.
Yellow English mustard, 991.
Yellow melilot, 999.
Yellow mustard, 990, 991.
Yellow sweet clover, 981, 983, 999.
Yellow sticker, 980.
Yellow tarweed, 982, 1025, 1028.
Yellow tops, 982, 1028.
Yerba Buena, 983, 1019.
Yerba del Pascado, 1004.
Yerba Santa, 981.
Yucca, 977, 981, 986.
Zea mays, 984, 985.

STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.

REPORTS.

1896. Report of the Viticultural Work during the seasons 1887-93

ing the Vintages of 1894-95.

1897. Resistant Vines, their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting.

cultural Report for 1896.

1902. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898-1901.

1903. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901-03.

1904. Twenty-second Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1903-04

with data regard-
Appendix to Viti-

BULLETINS.

Reprint. Endurance of Drought in Soils of

the Arid Region.
No. 128. Nature, Value, and Utilization of
Alkali Lands, and Tolerance of
Alkali. (Revised and Reprint,
1905.)

133. Tolerance of Alkali by Various
cultures.

147. Culture Work of the Sub-stations.

149. California Sugar Industry.

151. Arsenical Insecticides.

153. Spraying with Distillates.

159. Contribution to the Study of Fer-
mentation.

162. Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec. 1,
1904.)

165. Asparagus and Asparagus Rust
in California.

167. Manufacture of Dry Wines in

Hot Countries.

168. Observations on Some Vine Dis-

eases in Sonoma County.

169. Tolerance of the Sugar Beet for

Alkali.

170. Studies in Grasshopper Control.

171. Commercial Fertilizers. (June

30, 1905.)

172. Further Experience in Asparagus

Rust Control.
174. A New Wine-cooling Machine.

176. Sugar Beets in the San Joaquin

Valley.

177. A New Method of Making Dry

Red Wine.

178. Mosquito Control.

179. Commercial Fertilizers. (June,

1906.)

180. Resistant Vineyards.

181. The Selection of Seed- Wheat.

182. Analysis of Paris Green and

Lead Arsenic. Proposed In-
secticide Law.

183. The California Tussock-moth.

184. Report of the Plant Pathologist

to July 1, 1906.

185. Report of Progress in Cereal

Investigations.

186. The Oidium of the Vine.

187. Commercial Fertilizers. (January,

1907.)

No. 188.

189.

190.
191.
192.

193.

194.
195.
197.

198.
199.
200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206.

207.
208.
209.
210.

211.

212.
213.
214.
215

216.

Lining of Ditches and Reservoirs
to Prevent Seepage and Losses.

Commercial Fertilizers. (June,
1907.)

The Brown Rot of the Lemon.

California Peach Blight.

Insects Injurious to the Vine in
California.

The Best Wine Grapes for Cali-
fornia ; Pruning Young Vines ;
Pruning the Sultanina.

Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec,
1907.)

The California Grape Root-
Worm.

Grape Culture in California ;
Improved Methods of Wine-
making ; Yeast from California
Grapes.

The Grape Leaf-Hopper.

Bovine Tuberculosis.

Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in
California.

Commercial Fertilizers. (June,
1908.)

Commercial Fertilizers. (Decem-
ber, 1908.)

Report of the Plant Pathologist
to July 1, 1909.

The Dairy Cow's Record and the
Stable.

Commercial Fertilizers. (Decem-
ber, 1909.)

Commercial Fertilizers. ( June,
1910.)

The Control of the Argentine Ant.

The Late Blight of Celery.

The Cream Supply.

Imperial Valley Settlers' Crop
Manual.

How to Increase the Yield of
Wheat in California.

California White Wheats.

The Principles of Wine-making.

The Citrus Fruit Insects.
The House Fly and Its Relation
to Public Health.

A Progress Report Upon Soil and
Climatic Factors Influencing
the Composition of Wheat.

CIRCULARS.

No. 1. Texas Fev<

5. Contagious Abortion in Cows.
7. Remedies for Insects.
9. Asparagus Rust.

11. Fumigation Practice.

12. Silk Culture.

15. Recent Problems in Agriculture.
What a University Farm is For.
19. Disinfection of Stables.

29. Preliminary Announcement Con-

cerning Instruction in Practical
Agriculture upon the University
Farm, Davis, Cal.

30. White Fly in California.

32. White Fly Eradication.

33. Packing Prunes in Cans. Cane

Sugar vs. Beet Sugar.

36. Analyses of Fertilizers for Con-
sumers.

39. Instruction in Practical Agricul-
ture at the University Farm.

46. Suggestions for Garden Work in
California Schools.

No.

Agriculture in the High Schools.
Butter Scoring Contest, 1909.
Fumigating Scheduling.
Announcement of Farmers' Short

Courses for 1910.
Some Creamery Problems and

Tests.
Farmers' Institutes and University

Extension in Agriculture.
Experiments with Plants and Soils

in Laboratory, Garden, and

Field.
Tree Growing in the Public

Schools.
Butter Scoring Contest, 1910.
University Farm School.
The School Garden in the Course

of Study.

63. How to Make an Observation

Hive.

64. Announcement for Farmers

Short Courses for 1911.

65. The California Insecticide Law.

66. Insecticides and Insect Control.

47.

48.
50.
53.

54.

55.

58.

59.

60.
61.
62.