fie HOPE VREPORIS

VOERAVI
1906—1908

EDITED BY

EDWARD B. POULTON, D.Sc, M.A.

Ho. LL.D. PRINCETON, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., F.E.S.

HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK, AND
THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, BOSTON

OXFORD
PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION

BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

1908

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THE HOPE REPORTS

VOL. VI
1906—I1908

EDIDEDE BY

BOWER DB. POULTON, D.Sc, M.A.

Hon. LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., F.E.S.

HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK, AND
THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, BOSTON

OXFORD
PREINtED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION

BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

1908 Le

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THE memoirs contained in the sixth volume of Hope
Reports were published in the course of the two years
extending from June, 1906, to June, 1908. In consequence
of Mr. R. Shelford’s labours and influence the present
volume contains a far larger proportion of papers devoted
to insect systematics than any of its five predecessors.

Memoirs 2-11 are chiefly or wholly concerned with
bionomic subjects. Mr. T. R. Bell (8), Mr. A. H. Hamm (10),
Mr. S. L. Hinde (9), Mr. W. J. Kaye (4), and Mr. S. A. Neave
(2), have each contributed one of these, Dr. F. A. Dixey
three (5-7), and the Hope Professor two (3) and (11).
Mr. W. J. Kaye kindly consented to the inclusion of his
important paper (4), dealing with questions which are
creatly studied in the Hope Department. A part of the
material figured in the plates belongs to the University
Collections, while the whole of the five plates were arranged
in Oxford, and the four uncoloured ones photographed for
half-tone reproduction by Mr. Alfred Robinson. Mr. T. R.
Bell's paper on Indian butterflies (8) was compiled from
the author's correspondence with Professor Poulton.

The twelfth memoir by Dr. F. A. Dixey and Dr. G. B.

Longstaff (12), and the succeeding three papers by Dr. C. B.

4 PREFACE

TU Sent aa iat vine ees. Seed Oe SS ke
Longstaff (13-15) contain the record of observations—

chiefly bionomic—on insects met with in various parts of
the world.

The succeeding seven memoirs, by Mr. R. Shelford
(16-22), contain important contributions to the systematics,
and, in the case of no. 22, to the natural history of the
Blattidae.

The memoir (23), by Dr. J. L. Hancock of Chicago, is
a valuable account of a large part of the Oxford material
belonging to an obscure and difficult group of Acrzdidae
(‘ grasshoppers ’)-

The succeeding three papers, by Mr. R. Shelford (24),
and Commander J. J. Walker (25 and 26), deal with Coleo-
ptera. Commander Walker’s list of beetles observed
in the Oxford district from 1819 to 1907, will be of great
value in stimulating and assisting the study of this group
of insects.

A long series of brief communications published in the
‘Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London’ was
a marked feature of the fifth volume of Hope Reports.
Although far shorter than on the last occasion, when the
volume covered a much longer period, the list of such
communications in the book now issued is of considerable
length. The subjects treated are chiefly bionomic, and it
is unnecessary to do more than refer the reader to the
descriptive titles printed under nos. 27-29 in the Contents.

A detailed account of the progress of the Hope Depart-
ment during 1906 and 1907 will be found in the Hope

Professor's Reports (30 and 31).

PREFACE 5

An important memoir by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall has
been kept back for Volume VII. In it the author advances
many serious criticisms of the principle of Diaposematic
Resemblance (Reciprocal Mimicry). His paper has only
been made public, in the ‘Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society of London’, within the last few weeks, and
it will be more convenient to issue it in the next volume,
which will no doubt contain reprints of further publications
on the same subject.

Two interesting series of notes by Commander J. J. Walker
on the Lepidoptera of the Dale Collection are also kept
back, in the hope that they may be completed and issued
as a whole in Volume VII.

EDWARD B. POULTON:

HOPE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, OXFORD,
June 26, 1908.

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CONTENTS OT VOR. VI

——__+4————

. Preface.

. Some Bionomic Notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza, by S. A.
Neave, M.A., B.Sc., F.E.S., Magdalen College, Oxford. (From
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1906,
pe 2072)

. Mimetic Forms of Papzlio dardanus (merope) and Acraea johnsioni, by
Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., Hon. LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S., &c.,
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, Fellow of
Jesus College, Oxford. (From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London’, 1906, p. 281.)

. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies from the Potaro
District of British Guiana, by W. J. Kaye, F.E.S, (From ‘ Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1906, p. 411.)

. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina corva and Jxzas
baliensis, by F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Oxford. (From ‘Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society of London’, 1906, p. 521.)

. Recent Developments in the Theory of Mimicry, by F. A. Dixey, M.A.,
M.D. (From ‘Nature’, vol. Ixxvi, 1907, p. 673.)

. Experiments on Seasonally Dimorphic Forms of African Lepidoptera,
by F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D. (From ‘Report of the British Asso-
ciation’, Leicester, 1907, p. 540.)

. Observations on Indian Butterflies, by T. R. Bell. (From ‘The Ento-
mologist’s Monthly Magazine’, 1906, p. 121.)

. On the Habits of a species of Péelus in British East Africa, by S. L.
Hinde; with notes by Professor Edward B. Poulton. (From
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1906,

Pp: 225.)

8

CONTENTS OF VOL. VI

SS See

IO.

14.

rise

16.

I.

18.

19.

20.

A Permanent Record of British Moths in their Natural Attitudes of
Rest, by A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the Hope Department. (From
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1906,

p- 483-)

_ Predaceous Insects and their Prey, by Professor Edward B. Poulton.

(From ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’,
1906, p. 323-)

. Entomological Observations and Captures during the visit of the British

Association to South Africa in 1905, by F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.,
F.E.S., and G. B. Longstaff, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (From
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1907,

Pp: 309.)

_ Notes on some Butterflies taken in Jamaica, by G. B. Longstaff, M.A.,

M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London’, 1908, p. 37-)

On some of the Butterflies of Tobago, by G. B. Longstaff, M.A., M.D.,
F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society
of London’, 1908, p. 53.)

A Fortnight’s Winter collecting in Venezuela, by G. B. Longstaff, M.A.,
M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (From ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine’, 1908, pp. 68 and 117.)

Studies of the Blattidae, I to IV, by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.
(From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1906,
pe23 he)

Studies of the Blattidae (continued), V to VII, by R. Shelford. (Ibid.,
1906, p. 487.)

Studies of the Blattidae, VIII and IX, by R. Shelford. (Ibid., 1907,
P- 455:)

On some new Species of Blattidae in the Oxford and Paris Museums,

by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. (From ‘ Annals and Magazine
of Natural History’, ser. 7, vol. xix, Jan. 1907, p. 25.)

Some new Genera and Species of Plastidae, with Notes on the Form of
the Pronotum in the Subfamily Perzsphaerzinae, by R. Shelford,
M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. (Ibid. ser. 8, vol. i, Feb. 1908, p.. 157.)

. New species of lattdae in the Collection of the Deutsche Ento-

mologische National-Museum, by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.
(From ‘ Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift ’, 1908, p. 115.)

CONTENTS OF VOL. VI 9

22. Aquatic Cockroaches, by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. (From
‘The Zoologist’, June, 1907, p. 221.)

23. Studies of the Zefrzgznae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University
Museum, by J. L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S. (Chicago). (From
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1907,

p. 213.)

24. The larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej., by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.E.S. (From ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London’, 1907, p. 83.)

25. Preliminary list of Coleoptera Observed in the Neighbourhood of
Oxford from 1819 to 1907, by James J. Walker, Hon. M.A., R.N.,
F.L.S., Secretary of the Entomological Society of London. (From
the ‘Ashmolean Natural History Society’s Report for 1906’, p. 49.)

26. First Supplement to the above, by James J. Walker. (From the
‘Ashmolean Natural History Society’s Report for 1907’, p. 49.)

27. Extracts from the ‘Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
London’, May-June, 1906, containing the following communica-
tions :—

a. April 4, 1906.—Exhibition of Majorcan butterflies injured probably
by lizards, by A. H. Jones.

6. May 2, 1906.—1. Mimicry between two African Pierine genera
much closer in the dry season than in the wet, by Dr. F. A.
Dixey.
2. A criticism of the late Professor Packard’s paper on the markings
of Organisms, by H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S.

c. June 6, 1906.—1. On 153 Pierine butterflies, captured in a single
sweep of the net by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, near the Rippon Falls,

Jinja, Victoria Nyanza, on Feb. 2, 1906, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
2. Notes on Natal butterflies, by the late Mr. Geo, H. Burn, of

' Weenen, Natal, communicated by Professor Edward B.
Poulton.

3. Notes on Luralia wahlberg? and £. mima, by Mr. G. F. Leigh,
F.E.S., of Durban, communicated, with exhibition of specimens,
by Professor Edward B. Poulton.

4. The proof by breeding that Preczs /wkuoa is the wet season form
of P. ceryne, by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, F.E.S., F.Z.S., with
exhibition of the specimens, by Professor Edward B. Poulton.

EO CONTENTS OF VOL. VI

5. On Precis sesamus (8 dry phase, 1 intermediate and 1 wet),
captured Sept. 1905, on the slopes of Kilmanjaro, by Rev. K.
St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., with exhibition of the specimens, by
Professor Edward B. Poulton.

6. On 325 butterflies captured on Feb. 23, 1904, by Mr. C. B.
Roberts, near the Potaro River, British Guiana, by Professor
Edward B. Poulton.

7. On the association of two British insect mimics with their
respective models in the living state, by W. Holland.

8. Note on a feeding experiment on the spider JVephzla maculata
by R; Shelford, (M-A., F.L.S; ES:

28. Extracts from the ‘Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
London’, Oct.—Dec., 1906, containing the following com-
munications :—

a. Oct. 3, 1906.—1. Exhibition of specimens taken near Oxford, &c.,
Commander J. J. Walker.

2. Diaposematic Resemblance between (Vychtfona medusa and other
Pierine butterflies, and between it and Pseudopontia paradoxa,
‘by Dr. B.A. Dixey.

6. Oct. 17, 1906.—1. Exhibition of the dead-leaf-like South American
moth Draconia rusina, Druce, by W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

2. Diaposematic resemblance between Zxzas daliensis and Huphina
corva in the island of Bali, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

3. Remarkable and interesting butterflies from N.E. Rhodesia, with
examples of mimicry and of seasonal phases, by S. A. Neave,
VAS D.Sc

4. Discussion on the above exhibit, by G, A. K. Marshall, Professor
E. B. Poulton, and Dr. F. A. Dixey.

c. Nov. 4, 1906.—1. On a remarkable specimen of Panorpa germanica,
taken by Mr. E. A. Cockayne, F.E.S., at Tongue, Sutherland-
shire, by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E:S.

2. Illustrations of the phenomena of melanism in Pverdnae, by
Dik, A Dixey.

d. Nov. 21, 1906.—1. Mimetic resemblance between the wet phase

under side of Zeracolus regina and forms of Belenots, by
Dr-b. AW Dixey;

GONTENES OF (VOLS VE II

2. Further notes on the choice of a resting site by Pzerzs rapae, by
A. H. Hamm.
e. Dec. 5, 1906.—Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s experiments with temperature
and humidity upon the larval and pupal stages of Zeracolus
omphale, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

29. Extracts from the ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London ’,
Mar.—Dec., 1907, containing the following communications :—

a. Mar. 6, 1907.—1. Male Brands attacked by Pests, by Professor
Poulton.

2. Remarkable larva of Speramzopsis, by Professor Poulton.
3. Effect of Artificial Conditions on Seasonally Dimorphic Species,
by Dr. F. A. Dixey:
4. Mar. 20, 1907.—Parallelism between the genera P&hrissura and
Mylothris, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
c. Apr. 10, 1907.—Similarity between Dry-season Forms of Allied
Pierine Species, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
d. May 1, 1907.—1. Divergent Mimicry by the Females of Leuceronzia
argia, Fabr., by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
2. A case of Homoeotic Variation in a Cockroach, by R. Shelford.
e. June 5, 1907.—1. The Significance of some Secondary Sexual
Characters in Butterflies, by Professor Poulton.

2, Abstract of Entomological Observations and Captures during the
Visit of the British Association to South Africa in 1905, by
Dr. F. A. Dixey and Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

J. Oct. 2, 1907.—1. Sr/arts murals at Oxford, by Commander J. J.
Walker.
2. Transition between ALylofhris chlorts, Fabr., and AL. agathina,
Cram., by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

. Nov. 6, 1907.—New Species of Pinacopteryx, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Oe

h. Nov. 20, 1907.—1. Mimetic Parallelism in Five Genera of African
Pierines, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
2. Association of Allied Forms of South American Butterflies, by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

3. Abstract of Mimicry in North American Butterflies of the genus
Limenitis (Basilarchia), by Professor Poulton.

12 CONTENTS OF VOLT Va.

z. Dec. 4, 1907.—1. Reciprocal Convergence in Lzmenztis, by Professor
Poulton.

2. New Species of Belenots, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
3. Insect and other Foods of Blackgame, by Dr. F. Menteith Ogilvie.
9-24. Rest Attitude of Zyria auroraria, by J. C. Moulton.

30. Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology for 1906. (From the ‘ Oxford
University Gazette ’.)

31. Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology for 1907. (From the ‘ Oxford
University Gazette ’.)

a

( 207 )

XII. Some bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria
Nyanza. By S. A. Nave, M.A., B.Sc, F.ES.,
Magdalen College, Oxford.

[Read June 6th, 1906.]

Puatres 1X—XII.,

THE following notes on the bionomics of African butterflies
mainly refer to the large collection recently sent to the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum, by Mr. C.
A. Wiggins, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., ete. etc. This magnificent
collection, with excellent data, has already been described
in Nov. Zool. vol. x1, pp. 325-363, 1904.

A further large and important collection from the same
region, made by Mr. A. H. Harrison, has also been made
use of to some extent. Where numbers are given, they
generally refer to Mr. Wiggins’ collection only.

The district whence these specimens come proves itself
to be of peculiar interest to students of geographical dis-
tribution. It is here that we have a great commingling
of Eastern and Western forms. In the list of specimens
in the paper above referred to will be found records of
such species as Hlymnias phegea, Fabr., Bicyclus iccius, Hew.,
many species of Planema, Huxanthe crossleyi, Charaxes
zingha, Cram., to mention only a few, all of which until a
few years ago were thought to be species confined to the
tropical West Coast of Africa. These are mingled among
many truly Kast African forms.

As willbe seen later, A. niavius and dominicanus, originally
described as distinct species and subsequently considered
distinct forms, are now shown to form a syngamic group.
This extension of the Western fauna to E. Central
Africa is most probably due to the extension eastward of
dense forest land, similar to that on or near the western
tropical coast. The climate on or near the equator has
apparently much less defined wet and dry seasons, resulting
in a humid atmosphere and equable temperature more
suitable to the growth of dense vegetation.

This absence of well-defined wet and dry seasons has a
marked effect on the seasonal forms in the Lepidoptera of
the country, well-marked seasonal characters being relatively
scarce. In studying the mimetic groups in such a large

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.)

208 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic

number of specimens there are to be found many points
of interest. We can hardly fail to notice that nearly every
species which exists in large numbers (and has therefore
been successful in the struggle for existence) almost in-
variably forms the model for other species, or itself exhibits
Miillerian mimicry with other abundant and distasteful
species. In some cases it is true a few models, viz.
certain species of P/anema, were only taken in very small
numbers, but when we see that their mimics (spp. of
Pseudacrxa) were also equally scarce, it is allowable to
suppose that either owing to their retiring habits or some
other such cause these species were overlooked, or that the
collection was made near the edge only of their area of
distribution.

Association of Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, and A.
albimaculata, Butler, with A. psyttalea f. damoclides, Staud.

On examining a large series of both Amauris echeria
and A. albimaculata, which, as Messrs. Rothschild and
Jordan * have recently pointed out, are clearly distinct
species, I was much struck with the difference between the
Victoria Nyanza specimens and those from Southern Africa,

The echeria specimens have long since been described by
Miss Sharpe as A. jacksoni,+ a distinct species, but are
doubtless not more than a geographical race of A. echeria,

The albimaculata specimens are extremely like, if not
identical with A. hanningtoni of Butler,t which is also
only a form of albimaculata. I shall endeavour to show
that both these forms differ from typical South African
ones in a common direction, and that these differences are
due to the presence of A. psyttalea, bringing all three
species into a clearly marked synaposematic group.

The Uganda specimens of both species, more especi-
ally the 99, bear a marked general resemblance to
A. psyttalea damoclides, Staud. The chief character by
which this resemblance is obtained seems to be the
markedly greater average size and roundness of the spot
within the discoidal cell of the fore wing. I have there-
fore measured both the length and breadth of this spot
in a number of specimens from South Africa, East Africa,
and Uganda.

The results are appended in the following table :—

* Nov. Zool. x, p. 504. { P.Z.8. 1891, p: 633;
{ P Z.S8. 1888, p. 91.

209

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza.

“Ul ZeGie ““ulUreage “. 8 ~ ° “ ~~ Dynjnopungw "p * “UL POL" CIUL LYGE 8G
‘pzunh»y wr1sopr4 oy) fo‘ N puny
‘op ‘wophurwuny
RUUOCy [a WIL O98 S So OG = OPN MODUNO TO Ye MUG GST ee UL OPO. a8
“pzUnhAT 01109004 94) fo ‘aN pun 7
‘TopNg ‘uophurwuny
0} oyerpatzoyut *f
Tuco Wurcgee ° G ~ " = “‘ipmopunq~M yp ° “WU Op] >= WU gig @ .
‘hon Yi 8 fo 'E) mY TT
‘MU ZOL ° ‘WMElS ° BE ° ‘Jang ‘opmopunqw-p ° “WUE, IT ° ‘MM 9Zs ° ZL
‘(ododwurT 94) Jo's) vnrufF ‘g
"UIpRatE “4330987 "yy peerg ‘yy 3u9T
*OSRIOAB *poinsvol ‘OBVAIAB “polnsvoul
gods avpn{paooosiq. suauttoeds Jo ‘ON, yods re[n{jao00siq, suamtoeds Jo ‘ON

‘rapng “uoghbuuupy

‘adaeys
“wosyonl mivayoa "WF

‘adieqg
“wosyonl D14ayoo "Fr

‘adavys
“Suosyonl pisayoo “Fr

" "TToIg ‘prwwayoa "PF

210 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic

It is therefore fairly safe to say, even considering the
comparatively small number of specimens measured, that
there has been a marked increase in the size of this spot
as we advance northward along the East Coast, and thence
turn westward to the apparent limit of the area of dis-
tribution of the species. In addition to this increase in
area of the spot, which is common to both species, it is
fairly evident from the above table that there is an increase
of a peculiar kind, the spot becoming distinctly more
circular in shape as we proceed westward. As will be
seen from the table, the ratio of breadth to length is
appreciably greater in both species west of the Lake than
east of it. In A. albimaculata this progressive increase
occurs as we come up from the south, as well as from
east to west.

Other points of superficial resemblance which both
species share, are greater expanse of wings and much
better development of submarginal spotting on the hind
wing. As might be expected, the resemblance in the 2 ?
is markedly closer than in the f ¢. The @ specimen of
albimaculata from Toro, figured, shows this resemblance in
an astonishing manner, and has the additional character-
istic of the pale buff area at the base of the hind wing
being somewhat diffused. This resemblance becomes all
the more significant when we remember that A. psyttalea
does not occur in South Africa, while it is a very dominant
species in Uganda, and also occurs, but not so commonly,
in British East Africa. I have not had an opportunity of
comparing numbers of specimens of A. psyttalea from the
east and west shores of the Lake, but it is undoubtedly
very common, and occurs in the Wiggins collection from
every locality except the more open plains.

This clear influence that the presence of one species has
had upon two other closely allied ones (all being highly
distasteful), seems to be one of the most striking examples
of Miillerian mimicry that it is possible to imagine.

The specimens of A. psyttalea are themselves remarkably
interesting, the species being apparently in rather an
unstable condition. The majority of the specimens,
especially from the more eastern localities, are of the form
damoclides, Staud., but a number from the north-west of
the Lake are typical A. psyttalea, Plotz, from the tropical
Atlantic Coast. These specimens, which are accompanied
by many intermediates, are distinguished from A. psyttalea

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 211

damoclides by a reduced pale area at the base of, and the
absence of submarginal spots on the hind wing, giving
them a marked general resemblance to western forms
such as A. damocles, Beauy. (non Fabr.), and hecate, Butler.
A. hecate does itself occur sparingly on the shores of the
Lake ; as also another species allied to it, viz, the recently-
described A. disa, mihi (2).* In this species all the white
markings and (especially the pale area at the base of the
hind wings) are even more reduced than in hecate.

The above is a striking case of a species acting as a
model, at one and the same time as certain individuals of
it are being attracted into another group. This compli-
cated condition of mimetic association in which a species
is both model and mimic at the same time is well known
to be paralleled in the Neotropical region, where we find
similar but still more complicated instances among the
Danaine, Heliconine and Ithomiine.

The specimens of Amauris niavius, Linn., are also deeply
interesting. Whilst the specimens taken west and north-
west of the Lake (with one exception from Entebbe which
is intermediate in character) are all A. niavius niavius,
the typical western forms, those from the north-eastern
shores numbering about thirty specimens are nearly fifty
per cent. of them intermediate to A. niavius dominicanus,
which occurs at Mombasa.

The two chief points of distinction in the latter form
are the greater extent of all the white areas and spots on
both wings. The spot within the cell and subapical bar
of the fore wing, together with the white basal area of the
hind wing, are especially larger. In A. wiavius niavius
the discocellular spot is evanescent, and the white basal
area of the hind wing seldom even reaches the extremity
of the cell.

The specimens above mentioned occurring from the
east of the Lake are remarkably intermediate in respect
of these characters. The discocellular spot is well marked
but not so large as in dominicanus. The subapical white
bar is broader than in niavius, but not so broad as in
dominicanus. The basal white area of the hind wing
extends well beyond the extremity of the cell, but not
nearly so far as it does in dominicanus,

The two instances above of two geographical forms of a
species meeting and appearing in an intermediate form on

* Loc. cit. p. 324.

212 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomie

the confluent edges of their distribution is of remarkable
interest.* It should help to impress upon systematists
the importance of carefully considering the question of
geographical races of species before making new species
on slight differences. °

Mimetic Groups wiItH DANAINE MODELS.

The black and white Amauris niavius, Linn., forms the
model for an important group of butterflies of many families.
It is evidently very abundant on the shores of the Lake.
There are 118 specimens in the Wiggins Collection.

The group comprises :—

Luralia anthedon, Doub. et Hew. (14).

Aypolimnas monteironis, Druce (4 f g, 3 2 2), of which
the 2 only is mimetic.

Papilio dardanus &, f. hippocoon, Fabr. (8), mostly from
the eastern side of the Lake. The f¢ ¢ of dardanus (46)
were common nearly everywhere.

Hlymnias bammakoo, Westw. (7), all from the Western
districts.

In all these forms the resemblance to the model is
remarkably good, the distribution of white markings on a
black or dusty ground faithfully follows those of the model
and differs in much the same way from the South and Kast
African mimics (HZ. wahlbergi, P. cenea, hippocoonotdes, etc.)
of A. niavius dominicanus as the two models do from
each other.

The 2 2 of Planema godmani, Butler (2), with the recently
described Pseudacrexa tirikensis, mihi (3), resembling it in
an astonishing manner, form a subsidiary black and white
group within the larger assembly having niavius as its
model. This is, perhaps, especially the case when the
insects are on the wing. At rest the Planema, and the
Psendacrea closely following its model, present the
character so common in the larger Ethiopian Acrxine
of a black-spotted chocolate-brown triangle at the base of
the hind wing on the under surface. The influence of this
character on other forms and of other forms on it has

* Professor Poulton has already called attention to the case of
A. niavius in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society
1904, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. xciv.

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 213

already been considered by Professor Poulton.* He points
out the great influence which the Papilios of the zenobca
group have had in respect of this character.

It is interesting to note that this group of Papilios is
well represented in the collection, comprising the following
species :—

P. homeyeri, Plotz. — . 39 specimens.
P. cynorta, Fabr. 8 cs
P, peculiart is, Neave . ; 1 5
P. zenobia, Fabr. : : 49 &
P. gallienus, f. whitnalli, Neave 6 -

As Professor Poulton has pointed out, Joc. cit, p. 489, in
P. gallienus and its allies, the basal patch is very large and
is traversed by black lines instead of spots, a character not
occurring in Planema. In the other species the area is
smaller and the lines replaced by spots. This condition
reaches its extreme in P. peculiaris, mihi 2, which, as will
shortly be shown, is an extraordinarily close mimic of
Planema paragea, Grose-Smith. P. homeyervis also remark-
able for the fact that the colour of this patch is more
chocolate-brown in colour instead of golden-brown as in
other species. In this respect it approaches P. godmani
and P. tirikensis mentioned above.

Neptis agatha, Stoll (47), and its allies may also be not
improbably members of this group. This species exhibits
in common with other species of the Ethiopian region a
concentration of the white markings on both wings, as
Professor Poulton has already pointed out,t in contrast to
the broken character of these markings in Oriental species.
The flight of these species is also singularly slow and
floating when undisturbed and much like that species of
Planema and black and white Amauwris.

The variable A. psyttalea, Plotz (81), from many localities
was accompanied by its equally variable mimic Hypolimnas
dubius, Pal. (9), in the more western localities.

AMAURIS ECHERIA GROUP.

Owing to their extremely close resemblance, A. echeria
jackson, Sharpe, and A. albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler,

* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 488.
+ Loc. cit. p. 467.

214 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomie

may be conveniently taken as the same model. They
both seem common in nearly every locality except the
more exposed and open plains. There were 176 specimens
from various localities in the two collections, but Mr.
Wiggins speaks of them as his “ pet aversion,” explaining
that “they were enormously abundant. The best mimics
of these species in the collection are :—

Huralia mima, Trim. (16), mostly from the west shore of
the Lake.

Papilio homeyert, Plotz, 36 £f and 3 2, of which the
latter only are mimetic.

Papilio dardanus °, f. cenea, Stoll.

This form of the ? did not occur in the Wiggins
collection, but there are three specimens in the Harrison
coll. from Nyangori, near the north-east shore of the
Lake.

As Professor Poulton has pointed out, loc. cit. p. 485,
there isa very remarkable secondary resemblance between
these mimics. The 2? of P. homeyeri, which does not occur
in the group mentioned by him, further bears this out,
having an actually closer resemblance to Huralia mima
than to Amawris echeria itself. There are also in the collec-
tion some other less good mimics of A. echeria lying on
the outskirts of the group, comprising :—Hypolimnas
dinarcha, Hew., the forms of Pseudacrea lucretia, and a
number of the smaller Acrvas such as A. servona, Godm.,
A. circeis, Dewitz, A.oreas, Sharpe, and its form albimaculata,
and especially A. johnston, f. flaveseens. Neptis woodwardi,
Sharpe, also comes into the same group.

For a full account of the convergence between many
species of Acrwa, including most of the above-mentioned,
and species of Amauris, see Professor Poulton’s paper, read
before Section D of the British Association at Toronto,
Sore

LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS GROUP.

Tee chrysippus, L, (342) and Hypolimnas misippus,
L. (160), were abundant. in every locality. They were
somewhat less numerous in forest districts.

Acrva encedon, L. (442), was also very common every-
where.

* Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1897, pp. 688-91.

L. chrysippus chrysippus 136. H.misippus @ mistppus .55. A. encedon, f. encedon 164

”

”

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 215

Table of forms of above species.

* aletppoides 16.)

A Gleippus is.$ ” A 2 alcippotdes 7. ,, a alcippina
7 ee lycia .

5 dorippus 163. ,, es Ornanta = 5 36. ;, eS daira.

re albinus Ss 55 3 2 dortppoides 6.

It is evident from the above numbers that Mr. Wiggins
did not think it worth while to send many f f of misippus.
Consequently the true proportion of the occurrence of this
species is not obtainable. Two specimens of a new Acrea,
both 22 (A. wigginsii, mihi), exhibit a remarkable syna-
posematic resemblance to A. encedon and indirectly to ZL.
chrysippus. The species is allied to and intermediate in
many respects between A. bomba, Grose-Smith, and A.
anacreontica, Grose-Smith. It differs from both these
species 1n possessing a subapical white bar. This being
probably a mimetic and not an ancestral character it 1s
possible that the ff, not yet known, may not have it.

TIRUMALA PETIVERANA GROUP.

The black and green Tirwmala limniace petiverana, Dbl.
and Hew. (67), an abundant species, was taken in five
different localities.

Of its mimic Papilio leonidas, Fabr., eight specimens
were collected. Also two specimens of Huxanthe crossleyr
ansorget, R. and J., which is probably an outlying member
of the group.

Melinda formosa, Godm., and I. mercedonia, Karsch,
with the mimetic Papilio rex, Oberth. (hitherto considered
the mimic of the Danaine), occur in both collections and
are of considerable interest. Their distribution is as
follows—

N.E. SHORE. N.W. SHORE.
M. formosa . | 60 specimens, |. —
M. mercedonia . 5 x . 86 specimens.

Nyangori, a few miles north-east of the Lake shore, is
apparently the eastern boundary of MW. mercedonia, and
from this locality come all the five specimens recorded
above. West and north-west of the Lake mercedonia is

216 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic

common, and formosa does not seem to occur. There is,
strange to say, not a single 2 amongst all the specimens
of mercedonia and only four of formosa.

The specimens of Papilio rex, eight $f and two ¢ ,
in the Wiggins and Harrison collections all come from
Nyangori, and are very remarkable. Only two ¢f are
fairly typical vex; the other specimens especially the 9 ?
are markedly intermediate between P. rex and f
mimeticus, Rothsch. The latter species, 1t will be remem-
bered, bears a strong resemblance to J/. mercedonia. The
intermediate characters are shown in the reduction in size
of the spots, and in the extension of red-brown colour over
the hind wings.

This fact becomes of great importance when we recollect,
that normal specimens of P. rex occur on the Kikuyu
escarpment to the east, while the only specimen of
mimeticus at present known comes from Msaromsaro north-
west of the Lake. It is therefore of very great interest
that, at the place where both species of Danaines do occur
the Papilio should be intermediate in appearance between
them; further, that where mercedonia exists apparently
alone to the west of the Lake the mimeticus form should
only be found; to the east, where formosa only occurs,
rex should be the only form. All three species were
captured at the same time of the year.

Miillerian Association of Danaines and Papitlios.

In studying the last two groups one cannot fail to be
struck with the fact that the mimicry has not all been on
the side of the Papilios.

In the first place the widely distributed Tirwmala
petiverana, Dbl. and Hew., may safely be regarded as the
ancestral form of the three Danaine members of the
group. It extends nearly all over tropical Africa in the
more wooded districts, and can only be considered a
geographical race of 7. limniace, so common in the
Oriental region. Ethiopian specimens are of interest in
exhibiting amongst other differences a distinct shade of
reddish-brown on the under-side toward the base of the
fore wing. Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., and M. formosa,
Godm., on the other hand, are specialized forms with a
comparatively small and local distribution. In addition to
their striking red and reddish-brown colour, they differ

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 217

from 7’. petiverana in the greater length of the fore wings
and in the possession of pale sulphur-yellow areas at the base
of the hind wings only interrupted by dark crossing nervures.
M. formosa neumanni, Rothsch., from Abyssinia is of great
interest, and differs in several significant particulars from
typical formosa.

These differential characters are—

(a) Slightly shorter fore wings.

(8) The presence of a V-shaped mark of pale yellow
between the median nervure and first median
nervule near their junction.

(y) The brown colour of the fore wing 1s darker and
less extensive.

This latter characteristic has already been pointed out
by Mr. Walter Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 596.

The above characters are also of great interest in that
they all of them show affinities to 7. limniace. B is
especially characteristic of that species.

Having therefore inquired somewhat into the ancestry
of M. mercedonia and formosa it will be seen that their
elongated fore wings and pale areas at the base of their
hind wings are new developments and _ non-ancestral
characters. These two points however are characteristic
features not only of Papilio rex (in which they are
specially marked) but of several other African “ Swallow-
tails,” including P. leonidas itself, the mimic of 7’
petiverana.

There can be little doubt therefore that the above-
mentioned characters of these Danaines have been obtained
from the Papilio. As regards the brown colour of both
Papilio and Danaine, on the other hand, the Danaine has
almost certainly been the model. In this matter we must
remember that red or reddish-brown is very rare in
African Papilios. It occurs in the trophonius 2 form of
P. cenea and P. ridleyanus, White, both mimetic; also toa
less extent in the golden-brown triangle at the base of the
hind wing in the zenobia group of Papilios mentioned
above. In Danaines, on the other hand, this colour is by
no means uncommon, e.g. Limnas, Salatura and the allied
genus Anosia. Further, as we have already seen, 7.
petiverana (the probable ancestor of the two Danaines in
question) exhibits a tendency to brownness as compared
with its Oriental allies. It is also a significant fact that

218 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic

this brown colour is more marked in the ? of P. rex than
in the #7. The Danaines again have most probably formed
the model for the spotting of the Papilios, which is not
quite like that of any of its allies. Considering these facts
we may cite the above group as a complete example of
diaposematic resemblance.

GRoupPS WITH ACRAINE MODELS.

The fine Planema pogget, Dewitz, occurred in fair num-
bers in both collections, about 20 specimens from several
localities. This very striking species with its brilliant
orange band on the fore wing has several interesting
mimics.

First and perhaps most important of these is the plane-
moides § form of Papilio dardanus, Brown, recently
described by Mr. Roland Trimen, F-.R.S.,* from a single
specimen collected by Mr. Hobley of Kisumu. There are
six of these 2 ? in the collections of Messrs. Wiggins and
Harrison. Amongst these is a considerable variation in
the extent and completeness of the orange band on the fore
wing. One specimen is remarkable for showing an inter-
mediate character to the 2 form of cenea dardanus, and the
orange colour, though present, is much broken up into spots,

oO
and the bacal area of the bind wing is buff coloured as in

Ko)
the cenea form instead of white as in typical planemordes.

Other interesting mimics of P. poggei in the collection
are:—Pseudacreva hobleyi Neave, (2), 1 which the resem-
blance is best in the ? but remarkably close in both
sexes. Pscudacrxa kucnowt newmanni, Thur. 2. <Acrea
aurivillu, Staud. (14), synaposematic with pogget. EHlym-
nias phegea, Fabr. (2) (also referred to by Mr. Trimen
loc. cit.).

An outlying member of this group was recognized in
the 3 29 of Precis rauana, Grose-Smith, which bear an
orange bar across the fore wing as in the ¢g (14); but
have a white discal bar instead of an orange one to the
hind wing. This gives them the same general appearance
as the above forms.

Planema tellus, Auriv. (9), from the western districts, 1s
resembled by the recently described Pseudacrxa terra,
mihi (1), also from the western side of the Lake, the
resemblance being astonishingly close.

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, pt. I, p. x1.

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 219

All the members of a small group of peculiar interest
were captured by Mr. Wiggins at Entebbe on the north-
west shore of the Lake within a few days of each other.

The dull-coloured Planema paragea, Grose-Smith, 1 f
(April 5, 1903) and 1 (April 9, 1903) is the model of
the group. It is mimicked by two species both recently
described,* viz. :—

Pseudacreva obscura, 1,12 (April 5, 1903), of which the
is the better mimic.
Papilio gallienus peculiaris,t 1 2 (April 6, 1903).

This species is remarkable for its small size and sombre
colour relieved by pale cream-coloured markings, thus
closely resembling the model.

Remarkable evidence of the coimcidence of mimetic
forms in time and space is here afforded by the fact that
three such widely-separated species, all very closely
resembling one another, should all have been captured on
the same spot and on nearly the same date.

The plentiful Acrwa sotikensis, Sharpe (87), has only
one mimic in the collection but that a remarkable one,
viz. Mimacrxa poultoni, mihi (3). The resemblance on
both surfaces is extremely close. The group of spots on
the underside at the base of the hind wing and the
characteristically marked hind margin of the Acrwva is
faithfully represented on the Lyczenid.

A very large number of small orange-red and_ black
Acreas, forming a synaposematic group occur in the
collection comprising :—

Acrea vinidia, Hew. (1287).
alicia, Sharpe (147).
wour, Grose-Smith (5).

”

”

And the more outlying A. serena, Fabr. (1451).
They are mimicked by the Lycenid Telipna carnuta,
Hew. (2).

A similar group is that in which the common Pardopsis

* loc. cit. pp. 333 and 342.

+ N.B.—Dr. Karl Jordan, of the Tring Museum, informs me that
this species may not improbably prove to be a mimetic form of
the ? of cynorta, Fabr., the ¢ ¢ (not represented in the Wiggins
coll.) being hardly distinguishable from that species.

220 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomie

punctatissima, Boisd. (150), is the model. Two species of
Lyceenidze are associated with it, viz. :—

Pentila petreia, Hew. (24).
» clarensis, Neave (10).

Norr.—Prof. Poulton informs me that he discovered two specimens
of P. amenaida, Hew., placed among the Acreas in the Hope
Collection by Professor Westwood.

Another synaposematic group among the Acrzeinz con-
sists of the larger red and black species, viz. :—

A. egina, Cram. (21).

A, perenna, Dbl. and Hew. (42).
A, zetes, Linn. (7).

A, pharsalus, Ward (8).

A. ovina f. orinata, Oberth. (6).

These species belong to no less than three different sub-
divisions of the Acrvine.

These species—especially A. egina—are resembled closely
by Papilio ridleyanus, White (4).

Pseudacrxa boisduvali, Dbl., though not in the Wiggins
or Harrison collection, was obtained by Mr. A. W. Hobley in
the same district, and also closely mimics A. egina.

Monura zingha, Cram, (1), is probably an outlying
member of this red and black group.

It is by no means improbable that the outlying gigantic
mimic, Papilio antimachus, Drury, will also ultimately be
found here.

MIMICRY IN OTHER GROUPS.

Atella phalantha (144), so common all over Africa,
occurs plentifully in the collection, together with its mimic,
Pseudargynnis hegemone, Godt. (35), from many of the
same localities. Asis so often the case, the resemblance
is closer in the § than in the ¢.

Mimicry among the Prerine.

Three very differently coloured species of Mylothris form
the models of three well-marked groups.

I. Mylothris jacksoni, K. M. Sharpe, with white fore wings
and sulphur-yellow hind wings, is only represented by a

notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 221

single specimen in the Wiggins collection, but it appears
to be common in other collections from the same area.
It is mimicked by :—

A yellow hind-winged 2 form of Belenois zochalia, f.
formosa, Butler, of which there are three specimens. Of
the ordinary form of the there are 2, and 44 f f.

Phrissura lasti, Grose-Smith (1).
Phrissura phebe, Butler, (2), in which the resemblance
is on the upper surface alone.

II. Mylothris agathina (139), a very common species, is
white with blackish marginal spots on the upperside,
while beneath, the apex of fore wings and whole of hind
wings are ochreous; furthermore the base of underside
fore wing is largely, and that of hind wing slightly, diffused
with orange-red.

These characters on both surfaces are faithfully imitated
by :-—

Belenois thysa, Hopff. (14).

Pinacopteryx rubrocostalis, Lanz. (14).

Phrissura phebe (2), mimics M. agathina on the under
surface only, thus entering Group II. as well as I.

Ill. Mylothris yulit, Butler (25), and Mylothris poppea,
Cram. (40), form a synaposematic pair, both being silvery-
white with black marginal markings and both having the
base of the fore-wing underside flushed with ochreous.

They are closely mimicked by :—

Phrissura sylvia, Faby. (17).
Pinacopteryx dixeyi, Neave (12).

The latter species is only represented in the collections
from the Toro country on the eastern slopes of the
Ruwenzori Mts., some distance west of the Lake. The other
species occur both east and west of the Lake.

The extremely abundant yellow and black Terias—

T. brigitta, Cram. (89)
T. desjardinsi, f. reqularis, Boisd. (45)
T. senegalensis (70)

are closely mimicked by the Lycenid, Zeriomima xantha,
Grose-Smith (4).

222 Bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza

Seasonal Forms.

Pressure of time, owing to my sudden departure to N.E.
Rhodesia in January 1904, prevented me from studying
the seasonal forms in this collection as much as I should
have wished. They seem to be mainly of interest in the
following particular. Just as on the equator the seasons
are not nearly so well marked as in South Africa, so the
seasonal forms are not so well marked, while intermediates
are more common.

The most interesting specimens are several fine dry
season Precis calestina, Dewitz, and some remarkable
intermediate and dry specimens of P. archesia, Godt.

In conclusion, I should like to express my unbounded
gratitude to Professor Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S., of the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum, at whose sugges-
tion the work was undertaken, and who has given me the
inestimable benefit of his unique knowledge of these
subjects.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate IX.

cf psylttalea

x» a
a f. damoclides, Q
model.
3 albimaculata
Ye mie . *
ee f. hanningtont, 9
mimic.
4 3 albimaculata

from Natal.

echeria
jacksoni

mimic.

x echeria

from Natal.

Alfred Robinson, phot. Andre& Sle Ltd.

Synaposematic resemblance between species of the Danaine genus Amaurts,

near the Victoria Nyanza.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate X.

Elymnias

bammakoo, db

Papilio dardani
Q f. planemoides

Alfred Robinson, phot. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
Acreine, Nymphaline, Elymniine and Papilionine mimics of Planema poggei,
from near the Victoria Nyanza.

Fig.

Fic.

ut

Explanation of Plates. 223

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE IX.

Amauris hecate, Butler, ¢. From Toro, Western Uganda.

. Amauris psyttalea psyttalea, Plotz, g. From Toro. Ex-

hibiting a great general resemblance to Fig. 1 by reason
of the reduction of pale basal area and submarginal spots
on the hind wing as compared with Fig. 3.

Amauris psyttalea damoclides, Staud., ¢.

9 ?
From the NE shore of the Lake.

. Amauris albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler, ¢.

” ” ” ” °

From Toro. Exhibiting a great resemblance to the fore-
going by reason of the large spot in the discoidal cell
of the fore wing, and in the marked submarginal spotting
of the hind wing.

Amauris albimaculata albimaculata, Butler, ¢.

” ” 3 ” 29&) See Se s
From Malvern, near Durban, S.A. Exhibiting a strong
contrast to the preceding Uganda specimens.
Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, ¢.

” ” ” ” :

From Entebbe on the W. shore of the Lake. Remarkable
for large size and well-marked spot in the discoidal cell
as compared with the next species.

Amauris echeria echeria, Stoll, ¢.

” ” ” ” Y 3
d@ from Malvern near Durban, S.A. 2? from Durban.

GATE ke,

Planema poggei, Dewitz, ¢. From N.E. of the Lake.
Remarkable for its brilliant orange discal bar on the
fore wing, and white bar on the hind wing.

Acrea aurivillii, Staud., ¢. Synaposematic with the
above. From N.W. shore of the Lake.

Pseudacrea kuenowi neumanni, Thur, ¢. From N.W.

shore of the Lake. Bears a marvellous resemblance on
both surfaces to Fig. 1,

Pseudacrxa hobleyi, Neave, ¢. From Entebbe, N.W.
shore of the Lake.

Precis rawana, Grose-Smith, ¢.

” b) g e
3S “from N.E., @ from N.W. shore of the Lake. The 2
only is mimetic.

Elymnias bammakoo, Westw., ¢. From N.W. shore of
the Lake.

Papilio dardanus 2 £. planemoides, Trim, This magnificent
form, with its orange discal bar to the fore wing and
white basal area to the hind wing, bears a very close
resemblance to the model.

224

loses, 1h

2a.

Fie. 3.

Explanation of Plates.

PLATE AT

Melinda formosa, Godm., ¢.
” ” oe) 9.
¢ from Kikuyu escarpment. @ from N.E. shore of the
Lake.
Papilio rex, Oberth., ¢.
” ” ” 2.

From the Kikuyu escarpment.

PLATE XII.

Papilio rex, f. intermediate to ¢ mimeticus, Rothsch.
” ” ” ” ” 2 ” ”
From N.E. shore of the Lake. From this locality both the
Danaines, M. formosa and M. mercedonia, occur.
Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., ¢.
From the N.W. shore of the Lake.
Papilio mimeticus, Rothsch., ?.
From the N.W. shore of the Lake.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. t906. Plate XI.

7 a
Melinda formosa &

Papilio rex. 3

a aaa ro) fe
Fapilio vex, ¥ Melinda formosa

+O

Horace Knight, del André & Sleigh, Lt«

Synaposematic resemblance between Danaina and Papilioninge from the

East of the Victoria Nyanza.

EE =

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XII.

P. vex., f. intermediate to

eee fa)
mimeticus oA and ¥

Melinda mercedonia 3

Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh, Ltd

Synaposematic resemblance between Danainz and Papilioninae from the

Northern shore of the Victoria Nyanza.

( 281 )

XV. Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and
Acrexa johnston. By Epwarp Bb. Poutrton, D. Se.,
M.A., Oxon., Hon. LL.D., Princeton, F.R.S., Hope
Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.

{Read June 6, 1906. ]
PLatTEes XVII-XXII.

A. MIMETIC FORMS OF Papilio Dardanus, BRowN.

I. Synepigomie Group bred i 1904 by G. F. Leigh,
FES. from a trophonius § form of P. dardanus sub-
species cenea, near Durban.

This piece of work is an interesting and important
addition to the breeding experiments upon P. dardanus
undertaken by Mr. Leigh in 1902 and 1903. (Trans. Ent.
Soc., Lond. 1904, p. 677.) As a result of this latest
inquiry the trophonius 2 form has for the first time been
bred from a parent of the same form.

On May 4, 1904, Mr. G. F. Leigh observed a f7o-
phonius female laying eggs on the food-plant, at Bellair,
five miles from Durban, Natal. He collected the eggs
but the parent butterfly escaped. From these eggs Mr.
Leigh succeeded in breeding six males and seven females.
Of these all the males and five of the females are repre-
sented about two-fifths of the natural size on Plate X VII,
Figs. 1-11. The dates of emergence are given in the
explanation of Plate XVII (pp. 312, 318), so it is not
necessary to repeat them here. The two unfigured females
were in both cases cenew forms:—one greatly deformed
and shrivelled (pupated June 30, 1904, emerged July 30:
the ninth to emerge); one not included in Mr. Leigh’s
consignment (it was the twelfth to emerge).

(a) The males.

The six males of this interesting synepigonic series are
represented on Plate XVII, Figs. 1-6. If compared with
TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.)

282 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

the account (in Trans. Eni. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 684) of the
equal number of males in the family bred in 1902 by Mr.
G. F. Leigh, it will be seen that the latter possess as a
whole far darker submarginal bands on the hind-wing, A
single male (Plate XVII, Fig. 6) and that by far the
darkest of the 1904 family is about as dark as one of the
medium specimens of 1902. The other five are far less
dark than any except the dwarfed “ specimen 6.” It is not
necessary to describe and compare the condition of the
submarginal bands, inasmuch as the whole series is figured,
and this is a character which can be reproduced with great
fidelity, and can be as well compared in somewhat reduced
figures as in those which represent the natural size.

The hind-wings of these males, less heavily marked as
compared with the 1902 and 1903 groups, probably
exhibit seasonal differences, and the same explanation
is even more certain for the under-side coloration, which is
darker and more uniform in the specimens here described.

It will be noticed that the inner border of the black
margin of the fore-wing is strongly serrated in Fig. 5, less
so in Figs. 4 and 6. ‘This serration is characteristic of
both male and female in the ancestral Papilio meriones of
Madagascar, but strangely enough it does not reappear in
the most ancestral of the continental males which I have
had the opportunity of examining. I do not find it m
P. antinori (38 males), P. polytrophus (5 males), or m
P. merope from the west coast. It appears however in a
small proportion of the males from the northern end of the
Victoria Nyanza and in the southern and eastern cenea. In
the latter case it is to be found not uncommonly among
the captured specimens as well as among those that have
been bred. It is certainly remarkable that this ancestral
feature should on the continental area be chiefly found in
the most highly specialized of all the sub-species,—cenea
of the south and south-east.

(8) The females.

The trophonius offspring (Plate XVII, Fig. 7) is seen to
be a perfectly normal example of the southern type. As
regards the cenea forms, the relative development of buff
and white in the spots of the fore-wings may be shown by
comparison with the earlier family classified on p. 681 of
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904.

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea gohnstoni. 283

Plate XVII, Fig. 8, about the same as No. IIT on p. 681.

”? ” ” 9 \
10f » ” » » Nos. IV-V »

Rete LD)
The uniouredcripple; 9% 7%) 2»

”

The two cenea represented in Figs. 8 and 11, on Plate
XVII, show the influence of trophonius parentage (see
description of Figures, p. 315

In the latter pages of this memoir these 11 specimens,
both male and female, will be often referred to and
compared with other forms.

II. Papilio dardanus 2 f. trimeni, new form.

In his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society
of London in 1898 (Proc. 1897, pp. Ixxxviu, ‘xxxix) Mr.
Roland Trimen, F.R.S., described a remarkable form of the
female dardanus, sub-species tibullus, from Zanzibar, in
the Hope Department. After expressing the opinion
that the West African dionysos was the least modified as
compared with the male of all the various tail-less conti-
nental female forms known until that time,* he went on to
describe the specimen from Zanzibar as “a much closer
approximation to the masculine coloration. In this female
the tranverse trace of black in the fore-wings is even
fainter than in the dionysos form, and the colour of the
wide pale spaces and the hind- marginal spots in all the
wings is almost exactly of the pale creamy-yellowish tint
of the male P. cenea; and on the under-side, while the
pale yellowish of the fore-wings is better divided by
blackish than on the upper-side, the colouring of the
hind-wings corresponds much more nearly to that of
the male than in any other female I have seen—the
characteristic break in the submarginal brownish band
being moreover very complete and ‘wide. There can be
no doubt that in this specimen we have a marked case of
reversion to the original colouring of the female, but it is
unaccompanied by any inclination towards the recovery of
the lost tail of the hind-wings.” In the same address
(p. Ixxxvil) the distinguished African naturalist expresses
the opinion that “we may not unreasonably hope to dis-

* Speaking of dionysos, Mr. Trimen quotes his earlier paper in
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874. The reference is erroneously given
as p. 178: it should be p. 148.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 19

284 Professor I. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

cover, at some point in the wide territories between
Abyssinia and Zanzibar, females of the J/erope-group
exhibiting stages intermediate between the long-tailed
mimetic females of P. antinorii and the entirely tail-less
ones of P. cenea.”

It was reasonable not to attempt to name this primitive
variety while it remained as a single example; but now
that it has been discovered in large numbers as one of the
female forms of the sub-species polytrophus, Jordan, on the
Kikuyu Escarpment, the case is different. It is one of the
most instructive if not actually the most instructive of all
the female forms of dardanus; and I propose to call it
triment, in honour of the great naturalist who solved the
mystery, and laid a firm foundation for all future work
upon the most interesting and complex example of
mimicry as yet known throughout the world.*

The specimen referred to by Mr. Trimen is here repre-
sented ona slightly reduced scale on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. In
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, one of the smaller ¢vimenz forms from
the Kikuyu Escarpment is represented of about the
natural size. Of these there are four in the Hope Depart-
ment. Judging from these four specimens the ground
colour is sometimes yellow, exactly like that of the male
(1), sometimes of a rather paler shade (2), and sometimes a
little darker (1).

(a) Occasional occurrence of rudimentary “tails” to the
hind-wing of trimeni and hippocoon.

The triment form frequently possesses ancestral
characters additional to those described in the Presiden-
tial Address. The most interesting of these supplies the
confirmation of Mr. Trimen’s prediction that stages would
be found “intermediate between the long-tailed mimetic
females of P. antinorw and the entirely tail-less ones of P.
cenea.” ‘The specimen represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1,
is seen to have a small but distinct rudimentary “ tail,”
containing an extension of the third median nervule.
This nervule also enters the tail in the male, showing that
the rudimentary tail of the female is entirely homologous
with that of the other sex. The other three specimens of
polytrophus 2 f. trument do not exhibit this feature, but it is

* It is perhaps unnecessary to say that I allude to the great mono-
graph in Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi, 1870, Pt. ILI, 1869, p. 497.

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrwa johnston, 285

possessed by an interesting example, to be described below
(see p. 290), showing the origin of tvophonius from triment.
It is also possessed by two examples of the sub-species
merope ° £. hippocoon in the National Collection. These
specimens, both from the west coast, are represented in

Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3.

(B) Prominence of submarginal pale spots in hind-wing
of trimeni, cic.

Another primitive feature usually characteristic of
triment is the large size and prominence of the sub-
marginal pale spots in the black border of the hind-wing.
These spots are of course persistent traces of the yellow
ground colour of the male and unmodified female enclosed
between the two black bands parallel with the hind-margin
of the hind-wing. The band of ground colour is widest and
most prominent between the root of the “tail” and the
“inner gap,” as will be seen by a glance at Figs. 1-6 on
Plate XVII. Furthermore this especially prominent patch
is widest immediately on the inner side of the root of the
“tail,” because it is here continuous with the ground
colour in the “inner gap” (Plate X VII, Figs. 1-5) or enters
the bay by which the closed gap is indicated (Fig. 6). It
is precisely in this region, between the second and third
median nervules, that the pair of submarginal spots even
in the most specialized female forms often tend to be
largest and most conspicuous. This is well seen in the
cenea forms represented on Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 11;
and in the Aippocoon shown on Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3.
In the more primitive ¢t7iment we expect to find and we
do find these tendencies more marked and accompanied
by a far higher degree of development of the whole series
of paired submarginal spots on the hind-wing. The special
size of the pair marking the position of the inner gap is well
seen in the tibullus triment represented on Plate XIX, Fig. 1,
and even better in the polytrophus trimeni of Plate XVII,
Fig. 1. In this latter the two enlarged spots have fused into
a single and prominent patch. The development of the
series of submarginal spots in ¢vimenz is however far better
seen in three specimens of this form of the sub-species
polytrophus in the Hope Department,—specimens which in
other respects were less instructive than that represented
on Plate XVIII, Fig 1.

We can at once understand by the study of the examples

286 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

of trimeni figured on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, and XIX, Fig. 1,
and by comparison with the hippocoon forms on the same
plates (XVIII 2, XTX 2-3), why it is that the submarginal
yellow ground colour should be represented in the mimetic
females by a pair of pale spots between each pair of nervules.
It is evidently because the marginal development of black
was brought about not only by a growth in width of the
two marginal black bands of the male (Plate XVII,
Figs. 1-6), but was also aided to an important extent
by the appearance of black inter-nervular streaks. These
naturally cut the ground colour still persisting between
each pair of nervules into two halves.

(y) Traces of costal and inner gaps in black margin of
hind-wing of trimeni, etc.

Apart from the indication of the “inner gap” afforded
by the special development of the corresponding pair of
pale submarginal spots, other distinct traces of both gaps
are among the primitive features of tviment. They are
especially strongly developed in the specimen shown in
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1. The “costal gap” is remarkably
clear in the figure, while the site of the “inner gap” is
rendered visible by two faint yellow streaks passing
outwards into the broad black margin. They are better
seen in the right hind-wing of Fig. 1. The trvmeni re-
presented on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, is a 2 form of the east
coast sub-species ¢abul/us in which the black band of the
male is more developed than elsewhere, while the gaps are
reduced to a minimum (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 683).
Nevertheless the “costal gap” can be clearly recognized.
It is seen in Fig. 1 that the mner border of the black
margin is not curved parallel with its outer border forming
the edge of the wing but is made up of two straight lines
meeting in an obtuse angle. This angle is the point where
the central yellow invades the black margin most deeply
and represents the costal gap of the male. This identi-
fication will be at once admitted when Fig. 1 on Plate
XVIII is compared with Fig. 1 on XIX. The squarish
shape thus originating persists in many examples of the
more specialized female forms. It may be distinctly seen
on the two hippocoon (Figs. 7,8) and three of the cenea
(Figs. 5, 6, 10) forms represented on Plate XXXI of
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904; and in the present memoir in
trophonvus represented on Fig. 7 of Plate XVII, and the

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrxa johnstont, 287

cenea on Fig. 11 of the same Plate. It is remarkably
distinct in the polytrophus f. hippocoon shown on Plate
XVIII, Fig. 2, although barely recognizable in the same
forms from the west coast seen in Figs. 2 and 3 of Plate XIX.

III. Papilio dardanus, sub-species merope § f. dionysos,
Doubl.

Before proceeding to consider the origin of the mimetic
female forms of dardanus it is necessary to say a few words
of this remarkable and primitive variety which is not
uncommon on the west coast. It is very probable that it
also occurs among the wonderful series of polytrophus
females from the Kikuyu Escarpment, but I have not
yet met with an example.

In dionysos the hind-wings are those of the merope $ f.
trophonius except that they are of a distinctly paler tint
and thus nearer to ¢riment. The costal gap is also very
strongly marked. The fore-wings possess the black and
white coloration of hippocoon, but with a primitive diminu-
tion of the black markings which is very like ¢viment. In
fact in one specimen (Cameroons: Cutter: 1869) in the
Hope Department the oblique bar dividing the two chief
white markings of the fore-wing is even less developed
than in any of the five specimens of ¢riment in the
same collection. It is probable that dionysos was an
early variant from ¢rimeni, presenting a mixture of the
characters which in other proportions were to be selected
into ¢trophonius on the one hand and Aippocoon on the other.

IV. The sub-species of Papilio dardanus (= merope).

Before discussing the origin of the mimetic female forms
it is necessary to consider the division of dardanus into
sub-species. Dr. Karl Jordan* has examined 509 males
and 270 females in the Tring Zoological Museum, Ex-
cluding the forms from N.E. Africa and Madagascar and
only considering the males Dr. Jordan finds south of
Sierra Leone five sub-species distinguished chiefly by the
extent of black on the hind-wings. Differences in sex-
organs are confined to the valve-edges. Dr. Jordan’s five
sub-species are as follows :—

* Der Gegensatz zwischen geographischer und nichtgeographischer
Variation. Zeitsch. f. wissenschaft. Zool., Bd. Ixxxiil. Dr. F. A.
Dixey has very kindly lent me for the purpose of this memoir an
abstract which he has prepared of this interesting paper.

288 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

(1) P. cenea. S. Africa. Transition to next form in
geographical position and morphological character is
complete.

(2) P. tibullus. Delagoa Bay northwards to Mombasa ;
west limit unknown, but occurs in Uganda.

(3) P. polytrophus. B. E. Africa.

(4) Transitional forms from Victoria Nyanza.

(5) P. dardanus dardanus. Unyoro to west coast.
Congo specituens are larger, as in some other cases.

Dr. Jordan furthermore states that P. dardanus is not
sharply marked off into geographical forms. Hast and
west coast examples can be distinguished, but neither
assemblage is a complete unit. It is significant that
the valve-process is generally present in eastern and
absent from western forms.

In the following pages I have followed Dr. Jordan’s
conclusions and terminology with the single exception
that I have called the fifth sub-species dardanus merope
instead of dardanus dardanus.

V. The origin of the mimetic female forms of Papilio
dardanus /vom the ® f. trimeni.

There can be little doubt that all the well-known mimetic
females of dardanus as well as the latest discovery
planemoides originated by modification of this primitive
female form, either directly or by the combination and
development of characters on their way to produce other
forms. I propose to consider the evolution of these forms
in the order of specialization, beginning with the most
primitive :—

(1) Mippocoon. ‘The relationship of hippocoon to triment
is at once seen by comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 1 on Plate
XVIII. The transformation is remarkably direct and simple,
consisting merely in the greater intensity and sharpness of
black markings already distinctly indicated in trimeni, and
in the alteration of the pale yellow tint of the latter into
white. There are four examples of this form from the
Escarpment in the Hope Department. The other three
are fairly represented by the figure of the fourth on
Plate XVIII, Fig. 2, and it is “rather surprising that
none of them possess an indication of rudimentary “ tails.”
It cannot be doubted however that hippocoon is by far

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrxa johnstoni, 289

the most primitive of the mimetic female forms of
dardanus, and I have been deeply interested to find well-
marked rudimentary “tails” on two specimens from the
west coast. These examples of the sub-species merope § f.
hippocoon exist in the National Collection, the “ tails” being
pronounced in one (Plate XIX, Fig. 2), distinct in the
other (Fig. 3). By kind permission of the authorities I am
able to submit the reproductions, referred to above, of Mr.
Alfred Robinson’s beautiful photograph, made in the
Oxford University Museum.

The sporadic occurrence of this ancestral feature in
association with precisely that form which still retains the
most primitive pattern is a difficulty to be surmounted by
those who have been inclined to minimize or even to deny the
occasional cropping-up by reversion of long-lost characters.

The name hippocoonoides has been given by Haase to
this form in the eastern and southern sub-species
tibullus and cenea. This seems to me a most unnecessarily
complex and inconvenient procedure. The tvophonius of
the western sub-species mev'ope is at least as different from
that of the southern cenea as are the two forms of hippocoon
from the same areas. It is pretty certain indeed that each
female form of every sub-species has certain peculiarities
and is not exactly like the same form of any other sub-
species. But this is quite sufficiently indicated by
prefixing to the female form name the sub-specific name.
Papilio dardanus sub-species merope ° f. hippocoon of the
west coast is naturally different from P. dardanus sub-
species cenca 9 f. hippocoon from Natal, and it is quite
unnecessary to express this by turning the last name into
hippocoonoides. ‘To do so without making corresponding
changes in the other forms is inconsistent ; to be con-
sistent in this respect is immensely to increase and to
increase uselessly an already tremendous terminology.

The hippocoon forms are everywhere mimics of the
abundant and conspicuous Danaines, Aimauris niavius of
the west and its sub-species dominicanus of the east coast
and the south. They also exhibit a strong secondary
mimetic approach to their Nymphaline co-mimics Luralia
anthedon of the west and FL. wahlbergi of the east and south
(Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, p. 486). The hippocoon
form is probably dominant in all the sub-species of
dardanus except cenea and perhaps polytrophus; and it is
present in fair proportion in both these.

290 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetie Forms of

(2) Zrophonius. This form possesses the pattern of
hippocoon, but white has been replaced by fulvous over the
great continuous patch occupying most of the hind- and a
large part of the fore-wing. The remaining pale markings
are white, so that the yellow of tvimenz in part originated
white and in part fulvous,—a more complex change than
that which produced hippecoon. Considering the identity
of pattern I first supposed that trophonius arose from
hippocoon instead of having an independent origin in the
triment. Although the former view may be dere the
latter is I think more probable, being strongly supported
by an interesting specimen from the Kikuyu Escarpment,
in the Hope Department. In this butterfly the great
patch is fulvous except upon the distal border of the part
upon the fore-wing. This border, together with all the
other pale markings on both wings, is not white like
hippocoon, but retains the yellow of tvimeni. The specimen
furthermore possesses a rudimentary “tail” nearly as
much developed as that of the ¢rimeni represented on
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, while the sub-marginal yellow spots
of the hind-wing are very large and prominent, far more
so than in the particular specimen of ¢7iment just referred
to. This specimen, with its primitive features, strongly
supports the direct independent origin of ¢vzophonius from
triment, the most convincing evidence being supplied by
the pale markings which had not been converted into
white, but remained of the ancestral yellow.

The trophonius form at any rate of the merope sub-
species appears to be more unstable and is probably a more
recent development than either of the other mimetic
female forms hippocoon and planemordes. A specimen in
the Hope Department (Angola: Rogers: 1873) presents a
very primitive form of the oblique black bar dividing the
two chief pale spaces of the fore-wing. It is even less
developed than in a specimen of dionysos in the same col-
lection and much like that of the ¢ebullus trimeni represented
on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. Jerope trophonius is very apt to
appear as a variety in which the fulvous tint overspreads
the whole of the pale markings of both wings. One of
the two polytrophus trophonius forms at Oxford is of this
variety. It is moreover a very poor mimic of Limnas
chrysippus as compared with the smaller more deeply-
coloured trophonius of the cenea sub-species (Plate XVII,
Fig. 7). It is also noteworthy that the merope trophonius

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 291

does not, so far as I am aware, present a variety with
white hind- wings like the forms of Limnas chrysippus, var.
alcippus, universal on the west coast.

Trophonius forms, although probably always relatively
rare, occur in all five sub-species distinguished by Dr.
Jordan,

(3) Cenea. Here too it is almost certain that the
female form developed direct from trimeni, the ancestral
yellow ground colour being transformed into buff without
first becoming white. The evidence is similar to that
advanced in the case of the last female form, but is
stronger, inasmuch as there is not in cenea that close
resemblance to the pattern of hippocoon which is borne by
trophonius. Comparing the triment on Plate XVIII,
Fig. 1, with the Aippocoon in Fig. 2, and the cenea in
Fig. 3,—all polytrophus forms from the Escarpment,—it is
at once seen that the change from the apical half of the
fore-wing of the ancestral form to that of cenea is nearly
as simple as the change to hippocoon. For the rest of the
pattern, cenea requires only a more widespread invasion
of black than hippocoon, There are six examples of
polytrophus 2 f. cenea in the Hope Department, and_ all
exhibit primitive characteristics in the pale tint of the
chief patch of the hind-wing. In none is this buff like the
Danaine models, but it is pale yellowish like ¢éviment in
three, and pale yellowish with a faintly brownish tinge in the
other three, including the specimen represented on Plate
XVIII, Fig. 3. In five cases the chief spot of the fore-wing
follows the tint of the hind-wing patch, in the sixth the
chief spot is white. The other spots on fore- and hind-
wings are generally pale yellowish, sometimes white. It
1s quite clear that we have in three specimens a stage in
the transformation of the ancestral yellow tint into buff.
It is of interest to observe that the pattern of the cenea
form is completely attained in three specimens whose pale
colour remains entirely ancestral. Not one of the six
specimens exhibits rudimentary “ tails,” although the sub-
marginal hind-wing spots are strongly developed. (Plate
XVIII, Fig. 3.)

The cenea 2 form is dominant in the sub-species cenea
of the south and south-east, and common in polytrophus of
the Kikuyu Kscarpment. It occurs, but more rarely than
hippocoon, in other parts of British Kast Africa, as a
female form of ¢ibu/lus and of the intermediate forms round

292 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

the Victoria Nyanza. It is unknown and_ probably
entirely wanting from the sub-species merope on the west
coast, but it may perhaps occur at the extreme eastern
development of the sub-species in Uganda. Its dis-
tribution is thus co-extensive with that of its Danaine
models the forms of Amawris echeria and albimaculata.

(a) Hvidence of diaposematic mimicry between the cenea @ /f.
of P. dardanus and two species of the Danaine genus
Amauris.

It has been shown on p. 286 that the squarish shape of
the large pale patch on the hind-wing of the female forms
of dardanus is extremely ancestral, and the question arises
as to whether Amauwris echerta and albimaculata have not
mimicked and indeed exaggerated this feature in the
Papilio which in other respects has mimicked them. There
are many reasons in favour of diaposematic relationship
between Danaine and Papilio, The squarish patch in the
two species of Amau7is, although far more marked than in
the cenea form, is in all probability a recent development.
It shows remarkable synaposematic sensitiveness, losing
much of its characteristic sharpness and angularity in the
presence of other species of the same genus. This change
may be seen by a glance at Mr. 8S. A. Neave’s Plate 1X
in the present volume. Amauwris albimaculata (f Fig. 2a,
? Fig. 3a) shows this change in the presence of Amauwris
psyttalea, torm damoclides, ? Fig. 2,¢ Fig. 3. Compare the
shape of the patch in the two sexes of albimaculata, with
that of the same species from Natal far beyond the influence
of damoclides,—f Fig. 4,9 Fig. 5. Amauris echeria is also
changed in the same direction by the presence of the
same model, as may be seen by comparing ¢ Fig. 2b and
2 Fig. 3b under the influence of damoclides (f Fig. 2, 9
Fig. 3), with the same species from Natal—f Fig. 6, 9
Fig. 7. Amauris lobengula (Plate XXII, Fig. 1), closely
allied to A. echeria and probably ancestral to it, because
less peculiar in the genus, possesses a larger hind-wing
patch in which the square shape is not nearly so marked.
It is in fact almost precisely similar in shape to that of
the triment form shown on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, and the
hippocoon on Plate XVIII, Fig. 2. The exaggeration
of the feature in Amauris albimaculata and echeria
is no reason against the hypothesis that it has been derived
by mimicry. In the great majority of the forms of Acrwa

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 293

johnstoni, undoubtedly mimetic in this respect, we meet
with a still further exaggeration of the same character, the
outer corner of the square being pulled out so as to form
the most distinctive feature of the wing (see Plate X XI,
Figs. 1), 3a, and 4a, Plate XXII, Figs. la and 2a). That
diaposematic resemblance is apt to arise between the Papi-
lionide and the most distasteful groups in the same region
has been shown by Dr. F. A. Dixey (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1896, p. 75; also 1894, p. 298) as regards 8. America,
and recently in a very striking manner by Mr. S. A. Neave
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 216-218) as regards
certain other African species.

(4) Planemoides. Until Mr. C. A. Wiggins presented
his splendid series of captures made in 1903 near the N.E.
and N.W. shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza, there only
existed in the Hope Department a single specimen labelled
“Angola; Rogers, 1873.” This specimen was, as far as I
am aware, up to 1903, the unique representative of
planemoides in European collections. There are at the
present moment no less than ten examples of the form,
or of intermediates between it and other forms, at
Oxford,* so that it is now possible to compare planemoides
with the other mimetic females of dardanus and to
attempt to assign its place and suggest its past history.

It is convenient first to describe the intermediate
specimens.

(a) 2 form intermediate between cenea and planemoides.

The specimen here described is represented on Plate
XX, Fig.1. The discal patch of the hind-wing is not white
as in planemoides but nearer to the buff of cenea, although
with a faintly reddish-brown tinge which may perhaps
indicate some influence of trophonius, The submarginal
light spots are more developed than is usual in planemoides,
although the example represented in Fig. 4 does not
differ wideiy in this respect. While the hind-wings more
nearly resemble the ¢ f. cenea, the fore-wings are on the

fo)
whole much nearer to planemoides, as may be inferred by

* Some of these do not belong to the Hope Collection, but are the
property of Mr. A. H. Harrison. They are however available for
study and comparison, and two of them are represented on Plate
XX, Figs. 1, 4. No less than five out of the ten examples are
figured on the plates accompanying the present memoir, and a sixth
by Mr. 8. A. Neave on Plate X, Fig. &.

294 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

comparing the intermediate form (Plate XX, Fig. 1) with
planemoides represented below it (Fig. 2), and with the ?
f. cenea, represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The colour
of the markings is the deep rich tint of planemoides, not
the far paler shade of cenca. The fusion of the three spots
grouped round the outer end of the cell, and the shape of
the marking thus produced, is almost precisely as in the
specimen shown on Plate XX, Fig. 2; while the spreading
outwards and downwards of the chief spot (below the
cell) reproduces the inner marginal end of the band of
planemoides. ‘The central part of the band is wanting, but
a tendency towards fusion can be detected in the figure
and is far more evident on the specimen. The planemoides
selected for comparison with this intermediate specimen,
and shown in Fig. 2, is unusual owing to the overspreading
of the white patch of the hind- wing by greyish scales. It
is also a little abnormal and suggests transition towards
the specimen above described (Fig. 1) in the separation of
the spot within the fore-wing cell from the fulvous band
(compare Figs. 8 and 4) and also in the comparative
narrowness of the band itself, which is especially marked
in the central portion where the discontinuity appears in
Fig. 1. Figures 1 and 2 considered alone would suggest

o
the origin of planemoides from the cenea form.

(8) & form intermediate between hippocoon and planemoides.

The insect represented in Fig. 3 shows a tendency
towards the hippocoon form in the extension of the fulvous
band (representing of course the white of Aippocoon)
towards the base of the fore-wing, along the inner margin,
as well as in the trace of an invasion of dark ground colour
dividing the band at its centre. The effect is to produce
a considerable approximation to the fore-wing pattern of
hippocoon (Plate XVIIT, Fig 2) or even more of triment
(Plate XVIII, Fig. 1). Fig 3, on Plate XX, compared with
the fine example ‘of typical. ‘planemoides represented i in Fig.
4 suggests the origin of the latter from hippocoon or
triment.

(y) 2. form intermediate between trophonius and planemoides.

Only quite recently Mr. Harry Eltringham, F.E.S., has
kindly shown me a beautiful coloured representation of a
specimen from Entebbe which is intermediate between

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 295

lanemoides and a trophonius of the western or merope
type.* The latter strongly preponderates : the hind-wings
are entirely those of trophonius. The fore-wings exhibit
the fulvous area of planemoides spreading inwards along the
inner margin and there becoming continuous with the
fulvous area of trophonius. The pattern of the fore-wing
is very like that represented on Plate XX, Fig. 5, but the
fulvous area is somewhat larger and much less invaded by
dark ground colour. The apical half of the fore-wing is
typical planemoides, closely resembling that of the figure
just quoted. This specimen taken alone would suggest
the origin of planemoides from trophonius.

(6) Intermediates between planemoides and other mimetic
female forms of dardanus, not ancestral but due to first
crosses between female of one form and male representing
another form.

The three intermediate examples described above
(a, 8,and y) suggest the origin of planemoides from the fully
developed cenea, hippocoon and trophonius respectively; and
yet it is unreasonable to suppose that planemoides arose from
more than one of the other female forms. We are thus
driven to believe that such intermediates are not necessarily
ancestral and to inquire what other significance they may
possess. Here we derive the greatest assistance from Mr.
G. F. Leigh’s breeding experiment in which it has been seen
(see pp. 283, 313) that the cenea offspring of a trophonius
parent exhibited distinct traces of the latter form. It will
be remembered that this influence was evident in the
deeper tint of the hind-wing patch in one specimen (Plate
XVII, Fig. 8) and the inner marginal markings on the fore-
wing of another (Fig. 11).f The intermediates described
in this section of the paper are probably always the result
of first crosses between females of one form and males bear-
ing the tendencies of other female forms. We are compelled

S)
to believe that in later generations their female offspring

* Easily distinguished from the trophonius of the south and east
by its greater size, by the marked invasion of the margin of the
fulvous area on the hind-wing by internervular radii, and by the
much paler shade of the fulvous areas.

+ A faint trace of the same marking is to be seen in the cenea
offspring of a trophonius bred by Mr. Leigh in 1903. It can be
just detected in the reduced representation on Fig. 11, Plate XX XI,
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1904.

296 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

would not remain intermediate, but would split up, in
accordance with the Mendelian conception, into the parent
forms; and we can thus understand the comparative
rarity of intermediates. But while this is almost certainly
true of the sub-species of dardanus in the W.,S.,and on the
E. coast of Africa, where the specialization of the female
forms has been carried to a high pitch, it is probably not
equally true of the sub-species “nol ytrophus of the Kikuyu
Escarpment.

(«) Probable origin of planemoides from: carly variants
of trimeni.

The abundance of intermediates of all kinds among the
females of polytrophus and the relative numbers of the
ancestral form ¢7vimeni indicate a near approach to the
origin of the diverse female forms. It is probable indeed
that first-cross intermediates between the specialized forms
themselves would split up into the parent forms on the
Escarpment as in other parts of Africa; but it is by no
means equally certain that the intermediates between each
of them and their primitive ancestor trviment would behave
in this manner. Only thus does it seem possible to ex-
plain the relative abundance on the Escarpment of inter-
mediates almost always exhibiting primitive characteristics,
viz. Some approach to ¢riment.

It would be of the highest interest to breed any of the
sub-species of dardanus through several generations :
especially is this desirable in “the case of “polytrophus,
which is certain to yield results of the utmost importance
from many points of view.

It is probable that planemoides arose from triment by a
combination of the varieties which were to produce cenea,
hippocoon, and trophonius. ‘The size and shape of the white
hind-wing patch probably arose from varieties on the way
to cened, “its whiteness from those which were forming
hippocoon, while the fulvous tint of the fore-wing was
a utilization in another direction of the characteristic
colouring of ¢rophonius.

The argument made use of with regard to planemordes
applies to all the other mimetic female forms; for inter-
mediates between them occasionally occur probably in
every sub-species and in all parts of the area of distribution.
But while such varieties are not to be looked upon as
ancestral, the case is very different with the Escarpment

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrxa johnstoni. 297

forms. Every one of the six polytrophus cenca which
have come under my observation are primitive in the tint
of the pale markings and we must assume that in this
case we are in presence of a truly ancestral feature.

(€) An interesting gynandromorphic specimen of the § f.
planemoides.

Although the male and the diverse female forms of the
southern P. dardanus—the sub-species cenea—have been
shown by direct evidence to be a single species by the
important breeding experiments of Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.1.S.,*
the same proof is unfortunately still wanting in other
parts of Africa. It is therefore very satisfactory that other
evidence has become available in the case of the most
recently discovered form planemoules. This is in part
supplied by the existence of intermediates between it and
the other female forms of dardanus, two of which are
shown on Figs. 1 and 3 on Plate XX. But still more
striking evidence is supplied by a remarkable gynandro-
morphic specimen collected by Mr. T. T. Behrens, R.E.,
and represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. The butterfly
was obtained in 1902-3 on the west shore of the Victoria
Nyanza between Entebbe and the mouth of the Kageru
River. The admixture of male colouring, which is con-
fined to the left wings, is very well represented in the
figure, except upon the white patch of the hind-wing, where
the pale yellow streaks could not be differentiated from
the white background by photographic means. If the
black ground colour of the left hind-wing be compared
with that of the right, it is seen that three submarginal
irregular areas of a deeper shade are present on the former
wing but absent from the latter. These represent the sub-
marginal band of the male while the spaces between them
are the costal and inner gaps. The yellow male scales
pass through the costal gap as an almost continuous
streak, while they are developed in small scattered masses
in the neighbourhood of the inner gap. The yellow
scales reach the extreme margin of the hind-wing in the
concavities of the scalloped border, as in the male, while
the yellow of the two concavities nearest the anal angle

* Published in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 677, and in the present
memoir,

298 Professor E. B. Poulton on Minetic Forms of

(omitting from consideration the one that has been acci-
dentally injured) possesses a pale brownish edging also
characteristic of the male.

In the fore-wing the yellow male streaks and patches
are strongly developed on the disc below the cell. It is
deeply interesting to observe how sharply cut off they are
when, crossing the lower part of the fulvous band, they
reach the black border. We are driven to infer that this
portion of the border almost precisely corresponds in the
two sexes and that the black border of this and other
female forms is inherited unchanged from an ancestor like
the male. In fact this character carries us further back
than the ancestral ¢riment form (Plate XVIII, Fig. 1) in
which the male border has already been greatly modified.
It is to be observed furthermore that the abrupt termination
of the yellow streaks confers upon the black border a
sharpness of outline entirely wanting in the female form,
as is at once seen when the right and left sides are com-
pared. Opposite to the middle of the hind margin the black
border is invaded by an outward extension of the fulvous
band—due to that part of it which represents the sub-
apical bar of the hippocoon 2 form (compare Figs. 2 and 4
on Plate XVIIT). Here the ancestral male border has
been much reduced, and in the gynandromorphic specimen
the site of the invading fulvous concavity is in part covered
by grey scales quite distinct from the yellow ones on those
parts of the wing surface which are yellow in the male. The
photographic method however only imperfectly renders
the difference.

(n) Mimetic relationships and distribution of planemoides.

This beautiful form, only recently recognized as a mimic
of Planema pogget by Trimen and Neave (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., Oct. 7, 1903,) is not known to occur as a
female form of any sub-species of dardanus except merope
(= dardanus dardanus). The occurrence at Taveta of a
fine variety of Acrwa johnstont (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a)
strongly convergent towards planemoides renders it probable
that this latter exists in the neighbourhood, perhaps as
one of the female forms of the sub-species ¢iullus. The
immense increase in our knowledge of planemoides during
the last two or three years encourages the hope that we
shall at no distant date be fully acquainted with its range.

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrxa johnstoni. 299

B. MIMETIC FORMS OF Acrea johnstoni, Godman.

Introductory.—In the following section the attempt will
be made to show that the whole series of diverse forms
which have given to this species its long synonymic list
has arisen through the development of mimetic likeness to
several distinct models, both Danaine and Acreine. ‘The
form-names suggested by Oberthiir * have been followed
throughout, Acrea toruna, Grose-Smith, being regarded
as a form of semifulvescens, Oberth. In a later part of the
section facts will be brought forward which appear to
prove that this protean butterfly is not only conspecific
with fallax, Rogenh. (= hilimandjara, Oberth.), as
Aurivillius suggests, but also with Godart’s species, lycoa.

I owe the opportunity of writing this part of the present
memoir to my kind friend, the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,
M.A., of Wadham College, Oxford, who has presented to
the University Collection the deeply interesting series of
models and mimics represented on Plate XX. The
whole of the butterflies there represented together with
other examples of the same mimetic forms were captured
on the slopes of Kilimanjaro in 1905. In addition to this
extensive material Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers has presented
many examples of A. johnstoni from Taita and Taveta in
British East Africa, including the fine and remarkable
variety from the last-named locality, represented on Plate
XXII, Fig. 2a. The series of models and mimics would
however have lacked completeness if other kind friends
had not also afforded valuable help:—Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall sending me an extreme south-eastern form
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b) with its model (Fig. 1); and
Mr. C. A. Wiggins the extreme western mimetic form
(Plate XXII, Fig. 3a) with the model (Fig. 3) from the
same district.

The mimetic resemblance of the commonest forms of
A. johnstont (proteina and flavescens) to Danaine butterflies
of the genus Amawris was suggested by the present writer
in 1897.t Although greatly impressed by the likeness of
Acreine to Danaine, I was then quite unaware of the
existence of this wonderful range of forms and of the

* Etudes d’Entomologie: Dix-septi¢me Livr.: Avril 1893.

7 “Theories of Mimicry, as illustrated by African Butterflies,”
read before Section D of the British Association at Toronto, Aug. 20,
1897. Abstract in Report of the Toronto Meeting, pp. 688-691.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (SEPT.) 20

300 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetie Forms of

striking example of Miillerian mimicry which it was to
supply.

I. Mimetic forms of Acrzea johnstoni, Godman.

It is now proposed to consider the various often widely-
separated forms of johnston in the probable order of their
evolution in time, and to point out the models in each
case.

(1) Acraa johnstoni, Godm., form proteine, Oberth.
Oberthiir (Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septieme Livr. :
Avril 1893: Pl. II, Fig. 14) considers the variety with
white spots in the fore-wing and a squarish pale buff
discal patch in the hind-wing as the typical form of the
species; and it is probably more ancestral than any other.
It appears to be much more abundant than the buff-spotted
form jlavescens, and also to have a wider range. The most
southern examples in the Hope Collection, viz. three
specimens sent to me by my kind friend Mr, Guy A.
K. Marshall from Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, in S.E.
Rhodesia (4000 feet), are all of this form, and it is also far
more numerous than any other in the Rey. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers’ series from the Kilimanjaro district, as also in the
series from the Tiriki Hills on the N.E. shores of the
Victoria Nyanza (5100 feet) kindly given me by Mr. C. A.
Wiggins.

The proteina form is an obvious and beautiful mimic of
Amauris albimaculata and the white-spotted forms of
Amauris echeria. Its synaposematic sensitiveness is well
seen in Mr. Marshall’s specimens from Chirinda in which
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing is unusually
large, clearly as an approach to Amauwris lobengula
(Plate XXII, Fig. 1), one of the dominant Danaines of
this locality. The discal expansion is more pronounced in
the female Acrwa (Fig. 1b) than in the two males, one of
which is represented in Fig. la. The more perfect mimetic
likeness of the female is an example of the well-known and
widely applicable principle explained by A. R. Wallace.*

The resemblance of proteina to the Danaine model is far
less perfect on the under-side, although the spots of the
fore-wing and the patch of the hind-wing are still the
prominent features. The ground colour in the marginal

* Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxv, 1866, Pt. I, 1865, p. 22. See also
Poulton in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxvi, pp. 580-582,

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 301

part of the hind-wing and the apical part of the fore-wing
is marked by alternating dark and light stripes,—dark
veins, paler ground colour and again darker internervular
radi. This is certainly the conspicuous feature of the
insect during prolonged rest with closed wings hanging
downwards, and it is an appearance characteristic of
many Acrwine.* Hence in complete rest the prominent
characters are synaposematic with other Acrvinw ; during
flight and in brief rests with wings open the characters
are synaposematic with the genus Amauwris.

Oberthiir’s form semialbescens (l.c., Plate III, Fig. 29)
with white spots on the fore-wings and reddish-brown
hind-wings bearing a paler discal patch of the same colour,
may be looked upon as an exceptional variety of proteina.
It is of much interest as an example of the variational
material out of which natural selection has probably
produced such mimetic forms as /fulvescens (Plate XXI
Fig. 4a), and torwna (Plate XXII, Fig. 3a.)

(2) Acrea johnston, form flavescens, Oberthiir (J. c., Pl. I,
f. 4). This form differs in the spots of the fore-wing being
buff instead of white. It is an obvious mimic of the buff-
spotted forms of Amauris echeria. Every gradational
shade between pronounced buff and the pure white of
proteina is to be found. A good intermediate example is
figured on Plate XXI, Fig. 1b, but the methods of photo-
eraphy do not at present enable us to distinguish between
these pale tints. The remarks upon the under-side
colouring of proteina apply equally to flavescens.

(3) Acrea johnstont, form semifulvescens, Oberthiir (1. c.,
Pl. II, f£. 19). This is the form of the species described
by Godman from Kilimanjaro, and therefore from the
systematist’s point of view the type of the species. From
every other point of view it is evidently highly specialized
—a comparatively modern offshoot from the ancestral
Amauris-mimicking forms proteina or flavescens. The
change has been brought about by selection in the direc-
tion of other models, Acreeine in place of Danaine. There
are at least three different sub-forms included under seimi-

* It is also reproduced in the mimicry of Acrwinx, e.g. in the

males of certain species of Pseudacrea. In the magnificent W.
African Lycenid, Kpitola honorius, F., the portions of the under-side
_ exposed in prolonged rest are beautifully mimetic of this Acrewine

appearance, not only as regards the radiate markings but also in the
characteristic group of black spots at the base of the hind-wing.

302 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

Julvescens, each of the three mimicking a different Acreeine
species or form.

(a) The most primitive sub-form is typical semifulvescens
as it occurs on Kilimanjaro,—represented in Plate XXI,
Fig. 3a. The whole of the fore-wings, within the zigzag line
of the four spots, is bright fulvous, while the discal patch of
the hind-wings is pale yellowish. Thus is produced a con-
siderable superficial resemblance to Planema quadricolor,*
Rogenh., from the same mountain (Fig. 3). The zigzag
line of pale spots bordering the fulvous area of the fore-
wings represents the black margined fulvous band which
borders the deep rich brown of the Planema. ‘The relative
position of darker and lighter shades is the same, although
the inner half of the surface is much brighter in the mimic
than in the model. In the hind-wing the semifulvescens
form has a far larger pale area than the Planema, in which
the rich brown black-spotted triangular basal patch of the
under-side is reproduced upon the upper. The discal
band of the Planema, if smaller than the squarish patch
of the mimic, is brighter in tint, being white instead of
pale yellow. In one specimen of semifulvescens from Kili-
manjaro the black ground colour has greatly encroached
upon the basal margin of the discal patch, leaving a pale
band which closely approximates to the form of the
marking in the Planema.

(8) The second sub-form of semifulvescens (Plate XXII,
Fig. 2a) is a splendid member of the group of mimics
clustered round Planema poggei (Fig. 2) as the central
model,—the combination of which so many members
have been described and figured by Mr. 8. A. Neave
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 218: Plate X). It differs from
Oberthiir’s form (a) in the restriction of the fulvous area
of the fore-wing to the neighbourhood of the zigzag line
of pale spots (compare Plate XXII, Fig. 2a, with XXT,
Fig. 3a). On the distal side of each spot as in semi-
Julvescens the ground colour of the wing is black ; but it
is also very dark brown, almost black, on the proximal side
of the innermost spot, except along the costa, where the
fulvous tint extends nearly to the base of the wing. The
discal patch of the hind-wing is moreover white instead of

* This Planema, of which a male and a female were presented by
Rey. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, was new to the Hope Collection, and is
unrepresented in the National Collection. It was kindly named |
for me from a photograph by Prof. Chr. Aurivillius.

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 303

pale buff. The resemblance of this striking and beautiful
form is also promoted by its size; for it is one of the
largest specimens of johnstuni which I have ever seen.
As in so many other cases this mimic is an even closer
approach to a co-mimic than it is to the primary model.
And of all the species which are grouped round Planema
pogget there can be no doubt that its resemblance is
strongest to the planemoides female of Papilio dardanus
(Plate XX, Figs. 2, 4). I do not know of this latter from
Taveta where the (8) form of semifulvescens was collected
by Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers; but p/anemoides exists in the
A. H. Harrison collection from Nairobi, so that its exist-
ence in the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro and Taveta is
at any rate probable; and the same may be said of
Planema poygei, the primary model, also labelled Nairobi
in the same collection.

In both (a) and (8) sub-forms of semifulvescens the fulvous
part of the fore-wing under-side would be hidden by the
hind in the attitude of prolonged rest, so that the appear-
ence becomes synaposematic with many of the smaller
Acrvine rather than with the particular Planema models.
On the other hand, in flight and probably during brief
rest between successive flights the basal part of the fore-
wing under-side would contribute to the visible appearance
and serve to reinforce the resemblance to the Planemas.

(vy) The third sub-form of semifulvescens is the toruna
form (Plate XXII, Fig. 3a), described under that name
from Toro, W. Uganda, by Mr. H. Grose-Smith. There
can be no doubt I think that this is a further develop-
ment of the form described by Oberthiir from Kilimanjaro
—a modification brought about by mimetic resemblance
to another Planema model,—?. latifasciata, K. M. Sharpe
(Plate XXII, Fig. 3). It is altogether a much more perfect
mimic of this Planema than semifulvescens (a) is of the
allied 2. quadricolor. The rich brown colour of the basal
half of the fore-wing is here alike in model and mimic,
while the zigzag row of four spots tend in ¢orwna to fuse
and generally completely fuse into a zigzag fulvous band
somewhat resembling but more irregular than that of the
Planema model. In P. latifasciata the black inner border
of the fulvous band is far more feebly developed than in
P. quadricolor, so that the absence of this border in torwna
does not greatly detract from the likeness. On the other
hand, the fulvous band itself is far wider and more con-

304 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

spicuous in latifasciata, and this is well matched except
in form by the mimic. In fresh specimens moreover the
ground colour of both wings in the Toro model and mimic
is of a distinctly brownish shade of black, wanting in the
dark ground of the more eastern pair. The discal band
of the hind-wing in ?. latifasciata (Plate XXII, Fig. 3)
is fulvous and broader than the white band of quadri-
color (Plate XXI, Fig. 3): the triangular basal brown
patch of the hind-wing under-side is reproduced above
in both species of Planema, but the black spots are indis-
tinetly seen on the upper-side of latifasciata, while the
chief members of the group are conspicuous, being in fact
reproduced on the upper-side of qguadricolor. In toruna
the discal patch on the hind-wing is fulvous, and the effect
at a little distance is singularly like that of the model.
It is however produced in a different way; for the uniform
bright falvous tint of latifasciata is imitated by a fusion
of two distinct colour elements in ¢orwna,—viz. the paler
fulvous ground colour of the patch and the deep fulvous
internervular and intracellular rays which traverse it.
The shape of the discal patch has also been modified into
close resemblance to the band of Jadifasciata, although a
trace of the angle, so well known and conspicuous in the
forms of johnsioni, remains as a guide, indicating the path
of evolution. The basal invasion by deep rich brown of
the pale patch on the hind-wing suggests the basal
triangular area of the Planema model. On the under-side
the patterns of both model and mimic are reproduced in
paler shades, still maintaining their close resemblance.
The discal pam of the hind- -wing of Planema and the
corresponding patch of the Acreva. are white, and in the
latter the characteristic squarish shape is far more
prominent than on the upper-side. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side which are so concentrated
tewards the base in other forms of johnstoni are here
moved outwards and are placed upon and along the
borders of a rich brown triangular area resembling but
much smaller than that of the model. The toruna form
of johnstoni is one of the most interesting of the mimetic
appearances developed by this remarkable and protean
species.

Acrea johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberthiir (1. c., Pl. I,
f. 21). This, the last of a wonderful series, is one of the
most remarkable, the black ground colour persisting only as

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstonr. 305

a narrow margin widened at the apex of the fore-wing
(Plate X XI, Fie. 4a). The whole of the rest of the surface
of both wings is bright fulvous, with the four spots of the
fore-wing and the squarish patch of the hind-wing visible
(especially the former) as a paler shade of the same
colour. At a little distance and during flight these mark-
ings would become inconspicuous, and the butterfly would
closely resemble a small specimen of the form of Limnas
chrysippus dominant in British Kast Africa, viz. the dorippus
form (= klugti), without the black and white apex to the
fore-wing (Plate XXI, Fig. 4). On the under-side the
resemblance of fulvescens to the primary model is less
close because of the absence of the distinct black margin
so conspicuous on the upper-side. But this very appear-
ance, together with a radially striped pattern caused by
the alternation of dark veins and brighter ground colour,
and the increased paleness of the marginal part of the
hind-wing and the apical area of the fore-wing, promote
a deuterosynaposematic resemblance to another Acrzeine
mimetic of dorippus,—the daira form of Acrewa encedon.
These two Acrzas are moreover of nearly the same size,
while the Danaine primary model is of course a far larger
butterfly. The chief basal spots of the hind-wing under-side
are not black and prominent but dark fulvous and there-
fore inconspicuous, in this case producing an appearance
suggestive of dorippus, and unlike any of the forms of
encedon in which the black spots are so conspicuous a
feature.

Il. Acrva johnston, Godm., and A. fallawz, Rogenh., the
eastern forms of A. /ycoa, Godt.

The three forms which it is here proposed to unite under
a single species are thus grouped by Aurivillius : *—

“109. Acreea johnstoni, Godm. ; telehiana, Rogenh. ; ful-
vescens, Oberth.; semifulvescens, Oberth.: ab. ” Octobalia,
Karscb.; ab. (et var.) confusa, Rogenh.; johnstoni, Butl. ;
proteina, Oberth.; jlavescens, Oberth.; semiralbescens, Oberth.

“110. A. fallax, Rogenh., forma precedentis ?; <Ail0-
mandjara, Oberth.

“111. A. lycoa, God.; ab. 2 Butleri, n. ab. lycoa, var.
SButl.”

* Rhop. Athiop. 1898, pp. 114, 115. References are omitted
from the quotation. The italics indicate synonyms.

306 Professor E. B. Poulton on Adimetic Forms of

We see therefore that Aurivillius keeps A. lycoa distinct,
while he suggests that A. fallax (kilimandjara) may be a
form of johnstoni. I believe that he is right in this last
opinion, although positive proof can only be gained by
breeding ; but the facts set forth below render it certain
that fallac i is the eastern form of dycoa. If Aurivillius is
right in his association of fallax it will inevitably follow
that the whole series of varied forms must fall under
Godart’s species,—/ycoa.

Acrvxa lycoa of the tropical west coast is distinguished
from A. johnstoni by the following characteristics :—

(1) The large size of the four spots on the fore-wing
and the tendency of the subapical pair to fuse and form
a subapical bar: the tendency of the more interior pair
similarly to form a patch extending from below the end of
the cell towards but not quite reaching the posterior angle
of the wing. The spots are, however, “sometimes separate,
although much lar ger and more nearly approximated than
in johnstoni.

(2) The pronounced sexual dimorphism of which no trace
can be found in johnstoni. The males of lycoa have a
much browner ground colour than the females, especially in
the hind-wing, while the spots of the fore-wing are pale
buff instead of white and are sometimes evanescent.
Furthermore the white discal patch of the hind-wing is
unrepresented in those males I have had the opportunity
of examining, while the development of the internervular
radii is correspondingly increased.

(3) The apex of the fore-wing of /ycoa is more broadly
rounded and the costal margin more curved than in
johnstont. ‘The outline of the wing between the apex
and the posterior angle is straight or even convex in the
females, straight or very slightly concave in the males.
In A. johnstoni it is probably always concave, although
sometimes very slightly so.

(4) The basal black spots on hind-wing under-side are
maller in /ycoa and less concentrated towards the extreme
base of the wing. The spot in the base of the cell with
the two spots on the costal side of it forms in lycoa a
characteristic approximately equilateral triangle. Owing
to the greater concentration of spots the corresponding
triangle in johnstont is nearly always isosceles with its base
towards the root of the wing. It is moreover less con-
spicuous as a feature in the wing of this latter form.

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 307

(5) The discal white patch on the hind-wing of the
female /ycoa is somewhat larger than in johnstont : more-
over it is rounded and not subquadrangular as is the buff
patch of the eastern form, although rare exceptions both as
regards contour and tint are not wanting in the latter.
The rounded margin of this patch in the female lycow is
more invaded by internervular radii than in johnstone,
and consequently less sharply defined. Outside the discal
patch the strong development of these dark radii contrasted
with the paler (greyish or rarely brown) ground colour pro-
duces a very ditferent effect from the almost uniformly
dark appearance of the corresponding area in johnstone.

When we reach the western part of Uganda, in the
uplands of Toro, at a height of 79000 feet, /ycow is still a
dominant Acrva. The only male I have seen resembles
the western form except that there is a slight tendency
towards the development of a buff discal patch in the hind-
wing. Some of the females resemble those of the west
coast except that the white discal patch is very slightly
smaller: in others the four white spots of the fore-wing
are widely separated and smaller, approaching the con-
dition of johnstoni, while in these very individuals the
discal patch of the hind-wing is smaller and more sharply
defined. In all other respects the western characters
described above are still maintained.

Passing still further east to the N.W. shore of the
Victoria Nyanza at Entebbe, we find that the males
have now gained the four widely separated buff spots in
the fore-wing, not nearly so distinct and sharply defined
as those of johnstoni, but otherwise very similar. Many
individuals have a small trace of the buff discal patch.
All the females I have seen resemble the most johnstont-
like of those from Toro, except for the tint of the discal
patch of the hind-wing, which has become a very pale
buff. These females are nearly indistinguishable from the
kilimandjara figured by Oberthiir * (=/allav, Rogenh.).
Owing to the kindness of my friend, Mr. T. T. Behrens,
R.E., I have had the opportunity of examining a pair of
this form from the Anglo-German boundary west of the
Lake, but not more than sixty miles from it. While the
female resembles those from Entebbe, the male has a far

’ * Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septitme Livr.: Avr. 1898, Pl. I,
5 1G

308 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

more marked but very imperfectly defined buff discal
patch.

We now pass to the N.E. shore of the lake. The Hope
Department possesses an interesting series of specimens
kindly presented by Mr. C. A. Wiggins. They come from
the Tiriki Hills, 5100 feet, twenty miles N.of Kisumu. In
the more defined buff discal patch of the hind-wing the
three males are a further advance in the direction of the
Jallax form than that reached by any male I have seen
from further west. In the four females the discal patch
is slightly less pale than that of any as yet mentioned,
while the rest of the hind-wing is more uniformly dark,
They are in fact almost precisely similar to females of the
kilimandjara form (see Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) from the moun-
tain after which it was named by Oberthiir; only differing
in the smaller size of the discal patch and its slightly paler
tint. A single female obtained by Mr. Wiggins at Kaka-
mega’s (5500 ft.) near Mumias on the Uganda Railway,
about fifteen miles N.E. of Kisumu, is of the same type,
but the patch is even smaller and very slightly deeper in
tint. Mr. C. A. Wiggins’ Nyanza and ‘Toro specimens
were identified as forms of A. lycoa by Mr. 8. A. Neave
(Nov. Zool., vol. xi, March 1904, pp. 348, 349), and I find
that the same forms from Toro and Nyangori are labelled
“Tycoa?” by Miss E. M. Sharpe in the A. H. Harrison
Collection.

We now pass to the most eastern specimens I have
examined, viz. those kindly sent me by Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers from Taita, Taveta, and Kilimanjaro. In these
forms the buff-spotted males with an enlarged discal
patch of pronounced buff (Plate XXI, Fig. lv) mimic the
buff-spotted and buff-patched Amausis echeria, while the
a -spotted females (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) with shehtly
paler buff patches, also enlarged as compared with the
Nyanza forms, mimic Amauris albimaculata and the white-
spotted forms of A. echeria. They are certainly Rogen-
hofer’s fallax and Oberthiir’s kilimandjara. They are
equally undoubtedly the eastern forms of Aerwa lycoa,
modified by the mimicry of Danaines not known on the
west coast, The sexual dimorphism of lycoa persists in
fallax, and remains of the same kind though very different
in degree; for, as pointed out above, the males bear buff
spots on the fore-wing and the females white, while the
discal patch is paler in the latter sex. The johnstoni of

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 3809

Godman (proteina of Oberthiir) ditfers from fallax and
lycoa in that it is not sexually dimorphic. I have found
males and females both present in the semi/ulvescens form
and the white-spotted Amauris-like forms. Both sexes
would probably be found in a sufficient series of any
variety. It also differs in possessing squarish as compared
with a rounded discal hind-wing patch, which is also more
sharply defined because less invaded by internervular radii.
In fallax the contour of the fore-wing has greatly approxi-
mated from lycoa towards johnstonz, but the apex is still
slightly more broadly rounded, and the costa of the fore-
wing rather more bent. On the other hand, a concavity
between the apex and the posterior angle, although faint or
absent in the females, has now become distinct in the males
of fallax,—as distinct as in johistoni. In this respect and
the more uniformly dark ground colour of the hind-wing
outside the discal patch these extreme eastern forms of
lycoa show an approach to johnstont. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side remain however precisely those of
the western lycoa.

A most curious change in lycoa as we advance from
west to east is the shrinkage of the discal patch to a
minimum at the N.E. of the Victoria Nyanza and its
subsequent slight expansion further east.

In the collections I have already mentioned supplied
by the generosity of many friends Acrea johnstont was
first found (in about equal numbers) accompanying the
forms of lycoa (fallavz) in the Tiriki Hills; and in far
greater numbers at Kilimanjaro, Taveta, and Taita. The
great majority are easily separated from the /ycoa (fallax)
forms by the characters already mentioned but interme-
diate individuals certainly occur. The most striking of
these appeared among four males sent to me from the
Kenya District by my friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde.
Of three specimens captured on February 8, 1903, at Fort
Hall (about 4000 feet) two are obvious johnstoni while the
third possesses a well-defined buff patch intermediate in
outline between fallax and johnstoni. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side resemble those of fal/av. On
the other hand, the spots of the fore-wing are white and
not buff as in the males of fallax, The fourth specimen,
captured above the Goura River (5—7000 feet) February 21,
1903, is somewhat nearer to fallax and the fore-wing spots
are buff. A very fine intermediate example also exists in

310 Professor KE. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of

the National Collection. In view of these intermediate
specimens, and the variation in all the distinguishing char-
acters observed when a sufficiently long series of johnstont
are examined I do not doubt that Aurivillius is correct
in suggesting that fallax is conspecific with johnstoni.
Strong support is also afforded to Aurivillius’ suggestion
by the observations of Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, who
knows both johnstont and fallax in life in their natural
habitat and looks upon them as a single species. It has
been shown here that fallaa is undoubtedly the eastern
form of lycoa. It therefore becomes extremely probable
that the whole wonderful series of forms—many of them
totally unlike—associated under the name johnstoni, or
as it was still more appropriately named by Oberthiir,
proteina, are all of them specifically identical with Godart’s
species lycoa. Furthermore, this remarkable series must
be still further extended to include the torwna of Grose-
Smith.

In conclusion, it is possible to attempt to reconstruct
the history of the changes through which /ycoa and its
descendants have passed. It is probable that the male
of the western lycoa represents the ancestral form of the
whole group,—a semi-transparent fuscous and brownish
Acrew with ill-defined markings. As regards the semi-
transparency it is noteworthy that the character tends to
crop up not uncommonly in the most modified form
Johnstont, where it is often seen in the discal patch of
the hind-wing. The female of the western lycoa became
modified by synaposematic approach to the black and
white species of the Danaine genus Amawris on the
west coast. ‘The same is substantially true of the species
in Western Uganda where the black and white Amauwris
are still predominant and have even drawn the echeria and
allimaculata types of their own genus after them. (See
S. A. Neave in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, pp. 208-210.) As we
go further east however these latter types become them-
selves predominant, and the fallax forms of lycoa follow
them, the males becoming strongly mimetic and approach-
ing the buff: spotted Danaine models, while the females
still retain the ancestral colour and resemble those that
are white-spotted. As regards the hind-wing both sexes
gain a buff discal patch similar in colour but not in shape
to the models. Finally, from the most strongly-marked
of these eastern forms with the deepest shade of ground

Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrxa johnston, 311

colour there probably arose still more perfect mimics of
the same models in proteina and flavescens, the two forms
of johnstont which are nearest to fallav. It is to be
observed that the change in the shape of the fore-wing
which occurred as fallax gave rise to johnstont is in the
direction of the form of the Danaine and Planema models.
Johnstoni once formed, variation in other directions, guided
by natural selection, led to the mimicry of various
additional Danaine and Acreine models: — of Limnas
chrysippus, var. dorippus, of Planema quadricolor, Planema
latifasciata, and Planema pogger.

[My friend Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall has kindly read
through the proof-sheets of this paper, and has made
many valuable suggestions. |

312 Explanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

The offspring of a trophonius form of Papilio dardanus, sub-sp.
cenea, observed laying eggs on May 4, 1904, at Bellair, five miles
from Durban, Natal. The observation was made and the eggs
collected by Mr. G. F. Leigh, but the female parent escaped. The
figures represent eleven out of the thirteen offspring bred by Mr.
Leigh from these eggs at Durban. The specimens are in the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum.

All the figures are about 2 of the natural size.

Fic. 1. Male offspring: pupated July 4, 1904; emerged August 5.
The 10th to emerge. In this specimen the submarginal
black band of the hind-wing is the least developed.
There is however a slight trace of a narrow ‘‘sickle”
partially closing the costal gap.

Male offspring: pupated June 26, 1904 ; emerged July 31.
The 8th to emerge. The costal gap closed by a narrow
“ sickle.”

3, Male offspring: pupated June 14, 1904; emerged July 25.
The 5th to emerge. Although the costal gap is open
there are traces of a black mark partially closing the
inner gap.

4. Male offspring: pupated June 12, 1904 ; emerged July 18.
The 4th to emerge. Very similar to Fig. 3, but the
costal gap is here completely closed.

In this figure and the two succeeding it is seen that
the inner border of the black margin of the fore-wing
is distinctly serrated, recalling the appearance of meriones.

5. Male offspring: pupated June 10, 1904; emerged July 5.
The 2nd to emerge. Submarginal band of hind-wing
slightly more developed, and the gaps slightly less than
in Fig. 4.

The meriones-like serration described under Fig. 4 here
reaches its maximum development.

6. Male offspring: pupated June 16, 1904; emerged July 27.
The 6th to emerge. Hind-wing far more heavily marked
than in any other of the male offspring, both gaps being
completely closed. These males, emerging in July and
August 1904, are as a whole far less heavily marked than
those bred in November 1902 and November 1903, by
Mr. G. F. Leigh.

bo

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XVII.

et MALE OFFSPRING (6). FEMALE OFFSPRING (5).

\ ; -

\

ie

4
4
<

OFFSPRING,

FEMALE

Alfred Robinson, phot Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
All figures are about § of the natural size.

Forms of Papilio dardanus, sub. sp. cenea, bred in 1904 from a trophonius
form of female. Durban, Natal.

Plate XVIII.

Tgoo.

Lond.

Soc.

tt.

E

Trans.

‘oqqejuy 4eou wold (p) wo} § sapiowaunjd

‘uso}ed sarqutad yy (|) luauij—eouyy ‘ag

‘OPIS }J9] UO O1ydiowo1pUueUAS

Vs ‘OAA} AOYJO BY} O} [esJSoOUe Buleq |, sjle},, AJe}USWIIPNA pue ‘BulANO]OO

‘YusuidieosyA NANYLY 9y} Wiosl snuvpuvp o1idvy 3O |

GC

c

[]) SWAO} B]BWI9] sal

"PIT ‘YSIOIS ¥ o1puy

—s at aen

we

Explanation of Plates. 313

Fia. 7. Female offspring, trophonius form: pupated July 6, 1904 ;
emerged August 26. The 13th to emerge. <A typical
example of the southern form of trophonius, here for the
first time bred from a trophonius female parent.

8. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 12, 1904 ;
emerged July 17. The 3rd to emerge. The discal patch
on the hind-wing is distinctly browner than usual,—a
result of trophonius parentage appearing in an otherwise
typical cenea ? form.

9. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 22, 1904 ;
emerged July 29. The 7th to emerge.

10. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated July 8, 1904;
emerged August 24. The 11th to emerge. The right-
hand wings, being somewhat crippled, are only partially
shown in the figure.

11. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 11, 1904;
emerged July 4. The Ist to emerge. The shape of the
principal spot of the fore-wing, and the development of
a light patch on its inner margin, as well as the evident
tendency of the two markings to fuse, show a distinct
influence of the trophonius parentage.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

Female forms of Papilio dardanus.

All the figures are about the natural size. The butterflies were
intended to be precisely of the natural size, but as a matter of fact
they are all slightly enlarged. Furthermore, probably in consequence
of the concurrence of minute errors, the figures on the right side,
3 and 4, are rather more magnified than those on the left, 1 and 2.
The error is well within the limits of individual variation.

Fie. 1. Papilio durdanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, Q f. trimeni, n. f.
* Kikuyu Escarpment, British East Africa, 6500-9000 feet.
W. Doherty, October—November 1900: in the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum. The specimen
shows distinct rudimentary “tails” to the hind-wing.
The pale tints are yellow and not white, while the
pattern is also very ancestral as compared with the
hippocoow form from the same locality (Fig. 2).

314 Hxplanation of Plates.

Fia. 2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, 2 f. hippocoon : data
as in Fig. 1, except that the specimen was captured
September—October 1900. Although far more specialized
by mimicry of the black and white Amauris niaviuss
form dominicanus, the origin of the pattern from that of
the trimeni form (Fig. 1) is clear and simple. It is
accompanied by a change of the pale markings from
yellow to white.

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp, polytrophus, 9 f. cenea: data as
in Fig. 2. This form is far more specialized, viz. further
from the ancestral pattern still borne by the male insect
(Plate XVII, Figs. 1-6), than the hippocoon (Fig. 2). At
the same time it is by no means difficult to trace the
independent origin of the cenea from the trimeni form
by the spreading of the black ground colour,

4. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 £. planemoides, partially
gynandromorphic on the left side. The male influence
is not only seen in the conspicuous patches and streaks
of pale yellow scales on both fore- and hind-wing, but
also in the traces of the three submarginal black patches
on the hind-wing (compare Plate XVII, Fig. 1). These
are inconspicuous because placed on a dark ground ; but
they can be at once recognized by comparing the left
with the right hind-wing which exhibits no trace of
gynandromorphism, The pale markings on the right fore-
wing were caused by accidental injury and are in no way
comparable with the appearance on the left side due
to the existence of yellow scales like those of the male.
This interesting specimen was collected by Mr. T. T.
Behrens, R.E., in Buddu, on the west shore of Lake
Victoria, Nyanza, between Entebbe and the mouth of the
Kageru River: December 3, 1902—March 1, 1903.

Explanation of Plates. 315

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus.
All the figures are about 3% of the natural size.

Fie. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. tibullus, 2 f. trimeni, n. f.

Zanzibar, Lieut. Turner, 1884: in the Hope Department,
Oxford University Museum.

In this highly ancestral form of female the colour of
the central part of the wings is not so white as in the
hippocoon form, but very pale buff and thus far nearer
to the colour of the male. The subapical patch is also
imperfectly divided from the main pale patch of the
fore-wing.

2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. hippocoon.

Gaboon, Hewitson Coll., in Brit. Mus.

The exceptional variety of the hippocoon form here
figured exhibits distinct rudiments of “tails” to the
hind-wings. It is of much interest that this ancestral
character should be associated with the ancestral pattern
of the hippocoon form.

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. hippocoon.

W. Africa, Crowley Coll, in Brit. Mus.

This specimen of hippocoon also exhibits traces of the
lost ‘tails, although to a much less extent than in the
last figured specimen,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 21

316 Explanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Planemoides females of Papilio dardanus together with inter-
mediates between this and the other female forms.
All figures are about § of the natural size.

Fia. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 9 form intermediate
between cenea and planemoides. In coll. A. H. Harrison,
from Unyori, N.E. of Kisumu, about 1903. The specimen
figured is beautifully intermediate between these two
@ forms, of which the planemoides is seen in Figs, 2
and 4 and the cenea in Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The discal
patch of the hind-wing of this intermediate variety is
not white as in planemoides. It is much nearer to the
buff of cenea, but exhibits a faint reddish tinge which
may indicate some influence of trophonius. Taken alone
the specimen here represented would strongly suggest the
origin of planemoides from cenea.

2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides.
Nyangori (Forest land), N.E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza,
near Kisumu, 5000 feet. Captured November 1-8, 1902,
by C. A. Wiggins. In Hope Department, Oxford
University Museum. In everything except a curious
overspreading of the discal patch of the hind-wings by

' dark scales this is a typical planemoides form.

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. planemoides, tending
somewhat in the direction of hippocoon. From the same
locality as Fig. 2. Collected about 1903 by A. H.
Harrison. In Hope Department, Oxford University
Museum. The hippocoon influence is seen in the great
extension of the fulvous area along the inner margin of
the fore-wing. This specimen taken alone suggests the
origin of planemoides from hippocoon or trimeni. Compare
Figs. 2 and 4 with 3.

4, Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides. Nairobi,
British East Africa, May 17, 1903. In coll. A. H.
Harrison. The specimen figured is a fine typical example
of this beautiful form. The extended basal black area
of the hind-wing is an approach towards the much
greater development of this marking in the model,
Planema pogget.

Plate XIX.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. rgo06.

Alfred Robinson, phot.
All figures are about 75 of the natural

Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus,—the pattern and pale yellowish
colouring characteristic of trimeni (1), and the rudimentary “ tails ’’ of these

exceptional examples of Aippocoon (2,3).

Plate XX.

Lond., 1Qo0.

nt. Soc.

4
4

I

Trans

‘(¢) uoov0ddiy pue sapiowaunjd
useMjeq pue ‘([) vauad pue saplowaunjd UEsEMIJ9q STEIPSUJOJUT YA ‘(Hy ‘Z

‘aZIS ]DANJDU ay} fO Z JNOGD aAD SaAnsSlf |]
‘PIT ‘YUSI81S % o1puy

IqoIle N

ezZURAN JO ‘A'N

)

snuDppAvp

Ould jO °}

Be
2)

saplowauDnjd sul

"youd ‘uosuIqoy pejs[y

f -

= (ay: 7

,
Pel ovin wees

Explanation of Plates, 317

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

Forms of Acrxa johnstoni, together with their Danaine and
Acrexine models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905.

The whole of the specimens figured, models as well as mimics,
were presented to the Hope Department by Rev. K. St, Aubyn
Rogers.

All the figures are about 3° of the natural size.

Fie. 1. Amawris echeria, Boisd., ¢. The three largest spots of fore-
wing and submarginal spots of hind-wing are buff-
coloured : the submarginal and costal spots of fore-wing
much paler buff, almost white. December 15-31, 1905:
native collector.

la. Acrea johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh. (= kilimandjara
Oberth.), ¢. Fallax differs from the flavescens (Fig. 1b)
and proteina (Plate XXII, la, 1b) forms mainly in the
broader, rounder apex of the fore-wing, the rounded
instead of the squarish discal patch of hind-wing, and in
the sexual dimorphism,-—the males of fallax (Plate X XI,
la) having buff spots in the fore-wing, the females (Fig. 2a)
white. Furthermore the rounded discal patch of the hind-
wing is here well seen to be indistinctly defined owing to
the invasion of dark internervular rays, while the
squarish patch of flavescens and proteina is sharply out-
lined. Intermediate forms occur, and there can be little
doubt that Aurivillius is right in suggesting that fallax
is a form of johnstoni.

The male of fallax with buff-spots in the fore-wing is
seen to be an excellent mimic of the buff-spotted forms
of Amauris such as that represented in Fig. 1.

The specimen shown in Fig. la was captured December
15-31, 1905, by a native collector.

1b. Acrexa johnstoni, form flavescens, Oberth. The individual
represented possesses very pale buff spots in the fore-
wing, much paler than those of the male fallax (Fig. 1a).
Specimens of flavescens however often possess spots of a
pronounced shade. The individual shown in Fig. 1b is
a mimic of Amauris echeria (Fig. 1), but as regards
the pale spots is transitional towards the mimics of

318 Explanation of Plates.

Amauris albimaculata (Fig. 2), viz. the white-spotted
proteina forms (Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b), and towards
the female of fallax represented in the next figure.

The hind-wing of flavescens (Fig. 1b) is seen to present
a far more perfect resemblance to the Danaine models
(Fig. 1, 2) than that of fallax (Figs. la, 2a). The
superiority is brought about by a_characteristically
squarish buff discal patch which is sharply outlined and
exhibits hardly any invasion of marginal rays. December
15-31, 1905: native collector.

Fia.2. Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 9. In this specimen all the
spots of both wings are pure white, the only buff marking
being the discal patch of the hind-wing. December
15-31, 1905: native collector.

2a. Acrexa johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh., 9. The white-
spotted female of this form is beautifully mimetic of the
Danaine shown in Fig. 2. The discal patch of the hind-
wing is however very similar to that of the buff-spotted
male represented in Fig. la and like it less markedly
mimetic than either the flavescens (Fig. 1b) or proteina
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b) forms. December 15-31, 1905 :
native collector.

3. Planema quadricolor, Rogenh., ¢, the model of the
semifulvescens, Oberth., form of Acrxa johnstoni shown
in Fig. 8a. The basal area of the hind-wing and the
inner half of the fore-wing,—-viz., the whole of its area on
the basal side of the black-margined curved fulvous
subapical band,—are of a deep rich brown hardly to be
distinguished from black by photographic methods and
therefore barely recognizable in the figure. N.E. slopes of
Kilimanjaro, about 5000 feet ; State of Mamba: September
25, 1905: Rey. K, St. Aubyn Rogers,

3a. Acrexa johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., ¢. The four
characteristic spots, pale yellow in tint, lie on the borders
of the fulvous inner area of the fore-wing; thus suggest-
ing a likeness to the model (Fig. 3), where the inner
area is also separated by a subapical bar of lighter tint
from the black apical region. The pale yellowish discal
patch of the hind-wing of course forms an area much
broader than that of the model. In another specimen of
this form however (Kilimanjaro, December 15-31, 1905,
native collector) the basal half of this patch is almost
obliterated by suffusion with ground colour, producing a
much closer approximation to the hind-wing pattern of

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 7906. Plate XXI.

MODELS, MIMICS.
Danaing and Acvzinz. Forms of Acrzgd johnston.

la
fallax, 3

Buff spots

A Pare ise o.
Chie > buff.

ief spots pale bu flavescens, 3
Pale buff spots

fallax, 2

Am. albimaculata, 2 White spots.

Spots white.

semifulvescens, cS

Julvescens, i
Andre & Sleigh

}

uve re about 75 the natur

Forms of Acrza johnstoni, together with their Danaine (Amauris, Limnas) and
Acrazine (Flanema) models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905

oh

xine
v

Explanation of Plates. 319

the model. The specimen is unfortunately in too poor
a condition for figuring.

Locality of specimen represented in Fig. 3a., N.E.
slopes, Mamba State, about 5000 fect, September 26, 1905 ;
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. It will be observed that the
mimie was captured the day after that on which its model
was taken.

Fic. 4. Limnas chrysippus, L., form dorippus, Klug. (= klugii,

4a.

Butl.), 2. This is the dominant form of chrysippus in
British East Africa. Kilimanjaro, May 1905.

Acrva johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberth., ¢. An obvious
and beautiful mimic of dorippus (Fig. 4). The ancestral
markings persist, faint but distinct; and characteristic
in shape and position on both wings. On the under-
side they are more conspicuous. The basal spots on
the hind-wing under-side are distinct, but the most
prominent are in this form brown instead of black, and
therefore comparatively inconspicuous. December 15-31,
1905 : native collector.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

Forms of Acrexa johnstoni together with their Danaine and
Acreine models.
All the figures are of the natural size.

Ime 16

la.

Amauris lobengula, E. M, Sharpe, 3, from the forest, Mt.

Chirinda (about 3600 feet). Melsetter, Gazaland, S.E.
Rhodesia. Captured October 7, 1905, by Guy A. K.
Marshall. The model of Figs. la and 1b.

Acrea johnstoni, Godm., form proteina, Oberth., ¢. From

the same locality as the last, and captured by Mr.
Marshall on the same day. The relatively large size of
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing (compare Fig.
1d on Plate XX1I) is an evident synaposematic approach
towards the Amauris represented in Fig. 1, also charac-
terized by an especially large discal patch.

320 Explanation of Plates,

Fic. 1b. Acrea johnstoni, form proteina, 9, from the same locality
as 1 and la. Captured by Mr. Marshall, October 11,
1905. The female exhibits a patch even larger than that
of the male, and of a shape which approximates more
closely to the model shown in Fig, 1.

2. Planema poggei, Dew., ¢, from Buddu, between Entebbe
and the mouth of the Kageru River, west shore of Lake
Victoria Nyanza ; collected December 3, 1902—March 1,
1903, by T. T. Behrens, R.E. This Acreine butterfly
with its broad fulvous band crossing the fore-wing, and
white band crossing the hind-wing is evidently the primary
model of the particular variety of the semifulvescens,
Oberth., form of A. johnstoni, shown in Fig. 2a.

At the same time the latter exhibits a nearer approach
to the planemoides, Trim., 2 form of Papilio dardanus,
Brown., one of its co-mimics (compare Plate XX,
Fig. 4), than it bears to the central model of the group,
Planema poggei.

2a. Acrxa johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., 9. From
Taveta (about 2500 feet), British East Africa; May 15,
1905, Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. This form possesses a
pure white patch on the hind-wings, while the inner
area of the fore-wings is black instead of fulvous as in
typical semifulvescens (Plate XXI, Fig. 3a). This form
appears to mimic the planemoides female of Papilio
dardanus more closely than any other member of the
large group clustered round Planema pogyei (compare
Plate X of the present volume, accompanying Mr.S, A.
Neave’s memoir).

3. Planema latifasciata, E. M. Sharpe, ¢ ; from Toro, W.
Uganda (7-9000 ft.). November— December 1900;
Major Rattray. This Planema is the model for the
toruna form of johnstoni represented in the next figure,

3a. Acrexa johnstoni, form toruna, H. Grose-Smith, ¢; from
the same locality and date as the preceding. The
mimetic likeness is strong in the deep rich brown of the
inner area of the fore-wings and basal region of hind-
wings in model and mimic, in the fulvous subapical
band crossing the fore-wing and discal band crossing the
hind-wing, and finally in the dark ground colour external
to these striking markings.

In all forms of Acrava johnstoni here represented (Figs.
la, 1b, 2a, and 8a), the under-side exposed during
prolonged rest, when most of the fore-wing is hidden by

Plate XXII.

4

Trans. E

nt. Soc. Lond., 1906.

‘s]apoul

‘PIT ‘Usla[S 2 o1puy

(DIGUD/ J) BUleIOY pue

Poe ae ae i
“Mos uyo!l DAY Jo SMI04 Cs
“SOINIIN

(slunDU ) SUTeUeC ALB} YM 1943980} ‘IWOssuyo! D#BAIY JO SWOM

‘aZIS JDANJDU BY} BAD SaANSI,
‘youd ‘uosulgq

"Bpues/) “A\
‘O10 L

'RISIPOYM

“a's

‘BUIBAIY pur BUIDUDG,

‘STHGOIN

>

4 Pp

od}

|

i

V

Explanation of Plates. 321

the hind, is not mimetic of the respective Danaine
(Fig. 1) and Acreine (Figs. 2 and 3) models, but presents
an appearance synaposematic with many Acreas of
about the same size. During flight, on the other hand,
and probably during brief rest, nearly the whole of the
fore-wing under-side is revealed, and the effect is then
such as to reinforce the mimetic resemblance of the
upper-side.

SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1906.

ith aniaeantge

(Cor a

XVII. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies
from the Potaro District of British Guiana. By
WILLIAM J. KAYE, B.ES.

[Read October 3rd, 1906. ]
Pirates XXITI—XXVII

At the request of Prof. E, B. Poulton I have undertaken
to give some account of the Bionomics of British Guiana
insects, especially of the Lepidoptera. The long and
interesting paper by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in the Trans-
actions for 1902 has also impressed one that perhaps similar
notes from another continent, though in no sense so full and
complete, might not only prove of interest but perhaps of
value in clearing up some debatable points. For the most
part deductions have been made in the present case from
the accumulation of specimens and no such experiments
as recorded by Mr. Marshall can be given. Dates and condi-
tions of capture have been recorded, and in many instances
Iam able to give my own observations on the specimens
in Nature. Furthermore my collector, Mr. C. B. Roberts,
who has been the whole time on the same ground, is able
to supply many facts which are of value. It is a little
unfortunate that he is not a trained naturalist or his notes
might have been much fuller and more complete. The
specimens that he has captured are however taken all
together so remarkable that the bare list of what has
occurred in one particular forest-path, would probably be
thought sufficiently interesting. Besides this particular
district—a forest road stretching for 16 miles back from the
Potaro river about 30 miles above its confluence with the
Essequibo—I personally in March, April, May, and early
June in 1901, collected in many other districts, but I
propose to deal chiefly if not exclusively with the joint
captures by Mr. C. B. Roberts and myself made on the
Potaro road. The road is more or less a winding track
varying from 12 to 15 or even 20 feet wide and is in
places on sandy soil, in others gravel, and is crossed with
“corduroy” * for a great part of its length, while a small
part is built up with the natural gravel. On either side it

* “Corduroy” is the term employed for a road made similarly to

a railway track, 7. e. with the small trunks of trees split in half and
laid close together with the flat side downwards.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (JAN. 1907)

412 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

is flanked throughout its entire length with heavy forest
containing greenheart, wallaba, and mora, besides a vast
number of other less known trees.

The forest itself is dark and gloomy and throughout
the greater part of the year excessively damp owing to a
superabundant rainfall. The character of the vegetation
is always the same as even in the dry season the trees are
never otherwise than a fresh green. It is not surprising
therefore that practically the whole of the Lepidoptera,
excepting of course the several species of MJorpho, present
a very uniform sombre tone of coloration. Even the very
fine and brightly-coloured Heliconius catharine, Heliconius
astydamia and Heliconius egeria do not strike one in their
surroundings as particularly gaudy, and one is bound
largely to admit the assertion of A. H. Thayer in his
memoir in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 553, that many species
we call conspicuous are not really so in their surroundings.
It must however have been quite impossible for Nature
to have evolved such minutely close resemblance in
unrelated groups without the aid of Miillerian mimicry.
It is impossible to imagine that say an Erycinid butterfly
Esthemopsis sericina, should have arrived at the identical
colour and markings of a Syntomid moth Agyrta micilia
purely and simply by the process of syncriptic selection.
It is the minutest details in the coloration that dispel
such a probability : moreover in certain cases, as Prof.
E. B. Poulton has cited, I could definitely state that
butterflies settled on most “unsuitable” flowers for their
protection. A good example is found in the Lycorza,-
Melinxa,-Heliconius group that frequents the white
flowers of the plant Hupatoriwm macrophyllum. This
becomes a most valuable piece of evidence, as the species
frequenting these flowers form one of the most extensive
of all the groups that we are in the habit of calling
Miillerian. ~ Although this Lycorva,-Melinzxa,-Heliconius,
etc., group is by far the largest and most dominant, there are
many other groups in the region : in fact the vast majority
of the individuals belong to one or other of a “ coterie” of
similarly coloured species. In the Hesperidx there are one
or two conspicuous examples of synaposematic coloration,
and the Hrycinide offer some examples, and it is only
in the Lycenide that there appears to be an absence of it ;
this bears out exactly what Prof. Poulton said in the
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 500. It should however be

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 418

noted that the Lycanids here are all very uniformly of a
blue shade of colour, and doubtless amongst themselves
they offer protection in some sort of way.

By far the most numerous, conspicuous and characteristic
croup of butterflies is the large Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and
Heliconine group. The number of individuals contained
within this series, certainly more than equals all the other
butterflies to be found in most of the months of the year
and probably in every month. This group is composed
of the following species in their respective Families and
Subfamilies :—

Family NYMPHALID.
Subfamily J7HOMIIN 44.
Genus MELINA.

. Melinea mneme, Linn.
. Melinxa crameri, God. and Salv.
. Melinea egina, Cram.
. Melinxa mnasias, Hew.

Genus MECHANITIS.

Mechanitis pannifera, Butl.

. Mechanitis polymnia, Linn.

Genus CERATINIA.
1. Ceratinia philidas, God. and Salv.
2. Ceratinia euclea,* Godt.

Subfamily HELICONIN 4,

Genus HELICONIUS.
. Heliconius numata, Cram.
. Heliconius vetustus, Buthl.
. Heliconius silvana, Cram.
. Heliconius eucoma,+ Hiib.

Genus EUEIDES.

. Eueides nigrofulva, Kaye.
. Hueides isabella, Cram.
. Hueides vibilia, Godt.

Subfamily NYMPHALINA.
Genus ERESIA.

Od bo

Ne

Hm OF bo eS

Co be

1. Eresia eunrce.t

* The more transparent Ceratinia species, C. barii and C. vallonia,
do not strictly belong to this association.
7 ? ab. of H. numata. t Accidentally omitted from text.

414 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

Family DANAIDA.
Subfamily LYCOREAN 2.
Genus LYCOREA.

1. Lycorea ceres, Cram.
2. Lycorea pasinuntia, Cram.

Family ERYCINIDA.
Subfamily ZEMONIIN A.
Genus STALACHTIS.
1. Stalachtis calliope, Linn.

Supplementary species belonging to the group but
occurring in other localities and not yet detected from
the Potaro :—

Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily 77HOMIIN 44.
Tithorea harmonia, Cram. = T. megara, Doub. Hew. nec.

Godt.

Subfamily WY MPHALIN A.
Protogonius hippona, Fab. (true).

Family PIERIDZ.

Dismorphia amphione.

Of all these there is no doubt whatever that the several
species of Melinwa are the models to which all the other
species are converging. JMelinwa mneme at the present
time occurs in prodigious numbers. From March to
May and from September to December inclusive (these
approximating to the two dry seasons), it is almost
invariably to be found sitting upon the white flowers of
Eupatorium macrophyllum wherever that plant is found
growing. In much lesser numbers Melinza crameri is to
be found. Melinza egina is rather more plentiful than
M. crameri, yet a very long way from being as common as
M. mneme. Of the fourth Melinza there is little to be
recorded ; it is a single straggler that was taken on March
17th, 1905, and is either Melinwa mnasius or a closely

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 415

allied undescribed species. There must be much specula-
tion as to whether JZ mneme or IZ. crameri commenced to
draw the many other species to them in coloration and
pattern. JJelinva mneme is a strong variant in both fore-
and hind-wings while IZ. crameri is very constant above
and only as a very rare aberration is a form found with
the black of the hind-wing divided by the ground colour
so as to forma band. On the under-side, however, there
is considerably more variation. The latter species, owing
to its comparative constancy, must be looked upon as
older than JZ. mneme, a very variable and apparently
unstable species. It is however certain that if JZ. cramera
was first in the field, 1, mneme must have entered soon
after, for many of the associated species of other genera
follow JZ. mneme to a greater extent than MZ. cramerv.

In fact IZ. mneme must have been far more potent than
M. crameri, and the strong variability must have been a
great factor in drawing so many different species to the
association. Of MM. egina there is every reason to suppose
that it became a fixed and well-defined species early in
the history of the group, for we find only one other species
closely following it, and that also is a usually very constant
species, Heliconius silvana. It should here be mentioned
however that two specimens of Heliconius have been
caught, one in March 1905, the other without date, which
appear to be aberrations of H. silvana with a distinct
transverse black band to the hind-wing. These un-
doubtedly point to a not very distant genetic relationship
with Heliconius numata.

Unquestionably the closest “pairs” are the Melinwa
with Heliconius species. Mechanitis follows them very
closely with Lycorea also. While Hucides, Ceratinia and
Stalachtis, in the order named, diverge more and more
from the protected pattern. ‘The identical pattern and
colour in some of the forms of Heliconius numata to IM.
mneme is remarkable, as in the Potaro district the Heliconius
is apparently never abundant, rarely even really common.
I have only 32 specimens, and this represents the whole
take. The series is most remarkable for the very ex-
tensive variation, some having a narrowly barred hind-
wing, others having almost the whole of the hind-wing
black except for the costal portion. The Lycoreas are
certainly more abundant, while the MJechanitis species,
both pannifera and polymnia, occur in large numbers. Of

416 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

the Hueides species the new £. nigrofulva has turned up
twenty-four times to the twice only of the usually com-
mon £. isabella, Ceratinia philidas is probably only just
beginning to be influenced by the group generally, and
comparatively few specimens have been taken, in fact one
only from the district proper.

The following table will show at a glance the adherents
to each Melinxa, though doubtless the stress is a very
complicated oue, and inclined to form a general uniform
pattern in the long run, rather than four.

The numbers under each species show the numerical
quantity, actual or estimated.

LYCOREA,

STALACHTIS,

ceres
30
pasinuntia
40

calliope
1

MELIN@/A. HELICONIUS. MECHANITIS.| EUEIDES. | CERATINIA.
mneme * numata pannifera | nigrofulva | philidast
400 33 80 2 1
cramert vetustus
40 8 a aT ges -
egina silvana
70 4 hae Seg See
MNASiUS euclea ¢
; wae , Ths ae 50
% extreme) extreme
mneme\ banded | #44) handed polymnia isabella ‘tha,
400 4 700 2
eucoma vibilia
1 1

Some of the above large numbers are estimated only.
A trained collector might have detected many more
specimens of some of the apparently rare species.

The result of a single day’s catch recorded by Professor
E. B. Poulton, p. liv-lvi, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, fairly well
upholds the proportion of the various species. Mr. Roberts
has been collecting for me for over four years, and my
own three months brings the period up to four and a half
years, so it must now be tolerably certain that we know
all the species of the group and approximately the propor-
tion of each one to one another.

This is a matter of very great interest, and it shows how
the Ceratinia may obtain protection doubly—(1) when fresh
by conforming to the main group, and (2) when it is worn
and of a different appearance by being then mistaken for one
of another group of species, a group composed of species of
Napeogenes, Ceratinia and Sars, ete.

Although Melinxa mneme is nearly always present when

* Collector stopped catching this species. He could doubtless
have taken several thousand.

t See under Ceratinia, p. 421.

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 417

a collection of these brown and black insects is found on
the Hupatorium flowers, it is not so invariably. On May
14th, 1901, I remember being disappointed (from the
collector’s point of view), in coming upon a bush where
there were only Mechanitis polymnia and Ceratinia euclea
(C. philidas and C. bendis) present. Such a case as this
clearly shows the value it is to these members to have
been brought into harmony with the colours of the
dominant Melinza mneme. As although these species are
only commencing to conform to the main colouring of the
model they are able even among themselves to alight on
these flowers and be comparatively immune from danger.
It would have been interesting had every specimen of
Melinea mneme been retained to see the accurate propor-
tions of the different forms. I have actually kept 70 set
specimens, and these are divided up as follows :—

Melinxa mneme.

Hind-wing distinctly banded 40 = 57 % Upper-side and

Hind-wing obscurely banded 22 = 3147 Wadenads

Hind-wing with band obliterated 8 = 114%

Thus only 1 in 9 is heavily black, and this I have more
than once verified to be the approximate percentage.

A further interesting phase of variation is the presence
or absence of the red marks just before the yellow apical
band on fore-wing. The specimens give these figures :—

UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.

Fore-wing with large red spots or band

before yellow apical bandits.) 34)": 12) S50 hy,
Fore-wing with faint or oreatly suffused

spots . 40 5 Or — 297,
Fore-wing withred spots, band obliterated,

or nearly BO Pet) een es HLS — O65 / —-

These comparative figures are of great interest, as
although this species is so dominant in point of numbers,
the influence it exerts with its dark forms is very small
indeed compared with that of its banded forms. It there-
fore becomes tolerably clear that the allied Melinxa,—
crameri—which, although not nearly such a common
species, but has a very constant black pattern, must

have acted very strongly to create the powerful darkening
tendency in the hind-wing.

418 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

Melinea crameri.
Of the 28 specimens retained of this species there are
the following proportions with regard to the dark area in
the hind-wing :—

UPPER-SIDE, UNDER-SIDE,
Hind-wing withouta band . .| 27=96% | 21=75 %
Hind-wing with a band d= 4%) 1257
28 28

The single specimen that shows a band above only
shows it very indistinctly, but the seven that show banding
beneath have it well defined, three of them show it par-
ticularly well, yet on the upper-side it is hardly discernible.
A specimen in the Hope Collection at Oxford shows a very
distinct band on the upper-side and this came from the
same locality and was caught on August 28th, 1903.
Seven other specimens were captured on the same day,
but all of these were unbanded. It should be noted that
this presence of a band on the under-side only, while the
upper-side shows no sign of it is particularly instructive
and interesting as it shows that selection on the wing and
selection at rest are two different factors; moreover, as
it will be shown later, the under-side shows more general
agreement in the various members of the group taken as
a whole.

The proportions of the spotted to non-spotted, with
reddish, before the yellow apical band is most striking,
especially when compared with the same on the under-
side.

UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE,
Fore-wing with distinct red
marks before yellow apical
band . Se ie Retr Sea = T= sje 15b* = 54 7
Fore-wing with faint red marks i WT 137 — 46 4
Fore-wing withoutany red marks} 26 = 90 ¥ 0 = —
28 28

* These show the spots coalesced into a band.

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 419

It appears evident from the specimens that the banding
of the hind-wing and the presence of the red marks before
the apex of fore-wing go together. It is also significant
that these specimens have been secured in one or other
of the two dry seasons. My own specimen, with an indi-
cation of a band in the hind-wing, has also the red marks
before apex and was taken on March 27th, 1905, the end
of the short dry season. Professor E. B. Poulton’s banded
specimen has also red marks before apex and was taken
on August 28th, 1903, the early part of the long dry season,

In view of the great interest attached to this species as
to whether it is the centre of the association of the dark-
ened hind-winged insects, it may be useful here to look at
the range of the insect. From the limited material avail-
able it seems certainly to be most plentiful in British
Guiana. It occurs in the Berbice district adjoining
Surinam, and from the only two specimens seen from
there one shows a tendency to banding above and strongly
below, the other is normal, both have indications of red
apical marks on upper-side and strongly developed
beneath. Six specimens originally in the Godman and
Salvin collection now at South Kensington are labelled
Roraima. This must mean somewhere in the Roraima
district and not the mountain itself, which is bare rock
and out of the Forest region. None of these six are at
all banded, either above or below, and only one shows any
apical marks, and that is only weakly and on the under-
side. These six specimens are therefore interesting as
suggesting a more extreme dark form away back in the
interior of the country. A single specimen has the label
“ Bartica,” a place 40 miles in from the mouth of the Esse-
quibo, and I myself took it there, though only singly.
The only locality outside of British Guiana that I have
been able to discover is a specimen with a label “ Colombia,”
which like the Roraima specimen is now in South Kensing-
ton, but originally in the Godman and Salvin collection,
Were it not that all insects in the latter collection have
been set up and labelled with the greatest care one would
be inclined to discredit the locality. The specimen is a
very interesting one. It is strongly banded below, and
both above and below has exceptionally strong red apica
marks,

Of the other two Melinxa species there is little variation
to record. Melinza egina is extremely constant on the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906. PART III. (JAN. 1907) 28

420 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

upper-side, but again on the under-side there is a most
interesting minor piece of variation, It is that there are
indications of the formation of a black patch in the centre
of the wing by the presence of a long black streak between
veins 6 and 7 extending inwards towards base of wing.
From 32 specimens examined the following are the tabulated
results :—

Under-side with black streak well developed

6= 19
Under-side with black streak slightly developed 14 = 44
Under-side without black streak 1231

Okatag

Thus no less than 63 °/ show some slight development
towards the pattern of Melinwa crameri on the under-side,

The other Melinxa, M. mnasias, is only represented by
a single specimen and is probably only a wanderer to the
Potaro district, its home being further south on the
Amazons. As a link with the Ceratinias it is extra-
ordinarily close, and indeed when sitting with closed wings
would be even passed over by a skilled collector, so alike
is 1t to a large Ceratinia euclea.

Mechanitis pannifera.

This is a most variable species and is very common.
The $ is apparently quite rare compared to the male
as I find I have only three in a series of 56 examples.
The likeness however of these females, and one in
particular, to the darkest forms of Melinwa mneme is
extraordinary, for not only is the pattern and marking
so close but the greatly enlarged size give the insect a
look much more in general like the Melinzas than the
smaller and narrower MMechanitis species.

The 56 specimens divide up as follows :—

UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
| F
Hind-wing with a well-defined
band, 2% 6— 10, 18 = 32 7
Hind-wing with the band pa rtly ;
obscured. 26 = 46 % 35 = 63 7%
Hind-wing with the hand w wholly
Gbseureds.. (2. ces berene a 94 — 44 ¥ a= ol,
56 56

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 421

It will be noticed there are only three examples
exhibiting a wholly obscured band on the under-side.
Two of these are of males and one a female. All three
have the extreme dark upper-side as well. Those put in
the “partly obscured” category are examples showing a
great contraction of the fulvous band by an extension
of the black inwards from the outer margin. It, again,
in this species is evident that on the under-side a wholly
black area is the exception and not the rule while on
the upper-side nearly half (44 °/) the individuals are of
the extreme black form. Again, looked at from another
point of view there are no less than 95°/ showing some
sort of banding on the under-side, while on the upper-side
there are only 56°/, and of these only 10°/ that are
well banded.

Mechanitis polymnia.

This species, which in point of numbers comes next
to Melinwa mneme, is here as elsewhere a very constant
one. I have estimated that at least 700 specimens have
passed through my hands and I have detected only one
‘example that showed any tendency towards a darkening
of the hind-wing. This individual, a female, was taken on
March 14th, 1905. On the upper-side the whole of the
ground colour is darker and in the hind-wing the central
black band and the black marginal band are considerably
extended so that at the anal angle and near vein 5 these
just meet. On the under-side of the hind-wing there is
an even greater amount of black scaling. The costal
band is increased in width in addition to the central and
marginal bands, while the latter join at several points and
between veins 4 and 5 completely coalesce.

There is a specimen that shows a very distinct yellow
apical streak just as in the previous species M. pannifera
but which is quite normal in the size of the band of the
hind-wing. It also exhibits an almost complete suppression
of the black mark between veins 2 and 8 of the fore-wing,
and this also is a much more common phase of variation
in the previous species.

Ceratinia species.

There yet remain the Ceratinia species, which although
not very conspicuously within the group nevertheless link
up certain other species of Napeogenes, Sais and Ceratinia.

422 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

These all group themselves together in a remarkable way,
but it is not proposed here to deal with all of them. The
Ceratinia which above all others conforms to the main
group is Ceratinia philidas, G. and 8. Whether this is a
good species or a form of another is open to question.
It becomes a matter of importance when one wishes to
make a statement of its abundance or otherwise and its
distribution through the different months of the year.
C. philidas, G. and §., is in all probability only an
aberrational form of C. ninonia, Hiib., and this again links
up with intermediates to C. bendis, G. and 8., and C. ewclea,
Godt. The species should therefore be called ewclea, and
all the different forms are merely aberrations on the Potaro.
But the forms doubtless become fixed and definite in dif-
ferent localities. Thus at Roraima the philidas form seems
predominant, but im Trinidad typical ewclea occurs alone.
C. ab. philidas is much more frequent in the ? sex. The
genitalia of C. philidas look hardly different to C. ninonia,
the former only having a longer clasper, but the genitalia
of CO. ewclea and C. ninonia are the same. The very trans-
parent look of some C. ninonia males is unquestionably
due to wear, the scales brushing off in the way that the
Hemarine Hawk Moths do. C. bari, Bates, is, however,
a good species, and is always to be distinguished. Of un-
doubted C. philidas only seven specimens have been secured,
but only one on the Potaro.* None of these show anything
very different from the type which has the black central
band not joined at any point with the black marginal
band. It is of interest to note that the type specimen
came from the Sierra de Sta Martha in Colombia. Although
hitherto the Potaro district has not produced any very
extreme forms there is no reason to suppose that they
don’t exist, as at Omai lower down the Essequibo some
much darker forms have occurred, and I have a specimen
from there with a black streak in the cell of the hind-wing
and which has a much heavier and wider black central
band. But in the National Museum at 8. Kensington
are two remarkable specimens labelled “ Roraima,” which
have the whole of the lower half of the hind-wing black
as in the dark Zycorea species and in Heliconius vetustus.
Further evidence from Roraima supports that adduced
from the Melinewa crameri that probably there there is
to be found a much darker association generally.

* The specimen mentioned on page 416.

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 423

Heliconide.

Having reviewed the whole of the J/thomine of the
group one turns to the Heliconidy. The members of
this family form much the closest mimics, and the varied
series of Heliconius nwmata makes a remarkable “ pair”
in all its forms to the equally variable Melinxa mneme.

The association of all the Heliconius species within the
group must be very ancient as there is never any great
divergence from some one or other of the Melinzas. It
is a remarkable fact that while there are many other
differently coloured Heliconius species in the neighbour-
hood they are never (? absolute) found on the white
blossoms of the Eupatorium.

Four species of Heliconius have occurred that belong
to the group. It is possible that one of these, H. ewcoma,
is not distinct from H. nwmata. But it is just probable,
if unlikely, that several of the supposed aberrations are
really distinct. Thirty-three of what have been all
called H. nwmata have occurred. These are tabulated
as follows :—

HeELicontna—Genus Heliconius.

Heliconius numata.—tThirty-three specimens received
in all.

UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.

Hind-wing narrowly banded

lack %’s 5 7 ee se ee —
Hind-wing widely banded black | 19 = 58 ¥ aa
Hind-wing with band almost

submerged with outer margin ei 7, -—
Hind-wing with band totally

submerged . eu oe meson) G7 —

33 =

It will be seen that by far the largest percentage have
the hind-wing very broadly (but very variably) black
banded and that the extreme darkening is quite of rare
occurrence, only 6 having been seen from the Potaro
District. It is interesting to note that not a single

* One of these may prove to be a distinct species, having a much
narrower wing and a much broader yellow post-median band.

424 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

one of the forms shows signs of forming the rounded
shape of the black patch conforming to that of Melinza
cramer, yet I have six H.numata from the Demerara River,
and two or three from much lower down the Essequibo,
viz. Rockstone and Bartica, which show this in a remark-
able way. Two in particular show a great extension of
the black inwards about the cell, a phase of variation
unknown to me from the Potaro.

The other two species of Heliconius, viz. H. vetustus
and H, silvana, have occurred quite sparingly, the latter
especially so. H. vetustus is here a comparatively constant
species, and in the eight specimens secured the black area
in the hind-wing is never divided by the ground colour.
The only variation of the black area is that in some
individuals the black extends nearer the costa, basally
giving the appearance of a rounded area, while in others
the black area stops short by quite a horizontal line.

Heliconius vetustus.

The eight specimens divide up thus :—

5 Black area sharply cut off 2= 25 %
Upper-side Black area extended upwards 6 = 75 %
; Black area divided. . . .2=25 7%
Under-side Black area undivided . 6 = 75 %

The latter with the rounded black area agree very
closely with some of the H. nwmata, especially those
(6 “% only) in which the black is undivided by the
ground colour. But in the case of those that are almost
undivided the shape is the same giving an agreement of
another 27 '/, or 33 / in all of the H. numata with this
more usual form of H. vetustus.

A study of the red sub-apical patches in the fore-wing
gives the following interesting result :—

Upper-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 8 = 100 %
Upper-side 55 with & S 0=
8
Under-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 7 = 88 %
Under-side x with 5 5 1=12 7
8

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 425

The solitary specimen with three red markings has them
well developed. The specimen is a 9, and has the more
usual rounded black area to the hind-wing, and it was
captured on July 19th, 1904—the height of the rainy
season.

Heliconius silvana—tThe four specimens of this species
are of remarkable interest. Two of them bear the usual
pattern of black marking on the hind-wing while two
show the black area divided by the ground colour, one
being a good intermediate. Not one of the four have the
white marginal spots developed. The species undoubtedly
shows the strong local influence of its relatives, and
especially is this to be noted in the two specimens with
a banded hind-wing, these conforming with the predomi-
nant forms of Melinwa mneme and Heliconius numata.
These banded H. silvana, although rare, have been re-
corded elsewhere. There are two such specimens in the
Hewitson collection at South Kensington. One labelled
Upper Amazon, and another a much smaller specimen,
but more completely banded, from Para. The species is
evidently on one of the limits of its distribution or would
surely be commoner, especially as elsewhere, such as at
Para, it is a very common and plentiful insect.

Heliconius ewcoma—A single specimen was secured by
Mr. C. B. Roberts in 1902. It differs in no way from the
type, and is a mere accidental visitor, apparently to the
Potaro region. The home of the species is on the Lower
Amazon. The species readily fits in with the group
through the more extremely banded forms of Heliconius
numata.

HELICONINE, Genus Hueides.

Three species of Lweides have occurred, Hueides isabella,
Eueides vibilia, and Eucides nigrofulva.* The two former
only singly and the last not uncommonly. It is curious
that one of the single specimens (that of ZH. isabella) is a
common species, while the only species that has occurred
at all frequently was found to be an undescribed species.
It is this new species that conforms to a considerable
extent to the main group, while Z. isabella (as far as can
be ascertained from a single individual) is of the ordinary

* Vide Ent. 1906, p. 52. Three other species of Hueides have
occurred belonging to another small family group, H. lybia, £.
aliphera, and HE. unifasciatus (?).

426 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

form and shows no special influence of the main group.
Hueides isabella, it should be mentioned here as elsewhere,
strongly retains the pattern of the abundant JMechanitis
polymnia, and this association is probably so ancient that
the two species have had time to become fixed and definite.
Both these two latter insects occur over a very wide area,
and small variations of climate and environment have
apparently little or no effect.

Hueides nigrofulva.

Of this newly discovered species twenty-five individuals
in all have been secured. No less than twenty-two have
been females while but three males have been taken.
This may indicate that the males and females have
different habits, but it may be simply that the males and
females emerging at different times and that when the
males were out they were either overlooked for something
else or perhaps not looked for at all. This latter explana-
tion seems to be more plausible when one examines the
under-sides of the specimens as remarked on later. The
series of females shows considerable transition from a
moderately heavy-banded hind-wing, tending to fuse with
the dark outer margin, to a fairly narrowly-banded form
with no trace of fusion.

Of the extreme dark form there are four examples, but
in no case is the area between the central band and the
dark outer margin uniformly black. The males, as will
be seen by a reference to the specimen of the insect, have
a very much less dark hind-wing, with the black band far
more broken up into spots than is ever found in the female.
This difference together with the absence of yellow bands
to the fore-wing gives the male sex a very different general
appearance above. On the under-side, however, except for
size, these differences vanish and there is practically no
variation in the whole series of either males or females,
This is remarkable testimony to the efficacy of selection
when the species is at rest. Not only do male and female
closely resemble one another on the under-side, but they
with closed wings have a remarkable similarity to the
under-side of Heliconius numata, and particularly to the
less dark individuals of that species. The series of
white marginal spots to the hind-wing, the most in-
teresting appearance of a yellow patch of scales beyond

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 427

the cell between veins 5 and 7, and three white apical
spots on the fore-wing are alike found in both A. numata
and £. nigrofulva, not to mention the general arrangement
of bands and colours.

Eueides isabella and Eueides vibilia.

As already mentioned both of these species have
occurred but only singly. #. isabella is a perfectly
normal example. It is remarkable that on the under-side
with the wings closed it is hardly to be distinguished from
E. nigrofulva except for the smaller sub-apical yellow spots
forming a band. The straw-coloured patch of scales be-
tween veins 5 and 7 is wanting, and points to a more
recent association with the group or at least with
Heliconius numata.

The example of Hueides vibilia is much more removed
from the normal and illustrates how this species is assum-
ing a darkened hind-wing above. The black scaling of
the marginal band shows an extension inwards towards
the cell, and this is quite a special development in this
species. The sub-apical straw-coloured spots are smaller
than in typical examples and follow the pattern Z. isabella.
It must be confessed that on the under-side this insect has
little of the general appearance of the majority of the
group. The strong rayed aspect of the hind-wind without
any band gives the insect a much more distinct and dif-
ferent-looking appearance. But it cannot be overlooked
that the dark suffusion of the hind-wing above is signifi-
cant of the influence of the more pronounced black hind-
winged species, and this like the Protogonius is probably a
resultant of selection for this end made only on the wing.

FAMILY—DANAIDZ.
Sub-family—LZ YCOREAN.

The two members of the family Danaidx both offer
remarkable instances of the influences of colour and
pattern, The two species are Lycorea pasinuntia and
Lycorea ceres. The former shows the influence of the
darkening tendency in the hind-wing much less than the
latter, and this is the more remarkable because in other

428 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

localities even as close as Venezuela and Trinidad Z. ceres
occurs, and never shows the deep black colour on the
hind-wing, while Z. pasinuntia has its home almost
confined to Guiana and yet does not conform to the local
influence to so great an extent nor in such a large pro-
portion of the specimens. Both species occur chiefly in
the long dry season which usually sets in at the end of
August and lasts up to nearly the close of December, but
odd specimens may be turned up at most times of the
year, and I personally took several of each in May 1901,
when the rainy season had begun in earnest a month
previously. :

As has already been seen with the Ithomiines the
darkening of the hind-wing is far more pronounced on the
upper-side, in fact on the under-side there is always a well
detined area where the dark scales fail to obliterate the
band. Tabulated, Lycorea ceres works out thus :—

Lycorea ceres. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Hind-wing distinctly banded 6 = 30% 18 = 90 %
Hind-wing obscurely banded 12) 60/7 2— OR
Hind-wing band obliterated PAO OS

20 20 |

We thus find that on the upper-side the specimens with
a wholly and partially obscured band number 70 7%, while
on the under-side they only number 10 as while the banded
forms claim no less than 90 /, an almost complete reversal
of the one to the other.

That this species should vary so in regard to the
colouring of the hind-wing is not to be surprised at, but it
is very remarkable that the pattern of the fore-wing
should remain so constant, as there is never any tendency
to the form atergatis, such as is so frequently met with in
Trinidad, nor is there any tendency to darkening of the
fore-wing, such as is frequent in Peru, proving by the
latter case that the species is in no need of adopting a
more uniformly dark aspect, even though it is able under
certain conditions to do so. The interest centring round
Lycorea ceres must always be considerable. It is a species
that occurs in one or other of its forms throughout nearly

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 429

the whole of Central and South America with Cuba and
Haiti. It is true most of the forms are known as distinct
species, but if we only could ascertain where the forms
overlapped such as we know atergatis and ceres overlap in
Trinidad, there could be no possible doubt that the species
was continuous from Mexico to Southern Brazil and from
Peru to Para, and that we should find the forms merging
one into another. With such a species as this it should
be possible to decide by experiment whether all different
climates and different climatic conditions tend to produce
different geographical races as we know them, or whether
the action of mimicry by selection is sufficient to account
for these changes. That such a species should adopt
so many tones of colour cannot be, because the forest has
such a varying aspect, and that the insect when on the
wing is variously concealed. ‘The species in several of its
phases (? all) is extremely conspicuous in flight, and in
Guiana at least it is very conspicuous at rest on the
flowers of Hupatorium macrophyllum. This Hupatorium
is a widely distributed and common plant, and it is quite
likely that in other parts of the continent it is frequented
by this same Zycorea under various guises.

Lycorea pasinuntia.

This species is certainly commoner than the previous
but its variation is not so considerable. And with regard
to the complete darkening of the area of the band in the
hind-wing it is a comparatively rare feature.

The variation works out thus with 27 examples :—

Lycorea pasinuntia. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE,
Hind-wing distinctly banded 18 — 66: 7, 25 9317,
Hind-wing obscurely banded * G— 227 ih 7A
Hind-wing band obliterated + ae 0=

27 27

* This is the extreme form, but it is not nearly so complete as in
L. ceres.

{+ Under this class are placed all those that are not completely
banded, but the average is not so great as with L. ceres.

rian

at

. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miille

430 Mr.

Table showing comparative percentages of species
exhibiting a large undivided black area on UNDER-SIDE

and UPPER-SIDE of hind wing.

UPPER-SIDE,

UNDER-SIDE,

AM st
nuoomna snispUUe
7 OS

pupapis purba

7% OL Ss 9 ae * BL

$a.vao maqQvsr nyouUnu wayona pruulijod aULaUUb

rs % U 4% 8 * OO1 = h VV 96
adoujyno oywnuspd nan fou bvu snygsn gaa spprpyad prafvwund 1LOWDLO

AH hes

pUuoona snispUM

Dunaps nurba

ar ae pre bh & : == i BL

9alao Dpjaqnsr DynwUnU najona prwuwulhjod auvawue

ws xh I =a i Gd ee xhG he Gh
adouj)po oyunusnd paynforbve sngsnyaa sppypyd nvafruwod WOW
“STZIRTRIG “Bald ATT “soprlony ‘SHIMODIPERT | “BIUTywIED | “SIPURYpoTT | = “BeUTLEPT
Se SS

‘WdIVNV(
“we OLY ° “5 Hu
CINIOAU ANVGUOONT W NINOOITS PT WALIVHAWAN ANIINOHLT

* The extreme black form still shows slight indication of banding

beneath.

+ Still showing a trace of banding.

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 431

Tithorea harmonia, Protogonius hippona, and Dismorphia
amphione. Of these three species that fit into the group
but have not yet occurred on the Potaro it is highly
probable that the Zithorea harmonia remains to be dis-
covered. It has been taken at Aunai,a locality higher up
the Essequibo. Two specimens at South Kensington bear
Aunai labels, and it is remarkable that both of these show
no trace of the darkening of the hind-wing but are of the
extreme banded form. One of the specimens exhibits the
characteristic red apical markings on the under-side while
the other is wholly without them. It seems clear from
the material available that Surinam and Cayenne produce
the darkest forms of 7. harmonia, while British Guiana
gives the megara form which is banded. Cramer’s figure
of harmonia shows the insect on the under-side and gives
the heavy black form with only the veins showing of the
ground colour, It is however significant that in five
specimens from Paramaribo at South Kensington only one
shows an unbanded form on the under-side. In this latter
form the Z%thorea fits im much better with the group
generally, as 1t has already been shown how frequently
the black area is divided on the under-side even when
complete on the upper-side.

Protogonius hippona fits in admirably with the group;
many of the special characteristics being exceedingly well
brought out. The only specimens that I know of and
have seen of this species are one from Berbice and two
from Cayenne. It is therefore possible that the insect
belongs more strictly to the territory known as Dutch and
French Guiana, Berbice being conterminous with Surinam
although within the British area. The insect is chiefly
remarkable in having besides the heavy blackening of the
hind-wing a row of very conspicuous large white spots to
the margin of the hind-wing, at once recalling the Lycoreas,
ceres and pasinuntia. As with all the Protogonius species
this one is doubly protected in having a cryptic under-
side, while on the upper-side it gains protection by simili-
tude to a protected group.

It cannot however here be insisted too strongly that
the Protogonius proves most conclusively that when it is
on the wing it must be the upper-side that is seen by its
enemies, or else how could such a pattern be evolved
i aa of the very different pattern of the under-
side ?

432 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian

Table showing members of the group that

ITHOMIINE NYMPHALIDS,
ean EEEEEIEEEEETEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEET

LYCOREANE DANAID, HELICONIN A,
<a = aN

ERYCINID.

JANUARY.

FEBRUARY.

MARCH.

APRIL.

MAY.

JUNE.

M. mneme,

M, crameri.

M. egina,

Mech. pannifera.
M. polymnia.

C. euclea.

Hel, vetustus.

H. numata.

E. nigrofulva.

M. mneme.
M, crameri.
M. egina,

M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.

C. euclea.

H, vetustus,
Hl, numata.

H, silvana.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M, egina.

M. mnasius.

M. pannifera,

M. polymnia.
C. euclea,

H, vetustus.
HT. numata.

H, silvana.

E. nigrofulva.

S. calliope.

M. mnene.
M. crameri.

M. egina.

M. pannifera.

M. polymnia.

C. euclea.

HH. numata,

H. eucoma.

E. nigrofulva.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. egina,

M, pannifera.
M., polymnia,
C. euclea.

C. philidas.

H. vetustus.

H. numata.

E. nigrofulva.

L. pasinuntia.

L. ceres.

M. mneme.

M. crameri.

M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
C. euclea.

E. nigrofulva.

group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 433

have occurred in cach month of the year.

JULY.

AUGUST,

SEPTEMBER,

OCTOBER,

NOVEMBER,

M. mneme.

M, crameri.

M. pannifera.

M. polymnia.

C. euclea,

H. numata.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. egina.

M. pannifera.
M. polymnia,

C. euclea.

H, vetustus.

E. nigrofulva.

L. pasinuntia.

LT. ceres.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. pannifera.

M. polyinnia,

M. mneme.

M. crameri.

M, pannifera.

M. polymnia.

L. pasinuntia.

L. ceres.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.

M. egina,

M. pannifera.
M. polymnia,

HZ, vetustus.

H. numata.

E. nigrofulva,

L. pasinuntia.

L. ceres.

DECEMBER.

M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M., egina.

M. pannifera,

M. polymnia.

HT, vetustua.

HA. numata,

BE. nigrofulva.

L. pasinuntia,

L. ceres.

434 Mr. W. J. Kaye on Miillerian Butterflies,

In viewing the group as a whole what is most striking
is that there is much closer agreement on the under-side
than on the upper-side, and it is quite clear that selection
must take place while the insects are resting with their
wings folded. It should be convincing to the greatest
sceptic that say the red apical marks on the under-side
could never run through such a series if selection were
made on the wing as is affirmed by all those who implicitly
believe in the protective environment theory. What
comes out clearly from these investigations is that only
two species, Melinxa crameri and Heliconius vetustus, show
a large proportion of specimens with a heavy black under-
side. The tendency at the present time is all in favour
of a banded under-side. On the upper-side the black
development is far more pronounced as Mechanitis panni-
Jera joins in with 50 % of its forms dark and Lycorea ceres
with 40 “/. Whatever however may be the real cause of
these darkened hind-winged forms so characteristic of the
Guiana region it is certain that the forces at work are now
not so potent for their development as for the more barred
forms. It however may be that the selection for the
upper-side made upon the flying specimen is acting much
more slowly than upon the sedentary individuals, and
this at least seems plausible as it is beyond question
that the members of this large group spend the greater
part of their time at rest on flower-heads and become so
engrossed, that they show no inclination to fly, a collector
being able to catch individuals with his fingers as they sit
feeding.

Explanation of Plates. 435

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXIII.

Miillerian group of Ithomiine, Lycoreane, Heliconine, and Lemon-
iine butterflies, showing the darkest forms. The upper- and under-
sides of every specimen is shown.

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.)

All figures are about 3 of the natural size.

Fie. ITHOMIINE.
1. Mechanitis pannifera, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th,
1903 : in Hope Dep.
2. Mechanitis pannifera, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, about Aug
—Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.

3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2: captured by C, B. Roberts, March 14th,
1905: in Coll. Kaye.

4. Ceratinia philidas: captured by W. J. Kaye, May 17th, 1901:
in Coll. Kaye.

5. Melinxa egina : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903: in

Hope Dep.
6. Melinxa crameri: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date : in Coll.
Kaye.
7. Melinxa mneme: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 :
in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 7, Pl. XXVI.
LYCOREANA,
8. Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—Dec. 1901 : in
Coll. Kaye.
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date: in
Coll. Kaye.
HELICONINA.

10. Heliconius silvana : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 5th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.

11. Heliconius vetustus: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 18th,
| 1905 : in Coll. Kaye.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (JAN. 1907) 29

436 Explanation of Plates.

Fia.

12. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 14, Pl. XXVI.

13. Hueides nigrofulua g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—Dee.
1902 : in Coll. Kaye.

14. Hueides nigrofulva, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 25th,
1905 : in Coll. Kaye.

LEMONIINA.
15. Stalachtis calliope : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 26th, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.

PLATES XXIV (UPPER-SIDES) AND XXV (UNDER-SIDES).

Miillerian group of Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and Heliconine butter-
flies, showing the extreme banded forms.

The specimens represented are the same, and their figures occupy
corresponding positions on both plates.

All specimens are from the Potaro River, and all, except those
represented in 10 and 14, from thirty miles above its confluence with
the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth and tenth
mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.) Specimens
shown in Figs. 10 and 14 are from Tumatumari, fifteen miles lower
down the Potaro river.

All figures are 2 of the natural size.

ITHOMIINE.

1. Mechanitis pannifera, g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 1903:
in Coll. Kaye.

2. Mechanitis polymnia, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.

3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 8rd,
1903 : in Coll. Kaye.

4, Cerutinia euclea form ninonia: captured by Percival, April 3rd,
1904: in Coll. Kaye.

5. Melinea crameri, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th,
1903 : in Hope Dep.

6. Melinea mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, August 28th,
1903: in Hope Dep.

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVI.

7. Melinea mnasius: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 17th, 1905:

in Coll. Kaye.

Plate XXIII,

Lond. 1906,

Ent. Soc.

Trans.

“AXX Pub “AIXX S9}e[q uo umays aie saloads paansiy ay} |e

Ajzeou JO SUIO} paweg ‘uMEYs seoEyins Jepun pue sedd~q) “eueiny ysiiiag ‘1eATyYy o1e]Og 9y} WO
}1O} NE] SUNUOWIS7] PUB SUUODT]aH{ ‘ouee1OOA ‘ouTIWIOY}] UuseMieq soUuRIqUuIesSy (ONeWwesodeukS) ueWaTN

YyAA Sor

"PIT ‘YSI9]

I

S ¥ oipuy ‘aZIS ]DANJDU ay} fO & JnogDv adv SaAnSIf ])P

pvyunuispod fA va100k

WNUNOWAT

(4)

HY NIINOHLI

: SSUIA PUY yep

*xuld ‘jysiuyy sovri0py

Ly.
»
s : ™ =
“.
i
} Fa
J ;

Trans. Ent. Rey. Mw, Lond. LOU 0. Plate XXIV.

asinuntia.

Ca

ITHOMIINAZ

Lycon

& Co.

v

Wither

with barred hind wings ;

and Heliconine Butterflies,

tween Ithomiine,

from the Pota

nce b

sembla

sematic) Re

1apo

Guiana.

Lycoreane

British

1ver,

Ri

Plate.

shewn in the corresponding figure of the following

‘n here represented Is

spec Ime

of every

Plate XXV.

s. Lint. Soc. Lond. 1goo.

TAN

> n rad cs ee a a 1
de] q Sutpoooid ayy Jo oanoy Sutpuodsari09 dy} Ur UA\OYS St pojudsoidor s19y usutdads AroAd Jo dovjins szsddn ayy

240; oy Mody
puly porreq U IM ‘sotpatoqng AUTUOOTTo Uy] UIIMIJI JIUB[OUISI¥Y (oreuasod UAC) URL

*9ZIS JDANJVU IYZ {[O =~ IAD SIANSY 77} ‘youd

“pigunuesyg ‘IAT *SPIADP DILOM Sf

5) NV

a a) Wv NINOOITAH “( HINOHLI

=

Explanation of Plates. 437

Fic. LYCOREANA,
8. Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B. Roberts, probably Dec. 1901 or
Jan. 1902: in Hope Dep.
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, Oct. 1901: in
Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVII.

HELICONINA,

10. Heliconius silvana ab. divisus : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole
at Tumatumari, Potaro River, fifteen miles above confluence
with the Essequibo : in Coll. Kaye.

11. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 8, Pl. XXVI.

12. Heliconius eucoma: captured by C. B. Roberts, about 1902: in
Coll. Kaye.

13. Eueides nigrofulva, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, June 30th,
1902: in Coll. Kaye.

14. Hueides isabella : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole at Tumatu-
mari (see Fig. 10): in Coll. Kaye.

BREATHE Seil.

Series of Melinxa mnemeand Heliconius nwmata, showing parallel
transition from barred to black hind-wings.

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.)

All figures are ? of the natural size.

1 Melinza mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.

2. Melinxa mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 6, Pl. XXIV, XXV.

3. Melinza mneme, ¢: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.

4, Melinea mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 :
in Hope Dep.

5. Melinea mneme, g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 29th, 1908 :
in Hope Dep.

438 Explanation of Plates.

Fic.
6. Melinxa mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.
7. Melinexamneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 :
in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 11, Pl. XXIV, XXV.
8. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.
9. Heliconius nwmata : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 3rd, 1905 :
in Coll, Kaye.
10. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
11. Heliconius numata, captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 9th, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.
12. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905 :
in Coll, Kaye.
13. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Dec. 9th, 1904 :
in Coll Kaye.
14, Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2nd, 1905:
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 12, Pl. XXIII.

PLATE XXVIII.

Series of Lycorea pasinuntia and Lycorea ceres, transition from
barred to black hind-wing, showing parallel.

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro on the road to the gold mines.)

All figures are about 2 of the natural size.

1. Lycorea pasinuntia, barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts,
Oct. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.

2. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest barred form: captured by C. B.
Roberts, Oct. 1901 : in Hope Dep.

The same specimen is also figured in Plates XXIV and XXV,

Fig. 9.

3. Lycorea pasinuntia, intermediate form : captured by C. B, Roberts,

Nov.—Dec. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.

4. Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint traces of inner section
of pale submarginal band ; captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.

Trans. Ent. Si MC. / Onda. TOQOO. Plat DO’ | Ff

ITHIOMIIN AE. HELICONINE.

14
Melinea mareme (7). Fleliconius ¥ numata (7).

Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby
All figures are * of the natural s

Parallel transition from barred to black hind wing in an Ithomiine butterfly and its Heliconin:

(Miillerian) Mimic; from the Potaro River, British Guiana.

ic

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XX VII.

LYCOREAN/S. LYCOREANE.
>

. : nN *
6 <i Rip sc aus i pas oye S
5 me - —¥ J Was ’
pasinuntia (6). EVCOrER “ CETESENE
Witherby & Co.

Lycorea
Alfred Robinson, phot.

All figures are about = of the natural é.

Parallel Transition from barred to black hind wing in two Lycoreane butterflies ; from the

Potaro River, British Guiana.

Explanation of Plates. 439

Fic.

5. Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint trace of inner end of
pale submarginal band: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901 : in Coll, Kaye.

6. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest form: captured by C. B. Roberts

in 1901: in Coll. Kaye.

7. Lycorea ceres, barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.

8. Lycorea ceres, darker barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts,
Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.

9. Lycorea ceres, median section of pale submarginal band has
disappeared : captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.

10. Lycorea ceres, more complete disappearance of median section of
pale band; captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.

11. Lycorea ceres, submarginal bar as in last figure ; the pale discal
bar is however far more reduced in the specimen here repre-
sented: captured by, C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., or
1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.

12. Lycorea ceres, darkest form, only the costal end of the sub-
marginal bar can now be detected, while the inner section of
the discal bar is only represented by traces, and its outer part
has disappeared. In this important respect Lycorea ceres is
much in advance of L. pasinuntia in the tendency towards
progressive darkening: C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.

( 521 )

XXII. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina
corva and Ixias baliensis. By F. A. Dixy, M.A.,
M.D., F.LS., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.

[Read December 5th, 1906. ]

PEATE XOXXT.

AmonG the geographical forms of Huphina nerissa, Fabr.,
there occurs in Java, Bali and Lombok a fairly well-
marked island race to which Wallace in 1867 gave the
name of corva. A similar form, called by Butler from
its habitat H. swmatrana, seems almost indistinguishable
from Wallace’s type.

The object of the present paper is to call attention to
the remarkable similarity that exists between both sexes,
but especially the female, of Huphina corva, and certain
females of a form of Jzias found in the same locality.
The Jxias in question belongs to the group containing
I. venilia, Godt., and J. reinwardtii, Voll., being indeed
scarcely separable from the latter. It is the local race
inhabiting the island of Bali, and has accordingly received
the name baliensis from Fruhstorfer.

The resemblance here spoken of is well seen on Plate
XX XI, but is still more striking when the actual specimens
are examined. It can, I think, scarcely be doubted that
the likeness between these forms of such diverse affinities
has a mimetic significance. The specimens represented in
Fig. 3-7 were all captured on the same occasion by Mr.
R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S., and were kindly given by him
to the Hope Department at Oxford. It does not appear
to have been noticed that the series contained an Lvias
until the insects were on the point of being incorporated
with the general collection.

It will be observed that the resemblance to [vias balien-
sis, though shared by both sexes, is stronger in the female
than in the male Huphina. This is in accordance with the
well-known rule as to the superior means of protection
employed by the female sex in correspondence with its

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTIV. (JAN. 1907)

522 Dr. F. A. Dixey On the Diaposematic

greater needs—a rule which holds good not only in
mimicry but also in other kinds of defence. Another
point worthy of notice is, that as shown by Figs. 6 and 7,
compared with 6A and 7A, the resemblance borne to each
other by the upper surfaces of the two insects does not
extend to the lower. This seems to favour the view that
the enemies in this instance guarded against are such as
attack butterflies on the wing rather than at rest.

But the most interesting feature in the case is the
evidence it affords of diaposematism, or the interchange of
warning characters between mimic and model. In his
original description of H. corva, Wallace drew attention to
the fact that this form possesses a black border to the
hind-wing, “much wider and more defined than in the
allied forms” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Series, IV,
1867, p. 339). This dark border, as can be seen in Plate
XXXI, figs. 3-6, is present in both sexes; it 1s formed
in the female by the fusion of the submarginal row
of V-shaped spots seen in Fig. 1 with the actual dark
edging of the wing. A somewhat similar feature, though
less pronounced, occurs in H. lichenosa, Moore, from the
Andaman Islands; but in the ordinary allied forms known
as Huphina nerissa, H. phryne, H. copia, etc., it does not
exist. A comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, which represent
the female and male respectively of the typical H. phryne
of continental India, with the figures of H. corva in the
same Plate, will show the difference referred to by Wallace.
This difference is even better marked in the dry-season
form of H. phryne than in the wet, the latter being the
phase here figured.

Now it is in large measure to the presence of this dark
border on the hind-wing that H. corva owes its correspond-
ence in aspect with J. baliensis. It is of course open to
any one to assert that the dark border is merely an acci-
dental feature in H. corva without any special significance.
But when we consider that this feature is practically
restricted to that form of the H. nerissa group whose
range overlaps that of the Jzias which it so closely re-
sembles, the conclusion seems at once to suggest itself
that the presence of the dark border in H. corva is the
result of a mimetic approach to the other insect. In this
respect, then, the Huphina has acted as the mimic and
the Jzias as the model. If, however, we turn to the fore-
wing, we find the process reversed; here it is the Jzias

eee” Ce eee eee

eer

Poe 4

Resemblance between Huphina corva and Ixias baliensis, 523

that has departed from the usual aspect of its nearest
relatives, becoming in this case the mimic, while the
Huphina stands as the model. The resemblance has
therefore been attained by a process of give-and-take on
both sides; nor would it be easy to find a better illustra-
tion of the principle of reciprocal change or diaposematism.

It is fair to note that specimens of 7. corva from Java
and the representative form H. swmatrana from Sumatra
also possess the dark border to the hind-wing, and are not
known to be in mimetic association with any Jazas found
in those islands. It is perhaps unlikely, though not impos-
sible, that a corresponding Jazias may yet be observed to
inhabit these localities; but in view of well-ascertained
facts as regards the shifting of areas of distribution among
butterflies it would not be extravagant to suppose that the
Huphina has somewhat extended, or the Jzias has con-
tracted its range since the resemblance was first set up.
In any case, we have the fact that the specimens shown in
Figs. 3-7 were all caught by the same person in the
same place and on the same day. HH. corva occurs also in
Lombok, where its relation with Jxias reinwardtu, Voll. §,
is no doubt the same as with J. baliensis in the neighbour-
ing island.

It is to be observed that not all female specimens of
HT. corva show the mimetic approach to Jzias in the same
degree. Thehind-wings are sometimes rather conspicuously
veined, as often in the wet-season phase of H. phryne;
moreover the dark Ixias-like border is less distinct in
some specimens than in others. So: too, L. baliensis 9
may possess a pale orange suffusion in the central area of
the fore-wing. These features, which may possibly be
dependent on season, certainly tend when present to
impair or abolish the excellence of the mimetic picture.

Mr. Finn, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal,” 1895, pp. 621, 624, 626, 635, etc., has produced
some direct evidence that Huphina phryne is disliked by
insectivorous birds (Liothrix and Chloropsis). There is
not, so far as I am aware, any such evidence ijn the case
of Jxias. But if the foregoing conclusions are well-
founded, it will follow that the association between the
two forms here discussed must be synaposematic and not
pseudosematic, Miillerian and not Batesian.

524- Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

Fic. 1. Huphina phryne, Fabr. ?.
2. Huphina phryne, Fabr. 3.

These figures (1 and 2) represent the ordinary form fron: continental

India.

Huphina corva, Wallace ¢.

Huphina corva, Wallace ¢.

Hwphina corva, Wallace ¢.

Huphina corva, Wallace ?.
6a. Huphina corva, Wallace 9 underside.
7. Ixias baliensis, Fruhst. ¢.
7A. Ivias baliensis, Fruhst. 9 underside.

The above butterflies (3-7) were all taken by Mr. R. Shelford at
Buliling, Bali, on May 19, 1905. The resemblance between H.
corva @ and J. baliensis 9 does not extend to the lower surface,
as will be seen on comparing 6, 7 with 64, 7A. In the dark border
of the hind-wing, H. corva (8-6) is seen to depart from the aspect
of the closely allied H. phryne (1, 2) and approach that of I.
baliensis (7).

DO pm yw

a see =

DIXEY, | | . Lrans. Lint. Soc. Lond. ro06. Plate ANAT,

.
eS

=

Huphini
phryne (2

India.

3-7 captured
May 19th, 1905,
at Buliling, Bali,
by R. Shelford.

Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby & Co.

All figures ave about 13 of the natural size.

Diaposematism in the upper-side pattern of fuphina and Jxias from Bali. The fore
wing of the 2 /xzas (7) resembles that of the 2 Huphina (6); the hind

wing in
the g and 9? Huphina (3-6) resembles that of the 2 /xzas (7).

Compare Huphina

¥

phryne from India (1, 2).

\

on

Leicester, 1907. |

Recent Developments in. the Theory of Mimicry.
By F. A, Dixey, W.A., M.D.

The remarkable resemblances that exist between certain insects belonging to
widely different orders, as, for instance, the likeness borne by some of the ‘ clearwing
moths’ to wasps and hornets, have long been known to naturalists. They were
interpreted by the older observers as cases of ‘ repetition’ and ‘analogy’ in Nature.
Kirby and Spence were the first to attempt a rational explanation. These authors
got so far as to suggest that one species might gain an advantage by resembling
another ; but the first really scientific account of the matter was given by Bates,
who pointed out that certain kinds of butterflies in South America ‘escaped attacks
from birds by mimicking the appearance of other conspicuous species which were
immune from persecution on account of the possession of distasteful qualities.
This resemblance to a distasteful model he considered had been gained by a gradual
selection of varieties tending in the appropriate direction.

Bates’s theory of mimicry, which was at once accepted by Darwin and met with
general approval, marked an important step in advance. It left, however, unex-
plained the fact that these resemblances occurred, not only between distasteful
models and their presumably edible mimics, but also between the distasteful
models themselves. To account for this he could only suggest that there must be
something in the local or geographical conditions which had a direct effect upon
forms inhabiting the same region, causing them, even if widely separated in
affinity, to assume a common aspect.

But the existence of large groups of insects with various affinities and a common
facies was felt as a stumbling- block in the way of the theory of mimicry until in
1879 Fritz Miller found the key to unlock the difficulty. He showed that if (as
experiments, chiefly by Lloyd Morgan, have subsequently proved to be the case)
birds had no instinctive knowledge of what forms would be suitable for food and
what should be avoided, so that each bird had to gain its knowledge by experience,
a certain number of the distasteful forms would have to be sacrificed by each
generation of birds until these enemies had learned to leave such torms alone. In
other words, each distasteful form would have to pay a tax for itsimmunity. Now
if two distasteful species resembled each other so closely that birds or other
enemies did not distinguish between them, the disagreeable experience gained by
tasting an individual of one species would be applied to the benefit of the other,
and so each of the two species would only need to contribute a portion of the tax,
instead of each paying the whole. And what is true of a combination of two
species would be equally true of a larger assemblage: the greater number of
forms that could be got to share the tax, the better ‘for all. Hence the pe
tion of these large Mullerian groups, or, as they might be called, ‘ inedible associa-
tions,’ giving room, no doubt, for a certain amount of Batesian mimicry side by
side with them or within their own ranks. It is obvious that the resemblances
shown between members of these groups, constituted as they are by insects of
widely separated orders, cannot be explained by affinity; while the fact (amongst
others) that the resemblances are superficial only, never structural, makes strongly
against the view which would attribute them to the direct operation of external
conditions. The Miillerian theory, which is rather a theory of common warning
marks, or ‘ synaposematism ’ (Poulton), than of mimicry proper, may thus be said
to hold the field as meeting the facts to an extent of which no alternative explana-
tion has been found capable. Miiller’s suggestion was first brought to the notice
of British naturalists by Professor Meldola; and in its further developments at the
hands of Meldola himself and of Poulton, it was accepted both by Wallace and by
Trimen, the two naturalists who had done most by their own observations to con-
firm the validity of the original theory of Bates. It is to be observed that both
theories alike postulate the operation of natural selection.

2

It seemed desirable to seek for further confirmation of the truth of Fritz
Miller’s interpretation, and this the lecturer has made it his business to do. It
appeared to him that if the Millerian theory were valid, certdin consequences
ought to follow. Did these consequences follow or did they not ?

(1) It is obvious that in Batesian or true mimicry the advantage is all on the
side of the mimic. Experience gained by tasting the mimic would be used to the
injury of the model. While therefore there is every inducement for the mimic
to seek safety by approaching nearer and nearer to the aspect of the model,
there is no reason for the model to assimilate itself to the mimic, but rather the
contrary.

In a Mullerian association, on the other hand, the benefit is mutual. Each
fresh accession to the group is a source of strength, not of weakness. Everything
is in favour of the formation of such groups as rapidly and on as large a scale as
possible; hence there is nothing to impede, and everything to promote, the free
interchange of characters all round, each ember being able to act, so to speak,
as both mimic and model. This could not happen, as has been shown, in the case
of Batesian mimicry.

Several instances of such reciprocity or interchange of features have been
detected by the lecturer, and others have since come to light. From what has
gone before, it is clear that such cases, inexplicable on any other theory, tend to
establish the validity of the Mullerian hypothesis.

(2) A further consequence of the mutual influence exercised by the constituents
ofa Miillerian group is this: it ought sometimes to happen that two species, though
both influenced in common by a third, will showa nearer approach to each other
than either does to the common model. As a matter of fact this is found actually:
to occur in Nature, and fresh evidence is thus supplied for the validity of the
Miillerian interpretation. This phenomenon, again, could not happen in Batesian
mimicry. Two true or Batesian mimics of the same model could not influence
each other; they could only be influenced in common by their model.

(8) Finally, the fact that each distasteful form is capable of affording protection
to forms on each side of it may be expected to favour the existence of gradational
groups; distasteful forms, with perhaps little or no resemblance between them,
being held together, as it were, by a chain of distasteful intermediates. This also
has been found to be the case, many of the mimetic groups in a given zoological
region forming together a kind of nexus, each node of which may be occupied by
a dominant group or species showing a very different colour-scheme from the
occupants of the other nodes, while the uniting strands of the network are con-
stituted by a more or less completely gradated series of transitional forms.

It will be seen from the foregoing how far we have advanced beyond the
original conception of Bates, and it must be allowed to be a striking fact that the
progress of recent investigation has uniformly tended to supply fresh confirma-
tion of those developments of the theory of mimicry which have traced their
origin from the fertile suggestion of Fritz Muller.

PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON

Section D.—-Leicester. 1907. | a)

1. Eauperiments on Seasonally Dimorphic Forms of African Lepidoptera.
By F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.

It is now well known that the phenomenon of seasonal dimorphism is ot
common occurrence in tropical and subtropical lepidoptera. In those species that
produce several broods in the course of the year it is often found that the successive
broods differ widely in appearance according to the meteorological conditions
prevailing during their immature stages. The contrast between such seasonal
phases becomes especially marked in the case of forms inhabiting regions where
there is a sharp distinction between the periods of rain and of dry weather.

The succession of these distinct phases is not determined by a regular principle
of alternation ; for in the instance of quickly breeding forms a series of successive
generations may follow one another during the same ‘ wet’ or ‘dry’ season, all
the generations being of the same type, and varying in number according to the
duration of the ‘ wet’ or ‘dry’ conditions in any particular year. But no sooner
do the meteorological conditions change than the next emerging brood of the
same species shows a corresponding alteration, often sudden, but sometimes so
gradual that it appears to take two or more transitional stages to bring the insect
up to the full development of the new seasonal phase, This latter phenomenon
is especially well marked in the genus bydlia.

Experiments have been tried with # view to ascertaining the particular stimu-
lus or combination of stimuli which causes the butterfly to assume its special
seasonal form at the appropriate time. In the classical instance of the European
Araschnia prorsa-levana it was found by Dorfmeister, Weismann, Merrifield, and
others that pup which left to themselves would have produced the ‘summer ’
form prorsa, will if refrigerated give rise to a phase more or less closely resembling
the ‘spring’ form devana.

Similar trials have been made with tropical and subtropical species, but until
recently with somewhat inconclusive results. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, however,
working at Salisbury in Mashonaland, has now succeeded in showing that by
artificially varying the conditions to which the butterflies are exposed in their
immature stages it is possible to bring about in the midst of one season the
emergence of a form which under natural conditions would only have been
produced in the other.

Mr. Marshall has further demonstrated by experiment that the period of
growth during which the butterfly is susceptible to climatic influences varies in
different species, the critical stage being in some cases confined to the larval, in
others to the pupal condition. He has also shown in one instance (that of
Belenois severina) that the effect of moisture combined with heat differs entirely
from the effect of the former factor alone.

Some of the actual results of the experiments referred to are exhibited, the
specimens shown belonging to the genera Teracolus (T. achine Cram. and
T. omphaie Godt.) and Belenots (B. severina Cram.). The exhibit also includes
specimens of other groups to illustrate the general principle.

PRINTED BY
SEOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE
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June, 1906.) iPAl

OBSERVATIONS ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.

BY T. R. BELL.

Reprinted from “ The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ Second Series, Vol. xvii.

[The following interesting notes are extracted from two letters
by Mr. T. R. Bell, the first written June 6th, 1903, from Camp
Songhir, to Mr. H. BE. Andrewes; the second written a year later (June
18th, 1904), to Professor Poulton, from Karachi. They give the
impressions of a trained and experienced naturalist, and cannot fail
to interest readers of the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. Only
the notes on Natural History are quoted, and thus the communication
opens somewhat abruptly. |

In Kallima and Junonia among the Nymphaline ; and in Melanitis.
and, to a lesser degree in the rest of the Satyrine group of butterflies,
the seasonal forms are well marked:—in the dry season form by
greatly developed hooks to the apex of the fore-wings, and productions
or tails to the hind-wings; in the so-called “ wet-season”’ forms, by
the presence of ocellation on the under-sides of both wings, which also
very often have “ink” markings. The under-side of the dry-season
forms is generally plain (as in Melanitis leda) with, very commonly, a
straight line down the middle in the manner of a leaf midrib; this
midrib being present only in the dry-season forms.* The “ windows ”
or hyaline spots in Kallima, and white chalky-looking markings are also
common; the former chiefly in the dry-season form, the latter in the
wet (in Melanitis aswa for example). The ink-markings and chalk-
markings I am certain are supposed to represent mould and lichens on
decaying leaves, amongst which the butterflies are generally found
sitting ; the hyaline markings are supposed to represent holes in the leaf
which Kallima imitates.+ As the browns of the leaves vary in shade, so
do the browns of the under-sides of the butterflies also vary (approach-
ing to grey in the dry-season forms: the leaves at that season being
often grey when dead), hardly two in a morning’s capture of say
twenty specimens being exactly of the same shade. Tell Poulton that

*In M. leda and M. aswa.

+ The words ‘‘are supposed to” in the above sentence were considered to require further expla-
nation by Prof. Poulton. Mr. Bell, in reply to his communication, wrote as follows :—‘‘ As regards
‘are supposed to,’ I am afraid that that is what I should always write and say, as T am not at all
certain that these characters (inky markings and mouldy-looking markings) would look the same
to insects, reptiles and birds that they do to me. Perhaps ‘would probably be taken to he’
would be better.”

122 (June,

T have often bred Charaxes imna and Doleschailia polibete from the
egg in the monsoon, and, although they have been kept quite dry dur-
ing the egg, larval and pupal stages, they have all turned out monsoon
forms: likewise with two Kallimas that T remember to have bred from
the egg. Melanitis leda or ismene (wet form and dry form respectively
are thus dubbed) bred from eggs laid in captivity in the monsoon (and
therefore not rained on) have always given the wet-season form Jeda;
not till the end of the monsoon have they turned out ismene or the
dry-season forms. So also with Mycalesis mandosa and mandata and
mineus: the ocellated forms have all been bred in captivity during the
rains, from the egg laid in captivity. So that it is not the rain or direct
action of wetting by rain that is the cause of the wet-season form, I
think it must be the damp atmosphere generally that influences the form.
This would be difficult to prove, for when the atmosphere is dry it is
next to impossible to keep any space with a damp atmosphere without
the larve getting diseased and dying. It would be possible in a large
conservatory like some of those at Kew, &c., but for us to do it is
impossible. In Kanara there are as many broods of butterflies as
there are sproutings of leaves; that is, the broods go on in uninter-
rupted succession all the year round, except that in the hot weather and
in the month of October, the two great leaf-sprouting times of the year,
the insects are far more numerous than at other times, because there is
such a large quantity of available food in the form of young leaves.
Of course this is only to be expected in a country which never has
any great drought or excessively dry season or any great cold, and
where there are always leaves available. I have a theory based upon
experience that it is the amount of moisture imbibed or eaten by the
larva that produces the wet-season form so-called. This wet-season
form in many of the Pieride (I speak about genera Appias and
Catopsilia, as having come within my experience) is the form which
has a great amount of black coloration and rather pointed wings
(more pointed in this form in Appias any way). Well, I bred many
specimens of both these genera (A. taprobana and libythea; C. crocale
and pyranthe), and found that when fed upon the young succulent
leaves of their food-plants which appear in the hot weather, the re-
sultant specimens or imagines are always wet-season forms. Succulent
young leaves mean much moisture. In the cold weather, leaves are at
their driest and hardest stage, and that is the time all the cold-weather
or dry-weather forms are about.

1906.] 123

Another thing which is worth noting is that the time oceupied from
egg to imago is much shorter in the case of the young-leaf fed larva than
in the one that is reared on hard, dry leaves. The quickest growth I
have ever noticed was that of Atella aleippe and phalanta, which only
took 13 days from egg to imago. Another thing that is usually the
case also, is that the cold-weather forms, or those resulting from dry-
leaf fed larvee, are larger than those resulting from larve fed on young,
wet leaves; it seems, therefore, that the slower the larval growth
(always given plenty of food, and fresh), the larger the imago Of
course the wet-season or succulent leaf-fed larve always produce darker
imagines ; so that the larger specimens are nearly always, I might say
always, lighter in colour than the smaller. Starving larvee is sometimes
productive of curious results, as, in one skipper I bred, and the larva
of which I starved, the resultant imago, or imagines, for there were
several (it was a Parnara) had only one of the semi-hyaline marks show-
ing or present on the fore-wing, and was half the size it should have
been ; so that de Niceville, of Calcutta, made a separate species of it
under the name of philotas, de Niceville. I have no opportunity now
of breeding and trying experiments; neither, I am afraid, have La
chance of sending Poulton series of the butterflies he wants; if I get
back to Kanara, then I shall be able to send them to him. One could
write reams on seasonable dimorphism and the effect it shows in
different species. For it is a curious fact that in species of the same
genus, the line the differences take between the two forms are very
different. For example, in Melanitis the “rains” form of leda and
aswa show a finely vermiculated surface without a sign of the midrib
marking, whereas, in JZ. gokhala, the wet form only differs from the
dry in having more “ink” underneath. Whereas Aallima shows the
midrib on the under-side in wet and dry forms, Melanitis leda and
aswa show no signs of it in the wet forms ; whereas the wet forms of
Kallima and Melanitis are darkest on the under-side; and though
darker on the upper-side in the wet form, Junonia asterie always is
lightest in that form beneath. Ocellation of the under-side seems
always, without exception, to be an effect of moisture; the wet form
of Junonia asterie, for example, is abundantly ocellated, whereas the
dry-season form is quite plain, with a well-defined midrib.

There is a curious thing in connection with Doleschallia polibete
which may be interesting, and that is, whereas the male is very active,
and continually found perching on leaves near the tops of trees, very
often in the open, the female is hardly ever seen out of thick vegeta-
tion and dark places; in fact only one female is seen for a dozen or

124 (June,

more males, because, presumably, one frequents generally open places
oftener than thick undergrowth in jungles. We found from breed-
ing that, if anything, more females than males are produced from any
one given batch of eggs, the eges always being found in batches of from
five or six to fifteen or so; now, in the male, which frequents open
places (this insect always sits with its wings closed over its back),
there are a number of white marks, very conspicuous at and near the
base of both wings; in the female these are always entirely wanting,
the under-side in that sex being plain, with the midrib distinct.
Difference in size is always due to sufficiency, or otherwise, of
food (that is apart from the seasonal-form difference in size) ; and
those species whose larve feed upon a food which grows in great
quantities covering miles of country, very rarely, if ever, show any
difference in size, as Kallima, which feeds on Strobilanthes, an under-
shrub which sometimes covers whole jungles, and MJelanitis, which
feeds on grasses and rice or bamboos. I remember one year when
Catopsilia crocale and Badamia exclamationis (a skipper) were so
abundant as to denude every tree in the forests of their leaves (their
food-plants being Terminalia belerica, one of the largest and commonest
forest trees we have; and Cassia fistula, also a common tree, but
smaller) ; the larve, when no more food was to be had on any tree,
came down the stems in such numbers as actually to cover them to the
extent that there was not room to touch the bark with a tip of a finger.
Well, in that year, the differences in size of specimens of these two
species was very marked.

The habit of lying torpid in the imago state in this part of India
(Kanara) has never come to my notice. Certain species of larve lie
over for months sometimes (Zagiades atticus for example—a skipper),
and other butterflies lie over in the pupal state as some of the Papilios
(most notably P. nomius and panope or dissimilis), but these butterflies
have no definite seasonal forms. Papilio nomius as imago is only
found in the months from February to June, and never (as far as 1 know)
in the months from July to January. ‘This is rather queer as the
food-plant (Saccopetalum tomentosum) has leaves all the year round,
but it is in young leaf in the hot weather only: hence probably the
reason, the larva of the insect being probably so constituted that it
cannot chew hard leaves, or its stomach so formed that it cannot
digest them. Another curious thing is that, whereas in P. nomius the
the larval and egg stages are normal in length, the pupal stage is so
long; in Zagiades atticus, on the other hand, the larval stage is long,
while the egg and pupal stages are normal: at the same time it may

1906. 145"

be as well to state that the feeding period of the larva in this latter
insect is quite normal: the larva turns transparent green at the end of
the feeding (as usual) and in that state lies over, sometimes a short
time, sometimes a long time, depending on I know not what causes ;
is quite active, as it often changes its cell, and never omits to change

it just before pupating.

[This concludes the notes in the first letter, which was sent by
Mr. Andrewes to Professor Poulton who replied to it direct to Mr.
Bell. The second set of notes constitute nearly the whole of Mr.
Bell’s answer. |

Thanks for the book containing the different papers; those
African Precis are indeed wonderful in their variety or variation,
We have nothing quite as variable as that, except some of the Cato-
phaga-Appias lot, which even then only vary from black to white ;
nearly quite black all over, however, to nearly pure white; the black
forms being the wet-season ones of course, or the “succulent shoot ”
forms, which | fancy is the same thing. These shoots come out in end
of April and May—which is the hot weather; and dry, and last
through the rains. Our Precis, the common one existing right
through India into China (now called Junonia iphita), becomes very
black (dark brown) in the rains, gets smaller peaks to the wings, that
is, the peaks are less accentuated, and besides the tendency to ocella-
tion, gets a steely suffusion on the under-side: the only butterfly 1
am acquainted with that acquires metallic marking. ‘There is another
thing, while on Precis, which occurs to me, and that is the rule that
the dry forms are the larger does not always apply to Precis, and never
to some other species. For example, the wet-season form of Hypolimnus
bolina is more than double the size (wing-area) of the dry-season
form; the same with Hypolimnas misippus, also Cynthia saloma and
Cethosia mahratta. Now the reason for this is that the dry-season
forms of these butterflies are all more or less starved specimens.
The Acanthacee, on which Precis and Hypolimnas teed, and Modecca
(Passifloree, the tood-plant of Cynthia and Cethosia) are almost com-
pletely wet-season plants, that 1s they lose their leaves in the dry
weather. Barring this starving, all cold-weather forms are larger than
the wet-weather ones, and are so, 1 consider, for the reasons | have
given before, viz., slower growth due to less “sappy ” food.

In these very damp regions, like Kanara, where the rainfall varies
from 10U to 300 inches, the leaves often get spots of white mould on

126 {June,

them: a sort of very soft, feathery white fungus which is a few milli-
metres in diameter, and circular as a rule; besides which, the circular
burrowings beneath the epidermis of leaves of minute Lepidopterous,
etc., larvee become quite white in the withered leaf; so that the chalky
markings, so distinct on MMelanitis aswa in the cold-weather forms,
might be mistaken for this latter style of thing. ‘The rains form of
M. varaha is all vermiculated underneath like /eda.

. The two species of Kallima which I have bred from the egg are
K. wardi (cold-weather form = K. horsfieldit) and Doleschallia
polibete ; the latter we always called the red Aallima. As | have been
transferred from Kanara, and am at present in this desert place, 1
cannot do anything in the way of experiment as there is a great lack
of material and I have few of my things with me, having left all my
collections, &c., down in Kanara. Our ways of breeding in Kanara
were to al] intents and purposes quite natural as all the plants grew
immediately outside the bungalow which are situated in the jungles;
often, indeed, we just tied large nets over the trees on which the larve
were feeding: this @ propos of your remarks as to the time dfella
alcippe takes from the egg to the imago.

With reference to the curled leaves: after the rains nearly all
the leaves curl up in drying, and I have often been struck by the
curious resemblance some of them bear (especially when hanging in
a spider’s web, &c.) against the trunk of a tree, surface of a rock,
branch of a tree, &c., to a Kallima or similarly peaked- and hook-
winged butterfly ; the resemblance in colour and shape is sometimes
so strong as to quite deceive one from a short distance. In the rains,
curled leaves are scarce in wet places like Kanara, as you may imagine.
Some favourite seats for Aallima butterflies are a tree-trunk, branch,
or perpendicular rock surface, also small masses and strings of dead
leaves hanging by remnants of old spider webs in the undergrowth in
the jungles. 1 have never seen a Kallima rest on the ground though
they often settle for a short time; whereas Melanitis always rests on
the ground and, as your book says, generally in a half-lying position
amongst the leaves, rarely upright. 1 have often looked in vain for
Satyrines that | have watched carefully settle without being able to
find them except after carefully scanning every inch of the ground.

As to the habits of butterflies at different seasons, | do not think
there is any more activity during the dry season than during the wet ;
of course the number of insects about during the wet months is more
than double that which one sees during the dry months: this is
accounted for by the more prolific breeding owing to greater quantity

1906] 127

of food. There are always two great seasons in the damp parts of
India, one in the month of April, just touching March and May, and
one, by far the “heaviest,” as the natives say here, in the months of
September and October, which exactly correspond to the two great
shooting times of the trees and plants of all kinds; nearly all the
trees flower twice in those parts, also, as you might suppose, there
being two sprouting seasons.

When we were breeding butterflies in Kanara we found that
males and females came out in equal numbers; which fact surprised
us much at the time, for certain species, of which one seldom or never
sees the female, such as Charaxes imna and schreiberi (wardi), Euripus
consimilis and many of the “blues.” When one does come across
them it is always in the underwood in the jungles, while the males
bask openly in the sun on the tops of high trees, on leaves by the
road-side, &e. In Karwar (North Kanara) we had rare opportunities
for observing this as the top of a hill close by was 1500 feet above sea
level where we lived (Karwar is on the sea-beach), and the trees on
the summit of this hill are all stunted by the strong winds and are
overtopped in places by huge boulders where we could stand and
observe, having a view all round of land and sea, hill and plain for 40
miles on every side. Here, on muggy days in the monsoon, when the
mists were driving over the top of the hill from the Indian Ocean,
causing intervals of strong hot sun, light and cool shade, on the
summit, butterflies used to come in the sunny breaks in the mist and
settle in hundreds—I had nearly said thousands—on the surrounding
leaves ; the air at times used to be thick with them chasing each other
and generally enjoying themselves. All these butterflies, without
exception, were males; a stray female would come up through the
underwood now and then, but never to stay. A female Charaaes imna
or schreiberi or Cynthia salona was an event not to be forgotten, in
fact I only remember once seeing one of the last. We learnt a lot
about the habits of butterflies in those days: what species were
“baskers”” and what were not for example. Cynthia saloma, and five
species of Charaxes (imna, wardi, schreiberi, fabius and athamas) were
the most persistent “baskers”’ of the lot: then there were “ blues” of
the genera Virachola, Camena, Curetis and Tajuria ; Euthalia lubentina
and garuda would come along later in the day ; skippers of the genera
Bibasis (sena), Hasora (chiefly chromus), Halpe moorei: Athyma
tmarina and mahesa and occasionally A. selenophora. None of the
Papilios or Pierines ever used to bask; the only Pap?lio that ever
came up to the top for the sun was panope (= dissimilis), and then

128 (June,

chiefly the panope form: and they would fly backwards and for-
wards over the trees, but rarely settle. Papilio helenus, tamilana,
pammon, liomedon, would come past in the underwood but never
settled: and all were males, without exception. The “ baskers”
would sit with their wings half open as a rule, except Euthalia,
which always sat with its wings spread widely out ona leaf. It is
noticeable that all the “baskers ” are strong, powerful butterflies, so
have little to fear from birds; the weak, brightly-coloured butterflies
never seemed to come and bask ; the strong ones are, of course, often
conspicuosly brightly-coloured too. By the way, when a Papilio
settles in the underwood, which of course they constantly do in shady
places, they invariably sit with the front wing brought down to cover
the bright markings on the hind-wing: I am particularly thinking of
P. tamilana (with a bright peacock-blue large spot on the hind-wing—
belonging to the P. paris group); P. helenus (called daksha in South
India, has a white spot where tamilana has it blue), pammon and
liomedon (with white markings on the hind-wing), &c., &e. These
Papilios always rest with their wings spread. Others, such as P.
telephus, sarpedon, nomius, agamemnon, &c., always rest with the wings
closed over their backs.

Has any explanation ever been offered as to the meaning or use of
the anal black, often silver- or orange-centred spots on the hind-wings
of some Lycenide? Or have you ever looked at them vourself ?
Put a “blue” having such spots (Virachola, Camena, Ops, Creon,
Arhopala, &.) on a leaf or surface in its natural position, with the
wings closed over the back ; the black spots then come into juxtaposi-
tion with a flimsy tail to each one, which moves in the tiniest breeze.
Looking one day at a “ blue” on a leaf in the jungle, I took the spots
for the head of a Mantis! And,as if the resemblance were not strong
enough when at rest, the movement so common among Lycenide of
the hind-wings one on another (as if the butterfly were rubbing them
together gently) gave the “ M/antis-head”’ the appearance of moving
from side to side. It was very quaint. And it struck me forcibly
that it would do well to frighten small insects, ants, &e. Or perhaps
birds and lizards would take it for a M/antis and thus get the ends of
the wings instead of the Lycenid’s body ?

But there is no end to this sort of observation; one might go on

for ever at it.

May, 1906.

y

( 225 )

XIII. On the habits of a species of Ptyelus in British Hast
Africa, ByS. L. HInDE. Communicated, with Notes,
by Professor E, B. Poutton, F.R.S.

[Read June 6th, 1906.]
Pate XCUrT.

[Mr. 8S. L. HINDE, in a letter written from Fort Hall,
British East Africa, Jan. 12, 1903, gives the following
account of the locality and mode of occurrence of an insect
which is closely allied to Ptyelus flavescens, F., if indeed it
is not actually the same species.—E. B. P.]

“T have started a new station, which ought to be a nice
collecting ground. It is perhaps 6000 ft. altitude, on the
east of Kinangop * and Sattima, 7. e. Aberdare Range: the
bamboo is only about six or seven miles away. The Bam-
boo Forest is about 9000 to 11,000 ft. altitude. Kenya
(17,200 ft.) is about fifty miles away, across the Tana
Valley.

“J send you a most interesting insect, which grouped
resembles flowers in the imagines and fruit or buds in the
larva; it is a cuckoo-spit we found on the banks of the
Chania River (where I have placed the new station); the
Chania River is a large one, not marked onany map. The
insects were on a large tree, perhaps 40 ft. high, and almost
every branch was covered with insects, and there was a
continuous drip under the tree like rain from their secre-
tions. When within 6 to 10 ft. or more of the insects
they looked like flowers and fruit or buds. On the ground
there were larve and imagines, singly and in groups, that
had fallen off the tree. I broke off a branch covered with
insects and brought it to the tent. Mrs. Hinde made
sketches at once, which we send by this mail. I send you
also a box of the insects which have already faded.”

Notes by Professor E. B. Poulton.

The specimens sent by Mr. Hinde in illustration of his
remarks are to be seen in the British Natural History

* In a letter, dated July 2, 1906, from Fort Hall, Mr. Hinde
writes :—“ Kinangop on many maps, real name Nandarua (altitude
13,000 ft.), is the southern end of the Aberdare or Sattima Range.
The insects were found on the Chania River (altitude 5,800 ft.) on
the ground that is now Nyeri Government Station, sixteen miles
north-east of Nandarua.”

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IL. (SEPT.)

226 Mr. 8. L. Hinde on the habits of a

Museum and the Hope Department, Oxford University
Museum. ‘hey were compared by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse
and myself with specimens of Ptyelus flavescens, F., in the
British Museum, and probably belong to this species, allow-
ing for the change of colour described by Mr. Hinde and
shown by comparison with Mrs. Hinde’s paintings, repre-
senting an insect for which /lavescens would be a most
appropriate name.

The locality given on Mrs. Hinde’s drawings is Nyeri.

The native name of the tree appears on the drawings as
“Muroha.” I have sent Mrs. Hinde’s careful drawing of
it to Kew, and the Director kindly informs me that it is
probably a species of Heptapleurum (Araliacex).

Livingstone observed in Angola an insect evidently
allied to the Ptyelus painted by Mrs. Hinde.* He speaks
of it as congregating in small companies of seven or eight
on the smaller branches of trees of the Fig family. Such
a group would produce three or four pints of fluid in the
course of a night. He does not enable us to infer whether
many companies inhabit a single tree, but the impression
is produced that the numbers are very much less than those
described by Mr. Hinde and shown in Mrs. Hinde’s draw-
ings. Livingstone believed that the fluid was derived from
the atmosphere and not from the tree and made some
experiments which appeared to support his opinion. They
are however unconvincing, while so improbable a conten-
tion demands for its establishment the most incontro-
vertible of evidence.

Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., gives the following account of
two species with habits somewhat similar to those described
by Mr. Hinde :—*In Madagascar it is said that Ptyelus
goudott exudes so much fluid that five or six dozen larve
would about fill a quart vessel in an hour and a half t
... In Ceylon the larva of Macherota quttigera constructs
tubes fixed to the twigs of the tulip-tree, and from the
tube water is exuded drop by drop.” (Cambridge Natural
Mistory, Insects, Pt. IT. London, 1899, pp. 577, 578.) This
latter fact 1s opposed to Livingstone’s hypothesis, inasmuch
as the tube would tend to hinder contact with the air.

The interpretation of the copious exudation is almost
certainly to be found in the relatively small amount of

* “ Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,” pp. 415-
417. London, 1857.

tT See also Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., Lond. 1840, vol. ii.,
p. 433.

Species of Ptyelus in British East Africa, 227

nutriment contained in the sap, so that a great quantity
must pass through the body of the insect in order to yield
a sufficient supply of food. Analysis of sap drawn direct
from the tree as compared with that of the fluid which
has passed through the body of the insect might well
yield interesting results bearing upon the physiology of
insect nutrition.

The frothy covering is a good example of the utilization
of an excretory substance for the purposes of defence, entirely
analogous to the covering of fseces constructed by many
larvee, the calcium carbonate in the form of minute arra-
gonite crystals rubbed into its cocoon by Lombyx neustria,
or the hardened paste of calcium oxalate excreted and
made use of by the larva of Hriogaster lanestris.

Dr. David Sharp (1. c. p. 578) makes the following state-
ment concerning the protective value of the froth :— The
frog-spit is considered by some naturalists to be a pro-
tective device; the larvae are, however, a favourite food
with certain Hymenoptera, which pick out the larvee from
the spits and carry them off to be used as stores of pro-
visions for their larve.”’ It is strange that, Dr. Sharp
should quote this observation as if in refutation of the
opinion that the secretion is protective. I do not know
of a single naturalist, except the late Dr. Haase, who holds
or has held that any defence of this kind is effective
against all enemies and that universal immunity is thereby
conferred. Such a conclusion is unthinkable, and yet it
is the only conclusion controverted by Dr. Sharp’s state-
ment. The category of special defences to which belongs
the covering of froth involves conspicuousness and easy
capture by special classes of enemies. But can it be
doubted that the adaptation confers nevertheless a balance
of advantage in the struggle for existence? The justifica-
tion of any such doubt requires evidence on a very different
scale from that brought forward by Dr. Sharp.

The method by which the froth is produced has been
misunderstood and erroneously described probably by every
author who has written upon the subject, until it was
studied by my friend, Professor E. 5. Morse of Salem,
Massachusetts. Even his account is but little known by
entomologists, because published in a somewhat unusual
channel.* The general statement has always been that

* At first in an elementary book on zoology : later in Appleton’s
‘ Popular Science Monthly ” for May 1900, p. 23.

228 The habits of a Species of Ptyclus.

the Aphrophora secretes or emits the froth from its body.
Thus Dr. Sharp summarizes the older opinion in the
following words:—“. . When in the immature stages,
certain of them [Cercopidx] have the art of emitting the
liquid in the form of bubbles which accumulate round the
insect and conceal it” (l.c. p. 577). Professor Morse shows
that when the insect is cleared from the bubbles and
placed on its food-plant, “it will crawl quite rapidly along
the stem ... , stopping at times to pierce the stem for
the purpose of sucking the juices within, and finally
settling down in earnest, evidently exerting some force in
thrusting its piercing apparatus through the outer layers,
as shown by the firm way in which it clutches the stem
with its legs. After sucking for some time, a clear fluid
is seen to slowly exude from the posterior end of the
abdomen, flowing over the body first and gradually filling
up the spaces between the legs and the lower part of the
body and the stem upon which it rests... . During all
this time not a trace of an air-bubble appears; simply a
clear, slightly viscid fluid is exuded, and this is the only
matter that escapes from the insect... . This state of
partial immersion continues for half-an-hour or more. .
Suddenly the insect begins to make bubbles by turning
its tail out of the fluid, opening the posterior segment,
which appears like claspers, and grasping a moiety of air,
then turning the tail down into the fluid and instantly
allowmg the enclosed air to escape. . . . These movements
go on at the rate of seventy or eighty times a minute.
At the outset the tail is moved alternately to the right
and left in perfect rhythm, so that the bubbles are dis-
tributed on both sides of the body, and these are crowded
towards the head till the entire fluid is filled with bubbles,
and the froth thus made runs over the back and around
the stem.” Many other interesting facts and observations
are recorded in this paper which should, I think, be repro-
duced in a more accessible form, together with the simple
but entirely adequate illustrations. The probability of
some accessory aid to respiration by means of thin-walled
leaf-like appendages is also discussed. The whole problem
of the respiration of the msect enclosed in its mass of
froth would be a fascinating subject of inquiry. The mere
contemplation of it is enough to bring home the utter
improbability of the older view as to the origin of the
included gas.——K, B, PouLron.

Explanation of Plate. 229

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

The main drawing of the larve, ete., on the tree was made from
life by Mrs. 8. L. Hinde on Dee. 5, 1902. It is reduced to about
} of the natural size.

The two drawings of the perfect insect with wings expanded and
closed respectively and the two drawings of the immature stages
were made from life by Mrs. Hinde on Dec, 2, 1902, These are
unreduced.

v
ay

i |

Af

Ve ' ‘ot : ibe

es

.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Pldte XIII.

H. Hinde. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.

Separate insects, natural size: chief drawing about 5.

Ptyelus sp., probably flavescens F. upon an Araliaceous tree in the Aberdare Range,
British East Africa, Dec. 2—5, 1902.

Gr 4850s)

XX. A permanent record of British Moths in their natural
attitudes of rest. By A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the
Hope Department of Zoology, Oxford University
Museum. Communicated by Proressor E. B.
PouttTon, D. Sc., F.R.S.

[Read November 21st, 1906.]
PLATE X XIX.

NATURALISTS have often described the remarkable har-
mony between many of our common insects and their
environment. Indeed no one can have collected or
observed insects without noticing this for himself, par-
ticularly in the species which usually rest upon tree-
trunks, rocks and walls.

Although the art of photography has recently made
such rapid strides and has been utilized so successfully to
demonstrate and record many of the processes and facts
of Nature, very little has been done, so far as I am aware,
to illustrate by its means the attitudes and resting habits
of our common insects. Now, however, by the develop-
ment and perfection of “half-tone” illustration, figures
can be multiplied to an indefinite extent easily, inexpen-
sively, and so far as the printing is concerned in a perma-
nent form. The paper it is to be feared is “ another story,”
and one which requires, but has not as yet received serious
consideration on behalf of posterity. The natural histories
of British insects of the immediate future will I believe
be largely illustrated in this way, and the present paper
is an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility and success
of the method.

Any one unacquainted with living insects in their
natural surroundings entirely fails to appreciate and value
the various colours and patterns seen on glancing through
a collection of insects, more especially Lepidoptera. Hven
less is he able to understand their meaning in the illustra-
tions of the numerous works on the subject. It is not
too much to claim that the figures on Plate XXIX are

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907)

48 4 Mr. A. H. Hamm’s Record of British Moths

not open to this criticism, and that the moths represented
tell their own story at once to experienced naturalist or
beginner alike. And this is just because the figures are an
accurate register of the insects in positions assumed by
them on surfaces chosen by them.

Fig. 1 on Plate XXIX shows the male of Hybernia
leucophearia, Schift., one of the commonest and earliest
moths to appear in our oak woods. The example here
shown is fairly typical of this extremely variable insect.
The figure shows the moth in its characteristic attitude
with the body approximately horizontal. The object of
this position is also well seen, viz. in order to bring the
dark markings or bars of the fore-wings into parallelism
with the dark lines of shadow in the main fissures of the
oak bark. Thus the attitude has an obvious procryptic
meaning. In this and in all the other figures illustrating
this paper the natural orientation of the moths was care-
fully preserved on the negatives and is now recorded on
the Plate.

Another very common species, Tephrosia biwndularia,
Bork., occurs in nearly every wood throughout the country.
In the south where the pale typical form occurs unmixed
with others the insect is far more conspicuous than Jewco-
phearia. Thisis especially the case when it is found on one
of its usual resting places, the dark bark of the larch. On
oak, however, it is far less prominent. Fig. 2 represents
the female at rest upon this tree in its usual attitude,
which is to be interpreted in the same manner as in the
species last described. The asymmetrical position of the
wings is doubtless due to the costal margin of the right
fore-wing being fitted closely against the side of the
vertical fissure in the bark. Had the attitude been sym-
metrical both sides of the fissure would have been entirely
covered by part of one wing and a more conspicuous effect
produced.

Lupithecia abbreviata, St., as every one knows who has
had experience of “trunk-searching” for “ Pugs,” is very
difficult to find when at rest upon oak ; so much so indeed
that collectors generally prefer to hunt the smooth stems
of the underwood, where it is far more easily detected.
In Fig. 8 is seen a specimen of this common “ Pug”
fitting into a depression in the bark of an oak, and the
beautiful manner in which it harmonizes with its environ-
ment is very evident. The main lines of the moth’s

in their Natural attitudes of Rest. 485

markings are seen to be rendered vertical by the attitude,
as in the moths represented in Figs. 1 and 2.

Among the moths which are usually found at rest upon
rocks or stone walls the species of the genus Bryophila are
probably the best known. The well-known PB. perla, Fabr.,
is so common everywhere throughout the country that
very little need be said of it. The range of variation in
this moth is not very great, although in a few districts it
tends to resemble some local peculiarity in the prevailing
tints of the walls upon which it both feeds as a larva and
rests as an imago. A typical example is shown in Fig. 4,
upon an old, lichen-covered, stone wall. The peculiar grey
lichen-like markings of its fore-wings are seen to blend
almost perfectly with the surface upon which the moth is
resting. B. murals, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., isa species
chiefly confined to our southern coasts and presents an
interesting contrast to B. perla in its great variability,
ranging, as it does, from a grey through a number of inter-
mediate shades to a very dark green, This wide range of
variation may be seen in a single district, as [ have found
in the locality in which I have chiefly observed it, viz.
South Devon, where however the darker forms predomi-
nate. By this great variability the species is much aided
in the struggle for existence in localities where stone walls
and rocks are as varied in hue as they are in South Devon.
Fig. 5 shows one of the darker forms which are extremely
well concealed on many of the walls. In this particular
instance the moth was rather more conspicuous than usual.
Fig. 6 is an example of the yellowish-green form, which
is less common than the other. It is however equally
well protected when at rest on walls or rocks covered with
yellowish-green lichens. It is to be observed that the
moths of this genus adopt no special orientation in their
attitudes of rest, a fact which is in correspondence with
the irregular growth of lichen-masses on stone.

486 Explanation of Plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

Photographed direct from nature, natural size.

The orientation of the living insects is accurately recorded on the
plate in every case.

Fic. 1. Hybernia leucophexaria, Schiff., ¢, at rest on an oak trunk
with head to the right, about 3 feet from the ground,
Bagley Wood, near Oxford, March 9, 1902.

2. Tephrosia biundularia, Bork., 2, at rest on an oak trunk
with head to the right, about 3 feet from the ground,
Henwood, near Oxford, May 10, 1902.

3. LEupithecia abbreviata, St., at rest on an oak trunk in a
erevice of the bark, about 13 feet from the ground,
Henwood, near Oxford, April 27, 1902.

4. Bryophila perla, Fabr., at rest on an old lichen-covered
stone wall, 3 feet from the ground, Cheyney Lane, near
Oxford, August 23, 1902.

5. B. muralis, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., at rest on a stone
wall 2 feet from the ground, Newton Abbot, South
Devon, August 15, 1902.

6. B. muralis, at rest on an old lichen-covered stone wall,
3 feet from the ground, near the Coast Guard Station,
Dawlish, South Devon, August 18, 1902.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate XXIX.
mn =" & 3 x ¥ Wah ee

z, Sey

3ryophila perla, on stone

" SONI PRES, TRIE oS ; Paes Ts
: : Ea ye x > P

5. Bryophila muralis, on stone. 6. Bryophila muralis, on stone.
A. H. Hamm, phot. All figures are the natural size. Andre & Sleigh.

British Moths in their natural attitudes of rest on Bark or Stone.
Photographed from Nature in 1902.

iM
(328)

XVI. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. By Epwarp B.
Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S.,
Hope Professor of Zoolozy in the University of
Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.

PARE i;

Predaceous Diptera, Newroptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and
Coleoptera,

[Read June 6th, 1906. ]
CONTENTS OF Part I.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION TO Part I . : : , : : ot:
Ii, IDIURAM Slaw : : ; : ? 3 . 329
A, ASILIDAM AND THEIR PREY ; : : , 50 BRE
PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES : . : - «ey
ANALYSIS OF PREY . 359

CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE Hanrrs OF THE SPECIES AND
GENERA OF ASILIDA) RECORDED IN THIS MeEmoIR . 364

LI. DASYPOGONINA . : ; : . 3864
Dioctria . 3 : . 364
The Prey of Dasypogon diadema ; 365

The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopog gon) d iadema 366
Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its

most conspicuous victims . : ; . 3868
Remaining Genera of the Dasypog goninze ‘ . 369
Il, LAPHRINA : : : - : : eA
TIf, ASILINA . : : : : ¢ - 870
The Prey of Pronasion 3 F meeoyel
The Prey of Alcimus and allied gener Ga” We 3 312
Philonicus, Pamponerus and Asilus . 373

An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus
crabroniformis during prolonged rest j 374
Lophonotus, Dysmachus, and Hutolmus —. 374, 375
The Prey of Machimus . ‘ : . 3875, 376
Neoitamus and Epitriptus . : a. wlovee 1A
Mimicry iN ASILID# RECORDED With PREY. Pi
B. EMPIDA AND THEIR PREY . é 379

ANALYSIS OF THE PREY OF RECORDED Sproms OF
EMPIDA AND OF THE SEXES OF THE CAPTORS . 386
Proportion of the Sexes. . 388
Female Empidx with Prey couptur ed in coitu . 388

The choice of Prey by Empidz Paine Empine
and Tachydromine) . . 3888, 389

C. PREDACEOUS DIPTERA OTHER THAN ASILIDA
AND EMPID#A, WITH :THEIR PREY . . Sood
Dolichopodide, Anthomyide, and Co Be ae . 393
The Prey of Scatophaga . . 393
Ochromyia jejwna. 394

The Prey of the larval Syrphid fly, Xanthandrus
comtus (Melanostoma hyalinatum) . ; 396

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1906.—PART II. (JAN.) 22

324 Professor E. B. Poulton on

PAGE

II. NEUROPTERA . : : : 3 : : -/| 398
A, THE PREY OF ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES). 5) ay
B. THE PREY OF PANORPIDA (SCORPION-FLIES) . 402

III HEMIPTERA ; : : , : : : - 403
THE PREY OF HEMIPTERA . : ‘ : . 404
V. ORTHOPTERA . : . : : é : . 406
THE PREY OF MANTIDA AND LOCUSTIDA . 406
V. COLEOPTERA. 408

PREDACEOUS COLEOPTERA AND THEIR PREY . 409

INTRODUCTION TO Part I.

Tue following memoir, including numerous and varied
groups of insects, has made large demands on the time and
work of many naturalists. Itis a pleasant duty to speak
of the extremely kind and sympathetic help by which
alone the publication has been rendered possible: help in
bringing together a large mass of original records; help in
working out the material and in searching through the
literature of the subject. I must admit that in the desire
for the utmost fulness and precision in the data and
the determinations, my friends have been somewhat bur-
dened with correspondence : the one to whom I owe the
most even likened me to a “pom-pom”! I fear indeed
that among the chief reasons for welcoming the final
appearance of the paper will be a feeling of relief and
security, of a haven of rest where the inexorable letter-
writer will cease from troubling.

In addition to the solid contributions of material upon
which this paper has been built, the unceasing contact
with sympathetic friends has been in itself a source of
encouragement and inspiration. Where is there a subject
the equal of natural history in bringing about friendly
co-operation in the labour of accumulating evidence or of
solving some difficult problem ?

The material of this memoir is far more due to the
efforts of Colonel J. W. Yerbury than to any other
naturalist. It was chiefly but by no means exclusively
collected in the British Islands, and has contributed to
nearly all the groups of predaceous insects. In the section
devoted to Himpidx, the specimens collected by Colonel
Yerbury more than equal those obtained by all other
naturalists put together.

Next in importance is the splendid series of examples
collected by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall in South Africa, the
great majority from the neighbourhood of Salisbury,

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 32

Or

Mashonaland. During the past five years Dr. T. A.
Chapman has presented to the Hope Department a fine
series of predaceous insects and their prey from a number
of European localities, chiefly Spain. Mr. H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe has for many years presented valuable material
in many groups of predaceous insects from numerous
British localities. In the course of a visit to La Granja
in the Sierra Guadarrama, Spain, I was able,in July 1902,
to make a considerable collection of Asilid flies and their
prey, and in particular to study the habits of Dasypogon
diadema, which is very abundant in that locality.

Small collections of material making up altogether an
important part of the foundation on which this paper rests
have been contributed by the following naturalists :—Mr.
C. N. Barker and Mr. F. Muir from the neighbourhood of
Durban, Natal; Mr. 8. A. Neave, from N.E. Rhodesia;
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, from British East Africa; Lieut.
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, from Port Sudan; Mr. E. EK. Green,
from Ceylon; Col. C. T. Bingham, from Burma; Dr. Richard
Evans, from near Penang; Mr. J. C. Kershaw, from Macao ;
Rev. F. D. Morice, Monsieur Chretien, Mr. G. C. Champion,
Mr. W. Holland, and Mr. A. H. Hamm, from Spain.

Small collections from British localities have been
presented by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., Dr. G. B.
Longstaff, Mr. W. J. Lucas, Mr. A. H. Hamm, and Mr. J.
Collins ; and single examples by Commander J. J. Walker,
Mr. R. Shelford, Mr. W. Holland, Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. L.
D. Saunders, Mr. H. A. Saunders, Mr. J. E. Collin, and
Mr. E. A. Cockayne.

Many naturalists have rendered kind assistance by
drawing attention to published or manuscript records.
Many interesting British records, several of them now
published for the first time, were kindly communicated by
Colonel J. W. Yerbury and Mr. Claude Morley; and
valuable help of the same kind was afforded by Mr. G. H.
Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. G. C. Bignell, and Mr. G. T.
Porritt. Mr. W. L. Distant kindly drew my attention to
many published records of the attacks of predaceous insects,
especially in South Africa.

It is equally pleasant to acknowledge all the kind help
received in working out the material, half of which, viz.
the prey, was generally in bad condition and very difficult
to determine. Here also I am chiefly indebted to Colonel
J. W. Yerbury, who has devoted an immense amount of
time and labour to the largest part of the collection, the

326 Professor E. B. Poulton on

Diptera. In this group very kind help has also been
received in special cases from Mr. G. H. Verrall, Mr. J. E.
Collin and Mr. E. E. Austen. In working out the
Neuroptera kind assistance was received from Mr. W. J.
Lucas, Mr. W. F. Kirby, Mr. Kenneth J. Morton and Mr.
C. A. Briggs; the Orthoptera, by Seftor Don Ignacio
Bolivar, Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. R. Shelford; the
Lepidoptera, by Sir George F. Hampson, Dr. F. A. Dixey,
Mr. J. Hartley Durrant and Mr. R. South ; the European
and British Rhynchota, by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. ;
the Rhynchota from other parts of the world, by Mr. W. L.
Distant ; the Coleoptera, by Commander J.J. Walker, Mr.
Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. C. J. Gahan, Mr.
G. C. Champion, and Mr. W.. Holland.

The Hymenoptera have been especially difficult. Mr.
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., has determined the European and
British Aculeates; Colonel C. T. Bingham, the Oriental
and African Aculeates and Parasitica; Mr. Claude Morley,
the European and British Parasitica; Rev. F. D. Morice,
the European and British Tenthredimdx; Mr. A. J. Chitty
devoted much time to the difficult problem presented by a
minute Cynipid.

A minute species of Collembola, which had puzzled
many naturalists, was finally traced to its true position by
Mr. Claude Morley.

The British Spiders have been kindly studied by Mr. F.
P. Smith, but the results of his labours are almost confined
to the material for Part II.

Special inquiries have been courteously answered by
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Mr. G. T. Lyle, Mr. H. O. Forbes
and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, as well as by the naturalists
whose names have been already mentioned.

Numerous errors are so difficult to avoid in a memoir of
this kind, dealing with such varied material and bristling
with data, that exceptional time and trouble have been
devoted to the correction of proofs. Not only have they
been read several times by the writer, but the following
friends have also most kindly been through them and
made many corrections and valuable suggestions :—Mr.
Edward Saunders, F.R.S8., Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. G.
H. Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. Claude Morley, Mr. G. A.
K. Marshall, and Commander J. J. Walker. Mr. W. J.
Lucas read through the proofs of the Neuroptera. Mr.
Marshall also rendered the kindest assistance in bringing
together upon a single copy the corrections on six sets of

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 327

proofs. Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., and Mr. A. H. Hamm have
not only read proofs, but they have also greatly helped me
in comparing them with the data on the specimens. It is
impossible to hope that mistakes have been entirely
avoided, but at any rate exceptional labour has been ex-
pended upon their reduction to the lowest possible number.
The present memoir was undertaken in order to deter-
mine, as far as possible, the enemies of those groups of
insects which are believed on good grounds (see especially
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s experiments recorded in Trans,
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 292—405) to be specially de-
fended against entomophagous Vertebrates. So far from
following Haase in the belief that such groups enjoy abso-
lute immunity from all attacks, including those of parasites,
it seemed probable that the lessened exposure to Vertebrate
enemies would be largely compensated by a relatively in-
creased exposure to predaceous Invertebrata, and especially
insects. And this conviction has been confirmed even
more fully than would have been anticipated from the
limited extent of the recorded material. Thus it will be
found from African records alone that the widely mimicked
Limnas chrysippus has been seen to be devoured by an
Asilid fly, a large Dragonfly, and a Locustid; while
another species of Locustid and a large wasp have been
found eating the larva. Attacks by predaceous insects upon
the specially defended groups of Coleoptera, and upon the
stinging Hymenoptera are also proportionately numerous.
It was originally intended to conclude the present paper
with a large number of records of predaceous Hymenoptera
and their prey, chiefly due to the energy and power of
observation of Mr. A. H. Hamm, who is especially devoted
to the study of the Fossorial group. It was not at first
contemplated that any attempt would be made to search
through the vast literature of this subject, extending through
two centuries and a half. This widening of the field of
work was brought about through a misunderstanding. I
wrote to my kind friend Mr. Edward Saunders for records
of attacks by Fossors, meaning such records as are con-
tained in his note-books or on the specimens in his
collection. In reply he sent me a most valuable abstract
of recent literature on the subject, and expressed the
opinion that a list of the published records was greatly
needed. Under these circumstances Mr. A. H. Hamm
began to search systematically and was soon aided by
Mr. R. Shelford and Commander Walker. <A little later

328 Professor E. B. Poulton on

Mr. G. A. K. Marshall joined in the work, and after a time
convinced me that it would be better to defer the records
of predaceous Hymenoptera to a second part. So much
has been done that the paper would appear to be a com-
plete abstract of literature bearing on the subject ; and if it
failed to be truly complete great harm would be done; for
the way toan adequate statement would certainly be barred
for many years to come. It was therefore determined to
put off the appearance of Part II, devoted to the predaceous
Hymenoptera, until the abstract of published records is as
fulland complete as itcan be made. It is believed that the
work will be finished early in 1907, and that no long interval
need elapse between the two sections of the memoir.

The same argument does not apply to the First Part,
which is in the main a presentation of new records, and
does not profess to contain anything like a complete
abstract of the published records scattered chiefly in the
form of brief notes, though a voluminous literature. At
the same time any published statements which have come
to light are included; and many more will certainly be
found in the systematic search for records of predaceous
Hymenoptera. Any such additions to Part I will appear
in the form of an Appendix at the end of Part II.

I desire to thank the Council for their courtesy in
permitting, as an exceptional privilege, the inclusion of
predaceous insects and their prey captured after the date at
which the paper was read,—June 6th, 1906. All such addi-
tions will be immediately recognized by their dates. Owing
to this concession many of the conclusions rest upon a far
broader foundation than would otherwise have been possible.

It is hoped that this paper will be of some use to those
who are interested in the problems of Economic Entomology
rather than in the study of Insect natural history or bio-
nomics for their own sake. With this object the popular
names have been used whenever possible, and the classifica-
tory position of the prey indicated. I have been much im-
pressed with the imperative necessity for the accumulation
on a very large scale of this kind of evidence, if trustworthy
conclusions are to be reached—conclusions safe enough to
become the justification for practical measures. It is not
sufficient to know that an insect is predaceous, and that it
is believed in a general way to attack particular species or
groups of species. We need precise records and the care-
ful preservation of material for critical examination in the
future. Thus it will be found in numbers of cases that

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 329

the predaceous species frequently or even normally attack
insects which are themselves predaceous or parasitic, in
such instances tending towards the preservation rather
than the destruction of insect life. It is unnecessary to
quote instances when they will be found in numbers
scattered through the following tabulated records; but I
may allude to the amusing “reciprocity exhibited by
examples 268 and 293. In the former an Empid fly was
devouring the Anthomyid fly, Caricea tigrina: in the latter
Caricea tig grina was devouring an Empid !

In order to facilitate reference, all records in Part I of
this memoir have been conspicuously numbered. In Part
II, dealing with the predaceous Hymenoptera, the reference
numbers will be confined to original records, published
for the first time. The difference in method is due to
the small proportion in Part I of examples previously
published, as contrasted with their immense preponderance
in Part II.

The study of the original records here brought forward and
their comparison with the results obtained in the future,
will be aided by a statement, made whenever possible, of
the collection in which each example is to be found. The
words, “In Hope Dep.,” “In Brit. Mus.,” etc., appearing
beneath the name of the predaceous species implies that
the prey as well as the captor exists in the collection indi-
cated. A modified statement will make it clear when the
captor alone or the prey alone is known to be in existence.

References to previous publication will in Part I be found
under the name of the observer. For the sake of brevity
the publications of the Entomological Society of London
are indicated by no more than the abbreviation “Trans.” or
“ Proe.,” together with the year of publication and page.

In Part I the Orders to which the predaceous insects
belong are treated merely in the order of the number of
records. It will at once be recognized that evidence of
importance has only been obtained in the Diptera of Part
I and the Hymenoptera Aculeata of Part II.

I. DIPTERA.

The records in the first part of this memoir are set forth
in a tabular form, beginning with the family which stands
foremost among predaceous Diptera,—the Asilidez.

A. ASILIDZ AND THEIR PREY.

Professor E. B. Poulton on

330

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331

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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333

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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335

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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337

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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339

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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341

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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343

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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349

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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°& Sr woigaw sidy ‘eoq-Kouoyy eq,

‘daq, edoyy ut
°} “3
‘sipshayo 4, ods ‘snumypyyy ‘LET

"FO6T “ANE
"43 OOOF ‘utedg ‘souefeg op ‘01g

"ZO6L ‘8z Aue
93 OOPS Mog ‘uredg TerLoosy [J

“& Sry Seoussw.ug sivarg “(OVUM
uopaey) osiery) AY1eyyng oULIerg oy,

“D a

‘pounarjlis npapurip ‘ayyooq-1asty, OU,

‘daq odoyy uy
‘supshiuyo peordsy
UL UY} MOTO ,, P[OS PTs,
qULIT[IIq oLOUL B JO ST SUdU
-loads XxIs Sutpooovns oy} puv

' SIq} UL tietMopge oy, * P “SIT

‘supshwyo 4 ods ‘srummpvyy “98T

‘daq edoy uy

POL TONGS ester
‘HD Aq syreuter vog *S
“SI ‘sushi snumpnopyy “GST

‘posura 64
“Iyy ‘snqwzuanwo sngouodng ‘ywy eT

‘daq edoy ut

(BAL ON Ge (sate Ah:
‘H ‘Dp Aq syavuter vag “6
“BW ‘syishwyo srUMMipvyy “PRt

Professor E. B. Poulton on

354

ENOL
-yuo sngdriupdy se
spuejs PI[Isy qa
‘cee ‘d ‘ZO6T ‘suezy,
“WOyNOg “Ff “A

‘LO6T ‘21 Ane
“OOUL

‘sooo A 7 -919q.180)

U19}SeT

‘ueudeyy “VY ‘iL

“Uoy[Nog “G ‘W

‘uemdeyg “Vv “iL

‘FOGL ‘1G Ane
‘IJ OOOF Sutedg ‘yv ‘osuey

uvliqujuey ‘soivleg op ojeng

‘ZO6T ‘F3 A[nE
‘13 OOOF Jnoge ‘uredg ‘efuvry vT

‘ZO6GL ‘A[ne-oune
‘IF OOE ‘UIEdg “ayUE_D “Ay “Tey,

‘uemdeyy “VW “IL

‘daq adoyy ut

“PP Syog ‘npihiwf vu “6
-sypog “aoddoysseiy)) ueipuoy oy, | “Tez ‘saysypuo0b snunyooyy “SET
‘daq odoyy uy
“6

*d& “Sy ‘svwuadiyua wosnpy ‘Ay av
W Madi W AB UL

“MIT ‘snig.nquas snMmiyyyT *2.6T

snunqnuy, ‘(Ay-astoyy) AY pruvqey, ey,

°& “Say ‘snoawb

‘daq edo uy
"6
“ANT ‘siug.mgujas IYO, “96T

"A Gry ‘noyiqjou sidp ‘ooq-Kauoyy oy,

‘GO6L ‘ATU E
‘uredg
[e4yU9D “AA ‘sopery ap vaILEIG
24} JO Sopa Ioyno “eyTYRApetg

‘Mono “_{ ‘7

‘BOGL ‘es ATue
‘IF O00G Jhoqe ‘uredg
‘efuvry ey ‘erepeuag 07 yyed ory,

“Aoad syt uvyy
reyjews ATSurysiuojse 10}ded oJ,
"Pp Sry “npsno svawowhg ‘(kpeq
peqyureg) Agaeynq ourpeyduAN oy,

‘dag edoxy uy
Be

“ary ‘srugwnqujas “uLory yOUTISIp*

qnq avou ‘ds ‘snuwypoopy ‘SET

‘daq edoxy uy
“mT ‘s2qosnq ATqeqoad *&
“ST ‘snoysnt ‘uoly JOUTISIP
qnq avou “ds ‘snunprypT “FET

‘oydurvxe [Teus wy *P
“MrT ‘sngwmgyas snuiyonpyy—a101deo
SJI SB snues ates 04} Jo AY prpIsy UV

‘daq odox uy
*P Gourysrp ynq “AKry
‘siqsof ‘au ‘ds ‘sm yoy ‘SET

‘ueudeyy “VL

“AHAUSAO

SS

‘PO6L ‘TS Ate
‘uredg ‘sareleg ap *04g

“LV GNV ALITVOOT

“P Sry ‘snorugas siwaa
-oydwoy ‘(roddoyssery) uetpioy oy,

‘AWUd JO Salads

‘daq odozy uy

. & “SI
‘sapshuyo 4, “ds ‘snunyoryy “S6L

‘(panunuod) WNITISV “TTT

“aIIISV JO SHIOadS

*peureuute
st ord ayy olay
‘eee “d “ZOGL ‘suvdy,

“AnqtaX “Af

Yon)
1D
aA)

“TUR ‘H mVi

"PEST ‘Gs OTN
‘s010,7 MON “qsanqpuATy

‘9061 ‘oe ATuE
MOAR “SG “JOYGC WY WoOJMIN

74 Sr ‘sinungauy sinrpoydpy

(apjaoq-Stnq) ejeeq prrpoydy oxy,

SE Seats
‘sounmauoa "Fr iqeqord ‘siwosliyp yy
snues oy} jo ‘(@prdooay : roddoy
-S01,q) yoosur snorjdowoy 4 VW

“TUUTe AL ‘HV

‘cO6T ‘9 SUV
‘s]TEpurg ‘yeaq |

"& “Sq ‘oinunjau 4 “ds

‘nbnydoowng §(a@uiboydorng) Ay eu)

‘SHI “Wag uy
6 “avy

| Ssrwwoho SNUDILOANT “9O0B

‘daq adopy ut
‘ford Wa &
oy “doo wm & pue P “upyq
‘snppdnortyn

‘dag edozy uy
"6 “UL
SLUMPYTT “POS

‘sngpdno1.14

SLULYYTT "GOS

AST) (SV)

‘FO6I ‘6 ATue
*[baq |

*b S19 0q ‘snow = “ry ‘sijynynb

-un sndoyoujog ‘Ay prpodoyprpog ety, |

“SBOolT “fF “MM

‘ZOGL “FS “SLY
*qS0.10H MON

. 5 cei 9.0)
-pos nmopsounppy ‘ky prydasg omy,

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

"ArUqIaX “Mf

“GOGT ‘9% AME
‘altysprojera zy ‘apsutq dosng

*(ssatprey)
‘ds ‘ninuayizy ‘ky prdkuoyyuy ey,

“dag adoyy UT
. 5 “TL

‘snppdvriuo siuipryyT ‘808

‘daq odoxy ut
co) Ue
snUnypryT ‘BOS

‘sruyprdno1igqn

-daq adozy uy
2 “Ud

‘srppdnoyy = snwupvyy ‘TOS

‘eee d ‘ZOGL ‘SURI,
“AINGIOX “M “L

‘F6SI ‘FI oung
‘qsolOT MON “JSINYUoIOIg

"P “ry ‘suarpnaara
sdoshwyo ‘(Ay-astoyz) AE pruvqey, oq,

‘SU ‘Jug Up
. 5 “UL

‘srypdnniyo snumypryT ‘006

"SnIUy
wy snydriuday se
spuRys PI[ISy efetpAr
‘gee ‘d ‘Zogl ‘sted,

“MOF[NOT “7 "GE

"LO6BT ‘LI AINE
“OOUBI YY

a1Qq Loy

‘goouorXg uloqseq

*P “yog ‘opihiuf out
-sipog ‘(aoddoyssery) ueviploy ey]

‘daq edoy uy ;
“rag ‘sajsynuob simmyooyy “66

24

(JAN.)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART III.

—_—

Professor E. B. Poulton on

356

, U0VS PU JYSNVD OSTR AIOM A792.199UL09H POZIS-ILVy
uodn Ssurounod puv ‘sqnays JOSSIA sty} JO splla Ssayvay ayy UO ‘gOgT “YIST auNL UO ‘poom YQUaIeG UT srequinu ese
—: PILIsy jo seroads sry Jo serzisuedoid Suioqvo-yyout oly WO e4oU SuTAMO|{OyF ey 9

‘wwe HV

(See AY

‘9061 ‘OL cue
‘uopsurqy aivou ‘poo, Aouqny,

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Wade Yonoyy 4sul Moy POM “Ty “MwUopr.ra 12.1710,F JO uoturdeds AIDAO
LU 1J1@M UT SULAT SEM SnUnUDha snriwp0aK ,,
WL 4ues ATPUTY SPY TIVIIOA “HD “IW “108 x

‘daq edoy uz
. rs) “AT

‘snunwohia SNUDPOINT “OTS

‘9061 ‘OT eune
‘mopsurqy aveu ‘poo Aouquy,

TUULAL “HCW

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“‘plofXO ‘poo, Aopseg

: . & “SW
sryjoouprgiw snydah PIYCAIAG ot
‘sypopiny snyduligy Ay prydadg eq,

“P Sry “nymoong
ndolipg ‘(@wdolipg) Ay prdouoy oJ,

radaoyy
SOG CIS o

'SO6L ‘og AVI
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14
‘sL.gsaajhs s1.ov0yquP ‘Suq pio1uity e
DAA NES EMP OAS PLOROL eT

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"AOIING “LOULOD SpUvTAO NT

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°& SS Sunsowaw

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‘SOTR AA “N ‘Wqnoued

"PP SSW ‘npdiwos wyndyyz

‘(ssetsuoy-Appeq) Ay pryndiy, eqy,

‘es -d ‘96st “WW “a
“AdTLOPT Opnryo

‘O6SI ‘EI oune
“IBou Spoom ‘tpOrMsdyT

“P “rT ‘sngoay
srmrdapy “(yytag) your prperdezyy oy,

(‘og -d |

‘dag adoy uy
. 4 “AAT

‘siuwolia SNULDPLOANT “BTS

‘dog adoyy uy
es Ng |

‘suvivwolia SIUUNDPLOAAT “TIS

‘dog odoyy uy
. 6 “AAT

‘siuvivwplia SNUPPLOIN “OLS

‘dag odoy uy
“4 “MIT
SNUDPLOANT “EOS

‘sr.uiunlia

‘deq edozy uy
‘ford yim 4
ayy “doo w & pue P cary
‘sruwivwplia SNUDPLOINT “BOS

“AOTIOW “OD “1199 UT
ate) “MIT
SNUNDJVOIN “LOB x

“(panquod) WNITISY “TTT

‘sr.uivwplia

‘AHAUASAO

‘aLVd GNV ALITVOOT

“AGUd AO SHINNdS

“AITISV JO Salads

357

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

‘ogg *d uo 9j0u 89g

“srymmuUshg Weg] [[e@ 0} Ajquqord puv srunyonp JO sajoads ysiuedg oy} Jo pexsags 04 sottdde yrvuter sy,

*AIJUNOD S14 WOTy

peulejqo useq sey [VI10}VUL O10 IY [JUN wpepsP Ystaedg oTMoSqo GIOUL Ot} JNO FIOM 09 4Au19}4v 07 YUsrpodxoUT ST 41 4BY} SLOPIsUOd [[LIIOA “HD “AI 'HYZ-OVS x

‘uvmdey9 “VL

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0} JedoT-vas ‘urvdg *A\*N ‘OSTA

‘uvuideyo “WL

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‘47. 0002 ‘uredg ‘efavny evry

“SIL ‘vsohuys nydouawh pp
‘(qayeyO) ejeeq priyjuopoyey{ ey,

"2 “BUS ‘109
sri miqospayy Syjou prrettg eq,

‘dag edopy uz ite

}

‘satoeds pur snues juyyqnop
jo ‘ewysp ATIUVI-qug "OSsx

‘daq edoyy uz
“SIN ‘sunysuoom
sngdiupda ATqeqord aq 04
Trea “AH Aq poroptstog
‘pyisy & posvois yonul Vy “61S

‘SopUNeyg "WEL

"e061 “8 “oNW
“AatIng “MOIRA

"Pp “a ‘oumawoo vosnpr ‘AY OU,

‘dog, odozy uy
°}
| oq Ssngombwus sngdiopndy “Bte

‘MUUeyy “AV

‘006T ‘T ATUL
*plojxG “[[LF{ Teaojzoys

“AINGIOK “MM ‘f£
Aq shoanoxte yysno0yy
MOT WOIBIYT}WOpl UB
‘sipigsibuo), paureu
SI pryisy aaa an
‘cee “d ‘OGL ‘suvI,

"aSINN ‘OD

TT ‘punriwgnf svryjanuig—

‘ntaydopidery-oniyy ayy ut woTy1sod
aInosqo Jo ‘YOU 9]}4I[ Wormtmos ory, |

"L68T ‘ouns
‘Aouapisorg Avquiog ‘estcy

‘udyv} Jou wourroadg
CVYSIOM WAMO S}T 9OLMY oTJI0q Wy,

|
}

dag adoyyT uy
°}
GT ‘synnbums suydupda “218

‘dog, odoyy ur prysy
°§ “ds ‘simnji0anT “OTS

Se Oat

‘906L ‘OT cung
UOpSsurqy rvau ‘poo\, Aouqny,

Fs “ry ‘sivwiawan snsnaphjog
([TA0O AA) 9TJ0eq pruolpnoIny ayy,

‘SUITTOD “f

‘9061 ‘OL 9unEL
‘uopsulqy azveu ‘pooA, Aouqny,

xo
“Sy ‘nqnpund sidug ‘Ay prdugy oy,

‘dag edoyy uy

. 5 AIT
SNUWDPLOANT “GTB
‘dag edoy uy

. 5 & MIT
SRUDIOIN "HIS

Ssnumuplia

‘sn.wivwolia

Professor E. B. Poulton on

358

‘eee “d ‘ZO6L ‘suURL, OO6BL {99 “MoT ‘DUawnp | ‘ds

‘TTRYSIe]T “TV OD ‘17 OOLE ‘puvrpeuoysuypy ‘Tey | -709 wawp ‘Ayton ouledoy oyy,| pue “uss ‘ATrmMVy-qug ji, ‘9ss
‘ece ‘d ‘ZOBL ‘SsuURI, “L681 ‘8S WoIV “MOTT “parbya | en
‘TTeysIeT “MV O "17 QOS-L, ‘TREN ‘Usoaqey | svoarg ‘Aproynq ourpeydudyy oy, | pue “uss <ATrurey-qng, “ess

‘uayeyun svar osye Lord ot,
‘epysp jo sotoods pouttmaejopun puv porngdeoun Aq Youqqye JO spLOdod SUTMOTIOF OT} OTB VLBI} VAOGV oY} 0} WOT}Ippe UT

‘dag edopy uy

"9061 “GI-1T Ane ‘Sut
"IF OOSE uoqe *& Sry ‘wuuob mismg | -pesord ImMoz wosy YuaTeyTp

‘uvmdeyo. "WL ‘medg "MM 'N ‘uoeT ‘sefonuvag | ‘(x Teaytg oy) Your pmmjoonN oy, |‘ P ‘awpsp Alrurey-que ‘Fes

‘deq edoxyT uy

‘9061 “6-6 A[ue ‘Sur
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‘uvudeyy “VL "MIN ‘Oodeg Tq Jo *q'g ‘oLesey | ‘eptjeoq (udoorfpouvy) pridydepy eyt,|‘h ‘wupsp Aprurey-qug ‘ese

ae ‘dog adoxy Uy :

‘9061 “6-@ Ane “Sur
"43. 00GE JHoqe ‘uIedg "D “Sy ‘sepnsaqn) wyndyy | -peoosad oq WoIZ YUeI_Ip
‘uvurdeyy “V ‘L "MIN ‘Ooreg [a Jo q's ‘oxeseg | “(sSa,8uoy-Appeq) Ap pryndty, euL |‘ P ‘amps ATrUMVRJ-qug “Bss
‘9061 ‘LE-6T oun ‘deq edoyy ul
“IT 00 PD or ‘srumjpowy snpoydy ‘OZS WoIf yUSLYIp

‘uemdeyg “VL 0} yaaoT-vas ‘uredg “Ay‘N ‘OSr, | “(apjeeq-Bunq) epjeeq prpoydy oyy|‘d ‘awmpsp Aprurey-qng ‘T&S
‘(panuyuoo) WNITISV “TIT

“MHAUASAO “ALVA GNV ALITVYOOT "AGUd AO SHIONdS ‘dITISV 40 SHIORdMS

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 359

Certain general conclusions of much interest may be
reached from the study of the preceding list.

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES.

Females are far more commonly found with prey than
males—being in fact between three and four times as
numerous. These results will be found to be curiously
reversed in the case of the Hmpidz (p. 388). The following
table shows the exact proportion of the two sexes in the
recorded examples :—

SEX

FEMALES. MALES. Oana
Dasypogonine, eter: 51 fi 10
Laphrine a 12 We i 1

Asiline 97 28 8
PS ane eo ee ee

Nos. 225 and 226 are omitted from the above table,
but the total reaches 226 because three individuals are
included under the single No. 117.

ANALYSIS OF THE PREY.

Although conclusions of interest at once suggest them-
selves when the sexes of Asilid victims are studied, the
consideration of this part of the subject is postponed until
after the accumulation of a far larger number of data.

Before proceeding to consider the list of Asi/ide in
detail it is of importance to analyse the prey as a whole.
We shall thus gain a standard with which to compare the
habits of particular species and genera of these predaceous
flies.

ANALYSIS OF PREY.
I. ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiide (Grasshoppers) . : , als

TORI EVs

360

Professor E. B. Poulton on

II. NEUROPTERA.

Termitide (White ants)
Odonata (Dragonflies)
Panorpidex (Scorpion-flies)

III. HemIprera.

Coreidx
Lygevide .
Pentatomide
Cimicidx

TOTAL

=e = ES bO

TOPAL.

‘ox | mR Ee bo

IV. HOMOPTERA.

Cicadide .
Cercopide

TOTAL

V. COLEOPTERA.

Undetermined .

Cicindelidxe

Hydrophilide .

Copride .
Aphodudex
Glaphyridx
Melolonthidx
Rutelidze .
Cetonide
Buprestide
Galerucidx
Melyridx
Lagrude
Cantharidx
Curculionide

( 1 abandoned)

TOTAL

|

Sql

1

Noe a NO on SS) ee NO)

a
S

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 361

VI. LEPIDOPTERA.
A, HETEROCERA.

Hepialide (Swifts)

Lymantridx

Geometridex.

Noctwidx

Pyralidz . ;

Crambide (Grass- -moths) .

Tineide (Including 1 Adela? and 1 Simatthis)

WONNNNFHF

B. RHOPALOCERA.

Danaine 2
Acreine . 1
Nymphaline 3
Lycenide (Blues). ; , ay 6
Piering (Whites) . a eee iat
32

VII. HYMENOPTERA.

A. PHYTOPHAGA.
Tenthredinide . ‘ 2 4 f : il

B. PARASITICA.

Chalcididx , ‘ : P ; 1
Ichneumonidx ‘ F ; : el)
Braconidx : ‘ . (1 doubtful) 2

C. ACULEATA.
f Hive-bee . 14
Anthophila (Bees) 4 African form of hive-bee 1
(otter a ce ee
Diploptera (Wasps) . : : OA
Fossores (Sand- wasps) ' ; beh ate
Fleterogyna (Aunts). : , jy Et)

TOTAG Ok

* Including the LZ. chrysippus mentioned in the footnote on p. 3
Tt Including the C. florella mentioned in the footnote on p. 6.

362 Professor E. B. Poulton on
VIII. Diprera.

Undetermined . : :
Tipulide (Daddy-longlegs)
Stratiomyide . 4
Tabanide (Horse-flies)
Females devouring males of same sp.
Asilidx u a females ‘,
eres a species different from captor 1

Hmpide ‘
Dolichopodide. .
Syrphide .
Conopide
Tachinide
Sarcophagine
Dexine
Muscine
Anthomyide

OPE ONN ORF WOO ke OE

|
<1

TOTAL

The whole of the 226 records in the tabular statement
are included in this analysis, except No. 29, in which the
nature of the prey is uncertain. To these 225 are added
the 2 butterflies in the footnotes on pages 345, 346,
together with one extra example, because three victims
accompany the two Nos. 59 and 117 in the Table. Thus
the total number included in the analysis of prey is 228.

A glance at the above list shows that the Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, placed in the order
of importance, make up between them ;, of the recorded
prey. The other Orders are of small importance, but it is
a striking fact that Acridiide are the only recorded prey
among the Orthoptera, Cicadide (except for a single
Cercopid) among the Rynchota Homoptera.

HYMENOPTERA.—About 307% of the entire records
belong to this order. The Aculeata are strongly repre-
sented, other groups except the Jchnewmonide (restricted),
very weakly. Among the Aculeates the Anthophila mclude
more than half the victims ; but this immense preponder-
ance is brought about by the numbers of Apis mellifica.
Reasons will be given below (p. 366) for the conclusion
that the hive-bee, weakened by domestication, is an easy
prey,—a conclusion supported by the fact that there is only

Predaceous Insects and ther Prey. 363

a single record* of the capture of the African wild form of
the species as compared with 14 of the European domes-
ticated race. It is interesting to observe that the Fossors
contribute more victims than the Diploptera. The latter
are doubtless more formidable and chiefly attacked by
specially adapted Asilids. The ants were probably all
winged when captured, and the numbers must here be
considered in relation to the limited period when the prey
possesses the power of flight.

DiptERA.—The most striking facts are the wide range
of selection in the Order, and the marked predominance in
the number of victims from the Asi/idz themselves (14 out
of a total of 57). This predominance goes some little way
to reduce the economic significance of Asi/id@ as destroyers
of insects.

CoLEOPTERA.—The range of selection is here also very
wide, but there is this in common between the victims:
all are conspicuous flower-haunting forms or species which
are freely upon the wing by day.

LEpIDOPTERA.—The range of selection is wide, the only
predominance being among the Lycanide and Pierine
probably the two groups of butterflies most abundant in
individuals. The moths—with the possible exception of
the single Hepialid—are probably all such as are on the
wing by day or fly readily when disturbed.

Looking at the list as a whole there is, as we should
expect, a marked absence of purely cursorial forms and of
forms that hide by day.

ASILIDA AS THE ENEMIES OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED
Insects.—This investigation into the habits of predaceous
insects was largely undertaken in order to ascertain the
enemies of the specially protected groups. The conclusion
had already been provisionally reached that the <Asilidz
take an important place among these foes (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 336-837). “The stings of the
Aculeates, the distasteful qualities of Danainx and Acrxinx
and of the odoriferous Lagria, the hard chitinous covering
of Coleoptera, the aggressive powers of Odonata, are alike
insufficient protection against these active and voracious
flies.” The sentence just quoted (I. ¢. p. 8386) conveyed the

* Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall however writes as follows (Nov., 1906) :—
“Mr. E. 8. Buttemer, of Estcourt, Natal, who kept wild bees on

a considerable scale, told me that they were much preyed upon by
Asilidx.”

364 Professor E. B. Poulton on

impression made by a study of 36 examples (pp. 332-335).
The conclusions expressed are confirmed and extended
by the consideration of 190 additional examples recorded
in the present Memoir.

The analysis on pp. 359-862 makes evident the following
facts :—

1. The great predominance among the prey of that
specially defended Order, the Hymenoptera, and
within its limits of the section including the
stinging insects.

2. The fact that half the families of Coleoptera which
contributed victims are looked upon as _ specially
protected :—The Galerucide, Melyridxe, Cantharide,
Aphodiide, Cetoniide, Lagriide, and Cicindelide
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 8392-397).*

3. Among Rhopalocera the inclusion of Danaine,
Acrzine and Pierine (including Mylothris) victims :
among Heterocera of a Lymantrid victim.

4, The existence, although in small numbers, of
Hemipterous prey.

CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE HABITS OF THE SPECIES AND
GENERA OF ASILIDA RECORDED IN THIS MEMOIR.

I. DASYPOGONINA.

Moctria (Nos. 1 to 10).—It is not necessary to present
any further analysis of the tabulated record in the case of
this genus. It is obvious that Lchnewmonide form the
chief prey of these slender Ichneumon-like Asilids (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336). In 4 out of 10 examples
the prey belonged to this group; while in the whole of
the <Asilide other than Dioctria, only 6 instances of
Ichneumonid prey are tabulated. Hence we are led to
believe that the species of Dioctria are the chief Asilid

* This list of specially protected Coleopterous victims will
undoubtedly be extended. Indeed some evidence is already in
existence as recorded in the following statement by Kirby and
Spence (Fifth edn. 1828, vol. i, p. 396), which I owe, together with
the quotations on pp. 365 and 388, to Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant
in the Hope Department :—< De Geer has seen an Asilus pierce...
the elytra of a lady-bird ; and I have myself caught them with not
only an Hlater and weevil, but even a Hister in their mouths.”

Predaccous Insects and their Prey. 365

foes of the Ichnewmonide.* The other insect prey is very
varied : a Bracon ?, a Tenthredinid, two flies, (a Syrphid
and an Empid), a Panorpa and a small moth. Further
material is greatly needed in order to test the provisional
conclusions here arrived at, and to afford grounds for
estimating the relative influence of the various species
of the genus.

Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, Nos. 11—55.—The
record in the case of this species is remarkably complete,
no less than 45 examples being tabulated. Of these all
except one, in which the nature of the prey is uncertain,
are available for an analysis which demonstrates at a
glance the relative preferences of this predaceous species.

The Prey of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema.

HEMIPTERA.
Coreide. : : : : : 1
Toran ae!
COLEOPTERA.
Hydrophilide : : : : : Sa
Copridx : ; ‘ : : ie
Glaphyridex ‘ : : : ee
Cetonunde . : ; : . (abandoned) 1

TOTAL . ; SOG

* That the Hymenoptera are the special victims of Dioctria was
well known to Kirby and Spence. Thus we read (Fifth edn. 1828,
vol. i, p. 274) :—** The Asili also, which are always upon the chase,
seize insects with their anterior legs and suck them with their haus-
tellum. The cognate genus Dioctria, particularly D.iclandica, prey
upon Hymenoptera, by some unknown means instantaneously killing
the insect they seize.”

This last observation is also of great interest. The collapse of the
Asilid’s victim—often an active powerful insect—is so instantaneous
that there can be little doubt that a poison is injected. In the case
of Laphria gibbosa (No. 86) which was devouring the Buprestid
beetle Ancylocheira flavomaculata (see p. 339) the proboscis was thrust
through the cephalo-thoracic articulation. Dr.Chapman has pointed
out to me that if the beetle had not been already killed or killed
the instant of insertion it could have crushed the Asilid’s proboscis
with ease. When an Asilid is captured and held by the wings it
often extrudes asif in defence a frothy liquid from the end of its
proboscis ; and it is probable that this is the poison. It would be
interesting to experiment upon insects with it, introducing a minute
quantity by means of a finely drawn out glass tube.

366 Professor E. B. Poulton on

HYMENOPTERA.
Ichnewmonidex ; : , : : Bi 3)
.. {Hive-bee : A a2,
ey lores Anthophila : hab
Diploptera } : 3
LPossores zi
Hleterogyna . 5
dont _ Ont a

DIPTERA.

7-7 {QP eating fofownsp. . : 1
Asilidee| he a sp. different from captor 1
Syrphidex ; : 2
Sarcophaginx 1

TOTAL 5

Comparing this analysis with that of all the recorded
prey of Asilidx, we find no examples of D. diadema attack-
ing Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Homoptera, or Lepidoptera,
and only a single instance in which Hemipterous prey was
selected. Rather less than } of D. diadema’s captures
were selected from among the Coleoptera, and an equal
proportion from the Diptera. The great majority of the
victims, # of the whole, were Hymenopterous, and of
these about half belonged to the Anthophila. The
numbers of these latter are inflated by the abundance of
the hive-bee and probably by the fact that this artificially
protected species is extremely abundant im certain locali-
ties, and especially easy to capture. Probable evidence of
the comparative helplessness of the hive-bee is afforded
by the following considerations. The sexes are recorded
in 42 out of the 45 tabulated examples of this Asilid: 30
were females, 12 were males. The smaller weaker males
selected upon the whole smaller weaker victims than the
females. But in 8 cases out of the 12 the comparatively
large and heavy hive-bee worker was found in the
clutches of a male diadema. As regards the female also,
the 9 hive-bees were considerably larger than the average
of the other victims selected by this sex. (See also p. 362.)

The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema.

Only a single pair were observed in cotéw, both male

Predaccous Insects and their Prey. 367

' and female being without prey at the time. On the
other hand three females with prey (Nos. 22, 25 and 40)
were seen to be persistently courted by males. In one
case (No. 40) both sexes were resting on a leaf, the female
absorbing the juices of a small @ Ichneumonid, Pimpla
(Itioplectis) pomorum, which was soon sucked dry. She
then deliberately withdrew her proboscis from the victim
and dropping it upon the leaf faced round upon her suitor
in a menacing manner. The male, as if realizing the
danger, at once became far more cautious and wary in
courtship. When we remember that once in this species
(No. 41), and once each in the case of two other species of
Asilidx, Promachus xqualis (No. 96), and Promachus, sp. A.
(No. 103), the female has been captured devouring the male
of her own kind, we can well understand the increased wari-
ness observed on this occasion, as well as the persistent
courtship of females already provided with prey and the
well-known examples of females with prey captured im
coitw.* Four instances of this latter kind are recorded in
the present paper,—Laphria gibbosa, No. 86; Hutolmus
apicatus, No. 175; Machimus atricapillus, No. 205, and
Neottamus cyanurus, No. 208. That the male is
extremely wary in the courtship of females without prey,
the following observations upon D. diadema sufficiently
prove.

July 24th, 1902, 11.45 am. La Granja, Sierra Guadar-
rama, Spain.—l watched a male Dasypogon diadema
pursuing the female. Every time the female flew the
male followed and almost invariably settled behind, about
three or four inches away, with his head towards her.
Sometimes the female on alighting turned round so as to
face the direction from which she had flown, and the
pursuing male; but the latter flew round her and took
up the characteristic position behind. Not only on
these occasions but usually the male flew once or twice
round her before alighting, but until the final act this par-
ticular male never touched the female. About a quarter
of a minute after settling the male flew nearer to the
female. Although only three or four inches away he did
not walk but flew towards her, taking up a nearer position,
in which he sometimes faced her from the side, sometimes

* Also frequently observed in the Empide, as stated by Kirby and
Spence. For their amusing conjectures as to the significance of the
fact see footnote + on p. 388,

368 Professor E. B. Poulton on

from behind. On one occasion he alighted only an inch
behind the female.

The only movements observed in the female after
alighting were of the head, but the male often fluttered
his wings.

Pairing took place after the courtship had been watched
for six minutes, during which the insects flew and alighted
several times. The male seized the female in the air
after she had flown a short distance, and both fell to the
eround together from a height of about eight inches.
Copulation probably occurred the instant the insects
reached the ground, but the movements were too rapid to
be followed. In flight the female supported the male,
but the horizontal position of the latter was apparently
maintained by the use of his wings. When the female
alighted the male always hung in a vertical position.
Coitus was not terminated by capture, or even by
boxing.

The courtship of another pair was watched on the same
morning and in the same locality. Coitws was not seen,
the insects being lost after 12} minutes of observation.
In this case the female when settled moved her abdomen
up and down. Movements of the third pair of legs were
also seen, while those of the head were frequent and pro-
nounced. The male also sometimes faced the female, and
once or twice darted down upon her, certainly touching
some part of her dorsal surface.* After one of the flights,
when they had come to rest upon a couple of flower-heads
about two inches apart, the male more than once took a
turn in the air round the female, and then returned to his
flower-head. In spite of the differences here stated, the
relative positions of male and female were generally
similar to those of the last pair. In fact, the positions first
taken up after each flight of the female are probably
characteristic.

Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its most
conspicuous victims,

The dark-winged, dark-bodied Dasypogon diadema is
undoubtedly mimetic of the Hymenoptera Aculeata.
* A male, watched on the previous day, July 23, also appeared to

dart at and touch the female. The observation was made in the same
locality, and the female was in this instance carrying a bee.

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 369

Especially is this true of the female, which with a red
band across the abdomen, strongly suggests the appear-
ance of a large group (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp.
647, 648) of similarly banded Aculeates. Out of 29
Aculeate victims three belonged to the group in question,
—Pompilus viaticus, Sphecodes gibbus, and Ammophila
hirsuta. All three were captured by female Asilids.
With the exception of a single Bombus these three victims
are the most conspicuously marked of all the prey of
D. diadema, and the most suitable models for mimetic re-
semblance. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 661-662.)

Remaining genera of the Dasypogonine.

Of these there is not much to be said, inasmuch as the
number of records is insufficient to justify conclusions as
to preferences. Especially is this the case with Saropogon,
Nos. 56, 57, and Lsopogon, No. 66; while the three exam-
ples of a single species of Tipulid prey seized by the bee-
like Lasiopogon cinctus, Nos. 76-78, were all observed in
the same locality and at nearly the same time. How-
ever, so far as it goes the evidence certainly suggests a
mainly Dipterous diet for this latter species. The seven or
eight victims recorded for the genus Mierostyluwm, Nos.
58-65, indicate comprehensive tastes; including 3 beetles,
2 or 3 Cicadas (or possibly a Vespid), 1 grasshopper and 1
Asilid fly. The huge Microstylum dux appears to be an
Aculeate mimic. Stenopogon, Nos. 67-69, twice captured
the specially protected Melyride among the Coleoptera,
and once a well-defended bug, Thyanta. In Seleropogon,
Nos. 71-78, alone among the Dasypogonine, we meet with
the record of a butterfly victim, a species of the distasteful
sub-family Danaine, The two remaining captures recorded
for this genus are Asilid flies. One of these offers an
example—so far unique—of a female Asilid preying upon
another female of the same species. ‘The two species of
Damalina, Nos. 74, 75, are probably specialized foes of the
Dammar-bees (Melipona), and both are beautiful mimics
of their victims. The two tabulated examples support
this conclusion, but further observation is greatly wanted.
Colonel C. T. Bingham, to whom we owe both the records,
has however recorded that flies of this genus “ persist-
ently hover round the nest-mouth of the dammar bees,
and catch the latter on the wing as they issue from the
nest.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336.)

370 Professor E. B. Poulton on

II. LAPHRINA.

The number of records in this sub-family is small, so
small indeed that we can only reach provisional conclu-
sions as to the preferences of the species. Mimicry of
the Hymenoptera Aculeata is here more conspicuous than
elsewhere among these predaceous flies. Lanvyra (Nos. 91,
92) and Proagonistes (No. 98) are beautiful mimics of dark-
winged Aculeates, and two out of the three recorded indi-
viduals were preying upon Aculeates, although not upon
their models. It is probable that these species present us
with a case similar to Dasypogon diadema, where there is a
general attack upon the Aculeata accompanied by mimicry
of a type of colouring common and specially conspicuous,
but by no means universal among the victims. The bee-
like Laphria, sp. ? gilva (No. 89), was captured with a fly,
Laphria gibbosa (Nos. 86, 87), a mimic of the heavy
Bombus type of Aculeates, was twice, and the bee-like
Hoplistomerus serripes (No. 79) once, recorded with a
beetle. These species may probably be grouped with the
common Asilus crabroniformis, mimetic of a specially
abundant and conspicuous Aculeate type, but showing no
preference for an Aculeate diet. Laphria flava (No. 88),
—also Bombus-like—recorded with an ant, may perhaps
belong to the same category as Lamyra and Proagonastes.
The species of Laxenecera (Nos. 80-83)—all mimetic of
Aculeates (bees) and all preying upon Aculeates although
usually not upon their models—appear undoubtedly to be-
long to this latter category. Hyperechia (Nos. 84, 85),
long suggested as a specialized foe of the Aculeate genus
Xylocopa (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 662, and Proc.
1904, p. Ixxxvi), has now for the first time been proved to
prey upon its model. It offers a case precisely parallel to
that of Damalina.

Not only are the Laphrinx here recorded more generally
mimetic than the species of either of the other sub-families
but their resemblances are curiously restricted to the group
of bees (Anthophila), although Lamyra and Proagonistes
offer magnificent exceptions.

II]. ASILinz.

Craspedia (No. 94), now shown for the first time to attack
the ylocopidx, is probably a specialized foe of these bees,

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 371

and is a mimic of its victim. Save for the less perfect
mimetic resemblance, it falls into the same category as
Damalina and Hyperechia.

Promachus (Nos. 95-121).—We find in this large genus
examples sufficiently numerous and interesting to justify
separate tabulation.

The Prey of Promachus,

| PROMACHUS PROMACHUS, |
ZQUALIS. OTHER SPECIES.
NEUROPTERA Termitide 2 |
ODONATA 3
| HEMIPTERA Coreidx 1
HOMOPTERA Cicadidee 3 or 4*
COLEOPTERA Covride 2
| Melolonthidz 1
Rutelide | 1
| Lagriidex 1
HYMENOPTERA IJchnewmonide 2
| ANTHOPHILA 1
| (Apidz)
DIPLOPTERA 1 or 2*
FossoRES 1
HETEROGYNA
(Formicide) :
DIPTERA Tabanide | 1
3 of same 1 1
ae ee
prey dif-
ferent sp. 3
Sarcophagine ie 1
Totals i aye al 21 or 22

_ * One of these alternatives—Cicadide or Diploptera—must be
included, and both may be : see No. 117, p. 344.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IL. (JAN.) 25

312 Professor E. B. Poulton on

Promachus xqualis (Nos. 95-101) is probably an im-
perfect mimic of the white-banded Yylocopide ; but with
the exception of the winged Termites and the male of its
own species, its victims (4) were all Coleopterous. Hence
if a mimic at all it must be classed with Asilus erabroni-
Jormis (Nos. 149-156). The second column of the table
includes a fine species, testaceipes? (No. 117), from Macao,
probably mimetic of a wasp. Its prey is insufficiently
known, but must include one, perhaps two wasps, although
apparently not the model, and may include a Cicada,
The tolerably indiscriminate list of victims in this column
seems however to indicate an undoubted preference for
Dragonflies and Cicadas, inasmuch as the majority of
the records of these insects are here to be found.

Philodicus, Alcimus and Apoclea (Nos. 122-140).—We
here encounter the most obvious preference for a particular
diet to be met with anywhere among the Asilidx, except
in those specialized forms which prey upon their models.
Omitting the doubtfully determined Philodicus sp., which
had attacked a Tachinid fly, the prey of the remaining
species of these three genera is tabulated below :—

The Prey of Alcimus and allied genera.

ORTHOPTERA, <Acridiidz ee ee
LEPIDOPTERA Lymantridx i as.
HETEROCERA “Mie hh oH ;
Pyralidez 1 ee
TEEIDOET ERAN pill ivimpnai® Tain) |) na
RHOPALOCERA Dyan a f ly
Pierine 3 lor2 |
Totals 15 lor2) 1

When this table is compared with the general analysis
of prey (pp. 359, 361), the preference for Lepidoptera and
Orthoptera will be seen to be remarkably clear. As re-

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 373

gards Rhopalocera the preference is even more marked
than this comparison suggests ; for some and perhaps all the
butterflies seized by uncaptured Asilids were probably the
prey of Alcimus. The species of this genus stand out as
by far the most important of the Asilid foes of butter‘lies,
and the study of the habits of the group is especially
commended to those who believe that all Asz/idx are indis-
criminate in their attacks on insects. The preference for
Lepidoptera manifested in common by these genera is an
interesting example of the support which a purely struc-
tural foundation for affinity may receive from the study of
instincts, themselves the outcome of structure in the central
nervous system.

As regards mimicry the remarkably long-bodied species
of these three genera are perhaps protected by a vague
resemblance to the more slender Hymenoptera—Parasitic
or Aculeate—but, as the above analysis shows, they have
not been hitherto observed with victims belonging to this
Order.

Philonicus (two species), Nos. 141-147.—So far as the
insufficient evidence justifies any conclusion this genus
appears chiefly to attack Diptera (6 examples), although a
single Tineid victim is also recorded.

Pamponerus germanicus (No, 148).—The single example
—a Melolonthid beetle—does not Justify conclusions as to
the preferences of this species.

Asilus crabroniformis (Nos. 149-156).—Considering the
abundance and conspicuous appearance of this fine insect
the records of prey are somewhat scanty. I am myself
familiar with the species in several localities but have
only once seen it with prey—a beetle (No. 150). The
other tabulated instances, including 35 different grass-
hoppers, indicate a preference for Orthoptera and Diptera.
The four recorded examples of the latter Order belong to
four different families or sub-families—Asilide, Syrphide,
Sarcophaging and Muscine. <Asilus crabroniformis “ recalls
in a general way the type of Aculeate colouring and
pattern which is commonest and most conspicuous in its
region” *—especially the black and yellow banded appear-
ance of the most abundant Palearctic species of Vespa.
At the same, time I have been unable to find a single
example of an attack by this species upon Hymenoptera.

* Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond, 1904, p. 662.

374 Professor E. B. Poulton on

An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus. crabroni-
formes during prolonged rest.

As this Memoir contains certain miscellaneous observa-
tions upon the Asilidz, such as the notes upon the court-
ship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema on pp. 366-368, I
have thought it worth while to include the followmg. On
the evening of July 28, 1906, I observed a female of this
species at rest on a head of Centaurea scabiosa beside
the footpath leading to Stone’s Copse, above North
Hinksey, near Oxford. The insect had evidently gone to
rest for the night and was quite torpid. The appearance
strongly suggested a rolled-up crumpled brown leaf or leaf-
fragment which had accidentally fallen upon the flower.
This cryptic resemblance was brought about by a remark-
able attitude, the insect being precisely in the position
formed by a half somersault,—arrested when the ventral
surface was uppermost. Hence the closely-folded wings
and the conspicuous gold and black bands were entirely
invisible from above ; the only appearance being that of the
brown shades on the legs and ventral surface. The colour-
ing of these was so beautifully adapted to produce the
cryptic effect suggested above that I think it is probable
that I witnessed a single example of an attitude commonly
assumed by the species during prolonged rest.

Lophonotus (two species), Nos. 157-162.—Hymenoptera
contribute half of the six victims recorded for this genus.
The list is as follows: a Dragonfly, a beetle, a Geometrid
moth, two Fossorial wasps, and a Chalcid. Some preference
for Hymenoptera may be regarded as probable.

Dysmachus (Nos. 163-174).—Five species have been
discriminated by Col. Yerbury and Mr. Verrall in the
material upon which this paper has been prepared. (See,
however, note on p. 350.) They differ but slightly in size
and superficially resemble each other in appearance.
Twelve examples are tabulated, the prey belonging to the
Coleoptera (3 Melolonthids, 1 Coprid), Lepidoptera (1 Geo-
metrid, 2 Crambids), Diptera (1 Stratiomyid, 1 Empid, 1
Anthomyid), and Hymenoptera (1 Ichneumon, 1 winged
ant) At first sight the selection seems entirely indis-
criminate and haphazard, but when regard is paid to the
circumstances of the case it is found that choice was
exercised at least in one case. When I captured the
three specimens (Nos. 169, 170, 172) with Melolonthid

—Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 375

victims on Pefialara, these beetles were by no means
conspicuously common, while on the same ground the
grasshopper, Gomphocerus sibiricus, was positively swarming.
This species is certainly attacked by other kinds of Asilids:
an example is in fact put on record in the table (No.
192). The attacks upon Lepidoptera also probably
indicate some preference, especially when we consider that
only one other Geometrid victim is recorded,* and that,
except Dysmachus, no Asilid is known as the captor of a
Crambus,

Hutolmus (Nos. 175, 176).—Of the two species one is
not with certainty to be included in this genus. The
records are insufficient to justify conclusions ; but there is
one interesting point about Lutolmus apicatus which deserves
notice. The species was very common on Montserrat, and
14 specimens (6 ¢ and 8) captured July 14-15, 1901,
exist in the Hope Collection: yet only a single pair of
the insects were observed in coitu, and the female of this
pair was the only individual of the species observed with
prey (an Anthomyid fly). The coincidence supports the
conclusion already arrived at, that females with prey are
especially sought by the males (p. 367).

Machimus (Nos. 177-205).—At least 7 species are dis-
criminated by my kind friends Col. Yerbury and Mr.
Verrall ; and no less than 29 examples of prey are recorded.
These are so numerous and striking that the results are
shown below in a tabular form on page 376.

Certain preferences are very obvious in this table. The
choice of Acridians is clearly seen in the fact that nearly
half the number recorded for the whole of the Asilidz are
found in the first two columns. Apart from this, the best
known form is seen to attack beetles freely, Hymenoptera
and Diptera slightly, while there is a single record of a
butterfly and a Lygwid bug among the victims. J/. seti-
barbus is only known to attack Diptera. The British
species also exhibits a strong preference for Diptera; for
these contribute 5 out of the 6 records of prey. The sixth
record is interesting, as it affords the only example of an
attack on the Cercopide as yet observed among Asilids.

Neoitamus (Nos. 206-216).—Of the two species with
prey there is, in the case of the British form, WV. cyanurus,
evidence suggesting that Diptera are the chief element in

* See, however, footnote on p. 356.

376 Professor E. B. Poulton on
The Prey of Machimus.
&
2e| 6 |8 | 3
HS fis 2 pea eee Ve =
Phe Si isp oer 8
[esas ROA EEN eke eclb
ORTHOPTERA = Aeridiidz 3 | 2 |
HEMIPTERA Lygxidx 1 |
HOMOPTERA Cercopidx 1
COLEOPTERA Cicindelidx fa |
Copride | 1 |
Aphodiidx | 1
Glaphyride i= eh
Melolonthide | 2
LEPIDOPTERA |
RHOPALOCERA Nymphaline 1
Pierine 1 |
HYMENOPTERA AnrHopnrna ‘ Ki j
ACULEATA (Apide) || ~ |
HETEROGYNA i |
(Formicide) | |
DIPTERA Tabanide. 1 1 1
Asilidee 1 Vs Sail
Dolichopodide 1
Syrphide ia ad
Sarcophagine 1
Muscine he i
Anthomyidx i, 1
Totals || 16) 2 2) SG is

* Including three uncaptured specimens probably belonging co this species.

ee

Predaccous Insects and their Prey. 377

a mixed diet. Six examples out of ten belong to this
Order (1 Tipulid, 1 Empid, 1 Conopid, 1 Syrphid, 1
Tachinid, 1 uncertain), the other victims being an Aphodiid
and a Curculionid beetle, a Cimicid bug, and a Hepialid
moth.* A single example of another species of the genus
Neoitamus was carrying a beetle.

Epitriptus (Nos. 217-219).—The three victims (2 small
moths, and 1 Muscid) recorded for two species are quite
insufficient as evidence for the existence of any prefer-
ence; but comparing the number of the moths with that
shown in the complete analysis (p. 361), it becomes not
improbable that future observation will demonstrate
some preference for this diet.

The remaining records (Nos. 220-226), dealing with
undetermined Asi/idx, cannot of course be considered in
this section.

Mimicry IN ASILIDA RECORDED WITH PREY.

The statements on mimicry and its varying relationship
to the prey attacked by the mimetic species, scattered
through the preceding pages, and already published (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, pp. 661-665) may now be gathered
together into a tabular statement. It is important to
remember that most of the species are only provisionally
included in their respective groups on account of the
insutficiency of the records. It is hoped however that the
publication of a tabulated scheme, given on page 378, will
stimulate observation and the preservation of material,
so that at no distant date the means for a more com-
prehensive and more trustworthy classification may be
gained,

* My. G. H. Verrall’s observation recorded in footnote * on p. 356,
proves that moths are sometimes attacked on a large scale by
this species.

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Professor E. B. Poulton on

MIMETIC SPECIES OF
ASILID

Lasiopogon cinctus

Laphria gibbosa

Laphria, sp. ? gilva

MopEL

PREY

A bee of the genus

A small bee

Bombus

Tipula,—s records

Beetles,—2 records

A hairy bee such as
a very small Bom-
bus

Flies,—1 record

Hoplistomerus
serripes

Promachus xqualis

Philodicus gracilis
Alcinus,

3 African sp.
A poclea femoralts

A white-banded Xylo-

A rather large bee

copid bee

A beetle,—1 record

Beetles—4, Termites—2,
_¢ of its own species—1L

Long-bodied slender
Aculeate or Ich-
neumonid

‘Lepidoptera,—18 or 19
records : grasshoppers,
4 records

Astlus crabront-
tormis

IMNoctria, 3 British

species

A large yellow dark-
banded Aculeate

Ichneumonidex

“Flies,—4 records : beetle,
—l record: grass-
hoppers,—3 records

Insects of various orders,
but chiefly Zchnewmon-
7d xe

Dasypogon
diadema 9

Dasypogon
diadema 3

Microstylum dux

Laphria flava

Dark — red-banded |
Aculeates, Pom-
pilus, Ammophila,
Xe.

Uniformly
Aculeates

dark

‘Insects of various orders,

but Aculeates far
more frequently than
others. Models of 2 ?
are among the most
conspicuously coloured
of the prey

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Bees of the genus |

Bombus

Laxenecera,
2 African species

Bees of medium size

Lamyra, sp. ? gulo

A slender blue-black
yellow - barred
Aculeate

Cicada and beetle: may
also include wasp

The single record is an
Aculeate—an ant

The three examples were
all Aculeates, but quite
unlike the Asilids

Of the two records one is
an Asilid fly while the
other is a wasp (Bele-
nogaster) unlike its

| captor in appearance

Proagonistes, sp.
? pracceps

Promachus,
sp. ? testacetpes

Damatlina,
2 Burmese species

Laxenecera

‘A large dark Fossor.

with orange legs, |

such as Salzus

Large Aculeate

| The single record is a
small bee (Halictus)
totally unlike its captor

A large Vespa,—appar-

| ently not a model—was

certainly attacked, 1

or 2 records: also per-

The black and white |

Dammar bees

(Melipona)

A bee of medium

haps one Cicada

The models

|

TT OS
The single record is a bee

Craspedia, sp.
from Queensland

Dark Xylocopid bees

flavibarbus size (Apis florea) which the
captor superficially re-
sembles
IHyperechia Dark Xylocopid bees | The models,—one record
aylocoptformts and another probable

one
er
The models,—one record

379

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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381

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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383

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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386

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387

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

ee Pu
Be:

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(JAN. 1907) 26

PART IT:

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.

388 Professor E. B. Poulton on -

Proportion of the Sexes.—In the recorded A silide it was
found (p. 359) that females with prey were between three
and four times as numerous as males with prey. In the
Empidx tabulated above, such females are almost exactly
halfas numerous as males carrying prey. In spite of this
great preponderance of the latter sex, females alone were
found in 7 species, males alone in only 5, while 4 included
both sexes. The large proportion of males is entirely due
to their numbers in only 4 species out of the 15, viz.
Hybos grossipes, Empis tessellata, Empis livida, and
Pachymeria femorata.

Female Empide with prey captured in coitu—This fact is
recorded frequently in Pachymeria femorata,* twice in
Eimpis tessellata, Nos. 243, 244, once in ZL. livida, No. 273,
and once in #. opaca, No. 274. These instances out of 65
recorded cases form a much higher proportion than in the
Asilide ; but there are as yet no examples of the female
attacking the male of its own species or of a remarkably
cautious pursuit by the male during courtship, to support
the interpretation which seems inevitable in the former
group (see p. 367).+

The choice of Prey by Empide.—Only provisional con-
clusions can be reached in all the tabulated species except
E. tessellata, with 20 records, and £. lividéa with 16. All
others, except Hybos grossipes (7) and Pachymeria femorata
(6), are hopelessly insufficient.

Hybotine.—The 10 records divided between three
pairs, show an attack upon minute Homoptera, ants and
Sraconide ; and the Mycetophilide and Bibionide among
the Diptera.

Empine.—It is evident that Diptera form by far the
most important insect food of this sub-family. In fact,
we find no other prey, except in the case of Rhamphomyia

* Vide footnote on p. 384.

+ Kirby and Spence were well acquainted with the facts recorded
~in the above paragraph, and make amusing suggestions as to their
significance. Thus we read (5th edition, 1828, vol. i, pp. 274,
275) :—“ Many species also of Hmpis, whose haustellum resembles
the beak of a bird, carry off in it Tipularize and other small Diptera ;
and what is remarkable, you can seldom take these insects in coitu,
but the female has a gnat, some fly, or sometimes beetle in her mouth,
Can this be to deposit her eggs in, as soon as they are impregnated
by the male? or is it designed for the nuptial feast?” No Coleo-
pterous victim of an Empid is recorded in the present Memoir. On
the other hand, the predominance of Dipterous prey is abundantly

confirmed,

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 389

dentipes attacking an Ephemerid, and Hmpis livida, the foe
of Tortriz viridana and other small moths, also captured
with a Phryganid. The 20 records of Hmpis tessellata
—all Diptera—render it improbable that other insects
are attacked.* The variety of prey within the limits of
this Order is remarkable, no less than 8 families or sub-
families being divided between the 20 victims. Of these
the Bibionide (7) and to a far less extent the Zipulidex
(4) are responsible for more than half.

The 16 records of Hmpis livida include 6 moths
(4 examples of Tortrix viridana, 2 of Crambidzx,) 1 Phry-
ganid, and 9 Diptera, belonging to 5 different groups
of which the Anthomyidx furnish the largest number of
victims (3). Of special interest in this species is the series
of 9 examples (264-272) with prey captured by Mr.
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe at Huntingfield, Kent, on the
evening of July 21,1906. In circumstances such as these,
when an abundant predaceous species is feeding in a
locality where insects are common and varied, we obtain
the most valuable information possible as to the range of
its preferences. It is to be hoped that much time and
labour will be directed to the collection of all possible
material whenever such exceptionally favourable oppor-
tunities arise. The deeply interesting results of Mr.
Donisthorpe’s captures of #. livida, and of the two series of
Dasypogon diadema (15-41 and 43-54) observed at nearly
the same times at La Granja, indicate the importance and
interest of the conclusions which may be thus reached.

The records of the other species of Hmpinzw, though
quite insufficient in numbers, render it likely that their
diet also is normally confined to Diptera of various groups.

Ocydromine.—The single example was found devouring
a Mycetophilid.

Tachydromine.—Only 5 captures are recorded for 3
species. Of these 3 are Diptera (a Cecidomyid, a Myce-
tophilid, and an Empid), the 4th a minute Braconid,
the 5th a minute Cynipid. The evidence is entirely

* It is pretty clear that the Rev. J. G. Wood was mistake in
speaking of Hmpis tessellata as the captor of Tortrix viridana. Thus
he says :—“ There are several species of this useful fly, one attaining
some size ; but the one that claims our notice .. . is the little
empis, scientifically called Empis tessellata.” Now this latter is
a large species, and Wood doubtless witnessed the attacks of the
smaller H. livida. For the otherwise excellent popular account see
“Common Objects of the Country,” London, N. D., pp. 101, 102.

390 Professor E. B. Poulton on

insufficient, but such as it is suggests that Diptera and
minute Hymenoptera form the chief prey of this sub-
family.

Summing up, we may conclude that with comparatively
few exceptions the Hmpidg# are the foes of their own
group,—the Diptera. In the vast preponderance of cap-
tures within the limits of a single Order, they are sharply
contrasted with the Asilidz.

391

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 393

Dolichopodidxe and Anthomyidx.*—The single record of
a victim captured by a species of each of these families
will I trust be of value in calling the attention of natur-
alists to the fact that these flies are predaceous, and that
specially directed observation will surely yield the material
upon which to base a sound conclusion.

Cordyluridx.—The fact that” flies of the genus Scato-
phaga are predaceous is fairly well known, although the
extent of their attacks is probably insufticiently recognized.
We here find 10 records as the result of the observations
of five observers in several very different British localities.
The prey is remarkably scattered through varied Dipterous
groups, as will be seen at a glance in the following table :—

The Prey of Scatophaga.

| ls Pe
3 aS he =
| = § cS =
lags = = 5S]
& & ed (as
| = $ = S
5 5 = iS
2) QR 5 iS
hee a
7 = tw ous - ae }
HyMENOPTERA .| Tenthredinide . | | ie
Ua A
Te | | |
DieteRA . . .| Mycetophilide . | | ‘ey
| = — |
Bibionide . . .|| | | ool
Limnobide. . .|| 1 il
| |
+ << SS eS eee eee
Syrphidz | | 1
Dexine. . . «| peal
Muscine | 1
Anthomyide . «| et a |
Wotals; © o2: Gert. 1 AN | al Rare o.0
=| | — |
Males: s. 25 40. | 1 | “|
ewe orev aes) ot: a $i Pe Mee |= |
| |
Females. . . 1 1 | 3

* Mr. G. H. Verrall informs me that all the Dolichopodidx are
predaceous. Only one sub-family of the Anthomyide is predaceous,
namely, the Cenosine which are closely allied to the Cordyluride.

394 Professor E. B. Poulton on

The predaceous habits of the Cordyluride were well ,

known to Messrs. Kirby and Spence :—

“Even Scatophaga stercoraria and scybalaria, and pro-
bably many others of the same tribe, feed upon small flies,
though their proboscis does not seem so well adapted for
animal as for vegetable food.” *

The sexes of the captors are seen to be nearly evenly
divided in the only record that is fairly complete; that
of S. stercoraria. It is certainly remarkable that each of
the 7 victims of this species should belong to a different
family or sub-family of Diptera. The surprising example
of a Tenthredinid victim (of merdaria) is of much interest,
and prepares us for a wide variety of insect diet when
naturalists have seriously turned their attention to the
habits of the genus Scatophaga.

Ochromyia jejuna, F., Nos. 304-808.

The Muscine are not admitted among predaceous
Diptera, the structure of the mouth-part being different
from that in flies which attack and kill other insects. It
is therefore of the utmost importance that any evidence
which is held to prove the contrary opinion should be
tested and sifted with far more than ordinary care.

During the past summer (of 1906) I received through
the kindness of Mr. E. Ernest Green, a female example
(304) of the abundant fly Ochromyia jejuna, together with
a winged termite identified by Mr. W. F. Kirby as Zermes
taprobanes, Hg. The insects had been taken at Wellawaya,
Ceylon, in November 1905, and Mr. Green described the
termite as the prey of the Muscid. The observation is
recorded in “ Spolia Zeylanica” (see the number following
date of capture). Colonel Yerbury, who determined the
fly, was decidedly of the opinion that the observation was
erroneous. I therefore wrote again to Mr. Green, and
received the following reply :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, July
17, 1906. The circumstances were as follows. I was
personally working my moth-trap, which consists of a
powerful acetylene lamp throwing its light on to a white
cotton screen. Immediately after lighting up, the screen
was covered with a crawling mass of winged termites.
While watching these, I noticed the flies actually pouncing

* Fifth ed. 1828, vol. i, p. 275.

Predaceous Insects and ther Prey. 395

upon the termites. They did not attempt to carry
them away, but fastened themselves on to the dorsum
of the abdomen of each termite. There must have been
some fifteen or twenty termites, each with its attendant
fly. I very much regret that I did not bottle any of the
couples alive and watch the subsequent proceedings.
Instead of that I put them all into my poison bottle,
Should the opportunity again occur, I shall pay closer
attention to the actions of the fly. I think that the
note in ‘Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p.
747), to which I have already referred you, is a strong
corroboration of the supposed fact, though we do not
know for certain that the Indian fly was the same species
as my Ceylon insect. I am writing to ask if specimens
can be obtained for comparison.”

In a few days Mr. Green obtained four of the specimens
(305-808) referred to, and forwarded them to me, with
the following letter :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, Aug. 2, 1906.
I am now able to send you some of the actual specimens
that were the subject of the note in ‘Journ, Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p. 747). They have been
received from the Secretary of the Society. They appear
to be identical with or very closely allied to the flies taken
by myself under similar circumstances, in Ceylon, These
Indian flies are said to have been seen actually hawking
the termites—on the wing. I think thisis another sound
link in the chain of evidence! I remember noticing par-
ticularly that the flies invariably attacked the abdominal
part of the termite,—where the chitinous derm is thinner
and softer than on the thorax.”

The four specimens are all females of Ochromyia jejuna.
They were captured by Capt. K. E. Nangle, 96th Berar
Infantry, at Tarbund, Secunderabad, on July 17, 1905.
Captain Nangle’s note in the “Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soe.” (vol. xvi, 1905, p. 747) is as follows :-—* Last night
after heavy rain there was a large flight of flying ants at
about 9.30 pm. After the swarm appeared we heard a
loud humming noise and went out into the verandah to
see what it was and found these flies in swarms. We at
first thought from the noise, until we caught some, that
it was bees swarming, although it was so late at night.
We found these flies were hunting the flying ants, regularly
hawking at them in the air. When a fly seized an ant

?

it proceeded to devour the soft hind quarters.”

396 Professor E. B. Poulton on

“This swarm was noted all over our quarters: every
house our Officers were present in at that time reported
them.”

“We none of us have ever come across a case like this
during our service in the country. . . .”

Colonel Yerbury believes, from his knowledge of the
fly, that it is erroneous to suppose that it actually hunts
and kills living termites. He has written to me as follows
upon the subject :—‘ Oct. 11, 1906. With reference to
the Ochromyia jejuna question I can only reiterate my
opinion that it is absolutely impossible for this fly to
kill anything. All Muscidxe will go to moisture, and as
winged termites come to grief in many ways, doubtless
many a crushed termite attracts a muscid. The tongue
of O. jejuna and O. fuscipennis is an extraordinary organ,
but it is not that of a predaceous fly but more closely
resembles that of Glossina without the piercing tip which
the Tsetse flies possess. Possibly this 1s the explanation
of my observation * in Ceylon of these flies taking away
grains of sugar from large ants (Lobopelta and Camponotus),
z.¢. that the tongue acts as a suction pump—so when it is
a case of ‘pull devil, pull baker’ between the fly and the
ant the former gets the best of it.”

If the opportunity should occur again, it is to be hoped
that the flies may be subjected to a most minute and
critical observation, in which special attention is directed
to the tongue. If such examination should prove that
Ochromyia is undoubtedly predaceous, we should be driven
to suppose that the tongue contains some piercing instru-
ment, undiscovered and concealed, or that the thin body-
walls of the termite are penetrated by suction alone. The
statement of these alternatives may serve as some slight
guide to future observations.

The Prey of the Larval Syrphid Fly, Xanthandrus comtus,
Harr.,= Melanostoma hyalinatum, Fln., No. 309.

The preceding examples of predaceous Diptera have
been confined to the perfect insect; but as the material for
the present Memoir accumulated, I received an instance of

* Colonel Yerbury tells me that he observed this on the verandah
of the Rest House, Kanthalai, Oct. 19, 1890.

Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 397

a predaceous Dipterous larva of such special interest that
I determined to include it.

Dr. T. A. Chapman (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905, pp. 150, 151 ;
1906, pp. 14-16) has observed the larva of Xanthandrus
comtus feeding upon Tortricid larvee, but only upon such
as are gregarious or at any rate numerous upon their food
plant. Hastula hyerana fulfilled this condition at Hyeres,
Acroclita consequana in Sicily, and a larva, probably of
Ancylis derasana in the Alps: in all these cases Dr. Chap-
man found the larva of the Syrphid feeding upon that of the
Tortricid. In Sicily H. hyerana occurred singly, and the
Syrphid was not found attacking it.’ Dr. Chapman con-
cludes from these instances that “X.comtus feeds especially
on the larvee of Tortrices when there are many on a plant,”
while “the isolation of the individual larve” renders them
“an unsuitable prey for this parasite.’ The Syrphid larva
would in fact “perish when it had destroyed its solitary
prey and could find no others.”

It is of the highest interest therefore to establish the
fact, as Mr. G. T. Lyle of Brockenhurst has now done, that
the larva of this species is found attacking single Lepi-
dopterous larvee when they are large enough to provide
sufficient food.

In August 1903 Mr. Lyle found the full-fed Syrphid
larva inside the shelter (constructed of sallow leaves
loosely spun together) of the larva of the Geometrid moth,
Scotosia undulata. Nothing remained of the latter except
the dry and empty skin. The Syrphid larva was of a
bright apple-green colour with darker markings. In
September 1903 the perfect insect emerged. The speci-
men, together with the empty globular puparium,* was
presented to the Hope Department by Mr. W. J. Lucas to
whom Mr. Lyle had given it. The fly, a male (309), was
kindly identified for me by Col. J. W. Yerbury.

Putting together Dr. Chapman’s and Mr. Lyle’s
observations, there is reason for the opinion that the
female Syrphid is instinctively led to deposit her eggs
where there are either many minute larve or single
larvee of sufficient size. The adaptation to two different
conditions under either of which sufficient food may be
provided is of much interest, and it is to be hoped that
further observations will be directed to the subject, so that

s See Dr, T. A. Chapman’s description in ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905,
p. 151.

398 _ Professor E. B. Poulton on

conclusions which at present seem to be justified may be
confirmed or modified.* 2

The instincts of certain moths with phytophagous larvee
do not seem to be equally perfect. I have often observed,
and every student of Lepidoptera must have noticed, that
the large solitary larve of Sphingide are far more
frequently found upon small bushes of their food-plant
than upon large ones. It appeared to me that the
explanation was to be found in the instincts of the parent
moth leading her to deposit two or three eggs on each
bush or tree, irrespective of size. If this were the case,
the larvee would of course be much easier to find and
their effect upon the food-plant far more conspicuous upon
the smallest bushes.. However this may be, the parental
instinct is certainly lable to error, for such large larve
may occasionally be found still immature upon a bush so
small that it has been completely denuded of its leaves.

II. NEUROPTERA.

Records of the attacks of predaceous insects are very
scanty in all Orders except the Diptera and Fossorial
Hymenoptera. It is hoped, however, that the following
brief tabular statements will draw attention to the great
need for a large body of accurate observations.

Leaving the Hymenoptera to form Part II of this Memoir,
because of the voluminous literature and the fact that
Fossors are predaceous in a somewhat peculiar and special
sense, the remaining Orders are arranged in a succession
determined by the number of records. The Neuroptera
follow the Diptera, because the list of examples, although
short, is longer than that of any except the two chief
Orders.

* Compare Professor A. Giard’s observation that the larvae of
Melanostoma mellinum, L., generally supposed to feed upon Aphides,
can be reared upon Musca domestica and Chortophila pusilla (Bull.
Soc. Ent. Fr. 1896, p. 234). Quoted in Verrall’s British Flies, p.

303 (bottom line) and p. 311 (lines 12-17).

—————

399

Predaceous Insects and their Prey.

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Predaceous Insects and their Prey 401

In addition to the above records W. L. Distant quotes
the observation, made at Candahar, that Cicadas formed
the prey of Dragonflies.*

Looking at the above list the most striking fact is the
great variety of the prey and the marked inclusion of
specially protected forms. The latter are as follows :—
Limnas chrysippus, two common wasps (2 species) and three
beetles belonging to distasteful groups, a Malacoderm, a
Coccinellid, and a Galerucid. ‘Thus specially protected
species make up more than one-third of the 16 recorded
captures, and include the whole of the Coleopterous
victims. It is also of much interest to observe that a
single species of Dragonfly, Cordulegaster annulatus, was
responsible for both the wasps (Nos. 312, 315), and the
Malacoderm (No. 314). The remaining victim of this
species was a Tabanid fly (No. 313.)

As regards the ten species of prey which do not appear
to belong to specially protected groups, we find 3 Diptera
-(1 Syrphid, 1 Tabanid, and 1 Muscid), 3 Lepidoptera
(1 ? Lycenid, 1 Hesperid, and 1 Crambid), 4 Neuroptera
(1 Ephemerid, 2 Odonata, and a Termite). Of the latter
three specimens are only counted as one, inasmuch as
the actual attack on these three victims was not witnessed
and the number of individual foes is therefore unknown.
Many Dragonflies, flying high, were seen attacking large
numbers of Termites. It was of course impossible to
determine whether these particular Termites had been
seized by one, two, or three of their enemies.

The inclusion of 2 Dragonflies (Nos. 311, 316) among
the prey shows that the attacks of Odonates, as in the
case of so many other predaceous insects, do not altogether
tend to the destruction of insect life; for here the preda-
ceous forms themselves are the victims. The same con-
siderations are suggested by the two species of Vespa .
devoured by Cordulegaster annulatus,

Short as it is, the list is extremely interesting, and
raises the expectation that Dragonflies will be found to
prey rather largely upon specially defended groups of
insects.

* “Insecta Transvaaliensia,” vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170.

Professor E. B. Poulton on

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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 403

In addition to the above records Kirby and Spence
quote Lyonnet’s observation of a Panorpa attacking a
Dragonfly many times its size.*

This brief list of the attacks made by Panorpide contains
facts of much interest. The crowd surrounding a dead
worm (No. 325) seems to prove beyond doubt that the
Panorpas had been attracted by smell. The insects had
congregated round the worm in a sheltered position on a
roadside bank. The Telephorid victim (No. 329) is a
striking example of specially protected prey; while the
Empid (No. 328) and the Dragonfly recorded by Lyonnet
show that predaceous insects are attacked as well as others.
It must be borne in mind however that the first record
(No. 325) strongly suggests, although it does not prove,
that these insects devour dead prey. The record of actual
capture and the condition of the victim become therefore
of special interest and importance in the Panorpide.

Ill. HEMIPTERA.

Considering the immense number of predaceous species
included in the Hemiptera the following table is insig-
nificant. I trust however that it may lead to abundant
future observations on which trustworthy conclusions may
be based.

So far as it is possible to judge from the following table it
appears that Hemiptera will prove to be extremely danger-
ous foes to the specially protected groups. Thus out of 15
victims, we find 3 Lepidopterous larvee (Nos. 331, 333, 337)
all probably defended by special qualities; 2 stinging
Hymenoptera (Nos. 335, 338); 2 Phytophagous beetles
(Nos. 332, 345) and a Cetoniid (No. 334); 2 Hemiptera
(Nos. 341, 342) ;—altogether no less than two-thirds of the
total records. The remaining five examples include a
Lyceenid butterfly, 2 Longicorn beetles of one species, and
2 Diptera. Even among these the conspicuous colouring
of the beetle suggests the probability of special defence.

* Kirby and Spence, 5th Ed. 1828, vol. ii, p. 253.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART lil. (JAN. 1907) 27

Professor E. B. Poulton on

404

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406

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408 Professor E. B. Poulton on

In addition to the above, Mr. W. L. Distant draws
attention to the records of Cicadas attacked by species of
Mantis at Delagoa Bay and in the Transvaal.*

Although the evidence is so madequate, it presents
indications that conclusions of much value will be reached
by extended observations. In the first place, the whole of
the victims except one were Lepidopterous. In the second
place, the proportion of specially protected forms was very
high. Thus a Delias was attacked twice, an Acrza once,
Limnas chrysippus once in the imaginal and once in the
larval state. In respect of the attacks on such forms no
distinction can be drawn between the Mantide and the
Locustide. We are led to believe that the predaceous
Orthoptera are important foes of those Lepidoptera that are
specially defended from vertebrate insect-eaters.

V. COLEOPTERA.

The following brief list is chiefly useful in drawing
marked attention to the urgent need for observations with
full and accurate data. The experiments of Professor F.
Plateau (Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. t. vii, p. 375, §9: see also
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 330) suggest that preda-
ceous beetles are probably important foes of specially pro-
tected insects. These experiments are not quoted on the
present occasion inasmuch as the Coleoptera were fed in
confinement. The present Memoir deals only with the
prey selected by predaceous forms in the wild state.

It must be remembered that beetles are frequently
scavengers rather than truly predaceous. Thus the
observation of an actual capture becomes of especial value.
In the following list the two flies had certainly fallen into
the water, and No. 357 may have been drowned before it
was seized. The Agabus, No. 356, and Elaterid, No. 362,
were certainly attacking living prey.

* «Insecta Transvaaliensia,” Pt. vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170.

409

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( 309 )

XIX. Entomological Observations and Captures during the
visit of the British Association to South Africa in
1905. By FA. Dixry, M.A., M.D., F.ES., and
G. B. Lonastarr, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.

[Read June 5th, 1907.]
PLATE XXY.

Cape Town.
Lat. 34° S. Sea level. August 8th, 1905.

SURELY no one who was on deck when the “ Kildonan
Castle” anchored in Table Bay will forget the impressive
scene. Behind the town-lights which gleamed along the
front the grand mass of Table Mountain, clear cut against
a streak of dawn, lay under the Southern Cross and
Magellanic Clouds, while in the opposite quarter Jupiter
and Venus shone brilliant beyond our experience, the
latter reflected in the sea, and Orion standing on his
head demonstrated that we were indeed in a Southern
land. These astronomical facts had a bearing on our
entomological operations, since we had to grow accus-
tomed to the fact that the most promising hunting-grounds
were slopes with a north-east aspect.

Faithful to our own science rather than to the associa-
tion of which we were members, we had decided to go on
to Durban by the same steamer, and put in as many days
collecting as possible on the Natal Coast. This left us
but a day and a half at Cape Town, in which to get a
glimpse of its fauna and flora, and we were truly fortunate
in that the Southern spring smiled upon us and provided,
if indeed few insects, at any rate what Mr. Boswell would
have termed “some fine prospects.”

We were aware of the poverty of the Cape Peninsula in
Rhopalocera, and Mr. L. Péringuey, the obliging director
of the South African Museum, impressed the fact upon
our minds, yet we were hardly prepared to find butterflies
so scarce as in fact we did.

The best scheme seemed to be to drive to Camps Bay,
stopping on the way to collect on the slopes of the Lion’s
Head, above Sea Point. While waiting for the carriage

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.)

310 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

we took in the garden of the Mount Nelson Hotel, on
narcissus flowers, a few honey-bees, Apis mellifica, Linn.,
of the somewhat brighter race adansonii, Latr., that is
common throughout South Africa, and with them their
familiar mimic Hristalis tenax, Fabr. An Hmpis was also
common in the garden.*

The country had all the appearance of early spring, and
it was evident enough that we were much too early for
good sport. Below the Lion’s Head, by a little stream
perhaps 200 feet above sea-level, we took two specimens
of the brownish Lyceenid Cacyreus palemon, Cram., quite
unlike any “Blue” that either of us had previously seen
alive; these and a Skipper that eluded us at Camps Bay
were the only butterflies we saw that day.

Turning over stones proved disappointing; besides
sundry scorpions and myriapods the chief tenants were
ants, a larger yellowish species, Camponotus maculatus,
Fabr., and a smaller black species, Acantholepsis capensis,
Meyr. With the ants were a few beetles, such as two
specimens of Mormicomus ceruleus, an Anthiid, Microlestia
tabida, Fabr., another beetle not yet determined, and two
larvee of a Lampyris.

Along with the beetles were sundry cockroaches, crea-
tures we were afterwards to find numerous; among them
were two Deropeltis juncea, Sauss., and immature examples
of Blatta orientalis, Linn.

The best harbour for insects appeared to be a species of
Solanum, a medium-sized, prickly shrub bearing numerous
seed-capsules. On this plant the red Lady-bird Chilomenes
lunata, Fabr., was abundant, also a black species, Chilocorus
sp., unrepresented in the National Collection, was fairly
common. Several other Lady-bird-like beetles, as yet
undetermined, were found on the same plant, as well as
one specimen of Lpilachna hivta, Thunb, (the sole phyto-
phagous genus in a family otherwise carnivorous). On
the leaves were also two examples of the tiny Abacetus
minutus, De}.

A dark-green, scarlet-striped bug, Lygevus festivus, Thunb.,
accompanied the Lady-birds, while immature specimens of

* The original idea was to allude to every insect seen by usin our
rush through South Africa, but at the time of going to press many
species, especially among the Orthoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, were still undetermined, and so for the most part are not
mentioned.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 311

the same were common inside the seed-vessels together
with numbers of a fetid brown bug not yet named and
what we took to be beetle larvae. A third bug, of a pale
scarlet colour when alive, frequented the same Solanwm.

The few flowers that were out yielded nothing but a
honey-bee and an Hmpis sp.

At Clifton, Camps Bay, on the under-cliff above the
dazzling white beach, we took off the flowers of a shrubby
Senecio-like Composite the small green Longicorn, Promeces
linearis, Linn., the small bronzy bee, Halictus jucundus,
Smith, 2, and Apis mellifica, 2 3.

A small Carabid, Platynus rujipes, Dej., found under a
stone, completed our short list. As we often experienced
afterwards, the South-east Trade brought up clouds and
gave us a dull afternoon, so that collecting was practically
over at an early hour.

Port EvizaBetu, ALGOA BAy, CAPE CoLony.
Lat. 34° 8. Sea level. August 11th.

The steamer did not give us a very long time at this
place. After an early breakfast we took the train to
ZWAARTKOPS, some seven miles to the northward.

The coast here is flat, and fringed with sand-hills; by
the railway the country is sandy and heathy; on the south
side of the river its delta forms a level plain perhaps a
mile wide between the sand-hills and the railway, this is
diversified by brackish swamps and intersected by streams.
On the drier portions of this plain Termitaria are numerous,
from 1 foot to 25 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet across; they
are smooth and hard on the surface as if “rendered ” with
cement, many-chambered within. One long ridge of sand
was covered with thorny shrubs. The most conspicuous
plant was a tall Aloe (?arborescens, ? ferox), 6 or 8
feet high in full flower, but there were also at least two
species of Cotyledon |Hcheveria], and several species of
Mesembryanthemum. Low growing Luphorbias were many
and varied, one appeared to be absolutely stemless. There
was also an ivy-leaved Pelargonium. A fresh easterly
breeze swept over the open ground and added much to the
difficulty of catching butterflies.

The males of Synchloé hellica, Linn., were rather common,
flying fast, but occasionally settling ; four specimens were
secured. Of Leuceronia buqueti, Boisd., at least three

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 21

312 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

were seen, two were secured, both males, but a third
managed to get out of the net; they flew strongly. The
proboscis of this butterfly when fresh is of a bright green
colour like its eyes. On the other hand, Colias electra,
Linn., was more restrained in its movements, and two
males were taken. Of Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd.,
several were seen, also two or three individuals of an
orange-tipped Z'eracolus, probably omphale, Godt.

On the lee side of bushes which afforded a slight shelter,
the Lyceenid, Leptomyrina lara, Linn., was common, taking
short flights and settling on the ground or on low plants.
Nearer the sea on a sunny bank under the lee of the sand-
hills, the very beautiful and singular Lyczenid Phasius
thysbe, Linn., was not uncommon, though apparently very
local; it has a quick skipping flight and time allowed the
capture of but two males and a female. In the same
locality a pretty little rose-coloured Geometer, Sterranthia
plectaria, Guen., was fairly common, but unfortunately
only two specimens were brought away. On the open
plain the familiar and cosmopolitan Nomophila noctuella,
Schiff., was often disturbed and two were taken, as well
as a specimen of the scarcely less widely distributed
Phiyctxnia ferrugalis, Hiibn.

A piece of rough heathy ground near the railway-station
yielded two Satyrids, Psewdonympha sabacus, Trim., and
others were seen near the same spot; the genus is
characteristic of South Africa. Close by a small Blue
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was netted, as well as a fine
variety of Sterrha sacraria, Linn.

Under some planks lying on the sand of the river bank
we found among smaller bugs, our first specimens of
Physorhynchus crux, Thunb, This large Reduviid, whose
wings are so closely appressed to the abdomen that we for
some time took it to be apterous, is very conspicuous when
alive, the pale testaceous thorax and margins of the
abdomen showing up the black cross upon its back, but
the pale portions soon darken and the insect is dingy in
the cabinet.

Turning over stones produced a few beetles: single
examples of Lycanthropa synawcoides, Ques., Harpalus
exiguus, De}j., and Llenosia [| Blacodes| sp., as well as two
Trigonopus sp. the last two both represented at South
Kensington, but unnamed. With the beetles were several
Llattide, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr., 2, an immature

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 313

Cosmozosteria sp., and three specimens of another Blatia
which stands unnamed in the National Collection.

An old termitarium, long abandoned by its builders,
afforded asylum to a number of insects, among which the
most numerous and most conspicuous was the large
Carabid Microlestia rugoso-punctata, Thunb.; there was also
a solitary weevil, Hipporrhinus appendiculatus, Gyll.

The great spikes of Aloe proved attractive to flies and
a bee, Prosopis sandaracata, Bingh. At the same flowers
a long-tailed bird was very busy, but whether catching bees
or eating honey could not be made out.

The Hophine beetle Gymnoloma atomaria, Fabr., was
taken on a flower. Among flies the cosmopolitan genus
Sarcophaga was represented, and what would appear to be
a Dysmachus was noted to settle on the ground.

While searching for beetles it was impossible to overlook
the numerous empty spires of the large and handsome
snail, Achatina zebra, Chem. [=/ulgurata, Pfr.]; one of
them was tenanted by a stump-tailed lizard. A couple of
tortoises added to the picture.

[Among the small bees that we brought home was a
small one (unfortunately not labelled) that was in all
probability taken at Zwaartkops, though possibly at Cape
Town, which turns out to be a new species, Halictus
inornatus, Bingh. Its description, with those of other
Aculeata taken by us in South Africa, will be included
in a paper to be presented to the Society very shortly.]

Kast Lonpon, CAPE COLONY.
Lat. 33° 8. Sea level. August 12th.

An eager reconnaissance from the deck before breakfast
revealed a tempting spot a mile or two to the north-east
of the town where hills of blown sand capped by scrub
suggested many possibilities. Accordingly we landed at
the earliest opportunity and took a carriage. The road
from the quay in the inner harbour brought us in a very
few minutes into the QUEEN’s PARK, through which we
were to drive. Our attention was at first caught by the
weird forms of gigantic tree-Euphorbias, but these were
soon forgotten, for as we passed the park gates we seemed
to enter a very preserve of butterflies. To one of us the
sight was new as it was beautiful, to the other it brought
back vivid recollections of India and Ceylon; both agreed

314 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

to dismiss forthwith the Kaffir driver, who doubtless,
while he pocketed his easily-earned fare, pondered on the
strange results of Kuropean civilization and the increase of
lunacy consequent thereon.

The park is formed out of a piece of the primeval scrub
of varied growth, filling a horseshoe-shaped hollow between
the town and a tributary of the Buffalo. It is intersected
with roads, footpaths, and streams; in parts are artificial
shrubberies and flower-beds, which are gradually ousting
the natural scrub. In the varied scene of insect life the
most obvious characters were clouds of Mylothris agathina,
Cram., of both sexes, their brilliant white and orange
colouring showing clearly as they fluttered slowly and
fearlessly over the large bushes of Poinsettia [Huphorbia
pulcherrima| glowing with their scarlet bracts. The males
give out a strong scent very closely resembling that of
sweet-briar. Amongst the agathina we took three speci-
mens of the nearly allied riippelli, Koch, of both sexes,
and in another part of the Park a single male of the
delicate trimenia, Butl., with its pale yellow hind-wings.

Less showy, but almost equally common, was Lelenois
severina, Cram., the “common white” of this part of the
world. Both sexes were well represented, the male having a
distinct scent. All were of the dry-season form ; some were
very small. Of B. gidica, Godt., a single male was taken,
also strongly scented.* Of the more gaudily coloured
B. zochalia, Boisd., two males and a female turned up.

Terias was represented by a single brigitta, Cram., a
male; Colias by two electra, Linn, also males; and
Teracolus by two omphale, Godt., one of each sex. Last,
but not least beautiful of the Pierines was Hronia cleodora,t
Hiibn., of which five specimens were taken, while a male
L. leda, Dbl., was netted, but it managed to get away.

The widely-ranging Limnas chrysippus, Linn., of the
typical African colouring, which, as is well known, is darker
than in the Indian form, was flying slowly about in some
numbers ; two females that were taken yielded the “ musk-
rat” odour.

* On the subject of scents in South African butterflies, see DIxEy,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. liv—lix, and ibid. 1906, pp. 11—vil.

{ It is well known that the local races of H. cleodora show great
differences in the amount of black bordering to the wings. This in
the East London specimens is reduced toa minimum. See DIXEy,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. lxvi.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 315

Another butterfly that was very common was the
Nymphaline, Lurytela hiarbas, Dru. It has a curious slow
gliding flight backwards and forwards about bushes, for
flowers seem to have no attraction for it; but if the flight
of this butterfly, and its coloration, brown with a trans-
verse white band, remind one of the Neptis group, its
general appearance and shade-loving habits suggest a
Satyrid. #. hiarbas orients itself with tail to the sun, but
not very accurately. Conspicuous amongst the Nympha-
lines was our old friend Pyrameis cardui, Linn., mostly in
poor condition, but one very fine. The large genus Precis
was represented by three species, sesamus, Trim., archesia,
Cram., and cebrene, Trim., the latter not uncommon. One
specimen of each was secured, but we had our first lesson
in the elementary fact that to see a Precis is not always
the same thing as to catch it.

A sunny bank cleared of scrub was grown over with a
Senecio not unlike the Oxford squalidus, Linn. Amongst
these flowers Byblia goctzius, Herbst, was rather common ;
they often settled on the ground ; they were all females,
one of “intermediate” character, the rest “dry.” A single
B. ilithyia, Dru. was “very dry.” This and a specimen
taken at Ladysmith were all of this species that we saw
in South Africa.

One of the spots in the park where butterflies were
especially numerous was a sunny bank close to an open
drain whose black stream evolved so much sulphuretted
hydrogen as to suggest pollution by a laundry. Some
Poinsettia bushes (including one with the bracts pale
yellowish instead of the more usual scarlet), growing where
the smell was most sickening, proved quite as attractive
to butterflies as others in sweeter situations.*

A few fine blue and black Papilios dashed about to
tantalize us (they were almost certainly P. niveus, Cram.,
f. lyeus, Dbl.), but the common South African P. demodocus,
Ksp., proved much easier to capture, and between the Park
and the town two specimens fell victims to our nets; one
of them seemed to have been injured by a bird.

* This reminded me of a part of “The Happy Valley” at Hong
Kong (in 1904), so fouled with human excrement that collecting
was difficult, yet clouds of butterflies fluttered about the flowers
of Lantana camara, Linn., growingaround. There was no evidence
that the insects were attracted by the ordure, but they were certainly

ae Se It is well known that Charaxes is a foul feeder.
—G. B. L.

316 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Satyrids were conspicuous by their absence. A single
female specimen of the common dingy South African
skipper, Gegenes zetterstedti, Waller. (=hottentota, Latr.)
was the sole Hesperid seen, but the Lycenids were better
represented by a solitary male of the far-ranging Tarucus
telicanus, Lang, and several specimens of the “ amphis-
baenoid” tailed and lobed Blue, Argiolaus silas, Westw.
This has a rapid and jerky flight and is fond of settling
high up, so that the observation of its “false head” and
its attitude at rest was attended with difficulty, but a male
and four females were easily taken off the red blossoms of
a tall shrub,

The only moth taken was the day-flying Lymantriad,
Huproctis mesozona, Hmpsn., a male; this is a species
represented in the National Collection solely by the type.

Among other orders the Diptera were represented by
an Jdia and another fly ; we did not take a single beetle,
being indeed too busy with the butterflies. There were
many small grasshoppers in the coarse grass by the foul
stream, the most striking being the common South African
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, whose red tibiz and
striped femora render it conspicuous. The only Aculeate
taken was a worker Lelonogaster praunsi, Kohl, one of two
seen on the same plant. This genus, very characteristic
of the country, has an extremely long peduncle to the
abdomen. <A specimen of the Sawfly Athalia himantopus,
Klug, a species that Col. Bingham says is widely spread
over the African continent, was taken. The bug Atelocera
stictita, Westw., was caught flying: during life its under-
side is covered with a white waxy substance.

Among the things that we saw that morning, but did

not catch, were a Charaxes, an Amauris (probably) and
Atella phalanta, Dru.

DURBAN, NATAL.
Lat. 29° 50'S. Sea level. August 13-21.

At Durban we had the great advantage of an introduc-
tion to Mr. A. D. Millar. This gentleman and the
members of his family are enthusiastic entomologists. It
had been our intention to go northwards and explore the
country about the mouth of the Tugela, but, acting on
Mr. Millar’s advice, we decided to stay in Durban and so

make the best use of our time, which was here, as
elsewhere, all too short.

and Captures,in South Africa im 1905. 317

The Ocean View Hotel in the residential suburb called
THE BeREA is perhaps 200 feet above the sea; its garden
yielded a few of the commoner butterflies—Papilio dar-
danus, Brown, a male, Precis clelia, Cram., Mycalesis safitza,
Hew., both sexes, and Zizera lucida, Trim., a male.

Lanes and bits of open ground near the hotel, still
retaining much of the character of the primzval scrub,
afforded fair collecting. It was in such a place that we
were much excited at beating out our first Salamis
anacaravi, Linn., a large greenish nymphaline very leaf-like
on the under-side and with a peculiar satiny sheen that
gives it a very tropical aspect. There we found late in the
afternoon both sexes of Zimnas chrysippus, Linn.; with
them were less familiar butterflies, Acrwa terpsichore, Linn.
(=buetoni, Butl.) several (they feigned death in the net);
A. cabira, Hopff., one ; a pair of Precis sesamus, Trim.; an
example of Hurytela hiarbas, Dru.; also several specimens
of Bybli« goetzius, Herbst, of both sexes, all more or less
“dry” in character; this butterfly flies rather quickly low
down and settles usually on the ground under a bush, but
is easily disturbed. We also took at the Berea two males
of Belenois severina, Cram.; two males and a female of
Mylothris agathina, Cram.; and one of each sex of Zerias
reguaris, Butl. Of smaller things we took one each of
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., and
beating produced a Geometer, not yet identified.

The glow-lights of the Hotel only yielded the Boarmid
Tephrina arenosa, Butl., and two Noctuze :-—Ophiusa
mejanesi, Guen. (a moth that occurs in India, coming
very near to Walker’s type of expedita, a species sunk by
Sir George Hampson), and Hulaphygma imicra, Hmpsn.
A humble fly, Homalomyia canicularis, Linn., was an
inmate of the Hotel.

Sandy banks by the roadside were haunted by various
Fossors, two of which, Liris hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., a male,
and Pompilus diversus, Smith, a female, exhibit Lycoid
coloration, the last-named more especially with its yellow-
brown wings tipped with black. With these were two
Dielis fasciatella, Hiibn., both males. The Syrphid_ fly,
Eristalis teniops,.Wied., was too handsome to be passed by.

The first of his favourite localities to which Mr. Millar
directed us was the old Cemetery at SyDENHAM. About
three miles to the north of Durban, it lies on the north
(sunny) side of a hill sloping very gradually towards the

318 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Umgeni River, and may be some 400 feet above sea level.
The Cemetery itself is neglected and overgrown with
coarse grass and herbage, which doubtless nourishes many
larvae, while there are enough flowers to attract butterflies.
The grassy lanes on either side afford excellent collecting
eround, and, although most of the land around is cultivated,
there is some scrub to the south.

Here we found, besides our familiar friend Zimnas
chrysippus, Linn., our first specimens of Amauris albima-
culata,* Butl., both males. Single specimens of the
beautiful dark red Acrxa petra, Boisd., and of A. natalica,
Boisd., a male, were taken. The fore-wings of the last-
named are when the insect is fresh of a fine rose-crimson,
the hind part of the abdomen (in the male) being banded
above with pale rose-pink and white, but white beneath.
Males of A. terpsichore, Linn., were fairly common,
especially among dead grass. A. encedon, Linn., of which
two examples were taker, was so successful in its mimicry
of L. chrysippus, as at first to make one of us believe it to
be that species.

In the Cemetery a few males of Hypolimnas misippus,
Linn., were sailing around, flying high and seldom flapping
their wings, but no females were observed. In an open
space within the enclosure, as well as in a cleared mealy-
field adjoining, Precis clelia, Cram., was locally common,
settling on the bare earth and on the grave-stones ; with
them were a couple of P. cebrene, Trim., but that species
was commoner in the dry bed of a spruit half-a-mile to
the north; some of the specimens were very small. Three
examples of P. natalica, Feld., were taken; P. sesamus,
Trim., was not uncommon. Only two Catacroptera [Precis]
cloantha, Cram., were seen, one of them in the dry spruit.
Lurytela hiarbas, Dru., was very common about hedgerows.
Single specimens of Pyrameis cardui, Linn., and Salamis
anacardii, Linn., turned up. Several male specimens of
Byblia goetzius, Herbst, were taken, but it was hardly
common. Charaxes varanes, Cram., required considerable
negotiation to effect its capture, as its flight is both high
and strong, but it has a habit of settling at the end of a
prominent twig, and is then fairly easily detected in spite
of the resemblance of its under-surface to a leaf.

Of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., two females were taken, one

* For the specific distinctness of this form from A. echeria, Stoll,
see ROTHSCHILD AND JORDAN, Novit. Zool. x, 1903, p. 504.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 319

near the Cemetery, the other in the village of Sydenham
(a mile nearer Durban), they were flying in full sunshine
in the early afternoon. Of JZ. perspicua, Trim., three
males were taken among dry grass, etc., near the before-
mentioned spruit, they were rather common there but of
restless habits, so that it was very difficult to see them
settle. It was interesting to find that on separation of the
wings and stroking the patch near the costa of the hind-
wings they gave out a very strong scent quite distinct in
character from that of Jf. safitza, Hew., which last has one
of the strongest scents met with.

Of Belenois severina, Cram.,a male was taken; but B.
gidica, Godt., appears to have been commoner, since three
males anda female were brought home. Three Pinacopteryx
pigea, Boisd., two males and a female (near Sydenham
village), and one P. charina, Boisd., were taken. We met
with but one Mylothris agathina, Cram., a male, but Hronia
leda, Dbl., was not uncommon, flying rapidly along a lane
near the Cemetery, often in company with Teracolus auxo,
Luc.; it was hard to catch, but three males and a female
were secured. The genus Zeracolus was more dominant at
Sydenham than at any other locality which we visited, the
most abundant species (especially in fields) was 7’. auxo,
Luc. (the dry form called by Wallengren topha). The
males appeared to outnumber the females by two to one.
On one occasion a specimen of awzo and one of Hronia leda,
both males, were in the net together, they were duly
pinched and as the net was lying open on the ground
another awao (sex not known) came and settled on it close
to the dead butterflies! The next commonest species was
T. anne, Wallgr. (dry-season phase, = wallengrenii, Butl.),
of which thirteen males and one female were taken, On
the other hand, of 7. omphale, Godt., we took but three
males and one female, and of 7. achine, Cram., a like
number, while of 7’. phlegyas, Butl. [according to Trimen
= tone, Godt.], we secured but a single male, of which it
was noted that the purple tip was not apparent in flight.
Butterflies of the genus 7'erias were in abundance locally,
the specimens brought home proved to be 7. regularis,
Butl., four males (one of them “intermediate” in character,
the rest dry), and 7’. senegalensis, Boisd., one male (dry).
The only other Pierine taken was Colias electra, Linn., on
the road about a mile on the Durban side of the Cemetery ;
the species was not common.

320 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

One Papilio dardanus, Brown, was taken at Sydenham,
but P. demodocus, Esp., was common; it flew fast but gen-
erally not very high, twice at least it was observed to flutter
its wings when feeding, as its congener P. erithonius, Cram.,
[ = demoleus, Linn,| has been observed to do in India. A
specimen taken in Sydenham village was very small.

A considerable variety of Lyczenids was taken, though
they cannot be said to have been abundant: lee
antalus, Hopff, a male; Hypolycena philippus, Fabr.,
female ; Awiocerces har natt, Fabr., a male settled on a rose-
bush in the Cemetery; Lycwena ‘bactican a, Linn., one; Zizera
lucida, Trim., two females; Z. lysimon, Hiibn., one on the
way; Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabr., four, in the Cemetery,
this species sits with the abdomen turned up at an angle
of 45° (like Huchloé); Catochrysops malathana, Boisd.
(= asopus, Hopff.); while on the slopes of the spruit
before mentioned was taken a single example of Alena
amazoula, Boisd.,a female; this last was very cryptic when
among the grass where it was found. In general appear-
ance it so closely resembles a tiny Acrwa that at first it
was placed next to that genus.

The Skippers again were varied rather than numerous,
single specimens being taken of each of the following :—
Sarangesa notozioides, Holland, almost invisible as it sat
on a rock in the spruit with its wings spread out flat;
Netrobalane canopus, 'Trim., resting with expanded wings
on the upper side of a Solanum leaf; Baoris fatuellus,
Hopff.; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore; the large species
Rhopalocampta pisistratus, Fabr., and RB. forestan, Cram.
lastly Caprona adelica, Kirsch, a prettily marbled butterfly
with a scaleless patch on the fore-wing, of which there are
but two specimens in the British Museum.

The Syntomids Psewdonaclia puella, Boisd.; Syntomis
simplex, Walk., two, a metallic-blue thing easily caught ;
and Huchromia formosa, Guér., were taken flying, the latter
near the spruit. A crippled specimen of the singular
Geometer, Cenina pecilaria, H.-S., was taken in the
Cemetery, a better one missed in the spruit, both among
long grass.

The following Hymenoptera were taken: Xylocopa divisa,
Klug, a male; a grey wasp, Jearia cincta, Lepel., 9; the
ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., eight specimens under a
stone ; and an undetermined Ichneumon.

The great order Coleoptera was very poorly represented

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 321

by two Lady-birds, Ortalia sp., beaten out of a composite
creeper (apparently a Senecio), the species is represented
in the British Museum, but unnamed; three Haplolycus,
apparently of two species [one possibly congener, Gerst.],
were either beaten out of, or taken flying about the same
creeper ; Acantholycus constrictus, Fabr., was caught flying
slowly ; two specimens of Anomalipus porcatus, Sol., were
found under a stone; and four specimens of a Heterome-
ron were also found under stones, Opatrum sp., apparently
in the National Collection, but unnamed.

The bugs, at least as regards individuals, were some-
what more plentiful; beating the climbing composites
(one with yellow, another with lavender flowers) revealed
a number of the fetid Pentatomid Antestia variegata,
Thunb., at first taken by both of us to be Lady-birds; two
other fetid Pentatomids, /olcostethus goniodes, Dall., and
H. scapularis, Thanb., were also taken.

There were two as yet undetermined Acridians among
our captures as well as the common Catantops imelanostictus,
Schaum. Also a Dragonfly, Orthetrum fasciolatum, Ramb.

The BoranicaL GARDEN lies on the slope of the hill
between the Berea and the Race-course, and comprises
portions of the original scrub, so that it naturally harbours
many butterflies. Amongst these was a small female of
Limnas chrysippus, Linn., which was actually mistaken by
one of us for its mimic Acreva encedon, Linn., of which
three specimens were captured. A single specimen of
Planema escbria, Hew., and two of Acrea cabira, Hopff.,
were netted, one of the latter settled on a leaf with wings
closed was inconspicuous. Of Amauris albimaculata, Butl.,
a male and two females were taken, one of the latter
settled near the ground before 9.0 a.m., at which time it
was noticed that Skippers were especially active.

Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was common in the wooded parts
of the garden, where also three Precis elgiva, Hew., were
secured, together with two P. natalica, Feld., of the dark,
or intermediate form (one very tattered), sitting on leaves
with wings fully spread. The same bit of surviving
scrub yielded two of the Satyr-like Crenis boisduvali,
Wallgr., one of each sex. Neptis agatha, Cram., was not
uncommon, but as the garden is a good deal exposed to
the prevalent south-east wind many of the specimens
were worn. Salamis anacardii, Linn., was beaten out at

322 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

4.45 p.m., it had a very slow flight. Of Byblia goctzius,
Herbst, we took a male of the dry form. In a shady spot
were two Melanitis leda, Cram., the only specimens that
we met with in South Africa. Mycalesis safitza, Hew.,
with its janira-lhke flight, was not uncommon in the shade,
the four specimens taken in the gardens were all females
of the dry-season form (var. evenws, Hopff.).

Belenois severina, Cram.,was common; though the large
majority were dry, amongst them was found a semi-wet
male. It was noted of a pair im cop. that the male
supported the female in flight. Only one Sb. gidica, Godt.,
a male, was taken. But if not quite the commonest white
of the gardens, certainly Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., was the
most characteristic; a dozen specimens, both sexes about
equally balanced, were secured, they were all of the dry
form (= alba, Trim.); it appeared to be an earlier riser
than many butterflies. A pair were observed 7 cop., the
male supporting the female and when settled enclosing’
the female between his wings. Of P. charina, Boisd., two
of each sex were taken, one of the females was less dry
than the rest. Mylothris agathina, Cram., was scarcely
common, males prevailing. In the more open grassy parts
a few Teracoli were to be got: of 7. speciosus, Waller.,
we took two males; 7’. omphale, Godt., was commoner,
and we took five males and two females; of 7. achine,
Cram., one of each sex. Of Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., we
took but one; Zerias reqularis, Butl., was common enough,
six specimens taken proved to be all females, of the dry
form. We did not meet with this species outside Natal.

Just outside the northern hedge of the Botanical Garden
a fine Papilio morania, Ang., was taken flying low along
with Belenois severina, Cram., and settling on wayside
plants; others of the genus were P. demodocus, Esp., a
male; P. dardanus, Brown, two males, a species that does
not fly as fast as many of its congeners ; P. nirews, Cram.,
f. lyxus, Dbl., a male and two females.

The Lycenidx were conspicuous by their scarcity, only
two being met with—Hypolycena philippus, Fabr., a male
taken as late as 5.0 p.m., and Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., two,
one of them beaten out but little earlier (together with
two P. pigea and two &. severina).

But if Blues were scarce it was far otherwise with
Skippers: of our old friend Gregenes zetterstedti, Wallgr.,
seven were taken, five being males, two females; this sits

and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 323

in the familiar “skipper attitude” but the posterior third
of the hind-wing is plaited; Baoris fatuellus, Hoptt., one ;
Acleros mackenii, Trim., seemed to be common but was
hard to catch, a male only was netted; of Pélerygospidew
[ Tagiades] flesus, Fabr. [= ophion, Dru.], five specimens
were secured; it has a rapid darting flight, dashing wildly
upand down the glades like a flash of silver, and suddenly
settling with wings widely spread like a Bowrmia, usually
(so far as our experience went) on the wpper side of a leaf,
though it was on at least one occasion seen to settle on
the wader side, which Mr. Trimen gives as its habit; the
fine large skipper Rhopalocumpta keithloa, Wallgr., rests in
a singular attitude, the wings are raised above the back
but do not meet, since both primaries and secondaries are

Rhopalocampta keithloa. Position of wings
in resting attitude, seen from behind.
curved outwards somewhat spirally, moreover the pos-
terior half of the secondaries is curiously plaited over the
abdomen; a specimen of &. forestan, Cram., was beaten
out as late as 4.45 p.m., darting away with a whirligig
flight.

The Lymantriad moths Huproctis punctifera, Walk.,
three males, and JZ. stellata, Dist., two males, were beaten
out one afternoon, together with the Larentid Geometer,
Epirrhoé subspissata, Warr., one; the Acidalids Craspedia
pulverosaria, Walk., and Idea spoliata, Walk., one of each ;
the Deltoids Hypena thermesialis, Walk. [= Ophiuche ma-
surialis, Guen.] three; the Pyrales Bradina [Erilita] ad-
miaxtalis, Walk., one; B.[ Physematia] atopalis, Walk., two ;
and some others not yet determined.

Two beetles only were captured, one the weevil Stramia
anconifrons, Boh. ; the other, Cardiophorus sp. was found
under an old tarpaulin.

The sole Aculeate brought away was a beautiful light
blue bee, Crocisa picta, Smith, 3, which with its rapid flight
suggested a small dragon-fly.

324 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Odservations

Three species of Diptera were met with: Hristalis teniops,
Wied. ; Syrphus xgyptius, Wied.; and Sarcophaga sp.

A solitary Pentatomid bug, Agonoscelis versicolor, Fabr.,
was taken.

Of dragon-flies we took one of a species not yet de-
termined, and two that would appear to be Orthetrwm
Jasciolatum, Ramb.

In approaching Durban from the sea one first sights
THE BuurFr, a ridge of high ground separating the harbour
from the Indian Ocean. Access is obtained on the land-
ward side by a steep path, the resort of many butterflies,
being protected from the sea winds and lying fully open to
the sun. It is at first hard to realize that south of the
Equator hill-sides with northern aspects are the most
likely hunting grounds for butterflies. At the eastern
extremity, near the lighthouse, the Bluff is more or less
bare ; but the path towards the west soon leads into the
scrub, or natural forest, of mixed growth with a scarcely
penetrable undergrowth of the coarse Acanthaceous plant
called by the natives “u-Bomaan.” Through the scrub
there has been cut a very wide road, grass-covered, which
keeping parallel to the coast, runs up hill and down dale for
at least a couple of miles, how much further we had not time
to investigate. This road with its occasional glimpses of
the sea, perhaps 150 or 200 feet below, afforded the most
delightful collecting ground imaginable. One was con-
stantly reminded of ridings through woods in Southern
England, but rudely brought back by catching the net in
the well-concealed thorns of the familiar “ fern-asparagus ”
of our hot-houses and dinner-tables [Asparagus ? plumosus],
or by a glimpse of the dusky form of a cryptically-coloured
Kaftir in the gloomy shadow of the forest. But every-
thing has its drawbacks; that of the Bluff was climatic,
for all too soon after mid-day, on both our visits, the south-
east Trade-wind freshened and great clouds rolling up from
the Indian Ocean sent all well-regulated butterflies to bed.

Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was very common, especially
towards the more civilized end of the road. Planema
esebria, Hew. (curiously enough the only species of the
Acrzine group that we saw there), has a flight of moderate
rapidity, but two were easily caught. Several Atella
phalanta, Dru., were seen and a few netted. Precis was
represented by a single clelia, Cram.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 325

Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was present but not common ;
of Byblia goetzius, Herbst, two were taken, one of them
less “dry” than usual. Salamis anacardi, Linn., with its
slow flight, looked strangely smaller than it is; it soon
settled on a leaf and appears indeed to be a very ‘sluggish
insect. Two females of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., are
recorded from the Bluff.

By far the predominant butterfly was Lelenois severina,
Cram., which was very abundant; the males largely
exceeded the females in numbers, but a good many of the
latter were seen. Though the very large majority were of
the dry type, intermediate examples were also present.
They appeared to be markedly gregarious, though this may
have been due to the distribution of their favourite
flowers. ‘Two pairs were observed iz cop., in each case the
female, hanging down impassive, was carried by the male.
Of B. gidica, Godt., which was far less common, we took
two males and three females. Most of this species were
seen near the bottom of the path leading from the harbour
up to the lighthouse. Of 2. thysa, Hoptt, we took two
males; when on the wing they were very like the male of
Mylothris agathina, Cram., in flight and general aspect.
Indeed even as seen in the net the Lelenois so closely
mimics the Mylothris that one of us though specially on
the look-out was deceived, and this even when the two
insects were taken the same morning.

Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., was decidedly common,
but the sexes were very unequally distributed; we took
17 males to 2 females. One male specimen had lost the
anal angles of the hind-wings, probably from the bite of a
hazard. Of Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., a male was taken.
The beautiful Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., was quite common ;
we took 18 specimens which appear to be mostly males ;
it flies fast. The Plate accompanying this paper gives a
fair idea of the brilliance of the butterfly and the con-
spicuous arrangement of its strongly contrasted colours,
but it shows far more satisfactorily its cryptic coloration
when resting, as it was several times observed by us, upon
or close by yellow, blotched and perforated leaves of the
u-Bomaan, as the Kaffirs call the shrub forming the bulk
of the undergrowth on the Bluff. This plant, now known
as Isoglossa woodii, Clarke [figured in J. Medley Wood’s
“ Natal Plants,” vol. i, Plate XXII, under the name of
Ecternanthus origanoides, T.], belongs to the natural order

326 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Acanthacex, and is not the food plant of the larva.* The
under-side of the hind-wing of the butterfly varies almost
as much as the discoloured leaves, and the resemblance is
general, that is to say, 1t is not a definite case of leaf-
imitation. It should be noted that a coloured sketch of
the leaves was made at the time, but in the absence of
the butterfly, to avoid any tendency to exaggerate the
resemblance. Mr. H. Knight’s drawing is quite admirable.

Of Teracolus achine, Cram., we took a male; of JZ.
omphale, Godt., two of each sex; but we naturally paid
more attention to the beautiful ‘‘ Purple-tips,’ Zeracolus
speciosus, Wallgr. [Butler named the dry ferm of this
butterfly jobina, and considered the wet form to be the
zone of Godart.] This was not uncommon, and we secured
six males and two females; during its flight, which is
rapid, it looks like an ordinary white, the purple not
showing on the wing.

Of Zerias regularis, Butl., we took a male, and of 7.
senegalensis, Boisd., a female, both dry.

We managed to get two specimens of Papilio policenes,
Cram., but one of them was sadly battered; also one male
of P. dardanus, Brown, f. cenea, Stoll; a specimen of P.
nireus, Linn., f. /yeus, Dbl., was easily secured flying ‘low
down when a cloud passed over the sun.

Curiously enough we took but a solitary Blue, Virachola
antalus, Hoptt.t

Single specimens of the Skippers Gegenes zetterstedte,
Waller, a female; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, and
Baoris fatuellus, Hopff., were taken, the last named settled
on a leaf in the sun, with the wings fully expanded; also
two Kedestes macoma, Trim.

We kicked up from grass, etc, two specimens of the
exceedingly variable Noctua Ophiusa lienardi, Boisd., one
of them settled upon the ground; in like manner we
turned up a battered example of the restless Noctua
Renigia repanda, Fabr., and found another at rest upon a
leaf in the full sun. Here we took our first specimen of
that beautiful Catocaline, the steel-blue and orange yellow

* Some further particulars were given when attention was first
called to the matter. See Lonastarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906,
pp. 1138, 114; but the Plate was not ready in time to be issued with
that paper.

{See Lonasrarr, Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, Trans, Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 108.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 327

Lgybolia vaillantina, Stoll, known to the Colonists as the
“Peach Moth.” Also the Arctiid Rhanidophora cinctigutta,
Walk., and the curious Geometer Cartaletis libyssa, Hopff.,
of which several were seen, but only one taken. It flies
rather high with feeble fluttering action, and when on
the wing somewhat recalls Limnas chrysippus, or an
Acrza, which last it also resembles by exuding a yellowish
juice when pinched, the juice in this case being odourless,
Another Geometer, allied to our “ Magpie-moth,” was
Zerenopsis geometrina, Feld.

The familiar Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hiibn., completes the
list of moths, so far as we have been able to assign them
names.

The yellow and chocolate-coloured Lamellicorn Macroma
cognata, Schonh., was very conspicuous on the wing’; the
Clavicorn Episcaphula aulacochiloides, Crotch, was taken
under a log, associated with ants and fungi. Asida bi-
costata, Fahr.,and Hister subsulcatus, Mass., were also found
under logs; a specimen was obtained of the Phytophagous
Lady-bird, Epilachna infirma, Mulsant. The weevil Scio-
bius pullus, Sparr., a female, was beaten out of a clematis-
like creeper [? really a Senecio]. The Carabid Arsinoé
quadriguttata, Castelnau, was taken on low herbage.

Two crickets and several unnamed Acridians were
captured, including one which made a loud snapping
noise in leaping, whereas the very spiny-legged Acridium
ruficorne, Fabr., sat on a bush and made no attempt to
escape. From under a log was unearthed an immature
female Blatta, which Mr. Shelford thinks may possibly
be a new species.

A blue wasp was taken, and several others seen ; it turns
out to be a new species and has been named by Col. C. 'T.
Bingham WNotogonia dixeyi; while under a log were found
a number of the big-headed soldiers and thin workers of
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr.

The conspicuous Reduviid bug, Physorhynchus crux,
Thunb., was common under logs of wood, corrugated iron,
etc., near the lighthouse ; it has a peculiar pungent odour.

The sole fly brought home was apparently the cosmo-
politan Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn,

CONGELLA, some three miles to the west of Durban, is
also a very pleasant locality. The ground rises gradually
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IIL. (SEPT.) 22

328 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

from near the level of the harbour for perhaps a mile to
the large banana plantations from 200 to 300 feet above
sea level, the slopes being covered with wild scrub
traversed by a woodland track, while through the lower
portions are cut wide grass-covered roadways foreshadow-
ing the development of an eligible building estate.

As usual, Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was to be had; we
took five males and a female. We took a female of
Amauris echeria, Stoll, and three females of A. albimacu-
lata, Butl., the latter flew slowly and was easily caught.
Acrwa was well represented, the commonest species being
the black, yellow-spotted A. cabira, Hopff.; of this one
specimen was taken on Lantana flowers, but as a rule it
was seen flying about the tops of trees, in which situation it
looked a much larger insect than it is; thirteen specimens
were taken, one of these which reached the hotel alive,
having survived pinching as Acrwx so often do, proved very
resistant to chloroform. A. ¢erpsichore, Linn. [of which
the southern form = buxtoni, Butl.], looks on the wing like
a small British Argynnis; we took five. Of A. petrea,
Boisd., which when alive is very rosy, both above and
below, we took two. Of A. natalica, Boisd., we got one
among grass; 1ts hind-wings have a rosy flush in life,
indeed the beauty of many of these Acrwx cannot be
appreciated from cabinet specimens; A. encedon, Linn., of
which we took three, is a feeble insect, with slow flight,
but it again succeeded in passing itself off (momentarily)
as chrysippus. A single male Planema aganice, Hew.,
completed the group.

Byblia goetzius, Herbst, flew over the grass like a
“ Pearl-bordered”; one settled on a red path, another on
dead grass, both with wings erect, both inconspicuous; we
took a male and four females, one of the latter was “quite
dry.” Two Neptis agatha, Cram., were taken flyimg slowly.
Precis elgiva, Hew., a retiring insect, was found in the track
through the wood, of four specimens one was much
battered; of PP. clelia, Cram., several were seen; of
P. natalica, Feld., two, of the dry form, one worn; of
P. sesamus, Trim., one settled closely appressed to the
ground ; also at the edge of the banana garden, on very red
soil a Precis was seen three times quite clearly, but un-
fortunately missed; this was either P. octavia, Cram. (the
wet-season form of seswmus), or something uncommonly
like it; it nearly matched the red soil in colour, but was

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 329

somewhat more orange in tint. Of Salamis anacardit,
Linn., one of each sex was obtained; of Atel/a phalanta,
Dru., a single example ; of Charaxes varanes, Cram., usually
a high flier, a female was luckily netted off a shrub.
Mycalesis safitza, Hew., was common; four males and nine
females were taken.

No specimens of Selenois severina, Cram., appear to
have been brought back from Congella, but it was cer-
tainly common there; of Bb. gidica, Godt., we took three of
each sex, one had the hind-wings chipped symmetrically,
apparently by a bird; of two specimens taken in cop. the
male was dry, the female very dry. Of B. thysa, Hopff.,
we took six males, but we have no record of its model
Mylothris agathina from that locality. Both these butter-
flies have strong scents, which are distinct. Of Gluto-
phrissa saba, Fabr., and Nychitona alcesta, Cram., single
examples were taken; the latter has a slow, flapping flight.
Of Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., we took two; of H. leda, Dbl.,
a single female; of Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., nine, four
males and five females; of P. charina, Boisd., a solitary
male. Congella is not the sort of locality that Zeracolus
especially delights in, and the genus was represented by
but single male specimens of 7’. achine, Cram., 7’. omphale,
Godt., and three males of 7. speciosus, Wallgr. Of Terias
reguiaris, Butl., we took four males and two females.

Of Papilio demodocus, Esp., which frequents high and
open ground, we took one in the cultivated region above
the woods, but of P. nireus, Linn., f. lywus, Dbl., we got
four males by taking advantage of its habit of not in-
frequently flying low and even settling on the ground.

Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., we took two; of Tarucus telt-
canus, Lang, five, of which at least four were females, one
with the fore-wings injured apparently by a bird; of
Lycxna boetica, Linn., two ; of Castalius calice, Hopff., one,
a tattered specimen, and of Virachola antalus, Hopff., one
female, boxed off a plant close to the ground ; it was sitting
head-downward, but the “ false head” had been bitten off,
so that it could not deceive again.

Among the Skippers were the familiar dingy Gegenes
zetterstedti, Wallgr., two; Baoris fatuellus, Hopff., one ;
Sarangesa motozi, Wallgr., one; Acleros mackenit, Trimen,
one male and two females, this and other Skippers were
more active on dull days than most butterflies; Hretis
Uelele, Wallgr., one, settled with wings outspread ;

330 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

and Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr., seven. Of the last species
several were seen to settle on the wpper sides of leaves,
with wings spread out like a Boarmid.

The beautiful Lyybolia vailantina, Stoll, was rather
common, it is a slow feeble flier, the wings flapping much,
so it was easy to catch six specimens. The Lymantriad
Euproctis punctifera, Walk., of which we took three males
and a female, was very common, it is one of those insects
which look on the wing far larger than they are, an
appearance that may be due to bright colour (in this case
orange) or to the mode of flight. Of the small Syntomid
Pseudonaclia puella, Boisd., and the Chalcosiine Anomeotes
levis, Feld., we took two each, this last looks surprisingly
large on the wing.* Other moths taken were the Geometer
Gracillodes caffra, Guen., one; the Pyrale Antigastra
morysalis, Walk., one; Tinegeria sp. one, and several
other unnamed Micros.

The Odonata were represented by two Orthetrum fasci-
olatum, Ramb. f,and one Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv.
The Orthoptera by a Blatta, found under a log, Deropeltis
autraniana, Sauss., immature; also an Acridian, 7'ryxalis
stali, Boliv., which was very hard to see, being shaped and
coloured like a piece of dead grass or straw.

Near the reservoir, on a shrubby lavender-flowered
composite, were taken together the South African form of
Apis mellifica, Linn., and the Syrphid Hristalis taniops,
Wied., which was noticed to be a fairly close mimic of
the bee.

The beetles found at Congella were the Clavicorn
Megalodacne grandis, Fabr., and the Heteromerous
Anthracias taurus, Fabr., both found under logs; also
Endema nobilis, Klug, and the very distinct Carabid,
Thyreopterus flavo-signatus, Dej., wnder the bark of a
dead stump among numerous ants.

From DURBAN TO JOHANNESBURG.

August 22, 1905.—The first point of the journey over the
Highlands of Natal at which we had a few minutes’ time to

* Compare my observations on the Indian Chalcosiine, A glaope
hyalina, Koll., in Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond. 1905, p. 68,—G. B. L.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 331

leave the luxurious carriages of the Government Railway was
INCHANGA, 2,470 feet above sea level. Here on some
sandy ground near a stream bordered by rushes and coarse
grass or on a bank with a few flowers (? Senecio sp.) we took
a “dry” specimen of the Satyrid Psewdonympha cassius,
Godt.; a wasp prettily marked with rich brown, black and
white, Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss., S; a handsome Braconid,
LIphiaulax whiter, Cameron; and an apple-green Mantis
larva; also by sweeping the Senecio, etc., two Apis mellifica,
Linn., race adansonit, Latr., 6; an Asilid ? Dysmachus sp.,
and the grasshopper Catantops melanostictus, Schaum.

We spent the night at the Falls of the Umgeni, at
Howick, Lat. 29° 28’ §., 3,400 feet above sea level, and
before dark turned over a few basalt stones, taking a number
of ants, Pheidole irritans, Smith; two Blaite with a very
strong, sweet, rather pleasant scent, suggesting pear-drops
(or amyl acetate), they were immature, possibly of a new
species (R. Shelford); a small beetle, Huleptus caffer, Boh.,
and an <Acridian, at present unnamed. It was cold at
night here.

August 23, 1905.—At Moot River Station, Lat. 29°
17 8., alt. 4,600 feet, we took a solitary Acridian only.

At Estcourt, Lat. 29° 2’S,, alt. 3,800 feet, on an open
grassy place near the Station we were rather more suc-
cessful. Two males of Synchloé hellica, Linn., were secured ;
they were noticed when at rest to withdraw the fore-
wings completely between the hind-wings, and to raise
the abdomen. We also took a small Syntomid (as yet
unnamed), a Lady-bird, Lpilachna similis, Thunb.; two
ants, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, and a locust Z'relo-
plidia, sp.; this was discovered by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,
and declared by Senor Bolivar to be a new species, but it
has not yet been named by him.

CoLEnso, Lat. 28° 46’S., alt. 3,200 feet. The late after-
noon was spent on the low ground south of the Tugela,
between the river and the spot where Col. Long’s guns
were abandoned. The only butterflies seen were Pyrameis
cardui and Limnas chrysippus. Several moths were
kicked up, the Boarmid Geometers Osteodes turbulenta,
Guen., two; Zamarada pulverosa, Warr., one ; and Nassunia
petavia, Stoll, a male; also two tiny Noctuze with yellow
hind-wings, Pseudosterrha sperans, Feld.; a Crambus and
two Micros, none of them yet named. Two immature

332 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Acridians of the colour of dry grass were taken, also a
beetle Scaptobius natalensis, Boh. one, and the Hete-
romeron Opatrum ? arenarium, Fabr., six. Several speci-
mens of the ant Pheidole trritans, Smith, were taken, also
some Termites, two workers and two soldiers of the same
community. The former when taken were carrying bits
of grass and leaves, when brought back to the hotel they
were dead and partly mutilated,? by the soldiers in the
same pill-box. The soldiers, on the contrary, reached home
alive and pugnacious, for they would grasp the point of
the forceps and allow themselves to be lifted off the
ground without letting go.

August 24, 1905.—The next forenoon we ascended
Hlangwane, the hill commanding the whole position,
which unfortunately Buller did not occupy on December
15th, 1899. Again we saw no butterflies, and this morning
we did not even get a moth! Under cow-dung on the
plain two specimens of a dung-beetle were found, Hrato-
gnathus natalensis, Pér., and under stones, chiefly on the
hill, we found an Omostropus, which M. Péringuey says
is new; an immature bug and sundry ants, to wit, the
small Pheidole irritans,Smith, of which the workers are very
tiny ; P. megacephala, Fabr., well deserving its name, and
the big black Aesoponera caffraria, Smith; also a latta,
sp., and an Ant-lion. Near the top of the hill a large
family of the Cockroach, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr.,
was found under a stone.

Under stones in and among the Boer trenches a number
of large scorpions were found, olive-coloured, with testaceous
rings, the large joint of the chelee and tip of the tail pale
testaceous, paler beneath. Other dwellers under stones
were very young snakes, a nearly globular toad which
squeaked piteously when taken up, and a gecko.

A drive to Hart’s Hill in the afternoon made one realize
completely what is meant by “carriage exercise,” for the
road is probably the worst that we ever traversed. It
proved more interesting from the point of view of Military
History than that of Entomology, nevertheless at the
bottom of the Hill we kicked up Sterrhanthia lineata,
Warr., a brownish Geometer near Sterrha sacraria, Linn. ;
on the slopes, we took under stones Harpalus capicola,
Dej., ; Pederus crassus, Boh.; a “Staph” represented both
in the General Collection at South Kensington and in the
Sharp Collection, but in both unnamed; the big ant

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 333

Acantholepis vestita, Smith; the tiny Pheidole irritans,
Smith; and Zetramorium solidum, Emery.

On the summit of the Hill, in an old Boer trench, looking
down over the slopes on which many a brave soldier
breathed his last, was Pyrameis cardui, Linn., the only
butterfly that we saw that day. It may be remarked that
it was bitterly cold when we reached Ladysmith a little
before midnight.

LapysmitH, Lat. 28° 38’, 3,300 ft., August 25, 1905.—
The next day was devoted to Spion Kop, and naturally
enough disputed questions of strategy and tactics diverted
our attention from the Arthropoda. A specimen of Precis
sesamus, Trim., was taken close to a Boer’s grave near the
farm-house below the Aloe Knoll, while a conspicuous
Larentid, Ortholitha pudicata, Walk., with reddish fore-
wings and orange hind-wings, was netted on the top of the
Knoll. The beetle Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was found just
below, running on the path. A small grasshopper was
brought from the summit of Spion Kop, and a larger
species from the lower slopes on the north side; this last
was coloured like dead grass on the exposed portions, but
the lower surface of the abdomen and the lower edges of
the femora were of a deep bright red. On the road back
to Ladysmith, near the half-way house, the conspicuous
Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, was taken under a stone, as
well as the dingy Zophosis caffer, Deyr.

August 26, 1905.—On our walk out to Waggon Hill and
Czesar’s Camp we found under a stone on the open veldt
a Carabid, Polyhirma notata, Perond.; when touched it
emitted from its mouth a quantity of dark brown fluid
having no perceptible odour. The dingy Boarmid Semz-
othisa brongusarva, Walk., was common on rough bushy
ground.

The famous work at the western end of Waggon Hill
was garrisoned by Precis sesamus, Trim., while the variable
Geometer Tephrina catalaunaria, Guen., was taken close
to the Earl of Ava’s grave.

Within the trenches of Czsar’s Camp we took the
Geometer Tephrina arenosa, Butl., as well as two Acridians.

Returning to Ladysmith we found on the northern,
reverse, slope of Czsar’s Camp, under large stones near
the head of the (then) dry spruit, the curious cockroach,
Homalodemas porcellio, Gerst. (= Derocalymna intermedia,
Kirby). It is remarkably flat and sits closely appressed

BBE Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

to the stones; it appeared to be extremely local. Between
this point and the bridge over the Klip River just outside
the town we found insects much commoner. The scrub is
intersected with deep gullies, for the most part dry, but
evidently conveying at some time much water to the Klip ;
in these gullies Precis cebrene, Trim., and P. sesamus, Trim.,
were not uncommon, also Synchloé hellica, Linn., of which
a male and four females were taken. A male of Colias
electra, Linn., and a female of Teracolus eris, Klug, were
taken near the river. Single examples of Yphthima
asterope, Klug, Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Tarucus sybaris,
Hopft., 2, were secured, while other Lycznids were seen,
as also Pyrameis cardui, and Limnas chrysippus.

The Quadrifid Noctua <Acanthonyx pretoriv, Dist.,
was taken resting in the dry bed of a spruit; the dingy
Boarmid, Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and other Geometers
were kicked up, including a beautiful green one (with
somewhat the look of Huchloris vernaria, Hiibn.) which
got away in the undergrowth. An ichneumon and a
common honey-bee were also taken. A small bug,
Pododus sp. (not in the National Collection), was seen
running on the sand; on being pinned it exhaled a strong
odour of acetate of amyl. The beetle Zophosis caffer, Deyr.,
while running swiftly over the sand was occasionally blown
over by the wind.

The electric lights about the town and railway-station
attracted a fair number of insects, the commonest being
the large flying ant, Dorylus helvolus, Linn., ¢, a yellowish-
brown insect with very flexible abdomen, whose position
in the insect world was at the time a puzzle to us. When
pinned, the thorax cracked and emitted a puff of white
powder. The largest insect at light was the Lamellicorn,
Oryctes boaz, Fabr.,a rotten-wood feeder, of which two were
taken. With these were the Noctuids Audea variegata,
Hmpsn., Borolia [Leucania] melianoides, Moschl., Homo-
ptera canescens, Walk.; the Syntomid, Zhyretes caffra,
Waller., f; three Phycids, Microthria inconspicuella, Rag.
(1) and J. insulsella, Rag. (2), and several other moths not
yet named.

Two moths, Plusia limbirena, Guen., and a Micro, were
taken in the bedroom of the hotel.

August 27, 1905.—An afternoon was spent on the north-
eastern defences, “The King’s Post,’ and “The Devons’
Post,” which were on low rocky hills with a little low scrub.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 335

At the latter, which runs out towards Lombard’s Kop,
exposed to the cross-fire of two “Long Toms,” the works
were more solid and better built than any that we came
across, and showed pretty plainly that there must have been
skilful wallers among the Men of Devon. Single specimens
of Precis archesia, Cram., Acrva neobule, Dbl. and Hew.
(semi-transparent), and Byblia ilithyia, Dru., were taken
at the King’s Post, but the commonest butterfly there was
Pyrameis cardui, for the most part small and rather
worn specimens ; flying with it was Utetheisa (Deiopera)
pulchella, Linn. Lizards were numerous, but although
some time was given up to watching them, they were not
seen to make any attacks on butterflies.

At the Devons’ Post Synchloé hellica, Pyrameis cardi,
Precis cebrene, and Zizera lysimon, were taken. By a
stream separating the two hills Yphthima asterope, Klug,
was rather common, looking not unlike a Blue on the
wing; futile attempts were made to see the butterfly
settle, but it was restless. At the flowers of Aloe ? ferox
were Aylocopa hottentota, Smith, 2, the wasps Belonogaster
distinguendus, Kohl, 3 8, and Humenes dimidiatipennas,
Sauss., 2, a large red and black, brown-winged insect, as
well as the Phytophagid Ortalia pallens, Muls., taken flying
near the same flowers.

Anywhere along the ridge that strange locust Phymateus
leprosus, Serv., might be seen. This is of a grey- or
yellowish-green, tinted with yellow, orange and pink.
Its hard thorax though strongly tuberculate shines with an
enamel-like texture. It is very sluggish, and unlike most
locusts does not readily take flight, but when it does so
makes a rattling noise. When touched it emits copiously
a dark olive-green very fetid fluid, which dries up as a
sticky varnish ; this accidentally tasted was found to be
bitter and unpleasant.

August 28, 1905.—At INGAGANE Station, Lat. 27° 56’S.,
altitude 3,900 feet, a specimen of the Geodephagous beetle,
Acupalpus natalicus, Pér.. was found under a lump of
hard earth.

At NeEwcastLe, Lat. 27° 48’ S., altitude 3,900 feet, a
specimen of Precis sesamus, Trim., was found in a tiny
dark kloof, its love of darkness was also noted on subse-
quent occasions. Several Acridians, whose determination
is postponed, were taken. Also an immature Blatta,
Cosmozosteria sp., was found under a flat piece of iron,

336 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

together with a community of the ant, Acantholepis vestita,
Smith. The Heteromerous beetle, Zophosis caffer, Deyr.,
was caught running swiftly over sand.

At INKWELO, under the shadow of Amajuba (Lat. 27°
32’8., about 4,500 feet above the sea), a fly, Sarcophaga sp.,
was taken, but on this day at these altitudes the conditions
were decidedly wintry, and the night of August 28th was
cold.

JOHANNESBURG, TRANSVAAL.
Lat. 26° 10'S. Altitude 5,700 feet. Aug. 30th—Sept. 2nd.

The weather during our short stay was chilly and almost
sunless, while the time available only permitted of two
short afternoon walks in the outskirts just beyond West
Chiff.

But three butterflies were seen, Pyrameis cardui, Linn.;
Papilio demodocus, Esp.; and the Skipper Baoris ayresia,
Trim., a species that does not appear to be widely spread.
Moths were about as poorly represented by the cosmo-
politan Momophila noctuella, Schiff, by Sterrha sacraria,
Linn., of the dingy South African form, and by that obscure
Phycid, the almost cosmopolitan Htiella zinckenella, Treit.

The most promising mode of collecting appeared to be
turning over stones, old tins, etc., on the veldt ; this back-
aching process yielded ants in great plenty, the commonest
species being the big-headed Camponotus marginatus, Latr.,
which turned up in this locality only; close by, the more
generally distributed C. maculatus, Fabr., was found, while
the long black Plectroctena caffra, Spinola, the smaller
Philodole megacephala, Fabr., and two Cremastogaster
sordidula, Nyl. var., were also met with. There were in
addition to the ants plenty of Termites.

The beetles included several Carabids, viz.: Chlenius
sellatus, Dej., two; another Chlenius that may possibly
be new; Harpalus deceptor, Pér., nine specimens; ZH.
angustipennis, Boh., two; Macrochilus dorsalis, Klug, one ;
Trechus rufipes, Boh., one; then there were two of a
Trigonopus that may possibly be new; the very distinctly
marked Graphipterus cordiger, Klug; an Opatrum that is
probably arenarium, Fabr., six specimens; an unnamed
Psaryphis; « Lamellicorn of the genus Aphodius that is
not represented in the National Collection; two weevils,
Hipporhinus corniculatus, Fahr.; and Lrachycerus severus,

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 337

Fahr.; also a Lady-bird, Hxochomus nigromaculatus, Goez.,
which is occasionally found in Britain.

Under stones were two Pentatomid bugs, Dalsira modesta,
Fabr., and the lance-head-shaped Gonopsis angularis, Dall.,
also Lygevus rivularis,Germ.; there were also several other
bugs that are not yet named. Along with the bugs were
several Blatte and a black and red scorpion. A number of
as yet undetermined Acridians were also taken.

By far the most interesting insect met with at Johannes-
burg was a Homopteron, Gyaria walkeri, Stal., allied to
Flata, a genus well known from its alleged resemblance
when at rest to a spike of flowers. It is of a creamy-white
colour with eyes of a beautiful pinkish hue, which is
unfortunately soon lost after death by cyanide. The insects
are gregarious, and sit in rows of from three to five each
near the base of the stems of a shrubby herb which
attains the height of about two feet. Sitting for the most
part with their heads up, they cannot be said to look in
the least like flowers, the larvae indeed look more like a
Coccus, or even a luxuriant growth of Penicilliwm. When a
plant harbouring the Gyariv is approached the insects Jump
off and then fly away a short distance much like moths.
They were only found within a very circumscribed area.

Settled on rocks basking in what little sun was to be
had several flies were captured, all males, of a species of
Dichzxtometopia allied to tessellata, Macq., but probably new
to science.

PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL.
Lat. 25° 53’. Altitude 4,500 feet. August 31st.

The British Association paid a mere flying visit to the
political capital, but this just permitted a carriage-drive to
the Wonderboom,* which stands at the foot of the northern
slope of a range of hills about 34 miles to the north of
the city. So far as results were concerned the time and
trouble, and more particularly the dust, might as well
have been saved. Insects were very scarce save at the
sweet-scented white flowers of Dombeya densiflora, which
proved very attractive. There was however an incommen-
surability between the height of the trees and the length of
the net-stick which was tantalizing in the extreme. A
few white butterflies were seen as well as Limnas chrysippus,
and a Lycenid. The pedunculated wasp Belonogaster

* A singular tree of wide-spreading growth.

338 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations

griseus, Fabr.. was abundant, and four males were with
difficulty secured; the South African form of Apis mellifica,
was also busily at work together with two smaller bees
(2 9). These last Col. C. T. Bingham has described as a
new species under the name of Ceratina vittata, so an
otherwise disappointing day was redeemed. <A specimen
of the Chafer Oxythyrea marginalis, Schouh., was taken on
the lavender flowers of a Buddleia near the river, and close
by a single example of Spindasis mozambica, Bert. On the
veldt below the big tree, the common but pretty locust
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, was very active and
difficult to secure; in the same place we netted two
specimens of Terias brigitta, Cram., a species we had not
met with in Natal.

RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM JOHANNESBURG TO
KIMBERLEY.

September 4th, 1905.
GLEN SIDING. Lat. 28° 55'S.

On the flowers of a low-growing Senecio (not unlike the
Oxford squalidus, L.) a wasp was taken, Ammophila
2 argentea, Brullé, 2, which Col. C. T. Bingham says is not
typical, but possibly a local form of the species ; with this
was a honey-bee, Apis adansonit, Latr., 9. At this place
Pyrameis cardut and Colias electra were noted.

BLOEMFONTEIN. Lat. 29° 7’; alt. 4,500 feet.

In the station-yard here the last named two butterflies
were again seen, and a female Synchloé hellica was taken.

NorRVAL’S Pont, CaPE Conony. Lat. 30° 38’; 4,000 ft.

The cosmopolitan Plutella cruciferarum, Zell., came to
our lights.

COLESBERG JUNCTION. Lat. 30° 44’; alt. 4,370 feet.

At this station, which one naturally associates with the
exploits of General French, several moths visited the lights
of the train. They were the pretty silver-striped Geometer
Conchia mitidula, Cram.; a Noctua (unnamed); our old
friend of many lands Nomophila noctwella, Schiff.; and
three Phycids, two of them being the dingy Microthrix
insulsella, Rag.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 339

KIMBERLEY, GRIQUALAND WEST.
Lat. 28° 43'S. Altitude 4,010 feet. Sept. 5-7, 1905.

The Diamond City with its white dust (in striking con-
trast to the red of the Golden City) did not impress one as
a good locality, moreover we had but little spare time, and
the weather, for the most part cloudy, was unfavourable.

At KENILWORTH the weevil Cleonus mucidus, Gerst., was
beaten from Senecio, and two dead Heteromera, Psammodes
vialis, ? Burch., and P. scabricollis, Gerst., as well as an ear-
wig were taken under stones. Under one stone a large
dark short-legged spider with globular abdomen was found
in the midst of copious remains of beetles, ete.

On the veldt in the outskirts of the town, beyond the
Old Kimberley Mine, the following were found by turning
over stones, old tins, ete.:—The Lamellicorn, 7’rox denti-
culatus, Oliv.; the Heteromeron, Psammodes vialis, ? Burch.,
two dead specimens; the Weevils, Brachycerus globosus,
Fabr., one; Hpisus bohemani, Auriv., one; Sparticerus sp.,
four; and S. rudis, Faihr., nine. None of the last three
species were represented in the British Museum; for
weevils their integuments are but moderately hard, but,
on the cther hand, in the red sandy soil under the old tins,
or among the roots of composite plants, their rough surface
as well as their colour make them difficult to see. Hight
specimens of the Carabid, Bwoglossa melanaria, Boh., were
found in holes in the ground under stones or tins; they
ran fast when disturbed. It was noted that under the
South African sun even large stones, not to speak of the
omnipresent rusty tins, afford so little protection that in
many cases insects were found lurking in holes in the
earth beneath, so that they were doubtless often passed
over. Besides the above beetles the stones and tins
harboured a number of the Ant Monomorium subopacum,
Smith, race australe, Emery.

Under an old calf’s foot and pastern were three speci-
mens of Necrobia rufipes, Fabr., a British insect; two of the
cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., and another beetle
not yet named. The fly Agria nuba, Wied., was captured
in the same locality.

At the DurorrspaN MINE we saw Pyrameis cardui, and
took two Synchloé hellica, one of each sex, as well as the
Locust Acrotylus sp. A. Longicorn, Tetradia lophoptera,

340 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Guér., was seen on the wing, it settled on the hght grey
road of the Compound and disappeared, being so exactly
the colour of the dust that it was most easily found by
feeling with the hand!

At the WESSELTON MINE, on a weedy piece of waste
ground, two specimens of a Lycznid, so worn as to be
scarcely recognizable, were netted ; as well as two of a very
elegant Bombylius, Systwchus sp., which was only to be
seen on the wing as the light caught its long white
pubescence.

A dull, cheerless morning was spent on the Gotr LINKs,
in sight of the Memorial to the Honoured Dead. There
seemed to be nothing to do but turn over stones, which,
though doubtless an annoyance to the golfers, afforded
shelter to a number of Arthropoda. The most interesting
beetle was Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, a quite soft insect
of a drab colour bearing a black mark upon its elytra which
has been variously compared to a heart, a fiddle and a tennis-
racquet; of this we secured eight examples. Of the weevil
Sparticerus rudis, Fihr., which was very common, we took
seven specimens, again noticing its resemblance to the
red soil of the veldt. It may be here mentioned that the
general colour of the soil at Kimberley, as at Johannes-
burg, Pretoria, Durban, and indeed most of the places that
we visited, is red; the white dust that is so disagreeable
in the town is derived from the mining refuse, and a very
similar dust is met with near the gold mines of the Rand.
Among the common 8. rudis, Fibr., was found another
Sparticerus which shammed death, this species is not
represented in the British Museum collection; we also took
two Kpisus bohemani, Auriv. The Carabidx were repre-
sented by one Lxoglossa melanaria, Boh., three Harpalus
hybridus, Boh., all females, and five H. affinis, Pér.
Dead examples of the Heteromera, Psammodes scabricollis,
Gerst., and P. vialis, ? Burch., with other remains showed
that it was not the season for that genus, and a large
beetle-larva which was unearthed pointed to the same
conclusion.

With the beetles were several bugs and an ant, Apheno-
gaster barbara, Linn., var. capensis, Mayr., accompanied by
a number of “silver fish” (Zhysanura).

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 341

RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM KIMBERLEY TO BULAWAYO,
September 7th and 8th, 1905.

TAUNGS, BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lat. 27° 33’S. Alt.
3,590 feet.

The very distinct Catocaline Noctua Chalciope rivulata,
Hmpsn., and a Tinea, not as yet determined, came to light
in the train.

MocHuDI, BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’S. Alt. 3,100 feet.

Two flies which would appear to be the too familiar
Musca domestica, Linn., were taken near the station, as
well as an obscure beetle found under a stone.

It was somewhere near this place that we entered the
forest characteristic of this part of Africa, an open or easily
penetrable growth, with deciduous trees of moderate size
having a tendency to be flat-topped.

ARTESIA. Lat. circa 24° 8. Alt. 3,100 feet.

A female of the very African-looking Lycenid, Zeritis
damarensis, Trim., as well as a specimen of the wide-
ranging Lycena betica, Linn., also a female, were netted ;
the hasty turning over of a few stones yielded the penta-
tomid bug Diploxys acanthura, W estw.; four ants, Camponotus
maculatus, Fabr.; also a dead beetle with a very hard
carapace, <Anomalipus sp., represented in the British
Museum collection, but without a name; as well as a
weevil, Sparticerus sp.

MAHALAPYE. Lat. 23° 3’S. Alt. 3,300 feet.

Here we entered the tropics, an event that was signalised
by the capture of a male Catopsilia florella, Fabr., and the
determination of its sweet scent.

PALAPYE RoaD STaTION. Lat. 22° 44'S. Alt. 3,010 feet.
The beetle Xenitenus dilucidus, Pér., was taken in
the train.

DERi. Uuat. 22.27 S

The electric lights of the train attracted a number of
insects while stopping at this station, among those that
were secured were the very small drab Noctua, Entlemma

342 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

sp. (near /wdosa, Guen.), a Quadrifid Noctua, Homoptera sp.,
an Acontiid Noctua, Arcyophora rhoda, Hmpsn., a flying
ant, Mesoponera caffraria, Smith, a female; and several
moths not yet determined, comprising some other Noctua,
a Geometer, a Phycid and a Crambus.

BULAWAYO, SouTH RHopEstA. Lat. 20° 9’'S. Alt. 4,470
feet. September 9-11, 1905.

The most promising spot near the Matabili Capital was,
we were told, the Waterworks situated a few miles to the
westward, at an altitude of perhaps 4,600 feet.

Two shrubs in full flower proved very attractive to
insects : one with white sweet-scented flowers, Dombeya
?rotundifolia, Harv. [Nat. Ord. Sterculiacee], was fre-
quented by Acrxa doubledayi, Guer., though these but-
terflies seemed shy of actually settling upon the flowers.
Altogether we took seven specimens, three about the
Dombeya. On these flowers we also took the slender
Scolhiad Myzine capitata, Smith, f, and the long-bodied
wasp Lelonogaster griseus, Fabr., 3; there were also two
beetles of the genus Mylabris (or perhaps Ceroctis), a
Cantharid of very similar colouring to the Longicorn
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a species that we met with at
Ladysmith and East London, but not nearer; two of the
Cetonid, Lhabdotis [Pachnoda] sobrina, G. and P., were
also taken on the Dombeya; it is an active insect easily
alarmed and taking flight. This dark olive-brown beetle
is less conspicuous on the white flower than might be
expected owing to the small white spots with which it
is relieved breaking up the mass of its ground-colour.
Another entomologist had discovered the attractive powers
of the Dombeya before we did—the yellowish-grey, yellow-
marked Chameleon dilepis, Leach, 2; 16 was surprising
that so large an animal could be so inconspicuous.

The other attractive shrub was a species of Combretwm
[Nat. Ord. Combretacee] with spikes of yellowish-green
flowers having the superficial appearance of catkins. This
was especially attractive; it was frequented by Acrea
doubledayi, Guér.; but the Lycenid <Axtocerces harpax,
Fabr., settled on it in large numbers, and seven specimens,
five of them males, were secured; they closely resembled
when so settled the curiously formed old dry seed-vessels
of the Combretum of which many remained on the bush,

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 343

Other lLycznids at the same flowers were Crudaria
leroma, Waller., of which only two were obtained, together
with single specimens of Tarucus telicanus, Lang, f, and
Aloecides? taikosama, Wallgr., §. With these butterflies
were a number of other insects, conspicuous among them
the bright coral-red Braconid, [phiaulax whitei, Cameron,
its smoky-black wings bearing a scarlet (or yellowish)
triangle on the costa, and the large blue-winged peduncu-
lated wasp Humenes dyschera, Sauss., var. §. Less striking
hymenoptera were Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 3, and the new
species Myzine rufo-nigra, Bingh., §. The Sphex Chalico-
doma celocera, Smith, 9, was taken at a flowering shrub,
whether Combretum or some other is uncertain, but be
that as it may, the Combretwm certainly produced an
unnamed bug and sundry flies: Rhynchomyia sp., Hxoprosopa
sp., and L. ? lar, Fabr.

Apart from those found on or about flowers, insects were
scarce, and it took a good deal of work to secure the
following butterflies :—Zeracolus topha, Wallgr., a female;
T. antigone, Boisd., a female which flew slowly near the
ground without settling; 7. ann, Wallgr., a female; 7’.
achine, Cram., two males, and Veritas brigitta, Cram., a male
and two females, the former less “dry” than the latter.
Certain dark, yellow-striped orthopterous larvee were seen
on the stems of Combretwm and other shrubs; they were
very gregarious and were observed to advance and halt
together as if drilled.

On a stretch of somewhat lower flat country covered
with coarse dead grass we saw many individual specimens
of the Red Locust, Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., but no
swarms; we spent much time in endeavouring to catch
these, for they are extremely wary and took to flight when
approached within four or five yards. The general colour
of the living insect is dark mahogany-red, with some
greenish-brown shading, but the wings shine brightly in
the sunlight, so that the insects a good deal resemble small
flying-fish.

On September 10th we had a delightful excursion to
THE Martopos, a wild group of granitic hills about forty
miles to the 8.8.W. of Bulawayo. The veldt may be from
4,500 to 5,000 feet above sea level, the kopjes rising from
100 to 800 feet higher. In the wider valleys are stretches
of coarse grass, but for the most part the country is covered
by somewhat open scrub and forest, not especially tropical

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907—PART I. (SEPT.) 23

344 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations

in aspect. Some of the hills are wooded, others mere
bosses of almost smooth granite. Such a country was
most attractive, but the length of the drive to and from
the terminus left little time for collecting.

The commonest butterfly was Acrwa doubledayi, Guér.,
which was taken flying among long grass as well as at the
flowers of Combretwm and Dombeya, altogether eight speci-
mens were taken ; a single example of A. calderena, Hew.,
was taken among long grass, together with Yphthima
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westwd., and the Blue Hveres
cissus, Godt.

The catkin-like racemes of the shrub Selerocarya caffra,
Sond. [Nat. Ord. Anacardiacex], were also very attractive,
yielding the Lycenids Hypolycena ceculus, Hoptt, a
female, and the very beautitul and distinct Stwgeta
bowkert, Trim., a male, also the now familiar Apis
adansonii, Latr., 9; but far more startling than any of
these was the beautiful long-beaked Sun-bird with blue
throat surmounting a breast of crimson shot with violet.

On the branches of the Sclerocarya were a number of
Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., a dull black ant with nearly
globular abdomen.

A small tree with sweet-scented, viscid, yellow-green
flowers, a species of Gardenia* [Nat. Ord. Ludbiacer],
was extremely attractive to imsects, and it was
interesting to watch the Sphinx Cephanodes hylas, Linn.,
hovering amidst the numerous Carpenter - bees, the
commonest of which, Xylocopa caffra, Linn., 9, var.
mossambica, Grib. (with two white rings on the abdomen),
it appeared to mimic; of the other species A. olivacea,
Fabr., and X. dwisa, Klug, var., single examples only were
secured, females; the former species is very handsome,
its thorax being of a beautiful “old gold” colour, A
Bombyliud fly, Systechus sp.,as well as a male of Catopsilia
Jlorelia, Fabr. (by no means the only one seen), were taken
on the same tree.

The Combretum attracted besides Acrva doubledayi, the
Lycenid Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., a male, and the fine
wasp Belonogaster griseus, Fab., 8, which has a conspicuous
yellow spot on the side of the abdomen, also a number
of the brilliantly coloured Braconid Jphiaulax whiter,
Cameron. On the same plant was found a Lady-bird,

* Or possibly Tricalysia jasminiflora, Hook., of the same natural
order.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 345

Chilomenes sp., which is in the National Collection, but
without a name.

On Dombeyu flowers, besides ants, three specimens of the
Cetoniid Rhabdotis sobrina, G. and P., were taken.

Certain Aculeates were taken at flowers of one sort
or another which it is not now possible to distinguish :—
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., 9, var. dubius, Kohl, His
(Dielis) fasciatella, Hiibn., J; also the long-waisted, black,
red and yellow wasp, Eumenes lucasia, Sauss., $. This last
is the third specimen known to Col. C. T. Bingham, the
type being at Paris and the co-type in the British Museum
from Bab-el-Mandeb (2,500 miles away); lastly a small
slender, black, white-ringed solitary wasp, Labus ravus,
Bingh., 9, a new species said by Col. Bingham to come
very near the Javan species that is the type of the genus.
It would appear to be the first notice of this genus in
Africa.

Other things that were picked up on that memorable
day were a worn specimen of the pale fawn-coloured
Mycalesis simonsit, Butl., one of two or three that were
seen at one partially shady spot; a large “dry” Terias
brigitta, Cram., 2; a Tryzxalis sp.; a fly, Anthrax sp.; and
a beetle, Zophosis angusticollis, Deyr., found running rapidly
over the ground at the “ World’s View,” close to the grave
of C. J. Rhodes.

The account of the expedition would not be complete
without mention of the swarms of the Red Locust,
Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., which during the drive back
to the train rose in glittering clouds on every side. It
was, however, not without repeated efforts that a few
specimens were netted out of the many thousands seen.

In the town of BULUWAYO, Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was
taken running over the ground, while by turning over
stones many things were obtained, including the curious
hairy beetle, a Heteromeron, Usagaria australis, Pér., four
specimens ; Psaryphis sp., which is not represented in the
British Museum; the Geodephagid, Omostropus consangui-
neus, Pér., three; the “Staph,” Myrmedonia procax, Pér. ;
a weevil; and the small dingy bug, Pododus depressus,
Walk.

About the filter-beds near the Railway Station the
Lycenids Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., one, and Alocides taiko-
sama, Wallgr., two males, were taken.

The two beetles, Meligethes sp. and Pseudocolaspis sp.

346 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

(the last mentioned in the National Collection but un-
named), and the small dingy bug Agonoscelis puberula,
Stal. were taken either at or near Buluwayo, or at the
Matopos; the beetle Pogonobasis sp. (unnamed in the
British Museum) was taken somewhere in South Rhodesia
prior to our arrival at the Falls, but the locality cannot be
now designated, for the notes concerning these insects are
unfortunately defective.

THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM BULUWAYO TO THE
VICTORIA FALLS.

September 11th, 1905.

Rep BANK Sration (19 miles from Buluwayo).

We took alongside the train Z'eracolus achine, Cram., a
male; 7’. antigone, Boisd., a male; and two fine specimens
of Papilio angolanus, Goeze [| = ? corinneus, Bert. |, which
had probably been disturbed from the drippings of the
water-tank.

Saw-Mitts Srarion, near Umeguzi (57 miles from
Buluwayo).

A male of Belenois mesentina, Cram., was netted, also a
Noctua flying in the sun. The Red Locust, Schistocerca
peregrina, Oliv., was abundant. By great exertions we
succeeded in catching two.

Gwaal (89 miles from Buluwayo). Lat. 19° 7’ S. Altitude
3,240 feet.

Towards evening the train stopped in a stretch of flat,
bare country beside areedy pond to take in water. A fine
specimen of Charaxes saturnus, Butl. (the only one we saw
in our travels), was taken flying about a low tree. We
also took the brilliant cardinal-red dragonfly, Crocothemis
erythrea, Brullé.

Sweeping the rank vegetation by the pond yielded a
multitude of small insects, amongst them a number of the
singular fly Diopsis affinis, Adams, which carries its eyes
and antennae upon long rigid stalks or horns projecting on
either side of the head. The appearance of these little
black and red flies forcibly suggests a “ Watkin Range
Finder” in miniature, the eyes being so far separated as
to afford an appreciable base-line; if the insect were

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 347

resting on the under-side of a stalk it would be able to
see its enemies or prey above it without exposing itself.
With the Diopsis were Musca? domestica, Linn., Sepedon
sp. and other small flies; two small Scoliads, Myzine sp., in
too bad condition to name; and other insects, including
the Phytophaga, Haltica pyritosa, Erich., Hispa spinulosa,
Boh. [not HH. spinulosa, Schonh.], Chetocnema sp., and
a small moth, Zinegeria sp.

An unnamed Geometer, the cosmopolitan Tineid Plutella
eruciferarum, Zell., and the Blatta Cirphis | Paraplecta|
pallipes, Stal., all came to light in the train on the night
of Sept. 11th between Gwaii and Wankie.

THE VICTORIA FALLS OF THE ZAMBESI.
Lat. 18° 0'S. Altitude 3,000 feet. September 12-19,

This was our furthest point and the locality from which
we expected most.

Apart altogether from the magnificence of the Falls
themselves and the geological puzzles that they afford,
the locality presents certain peculiarities to the botanist
and entomologist.

Picture a rolling sandy plateau a little over 3,000 feet
above sea level. Low distant hills bound the view, though
the characteristic South African kopje is for once absent.
Above the Falls the banks of the Zambesi are low and
almost flat, the country on either side of the river
resembling much of that passed through in the railway
journey from Buluwayo. The forests of South Rhodesia
are chiefly composed of deciduous trees of moderate size,
for the most part tending to be flat-topped and so
harmonising with the horizontal strata and giving the
landscape a character of its own. The undergrowth of
scrub is, as a rule, scanty and easily traversed, while the
coarse grass and other herbage was so sparse as to leave
much burning sand quite bare; though it must be borne
in mind that our visit was towards the end of a very dry
season. Doubtless during the rains much of this sand
would be covered with vegetation and gay with flowers,
but as it was we found loose dry sand extending to within
a very few feet of the Papyrus growing at the water’s edge.
The banks above the Falls are fringed with a narrow belt
of shady wood in which (especially on the right bank) the
small date-palm, Phenix reclinata, is the prevailing tree,

348 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

and a shrubby Jpomexa was at the time of our visit the
most striking flower. Here and there towered the monstrous
Baobab tree, Adansonia digitata, with stem like an inverted
carrot. The first leaves on the commoner forest trees
spread an emerald tint suggestive of spring and affording
a refreshing contrast to the parched herbage and scorching
sand.

Opposite to the Falls is the “Rain Forest,” poetically
called by the Barotse “The place where the rain is born.”
This stretches along the cleft for three-quarters of a mile,
not counting the similar growths on the “ Knife-Edge.”
Between the Rain Forest proper and the edge of the
chasm, where the spray is most drenching, is a strip of
coarse boggy grass and herbage looking for all the world
like a bit of Exmoor into which the bright blue flowers of
Lobelia erinus have escaped from some parterre. The forest
proper, from 50 to perhaps 300 yards wide, is of varied
growth, in which large specimens of Ficus with their
characteristic stems are a prominent feature; but towards
the Falls it is bounded by a dense hedge of very bright
green trees, Hugenia cordata, an evergreen of the myrtle
tribe. The amount of spray, or “Rain,” naturally varies
with the height of the water and the force and direction
of the wind. A sound that one soon learns to associate
with the ceaseless roar of the cataract and the pattering
of the spray-drops on the forest leaves is the musical cry
of the “emerald-spotted dove” (Chalcopelia afra).*

We saw the Falls at a period of low water, but if this
detracts from their grandeur, and above all from their
characteristic mystery (by the shrinking of the spray
columns), it enables one to see them better and so better
comprehend their weird topography. But though the
most absorbed collector cannot fail to be impressed by
such unwonted surroundings, this is not the place to
dwell upon the majesty of the Falls themselves, or the
airy beauty of the brillant rainbows that attend them
by day or their more ghostly representatives in the
moonlight.

Two pre-eminent impressions remain graven upon the
memory—a vast river over a mile in width, dotted with

* For an excellent account of the botany of Southern Rhodesia,
with a good description of the Matopo Hills and the country about
the Falls, see a paper by Miss L. 8. Gibbs, F.L.S., Journal Linnean
Soc. 1906, pp. 425-494.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 349

wooded islets, glides noiselessly through the burning sand,
coming one knows not whence; and again the same
mighty river, with scarce a warning rapid or even swirl
upon its peaceful waters, suddenly draws a veil of spray
over its face as with a mighty roar it flings itself down
350 feet into a chasm athwart its channel, and emerging
thence, one can scarce see how, pursues its long mysterious
course between grim basaltic crags through the incredible
zigzags of the Batoka.

The hotel is situated close to the railway-station, in the
open forest, about a mile from the Falls, and perhaps 100
feet above them, though geographically speaking below.
The first insect to attract notice was a large Acrwa flying
about the tops of the trees, occasionally as many as a
dozen together. After the exercise of some patience a fair
series of specimens and a stiff neck were secured. These
butterflies proved to be very beautiful, with pinkish fore-
wings and white hind-wings; they were new to Mr. Marshall,
but previously known to Mr. Trimen by two specimens
only and then considered by him to be a variety of A.
anemosa, Hew., to which Aurivillius gave the name of
alboradiata. A long series amply proves this form to
be a new species, which should consequently bear the
name given to the supposed variety by Aurivillius. If,
tired of gazing up at these beauties, the eyes were turned
with relief to the ground, ants might be seen running
swiftly over the sand with their abdomina borne high in
the air. They were Camponotus fulvopilosus, De Geer,
dull grey-black with pale brown hairy abdomen, very
cryptic in their sandy home. The species was common
about the hotel and on the way to the Falls. Also running
swiftly over,the sand a small beetle was taken, a Zophosis
not in the National Collection. A flowering tree close to
the hotel produced the widely spread Apis mellifiea, Linn.,
race adansonti, Latr., as well as two other bees not yet
determined.

The irrigated kitchen-garden of the proprietor attracted
numerous insects, the most striking being Acrxa atolinis,
Westw., of which about a dozen, all males, were secured ;
it is a beautiful insect looking blood-red when alive ; with
them were taken three A. atergatis, Westw.; three male
A. anemosa, Hew., one of them a dwarf, and two A.
alboradiata, Auriv., f and 2. With the Acreeas were two
females of Zerias brigitta, Cram., of the dry form, also one

350 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Aphnxus erikssoni, Trim, In the same garden were taken
the steely-blue-winged wasp, Discolia ebenina, Sauss., four
males and a female; also another somewhat fly-like wasp,
the handsome black and yellow Lembex capicola, Handl., a
male—only the second specimen known to Col, C. T.
Bingham, the type being at Vienna.

The electric lights of the hotel attracted a considerable
number of insects, but they were for the most part small
and insignificant in appearance :—

NocrulINa.

Xanthoptera opella, Swinh. (3),a common Indian species.

Homoptera scandatula, Feld. (1), a Catocalid.

Homoptera ? n. sp. (1).

Arcyophora ?n. sp. (1). An Acontiad not in the British
Museum.

Entelia polychorda, Hmpsn. (1), a variable Quadrifid.

Metachrostis (Ozarba) snelleni, Wallgr., a very small
Quadrifid.

GEOMETRINA.
Comibena leucospilata, Walk. (1). A pretty emerald.

PYRALINA.
Argyractis, sp. (2).
Stemmatophora chloralis, Hmpsn., n. sp. (5). A very .

distinct and pretty little insect, whitish-green with
black central band. [Its description will shortly be
published. }

Parthenodes scotalis, Hmpsn., n. sp. (5). A somewhat
dingy Hydrocampid. See Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1906, p. 470.

Platytes, n. sp. (5). A beautiful Crambid which Sir
George F. Hampson has kindly promised to describe.

Microthrix insulsella, Rag. (2). A dingy Phycid.

Htrella zinckenella, Treit. (1). An almost cosmopolitan
Phyeid.

Several other small moths not yet determined.

NEUROPTERA.

Halter ? glawmrigi, Koll. Three specimens of this very
singular insect came to the lamps. Its very long,
slender and spirally twisted hind-wings make it more
like a flying machine than an insect.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 351

? Hstropis, sp., and ? Blymorphanismus sp. two green
Trichoptera, together with other caddis-flies more
like European forms.

ORTHOPTERA.
A cricket.

HEMIPTERA.

Acanthaspis nugaxz, Stal., a Reduviid bug with a peculiar
fetor.

COLEOPTERA.

Apate monacha, Fabr. (2 2).

Himatismus, sp. (3). Not in the British Museum.
Trochalus, sp. (1). In the National Collection, unnamed.
Aylopertha, sp. (1).

Two Longicorns, Plocederus melancholicus, Gahan, and
Tetradia lophoptera, Guen. (= fausciatocollis, Thomps.), also
came to light; the latter was captured by one of us on his
bed, clinging closely to the sheet, and making a curious
creaking noise when disturbed.*

Lastly a male Acreva alboradiata was taken fluttering
on the floor below an electric light at 9.0 p.m. !

While one of us was busy with the electric lights a
waiter excitedly called out that there was a “Tarantula”
under the Stoep. He was most anxious that it should be
secured, but declared that its bite was deadly. It proved
very fleet of foot and doubled like a hare; other waiters
joined in the chase, which turned out most exciting,
especially when it ran over the neck of the ardent ento-
mologist. When the fierce creature yielded at last to the
soothing influence of cyanide it was seen to be of a pale
reddish-brown, with pale grey abdomen, but armed with
most formidable-looking red-brown mandibles, tipped with
black. Black eyes added to its ferocious aspect. Ulti-
mately a second specimen was bottled—together with one
of another species.

Above the Falls the Rigut Bank of the river (here
the south-western) was the most readily accessible collecting
ground, and perhaps for that reason received an undue

* «The voice no doubt proceeds from the mesonotum.”—G. J.
Arrow, in litt.

352 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

amount of attention. There our familiar friend Limnas
chrysippus, a female somewhat small and dark, was busy
with the flowers of Combretum. The genus Acrwa was well
represented : A. alboradiata, Auriv., though not so common
as close to the hotel, was frequently seen, especially near the
cascade at the western extremity of the Falls, locally known
as the Leaping Waters; with this were several A. anemosa,
Hew., all males, one very small; we also took three A.
encedon, Linn.; a single specimen of A. caldarena, Hew.,
a male; A. rahira, Boisd.; an <A. atergatis, Westw.,
stunted, and close to the Falls a female A. atolmis, Westw.
Ina way the most striking butterfly was Hamanwmida
dxdalus, Fabr., for it was the first time that either of us
had seen it alive. It was very common, flying close to
the ground, and settling on the grey sand or dust with
wings spread out flat, in which position it was curiously
inconspicuous. Precis clelia, Cram., and P. cebrene, Trim.,
were both fairly common, but of P. natalica, Feld. and
P. archesia, Cram., we took but one apiece, the former of
the “dry” the latter of the moderately dark, or inter-
mediate form. P. sesamus, Trim., was seen though not
taken. Neptis agatha, Cram., graceful as always, was not
uncommon; Atella phalanta, Dru., was there also, with its
fearless sailing flight, returning again and again to the
same spot. Two male Byblia goetzius, Herbst, were taken
playing together, but Charaxes varanes, Cram., was more
often seen than netted. The Satyrids were represented
by the restless little Yphthimas; of these Y. asterope,
Klug, was common enough in the half-shade, and with
them were taken a couple of the var. norma, Westw., also
two Y. itonia, Hew.

The “common white” of the Zambesi appeared to be
Belenois gidica, Godt., and very dry they were; the dry
form of B. severina, Cram., was also quite common. Of
the Zeracoli we took five species, by far the commonest
being Z. omphale, Godt., the males predominating; of
T. achine, Cram., we took four males, of 7. antigone, Boisd.,
one. Near the Leaping Waters we got a single female
specimen of 7. phlegyas, Boisd., and two 7. eris, Klug,
both males. Many of the genus fly quickly, but the flight
of 7. eris is specially rapid and erratic, so that in all proba-
bility more were seen than taken. Terias brigitta, Cram.,
both sexes, was fairly common, it was especially attracted
by a small low-growing, lavender-flowered labiate, four or

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 353

five flying together over a patch of it. This butterfly has
a jerky flight, so that it proved to be not so very easy to
catch as one at first imagined. Of 7’, senegalensis, Boisd.,
two males were taken. The Zerias were by no means so
markedly “dry” as the Zeracoli. A single Papilio corinneus,
Bert. [? angolanus, Goeze], was secured.

The Lycenid# were not very prevalent, and no species
was abundant. Of the handsome Stugeta bowkeri, Trim.,
and of Axiocerces amanga, Westw., we took single ex-
amples, but A. harpax, Fabr., was commoner, especially
among reeds and sedges at the water’s edge. Of Hypo-
lycena cocculus, Hoptt., Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Liptena
[= Durbania] pallida, Trim., we took but one each, the
latter at flowers of Zpomea.

The Skippers were represented by solitary male indi-
viduals of Gegenes occulta, Trim., and Parnara mathias,
Fabr. (= mahopaani, Trim., = inconspicua, Boisd.).

In addition to the butterflies already named the follow-
ing may be mentioned as being taken while drinking at
the mud of small inlets and backwaters of the right bank

of the river :—

Both sexes of Acreva alboradiata, Auriv., and A. atolmis,
Westw., of which latter the bright coppery-red looks on the
wing almost blood-red. Belenois gidica, Godt., and Belenois
mesentina, Cram., both males. Of Zerias brigitta, Cram.,
contrary to the usual rule with Pierines at water, a female
was taken, but this species, though certainly attracted by
water, is of a restless habit like Vphthima, and seldom
settles. Of Papilio leonidas, Fabr., three specimens were
taken at mud and others seen; lastly a specimen of
Axiocerces amanga, Westw.

So much for the butterflies found on the right bank.
The moths were far less numerous, and the only things
brought home were a Geometer, G'racillodes caffra, Guen. ;
a Crambus sp. and another a small, and as yet unnamed
Pyrale, Argyractis sp.

As might have been expected Dragonflies were fairly
numerous, especially a species with a full “cardinal-red ”
body, Crocothemis erythrea, Brullé, which has a very wide
range in Africa. Some of these were taken at mud
puddles in the back-waters, others about the rocks which
extend far into the river above the Falls, rocks on which
one often saw the Snake-bird, Plotus levaillanti, sitting

5
absolutely still and giving an appropriate finish to the

354 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

peaceful landscape. Another large and handsome species,
Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, with a pair of sapphire-
like spots behind the eyes, was common, as was also the
smaller Pseudagrion deckeni, Gerst. Besides these were
other Dragonflies not yet named.

A Myrmeleon sp. was noted as being the colour of dried
grass. Some “white ants” were taken, but, so far as our
observations went, Termites are not as common at the Falls
as in other parts of South Africa that we visited.

Very little attention was paid to Diptera, partly perhaps
because, fortunately, they did not pay the usual amount of
attention to us; only two were brought home, Sarcophaga
sp. and Hxematopota sp., the latter taken on the “topi”’ of
the captor.

Of the Aculeates the most striking were the Carpenter-
bees, of which the commonest was Yylocopa divisa, Klug,
found at Combretum, or other flowers, though one, a male,
was noted as hovering persistently about a tree overhanging
the river. The male of this bee is of a beautiful “old-
gold” colour ; of this sex only two were taken, but females,
of the variety with the band on the back of the thorax
white in place of “old-gold,” were commoner, and four or
five specimens were secured. Of 1. caffra, Linn., we took
two specimens, both females of the variety mossambica,
Grib., with a white ring in place of the usual two yellow
rings. Of XY. olivacea, Fabr., we got but a single female.
We met with three species of the very slender-waisted
wasps of the genus Ammophila, viz. :—A. ludovica, Smith,
a female, and A. beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., a male, both at
wet mud, while a female of A. ferrugineipes, Lepel., was
taken at flowers. Of the large and handsome black and
yellow Sceliphron spirifex, Linn., we only secured a single
female, also at flowers. Of the long-waisted grey wasp
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, a single
worker was taken at mud. We also took single examples
of Salius [| = Hemipepsis] vindex, Smith, a male; the
Scohad Myzine capitata, Smith, a male, and the small red
wasp Odynerus carinulatus, Sauss., a female, the last-named
at wet mud. The integuments of two males of Rhynchiwm
rupeus, Sauss., proved of a truly rocky hardness. Running
over damp mud three specimens of a notable ant were
taken, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., notable for its powerful
bite, but still more for its evil odour, which is very strong
and pungent, suggesting a mixture of formic acid and

and Captures iu South Africa ir 1905. 355

bisulphide of carbon.* Running along the branches of the
tree-/pomexa, near the Leaping Waters, were a number of
another ant, Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., which we had
seen at the Matopos on Sclerocarya caffra.

The Coleoptera met with were not very numerous, but
comprised Pogonobasis sp. (in the National Collection, but
without a name), which was taken on the ground by Miss
L. 8. Gibbs; two specimens of Scymaus sp.; three weevils,
Bagous cenosus, Gyll., which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall had
previously seen from Uitenhage, Cape Colony, only;
Rhabdinocerus brachystegix, Mrshl.. (in litt.) and Xenorrhinus
inculius, Fst., the first specimen of the latter that Mr.
Marshall had seen; also a EKumolpid, Pseudocolaspis
chrysitis, Gerst.; and two Heteromera of the genus
Opatrum, under dead wood. Two specimens of Adesmia
intricata, Klug, a Heteromeron only represented in the
National Collection by specimens from Mozambique, were
found crawling on the ground near the Leaping Waters.

The “Red Locust,” Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., was
by far the most common and most conspicuous of the
Orthoptera; as usual it was chiefly found among coarse
grass, but could not be said to be gregarious.

In shallows in the river just above the Falls, a small
banded water-snail, Cleopatra morrelli, Preston (described
as n. sp. in April 1905), was to be found, together with a
spotted species with sinuated lip, Melania victoriv, Dohrn.

The Lerr Bank of the river differs somewhat from the
right. The ground does not lie quite so low in reference
to the water, there is more wood and scrub but less grass
and fewer palms. <A female Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was
seen at water; of the Acrvx the commonest was A. encedon,
Linn., males predominating, while single female specimens
of A. atoliis, Westw., and 4A. ancmosa, Hew., turned up.
Precis clelia, Cram., was fairly common, and P. sesamus,
Trim., was seen, as is its wont, fluttering about and settling
under the shade of a dark bank.

The Whites were represented among our captures by
two male Selenois gidica, Godt. Teracoli were far less
common than on the right bank, probably because there
was less of the open grassy country in which they delight ;
single specimens only of 7. omphale, Godt., a male, “and
T. eris, Klug, a female, the latter at Combretum flowers,

_ * For Dr. 8. Schonland’s observations on the odour of this insect
in Bechuanaland, see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. xl.

356 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

were secured. TZerias was represented by a female
senegalensis, Boisd., of the usual dry form, but also by a
male brigitta, Cram., of distinctly wet character—a notable
exception among so many very markedly dry butterflies.*
A male and two females of Catopsilia florella, Fabr., were
secured while feeding on the large-tlowered species of
Combretum that grows in the Zambesi scrub; this butterfly
was almost certainly seen more than once on the right
bank, but eluded capture, for Catopsilia is very swift of
flight and hard to net save when busy honey-gathering.
Papilio demodocus, Esp., was taken on the “Knife Edge”
near the eastern extremity of the Falls.

Axiocerces amanga, Westw., at Combretum flowers, Zizera
lysimon, Fabr., and Liptena [Durbania| pallida, Trim.,
were the only Lyczenids brought home, the last taken near
the top of the Palm Kloof. Between the last-named place
and the railway bridge large Libellulid dragonflies were
especially common, and comparatively easy to catch as they
hovered over the path head to wind, like hawks. The
commonest would appear to be Pseudomacromia torrida,
Kirby; but there was also a species of J/acromia as well
as the slender Pseudagrion ? deckent, Gerst.

Speaking of the railway bridge, perhaps one may be
allowed to congratulate the engineer who designed it (Mr.
G. A. Hobson, of the firm of Sir Douglas Fox and Partners)
on a structure which seems as well fitted to its position
alike in form and colour as such a thing can be; one
shudders to think what might have been placed there by
less sympathetic hands.

The only Hymenoptera taken on the left bank were two
small bees, one at Jpomea, the other Podalirius rapidus,
Smith, ?, hovering at Combretum flowers, also the coral-red
Braconid Jphiaulax whitei, Cameron, and a long-waisted
wasp, Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, 9.

Beetles were few and far between: a Mylabris sp. (or
? Ceroctis sp.), found (here, as well as on the other bank) in
the flowers .of Zpomxa, appears to mimic the Longicorn
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a beetle that we met with
only at East London. In the same flowers was another
beetle, a long narrow purple fellow, not yet named.

A fly that attracted the attention of one of us by

* See Drxry, Proce, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. lxi-lxii, and 2bid.
pp. Ixvi-lxvii. Compare Lonestarr on 7. hecube, L., Trans. Ent,
Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 144.

and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 357

biting his hand, Hxematopota sp., was the only Dipteron
taken.

If the left bank yielded us but a small bag it was some
considerable consolation, at all events to the fortunate
observer, to have the opportunity of contemplating from
a distance of not more than #00 yards a family of
Hippopotami disporting themselves in the water.

By the kindness of the Chartered Company’s Forester,
Mr. C.. E. F. Allen, one of us was enabled to land on two
of the wooded islands some miles above the Falls. Ento-
mologically the results were disappointing, but here again
Hippopotami came to the rescue, for the thicket on one
of the islands was traversed in all directions by their paths,
while in an open space lay the fairly recent bones of one
of the uncouth monsters. The ubiquitous Limnas chrysip-
pus was represented by a male fly, but no Acrva was taken,
and the only Nymphalines were Precis natalica, Feld., with
ocellated under-side, and a Veptis which eluded capture.

The common white of these islands was Lelenois severina,
Cram., of which five “dry” males were taken; but JB.
gidica, Godt., was nearly as common, and two of each sex
were brought home. All the gidica from the Zambesi
were of extreme dry type, drier than its congener. No
Terias were taken and but three Zeracoli, all males, two of
T. antigone, Boisd., one of evenina, Wallgrn. Of Hronia
leda, Dbl., a female of dry type was taken. The only
Satyrids were four Yphthima asterope, Klug, var. norma,
Westw. The Lycznids were even scarcer, as a solitary
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was the only Blue.

A Geometer, an “ Emerald” with red chequered fringes,
Comibena leucospilata, Walk., was the only moth taken,
while as unfortunately “other orders” would appear to
have been even more than ordinarily neglected, the
captures were limited to a single individual of the evil-
smelling ant, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., and a pretty
black and white two-winged fly, Zabanus sp.

Mr. Allen was good enough to give us four insects taken
in a druggist’s shop at Livingstone, five miles above the
Falls: they were two flies, one of them a large, fierce-
looking fellow, Zabanus sp. a red-bodied wasp Odynerus
carinatulus, Sauss., 2, and a Malacoderm beetle, Melyris
nobilis, Gerst.

The easiest way down to the river at its lower level,
below the Falls, is by the gorge known as the PALM KLoor,

358 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

which is separated by the “ Knife Edge” from the eastern
portion of the chasm. The path leads rapidly down into
a wood of singularly tropical aspect, bounded on either
hand by walls of basalt, and thence to the water’s edge.
The collecting ground is very restricted and difficult, being
almost co-extensive with the steep path, so that the ratio
of things taken to things seen was a low one.

The butterfly that was most characteristic of the Kloof
was Neptis marpessa, Hopff.; it was distinctly common, and
we took it nowhere else. It has the graceful sailing, sibylla-
like flight of the genus, but is smaller than the more
generally distributed agatha, Cram. Several males of
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were seen, all out of reach.
They flew rather high, among the tops of the trees, and
seemed to avoid the path. elenois gidica, Godt. B.
severina, Cram., and the wide-spread £. mesentina, Cram.,
were all met with in the Kloof; the latter, a male, flew
fast. The path through the dark wood looked the very
place for Satyrids, but only three were met with, two

‘phihima asterope, Klug, one typical, the other of the var.
norma, Westw., and a shade-loving Jycalesis, of which
Mr. Trimen says : “near campina, Auriv., also like anynana,
Butl., but the under-side very red.” Our old friend Paptlio
demodocus, Esp., put in an appearance. A small, worn
Lycenid, probably Cacyreus lingens, Cram., a male; a tailed
blue, ? Deudoryx sp., &, which may possibly be new, and a
male Zarucus telicanus, Lang, represented that group.
Three large Geometers, two of them Conolophia conscitaria,
Walk., the third a “Thorn” not yet determined, were dis-
turbed from the herbage.

The Phytophagous beetle JJonolepta vincta, Gerst., was
abundant by a spring near the bottom of the Kloof, flying
in the sun, but might also be taken by sweeping shrubs.

Of all the collecting grounds at the Victoria Falls, one
naturally anticipated most from the Rain Forest; it
was accordingly the first, as it was the last place that we
visited. One caution is necessary in limine: the area of
the forest is so small, and the driest of sandy areas are so
near, that it cannot reasonably be expected to yield valu-
able evidence as to seasonal forms, for a butterfly captured
within its ambit may well have gone through all its early
stages outside and have merely entered the spray-bedewed
area to quench its thirst. Human experience points in this
direction; for it is difficult to imagine anything more

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 359

refreshing than after some hours’ collecting in the drouth
to allow oneself to get wet through by the spray, which was
truly grateful and comforting (especially in a thirsty land
where beer is two shillings a small bottle). Repeated care-
fully-timed experiments showed that ten minutes in the hot
sun and dry wind sufficed to dry one’s garments thoroughly.
The chief drawback to these natural “ Rain baths” was
the difficulty of manceuvring a sopping net, and the condi-
tion of some of the“ very dry” B. gidica, when taken out
of the net under such circumstances was deplorable.

One butterfly did not appear to appreciate the delicious
smell of the damp vegetation, at all events our old friend
Limnas chrysippus failed to put in an appearance. The
Acree too were surprisingly scarce, only single examples
of A. alboradiata, Auriv., 2, A. anemosa, Hew., 3, and A.
atolmis, Westw., 2, were taken. Only one Precis is recorded,
a ragged natalica, Feld., but Neptis agatha, Cram., was
frequently seen sailing about the Zugenia trees. YVphthima
itonia, Hew., was common enough, a specimen of Y,
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westw., was also taken. Another
specimen was obtained of the Mycalesis (as yet unnamed),
taken in the Palm Kloof, also one MZ. safitza, Hew. Belenois
severina, Cram., was the commonest white; all taken
were males; but extremely dry specimens of B. gidica,
Godt. (males predominating), were fairly common, especi-
ally where the spray was heaviest. Three females of
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were taken, also a female
Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., which was so extremely “dry” as
to have lost all trace of mimicry of Nyctemera. Of Terias
senegalensis, Boisd., 2, 7. brigitta, Cram., f, and Teracolus
antigone, Boisd., ?, single examples were secured. That
only one Ter acolus was taken is not surprising, since the
genus especially haunts very dry and open places.

Papilio leonidas, Fabr., flew slowly about the Eugenia,
with the manner of a Danaid, but the model, if such there
be, was not seen ; * two specimens were secured.

Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., met with occasionally in all the
Zambesi hunting grounds, was really common in the Rain
Forest only, probably the other places were too dry for it.
Of other Lycznids single examples only were taken, to

* In North-East Rhodesia, on the Chambezi, some 700 miles
away, it flies with and appears to mimic Tirwmala petiverana, Dbl.
and Hew. See also Trimen, “South-African Butterflies,” vol. ITI,
1889, p. 213.—F. A. D.

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1907,—PART I. (SEPT.) 24

360 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

wit, Tarucus telicanus, Lang, f; Everes cissus, Godt., and
Catochrysops malathana, Boisd. (= asopus, Hopff.), the last-
named sitting head downwards.

Somewhat unexpectedly we found Skippers commoner
within the range of the spray than outside, the following
presenting themselves: Parnara mathias, Fabr., a male
and two females; Cegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr. (= hotten-
tota, Latr.), three; Parosmodes morantii, 'Trim., one, a
species represented in the National Collection by a single
specimen from Mashonaland presented by Mr. G. A. K.
Marshall; and one Laoris fatuellus, Hoptf.

It is curious that two Humming-bird Moths of different
species were taken close together, and within a minute or
two, Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., and Aellopus commassie,
Walk. It is also curious that no smaller moths were
brought from the Rain Forest. On the other hand Diptera
were numerous ; of these the most striking were two species
of the strange stalk-eyed genus Diopsis ; one, near to dubia,
Bigot, was to be got in abundance by sweeping in the drier
parts of the Forest, the other Mr. G. H. Verrall thinks
may be ichnewmonca, Linneeus’ long-lost type of the genus.
Of another fly, distinguished by its apple-green abdomen,
Odontomyia sp., several were obtained by sweeping in
moister places. ‘The same method produced other flies,
among them a specimen which Mr. Verrall thinks may be
a local race of Syrphus balteatus, Deg., and four Sepedon sp.

A species of Plecia, with a reddish thorax, was flying
lazily about the Hugenia trees in large numbers, with its
legs trailing bebind just as Libio marci, Linn., does in
English woods in April. Then there was a pretty black-
and-white Tabanus sp.; a pair in cop. of another Plecia ;
two specimens, a f and a 9, of an Asilid that is perhaps
Promachus riippelli, Liv., but may be new, unfortunately
taken without prey; a Syrphid, Helophilus sp., near to but
not identical with africanus, Verrall; lastly, something
extremely like Musca domestica, Linn., was taken!

As might have been expected Dragon-flies were fairly
numerous, prominent amongst them the large and hand-
some Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, flying in the open
swampy space between the belt of Hugenia trees and the
edge of the chasm; other species were Phyllomacromia
trifasciata, Ramb., and (by sweeping) the Agrionid,
Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv., which appears to have
a wide distribution in Africa.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 361

Two wasps were taken, Humenes tinctor, Christ, and
Amiophila beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., both females, while
sweeping produced an Ichneumon. Ants were represented
by a solitary Camponotus sp., of which Col. C. T. Bingham
writes, “ New, but as a single specimen I cannot venture
to describe it: allied to C. sericews, Fabr.”

The Orthoptera if not numerous were variously repre-
sented by a Mantis larva obtained by sweeping ; four
Blatizx of the genus /schnoptera n. sp. (near to bimaculata,
Gerst.), found under stones and running very rapidly away
when disturbed ; sweeping yielded also many grasshoppers,
one of which had head and thorax conspicuously marked by
two lateral yellow stripes. The locust Prototettix tmpressus,
Stal., was taken on a tree.

Two very active little bugs were found under stones or
leaves when looking for beetles, another was adorned with
ared abdomen. Sweeping as usual yielded sundry Homo-
ptera. The same operation produced a few beetles:
a Lagria sp., in the collection at South Kensington, but
unnamed, of which five specimens were obtained ; a single
Cryptocephalus callias, Suff.; two of the Phytophagid Zesna
chalcoptera, Lac. ; six Haltica indigacea, lllig.; two Hispa
sp., also one #7. bellicosa, Guér., of which the National Collec-
tion has specimens from the Gold Coast only. Lastly three
Staphs, Osorius rugiceps, Boh., were found under dead wood.

In such a spot it was but seemly to find an Amphibian,
accordingly we may note that a toad-like frog was abun-
dant among the marshy spray-drenched grass between the
Rain Forest and the Chasm. Many of these were ex-
tremely small, hardly larger than blue-bottles. A large
specimen evacuated a mass of elytra, etc., of small beetles,
apparently mostly geodephagous but some _ perhaps
phytophagous ; this was interesting, in so far as it bore
out our experience that the Coleoptera of the Forest were
very small.

Three species of land-snails were found in the Rain
Forest; two turreted forms, Opeas octona, Chem., under
stones, and the transparent O. mamillata, Craven, in like
situations, both gregarious. Sweeping grass yielded
the delicate, transparent, horny Swecinea ? badia, Mor.,
very near to the British S. putris, Linn.

A Barotse boy, a servant of Mr. Allen’s, collected for us
a number of Paludina capillata, Frauenfeld, but exactly
where he found them is not on record.

362 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

INSECTS TAKEN ON THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM
THE VICTORIA FALLS TO EAST LONDON.

September 20th, 1905.

MATETSI STATION. 230 m. from Bulawayo.

Precis cebrene, Trim., seen.

Lycena (Castalius) hintza, Trim., %, one.

Pseudagrion ?% deckeni, Gerst. A small dragonfly, the
colour of dead grass.

KaTUNA STATION.
Precis cebrene, Trim., one, 9.

NortH OF DEKA STATION.

Glyphodes negatalis, Walk., a Pyrale of very wide distri-
bution (of the sub-genus Dysallacta, Led.), taken in the
train by Mr. D. Gunn.

DEKA STATION.

Limnas chrysippus, Linn., §.

Lycena osiris, Hoptt., g, at water.

Lycena asopus, Hopff., 3, — do.

Eumenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, at water, a yellow wasp
with a black cross on the abdomen.

WANKIE STATION. 212 m. from Bulawayo. 2,450 feet.
Teracolus antigone, Boisd., &.

Lukos!I Station. 196 m. from Bulawayo.
Anisodactylus nitens, Pér., Carabid beetle, under a stone.

INYANTUE STATION. 177 m. from Bulawayo.

Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cram., a Noctua that truly
deserves its generic name, caught at light in the train by

Mr. D. Gunn.

S. oF INYANTUE.

A Dipteron, Argyrameba sp. in the British Museum
unnamed.

MALINDI STATION. 147 m. from Bulawayo.
An Ant-lion, Myrmeleon sp., at light in the train,

and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 363

September 21st, 1905.

Bunawayo. Lat. 20° 9’ S. Alt. 4,470 feet. Near the
railway station.
Acrxa doubledayi, Guér.; also the widely distributed
Lady-bird Exochomus nigromaculatus, Goeze, a bug, and
some unnamed Orthoptera, all taken by sweeping.

PLUMTREE Station. S. RHopeEstA. 4,560 feet. 65 m.
S. of Bulawayo.
Acrva doubledayi, Guér., 9, fluttering close to the
ground.
Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., on the flowers of a yellow
composite.

September 22nd, 1905.
TSESSEBE STATION. 94 m.8. of Bulawayo. 3,900 feet.

The ant Camponotus fulvopilosus, De Geer, running on
the ground.

SHOSHONG RoAD StTaTIoN. Near the tropic. 3,250 feet.
A number of the ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., under

the bark of a log.

ARTESIA STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. circa 24° S.
3,100 feet.

Teracolus antigone, Boisd., f.

Zeritis sinvplex, Trim., &.

Spindasis ella, Hew.

Stugeta bowkeri, Trim.

Syrichthus [Pyrgus| sataspes, Trim.
Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, a dwarf.

The two Skippers were taken at water, as well as the
wasp Humenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, and the common bee
Apis mellifica, of the usual S. African form.

MocuupDI STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’ S.
3,100 feet.

Acrea anemosa, Hew., 2, drinking at the drip of a tap.

Zeritis molomo, Trim., 9.

Hesperia spio, Linn., at the flowers of a small yellow
AMiliseus,

364 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

CrocoDILE Poors Sration. About Lat. 24° 40’ S.
3,300 feet.

A beetle, Zophosis sp. not in the British Museum
Collection, was taken running rapidly over the sand, which
when alive it exactly matched in colour.*

Ootst Station. Lat. 25° 0’S. 3,620 feet.

Azxiocerces harpax, Fabr., a female taken and another
seen at a shrub with flowers forming yellow tails. A bug
and a small Lady-bird, Scymnus sp., taken at Combretum
flowers.

PITSANI STATION. Lat. 25° 26’S. 4,420 feet.

Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk., a boarmid, at light in
the train.

The two beetles Lyctus sp. and Bostrychus brunneus,
Murray, a Malacoderm, were taken this day somewhere
in British Bechuanaland, but the exact locality was not
recorded.

MAFEKING. Lat. 25° 56'S. 4,190 feet.

Sterrha sacraria, Linn. (1), Crambus tenuistriga, Hmpsn.
(1), and two other moths, taken at lamps in the town.
The S. African specimens of the first-named are much less
beautiful than the European, as they lack the crimson.

WARRENTON STATION. 28° 11'S. 3,930 feet.
Sept. 23, 1905. Hesperia (Syrichthus) spio, Linn.
[= vindex, Cram.], one at water.

PoKWANI. 28° 43'S. 3,650 feet.
The ubiquitous Utetheisa (Deiopeia) pulchella, Linn.

Sept. 23,1905. ORANGE RIVER STATION, Cape Colony,
lat. 29° 38’, S.; alt. 3,540 feet, an ichneumon, and at
KRANSKUIL, lat. 29° 51’ S.; alt. 3,700 feet, a number of
Phycids were taken at the train lights.

* Many black beetles cover themselves with fine particles of the
sand on which they live, and so easily escape observation. This I
frequently noted in 1905 among the many Heteromera that are found
on the outskirts of the Sahara at Biskra. Whether the fine particles
merely fill in the interstices of the sculpture, or are attached by a
secretion, I was not able to determine, but in any case they were
easily rubbed off in the killing-bottle, or when handled.—G. B. L.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 365

Sept. 24, 1905. SHanxs Srarion (KH. of Steynsburg
Junction), c. 5,000 feet; a cricket was found under a stone,
and in like situations six beetles, Trigonopus, sp., not in
the National Collection; the Carabids, Harpalus zantho-
graphus, Wied., and H. sub-aéneus, Dej.; and the
Chrysomelid, Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., three speci-
mens; as well as a number of the pungent ant, Acantholepis
vestita, Smith.

HANNINGTON STATION., alt. 5,170 feet; the same 7'rigo-
nopus, another Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., and Harpalus
Jusco-aéneus, De}j., were found under stones.

ConTAL STATION, a few miles East of Hannington, alt.
c. 5,200 feet; under an old sleeper, three beetles were taken:
the same Zrigonopus that had been met with earlier in
the day, Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud., and a Carabid near
to Percus, not in the British Museum.

STORMBERG JUNCTION, lat. 31° 28’ S.; alt. 5,300 feet; a
few hundred yards from the station we saw swarms of a
purplish-grey locust with yellowish-drab wings and yellow
hind tibiw, Acridium pardalinum, Walk. We had seen
several flights shortly before reaching the station, but now
we got amongst them. They did not fly very far, and the
swarms were many rather than excessively large. The
wings of those captured were much frayed, presumably by
long flight and knocking against obstacles, but it is quite
possible that individuals with damaged wings were more
easily caught than the sounder specimens.

Turning over stones was fairly productive, as it yielded
Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud. ( = rufo-marginatus, Boh.),
seven; H. natalensis, Boh., four; H. clavipes, Bob., two;
H. sub-aéneus, Dej., two ; H. fusco-aéneus, Dej., three; the
red and black Hister crwentus, Erichs., four under one
stone; two other Carabids not yet named; Polyhirma
gracilis, Dej., one; the two weevils, Rhytirrhinus litura-
tus, Fahr., and Stramia ? fahrwi, Fst., one each, as well as
an immature female of Blatta orientalis, Linn., and two
very large ants, Acantholepis vestita, Smith. A specimen
of Pyrameis cardui, Linn., was taken on the hill-side, but
the day was scarcely fitted for butterflies.

Lower INCLINE STATION, c. 4,500 feet; five or six speci-
mens of Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., were found close
together under a stone.

QUEENSTOWN, Cape Colony, lat. 31° 50’ S.; alt. 3,500
feet. In the Public Gardens just before dark a large

366 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

? Plusia, or small ? Sphinw was seen at Verbena flowers,
but missed. Shortly after leaving the station two of the
widely distributed Crambid, Zromene ocellea, Haw., flew to
the lights of the train.

East Lonpon. Lat. 33° S. Sea level.
SECOND VISIT. Sept. 25-29.

Six weeks had elapsed since our first flying visit to this
place. After an unusual drought it had rained the day
before our arrival, and it was blowing a violent gale when
early in the morning we came to the end of our long rail-
way journey of six days and six nights. The gale ter-
minated with heavy rain that greatly damaged the condition
of the butterflies. One victim of the flood, a female
Saturnid, <Azvina forda, Westw., was rescued from
drowning.

A good deal of our time was spent on our old ground in
the QUEEN’S PARK. The Poinsettia flowers were over:
energetic sanitary reformers had nearly completed the
covering in of the unsavoury stream, but the operations of
the Kaffir workmen had wrought sad havoc in some of the
best collecting ground.

Mylothris agathina, Cram., did not appear to be nearly
so common as before, but perhaps this was owing to the
absence of Poinsettia flowers to assemble them. There
was however no doubt that the closely allied IZ. riippellit,
Koch., was common enough. The males of both these
allied species have a strong and seemingly identical sweet-
briar-like scent. The very local and singularly elegant
M. trimenia was quite common, both sexes being well
represented.

Belenois severina, Cram., and B. zochalia, Boisd., were
both very common; of the latter the females seemed to be
more numerous than the males, perhaps because more
distinctly coloured.

The beautiful Hronia cleodora, Hubn., was quite common.
A few Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., were taken, all “ dry”;
a male Byblia goetzius, Herbst, significantly a very fresh
specimen, was distinctly of the wet form, but, with this
possible exception, there was no evidence that the recent
rains had produced any change of type, probably there had
not been sufficient time. The only Zeracoli noticed in the
park were a male achine, Cram., and several omphale,

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 367

Godt., of both sexes. These TJ'eracoli, with one exception
that was intermediate, were decidedly “dry,” but not so
extremely so as our Rhodesian specimens. Oolias electra,
Linn., was seen but not taken.

Of Papilio nireus, Linn., form lywus, Dbl., we secured
two males, but we met with both sexes of P. demodocus,
Esp. Of P. dardanus, Brown, perhaps the commonest of
the three Papilios, two males and one female were taken,
the latter of the form cenea, which mimics Amauris echeria,
Stoll. Of the last-named species four specimens were
taken, also three of the closely allied A. albimaculata,
Butl. Both forms are very hard to kill. Limnas chry-
sippus, Linn., was fairly common.

Lyczenids were not so numerous as might have been ex-
pected in the Park,either as regards species or individuals.
Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Cacyreus palemon, Cram.,
single specimens were taken; females of Argiolaus silas,
Westw., were fairly common, they flew high and settled on
the tops of trees, but also visited flowers. <A few of the
widely ranging Yarucus telicanus, Lang, were to be seen,
two of them whilst at rest were observed to move the
hind-wings alternately backwards and forwards in their
own plane.

On the occasion of our former visit we saw no Satyrids,
but this time two specimens of Psewdonympha cassius,
Godt., turned up, as well as two females and a male of
Mycalesis safitza, Hew.

With the exception of Charaxes varanes, Cram., which
was fairly common, though worn, the Nymphalines were
not very prominent. Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was less
plentiful and in less good condition than on our first visit ;
of Lyblia goetzius, Herbst, only a single male was seen,
while a Precis archesia, Cram., was taken settled on the
ground. Several fine Pyrameis cardui, Linn., were
observed.

Among the flowers introduced into the garden portion
of the Park, and tending to run wild, was the “ Pride of
Madeira,” Hehiwm fastuoswm, a remarkable plant of the
natural order Boraginacex, whose small white or blue
flowers form solid spikes, often six feet high or more, the
apparently simple spikes being made up of innumerable
densely packed scorpioidal cymes. This proved very
attractive to insects of all orders; among the numerous
butterflies that fed upon the flowers was a single example

368 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

of the pretty Vanessid, Hypanartia hippomene, Hiibn. The
following insects were also taken on the spikes :—Apzs
mellifica, Linn., race adansonii, Latr., as was only to be
expected; a Longicorn Syssita vestigialis, Pascoe; the
Cetoniids Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., Comythovalgus
Jasciculatus, Schonh., and Strengophorus flavipennis,
G. and P.; the first was abundant, the creamy white
spots on a dark ground-colour greatly aiding its con-
cealment.* In addition there were on the same flowers a
fly of the genus Catabronta, three of the genus Jdia, and
another fly, the latter held in the clutches of a green spider
with red-brown markings, which was practically invisible
among the crowded flowers; the very small bee Prosopis
sandaracata, Bingh., was abundant, as was also the prettily
marked P. 5-lineata, Cameron; but of Prosopis simplex,
Bingh., n. sp., unfortunately only a unique example was
secured ; finally there was a sawfly, Athalia himantopus,
Klug, &.

Two specimens of Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., were the
only Hesperids noted; this species settles with the fore-
wings raised, the hind-wings nearly horizontal, like several
of our English Skippers.

The following moths were taken, but doubtless the list
might easily have been lengthened especially if we had
worked at night :—Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., at flowers
in the late afternoon; Syntomis kuhlweint, Lefebr.; the
day-flying Lymantriads Laelia punctulata, Butl., and Aroa
discalis, Walk., males of the latter species were very common
on the outskirts of the Park; the Geometers Zerenopsis
leopardina, Feld., fluttering near the ground; Craspedia
internata, Guen. (= strigulifera, Walk.), and the variable
Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk.; we also kicked up a
Pyrale, Pyrausta incoloralis, Guen., and two specimens
of the Boarmid Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., one of each
sex.

As usual the most obvious representatives of the
Hymenoptera were the handsome Carpenter-bees, Vylocopa
caffra, Linn., 2; X. fraterna, Vachal, a male said by Col.
Bingham to be not typical; X. divisa, Klug, 9; and X. flavo-
rufa, De Geer, four females; the last two species were
practically confined to the purple flowers of a Legumina-
ceous shrub ; flavo-rufa has a strong odour like our English
Bumble-bees. Other Aculeates taken were the long-

* See LonastaFF, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 91-93.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 369

pedunculated wasps Belonogaster praunsi, Kohl (said by
Col. C. T. Bingham to be not typical); the slender dark-
blue-winged Humenes tinctor, Christ, of both sexes, one
male specimen, very starved, of Saussure’s variety; the
dull grey Icaria cincta, Lepel., 2; Pompilus ruficeps, Smith,
a female; a male Pompilus which is possibly new; Polistes
marginalis, Fabr., 9; Larra agilis, Smith, a female, taken
on a bank of dry earth; a Scoliid, Chalicodoma ccelocera,
Smith, a male, taken at the purple flowers along with the
AXylocopx. To these must be added ants from a commu-
nity of Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., and a fine specimen
of the coral-red Braconid /phiaulax white’, Cameron.

The handsome Hristalis teniops, Wied., was conspicuous
among the flies, which were not very numerously repre-
sented ; another fly to which Col. Yerbury has been able to
assign a name is Chwxtolyga dasyops, Wied. Other flies
were ? Syrphus sp., [dia sp., and two Bibio-like Plecia sp.,
which floated in the air almost stationary with their long
legs hanging down; sweeping yielded a Diopsis, but in
this case only a solitary example which Mr. Verrall thinks
distinct from the others.

The wide-ranging grasshopper Catantops melanostictus,
Schaum, was abundant. On the leaves of “Pride of
Madeira” were marshalled a number of immature specimens
of a gregarious dark orange-striped Acridian, the same
species that was seen at Bulawayo.

Although beetles were not numerous in the Park, we
took, in addition to the Cetoniids previously mentioned,
the following species:—Macroma cognata, Schonh., a
handsome dark olive and yellow Cetoniid, flying at
flowers; a Lycoid, Haplolycus, sp., a Cetoniid, Gametis
balteata, De Geer, with similar colouring to the last, taken
flying around or settled on the flowers of the same tree,
together with a similarly Lycoid-coloured Braconid, Zombrus
sp.; the Longicorns, Promeces vis, Pascoe, and Alphitopoda
maculosa, Pascoe, var., by beating; Trigonopus marginatus,
Wied., several under stones ; also under a stone the Staph
Xantholinus hottentotus, Sachse; a Phytophagid not in
the National Collection, Atechna inenerabilis, Vogel, var. ;
Apoderus nigripennis, Fabr. ; the metallic green Colaspo-
soma flavipes, Har.; the Cassid <Aspidomorpha silacea,
Boh. [=tecta, var. Boh.] ; and a weevil, Balaninus apicalis,
Fahr, var. B., was obtamed by beating.

Two bugs complete the list of insects taken in the Queen’s

370 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Park :—a black Pentatomid with red-tipped antenne,
Aspongopus lividus, Dist., and a large Coreid, Carlisis
wahlbergi, Stoll, dark brown with red-ringed antenne,
a very striking thing on the wing, but very stinking in
the net.

On Sept. 27, by the kindness of Mr. John Wood,
accompanied by Mr. Rattray we spent a very pleasant
afternoon on the NAHOON RIVER, a few miles to the north-
east of the town. We were somewhat late in the day and
a strong wind was another adverse condition, so that we
got very few butterflies.

On the island where we lunched Belenois severina, Cram.,
was abundant, and Mylothris riippellii, Koch, the only
representative of the genus, was common ; Pinacopteryx
charina, Boisd., Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., and Atella phalanta,
Dru., also occurred. A geometer, LHetropis spoliataria,
Walk.,a small Noctua, Metachrostis corniculans, Wallgr.,and
a very handsome Agaristid, Xanthospilopteryx africana,
Butl., taken off a tree-trunk, completed the Lepidoptera on
the island. Sunning itself on another tree-trunk close by
was a beautiful green Hymenopteron, Ampulex mutilloides,
Kohl, 2. Mr. Rattray caught a specimen of the scarlet
Braconid, Zphiaulax whitei, Cameron, which appears to be
common in South Africa.

Mr. Wood set a stalwart Kaffir to work with an axe to
hack to pieces dead trees. This did not prove a very
productive operation ; moreover of the creatures found but
a small proportion have yet been named. Among the
beetles were single specimens of the Longicorn, Promecidus
chalybeatus, White; the Sternoxid Alaus merens, Germ.,
and a species of Notiophygus. Blatte were numerous, Mr.
R. Shelford has named for us Hypospheria stylifera, Burm.,
immature ; Derocalymna ? brunneriana, Costa, several; also
Pseudoderopeltis albilatera, Stal., two specimens, and P.
wahlbergi, Stal. a male. Bugs were represented by a
singularly flat form, well adapted to its life under bark.
It goes without saying that woodlice were plentiful.

Taking a boat the Kaffir pulled us a mile or two down
the river and we landed on the eastern bank, where rich
flowery meadows promised great things, but the rising of
the wind and the lateness of the hour led to disappointment.
A single Zeracolus achine, Cram., 3, a Boarmid moth,
Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and a Pyrale, Antigastra
morysalis, Walk., were the only Lepidoptera that we brought

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 371

away from a spot which under more favourable conditions
should swarm with them. Beetles are somewhat less
susceptible, and we took on flowers the pretty Cetoniid
Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., together with the com-
moner 0. marginalis, Schon., also the Longicorn Hylomela
sexpunctata, Fabr., which closely mimics a species of Mylabris
(or ? Ceroctis) that we met with in South Rhodesia.

Sweeping added to the list the Lady-birds Atechna hebe,
Clk., and Cryptocephalus flavago, Suff., the Weevil Eili-
menistes squamifer, Bob.; and the Phytophaga, Ootheca
levipennis, Jac., Gynandropthalma malvernensis, Jac., var. ;
Iuperus inconspicuus, Jac., as well as a rather pretty bug
Veterna sanguincirostris, Thunb., the common grasshopper
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, and the locust Prototetti
impressus, Stal.

We took two pedunculated wasps, Belonogaster prawns,
Kohl, and Ammophila ferrugineipes, Lepel., a male; also
an Ichneumon, and a number of ants, Cremastoguster sordi-
dula, Nyl., var., and Pheidole irritans, Smith, of which last
the soldiers alone have big red heads.

Turning over stones yielded the beetles Zrigonopus
marginatus, Wied., and Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., as well
as the common South African Reduvid bug Physorhynchus
crux, Thunb., and two scorpions.

A specimen of the Scarab Syrichthus spurius, Burm., was
picked off the ground, while Mr. Rattray found a specimen
of the large thick-legged Coreid bug Rhyticoris terminalis,
Burm., also a large weevil with very hard integuments,
Mecorhynus loripes, Schonh., and two millipedes whose in-
teguments turned the point of a No. 16. pin. Mr. Wood
found lying dead on the left bank of the Nahoon a Cara-
bid beetle, Haplotrachelus sp., which is not in the National
Collection.

The Kaffir boatman caught several of a Psamimodes un-
represented at South Kensington, they were crawling over
the rocks by the lower landing-place, nearly opposite the
Boat Club House.

Lastly, on the west bank when it was quite evening a
Hesperid was netted, Sarangesa motoz, Wallgr. (= pato,
Trim. ).

An old termitarium on the high ground above the Club
House yielded, besides sundry ants, Cremastogaster weitze-
chert, Emery, a “ night-adder,” a small serpent said to be
very poisonous.

372 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Since our return to England, we have been much con-
cerned at hearing of a disastrous flood at Kast London,
which seems to have devastated the island in the River
Nahoon where some of our collecting was done, and to
have caused the death by drowning of several natives,
including our Kaffir boatman and his family. Much
damage has been done on the banks of the Nahoon and
Buffalo rivers, and part even of the Queen’s Park is
reported to have been washed away.

Acting on the advice of Messrs. Wood and Rattray, we
spent the next day, Sept. 28, on the “SECOND CREEK”
of the BurraLo River, a delightful locality. It is
approached by a pleasant walk over open downs where we
met our old friends Synchloé hellica, Linn., Colias electra,
Linn., and Zeracolus omphale, Godt.; after a mile or so the
path enters a wood, and descends rapidly to a brawling
stream, which follows an impetuous course to a fall into a
tidal pool, beyond which is a flowery meadow forming the
delta of the creek. The wider tracks through the upper
part of the wood had a home-like feeling, and one almost
expected to see “Pearl-bordered fritillaries” disporting
themselves about the flowers, but instead of these we found
in moist places the pretty Satyrid, Pseudonympha cassius,
Godt. These butterflies were of less “dry” form than
most that we had met with, the majority of them might
be better described as “intermediate.” ‘The more generally
distributed and dingy Mycalesis sajitza, Hew., was also
common; a female exhibited a supplementary ocellus on
the fore-wing.

The commonest White was Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd.,
but Eronia eleodora, Hiibun., Belenois zochalia, Boisd., and
Mylothris agathina, Cram., were all present in some
numbers, and one MV. trimenia, Butl., was taken. Teracolus
omphale, Godt., and 7. achine, Cram., occurred in the more
open places.

The Acrwinx were conspicuous by their absence, but the
Danainx were represented by Amauris echeria, Stoll, and
A, albimaculata, Butl., as well as by Limnas chrysippus,
Linn.

The only Nymphalines taken were Byblia goetzius,
Herbst; <Atella phalanta, Dru, and a solitary Precis
archesia, Cram.,a species which according to Mr. Brooking
of East, London frequents dark holes in rocks.

Lycenids were not common, a solitary Zarucus telicanus,

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 373

Lang, and a couple each of Aviocerces harpax, Fabr., and
Phasis chrysaor, Trim., one settled head downwards, were
taken,

We took four Hesperids, viz. one each of Hesperia spio,
Linn. (= vindex, Cram.), Hretis djvlele, Waller., Gegenes
zetterstedti, Wallgr., and Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr. The
last named after dashing about wildly settled on the wpper
side of a leaf.

But few moths were seen, and two specimens of Osteodes
turbulenta, Guen., and the Syntomid mentioned below were
all that we took.

Beetles, on the other hand, were fairly numerous. Two
species of Heterochelus (Hopliinx) were common on yellow
composite flowers, buried head downwards so as to leave
the hypertrophied hind-legs alone protruding like the
mandibles of an ant-lion, the resemblance being increased
in that by their adduction they could inflict a very respect-
able pinch.*

The greenish-white flowers of a climbing composite
(? Senecio sp.) that spread in dense mats over some of the
bushes by the stream were very attractive to insects.
Two Aculeates, Yylocopa divisa, Klug, 2, and Humenes
tinctor, Christ, 2, 2, one of them a starved dwarf; the moth
Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr. (one found to be in the tender
embraces of a spider); the fly Lvristalis teniops, Wied.; the
Reduviid bug Harpactor erythrocnemis, Germ.; two Lycoid
beetles, Acantholycus sp. and Haplolycus sp., the latter
numerous,t and clearly mimicked by the Cetoniid Gametis
balteata, De Geer, were all taken off this plant, together
with a Mantis that was presumably attracted by the insects
rather than the flowers. {

A soft-skinned Cantharid, Decatoma Jlunata, Pallas,
looked conspicuous enough on a pale straw-yellow lilia-
ceous flower.

The meadows by the estuary yielded a different lot of

* See Lonasrarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1906, pp. 93-95.

{ A pair remained in cop. for at least six hours.

t Another small Mantis, taken on a tree, bright leaf-green in
colour, was kept alive for over a week. It was seen to catch a fly by
a motion of lightning-like quickness and eat it, rejecting the wings
and abdomen. When approached it would smartly assume the
“praying” attitude, sometimes also turning its head in the direction
of the visitor. It used to clean its eyes by passing its fore-legs over
them, with an action like that of a cat cleaning its face. It also

cleaned its antenne in its mouth, bringing them down by its fore-
legs:—F. A. D.

374 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

things, especially Phytophaga and Weevils. Thus Mala-
cosoma polita, Jac., was abundant in the flowers of an
Tris, while sweeping yielded Ootheca lxvipennis, Jac.,
Cryptocephalus polyhistor, Suff., Trochalus sp. 2, and the
Cetoniid Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., as well as the
following small Weevils:—Hremnus gyrosicollis, Boh.,
Sciobius o'neili, Mrshl., 2, S. pullus, Sparr., Strophosomus sp.,
and two new species which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall has
described* under the names £/liministes callosicollis, Mrshl.
(4), and Myorrhinus longstafi, Mrshl., the latter in
abundance. With the beetles in the sweeping net was a
Bombylius Systechus sp., and two bugs, a black yellow-
spotted Stenozygum that is possibly new, and the large
pale ochreous fetid Pentatomid, Basicryptus distinctus,
Sign.

‘Other beetles taken in the same locality were the
Lady-birds Chilomenes lunata, Fabr., and Polysticta macu-
laris, Dej.; Melyris ciliatus, Oliv., Thysodactyla africana,
Chap.; a Z'rochalus apparently undescribed ; a Telephorus ;
a Lagria; and a Scarabeid, Syricthus spurius, Burm., the
last found in rotten wood.

Among Orthoptera were the big locust Phymateus
leprosus, Serv., the common Catantops melanostictus,
Schaum, Prototettix dwmnpressus, Stal., the handsome
Acridium ruficorne, Fabr., so named from the red tips
to the double row of white spines on its black tibie, and
two unnamed grasshoppers, one grass-green, the other a
curiously soft species, black with scarlet rings and blotches.

The only flies taken were two Bombyliids of the genus
Systechus, one at flowers, the other by sweeping.

A few Aculeates complete the list, viz. :—2ylocopa
flavo-rufa, De Geer, a male; A. divisa, Klug, a female;
the prettily variegated Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss., a
female; the grey Lcaria cincta, Lepel., 8; two small black
bees Halictus deceptus, Smith, females; lastly a fine
distinct. red, yellow and black wasp, which Col. C. T.
Bingham has described as Odynerus longstafi, from a
specimen in the National Collection from Natal, hitherto
unnamed, making our specimen a co-type. Lastly an
example of the blue-green Chrysid Hexachrysis simillimus,
Grib., was taken settled on a bare rock.

On our return walk we kicked up a Noctua in the
wood, and as we reached its upper edge at about 3.0 p.m.,

* MARSHALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 922 and 982.

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 375

we found Termites on the wing in swarms; five specimens
were brought home alive in separate pill-boxes, on
reaching the hotel it was found that one had cast off a
wing, another all four wings. Later in the afternoon
Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr., was found in some numbers
flying about, or settled upon a particular species of tree.
The large Reduviid bug Physorhynchus cruz, Thunb., was
also taken on the wing. ‘This insect usually carries its
wings so closely appressed to the abdomen that when first
seen it was thought to be apterous.

On the morning of sailing, Sept. 29, a somewhat
hurried visit was paid by one of us to the scrub-crowned
SANDHILLS seen from the ship that August morning when
we first anchored at East London, but this expedition did
not add much to our list.

Two ants turned up, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, also
taken at Estcourt, and Polyrachis gagates, Smith, of which
but a single specimen was met with in this land of ants;
there were also the following Aculeates: Polistes margin-
alis, Fabr., 8, Belonogaster querini, Sauss., 9, var. dubius,
Kohl (a very large specimen), Humenes tinctor, Christ, @,
LIcaria cineta, Lepel.,9, the big Carpenter bee Aylocopa
flavo-rufa, De Geer, f, and two of the pretty little bees
Prosopis 5-lineata, Cameron, taken at a red flowering shrub.
The only other Hymenopteron was an Ichneumon with
Lycoid colouring.

A fly that seemed to mimic a pedunculated wasp Col.
Yerbury says may be the f of Baccha picta, Wied., of
which that author has only described the 2 from the
Congo and Guinea. Another fly taken would appear to
be Sarcophaga ? carnaria, Linn.

Beetles proved less numerous than might have been
expected: two tiger-beetles, the first we had seen in
S. Africa, Cicindela candida, Dej., and C. capensis, Fabr.,
were common close to the sea on the bare sand, which
they so closely resembled in colour as to be scarcely visible
save when on the wing. Also running on the sand was a
nameless Zophosis and an equally nameless Anoplochilus.
The flowers of a species of Iris produced, besides abundance
of Malacosoma polita, Jac., Camptolenes fastuosa, Lac.

Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., was taken flying in the
sun, as was also Scarabeus convexus, Hausm., and the
Cassid Aspidomorpha tecta, Boh., the latter looking like
a golden spangle floating in the light. The Hopliine

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 25

376 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

Khoina bilateralis, Thunb., was found on flowers, and
Eurynotus muricatus, Karby, under bark.

The Coreid bug Serinetha amista, Germ., seems to mimic
a Lycus. Another bug taken was the Reduviid Harpactor
segmentarius, Germ.

Locusts were rather common, conspicuous among them
was a very fine specimen of the large, heavy and sluggish
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., more glaucous than those taken
at Ladysmith, so as to match more closely the light-
coloured sand. The beautiful apple-green Tryxalis stale,
Boliv., darker above, paler beneath, as is so often the
case, was found at the verge of vegetation, while an
abundant grasshopper found on the bare sand was highly
cryptic. A curiously formed small Hemerobiid Neuropteron,
Mantispa ? tenella, Erichs., was taken on the wing; when
seen for the first time its resemblance to a Mantis is very
striking.

Perhaps the locality was too much exposed for butterflies,
at all events they were neither numerous nor remarkable :—
Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 2; Hurytela hiarbas, Dru.,
within 100 yards of the sea; Byblia goetzius, Herbst, 2,
dry ; Psewdonympha cassius, Godt.; Argiolaus silas, West.,
9; Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 2; Pinacopteryx charina,
Boisd.; Colias electra, Linn.; Teracolus omphale, Godt., &,
and the Skipper Hretis djxlele, Wallgr. A Geometer,
Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., $, and the Lymantriad Aroa
discalis, Walk., which was common flying about the scrub,
were the only moths.

The lights at the hotel yielded only Dorylus helvolus,
Linn., ¢¢%; the very widely distributed Acidalud Jdea
fibulata, Guen., and one or two moths not yet named.

The cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., shared the
hotel accommodation with us, while Acanthia lectularia,
Linn., was even more intimate !

Thus ended our delightful collecting at East London, a
place less known entomologically than many others in
South Africa.

Port ELIZABETH, CAPE CoLONy. SECOND VISIT.
Lat. 34° 0'S. Sept. 30, 1905.

The stoppage on the return voyage gave us a long
morning’s collecting ; but an accident separated us, so that
while one visited Humewood, about a mile and a half to

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 377

the south-east, the other spent his time, more profitably
as it turned out, on the more sheltered slopes of the left
bank of Baaken’s River, just north of Fort FREDERICK.
At this spot butterflies were plentiful. The males of
Colias electra, Linn., were common, as were both sexes of
Synchloé hellica, Linn., while Pyrameis cardui, Linn., was 1n
abundauce, some worn, but many in fine condition. The
Skipper Cyclopides metis, Linn., was fairly common, but
only two were taken; one Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., a
female, was taken ; but out of many Lyczenids seen flying
about only a single specimen of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was
secured. This blue was found by us over a wide range of
country, but nowhere in any numbers except in the Rain
Forest, Victoria Falls.

A grasshopper, Hpachromia thalassina, Fabr., with head,
thorax and jumping legs green, otherwise yellowish-brown,
was also taken.

On the north wall of the Fort itself, or on the ground
close by, considerable numbers of the red and brown bug
Scantius forsteri, Fabr., were found, for the most part paired.
Many of them exuded a drop of clear liquid when pinned,
aud in one or two a slight, somewhat offensive odour was
detected.

The swampy heath-like waste beyond HUMEWooD and
the woods at the back of it proved very barren of insect
life, perhaps partly from the uniformity of the vegetation,
partly from exposure to the sea-winds. A few Synchloé
hellica, of both sexes, and three or four Pyrameis cardui,
were the only butterflies seen.

Stone-turning yielded a small beetle which Mr. L.
Péringuey believes to be a new species of Anaulacus, but
possibly a Microus; four Hurynotus muricatus, Kirby ;
another species of the same genus that may be new;
one larva of Luceola sp.; also the Cockroach Deropeltis
erythrocephala, Fabr., which, as is so common with the
group, was very local and markedly gregarious.

Five specimens of an undetermined beetle were found
on composite flowers. Sweeping produced a red-winged
Homopteron, two dragonflies, Sympetrum sanguineum,
Miill. (a common species), and the large and beautifully-
coloured Anax mauricanus, Ramb.; all took some catching.
A common-looking “ Greenbottle,” Lucilia sp., was taken,
but the species, or others like it, was abundant throughout
our journey.

378 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations

The flowers of a yellow Chrysanthemum in the garden
of the Humewood Hotel attracted a certain number of
insects: Apis adansonii, Latr.,9; the active green Longicorn
Promeces linearis, Linn.; and the Hoplime Dicranocnemus
squamosus, Burm., the last-named in abundance buried in
the flowers (and in other Compositz); but it was noted
that their hind-legs did not mimic jaws.

Carpe Town. SECOND VISIT.
Lat. 34° S. October 2, 3.

One day was devoted to the ascent of TABLE MOUNTAIN
by way of The Gorge.

Most of the collecting was along the road at about 1,200
feet above the sea. Very few butterflies were seen, a few
Pyrameis cardut, Linn., also a few Pseudonympha vigilans,
Trim., and a few of the Lycznid Cacyreus palemon, Cram.

The fine black and white Carabid, Anthia 10-guttata,
Fabr., was not uncommon running on the path;* when
handled it emitted a very pungent odour (one specimen
of this beetle was taken in a pine wood just above the
outskirts of the town). Under stones five specimens of
Microlestia tabida, Fabr., were taken. But the greatest
numbers of beetles were found on, or actually 72 composite
flowers, especially those of a species of Senecio. The
most abundant species was the Hopline Heterochelus
forcipatus, Burm., a species in which the posterior legs
are enormously developed in the male sex; no females
were seen. With these were a few (3 fg, 1 $) of the
allied Dichelus dentipes, Fabr., of which the males have
large posterior legs. There were also a number of Hncyo-
phanes sp. (annamed in Brit. Mus.) of both sexes. All
these were buried in the disks of the flower with only
the hind-legs protruding.t A specimen of the hairy
Hopline Anisonyx lynx, Fabr.. was taken in another
composite flower (? Gazania sp.).

By shaking the flowers of a Senecio (2) into the net the
following were obtained: Ootheca tricolor, Fabr., two;
? Hedybius sp., six; a very small weevil, an Erirrhinid of
uncertain genus, one ; Oosomus sp., seven; several Telephort
and a Cricket.

* Not so swift in its movements as the Biskra species A. sex-
maculata, Fabr. Probably the struggle for existence is not so severe

on the Cape Peninsula as on the Sahara.—G. B. L.
t See LonestarF, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 93-95

and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 379

At the flowers of a yellow leguminous shrub two
workers of Apis adansonit, Latr., were taken, together with
three bees of the genus Mey gachile, all males, ‘all. distinct
species and all apparently new! However, Col. C. T.
Bingham says that it is useless in that genus to name or
describe males without females. It was noted with sur-
prise that the beautiful strong-scented golden yellow
blossoms of the Protea, a shrub characteristic of the Cape
Peninsula, attracted nothing but a few flies. At about
1,400 feet Bombylius lateralis, Fabr.. was met with, and
the Satyrid Pseudonympha vigilans, Trim., up to 1,500 feet.

The summit, 3,600 feet, was in dense cloud, for the
“table-cloth” was spread, and the only insects taken at
that altitude were hairy Hoplines; two Anisonya lyna,
Fabr., and one A. wrsus, Fabr.; of these two were on
flowers, one on the wing.

Turning over stones at the foot of the Lion HI11,
c. 300 feet, yielded two ants, Acantholepsis capensis, Mayr. ;
the beetle Oncotus tardus, Sol.; a larva of Luciola sp. ; and
the cockroach Temnopteryx phalerata, Sauss.

The next day we took the train to Stmon’s Town,
which les about fifteen miles to the south of Cape Town.
Here our collecting was confined to a strip of sandy
ground with eastern aspect, close to the shore and at the
foot of the line of hills capped with sandstone crags
perhaps 3,000 feet in height, which overlook Simon’s Bay.

As we came out of the station a large blue-black
Carpenter bee, ALylocopa capensis, Lepel., dashed at the
head of one of us; forthwith his companion made violent
efforts to catch the bee, and for some time the bewildered
entomologist was in considerable peril between the swoops
of the net and the assaults of the Aculeate !

The Heteromerous beetle, Opatrum 7? arenarium,
Fabr., was common in a very sandy place under stones,
and in like situation were single specimens of Harpalus
fuscipennis, Wied., and the black and red Reduviid bug
Acanthaspis lythrodes, Germ., of which the British Museum
possesses but a solitary example.

The dry sandy soil, scorched by the sun and exposed to
the sea winds, is thoroughly suited to the taste of a
Mesembryanthemum, which grew luxuriantly, its handsome
flowers attracting many insects. Among these was a
Hopliine beetle, Lepitrix lineata, Fabr., which was very
abundant at one spot close to the railway-station, Unlike

380 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations

the Dicheli and Heterocheli they do not bury themselves
among the stamens of the flowers, but are as active as
bees, “flying very readily. A few specimens were also
found in the spathes of the white arum, these curiously
enough did not attempt to fly. On the other hand, some
small black bees with white- ringed abdomen, Halictus
albofasciatus, Smith, g, did bury themselves in the
Mesembryanthemum, but nevertheless were so active as
to be difficult to catch; associated with them, closely
mimicking them, and almost equally hard to catch, were
some flies, ? Ploas sp. and ? Prorachthas sp. The mimicry,
especially in habits, was very striking during life, yet in
the cabinet the insects look distinct enough.

On other flowers such small things were found as six
green beetles, ? Hedybius sp., the tiny Lury -ysthenes. balyi,
Chap., a Butrapela sp., Which stands without a name
at South Kensington; Attagenus sp.; Harpalus xantho-
raphus, Wied.; Telephorus sp.; the Hophine Pachycnema
obscurepurpuria, De Geer, a 9, also one of each sex of a
small bee, Dasypoda sp., which Col. Bingham says is near
to betica, Spin., but distinct, and the little Halictus
terminalis, Smith, 9. A yellow lilaceous flower was
tenanted by a small beetle, Notoxus inconstans, Lafert.

The black and yellow Ceroctis capensis, Linn., was found
in the yellow flower of a prickly composite, while in the
flowers of Senecio ? concolor (a species with purple ray-
florets) were numbers of a small Heteromeron, Votoxus sp.

Close to the beach, running swiftly over the sand and
taking the short flights so characteristic of the genus, were
several Cicindela brevicollis, Wied. An Asilid, ? Dysma-
chus sp., was also fond of settling on the bare sand. The
Elater Qdistoma cuprea, Linn., was also taken on the
sand; during life it was of an iridescent bronze colour,
which proved very fugitive.

On a tuft of grass, above the ground, a semi-papyraceous
nest was found to be tenanted by a numerous community
of ants, Cremastogaster stadelmanni, Meyr.

Lastly, on the heathy scrub on the hillside at Glencairn
two Lyczenids were taken, Phasis thero, Linn., and Cacyreus
thesprs, Linn. With them was a fly, Hematopota sp.

Just before embarking we drove down to THE FLATS,
near Claremont, but the weather conditions were un-
favourable and the results wholly disappointing. Pyrameis
cardui and Pseudonympha cassius were the only butterflies

and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 381

obtained ; the latter was worn and appeared to be of the
wet-season form. An as yet undetermined moth (? Psewdo-
sterrha sp.), a grasshopper and a few very ordinary flies,
Hristalis tenax, Fabr., Catabomba sp. and Co alliphora
vomitoria, Linn., were the only other things taken.

Thus ended our eight weeks in Africa, resulting in the
capture of some 2,500 specimens of all orders. So ex-
tensive is the fauna and so far from being exhausted that
even in this scamper (for our journey may well be so
designated), several new species were taken, while there
remain a number of insects not yet worked out which
almost certainly include several other novelties.

Our sincere thanks are due to Professor E. B, Poulton,
F.R.S.; to the assistants of the Hope Department; to Mr.
C. O. Waterhouse and all the staff of the Entomological
Department of the Natural History Museum; to Com-
mander J. J. Walker, Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. W. L.
Distant, Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., Mr. M. Jacoby, Mr. G. H.
Verrall, and Mr. L. Péringuey, for their assistance in
naming our specimens. ‘l’o Sir George F. Hampson, Bart.,
Col. C. T. Bingham, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and Mr. R.
Shelford, our special thanks are due for describing new
species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

[See Explanation facing the PuatE.]

SEPTEMBER 26TH, 1907,

peak ih As
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er As hd nani tk

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hy ; mew ore ass, lay aitgritiaae ty OSS aii te,

- tacks, Ratenad mee an ak phere asietine He Pieah
: gained dacuner SereLaMe EHC Tb) SR
ae arr rites alt tive HAY oat aa Siete ie

“4

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ant ya ‘ uk ne Rye Aceh Oy SAY ie Bal eate:

obA oeGbacken ei tea ‘SEDER oh Rte a ei
Aasainat Fred anh aatiba Lal na al) Ke hag eu
Lind Kel eet 2 tar a Hee Ei ih (ortithale adbok
uk Pia ne Lit eet fiat ce 3 i Iseg eee exdian
HO ache sie oedunneta iS lee cdtade i
bh adult ee ‘itl hit, Pea
Biya ts & fenitis Me a. Hy yin bee ‘s
a lh Date Sedcakt: Me ts ae
Welt Bay! pace Ke sighs. tap, ga rainy ae
; *f ean cr eae i VA ces
Anhent ss apap cela? ae mK Par ak

ave Ne eee ee eee
eer wt au ay Dee aL

i A. py ahs vile
aes : any, print yar va ini a
Ja ak ee eee ‘ STAN pee ath
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5 Piet
7 a i
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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XX V.

Horace Knight, del. Witherby & Co., imp.

ERONIA CLEODORA, HUBN.
ON THE WING AND AT REST.

II. Notes on some Butterflies taken im Jamaica. By G.
B. LonestaFr, M.D., F.R.C.P., FES.

[Read November 6, 1907.]

THE island of Jamaica is 144 miles long by 49 miles wide,
and comprises an area of 4207 square miles, so that it is
about equal to the counties of Devon and Somerset taken
together. It lies well within the tropics, being between
the latitudes 17° 45’ and 18° 35’ N.

Rather more than half the total area of the island is
below the 1000 feet contour line, but some 60 square miles
have an altitude of 4000 feet and upwards, the highest
point reached by the Blue Mountains being 7360 feet.

My most remote points were separated by 120 miles of
longitude, and 40 miles of latitude, but though I spent
three weeks at an elevation of 2000 feet and upwards my
highest point was but 2900 feet.

As regards geological formations, I collected upon almost
all those of which the island is made up, with one im-
portant exception—I did not explore the Blue Mountains,
indeed there seemed to be little to induce one to do so at
that time of the year.

My remarks naturally enough apply to the places that I
have visited, and to the times of my visits, limitations
which should not be forgotten. My collecting was con-
fined to ten weeks (Dec. 31—March 8) of the dry season,
the tropical winter. However, the general aspect of the
country towards the end of the dry season does not sug-
gest to the English visitor either winter or early spring,
but rather a fine, hot, late autumn, with burnt-up,
gone-to-seed herbage and falling leaves. The quiet and
solitude of the woods was surprising, so that the falling
of a big leaf, such as are common in the tropics, would
make clatter enough upon the path to give one a start.
Often where trees and varied undergrowth little disturbed
by cultivation suggested a profusion of insects, almost none
were found. Not only were butterflies scarce, but beetles,
bees, wasps, and especially flies. There is a note in my
diary for Febr. 16th: “Christiana. Caught a wasp, the
first I had seen since Constant Spring” (Jan. 14). During

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1908.—PART I. (MAY)

38 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

that month I took but about half-a-dozen flies. Mr. H. P.
Gosse, in his altogether admirable “ Naturalist’s Sojourn in
Jamaica,” expresses his surprise at the scarcity of insects,
in words that seem to merit quotation. “I had left
England with high expectations of the richness of the
West Indian entomology: large and gaily-coloured beetles,
I supposed, would be crawling on almost every shrub,
gorgeous butterflies be filling the air, moths be swarming
about the forest-edges at night, and caterpillars be beaten
from every bush. These expectations were far from
being realised: . . . in general butterflies are to be ob-
tained only casually. Moths are still more rare...
in general beetles and the other orders are extremely
scarce, and especially Diptera ; I have often been astonished
at the paucity of these, as compared with their abundance
in Canada and the Southern United States.... One
may often walk a mile,—I do not mean in the depth of
the forest, but in situations comparatively open, beneath
an unclouded sun,—and not see more than a dozen
specumens of all orders” (pp. 94, 95).

I was told that something between sixty and seventy
species of butterflies occur in Jamaica, and it is a surpris-
ing fact that such a large tropical island should not pro-
duce more species than Great Britain. During my ten
weeks’ collecting I obtained forty-seven species, as com-
pared with thirty-six species that are to be found in the
one Devonshire parish of Mortehoe. Indeed for the most
part I found Jamaica poorer in butterflies than Mortehoe
in the summer. There were but two occasions on which
the numbers were comparable, both near Port Antonio.

On the afternoon of February 25th I was ferried over to
Navy Island. The Trade-wind was blowing rather strongly,
and the only sheltered spot was some swampy ground to
the leeward of a bluff; here Anartia jatrophe, Linn., was
in the greatest profusion, many being busy about the
flowers of the Logwood-trees(Hxmatoxylan campeachianum,
Linn.), with them were a few Dione vanillz, Linn., and one
Precis lavinia, Cram.

The other time was on March 3rd, near the top of
“Shotover,” to the west of Port Antonio. Here, about
1000 feet above sea-level, on a spur of a somewhat
higher hill, commanding a glorious view of sea and coast,
was a steep slope with an aspect a little south of east.
An acre or two of this slope, partly sheltered by trees,

39

some Butterflies taken in Jamaica.

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VOIVNVE

40 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

displayed a greater wealth of flowers than I saw anywhere
else in Jamaica, the dominant and most attractive being a
species of Vervain (probably Stachytarpha jamaicensis, U.).
It was a very hot day, with less wind than usual, and I
was there from 11.15 a.m. to 12.30 noon. Dione vanille
was fairly swarming, while Huptoieta hegesia, Cram., was
scarcely less abundant, and among them were numerous
Precis lavinia, Cram., and a few Skippers, Prenes nyctelius,
Latr., P. ares, Feld., and Morys valerius, Mosch. Callidryas
ewbule, Linn., was coursing about in all directions, often
stopping to take a sip from the Vervain; but not a single
White was seen; Colwnis was conspicuous by its absence,
while Anartia jatrophe, Linn., if present did not obtrude
itself on my notice. A hasty glimpse of a Papilio was
obtained, also of a butterfly that suggested my South
African acquaintance, Planema esebria, Hew. (2? Actinote
sp.). Among the butterflies were a few of the beautiful
Arctiid, Utetheisa bella, Linn. (speciosa, Walk.). Altogether
it was such a sight as seldom gladdens the eye, but which
happily lingers long in the memory.

A few words on the localities visited -—

Constant Spring (Dec. 31—Jan. 14); the hotel stands
near the northern edge of the Liguanean plain, about 500
feet above the sea. There is good collecting in the woods
at the foot of the mountains up to Stoney Hill, say 1000
feet.

Gordon Town (Jan. 9); the bed of the Hope River below
the town, which I visited once, is about 800 feet.

Chancery Hall (Jan 8, also March 7), on the plain, is
beside the dry bed of a stream, to the west of Constant
Spring.

Temple Hall (Jan. 11, 12), c 850, is on the road to
Castleton, Jamaica.

All these places are in St. Andrew Parish. Parishes in
Jamaica take somewhat the place of counties in England,
and as the names are in constant use it seems well to give
them.

Castleton, St. Mary Parish (Jan. 11, 12), is just beyond
the height of land; the Botanic Garden is 500 feet above
the sea. It proved a disappointing locality.

Mandeville, Manchester Parish (Jan. 16-22), ranges
from 2000 feet to about 2200 feet. It proved very poor.

Mackfield and Ramble, close together, the former in
Westmoreland, the latter in Hanover (Jan. 24—Feb. 2).

some Butterflies taken in Jamarea. 4]

A delightful rolling country of pasture intermixed with
woods. About 800-1000 feet. Unfortunately the very
head-quarters of the collector’s greatest foe in Jamaica—
the tick.

Montego Bay, St. James (Feb. 2-5); the collecting
ground ranges from the sandy shore to the top of a wooded
hill of about 300 feet, and was fairly productive.

Walderston, Manchester (Feb. 6-20); the collecting
ground ranged from about 2500 feet to 2900 feet (Mile
Gully Mountain). An almost waterless district, but the
tops of the hills covered with woods. One day (Feb. 16) was
spent at Christiana in a gorge cut through Trappean Con-
glomerate, about seven miles to north of Walderston.
Height about 2000 feet in a well-watered country.

Spanish Town, St. Catherine (Feb. 20-23); near the
edge of an extensive plain, its elevation above the sea
must be inconsiderable.

Port Antonio, Portland (Feb. 24—March 5); from the
coast my collecting ground extended to the summits of
“ Shotover” on the west and Park Mount on the east, both
about 1000 feet.

Speaking generally, insects were commonest near the
sea and on the slopes of the hills up to 1000 feet. Fhoes,
bees and wasps were especially scarce at 2000 feet and over.

DANAINA.

Anosia archippus, Fabr., 42. Only seen at Port Antonio.
Found about Asclepias also at Rose and other flowers ; it
is hard to kill.

The Jamaican specimens of this butterfly differ from
those from South America in the fellowing particulars.
They are brighter; they have less black along the veins ;
there is more fulvous at the tip of the fore-wing; the
white spots beyond the cell are outlined (and sometimes
suffused) with fulvous.

Tasitia yamaicensis, Bates. 22 near the stream which
the Kingston-Castleton road crosses close by Temple Hall ;
a fnear Ramble Post Office, another f near Walderston.
Like the preceding, this is hard to kill.

The form met with on the mainland, 7’ evesimus, Cram.,
which appears to be distinct, has much more black about
it, e.g. along the costa and the veins.

Mr. P. W. Jarvis said to me: “Neither of the Milk-
weed Butterflies is very common in Jamaica.”

42 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

SATYRINA.

Calisto zangis, Fabr. 26 specimens. Very generally
distributed in woods, but seldom abundant. Constant
Spring, Castleton, Mandeville, Mackfield (common), Wal-
derston (common), Port Antonio (abundant). The sexes
about equally divided. It flies amongst herbage so close
to the ground as to be difficult to catch, yet seldom moving
many yards. It is distinctly a shade-lover. On 27th
February, 1907, near Port Antonio, I saw it flying freely
on a rainy day.

HELICONINA.

Heliconius charithonia, Linn. 21 specimens. Generally
distributed throughout the island and not uncommon.
Constant Spring, Castleton (common), Mackfield, Walder-
ston, Christiana, Montego Bay, Port Antonio (common).

This butterfly has usually a slow flapping flight often in
half-shade. It is distinctly local, in the sense that it is
confined to a very small area in each locality ; sometimes
it may be seen flying up and down a very short beat. It
settles on flowers and leaves with wings fully expanded.

Mr. P. W. Jarvis, of the Colonial Bank, told me that
the butterfly was very common later in the year, and that
it “clustered” on going to rest for the night; a number
of specimens sitting close together, but not actually cling-
ing to one another. On 5th March, 1905, at “Shotover,”
near Port Antonio, close upon 1000 feet above the sea, at
about noon ona dull day, eight or ten were seen flying
about under the shelter of a hedge. As many as seven
of these settled on dead sticks, etc., within a space of
2 feet by 1 foot. This butterfly is somewhat hard to kill.

As compared with Venezuelan specimens, those from
Jamaica have all the yellow marks a little larger; and the
red spot near the base of the cell of the hind-wing is
smaller, or even absent.

NYMPHALINZ.

Colenis cillene, Cram. (should not the name be cyllene ?),
12 2,4 2. Generally distributed and not uncommon.
Constant Spring (common), Castleton (common), Mack-
field, Montego Bay, Walderston, Port Antonio.

A grand insect on the wing, sailing about like a piece
of rich gold. The imperfect condition of many of the
specimens is not apparent during its strong flight. It is

some Butterflies taken in Jamaica. 43

most easily taken at flowers such as Lantana camara, Linn.,
and Hupatorium odoratum, Linn. One specimen appears to
have been bitten by a lizard.

The male is distinguished from that of the South
American (. de/ila, Fabr., by its more orange tint and the
comparative absence of black ; but ez//ene should perhaps
be looked upon as a local race of de/ila.

Dione vanille, Linn. 16 2, 72 Generally distributed
and in some places very abundant. Constant Spring
(common), shore of Port Royal harbour, Mandeville
(abundant), Ramble (abundant), Montego Bay, Walderston,
Spanish Town, Port Antonio (swarming on “Shotover”).

A brilliant insect appearing very red upon the wing
and reminding me of an Acrva., Although it could fly
about wildly enough, several males were seen one afternoon
fluttermg among dead leaves close to the ground.

I do not detect any difference between Jamaican and
South American specimens, save that the former are
usually smaller and often brighter.

Euptoieta hegesia, Cram. 12 specimens. Widely dis-
tributed but in most places scarce. Constant Spring,
Temple Hall, Montego Bay (common near the hotel, also
found on the sandy shore), Walderston, Port Antonio
(common in a swampy meadow near the shore to the east,
but in swarms on the top of “ Shotover”).

This insect reminded me of Atella phalanta, Drury.

Jamaican specimens have the orbicular and reniform
stigmata less clearly outlined than those from the
Spanish main; moreover the ground-colour is a brighter
tawny.

Phyciodes frisia, Poey. 5 specimens. ‘This little
butterfly was confined to the Liguanean plain and the
hills bounding it on the north, and was not common.

Constant Spring, Stoney Hill, near Gordon Town,
Spanish Town.

Precis lavinia, Cram. 8 specimens, all males. Constant
Spring, Chancery Hall, Mandeville, Port Antonio. It
usually settles on or near the ground, frequenting hot, dry,
exposed places. Is wary and not easy to catch.

The nomenclature of this very variable and wide-rang-
ing species (from the Southern United States to the
Argentine) has long been in great confusion, but bas been
cleared up by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, who has recently
re-arranged the genus in the National Collection. Cramer

44 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

named three forms of this genus, all from Surinam, /avinia,
evarete and genoveva. It appears to me that Mr. Marshall
is quite correct in uniting these under the first name,
together with the Northern form cwnia, Hiibn. (the name
adopted by Messrs. Godman and Salvin in the “ Biologia
Cent. Am.”).

Jamaican specimens, usually known by local collectors as
Junonia genoveva, Cram., are, as a rule, brighter than
South American, with the transverse white band near the
tip of the fore-wing fairly conspicuous, being of the form
zonalis, Feld.* They are somewhat intermediate in
character, between the South American and North
American forms, to which latter specimens in the Hope
Collection from the Bahamas approach more nearly.

Anartia jatrophe, Linn., var. jamaicensis, Moschler. 8 2,
7 @. Widely distributed and abundant. Constant Spring,
Castleton, Mandeville, Mackfield, Montego Bay, Walderston
(scarce), Christiana, Port Antonio.

It is par excellence the common road-side Butterfly of
Jamaica. A somewhat ghostly looking insect on the
wing; when settled among whitish dead grass, with wings
closed, it is very cryptic. It usually settles on the ground
or close to it and does not frequent flowers much.

Jamaican specimens are all very readily distinguished
from those from South America by the broad bright fulvous,
or orange brown, margin to the wings. ‘There is a mere
trace of this colour in specimens from the mainland,
which moreover appear to be less densely scaled.

Cystineura dorcas, Faby. (mardania, Cram.). 22 speci-
mens. Local; Constant Spring, Gordon Town, Mackfield
(abundant), Williamsfield Cave, Montego Bay, Port Antonio
(common).

This delicate and very distinct butterfly, which some-
what resembles a Satyrid, frequents moist, shady places
with long grass. There is sometimes much fluttering in
its very slow flight, but at other times it ghdes. Though
not such a flower-lover as many Nymphalines, it often
visits the Spanish Needle, Bidens leucanthus, W. It
usually settles with its wings wide open, and if it close
them up re-opens them quickly. On Ist February, 1907,

* H. Fruhstorfer (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1907, p. 224) comes to the
same conclusion as Marshall as to Cramer’s three forms, but makes
the Cuban form (zonalis according to Marshall) a new sub-species
michelisi,

some Butterflies taken in Jamaica. 45

near Chichester Rectory, Ramble, two were beaten out
after sundown; both settled almost at once, one on the
top of a grass stem with its wings up, the other towards
the top of a long green fern. The second very deliberately
set up its wings, then after an interval it retracted its fore-
wings so as to conceal the large white patch. I failed to
find any naturally at rest.

It may be noted that C. cana, Erichs., the representative
of C. dorcas on the mainland, lacks the conspicuous orange
brown of the latter species.

Victorina stelenes, Linn. (So spelled by Linné; Mr.
Kirby has it steneles; probably Linné meant to call it
after either Sthenelus or Sthenele, the other names are
meaningless.) 11 specimens. Widely distributed, but
not common. Constant Spring, Mackfield, Walderston,
Christiana, Spanish Town, Port Antonio. On the banks
of the Rio Grande, on 2nd March, I saw four or five
flying together about a bush of what I took to be the
Rose Apple (Jambosa vulgaris, D.C. = Hugenia jambos,
Linn.).

Cabinet specimens give little idea of the beauty of this
butterfly during life, since its lovely green fades rapidly.
Bold, ike many of its family, it will return again and
again to the same perch, often a dark-green leaf at or
above the level of the eye. Sitting there with its wings
three-quarters open it is a truly beautiful object, yet not
nearly so conspicuous as might be thought, and this is
true whether its wings be open or closed, whether at
rest or in its rather slow flight. One courageous specimen
settled first at my feet and then upon my net!

In Jamaican specimens the fulvous spot at the anal
angle of the hind-wing is larger and brighter than in
South American; there is also somewhat more fulvous
on the underside, the bands being broader,

Aganisthos orion, Fabr. (odius, Fabr.). 5 specimens.
This very fine and robust Butterfly was only met with
to the west of Port Antonio near the sea-level.*

It is quite probable that sundry large brown butterflies

* Messrs. Godman and Salvin (“ Butterflies of St. Vincent, Gren-
ada, etc.,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1896), p. 515) say: “Grenada. Two
specimens of this common species, which is also found in Hispaniola,
but in no other West Indian island that we know of.” It is, how-
ever, one of the few butterflies named by Gosse (‘‘ A Naturalist’s
Sojourn in Jamaica” (1851), p. 99).

46 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

seen at Ramble and Walderston may have belonged to
this species or the next.

A strong flier frequenting the tops of trees, especially
the Star Apple, Chrysophyllum cainito, Linn., on the leaves
and fruit of which it occasionally settles. More frequently
it is seen to rest on tree-trunks (in particular the Log-
wood, Hematoxylon campeachianum, Linn.), on posts or
buildings within a few feet of the ground, always with its
head downwards and wings closed over its back. When
thus settled it may be detected, when seen in profile, at
a considerable distance in spite of its cryptic coloration.
It is not easy to catch even when settled, and I spent
much time over it. One of my specimens seems to
show a bird-bite at the usual corner of the hind-wings.

In the Jamaican specimens the fulvous band across the
fore-wing is much broader than in those from the main-
land; there is also a tendency for the fulvous on the
hind-wing to be more extended.

Coa acheronta, Fabr. (cadmus, Cram.). A broken fore-
wing of this species was picked up off the ground in a
wood above Constant Spring, January 5th, 1907.

The Haiti specimens in the Hope Collection are more
fulvous than those from the mainland, and this fragment
appears to be of Haitian type.

LYCANID.

Leptotes (Tarucus) theonus, Lefebre, 1856 (Plebeius cassius,
var. a, floridensis, Morrison, 1874), 8 , 199. Met with in
every locality that I visited: common at Mackfield;
abundant at Constant Spring, Gordon Town and Port
Antonio. The excess of females taken may be attributed
to its superior size and attractiveness, but possibly it is
easier to capture. It is most often seen flying over shrubs
or near woods; it has a quick jerky flight and appears
larger than it is, especially the female. After rain it is
about the first butterfly to come out.

All my specimens taken in Jamaica are distinguishable
at a glance from those taken in South America, Trinidad
or Tobago. They are smaller and darker; the hind-wing
of the male is violet-blue instead of white; the fore-wing
of the female is shot with blue over at least two-thirds of the
fore-wing, and there is much less white in the hind-wing.
On the underside the metallic-centred ocellus is larger, and
there are differences in the dark markings of the fore-wing.

some Butterflies taken in Jamaica. 47

In my opinion it is specifically distinct from S. cassius,
Cram., but if not distinct it is a very well-marked local
race. The earliest description of the form that I can find
is that by Lefebre in Ramon de la Sagra’s “ Histor. Cuba,”
VII, p. 611, and it should, I think, bear his name. It
appears in W. Holland’s “Butterfly Book” as Lycena
theonus, Lucas.

Catochrysops hanno, Stoll (2? monops, Zeller). 11 speci-
mens. Abundant at Constant Spring, also met with at
Mackfield, Walderston and Port Antonio. Its small size
and insignificant appearance probably often cause it to be
passed over. It frequents small Composites by the road-
side, especially Distreptus spicatus, Cass.

Callipsyche thius, Hiibn. A single very fine male near
the Jam Factory, at the foot of the hills, Constant Spring.
On the wing I took it for a Skipper. This and the
specimens from Jamaica in the National Collection lack
the white mark at the tip of the fore-wing of the male met
with in Venezuelan examples.

Calycopis pan, Drury. Three specimens, taken in the
garden at Walderston by my Portuguese servant. The
lobes of the hind-wings are everted as in the Indian
Aphnexus and the South African Argiolaus.

PIERIN&.

Callidryas eubule, Linn. (f. senne, Linn.). 17 f, 14 9.
Constant Spring (common), Gordon Town (abundant),
Castleton, Temple Hall (abundant), Mandeville, Mackfield
(common), Montego Bay (common), Walderston, Christiana,
Spanish Town (abundant), Port Antonio (abundant).

If not actually the most abundant, at all events the
most conspicuous butterfly on the island. Brilliant in
colour, bold in flight, and numerous in individuals, it was
always much in evidence.

The “dry” form prevailed, more especially as the season
advanced.

Kricogonia lyside, Godt. 6 2, 29. Ramble, Montego
Bay, Spanish Town, Port Antonio (not uncommon along
the coast to the eastward).

Glutophrissa ?drusilla, Cram. Common at Constant
Spring, also taken at Montego Bay. This species usually
flies high, frequenting flowering trees and so out of reach,
- My specimens are small, especially the females, which
are quite devoid of black markings. Somewhat similar

48 Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

specimens from Jamaica and other islands were named by
Mr. Butler idaire, Godt., but the type of Godart’s insect
came from Brazil. In the museum at Kingston this bears
the name Appias poeyi, Butl. It is perhaps the Mylothris
margarita of Hiibner. It would be interesting to see
Jamaican specimens taken in the wet season, for the
presumption is that mine are of the dry form.

Sphenogona adamsi, Lathy. Of this butterfly, so rare
in collections, I was fortunate enough to secure a male and
three females. One of the latter was taken near Constant
Spring, the other three specimens on the Manchester
Mountains, viz. one at Contrivance, about 2700 feet, the
other two on Mile Gully Mountain at nearly the same
elevation.

The solitary specimen in the National Collection is
from “ Kingston, Jamaica.”

Terias euterpe, Ménét, 389%, 212. The commonest
species of the genus in Jamaica. Constant Spring
(abundant), Gordon Town (not common), Castleton, Man-
deville, Ramble (abundant), Montego Bay, Walderston
(not common), Port Antonio (common),

As this little butterfly flits along close to the ground it
appears to be easy to catch; however, it goes faster than
one would think; its flight is jerky, and when struck at it
almost always goes down into the herbage and so escapes
the net again and again. This remark must be held to
apply to several species of Zerias, which were not always
distinguished in the field.

A male was taken at Mackfield with a small sym-
metrical injury to each hind-wing.

Terias westwoodii, Boisd. (The Jamaican form, ? dina,
Poey.) Three males, two females. Only met with at
Montego Bay. It flies more freely and more strongly
than the last.

The Jamaican specimens are small and pale: the black
on the hind-margin (especially in the female) is limited to
the tip of the fore-wing.

Terias messalina, Fabr., 10 2, 10 9. Constant Spring,
Hotel Grounds and wood to N.E., Mackfield (common),
Montego Bay, Spanish Town, Port Antonio.

Terias delia, Cram., 16 3,14 9. Widely distributed, but
not so common as euvterpe. Constant Spring (common),
Castleton, Mandeville, Mackfield, Montego Bay, Walder- —
ston, Port Antonio,

some Butterflies taken 1m Jamaica. 49

A male taken above Constant Spring at about 1000
feet elevation on January Ist; another male taken near
Chancery Hall, 500 feet, on January 8th, approached the
form lydia, Feld., in having the longitudinal black streak
broader than usual. On the other hand, another male
taken somewhat below the first named and on the same
day has no black streak at all, merely the streak of orange.

Terias elathea, Cram. 3 f, 1 2. Scarce.- Constant
Spring, Montego Bay, Port Antonio (Shotover Hill).

This butterfly appears to be specifically distinct from
delia, Cram., but is certainly very closely allied to it. The
females are difficult to distinguish, and some specimens of
the male sex not easy. In two males from Venezuela one
has the black streak obsolescent, in the other entirely
absent with indeed very little orange.

Pieris phileta, Fabr. (monuste, Hiibn. et auct. nec Linn.),
49,192. Only met with at Montego Bay, and at Con-
trivance, Walderston.

The flight of this butterfly is sometimes extremely
swift, and it exercised my active Portuguese servant and
myself very severely to secure three specimens near the
shore of Montego Bay. Sometimes it may be taken at the
flowers of Hupatorium odoratum, Linn. During life the
clubs of the antenne are of a beautiful turquoise blue.

PAPILIONIN &.

Papilio polydamas, Linn. (f. polycrates, Hopff.). 7 speci-
mens. Constant Spring (common), below Gordon Town,
Spanish Town. Not seen on the high land.

Fond of flowers, especially bougainvillea, fluttering as
it feeds, as many of the ial do. A specimen observed
flying in deep shade about 5 p.m. settled on a dead leat
and closed its wings; the underside was distinctly cryptic.

All my specimens are of the insular form in which the
marginal spots of the fore-wing are paler, those of the
hind- -wing greener, than in South American examples :
the marginal pattern on the underside of the hind-wing is
coarser, with more brick-red and more white in it.

HESPERIID.

ELudamus proteus, Linn. 9 specimens. Constant Spring,
below Gordon Town, Port Antonio (commen). Has
a quiet flapping flight; at rest all its wings are nearly
upright, but the fore-wings much sloped back, the tai!s at

50 _ Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s Notes on

right. angles to the plane of the hind-wings. Frequents
Bougainvillea flowers.

Eudamas catillus, Cram. Two specimens, taken late
in the afternoon in a wood at Montego Bay; flight not
very swift.

Thymele grenadensis, Schaus. A very worn specimen, on
the bank of the Rio Cobre, Spanish Town. It settled
repeatedly on the same spot.

Telegonus hurga, Schaus. A worn specimen, in the
Mahogany Wood, Rockalva, Ramble. It was very bold,
returning again and again to rest on the same fallen tree.

Perichares corydon, Fabry. Two. Mackfield, Montego
Bay.

Prenes nycteliws, Latr. Three. Mandeville, Port
Antonio (“ Shotover,” East Harbour).

Prenes ares, Feld. One. “Shotover,’ Port Antonio.

Anastrus simplicior, Moschl. One. Cold Harbour,
Port Antonio. Rests with the wings fully expanded.

Acolastes amyntas, Linn. One, taken by Mrs. Longstaft
in the Botanic Garden, Castleton.

Serdis aurinia, Plotz. One of each sex, taken at the
foot of Park Mount, Port Antonio, about 2.30 p.m. A
very distinct insect identified by Mr. H. H. Druce with
Plotz excellent figure of the male from a Jamaican
specimen. The insect does not seem to be known in
British collections. Mr. Godman (“ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,”
Aug. 1907) says of the figure that it probably belongs to
Limochares or Serdis. Mabille places it in his genus
Serdis under the heading “Species non vise” (Genera
Insectorum, Hesperide, p. 144).*

Ephyriades otreus, Cram. One specimen, near Chancery
Hall, Constant Spring; settled on a projecting grass stem
with wings fully expanded.

Hesperia syrichthus, Fabr. ‘Twelve. Generally dis-
tributed over the Island, especially common at Mande-
ville and Port Antonio. A somewhat variable species
within limits. It rests with the wings fully expanded.

Hylephila phyleus, Drury. Five. This brillant little

* On April 5, 1908, Mr. H. H. Druce wrote saying that among
some oddments in the British Museum he had come across the type
of Butler’s Pamphila insolata. (See Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 483.) The specimen is from Jamaica (labelled insolita), and
appears to be identical with my insects. Butler’s name has priority
since Plotz published his description in 1883.

some Butterflies taken in Jamaica. 51

golden Skipper was common near the shore, Port
Antonio.

Catia drurii, Latr. Two. Below Gordon Town, c. 800
feet, and on the Park Mount Road, Port Antonio, c. 600
feet. Very hard to see. It rests with all the wings up,
the fore-wings much sloped back.

Catia vesuria, Plotz. One, taken by my Portuguese
servant in the garden at Walderston.

Morys valerivs, Méschl. Four. Two above Constant
Spring, c. 700 feet ; two on “Shotover,” Port Antonio.

Thymelicus vibex, Hiibn. (The yellowest form is com-
binata, Plotz., H. H. Druce.) A female came to light at
Montego Bay.

Cymenes silius, Latr. One, in the wood above the Jam
Factory, Constant Spring.

I call attention to the number of species in which
Jamaican examples differ from Venezuelan in the replace-
ment of black or grey by fulvous, or orange brown. It is
true that the soil of Jamaica, even where the formation is
white coralline limestone, is often of an orange brown
colour, but it scarcely seems possible to connect the two
as cause and effect.

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III. On some of the Butterflies of Tobago. By G. B.
LonGSTAFF, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.

[Read November 6, 1907.]

A GLANCE at the map shows that this island stands
outside the crescent of the Lesser Antilles, or Windward
Islands, about 20 miles to the north-east of Trinidad in
latitude 11° 15’ N. The southernmost of the Windward
Islands proper, Grenada, is about 70 miles W.N.W. of
Tobago. It is therefore pretty obvious that, geographically
speaking, Tobago belongs to South America rather than to
the West Indies. The mountains of the north-east coast of
Venezuela, consisting for the most part of clay-slates and
schists believed to be of Silurian age, run by way of the
peninsula of Paria and the islets of the Bocas, along the
northern coast of Trinidad, and would appear to be
prolonged to the eastern half of Tobago.

In area Tobago is about equal to the county of London,
comprising but 114 square miles, and therefore only about
three-fourths of the size of the Isle of Wight, and only
one-fifteenth of that of its neighbour. (Trinidad area, 1754
square miles = Lancashire.) The south-western portion
of the island, which is low and more or less flat, is formed
of coralline limestone, and is completely cultivated. The
central and north-eastern portions are hilly, rising to
2000 feet, and in large part covered with forest, some of it
virgin, but much of it of second growth, or “rastrajo.”
The destruction of the forest 1s proceeding apace.

My stay was limited to eight days, April 3-10, 1907,
of which, thanks to the hospitality of the Hon. H. L.
Thornton and Mr. G. H. Sworder, three were spent at
their estate, “Cocoa Wattie,’ the remainder near the
coast.

We found the neighbourhood of Scarborough, the
capital, for some miles on either side of the town very
dry and parched, though we were told that there had been
“some nice showers at night” during March. The Trade-
wind blows very strongly along the coast, a dry, hot wind
which greatly increases the difficulties of the collector.

Cocoa Wattie is a plantation near the middle of the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1908.—PART I. (MAY)

54 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on sone

island towards the confines of cultivation, lying about
550 feet above sea-level. The wooded banks of a small
river and some swampy hollows clothed with coarse grass
and thin scrub afforded the best collecting grounds, and
yielded, as might have been expected, a somewhat different
fauna from that of the coast. It rained heavily on
April 8th.

Anosia archippus, Fabry. 3 2,19. Rather common in
the outskirts of Scarborough; one specimen at Cocoa
Wattie. Those taken resemble the specimens from the
mainland, though one individual, a ¢, approached Jamaican
specimens in colouring.

Euptychia hermes, Fabr. (camerta, Cram.). 5. Abundant
at Cocoa Wattie.

Euptychia hesione, Sulz. 6. Common at Cocoa Wattie.

I have taken this species and the following flying during
rain.

Feeliconius hydara, Hew. 3 f,2 2. Rather common
on the river bank at Cocoa Wattie. All the specimens
are small, three extremely small; four of them have the
bluish gloss (as in the form guarica, Reak., though that is
a larger insect) which Mr, W. J. Kaye associates with wet
conditions.

Precis lavinia, Cram. (f. zonalis, Feld.). 22. An example
taken near the coast of the dry form, but with the anterior
ocellus on the hind-wing very small. (Mr. W. J. Kaye
has two very dark specimens from Mexico in which this
ocellus is altogether wanting; in the National Collection
there is a specimen from Colombia in which there are no
ocellt on the upper surface, and only faint indications of
them beneath.) The Cocoa Wattie example is ‘“‘inter-
mediate,” approaching the ‘‘wet” form. Both the
specimens would probably be called by Mr. Godman
cenia, Hiibn., and by West Indian entomologists
genoveva, Cram.; I follow Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s
recent rearrangement of the splendid series at South
Kensington.

Anartia jatrophe, Linn. 3. On the coast, not common.
Those taken are pale in colour and semi-transparent, of
the mainland form.

Anartia amalthea, Linn. One at Cocoa Wattie. Messrs.
Godman and Salvin* say of this species: “ Barbados, a

* Godman and Salvin, ‘ Butterflies of St. Vincent, Grenada,
ete.,” Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 515.

of the Butterflies of Tobago. 55

single specimen . . . not previously noted from any West
Indian island.”

Dynamine theseus, Feld. This pretty little butterfly was
common both on the coast and inland. It has a rapid
gliding flight, but otherwise has some of the habits of a
Lyceenid, thus it often settles with its head downwards, and
more than once I saw it move its hind-wings rapidly
immediately after settling; the insect was, however, too
shy to enable me to make out the exact nature of this
movement.

Cystineura cana, Erichs. 'Two specimens on the coast,
and two at Cocoa Wattie. It has a gliding flight.

Leptotes (Tarucus) cassius, Cram. 2 gf, 2 9. Of the
mainland form, in which white prevails over blue. Rather
common along the coast; three specimens were small, but
one female was larger than usual.

Catochrysops hanno, Stoll. (2? monops, Zell.). One
specimen to the east of Scarborough.

Theela beon, Cram. 4. One specimen on the shore to
the south-west of the town at the flowers of the Sea-
side Grape (Coccoloba wvifera, Jacq.); rather common
at Cocoa Wattie, frequenting the flowers of a purple
papilionaceous shrub.

Thecla politus, H. H. Druce. A § at Cocoa Wattie.

Thecla nubes, H. H. Druce, n. sp. One specimen at the
Sea-side Grape, near Hillsborough ; four at Cocoa Wattie
at the pink flowers of a creeper.*

Callicista bubastus, Cram. (salona, Hiibn.). One taken
in Fort George, another at the flowers of the Sea-side
Grape, near Hillsborough on the coast.

Terias nise, Cram., 3 2, 3 2, all of the “ wet-season”’ form.
Common near the coast.

Terias albula, Cram. 3. Near the coast, less common
than the last; one taken two miles inland on the road to
Cocoa Wattie.

Pieris phileta, Fabr. (monuste, Auct. nec Linn.). Two
males under the coco-nut palms to the west of the town.

Callidryas eubule, Linn. (f. senne, Linn.). Abundant in
Scarborough and along the coast towards the east, tearing
about in all directions, but not at all common at Cocoa
Wattie. Six ¢ and four 2? taken, of these three were of
the “ wet-season”’ form, seven “intermediate,” but all were

* H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. 625.

56 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on some

very small. I noted that the males were attracted in
numbers by the flowers of the Pineapple (Ananassa sativa,
Lindl.) in the Government Botanic Station.

Phebis agarithe, Boisd. 32,19. Common to the east of
Scarborough ; very showy on the wing, though very difficult
to catch, being not merely a strong flier, but also wary and
seldom remaining on a flower for more than a few seconds,
moreover it seems to like exposed places in the full blast
of the Trade-wind. Those taken were all small, one
male remarkably so; they are moreover much paler than
specimens in the Hope Collection from Barbados and
Venezuela.

Hudamus catillus, Cram. One small specimen on the
shore to the west of the town.

Pyrrhopyge venezwelx, Scudder. One at Cocoa Wattie.

Hesperia syrichthus, Fabry. Common on the coast; one
example at Cocoa Wattie.

Callimormus corades, Feld. Three at Cocoa Wattie.

Systacea erosa, Hiibn. One at Cocoa Wattie. In this
species the fore-wings are remarkably convex.

Epeus veleda, Godm. and 8. One at Cocoa Wattie.

Megistias cortica, Plotz. (epiberus, Mabille.). One at
Cocoa Waittie.

Cymeanes silius, Latr. One at Cocoa Wattie. This
species rests with the wings in the same position as our
Pamphila thawmas and P. sylvanus.

Of the 28 species in this list, 24* are known to Mr.
Kaye as occurring in Trinidad; those not met with
in both islands being Phabis agarithe, Thecla nubes, Epeus
veleda and Callimormus corades. None of these is recorded
by Messrs. Godman and Salvin from the Lesser Antilles.

As regards the general abundance of Butterflies, Tobago
occupies a position between Jamaica and Trinidad.
Whereas eight days’ collecting in Tobago yielded 28 species,
seven days’ in Trinidad yielded 61; but it took ten weeks
to get together 47 species in Jamaica. On the other
hand, Venezuela proved much richer than any of these
islands, for 135 species were collected in fifteen days.

In addition to the above I saw on the wing, about a
mile from Cocoa Wattie, Caligo sp.; also Mr. Sworder gave
me specimens of Jthomia pellucida, Hoptt., and Pteronymia
asopo, Feld., which he had taken at Cocoa Wattie, and he
showed me specimens of other butterflies which I did not

* Of these 24 at least 19 also occur in Venezuela.

of the Butterflies of Tobago. 57

happen upon alive, including Morpho sp. The Hope Col-
lection has Zerias westwood, Boisd., from Tobago. Neither
this last named nor P. asopo have as yet been recorded
from Trinidad.

My cordial thanks are due to Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.,
and the assistants of the Hope Department, Oxford; to
Mr. F. A. Heron and Mr. W. J. Kaye; and more especially
to Dr. F. A. Dixey for naming the Pierines, and Mr. H. H.
Druce for naming the Lycznids and Hesperids, and for
describing a new species.

f
Reprinted from “The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 2nd Series, Vol. xix.

1908.] 1 5 69

A FORTNIGHT’S WINTER COLLECTING IN VENEZUELA.
BY G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P, F.E.S.

On December 20th, 1906, the R.M.S. “ Tagus,” bound to Jamaica,
touched at La Guaira, a place that Charles Kingsley has immortalized
in his great romance. Owing to the formalities of the Venezuelan
officials we could not land till the afternoon was far advanced. The
“Aden of the Caribbean Sea” proved less hot than we had been led
to expect, for a mantle of heavy clouds came far down the mountains
that almost seem to overhang the town. A push was made to the
most promising spur, a little to the west, where a fair number of
butterflies were seen, though few were taken. The extremely steep
slopes appeared to consist of bright red clay scantily clothed with~
small bushes, amongst which a species of Oistus predominated.
Pursuit was almost out of the question, and one’s operations were
not facilitated by the well-meant attentions of some small Indian
boys.

On examination at home my captures proved to be Ithomia
iphianassa, Dbl. and Hew.; <Ageronia ferentina, Godt., and Tmolus
cambes, Godm. and 8., one of each. Of the last named Mr. H. H.
Druce informs me that the type came from Mexico, and that it has
not previously been recorded south of Guatemala. There were also
a worn specimen of Sphenogona gratiosa, Dbl. and H., two of TLerias
albula, Cram. (one of them having the black border of the hind-wing
unusually pronounced), and two of the Skipper, Heliopetes laviana,

Hew. With these Butterflies were a very few insects of other
Orders.

I landed on the Venezuelan shore for the second time March 17th,
1907, but on this cecasion the whole afternoon was spent in struggling
with the authorities of the port, so that it was necessary to spend
a night at La Guaira. The next day a halt at Zigzag Station, about
1500 ft. up the railway to the Capital, enabled me to sample the
insect fauna. Butterflies were very plentiful, and I ran back to the
railway carriage with specimens of <Actinote anteas, Dbl. and H.;
Luptychia phares, Godt., a species that I did not see again ; Phyciodes
leucodesma, Veld.; Terias albula, Cram., and Hesperia syrichthus,
Fabr., together with sundry wasps, bugs, and grasshoppers.

The railway after many terror-inspiring twists gains access to
the capital by a gap in the mountains on its western side.

Caracas stands at a mean altitude of 3200 ft. above the sea in
North Lat. 10° 30’. The city is beautifully situated on a plateau
sloping southwards to the Rio Guaire; this plateau is open to the
East towards Petare, closed to the West by the Observatory Hill
some three hundred feet above the plain ; on the South it is bounded

70 (March,

by two low ridges that separate Cardecas from El Valle, but on the
North it is dominated by a lofty range of mountains, which rising
abruptly from the valley culminate to the North West in Silla,
8760 ft., and Naiguata, 9300 ft.

The Observatory commandsa grand prospect, but the path leading
to it, was far from productive, yielding only Phyciodes anieta, Hew. ;
Synchloé lacinia, Hiibn., the dark form ; Leptotes (Tarucus) cassius,
Cram., both sexes; Terias elathea, Cram., a male, an aberration of the
‘moderately dry ’’ form in which there was no trace of the usually
conspicuous longitudinal black streak, and scarcely any of the orange
border thereto ; also Hesperia notata, Blanch., the only example met
with.

The village of En Vatie stands at about the same level as
Caracas, some four miles to the south, and as it is conveniently placed
at the terminus of a tramway I visited it three times, but my first visit
was spoilt by heavy rain A bluff on the outskirts of the village
displayed sufficient flowers to attract a fair number of insects, the
best of which was the large Skipper, Prenes evadnes, Cram., the only
one that I met with, but a lane leading from the village southwards to
a ford proved a better collecting ground. This lane, bounded on
either side by a wet ditch and a flowery hedge, had an English look
that was delightfully refreshing. Here were a number of the com-
moner Butterflies, conspicuous among them the “ Brimstone,” Callc-
dryas eubule, Linn. (f. senne, L.), of both sexes; Anosia archippus,
Fabr. ; Actinote anteas, Dbl. and H.; the beautiful yellow and black
Heliconius charithonia, Linn.; the brilliant red, black and white.
Anartia amalthea, Linn., flying as usual close to the water, but
unfortunately in poor condition; the dingy Satyrine, Huptychia
hermes, Fabr. (camerta, Cram.), together with its more attractive
white-striped congener, HL. hesione, Sulz.; there were also several
males of the ‘‘Common White ’
Boisd., and a male of the common TZerias albula, Cram., a white

’

of those parts, Leptophobia aripa,

member of a yellow genus. But besides these familiar forms there
were several of greater interest, at all events to one new to South
America. ‘The small Nymphalines, Phyciodes lelex, Bates, and
P. liriope, Cram. ; a female of Terias nise, Cram. ; two male Spheno-
gona arbela, Hibn., of an unusually pale form; a female of the fine
Daptonoura lycimnia, Cram.; a specimen of the large Ithomiine,
Mechanitis veritabilis, Butl.; the black and white Lycenid, Polyniphe
dumenilii, Godt., and the Skipper, Chiomara gesta, H.-S. But there
were in addition several Butterflies in that narrow lane which J did

1908.] . . va

not meet with elsewhere in Venezuela, conspicuous among them, on
the flowers of Lantana camera, Linn, was a specimen of the long-
winged, richly silver-plated Dione juno, Cram., strikingly resembling
Colenis julia, Fabr., as regards its upper surface, but with an under-
side that at once recalled the European Argynnis lathonia, Linn. ;
even more attractive was the essentially Neo-tropical Nymphaline,
Myscelia cyaniris, Hew., grey with white stripes, shot with brillant
violet-—conspicuous as this looksin the cabinet it is by no means as
conspicuous when sitting, as it is fond of doing, on light grey bark ;
a black, white, and red Butterfly seen fluttering at the bottom of
a ditch turned out to be a male of the truly exquisite Papilio euri-
medes, Cram., perfect in shape and finish, and with a marvellous blue
gleam in certain lights ; less striking than the last was an unusually
small female of its soberly coloured congener, P. polydamas, Linn. ;
lastly, there were two Skippers peculiar to that lane, viz. :—Xeno-
phanes tristis, Boisd., and Paches geometrinus, Feld., both well merit-
ing the specific name of the latter.

I tried another and very different collecting ground at El Valle—
a combe on the southern side of the ridge lying immediately to the
north of the village. A narrow path led through low scrub up to
the crest, perhaps some 500 feet above the river. Most of my col-
lecting was, hewever, a couple of hundred feet or so lower. A short
distance up, near a lime kiln, several Heliconius charithonia, Linn.,
were seen, and close by the small black and white Lycenid, Polyniphe
dumenilii, Godt., was to be had in abundance ; it is strange, but true,
that this very small Butterfly is the proud possessor of one of the
strongest scents (?)—very suggestive of pigstyes, or at any rate of
pigs! Several other Lycenids were taken in this combe: Leptotes
cassius, Cram., a male ; Catochrysops hanno, Stoll., two males ; Thecla
rufofusca, Hew., two; Callipsyche thius, Hiibn.,* six; but the most
interesting Lycenid was a single rather sorry individual, of which
Mr. H. H. Druce writes: “ This is an interesting specimen. I cannot
distinguish it from the well-known Eastern and African Zizera gaika,
Trimen (pygmea, Snell.), which has a wide range, India, Ceylon, Malay,
Australia, South Africa (Rhodesia), &c., but I have never seen it from
America, and do not know that it has been recorded. Can it have
been recently introduced?” ‘This insect was certainly taken at
El Valle, March 26th, 1907, but unfortunately my record leaves it
in doubt whether it was taken near the river or up the combe.

The only Satyrines found were a few Euptychia hermes, Fabr.

* Mr. H. H. Druce says this is the same as Thecla agra, Hew.; my males from Venezuela
have a white tip to the fore-wing, which is not present in Jamaica specimens,

72 (March, 1908.

(camerta, Cram.), but the Nymphalines were as usual well repre-
sented, conspicuous amongst them was the bright little Cybdelis
mnasylus, Dbl. and H., looking for all the world like a miniature
Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. ; this is the only place that I came across
it, but here it was quite common, fluttering about low plants, and
never settling for long. Phyciodes was represented by one anieta,
Hew., and Dynamine by postverta, Cram., theseus, Feld., and sara,
Bates ; one of the last named was drinking at mud. A fine Hypna
clytemnestra, Cram., caused me much tribulation; I saw it on both
my visits to the combe, missing it three times, then, as | was return-
ing to its haunt full of good resolutions to keep cool and so ensure
success, a wretched boy brought it to me in triumph, having caught
it with his hat! It had been a good specimen of the very distinct
form rufescens, Butl. The Vanessa-like Anea ryphea, Cram., was
rather commoner, and I secured four; one of these was captured on
the very windy crest of the ridge together with Tasitia eresimus,
Cram., a female ; Synchloé lacinia, Hiibn., f. saundersti, Dbl. and H.,
and two males of the common Precis lavinia, Cram., of the dry form
corresponding to zonalis, Feld., but more dingy than Jamaican
specimens. This is the P. michaelisi of Fruhstorfer (Stett. Entom
Zeit., 1907, p. 224).

My delight was great at taking Callicore marchalii, Guér., a
butterfly more interesting to Venezuelan politicians from its bearing

”

the mystic figures “88” upon the under-side of its hind-wings, than
for its singular beauty. J also took here my first Didonis biblis,
Fabr., a handsome black and scarlet butterfly that I was soon to
become familiar with in Trinidad ; it returns again and again to the
same place, as do our Vanesse.

Pierines were not common up that combe. Of MMeganostoma
cerbera, Keld., I took a female ; of Sphenogona gratiosa, Dbl. and H.,
a male, and of S. arbela, Hibn., three males of an unusual pale form.
The very familiar Callidryas eubule, Linn., was represented by a small,
somewhat “dry ’’ male. I captured one of each sex of Pseudopieris
nehemia, Boisd. That hillside did not produce a single Papilio.

Skippers, as is often the case in the New World, were more
remarkable for the number of species than of individuals ; those met

with were :— !Jeliopetes alana, Reakt. (adusta, Ploetz), one; H. arsalte,
Linn., one, this has a swift, dashing flight; the large long-tailed
Hudamus catillus, Cram., one; E. eurycles, Latr., one; Arteurotia
tractipennis, Butl. snd Druce, one; the pretty Larentia-like Chiomara
asychis, Cram., one; one of an unnamed small black species, and one

of the very widely distributed Hesperia syrichthus, Fabr.

April, 1908.3 , 79
An attempt to reach the primeval forest high on the mountains
to the north of Cardeas was a disastrous failure. We climbed on
horseback up the once fine road to La Guaira; its cobble paving is
fast disappearing, and the road itself much cut away by impetuous
water-courses now left free to work their wild will, since the railway
built by English engineers has given the Venezuelans an excuse for
not repairing the old Royal Road. We went up and up, but no signs
of forest appeared. Meanwhile threatening clouds came down the
mountain, as if to meet us; the guide took us a turning towards the
West and proudly showed, what he thought much better than any
forest— a somewhat miserable nursery garden! We lunched in gloom
at about 5000 feet, and then the rain began. There was nothing for
it but to hurry down again, and we reached Caracas to find the streets
in the suburbs rushing rivers and ourselves like drowned rats.
Bag :— Phyciodes anieta, Hew., one; Euptychia pharella, Butl., one ;
E. hermes, Fabr., one; Terias phiale, Cram., a male; Sphenogona
arbela, Hiibn., a female of the usual yellow form, and five specimens
of the elegant Oressinoma typhla, Dbl. and H., a delicate Satyrid with
a broad white stripe across both wings, which often flies when the
sun is not shining.

When climbing up the old La Guaira road I had_ noticed
a wooded gorge far below on my right hand and took an early
opportunity to investigate it. It proved to be a waterworks con-
servation and was partly enclosed. The collecting ground may be
said to be from 3500 to 3700 ft. above sea-level. The shaded path
was just the place for Satyrines, which were fairly numerous, being
represented by Huptychia saturnus, Butl., three, a species that I did
not find elsewhere; H. hermes, Fabr. (camerta, Cram.), five; E.
pharella, Butl., three ; and Oresstnoma typhla, Dbl. and H., three, one
of them very small.

Nymphalines were quite unusually scarce, the only species cap-
tured were Phyciodes lelex, Bates, and P. anieta, Hew. The sole
Lycenid was Polyniphe dumenilii, Godt. No Papilio was taken.

Of the Pierines, those taken were Pseudopieris nehemia, Boisd.,
six males and a female; Sphenogona arbela, Hiibn., a male of the
usual yellow form ; also three males of Terias phiale, Cram., one of
them an aberration having more black than usual on the hind-wing
and but little yellow.

Heliconius was poorly represented by a single charithonia, Linn.,
bunt the Ithomiines were more numerous, and included Ithomia

74 (April,

andromica, Hew., two; Aéria eurymedia, Cram., one’; Hypoleria
ocalea, Dbl. and H., one; and Athesis clearista, Dbl., a female.

Actinote anteas, Dbl. and H., was of course present, and there
were a few Skippers, to wit, Hesperia syrichthus, Linn., one; Eudamas
eurycles, Latr., one; Hesperia uniformis, Ploetz, one; and a worn
insect that is probably Chiomara gesta, H.-S.

T also secured a specimen of the pretty orange, black-bordered,
day-flying Geometer, Devarodes hypocritaria, Guén.

But I reserve to the last my favourite hunting ground at Cardeas,
which I visited altogether four times during my short stay. A few
minutes’ walk beyond the Puente 9 de Febrero brings one to the closed
Cementerio Hijos de Dios, to the right of which the path crosses a
deep “barranco” where there are usually a number of Actinote anteas,
Dbl. and H.: this is an unmistakeable Acreine; it has a slow flight
and when at rest the fore-wings are always drawn back completely
within the hind-wings, so as to give the iusect a very long, drawn-
out look. It is tenacious of life, but I did not detect any scent.

Beyond the barranco the path leads across a field past a cottage

and round the head of another smaller barranco—where the effects —

of denudation with fairly well-formed “ earth-pillars ’ may be studied
—it then strikes a small water-course* cut along the mountain side.
The path may be followed eastwards, beside the channel, along the
contour at a height of about 3600 feet above the sea. A more
delightful walk can scarcely be imagined with the city at one’s feet,
yet for all practical purposes miles away, since the numerous bar-
rancos keep all but a few farmers well out of reach. ‘There are
plenty of flowers along the water-course and plenty of insects.
About a mile brings one to the source, a small mountain torrent rising
in the cloud regions far above, but compelled by the patient farmers
to water their lands below. It is easy to scramble down the bed of
the stream, but I found it better to take a path to the right leading
through a picturesque farmyard, below which another water-course is
reached, about 120 feet lower down the mountain. Here Leptophobia
aripa, Boisd., was usually in abundance, together with the beautiful
day-flying Aretiid, Utetheisa (Deiopeia) ornatrix, Linn. Turning again
to the left along the channel the source was soon reached. A_ strip
of forest on either bank hides the torrent from view, presumably to
preserve the water. Here was all that a tropical Collector could desire
—trees, flowers, shelter from wind, sunshine (in the forenoon), and

* This is just what a Madeiran Portuguese would call a levada ; I have had much difficulty
in learning the Spanish equivalent, perhaps toma or acueducto.

1908.) 75

above all moisture. It was a little before 4 p.m. on the rather dull
afternoon of March 20th, 1907, that I first scrambled up this gully.
I had met with a few Ithomiines previously, but only odd ones, here
and there; now it was my pleasure to sce what I had read of.

Bates, in his classical paper on the Heliconiide, writing of the
genus Ithomia, says:—‘‘ They are prolific insects, and gregarious in
their habits, flocks of many different species associating together.
Their flight is low and weak ; and they affect only certain parts of
the forest, generally shady hollows, where many hundreds may often
be seen sporting together, though not an individual is found in any
other part of the neighbourhood.”— Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii,
p. 939.

Again :—‘“ The flocks of Butterflies, all of the same colour, and
undistinguishable from one another when on the wing, which fly
together in the same dry hollows of the forest. . . .” JLbid.,
p. 541.

Alongside the right bank of the mountain stream was a com-
paratively level strip of ground, some six or eight yards wide, damp,
and in placcs swampy, covered for the most part with the “ Life-
plant” (Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb.). The place was over-
shadowed by what appeared to be a species of “ Coral-tree,” or
“ Bois immortel,” as it is called in Trinidad (Hrythrina sp.), and there
was an undergrowth of Wild Coffee and a few Bamboos. As
I pushed along, my movements suddenly disturbed a number of
butterflies, which fluttered about in clouds, looking with their trans-
parent wings almost like Zipule, only more ghost-like. Sometimes
their wings would catch the light with an iridescent gleam, but nore
usually little could be seen save the opaque white marks upon their
wings. Of course the more thickly scaled forms were more con-
spicuous, but as a rule all the black portions of the insects were
invisible. It was a wonderful sight, but quite bewildering. Two or
three sweeps of the net entrapped a dozen or so. I only took back
that afternoon thirty-five specimens, which I imagined included three
or four, possibly five or six species. In truth, there were eleven
species belonging to eight genera.

A visit to the same spot the next day produced a similar result,
the hour was earlier and the Ithomiines were not so closely packed,
yet I took home thirty specimens, which proved to belong to nine
species, three of which I had not taken on the first day. A third
visit failed to add further to the list which stands as follows :—

76 | April,

Athesis clearista, Dbl. and H............. 3

Ceratinia ceno, Dbl. and H. ............17 (abundant).
Ceratinia dionea, Hew. ...........020+0+- 2

Pteronymia latilla, Hew. .................. 16 (very common).
Pieronymia asopo, Veld: Vi. ...-...00-+ 3

Pteronymia victorina, Hew...........-.-.. 2

Ithomia agnosia, Hew. 22. .40-.2.-----ceeer 0

Tthomia cymothoé, Klug %....6.. 2.14206 8

Tthomia iphianassa, Dbl. and H.......... 6

Tthomin sylveila, Wew: i. .c5.0- veka tne ;
Hymenitis andromica, Hew..............4+ 19 (abundant).
Leucothyris phemonoé, Dbl. ............... 3

Hypoleria ocalea, Dbl. and H.......... 1

Acriavagna, Godm- and S. \i.cin-e.shs HT

A total of eighty-eight specimens, belonging to fourteen species
divided amongst eight genera of one group of butterflies, is a sufli-
ciently remarkable record for three visits to a strip of ground which
certainly did not exceed 50 yards in length by 10 yards in width.
While fully bearing ont Bates’ account, it forms a striking exception
to Darwin’s rule that nearly allied species are seldom found in close

competition on the same ground.

On another occasion IT met with a similar experience. On
March 28th, 1907, a hot sunny morning, as I was walking along the
upper water course where it runs through the wood almost clinging
to the face of the cliff (perhaps a quarter of a mile from the pre-
viously described locality), passing under the shade of a large tree
I disturbed a crowd of butterflies so dense that fourtcen were easily
netted in two or three swoops. Ten of these were pinched, which all
proved to be Ithomia sylvella, Hew., four of them got away. In this
instance the butterflies were confined to some four or five yards of

19

the narrow path, and it was almost a“ pure culture” of that singu-
larly delicate little species, indeed, the only exceptions were two
specimens of Athesis clearista, Dbl., and single specimens of Pfero-
nymia latilla, Hew., and Dircenna jemima, Hibn. I may add that
IT have no reason in either case to think that the Ithomines were

drinking at the stream.

But besides Ithomiines there were plenty of other butterflies
along the banks of that stream and the water-courses leading from it. .
To begin with the less exciting Satyrines. There were Huptychia
hermes, Fabr. (camerta, Cram.), and the smailer #. pharella, Butl., the

1908. } 118

latter very common among grass and less chary of sunlight than many
of the family ; the more attractive Oressinoma typhla, Dbl. and H.,
was on the contrary always found in the shade.

The commonest Nymphaline was the tiny fulvous Phyciodes
anieta, Hew. Here also I first made acquaintance with the beautiful
genus Dynamine, capturing three theseus, Feld., and one geta, Godm.
Anartia amalthea, Linn., flew over the water of the lJevadas, and
Precis lavinia, Cram., was as usual easier to see than to catch.
A single specimen of Pyrameis myrinna, Dbl., was captured at the
flowers of « Composite creeper near the farmhouse, while the shades
of the wood yielded the larger game Vietorina stelenes, Linn., and
Amphirene epaphus, Latr. ; one of the last named was drinking in the
bed of the stream, where I had the bad luck to miss a Callicore. But
of all the beautiful butterflies seen there by far the most startling
was my first Morpho. A huge bird-like creature sailing down the
gully, now giving an azure flash, now almost disappearing as the
upper surface turns away—flash, flash, flash, and it is out of sight!
Shortly afterwards I had the pleasure of beating Morpho peleides,
Koll., a male, out of a bush and netting it as it flapped away.

The sole Danaine was a male, Anosia archippus, Fabr., but the
Acreines were represented by a number of <Aclinote anteas, Db.
and H., though that species was commoner in the outskirts of the
city; of its congener dA. hylonome, Dbl., I only secured a single
specimen. The only Erycinids taken were a couple of Charis argy-
rodines, Bates, and one of the conspicuous black, yellow, and scarlet
Lymnas jarbus, Fabr.

Heliconiines were not common, but I took Helicontus charithonia,
Linn., and two of the beautiful black and red H. hydara, Hew. (one
of the species into which the beautiful H. melpomene, Linn., has been
split up) ; these last were both males, one only of which had a very
strong odour, like acetylene, or, as Mr. G. H. Sworder of Tobago
sugvested, hazeline (Hamamelis virginica). This insect is tenacious
of life.

I got but one Papilio, but its beauty was striking even among so
many fine insects, for a male P. cymochles, Dbl., feeding on the flowers
of Lantana is a sight worth going far to see. Its handsome black,
scarlet, and cream-coloured livery is in itself a feast of colour, but
when that marvellous violet-blue gloss is seen, words altogether
fail one.

Among the Lycenids the wide ranging Leptotes (Tarucus) cassius,
Cram., was by far the commonest, the sexes in about equal numbers ;

119 [May,

next in order of abundance came Tmolus palegon, Cram., which
frequented the flowers of a Composite shrub (? Vernonia scorpiodes,
Pers.) ; of Thecla rufofusca, Hew., I captured two, but of the follow-
ing only one each: 7. crolus, Cram.; TP. togarna, Hew. ; Theclopsis
tephrea, Hiibn. (this had a peculiar, strong, rather disagreeable
odour) ; Callipsyche thius, Hitbn.; and Catochrysops hanno, Stoll,
this last sitting head downwards and opening its hind-wings at
intervals.

The Pierines were represented by a fair number of species, but
few of them were common, indeed, of the following single specimens
only were taken: Terias nise, Cram., a male; TZ. lewce, Boisd., a
female, the only specimen met with; Z. elathea, Cram.,a male, an
aberration with the black streak obsolescent ; Sphenogona gratiosa,
Dbl. and H.,a female; Hnantia (Dismorphia) melite, Clerck, a male
(two were netted, but unfortunately the female got away); and the
“Black-White” Euterpe critias, Feld.,a male; as regards the last named
I fear I did not notice at the time how closely it mimics some of the
black and red Papilios, notably P. serapis, Boisd. (? tphidamas, Fabr.),
a species that I took at Cartagena. The genus Terias was much to
the fore ; in addition to those already mentioned several Z. albula,
Cram., were taken, some of them remarkably small; also of 7. phiale,
Cram., four males; and of 7. delia, Cram , three females, all of “dry ”’
type, and one of the extreme dry form named by Butler persistens.
Two females of MJeganostoma cerbera, Feld., were captured; this
species, of which Felder called the dry season form therapis, appears
to me to be quite distinct from AZ. ce@sonia, Stoll. Of Daptonoura
lycimnia, Cram., I took one of each sex. Altogether I took six speci-
mens of Sphenogona arbela, Hiibn., four males of the ordinary yellow
form (one of the form wxanthochlora, Koll.), and a female of the
unusua] pale form. Undoubtedly the most conspicuous Pierine was
the large and handsome ‘“ Brimstone ” Amynthia merula, Fabr. This
was only seen on one especially hot morning (March 2Ist) when
several of both sexes were observed flying strongly close by the
Ithomiine locality ; 1 only secured one male, and as the day wore on
the species disappeared.

There was more than the usual crowd of Skippers; but in the
Neotropical Region Skippers are so common, often so inconspicuous
in colour, and the allied species so difficult to distinguish, that one is
apt to neglect them in the presence of more attractive game ; for
truly the most scientific Entomologist is but human !

Of the long-tailed Hudamas proteus, Linn., and EH. eurycles, Latr.,

1908. 120

but one cach was secured, though there were plenty about. Of
Prenes nyctelius, Latr., 1 took two; of Heliopetes laviana, Hew.,
three; of /lesperia syrichthus, Fabr., two; of Gorgythion begga,
Prittw., three. Of all the following there were but single examples
in my bag :—Cycloglypha thrasybulus, Fabr.; Chiomara gesta, H.-S. ;—
the three species last named all curve the fore-wings downwards, like
our Thanaos tages, Linn.—the conspicuous black and red Pyrrhopyge
charybdis, Dbl. and H.; Mylon zephus, Butl.; Cogia calchas, H.-S. ;
Epeus veleda, Godm. and 8.; Mnestheus ithoria, Butl.; Pellicia, sp.
prop. bromio, Mab. ; P. dimidiata, Ploetz ; Metron leucogaster, Butl. ;
Megistias telata, H.-S.; Methionopsis ina, Ploetz; Thymelicus dares,
Ploetz ; and Miconindes merenda, Mab. But the most attractive of the
group was Carystus coryna, Hew., with its brilliant “ silver-washed ”
under-side ; the only specimen seen—just where the upper water-
course leaves the stream—was settled upon a mass of silvery-white
shale, which shone in the sunlight with the same metallic lustre as the
Butterfly: Possibly the result of mere chance, this is certainly the
most remarkable instance of cryptic colouring that I have met with.

A few day-flying moths taken in the same locality must be men-
tioned; single specimens occurred of each. The Arctia-like Syntomid
Ctenucha venosa, Walk., at the flowers of a white composite; the
black Geometer with white transverse bar across the fore-wings
Ephialtias tryma, Schaus; and the black, orange-tipped Geometer
Josiomorpha cruciata, Butl., which proved tenacious of life. These,
with a very elegant Agrionine Dragon-fly having earmine patches at the
base of the wings (near to Agrion brightwelli, Kirby, and caja, Dru.),
complete my list of captures in the best locality that it has been my
good fortune to visit.

The arc-light in the patio of the (not very) Grand Hotel proved
extremely attractive to big moths as well as to numerous large
Locustids.

Syntomids :—Obosmosoma teuthras, Walk., one; Eucereon setosum,
Sepp, two.

Arctiids :— Bertholdia specularis, H.-S., a beautiful insect, one;
Ammalo insulata, Walk., two; Utetheisa ornatrix, Linn., one ; Ecpan-
theria muzina, Oberth., one.

Sphingid :—Dilophonota ello, Linn., three.

Noctuids:—The Boarmid-like Synia hypnosis, Hiibn., one; the
huge and variable Erebus odorus, Linn., quite common, ten; £.
zenobia, Fabr., one; and the Quadrifid Yellow Under-wing Hypocala
Jjilicornis, Guen., one. To these must be added the Boarmid Geo-
meter Oxydia verulia, Cram.

121 {June,

The large Skipper, Perichares corydon, Fabr., turned up in one of
the court-yards by day, and a recently dead specimen of the Nym-
phaline, Catonephele nyctimus, Westw., a male, was found on the floor.

With the moths were numerous big Locustids, allied to the Kuty-
did ; « green Phaneropterine and a brown Conocephaline.

On March 29th, proceeding to La Guaira to join the homeward-
bound steamer, we got out at Zigzag station, 1500 ft. above the sea,
and completed the journey on foot, a walk that [ should much like to
repeat. The road, right down to the coast, presented all the appear-
ance of very heavy rain within a few days previously. Insects were
most numerous between the station and about 1090 ft., below this
vegetation became sparse, and later on clouds overspread the sky.
The most abundant butterfly was Phyciodes leucodesma, Feld., with its
somewhat gliding flight, but P. anteta, Hew., and Zerias albula, Cram.,
were also common, as was the handsome scarlet and black Heliconius
hydara, Hew. A much smaller, but lovely black and red butterfly,
Hematera pyramus, Fabr., was taken on the railway track. Other
Nymphalines captured were Oolenis julia, Fabr., two ; Mica canthara,
Dbl., one; Anartia amalthea, Linn., two; Dynamine sara, Bates,
three ; Synchloé lacinia, Hiibn., two of the dark form, the third of f.
saundersii, Dbl. and H.; and Cystineura cana, Erichs., two, a ghostly
looking thing with gliding flight, somewhat like a Neptis.

The only Ithomiines met with were Tithorea furia, Stdgr., of which
I took a female at about 1300 ft., and Pteronymia victorina, Hew., of
which I took one, and possibly saw others, at about 1000 ft. Of
Eueides isabella, Cram., f. hiibneri, Mén., I got but a single example.
The Erycinids were limited to Mymphidium molpe, Hiibn., and Charis
argyrodines, Bates, one of each.

Satyrines were notable for quality rather than quantity, single
specimens were taken of Huplychia hermes, Fabr.; E. hesione, Sulz.,
and EF. mollina, Hiibn., the last named a whitish species not taken
elsewhere.

Skippers were but moderately numerous, those taken were :
Chiomara gesta, H.-S., one; the very neat little Heliopetes domicella,
Erich., three ; Zophyrion satyrina, Feld., one, a species well named,
since the ocelli on its under surface are very suggestive of a Satyrid ;
and Staphylus mazans, Reak. (ascalaphus, Stdgr.), one.

If Skippers were but moderately numerous, Blues were decidedly
searce, for my bag included only Phecla rufofusca, Hew., one, at about
750 ft., and 7’. togarna, Hew., two, one taken just below Zigzag, the

other as low as 500 ft.

1908.} 122

Pierines were fairly numerous, but not so easy to catch, con-
spicuous among them was Callidryas eubule, Linn., though not really
common, the specimens were large. Of Sphenogona gratiosa, Dbl. and
H., a female was taken, but others seen (at Cartagena this butterfly
was noted as flying low and through bushes); a female Daptonoura
lycimnia, Cram. (f. polyhymnia, Feld.), contrary to precedents, had a
rich sweet scent. Of Pieris calydonia, Boisd., | brought home two
males, also a male of another Pieris, of which Dr. Dixey says :—
“probably undescribed, near sevata, Feld.” This was taken at an
altitude of about 1300 ft., close to the track. There were several
good-sized Whites about that declined to be caught, it is possible that
among them there may have been others of this interesting species.

Between 2 and 4 p.m., from about 1000 ft. down to about 5900 ft.,
the Hypsid day-flying moth, Phaloé lorza, Boisd., was in abundance.
Its flight is slow and heavy, suggesting a pale, dingy Heliconius ; nine
specimens were taken, eight of them proved to be females. Among
the last butterflies taken were Phyciodes liriope, Cram., and a tattered
Hypanartia lethe, Fabr., both at about 750 ft.

At the decidedly dirty Hotel Neptuno, a fine specimen of the
large Brassoline, Caligo memnon, Feld., was awaiting my arrival ; it
had been pinned upon the wall two days before by the obliging
interpreter who knew my fancies.

The next morning was devoted to a stroll along the coast towards
the east, anxiety as to the arrival of the steamer preventing any
lengthy expedition. The best spot reached was a neglected cemetery
by the sea-side, where we found Phyciodes leucodesma, Feld., common ;
P. liriope, Cram.; Anartia amalthea, Linn., tattered ; Terias albula,
Cram., common, one very large ; Pieris phileta, Fabr. (monuste, auct.),
two males—this species I have always met with close to the shore; P.
calydonia, Boisd., a male ; Nica canthara, Dbl., two ; Mechanitis verita-
bilis, Butl., one; Heliopetes arsalte, Linn., one; another Skipper was
Bolla sp., of which three specimens were obtained (Mr. H. H. Druce
says that there is one specimen of this species in the Godman col-
lection unnamed)*; and Ageronia ferentina, Godt., settled on the pale
grey trunk of a palm, which it closely matched in colour.

Anosia archippus, Fabr., was seen a little way beyond the ceme-
tery on a purple-flowered Asclepias.

* [have to thank Mr. H. H. Druce for the great trouble that he took in determining my
Blues and Skippers.

1238 (May,

While walking down to the ship I picked up from the pavement
a fine water-bectle, Hydrophilus insularis, Casteln.

So ended my fortnight in Venezuela, yielding in butterflies alone
492 specimens, of 124 species, of which 53 were represented by single
examples. Let me add that I found the Venezuelans civility itself,
and my operations were in no wise interfered with.

Twitchen, Mortehoe, R.S.0.:
December 12th, 1907.

XIV. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELFORD, M.A.,

E.LS.
[Read June 6th, 1906. ]
BEATESS XLV —X Vii
I.
REMARKS ON THE SuB-FAMILIES ECTOBIINE[ and PHYLLO-
DROMIINA.

A CAREFUL study of the genera composing the sub-families
Ectobiinze and Phyllodromiine has convinced me that the
characters usually employed to discriminate the members
of the respective sub-families are so diverse in structure
even within generic limits that but little reliance can be
placed on them as criteria of distinction. The short trans-
verse supra-anal lamina, the presence of a triangular apical
field in the wings or of a large reflected apical area, and
the sparse armature of the femora are the so-called
diagnostic features of the Ectobime. Yet nearly all the
species of the genus Anaplecta, and many species of the
genus Theganopteryse have the supra-anal lamina produced
and triangular; again, the triangular apical field appears
in numerous species of Phyllodromiinz, sometimes much
reduced in size but often as large as in Hetobia lapponica, L. ;
now as the presence of this apical field is more or less a
mechanical result of a peculiar method of wing-folding, it
is a character that may be expected to re-appear in other
sub-families of Plattidw, and such indeed is found to be the
case, too much importance therefore should not be attached
to it alone as a diagnostic feature. The armature of the
femora is also unsatisfactory; for though the posterior
femora of Hetobia and of Anaplecta are armed with only
two spines on the anterior margin beneath, in Psewdectobia
and Theganopteryx they are frequently strongly spined,
whilst in Chrastoblatta and Caloblatta, two Phyllodromiine
genera, the femora are most sparsely armed. It will be

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.)

232 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

seen by the foregoing that the Ectobiinze and Phyllodromiinee
possess features common to both sub-families, and the
question arises as to whether there does exist a character
that can be relied on as a diagnostic criterion of sub-family
rank. I own to having been nearly completely baffled in my
search for such a character, and I have seriously considered
the advisability of transferring the genera Hetobia and
Hololampra (= Aphlebia) to the Phyllodromiine, leaving
in the depauperated Ectobiinzee—henceforth to be called,
following de Saussure, the Anaplectinze—only the genus
Anaplecta and a new genus described below.

However, it is not necessary to make such a revolutionary
change, for I believe that I have hit on a feature of great
use in distinguishing the members of the two sub-families
in question, namely, the form of the vena ulnaris of the
wing. This vein is either simple or bifurcated or else
ramose, and it is to be noted that when this vein is ramose
a reduction in size of the triangular apical field generally
ensues, the reduction leading on in many cases to entire
obliteration. Moreover it is possible to trace a shifting
backwards of the apical triangle ; in Hetobia lapponica, L.,
this field is close to the anterior margin of the wing so that
the median vein and ulnar vein impinge on its upper
border, and do not attain the outer margin of the wing;
in such a species as Theganopteryx conspersa, Sss., the apical
triangle is shifted back so that the median vein and the
upper branch of the bifurcated ulnar vein reach the outer
margin of the wing, anterior to the apical triangle and
only the lower branch of the ulnar vein impinges on it; in
many species of Phyllodromia the median vein and the
numerous branches of a ramose ulnar vein all reach the
outer margin of the wing, the apical triangle having
undergone a further backward shifting; finally we have
those forms, such as the species of Pscudomops in which
the apical triangle has disappeared entirely, and in these
the anterior part of the wing projects beyond the posterior
part, producing a marked sinuosity of the outer margin.
Taking into consideration the great range of variation of
these characters, T find it not possible to use them as criteria
of sub-family rank, except to this extent, that all forms
with a single or bifurcate ulnar vein and a conspicuous
triangular ‘apical field may be regarded as Ectobiinz, and
those forms with ramose ulnar vein as Phyllodromiine,
whether the apical triangle is present reduced or absent.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 233

Brief diagnoses of these two sub-families may be given
as follows :—

Ecrosiun&z.—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital lamina
of female not provided with valves; supra-anal lamina not
quadrate or lobate ; wings when present with a conspicuous
triangular apical field or reflected apical area, the ulnar
vein simple or bifurcate; tarsi without pulvilli.

PHYLLODROMIINE—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital
lamina of female not provided with valves; supra-anal
lamina not quadrate or lobate; wings when present with
or without a triangular apical field, never with a reflected
apical area, the ulnar vein ramose ; tarsi without pulvilli.

In spite of this new importance attached to the form of
the vena ulnaris of the wings only three changes of genera
are necessitated, viz. Pseudectobia is transferred from the
Ketobiinz to the Phyllodromiine ; Hemithyrsocera, Sss.,
and Mallotoblatta, Sss. and Zhutn., from the Phyllodro-
miinz to the Ectobiine. Pseudectobia was considered by
de Saussure as a division only of the genus Theganopteryz,
Br., but such species as P. insularis, Sss., and P. liturifera,
Stal., in their general facies are quite Phyllodromiine in
appearance and moreover have the femora strongly spined,
whilst the supra-anal lamina in some species is produced.
Hemithyrsocera nigra, Br., and H. histrio, Burm., have been
actually re-described by de Saussure (Mél. Orthopt. ii,
pp. 50 and 52, 1869) as Theganopteryx indica and Th.
jucunda respectively, surely sufficient testimony to the
difficulty of discriminating between Ectobiinze and Phyllo-
dromiine, if no account is taken of the form of the vena
ulnaris alarum. JMallotoblatta is placed by de Saussure
and Zehntner with some doubt in the Phyllodromiine,
and the sub-family Ectobiine is suggested by these
authors as the correct resting-place for this interesting
genus, If the form of the vena ulnaris alarum in con-
junction with the extent of the triangular apical field is
consulted by systematists, I believe that little or no
difficulty will be experienced in deciding into which of the
two sub-families a given species is to be placed. Some
exceptions, it is.true, must be noted; firstly, the new
genus described below on page 247, which, though quite
evidently closely allied to Anaplecta, nevertheless has the
vena ulnaris alarum ramose; secondly, Phyllodromia

234 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

germanica, L., and allied species such as P. parenthesis,
Gerst., P. madecassa, Sss., and P. huwmbertiana, Sss., which
have the vena ulnaris alarum simple or bifurcate; in
these species however the triangular apical field is much
reduced, and for the present they must be regarded as
forms transitional between the Phyllodromiinz and Kcto-
biine. The species dificilis, Sss., and massux, Sss., 1 remove
from the genus Phyllodromia to Theganopteryx ; m these
the supra-anal lamina is shortly produced or transverse,
which character in conjunction with the prominent tri-
angular field and simple or bifurcate vena ulnaris, renders
their transfer only logical.

The genus Pachnepteryx, Br., I am unable to place with
certainty since I have seen no examples and the wing-
venation of the known species has never been described.
It is quite evident that Zhyrsocera histrio, Burm., cannot
be referred to the genus Pachnepterya as suggested by
Brunner (Nouv. Syst. des Blatt., p. 116, 1865), it belongs
to the genus Henithyrsocera. I agree with de Saussure
in relegating Chorisonewra to the sub-family Oxyhaloing
(= Plectopterinz).

Genus MALLOTOBLATTA, Sss. and Zhntn.

Mallotoblatta obscura, n. sp.

¢. Head, pronotum and tegmina with sparse erect hairs. Rufo-
castaneous. Vertex, antenne at the base, abdomen, legs and cerci
testaceous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed with the lateral
and anterior margins hyaline, disc rufo-castaneous with sometimes
an irregular central macula testaceous in colour. Mediastinal and
marginal fields of tegmina hyaline ; wings hyaline with the veins
rufo-fuscous. Tegmina with thirteen to fifteen costal veins, the
most distal ones branched, radial vein bifurcated, discoidal field
traversed by six longitudinal veins, anal vein reaching the sutural
margin at one-third of its length. Wings with nine to ten costal
veins, their extremities swollen, radial vein bifurcated, median vein
simple, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein bifurcated, triangular
apical field prominent, projecting beyond the anterior part of the
wing. Anterior femora armed on the anterior margin beneath in
the proximal half with three long spines, in the distal half with
numerous short spines (type A of de Saussure); the posterior femora
are armed with five spines on each border beneath ; the formula of
the apical spines is 3, 4, 4; a genicular spine is absent from the

Pe a se

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 235

anterior femora, Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, trigonal ;
sub-genital lamina produced, irregular in shape, without styles ; cerci
mutilated. On each side of the middle line of the sixth abdominal
tergum appears a mamilliform tubercle with a small orifice at the
summit of each.

Total length 10 mm. ; length of tegmina 7 mm.

Mapras. Five examples. (Oxford Museum.)

The specimens are in bad condition, and the erect hairs
in some examples have been rubbed off. I have no doubt
however of the correct generic position of the species.

Genus THEGANOPTERYX, Br.

Theganopteryx apreigera, W\k.
Blatia apicigera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227 (1868).

g and 2. Rufo-testaceous or flavo-testaceous. Head, antenne,
legs and cerci fusco-castaneous ; abdomen testaceous above, darker
below. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides not deflexed, with hyaline lateral
margins. Tegmina with the apices fuscous, the part of the right
tegmen overlapped by the left, hyaline, twelve costal veins, anterior
ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior ulnarvein simple. Wings hyaline,
apex infuscated, marginal field flavo-testaceous, ten to eleven costal
veins, their extremities swollen, median vein simple, ulnar vein
bifureate, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field
conspicuous but not projecting beyond the anterior part of the
wing. Anterior femora not spined beneath, mid- and posterior
femora with two or three spines only on each margin beneath ;
formula of apical spines }, {, {; no genicular spine on anterior
femora. Supra-anal lamina of male short, rounded, of female
slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina of male ample, with two
styles. Ootheca with a longitudinal crest and carried with the
crest uppermost, so that the egys are vertically disposed. Cerci
elongate.

Type (Q.) Total length 11 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm.
ae a - Onn se Me 8 mm.
on ie » 1lto12mm.; length of tegmina 9 to 10mm.

JAVA (Wallace—Type), SumatTRA (Weyers), SARAWAK,
Borneo (Shelford). Nine examples. (Oxford Museum.)
The position of the ootheca when carried by the female
before deposition is not a character of sub-family import-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 16

236 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidx.

ance; in all the Ectobiine the ootheca is carried in the
way described above, but it isso carried also by Hilipsidiwm
and some species even of Phyllodromia.

Theganopteryx bowviert, n. sp.

gd. Testaceous. Head rufous, antenne testaceous; pronotum
rufous, with hyaline borders, a central line and a broad crescentic
macula in the hinder part of the disc, testaceous; tegmina pale
testaceous, hyaline; wings hyaline with the veins testaceous ;
abdomen above rufous, beneath castaneous ; legs and cerci rufous.
Pronotum transversely hexagonal, the postero-lateral borders one-
third the length of the posterior margin; the posterior margin
obtusely angled. Tegmina with twenty-one costal veins; ulnar
vein with eleven oblique branches, posterior ulnar not visible.
Wings with seventeen costal veins, the last two or three bifurcate,
their extremities slightly swollen, ulnar vein bifurcate before the
middle, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field large,
but not projecting beyond the anterior part of wing. Anterior
femora with no spines beneath, posterior femora with two spines
on each margin beneath ; formula of apical spines 4, t+, t; genicular
spines on all the legs. Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular,
sub-genital lamina without styles.

Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

Dieco SuAREZ, MApDAGAscaR (Alluwaud, April 1896).
Seven examples. (Paris Museum.)

Named in honour of Professor Bouvier, to whom I am
indebted for the opportunity of examining an interesting
collection of Blattide in the Paris Museum.

Theganopteryx gambiensis, n. sp.

¢d. Coloration almost the same as in Hetobia lapponica, L.; head
piceous, antenne fuscous ; pronotum castaneous, anterior and lateral
margins hyaline ; tegmina flavo-testaceous, marginal field hyaline ;
wings infuscated ; abdomen fuscous with testaceous lateral margins
above and below, the last two segments and the supra anal lamina
testaceous above ; first pair of coxe testaceous, second and third
pairs tipped with testaceous, first pair of femora castaneous, second
pair castaneous at apex and along lower margin the remainder
testaceous, (third pair missing), tibize testaceous tipped with cast-
aneous, spines testaceous ; cerci fuscous. Tegmina with ten costal
veins, radial vein ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar vein bi-
furcated, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in LHctobia

{
:
|
|
|
|

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 237

lapponica, L. Supra-anal lamina shortly triangular ; ante-penulti-
mate segment with posterior border notched ; sub-genital lamina
produced, rounded, without styles, the sternum of the preceding
segment represented by two lateral lappets, the central part concealed
beneath the preceding sternum.

Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm.

GAMBIA. One example (Oxford Museum).

This species is remarkably like Hetobia lapponica, L., the
resemblance extending to the wing structure; the venation
of the tegmina is however sufficient to separate the species.

The following table shows the differences between the
four known species of Z’heganopteryx from W. Africa :—

1. Pronotum bordered with hyaline.
2. Tegmina not black.
3. Tegmina with 20 to 22 costal
veins, wing venation different
from that of HE. lapponica . . T. senegalensis, Sss.
3’. Tegmina with 10 costal veins,
wing venation exactly as in
E. lapponica. . . . . . . LT. gambiensis, mihi.
2). Tegmina black . . . .. . . ©. xthiopica, Sss.
1’. Pronotum not bordered with hyaline . 7’. nitida, Borg.

Blatta amena, W1k., f, appears to be the same as 7’ senc-
galensis, Sss.. but the female is a species of Zemnopteryx ;
a specimen from Natal under the same name in the British
Museum is a distinct species of Zheganopteryx. I doubt
if Blatta fulvipes, Wlk., can be separated from Blatta
amena, Wlk., f.

Theganopteryx xthiopica, Sauss.

The form of the “ titillator” isshown in Plate XV, fig. 3,
it is almost identical in 7h. senegalensis, Sauss.

Genus HEMITHYRSOCERA, Sss.

This is not a satisfactory genus, unless it is restricted to
one species, /ist7i0, Burm., which has plumose antennze in
both sexes, and exhibits a remarkable form of sub-genital
lamina in the male; in the other species the antenne are
inconspicuously pilose in the male sex and not pilose in the
female, and there is really little to prevent the inclusion of

238 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

the species in the genus 7heganopteryx ; in some of the
species the posterior “ulnar vein of the tegmina 1s markedly
angled, in others it is not. The form of the “ titillator”
in H. lateralis, W1k. (= H. major, Br.) is shown in Plate
XV, fig 2; Ae is seen to be very different from that in
Th. ‘ethiopica, Sss. ; unfortunately we know so little of the
structure of this organ in the Blattide, that at present
we can make no use of it in generic distinctions. The
titillator of H. histrio, Burm., is almost the same as in
H. lateralis, W1k.

The synonymy of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., is here
given :—

Thyrsocera histrio, Burm., Handb. Ent. uu, p. 499, n. 7
(1838).

Blatia lateralis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 107 (1839).

Phyllodromia inversa, Br.. Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p. 96,
n. 8 (1865).

Pseudomops jissa, W1k., Cat. Blatt. B. M., p. 213 (1868).

Theganopteryx jucunda, Sauss, Mel. Orth. ii, p. 52
(1869).

Thyrsocera lineaticollis, Bol., An. Soc. Espaii. xix, p. 302
(1890).

The sub-genital lamina and adjacent parts in the male
are figured on Plate XV, fig. 1

Hemithyrsocera rgnobilis, n. sp,

2. Differs from H. ferruginea, Br., in its smaller size ; the golden
lateral margins of the pronotum reach the anterior margin, but are not
curved inwards here to the extent that they are in ferruginea; the
posterior legs and the tips of the cerci are ferrugineous.

Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

No locality. (An identical specimen in the British
Museum comes from the Khasia Hills.)
One example (Oxford Museum).

Genus ESCALA, nov.

Atlied to Theganopterya, Br., but the sub-genital lamina of the
male bearing an asymmetrical lobe which may be unarmed, or
armed with a series of hooks or replaced by a stout hook ; the right
style sometimes absent, the left style accuminate. Supra-anal
lamina produced, triangular, not projecting beyond the sub-genital

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 239

lamina; cercielongate. Wings with median and ulnar veins simple,
reaching the outer margin of the wing, anterior to the somewhat
inconspicuous apical triangle.

Escala circwnducta, Wik. (Plate XV, fig. 4.)
Blatta circumducta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 142 (1869).

¢. Testaceous. Head rufo-castaneous ; antenne, palpi clypeus
testaceous. Pronotum with the disc rufous, lateral and anterior
margins hyaline and a central testaceous macula. Tegmina with
twelve costal veins, mediastinal vein bifurcate, radial vein with
extremity ramose. Wings clear hyaline, with ten costal veins,
radial vein bifurcate near the apex, apical triangle elongate but
narrow, first axillary vein tri-ramose. Posterior femora with three
spines on anterior margin beneath, four on posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines, }, }, 1, no genicular spine on anterior femora.
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, but doubled on itself so
that in dorsal view the apex cannot be seen and the lamina appears
then to be short and transverse. Sub-genital lamina ample, semi-
circular in outline. The left style acuminate, the right absent, the
lobe bearing five curved hooks bent over the edge of the sub-genital
plate. Cerci elongate.

Total length 14 mm. ; length of tegmina 11°5 mm.

ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA. Five specimens, including
the type (Oxford Museum).

Escala longiuscula, Wik. (Plate XV, fig. 5.)

Blatta longiuscula, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 143 (1869).

¢. Testaceous; head rufo-testaceous; lateral and anterior mar-
gins of pronotum hyaline. Tegmina with nineteen costal veins,
radial vein not bifurcate, not ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar
vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in preceding
species. Posterior femora with five spines on each margin beneath,
formula of apical spines }, }, +, genicular spines on all the femora.
Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal ; sub-genital lamina as in the
preceding species, the right style absent, the lobe modified to form
a stout double-pointed hook; cerci elongate, their apices curved
downwards,

Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm.

ADELAIDE. Four examples, including the type (Oxford
Museum).

240 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Escala insignis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 6.)

¢. Rufo-testaceous ; head castaneous, anterior and lateral mar-
gins of pronotum hyaline ; wings clear hyaline with rufous shading
on either side of the apical triangle ; abdomen and legs testaceous.
Tegmina with thirteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate,
posterior ulnar vein ramose. Wings with eleven costal veins, first
axillary vein bifureate, apical triangle larger than in the two preced-
ing species. Supra-anal lamina not much produced, trigonal ; sub-
genital lamina ample with two acuminate styles and an asymmetrical
lobe, covered with short setee but not armed with hooks.

Total length 11:5 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm.

AUSTRALIA. ‘Two examples (Oxford Museum).

This species is structurally very close to Theganopteryx
and may be regarded as the least highly modified species
of the genus scala. In general facies the species resemble
each other closely, but the nature of the sub-genital
lamina affords admirable specific characteristics, and if this
is examined there can be no possible difficulty in distin-
guishing the species. I have seen no female examples of
the genus.

Genus ANAPLECTA, Burm.
Anaplecta maculata, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 7.)

Q. Castaneous; head rufous, antennze fuscous; lateral margins
of the pronotum and tegmina pellucid ; a testaceous macula in the
centre of the pronotum but nearer the posterior than the anterior
margin ; wings infuscated ; the ventral surface of the abdomen, the
legs and cerci testaceous. Tegmina with seven parallel costal veins,
the discoidal field traversed by four longitudinal veins, the anal vein
impressed, Wings with five costal veins joined by oblique venule,
the marginal field not dilated, the medio-discal field crossed by six
transverse venule, the first of which is oblique, no longitudinal vein
dividing the apical part of the medio-discal field, two transverse
venule anteriorly connecting the median with the ulnar vein, the
first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing-
length.

Total length 6°5 mm.; length of tegmina 5 mm.

PUNDALOYA, CEYLON (Z. E. Green coll., Feb. 1897).
Two examples (Oxford Museum).

This and at least two other species are in the British
Museum under the label Phyllodromia (?) gyrinoides,
Wik. I have compared A, maculata, mibi, and the two

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 241

following species with Walker’s type and find that they
are quite different from it; gyrinoides, Wlk., also from
Ceylon is undoubtedly a species of Anaplecta. ‘The genus
has not hitherto been recorded from Ceylon. A. maculata
falls into the section of the genus that includes A. major,
Sss. and Zhnt., A. dohrniana, Sss. and Zhnt.

Anaplecta zylanica, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 8.)

. Small ; rufo-castaneous ; pronotum and tegmina with the lateral
margins hyaline ; legs and cerci testaceous. Tegmina with six costal
veins, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins. Wings with the
apical area, marginal field and veins pale fuscous, six costal veins,
marginal field slightly dilated, medio-discal field crossed by four
transverse venulw and the median vein connected with the ulnar vein
by two transverse venule near the apex, first axillary vein tri-ramose,
apical area parabolic, its basal margin not angled, nearly one-half of
total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal.

Total length, 4 mm. ; length of tegmina, 3°7 mm.

CEYLON (Thwaites, 1872). One example (Oxford
Museum).

It is possible that the species is conspecific with A. /ulva,
Br., from Burma, but the description of that species does
not include an account of the wing venation.

Anaplecta thwaitesi, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 9.)

?. Head castaneous ; pronotum castaneous with broad hyaline
lateral margins ; tegmina flavo-hyaline, wings with the apical area,
marginal field and veins fuscous ; abdomen fuscous; legs and cerci
testaceous. Tegmina with eleven costal veins, the ulnar vein multi-
ramose, the bases of the mediastinal and median veins and the anal
vein strongly marked with castaneous. Wings with six costal veins,
their extremities swollen, the marginal field dilated, the first bifur-
cated and connected with the humeral branch of the radial vein by
an oblique venula, a transverse venula joins the humeral and discoidal
branches of the radial vein near their point of origin, medio-discal
field crossed by five transverse venulw, ulnar vein bifurcate, first
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area parabolic, its base slightly
obtusely angled, two-fifths of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina
produced, trigonal, slightly emarginate.

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.

Cryton (Thwaites). One example (Oxford Museum),

242 Mr, R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Anaplecta malayensis, sp. n. (Plate XV, fig. 10.)

4 and 9. Fusco-castaneous, lateral margins of pronotum and teg-
mina hyaline. Tegmina with seven costal veins, discoidal field
traversed by four longitudinal veins, anal vein impressed. Wings
with marginal field and apical area fuscous, with five costal veins,
marginal field not dilated, radial vein bifurcate, medio-discal field
crossed by three to four transverse venule, ulnar field half as broad,
firstaxillaryvein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing-length,
its basal margin obtusely angled.

¢d. Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina 4mm. . Total length
5 mm.; length of tegmina 4°8 mm.

MALAY PENINSULA (Errington de la Croix and P. Chapé.
1899). Three examples (Paris Museum).

Anaplecta obscura, sp.n. (Plate XV, fig. 12.)

¢. Fusco-castaneous, smooth, shining. Head piceous, maxillary palpi
testaceous, antennze fuscous ; lateral margins of pronotum and medi-
astinal fields of tegmina hyaline ; centre of abdomen beneath, legs
and cerci testaceous ; wings with the marginal field and most of the
apical area infuscated, an oblique pale fascia crosses the upper half of
theapical area. Wings with the marginal field dilated, seven costal veins,
median vein obsolescent, curving from the apex of the radial vein to
join it again near its middle, thus forming a trapezoidal areolet, 1st
axillary vein bi-ramose, a short branch being given off from the
transverse bar joining the two rami, apical area equals half the total
wing-length, its basal margin straight.

Total length 4mm. ; length of tegmina 3-5 mm.

MALAY PENINSULA (Errington de la Croix and P. Chapé,
1899). One example (Paris Museum).

The great reduction in the extent of the wing-venation
is alone sufficiently diagnostic of this interesting little
species.

Anaplecta borneensis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 11.)

Q. Fusco-castaneous ; lateral margins of pronotum and tegmina
hyaline. Tegmina with eight costal veins, discoidal area traversed by
three longitudinal veins, reticulated. Wings hyaline, apical area
slightly infuscated ; four costal veins, the last obsolescent, radial vein
bifurcated, medio-diseal area crossed by two transverse venule near
the middle and by two short oblique venulz at the apex, first axillary
vein tri-ramose, apical area divided unequally by one longitudinal

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 243

vein, apex incised, basal margin very obtusely angled, about two-fifths
of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, Legs
testaceous.

Total length 4:8 mm. ; length of tegmina, 4 mm.

KucHIna, SARAWAK. Three examples. [No. E.] (Oxford
Museum. )

The following table will help to show the differences
between the various Oriental species :—

1. Rufo-castaneous or fulvous,
2. Medio-discal field of wing with five
transverse venules, ulnar vein bi-
fureated, ulnar field without trans-
verse venules . .. . . . . A.thwaitesi,mihi(Ceylon)
2’. Medio-discal field of wing with four
transverse venules, ulnar vein
simple, ulnar field with two trans-
verse venules . . . . . . « A.zeylanica, mihi (Ceylon)
1’. Fusco-castaneous.
2. Disc of pronotum with pale central
macula) 202 0.2 . 20. 2 « Ajmaculata,uuhi(Ceylon)
2’, Dise of pronotum without pale
central macula.
3. Median vein of wing obsolescent
atitsdistalend . . . . . . A. obscwra, mihi (Malay

Peninsula)
3’, Median vein of wing not obsoles-
cent at its distal end.
4, Medio-diseal field of wing with
four venules.
5. These venules transverse,
apex of apical area not
incised . . . . . . . A.malayensis, mihi (Malay
Peninsula)

5’. Two proximal venules, very
oblique, apex of apical area
incised . . . . . . . A.borneensis, mihi(Borneo)
4’, Medio-discal field of wing with
two transverse venules. . . A. javanica, Sss. (Java)

I have not been able to examine critically A. gyrin-
oides, W1k., from Ceylon, the type of which is in the British
Museum, however it enters into Sect. 1’ in the above table
but can be readily distinguished by the fulvo-testaceous
pronotum. A. fuwlva, Br., from Burma belongs to Sect. 1 in

244 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidzx.

the table, but as the wing venation of the species has not
been described, it is not possible to show how it differs from
the two Ceylon species.

Anaplecta pulchra, sp. n.

2. Flavo-testaceous. Antenne fuscous, except the two basal joints,
and five joints close to the apex which are flavo-testaceous ; pronotum
with hyaline lateral margins ; tegmina transparent ; wings deeply
infuscated, the anterior border of the marginal field, the proximal
halves of the radial, ulnar and first axillary veins yellow ; apex of
abdomen beneath castaneous, the remainder bright flavous. Tegmina
with eight costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal veins,
anal vein impressed, axillary veins obsolete. Wings with six costal
veins, the radial vein bifurcated, the median vein curved distally up
towards the radial vein, the medio-discal field crossed by one proximal
transverse venule, first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly
half the total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal.

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 4°5 mm.

FERNANDO Po (Z. Conradt, 1901). One example (Paris
Museum),

Anaplecta dahomensis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 2.)

dg and ¢. Fusco-castaneous. Labrum and clypeus rufous ;
apical seven joints of antenne testaceous, the last tipped with
fuscous. Prothorax piceous, its lateral margins broadly bordered
with semi-opaque white. Tegmina entirely fusco-castaneous, with
eight to nine costal veins, the discoidal field traversed by four
longitudinal veins which are strongly marked. Wings hyaline, the
marginal field and apical area infuscated, the axillary area iridescent
fuscous ; six to seven costal veins, the radial vein bifurcated but
the branches soon reunite forming an areolet which is crossed by a
transverse venule, the median vein obsolescent proximally where it
is joined by a transverse venule to the radial vein, the ulnar vein
simple, the first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly one-half
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Second and third
pairs of legs and cerci testaceous, first pair of legs fuscous, except the
distal extremity of the tibiz and tarsi.

Total length 5 mm. ; length of tegmina 4:2 mm.

Atutimé, Danomey. <A long series (Oxford Museum).

The species differs from A. cincta, Gerst., by the absence
of a white border to the tegmina, by the strongly-marked
veins of discoidal field of the tegmina, by the different colour
of the legs.

— _

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 245

Anaplecta brunneri, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. if)

g and 2. Rufo-testaceous, vertex of head darker; antenne
fuscous except at the base. Lateral margins of pronotum and of
tegmina as far as termination of mediastinal vein hyaline; legs and
cerci testaceous. Tegmina with ten to eleven costal veins, the last
two or three irregular, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins,
anal vein well marked. Wings infuscated, with seven costal veins,
their ends slightly swollen, the medio-discal field crossed by three
venulz, the proximal one bifurcated, the median vein obsolescent
proximally, distally bent up to join the radial vein before its apex,
anterior ulnar vein simple, posterior ulnar obsolescent distally, first
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area as long as broad, two-fifths
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Supra-anal lamina
produced, its posterior border rounded, sub-genital lamina of male
with one style, the left.

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.

Rio GRANDE DO SUL, Brazin. Three examples (Oxford
Museum).

The only two species with which this can possibly be
confused are A. pallida, Bol., from Ecuador, and A. fulgida,
Sss., from Mexico; from the former it differs by the narrow
costal margin of the tegmina, by the smaller apical area
of the wings, and by the smaller number of transverse
venulz in the medio-discal field of the wings; from
A. fulgida, Sss., by the longitudinal discoidal veins of the
tegmina, and by the different wing-venation.

Anaplecta pavida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 3.)

2. Flavo-testaceous; pronotum almost orbicular with broad
hyaline margins; abdomen fusco-testaceous; legs and cerci
testaceous. Tegmina hyaline with an irregular fuscous macula at
base of the median vein ; ten costal veins, discoidal field with four
longitudinal veins. Wings slightly infuscated, ten costal veins,
medio-discal field crossed by two transverse venule, the distal one
giving off an oblique longitudinal branch, one-fourth the length of
the medio-discal field, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area a
little broader than long, one-fifth of total wing-length, basal margin
obtusely angled. Supra-anal Jamina produced, rounded.

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.

CacHaBl, Ecuapor (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
One example (Oxford Museum).

246 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

The species is allied to A. nahua, Sss., from Mexico, but
differs in coloration.

Anaplecta fusca, nu. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 4.)

2. Minute; fusco-castaneous. Head piceous; pronotum ellip-
tical, entirely dark castaneous-brown. Tegmina castaneous, with
ten highly irregular costal veins connected with each other by
transverse venule, discoidal field with two longitudinal veins,
reticulated. Wings dark fuscous, five costal veins, radial vein with
a humeral and a discoidal branch, median vein approximated to the
radial vein and the very narrow medio-diseal field crossed by two
transverse venula, an oblique transverse venula runs from the apex
of the ulnar vein to the median vein and from this two short
obliquely longitudinal venule are given off, first axillary vein
quadri-ramose. Apical area more than two-fifths of total wing-
length, basal margin straight. Cerci golden-yellow, supra-anal
lamina rounded.

Total length 4 mm. ; length of tegmina 3°5 mm.

CacHABI, Ecuapor (IW. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
One example (Oxford Museum),

The venation of the tegmina and wings in this species is
highly characteristic, and unlike that of any other known
species.

Anaplecta varipennis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 5, 6.)

2. Closely allied to A. parvipennis, Sss. and Zhnt., but differs in
the following particulars :—the lateral borders of the pronotum and
the mediastinal field of the tegmina are opaque white not hyaline,
the clypeus is testaceous, the discoidal field of the tegmina is
reticulated, the medio-discal field of the wings is crossed by two
transverse venula, the sub-genital lamina is deeply cleft and has
almost a valvular appearance. The tegmina vary in length from
4-8 mm. to 4 mm., the wings from 6 mm. to 3 mm., in the latter
case the most notable reduction is that of the apical area which
ranges in size from two-fifths of the total wing-length to one-sixth.

Total length 6-2 mm.

ParAMBA, EcuapDor, 3500 feet (W. F. H. Rosenberg
coll, May 1897). Five examples (Oxford Museum).

In spite of the variation in size of the wings, their
venation remains practically unaltered ; as already noted,
the most marked range of size is shown by the apical area

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 247

and the variation is almost an epitome of the changes
whereby the small triangular apical field of such genera as
Ectobia and Theganopteryx has become modified into the
large parabolic apical area of the genus Anaplecta.

Anaplecta chrysoptera, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 7.)

Q. Very convex. Rufous. Antenne testaceous; third joint of
maxillary palpi black ; pronotum with lateral margins rufo-testace-
ous ; abdomen and cerei castaneous, the apical joint of the latter
yellow. Marginal field of tegmina nearly half the total breadth,
thirteen parallel costal veins ; the tegmina strongly overlap, veins of
discoidal field of left tegmen obsolete, strongly marked in that part
of the right tegmen which is covered by the left, the ulnar vein
sends six branches to the sutural margin, anal vein strongly marked,
axillary veins obsolete. Wings with the apical area and marginal
field golden-yellow, fourteen costal veins, their ends slightly swollen,
radial vein straight, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse
venul, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical
area two-fifths of total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled.
Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina large, its posterior
border shortly cleft and compressed laterally in the centre
simulating a valvular appearance.

Total length 7°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 6 mm.

Amazons (H. W. Bates). One example (Oxford
Museum),

This somewhat remarkable species is most nearly allied
to A. flabellata, Sss. and Zhnt.» The unique example was
labelled in Walker’s handwriting “ Riatia sp.” ; the genus
Riatia (type R. pallicornis, Wk.) 1s too close to Anaplecta
to be entitled to separate rank.

Genus ANAPLECTOIDEA, nov.

Differs from Anaplecta, Burm., in the branching of the ulnar vein
of the wing. Elliptical, smooth, shining ; vertex of head reaching
anterior border of pronotum ; eyes less remote than the insertions
of the antenne ; pronotum transversely elliptical. Tegmina with
marginal field very broad occupying almost half the total breadth.
Ulnar vein multi-ramose, anal vein deeply impressed, axillary veins
obsolete. Wings with numerous costal veins, medio-discal field
crossed by numerous transverse venule, ulnar vein multi-ramose,
the veins being giyen off towards the dividing vein, apical area small.

248 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Supra-anal lamina slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina large,
spoon-shaped ; cerci moderate.

The genus bears the same relation to Anaplecta, that
Pseudectobia does to Theganopteryx.

Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 8, 9.)

?. Rufo-castaneous; antenne, tarsi and cerci rufo-testaceous.
Lateral borders of the pronotum and mediastinal field of tegmina
hyaline. Tegmina transparent, thirteen costal veins, ulnar vein
with six branches. Wings infuscated, with twelve costal veins, their
extremities swollen, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse
venule, ulnar vein with six branches, apical area broader than long,
one-fifth total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled.

Total length 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 9 mm.

BatTcHIAN (IW. Doherty), MACASSAR (W. Doherty). Two
examples (Oxford Museum).

II. The genera PskupDomops, Serv., and THYRSOCERA,
Burm., of the sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIINA,

There has been considerable confusion regarding those
species of Phyllodromiinz with incrassated antennz and
angulate ulnar veins in the tegmina. The steps whereby
this confusion has grown may be summarized shortly as
follows :—

The genus Pseudomops was founded in 1831 by Serville
for the reception of the Blatta oblongata of Linnzeus, though
whether Serville’s determination of the Linnean species is
correct is not certain. Burmeister in 1838 included in
his genus Zhyrsocera the species spectabilis, crinicornis,
cincta, afjinis, flavipes, laticornis (Perty), histrio, oblongata
(Linn.), annulicornis and jirticornis; of these ten species
eight are Neotropical, two (spectabilis and histrio) are
Oriental; spectabilis must be selected as the type of the
genus. Brunner, de Saussure, and other authors have
ignored Serville’s name Psewdomops and have employed
Thyrsocera instead ; however de Saussure in 1898 created the
genus Hemithyrsocera for those Oriental species with a
triangular apical triangle to the wings and with a simple or
bifurcated vena ulnaris alarum; of this genus jucunda is

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 249

the type. Kirby (1904) employs the name Pseudomops for
all the South American species placed by various authors
in the genus Thyrsocera, six Oriental species are placed in
the genus 7hyrsocera and fourteen in the genus Hemithyr-
socera. Rehn (1904) also applies Psewdomops to the Neo-
tropical species, but sinks Hemithyrsocera as a synonym of
Thyrsocera, spectabilis being selected as the type of that
genus. An examination of most of the species on which
these conclusions are based brings to light the following
facts :—i. Thyrsocera spectabilis, Burm.,is a Periplanetine,
as shown by the valvular character of the last ventral
segment of the female and by the wing-structure ; E/ip-
sidium speciosum, Wlk., the type of which is in the Oxford
Museum, is closely allied. Dr. A. Brauer, director of the
Berlin Zoological Museum, has kindly favoured me with a
drawing of Burmeister’s type and a sketch of the sub-
genital lamina of that example, and there can be no
doubt but that Zhyrsocera, Burm., is a ditypic genus of
the sub-fam. Periplanetine.

Thyrsocera may be re-described as follows :—
THYRSOCERA, Burm.

Antenne incrassated in the basal half and hirsute, the hairs being
longer and more dense on eight to ten joints just beyond the middle
of the antenne forming here a conspicuous tuft; third joint not
longer than second. Head projecting slightly beyond the vertex ;
eyes and antennal sockets equally widely separated. Pronotum,
smooth, trapezoidal, sides deflexed. Tegmina extending considerably
beyond the abdomen with the marginal field broad, the veins in the
basal part indistinct, marked by series of punctures, Wings with the
basal half of the marginal field coriaceous, both radial and ulnar
veins multi-ramose. Front femora with a serried series of short spines
on the anterior margin beneath, with one or two spines only on the
posterior margin, the other femora sparsely armed, all with apical
spines on both margins and genicular spines. Tibize with spines in
three rows above. Metatarsus equal in length to the remaining
joints. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, cucullate with a median carina,
its posterior border emarginate ; sub-genital lamina of usual Peri-
planetine type. Cerci of moderate length, flattened and spatulate.
Males unknown.

The two species may be distinguished as follows :—

Three joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum broadly

250 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidx.

margined with yellow all round its border leaving a trefoil-shaped
black centre.

Th. spectabilis, Burm. (NEPAL, CEYLON, MALACCA.)
(Type in Berlin Museum.)

Two joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum with pos-
terior margin and with two antero-lateral spots yellow, the black of
the disc forming a cruciform figure. Ante-penultimate segment of
abdomen beneath yellow.

Th. speciosa, Wik. (EK. INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.) (Type in
Oxford Museum.) (Plate XIV, fig. 5.)

u. The Oriental species exclusive of spectabilis, hitherto
included in the genus Thyrsocera, belong to two different
genera, viz. one in which the vena ulnaris alarum is simple
or ramoseand an apical triangle present, Hemithyrsocera,Sss.,
another in which the vena ulnaris alarum is ramose and
an apical triangle absent : for the latter species a new genus
is created and may be diagnosed as follows :—

PSEUDOTHYRSOCERA, gen, nov.

Similar to Psewdomops, Serv., but with the anterior ulnar vein of
the tegmina bifurcated instead of simple, and the pronotum truncate
behind instead of produced. Antenne more or less incrassated and
plumose in both sexes, whereas in Pseudomops the antenne are not
always plumose in the male. Rami of the posterior ulnar vein of the
tegmina angulate ; ulnar vein of the wings ramose, but sending no
branches towards the dividing vein.

The species to be included in this genus are :—

1. P. scutigera, W1k.
Pseudomops scutigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212
(1868). (SARAWAK, BoRNEO.)
2. P. pica, Walker.
Pseudomops pica, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 218
(1868). (SuMATRA and SINGAPORE.)
3. P. canthophila, Walker.
Blatta xanthophila, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 230
(1868). (MENADO, CELEBEs.)

The types of these are in the Oxford Museum.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 251

4, P, montana, nu. sp.

g. Piceous. Head piceous, a triangular ochreous spot below the
eyes, basal joints of maxillary palpi rufous, antennie slightly in-
erassated, black. Pronotum trapezoidal, not covering the vertex,
sides deflexed, posterior margin rounded, slightly produced.
Tegmina piceous, apex of mediastinal field testaceous, sixteen to
seventeen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors.
Wings infuscated, ulnar vein tri-ramose. Abdomen, coxze and femora
rufous ; cerci, apices of femora, tibize and tarsi black, tibial spines
rufous. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina
trapezoidal, with one style.

Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 12°5 mm.

Mr. Marana, 3000 feet, SARAWAK, BORNEO.

Two examples (Oxford Museum).
The species in general facies approaches the genus

Pseudomops.

5. P. ruficollis, n. sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 6.)

¢. Head and pronotum bright rufous ; eyes, antennz (mutilated)
and maxillary palpi black. Tegmina black, a white spot on each
mediastinal area and at the base of each anal field. Wings fuscous.
Abdomen black. Coxe with their distal ends and outer borders
testaceous-white ; the remaining joints of the legs are missing.

Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 13°2 mm.

PENANG (Cantor). One example.

The arrangement of tue veins of the tegmina is the same
as in P. pica, Wlk., and to that species this one is most
nearly allied, and I expect that the antennze when perfect
specimens are taken will be found to be plumose in the
basal half as in P. pica. The insect is remarkably fusiform
and both in colour and in shape is very like an Elaterid
beetle.

ii. The genus Hemithyrsocera, Sss., for reasons already
given, has been transferred to the sub-fam. Ectobiine; the
type species is H. histvio, Burm., since with this H, yuwewnda,
Sss., is synonymous (wide antea).

The determination of the species of the genus Psewdo-
mops is attended with some ditticulty owing to the brevity
of the diagnoses of the older authors and to the great
variability of some of the species. I have been at some

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 17

252 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide,

trouble to determine with accuracy those species that are
contained in the Oxford Museum, and I think that the
subjoined list and notes made in the course of my labours
may be of assistance to other workers in this order of
Insects. I should like to record here my grateful thanks
to Dr. O. Taschenberg of the Halle Museum who kindly
lent me the type of P. afinis, Burm.,and one or two other
interesting examples of the genus; also to Dr. A. Brauer
of Berlin for admirable drawings of the types of P. flavipes,
Burm., P. annulicornis, Burm., Blatta discoidalis, Burm.,
and B&B. discicollis, Burm.

LisT OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMOPS, Serv.

I. CERCI not spatulate.

1. P. oblongata, L. (SURINAM.)

Blatta oblongata, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1, p. 425,
n. 9 (1758); De Geer, Mém. Ins. iii, p. 541, pl. 44,
ft, Dl 3).

Thyrsocera oblongata, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii, p. 449,
n. 8 (1838).

In spite of de Geer’s admirable description and readily
recognizable figure, subsequent authors have confused
another species, P. intercepta, Burm., with this, explaining
discrepancies in appearance as due to variability; the
pattern of the pronotum is so different in the two species
that I see no valid reason for confounding them. The
general colour of the insect is fulvous and the disc of the
pronotum is marked by two dark points which may be
joined and by a crescentic dark band near the posterior
margin.

2. P. intercepta, Burm. (MEXICO, GUATEMALA, HON-
DURAS.)

flatta intercepta, Burmeister, |. c. p. 497, n. 10 (1838) ;
de Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt, p. 113 (1864).

Pseudomops oblongata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 115 (1839).

Thyrsocera oblongata, Brunner, Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p.
121, n. 8, pl. ii, f 11 (1865); de Saussure, Miss. Mex.
Orth. p. 50, pl. i, f 29 (1870); de Saussure and
Zehutner, Biol, Centr,-Amer, Orth. 1, p- 32, n. 3 (1898).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 253

Thyrsocera tolteca, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv, p. 168
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124, pl. i, f. 21 (1864) ;
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 18 (1865)

I agree with Kirby in regarding this as quite distinct
from P. oblongata, L.; de Saussure and Zehntner on the
other hand sink it as a synonym of P. oblongata, L. Good
figures of the species have been published, so that it can
be readily recognized,

3. P. inclusa, Wik. (BRAZIL, PERNAMBUCO.)

Pseudomops inclusa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212
(1868).

Thyrsocera amena, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. fase. iv, p.
97 (1872).

The species can easily be distinguished by the horseshoe-
shaped dark mark on the pronotum. In some specimens
this may be considerably reduced, but it is never entirely
absent ; the dark shadings on the tegmina are subject to
considerable variation. The type of inclusa is in the
Oxford Museum.

4. P. laticornis, Perty. (BRAZIL.)

Blatta laticornis, Perty, Del. Anim. Art. p. 117, pl. 28,
f. 4 (1834); Serville, 1. c. p. 116 (1839).

Thyrsocera laticornis, Burmeister, |. c. p. 499, n. 6 (1838) ;
Brunner, l.c. p. 123, ne El (1865) ; de Saussure, Miss.
Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870).

Thyrsocera dubia, de Saussure, Rey. Zool. (2), xiv, p. 168
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 123 (1864); Brunner,
l.c. p. 124, -n. 12 (1865).

Pseudomops concinna, Walker, |. c. p. 82, n. 20 (1868).

Perty’s excellent figure is a valuable aid to the identifi-
cation of this species ; from the Halle Museum I received
two examples which I was able to identify without much
doubt. The following is a short description of them :

¢. Head red, shading to darker on the labrum, antennw black
with a testaceous annulus occupying eight joints, base scarcely
incrassated ; pronotum rufous shading to fuscous posteriorly, borders
testaceous ; tegmina fuscous, distal half of mediastinal field and
centre of marginal field testaceous; abdomen rufo-fuscous, cerci

254 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

fuscous broadly tipped with testaceous; legs rufo-fuscous, coxse
tipped with testaceous. Length of pronotum 2°8 mm. ; of tegmina
105mm. Y. Vertex only of head red, antenne incrassated at base,
the testaceous annulus occupying fourteen joints ; pronotum rufous
with a fuscous curved line posteriorly ; tegmina fuscous with a broad
testaceous vitta extending from distal half of mediastinal field and
occupying the whole of the marginal field to near the apex of the
tegmina, posteriorly the tegmina are fusco-hyaline ; abdomen fuscous,
cerci and legs as in the male. Length of pronotum 3 mm,; of
tegmina 10 mm. Perty describes the head of this species as black,
but his figure shows it to be red.

5. P. annulicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Bahia.)

Thyrsocera annulicornis, Burmeister, 1. c. p. 500, n. 9
(1838) ; Brunner, 1. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865).
Pseudomops deceptura, Walker, |. c. p. 82, n. 21 (1868).

The type is at Berlin, and from a sketch of it made for
me by Dr. Brauer I am of opinion that P. deceptura, W1k.,
is synonymous; the insect is testaceous-rufous with an
infuscated patch on the posterior part of the pronotum,
the white band on the antennz occupies ten joints. The
species is undoubtedly very closely allied to P. laticornis,
Perty, but as Burmeister was acquainted with that species
and yet described annulicornis as new, it seems advisable
to keep them separate. blatta annulicornis, Wlk., the
type of which is in the Oxford Museum, is a species of
Phyllodromia.

6. P. aurantiaca, Sss. and Zhntn. (PANAMA.)

Thyrsocera aurantiaca, de Saussure and Zehntner, |. c.

p. 32, n. 6, pl. 3, ff 6, 7 (1893).

I have compared the type of this with the type of P.
deceptura, W1k., and find that the two are distinct.

7. P. grata, Rehn. (Costa Rica.)

Pseudomops grata, Rehn. Trans. Am. Ent, Soc. xxix,
p- 260 (1903).

The species is unknown to me,

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 255

8. P. americana, Sss. (ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.)

Thyrsocera americana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xxi,
p. 111 (1869) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870).

The type is in Paris. This is another rufous species,
perhaps not distinct from P. annulicornis, Burm.

9. P. mimica, Wik. (BRAZIL, Para.)
Pseudomops mimica, Walker, |. c. p. 80, n. 17 (1868).

?. Head black, antenne mutilated, pronotum rufous, with a
fuscous crescentic band on the hind margin. Tegmina dark fuscous,
mediastinal area and a small spot at the base of the marginal field
hyaline-testaceous. Abdomen black, the fifth tergum with two
lateral testaceous spots ; cerci mutilated ; supra-anal lamina pro-
duced, quadrate. Legs dark castaneous, apices of coxw and
trochanters testaceous. Length of body 8 mm. ; length of tegmina
10 mm.

Type in the British Museum.
The dark tegmina and the rufous pronotum render this
a sufficiently conspicuous insect.

10. P. cincta, Burmeister. (MEXICO, GUATEMALA,
NICARAGUA.)

Thyrsocera cincta, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 3 (1838);
Brunner, l.c. p. 122, n. 9 (1865); de Saussure, Mém.
Mex. Blatt. p. 50, pl. 1, f. 28 (1870) ; de Saussure and
Zehntner, |.c. p. 32, n. 1 (1898).

Thyrsocera mexicana, de Saussure, |. c. p. 122 (1864).

Thyrsocera sallei, de Saussure, Lc. p. 128 (1864).

Pseudomops saller, var.,. Walker, l.c. p. 77, n. 4 (1868).

Thyrsocera cincta, var., de Saussure, Miss, Mex. Orth. p. 51
(1870).

The species exhibits a great range of variation, the
extreme forms are very different in coloration, but as
de Saussure has examined a considerable series of speci-
mens which help to bridge over the differences, I accept
his conclusion that P. sa//ei is merely a rufous variety of
crncta,

256 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

11. P. neglecta, n. sp. (BRAzIL, Rio Grande do Sul.)

2. Head and mouth parts piceous ; antennz black with a tes-
taceous band beyond the middle occupying six joints, incrassated at
base and pilose. Pronotum as long as broad, anteriorly truncate, not
covering the vertex of the head, posteriorly produced, obtusely
angled, dark fuscous, all the margins bordered with yellow, broadest
laterally. Tegmina fuscous or rufo-fuscous, mediastinal field hyaline
or testaceo-hyaline, marginal field partially hyaline ; seventeen to
eighteen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors.
Wings infuscated. Abdomen fuscous, segments laterally bordered
with testaceous, apex rufo-fuscous ; supra-anal lamina triangular,
produced, sub-genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular, rufous, posteriorly
margined narrowly with fuscous ; cerci fuscous. Legs black, the
tibial spines rufous, the coxee margined with testaceous.

Total length 10°5 mm.; length of tegmina 8 mm. ; pronotum
3mm. xX 3 mm.

Three examples labelled in Brunner’s handwriting
“ Thyrsocera sp. n.” (Oxford Museum).

The species is allied to P. cincta, Burm., and may be
distinguished from it chiefly by its smaller size, shorter
tegmina, broader pronotum and by the colour of the legs.
A similar example from Monte Video in the Paris Museum
stands under the name P. cincta.

12. Pseudomops afinis, Burm. (SuRINAM, BRAZIL,
Para.)

Thyrsocera afinis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 4 (1838);
Brunner, l.c. p. 124, n. 14 (1865).

Thyrsocera hirticornis, Burmeister, ise. ype 00h ns 0
(1838); Brunner, lc. p. 124, n. 14 (1865).

Dr. Taschenberg of Halle having kindly lent me the
type of P. affinis ‘I have been able to compare it with
Brunner’s description and find that it agrees admirably
with that account. The type of P. hirticornis is ap-
parently in Brunner’s collection and is considered by
Brunner to be the male of P. affinas.

13. Pseudomops flavipes, Burm. (BRaAzin, Rio de
Janeiro.)

Thyrsocera flavipes Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 5 (1838) ;
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 257

Pscudomops flavipes, var., Walker, 1. c. p. 79, n. 10 (1868).
Pseudomops walkeri, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xu,
p- 273 (1903).

As shown by a drawing of the type now at Berlin this
species is very closely allied to P. afinis, and the arrange-
ment of colours on the pronotum is identical, however
flavipes has flavid legs and the abdomen and tegmina
appear to be paler.

14. P. angusta, Wik. (SANTAREM, COLOMBIA.)
Pseudomops angusta, Walker, l.c. p. 81, n. 19 (1868).

Q. Head shining black with a round yellowish spot on the
frons ; clypeus yellow, labrum black; maxillary palpi luteous,
apical joint black. Antenne with the basal half incrassated, black,
a white band at the base of the apical half occupying eight joints.
Pronotum with the posterior border strongly produced, black, bor-
dered all round with bright yellow, the lateral borders at one point
on each side produced inwards to form two broad projections which
do not meet. Tegmina ferruginous at the base, at the apex flavo-
hyaline, the costal margin testaceous between the veins, the medi-
astinal field hyaline; a slender fuscous humeral stripe. Wings
flavo-hyaline. Abdomen, cerci and legs luteous-yellow ; bases of
the cox black. Cerci long, not spatulate. Supra-anal lamina,
produced, quadrate.

Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

This description is taken from a specimen in the Hope
Museum, Oxford; it differs a little from the type which is
in the British Museum, but is too close to be separated.

The species is allied to P. flavipes, Burm., but differs by
the broader testaceous band on the antennee, by the greater
extent of the yellow margins of the pronotum, the black
dise of the pronotum being almost divided into two by
the inward projections of the yellow lateral borders; the
intervenular stripes of opaque testaceous on the tegmina
are variable characters.

15. P. burri, n. sp. (Ecuapor, Cachabi.) (Plate XIV,
fig. 1.)

9. Allied to P. angusta, W1k., but smaller, prothorax not so
markedly produced behind. Head orange-yellow with the vertex and
frons black or entirely black with orange lines above the antennal
sockets and at base of clypeus ; two orange lines behind the eyes ; the

258 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

antennee with basal half incrassated, black, a luteous band occupying
five joints beyond the middle. Prothorax luteous with a pyriform
black central marking, the point directed backwards. Tegmina
ferruginous at the base ; the mediastinal field hyaline, the marginal
field flavo-hyaline with intervenular streaks of opaque testaceous ;
apex of tegmina flavo-hyaline, the veins ferruginous, Wings flavo-
hyaline. Legs, abdomen, and cerci bright luteous, the coxee at their
extreme bases outwardly tipped with black and with pale borders.
Cerci elongate. Supra-anal lamina triangular, produced.
Total length 12 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

Three examples (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
(Oxford Museum.)

Named after Mr. Malcolm Burr to whose generosity the
Oxford Museum owes a magnificent collection of exotic
Orthoptera.

The species ditfers from P. angusta, W1k., in the follow-
ing points:—The less extent of the white band on the
antenne, the different shape of the black disc of the
pronotum, the testaceous stripes on the tegmina.

16. P. discicollis, Burm. (MeExico.) (Plate, XIV, fig. 2.)

Blatta discicollis, Burmeister, 1.c.. p. 1012 (1838); de
Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 114 (1864).

Thyrsocera discicollis, Brunner, |. c. p. 128, n. 10 (1865).

Thyrsocera laticornis, var., de Saussure and Zehntner.
Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orth. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (1893).

This is a very well-marked species, and the most robust
of the genus. The type, of which I have a drawing, is at
Berlin; another example is in the collection of Central
American Orthoptera in the British Museum, and stands
under the name of P. /aticornis, Perty ; a third, from which
the following description is drawn up, is in the Oxford
Museum.

9. Head and mouth parts black, antennze mutilated (in the
type, very long, black at base with a testaceous annulus occupying
nineteen joints about the middle of total length, beyond the middle
fuscous). Pronotum almost orbicular, but truncate in front, not
covering the vertex and produced behind, dise piceous with broad
lateral borders of orange-yellow, the posterior border margined
with a fine yellow line; the black of the disc which just fails to
meet the yellow anterior margin is narrowed anteriorly. 'Tegmina

Mr.:R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 259

dark fuscous, mediastinal field at apex testaceous, fifteen costal
veins, discoidal field with nine longitudinal sectors, wings fuscous.
Abdomen, cerei and legs dark fuscous, cox outwardly margined
with whitish. Supra-anal lamina quadrately produced.

Total length 19°5 mm.; length of tegmina 15 mm.; pronotum
5 mm. x 6 mm.

17. P. gueriniana, Sss. (MEXICO.)

Thyrsocera gueriniana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv,
p. 168 (1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124 (1864);
Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 50 (1870); Brunner, l.c. p. 126,
n. 19 (1865).

The type is in the Paris Museum.

18. P. obscura, Sss. (BOLIVIA, SANTA CRUZ.)

Thyrsocera obscura, de Saussure, Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52
(1870).

The type is in the Paris Museum.

19. P. magna, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Paramba.)

¢. Entirely black, except a testaceous band on the antenns
beyond the basal incrassated portion and the testaceous terminal
three joints of the cerei which are not spatulate ; an orange patch in
the middle of the ventral surface of the abdomen. The borders of
the cox are not white, and the mediastinal area of the tegmina
is not hyaline. Body depressed. {Posterior border of prothorax
obtusely rounded. @. Like the male but without the orange patch
on the abdomen; the supra-anal lamina is triangular, its apex
slightly incised.

Total length. Length of body. Length of tegmina.
ae 18 mm. 15°6 min. 14
OF 18 mm. 14 mm. 13°5

One male and two females (W. &. H. Rosenberg coll.
February and May 1897). (Oxford Museum.)

20. P. albostriata, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Cachabi.)

2. Black ; antenne beyond the penicillation, with a testaceous
band occupying nine joints. Pronotum quite black except for a very
narrow border of testaceous, not occurring on the front margin ; the

260 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

pronotum is strongly produced backwards. Tegmina with the
mediastinal area, except at the base, and eight oblique costal streaks,
testaceous. The sub-genital lamina and the discs of the sterna of
the three preceding segments bright rufous. Coxe white-edged.
Cerci black, not spatulate.

Total length 12 mm, ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Nov. 1896).
(Oxford Museum.)

The species appears to be quite distinct from all the
other black species of this genus; it approaches P.
luctuosa, Sss., more closely than any other.

21. P. bicolor, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Paramba.) (Plate XVI,
figs. 12, 12a; and Plate XIV, fig. 7.)

¢. Head and antenne (mutilated) black. Pronotum orange-red
with some very obscure darker markings. 'Tegmina fuscous with
the costal margin narrowly fulvous for two-thirds of its length.
Wings fusco-hyaline. Abdomen bright luteous except the last five
terga and the sub-genital lamina which are black; on the 6th
tergum is a prominent mamillary tubercle covered with an orange
pubescence and with a small opening on each side. Cerci black with
the two terminal joints white. Coxe and trochanters bright luteous ;
the 2nd and 8rd pairs of femora bright luteous with the apices
fuscous ; the Ist pair of femora, the tibize and tarsi fuscous ; the
tibial spines rufous.

Length of body 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 14 mm.

One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Mar. 1897).

This species is quite distinct from all the known forms.
The opening of the so-called repugnatorial glands on the
6th abdominal segment is remarkable and unlike any other
known to me. The 7th abdominal tergum is almost
entirely covered by the 6th tergum, the posterior border
of which is incised.

Il. Crerct spatulate.
22. P. femoralis, Wik. (BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro.)

Pseudomops femoralis, Walker, |. c. p. 81, n. 18 (1868).
Thyrsocera crinicornis, Brunner, |. c. p. 126, n. 21 (1865).

Brunner’s description of P. crinicornis applies with
great exactitude to this species, four examples of which

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 261

are in the Hope Museum, Oxford ; one example was sent
to Berlin for comparison with Burmeister’s type of crint-
cornis and was found to be quite distinct ; nor was it found
to agree with the other species described by Burmeister in
that collection.

23. P. brunneri, Sss. (SURINAM.)

Thyrsocera brunneri, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p.
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 49 (1870).

Thyrsocera crinicornis, var. fulva, Brunner, l. cp. 127
(1865).

I have examined the type at Paris, and in my opinion
the species is distinct from P. femoralis, W1k.

24. P. crinicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Para.)

Thyrsocera crinicornis, Burmeister, |. c. p. 499, n. 2
(1838); de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p. 111
(1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48 (1870); de Saussure
and Zehntner, |. c. p. 33, n. 7 (1893).

Pseudomops affinis, Walker, |. c. p. 79, n. 9 (1868).

De Saussure has identified this species correctly, and
his description of it should render its determination easy ;
a drawing of an example in the Hope Museum, Oxford,
was sent to Berlin, and found to correspond closely with
Burmeister’s type.

25. P. luctuosa, Sss. (SURINAM.)

Thyrsocera luctuosa, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xx, p. 99
(1868) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48, pl. 1. ff. 27, 27a (1870).

~ The species is quite distinct from P. erinicornas, Burm.

26. P. tristicula, Stil. (BRAzIL, Rio de Janeiro.)

Pseudomops tristicula, Stil. Freg. Kugenie’s Resa, Zool. v.
p. 310 (1858).
Thyrsocera tristicula, Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 17 (1865).

An entirely black species with a testaceous vitta on each
side of the abdomen beneath.

262 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

27. P. pwiggarti, Bol. (BrRAzIL, San Pablo.)

Thyrsocera puiggarit, Bolivar, An. Soc. Espafi. x, p. 354
(1881).
This is possibly conspecific with P. éristicula, Stal., but
the description of the latter is so inadequate that certainty
on this point is not possible without comparison of types.

28. P. nigrita, Sss. (BRAZIL.)

Thyrsocera nigrita, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p.
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52 (1870).

This species was described from a specimen lacking the
abdomen and antennee, and on the strength of the different
colour of the legs was held to be different from P. tristicula,
Stal. A perfect example of what appears to be un-
doubtedly this species was sent to me by Dr. Taschenberg
of Halle and shows that the species is quite distinct from
tristicula, the abdomen being orange-red above and below.
In the male the supra-anal lamina is triangularly produced
and deeply notched, the sub-genital lamina is ample and
orbicular, bearing two short acuminate styles; the cerci
are orange and broadly spatulate; the ante-penultimate
tergum has the posterior margin notched in the middle,
whilst the preceding tergum is very broadly and deeply
emarginate, exposing nearly the whole of the following
tergum.

29. P. melana, Wik. (BRAZIL.)
Pseudomops melana, Walker, |. c. p. 80, n. 16 (1868).

Distinguished by a luteous band on the abdomen above.

30. P. simulans, Stal. (BRAZIL)

Pseudomops simulans, Stal. lc. p. 310 (1858).
Thyrsocera simulans, Brunner, |. c. p. 124, n. 13 (1865).

This species, owing to the inadequacy of the description,
cannot be recognized with certainty; it may not even
enter into the section of the genus with spatulate cerci.

Pseudomops melandryoides, W1k. (l.c. p. 84, 1868) is a
species of Phyllodromia.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 263

TABLE OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE GENUS
PSEUDOMOPS, Serv.

A. CERCI NOT SPATULATE.

1. Pronotum not unicolorous, margins
paler than disc.
2. Ground colour of pronotum some
shade of rufous.
3. Lateral pale margins of pronotum
inwardly produced . . . . intercepta, Burm.
3’. Lateral pale margins of pronotum
not inwardly produced.
4, Disc of pronotum with definite
darker markings.
5. Two dark spots on the disc of
the pronotum . . . oblongata, L.
. A horseshoe-shaped ene on
the disc of the pronotum. inelusa, WIk.
4’, Dise of pronotum without de-
finite darker markings.
5. General colour of tegmina

rufous.
6. Fusco-rufous . . . . . laticornis, Burm.
6’. Testaceo-rufous . . . . animulicornis, Burm.,

americana, Sss.
5’. General colour of tegmina
orange.
6. Tegmina with apex only
infuscated, . < . . aurantiaca,Sss. and Zhnt.
6’. Tegmina with apical cee
fifths infuseated . . . grata, Rehn.
5”, General colour of tegmina
fuscous' . . < . . mimica, W1Ik.
. Ground colour of “omtainteie Pons
ae Lateral yellow borders of prono-
tum not broad.
4, Lateral yellow borders not in-
wardly produced.
5. Pronotum longer than broad cincta, Burm.
5’ Pronotum not longer than
broad. . = 2%. i \. 4 negleeta; mihi.

264 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

4’, Lateral yellow borders inwardly
produced.
5. Legs not entirely yellow . . affinis, Burm.
5’. Legs entirely yellow.
6. Lateral yellow borders of
pronotum strongly pro-
duced inwards. . . . angusta, Wlk.
6’. Lateral yellow borders of
pronotum less strongly
produced inwards. . . flavipes, Burm.
3’. Lateral yellow borders of prono-
tum broad.
4. Yellow border of pronotum
nearly equally broad through-
out . 9. . = « «. .) SH iguenmniana, Sss-
4’. Yellow border of pronotum
narrowed anteriorly and

posteriorly.
5. Of Jarge'size 2 7 2) 2. .idiscicollis) Burm:
5. Smaller <.) fe 2 26 ei ee bunraemh:
1’. Pronotum unicolorous.
2. Pronotum med , 2. ¢)) 8/5) ) 5) bicolor, raxhi-

2’. Pronotum black or fuscous.
3. Abdomen not orange in the male.
4, Tegmina without white streaks obscwra, Sss.
4’, Tegmina with white streaks . albostriata, mihi.
3’. Abdomen orange in the male . magna, mihi.

B. CERCI SPATULATE.

1. Pronotum with broad yellow borders.

9. Tegminafuscous . . =. . . «= jemoralis, Wik.
9” Tecminaifulvous . . |. eo). bminmers, sss:
1. Pronotum with narrow yellow borders
or none,
2. Abdomen orange. . . .. . . mnigrita, Sss.

2’. Abdomen black.
3. Abdomen entirely black.
4. No white lines on the tegmina. crinicornis, Burm.

4, Tegmina with white lines . . Juctwosa, Sss.
3’. Abdomen not entirely black.
4, Abdomen rufous at base . . puiggari, Bol,

4’, Abdomen not rufous at base.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 265

5. Abdomen with transverse

testaceous band above . . melana, Wlk.
5’, Abdomen with longitudinal
vitte below. . . . . .. tristicaa, Stal.

III. Some NEW BLATTIDZ FROM SARAWAK, BORNEO,
IN THE Hope DEPARTMENT, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
MUSEUM.

Mr. J. Hewitt, Curator of the Sarawak Museum,
recently forwarded to me for determination a small col-
lection of cockroaches ; thirteen of the species appear to
be new to science and are described below. The re-
discovery of the species described by Serville as blatta
decorata is of some interest. The numbers attached by
Mr. Hewitt to his specimens are quoted in square
brackets.

Genus ISCHNOPTERA, Burm.

Ischnoptera excavata, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 11.)

¢. Fulvo-ferruginous. Eyes closer together than the antennal
sockets. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed, posterior margin
obtusely angled. Tegmina with the radial vein bifurcated near
base, seventeen costal veins, seven discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline,
marginal field and veins ferruginous, mediastinal vein with
five branches, radial vein bifurcated, eleven costal veins, ulnar
vein sending four rami to apex, two to dividing vein, first axillary
vein tri-ramose. Anterior femora with anterior margin beneath
strongly spined, the proximal spines longer than the distal ; all the
femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular
spines. Supra-anal lamina profoundly modified, proximally it
is deeply depressed with a median elevated carina, so that two
wide pits are formed which are directed forwards beneath
the preceding tergum, posterior margin of the lamina rounded,
slightly emarginate. Sub-genital lamina of normal shape, but
without styles. Cerei moderate.

Total length 21 mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm.

KucHING (March 1899). One example [No. 32].
I know of no other species of Blattid in which so
extensive a modification of the supra-anal lamina occurs ;

266 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

the opening of the so-called “repugnatorial” glands in
many species leads to modifications of the penultimate or
antepenultimate terga, but not to that of the supra-anal
lamina.

Ischnoptera montis, un. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 10.)

¢. Head castaneous, antennz rufo-fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal,
castaneous, sides deflexed. Tegmina testaceous-hyaline, thirteen to
fourteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior
ulnar tri-ramose. Wings hyaline, mediastinal vein long with two
branches, radial vein unbranched, eight costal veins, the four
proximal ones incrassated, median vein simple, ulnar vein giving off
five veins to apex and three to the dividing vein. Abdomen cas-
taneous, the first few segments paler ; the first segment above with
a median deep depression, the anterior wall of which is fimbriated
with rufous hairs that appear to conceal a minute orifice, from the
posterior wall projects a blunt tooth covered with a rufous pube-
scence. The middle of the seventh segment is depressed and the
middle of the posterior margin of the sixth segment is slightly
elevated, forming a wide-mouthed tube in which can be seen
numerous hairs. Supra-anal lamina trapezoidal ; subgenital lamina
asymmetrical with two acuminate styles asymmetrically placed,
the right being almost median, the left lateral. Cerci castaneous,
mutilated. Legs rufo-castaneous, front femora with several spines
along the anterior margin beneath, the distal members of the series
shorter than the proximal.

Length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegrmina 14 mm.

Mr. Marana, 3000 feet. One example [No. 21].

The secondary sexual characters of the Oriental species
of Zschnoptera appear to be most diverse in character, and
a careful anatomical study of the structures whose pre-
sence is revealed by openings to the exterior and modifi-
cations of the overlying terga is much to be desired.
The modification of the first abdominal tergum described
above appears to be unusual amongst the Blattide.

Genus PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIA, Br.
Pseudophyllodromia pulcherrima, n.sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 3.)

d.and 9. Piceous. Head large and broad projecting beyond
the pronotum, with a narrow golden line between the eyes; antennze
fine, setaceous, longer than the body. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 267

not deflexed, bordered all round with a narrow golden line, the
line is marginal on the anterior and posterior margins of the pro-
thorax but submarginal on the lateral margins. Tegmina with
the mediastinal area, a horseshoe-shaped vitta astride the radial vein
near its base, and an elongate vitta in the apical part of the marginal
field, golden (faded to white in dried specimens). The surface of
the tegmina is somewhat rugulose ; marginal field broad, nine costal
veins, ulnar vein with nine oblique branches, no division of the
vein into an anterior and posterior trunk, anal vein strongly impressed,
Wings infuseated, especially strongly in marginal field and at apex,
a clear hyaline spot in marginal field ; nine somewhat irregular
costal veins, ulnar vein with four rami, no apical triangle, first
axillary tri-ramose. Abdomen piceous ; supra-anal lamina of male
transverse, of female slightly produced, emarginate ; abdomen beneath
piceous, the centre of the last few segments rufous, sub-genital
lamina of the male short, transverse, of the female large, ample ;
cerci moderate, piceous, apical three joints golden above. Legs
piceous, apices of coxw and trochanters golden, tarsi and tibial
spines rufous. Front femora unarmed beneath, mid-femora with
two spines on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind
femora with two on anterior margin and four on posterior margin,
all the femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular
spines. The genital apparatus of the male appears to be very com-
plicated. The ootheca is almost:cylindrical, longitudinally finely
striated, with a longitudinal serrulate crest, it is carried by the
female with the crest uppermost and the contained eggs vertically
disposed. The larvee have the anterior and lateral margins of the
pronotum, the lateral margins of the meso- and metanotum, two
spots on the metanotum and on the fourth and fifth abdominal
terga, golden.
Total length 10 mm.; length of tegmina 6 mm.

Kucuine. Several examples [Ng. 12].

This little cockroach is abundant in decayed wood; in
general appearance it is unlike the South American species
of the genus, but I can find no character of sufficient
importance to entitle it to separate generic rank, unless
the undivided trunk of the ulnar vein of the tegmina can
be so regarded. An allied species occurs in Penang, but
the unique example before me is in such bad condition
that I prefer to await additional material before describing
it. Phyllodromia laticeps, Wlk., and P. laticaput, Br.,
should also be referred to the genus Pseudophyllodromia.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART TI. (SEPT.) 18.

268 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Genus ALLACTA, Sss. and Zhntn.
Allacta parva, n. sp.

¢. Head and antenne testaceous, two pyriform vitte on the
frons castaneous. Pronotum transversely elliptical, castaneous, with
a triangular testaceous mark on the centre of the anterior margin.
Teemina castaneous, mediastinal area and a transverse spot just
before the middle of the tegmen continuous with it, hyaline ; ten
costal veins, anterior ulnar vein with three longitudinal rami,
posterior trunk simple. Wings hyaline, six costal veins, the third,
fifth and sixth bifurcate, their extremities swollen; radial vein
bifurcate, ulnar vein with four branches. Femora moderately
armed. Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina orbicular,
with two styles. Cerci elongate.

Total length 8 mm. ; length of tegmina 6 mm.

KucHinG. Two examples [No. 23].

Genus EprnAmprRA, Burm.
Hpilampra saravacensis, n. sp.

@. Allied to EF. iiclarata, Wlk., but larger, the ocelliform spots
on the tegmina smaller and less numerous, the part of the right
tegmen overlapped by the left not marbled or ocellated, marginal
field of wings not so strongly marked with rufescent.

Pale fulvous; head with darker points densely arranged ; pro-
notum not covering the vertex of the head, its posterior margin
obtusely angled, covered with densely arranged fuscous and rufous
points, but not punctate. Tegmina with a few small white ocelliform
spots, except on that part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left,
which is uniform fulvous. Wings with apex slightly fulvous.
Abdomen flavo-testaceous*above, rufous below. Front femora with
six stout spines on the middle of anterior margin beneath, three on
posterior margin in distal half, mid- and hind-femora with three
spines on anterior, four on posterior margin ; formula of apical
spines ?, 1,4; genicular spines on mid- and hind-femora, none on
the front pair; pulvilli margined with spines, the second joint with
spines beneath in addition.

Total length 56 mm. ; length of body 43 mm. ; length of tegmina
48 mm.

Linaca, BaranG Lupar River. One example [No. 15].

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 269

Epilampra goliath, n. sp.

dé. Allied to H. moloch, Rehn., from Siam, of the same dark
vinaceous brown above and of the same elongate ovate shape. It
differs as follows: Head not projecting beyond the pronotum,
vertex and a broad stripe extending to the clypeus fuscous, the front
of the head and antennz testaceous ; pronotum with two crescentic
impressions on the dise. Marginal field of tegmina very broad,
almost equalling half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with five
branches. Wings with anterior part suffused with rufous, strongest
at apex. Subgenital lamina broad, asymmetrical with two flattened
styles. Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, rufo-fuscous below with
paler margins, a dark stigma on each side of each segment. Front
femora with five spines on median part of anterior margin, three on
posterior margin, mid- and hind-femora with three to five spines
on each margin, all the femora with genicular spines, formula of
apical spines 4, +, }; pulvilli of posterior tarsi not margined with
spines.

Total length 58 mm. ; length of body 50 mm. ; length of tegmina
50 mm.

Mr. Maranc, 3000 feet. One example [No. 14];
N. BorRNEO opposite LABUAN. One example.

If the admirably detailed description of /. moloch, Rehn
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, p. 550, 1904), be compared
with the foregoing description it will readily be seen in
what features the two insects differ; I have omitted
descriptions of those features wherein the two species
resemble each other. Both species bear a marked
resemblance to Molytria badia, Br.

Epilampra miranda, n. sp.

¢. Allied to the preceding species. Fulvo-testaceous. Head with
very convex front, eyes more remote than ocellar spots, vertex with
three longitudinal stripes. Pronotum shaped as in H. moloch, Rehn,
and H. goliath, mihi, but somewhat more cucullate, only just cover-
ing the vertex of the head, with scattered punctures and with two
crescentic impressions on the dise. Tegmina with marginal field
equal to half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with seven branches ;
speckled with paler spots, radial vein at base fuscous. Wings hyaline,
veins flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, not extending
beyond the sub-genital lamina whieh is quadrate and slightly
asymmetrical (styles mutilated) ; cerci moderate, acuminate ; ventral
segments with a black stigma on each side. Front femora with

270 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

seven spines on anterior margin beneath, mid- and hind-femora with
three to four spines on anterior margin, two on posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines 7, +, 4, no genicular spine on front femora.
Posterior metatarsus barely equal in length to remaining joints,
which are not spined beneath, pulvilli not margined with spines.

Total length, 55 mm. ; length of body, 44 mm. ; length of tegmina,
42 mm. ; pronotum, 18 mm. x 11 mm.

Mr. PENRISSEN, 3500 feet (2. Shelford coll.). One
example [No. 16].

Epilampra flavomarginata, n. sp.

g and 2. Rufous. Head testaceous with minute rufous points,
antennze fuscous except at base. Pronotum not covering the vertex,
sides deflexed, posterior margin obtusely angled, covered with small
confluent dots darker than the ground-colour, except on the anterior
and posterior margins which are flavo-testaceous. Teemina with
mediastinal area flavo-testaceous, the rest rufous with fine yellow
streaks on the veins, the right tegmen where covered by the left is
infuscated ; branching of mediastinal vein very obscure. Wings
with the marginal field luteous, the apex and veins infuscated.
Abdomen flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, strongly
produced in the female ; sub-genital lamina in the male sub-quadrate,
asymmetrical, in the female ample, semi-orbicular. Front femora
with three to four spines on the proximal half of the anterior margin
beneath, with close-set minute spines in the distal half, mid- and
hind-femora with four to five spines on anterior margin, three on
posterior margin, apical spines on both margins on all the femora,
all the genicular spines present. Posterior metatarsus much longer
than succeeding joints, second joint spinose beneath, pulvilli mar
gined with spines.

Total leneth, 21 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of tegmina,

17 mm,

KUCHING; several examples [No. 17].

This species falls into the same group that includes
E. papua, Sss., EL. levicollis, Sss., #. punceticollis, Wik., £.
plena, Wlk., ete. Its coloration alone ought to render it
easy of recognition.

Genus HoMALOSILPHA, Stal.

Homalosilpha decorata, Serv. (Plate XIV, fig. 8.)
Blatta decorata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 99 (1839).
This species of unknown habitat has been ignored in

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. Zak

the lists of Blattidse described by earlier authors ; neither
Brunner nor Kirby mention it. The type specimen from
the Marchal collection is in the Hope Museum, Oxford,
and from an examination of it Iam able to place it with-
out a doubt in the genus Homalosilpha. An identical
example from Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak [No. 28] gives the
habitat of this species that has for so long been unrecog-
nized. It may be mentioned that another of Serville’s
types of Blattide, viz. Blatta alcarazzas, is also in the
Oxford Museum.

Genus MIROBLATTA, Nov.

Head covered by the pronotum, eyes closer together than the
antennal sockets ; antennee very long, third joint twice as long as
second. Pronotum longer than broad, anterior border arcuate,
posterior border truncate, exposing the scutellum ; markedly cucul-
late and narrowed anteriorly, anterior and lateral margins reflected,
dise with symmetrically disposed elevated ridges. Tegmina broad,
oval, barely reaching extremity of abdomen, overlapping consider-
ably, apex obtusely rounded ; corneous, densely reticulated, vena-
tion obscured, no anal vein or anal field, radial vein strongly
elevated at base, mediastinal field on under surface elevated, keeled,
space between mediastinal and radial veins broad, inflexed, forming
with mediastinal field an epipleuron, the outer margin of which is
the anterior margin of the tegmen, the inner margin formed by the
mediastinal vein. Wings broadly ovate, of same length as tegmina,
coriaceous, anterior part nearly twice as broad as posterior part, the
outer margin deeply indented at the point of division between the
two parts, the wing appearing bilobate ; mediastinal and radial
veins fused, their base elevated forming a prominent ridge, six
ramose branches given off to apex and outer margin, ulnar vein
reduced with three ramose branches only, numerous transverse
venules between all the veins; posterior part of wing not folding
in fan-like manner but merely doubling under anterior part. Supra-
anal lamina of male broadly transverse, slightly emarginate. Sub-
genital lamina of male subquadrate, styles minute. Cerci long, very
sharply pointed. Legs long, slender ; femora unarmed beneath ;
spines on posterior tibiee in two rows. Posterior tarsi with meta-
tarsus longer than remaining joints, no spines beneath, pulvilli large,
the second occupying whole length of joint. Female not known,

probably apterous.

The affinities of this highly remarkable genus appear to

272 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

be with Archiblatta, Vollenh., as shown by the unarmed
femora and the structure of the tarsi; the form of the
“epipleuron ” is very different, in Archiblatta this is formed
by a simple deflexion of the anterior part of the tegmen,
whereas in Miroblatia the area between the mediastinal
and radial veins is deflexed, but the mediastinal field itself
is in the same plane as the disc of the tegmen, forming in
repose a sort of flange; I know of no parallel modification
of the tegmina in other Blattide. The method of wing-
folding in Miroblaita is met with again only amongst the

Corydiine.
Miroblatia petrophila, sp. nu. (Plate XIV, figs. 4, 4a.)

¢. Elongate ovate ; dark castaneous. Head fuscous, front concave,
lower face rugose, clypeus flavo-testaceous, mouth parts castaneous ;
antenne longer than total length of body, a broad white annulus
before the middle, occupying twenty-one joints. Pronotum cas-
taneous, dise with strong elevated ridges in the form of a horseshoe,
giving off anteriorly two short diverging branches and laterally two
backwardly directed branches which are less strongly marked, a
median carina on the anterior cucullate part of the pronotum ; area
between the limbs of the horseshoe rugose, ridges and adjacent parts
black, a pair of orange spots on each side of the anterior carina and
another pair on each side of the limbs of the horseshoe-shaped ridge ;
scattered about the surface of the pronotum are numerous small
tubercles bearing erect sete. ‘Tegmina castaneous, the radial vein
black. Wings flavo-hyaline, marginal field and apex suffused
with flavo-castaneous. Abdomen dark castaneous, paler at the base
above. Legs dark castaneous, apices of femora flavo-castaneous ;
formula of apical spines 7, 4, }, no genicular spines on anterior
femora.

Total length 40 mm. ; length of tegmina 26 mm. ; pronotum
13mm. x 16 mm.

Mr. SANTUBONG, 2500 feet, amongst rocks. One example.

About half-a-dozen specimens of this cockroach were
captured by a native collector in August 1900; he stated
that they ran with great activity and that they were
incapable of flight.

Genus CoryDIA, Serv.
Corydia caerulea, n. sp.

¢d. Brilliant blue with meéallic reflections. Head, pronotum and
anterior margins of tegmina and wings pubescent, antennze fuscous,

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 273

moniliform. Pronotum transversely elliptic, punctate with two deep
impressions on the dise, humeral angles well marked. Tegmina blue,
with purplish reflections and some obscure orange maculz on the
disc, an orange streak on the margin of the tegmen just beyond the
mediastinal field ; the right tegmen where covered by the left
reddish-purple. Wings hyaline, marginal field infuseated, with
purplish reflections, four bifureated costal veins, ulnar vein with
seven rami. Meso- and metanotum purple. Abdomen orange, the
last two segments blue, Supra-anal lamina transverse, widely
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina quadrate with acuminate and
pubescent styles. Cerci stout, fuscous, Legs dark blue, tarsi fuscous.
Total length, 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.

Mr. Marana, 3000 feet (Shelford coll.). One example
| No. 9].

The species appears to be most closely allied to
dasytoides, W1k.

Genus AREOLARIA, Br.

Areolaria signata, n. sp.

¢ and 9. Head black, vertex with a testaceous patch on which
oceur two short black lines, maxillary palps testaceous, antenne
black, incrassated in the basal half and plumose, the apical half
with sixteen joints testaceous and the terminal three joints fuscous.
Pronotum almost quadrangular, broader than long, sides deflexed
slightly, disc closely punctate, black with a central testaceous vitta
incompletely divided longitudinally, posterior margin narrowly
testaceous, lateral margins testaceous-hyaline. Tegmina corneous,
mediastinal field hyaline, the remainder griseo-testaceous with a
broad fuscous stripe running along the radial vein then turning at
right angles to cross the apex of the anal field and to meet its fellow
of the opposite tegmen, left tegmen with a fuscous stripe on the
sutural margin, the portion of the right tegmen that is overlapped
by the left is black and shining; all the veins marked by lines of
punctures. Scutellum prominent, black, punctate. Wings hyaline,
marginal field infuscated, thirteen costal veins, strongly incrassated
and connected by transverse venulw, median vein simple, medio-
discal area crossed by nine transverse venule, ulnar vein tri-ramose,
first axillary vein quadri-ramose, triangular apical field very large,
unequally divided by a longitudinal vein. Abdomen of male flavid
above, fuscous below, supra-anal lamina, shortly produced, triangular,
sub-genital lamina narrower, apex deeply and triangularly cleft with
two short styles, cerci flavid. Abdomen of female broader fuscous

274 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

above and below, supra-anal lamina more produced with a median

carina, sub-genital lamina very large, its surface with shallow

confluent punctures. Front legs and all the cox fuscous, all the

tarsi, the mid and posterior tibize testaceous with the bases fuscous,

the mid and posterior femora testaceous at base, fuscous at apex.
Total length, 9 mm. ; length of tegmina 6°5 mm.

Kucuinc. Four examples [No. 7].

The incrassated and plumose antennz in both sexes will
serve to distinguish this species from those already
described.

Genus HOMOPTEROIDEA, nov.

Head as in Latindia, Stal, antenne elongate. Pronotum elliptic,
sides not deflexed, with arcuate sulci, with a sparse erect pubescence.
Tegmina membranous, slightly exceeding the abdomen in length, or
much longer, venation irregular, apical part of discoidal area
reticulate, no oblique vein. Wings as long as tegmina in both sexes.
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, sub-genital lamina in the
female deeply cleft. Cerci elongate. Femora unarmed beneath ;
tibize sparsely spined, spines in two rows ; tarsi without arolia.

The genus differs from Latindia, Stil, by the absence of
an oblique vein in the tegmina, from Paralatindia, Sss., by
the presence of alar organs in both sexes, from Ipisoma,
Bol., by the equally long tegmina and wings, from
Hemilatindia, Sss., by the pronotum without deflexed sides
and by the entirely membranous character of the tegmina.

There are four species in the Oxford Museum, all from
the Oriental region, but the specimens are in bad
condition. The insects which in life appear very like
small Homoptera of the family Fulgoride (e.g. Leusaba,
Stacota, Epora) are extremely fragile and it is a matter of
difficulty to capture perfect specimens.

Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 13, 14.)

9. Head black, antenne fuscous, clypeus with an erect pube-
scence. Pronotum almost orbicular, margined all round, a few erect
hairs on the anterior and lateral margins, disc irregular with two con-
verging sulci posteriorly, black, lateral margins dark castaneous.
Tegmina castaneous, radial vein giving off four costal veins, three
longitudinal sectors in discoidal field, apex of tegmina reticulate, anal
vein angled, axillary veins reduced, reticulated. Wings infuscated,
four costal veins, ulnar vein tri-ramose, apex of wing reticulated.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 275

Abdomen fusco-castaneous; supra-anal lamina large, produced, margin
slightly reflected, emarginate in the middle and with a stiff erect
pubescence, sub-genital smaller than the supra-anal lamina, com-
pressed laterally and deeply cleft; cerci mutilated. Legs fusco-cas-
taneous, tarsi paler, front femora with apical spine on anterior border
beneath, no genicular spine, mid-femora with two apical spines and
a genicular spine, hind femora missing ; tarsi without arolia.
Length of body 7 mm, ; length of tegmina 3 mm.

Kucutnc. One example [No. 26]. An example of this
species from Sumatra is in the Paris Museum.

Genus PARANAUPHTA, Br.
Paranaupheta atra, a. sp.

¢ and 2. Entirely black, shining, except the apical third of the
antenne which is testaceous, and the labrum which is flavo-testaceous,
Pronotum marked with irregular depressions, 'Tegmina with radial
vein ramose, fourteeen to fifteen costal veins, their basal halves
obsolescent, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi-
ramose, anal vein not reaching the middle of the sutural margin.
Wings infuscated, radial vein irregular, costal veins obsolete, ulnar
vein sending many branches to the dividing vein, an inconspicuous
apical triangle. Supra-anal lamina in both sexes large, the cerci
barely exceeding it, its posterior margin in the female slightly
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina in male large, asymmetrical with
prominent acuminate styles, in the female ample.

Total length, 27 mm.; length of tegmina, 21 mm.

Kucuine. A long series [No. 6].

[Paranaupheta affinis, n. sp.

@. Allied to P. basalis, Serv., but with no yellow band on the
head between the eyes ; abdomen beneath with no yellow spots, the
last three segments of the abdomen above with very small yellow
spots; the supra-anal lamina entirely black. Tegmina and wings
variable in length, in one example not extending beyond the middle
of the sixth abdominal segment, in no case attaining the extremity
of the abdomen.

Total length 22 mm. ; length of tegmina 13 mm. to 15 mm.

Buutan. Four examples (Paris Museum). |]

bo
~I
fon)

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

IV. Tue Tyee or Lpilampra brasiliensis, Fab.

Fabricius’ description in his “Systema Entomologiz,”
1775, p. 272, of this species is as follows:

“ B. pallida, abdomine atro.

“Habitat in Brasilia. Jus. Dom. Banks.

“Paulo major B. lapponica. Tota pallida, abdomine
subtus atro. Antennee fuscze.”

So brief a description of a member of a genus including
numbers of cryptically-coloured species, renders its deter-
mination by subsequent authors almost impossible. ‘The
synonymy of the species according to Brunner (Nouv.
Syst. d. Blatt. 1865, p. 159) is :—

Epilampra brasiliensis, Burm. Handb. u, p. 505 (1838).

Blatta maculicollis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 92 (1839).

? Blatta grisea, De Geer, Mém. Ins. iu, p. 570, n. 7, pl.
44, f. 9 (1778).

¢ Blatta grisea, Oliv. Enc. Méth. T. iv, p. 319, n. 35.

? Phyllodromia burmeisteri, Guér. Ile de Cuba, Anim.
Art. p. 845 (1857).

None of these species can be recognized with certainty,
since the descriptions of them are inadequate and the
types of some are missing. The Hope Museum at Oxford
contains some drawings made by the late Professor West-
wood of several of Serville’s types, amongst others the type
of Blatta maculicollis, and on comparing this with the Fa-
brician type of Blatta brasiliensis in the Banksian cabinet
at the British Museum I have come to the conclusion that
the two species are distinct. Brunner’s own description
does not apply to the Fabrician type, nor to the drawing
of maculicollis, and I would therefore suggest the name of
Epilampra burmeistert, Guér., for this species. Hpilampra
burmeistert has been well described also by de Saussure
(Mém. Mex. Blatt., p. 131), though I am by no means cer-
tain if this author had the opportunity of seeing Guérin’s
type which came from Cuba. Examples in the Oxford
Museum from Jamaica, Guiana and Brazil appear to be
identical with each other and they correspond well with
Brunner’s and de Saussure’s descriptions. It remains then
only to give a detailed description of the Fabrician type.

Mr. B. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattida. 2t0

On referring to the Banksian cabinet I found two specimens
belonging to distinct species under the name Llatta brasi-
licnsis; one measured in total length 18 mm., and had the
abdomen fuscous beneath, the other measured 25:1 mm.,
and had the abdomen beneath rufous with pale disc. The
former specimen corresponds the more closely to the diag-
nosis of Fabricius and may be selected as the type of the
species; the following is a description of it :—

g. Dulltestaceous. Head with afew small brown macule on the
front and face, palpi pallid ; (antennes broken). Pronctum broadly
transverse not covering the vertex, lateral margins broadly hyaline,
dise testaceous, unspotted. Tegmina testaceous hyaline, un-
spotted ; mediastinal vein unbranched, radial vein with eight
costal branches, the two last bifurcate, apex of radial vein ramose
and not reaching end of tegmina, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate,
the branches becoming ramose, posterior ulnar vein simple, anal
sulcus strongly marked, four axillary veins. Wings hyaline, veins
testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above and beneath becoming rather
paler towards the extremity ; supra-anal lamina produced subquad-
rately, testaceous, posterior border slightly emarginate ; sub-genital
lamina semi-orbicular, ample, with large acuminate styles (cerci
mutilated, fuscous). Legs testaceous, cox with fuscous line on
outer border ; front femora with ten spines on the anterior margin
beneath, extending from the middle to the apex, the middle ones
longest, four spines on posterior margin, mid-femora with six spines
on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind femora with six
spines on anterior margin, four on posterior margin, formula of
apical spines j, +, 4, of genicular spines 0, 1, 1.

Total length, 18 mm. ; length of body, 12-2 mm.; length of
tegmina, 15 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 6°5 mim.

The other specimen is slightly darker in colour. ¢. Eyes whitish-
grey, face testaceous, a rufo-fuscous stripe on the frons extending
down to the base of the clypeus, thinning out to a line on the vertex.
Pronotum more trapezoidal, lateral margins hyaline. Tegmina with
two-branched mediastinal vein, radial vein giving off eleven costals,
its end ramose, seven axillary veins. Abdomen rufous beneath with
the dise paler; supra-anal lamina triangularly produced ;_ sub-
genital lamina narrow, produced, asymmetrical with one acuminate
style. Front femora with two spines on anterior margin beneath in
the middle, four on the posterior margin (hind femora lost), formula
of apical spines, $, +?

Total length, 25:1 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of
tegmina 21 mm. ; (pronotum crushed).

278 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Which of these two specimens, if either, is identical with
the Blatta grisea of De Geer it is not possible to say ; it
would scarcely be wise to sink brasiliensis as a synonym of
grisea and I hesitate also to give a name to the second of
Fabricius’ specimens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Beare xo V.

Kia. 1. Pseudomops burri,n.sp. (Type ¢-)
2: es discicollis, Burm., ?.
3. Pseudophyllodromia pulcherrima, n. sp. (Type ¢.)
4, Miroblatta petrophila, n. sp. (Type 3.) Nat. size.
da, Ventral aspect of same, showing the “ epipleura.”

5. Thyrsocera speciosa, Wik. (Type 2.)
6. Pseudothyrsocera ruficollis, n. sp. (Type 3.)
7. Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. (Type 3.)
8. Homalosilpha decorata, Serv., ¢. Nat. size.

Trans. Eint.Soc Lond 1906. Pl. XIV.

=
/
H.Knight del.et lith West,Newman chromo.

NEW SPECIES OF BLATTIDA

)

Trans. Ent. SocLond.1906. PL. XV.

H.Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp

NEW SPECIES OF BLATTIDA:

ica:

fw

qr

Explanation of Plate. 279

PLATE XV.

Sub-genital lamina of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., ¢
s. = spiracle, ¢. = “‘titillator.”

“TitiNator” of Hemithyrsocera lateralis, Wk.

5 » Theganopteryx xthiopica, Sss.

End of abdomen of Escala cirewnducta, W1k., ¢, dorsal
view.

End of abdomen of Escala longiuscula, Wlk., ¢, dorsal
view.

Sub-genital lamina of Escala insignis, n. sp. 2.

Wing of Anaplecta maculata, n. sp.

zeylanica, N. sp.

” ”

A ; thwaitesi, n. sp.
5 35 malayensis, 1. sp.
Pf “/ borneensis, 1. Sp.

obscura, N. sp.

280 Explanation of Plate.

PLATE XVI.

Fia.1. Wing of Anaplecta brunneri, n. sp.

2. i Bs dahomensis, i. sp.

3 ‘ 4 pavida, n. sp.

4, 5 . fusca, N. sp.

op *; e- varipennis, n. sp. (long-winged form).
6. s . ¥ » (short-winged form).
7 ‘9 es chrysoptera, 1. sp.

8. <, Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp.

9. Tegmen of Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp.

10. Dorsal view of abdomen of Ischnoptera montis, n. sp. ¢.

11. End of abdomen of Ischnoptera excavata, n. sp. ¢, dorsal
view.

12. Opening of scent-glands in Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. g,
dorsal view ; a, side view.

13. Pronotum of Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp.

14. Tegmen of Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp.

Trans. Eint.Soc Lond L9O6 PL XVI.

H. Knight delet lith. West, Newman imp.

NEW SPECIES OF BLATTIDA:.

1%

CN487 4)

XXII. Studies of the Blattide (continued). By R.
SHELFORD, M.A., F.LS.

[Read November 21st, 1906.]

PLATE XXX.

V. THE TYPES OF BLATTIDZ DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS
WALKER, AND NOW IN THE Hope MUSEUM,
OXFORD.

THESE types are all contained in the collection of Mr.
W. W. Saunders which was presented in 1873 to the
Oxford Museum by Mrs. F. W. Hope; the new species in
this collection were described by Walker in his “‘Catalogue
of Blattariz ” (1868); and in a supplementary volume,
“Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Blattariz,”
published in 1869.

Owing to the inadequacy of Walker’s descriptions and
to his elastic views of generic limitations many of his
species can only be recognized by those who have access
to his types. A careful revision of Walker’s work on
Blattide is urgently needed, and the notes here presented
are a first contribution towards a complete revision ;
thanks to Mr. Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue of Ortho-
ptera,” vol. 1 (1904), the task has not proved so difficult as
might have been expected. The species are discussed
here not in the order in which they were arranged by
Walker, but in the order that they take in modern and re-
ceived systems of classification of the Blattide. Wherever
it hasappeared necessary the species have been re-described,
but in some cases Walker's descriptions are quite recogniz-
able, once the generic positions of his species have been
fixed,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907)

488 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Family BLATTIDA.

Sub-fam. HCTOBIIN AA.
1. Theganopteryx apicigera, Wk.
Blatta apicigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227
(1868).
Theganopteryx apicigera, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc.
(1906), p. 235.

2. JAVA (Wallace).

2. Escala circwmducta, W1k.

Blatta cirewumducta, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 142 (1869).

Escala circumducta, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 239,
Pl XV, £ 4:(1906;,)

g. S. AUSTRALIA.

3. Lscala longiuscula, W1k.

Blatta longiuscula, Walker, 1. c. p. 143 (1869).
Escala longiuscula, Shelford, |. c. p. 239. Pl. XV, f. 5
(1906).

¢. S. AUSTRALIA.
4, Hemithyrsocera fissa, Wk.
Psewdomops fissa, Walker, 1. c. p. 213 (1868).
¢. Sumatra (Wallace).

This is synonymous with H. listrio, Burm. (cf. Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 238.)

Sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIIN 2.

5, Pseudomops inclusa, W1\k.

Pseudomops inclusa, Walker, |. c. p. 212 (1868).
Thyrsocera amena, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. IV, p. 97
(1872).

¢@. BRAZIL.
6. Pseudothyrsocera pica, W1k.

Pseudomops pica, Walker, |. c. p. 213 (1868).
Pseudothyrsocera pica, Shelford, 1. c. p. 250 (1906).

a. SINGAPORE (Wallace). 9. Sumatra (Wallace).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the blattide. 489

7. Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, Wk.
Pseudomops scutigera, Walker, |. c. p. 212 (1868).
g. SARAWAK (Wallace).

8. Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 1
and 2).
Blatta canthophila, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868).
dg. MENADO, CELEBES (Wallace).

Fulvous. Antenne black, slightly incrassated in basal half
and hirsute ; apex of maxillary palpi black. Pronotum trapezoidal,
covering vertex of head. Tegmina with thirteen costal veins,
discoidal field with seven longitudinal sectors, three of which are
given off from the anterior ulnar branch, four from the posterior
ulnar, the latter are strongly angled. Supra-anal lamina triangular,
produced, the posterior angles bear each a short downwardly directed
spine ; sub-genital lamina produced, narrow, covered with a dense
pile of long hairs, asymmetrical, the left posterior angie strongly
produced, no styles.

Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10°8 mm.

9. Ischnoptera reversa, Wk.
Ischnoptera reversa, Walker, l.c. p. 147 (1869).
g. SINGAPORE (Wallace).

Rufo-castaneous. Basal half of antenne, terminal joints of
maxillary and labial palpi, fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides
deflexed, not covering vertex of head. Tegmina with nineteen costal
veins, discoidal field with ten longitudinal sectors. Wings with the
mediastinal vein three-branched, radial vein unbranched, twelve
costal veins, ulnar vein with nine branches, three of which go towards
the dividing vein. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina
ample, its border notched, two styles. Legs with the genicular
angles of the femora, the tibz and tarsi fuscous, all the femora with
genicular spines, formula of apical spines, }, 4, +, anterior margin
of front femora with numerous spines, the more distal short and
closely set.

Total length 20 mm.; length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegmina
15 mm.

10. Lschnoptera erythrina, Wik.
Blatta erythrina, Walker, |. c. p. 219 (1868).

9. BRAZIL.

This is synonymous with Jschnoptera rufa, Br.

490 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

11. Phyllodromia colligata, W1k.

Blatta colligata, Walker. |. c. p. 221 (1868).
Phyllodromia bisignata, Brunner, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
XKXit, ps Ld, ploisil Cisya))
The type, which is in a very fragmentary condition, is
from Amoy.

12. Phyllodromia amplectens, W\k.
Blatta amplectens, Walker, 1. c. p. 223 (1868).

Sex ? (abdomen lost). Morty ( Wallace).

Fulvous. Pronotum with a fuscous horseshoe-shaped marking,
the limbs of the horseshoe directed forward and not attaining the
anterior border of the pronotum. Tegmina with sixteen costal veins,
discoidal field with eight longitudinal sectors.

Total length 16-2 mm. ; length of tegmina 13 mm.

13. Phyllodromia funebris, W1k.
Blatta funebris, Walker, 1. c. p. 225 (1868).
f. Sarawak (Wallace).

Pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, sides scarcely
deflexed, margined. Tegmina with twelve costal veins, the last
three bifurcated. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina
ample, its posterior border slightly emarginate. Anterior border
of front femora with three long spines in the middle, numerous
piliform spines distally.

Near P. lycoides, W1k., from India.

14. Phyllodromia hamifera, W1k.
Blatia hamifera, Walker, 1. c. p. 224 (1868).
gf. Sarawak (Wallace).

The species is allied to P. variegata, Br., from Java.
Walker’s description sufficiently illustrates its differences
from that species.

15. Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 4.)
Blatta contingens, Walker, |. c. p. 229 (1868).
Blatta humeralis, Walker, |. c. p. 140 (1869).

gf. (humeralis) SINGAPORE (Wallace).
2. (contingens) SARAWAK (Wadlace).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 491

Flavo-testaceous. Antenne longer than total length. Pronotum
transversely elliptical, lateral margins hyaline, posterior border not
produced. Lateral margins of tegmina broadly hyaline, mediastinal
area areolated, eleven costal veins. Supra-anal lamina of male
shortly produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina with the posterior
angles produced to form two setiform processes, the styles situated
in deep notches ; supra-anal lamina of female short, transverse, sub-
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular.

¢. Total length 18 mm.; length of body 10 mm.; length of
tegmina 10 mm.

2. Total length 15 mm. ; length of body 10 mm. ; length of
tegmina 12:8 mm.

16. Phyllodromia sequens, W1k.
Blatta sequens, Walker, |.c. p. 229 (1868).
Sex ? (abdomen lost). Macassar, CELEBES ( Wallace).

Fulvo-testaceous ; head not covered by pronotum, which is
elliptical, and slightly produced behind, its lateral margins pellucid.
Tegmina with eleven costals, anterior ulnar with four branches,
posterior ulnar simple. Front femora with 8 long spines on the
anterior margin beneath, all the femora with genicular spines, formula
of apical spines 4, +, +. Total length 13-2 mm. ; length of tegmina
11 mm.

17. Phyllodromia virescens, Wik.
Blatta virescens, Walker, |. c. p. 231 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).

The species is readily recognizable by its pale green colour.
Small ; pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, margins
broadly hyaline. Tegmina hyaline, eleven to twelve costals, dis-
coidal sectors oblique. Supra-anal lamina trigonal, sub-genital
lamina ample, cerci elongate. Front femora with close-set piliform
spines on anterior margin.

18. Phyllodromia suffusa, W1k.
Blatta suffusa, Walker, |. c. p. 223 (1868).
Sex? (tip of abdomen mutilated). NEw GUINEA
(Wallace).

Flavo-testaceous. Antenne flavo-testaceous at base, terminal
half fuscescent, basal half fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, not
covering vertex of head, lateral margins pellucid, sides not deflexed,

492 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

posterior margin straight. Tegmina with ten costal veins, anterior
ulnar with five oblique branches, posterior ulnar simple. Wings with
eleven costals their apices incrassated, ulnar vein with three branches.
Front femora armed on the anterior margin beneath with minute
piliform spines, armature of the other femora very sparse; no
genicular spine on anterior femora.

19. Phyllodromia laterifera, W1k.
Blatta laterifera, Walker, 1. c. p. 231 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).

20. Phyllodromia propinqua, Wk.

Llatia propinqua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868).
Blatia contigua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868).

2. (propingua). MACASSAR, CELEBES (Wallace).
2. (contigua). NEw GUINEA (Wallace).

21. Phyllodromia majuscula, Wik.
Blatta majuscula, Walker, l.c. p. 189 (1869).
9. CHAN-TI-BON, S1AM (Mowhot).

These three species are all large testaceo-hyaline forms
with broadly elliptical pronotum, “broad tegmina with the
marginal area equalling half the total breadth, They

may be distinguished by the form of the supra-anal
lamina :—

a. Supra-anal lamina triangular and cleft at the

apex; totallength17mm. .... . . P. propinqua.
aa, Supra-anal lamina not cleft at the apex.
b. Supra-anal lamina short, transverse; total

length 18mm. . . oN SP oteruyera:
bb. Supra-anal lamina, ahehaly Peoeced trigonal ;
total length 21mm... . . . . .). . | Fo majuscula:

22. Phyllodromza elegans, W1k.
Blatta elegans, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868).
g. SARAWAK (Wallace).

23. Phyllodromia picticollis, W1k.
Blatta picticollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 140 (1869).
9°. Macassar, CELEBES ( Wallace).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 493

24. Phyllodromia guttifera. Wk.
Blatta guttifera, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868).
g. Aru Is. (Wallace).

This and the two preceding species are all very closely
allied. They are fulvo-testaceous insects about 17 mm.
in total length with very long slender antennz and with
the tegmina projecting considerably beyond the end of the
body; the venation of the tegmina is the same in all
species, there being twenty to twenty-one costal veins,
eight discoidal longitudinal sectors and the radial vein is
bifurcated.

The following may be considered the differential
characters of the three species :

Pronotum with disc fusco-castaneous, a W-shaped

mark and central line testaceous, margins testaceous.

Coxe not spotted. Supra-anal lamina narrow,

produced, triangular ; sub-genital lamina irregular,

deeply cleft ; titillator nearly straight. . . . . P. elegans
Pronotum with disc rufo-castaneous, a dumb-bell-

shaped mark and margins testaceous. Coxe not

spotted. Supra-anal lamina incised at apex. . . P. picticollis.
Pronotum fulvous with irregular paler marking

on disc. Coxe spotted with castaneous. Supra-anal

lamina broad, produced, triangular; sub-genital

lamina narrow, not cleft ; titillator strongly curved P. quttifera.

25. Phyllodromia polygrapha, Wl.
Blatta polygrapha, Walker, |. c. p. 222 (1868).
Sex ? (abdomen missing).
CHAN-TI-BON, SIAM (Mouwhot).
This is closely allied to P. hieroglyphica, Br. but the
head and pronotum are much more heavily marked with

castaneous and the femora have their posterior margins
marked with fuscous,

26. Phyllodromia obtusifrons, Wk.
Blatta obtusifrons, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).
Fulvo-testaceous. Head castaneous, antennze twice as long as the

body. Pronotum trapezoidal, barely covering vertex of head,
posterior margin very slightly angled, sides only slightly deflexed,

494 My. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

dise marked with castaneous dots and lines symmetrically arranged.
Tegmina with marginal field equalling half the total breadth, radial
vein bifurcated, the lower branch ramose and sending its branches to
the apical part of the anterior margin, eleven costals, anterior ulnar
with five branches, posterior ulnar simple. Ulnar vein of wings
with four branches. Supra-anal lamina shortly produced ; sub-
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular; cerci elongate. Insertions of
tibial and femoral spines marked with fuscous.

27. Phyllodromia ignobilis, Wik.
Blatia ignobilis, Walker, l.c. p. 224 (1868).
2. SuLA Is. (Wallace).

This is a small species, which can be recognized by the
colouring of the tegmina; in these the veins are pale and
the interstices filled with flavo-testaceous, in addition there
are numerous castaneous points situated on the veins.
The costal veins of the wing are somewhat irregular and
their ends are clavate, they are ten in number, the ulnar
vein has three branches and there is a prominent tri-
angular apical area. The anterior margin of the front
femora beneath are armed only with minute and close-set
piliform spines.

28. Phyllodromia marmorata, W1k.
Blatta marmorata, Walker, l.c. p. 140 (1869).
2. Mr. Opuir, Manacca (Wallace).
A pale testaceous species, marbled with castaneous
evidently a cryptic coloration.
29. Phyllodromia extenuata, Wik.
Blatta extenuata, Walker, |. c. 221 (1868).

g. Eaypt.
This is synonymous with P. supellectaliwm, Serv.

30. Phyllodromia annulicornis, W1k.
Llatta annulicornis, Walker, 1.c. p. 219 (1868).
g. Para, BRAZIL.
Head black, shining ; eyes pale ; antennz fuscous, with a testa-
ceous annulus occupying eight joints, before the middle. Pronotum

black, shining, with the posterior and lateral margins pale testaceous,
not covering vertex of head, posterior margin slightly produced.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 495

Tegmina rufo-testaceous, infuscated at base, fifteen costal veins, dis-
coidal field reticulated. Abdomen and legs black, tibial spines
and apical tarsal joints rufous. Sub-genital lamina small, narrow,
quadrate, with two styles.

31. Pseudectobia bipunctata, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 3.)
Blatta bipunctata, Walker, 1. c. p. 141 (1869).
. MACASSAR, CELEBES (Wallace).

The species is rather convex, the marginal field of the
tegmina is broad, the veins of the discoidal field are very
indistinct, a triangular apical area is present in the wings,
the supra-anal lamina is short and transverse and the
femora are sparsely armed, which characters taken in
conjunction may be considered as diagnostic of the genus
Pseudectobia.

32. Pseudophyllodromia laticeps, Wk.
Blatta laticeps, Walker, 1. c. 142 (1869).

Phyliodromia laticaput, Brunner, Abhandl. Senckenb.
Ges. xxiv, p. 205, pl. 16, f. 9 (1898).

2. SINGAPORE (Wallace).

In Singapore examples the disc of the abdomen beneath
is testaceous, whereas in examples from Borneo (= Jati-
caput, Br.) this is rufous, otherwise the two forms are
identical.

33. Allacta latirupta, Walk.

Llatta mundicola, Walker, 1. c. p. 101 (1868).

Blatia latirupta, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869).

Blatta patula, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869).

Blatta biteniata, de Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. II,
p. 63 (1869).

&. (= latirupta, Wik.) New SoutH WALEs.

2. (= patula, Wik.) SYDNEY.

A, mundicola, Wlk. is the earliest name for this species.

34. Duryodana palpalis, Wik.

Llatia palpalis, Walker, |. c. p. 225 (1868).
Phyllodromia palpata, Brunner, Abhandl. Senckenb.
Ges. xxiv, p. 207, pl. 16, f. 13 (1898).

g. SARAWAK (Wallace).

496 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Sub-fam. HPILAMPRINA
35. Pinaconota obliqua, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 5.)

Ischnoptera (?) obliqua, Walker, 1. c. 148 (1869).
¢. BRAZIL.

Pale testaceous. Head castaneous, a fuscous band between the eyes,
clypeus and mouth-parts testaceous, sparsely but deeply punctate ;
antenne about half the body-length, testaceous. Pronotum trans-
versely elliptical, anterior margin truncate, not nearly covering
vertex of head ; posterior margin nearly straight, sides deflexed, with
large scattered punctures ; two angulate black vittz extend from the
anterior to the posterior margins, Tegmina with basal fourth punc-
tate, a short humeral stripe castaneous, radial vein bifurcated,
extremities ramose, ten costal veins, discoidal field reticulate.
Scutellum exposed, marked with castaneous, punctate. Supra-anal
lamina large, fimbriated ; sub-genital lamina large with two styles
asymmetrically placed ; cerci short ; legs short, the front and mid
tibize shorter than the corresponding femora. Front femora armed on
the anterior margin beneath with a close-set row of short spines, two
spines on the posterior margin ; mid-femora with twelve spines on
anterior, four on posterior margin ; hind-femora with five spines on
anterior, four on posterior margin beneath ; the spines on the anterior
margin about half the length of those on the posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines #, }, +; minute genicular spines on mid-
and hind-femora. Tarsi short, both tibise and tarsi fimbriated, pos-
terior metatarsus shorter than remaining joints ; pulvillilarge. Total
length 21 mm. ; length of body 18 mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm. ;
pronotum 5 mm. x 7 mm.

This somewhat remarkable species appears to be un-
doubtedly referable to the genus Pinaconota, Sauss., it
can be distinguished from the only other species in the
genus, P. bifasciata, Sauss., by its much larger size.

36. Molytria dotata, Wik.
Epilampra dotata, Walker, |. c. p. 180 (1869).
2. SINGAPORE (Wallace).
The same as Molytria badia, Br.
37. Molytria polyspila, Wk.
Lpilampra polyspila, Walker, |. c. p. 197 (1868); 1. ¢.
p. 138 (1869).

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the blattidex. 497

f. SINGAPORE (Wallace); 9. SARAWAK (Wallace).

This is synonymous with MZ. maculata, Br.; M. shelfordi,
Kirby, is merely the Bornean race.

38. Molytria ramifera, Wik.
Epilampra ramifera, Walker, 1. c. p. 182 (1869).
d. SuMATRA ( Wallace).

The species is very close, perhaps too close to JZ. badia,
Br. ; it differs by the paler colour of the pronotum and teg-
mina, by the more rufous coloration of the abdomen and
legs, by the narrower pronotum (11 mm. x 14°5 mm. as
against 11 mm. x 17 mm, in bdadia) and by the more
ample subgenital lamina and more spatulate styles.

39. Homalopteryx basifera, Wk.
Epilampra basifera, Walker, |. c. p. 181 (1869).
dg. Ceram (Wallace).

Synonymous with AH. macassariensis, Haan.

40. Homalopteryx adusta, Wis. (Plate XXX, fig. 6.)
Epilampra adusta, Walker, 1. c. p. 131 (1869).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).

Head testaceous, a cruciform castaneous marking on the front,
vertex with small castaneous points, apex of maxillary palpi casta-
neous. Pronotum with the disc castaneous, the lateral margins broadly
testaceous, marked with numerous castaneous points, the surface
granular, two impressions on the disc, black, lateral margins slightly
reflected, posterior margin with a row of larger granules. Tegmina
testaceous heavily mottled with castaneous, marginal area paler,
serio-punctate, just failing to reach extremity of abdomen. Abdomen
beneath with the disc heavily mottled with castaneous, margins
testaceous ; supra-anal lamina bilobate, sub-genital lamina ample ;
cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous, dotted with castaneous, four spines
on anterior margin of front femora, formula of apical spines 4, 4, 4,
no genicular spine on front femora ; posterior metatarsus shorter than
remaining joints, spinous beneath, pulvillus not produced back-
wardly. Total length 23 mm.; length of tegmina 17 mm. ; pronotum
85mm. x 12 mm.

498 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

41. *Pseudophoraspis conformis, W1\k.

Epilampra conformis, Walker, |. c. p. 200 (1868).
Epilampra scita, Walker, |. c. p. 200 (1868).

9. Sarawak (Wallace). “From the stomach of a
cuckoo, Phenicopheus erythrognathus” [conformis].
9. Sumatra (Wallace) [scita].

Both these species and also P. congrua, Wlk., are the
same and synonymous with P. nebulosa, Burm. The
species is highly variable both in size and coloration,
but the study of a long series from all the greater Sunda
Is. convinces me that there is no character that can be
relied on to discriminate distinct species ; the Bornean race
is generally larger and with the veins of the marginal area
of the tegmina more strongly marked; but even these
characters are not constant.

42, Hedaia concinnula, W1k.
Epilampra concinnula, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1869).
2. Timor (Wallace).

The species is very close to H. procera, Br., but differs
in the more heavily armed front femora, the sinuate tip of
the wing and more mottled coloration of the tegmina.

43. Hedaia parvicollis, W1k.
Epilampra parvicollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 1383 (1869).
fg. SARAWAK (Wallace).

Very like H. procera, Br., but the pronotum is much
smaller, measuring 7 mm. xX 85 mm., its anterior angles
are less rounded, its anterior margin less arcuate, so that
in general appearance it is more like a heraldic shield than
is usual in the genus Hedaia. The posterior margin of
the subgenital lamina is sinuate and from the slightly
produced posterior angles spring the slender styles.

44, Epilampra inclarata, Walk.
Epilampra inclarata, Walker, 1. c. p. 198 (1868).
9. SARAWAK (Wallace).

* This genus is very badly defined, but the genus Epilampra is
already so unwieldy that one is induced to welcome any attempt to
split it up.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 499

Allied to E. saravacensis, Shelf. Testaceous ; the ground-colour
however obscured by a dense castaneous maculation and vermicula-
tion. Pronotum not covering vertex of head, not punctate, posterior
margin angulate, 95 mm. x 13mm, _ Large ocelliform spots on
the distal halves of the tegmina ; mediastinal vein stout with three
short branches and one slender ramose branch, costals few but
highly ramose ; surface of tegmina not punctate. Wings with mar-
ginal field semi-coriaceous and suffused with castaneous, apex not,
sinuate or angulate. Sub-genital lamina produced, trigonal. Front
femora beneath with eight spines on anterior margin, two on pos-
terior margin, no genicular spine ; formula of apical spines 7, 4, 4.

45. Hpilampra plena, Wik.

Epilampra plena, Walker, |. c. p. 211 (1868).
Epilampra fervida, Walker, 1. c. p. 211 (1868).

2. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) [plena].
Pg. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) [ fervida],

EL. plena, Wik.; £. puncticollis, Wlk.; #. quadrinotata,
Wlk.; #. levicollis, Sss., and L. flavomarginata, Shelf. form
a congeries of species that it is not easy to discriminate ;
the differences in coloration are slight, and it is almost
impossible to express them in writing. The species are
small, averaging 25 mm. in total length; they are amber-
coloured or testaceous, the ground-colour however being
obscured by densely placed and minute castaneous or
fuscous macule, and vermiculatious, so that the insects
appear to be of some shade of castaneous. The pronotum
does not cover the vertex of the head, its posterior margin
is obtusely angled and produced, its surface is quite
smooth. The posterior legs are long and slender, the meta-
tarsus particularly so, and the pulvilli are margined with
spines. The veins of the tegmina are strongly marked,
and between them at the base only of the tegmen appear
series of shallow ill-marked punctures. YZ. pwncticollis,
WIk., from Borneo can be distinguished by two converging
impressions on the front part of the pronotum; JZ. /zvicol-
lis, Sss., from Java is possibly synonymous; £. guadrinotata,
WI1k., from Borneo is smaller (20 mm. total length), has
four fuscous maculz on the pronotum, and the supra-anal
lamina is notched deeply, not merely cleft; Z. plena, Wlk.,
from Celebes and New Guinea has no impressions on the
pronotum and is larger than quadrinotata, the form fervida

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 33

500 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

is less heavily marked and isof a rufous hue; £. favomar-
ginata, Shelf., can be distinguished by its coloration, A
revision of the genus Lpilampra is much to be desired,
but without a comparison of all the types it is a matter
of such consummate difficulty that it has been shirked
by every student of the Blattide. The species noted
above might well be considered typical of Kirby’s genus
Heterolampra, but Mr. Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera includes in it all the old world species of
Epilampra that cannot be fitted into the genera Hedaia
and Calolampra ; the result is a heterogeneous assemblage,
whose diagnostic generic characters are in most cases
merely their locality labels.

46. Epilampra varia, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 9.)
Epilampra varia, Walker, |. ¢. p. 130 (1869).
9, SARAWAK (Wallace).

Head flavo-testaceous, with a large black patch covering nearly the
whole of the front from between the eyes to the labrum, vertex
mottled with castaneous ; antennz broken ; eyes pale. Pronotum
not covering vertex of head, its posterior margin truncate, sides
deflexed, smooth, shining, dark castaneous, all the margins flavo-testa-
ceous, spotted with castaneous. 'Tegmina short, reaching only to the
middle of the penultimate segment, coriaceous, smooth and shining,
the venation obsolescent, the anal and axillary veins being entirely
absent ; serio-punctate, the punctures indicating the obsolescent vena-
tion ; flavo-testaceous heavily marked with castaneous, the part of the
right tegmen overlapped by the left castaneous, its surface reticulated.
Wings equalling in length the tegmina, marginal area coriaceous,
Supra-anal lamina not markedly bilobate, its posterior margin
merely notched slightly ; sub-genital lamina ample; cerci short,
flavid. Legs mottled with castaneous ; front femora with three stout
spines on anterior margin beneath, one on posterior margin ; formula
of apical spines 3, 4, 4.

Total length 28°5 mm.; length of tegmina 20 mm.; pronotum
85 mm. x 11 mm.

This species, together with #. imitans, Br., and an
undescribed species from the Malay Peninsula, might con-
stitute a new sub-genus, distinguished by the reduced

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 501

wings and tegmina and the truncate or shortly produced
posterior margin of the pronotum; they are smooth shin-
ing insects somewhat ovate in form.

Sub-fam. BLATTIN A.

47, Methana oculata, W\k.
Periplaneta oculata, Walker, |. c. p. 152 (1869).
?. AUSTRALIA.

Synonymous with Methana soror, Sss.

48. Pelmatosilpha aterrima, Wk.

Periplaneta aterrima, Walker, |. c. p. 151 (1869).
Pelmatosilpha prestans, Dohrn. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlviii,
p. 411 (1887).

g. PERU.

Kirby regards P. aterrima, Wlk., as synonymic with
Nyctibora tenebrosa, Wik. (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 108, 1904);
this is certainly erroneous, as tenebrosa is a true Nyctibora.

49, Thyrsocera speciosa, W1k.

Ellipsidiwm speciosum, Walker, |. c. p. 214 (1868).
Thyrsocera speciosa, Shelford. Trans, Ent. Soc., 1906,
p. 249; Pl. xiv, fig. 5.

9. “ EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO” (Wallace).

Sub-fam. PANCHLORIN AL.
50. Leucophexa conferta, W1k.
Ischnoptera conferta, Walker, |. c. p. 148 (1869).
¢. CHAN-TI-BON, Stam (Mowhot).

Testaceous. Head with large castaneous marking on the front,
extending to base of clypeus. Pronotum punctate, disc with a large
castaneous lyrate mark, margins hyaline. Tegmina serio-punctate
at base, testaceo-hyaline, veins castaneous ; both tegmina and wings
extend considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Sub-genital lamina
shortly transverse, an asymmetrical projecting lobe on the right side,
Legs testaceous, femora marked with castaneous towards apex.

502 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

51. Tribonium guttulosum, W1k.
Naupheta guttulosa, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1868).

2. BRAZIL.

Allied to 7. elegans, Br., but much larger, head entirely
black, apical half of antennz fulvous, pronotum and teg-
mina more heavily marked, abdomen and legs darker.

52. Senenlara paralella, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 7, 7a.)
Stenoblatta paralella, Walker, |. c. p. 193 (1868).

322. BRAZIL.

This extraordinary linear and flattened cockroach has
apparently not been met with since Walker’s description
of it appeared. Walker placed it in his family Hypnorm-
idx (= Plectopterinx) and Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 179)
places it at the end of the Plectopterine ; but since the
wings do not possess a triangular intercalated area this
classification is evidently wrong; the large, produced
supra-anal lamina with notched margin and the presence
of large arolia between the tarsal claws fix the position of
the genus amongst the Panchlorine of which sub-family,
it may be considered an aberrant member.

Walker’s description, so far as it goes, is quite accurate,
except in his determination of the sex of the specimens,
and the following may be regarded as merely supplement-
ary to it:—

Head much flattened, the vertex between the eyes forming a
sharp edge, semicircular in outline, eyes very narrow. Tegmina
punctate at base, radial vein very straight, bifurcate, the lower
branch ramose, costals numerous, obsolete and irregular, five dis-
coidal sectors, discoidal field reticulated, nine axillary veins. Wings
with anterior half flavid, posterior field infuscated, costal veins highly
irregular and reticulated, median vein quite straight, ulnar vein
with five branches, two of which go to the dividing vein. Supra-
anal lamina projecting considerably beyond the sub-genital lamina ;
cerci equal in length to supra-anal lamina. Legs very short, femora
without spines, tibia very sparsely spined, the front pair with four
apical spines only, hind pair with a few in a double row on the
upper border, two only on the lower border and four apical spines.
Arolia relatively enormous, tarsi only half-length of tibiz, which are
two-thirds length of femora, metatarsus not longer than the following
three joints, shorter than the last joint.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 503

53. Oniscosoma punctosa, W1k.

Ischnoptera (2) punctosa, Walker, |.c. p. 149 (1869).

Ischnoptera punctuosa, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral.
xvu, p. 55 (1898).

Pseudopanchlora punctosa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. i,
p. 189 (1904).

f 2 AUSTRAT TAG

Head castaneous, darkest on the frons which is very concave ;
ocelli testaceous ; eyes wide apart; on the vertex a longitudinal
carina testaceous in colour ; antennz mutilated, fuscous. Pronotum
cucullate, an anterior carina, two converging impressions posteriorly ;
its surface covered with granules, anterior margin slightly reflexed,
posterior margin angulate ; testaceous with castaneous mottlings and
a quadrate castaneous patch on posterior part of disc. Tegmina
testaceous, mottled with castaneous, six toseven costal veins. Wings
hyaline, venation as in O. yranicollis, Sss. Abdomen above testace-
ous, below testaceous with a castaneous patch on the disc ; supra-
anal lamina short not projecting so far as the sub-genital lamina ;
cerci short.

Length of body 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 10-4 mm.

There is really nothing to prevent the inclusion of this genus in
the sub-family Perispheriine ; the sexual diniorphism debars it from
occupying a natural position in the Panchlorine.

Sub-fam. CORY DIIN A.

54, Corydia dasytoides, Wk.

Euthyrrapha dasytoides, Walker, 1. c. p. 191 (1868).
Corydia tonkinensis, Kirby, A.M.N.H. (7) x1, p. 405
(1903).
®, AMOY.

Walker regarded as a variety of this species, another
species from Siam which is evidently quite distinct, being
the same as C. xnea, Br.; it is a 2 collected by Mouhot.

The genus Corydia includes five closely allied species,
some of which may possibly be regarded later as mere
geographical races of one species; unfortunately the insects
are rare in collections and additional examples are required
before the exact relationships that they bear one to
another can be elucidated. The following key will help
in the identification of the species.

504 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

1. Tegmina crossed by an orange band.

2. The band interrupted . . . . . . purpuralis, Kirby
(S. W. Fokien)
2’. The band not interrupted . . . . dasytoides, W1k.

(Amoy, Tonkin)
1’. Tegmina not crossed by an orange band but
with an orange costal patch.

2. Apex of tegmina yellow. . . . . . hilaris, Kirby
(Hab. ?)
2’. Apex of tegmina not yellow.
3. Abdomen orange with blue tip . . cxrulea, Shelf.
(Borneo)

3’, Abdomen blue-black withmarginal
orange vitte . . . . . . . &ned, Br. (Burma)

55. Huthyrrhapha ipscides, Wik.
Luthyrrhapha ipsoides, Walker, |. c. 191 (1868).
a» PARA, BRAZIL.

A synonym of the widely-distributed Z. pacifica, Coq.

56. Holocompsa debilis, W1k.
Holocompsa debilis, Walker, |.c. p. 192 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).

The only Oriental representative of the genus.

57. Dyscologamia pilosa, Wik.
Zetobora pilosa, Walker, |. c. p. 187 (1868).
a. JAVA.

Allied to D. capucina, Br. but larger, more rufous, pro-
notum anteriorly more cucullate, tegmina with only one
hyaline spot in the basal third.

58. Dyscologamia silphordes, Wk.

Polyphaga silphoides, Walker, |. c. p. 182 (1868).
2. CAMBODIA (Mouwhot).
Much larger than D. capucina, Br. 9, otherwise very

similar, so far as can be gathered from the description of
that species.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 505

Sub-fam. OX YHALOIN i.

59. Chorisoneura fragilis, WI1k.
Blatta fragilis, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868).
g. BRAZIL.
Synonymous with C. nigrifrons, Serv.

60. Chorisonewra glatrvicula, Wik.
Blatta glabricula, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868).
a. BRAZEN,

Synonymous with C. discoidalis, Burm.

61. Chorisonewra calogramma, W1k.
Blatta calogramma, Walker, |. c. p. 217 (1868).

9, BRAZIL.

Occiput, vertex, and centre of frons dark castaneous, a testaceous
band between the eyes, traversed by a narrow black line, rest of
head testaceous ; antennz testaceous, the basal joints fuscous above.
Pronotum transversely elliptical, all the margins hyaline, the disc
castaneous with two large semilunar markings, testaceous. 'Tegmina
clear hyaline, the veins testaceous, veins of discoidal area oblique,
reticulated. Abdomen beneath testaceous, margined with fuscous ;

cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous.
62. Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, Wk.
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, Walker, 1. c. p. 189 (1868).
gd. Barcuran (Wallace).

63. Prosoplecta gutticollis, Wk.
Prosoplecta gutticollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 189 (1868).

2. CERAM (Wallace).

In this species the sub-genital lamina is relatively
enormous occupying nearly half the total length of the
abdomen.

64. Prosoplecta trifaria, Wk.
Prosoplecta trifaria, Walker, |. c. p. 190 (1868).
Prosoplecta megaspila, Walker, |. c. p. 190 (1868).
a. (trifaria). Barcuian (Wallace).
2. (megaspila). Barcutan (Wallace).

506 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex.

Sub-fam. PHERISPHARIIN A.

65. Aptera rubricosa, Wk.
Naupheta rubricosa, Walker, 1. c. p. 185 (1868).
ga. S. AFRICA.

Synonymous with A. cingulata, Burm.

66. Perispheria flexicollis, W1k.
Zetobora flexicollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 187 (1868).
g. SINGAPORE (Wallace).

This may well be the male of one of the Indo-Malayan
species that have been described from female examples
only. It is apparently most closely allied to P. fornicata,
Br. from Burma, but is larger.

Total length 25 mm. ; length of body 22 mm.; length of tegmina
19 mm. ; pronotum 7 mm. x 10 mm.

67. Hostilia cervina, Wik.

Zetobora cervina, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868).

% Zetobora congrua, Walker, l.c. p. 49 (1868).

Zetobora carinata, de Saussure, Mé]. Orth. iv, p. 139,
PE x, 1. 50 (873).

eis. NATAL,

68. Hypospheria leucopthalma, Wk.
Zectobora leuwcopthalma, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868).
a, NATAL.

According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this
is synonymous with /. tenebrosa, Wlk.,a species placed by
Walker in the genus Panchlora ! It is somewhat doubtful
if ¢enebrosa, W1k. is not the same as H. stylifera, Br., but the
wings are different in colour, and I hesitate to merge the
species without comparing the types. H. rujicornis, Sss.
and Zhnt. is also closely allied but can be distinguished by
the colour of the antenne,

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 507

69. Blepharodera pilipes, W\k.
Panchlora pilipes, Walker, 1. c. p. 184 (1868).

gt. Cape oF Goop Hope.

According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this
is the equivalent of B. contusa, Wk. (1. c. p. 30, 1868), and
it is probable that it is synonymous with B, pilifera, Stal,
the description of which is rather brief.

70. Hormetica subcincta, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 8.)
Brachycola subcincta, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868).

ft. COLOMBIA.

Allied to H. verrucosa, Br. Head testaceous with a large black
marking on the front, extending to base of clypeus ; labrum, palpi
and antenne fusco-castaneous. Pronotum as in H. verrucosa but
not bordered with black. Tegmina short, transversely truncate,
not extending beyond the second abdominal segment, colour and
markings as in H. verrucosa. Abdomen black, bordered above with
testaceous, supra-anal lamina testaceous, sub-genital lamina rufo-
castaneous, cerci black tipped with testaceous.

Total length 31 mm.; length of tegmina 9 mm. ; pronotum 12
mm. xX 18 mm.

The female has the abdomen above coloured as in the male, where-
as in H. verrucosa, Br. 9, the abdomen has transverse testaceous
bands above and marginal testaceous spots below. The species
varies considerably in size.

71. Hormetica interna, W1k.
Brachycola interna, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868).
gd. Nauta (Bartlett).

Allied to the preceding species but the head not so heavily marked
with black, the pronotum more punctate, the tegmina with a large
semicircular band castaneous in colour, abdomen beneath margined
with testaceous.

Total length 27 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm.; pronotum
10 mm. x 15 mm.

Of the seventy-seven species in Mr. Saunders’ collection
described by Walker, fifty-seven can stand as distinct species

y

508 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

the remainder must be sunk as synonyms of previously
described species; one of Walker's species it has been
found necessary to separate into two. The following table
gives the revised nomenclature of these species, which are
now arranged in the order adopted by Walker in his

“Catalogue of Blattide ” :—

WALKER’S NOMENCLATURE.

Polyphaga silphoides
Panchlora pilipes
Naupheta guttulosa
Naupheeta rubricosa
Zetobora leucopthalma
Zetobora cervina
Zetobora flexicollis
Zetobora pilosa
Brachycola interna
Brachycola subcincta
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata
Prosoplecta gutticollis
Prosoplecta trifaria
Prosoplecta megaspila
Euthyrrapha dusytoides

Kuthyrrapha dasytoides, var.

Euthyrrapha ipsoides
Holocompsa debilis
Stenoblatta parallela
Epilampra polyspila
Eipilampra inclarata
Epilampra conformis
Epilampra scita
Epilampra plena
Epilampra fervida
Epilampra dotata
Epilampra varia
Epilampra adusta
Epilampra basifera

Epilampra ramifera
Epilampra parvicollis
Epilampra concinnula
Pseudomops inclusa
Psewdomops seutigera
Pseudomops fissa
Pseudomops pica
Ellipsidium speciosum
Blatta calogramma
Blatta fragilis

Blatta glabricula
Blatta annulicornis
Blatta erythrina
Blatta extenwata

REVISED NOMENCLATURE.
Dyscologamia silphoides, W1k.
Blepharodera contusa, W1k.
Triboniwm guttulosum, W1k.
Aptera cingulata, Burm.
Hypospheria tenebrosa, W1k.
Hostilia cervina, W1k.
Perisphexria flexicollis, Wk.
Dyscologamia pilosa, W1k.
Hormetica interna, W\k.
Hormetica subcincta, W1k.
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, W1k.
Prosoplecta qutticollis, Wk.
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. ¢.
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. °.
Corydia dasytoides, Wik.
Corydia xnea, Br.

Kuthyrraphu pacifica, Coq.
Holocompsa debilis, W1k.
Stenoblatta parallela, W1k.
Molytria maculata, Br.
Epilampra inclarata, Wik. |
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Burm.
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Br.
Epilampra plena, W1k.
Epilampra plena, W1k.
Molytria badia, Br.

Epilampra varia, Wk.
Homalopteryx adusta, W1k.
Homalopteryx macassariensis,

Haan.

Molytria ramifera, W1k.
Hedaia parvicollis, Wik.

Hledaia concinnula, Wik.
Pseudomops inclusa, W1k.
Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, Wik.
Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm.
Pseudothyrsocera pica, W1k.
Thyrsocera speciosa, W1k.
Chorisoneura calogramma, W1k.
Chorisoneura nigrifrons, Serv.
Chorisoneura discoidalis, Burm.
Phyllodromia annulicornis, W1k.
Ischnoptera rufa, Br.
Phyllodromiasupellectilium, Serv.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 509

WALKER’S NOMENCLATURE.

Blatta colligata
blatta polygrapha
Blatta suffusa
Blatta amplectens
Blatta hamifera
Blatta ignobilis
Blatta funebris
Blatta palpalis
Blatta obtusifrons
Blatta elegans
Blatta apicigera
Blatta propingua
Blatta contiqua
Blatta contingens
Blatta sequens
Blatta guttifera
Blatta xanthopila

Blatta laterifera
Blatta virescens
Blatta majuscula
Blatta marmorata
Blatta humeralis
Blatta picticollis
Blatta bipunctata
Blatta laticeps
Blatta cirewmducta
Blatta longiuscula
Blatta patula

Blatta latirupta
Ischnoptera reversa
Ischnoptera conferta
Ischnoptera ? obliqua
Ischnoptera ? punctosa
Periplaneta aterrima
Periplaneta oculata

REVISED NOMENCLATURE.

Phyllodromia colligata, W1k.
Phyllodromia polygrapha, W\k.
Phyllodromia suffusa, W1k.
Phyllodromia amplectens, W1k.
Phyllodromia hamifera, W1k.
Phyllodromia ignobilis, Wik.
Phyllodromia funebris, W1k.
Duryodana palpalis, Wik.
Phyllodromia obtusifrons, Wk.
Phyllodromia elegans, W1k.
Theganopteryx apicigera, W1k.
Phyllodromia propingua, Wik.
Phyllodromia propinqua, W1k.
Phyllodromiacontingens, Wk. 2 «
Phyllodromia sequens, Wik.
Phyllodromia quttifera, W1k.
Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila,
W1k.
Phyllodromia laterifera, Wk.
Phyllodromia virescens, W1k.
Phyllodromia majuscula, W1k.
Phyllodromia marmorata, W1k.
Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. g.
Phylodromia picticollis, Wik.
Pseudectobia bipunctata, W1k.
Pseudophyllodromialaticeps, Wk.
Escala circumducta, W1k.
Escala longiusceula, Wik.
Allacta mundicola, Wik. ?.
Allacta mundicola, Wik. ¢@.
Ischnoptera reversa, W1k.
Leucophea conferta, W1k.
Pinaconota obliqua, W1k.
Oniscosoma punctosa, W1k.
Pelmatosilpha aterrima, W1k.
Methana oculata, W1k.

VI. VIVIPARITY AMONGST THE BLATTIDA.

ATTENTION was first called to this phenomenon amongst
the blattide by Riley (“Insect Life,” vol. iii, p. 443, 1890-
1891 and vol. iv, p. 119, 1892), who observed it in
Panchlora viridis, Burm. Scudder had already noted
(Psyche, vol. v, p. 405, 1890) the occurrence of a female
specimen of Panchlora nivea, L., found alive in a bath-
room at Salem, Mass., surrounded by numerous newly-
hatched young, but he had not been able to demonstrate
the actual birth of these young. Riley dissected one of

510 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

his specimens and found that it contained a perfect ege-
cluster of crescentic form, the eggs to the number of forty-
four and in different stages of development being arranged
in a double row. The egg-mass was contained in a thin-
walled prolongation of the genital pouch, which may be
termed the brood sac. Whilst in most cockroaches the
egg-capsule is a horny structure, in Panchlora viridis it is
a fine membranous sheath enclosing only the basal half
of the egg-mass. The colleterial glands have always been
regarded as secreting the substance of the horny ootheca
of blatiide, and Riley assumed that they are absent or
much reduced in Panchlora viridis but did not test the
truth of his assumption by dissection. From another
specimen examined by Riley young larve and nearly
mature embryoes had been extruded.

Holmgren in a paper on viviparity amongst insects
in general (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xix, p 484,) records vivi-
parity for three more genera of Blattide, viz. Hustegasta
micans, Sss. and Zhnt., Oxyhaloa saussuret, Borg, and an
undetermined species of Slabera. In the latter species
the developing eggs are contained in a horny and sculp-
tured capsule which lies in a thin-walled brood-sac and is
apparently retained there till the eggs are mature or
nearly so. In Hustegasta micans the ootheca splits open
whilst still in the brood-sac, and the young larvee emerge
two by two from the mother. Holmgren divides Blattidx
into three sections according to their method of repro-
duction, as follows :—

1. Oviparous species, which carry the ootheca for some
days protruding from the tip of the abdomen.
Ex. Periplaneta.

2. Viviparous species, the ootheca retained within a
brood-sac.
Ex. Hustegasta, Oxyhaloa, Blabera.

3. Viviparous species, the ootheca practically absent.
Ex. Panchlora.

To this last section and possibly to the second I am
able to add more examples.

My own attention was specially drawn to this
phenomenon of viviparity amongst Blattide in rather
an interesting manner. Whilst arranging the South

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 511

American species of Hpilampra in the Hope Museum,
Oxford, I had occasion to examine closely a series of
specimens of Hpilampra burmeistert, Guér., collected in
Brazil by the distinguished traveller, W. J. Burchell, and
I observed that one female example had been preserved
with two young larve actually emerging from the tip of
the abdomen, and that they were still partially shrouded
in some shreds of the embryonic membranes. The specimen
is numbered “1400” and is the only one of the series that
does bear a number. Those who have had occasion to
study Burchell’s collections know that he attached num-
bers to the specimens that were of special interest to him
and his observations on such specimens were recorded in
his note-books under corresponding: numbers. Unfortu-
nately Burchell’s note-books with records of specimens
numbered from 1345 onwards are lost, but we can be
tolerably sure that the young larvee emerging from the
abdomen of his specimen No. 1400 did not escape the
notice of this keen observer and that the specimen was
consequently numbered and the fact actually recorded.
To Burchell then may well be accorded the credit of first
discovering the phenomenon of viviparity in blattidz.

In Sarawak, Borneo, I captured a female of Pseudo-
phoraspis nebulosa, Burm., with numerous young larve
clinging to the under surface of the abdomen, and in the
Hope Museum is a female of Philebonotus pallens, Serv.,
with the following label attached :—“ Ceylon. J. Staniforth
Green. Carries its live young beneath its wing-covers.
1878.” In the females of this species the tegmina are
large and convex, the wings somewhat reduced and the
abdomen above is concavely depressed, so that a brood-
chamber is formed under the tegmina in which there is
ample room to accommodate several young larve. It is
hardly reasonable to suppose that these two species of
Epilamprine deposit an ootheca containing newly-fertilized
eggs and stay beside the ootheca until the young larve
hatch out and return to the mother from whom they
originated. It is, on the contrary, in the highest degree
probable that the eggs are retained in the body of the
mother until they attain maturity, but whether they are
enclosed in a horny ootheca lying in a brood-sac or
whether the ootheca is absent or much reduced as in
Panchlora viridis 1s not known. I have dissected the
female Pseudophoraspis nebulosa that I ciptured with her

512 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

young and find that below the genital pouch lies a forward
prolongation of it with rather thick walls; this is the
brood-sac and as it is not much larger than the genital
pouch itself and much smaller than the brood-sac in
Panchlora viridis and in Molytria maculata and Panesthia
javanica, as described below, it is rather difficult to explain
its function, unless one supposes that it becomes very much
dilated as the fertilized eggs pass into it from the uterus,
its walls then becoming membranous and the whole organ
pushing forward to lie amongst the abdominal viscera as
is the case in other viviparous species. The brood-sac
was empty in the specimen examined; the genital pouch

Dissection of Panesthia javanica, ? , showing brood-sae, etc.

3-7 = Nos. of segments. U.= Uterus.
R. = Rectum. Ov. = Ovary.
G.P. = Genital pouch. Br. = Brood-sac.
C.G. = Colleterial gland. N.= Branches of ventral nerve-cord.
Sp. = Spermatheca.

had thick muscular walls, and when opened the four finger-
like gonapophyses were seen attached to the dorsal wall
and directed backwards; in the ventral wall was seen
the orifice leading to the brood-sac and lying at the
bottom of a depression in the wall of the pouch, The
right colleterial gland was well developed, but the left one
was aborted.

In Panesthia javanica, Serv., the egg-mass, which is
about 18 mm. long, is contained in a thin-walled brood-
sac lying asymmetrically on the left side of the abdomen

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blatiide. 513

and extending as far forward as the third abdominal
sternite ; this brood-sac is, as in the other viviparous
species, connected with the genital pouch. The eggs
number from 86 to 40 and are retained in the brood-sac
until mature ; they do not form a crescentic mass as in
Panchlora viridis. The left colleterial glands are absent,
but those on the right are well developed. It is by no
means clear that these glands secrete the chitinous ootheca
of Periplaneta, etc.; it is remarkable to find that on one
side at least they are well developed in a species whose
eggs are enclosed in a thin membrane. I have not been
able to dissect Molytria maculata, Br., as I have nothing
but dried specimens, but I have frequently removed egg-
masses in all stages of development from the brood-sacs
of freshly-killed females during my sojourn in the Eastern
tropics and I have several of these egg-masses in m
possession now; they are larger than those of Panesthia
javanica, but otherwise show no differences worth con-
sidering at present. I hope ere long to study the
embryonic development of these two viviparous genera
Panesthia and Molytria; it is possible that it differs
considerably from that of oviparous species. Viviparity
is now known to occur in six of the eleven sub-families
of Blattidx, viz. Epilamprine (4 genera), Panchlorine,
Blaberine, Oxyhaloine, Perispheriine, Panesthiine (one
genus each), and is consequently of more usual occurrence
than was suspected; I think it likely that it will be
shown eventually that it occurs almost, if not quite,
universally amongst the Hpilamprine. Eustegasta is a
genus placed by all authors in the Perispheriine, but in
the majority of its characters it is much more closely
allied to the Hpilamprine than to the other members of
the Perispheriine and it is of interest that viviparity
occurs in this genus.

Note.—Just before going to press I received alive a
female specimen of Panchlora virescens, Thunb., and some
females of Phyllodromia germanica, L. Mr. H. Main, to
whom I am indebted for the latter specimens, informs me
that P. germanica $ carries the egg-capsule protruding
from the tip of the abdomen for some weeks and deposits
it only one or two days before the contained young hatch
out. J was surprised to observe in the living female of
Panchlora virescens an egg-mass partially protruding from
the end of the abdomen; so far as can be determined

514 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

by a superficial examination the eggs are not in a very
advanced state of development ; in this specimen the egg-
mass is so large that it cannot be retained entirely in the
brood-sac ; the ootheca is represented by a thin transparent
membrane, which however is complete, not incomplete as
in the species observed by Riley. In an undescribed
species of Zemnopteryx from Kast Africa, the female
carries the eggs contained in a transparent membrane
protruding from the end of the abdomen; in the only
example examined the eggs are very advanced in develop-
ment. These new facts enable me to modify Holmgren’s
“series” of Blattide as follows :—

1. Oviparous species. Eggs enclosed in a chitinous
ootheca and carried by the female for a short time
only.

Ex. Eetobia, Blatta, Periplaneta.

2. Ovo-viviparous species. (a) Eggs enclosed in a
semi-chitinous capsule and carried by the female, pro-
truding from the abdomen during the greater part of the
embryonic period.

Ex. Phyllodromia germaniea.

(6) As above, but eggs enclosed in a_ transparent
membrane.
Ex. Temnopteryv sp.

3. Viviparous species. (#) Eggs enclosed in a chiti-
nous ootheca which is retained in the brood-sac of the
mother. Ex. Oxyhaloa saussurei, Hustegasta micans, Blabera
sp. [?Pseudophoraspis nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens}.
(0) Eggs enclosed in a transparent membrane, which is
retained in the brood-sac of the mother. i. Membrane
complete. Ex. Molytria maculata, Epilampra burmeistert,
Panchlora virescens, Panesthia javanica [? Pseudophoraspis
nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens]. i. Membrane incom-
plete. Panchlora viridis, P. nivea.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 15

Or

VII. A New Genus oF SyMBIoTic BLATTIDA.

Genus Sphecophila, nov.

Superficially resembling Attaphila, Wheel., but tegmina absent in
the male ; subgenital lamina of male provided with two styles ;
femora unarmed beneath ; no arolia between tarsal claws ; frons
swollen ; eyes reduced ; ocelli present; antenne short, but conform-
ing to normal Blattid type.

The only known species was taken from the nest of
the wasp, Polybia pygmea, Fab., in French Guiana.

We have in this little cockroach* an example of the
difficulties which beset the systematist when he has to
deal with aberrant species modified by peculiar habits and
environment to a similar general facies.

The genus Atfaphila contains two species of myrme-
cophilous cockroaches, A. fungicola, Wheel., and A. bergi,
Bol., found respectively in the nests of Atta fervens, Say,
in Texas, and Atta lundi, Guer., in Uruguay. Wheeler,
who first made known the genus (Amer. Nat. vol. xxxiv,
p. 851, 1900), suggests that among the Blattidze it occupies
“a peculiar if not unique taxonomic position ;” and Bolivar
(Comm. del. Mus. Nac. d. Buenos Aires, p. 333, 1901)
creates for its reception the sub-family Attaphiline, regard-
ing the peculiar antennal characters of high importance.
This sub-family takes its place in the first of the two great
divisions in which the Blattidee have been brigaded, viz.
that in which the femora are spined beneath. Sphecophila
cannot be placed in this division, for the femora are un-
armed beneath; much less then can it be placed in the
sub-family Attaphilinz, though its general resemblance to
Attaphila is most striking. Must then a new sub-family
be created for the reception of Sphecophila? I think not;
the multiplication of sub-divisions for the reception of
anomalous genera is a practice to be deprecated for many
reasons, chief among which is the consideration that it
tends to obscure the relationships which must exist
between these anomalous genera and genera of more
normal type. In my opinion Adéaphila may be regarded
as an aberrant Phyllodromiine, akin to Zoboptera, Br., or
Temnopteryx, Br., and Sphecophila as an aberrant member
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 34

516 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex.

of the sub-family Corydiine (= Heterogamiine). Bolivar
(l.c.) is much impressed by the structure of the antennz
in Attaphila, the increasing lengths of the joints in pro-
portion to their breadth particularly attracting his atten-
tion, and he states that in all other Blattide the joints of
the antennz, with the exception of the first, are short and
transverse. This as a matter of fact is scarcely accurate ;
in cockroaches of normal type the first joint of the antennze
is longer than broad, the second usually broader than long,
and the third much longer than broad; the succeeding
joints are short and transverse but gradually increasing
in length until they are longer than broad, and the apical
joints are usually sub-moniliform. Adtaphila is peculiar in
that the third joint of the antennee is short and transverse
and the increase in length of the succeeding joints is not
gradual but sudden. Unfortunately in all the specimens
of Attaphila that have been examined, the antenne are
mutilated, so we know nothing of the terminal ends of
these organs. Wheeler examined forty-five examples of
A. fungicola, and found that in seventeen specimens the
mutilation of the antennee was symmetrical, in twenty-one
specimens almost symmetrical, the difference being not
more than one joint; in only seven specimens were the
antennze very asymetrically mutilated. He concludes that
the ants, with which this cockroach lives, crop the antennz
of their guests and suggests that the peculiar structure of
the antenne is a result of continual clipping. Without
subscribing to this opinion, it may be pointed out that
a modification of the antennz of an insect living in the
dark and under very peculiar circumstances is rather to be
expected; indeed, it might be expected that profound
modifications of the antennze would invariably accompany
a marked reduction of the other sense-organs, the eyes, if
Sphecophila was not a standing proof to the contrary.
Attaphila, as shown by an examination of the contents of
the alimentary canal, feeds on the fungus cultivated by the
leaf-cutting ants; Sphecophila is nourished otherwise. The
wasps of the genus Polybia construct small paper nests
pendant from the under surface of leaves or twigs; in
some species the nest is made up of a number of cells
without any outer common covering; every cell containing
a larva is open at the lower end, and it is only the cells
containing nymphs that are closed, each with a paper cap.
Polybia pygmea however constructs a nest composed of a

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. api ly

aumber of cells enclosed in a common covering of paper,
and the entrance to the nest is by one orifice in the floor
of the nest. The mother wasp feeds the larvee with insects
or spiders that she brings to them, and it is probable that
the symbiotic cockroaches living on the floor of the nest
feed on any small fragments of food that may drop down
from the wasp-larve in the cells above. I owe this sug-
gestion to my friend Vicomte R. du Buysson, who discovered
the cockroaches in the nest of the Polybia, which was sent
home by the collector, M. F. Geay. In conclusion, we may
regard these two genera, Attaphila and Sphecophila, as
affording an admirable demonstration of convergence in
development, a result which we may fairly assume to have
been brought about by very similar modes of life, viz.
symbiosis with social Hymenoptera. The following tables
show more graphically the similarities between the two
genera and their dissimilarities, and it will be seen that
whilst the former are in the main superficial and obvious,
the latter are deep-seated and of great taxonomic import-
ance, showing that the genera have arisen from totally
different stocks,

\

Features common to the two genera :—

Colour.
Pubescence.
Size.
“ Shape.
Reduction of eyes.
Vertex not covered by pronotum.
Shortness of legs,
One-jointed cerci.

Differences between the two genera :—

ATTAPHILA. ¢. SPHECOPHILA. ¢.
Third antennal joint short. Third antennal joint long.
Ocelli absent. Ocelli present.
Tegmina and wings present. Tegmina and wings absent (? in
nymphs only),
Supra-anal lamina trigonal. Supra-anal lamina semi-orbicular.
Styles absent. Styles present.
Femora armed beneath. Femora unarmed beneath.

Tarsal arolia present. Tarsal arolia absent.

518 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidx.
Sphecophila polybvarum. (Plate XXX, figs. 10-12.)

6. Fulvo-testaceous, with a fine fulvous pubescence. Vertex not
covered by the pronotum; front of head swollen and projecting as is
common amongst the Corydiine; eyes very much reduced, scarcely
visible from the front and almost entirely hidden under the deflexed
sides of the pronotum; one pair of true ocelli situated low down on
the frons and closer together than the antennal sockets ; maxillary
and labial palpi small. Antenne short, of twenty joints, the first
joint longer than broad, the second as broad as long, the third longer
than broad, the remaining joints at first broader than long, but
gradually becoming longer, the last four or five joints almost monili-
form. Pronotum with anterior and posterior margins truncate,
narrower in front than behind, longer than broad, sides deflexed ;
meso- and metanotum broader than long, their posterior angles only
slightly produced backwards. Nine abdominal tergites, including
the supra-anal lamina, are visible, posterior margins of the first three
and of the eighth straight, of the fourth to the seventh concave;
the supra-anal lamina is semi-orbicular. Cerci one-jointed, acute,
equal to the supra-anal lamina in length. Eight abdominal sternites,
including the sub-genital lamina, are visible; sub-genital lamina
slightly produced, not extending as far as the supra-anal lamina,
with one pair of styles equalling in length the cerci and clothed
with a few erect hairs. Femora without spines, on the anterior
margin beneath of the front femur is a row of stiff sete, a genicular
spine on each femur, no apical spines. Spines on tibize above in
three rows, five apical spines on the posterior tibiae. Metatarsus
longer than the remaining joints, no arolium between claws.

° unknown.

Total length 3 mm. —3'2 mm.

StrE. MARIE, OYAPOCK, FRENCH GUIANA (F. Geay, 1900).
Ten examples (Paris Museum); from the nest of Polybia
pygmed, Fab.

The absence of female examples is striking, but it is
possible that the entire colony was not secured by the
collector, some individuals may have escaped from the
nest. J cannot be certain that the specimens here de-
scribed are fully adult, but I am inclined to think that
they are, or if not, that the adults are apterous, for
nymphs of winged cockroaches have the posterior angles
of the mesonotum and metanotum much more strongly
produced backwards than is the case in the specimens
before me.

Explanation of Plate. 519

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

Fig. 1. Supra-anal lamina of Pseudothyrsocera axanthophila, W1k.,

3

- Sub-genital lamina of Pseudothyrsocera wanthophila, W1k.,

ch:

» Pseudectobia bipwnctata, W1k.,? x 3.

. Sub-genital lamina of Phyllodromia contingens, W1k., ¢.
. Pinaconota obliqua, W1k., ¢. Slightly enlarged.

. Homalopteryx adusta, Wik., 2. Slightly enlarged.

. Stenoblatta paralella, Wik., 2. Slightly enlarged.

a. side view.

- Hormetica subcineta, WIk., 9. Slightly enlarged.

. Epilampra varia, Wik., 2. Slightly enlarged.

- Head of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢ x 35.

. Supra-anal lamina of Sphecophila polybiarwm, mihi, ¢ x 25.
. Sub-genital lamina of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢

Bo Ds}.

0 eee ) hs mee die ae re

J : mas z
v= : = “ins oe Ae :

i,” a Bee ~ ocmapy oe # , : a
1 2 a. is { - ae ae] : ;
: aan ao - 5) ' Fame

é, 4

eb

x, at Lug ay ing in i if Ay nil vanane Ag ie

1 :
i Nf, aul jotta rf a re Siathes a fami ig a

le ee ee hie qa oi Edsnarini: ges ites w ie
: At ay FSi ia wtiiuad OPAL Tot iat Tatty ae Ne

oe = . ee iter fewal tsiere, . e't¢ pale Ge, Hous a a bat
7 ‘n Sdfetaalad, fale OME Ae “lest, “o\prabiet we ar al
x Pas fica a 2 tie «as! Voli ny Talil’ de ATE Se a > i P.
a se Sete
. i Peel! ae Fi +h . Rote ; ‘A oa a Vase DAY aah a oa
i bagel ah” Ais Toh At Uy one Yt. a ; -
i es a a aii pes erty leg ieee oe i big OF as
ian a Oa tee Pact Authiiuteie ny. ka ah ty ne him Systn sph COE At
; Oy didi aarindy he, _iktgr yh cy pital IN Tori a
. : : ; Se 8 a cee 7
ge - Lr _ |
at 7 hs = La Tad) «=
¥ y - 7 a a Ae a ae ae er - =

, . | . , PS° oe aie “i ieecenenn
tba ; ene th
1

Trans. Eint.Scoce Lond. 1906 PL XXX.

H.Knight delet lith. West,Newman imp

A Gel a rset Olea iia ARID Ya

te

i

ar

yj

" . - =
a
7 ‘
i
5 <
5 a he
7 ae
i r
4 =
- +
, -
A
ee ;
a —_—
- »
é
ey
U
7 :

‘ = i
ae Es
ry Fi
a Pal o a
. =
a= : a
a
=
- t
} ?
a
nl
x *
: 7
= i
2 .
’
SE
=
2 mt) = tf.
i‘ =
3

( 455 )

XXVI. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELFORD, M.A,
F.LS. cs

[Read December 4, 1907.]

VIII. THe BLATTIDaA DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS, DE GEER
AND THUNBERG.

SraL published in 1873, 1874, and 1875 the three parts
of his “Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des
Orthoptéres décrits par Linné, De Geer et Thunberg.”
The families treated in this memoir, which is not only
a critical review but a revision of genera also, are the
Acridiidz, Locustide, Gryllidz and Phasmide. Stal re-
linquished the idea of treating the Mantidze and Blattidze
in the same way, though in 1877 he _ published his
“Systema Mantodeorum,” and this contains all the in-
formation necessary for the correct determination of the
scanty number of species described by the older Swedish
entomologists. The Blattide have long been neglected,
and since the exact determination of the species described
by the older authors is, in any systematic work on any
group of insects, a matter of first-rate importance, if
not an actual necessity, I made it the first object of
a visit to Sweden last summer to examine in detail the
Blattide in the collections of De Geer at Stockholm
and of Thunberg at Uppsala. The collection of Queen
Louisa Ulrica now at Uppsala contains only three species
of Blattidze described by Linnzeus, and I assumed that
the remainder of his types were in the possession of
the Linnzan Society of London. However, on looking
over this collection recently I found that such was by no
means the case, and for reasons given below I believe
that with one exception those types of Blattide described
by Linnzus, which are not at Uppsala nor in London, are
in De Geer’s collection at Stockholm. In my investigations
I have received the kindest assistance from Dr. Daydon
Jackson, Prof. Chr. Aurivillius, Dr. Y. Sjostedt and Dr.
Ivar Tragardh, to all of whom I beg to offer my cordial
thanks.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaART IV.

456 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

i. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS.

The Linnean species are twelve in number, viz. :—

1. Blatta gigantea, Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p.424, No. 1 (1758).
No.

2. |, 29 yptraca, op. cit. 2.
3. » surinamensis, , ,, No. 3.
4. ,, americana, ares No. 4.
5. ,, nivea Bates No: 5.
6. 4, africana Pata No. 6.
7. 4, orientalis, eg ie No. 7.
8. ,, lapponica, Deairtes No. 8.
9. oblongata, rt tae No. 9.

10. Cassida petwvervand, y, p. 364, No. 18.

AEs sss un theg a Syst. Nat, (ed, xii) 1 (2), Dp. O71,

No. 19 (1767).
12. Blatta germanica, op. cit. p. 668, No. 7.

With the exception of nivea and oblongata all the
species have been determined with accuracy by subsequent
authors.* Petiveriana and 7-guittata, originally described
as Coleoptera, are synonymous. As regards the types,
gigantea, xgyptiaca and africana represented by unique
male specimens are in the Queen Ulrica collection at
Uppsala. The Linnzan Society’s collection of insects
contains a number of Blattide, but only five of these can
be identified by the labels in Linnzus’ handwriting as his
types, viz., lapponica (1 f, 1 2), germanica (1 f), orientalis
(1 &), petweriana (1 f) and T-guttata (2). The other
species were added subsequent to the purchase of the
Linnean cabinet and bear labels in various handwritings ;
moreover the collection includes no species that can pos-
sibly be identified with oblongata and nivea. The types
of four species have still to be accounted for, viz.
surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. I have
some reason for believing that these are in De Geer’s
collection. De Geer in his “Mémoires pour servir &
Vhistoire des insectes,” vol. iii (1773), enumerates twelve
species of Blattidze, six of which he describes as new and

* Brunner however in his “Nouveau Systéme’ des Blattaires,”
p. 357 (1865), identifies Polyphaga ursina, Burm., with. africana L.,
which is incorrect, for the species are very different.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 457

six of which are Linnean species, Linnzeus’ descriptions in
full being prefixed to his own descriptions. Of these six
Linnean species he records two as occurring in Russia,
Finland and Sweden, viz. orientalis and lapponica; the
other four correspond with the missing Linnean types,
viz. surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. The
coincidence is arresting, and I have looked into the
matter more closely to see if it is something more than
mere coincidence. In the first place we may assume
with some degree of confidence that the two local species
of Blattidee, lapponica and orientalis, were the first to
attract the attention of Swedish naturalists and formed the
nucleus of collections of these insects; consequently to find
specimens of them in the cabinets both of Linnzeus and
De Geer is not surprising. De Geer received, as he states
in his book, insects from Surinam, sent to him by his
correspondent Rolander: is it not probable that at first he
lent these for description to his friend Linnzeus who he
knew to be preparing new editions of his “Systema
Nature,” but that when later he wrote his own work
on entomology he kept the specimens that arrived from
Rolander and described them himself? Thus we find in
De Geer’s collection two common local species, ten exotic
species, four of which were described by Linnzus in 1758,
six by himself in 1773. The supposition that Linnzus
described specimens from De Geer’s collection becomes
almost a certainty when we read in De Geer’s description
of Blatta oblongata (1. c., p. 541), “Cette petite Blatte que
M. Rolander m’a encore envoyée de Surinam... ,” and
on turning to the Linnzan description of the species see
that it ends with “ Habitat in America. Rolander.” It is
possible but not very probable that Rolander sent specimens
of this species both to Linnzeus and to De Geer, and as a
matter of fact Dr. Daydon Jackson tells me that Linnzus
somewhere laments that Rolander never gave him any-
thing. That Linnzus and De Geer were on the most
friendly terms is shown by the series of fifteen letters to
Linneus from De Geer, now in the possession of the
Linnean Society. Dr. Daydon Jackson has also drawn
my attention to a passage in a translation of Linnzeus’
diary printed in Morton’s edition of Pulteney’s Linnzeus :
“ Rolander collected in the islands near America a great
many plants, which he gave to M. de Geer, Chamberlain of
the Household, who made me a present of every one of

458 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

them.” Whether my supposition that De Geer lent some
of the specimens in his collection to Linnzus for description
is correct—and it must be admitted that there is a degree
of probability in its favour—or not, I would venture to
suggest that the specimens of swrinamensis, americana
and nivea now in the De Geer cabinet be selected as
the types of the Linnzan species; otherwise these species
must remain without typical specimens, for if these
specimens are not the actual types then the actual types
are irrevocably lost. The specimen of oblongata in
De Geer’s cabinet cannot be chosen as the type of the
species, for, though it is ina fragmentary condition, enough
remains to show that it does not in the least correspond
with the Latin diagnosis of Linnzus or with De Geer’s
description in French or with his figures. In other words,
this is not the actual specimen on which both Linnzus and
De Geer based their descriptions; that specimen must
have been lost or destroyed accidentally, and the existing
specimen subsequently placed under the same name, either
by De Geer or perhaps still later by some one else. The
discrepancy between the descriptions of oblongata and the
existing specimen does not invalidate my view as to the
identity of the Linnzean types, for the diagnosis of Linnzeus
tallies perfectly not only with De Geer’s description but with
his figure. It is noteworthy too that in the case of the
other three species the Linnean diagnoses agree perfectly
with De Geer’s specimens, figures and descriptions ; the
Latin diagnoses are of course much shorter than the French
descriptions, which are therefore not mere translations, but
additional and amplified diagnoses.

As to oblongata there seems nothing for it but to regard
the species for the present as uncertain; it has not been
recognised with accuracy since it was described, for the
Llatta oblongata of Serville and the Thyrsocera oblongata
of Brunner and de Saussure is quite a different insect,
to be identified probably with the Slatta intercepta of
Burmeister. The species described by Walker as Pseudo-
mops inclusa (= amena Sauss.) is evidently closely allied
to oblongata L., and a long series of specimens might show
that Walker’s species was merely a varietal form of
oblongata.

The other Linnzean species which had not been recog-
nised with certainty by later authors, Blatta nivea, will
be discussed in the next section of this paper.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 459

ii. DE GEER’s COLLECTION.

As already stated, De Geer in his “ Mémoires pour servir
a histoire des insectes,” vol. ii (1773) enumerates twelve
species of Blattidze, six of which are described as new,
v1Z. :-—

Blatta pensylvaniea.
Blatia abdomen-nigrum.
Blatta livida.

Blatta rufa.

Llatta grisea.

Blatta minutissima.

The remaining six species are Linnzan species, but new
names are given to two, even though De Geer fully recog-
nised the specific identity of his species with those of
Linneus.

The collection is now at Stockholm in the Riks Naturhis-
toriska Museum, and with the exception of one specimen
is in a good state of preservation. I am indebted to Dr.
Y. Sjostedt for permission to make a careful examination
of this very interesting collection. The following is a
catalogue of the specimens with annotations :—

1. Blatta culinaris, De Geer, op. cit. p. 530, pl. 25, ff. 1-7.
This is the Blatta orientalis of Linneus; 2 $2Z,1 ¢,
and also | larva of Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L.
2. Blatta lapponica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 533, pl. 25, ff, 8-12.
= Kctobius lapponicus, L.
otaeee

3. Blatta kakkerlac, De Geer, op. cit. p. 535, pl. 44, ff. 1-3.
= Periplaneta americana, L.
Lea se
From 8. America (Rolander.)
4. Blatta pensylvanica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 537, pl. 44, f. 4.
= Ischnoptera pensylvanica, De Geer.
es
The species has been recognised and correctly deter-

mined by all subsequent authors.
From “ Pensylvania” (Acrelius).

460 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

5. Blatta abdomen-nigrum, De Geer, op. cit. p. 587,
pl. 44, f. 5.

= Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer (syn. Epi-
lampra brevis, Brunner, P.Z.S. Lond., 1892, p. 203,
pl. 15, f. 3).

19.

The species is omitted in Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera.”

Description of the type :—

?. Rufo-testaceous shading to rufo-castaneous. Head with vertex
between the eyes castaneous, rest of head rufo-testaceous with a few
scattered brown points; width between the eyes slightly greater than
length of first antennal joint. [Antenne mutilated.] Pronotum
trapezoidal, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly produced, sides deflexed ;
smooth, rufo-testaceous but densely covered with fine castaneous dots,
lyrate markings faintly indicated. Tegmina just failing to reach
base of supra-anal lamina, rufo-castaneous with a few scattered
castaneous points; anal field with slight indications of seriate
punctures ; the part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left,
dark castaneous; mediastinal vein forked at apex, radial vein
bifurcate, dark castaneous at base, 12 costals from upper branch of
radial, the lower branch multiramose. Abdomen above heavily
mottled with castaneous, supra-anal lamina produced, triangular,
apex notched, (slightly mutilated during life and regenerated on the
right side), projecting beyond the sub-genital lamina. Spiracular
tubes prominent. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina
produced, ample, posterior margin sinuate. [Cerci mutilated.] Coxe
rufo-testaceous, spotted with castaneous ; femora rufo-testaceous with
a castaneous line along the outside and lower aspect; tibie with
apex and a line down the outer aspect castaneous. Front femora with
a series of 5 spines on the anterior margin beneath, succeeded distally
by a row of piliform sete, 2 spines on the posterior margin, mid-
femora with 4 spines on anterior margin and also on posterior margin
beneath, hind-femora with 3 on anterior margin and 4 on posterior
margin beneath. Formula of apical spines 3, +, 3, no genicular
spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus [one absent] has been
regenerated and is composed of 4 joints only.

Total length 25°5 mm.; tegmina 18°1 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. x
84 mm.

The species is recorded from Surinam by De Geer;

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 461

there are examples in the Oxford Museum from Demerara,
Guadeloupe and I. of St. Vincent.

6. Blatia livida, De Geer, op. cit. p. 538, pl. 44, f. 6.
= Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer.

12

One example with the abdomen missing. From a
comparison with specimens in the Oxford Museum, I am
convinced that this species of De Geer’s is merely the
male of HL. abdomen-nigrum. The differences between the
two specimens are, irrespective of size, very trifling, e.g.
in Blatia livida, the mediastinal vein is triramose, there
are only 10 costals, the legs are testaceous, and there are
only 4 spines on the anterior margin beneath of the front
femora and 3 on both margins beneath of the other pairs.

Total length 19 mm.; tegmina 15 mm.; pronotum
5mm. X 69 mm.

Also recorded from Surinam. The unique specimen
bears a label in Stal’s handwriting “ Epilampra brasiliensis,
Burm. var.”

7. Blatta rufa, De Geer, op. cit. p. 539, pl. 44, f. 7.
(syn. Ischnoptera rufa, Brunner.)

1f

This species also is omitted in Kirby’s Catalogue.

Description of the type :—

?. Uniform rufo-castaneous. [Head missing.] Pronotum trape-
zoidal, anteriorly truncate, sides deflexed, posteriorly very obtusely
angulated, smooth, with two oblique obsolescent impressions. Scu-
tellum exposed. Tegmina and wings extending considerably beyond
the apex of the abdomen ; mediastinal vein simple, radial vein not
bifurcate, 16-18 costals, 11 longitudinal discoidal sectors, both the
ulnar veins being ramose, the sectors connected by numerous trans-
verse venule. Supra-anal lamina triangularly produced, its apex
hyaline, exceeding the sub-genital lamina in length, sparsely
fimbriate. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina semi-
orbicular, ample. [Cerci mutilated.] Legs testaceous, tibize rather
darker than femora. Front femora with 4 spines on anterior margin,
succeeded distally by piliform seta, one spine on posterior margin
beneath; mid and hind femora with 4 spines on both margins

462 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blatiide.

beneath. Formula of apical spines ?, }, +, no genicular spines on
front femora.

Total length 21 mm.; body-length 13°5 mm.; tegmina 17 mm.;
pronotum 4°1 mm. x 5'5 mm.

From Surinam.

8. Blatta surinamensis, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 5389,
pl. 44, f. 8.

= Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L. Type.

One example with the abdomen missing.
From Surinam.

9. Blatta grisea, De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f. 9.
= LEpilampra grisea, De Geer.
(syn. Blatta maculicollis, Serv.
? Phyllodromia burmeistert, Guér.
Epilampra brasiliensis, Brunner (nec Fab.) .)
1 f with label in Stal’s handwriting, ‘‘ Zpilampra
burmeisteri, Sauss.”

Description of the type :—

d. Testaceous. Head with sparse castaneous mottlings on the
vertex and frons. Eyes converging slightly on frons which is
slightly depressed and faintly wrinkled between lower part of eyes;
least distance between eyes greater than breadth of 1st antennal
joint but less than its length. Pronotum sprinkled with minute
castaneous points, but almost devoid of the lyrate markings character-
istic of the genus, these being represented by two triangular castaneous
points near base of the disc. Tegmina testaceous, a few scattered
castaneous dots along the radial vein and at apex, mediastinal vein
with 2 short branches, 11 costals, radial bifurcate, 10 longitudinal
discoidal sectors. Abdomen beneath sprinkled with castaneous ;
supra-anal lamina produced, bilobed, exceeding in length the sub-
genital lamina which is rather narrow, slightly asymmetrical and
furnished with 2 slender styles. Cercirather long. Legs testaceous,
front femora with 5 spines on anterior margin, 3 on posterior margin
beneath, mid-femora with 4 on both margins, hind-femora 3 on
anterior margin, 4 on posterior margin ; formula of apical spines
?, +, % no genicular spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus
longer than remaining joints ; all the tarsal joints biseriately spined
beneath.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 463

Total length 24:1 mm.; body-length 20°-4mm.; tegmina 20°5 mm.;
pronotum 5 mm. x 6 mm.

Recorded from Surinam.

10.Blatta nivea, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f 10.
= Panchlora nivea, L. Type.
(syn. Panchlora virescens, Thunb.)

ee

The genus Panchlora includes several species described
by the older authors, e.g. viridis Fab., hyalina Stoll,
virescens Thunb., exoleta Burm., viridis Burm., chlorotica,
Pall.; to determine these with accuracy or to fix their
synonymy is a matter of impossibility unless all the types
are critically examined. De Saussure and Zehntner
in the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana. Orthoptera,”’ vol.
i, p. 90-92, have drawn up a synoptical key to the species
of Panchlora without consulting any of the older types ;
such a key certainly enables the student to give a name
to his specimens, but by no means does it follow that
these names are correct, in fact it must be a matter of
pure chance if the use of such a key enables the system-
atist to identify any one of his specimens with accuracy.
A good example of this is shown in the species under
notice, P. nivea, L.; the key of de Saussure and Zehntner
accidentally is correct in diagnosing P. virescens Thunb.,
but P. nivea, L. is situated in another part of the key;
yet these two species are the same, as I have discovered
from an examination of De Geer’s specimen which I
accept as the Linnean type and of Thunberg’s type. The
identification of the species of Panchlora is most difficult, as
they resemble each other very ciosely and present scarcely
any characters that do not vary to such an extent that
they are practically useless for purposes of discrimination.
One character however appears to be of some importance,
viz. the form of the cerci, and the size of their apical joints
when viewed from below. In a species which I identify
provisionally as P. antillarum Sauss., the cerci are broad,
somewhat spatulate and with the last two joints much
enlarged ; in P. viridis Fab., the cerci are lanceolate with
the last two joints enlarged ; in P. nivea, L., the cerci are
lanceolate with the last joint only enlarged. This charac-
ter occurs in both sexes, and taken in conjunction with

464 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

the general size of the insect and the distance apart of
the eyes is of considerable help in discriminating the
species. In P. nivea, L., the eyes almost touch on the
vertex of the head, and the male type has the following
dimensions :—Total length 16 mm.; length of body 12
mm.; length of tegmina 13°5 mm.; pronotum 3‘°9 mm. x
4°1 mm. The antennz are unicolorous, and the tegmina
are immaculate. This is the commonest species of the
genus, and will eventually be proved, I am sure, to have
been described over and over again; it frequently finds its
way to England, lurking in imported fruit, and has been
recorded in the lists of Natural History societies as
P. exoleta Burm, and as P. virescens Thunb. The type is
recorded from Surinam.

11. Blatta oblongata, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 541, pl. 44,
fT

= Pseudomops oblongata, L.

The specimen in De Geer’s cabinet is much mutilated,
consisting of the head and the two thoracic segments only ;
the tegmina also are missing. The head is_piceous,
with first and basal half of second joint of maxillary palpi
flavo-testaceous, the rest of the palpi fuscous. Pronotum
flavo-testaceous with a complex fusco-castaneous design
on the disc. As already pointed out, this does not
correspond with Linneus’ description ‘“thorace punctis
duobus lunulaque nigris” nor with De Geer’s figure and
description. The species is most nearly allied to
Pseudomops angusta, Wk.

12. Blatia minutissima, De Geer, op. cit. p. 542, pl. 44,
ff. 18, 14.

= Holocompsa minutissima, De Geer.
(? syn. Holocompsa cyanea, Burm.)
One specimen in bad condition, the abdomen missing.

Description of the type :—

Head fuscous with a sparse rufous pubescence, clypeus and labrum
testaceous; antenn (mutilated) fuscous. Pronotum fuscous with a
recumbent rufous pubescence. Tegmina with basal half coriaceous,
castaneous, apical half membranous, hyaline, marginal area with
rufous pubescence 6 to 7 costal veins anal vein impressed and bent.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 465

at aright angle. Wings not longer than tegmina; marginal area
with a castaneous “stigma” formed by the incrassated branches of
the mediastinal vein and by the five incrassated costal veins, the
internervular spaces also being castaneous. Coxe castaneous.

Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm.

From Surinam.

Brunner was the first to suggest that this species should
be placed in the genus Anaplecta, and every other author
has followed this lead without question. De Geer’s figures
are certainly too small and ill-defined to enable one to
guess correctly at the systematic position of the species.

lil. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY THUNBERG.

The papers in which Thunberg described new species of
cockroaches are :—

1. Dissertatio Entomologica novas Insectorum species
sistens. Part iv, pp. 76-78, Uppsala, 1784.

2. Nagra nya species af Blattae—slagtet beskrifna.
Vetensk. Acad. nya Handl. vol. 31, pp. 185-189, pl. 5,
1810.

3. Blattarum nove species descriptee. Mém. Acad. St.
Pétersb., vol. 10, pp. 275-293, pl. 14, 1826.

The second of these two papers containing the
descriptions of seven new species has entirely escaped the
notice of every subsequent authority on the Blattide ;
this neglect is rather remarkable, seeing that the paper
was published in a well-known scientific journal, was
furnished with a plate, and was referred to by Thunberg
in a later memoir which is well-known to every ortho-
pterist, viz.,* Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata.
Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb., vol. 5, pp. 211-301, pl. 3, 1815.
It affords me considerable satisfaction to bring about the
resurrection of this forgotten memoir, especially as this
involves no startling changes in nomenclature. In his
Dissertatio Entomologica de Hemipteris maxillosis Capen-
sibus, Uppsala pp. 1-8, 1822, Thunberg enumerates four
species of Blatta, but all of these have been described
previously, either by himself or by Fabricius, and as the

* A manuscript copy of this memoir from the library of Audouin
is in the Hope Library, Oxford Museum.

466 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

descriptions add nothing to those already published this
paper will not be quoted below.

The Thunbergian collection of insects, which in its day
must have been one of the largest in Europe, is still at
Uppsala and is very much as Thunberg left it. Stal
overhauled the Orthoptera, and though he _ published
nothing concerning Thunberg’s Blattide, nevertheless
attached to most of the specimens the names of more
recent authors. It is quite evident from a study of the
collection that Thunberg was by no means a “splitter,”
even if judged by the standard of scientific accuracy of
his day, and as a result it is frequently the case that more
than one species in his collection stands under the same
specific name. ‘To take one example:—under the name
Liatta grossa stand three species of the genus Monachoda,
and the question arises, which of these is to be selected as
the type? Thunberg’s description affords no help. The
simplest course is to regard that specimen as the type
which most closely approximates to the description of the
species drawn up by later authors from specimens which
they imagined to be identical with Thunberg’s specimen.
A certain definite species of JMonachoda stands in all
collections under the name J. grossa Thunb., it is
recognised presumably not by Thunberg’s description
but by Serville’s, Brunner’s or that of some other authority;
since in Thunberg’s own collection there is an example of
this species, that example, in the absence of all evidence
to prove the contrary, may be selected as the type of his
species JZ, grossa. The following is a list of the species
described by Thunberg, taken in the order of their
publication.

In the first column the Thunbergian name is given, in
the second the correct name of the species, and in the
third column some synonyms :—

467

of the Blattide.

ves O

Mr. R. Shelford’s Stud

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468 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

I append a description of Parahormetica bipustulata, as
it is the only Thunbergian species which has not been re-
described by subsequent authors, and which in consequence
cannot be recognised without a more detailed description
than the original one.

@ Dark castaneous. Pronotum almost smooth, no impressions,
only a very few punctuations, a pair of small orange spots in the
posterior half of the disc, widely separated. Tegmina lobiform, of
the same shape as in P. bilobata, Sauss., extending to apex of second
abdominal tergite. Supra-anal lamina rounded, surpassed by sub-
genital lamina into which it fits. Cerci blunt, short. Abdomen
below with disc rufous. Legs rufous. Total length 29 mm.; length
of tegmina 9 mm.; pronotum 9°5 mm. x 13 mm.

IX. SYNONYMICAL NOTES.

The following Fabrician species have been omitted by
Kirby from his Syn. Cat. Orthopt. vol. 1 :—

Blatta occidentalis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui, p. 7 (1793) to
genus Naupheta. Rhyparobia rasfipes, Kirby is sy-
nonymous. ‘Type in Copenhagen Museum. Fabricius
gives the locality as “in Americz insulis,” and on the
label borne by the type is written “St. Thomas Is.”
The species is characteristic of W. Africa, and it is
possible that Fabricius confused the Island of San
Thomé with the West Indian island.

Blatta palliata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 186 (1798)
to genus Hemithyrsocera. H. mgra, Brunner is
synonymous. Type in Copenhagen Museum.

Blatta reticulata, Fabricius, op. cit. p. 186 to genus
Phyllodromia. Type in Copenhagen Museum.

Blatta ruficollis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. 1, p. 226 (1787) to
genus IJschnoptera. Type in Copenhagen Museum.

I was unable to find the type of Blatia longipalpa, Fab.
The following notes result from an examination of
Stal’s types :—

Blatia pumila, Stal, is a species of Anaplecta probably
conspecific with A. Jateralis, Burm.
Liatta misella to genus Hololampra.

Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blatiide. 469

Blatta tenella is a synonym of Huthyrrhapha pacifica, Coq.

Thyrsocera (= Pseudothyrsocera) circumclusa, Stal, is 2 of
P. circumeincta Stal, and P. semicincta is % of P.
rufiventris, Stal.

Epilampra tagalica, E. trivialis and £. caliginosa are
conspecific,

Cutilia tartarea is a synomym of Platyzosteria nitida,
Brunner.

Periplaneta wahlbergi to genus Deropeltis; D. atra, Brunner,
is a synonym.

Periplaneta albilatera to genus Pseudoderopeltis.

Pollusca and Homalodemas are synonyms of Derocalymma,
Burm.

Blabera monstrosa is a synonym of Monastria biguttata,
Thunb.

Blabera luctuosa is not synonymous with L. atropos, Stoll.

The following corrections should be made in the list of
Blattidz from the Transvaal given in Mr. Distant’s “Insecta
Transvaaliensia.”

Phyllodromia delta, Kirby, is synonymous with P. swpel-
lectilium, Serv.

Apotrogia, Kirby, is founded on a larvaof the genus Gyna,
and A. angolensis, Kirby, is probably the same as
Gyna caffrorum Stal.

Deropeltis distanti, Kirby, is synonymous with Slatta
meridionalis, Sauss.

Naupheta aspersata, Kirby, is a species of Oxyhaloa
possibly conspecific with 0. ferreti, Reiche.

Elliptoblatta uniforms, Kirby, is a species of Hypospheria.*

Pilema saussuret, Kirby, described as a female, is in reality
an immature male and probably the same as P.
clypeata, Sauss.

Derocalymma intermedia, Kirby, is a synonym of D.
versicolor, Burm.

Derocalymma clavigera, Kirby, is a species of Hostilia.

Dr. G. W. Miiller of the Greifswald Museum having
kindly lent me some of Gerstacker’s types, I am able to
make the following corrections in nomenclature :—

* 1 do not think that Melanosilpha, Stal, is distinct from
Hypospheria, Lucas.

470 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.

Phyllodromia patricia to be transferred to Theganopteryx.

Be pulchella os
¥ cinnamomea ,,
4 basalis a
at punctifrons A
s xgrota a
ie relucens st

Theganopteryz.
Ischnoptera.
Ischnoptera.
Ischnoptera.
Ischnoptera.
Ischnoptera.

hemerobina, centralis, pustulosa, and obsoleta are true species
of Phyllodromia ; the type of P. amplicollis is lost.
Panchlora adusta and P. vitellina are true species of

Panchlora.

19

From the AXNALS AND MaGazinr. oF Natura History,
Ser. 7, Vol. xix., January 1907.

On some new Species of Blattidee in the Oxford and Paris
Museums. By R. Suetrorp, M.A., F.L.S.

Subfam. Hecropry 2.

Genus AnAPLecrorpDEA, Shelf.
Anaplectoidea Dohertyi, sp. un.

2. Clear testaceous, nitid. Head rufo-testaceous, antennze
testaceous. Pronotum posteriorly truncated, exposing the
scutellum, testaceous, lateral margins hyaline. 'Tegmina with
fifteen costal veins; anterior ulnar with six branches, some of
which are oblique, posterior ulnar simple ; anal vein strongly
curved, well marked; four axillary veins; the part of the
right tegmen overlapped by the left reticulated. Wings
hyaline, suffused with a pale flavid tint, with ten costal veins
incrassated at the apex; medio-discal field crossed by eleven
transverse veinlets; ulnar vein curved upwards, with five
branches, the medio-ulnar field only one third the breadth
of the medio-discal field, first anal vein quadriramose ; apical
area small, barely one fifth of total wing-length, its basal
margin obtusely angled, its apex slightly emarginate, divided
almost equally by a longitudinal vein. Supra-anal lamina
produced, its apical margin straight; subgenital lamina
ample, semiorbicular; cerci elongate, nine-jointed.

Length of body 7 mm. ; length of tegmina 6 mm.

Sangir (W. Doherty) ; one example (Oxford Mus.).

Genus Hotorampra, Sauss.

Hololampra minuta, sp. n.

?. Head rufo-castaneous, antenne fuscous with exception
of first two basal joints, which are testaceous. Pronotum
covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, the angles rounded, sides
deflexed, posterior margin nearly straight; all the margins
testaceous, most broadly at posterior angles; disk rufo-casta-
neous, with a posterior transverse castaneous vitta which is
notched anteriorly. Tegmina ovate, smooth, shining, hyaline-
testaceous, extending as far as middle of fourth abdominal
tergite, the veins testaceous ; eight costal veins, the last three
ramose, discoidal sectors oblique and few in number, anal
vein not impressed. Wings scale-like. Abdomen testaceous
above, banded with black, beneath black margined with

26 Mr. R. Shelford on some

testaceous, last segment and subgenital lamina rufo-casta-
neous ; supra-anal lamina short, trigonal, with a median
impressed line; subgenital lamina ample, semiorbicular,
projecting beyond the supra-anal lamina; cerci moderate,
black. Legs rufo-testaceous ; femora very sparsely armed,
not more than two spines on the anterior and posterior
margins of each.

Total length 6 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm.

Andrahomana, South Madagascar (Ch. Alluaud, 1901) ;
two examples (Paris Museum).

One of the smallest species of the genus.

Subfam. Payrropromin 2.
Genus IscunorTEeras, Burm.
Ischnoptera Ridleyi, sp. n.

¢. Head ferruginous, a V-shaped darker mark between
the antennal sockets ; antenne ferruginous, longer than the
body. Pronotum rounded, posteriorly truncate, sides slightly
deflexed, not covering vertex of head; disk rufous, with two
broad vitte, black in colour, not reaching the posterior
margin, their outer margins sinuate, their inner margins
straight. 'Tegmina ferruginous ; radial vein bifurcated at
the middle; sixteen costal veins; discoidal area with eleven
longitudinal sectors; seven axillary veins. Wings hyaline,
veins fuscous, the marginal field suffused with flavid; radial
vein bifurcated at the middle, mediastinal vein with five
branches ; fourteen costal veins; median vein sinuate; ulnar
vein with fourteen branches, six of which go to the apex of
the wing. Abdomen infuscated above, ferruginous below;
the seventh tergite notched in the middle of its posterior
margin, the eighth very narrow; the eighth sternite reduced
to a pair of lateral lappets; the supra-anal lamina quadrate,
its posterior margin notched and produced on each side of
the notch into two curved and slender processes; the sub-
genital lamina subquadrate, its posterior margin much
thickened, forming two asymmetrical swellings which are
grooved and furnished with numerous minute denticles ;
stylesabsent. Front femora with the anterior border beneath
armed throughout its length with long stout spines.

Length of body 22 mm.; length of tegmina 20 mm.

Singapore (H. N. Ridley, March to May, 1906); one
example (Oxford Museum).

This species, like so many of its Oriental congeners, presents
unusual modifications of those external parts which are

new Species of Blattide. 27

related to reproduction. The form of the subgenital lamina
in I, Ridleyt recalls that of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm.

Ischnoptera perpulchra, sp. n.

?. Head testaceous, antennz (mutilated) testaceous at
base. Pronotum trapezoidal, posterior margin slightly pro-
duced; disk flavo-testaceous, encircled by a broad penannular
ring of black, open on the anterior margin, lateral and poste-
rior margins testaceous. ‘Tlegmina castaneous, margin testa-
ceous ; eighteen costal veins; radial vein bifureated beyond
the middle, the lower branch sending ramifications to the
apex of the wing; discoidal field with nine longitudinal
sectors, the most internal of which are angled. Wings
hyaline, veins fuscous, marginal field bordered with testa-
ceous ; mediastinal vein with six branches, ten to twelve
costal veins, radial vein bifureated beyond the middle; ulnar
vein with seven branches, three of which run towards the
dividing vein. Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, except at
the apex, which is fuscous, testaceous below ; supra-anal
lamina produced triangular, subgenital lamina ample. Legs
testaceous; front femora armed on the anterior margin
beneath with strong spines throughout its length, the most
basal the longest ; formula of apical spines #, 4,1; front
femora without a genicular spine, unless the most anterior
apical spine is to be regarded as such.

Length of body 12 mm.; length of tegmina 14 mm.

Macassar, Celebes (W. Doherty, 1896); one example
(Oxford Museum).

This species is rather a puzzling one; the angulation of
some of the discoidal sectors of the tegmina suggests the
genera Pseudomops and Pseudothyrsocera, but this is a
character that also crops up in Phyllodromia, and, taken by
itself, is not of the greatest importance ; it is on account of
the branching of the vena ulnaris alarum, so characteristic of
Ischnoptera, that I have referred this species to that generic
position.

Ischnoptera cavernicola, sp. n.

6. Head castaneous, mouth-parts testaceous; antenne
testaceous, one and a half times longer than the body,
Pronotum rufo-castaneous, with lateral and posterior margins
narrowly castaneous. Tegmina clear testaceous, radial vein
bifurcated, twelve costal veins, six discoidal sectors. Wings
hyaline, mediastinal vein with three branches, seven costal

28 Mr. R. Shelford on some

veins, radial vein not bifurcated, ulnar vein sending three
branches to the dividing vein and three to the apex of the
wing. Abdomen rufo-testaceous, supra-anal lamina slightly
produced, rounded; subgenital lamina produced, narrow,
with two stout styles ; cerci elongate. Legs rufo-testa-
ceous; front femora with anterior margin beneath armed
throughout its length with a series of short spines, the
most distal the short test; apical spines +, 1, 1; genicular
spines I, 1, 1.

Length of body 10 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm.

In cave at Bidi, Sarawak, Borneo (R. Shelford); one
example (Oxford Mu iseum). [No. 22.

The species, which can be readily recognized by the pale
pronotum with dark margins, was found in some numbers in
a large and quite dark cave in the limestone formation at
Bidi, Sarawak ; it is somewhat remarkable that this cock-
roach, a Stenopelmatid (? Dolichopoda), and a species of crab
(Potamon bidiense, Lanch.), which were all found in con-
siderable numbers in the darkest part of the cave, show no
reduction im size of the eyes; one can only suppose that
the caves have been peopled within quite recent times by
these Arthropoda. The antenne of the Stenopelmatid are
of great Jength, but this is not the case in Ischnoptera
cavernicola.

Genus ExiipsrpiuM, Sauss.

Ellipsidium castaneum, sp. un.

9. Head dark rufous, with a black spot between the
antennal sockets; antennz with the basal half strongly
incrassated, black, the two basal joints rufous, apical half
with a testaceous band occupying ten lower joints, the
remaining joints fuscous. Disk of the pronotum rufo-
testaceous, with a symmetrical black design, anterior and
posterior margins pale testaceous, lateral margins hyaline.
‘Tegmina castaneous , with the densely reticulated veins pale
testaceous, the mediastinal field hyaline. Wings infuscated,
veins flavid. Abdomen black beneath, sternites with white
margins ; subgenital lamina with the apex slightly cleft ;
cerci black, with castaneous legs. Legs castaneous, the
coxz black, with white borders, the tarsi black.

Total lei agth 14 mm.; length of tegmina 12°5 mm.;
pronotum 4% 6 mm.

Humboldt Bay, New Guinea (W. Doherty, 1896) ; one
example (Oxford Museum).

new Species of Blattide. 29;

This well-marked species somewhat extends the range of
the genus, hitherto known only from Australia,

Genus PIRoBLATTA, nov.

Differs from Chrastoblatta, Sauss. & Zehnt., by the less
prominent vertex, by the shape of the pronotum, by the
greater breadth of the tegmina, and by the presence of a
prominent triangular apical area in the wings.

Head almost covered by the pronotum; pronotum trape-
zoidal, anterior margin truncate, sides deflexed, posterior
margin slightly arcuate ; scutellum exposed; tegmina longer
than the body, discoidal sectors oblique. Wings with a
large apical triangle, projecting beyond the anterior part
of the wing; ulnar vein bifurcate and sending also two to
three branches to the dividing vein. Front femora unarmed
beneath, mid and hind femora very sparsely armed on both
borders beneath ; genicular spines present on all the femora.
Supra-anal lamina in the male somewhat quadrately pro-
duced, in the female triangularly produced.

On a re-examination of the species described by me as
Theganopteryz Bouviert (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 236) I
have come to the conclusion that a new genus must be
established for this and for the species described below. In
general appearance both species are very like Theganopteryz,
but the branching of the ulnar vein of the wings is sufficient
to place them close to the genus Chrastoblatta, from which,
however, they may be distinguished by the points enumerated
above. Both species are testaceous in colour and quite
unlike the conspicuous Chrastoblatta dimidiata, Sauss. &
Zehnt., and C. tricolor, Sauss. & Zehnt. The females are
shorter and a little broader than the males.

Piroblatta Alluaudi, sp. un.

3d. Head rufo-castaneous ; maxillary palpi and antenne
testaceous, the latter longer than the body ; pronotum rufo-
testaceous, the lateral margins hyaline. 'Tegmina testaceous
hyaline ; fifteen to sixteen costal veins, eight oblique discoidal
sectors. Wings hyaline; veins fuscous, marginal field
flavid; fourteen to fifteen costal veins, their apices very
slightly incrassated; ulnar vein bifurcated and sending three
branches to the dividing vein; first axillary vein quadri-
ramose, triangular apical field large. Legs and cerci rufo-
testaceous. Abdomen piceous; supra-anal lamina trigonal,
subgenital lamina semiorbicular; the left style stout and
curved, the right style minute.

30 Mr. R. Shelford on some

@. Similar to the male, but shorter; supra-anal lamina
triangular ; subgenital lamina ample.

¢. Length of body 7 mm.; length of tegmina 8 mm.

2. Length of body 7 mm.; length of tegmina 7°5 mm.

Diego Suarez, Madagascar (Alluaud, April 1896) ; eight
examples (Paris Museum).

Piroblatta Bouvieri, Shelf.

Theganopteryx Bouviert, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1906,
p. 256.

The female has the pronotum less strongly marked with
testaceous than the male; the supra-anal lamina is trigonal,
the subgenital lamina ample and semiorbicular ; the tegmina
measure 8 mm., as against 10°8 mm. in the male, the body
8 mm., as against 95 mm. in the male.

Genus PHyLLopRomia, Serv.

Phyllodromia picturata, sp. nu.

g. Head testaceous, with castaneous markings, forming a
symmetrical design. Pronotum transversely elliptical, lateral
margins hyaline; disk of the pronotum pale testaceous, with
castaneous markings composed of irregular spots and two
central longitudinal lines; afew minute castaneous points
in the hyaline margins. Tegmina hyaline testaceous, with
castaneous spots disposed along the veins, denser at two
points in the marginal field, forming two indistinct macule ;
an oblique castaneous fascia on the right tegmen extending
from the middle of the anal field to the apical third of the
radial vein ; mediastinal vein with two branches, radial vein
not bifurcated, twelve costal veins; anterior ulnar vein
sending several branches to the sutural margin, posterior
ulnar vein simple; anal vein somewhat sinuate, its apex
suddenly bent inwards. Wings hyaline; nine costal veins,
the six basal clavately incrassated, the apical three ramose ;
ulnar vein with five branches. Abdomen infuscated above,
testaceous, marbled with fuscous below; supra-anal lamina
short, transverse ; subgenital lamina ample, somewhat irre-
cular, the left style larger than the right and curved (cerci
mutilated). Legs testaceous; tibize banded with castaneous ;
tarsi fuscous except the basal two thirds of the first joint;
front femora not armed beneath; mid and hind femora
sparsely spined; apical spines 1, }, }; no genicular spine on
front femora.

new Species of Blattide. 31

Length of body 9 mm.; length of tegmina 10 mm.; pro-
notum 2°2 x 4°5 mm.

Singapore, Botanic Gardens (H. N. Ridley) ; one example
(Oxford Museum).

The species in the characters presented by the femora and
supra-anal Jamina resembles the Ectobine, but the wing-
structure is typically Phyllodromine.

Phyllodromia albovariegata, sp. n.

9. Head dark castaneous, with two diverging testaceous
lines running from the vertex to the sides of the clypeus ;
clypeus rufo-testaceous ; palpi fusco-testaceous ; antenne
testaceous at base, the rest fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal,
dark castaneous, with a narrow central line testaceous, lateral
margins hyaline. Tegmina dark castaneous, paler towards
the apex, mediastinal field and base of marginal field hyaline ;
a transverse white fascia extending from the marginal field
to the apex of the anal field, not meeting its fellow of the
opposite side ; twelve costal veins, the apical four branched,
discoidal sectors oblique. Wings infuscated, costal margin
very narrowly flavid ; eleven costal veins, their apices incras-
sated; ulnar vein 5-ramose, the branches joined by trans-
verse venule; a prominent apical triangle. Abdomen
fuscous, with a fulvous patch on the disk below; supra-anal
lamina short, transverse ; subgenital lamina large, produced,
its apex cleft ; cerci long, testaceous. Legs testaceous, front
femora armed with several spines on the anterior margin
beneath, the more distal being the shortest of the series ;
mid femora strongly spined; hind femora sparsely spined,
apical spines 7, +, }; no genicular spine on front femora.

Length of body 6°2 mm.; length of tegmina 7 mm.

Fernando Po (L. Conradt, 1901); one example (Paris
Museum).

Phyllodromia nimbata, sp. n.

3. Testaceous. Head with a rufous band between the
eyes and sometimes with a narrower band between the an-
tennal sockets. Pronotum trapezoidal; lateral margins
hyaline; disk testaceous, with rufous markings symmetri-
cally disposed. ‘Tegmina clear testaceous ; ten costal veins,
five longitudinal discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline; medi-
astinal vein with two branches; eight to nine costal veins,
their apices clavately incrassated; ulnar vein with four
branches. Abdomen infuscated above, testaceous below, with

32 Mr. R. Shelford on some

fuscous margins ; supra-anal lamina trigonal, slightly emar-
ginate ; subgenital lamina triangularly produced, with two
styles; cerci elongate, testaceous. Legs testaceous; front
femora armed on anterior margin beneath with a series of
spines, the most distal short and serried ; apical spines 4, 4, 1;
all the femora with genicular spines.

?. Head entirely rufo-testaceous; supra-anal lamina
transverse ; subgenital lamina ample, semiorbicular, posterior
margin slightly but widely emarginate.

a. oF
iuengthyof body: =. 9 2 diene 8°1 mm.
Length oftegmina. . . . . 10mm. 9°38 mm.

Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo; five examples (Oxford
Museum). [No. 29.]

The species is undoubtedly closely allied to Phyllodromia
liturifera, Stal, the type of which is now before me, but
differs in the following points :—It is smaller; the head is
not marked with three castaneous bands; the coloration of
the tegmina is different ; the wings are clear hyaline and
their veins pale testaceous ; the costal veins are more nume-
rous; the supra-anal lamina is slightly more produced and
its apex is emarginate ; the subgenital lamina is narrower.
It is quite evident that de Saussure correctly identified
P. liturifera, Stal (Mél. Orthopt. i. p. 56, 1869), and his
detailed description of the species is perfectly accurate in
every point.

Phyllodromia nebulosa, sp. n.

3d. Head testaceous; four longitudinal lines on the vertex,
three indistinct transverse bands on the face, castaneous.
Pronotum trapezoidal, lateral margins hyaline, disk marbled
with castaneous and testaceous. ‘l'egmina clear testaceous,
with numerous irregular castaneous markings occurring
between the veins ; ten to eleven costal veins, five longitu-
dinal discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline; veins testaceous,
mediastinal vein with two branches ; eight costal veins, their
apices clavately incrassated ; ulnar vein with four branches.
Abdomen infuscated ; supra-anal lamina triangular; sub-
genital lamina ample, semiorbicular, with two styles, the
margin of the lamina emarginate at their points of insertion ;
cerci long, testaceous, base and apex fuscous. Legs testa-
ceous, the tibize banded with fuscous; armature of femora
as in the preceding species.

?. All the castaneous markings on the head more distinct ;

new Species of Blattide. 33

supra-anal lamina transverse, slightly emarginate; subgenital

‘lamina very large, its posterior margin slightly and asym-

metrically emarginate.

d. Q.
Rotallensth?) = <.- 295 49.4 (3 10imm- 11 mm.
Length of tegmina . . . . . 9mm. 8 mm.

Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo; three examples (Oxford
Museum). [No. 30. ]

The small size of the species and the marbling of the
tegmina with darker markings serve to distinguish it from
any of the described Oriental forms ; its nearest ally appears
to be P. ignobilis, W1k., from Sula Islands.

Phyllodromia Hewitti, sp. n.

3. Fulvo-castaneous. Antenne equal to total length of
body, fuscous except at base. Pronotum trapezoidal, smooth,
shining, sides deflexed, not covering vertex of head, with
obscure darker markings, posterior margin slightly produced.
Tegmina with radial vein bifurcated, twenty-one costal veins,
discoidal area with nine longitudinal sectors. Wings with
marginal area somewhat coriaceous ; mediastinal vein with
five branches, radial vein bifurcated from near base; twelve
costals; ulnar vein with three branches; a prominent
triangular apical area. Front femora with eleven long spines
on anterior margin beneath, the more distal closely set
together ; formula of apical spines 7, 4, +; no genicular
spine on front femora. Supra-anal lamina triangular ; sub-
genital lamina produced, highly irregular in appearance; no
styles.

Total length 21 mm.; length of body 18 mm.; length of
tegmina 18 mm.

Kuching, Sarawak. [No. 27.]

This species, which I have pleasure in naming after
Mr. J. Hewitt, Curator of the Sarawak Museum, has all the
appearance of an Jschnoptera, but the wing-venation is that
of a typical Phyllodromia ; it is, perhaps, most nearly allied
to P. ferruginea, Br.

Phyllodromia (?) japonica, sp. un.

?. Rufo-castaneous, nitid, broad, short. Head with a
darker mark between the eyes; antennze longer than the
body, fuscous except at base. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides
deflexed, not quite covering vertex of head, posterior margin

9)

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. xix. 3

34 Mr. R. Shelford on some

very slightly angled; a short black line on each side in
front. ‘Tegmina not longer than abdomen ; radial vein bi-
furcate; eleven costals; seven axillaries; discoidal sectors
oblique. Wings suffused with rufo-testaceous ; mediastinal
vein with three branches, radial vein bifurcated; eight
costals; ulnar vein with three rami reaching apex of wing
aid two irregular and anastomosing rami which are directed
towards the apex of wing but do not reach it; no apical
triangle. Abdomen dark castaneous above and beneath,
margined with paler; supra-anal lamina triangular ; cerci
moderate; subgenital lamina ample. Legs rufo-testaceous,
all the femora strongly armed; no genicular spine on front
femora ; formula of apical spines ?, 4, 4.

Total length 15°2 mm.; length of tegmina 12 mm.; pro-
notum 5°5 x 7°9 mm.

Riou-Kiou, Oshima, Japan; three examples (Paris
Museum).

This is a very puzzling species, and I include it in the
genus Phyllodromia with considerable doubt; in general
appearance it approaches the Madagascar species of Allacta,
but it certainly does not belong to that genus. The wing-
venation is suggestive of the genus Jschnoptera, but does not
strictly conform to that type nor to the wing-venation of
Phyllodromia.

Genus PseupopHyLLopromia, Br.
Pseudophylledromia elegans, Shelf.

9. Head flavo-testaceous; a rufous band on the vertex
and between the eyes; antenne fuscous except three basal
joints, which are testaceous; second and third joints of
maxillary palpi black. Pronotum transversely elliptical,
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly very slightly angulate ;
lateral margins broadly, posterior margin narrowly hyaline
testaceous; disk dark castaneous, with four testaceous
markings; an anterior median line, stopping short before
the middle of the disk ; two dots on each side of the middle
line in the centre of the disk, a median posterior dot, in
addition a rufescent marking on each side of the disk in
front. Tegmina fusco-castaneous, marginal area and area
between radial and anal vein testaceous hyaline; twelve to
thirteen costal veins, five discoidal sectors, five axillary veins.
Abdomen fusco-castaneous above; supra-anal lamina short,
trigonal; abdomen beneath and legs flavo-testaceous ; sub-
genital lamina ample, tipped with fuscous, its posterior
margin cleft in the middle; cerci moderate, testaceous.

new Species of Blattide. 35

Total length 11°5 mm. ; length of body 9 mm. ; length of
tegmina 9°2 mm.

Maroni, French Guiana (F. Geay, 19038); one example
(Paris Museum).

P. histrio, Sauss., appears to be the nearest ally of this
species, which is well marked by the dark tegmina with one
hyaline band.

Genus PsrupectosB1s, Sauss.

Pseudectobia Alluaudi, sp. nu.

9. Rufo-testaceous. Antenne and mouth-parts testa-
ceous. Pronotum covering vertex of head, trapezoidal ;
anterior margin truncate, posterior margin obtusely angled,
lateral margins pellucid, with an opaque testaceous sub-
marginal band bordered inwardly by a rufous suffusion.
Tegmina convex, nitid, venation of anal and discoidal fields
obsolete; anal vein deeply impressed, arcuate, reaching
sutural margin at a point on one half of its length; fifteen
costals. Wings small, hyaline; radial vein bifurcated near
its apex; twelve costal veins; ulnar vein triramose; apical
triangle well defined, projecting beyond the anterior margin.
Abdomen broad ; supra-anal lamina triangular; subgenital
lamina semiorbicular, projecting slightly beyond the supra-
anal lamina. Front femora with eleven spines along the
anterior margin beneath; hind femora with four pairs of
spines ; genicular spines and a pair of apical spines on each
femur.

Total length 10 mm. ; length of tegmina 7 mm.; pro-
notum 3x5 mm,

Diego Suarez, Madagascar (Allwaud, April 1896) ; one
example (Paris Museum).

De Saussure created this genus or subgenus for the recep-
tion of the species Luneli, Sauss., liturifera, Stal, insularis,
Sauss., regarding the apical triangle and branched ulnar
vein of the wings of prime importance. As I have shown
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 231, 1906), the presence of an
apical triangle in the wings is a feature that appears in so
many subfamilies of Blattide, that, taken by itself, it is of
small value for purposes of generic distinction. I do not
believe that litwrifera, Stal, and insularis, Sauss., are con-
generic, and I have seen the types of both species; Luneii,
Sauss., is congeneric with liturifera, Stal, and I do not see
how either species can be separated from the genus Phyllo-
dromia; insularis, Sauss., is a broad convex insect, very

3%

36 Mr. R. Shelford on some

different from the other two species, and may well be selected
as the type of the genus, which can be distinguished by the
following characters :—

Broad, convex insects; the tegmina not projecting much
beyond the tip of the abdomen, their venation sometimes
obsolete in the anal and discoidal fields. Wings with an
apical triangle, the ulnar vein ramose. [emora generally
strongly armed. Supra-anal lamina variable, but usually
produced.

Type of the genus P. insularis, Sauss.

The other species of the genus are P. bipunctata, W1\k.,
P. adimonialis, Wik. (=Lupparia adimonialis), possibly
P. latipennis, Br. (= Phyllodromia latipennis), and the new
species described above. Of the species previously included
in the genus, P. pallidula, Bol., and P. veltzkowiana, Sauss.
& Zehnt., have the supra-anal lamina produced, the abdomen
is missing in P, Luneli, Sauss., and in P. intermedia, Sauss. &
Zehut.; it is probable that the shape of this tergite is as
variable as in the genus Phyllodromia, and too much reliance
should not be placed on its transverse form in P. subpectinata,
Sauss. & Zehnt., and P. antiguensis, Sauss. & Zehnt. In all
these species the armature of the femora is most variable.
They cannot be placed in the genus Theganopteryx on account
of the ramose character of the vena ulnaris alarum (cf. Trans.
Ent. Soc. p. 232, 1906), but the presence of a triangular apical
area in the wings does not forbid their entry in the genus
Phyllodromia, seeing that this character does occur in several
well-marked and well-recognized species of that genus.
P. punctulata, Sauss. & Zehut., must be referred to the genus
Theganoptery.

Subfam. Nrorreorin 2.
Nyctibora bicolor, sp. n.

?. Head entirely black, with a scanty erect pubescence
on the front; ocelli minute, testaceous ; antenne incrassated,
black, apical joints rufescent, densely pubescent. Pronotum
transversely elliptical, anterior border not nearly covering
vertex of head ; posterior border more arcuate than anterior,
covering the scutellum; disk with two converging impressions,
flavo-testaceous, with a shield-shaped black mark on the disk,
posterior margin with a fine black line. Tegmina coriaceous,
serlo-punctate and reticulate between the raised veins, not
pubescent ; the basal three fifths flavo-testaceous, the apical
two fifths dark castaneous; radial vein black throughout its

¢

X

new Species of Blattide. sei

length, sutural margins black, anal vein deeply impressed,
mediastinal vein sending several branches to the margin,
costals numerous. Wings dark castaneous, ulnar vein with
nine branches. Abdomen entirely black, except apical half
of subgenital lamina, which is flavo-testaceous ; supra-anal
lamina triangular, produced; subgenital lamina ample, its
lateral margins shortly produced ; cerci black (mutilated).
Legs black ; front femora unarmed, mid femora with four
spines on posterior margin, none on anterior margin; hind
femora with two spines on posterior margin, none on anterior
margin; genicular spines on second and third femora; formula
of apical spines 2, 4, 1.

Total length 26°38 mm.; length of body 17 mm. ; length
of tegmina 23°8 mm.; pronotum 6 mm. xX 8°5 mm.

Yarimaguas, Peru (Sallé, 1886); one example (Paris
Museum).

This species, that described below, and N. crassicornis,
Burm., should probably be included in a new genus, charac-
terized by the incrassated antennz, shape of the pronotum,

and sparse armature of the femora.

Nyctibora nigrocincta, sp. un.

3. Head entirely black; antenne black, except apical
joint, which is castaneous, incrassated, pubescent. Pronotum
as in the preceding species, but with the lateral and posterior
margins slightly reflected and with a very scanty recumbent
pubescence, yellow, with a shield-shaped black mark on the
disk. ‘Tegmina long, coriaceous at base and reticulate, not
pubescent ; four branches to the mediastinal vein, costals
numerous ; colour yellow, radial vein at base, a broad streak
on sutural margin of anal field, a broad band from near the
costal margin to the sutural margin in the apical third, black;
apex castaneous. Wings fusco-castaneous ; a broad pre-apical
yellow band; costals irregular, six branches to the ulnar vein.
Abdomen black above and below; supra-anal lamina tri-
angular ; subgenital lamina produced, very convex, with two
styles; cerci black. Legs black ; front femora with no spines
beneath ; mid femora with three to four spines on posterior
margin, none on anterior margin; hind femora with five
spines on posterior margin, none on anterior margin; geni-
cular spines on the mid and hind femora; formula of apical
spines 9, 1, 1.

9. Similar to ¢, but rather larger, the black band ex-
tending right across the tegmina, castaneous apex of tegmina
more extended, subgenital lamina as in N. bicolor, mihi.

38 Mr. R. Shelford on some

é. Total length 24 mm.; length of body 175 mm.;
length of tegmina 20 mm. ; pronotum 4°2 mm. X6 mm.

?. Total length 27 mm.; length of body 20°2 mm. ;
length of tegmina 21 mm.; pronotum 5 mm. x 8 mm.

Colombia ; four examples (Oxford Museum).

Subfam. Herzauprin Zz.

Genus NoroLaMPRa, Sauss.

Notolampra antillarum, sp. nu.

dg. Castaneous. Head and antenne testaceous, the
former with a few scattered castaneous punctures. Pro-
notum not punctate, castaneous, the lateral borders broadly,
the anterior margin narrowly, testaceous, semiopaque, with
a few scattered fuscous or castaneous dots. Tegmina
castaneous, the lateral borders testaceous, semiopaque with
scattered castaneous dots, these borders are continuous with
the pronotal testaceous borders and are broadest at the base,
narrowing to the apex; radial vein marked at its base by a
dark line, no other veins visible; surface of tegmina serio-
punctate. Wings rufo-testaceous ; intercalated apical tri-
angle small. Abdomen rufo-testaceous; supra-anal lamina
triangwar, slightly notched; subgenital lamina trigonal,
somewhat asymmetrical with two styles; cerci short. Legs
testaceous spotted with castaneous ; front femora with two
spines only at base of anterior margin beneath, rest of
anterior margin occupied by piliform setz, one spine on
posterior margin ; mid and hind femora with two spines on
anterior margin, four on posterior margin ; formula of apical
spines 7, +, }; no genicular spine on front femora.

Total length 19 mm.; length of tegmina 14 mm.; pro-
notum 6 mm.X7°5 mm.

Trinité, Martinique (A. Bourgouin, 1901); one example
(Paris Museum).

The species is most closely allied to Notolampra punctata,
Sauss., from Brazil, but differs in the testaceous borders of
the tegmina and in its proportions.

Genus Apsipopis, Sauss.
Apsidopis Wallacei, sp. n.

@. Pale testaceous. Frons concave and transversely
striated ; a chevron-shaped depression at base of clypeus and
two marks between the eyes castaneous ; antennze fuscous

new Species of Blattide. 39

except basal joint ; eyes 14} mm.apart. Pronotum cucullate,
of the form characteristic of the genus, punctate and with
numerous minute fuscous or castaneous macule. Tegmina
semicoriaceous, densely serio-punctate between the veins in
the basal two thirds, in the apical third the punctures merge
into quadrangular interspaces between numerous reticulated
interstitial veins, a few minute fuscous dots are scattered
over the tegmina; mediastinal vein with ten branches; seven
ramose costal veins ; nine anal veins, the first ramose. Wings
angulated at the apex as in the genus Derocardia, Sauss. ;
marginal area testaceous with fuscous spotting at apex, the
apex semicoriaceous ; mediastinal vein multiramose ; costal
veins irregular, the interspaces filled by reticulated interstitial
veins ; ulnar vein with nineteen branches. Supra-anal lamina
ample, prominent, bilobed ; subgenital lamina semiorbicular ;
cerci slender and short. Front femora with five spines on
middle of anterior margin beneath, piliform sete extending
from them to apex, two spines on posterior margin; mid
and hind femora with three to four spines on each lower
margin; formula of apical spines }, +, 4; minute genicular
spines on mid and hind femora, none on front femora;
posterior metatarsus shorter than remaining joints, its
pulvillus produced proximally.

Length of body 30 mm.; length of tegmina 35 mm. ; pro-
notum 1] mm. x 12°5 mm.

Sarawak (Wallace; Wilson Saunders collection, Oxford
Museum).

The species is close to 4. ovyptera, W1k., also from Borneo,
which exhibits the same characters of punctuation of the
tegmina; but d. oxyptera is smaller, more rufous in colour,
the proportions of the pronotum are different and the pro-
notum is less closely punctate, but more densely covered
with castaneous dots. Both species can be distinguished
from A. acutipennis, Sauss., by their larger size.

Subfam. Brarrryz.
Genus Buarta, L.

Blatia Rothschildi, sp. un.

¢. Rufo-castaneous. Head with four darker markings
between the eyes; ocelli and clypeus testaceous; antenne
much longer than the body, first two joints and apical third
rufo-castaneous, remainder fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal ;
anterior and posterior borders truncate, flavo-testaceous, a

40 Mr. R. Shelford on some

castaneous marking like an inverted W on the disk, a central
testaceous line. Tegmina abbreviated, not extending much
beyond the second abdominal tergite, surface reticulate, anal
vein reaching internal posterior angle of tegmina. Wings
rudimentary. The first and second abdominal tergites flavo-
testaceous, third to fifth flavo-testaceous with castaneous
lateral and posterior borders; sixth rufo-castaneous, enlarged ;
seventh flavo-testaceous with central castaneous macula,
narrow, posterior margin sinuate and slightly emarginate in
the middle; supra-anal lamina quadrate, broadly emarginate,
rufo-castaneous with a testaceous macula at the postero-
lateral angles. Cerci black, apices rufo-castaneous. Abdo-
men beneath rufo-castaneous, lateral margins castaneous and
a castaneous stigma on second to fourth sternites; sub-
genital lamina notched on each side, the long slender styles
springing from the notches. Legs rufo-castaneous. Meta-
tarsus scarcely equal to remaining joints, spined beneath,
its pulvillus minute.

?. Head black; ocelli, clypeus, gene, vertex flavo-
testaceous ; antennz rufo-castaneous. Pronotum as in dg,
but the discal black marking much enlarged, so that it
occupies all the disk, leaving only a narrow sinuate flavo-
testaceous margin, no central testaceous line. Tegmina
squamiform, not extending beyond metanotum, black, with
a yellow line at base ; mesonotum, metanotum, and first five
abdominal tergites black, with a broad central transverse
flavo-testaceous band; sixth tergite enlarged, concavely
depressed, black with flavo-testaceous lateral and posterior
margins; seventh tergite somewhat triangularly produced,
black, apex slightly emarginate, flavo-testaceous ; supra-anal
lamina produced, narrower than in 4, broadly emarginate.
Abdomen beneath and legs black, disk of abdomen rufo-
castaneous; coxee margined outwardly with flavo-testaceous,
tibial spines and tarsi castaneous.

$. Total length 21 mm.; length of tegmina 10 mm. ;
pronotum 5°8 mm. xX 7°2 mm.

2. Total length 26 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm.;
pronotum 8 mm. x 10 mm.

South of Lake Rudolph, Brit. E. Africa (Maurice de
Rothschild, 1905) ; five examples (Paris Museum).

The nearest ally of the species appears to be B. manca,
Gerst., from W. Africa.

new Species of Blattide. AL

Subfam. Oxr#4torv 2.
Genus OxyHaAtoa, Br.

Oxyhaloa variabilis, sp. n.

¢. Rufo-castaneous. Vertex of head rufo-castaneous, a
clear testaceous band between the antenne, gene testaceous ;
frons, clypeus, labrum, palpi, and antennz shining black.
Pronotum with two oblique impressions anteriorly, with a
few minute punctures from which spring short slender hairs.
Tegmina with the veins fuscous, sparsely pubescent, very
variable in length, in some examples reaching tip of abdomen,
in others lanceolate and extending no further than the third
tergite ; thirteen costals ; discoidal field reticulate. Wings
as variable in length as the tegmina, flavid at base, the rest
infuscated ; veins fuscous, ulnar vein with eight to nine rami,
the basal ones transverse. Abdomen broad, black above,
the margins of the segments narrowly rufous, beneath rufo-
castaneous ; supra-anal lamina short with rounded posterior
angles, not emarginate ; subgenital plate projecting beyond
the supra-anal lamina, fuscous, ample, its margin sinuated ;
cerci short, fuscous, tipped with rufous. Legs black, apices
of coxee and femora rufous, tibial spines rufous.

Total length from 16 mm. to 13°5 mm.; length of body
from 16 mm. to 12°5 mm.; length of tegmina from 11 mm.
to8 mm.; breadth of pronotum from 6°2 mm. to 5 mm. ;
length of pronotum from 4°5 to 4 mm.

Interior of Djibouti (Hermann); one example (Paris
Museum).

This is the smallest species of the genus, and is remarkable
on account of the variation in size of the wings and tegmina ;
apparently this variation bears no relation to the variation
in size of the individual, for one of the smallest specimens
has long tegmina and one of the largest has these organs
much reduced.

Genus ParapLecta, nom. nov.
(= Cirphis, Stal.)
The name Cirphis, created by Stal in 1876 (ify. Vet.-
Akad. Forh. xxxii. p. 74) for a cockroach (C. pailipes) from

Damara Land, is preoccupied, having been applied by Walker
in 1865 to a genus of Noctuid moths.

42 Mr. R. Shelford on some

Paraplecta ethiopica, sp. nu.

¢. Castaneous, smooth, nitid ; vertex of head not covered
by pronotum ; ocelli, apex of clypeus, mouth-parts, and
antennze testaceous ; minutely punctured. Pronotum trape-
zoidal, with rounded posterior angles, minutely punctured ;
posterior margin truncate, exposing the scutellum. Tegmina
semicoriaceous, barely reaching apex of abdomen ; eleven or
twelve costals ; discoidal field reticulate, anal vein impressed ;

eight axillaries. Wings with a large apical reflected area,
two fifths of total wing-length, its “basal margin obtusely
angled; costals highly irregular and obsolescent ; median vein
consisting of two parallel branches, with one or two trans-
verse venule connecting them; ulnar vein with seven branches.
Abdomen castaneous above, supra-anal lamina produced ;
abdomen rufo-castaneous below, subgenital lamina asym-
metrical with one style (the left); cerci short, acuminate,
4-jointed. Legs testaceous ; femora spineless, tarsal claws
without arolia.

2. Similar to ¢, but larger, tegmina and wings (when
folded) not extending beyond the sixth abdominal tergite ;
supra-anal lamina produced quadrately ; subgenital lamina
ample, produced, narrowed posteriorly.

dg. Total length 9 mm. ; length of tegmina 8 mm. ; pro-
notum 3 mm. x3°2 mm.

2. Total length 11 mm.; length of tegmina 7 mm.; pro-
notum 8°5 mm. x 3°8 mm,

Fernando Po (L. Conradt, 1901); six examples (Paris
Museum).

The species can readily be distinguished from P. pallipes,
Stal, by the wing-structure : in Stal’s species there is a con-
spicuous triangular apical area which in P. ethiopica has
become extended to form an apical reflected area; the
venation is very similar in both species, but in pallipes the
costals are better marked and the rami of the ulnar vein are
more numerous, the double median vein is common to both
species.

Genus Cuoristima, Tepper.

Choristima, Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. xix. p. 165 (1895).
Aphlebidea, Brancsik, Jahresh. Ver. Trencsin. Com. xix. & xx. p. 56
(1897).

Kirby in his ‘ Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera’ (1904),
following Brancsik, places Aphlebidea in the Ectobine; but
as the femora are unarmed beneath and a triangular apical
field is present in the wings, the genus falls naturally into the

new Species of Blattide. 48

subfamily Oxyhaloine(=Plectopterine). Aphlebidea is un-
doubtedly the same as Tepper’s genus Choristima, described
twu years previously, and 4d. Brunneri, Brancs., if not
identical with Choristima galerucoides, W\k., is most closely
allied. Blatta apicifera, Wik. (Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 110,
1868), is the male of C. galerucoides, W1k.: the type, which
is in the British Museum, is in extremely poor condition, the
abdomen and antenne being missing; it is smaller than
the female, the tegmina and wings are relatively longer and
would, I imagine, extend beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Tepper’s diagnosis of the genus is extremely brief, but
Brancsik’s description of Aphlebidea is detailed enough to
render it readily recognizable. The species included in the
genus may be distinguished as follows :—

a. Subgenital lamina in Q somewhat

cucullate.
OmelUUlOswemecstriye terete a ereoe aieces C,. Brunneri, Brancs.
GOS ME eSACGO US sos > oseje ce tiejoe slate oi be C. Kershawi, Tepp.
aa. Subgenital lamina in @ not cucullate.
Gap CCOUs: ADOVE? oe choad shcle? des aiacnie's C. hydrophoroides, Wik.
GORE EOUSED crepe, 1a oer oacelor a, wine SS as C. galerucoides, Wk.

(syn. C. loftyensis, Tepp. ;
C. apicifera, Wk.).

Chorisoneura pectinata, Sauss. (Mél. Orthoptér. iv. p. 131,
1872), may be referred to a new genus, on account of the
fusion of the radial and ulnar veins of the tegmina—a con-
dition which obtains also in Hetobia, Westw., but not in the
genera Chorisoneura, Br., or Choristima, Tepp., to which it is
most nearly allied.

Genus Ectoneura, noy.

Allied to Choristima, Tepper, but the radial and ulnar
veins of tegmina fused and emitting oblique veins to both
margins. ‘Tegmina and wings somewhat reduced in the
female, but not to so great an extent as in Choristima;
triangular apical area large and conspicuous. Supra-anal
lamina transverse or slightly produced; subgenital lamina
of the male narrow, triangular, of the female large and
subquadrate. Femora spineless beneath, except for apical
spines, the formula of which is }, 4, 4.

Type, EL. pectinata, Sauss.

Ectoneura figurata, sp. n.

d. Head fusco-castaneous with a pale testaceous band

44 Mr. R. Shelford on some

between the eyes; antenne testaceous. Prothorax trans-
versely elliptical, margins hyaline; disk fusco-castaneous with
the centre testaceous, on which are some fuscous markings.
Tegmina hyaline with pale fuscous spots along the veins ;
twelve costal veins, nine discoidal rami. Wings hyaline,
veins fuscescent ; nine costal veins ; medio-discal area twice
as broad as medio-ulnar, crossed by several irregular trans-
verse bars; ulnar vein simple; first axillary vein biramose,
upper branch irregularly bifurcate. Abdomen fuscous, with
testaceous markings; cerci long, fuscous, with a broad
testaceous band. Legs testaceous.

Total length 8 mm.; length of tegmina 6°5 mm.

Five males without ae tis (Oxford Museum).

It is possible that this is the Blatta marcida of Erichson,
a species placed by Brunner with some doubt in the genus
Ectobia, Westw.

Genus CHoRISONEURA, Br.
Chorisoneura Brunneri, sp. u.

?. Head fuscous, vertex rufo-castaneous ; antennz fuscous
at base, the remainder testaceous. Prothorax transversely
elliptic, disk fuscous, margins hyaline. Tegmina castaneous
with hyaline costal margin and with fuscous humeral vitta,
veins white ; sixteen costal veins, very irregular; median vein
distinct, longitudinal, discoidal vein with four irregular
branches ; the whole surface of the tegmina is much re-
ticulated, and the veins are rather obscured thereby ; the
part of the right tegmen covered by the left is infuscated.
Wings fuscous, the edge of the marginal field yellowish ;
eleven costal veins, their ends swollen, joined by transverse
bars ; medio-discal field crossed by several transverse bars ;
ulnar vein arcuate, simple; apical triangle unevenly divided,
its base acutely angled, its apex subtruncate. Abdomen
fulvous, legs testaceous. Cerci long, testaceous.

Total length 8°5 mm.; length of tegmina 7°5 mm.

Rio Grande do Sul. "Two examples labelled in Brunner
v. Wattenwyl’s bandwriting “ Chorisoneura, sp. n.” (Oxford
Museum).

The species appears to be distinct from anything described ;
perhaps it shows most affinity with C. anomala, Sauss. &
Zebnt.

Chorisoneura morosa, sp. 0.

¢. Head rufo-fuscous, with a pale narrow transverse
line between the eyes; antenne (mutilated) testaceous ;

——"

new Species of Blattide. 45

pronotum with the disk fascous, margins hyaline. Tegmina
pale fulvous, surface not reticulated, veins prominent and
white, a fuscous humeral vitta; twelve costal veins, the last
two biramose; the humeral vein also giving off four rami to
the sutural margin, the discoidal vein giving off only three ;
ulnar vein triramose. Wings infuscated, edge of marginal
field yellow ; fourteen costal veins, medio-discal field crossed
by numerous transverse bars; ulnar vein forked at apex,
axillary vein triramose; apical area unequally divided,
acutely angled at base, its apex subtruncate. Body and legs
testaceous beneath.

Total length 9 mm.; length of tegmina 7 mm.

Cachabi, Ecuador (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896) ;
one example (Oxford Museum).

The species is evidently allied to C. trans/ucida, Sauss.,
from Mexico.

Subfam. PancHrorin2.
Genus Zetosora, Burm.

Zetobora lata, sp. nu.

3g. Head black ; labrum golden; antennz at base black,
nitid, the rest fuscous, villose. Pronotum with anterior
margin strongly rounded in the middle, less so laterally, the
margin slightly reflected, the posterior margin only slightl
curved, the postero-lateral angles sightly notched ; disk with
a humeral carina on each side, the “ hood” with a few
tubercles, nitid, the sides with numerous tubercles of various
sizes, afew granules on the front; castaneous except for a
testaceous byaline patch, semicircular in shape, in front ;
scutellum with central carina and a few punctures. Tegmina
broad, scarcely exceeding the abdomen in length, testaceo-
hyaline, anal field and humeral vein castaneous ; marginal
field very broad, its outer border slightly thickened and
margined; mediastinal area with large shallow punctures ;
anal field reticulate-punctate; discoidal field reticulate ;
apex broadly rounded. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, notched ;
subgenital lamina produced, rather asymmetrical, with one
style (the right). Abdomen castaneous ; the dorsal tergites
with their posterior angles strongly produced backwards
and projecting considerably beyond the sternites, very much
as in the genus Capucina, Sauss.

46 Mr. R. Shelford on some

Total length 22 mm. ; length of tegmina 25 mm. ; breadth
of tegmen 13 mm. ; pronotum 10 mm. x 16:2 mm.

The species is characterized by its great breadth in pro-
portion to its length; the notched postero-lateral angles of
the pronotum are also distinctive.

Subfam. Corrpryv#.
Genus EuTHYRRAPHA.
Euthyrrapha bigeminata, sp. nu.

9. Very similar to EH. pacifica, Coq., but the pronotum
entirely fuscous, a round pale testaceous spot on each tegmen
beyond the middle ; the abdomen beneath is orange with the
apex fuscous. The tegmina at base are slightly rugose,
minutely punctate, and furnished with an erect pubescence ;
the apex of the tegmina appears velvety. Legs fuscous,
coxal joints and tibial spines castaneous. Subgenital lamina
strongly carinate.

Total length 7°5 mm.; length of body 5 mm. ; length of
tegmina 6 mm.

Ivory Coast, W. Africa (G. Thotré, 1901); one example
(Paris Museum).

Subfam. PermPHazRin 2.

Genus Paranaupueta, Br.
Paranaupheta Brunneri, sp. n.

2. Closely allied to P. rufipes, Haan, but smaller. Head
with three maculz on the vertex ; the ocelli, gene, clypeus,
and basal joints of the palpi testaceous; apical joints of
antenne not testaceous. Pronotum with the testaceous
margins much narrower than in P. rufipes. Tegmina and
wings as in P. rufipes. Abdomen above less strongly marked
with testaceous ; subgenital lamina ample, produced, emar-
ginate. Cox testaceous, castaneous at base; femora
testaceous at base, remainder castaneous; tibize and tarsi
rufo-castaneous.

Total length 20 mm.; length of body 18 mm.; length of
tegmina 17°] mm.

Kuching, Sarawak (Shelford, 1900) ; one example (Oxford

Museum).

new Species of Blattide. AT

Genus Evusrrcasta, Gerst.
Eustegasta agrilidina, sp. n.

é. Black, nitid, with dark green metallic reflections.
Head entirely of this colour except the labrum, which is
testaceous; antenne with five basal joints, black, nitid,
remainder fuscous. Pronotum of typical form, broadly
bordered laterally with orange. Tegmina with an orange
spot at base of discoidal area, another in apical third of
marginal area, Abdomen above fuscous, broadly margined
with orange, beneath orange; supra-anal lamina short,
trigonal, fuscous ; subgenital lamina small, asymmetrical,
without styles, black; cerci pale testaceous. Front legs
orange; mid and hind coxe black, outwardly bordered with
white, femora and tibiz orange, all the tarsi fuscous; front
femora with two spines on anterior margin beneath; mid
femora with one spine on anterior margin, none on posterior
margin; hind femora with one spine on anterior margin,
three on posterior margin; formula of apical spines }, 1, 4;
no genicular spine on front femora.

Total length 12°5 mm.; length of body 10 mm.; length
of tegmina 10°] mm.

N’Kogo, French Congo (H. Bonnet, 1903) ; one example
(Paris Museum).

The nearest ally of the species is H. metallica, Sauss.

Eustegasta variegata, sp. 0.

6. Head testaceous; occiput, a cordate patch on the
frons, the genz, two spots on the clypeus, and the palpi cas-
taneous or black ; antenne black, the six basal joits nitid.
Pronotum testaceous, the disk rufo-castaneous, with two
black longitudinal vittee of irregular shape. Tegmina rufo-
castaneous ; mediastinal area and two thirds of marginal area
clear testaceous, the stripe at its termination expanding into
a spot that extends on to the outer part of discoidal field ;
a humeral stripe; the anal vein and a longitudinal stripe in
the anal field black, faint indications of a testaceous spot at
base of discoidal field. Wings flavo-hyaline; median vein
bifurcate ; ulnar vein with ten rami, four of which reach the
apex of the wing. Abdomen orange above and beneath ;
supra-anal lamina quadrate, posterior angles acute, not
emarginate ; subgenital lamina asymmetrical, with one style,
the right; cerci orange. Coxe black, outwardly bordered
with testaceous ; front femora castaneous, the other femora

48 Mr. R. Shelford on some new Species of Blattide.

and all the tibiz flavo-testaceous; tibial spines rufo-castaneous,
apical joints of tarsi fuscous ; femoral spines as in preceding
species, except that the mid femora have no spines beneath.
Total length 13°8 mm. ; length of body 10 mm. ; length
of tegmina 10°8 mm.
Congo (Dybowski, 1896) ; two examples (Paris Museum).
Nearest to H. Lueci, Dom.

Genus Exuipsica, Sauss. & Zehnt.
Ellipsica rugosa, sp. n.

?. Black, narrowly elliptical, convex. Head punctate;
clypeus, mouth-parts, and antennz flavo-testaceous. Sides
of the thoracic tergites strongly deflexed, their posterior
angles acute and produced backwards, their surface beset
with tubercles, between which are numerous punctures; on
the meso- and metanotum the tubercles are in a double row,
on the pronotum they are less regularly placed. Abdominal
tergites transversely divided by a sulcus into two unequal
portions ; the anterior narrow portion is impunctate and
smooth, the posterior portion is marked by a double row of
punctures followed by a double row of tubercles; the
transverse sulci are laterally very deep, especially in the
posterior segments, and one row of punctures hes in these
sulci; on the seventh tergite the tubercles are larger and
less regularly arranged than in the preceding segments.
Supra-anal lamina quadrate, margined, tuberculate. Abdo-
minal sternites transversely divided by sulci like the tergites,
punctate but not tuberculate; subgenital lamina ample,
punctate. Legs black, tarsi flavo-testaceous, arolia large.

Total length 15 mm. ; pronotum 5 mm. x7 mm.

West coast of Madagascar (Lantz, 1882) ; two examples
(Paris Museum).

The species is quite unlike any other of the genus in its

tuberculate characters.

Genus PsEupoGLoMERIS, Br.
Pseudoglomeris magnifica, sp. 0.

9. Brilliant metallic green or blue-green. Head punc-
tate; eyes 1 mm. apart; base of antenne and palpi
flavid, apical half of antennz fuscous, middle section
castaneous. Pronotum semiorbicular, posterior angles back-
wardly produced ; anterior border margined and slightly

Mr. R. Shelford on some new Species of Blattidee. 49

reflected, densely punctate; anteriorly the punctures are
irregular, producing a reticulate appearance ; a few irregular
smooth spaces on all the thoracic tergites ; thorax beneath
black, shining. Abdomen with large shallow punctures
above; lateral margins of fifth and sixth segments shghtly
sinuate, four or five punctures in the sulci of third to sixth
segments; supra-anal lamina quadrate, slightly concave,
angles rounded ; abdomen beneath zneous, densely punctate,
lateral smooth stigmata on each segment; subgenital lamina
aiwple, sinuate, striato-punctate. Cerci rufous. Coxe, apices
of femora, tibiz, and tarsi rufo-testaccous ; femora castaneous.
Total length 23 mm. ; pronotum 7°8 mm. x 14 mm.
Tuyen-Quan, Central Tonkin (4. Weiss, 1901) ; a long
series of specimens in all stages of growth (Paris Museum).
This is one of the most brilliantly-coloured cockroaches
known to science ; its colour is reminiscent of the gorgeous
metallic-green Cetoniid beetles of the Eastern Tropics.

From the ANNALS AND MAGAZINE oF NatuRAL History,
Ser. 8. Vol. i., February 1908.

Some new Genera and Species of Blattide, with Notes on
the Form of the Pronotum in the Subfamily Perispheeriine.
By R. SHevrorp, M.A., F.L.S.

a»

[Plates LX. & X.]

Subfam. Herosrr2”.
Genus ANAPLECTA, Burm.

Anaplecta erythronota, sp.n. (Pl. IX. fig. 9.)

?. Head and disk of pronotum rufous. Lateral margins
of pronotum hyaline. Tegmina castaneous, with. the
marginal area hyaline ; 10 costals, 3 longitudinal discoidal
sectors. Wings infuscated, marginal area not dilated, radial
vein with a humeral and discoidal branch; 6 to 7 costals,
median vein obsolete at base; medio-discal field twice as
broad as medio-ulnar and crossed by 7 transverse venule ;
medio-ulnar field distally crossed by 2 to 3 transverse venule,
first axillary triramose; apical area parabolic, two fifths of
total wing-length, base slightly obtusely angled, crossed
below the middle by an oblique vein. Abdomen beneath,
cerci, and legs testaceous ; abdomen above castaneous, supra-
anal lamina transverse, narrow.

Total length 8 mm.; length of tegmina 5-4 mm.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Z. HE. Green). Type in the British
Museum.

Close to A. maculata, mihi, but differs in the wing-venation
as well as in the colour of the pronotum.

Subfam. PayrropromMiw x.
Genus ISCHNOPTERA, Burm.

Ischnoptera longstaffi, sp.n. (Pl. IX. fig. 8.)

dé. Testaceous. Head with a castaneous macula on the
frons. Pronotum with two castaneous spots on the disk.
‘Tegmina with radial vein bifurcated ; 14 to 15 costals, 9 longi-
tudinal discoidal sectors, the anterior ulnar vein being tri-
ramose. Wings hyaline, mediastinal vein triramose, radial
vein bifurcated 5 7 costals, the last two multiramose; ulnar
vein with 3 complete branches and 3 or 4 incomplete branches
going to the dividing vein, the more proximal minute. Sixth
abdominal tergite with posterior border notched, a circular
depression at base of seventh tergite marking the opening of

158 Mr. R. Shelford on new

the scent-glands. Supra-anal lamina triangular ; subgenital
lamina irregularly produced, notched on the left side, with
two slender styles. Front femora armed on anterior margin
beneath with a complete row of spines, the distal shorter than
the proximal; all the femora with geni¢ular and apical
spines.

2. Similar, but supra-anal lamina more produced, sub-
genital lamina ample, semiorbicular.

3S ?. Total length 18-19 mm.; length of body 15 mm. ;
length of tegmina 15 mm.; pronotum 3°5 x 4:9 mm.

363,2 2? 2, Zambesi rain-forest (Dr. G. B. Longstaff
and Prof. T. Hudson Beare).

Types in Oxford Museum.

The species is allied to Z. bémaculata, Gerst., from i. Africa,
but ‘differs in the secondary sexual characters of the male.

Subfam. Brarrr2z.

Genus PROTAGONISTA, nov.

Antenne slightly incrassated. Position of antennal sockets
variable. Pronotum as long as broad, quadrangular, with
rounded angles, sides not deflexed. A fine erect pubescence
covers both pronotum and tegmina. Tegmina and wings
fully developed in the male. ‘Tibial spines in two rows.
Posterior metatarsus longer than the remaining joints, all the
pulvilli apical. Arolia minute.

The genus is remarkable on account of the shape of the
pronotum and the pubescence on pronotum and tegmina. In
one of the species the eyes are closer together than the
antennal sockets, in the other they are further apart; I doubt
if this character is of much importance, and it hardly seems
advisable to separate the New-World genera of Blattinze from
the Old-World genera on the strength of this character
alone.

Protagonista lugubris, sp.n. (Pl. UX. fig. 1.)

gd. Piceous. Head finely punctate; labrum, clypeus, and
palpi testaceous ; ocelli * prominent, testaceous ; eyes further
apart than antennal sockets. Antenne fuscous, slightly
incrassated, pubescent, but not plumose, apical joints testa-
ceous. Pronotum not covering vertex of head, coarsely
reticulate-punctate, with some smooth interspaces and lines ;
a deep, wide, semilunar impression extending across the

* They appear to be true ocelli as in the subfam. Corydiine, and not
fenestre as in the other subfamilies.

Genera and Species of Blattide. 159

anterior third and down the sides to near the posterior angles ;
ashort transverse impression just behind the anterior margin.
Tegmina exceeding the apex of the abdomen, semicorneous
and seriately punctate at base, marginal field deflexed at
base and fimbriate, anal vein obsolescent. Abdomen with
disk rufo-castaneous ; supra-anal lamina subquadrate, poste-
riorly emarginate; subgenital lamina subquadrate, with a
pair of long styles. Cerci moderate, rufous. Legs rufo-
castaneous, the tibiae with a fine recumbent pubescence,
Front femora with a complete row of spines on front margin
beneath, none on posterior margin; mid and hind femora
somewhat rounded beneath and with only one spine on each
margin. Tibial spines sparse, arranged in tworows. Poste-=
rior metatarsus very long, succeeding joints rather short.

Total length 25 mm.; length of body 23°5 mm.; length
of tegmina 19 mm.; pronotum 5°9x 6 mm.

Manson Mts., Tonkin (type in Oxford Museum) ; Yen-Bai,
Central ‘Tonkin (co-type in Paris Museum).

Protagonista borneensis, sp.n. (PL. IX. fig. 2.)

¢. Head piceous, opaque, with a few scattered punctures,
mouth-parts piceous; eyes closer together than antennal
sockets. Antenne with moniliform joints, shorter than the
body, piceous, with a testaceous band near the apex. Pro-
notum opaque piceous, with scattered erect pubescence; a
shallow transverse impression in anterior third and two
oblique impressions in posterior third. ‘Tegmina rufo-
castaneous, exceeding the apex of the abdomen, narrow ;
marginal field narrow, deflexed; anal vein well-marked,
reaching nearly halfway down the sutural margin. Abdomen
piceous, ; with the basal segments rufescent above, testaceous
below. Supra-anal lamina quadrately produced, posterior
angles spiniform, posterior margin concave, exceeded by the
subgenital lamina, which is semiorbicular, and provided with
a pair of slender styles. Cerci long, acuminate, castaneous.
Front legs castaneous, mid and hind legs with the cox
(except at the base) and the femora (except at the apex)
testaceous, otherwise castaneous. Front femora with a
complete row of spines on anterior margin beneath, two or
three on posterior margin ; mid and hind femora sain Stone
spines on each margin. Tarsal arojiia larger than in the
preceding species.

Total length 25 mm.; length of body 20 mm; length of
tegmina 20 mm. ; ; pronotum “48x 4-1 mm.

Sarawak, Borneo (Shelford). Type in Oxford Museum.

160 Mr. R. Shelford on new

Genus ARCHIBLATTA, Voll.

? Archiblatta parva, sp. n.

?. Rufo-testaceous, all the segments margined and
speckled with castaneous. Head castaneous, the vertex
paler, finely punctate, nitid ; antenne and mouth-parts rufo-
castaneous, antennze slender, setaceous [mutilated]. Eyes
further apart than antennal sockets. Upper surface of body
scabrous, nitid. Pronotum trapezoidal, anteriorly truncate,
posterior margin slightly obtusely angled ; posterior angles of
all the thoracic tergites slightly produced. Posterior angles
of abdominal tergites not produced ; supra-anal lamina sub-
quadrate, posteriorly emarginate, angles rounded, dark casta-
neous in colour, margined with testaceous. Body beneath
and legs uniform castaneous, abdominal sternites laterally
scabrous ; antepenultimate sternite with a large deep puncture
on each side, bordering the subgenital valves. Cerci shorter
than the supra-anal lamina. Front femora with a complete
row of spines on anterior margin beneath, one on the poste-
rior margin ; mid femora with 4-5 spines on anterior, 2-3 on
posterior margin; hind femora with 4 spines on anterior, 1
‘on posterior margin; all these spines very small. Tibial
spines in three rows, but the middle row very incomplete.
Posterior metatarsus equal to remaining joints; pulvilli large,
occupying nearly the entire length of every joint.

Total length 23 mm.; pronotum 6 x 8°5 mm.

Towranna plains, W. Australia (#4. Clement). Type in
Oxford Museum.

I place this very curious insect provisionally in <Archi-
blatta, but in many of its characters it does not cenform to
that genus, and eventually it may be necessary to erect a
new genus for its reception.

Subfam. Corrpr 2.

Genus CARDAX, nov.

g- Minute, slender, with fine recumbent pubescence.
Antenne nearly as long as body, finely pubescent. Ocelli
present. Head with vertex covered by the pronotum; eyes
wide apart; frons slightly inflated. lLacinia of maxille
slender. Pronotum trapezoidal, bent downwards, forming an
angle with rest of body, a broad transverse impression at its
base. Scutellum exposed. ‘Tegmina extending considerably
beyond apex of abdomen, delicate, membranous, hyaline,
finely fimbriate, and with minute recumbent pubescence ;

Genera and Species of Blattidee. 161

radial vein bifurcate from near base, costal veins absent,
anterior ulnar simple, posterior ulnar simple or bifurcate, anal
field much reduced, anal vein straight, oblique, one axillary
vein. Wings similar in size, texture, and pubescence to the
tegmina; posterior part of the wing reduced to a small lobe,
not pubescent, with one obsolescent axillary vein; radial
vein simple, no costal veins ; median vein bifurcate from near
base, its anterior branch bifurcating near apex; ulnar vein
bifurcate. Vena spuria present in both tegmina and wings.
Supra-anal lamina subquadrate, posterior border arcuately
emarginate. Subgenital lamina rounded, slightly irregular,
without styles. Cerci elongate, nine-jointed, apical joint
acuminate. Legs slender, long; tibix sparsely spined, the
spines on the posterior pair biseriately arranged ; femora with
genicular spines; tarsal claws minute, without arolia; no
pulvilli; posterior metatarsus longer than the remaining
joints.

Cardax wiley, sp.n. (Pl. IX. figs. 3-7.)

3. Fusco-hyaline ; tegmina with a slight iridescent sheen ;
legs testaceous. Front tibie with four apical spines, other-
wise unarmed ; mid tibize with two spines near the base and
three apical spines ; hind tibiz with four spines along the
outer border and three apical spines.

Total length 5°9 mm.; length of body 3:8 mm.; length
of tegmina 5 mm.; greatest breadth of tegmina 2 mm.

Peradeniya, Ceylon (A. Walley); several specimens.
Type in the British Museum; co-type in the Oxford Museum.

This is certainly one of the most remarkable cockroaches
known. In general appearance it is far more like a small
Neuropterous insect than like an Orthopteron, an effect
brought about by the similar texture and pubescence of the
tegmina and wings; this is a feature shown, to a limited
extent, by the genus Homopteroidea, mihi, but by no other
genera in the family. In the subfamily Corydiina the poste-
rior part of the wing does not fold up in a fan-like manner, but
merely doubles under the anterior part, which leads in some
instances to a reduction in size of the posterior part, so that
it becomes equal in size or even smaller than the anterior
part. In Cardaw the reduction has proceeded so far that the
posterior part of the wing is represented merely by a small
functionless lobe ; and it is interesting to note that, correlated
with this reduction, is a parallel reduction of the anal field of
the tegmina. The anterior part of the wings is relatively
much larger than is usual in Blattide. The venation of the

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.-8. Vol. i. Tt

162 Mr. R. Shelford on new

alar organs is much simplified and approximates to a radiate
type, there being but little branching of the veins. The
minute tarsal claws constitute another highly remarkable
character. It is difficult to discover the affinities of a genus
so aberrant as this; the biseriate arrangement of the tibial
spines shows that it must be placed in the section of the sub-
family which embraces Latindia, Stal, Paralatindia, Sauss.,
Homopteroidea, Shelf., &c.; but it cannot be regarded as
closely related to any known genus.

Subfam. PerrmsPH#eRIIN#.

The Form of the Pronotum tn the Perispheriine.

De Saussure and Zelintner, in their revision of the Peri-
spheriine (Rev. Suisse Zool. vol. ili. 1895), have traced the
evolution of the complex type of pronotum of such genera as
Pilema and Cyrtotria [= Stenopilema, Sauss.] from a simple
type. A summary of their conclusions may be presented
here, and I have added some diagrammatic figures as a help
to its elucidation. In a typical Blattid pronotum two areas
may be distinguished, the disk and the lateral wings, which
project on either side beyond the outer limits of the pro-
sternum; the disk covers the head and on the underside is
more or less defined by a pair of carine, known as the typical
carine. In transverse section this form of pronotum may be
represented as in Pl, IX. fig. 10, A, where a represents the
disk, 6d the lateral wings, and cc the typical carine. In the
genus Pronaonota (Pl. IX. fig. 10, B) the lateral wings are
strongly bent downwards and an incomplete carina (d) on
the deflected sides of the dorsal surface of the pronotum
foreshadows the separation of the lateral wings from the disk.
The separation is more or less complete in the genera Pilema
and Cyrtotria (Pl. IX. fig. 10, C); the lateral wings in
these genera now appear in side view as lateral bands bent
down at a right angle, or at more than a right angle, to the
disk of the pronotum, and their upper (morphologically inner)
border is elevated, so that in dorsal view it appears as if the
lateral borders of the pronotum had been simply reflected
from below upwards. Such, however, is not really the case ;
the carina on the pronotum of Pronaonota is the morphological
equivalent of the upper edge of the lateral band of Pilema,
and the lateral margin of the pronotum of Pronaonota is the
equivalent of the lower edge of the lateral band of Pzalema.
‘This lateral band is morphologically the lateral wing of the
pronotum, which has become divided off from the disk,

Genera and Species of Blattidie, 163

rotated outwards through some degrees, and, owing to a
greater or less elevation of its upper border, is now separated
dorsally from the disk of the pronotum by a channel or groove
of varying depth. Frequently, though by no means always,
the development of the lateral bands is accompanied by a
slight upward reflection of the anterior margin of the pro-
notum, ‘The upper edge of this reflected border is continuous
with the upper edge of the lateral bands; the lower edge,
when seen from the ventral aspect, is occasionally continuous
with the lower edge of the lateral bands, asin Cyrtotria jalle,
Gig.-Tos (Pl. X. fig. 19), in which case the lateral bands
are connected anteriorly with each other, but more frequently
the lower edge of the anterior reflection is not evident and
the lateral bands are not connected with each other anteriorly
(PI Xe ties 13).

Inthe species of the genus Bantua (Pl. IX. fig. 10, D),
the rotation of the lateral bands has been carried still further,
7. e. outwards, downwards, and then inwards, so that now
the lateral bands form a very acute angle with the disk of
the pronotum and lie underneath it ; the gutter or channel is
obliterated, just as a fold in a piece of cloth vanishes when
the part of the cloth involving the fold is tightly wrapped
round some solid object. The outer border of the pronotal
disk is now the outer margin of the pronotum. A new species
of Pilema and a new species of Bantua described below
illustrate in a most striking and interesting manner the rota-
tion of the lateral bands of the pronotum, with concomitant
obliteration of the gutter separating the bands from the disk.
Finally, in the genus Derocalymma (PI. LX. tig. 10, EK) the
lateral bands are bent still further under the disk and lie
in almost a parallel plane with it; at the same time the pro-
notum is broader, it has reverted to the primitive flattened
shape, but its outer lateral margins are now not the morpho-
logical equivalents of the outer lateral margins of the primi-
tive type, but the equivalents of the inner boundaries of the
lateral wings of that.

The whole series of specimens illustrates admirably the
evolution of a complex type of pronotum from a simple type,
the former superficially resembling the latter. It is by no
means often that the entomologist is supplied with such a
series of gradations, and it is generally far easier to hazard a
suggestion as to the value to the species of certain structures,
than to elucidate their mode of origin. Here it is otherwise ;
we can see pretty clearly the steps whereby the pronotum of
Derocalymma evolved trom a more primitive type, but the

value to the species of these variations in structure is by no
. ieee

164 Mr. R. Shelford on new

means evident at first sight. A knowledge of the habits of
an animal should invariably precede all suggestions as to the
value of any details of its structure, and I feel convinced that
much of the mystery surrounding variations in structure
which are spoken of as being merely of importance to the
systematic naturalist will be dispelled as our knowledge of
the life-histories of the animals exhibiting them increases. A
clue to the use of the variations in pronotal structure of the
cockroaches under notice is afforded by the observations,
slight and incomplete though they are, on their habits. The
vast majority of Blattide are insects of cryptic habits,
spending most of their life hidden under stones or logs, in
decaying vegetation, burrowing in rotten wood, and so forth,
and the majority of species are flattened depressed insects.
The species of Pilema, on the other hand, are convex and
more or less cylindrical insects with a large heavy pronotum,
the anterior border of which is often slightly reflexed and
bounded laterally by the upwardly projecting lateral wings.
Mr. Distant, in his ‘Insecta Transvaaliensia,’ has recently
published an interesting field-observation on the habits of a
species identified as Pilema thoracica, Walk. A female
accompanied by several larve was taken from the bottom of
a neat round hole in the ground about 6 inches in depth ;
there were half a dozen such holes in about half an acre, and
all contained families of this species. I have no doubt but
that all the species of this genus have adopted this mode of
life, and that the pronotum is the part of the body that is
used in excavating the burrows, for on examining some
specimens of P. refleza, Walk., and P. hebetata, Sss. & Z.,
in the British Museum, I found that in these the channel
between the pronotal disk and lateral bands was simply
choked with earth. It is not unreasonable to assume that
the heavy shovel-like pronotum of Pilema has been evolved
in response to a change of habitat. ‘Turning now to the
other end of the series of cockroaches considered, we find
that the species of Derocalymma are the most flattened
members of the whole family, and in correspondence with
this depressed form it is no surprise to learn that they live
under heavy stones. ‘The advantage of the flattened form,
enabling the insects to slip through narrow crevices and to
lie in security in a circumscribed shelter beneath a stone too
heavy for any but a relatively powerful enemy to move, is
obvious ; and, again, it is not unreasonable to assume that
the highly moditied pronotum of Derocalymma is a result of
a change of habitat. There is no information forthcoming as
to the habits of Bantua and Cyrtotria; some species of the

Genera and Species of Blattide. 165

latter genus have the pronotum well adapted for digging, but
others have not, and it would be of the greatest interest to
learn if the habits of the species vary in correlation with the
form of the pronotum.

Bantua is intermediate in structure between Cyrtotréa and
Derocalymma ; some specimens collected by Dr. Longstaff in
S. Africa were taken from beneath a log, which means, I
expect, that they were lurking in the rubbish immediately
surrounding the log, as they are not adapted, like Dero-
calymma, for life beneath a heavy body, judging by their
facies.

Finally, the question arises, has Derocalymma originated
from a form like Pilema, passing in the course of its evolution
through a Bantua-like stage? One is tempted to answer in
the affirmative, for adaptation to life beneath stones could
have been brought about by mere flattening of a generalized
type of cockroach with a simple form of pronotum, as has
indeed occurred in the Australian genus Uniscosoma, super-
ficially similar to Derocalymma, “but structurally widely
different. The highly modified pronotum of Derocalymma
has resulted from the flattening not of a simple form of pro-
notum, but of a complex form with lateral bands; the lateral
bands in Pilema are the most essential parts of the exca-
vating organ, the pronotum; but they can serve no useful
purpose in species that do not burrow into the ground, and
the manner of their modification in response to a different
habit of life is shown in the genus Bantua, and especially in
the new species of that genus described below, the final step
in the process being exhibited by Derocalymma.

Genus BANTUA, nov.

Cyrtotria, Saussure and Zehntner (nec Stal), Rev. Suisse Zool. iii. p. 28

(1895).

Differs from Pilema, Sauss., and Cyrtotria, Stal, in the
form of the pronotum, the lateral bands being bent under the
disk and forming an acute angle with it; the margin of the
pronotal disk forms the outer margin of the pronotum. In
the female the posterior angles of the pronotum are more or
less produced backwards. Differs from the genus Dero-

calymma, Burm., by the less complete bending under of the
lateral bands cf the pronotum, by the eeaincaode tegmina
of the male, and the backwardly produced posterior angles of
the pronotum in the female.

‘Type of genus. 2 erispheert ia dispar, Burm,

166 Mr. R. Shelford on new

Bantua ferow, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 25.)

?. Piceous, nitid. Head cribrate-punctate; distance
apart of eyes less than length of first antennal joint; antennz
castaneous ; ocelli, labrum, and maxillary palpi rufo-testa-
ceous. Pronotum rugose, lateral bands anteriorly deflected
inwards, posteriorly strongly produced backwards, and bent
downwards at a right angle to the disk of the pronotum; a
broad channel dorsally separates the posterior part of the
band from the disk; the disk of the pronotum anteriorly is
tuberculate, posteriorly with a few deep punctures, posterior
margin dentate. Mesonotum rugose, cribrate-punctate ;
posterior angles tumid, produced, anterior angles depressed
and fitting “beneath the posterior angles of the pronotum.
Metanotum less deeply punctate ; posterior angles tumid,
produced. Abdomen rather wider than thorax, finely punc-
tate above and beneath, a narrow anterior zone on each
tergite and sternite impunctate; supra-anal lamina trape-
zoidal, posterior margin slightly reflected. Cerci testaceous.

Total length 27°38 mm.; pronotum 8x10 mm.

Nyika Mts., 6000-7000 feet, Nyasaland (A. Whyte, July
1896).

‘Type in the British Museum.

The pronotal structure of this species is of great interest,
for whilst anteriorly the lateral bands lie under the disk,
forming a very acute angle with it, as is characteristic of a
typical Bantua, posteriorly they are vertical and form more
or less of a right angle with the disk, as is characteristic of a
typical Pilema. Correlated with this torsion of the lateral
bands is the entire absence of the pronotal gutter or channel
anteriorly, whilst posteriorly it is deep and plainly visible.
The structure illustrates quite clearly that the bending under
the disk of the lateral bands brings about the obliteration of
the gutter; speaking rather metaphorically, the material of
which the pronotum is composed is stretched taut by the
rotation inwards of the lateral bands, so that the fold in the
material disappears; where the rotation is of Jess extent there
is enough material to form a fold or channel. A diagram-
matic section through the front part of the pronotum of
B, feroz will resemble Pl. IX. fig. 10, D, but a similar section
through the hinder part will resemble PI. LX. fig. 10, C.

Genus PILEMA, Sauss.
Pilema mombase, sp.n. (Pl. X. figs. 22, 23.)

2. Piceous, nitid. Head with face rugose and slightly

Genera and Species of Blattide. 167

punctate; eyes very close together; antennee and labrum
castaneous, maxillary paipi rufo-testaceous ; ocelli not visible.
Pronotum above with disk rugose, punctate and anteriorly
tuberculate ; anteriorly obtusely carinate, anterior margin
reflected slightly, lateral bands anteriorly deflected down-
wards, but not so much as in Bantua ferox; the channel
between the disk and the lateral bands wide and shallow;
posteriorly the lateral bands are produced as in Pilema
dentata, Sauss. & Zehnt.; posterior margin dentate. Meso-
and metanotum cribrate-punctate, with smooth interspaces
and a median carina, posterior angles slightly produced.
Abdomen not wider than thorax, obsoletely punctate above
and beneath; an anterior zone on each tergite and sternite
impunctate ; supra-anal lamina trapezoidal. Cerci and legs
castaneous.

Total length 28 mm.; pronotum 8°5 x 8:9 mm.

Mombasa (1 @ ).

‘l'ype in the British Museum.

‘The species is in its pronotal structure intermediate between
Bantua ferox and typical Pilema.

Genus CyrToTria, Stal.

Stenopilema, Sauss. Ann. Mus. Civ. COUUNES xxxv. p. 87 (1895) ; Sauss.
& Zehnt. Rev. Suisse Zool. iii. p. 25 (1895).
Lhysanoblatta, Kirby, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 880 (1903).

The type of the genus is C. gibbicollis, Stal, and this species
is undoubtedly congenerie with the species included in Steno-
pilema by de Saussure and Zehntner. Thysanoblatta was
founded on a species characterized by an erect pubescence,
but otherwise differing in smail details only from typical
species of Stenopilema ; and | have no hesitation in sinking
it as a synonym of Cyrtotria, ‘There has been an excessive
multiplication of genera in this subfamily of Blattide, and
much contusion has resulted therefrom.

‘The species of Cyrtotria are very difficult to identify from
descriptions, for it 1s not easy to express in writing the subtle
differences in the form of the pronotum presented by the
different species. I have examined nearly all the types, and
have drawn up a synoptical key to the species, which,
together with the figures, will I hope render the determination
of the species easier than heretofore.

‘L'wo species of the genus, C. latipennis, Kirby, and C. palli-
cornts, Kirby, present a remarkable modification of the
pronotum, which appears to have been overlooked by the
deseriber. ‘The disk of the pronotum on each side is perfo-

168 Mr. R. Shelford on new

rated by three (latipennis) or two (pallicornis) pores
relatively large size and. semilunar in shape; the tongue
chitin projecting into the crescentic pores is tuberculate
pallicornis, Lut simple in latipennis. It is difficult even to
guess at the function of these pores. Since they occur in
both sexes, it is evident that they are not secondary sexual
structures; but it is just possible that they are connected
with prothoracic repugnatorial glands, though such have not
yet been shown to occur in the Blattide. The pronotal
integument appears to be double in the region of these pores,
and the pores appear to lead into a cavity existing between
the upper and lower layers, and not to perforate the entire
integuinent, for a bristle passed through one of them does not
emerge on the ventral side of the pronotum., Without
dissection it is not possible to be certain as to the relation of
the parts, and the pores may be merely the entrances to
invaginated cavitics in the thickness of the pronotal chitin.

Key to the Species.
Males.
1, Pronotum and abdomen with erect pubes-
cence.
2. Pronotum with large lateral pores ....

2'. Pronotum without large lateral pores. .
1’. Pronotum and abdomen not pubescent.

[E. Africa.)
latipennis, Kirby. (Brit.
macra, Stal. (S. Africa.)

[ boon.)

2. Posterior margin of pronotum dentate . scabricollis, Gerst. (Ga-
2’, Posterior margin of pronotum not den-
tate.
3. Tegmina scarcely exceeding the apex
otthembdomen) Wises cck ce ses gibbicollis, Stal. (Natal.)
3’, Tegmina considerably exceeding the
apex of the abdomen.
4, Small species (total length about [ Africa.)
OOUNMI). sciatecine Cvalee leer ane poduriformis, Walk. (8.

4', Larger species.

5. Tegmina pale testaceous, casta- [E. Africa, Somaliland.)

neous at base, sem ence le were capucina, Gerst. (Germ.
5’. Tegmina uniform castaneous .. marshalli, sp.n. (Rho-
[desia.)
Females.
1, Body slender, elongate: species of small
size. [A frica.)
2. Pronotum much longer than broad .... goduriformis, Walk. (S.
2’. Pronotum scarcely longer than broad
or as broad as long. [ (Somaliland.)
3. Abdominal segments scabrous...... graniger, Sauss. & Zehnt.
3’. Abdominal segments smooth ...... nyasé, sp.n. (Nyasa-
1’. Body less slender, abdomen sometimes [Jand.)

ampliated: species of larger size.
2. Pronotum distinctly broader than long.

Genera and Species of Blattide. 169

3. Lateral bands of pronotum narrow,
no pores in pronotal channel...... gibbicollis, Stal.
8’. Lateral bands of pronotum broader, vaal.)
two large pores in pronotal channel. padlicornis, Kirby. (Trans-
2'. Pronotum as long as broad or longer
than broad,
3. Lateral bands of pronotum very [{Zambesi, Port. EK. Africa.)
broad, anterior margin reflected .. jalle, Gig.-Tos. (Upper
3’, Lateral bands narrower.
4, Lateral bands closely adpressed to
GIS; QE PLOMOLIMIy! c\-sis. 6 0.- 0 2 capucina, Gerst.
4’. Lateral bands not closely adpressed
to disk of pronotum.

5. Lower border of lateral bands (desia.)
HOt GCULAUO Mi peichs claleicieselcielet eels marshalli, sp.n. (Rho-

5’. Lower border of lateral bands [ Africa.)
CEMUALC emer erie ate 6) oie eral orarss scabricollis, Gerst. (West

Species of doubtful position.

Perispheria fusca, Burm., and P. gracilis, Burm.

1. Cyrtotria latipennis, Kirby. (PI. X. fig. 21.)
Thysanoblatta latipennis, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 380
(1903).

The following may be added to the original description :—

6. Eyes touching on vertex of head. Palpi, margin of
labrum, ocelli, and base of antenne testaceous. Head
castaneous, punctate. Pronotum coarsely reticulate-punctate,
with some smooth interspaces ; lateral bands rather narrow,
not closely adpressed to disk, channel wide and shallow ;
three large crescentic pores on each side of the disk ; poste
rior margin slightly dentate, anterior margin slightly re-
flected ; disk anteriorly carinate.

Length of body 20°83 mm.:; length of tegmina 21 mm.;
pronotum 6°1x 6 mm.

British E. Africa.

Type in the British Museum.

2. Cyrtotria macra, Stal. (Pl. X. fig. 11.)

Ischnoptera macra, Stal, Efy. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xiii. p. 165 (1856).
Derocalymma (Cyrtotria) macra, Stal, l. e. xxviii, p. 880 (1871).

Description of type-— QS. Head castaneous; eyes close
together, their distance apart equal to the breadth of the first
antennal joint. Pronotum reticulate-punctate, with a lone
erect scattered pubescence, pale testaceous in colour. Lateral
bands of pronotum not very broad, closely applied to the disk,
channel very narrow. ‘Tegmina hyaline, castaneous at base.

170 Mr. R. Shelford on new

Wings hyaline; ulnar vein 8-ramose, only three of the
branches being complete. Abdomen castaneous, ventrally
with scattered erect pubescence. Legs testaceous, with
scattered erect hairs.

Total length 15°9 mm.; length of body 12 mm. ; length of
tegmina 11°8 mm.; pronotum 3°1x 3 mm.

Hab. Caffraria (J. Wahlberg).

Type in Stockholm Mus.

This is one of the smallest species of the genus.

3. Cyrtotria gtbbicollis, Stal. (Pl. X. fig. 12.)

Ischnoptera gibbicollis, Stal, ifv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xiii. p. 165 (1856).
Perispheria elateroides, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus. p. 176 (1868).
Perispheria linearis, Walker, /. c. p. 176 (1868).

Perispheria cylindrica, Walker, /. c. p. 176 (1868).

Derocalymma (Cyrtotria) gibbicollis, Stal, 1. e. xxviii. p. 380 (1871).

3 (type). Head castaneous ; eyes approximate; mouth-
parts testaceous; antennze infuscated, testaceous at base.
Pronotum as broad as long, coarsely cribrate-punctate, with
smooth interspaces ; castaneous, anteriorly testaceous ; lateral
bands narrow, not very closely adpressed to disk, an anterior
carina. Tegmina not exceeding the body by much, rufo-
castaneous in basal third, remainder flavo-hyaline; veins
testaceous. Wings clear hyaline; ulnar with ten branches,
eight of which are incomplete. Abdomen castaneous, mar-
gined with testaceous ; subgenital lamina irregular, with one
style ; cerci flavo-testaceous. Femora and cox rufo-
castaneous ; tibize and tarsi testaceous.

§ (type). Piceous, nitid, sparsely punctate. Head piceous,

mouth-parts and antenne: testaceous. Lateral borders of
pronotum very narrow, scarcely elevated, closely adpressed
to disk; no anterior carina. Abdomen slightly ampliated ;
supra-anal lamina trapezoidal ; cerci very short, flavid ; legs
ruto-castaneous.

g. Total length 16°8 mm.; length of body 14 mm.;
length of tegmina 14 mm.; pronotum 4°9 x 5 mm.

?. Total length 13 mm.; pronotum 8°5 x 4°56 mm.

Caffraria (J. Wahlberg, types in Stockholm Museum) ;
Natal (elateroides, cylindrica, and linearis, types in British
Museum) ; Colenso (G. Longstaff. Oxford Museum).

I have compared the types of all the species enumerated
in the synonymy, and though at first I was inclined to regard
cylindrica as distinct, | have now come to the conclusion
that it is a fully adult form, whereas gibbicollis was de-
scribed from an incompletely mature form. I have had the

Genera and Species of Blattide. iby

advantage of examining a very long series of C. capucina,
Gerst., taken by Dr. Y. Sjéstedt in the Kilimanjaro district,
and I am convinced that the shape of the abdomen (ampliated
or not ampliated) is a character of no importance in discri-
minating between species of this genus, for it varies with the
age of the insect and is largely affected by the way in which
the specimens are dried or killed. Some of Dr. Sjéstedt’s
examples were almost completely cylindrical, others had the
abdomen distinctly ampliated; yet there could be no doubt
that all were referable to the same species. Similarly, apart
from its size and the shape of the abdomen, C. cy/indrica,
Walk., differs in nowise from C. gibbicollis, Stal.

4, Cyrtotria capucina, Gerst. (PI. X. fig. 13.)
Derocalymma capucina, Gerstaecker, Arch. Naturg. xxv. p. 207 (1861) ;
Von der Decken, Reis. in Ost-Afrika, iii. (2) p. 8, pl. i. fig. 4 (1873).
Stenopilema somali, Saussure, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxv. p. 88 (1895) ;
Saussure and Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. ii. p. 27 (1895).

To be distinguished from C. gibbicollis, Stal, by the an-
tenn testaceous at the base, by the proportions and shape of
the pronotum, the lateral bands of which are broader and
anteriorly are more separated from the disk. I have
examined the type of C. somal’, Sauss., which proves to be
identical with Gerstaecker’s species.

?. Total length 18-18°5 mm.; pronotum 5x5 mm.

‘The male will be described in a forthcoming memoir on
the Blattide of Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Hab. German East Africa, Mt. Kilimanjaro, and Somali-
land.

Type of capucina in the Berlin Museum ; type of somalz
in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa.

5. Cyrtotria pallicornis, Kirby. (Pl. X. fig. 16.)

Stenopilema pallicornis, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 290
(1400).

The following may be added to the original description :—

?. Piceous, nitid, cribrate-punctate. Mead and antennae
castaneous, mouth-parts ruto-castaneous. Pronotum slightly
broader than long ; lateral bands narrow, slightly elevated,
not closely adpressed to disk ; pronotal channel wide; two
large crescentic pores, close together, on each side of the
disk ; posterior angles produced, disk anteriorly carinate.
Abdomen less strongly punctate than the thorax. Coxe and
femora piceous ; tibiz rufo-castaneous ; tarsi testaceous.

172 Mr. R. Shelford on new

Total length 13 mm.; pronotum 4:5 x 6 mm.

Pretoria (W. LZ. Distant); Zoutpansberg, Transvaal (7. P.
Cregoe).

‘Type in the British Museum.

6. Cyrtotria poduriformis, Wik. (Pl. X. fig. 14.)
Perispheria poduriformis, Walker, Cat. Blatt. Brit. Mus. p. 175 (1868).
Perispheria poduroides, Walker, l. c. p. 175 (1868) (larva).

Stenopilema macilenta, Saussure and Zehntner, Rey. Suisse Zool. iil.
p- 26, pl. i. fig. 3 (1895).

T have compared the types of poduriformis and macilenta,
and find them to be identical; podurotdes is a larva. It is
possible that the species is the same as gracilis, Burm., but I
cannot be certain on this point without consulting Bur-
meister’s type. ‘The small size, narrow cylindrical shape,
the somewhat flattened pronotum, much longer than broad
and with the lateral bands adpressed to the disk at the base
only, are the chief characters of this species. I append a
description of what I consider to be the male of this species :—

g. Rufo-castaneous. Head castaneous, distance apart of
eyes equal to breadth of first antennal joint. Pronotum
coarsely cribrate-punctate, with a few smooth interspaces,
carinate throughout its length, lateral bands not closely
adpressed to the disk ; posterior angles not produced, anterior
and posterior margin slightly reflexed. A very fine, short,
erect pubescence on the disk of the pronotum. Tegmina
considerably exceeding the apex of the abdomen, paler towards
apex. Abdomen castaneous beneath, except at base, which
is testaceous. Legs and cerci testaceous.

Total length 37°5 mm.; length of body 15 mm.; length
of tegmina 15 mm. ; pronotum 4X3 mm.

Damaraland; Natal ; Cape Colony.

d type in the Oxford Museum; ? type of poduriformis in
British Museum; ? type of maczlenta in Geneva Museum.

7. Cyrtotria graniger, Sauss. & Zehnt.

Stenopilema graniger, Saussure and Zehntner, Rey. Suisse Zool. iii.
p- 26 (1895).

I do not know where the type of this species has been
deposited ; it is not in the Geneva Museum. ‘The key to the

species shows how graniger may be distinguished from its
ally poduriformis.

Genera and Spe ies of Blattidex. Lis

8. Cyrtotria marshalli, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 15.)

3d. Castaneous. Head piceous; ocelli, basal joint of
antennse, and mouth-parts testaceous. Eyes approximated.
Pronotum as long as broad, punctate and rugulose ; anterior
margin scarcely reflected ; lateral bands narrow, not adpressed
to the disk of the pronotum, posterior margin slightly
elevated, posterior angles not produced. Tegmina not ex-
ceeding body by much, apical half hyaline suffused with
castaneous; veins fuscous. Wings hyaline, anterior part
suffused slightly with castaneous; ulnar vein with nine
branches, only three of which reach the apex of the wing.
Abdomen above testaceous at base, becoming castaneous
towards apex, beneath castaneous; supra-anal lamina sub-
quadrate, angles rounded, subgenital lamina produced, irre-
gular, margined with testaceous; one style. [Cerci muti-
lated.] Legs rufo-castaneous.

9. Piceous, nitid, cribrately punctate. Head piceous,
mouth-parts castaneous. Pronotum with lateral bands
moderately broad, not adpressed to disk of pronotum, anterior
margin scarcely reflected, pronotal channel broad and shallow,
posterior angles produced, disk anteriorly with a slight keel.
Abdomen posteriorly slightly ampliated. Coxe piceous ;
femora and tibize castaneous,

3. Total length 26 mm.; length of body 22°5 mm. ;
length of tegmina 20 mm. ; pronotum 5X5 mm.

?. Total length 22 mm. ; pronotum 6 x 6 mm.

Salisbury, Rhodesia (G. A. K. Marshall),3 g g and1 ?.

Types (¢ and 2) in the Oxford Museum.

Allied to C. podurifyormis, but differs, dnter alia, by its
much larger size.

9. Cyrtotria nyase, sp. n. (PI. X. tig. 17.)

9. Piceous, nitid, narrow and cylindrical. Head casta-
neous, with very few punctures; eyes wide apart; palpi and
margin of labrum testaceous. ‘Thorax cribrate-punctate,
abdominal segments smooth. Pronotum rounded and very
convex ; lateral bands rather broad, closely adpressed to disk,
slightly produced backwards, anterior margin not reflected ;
disk not carinate. Supra-anal lamina rounded; posterior
margin reflected, punctate. Legs and cerci testaceous.

Total length 15 mm.; pronotum 4°2 x4 mm.

Nyasaland (A. Whyte).

Type in the British Museum,

174 Mr. R. Shelford on new

The blunt convex pronotum makes this an easily recog=
nizable species.

10. Cyrtotria jalle, Giglio-Tos. (Pl. X. fig. 19.)

Stenopilema jalle, Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Torino, xxii. no. 563, p. 4
(1907).

Upper Zambesi (Jalla) ; Portuguese Hast Africa (Swyn-
nerton) ; Rhodesia (Deutsche Ent. Nat. Mus.).

Type in the ‘Turin Museum.

The species is distinguished by the strongly reflected
anterior margin of the pronotum, which is continuous with
the lateral bands, so that these are connected with each other,
when viewed from the ventral side. The lateral bands of the
pronotum are bent down anteriorly at more than a right
angle to the disk.

11. Cyrtotria scabricollis, Gerst.
(PI. X. figs. 18, 24.)

Derocalymma (Cyrtotria) scabricollis, Gerstaecker, Mitt. Ver. Vorpomm,
xiv, p. 34 (1883).

Gaboon (Buchholz) ; Cameroons (Conradt).

This, the only West-African representative of the genus,
can be distinguished by the rugose and tuberculate pronotum
with reflected and dentate posterior margin in the male and
the dentate lower margin of the lateral bands in the female.

The following is a description of the female :—

Piceous. Head castaneous, finely punctate. Antenne
testaceous at base, remainder castaneous. Pronotum coarsely
tuberculate and punctate, anterior margin reflected; lateral
bands finely tuberculate, rather broad, anteriorly bent down
at more than a right angle to the disk, not closely adpressed
to disk, the pronotal channel being wide and shallow, poste-
riorly produced, their lower border dentate ; from the ventral
aspect the lateral bands are seen to be in communication with
each other anteriorly, asin C. jalle, Gig.-Tos; disk carinate,
posterior margin dentate. Meso- and metanotum carinate,
punctate, and with a few tubercles. Abdomen very finely

punctate.
Total length 16 mm.; pronotum 4°9xX4 mm. ; pronotum,

36, 44x4 mm.
g type in Greifswald Museum; 9¢ type in Deutsche

Entomologische National Museum.

Or

Gencra and Sp cies of Blattides. 17

Genus PLATYSILPHA, nov.

Allied to Derocalymma, Burm., but much broader, pro-
notum about twice broader than long. @ with tegmina
reduced, quadr ate, extending to the Fiddle of the second
paoninial tergite, ‘marginal field very broad, Wings rudi-
mentary. Meso- and inetanotum only half the breadth of the
pronotum, and first abdominal segment narrower than second ;
subgenital lamina transverse ; styles absent. 92 very like
2 of Derocalymma, but broader and oval.

Type. Pertspheria mur rena, Walk.

The male of this species, when the tezmina are removed,
presents the remarkable outlineshown in the figure, sugeesting
that the flattened broad insect has developed from a narrow
form such as Derocalymma porcellio, Gerst., the mesonotum,
metanotum, and first abdominal seement retaining the primi-
tive narrowness. ‘The marginal fields of the tegmina have
broadened relatively much more than the discoidal field, and
it is these which fill the gap between the posterior margin of
the pronotum and second abdominal tergite ; the teemina are

capable of only the most restricted movement outwards, and
in the living insects are doubtless never moved at all.

In the female, owing to the absence of tegmina, the thoracic
and abdominal segments are all equally broad; it is the
broadening of the fegmina in the male which appears to have
prevented the broadening of the segments that they cover.

Platysilpha murina, Walk. (Pl. X. fig. 20.)
Perispheria murina, Walker, Cat, Blatt. Brit. Mus. p. 178 (1868).

3. Fuscous, with fine scale-like pubescence above. Head
and antenne piceous ; eyes approximated. Pronotuin poste-
riorly truncate ; posterior angles acute, disk cucullate, margins
lamellar, anteriorly slightly carinate. Scutellum prominent.
Tegmina castaneous, rugose, posteriorly emarginate, radial
vein beneath prominent, keeled. Wings shorter than
tegmina, infuseated. Hight abdominal tergites visible, first
to sixth divided by a transverse suture into a broad anterior
portion and a narrow posterior portion ; posterior angles of
all the tergites produced. Supra-anal lamina quadrate.
Cerci very short. Abdomen beneath piceous, nitid ; sternites
failing to reach Jateral margins owing to overlapping of the
ter gites ; ; subgenital Lavan FEMS: Legs piceous.

oF Similar to 6, but with a rust-red pubescence above ;
mesonotum, metanotum, and first abdominal segment not
coarctate. ’Subgenital lamina ample.

176 On new Genera and Species of Blattide.

3. Length of body 22 mm.; tegmina 7x7 mm. ; pro-
notum 7x 12 mm.

?. Length of body 27 mm.; pronotum 9x18 mm.

li. Africa (British Museum) [type 9]; Petauke, Hast
Loangwa district, N.E. Rhodesia (Oxford Museum), 3 once
4 9 9, S. A. eres Coll.

| have no information as to the habits in life of this species,
but I imagine that it, like the allied species of Derocalymma,
is found under stones. This mode of life in numerous cases
induces a flattened form with reduction of the tegmina; the
broadening and flattening of the body may be observed,
though to a less extent, in such species as Lemnopterye
phalerata, Sauss., and Heminaupheta sakalava, Sauss. «&
Zehntn, 3 in these species also the tegmina are reduced and
quadrate, and the constriction of the body in the middle has
also occurred to a certain extent, and one may assume that
it is correlated with the broadening of the reduced tegmina.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

IP GATE XG

Fig. 1. Pronotum of Protagonista lugubris, sp.n. X 3.

Fig, 2. Supra-anal lamina of 3 of Protagonista borneensis, sp. n.

Fig. 3. Right tegmen of Cardax willeyt, fen. eb Spam. lO a
yadial vein; w=ulnar vein; @.w=anterior ulnar vein; p.w=
posterior ulnar vein; m=median vein; a=anal vein; av=
axillary vein; d=dividing vein.

Right wing of ditto,

| Mandible of ditto.

. Maxilla of ditto.

. Tibia (outer aspect) of ditto.

Apex of abdomen of Ischnoptera longstaffi, 3 (dorsal view).

. Wing of Anaplecta err ythronota, sp. n.

; Diagrammatic transverse sections through pronota of Blattide.

A, typical Blattid ; B, Pronaonota; C, Pilema; D, Bantua ;
K, Derocalymma. a=disk of pronotum ; b=lateral wings
or lateral bands ; c=typical carinee ; d=dorsal caring.

|
Ss
Dae tds

=
SS
bs

Pica OG

Fig. 11. Pronotum of Cyrtotria macra, Stal, ¢, dorsal and lateral views.
x 4.

Fig. 12. Pronotum of Cyrtotria gibbicollis, Stal, 2, dorsal and lateral
views. X 4.

Fig. 18. Pronotum of Cyrtotria capucina, Gerst., 2, three-quarter,
ventral, and lateral views. xX 3.

Fig. 14. Pronotum of Cyrtotria poduriformis, Wik., 2 , dorsal and lateral

; views. X 4.
Fig. 15. Pronotum of Cyrtotria marshalli, sp. n., 9, three-quarter view.

x3.
Fig. 16. Pronotum of Cyrtotria pallicornis, Kirby, Q , three- se view
é an

Anim.& Mag. Nat. ist. S86. Valb-E FIX

Reo Gel. J.Green lth.

Ann& Mag.Nat.Hist.§.8. Volt. PUX.

J.Greert lith.

R.S. del.

On new Genera and Species of Blattidee. 177

. Pronotum of Cyrtotria nyase, sp.n., 2, dorsal and lateral views.
4

. Pronotum of Cyrtotria scabricollis, Gerst., ¢, dorsal and lateral

views, xX 4,

. Pronotum of Cyrtotria jalle, Gig.-Tos, 9, ventral and three-

quarter views. X 9.

. Platysilpha murina, Walk., 3, left tegmen removed and shown

from beneath. x 13.

. Pronotum of Cyrtotria latipennis, Kirby, 3, three-quarter view.

x 3

. Pronotum of Pilema mombase, sp. n., 9, dorsal view. xX 3.
. Ditto, ditto, lateral view. x 3.
. Pronotum of Cyrtotria scabricollis, Gerst., Q, dorsal and

lateral views. x 4.

5. Thorax of Bantua feroz, sp.n.. 2, dorsal view. xX 3.

o£
Kd
Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908. 115

New species of Blattidae in the collection of the
Deutsche Entomologische National-Museum. (Orthopt.)
By R. Shelford, M. A., F.L.S. (Oxford).

< (Plate IL)

I am indebted to Mr. Sigm. Schenkling for the oppor-
tunity of examining a small collection of Blattidae in the Deutsche
Entomologische National-Museum. The following species ') appear
to be undescribed previously.

Genus Anaplecta Burm.
Anaplecta conradti sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 1).

¢. Flavo-testaceous , disc of pronotum with two broad lon-
gitudinal castaneous vittae, lateral margins broadly hyaline. Tegmina
with 10 costals, joined by transverse venulae, discoidal field with
2 longitudinal séctors, which on the right tegmen join distally.
Wings infuscated, martinal field dilated, 7 costal veins, radial vein
strongly flexuose, median vein slender, straight; medio-discal
area twice as broad as medio-ulnar and crossed by one trans-
verse nervule, 1* axillary vein tri-ramose; apical area parabolic,
two-fifths of total wing-length, its base not obtusely angled, . its
apex not emarginate. Antepenultimate and penultimate abdominal
tergites narrow and transverse, their posterior margins widely
emarginate ; supra-anal lamina trigonal, on each side an incrassated
carina, these carinae converge posteriorly and define a depression
at the bottom of which is situated the scent-gland opening,
marked by two tufts of hair. Cerci long, testaceous.

Total length 6,5 mm; length of tegmina 5 mm.

1 g, Kamerun (Conradt).

The wing-venation in the African Anaplectae is very uniform
and affords few characters for purposes of specific diagnosis; the
above described species should be readily recognisable by its colour-
ation and by the form of the secondary sexual apparatus of the
male, a character which has hitherto not been shown to occur
in any other species of the genus.

Genus Ischnoptera Burm.

Thanks to the kindness of Professor Dr. G. W. Miller
of Greifswald I have been able to examine several of the types of

1) Except where otherwise stated the types are in the Deutsche
Entomologische National-Museum.
8*

116 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

the species described by Gerstaecker in 1883 from the
Cameroons district (Mitt. Ver. Vorpomm. XIV) and I find that
several of the species referred in that memoir to the genus
Phyllodromia, belong really to the genus Jschnoptera; these are
cinnamomea, basalis, punctifrons, aegrota and relucens. The type of
amplicollis cannot be found. Phyllodromia pulchella Gerst. should
be referred to the genus Theganopteryr (sub. fam. EHctobiinae).

Ischnoptera basalis, Gerst. (Plate II, fig. 2).
Phyllodromia basalis Gerstaecker 1. c. p. 63 (1883).

The male exhibits a most remarkable modification of secon-
dary sexual characters, quite unparalleled amongst the other
members of the genus or even sub-family. From beneath the
posterior angle of the 6™ abdominal tergite projects backwardly
on either side a narrow lanceolate strip of chitin, terminating in
a knob beset with fine setae; these processes extend, as far as
the middle of the supra-anal lamina. The 7 tergite is hidden
beneath the 6, the 8" tergite is fringed with hair and conceals
the 9 tergite; the supra-anal lamina is strongly produced,
exceeding sub-genital lamina, it is depressed at the base, the
depression being delimited by three carinae arranged in a triangle,
the opening of the scent-glands at the apex of the triangle, a
tubercle near the centre of the base-line. Sub-genital lamina
asymmetrical, one style (the left), a deep notch on the right side.
Supra-anal lamina of 2 subtriangular, apex notched.

2 Sg, 2 92, Cameroons (Deutsche Entomol. Nat.-Mus.).

Genus Fhyllodromia Serv.

Phyllodromia mirabilis sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 3.)

3 Head testaceous, a castaneous blotch between the eyes;
frons flattened, maxillary palpi very slender, testaceous ; antennae
testaceous at base, remainder fuscous. Pronotam trapezoidal,
anteriorly scarcely covering vertex of head, posteriorly obtusely
angled, sides deflexed, piceous, lateral margins and a large spot
on the posterior part of the disc, fusing with the lateral margins,
testaceous. Tegmina considerably exceeding the apex of the
abdomen, castaneous at base becoming testaceous at apex, mar-
ginal area and a transverse fascia running from margin towards
apex of anal field, testaceous; 13 costals, radial vein bifurcate,
the lower branch multiramose, the rami reaching the apex of the
tegmen, discoidal sectors oblique, anterior ulnar vein multiramose,
posterior ulnar simple. Wings testaceous, mediastinal vein tri-
ramose at apex, 9—10 costals, ulnar vein 7-ramose, a minute

le

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 117

apical triangle. Abdomen testaceous, tergites and _ sternites
laterally marked with castaneous, 7 and 8" tergites carinate,
no opening of scent-glands visible; supra-anal lamina transverse,
sub-genital lamina cucullate, apex cleft, margins slightly inflected,
styles stout, asymmetrical, sub-triangular, terminating in acute points
and overlapping. Cerci elongate, acuminate, hirsute, slender, of 19
joints. Legs testaceous; front femora with a complete row of
spines on anterior margin beneath, the spines approximately equal
in length; formula of apical spines }, 4, f-

2 Differs from ¢ in its much smaller size, in the shorter
tegmina which do not exceed the apex of the abdomen by much ;
the testaceous spot on the pronotum does not fuse with the lateral
margins; tegmina castaneous to apex, a testaceous macula on the
margin towards apex; supra-anal lamina cucullate, triangular,
sub-genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular; cerci less elongate.

$ Total length 19 mm; length of body 13,5 mm; length of
tegmina 15,8 mm; pronotum 4,1 mm><5,1 mm.

2 Total length 14 mm; length of body 10,9 mm; length of
tegmina 10,7 mm; pronotum 3,9 mm><4,5 mm.

5 $3, 1 9, Cameroons (Conradt).

The species is closely allied to P. supellectilium Serv. by the
coloration of the tegmina, by the flattened frons, venation, form
of supra-anal lamina and by the pronounced sexual dimorphism ;
it can readily be distinguished by the colouration of the pronotum,
the larger size, by the absence of scent-gland openings in the
male and by the form of the sub-genital lamina and remarkable
styles of the male.

Phyllodromia hemerobina, Gerst. (l.-¢. p. 57. 1883).

The following may be added to Gerstaecker’s des-
cription of the species: Tegmina with 13 costals, discoidal field
reticulated, anterior ulnar multiramose, posterior ulnar simple.
Wings with 10—11 costals, the first 6 incrassated, ulnar vein
5-ramose. ¢@ with supra-anal Jamina trigonal, sub-genital lamina
rather large with two symmetrically-placed slender styles. 2 with
supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina with the apex
cleft. P. centralis Gerst. is very similar but the supra-anal
lamina of the male is transverse, the species moreover is larger
and with the pronotum less heavily marked.

Phyllodromia conradti sp. n. (Plate II fig. 4.)

S. Testaceous. Head with frons and face castaneous; an-
tennae testaceous at base, remainder fuscous. Pronotum trans-
versely elliptical, anteriorly and posteriorly truncate, with a

118 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

regular castaneous pattern on the disc. Tegmina with the veins
and a suffusion in the anal field castaneous, 12 costals, the last
two ramose, discoidal area reticulated, sectors oblique, posterior
ulnar simple. Wings hyaline, veins castaneous, 13 costals, the
first 7 with their apices incrassated and joined by transverse
venulae, ulnar 5-ramose, a small triangular apical area, 1** axillary
5-ramose. Abdomen laterally margined with castaneous, it sud-
denly narrows towards the apex; supra-anal lamina strongly
produced, very narrow and pointed; sub-genital lamina produced
with a pair of minute styles at the apex. Cerci testaceous,
castaneous at the base above, castaneous below. Femora rather
sparsely armed, front pair with two spines and a row of piliform
setae on the anterior margin beneath, apical spines ?, +, +, no
genicular spine on front femora. Tibiae spotted with castaneous
on the outer aspect.

Total length 10 mm; length of body 7 mm; length of
tegmina 8,5 mm; pronotum 2 mm >< 3 mm.
1 g, Cameroons (Conradt).

Allied to P. hemerobina Gerst. but distinguished by its smaller
size and by the form of the supra-anal and sub-genital laminae
of the male.

Phyllodromia neutra sp. n. (Plate II fig. 6.)

&. Testaceous. Head castaneous, antennae testaceous. Pro-
notum trapezoidal, anteriorly and posteriorly truncate, lateral
margins hyaline, disc rufo-castaneous. Tegmina with 12 costals,
discoidal area not reticulated, sectors oblique, posterior ulnar
simple. Wings hyaline, marginal area suffused with pale rufo-
castaneous, apex of mediastinal vein tri-ramose, 8 costals, the
last 2-ramose, the first 6 and the mediastinal rami incrassated
at the apex and joined by transverse venulae, ulnar vein 6-ramose,
a triangular apical area, 1** axillary 4-ramose. Abdomen sullied
testaceous, opening of scent-glands on 7™ tergite and covered
by a brush of fine hairs; supra-anal lamina trigonal; sub-genital
lamina with apex cleft in a V-shaped notch, the short styles
springing from the apex on either side of the cleft. Cerci mo-
derate, testaceous. Front femora with 5 long spines on anterior
margin beneath, succeeded distally by a row of piliform setae,
other femora rather sparsely armed, formula of apical spines

21° 1° no genicular spine on front femora
ies) ah) 8 09 g sp :

Total length 10 mm; leneth of body 6,1 mm; length of
tegmina 8 mm; pronotum 2 mm >< 2,5 mm.

1 3, Cameroons (Conrad t).

Rk. Shelford, New Blattidae. 119

Phyllodromia translucida sp. n.

¢. Rufo-testaceous. Pronotum transversely elliptic, posteriorly
truncate; lateral margins broadly hyaline. Tegmina hyaline,
reticulated, veins white, interstices filled with rufo - testaceous ;
marginal field broad, 11 costals the last two ramose, discoidal
sectors oblique, posterior ulnar vein simple. Wings with veins,
apex and marginal field rufo-testaceous; radial vein bifurcate
from base, the upper branch giving rise to 4 costals, the lower
branch giving rise to 3, the first five costals incrassated at apex,
the last three ramose, ulnar vein 5-ramose, a triangular apical
area, 1** axillary vein 4-ramose. Supra-anal lamina transverse,
very shortly produced; sub-genital lamina with apex deeply and
narrowly cleft, a short slender style on either side of the cleft.
Cerci moderate, pointed. [Front femora missing.]

Total length 14,5 mm; length of body 12 mm; length of
tegmina 12 mm; pronotum 3 mm >< 4 mm.

1 g, Cameroons (Conradty).

The nearest ally of the species is P. pustulosa Gerst. but it
differs from that by its larger size and by the absence of
castaneous dots from the tegmina.

Phyllodromia erythronotata sp. n.

Q. Closely allied to P. albovariegata mihi from Fernando Po,
but differs in the following points: — Head entirely rufous. Pro-
notum rufo-testaceous with broad lateral vittae castaneous, lateral
margins hyaline. Tegmina with 10 costals, last two branched.
Wings with 9 costals, costal margin not flavid, apical triangle
small. Sub-genital lamina at apex carinate, cleft. Cerci castaneous
at base.

Total length 9,1 mm; length of body 6,3 mm; length of
tegmina 7,3 mm; pronotum 2 mm >< 2,1 mm.

1 9, Cameroons (Conradt).

It is probable that the males of these two species differ
from each other more than do the females and hence I think it
advisable for the present to keep the two species separate.

Genus Liosilpha Stal.

I have recently had an opportunity of examining the type
of Liosilpha pumicata Stal and there can be no doubt that the
species is not congeneric with Phyllodromia germanica L.; it enters
more naturally the genus Pseudectobia Sauss. as re-defined by me
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XIX p. 36 (1907)]; but I find (1)
that Lupparia Wik. antedates Pseudectobia Sauss. (2) that Liosilpha

120 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

may be distinguished from Lupparia by the absence of an inter-
calated apical triangle to the wings. Consequently Pseudectobia
sinks as a synonym of Lupparia which may for the present at
any rate be considered as separate from Liosilpha. The following
species may be referred to Liosilpha:

L. pumicata Stal (Brazil). Type of the genus.

L. japonica Shelf. (Japan).

L. alluaudi Shelf. (Madagascar).

L. latipennis Br. (Ceylon) and the species described below.

Lupparia includes L. adimonialis Wik. (Philippines), L. insularis
Sauss. (Mauritius).

Liosilpha bicolor sp. n. (Plate Il fig. 5.)

2. Flavo-testaceous, nitid, rather convex. Head with eyes
rather close together, a castaneous band between them; antennae
with basal joint testaceous, remaining joints castaneous shading
to rufous. Pronotum trapezoidal, posteriorly very obtusely angled.
Tegmina extending slightly beyond apex of abdomen, marginal
area very broad, 10 costals, the last 2 or 3 ramose, discoidal
sectors oblique, posterior ulnar simple. Wings hyaline suffused
with flavo-testaceous, mediastinal vein 3-ramose at apex, 10 costals,
ulnar vein 9-ramose, no triangular apical area, 1° axillary 3-
ramose. Abdomen castaneous above, paler at base, supra-anal
lamina produced triangular, rufous; abdomen beneath castaneous,
the sternites posteriorly and laterally margined with testaceous,
sub-genital lamina semi-orbicular, not very large, rufous. Cerci
of 14 joints, elongate, acuminate, fuscous tipped with testaceous.
Femora and coxae testaceous, tibiae and tarsi castaneous; front
femora with a complete row of spines on anterior margin beneath,
formula of apical spines ?, +, +, no genicular spines on front
femora.

Total length 17 mm; length of body 14 mm; length of
tegmina 14 mm; pronotum 4,9 mm >< 7 mm.

1 2, Cameroons (Conradt).

The bicolorous legs and banded abdomen render this a con-
spicuous species. A male also from the Cameroons is in the
collection of Senor Ign. Bolivar, it resembles the female but
the supra-anal lamina is strongly produced, slightly exceeding
the sub-genital lamina which is asymmetrical and provided with
an unequal pair of styles, the right being flattened and short,
the left long, strongly chitinised and sharply pointed; the edge
of the lamina is grooved to receive these styles.

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 12

Genus Homalosilpha Stal.
Homalosilpha cruralis sp. n. (Plate II fig. 8c.)

2. Head piceous, a rufous band between the ocelli, labrum
testaceous; antennae rufous. Pronotum discoidal, sides not de-
flexed, greatest width behind the middle, anteriorly somewhat
truncate , posteriorly very obtusely angled; testaceous, a curved
irregular vitta on either side of the disc, two spots near the
centre of the disc, posterior angles castaneous. Tegmina_ pro-
jecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen, castaneous, the
marginal area and apex much paler. Wings flavo-hyaline. Ab-
domen above and beneath piceous, nitid, supra-anal lamina pro-
duced, deeply and triangularly notched at apex. Cerci long,
rufous. Legs with coxae and femora piceous, tibiae and tarsi
bright rufous; front femora with a row of short spines on the
distal half of the anterior margin beneath, no spines on the
posterior margin beneath; mid femora with 8 short spines on
the anterior margin, 4 long spines on the posterior margin beneath;
hind femora with 6 short spines on the anterior margin, 4 long
spines on the posterior margin beneath; formula of apical spines

7, 4, 4, no genicular spines on front femora.

Total length 26 mm; length of body 21 mm; length of
tegmina 23 mm; pronotum 5,9 mm >< 8,1 mm.

British Uganda (Grauer).

The collection also contains a species of Homalosilpha from
the Cameroons which corresponds exactly with Brunner’s de-
scription of Periplaneta vicina (Nouy. Syst. Blatt. p. 236); the
locality of the species was previously unknown.

The genus Homalosilpha Stal differs from Pseudoderopeltis Kr.
in both sexes being fully winged and in the absence of mem-
branous projections from the meso- and metanotum; it differs
from Periplancta Burm. in the form of the pronotum which is
flat, the sides not being deflexed. Four species are known and
they may be discriminated with the help of the following key:

1. Pronotum somewhat hexagonal in outline, ustulata Burm.
its greatest width at the middle. (Sunda Islands
and Philippines. )
1’. Pronotum not as above, its greatest width
behind the middle.
2. Anterior margin of pronotum parabolic.

3. Pronotum piceous, with lateral yellow decorata Serv.
vittae. (Borneo. )

122 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

3’. Pronotum testaceous with piceous markings vicina Br. (Came-

on disc. roons.)
2'. Anterior margin of pronotum sub-truncate. cruralis sp. n.
(British Uganda.)

Genus Periplaneta, Burm.

Periplaneta funebris sp. n.

g. Piceous. Frons between the eyes depressed, concave,
lower part of face concave and faintly transversely striated; an-
tennae with apical four or five joints flavo-testaceous. Pronotum
elliptic, smooth, without impressions, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
obtusely angled. Tegmina extending considerably beyond apex of
abdomen. Wings castaneous. Abdomen with lateral flavo-testa-
ceous markings on each sternite except the last two; the tergites
project beyond the lateral margins of the sternites and their
posterior angles are acutely produced backwards; supra-anal lamina
subquadrate, posterior border sinuately emarginate; sub-genital
lamina narrow, styles elongate, slender. Cerci moderate, fusiform
(the right one has been mutilated and has regenerated). Front
femora with a row of strong spines on anterior margin beneath
not extending to proximal third, 1 or 2 spines only on posterior
margin; formula of apical spines 3, +, +. [Posterior tarsi
mutilated. |

Q Similar to ¢ but larger, frons flattened, face convex, very
slightly punctate. Tegmina less elongate in proportion to body.
Abdominal sternites with lateral castaneous markings. Supra-anal
lamina tectiform, deeply notched posteriorly. Posterior metatarsus
barely equal to the remaining joints in length, bi-seriately spinose
beneath, its pulvillus apical; the next joint with the pulvillus
occupying half its length, bi-seriately spinose at base; the next
two joints with their pulvilli occupying the total leneth of the joints.

S Total length 29,5 mm; length of body 20 mm; length
of tegmina 25 mm; pronotum 6,3 mm; >< 9,1 mm.

2 Total length 33 mm; length of body 28 mm; length of
tegmina 27,5 mm; pronotum 8 mm >< 13 mm.

Cameroons. Type ¢ in Deutsches Ent. Nat. Mus. Type 2
in Oxford Mus.

The species superficially resembles P. lata Herbst but the
tarsi are different, being intermediate in character between Methana
and Periplaneta.

Periplaneta bicolor sp. n.

2 Head and pronotum bright rufous, tegmina and abdomen
piceous. Head with eyes rather small and very far apart. Frons

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 123

somewhat swollen; antennae and palpi fuscous. Pronotum discoidal,
sides deflexed, anteriorly and posteriorly truncate, posteriorly
margined with piceous. Tegmina exceeding the apex of the ab-
domen. Wings with anterior half castaneous. Abdomen beneath
with dise castaneous; supra-anal lamina triangularly produced,
apex emarginate but not deeply. Cerci long, fusiform. Coxae
and tibial spines rufo-castaneous, front femora armed on anterior
margin beneath with a complete row of spines, the distal shorter
than the proximal, unarmed on posterior margin. Posterior meta-
tarsus longer than remaining joints of tarsus, pulvilli apical.

Total length 22,4 mm; length of body 18,9 mm; length of
tegmina 17,1 mm; pronotum 5,8 mm >< 7 mm.

1 ¢. Cameroons.

Genus Nauphoeta Burm.

Nauphoeta epilamproides sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 7).

¢d. Flavo-testaceous. Head with vertex projecting considerably
beyond anterior margin of the pronotum. Distance apart of eyes
less than length of first antennal joint, a band between the eyes
and a narrower band between the antennal sockets, castaneous.
The two apical joints of the maxillary palpi castaneous. Antennae
fuscous. Pronotum elliptical, its greatest width behind the middle,
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly very obtusely angulate, covering
the scutellum, uniformly flavid. Tegmina very broad, anterior
margin arched, posteriorly rounded, seriately punctate between
the veins; marginal area equal to one third of total breadth,
mediastinal vein multiramose, radial and anal veins black ; the veins of
the marginal area beneath are more strongly marked and elevated.
Anterior part of wings coriaceous, suffused with rufo-castaneous.
Abdomen beneath rufo-testaceous; supra-anal lamina produced,
bilobed; sub-genital lamina short, exceeded by the supra-anal
lamina, notched on either side to receive the slender styles, the
posterior lateral angles acute, spined!). Cerci moderate, fusiform.
Legs with the coxae and femora rufous, the genicular extremity
of the femora, the tibiae and the tarsi castaneous; front femora
unarmed beneath, formula of apical spines $, 4, 4, no genicular
spines on front femora.

@ Similar to ¢ but larger and paler, the tegmina extend
more beyond the apex of the abdomen; supra-anal lamina more
markedly bilobed; sub-genital lamina ample, its posterior margin
sinuate.

1) This is a character common to many species of Nawphoeta, but
it seems to have escaped notice hitherto.

124 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

S Total length 48 mm; length of body 44,9 mm; length
of tegmina 38 mm; pronotum 11,5 mm >< 17,1 mm.
2 Total length 52 mm; length of body 46 mm; length of
tegmina 42,8 mm; pronotum 11,4 mm >< 17,5 mm.
Cameroons. ‘Type ¢ in Oxford Museum, Type 2 in Deutsches
Entom. Nat.-Museum.
The species is most closely allied to NV, testacea, Br. but it
can be distinguished by its larger size and broad tegmina with
broad marginal field.

Nauphoeta elegans sp. n.

3. Flavo-testaceous. Head with vertex considerably projecting
beyond the anterior margin of pronotum, distance apart of eyes
less than length of first antennal joint; a castaneous band be-
tween the eyes and some castaneous markings on the face. An-
tennae piceous, equal to the body in length. Pronotum trape-
zoidal, posteriorly very obtusely angled, the scutellum exposed ;
a broad castaneous vitta on either side of the disc, the vittae
fail to reach the anterior margin, their inner borders notched.
Tegmina considerably exceeding the apex of the abdomen, narrow,
their outer margin very slightly sinuate, their apices obliquely
rounded; marginal area broad, mediastinal vein multiramose,
radial vein piceous for one-third of its length. Wings flavid
towards apex of anterior margin. Abdomen castaneous above,
with a pair of lateral flavid spots at the base of each tergite ;
supra-anal lamina quadrately produced, slightly bilobed. Abdomen
beneath flavo-testaceous, margined with castaneous; sub-genital
lamina as in the preceding species but narrower. Legs with
coxae and femora flavo-testaceous, tibiae and tarsi castaneous ;
formula of apical spines $, $, +, genicular spines small, none
on anterior femora.

Cameroons (L. Conradt).

Total leneth 50 mm; length of body 39,5 mm; length of
tegmina 42 mm; pronotum 9 mm >< 13 mm.

Allied to N. flecivitta Wik. (= frenata Gerst.) but larger, teg-
mina relatively longer and pronotum differently marked.

Nauphoeta minuta sp. n.

Q. Allied to \. cinerea Oliv. but much smaller and differently
marked. Testaceous. Head with eyes, widely separated, vertex
with four vittae, four spots between the eyes a transverse narrow |
band between the antennal sockets and a broad longitudinal band
extending from between the eyes to the base of the clipeus, casta-

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 125

neous. Antennae testaceous. Pronotum as in JN. cinerea but the
central lyrate marking differently arranged and dark castaneous.
Tegmina as in JN. cinerea but just exceeding the apex of the ab-
domen, radial vein not marked at base. Abdomen above testa-
ceous speckled with castaneous, with lateral blotches of castaneous;
supra-anal lamina sub-quadrately produced, posteriorly emarginate ;
abdomen beneath testaceous with a broad castaneous band on
each sternite except the last, where the band is replaced by a
round spot; a lateral castaneous blotch on each sternite. Sub-
genital lamina as in V. cinerea. Legs testaceous, formula of apical
spines ¢, 4, 4.

Total length 15,5 mm; length of body 15 mm; length of
tegmina 11 mm; pronotum 5 mm >< 6 mm.

1 9, Cameroons (L. Conradt).

I have examined a good series of NW. cinerea from all parts
of the world and find that the species is quite constant in the form of
markings on the pronotum and in the colouration of the abdomen;
the West African form has these markings dark castaneous instead
of pale castaneous, but they correspond in shape and arrangement
with the markings on the pronotum of forms from other parts of
the world. I have therefore little hesitation in separating this
small form as a distinct species.

Nauphoeta bicolor n. sp.

S. Head dark castaneous, nitid, ocelli and palpi testaceous.
Eyes further apart than length of 1 antennal joint; antennae
fuscous; vertex projecting beyond the anterior margin of the
pronotum. Pronotum castaneous, sides deflexed, posteriorly
scarcely angulate; two circular impressions on posterior half of
disc and a few scattered punctures. Scutellum hidden. Tegmina
testaceous scarcely extending beyond apex of abdomen, seriately
punctate between the veins, radial veins piceous only at its
extreme base. Wings suffused with castaneous. Abdomen casta-
neous, the disc beneath rufescent; supra-anal lamina quadrately
produced, posteriorly emarginate; sub-genital lamina as in the
two preceding species. Cerci short, acuminate. Legs castaneous,
formula of apical spines $, +, $, genicular spines very small, none
on front femora.

2 Similar, but tegmina not quite reaching apex of abdomen;
no impressions on disc of pronotum; supra-anal lamina more
deeply emarginate.

S Total length 27 mm; length of body 24 mm; length of
teomina 18,8 mm; pronotum 7 mm >< 10 mm.

126 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

2 Total length 24,5 mm; length of body 24,5 mm; length

of tegmina 18 mm; pronotum 6,7 mm X< 9,5 mm.
Cameroons (L. Conradt).

Type ¢ in Deutsches Entom. Nat. Mus., type ¢ in coll. Senor
Ign. Bolivar. I know of no species of Nauphoeta that at all
resembles this; it may readily be distinguished by its striking
colouration.

I take this opportunity of describing two new species of
Nauphoeta in the collection of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Nauphoeta pulchra sp. n.

2 Flavo-testaceous, nitid. Head with a castaneous band
between eyes, which are very wide apart; antennae castaneous,
two basal joints testaceous. Pronotum trapezoidal, posteriorly
truncate, on either side a narrow sinuate black vitta, extending
from posterior to anterior margin, on the anterior margin the
vittae join each other, posterior margin between the vittae very
narrowly black. Tegmina corneous, seriate- punctate, scarcely
extending beyond apex of abdomen, radial vein for two-thirds of
its length and the anal vein black. Wings flavid. Abdomen uni-
formly flavid, supra-anal lamina subquadrate, sub-genital lamina
ample, posterior margin sub-emarginate at apex. Cerci short,
acuminate. Legs flavo-testaceous, tibial spines castaneous.

Total length 31 mm; length of body 29 mm; length of tegmina
24,5 mm; pronotum 8 mm &< 10,5 mm.

1 2, Lower Ogowé, between Lambaréné and the sea
(E. Haug. 1901).

Nauphoeta lurida sp. n.

2 Piceous. Ocelli testaceous, labrum castaneous. Antennae
short; distance apart of eyes equal to 1% antennal joint. Pro-
notum trapezoidal, posteriorly very obtusely angled, scutellum
exposed, sides strongly deflexed, disc punctate with clear inter-
spaces, several shallow impressions, anteriorly, laterally and
posteriorly rugosely striate. Tegmina not extending beyond apex
of abdomen, flavo-testaceous heavily blotched with piceous along
the radial and anal veins. Wings flavo-hyaline. Abdomen uniformly
piceous, tergites with a few scattered tubercles, supra-anal lamina
sub-quadrate, margins slightly reflected, surface rather rugose.
Abdomen beneath nitid, spiracular tubes protruding from beneath
angles of penultimate tergite; sub-genital lamina ample, divided
by a sulcus, incomplete in the middle, into a narrow anterior zone
and a broad posterior zone, surface of latter finely striate and
with a few impressions, posterior margin sinuate and_ slightly

emarginate in the middle.
the supra-anal lamina.

R. Shelford, New Blattidae.

Legs piceous.

127

Cerci short, not extending beyond

Total length 48 mm; length of tegmina 40 mm; pronotum
10> mm >< 15,5° mm.

1 9, Mpala, Tanganyika.

This is a very remarkable species on account of the rugosity

of the pronotum and abdomen and is most nearly allied to

N. thoracica Kirby.

The following key may assist in the determination of the

species of Nauphoeta:

GO te

(9) 2.
(4) 3.

(oy «A

Fy
ee)
TZ
on

(20) 11.
(13) 12.

(14) 15.
(17) 16.

(16) 17.

. Pronotum

13.
14.

Pronotum with fuscous intra-
marginal vittae.

Total length exceeding 18 mm.
Dise of pronotum with a de-
finite castaneous or fusco-
castaneous pattern.

Disc of pronotum unicolorous

or with obscure darker suf-
fusions.
. Intramarginal vittae broad,

not joined in front.

- With marginal yellow vittae.

. Without marginal yellowvittae.

. Vittae narrow, joined in front.
. Total length

not exceeding
18 mm.

without fuscous
intra-marginal vittae.
Pronotum testaceous or fulvous.
Pronotum with two large con-
fluent spots.

Pronotum not as above.
Distance apart of eyes scarcely
ereater than length of first
antennal joint.

Eyes yery wide apart.
Marginal area of tegmina very
broad, large species

Marginal area of tegmina not
very broad, smaller species.

cinerea Oliv. (Cosmopo-
litan. )

flexivittaW lk. | frenata Gerst.

? == discoidalis Sauss.|
(Cameroons, Congo.)
elegans sp. n. (Came-

roons. )
pulchra sp. n. (Ogowe.)
minuta sp. n. (Cameroons. )

(Galla-

gestriana Sauss.

land.)

epilamproides sp.n. (Came-
roons, Ogowe.)

testacea Br. == [pallescens
Kirby] (Cameroons,
San Thomé.)

128 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

(19) 18. Pronotum finely mottled. madecassa Sauss. (Mada-
gascar.)

(18) 19. Pronotum not finely mottled. heydeniana Sauss. (Mada-
gascar. )

(11) 20. Pronotum black or rufous.

(22) 21. Pronotum rufous. bicolor sp. n. (Came-
roons.)

_ (21) 22. Pronotum black.
(26) 23. Pronotum narrowly bordered
with testaceous.
(25) 24. Dise of pronotum unicolorous. occidentalis Fab. (= rufipes
Kirby). (W. Africa.)
(24) 25. Disc of pronotum with a guineensis Sauss. (Guinea,

testaceous pattern. Gold Coast.)
(23) 26. Pronotum not bordered with
testaceous.
(28) 27. Supra-anal lamina carinate. thoracica Kirby (Shiré
River.)
(27) 28. Supra-anallamina notcarinate. Jurida sp. n. (Tanga-
nyika.)

Nauphoeta basalis Kirby from Tonkin is a species of Para-
nauphoeta (sub-fam. Perisphaeriinae) and Nauphoeta aspersata Kirby
from the Transvaal is a species of O.ryhaloa (sub-fam. Oryhaloinae).
Panchlora brazzae Bol. appears to be a true Panchlora though in ~
colour very similar to NV. jlerivitta W1k.

Genus Oxyhaloa Brunner.
Oxyhaloa perspicua sp. n.

Pronotum and tegmina testaceous, head, body and legs piceous.

3S. Eyes nearer together than antennal sockets; lower part
of face depressed, slightly rugose; labrum bordered with testa-
ceous ; 13 basal joints of antennae piceous, the remainder rufous.
Pronotum trapezoidal anteriorly and posteriorly truncate, with
two narrow transverse depressions anteriorly; covered with a
sparse erect rufous pubescence. Tegmina lanceolate exceeding the
apex of the abdomen, with a sparse erect pubescence, the part of
the right tegmen covered by the left, hyaline, with iridescent
sheen. Wings hyaline, veins fusco-testaceous, anterior part narrow,
lanceolate, its apex not projecting beyond the posterior part,
ulnar vein with 13 rami, t* axillary with 8 rami. Abdomen
above castaneous on the lateral margins, supra-anal lamina
transverse, narrow, its posterior angles rounded; abdomen beneath
opaque piceous, sub-genital lamina slightly produced, with a pair

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 129

of slender styles, that are slightly hirsute. Cerci with a testaceous
spot at base. Legs piceous. Formula of apical spines {, {, 4,
no genicular spines on anterior femora; posterior metatarsus
shorter than remaining joints.

2 similar to ¢ but larger; supra-anal lamina more produced,
sub-genital Jamina ample, margin sinuate.

g. Total length 18 mm; length of body 14 mm; length of
tegmina 13,9 mm; pronotum 4 mm >< 4,1 mm.

2. Total length 23,3 mm; length of body 19,5 mm; length
of tegmina 19 mm; pronotum 4,9 mm>6 mm.

Cameroons.

Type d in Deutsches Ent. Nat.-Mus. Type @ in coll. Senor
Ign. Bolivar.

Genus Paraplecta Shelf.
Paraplecta conradti sp. n. (Plate II, fig. 10).

dS. Dark castaneous. Clipeus testaceous, antennae fuscous,
with a testaceous band about the middle. Vertex not covered by
pronotum. Pronotum trapezoidal, anteriorly and posteriorly truncate,
covered with minute tubercles, disc depressed. Tegmina extending
considerably beyond apex of abdomen, 15 costals, 9 discoidal
sectors which are longitudinal and given off at an angle from
the single ulnar ramus. Wings hyaline, marginal field semi-
coriaceous, costals ramose and obsolescent, median vein bifurcate
from the base, ulnar vein with 13 rami, all but 4 going towards
the dividing vein, axillary veins strongly curved; a prominent
apical field, about 1/, of total wing-length, divided into two
unequal portions by a longitudinal vein, the upper portion with
obsolescent venation. Abdomen above with the disc testaceous,
supra-anal lamina subquadrately produced, slightly emarginate.
Cerci rufous. Abdomen beneath with the disc rufous, sub-genital
lamina small, the style long and slender, Legs testaceous.

Total length 11,2 mm; length of body 9 mm; length of
tegmina 9,1 mm; pronotum 3 mm >< 3,1 mm.

Cameroons (L. Conradt).

The species is close to that described by Borg as Hustegasta
parva and subsequently by me as Paraplecta aethiopica, but can be
distinguished by the different venation of the tegmina, the granu-
late pronotum* and form of the sub-genital lamina. It is scar-
cely necessary to point out that neither parva Borg nor conradti
mihi have the slightest affinity with the genus Hustegasta.

130 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908.

Genus Chorisoneura Brunner.
Chorisoneura pallida, sp. n. (Plate Il, fig. 9).

S. Pale testaceous. Head slightly darker between the eyes,
vertex forming a very acute angle with frons. Pronotum trans-
versely elliptical, lateral margins broadly hyaline. Tegmina lan-
ceolate, marginal field broad, mediastinal vein stout, remaining
veins very slender, 13 costals, 7 oblique discoidal sectors given
off from the anterior ulnar vein, 4 axillary veins. Wings hyaline,
marginal field suffused with testaceous, 12 costal veins, all except
the last few incrassated, medio-ulnar field extremely narrow,
11—12 transverse venulae crossing the medio-discal area, ulnar
vein with 2—3 rami; triangular apical field projecting slightly
beyond the outer margin of the wing. Supra-anal lamina trian-
gular, slightly cucullate, carinate; sub-genital lamina produced,
cucullate, carinate, a pair of minute styles close together from
the apex. Cerci elongate.

9. Similar, but tegmina with pale flavo-testaceous maculae
between the veins; supra-anal lamina less cucullate, apex slightly
emarginate, sub-genital lamina very large, posteriorly somewhat
truncate.

S and 2 Total length 10 mm; length of body 8 mm; length
of tegmina 8,9 mm; pronotum 2 mm><3 mm.

Cameroons (L. Conradt).

This is easily distinguished from the only other African
species C. africana, Borg which is pilose on tegmina and legs.

Genus Pseudoglomeris Brunner.

Pseudoglomeris oniscina Gerst.
Perisphaeria oniscina Gerstaecker, Mitt. Ver. Vorpomm. XIV p. 75 (1883).

dg. Castaneous. Head completely covered by pronotum; eyes
touching, ocelli absent; antennae and maxillary palpi testaceous.
Pronotum transversely elliptical, more arcuate anteriorly than
posteriorly , anteriorly cucullate, rugose, punctate with a few
smooth interspaces, humeral angles pronounced ; beneath with the
typical carina ending in a spatulate tooth. Tegmina considerably
exceeding the body in length, castaneous becoming flavo-hyaline
towards their extremities, reticulate, mediastinal field broad.
Wings flavo-hyaline. Abdomen rufo-castaneous; sub-genital lamina
irregular, asymmetrical, deeply notched on the right side, no
styles. Cerci moderate, flavid. Legs rufo-castaneous, tibial spines
in three rows,

R. Shelford, New Blattidae. 131

Total length 16,5 mm; length of body 13 mm; length of
tegmina 14 mm; pronotum 4 mm >< 6,3 mm.

1 3, Cameroons (L. Conradt).

I have but little doubt that this is the male of Ger-
staecker’s species. The typical carina ending in a spatulate
tooth is a very characteristic feature of the Oriental genera
Perisphaeria and Pseudoglomeris and the male of oniscina is also in
general appearance very like males of Pseudoglomeris species from
Burma, Borneo, Java etc. The female of oniscina differs from
females of Oriental species of Perisphaeria and Pseudoglomeris in
the total absence of a tooth to the pronotal carinae beneath,
but otherwise is very similar; it is convex and possesses the
power of rolling itself up into a ball like a Millipede or ter-
restrial Isopod and like the Oriental Perisphaeriinae of the female
sex. On account of the division of the abdominal tergites into
two zones separated by a sulcus, oniscina falls into the genus
Pseudoglomeris and not into the genus Perisphaeria. The genus is
new to the Ethiopian fauna.

Explanation of the plate:

Fig. 1. Apex of abdomen of Anaplecta conradti sp. n.
&S Dorsal view.

Fig. 2 . r a » Lschnoptera basalis Gerst.

SG Dorsal view.
Hig. 3. ‘ : » Phyllodromia mirabilis sp. n.

Sd Ventral view.
Fig. 4. 2 : i » LPhyllodromia conradti Sp. 2:

3 Dorsal view.
Fig. 5 c . - » Lnosilpha bicolor sp. n.

S Ventral view.
Bie. 6. : . ee » Phyllodromia neutra sp. n.

&S Dorsal view.
|S aay a . » Nauphata epilamproides sp. n.
3d Ventral view.
Fig. 8. Pronotum of (a) Homalosilpha ustulata Burm., (b) H. vicina Br.
(c) H. cruralis sp. n.
Fig. 9. Chorisoneura pallida sp. n. (a) tegmen, (b) wing.
Fig. 10. Wing of Paraplecta conraiti sp. Nn.

Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr. 1908. ari

CADE ede

New Blattidae by R. Shelford.

64)
~ Va
fel Fe

[Reprinted from ‘THe Zoouoetst’ for June, 1907.)

AOWATIC COCKROACHES.
By R. SHeurorp, M.A., F.L.S.

In 1897 the writer was collecting insects on a mountain close
to Kuching, the capital town of the State of Sarawak, in Borneo,
and, whilst examining a small pool at the base of a waterfall for
water-beetles, discovered several Cockroaches lurking in the sod-
den leaves scattered about the edge of the pool. The insects,
when disturbed, took to the water, and dived to the bottom,
where they hid under sticks and stones. The habit was suffici-
ently remarkable and unexpected to deserve further investigation,
and several specimens were captured alive, and placed in a glass
tank with some water and an abundance of vegetable débris. All
the specimens were immature, and of varying size, ranging from
10 millim. to 25 millim. in length. It was observed that they
could not endure total immersion in water for any length of
time; if a specimen was confined in a tube full of water, and
denied all access to air, it would struggle violently for a few
minutes in its efforts to escape, and then sink to the bottom of
the tube, and there expire. This is what one might expect from
the results of certain experiments conducted by Prof. Plateau, of
Ghent, on the relative staying powers of land- and water-insects
when totally submerged in water. The distinguished Belgian
entomologist found that, whilst terrestrial insects will support
an immersion for a period ranging from 973 hours to 22} hours,
aquatic beetles succumb in periods ranging from 653 hours to
3 hours. The aquatic Cockroach drowns even more rapidly than
aquatic beetles, and it was found that a terrestrial Cockroach,
though enduring total immersion for a few hours, is unable to
remain alive without air for even the minimum time recorded for
terrestrial beetles.

The aquatic Cockroaches that were kept under observation
were very inactive, resting for hours at a time on the dead leaves
with which they were provided ; generally the front part of the

2 AQUATIC COCKROACHES.

body was in the water, but the tip of the abdomen was never
submerged, even when all the rest of the body was covered. The
abdomen moved up and down with a rhythmic action, and
bubbles of air issued at more or less regular intervals from the
prothoracic spiracles. These air-bubbles were seen to form
gradually, to grow larger and larger, and finally to break away
from the spiracles; about twenty per minute passed through the
spiracles. Air issued from the mesothoracic spiracles only when
the insect was violently agitated. From these observations it
seemed fairly obvious that the terminal abdominal spiracles were
inspiratory in function, the thoracic spiracles expiratory, and
that it was necessary, therefore, for the insect to have the tip of
the abdomen exposed to the air, but that it was a matter of in-
difference whether the expiratory spiracles were above water or
below it. In order to settle the question beyond all manner of
doubt, some specimens were fastened with cotton threads to
strips of cork; half the number were fastened head downwards,
the other half head upwards. The cork-strips with the attached
insects were then immersed in tubes of water. In the case of
the reversed specimens the water covered the thorax and basal
segments of the abdomen, but the tip of the abdomen projected
above the water-level ; the other specimens had the abdomen in
the water, but the thorax exposed. The results in every case
proved the inspiratory and expiratory functions of the abdominal
and thoracic spiracles respectively. The reversed specimens
endured their constrained position for many hours (twenty-four
to forty-eight or more), and when released seemed little the worse
for their experience. On the other hand, the specimens with the
abdomen immersed in water died in less than twelve hours, some-
times in less than six. The structure of the thoracic spiracles
in Cockroaches is quite different from that of the abdominal
spiracles,* and a difference in function is only to be expected ;
nevertheless, when repeating these experiments with terrestrial
Cockroaches, such as Panesthia javanica, | was unable to demon-
strate satisfactorily the functional differences of their spiracles.
This failure may be accounted for—in part, at any rate—by the
fact that this species struggled long and violently when pinioned
to the cork-strips, and, as they are extremely muscular insects,

* Miall and Denny, ‘ The Cockroach,’ 1886, pp. 151-155, ff. 85-88.

AQUATIC COCKROACHES. 3

their bonds had to be tightly fastened in order to keep them in
position ; even then the prisoners did not relax their efforts to
free themselves, and I believe that they died of exhaustion and of
injuries sustained in their struggles rather than from drowning.
The aquatic species, on the other hand, remained comparatively
quiet ; the reversed specimens, being fastened in a position more
or less natural to them, and being able to obtain their supply of
air in quite a normal and usual manner, were very little dis-

Fic. 1.—End of abdomen of a larva of Rhicnoda natatrix, sp.n., dorsal
view; s.p. spiracular tube; c. cercus; s.a.l. last dorsal tergite.

Fic. 2.—The same, ventral view; st. abdominal sternite; s. spiracle ;
¢. abdominal tergite.

Fie. 3.— Spiracular tube, highly magnified, seen in optical section ;
v. vestibule; s. spiracle; m. muscle working 0., the chitinous bow; t.
trachea.

tressed by their bonds, and the other specimens were soon reduced
to a comatose condition by the difficulty of obtaining air. The
terminal spiracles of these aquatic Cockroaches are situated at
the base of two tubes visible on the dorsal side projecting from
below the seventh tergite, and external to the anal cerci (fig. 1).

4 AQUATIC COCKROACHES.

This same feature may be observed in many terrestrial Blattide,
so that it cannot be regarded as associated with the aquatic habit.
A microscopic examination of one of these spiracular tubes reveals
the following features (fig. 8). The orifice of the tube leads into
a short vestibule (v.), the vestibule joins a large trachea (¢.), but
intervening between vestibule and trachea is the spiracle (s.), a
narrow slit in a diaphragm ; the slit is opened and closed by the
action of a chitinous bow (b.), worked by a muscle (m.) attached
to the wall of the vestibule. This is essentially the structure of
all the abdominal spiracles in Cockroaches, and the terminal
spiracular tubes of the aquatic species are merely enlarged
equivalents, shifted dorsally, of the short spiracular plates of the
preceding segments (fig. 2, s.), which are situated on the ventral
side of the abdomen.

Externally, at any rate, the aquatic Cockroaches exhibit no
particular modifications for their remarkable habit of life, the
legs are not different from those of allied terrestrial genera, and
there is nothing in their general appearance to suggest their
aquatic habit of life. During the experiments that have been
described one distinctive feature, however, in the economy of the
insects was notable, viz. the ease with which they could remain
below the surface of the water. Most adult aquatic insects, e. g.
Dytiscus, Coriza, Notonecta, can only keep below the surface by
continuing to swim, or by propping themselves under some stone
or submerged leaf; directly they relax their efforts they float to
the surface. Again, if a large heavy Cockroach, such as Panesthia
javanica, is thrown into water, it flounders helplessly on the
surface, and is quite unable to sink; whereas the much lighter
aquatic Cockroach is able to swim, to dive, and to remain sub-
merged with great ease. An explanation of these facts is found
if the tracheal systems of the insects are examined. The trachez
of Dytiscus and of Panesthia present the usual appearance of
opaque silvery tubes filled with air; the trachee of the aquatic
Cockroaches, on the other hand, are transparent, flattened, strap-
like structures, dilated here and there only with air-bubbles.
Dytiscus and Panesthia are buoyed up in water by the plentiful
supply of air stored in their bodies, but the trachez of the water
Cockroach are mere air-passages, not storehouses ; the respiratory
movements are rapid, causing a constant circulation of air, and

AQUATIC COCKROACHES.

Or

if the supply is entirely cut off there is practically no reserve
supply contained in the body to draw upon. Hence the rapid
death of the insect when totally submerged ; if only partially
submerged death supervenes less rapidly, probably because some
air can be drawn through the thoracic spiracles. Panesthia
javanica is able to endure total immersion longer than the partial
immersion to which individuals were submitted, because these
individuals, when bound, struggled so violently as to make heavy
demands on their reserve air-supply ; their position was so con-
strained, so unusual, and so unnatural that they were not able
to ‘‘take matters quietly,” even when fastened in a position
presumably favourable to drawing in a fresh supply. Plateau
has shown that aquatic insects drown more quickly than terres-
trial insects, and suggests that this is because their supply
of oxygen is quickly converted into CO, through their violent
struggles to escape, whereas terrestrial insects, when submerged
in water, soon cease to struggle, and, although they become
comatose, they recover power of movement when restored to
land. It would be of interest to learn if an aquatic insect such
as Dytiscus would endure partial immersion, i.e. with the tip of
the abdomen exposed, as well as the aquatic Blattids.

Dr. Nelson Annandale discovered some aquatic Cockroaches
in the Malay Peninsula* ; the females were wingless, and rested
on floating logs, whence they dived into the water when dis-
turbed ; the males were winged, and were seen to rise from the
surface of the water, but were never seen to enter it. Dr. Annan-
dale states, moreover, that the egg-cases of this species were
found in crevices of the floating logs. If the Malay Peninsula
species belongs to the same subfamily of Blattide as the Bornean
species, namely, to the Hpilamprine, this discovery of egg-cases
is of some interest, for the Epilamprine are, so far as is known,
viviparous insects, the chitinous ootheca deposited by the females
of other subfamilies being represented by a delicate membrane
enveloping the eggs inside the brood-sac of the mother. Unfor-
tunately, Dr. Annandale’s specimens appear to be lost, so that
they cannot be identified with certainty.

Another species has been discovered in Formosa,+ and Dr.

* Ent. Rec. 1900, p. 76.
+ Shiraki, Ann. Zoolog. Japon. vi. 1906, p. 82, pl. 2, f. 4,

6 AQUATIC COCKROACHES.

Annandale has found an,immature specimen in Chota Nagpur,
India.* It remains only to give a name to the Bornean species,
which appears to be undescribed. The following description is
drawn up from an unique female specimen in the Hope Museum,
Oxford, evidently the adult of some of the larval forms obtained.
The male is unknown.+ ‘The Japanese species has been wrongly
referred to the genus Opisthoplatia; there is no doubt that it is
congeneric with the Bornean species.

Subfam. EpruamMprRina.
Genus Rutcnopa, Brunner.
Rhicnoda natatrix, sp. n.

?. Castaneous. Allied to R. rugosa, Br., from Burma and
Java, but larger, and with the dorsal segments less rugose. Head
concavely depressed between the antennal sockets, this area
cribrately punctate, rest of head with scattered punctures. Pro-
notum just covering vertex of head, arcuate, posterior margin
truncate, anterior and lateral margins slightly reflected; a few
scattered punctures and a pair of impressions on the disc. Teg-
mina rufous, exceeding the mesonotum in length. Meso- and
metanotum and abdominal tergites slightly and irregularly
rugose, the posterior margins of the sixth and seventh tergites
plicated. Supra-anal lamina produced, apex emarginate, cerci
abbreviated, spiracular tubes short; subgenital lamina ample,
posterior margin sinuate, disc transversely wrinkled. Front
femora with five spines in middle of anterior margin beneath,
four spines on posterior margin ; formula of apical spines 7, 4, 4,
front femora with no genicular spine. Posterior metatarsus
equals remaining joints. Total length, 35°5 mm.; length of
tegmina, 7 mm.; pronotum, 10 mm. x 17°5 mm.

Borneo (Wilson Saunders collection, Hope Museum, Oxford).

* Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (new series), vol. 11. 1906, pp. 105, 106. Dr.
Annandale confirms my account of the respiration of these insects, and noted
the ease with which his specimen was drowned when totally submerged.

+ In a preliminary account of these Cockroaches (Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1901,
p. 689) I stated that they consisted of two species—one an Epilamprine, the
other a Panesthiine. ‘This is an error due to inaccurate information supplied
to me at a time when my knowledge of the Blattide was less than it is now.
All the specimens collected by me are immature, and are referable to two
Epilamprine genera, Rhicnoda and Epilampra. The females of the former
genus apparently lead a semi-aquatic life always. I expect that it will be

found eventually that some terrestrial species of Epilampra are amphibious
or aquatic in their earlier stages.

20

( 913°)

XII. Studies of the Tetriginee (Orthoptera) in the Oxford
Oniversity Museum. By J. L. Hancock, M.D.,
F.E.S. (Chicago).

[Read 28th March, 1907.]
PLATE XXI.

THE following notes and descriptions relating to Orthoptera
are based on the collection of Zetriginew contained in the
Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford,
England. The writer is indebted to Mr. R. Shelford, who
generously supplied for determination the present collec-
tion. Besides this material, the writer has drawn upon
some examples of these insects in his own collection, which
have not hitherto been recorded.

This article forms a sequel to various published contri-
butions by the writer bearing on the 7'etriging, the last
of which appeared in “ Genera Insectorum.”*

Section TRIPETALOCERZ, Bolivar.
Genus TRIPETALOCERA, Westwood.

1. 2. ferruginea, Westwood, Zool. Journ., vol. v, p 444,
Rix £3.

One male example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak
coll,, R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.

Section DISCOTETTIGLH, Hancock.
Genus DISCOTETTIX, Costa.

1. D. belzebuth, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthoptera, p. 759
1839,

Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak. coll.,
R. Shelford. One of these, an immature specimen, pre-
sented by the Sarawak Museum; Oxford Museum.

’

* Genera Insectorum, 48me_ Fascicule, Orthoptera, Fam.
Acridiidx, Subfam. Tetriginx, 4 Plates (P. Wytsman), pp. 79, 1906.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.)

214 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
2. D. shelfordi, sp. nov.

Cinereous or fuscous, body rugose, conspersed with coarse granula-
tions; superior ocelli placed between the middle of the eyes.
Antenne inserted little below and anterior to the ventro-anterior
margin of the eyes, not at all serrulate, from the sixth to the eighth
articles moderately compresso-dilated, the sixth only a little so
modified, the ninth oval, the two apical articles very small, the apex
of last joint acute. Frontal costa distinctly protuberant between the
antennz, and advanced much further than the eyes. Pronotum
truncate anteriorly, the two prozonal carinze behind the anterior
margin parallel, dorsum rugose-subnodulose, strongly flattened,
presenting sulcations anteriorly: humeral angles little produced
laterally, behind the shoulders subfossulate, and subgibbose, with a
pair of gibbose tubercles posteriorly about midway between the
humeral angles and base of process ; the course of median carina
serrulate, indistinctly and irregularly subtuberculose ; lateral mar-
ginal carine often bearing a number of small shining, somewhat
obtuse tubercles, each humeral angle presenting one at the apices ;
pronotal process rather stout, little depressed, lengthily extended
beyond the apex of posterior femora ; lateral lobes little laminate
outwards, the posterior angle excavato-truncate and angulate sub-
acute, not at all serrulate or spinose. Elytra moderately large,
distinctly acuminate towards the apices; wings fully explicate, as
jong as the process. Femora elongate, margins minutely serrulate ;
anterior femora above somewhat subbilobate ; middle femora above
subtrilobate, the posterior tibie serrulate, but not at all spinose,
Length of male and female, entire, 17°5-19 mm. ; pronotum 16—18°5
mm. ; posterior femora 6-8°5 mm.

Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak
coll., R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.

A very distinct species resembling, perhaps, D. scabridus,
Stal, more than any other member of the genus.*

Genus PHastus, Bolivar.

1. P. insularis, sp. nov.

Stature small, cinereo-fuscus. Body somewhat smoothly granulate.
Head not at all exserted ; vertex narrowed forward, nearly equal
in front to one of the eyes, anteriorly subtruncate, transversely lightly
carinate, advanced about as far as the anterior fourth of the eyes,

* Named in honour of Mr. R. Shelford, whose interest in the
Oxford Museum is shown by the large series of Orthopteran speci-
mens bearing his name as the donor.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 215

fossulate on each side of the feeble, abbreviated, median carina ;
frontal costa strongly protuberant between the antenne and rather
narrowly sulcate ; superior ocelli placed between the submedian part
of the eyes, visible in profile ; antennz inserted little anterior to and
scarcely below the ventro anterior margin of the eyes, filiform, but
the fifth and sixth articles little compresso-expanded, the seventh to
hinth distinctly compresso-dilated, the two apical articles minute,
the apices acute. Pronotum anteriorly little rounded produced, pos-
teriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the apices of the posterior
femora ; anterior prozonal carinze behind the anterior margin want-
ing, median carina little acute, percurrent, in profile substraight ;
anterior sulci subobsolete, humeral angles wanting, the humero-
apical carine percurrent backward, and forward extended as far as
the point opposite and above the inferior sinus ; lateral lobes turned
down, the posterior angles obtuse. Elytra small elongate, sub-
lanceolate ; wings fully explicate, extended to or little beyond the
apex of pronotal process. Anterior and middle femora elongate, the
margins straight, entire ; the posterior femora little incrassate, the
superior margin arcuate, minutely serrulate, posterior tibiz pluri-
spinose and minutely serrulate, the inner fourth part toward the
apices unarmed, the three pulvilli of the first article of posterior
tarsi equal in length, subacute. Length of body, female entire,
95-10 mm. ; posterior femora 5-55 mm.

Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; two of
these from the Sarawak Museum, No. 337 and 357, and
the other Dyak coll., R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.

The antennz in this species are more compressed than
in P. mellerborgi, Stal, and the facial frontal costa is more
narrowly sulcate.

Section CLADONOTA, Bolivar.
Genus DELTONOTUS, Hancock.

1. D. tectiformus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p.
111-112, Pl. I, figs. 2-2a, 1904.

Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.

These specimens have the pronotum less produced
anteriorly than the type examples in the author’s collec-
tion, from the same locality, and are provisionally con-
sidered immature. It is however possible that they are

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 15

216 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

distinct from tectiformus, and two in my collection from
Hantane, Ceylon, bear the label ‘‘D. cristatus, sp. nov.,”
awaiting study of a larger series to settle the matter.

Genus Potua, Bolivar.

1. P. coronata, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxxi,
p., 208, Plo Th tie. 79> ssi,

Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford;
Oxford Museum.

Genus EPITETIIX, nov.

Stature small, body somewhat smooth but densely punctate.
Vertex broad, little narrowed forward, much wider than one of the
eyes, anteriorly not at all transversely carinate but on each side
with a very small, though distinct elongate longitudinal carina, front
margin convex, with an abbreviated somewhat thickened and pro-
duced median earina ; face oblique ; superior ocelli placed between
the lower third of the eyes; the face together with the crown
of head forming an obtuse angulate profile, frontal scutellum not
divided above the posterior ocelli, triangular, and the margins but
little elevated, not produced in profile ; antenne inserted little
forward and below the ventro-anterior margins of the eyes, the dis-
tance between them much wider than that to the eyes. Pronotum
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly cuneate, with subacute apex, not
extended backward to the apices of the posterior femora; median
carina percurrent, distinct, and substraight, dorsum subtectiform,
punctate, prozonal carine behind the anterior border somewhat
indistinct; humeral angles almost wanting; lateral lobes little
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles obliquely truncate behind.
Elytra and wings wanting ; margins of anterior and middle femora
entire, posterior femora little incrassate and of ordinary form, the
margins of posterior tibiae plurispinose, and minutely serrulate, the
first articles of the posterior tarsi strongly larger than the third, the
three pulvilli about equal in length. Resembling Diotarus, Stal.*
Type, Hpitettix punctatus.

1. £. punctatus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 1.)

Fuscous, with the posterior half of dorsum and upper distal half
of hind femora flavo-ferruginous, the anterior and middle tibiz

* This genus may be assigned to my Subsection II, under
Cladonote, and next to Diotarus, Stal, as given in my key in Genera
Insectorum. Vide p. 9, 10, 48me Fasc. Orthop. Subfam. Tetrigine,
1906.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 217

light, annulate with fuscous. Apical articles of maxillary palpi little
dilated, oval, Length of body entire, male, 10 mm, ; pronotum
7 mm. ; posterior femora 5 mm,

One example from Kuching, N. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.

Genus CLADORAMUS, nov.

This genus differs from Pantelia, which it most resembles, in the
anterior margin of pronotum being profoundly produced forward over
the head, forming a process, in the sulcation of the forward dorsal
margin of crest, the presence of strongly carinate-crenulate humeral
angles which are little produced outwards, and in the lateral lobes of
pronotum bearing a superior or elytral sinus for the reception of the
elytra, the latter being of ordinary form.

1. C. crenulatus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 2.)

Greyish, body strongly rugose, somewhat sparingly provided with
small subspiniform tubercles. :Face nearly vertical, viewed in
profile wholly denticulate ; vertex very broad, on each side forward
adjoining the eyes armed with an obliquely produced spine, the
middle backward denticulate, and forward strongly armed with
produced denticles between the eyes ; frontal scutellum with convex
sides, the margins denticulate produced, the facial median carina
below as well as face on each side denticulate ; eyes small and
subsessile ; the three apical articles of the maxillary palpi compresso-
dilated ; antennz inserted far below the eyes, the distance between
them and that to the eyes nearly equal. Pronotum rugose, strongly
tectiform and cristate, anteriorly profoundly produced beyond the
head, in the form of a sublongitudinal process, posteriorly extended
only little beyond the apices of the posterior femora ; the anterior
process viewed from above presenting a strongly spinose margin
below on each side, the apex bifid and the upper dorsal margin dis-
tinctly sulcate ; viewed in profile the whole dorsal crest little elevated
somewhat horizontally, but the anterior half undulato-crenulate, the
process anteriorly little arcuate above, at the middle behind the
shoulders somewhat angulate ; from here backwards strongly sinu-
ato-dentate, the apex very little turned downward behind; humeral
angles strongly carinate, little produced outwards, and strongly
crenulate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, below
widely laminate outwards subhorizontally, arcuate anteriorly, pos-
teriorly often armed with three obtuse denticles or crenulate. Elytra

218 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

of moderate size, elongate sublanceolate, where they rest at the sides,
the inferior lateral margin of pronotum little arcuato-excavate for
their reception; wings wanting. Anterior femora strongly compresso-
foliate, scarcely longer than wide, the superior margin sinuate, below
coarsely crenulate ; anterior tibize strongly compresso-ampliate behind
the middle, above canaliculate, with a spur midway on the margins,
behind the inner margin toward the distal extremity armed with
acute spines (about five), middle femora externally tuberculose,
margin above strongly acute-sinuate and denticulate, below lobato-
crenulate, middle tibize ampliate at the middle, the superior inner
margin furnished with denticulate lobes ; hind femora externally
strongly rugose and armed with spinous tubercles, the outer carina
below, as viewed from above bearing strongly denticulate lobes at
the middle, and at the apical fourth similarly armed, though not so
pronounced, knees denticulate on the sides and above, the lower
margin of hind femora strongly lobato-denticulate, the posterior
tibiz rather stout, the canthi crenulate and plurispinose, the inner
canthus regularly spined, the third pulvilli of the posterior tarsi
little longer than the first or second articles, straight below. Length
of the body entire, female, 11 mm. ; pronotum 12°8 mm. ; anterior
process of pronotum 2°5 mm.; posterior femora 5°5 mm.

One female example from Rhodesia, East Loangwa,
Africa, S. A. Neave; Oxford Museum.

Section SCELIMENZ, Bolivar.
Genus SCELIMENA, Serville.
1. S. producta, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthopt., p. 762,
1837.
One example from East, and three from West Java,
H. Fruhstorfer ; Oxford Museum.
2. S. sanguinolenta (Krauss), Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
Xxxi, p. 216-217, 1887.
One example from East, and three from West Java;
Oxford Museum.
3. S. logant, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 1, p. 120-122,
figs. 5—5c, Pl. I, 1904.
Two examples from Kelawaewa, N.C. Province, Ceylon ;
Oxford Museum.

4. 8. gavialis, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 485,
1860.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 219

Three examples. One from Pundoluoya, and two from
Kandy, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.

5. S. india, sp. nov.

Resembling S. producta but slightly stouter in stature. Body
fuscous, pale variegated, the carinz: of dorsum flavo-maculate, the
tibia with pale annuli. Vertex subequal in width to one of the
eyes, the frontal carinz on each side little compressed and subacute.
Pronotum anteriorly somewhat subangulate, posteriorly extended
beyond the knees of the hind femora about as far as the tibial apices,
but not so lengthily attenuate as in producta; dorsum conspersed
with granules ; depressed and uneven, between the sulci forwards
subfossulate on each side, between the shoulders bearing subelevated
longitudinal costate protuberances, humeral angles unarmed, behind
the shoulders bifossulate, and presenting a pair of rounded subele-
vated nodules, again another pair somewhat fused together appear
posteriorly opposite the middle of the hind femora which are indis-
tinct ; posterior process stout at the base and acuminate toward the
apex ; median carina rather incrassate, unevenly undulate, anteriorly
at the margin little protuberant and subtuberculate : lateral lobes at
the anterior margin armed with small tubercles, the posterior
margin little laminate’ outwards, and armed with a distinct, acute
spine on each side, directed transversely but little curved forward.
The posterior femoral margins entire, the posterior tibia armed with
minute denticles, the margins dilated towards the apices; the first
article of the posterior tarsi dilated but not so widely as in producta.
Length of body entire, male, 19°5 mm. ; pronotum 18 mm.; posterior
femora 7 mm.

Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford
Museum.

Genus CHTHONOTETTIX, Hancock.*

1. C. palpatus, Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., p. 57, 1877.
= Chthonius palpatus, Bolivar. (Plate XXI, fig. 3.)

Body sparingly granulose, fuscous, obscurely variegated with
flavous. Vertex distinctly narrower than one of the eyes, the anterior
carina rounded oblique; eyes globose; frontal costa roundly
protuberant between the antenna, narrowly sulcate and divided
little above the posterior ocelli, the latter situated between the lower
third of the eyes, conspicuous in profile ; antennz inserted scarcely

* The name Chthonotettix was proposed by the present author
(vide Genera Insectorum, 48me Fasc. Orthoptera, Subfam. Tetrigine,
p- 26, 1906) to replace Bolivar’s preoccupied genus Chthenius.

220 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

below and anterior to the ventro-anterior border of the eyes.
Pronotum truncate anteriorly, posteriorly lengthily extended beyond
the knees of the hind femora; median carina often interrupted,
disappearing anteriorly behind the frontal margin and posteriorly
on the apical process, in profile little gibbulous between the
shoulders, posteriorly sinuate ; dorsum depressed, with abbreviate
costa between the humeral angles, strongly fossulate behind the
humeral angles, subnodulose in single order posteriorly, and the
process toward the extremity smooth and cylindrical ; lateral lobes
little laminate, the posterior angles armed with distinct transverse
spine on each side, acute. Elytra moderately large, elongate sublan-
ceolate ; wings fully explicate but not quite reaching to the pronotal
apex. Femoral margins entire, anterior and middle femora very
slender, nearly equal in length ; margins of posterior tibiz moderately
dilated, sparingly armed with small denticles, the inner canthus
unarmed at the distal fourth ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi
not at all dilated, the three pulvilli equal in length and straight
below. Length of body entire, female, 22 mm. ; pronotum 20-5 mm. ;
posterior femora 8°5 mm.

One example, No. 2772, from Luzon, Manilla, Philip-
pines, E. L. Meyer; Oxford Museum.

Genus GAVIALIDIUM, Saussure.

1. G. crocodilus, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 481,
1860.

Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon. Oxford
Museum.

Genus Oxynotus, Hancock.

1. O. hastatus, Hancock, Occas. Mem. Chicago Ent. Soc.,
vol. i, No. 1, p. 12, 13, Pl. I, figs. 3-3a, 1900.
One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum.

Genus CRIOTETTIX, Bolivar.

(. tricarinatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 224, 1887.

Eleven examples from Pundaluoya, and other points in
Ceylon ; Oxford Museum.

2. C. flavopictus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. xx,
p. 582, 1902.
Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam ; Oxford Museum.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Musewm 221

3. C. oculatus magnus, var. nov.

This form nearly resembles the Sumatran species oculatus, Bolivar,
but differs in being larger in stature.

Length of body entire, male and female, 15-18 mm.; pronotum
14-175 mm. ; posterior femora 5°5-7 mm.

Five examples from West and Mid Java; Oxford
Museum; numerous examples in the author's collection.

Genus ACANTHALOBUS, Hancock.

1. A. rugosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228,
1887,

Five examples are referable to this species, they are
from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum,

2. A. saginatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 225,
1887.

Seven examples, including specimens from Java and
China; Oxford Museum.

3. A. longinotus, sp. nov.

This species is closely allied to A. rugosus, Bolivar, and might
possibly be the long-winged form of the latter. It differs principally
in the pronotum being strongly extended backward beyond the
femoral apices, and in the body being somewhat stouter. It bears
moreover a near resemblance to nexuosus also, but it is smaller in
stature. Ferruginous or tending to fuscous. Vertex wider than
one of the eyes, very little narrowed forward, very slightly marginate
on each side anterior to the lateral supraocular lobes, median carina
abbreviated ; frontal costa very sparingly compresso-elevated between
the antenna, in profile scarcely sinuate below the median ocellus,
above declivous. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly lengthily
extended beyond the femoral knees; dorsum convex between the
shoulders, subbifossulate behind them, the surface rugose, irregularly
furnished with abbreviated rug and tubercles, posterior angle of
the lateral lobes triangular, somewhat acute, but not spinose, Wings
little longer than pronotum in the female. Anterior and middle
femora margins subentire, the posterior femoral margins minutely
serrulate. Length of body entire, male and female, 16°5-19 mm. :
pronotom 16-17°5 mm. ; posterior femora 6°5-7°6 mm,

Seven examples from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; Oxford
Museum.

222 Mr, J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

4. A. fuscus, sp. nov. (or var. ?).

Similar in stature to longinotus, but entirely fuscous (as in newu-
osus), the vertex wide, and the frontal costa more roundly produced
between the antennae, and sinuate below the median ocellus, the
lateral margin of vertex with distinct lobes and marginate on each
side forward. Dorsum of pronotum very strongly rugose, plentifully
furnished with abbreviated rugze, and tubercles irregularly disposed ;
in profile the median carina of pronotum strongly sinuate, little
subnodulose forward, and distinctly depressed behind the shoulders ;
lateral lobes little more reflexed outwards, the triangular posterior
angle little more acute and somewhat spinose. Length of body entire,
female, 18 mm. ; pronotum 16°8 mm. ; posterior femora 8 mm.

One example from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; Oxford

Museum.

5. A. miliarius, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 226,
1887.

Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.

6. A. miliarius cuneatus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica u,
part vii, p. 133, 1904.

Three examples from Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
7. A. robustus, sp. nov.

A stouter form than either longinotus or rugosus, and like the
latter having abbreviated wings and pronotal process not at all or
very little extended beyond the knees of the hind femora ; dorsum
between the shoulders rather broader ; colour ferrugineous or
fuscous ; the vertex distinctly wider than one of the eyes ; lateral
lobes of pronotum decidedly reflexed outwards, the posterior angles
triangular but not at all spinose ; dorsum of pronotum strongly
rugose and tuberculose ; the third articles of the posterior tarsi (in
the female) little longer than the first or the second. Length of
body entire, male and female, 13°8-15°4 mm. ; pronotum 13-14 mm. ;
posterior femora 7-9 mm.

Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these from the Sarawak Museum, the other from R,
Shelford; Oxford Museum.

8. A. bispinosus, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Hand., p. 77, 1818.

One example from Penang, Malacca, E. L. Meyer;
Oxford Museum, No. 3452.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University. Museum 223

Genus Lox1Lospus, Hancock.

1. LZ. assamus, sp. nov.

A small form, with abbreviated wings and pronotal process,
Cinereous or ferruginous, often infuscate on the sides and legs ;
vertex subequal in width to one of the eyes, advanced as far as the
eyes, narrowed forward, distinctly longitudinally suleate on each
side ; frontal costa in profile convex. Pronotum anteriorly truncate,
posteriorly cuneate, extended backward as far as the hind femoral
knees ; dorsum tuberculose, subcostate between the shoulders, and
here somewhat convex, deplanate posteriorly ; median carina of pro-
notum sinuate in profile, sometimes little elevated forward, before
the shoulders; lateral lobes little laminate outwards and sub-
triangular, obliquely truncate; margins of anterior and middle
femora entire, the third articles of the posterior tarsi, with the
third pulvilli longest, the apices of the first and second acute.
Elytra elongate, with rounded apices; wings abbreviated, little
shorter than the pronotal process.

Three examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford
Museum.

2. L. truncatus, sp. nov.

Resembling acutus, but having the lateral lobes of pronotum little
dilated, and obliquely truncate behind, the posterior angles distinct,
but not acute, the dorsum of pronotum lightly rugose, but without
distinct lineate rugz or tubercles ; wings fully explicate and extended
backward as far as the pronotal process. Length of body entire,
female, 14 mm.; pronotum 13 mm. ; posterior femora 6°2 mm.

One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak coll.,
R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.

3. LZ. insidiosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228,
1887. (Criotettia insidiosus of Bolivar.)

One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.

Genus BOLOTETTIX, nov.

Body conspersed with granules or somewhat punctate. Vertex
strongly narrower than one of the eyes, subacuminate forward and
little ascendant, subsulcate on each side of the feeble median carina,
the lateral margins anteriorly provided with suboblique carinze open
in front, and bear small indistinct supraocular lobes ; frontal costa in
profile little compresso-elevated between the antennz, viewed in

224 Mr, J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

front narrowly compressed and sulcate little above the posterior
ocelli, the rami below moderately divergent toward the median
ocellus ; eyes large and strongly globose, somewhat prominently
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed near the lower third of the eyes ;
palpi with the apical articles little compresso-dilated; antennz
filiform and very slender, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral
border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
subulate, often extended little beyond the hind femoral apices ;
dorsum anteriorly cylindrical, the prozonal and lateral carinz
before the shoulders wanting; between the shoulders backward de-
planate, and behind the shoulders often subbifossulate ; median carina
forward behind the anterior margin wanting, in front of the shoulders
somewhat compresso-arcuate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly
bisinuate, the posterior angles moderately laminate, and on each
side strongly armed with a transversely produced spine, or rarely
little produced. Elytra very small and lanceolate ; wings fully
explicate, not extended so far as the apex of pronotal process or
about as far. Anterior and middle femora narrow, elongate, carinze
entire, posterior femoral margins serrulate, the genicular denticles
moderately distinct, posterior tibig scarcely at all ampliate toward
the apices, with the canthi compressed, spinose, and minutely
serrulate, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal
or the first little longest. Type Bolotettix validispinus.

This genus is readily distinguished from Criotettiz, which
it most resembles, in the very narrow subacuminate vertex,
the absence of the anterior prozonal and lateral carinz
on the dorsum of pronotum, the cylindrical character of
the forward part of the pronotum, the strongly-produced
spines arming the posterior angles of the lateral lobes, the
very small elytra, and the insertion of the antennz barely
below the eyes.

1. B. validispinus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 5.)

Dark ferruginous, the face and legs lighter, the lateral thoracic
spines and borders of pronotum rufescent, posterior femora externally
below longitudinally striated with fuscous, posterior tibiz and under
parts of body fuscous. Face oblique ; vertex ascendant forward, in
front reduced to nearly one-half the width of one of the prominent
and globose eyes, anteriorly subobliquely marginate on each side,
in profile not at all produced, middle feebly carinate, very little
longitudinally sulcate on each side, supraocular lobes indistinct ;
frontal costa little compresso-elevated between the antenne. Pro-
notum anteriorly cylindrical, subulate posteriorly, little concave
backwards, and extended beyond the knees of the hind femora and

Tetriging in the Oxford University Museum 225

slightly beyond the wings, the apical process little upturned at the
tip, dorsum of pronotum nearly smooth, conspersed with granules,
little bifossulate behind the shoulders ; median carina in profile un-
dulate, before the shoulders compresso-arcuate, and forward behind
the anterior margin obliterated, but distinct posteriorly ; lateral
earine of pronotum wanting: the lateral margins of pronotum just
above the elytra at sides longitudinally sulcate ; lateral lobes with
the posterior angles strongly produced outward on each side in a
transverse acute spine, stout, and triangular. Elytra small and
lanceolate ; wings largely concealed by the pronotum posteriorly.
Anterior and middle femora rather slender, the margins entire; the
apical denticles of posterior knees subacute, the ante-genicular den-
ticles moderately distinct; the first articles of the posterior tarsi
having the first pulvilli smallest and acute, the third barely longer
than the second, subflattened below. Length of body entire, female,
15 mm, ; pronotum 14°5 mm. ; posterior femora 7 mm.

One example from (Kuching?) N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak
Museum, No. 344; Oxford Museum.

2. B. planus, sp. nov.

Greyish fuscous, the face similarly coloured, but the legs lighter,
the posterior femora externally light above, striated with fuscous
below, posterior tibize fuscous. Vertex very narrow, in front barely
more than half the width of one of the globose eyes, ascendant forward ;
frontal costa barely compresso-elevated between the antenne, face
oblique, scarcely sinuate. Pronotum anteriorly cylindrical, the pro-
zonal caring very indistinctly indicated, posteriorly subulate and
extended little beyond the knees of the hind femora ; the dorsum
interspersed with coarse granulations, subpunctate posteriorly,
between the shoulders bearing indistinct, abbreviated, secondary
costa ; median carina subincrassate, but low, obliterated behind the
anterior border, posteriorly straight, but little compresso-arcuate
forward before the shoulders ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles
on each side bearing a transverse spine, strongly narrowed acute.
Elytra small, lanceolate, and black ; wings fully explicate but ex-
tended only as far backward as apex of pronotal process, coloured
black or fuscous. Anterior and middle femora elongate, narrow,
margins entire ; posterior femora externally bearing strongly ex-
pressed oblique costz ; the first and second pulvilli of posterior
tarsi equal in length, acute, the third longer and flattened below.
Length of body entire, female, 12 mm. ; pronotum 11 mm. ; posterior
femora 5°7 mm.

One example from Mt. Matang, 3000 feet, near Kuching,
N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak Museum,No. 342; Oxford Museum.

226 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

This species is readily distinguished from validispinus,
by the smaller stature, being narrower between the
shoulders, in the more coarsely granulate pronotum, the
more slender thoracic spines, the less extended and
straighter pronotum, and the black elytra and wings.

3. B. perminutus, Bolivar, Ann., Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 227,
228, 1887.

This species occurs in the Philippines, and was described
by Bolivar: under the caption Criotettix. It was in-
advertently omitted from my list of the species of Criotettia
in my article in Genera Insectorum (48me Fasc. Orthoptera,
Subfam. Tetrigine, p. 28, 1906), but it is referred to
there in a foot-note. Attention was called to the species
as belonging to a new subgenus. I find it falls naturally
under the new genus Bolotettic above described.

4. It is quite likely that Criotettix nigellus (Bolivar, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 225, xxxi, 1887) belongs here also. It
is from Gaboon (Bolivar).

Genus OCYTETTIX, nov.

Recalling Charagotettix, to which it bears a near resemblance.
Body strongly rugose ; vertex wide, transverse, imperfectly carinate
forward, on each side bearing a small compresso-acute carina, in-
wardly interrupted, fossulate on each side of the small median
carina; eyes small; face moderately oblique, strongly sinuate ;
frontal costa roundly compresso-produced between the antenna,
viewed in front sulcate little above the posterior ocelli, below the
rami moderately subparallel to the median ocellus ; posterior ocelli
placed between the lower third of the eyes; antenne inserted dis-
tinectly before the eyes ; maxillary palpi little compresso-ampliate
apically. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, middle of the anterior
margin often excavate, posteriorly acuminate, the apex spinose, often
upturned and not extended backward beyond the knees of the hind
femora ; dorsum strongly depressed, often unigibbose forward and
transversely fossulate between the shoulders, backwards often
quadrinodulose ; the humeral angles produced outwards laterally
and strongly carinate, the lateral margins just before and behind
the shoulders strongly elevated ; the lateral carine profoundly com-
presso-sinuate ; median carina strongly compresso-gibbose in front
of the shoulders, depressed and indistinct behind the anterior
margin, anterior prozonal carine strongly expressed, fossulate be-
tween them, lateral scapular area at the sides wide ; lateral lobes at

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Musewm 227

the interior border often bearing a tubercle on each side, the pos-
teror angles widely laminate, produced outwards and triangular
acute, obliquely truncate behind. Elytra and wings wanting.
Anterior femora elongate, lobate ; posterior femora above externally
bearing a series of large subrounded tubercles, and at the middle
bituberculate, margins serrulate, the genicular and antegenicular
denticles stout, subtriangular, posterior tibe little ampliate towards
the apices, the canthi plurispinose and minutely serrulate.

1. O. latihumerus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 4.)

Body obscure ferruginous, infuseated, legs fuscous and pale
annulate. Pronotum dilated between the humeral angles, the dorsum
having the anterior gibbosity distinctly elevated, convex forward and
declivous backward, posteriorly provided with two pairs of low
subacute nodules ; the posterior angles of the lateral lobes having the
margin behind the thoracic spines somewhat serrulate. Anterior
femoral margins above subbilobate, with a median denticle below ;
the posterior femora having the first denticle situated at the middle
of the external pagina little produced, the second smaller. Length

of body entire, female, 12°5 ; pronotum 10 mm. ; posterior femora
7 mm.

One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.

Section METRODORA, Bolivar.
Genus SYSTOLEDERUS, Bolivar.

1. S. greent, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. Ixx,
p- 584, 1901.

Six examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
2. S. parvus, sp. nov.

A small species, smoothly granulate ; cinero-ferruginous, with
black wings. Head little exserted; eyes globose and strongly
approximate : vertex narrowly accuminate; frontal costa between
the eyes vertically declivous, not at all sinuate; antenne inserted
distinctly before the eyes; posterior ocelli placed on a plane with
the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum smoothly granu-
late, anteriorly truncate, cylindrical forward, and behind the anterior
margin slightly ascendant, posteriorly subulate; median carina of
pronotum very thin, low, and indistinct; the posterior angles of the
lateral lobes turned down, subobtuse. Elytra light, elongate,
margins above substraight, below curvate, acuminate forward and

228 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

apically, the external surface very lightly punctate; wings fully
explicate. Legs light ferruginous, margins of anterior and middle
femora little compressed, entire. Length of the body entire, female,
11 mm. ; pronotum 10°2 mm.

One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Sarawak
Museum, No. 358; Oxford Museum.

Genus RHYNCHOTETTIX, nov.

Body smoothly punctate ; face profoundly retreating; vertex
strongly rostrate, viewed from above the rostrum very much longer
than the length of one of the narrow eyes, the apex distinctly
rounded, the middle longitudinally carinate; frontal costa very
narrowly sulcate, the carina above compressed, percurrent forward
underneath the process to the apex; eyes viewed from above nar-
rowly subelliptical, in profile compresso-conoidal ; superior ocelli
placed on a plane with the lower third of the eyes; the mediay
ocellus placed far below the eyes; antenne inserted little before
(below) the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum truncate
anteriorly, the margin little convex produced, posteriorly acuminate,
but not spinose, toward the apex little concave and extended back-
ward little beyond the posterior femoral knees; dorsum narrow
between the shoulders, cylindrical forward, the prozonal carine
here obliterated ; median carina low deplanate forward, but little
elevated and distinct posteriorly ; lateral carina low; lateral lobes
with the anterior margin below obliquely excised, the posterior
angles of the lateral lobes little laminate outwards, distinctly pro-
duced in an acute spine on each side. Elytra and wings wanting.
Middle femora elongate, margins little compressed entire ; genicular
and antegenicular denticles moderately stout; the posterior tibie
little ampliate toward the apices, the canthi spinose, the first article

of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third. Type Rhyn-
chotettia rostratus.*

1. £. rostratus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 7.)

Fusco-ferrugineous, with lighter longitudinal striation on each
side of dorsum, posterior femora with the external faces below stri-
ated with fuscous. Rostrum triquetrous, strongly produced and
when viewed from above about one and a half times longer than the
length of one of the narrow eyes, the base of process subequal in
width to one of the eyes; frontal costa viewed in profile roundly
excavate opposite the eyes, and below very slightly sinuate, between

* This genus belongs to the second subsection under Metrodore,
as given in my article Tetrigine, Genera Insectorum, p. 32, 1906.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 229

the antennz very slightly compresso-elevated. Pronotum with the
dorsum finely punctate, frontal margin rounded-truncate, posteriorly
acuminate, the apical process extended little beyond the knees of the
hind femora, and little longitudinally concave ; posterior angles of
the lateral lobes armed on each side with an acutely-produced spine,
obliquely truncate behind ; the pulvilli of the posterior tarsi dis-
tinctly flattened below, the first smallest, the second and third equal
in length, and longer than the first. Length of body entire, female,
14°8 mm. ; pronotum 11°8 mm. ; posterior femora 6 mm.

One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.

Genus MITRITETTIX, Hancock.*
1. ML. processus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 8.)

Stature little larger than phiyllocera, which it nearest resembles.
Body finely punctate, granulate; grayish ferruginous. Vertex
rostrate, flattened above, subnarrowed forward, horizontally pro-
duced, about twice the length of one of the eyes, and at the base
nearly twice the width of one of the eyes ; viewed from above the
first half of the process with the sides subparallel, at the middle of
the rostral margins angularly excavate on each side ; the apical half
of process being little narrower than the first half, and little dilated
at about the middle, forward the sides converge forming an obtuse
angle in front, middle carinate, slightly longitudinally sulcate on
each side ; head viewed in profile little convex above, the rostrum
often little bent downward, face oblique ; frontal costa somewhat
widely sulcate, dividing above the posterior ocelli, the carina above
passing forward on the underside of the rostrum strongly compresso-
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed between the submiddle part of the
eyes, a little in advance of them; median ocellus situated far below
the eyes ; maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated ; antenne
short, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral border of the eyes;
maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated. Pronotum anteriorly
truncate, little angulate produced at the middle of the front margin,
posteriorly strongly acuminately produced beyond the knees of the
hind femora, the process stout ; dorsum deplanate, smoothly punc-
tate, sometimes slightly rugulose, narrow between the shoulders ;
prozonal carinz parallel, humeral angles widely obtuse ; median
carina compressed, elevated before the shoulders subtectiform,

* The name Mitritettix was proposed by the writer for Bolivar’s
Mitraria, the latter name being preoccupied. Vide article in Genera
Insectorum, 48me Fasc., p. 51, 1906.

230 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

depressed between the shoulders and distinct behind the shoulders
backward ; lateral carinz indistinct, granulate ; lateral margins just
above the elytra sulcate ; lateral lobes of pronotum little reflexed
outwards, slightly laminato-rectangulate. Elytra small, elongate,
rather narrow, subacuminate towards the apices ; wings fully expli-
cate, not quite reaching to the apex of the pronotal process.
Femoral margins minutely serrulate, anterior femora compressed,
the superior carina distinctly compresso-arcuate ; middle femoral
margins little compressed, in the male distinctly ampliate toward the
base ; hind femora narrow elongate, the genicular and antegenicular
denticles rather stout, acute; posterior tibia with the canthi
minutely serrulate, plurispinose, and scarcely at all ampliate toward
the apices ; the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi equal in
length, the three pulvilli equal in length, somewhat flattened below.
Length of body entire, male and female, 19-215 mm.; pronotum
16-19 mm. ; posterior femora 6°8-7°5 mm.

Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One from
the Sarawak Museum, No. 340, the others from R. Shel-
ford ; Oxford Museum.

Genus TETTICERUS, Hancock.

1, 7. bigibbosus, Hancock, Occasional Mem, Chicago Ent.
Soe., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, Pl. I, figs. 1-10, 1900.
Four examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum.

Genus CRYPTOTETTIX, Hancock.
1. C. syinilobus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 14, 15, Pl. I, figs. 6-60, 1900.
Two examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum.

Genus MAZARREDIA, Bolivar.

1. M. insularis, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 240,
1887.
Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.

2. M. centrosa, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele. xxxi, p. 242,
1887.
Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Sarawak
Museum, Nos. 352 and 355; Oxford Museum.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 281

3. MW. planitarsus, sp. nov.

Resembling sculpta; stature rather slender; grayish fuscous ;
head not at all exserted ; vertex flattened, slightly wider than one of
the eyes, little narrowed forward, on either side with oblique carina,
the middle carina obscure, indistinctly sloping forward ; frontal
costa viewed in profile compresso-protuberant between the antenna,
the face strongly sinuate below ; eyes globose, sessile, not higher
than the dorsum. Pronotum gibbose forward, rather narrow be-
tween the shoulders, very strongly produced backwards equal to
the length of the hind femora beyond the femoral apices ; median
carina elevated gibbose between the shoulders, abruptly declivous
posteriorly and behind the shoulders depressed, posteriorly straight ;
dorsum behind the prozonal carinz forward at the sulci constricted,
humeral angles widely obtuse, bicarinate ; lateral carinee on process
posteriorly serrulate ; anterior prozonal carine distinctly expressed,
rather short and little divergent backward ; dorsum on each side
bearing an abbreviated costa scarcely in front of the shoulders, and a
pair of lineate tubercles or protuberances above the middle of the
posterior femora ; lateral lobes little reflexed outwards, produced
angulate. Elytra moderately large, oval, little narrowed toward the
apices, externally strongly punctate ; wings fully explicate, extended
backward as far as the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femora
elongate, the margins little compressed undulate, the superior carina
of the anterior femora noticeably compressed ; the canthi of posterior
tibiz minutely spinose and serrulate; the first articles of the
posterior tarsi very slender, longer than the third, the pulvilli
strongly deplanate below and almost obliterated, the apical pulvillus
very small acute. Length of body entire, male and female,
14°8-16°5 mm.; pronotum 14-15°5 mm.; posterior femora 5-5°8 mm.

Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 347, the
others from R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.

Genus XistTRA, Bolivar.
1. X. stylata, sp. nov.

Ferruginous. Head compresso-elevated, in profile sinuate.
Vertex cornute, strongly concavely depressed forward, on each side
the oblique carinula strongly elevated and formed into an acute,
vertically-produced, cylindrical spine, which curves a little forward,
extended above the eyes, equal to about four-fifths the height of one
of the eyes ; eyes elevated and conico-rotundate, substylate ; posterior
ocelli placed barely below the eyes; antenne inserted far below the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 16

232 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

eyes; the frontal costa rather widely sulcate, evenly divergent
forward to the median ocellus, little compresso-elevated between the
antenne. Pronotum granulate, posteriorly lengthily subulate,
extended beyond the hind femoral apices ; dorsum little ascendant
near the anterior margin, between the shoulders elevated, compresso-
cristate, the top of crest subdentate, before and behind the crest the
median carina often little compresso-dentate ; median carina low
forward just behind the anterior margin and posteriorly on the
process ; humeral angles widely obtuse, the lateral carinz continuous
forward on the shoulders ; the anterior prozonal carine parallel ;
posterior angles of the lateral lobes subangulate, slightly reflexed,
subrounded-truncate. Elytra elongate, apices narrowly rounded,
externally punctate, fuscous with light apices ; wings fully explicate,
barely extended beyond the pronotal apex; anterior and middle
femora elongate, the carinw distinctly compressed, undulate, the
superior carine of the middle femora produced in an apical spine ;
posterior femora elongate, genicular spine acute, little produced ; the
three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in length. Length of
the body entire, female, 16-2 mm.; pronotum 15 mm.,; posterior
femora 5°9 mm.

One example from Putlam, Ceylon, in the Oxford
Museum.
This species is nearly allied to Yystra corniculata, Stal.

Genus Notocerus, Hancock.

1. WV. cornutus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, 6, figs. 2, 2a, 1900.

Three examples from N.E. Madagascar, Mocquerys ;
Oxford Museum.

la. Var.

Similar to cornutus, but of smaller stature, the male and female
measuring as follows: entire length 16-165 mm.; pronotum
14-15°4 mm.; posterior femora 6-7 mm. In the male the wings
extend beyond the pronotal apex, and in this sex the pronotum
between the elevated humeral angles is transversely convex and
little tumose ; the median carina here being low, but in the female
little compressed, otherwise similar to cornutus.

Two examples from the same locality as the preceding.
Genus Hyzorertrx, Hancock.

1. H. humeralis, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., voli, No.1; p. 9, 10; fig.4) PIT 2900:

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 238

One female example which measures as follows: entire length
18 mm.; pronotum 17 mm.; posterior femora 8mm. From N.E
Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.

Genus CAMELOTETTIX, nov

Resembling Notocerus and Hybotettix, but dificring in the vertex
bearing more perceptibly compresso-marginate carine laterally before
the supraocular lobes, and distinctly fossulate on each side of the
feeble median carina; the frontal costa but very little compresso-
elevated between the antennz, the rami evenly divergent forward tc
the median ocellus ; the eyes in profile globose instead of ovoid ; the
pronotum at the shoulders slightly dilated, in profile the lateral
earinated margins widely arcuato-elevated above the articulation of
the hind femora, the dorsum smoothly deplanate, but transversely
plurifossulate ; the lateral lobes of pronotum with the elytral sinus
nearly as pronounced as the inferior one below. Type Camelotettia
curvinotus.

1. C. curvinotus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 6.)

Grayish-ferruginous ; body smoothly granulate, quadrate in section
or in front view ; vertex transverse, but not transversely carinate,
flattened, anteriorly convex, nearly twice the width of one of the
eyes, laterally compresso-marginate forward of the supraocular lobes,
strongly fossulate on each side of the feeble median carina ; eyes
sessile, not higher than the dorsum ; posterior ocelli placed between
the submiddle plane of the eyes ; antennz inserted barely before the
ventro-anterior border of the eyes ; apical articles of maxillary palpi
little dilated. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, the dorsal front margin
somewhat roundly excavate, posteriorly acuminate, extended back-
ward beyond the knees of the hind femora, the shoulders widely
rounded, carinate, and viewed in profile strongly arcuately elevated ;
dorsum transversely trifossulate, sloping backward ; the median
carina strongly sinuate ; before the shoulders bearing an abbreviated
parallel costa on each side; prozonal carine granulate, little converg-
ent backward ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles little laminate,
subacute produced, obliquely truncate behind : the lateral carinz on
each side of the pronotum between the shoulders and elytra formed
in a wide arc far above the elytra (in Hybotettix it is sulcate). Elytra
of moderate size ; wings fully explicate, extended backward nearly
to the pronotal apex. Femora elongate, margins entire, the ante-
genicular spines small, acute, the genicular spine little acute pro-
duced ; posterior tibize somewhat curvate, little ampliate toward the

234 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

apices, the canthi armed with stout spines ; the first and third tarsal
articles equal in length, the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles
equal in length, but the first more rounded below than the rest.
Length of body entire, female, 16°5 mm.; pronotum 15°5 mm.; width
between the shoulders 3°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm.

One example from Bali, Doherty ; Oxford Museum.

Genus DASYLEUROTETTIX, Rehn.

1. D. curriei, Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia,
p. 658, 1904.

One example, a male, differs from the type in being less
rugose on the pronotum, and in the frontal costa being
narrower. From Natal, Africa; Oxford Museum.

Notr.—This genus was formerly placed in the section
Cladonotx, but an examination of type specimens, recently
acquired, convinces me that it belongs in the section
Tetrigi#, taking a place near Tetrix. Indeed this species
recalls Tetrix depressus, Bris., as its nearest relative.

Genus ALLOTETTIX, Hancock,

1. A. americanus, sp. nov.

Ferruginous. Vertex little ascendant forward and distinctly
narrowed, strongly narrower than one of the eyes, tricarinate; frontal
costa sulcate above the posterior ocelli, the rami moderately diverg-
ent forward to the median ocellus, in profile roundly compresso-
elevated, produced, between the antennz ; eyes roundly conoidal in
profile, little elevated above the dorsum of pronotum ; posterior
ocelli rather conspicuously showing in advance of the eyes on a
plane little below the middle; antennz inserted distinctly before
(below) the eyes, the articles strongly elongate, the first articles
grossly compressed. Pronotum depressed, rugose, convex between
the shoulders and somewhat narrow, the shoulders bicarinate, widely
obtuse, posteriorly lengthily subulate, extended backward beyond
the knees of the hind femora; median carina little compressed,
lightly sinuate, little excavate behind the anterior margin ; anterior
prozonal carine distinctly expressed, slightly convex ; lateral lobes
with the posterior angles turned downward, obtuse. Elytra narrow
and somewhat acuminate posteriorly ; wings fully explicate, extended
backward beyond the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femoral
margins entire ; hind femora of ordinary form, the hind tibiz rather
stout, distinctly ampliate toward the apices, the margins armed with
stout spines ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi stout and scarcely

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 285

shorter than the third, the first two pulvilli of the first tarsal articles
short and acute, the third pulvilli longer and somewhat flattened
below but acute.

One example from Cachabi, Hcuador, S. America;
Rosenberg ; Oxford Museum.

Readily distinguished from the other members of this
genus by the narrowed vertex, which is strongly narrower
than one of the eyes and tricarinate, and also by the
extended wings which pass beyond the pronotal apex.

Genus OTuMBA, Morse.

1. O. quadrata, sp. nov.

Somewhat resembling scapularis. Pale ferruginous ; head little
exserted, face oblique; vertex ascendant forward but very little
narrowed, convex, advanced nearly as far as the eyes, the carinz
laterally little roundly compressed, at the front almost as wide as
one of the eyes, middle carinate, sulcate on each side ; frontal costa
declivous above, between the antennz little compresso-elevated, and
sinuate below, between the posterior ocelli narrowly sulcate, evenly
divergent forward to the median ocellus; eyes roundly conoidal,
higher than the dorsum of pronotum ; posterior ocelli placed between
the lower third of the eyes ; antenne inserted distinctly before the
ventro-anterior border of the eyes. Pronotum rugose or often rugu-
lose, depressed, deplanate between the shoulders; median carina very
low and indistinctly sinuate, almost straight posteriorly and lengthily
acuminate, extended beyond the knees of the hind femora; prozonal
caring distinct and parallel; humeral angles obtuse, bicarinate ;
lateral lobes with the posterior angles strongly reflexed outwards,
rectangulate, but convexo-truncate behind. Elytra small, acuminate
toward the apices; wings fully explicate reaching just beyond the
pronotal process. Margins of anterior and middle femora little
compresso-undulate ; the posterior femora bearing a series of large
tumose tubercles above on the outer faces, the antegenicular spine
acute, but the genicular spine nearly wanting, posterior tibiwe very
little ampliate toward the apices, the canthi sparingly spinose ; the
first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in length;
subacute, the third pulvilli little longer and more flattened below,
Length of body entire, male and female, 12-13 mm.; pronotum
11-12 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm.

Five examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, 8. America.
Rosenberg; Oxford Museum.

236 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

Section TETRIGLA, Bolivar.
Genus PARATETTIX, Bolivar.

I recognize four Bornean species of Paratettiz, which
may be distinguished by the following key *—

1. Pronotum somewhat broad between the
shoulders ; the lateral lobes conspicuously
reflected outwards, triangular and acute ;
first two basal pulvilli of the first tarsal
articles spiculate : :

2. Pronotum narrower between the shoulders ;
the lateral lobes little produced outwards,
and angulate-subacute ; the first two basal
pulvilli of first tarsal articles not spiculate angulobus, sp. nov.

3. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pro-
notum narrowly rounded ; vertex of head
strongly narrower than one of the eyes;
length of pronotum from 9 to 12 mm. . histricus? Stal,

4. Posterior angles of lateral lobes subtriangular,
indistinctly turned outward; vertex of
head narrowed forward, subequal or little
narrower than one of the eyes; pronotal
process often extended as far as the wings;

variabilis, Bol.

length of pronotum from 12 to15 mm. . lineatus, sp. nov.
1. P. variabilts, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 276,
1887.

Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford;
Oxford Museum.

2. P. angulobus, sp. nov.

A very slender-bodied species, with prominent globose eyes, fusco-
or grayish-ferruginous; vertex ascendant forward, strongly narrowed,
tricarinate, at the front much narrower than one of the eyes, occiput
behind the eyes exposed; eyes higher than the dorsum of pronotum;
frontal costa rather roundly compresso-elevated between the antenne,
not at all sinuate; apical articles of maxillary palpi oval; the
antenne inserted almost between the inferior border of the eyes.
Pronotum often lightly rugulose, depressed, little ascendant behind
the anterior margin, subdeplanate between the shoulders and bearing

* One of the common species of Tetrigine in Borneo is Paratettia
contractus of Bolivar. This species is considered a Tetrix here, and
will be so treated further on under that heading.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 237

an abbreviated costa on each side ; the shoulders indistinctly bicari-
nate; median carina forward little sinuate, horizontally straight
posteriorly, process lengthily acuminate, strongly extended beyond
the knees of the hind femora; posterior angles of lateral lobes reflexed
outwards and angulate-acute. Elytra oval; wings fully explicate,
extended beyond the pronotal apex, caudate. The first and third
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the three pulvilli of the
first tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire,
male and female, 13-14 mm.; pronotum 11-12 mm.; posterior femora
46-5 mm.

Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Oxford
Museum. Two of these specimens from the Sarawak
Museum, Nos. 353 and 351, the others from R. Shelford.

3. P. histricus? Stal, Freg. Hiig. resa. Ins. Orthopt., p. 347,
1860.

One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; R. Shelford,
Oxford Museum.

4. P. lineatus, sp. nov.

Ferruginous, legs lighter. Head not at all exserted; vertex
narrowed forward, subequal in width to one of the eyes; the frontal
costa arcuate; eyes moderately small, globose ; posterior ocelli
unusually large and conspicuously showing just in advance of the
middle of the eyes. Pronotum lengthily subulate, rather smooth,
bicarinate at the shoulders, the dorsum convex between the shoulders
and bearing abbreviated costa on each side forward ; lateral lobes
not at all reflexed outwards, truncate ; elytra oblong ; wings fully
explicate, extended backward just beyond the pronotal apex. Femoral
carinee entire ; the first tarsal articles having the second pulvilli very
little smaller than the first and third, all the pulvilli flattened below,
not spiculate. Length of body entire, male and female, 13°5-16 mm.;
pronotum 12-15 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm.

Six examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 345, the rest
from R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.

This species may possibly be a Coptotetti.

Genus APOTETTIX, Hancock.

1. A. proximus, sp. nov.

A South American form of rather small stature, with subquadrate
vertex, resembling Paratettix frey-gessneri, and dimorphic in wing-
length. Greyish, the tibie and tarsi fusco-annulate. Vertex little

238 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

wider than one of the eyes, longitudinally fossulate on each side of
the distinct median carina, the front margin subtruncate ; frontal
costa rather widely sulcate, in profile little arcuate produced between
the antenne, subsinuate above and below; eyes of moderate size.
Pronotum little rugose granulate, somewhat deplanate between the
shoulders, acuminate posteriorly and extended to or beyond the
knees of the hind femora; median carina percurrent, compresso-
arcuate forward before the shoulders, little lowered and often sub-
sinuate backward, but straight on the process; lateral lobes little
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles distinctly rounded or obtuse.
Elytra oblong ; wings fully explicate, abbreviated and not extended
to the apices of the posterior femoral knees, or passing beyond the
apex of pronotal process or even caudate. The first tarsal articles
with the first and second pulvilli small and spiculate, the third
much longer and flattened below. Length of body entire, male and
female (short-winged form), 75-9 mm. ; pronotum 7—7:8 mm. ; pos-
terior femora 45-5 mm. Long-winged form, male, 10 mm. ; pronotum
8 mm. ; posterior femora 4°5 mm.

Five examples, from Cachabi and Paramba, Ecuador,
S. America; Rosenberg.

Genus EUPARATETTIX, Hancock.

1. H. personatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 278, 1887.
One example from West Java; H. Fruhstorfer. Two
examples from N.C. Province, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.

2. £. mimus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 278,
1887.

One example from Penang Island, E. L. Meyer, coll.;
Oxford Museum, No. 3451.

3. LH. indicus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 281,
1887.

Four examples from (Assam ? ) India; Oxford Museum.

4, H. similis, sp. nov.

A rather small form, with the head little exserted. Vertex hardly
narrowed forward, nearly equal or subnarrower than one of the
globose eyes, little ascendant forward ; median carina distinct,
sulcate on each side; the frontal costa slightly compresso-arcuate
between the antennx, declivous above; eyes barely higher than
the dorsum. Pronotum lengthily acuminate posteriorly, little

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 239

rugose, without supernumerary costa, convex between the shoulders,
the humeral angles distinct and carinate; the anterior prozonal
carinze very small, subobsolete ; median carina percurrent, slightly
incrassate, little compresso-elevated forward and there often
subundulate, but straight posteriorly ; pronotal process strongly
extended backward beyond the hind femoral knees; lateral lobes
distinctly turned down, the posterior angles narrowly rounded.
Elytra oval ; wings caudate. Anterior and middle femoral margins
entire ; posterior femoral carinz above arcuate ; the first and third
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the first tarsal articles
having the first and second pulvilli spiculate, the third nearly as
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body
entire, male and female, 11-12 mm. ; pronotum 9-10 mm. ; posterior
femora 4-4°7 mm.

Six examples from Banguay, and one from Kina Balu-
Borneo, in the author’s collection. Examples are in the
Oxford Museum from the Philippines, Nos. 2769 and 2770,
and from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford.

Genus TETRIX, Latreille.

1. ZT. contractus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p- 281, 1887.

Numerous examples in the collection of the Oxford
Museum, from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford.

This species seems nearer to Tetriv than Paratettiv.
The vertex is subwider than one of the eyes and rounded,
not truncate; the frontal costa being distinctly sinuate,
excavate between the eyes. It is apparently one of the
commonest species in Borneo. This species was placed
in the genus Paratettix by Bolivar.

2. 7. atypicalis, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica u, p. 143,
144, 1904.
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
3. 7. a. ceylonus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica ii, p. 143,
144, 1904,
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
4. 7. cuspidatus, sp. nov.

‘ Resembling Tetrix contractus. Greyish, with the dorsum behind
the shoulders often fusco-maculate. Vertex little depressed, not at

240 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

all narrowed forward, anteriorly convex, tricuspidate, subequal
in width to one of the eyes, the fronto-marginal carinz laterally
little compresso-elevated and acute, viewed in profile the cusps often
little elevated above the eyes, lateral margins of vertex not at all
sinuate, median carina produced, in profile protuberant ; frontal
costa in profile strongly sinuate, excavate between the eyes, little
compresso-elevated between the antenne and excavate below, the
rami moderately and evenly divergent to the median ocellus.
Pronotum depressed, between the shoulders convexo-deplanate, the
humeral angles distinct, carinate, and slightly produced laterally ;
median carina percurrent but sinuate, little compresso-elevated before
shoulders and little excavate just behind the anterior border,
pronotal process strongly extended backward beyond the apices of
the posterior femora ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes rounded,
the inferior margins little reflexed outwards, Elytra oblong or
somewhat oval with the apices subacuminately rounded ; wings
caudate, Anterior and middle femoral margins distinctly compressed,
the superior margins of the anterior femora distinctly compresso-
elevated, the carine undulato-arcuate ; middle femoral carinze above
and below undulate ; the external paginz of the posterior femora
rugose, the oblique costa strongly expressed and rugose-granulate;
the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi about equal in
length, the first and second pulvilli subacute, the third nearly as
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body
entire, male and female, 12°5-13 mm.; pronotum 105-11 mm. ;
posterior femora 4-4°5 mm.

Four examples from West Java, Pengalengan, 4000 ft. ;
Oxford Museum.

Genus HEporeTTix, Bolivar.
1. H. gracilis, Haan, Bijdr. Orthopt., p. 169 (= festivus).

Six examples from Java, H. Fruhstorfer; Oxford Museum.
Four examples from Ceylon and one from Chenapungi, also
in Oxford Museum.

2. H. guwibelondoi, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 285, 1887.

One example referable to this species, from the Philip-
pines, in the Oxford Museum, No. 2771.

3. H. burri, Hancock, Occas. Memoirs Chicago Ent. Soc.,
vol. 1, No, 1, p. 10, 11, 1900.

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Musewm 241

Originally described from a male example from Mada-
gascar under the genus Zelmatettix. A second specimen
in the Oxford Museum from the same locality, being a
‘female, allows me opportunity of revising my opinion of
this species. This species resembles Paratettix scaber from
Africa, and it may be quite possible that it is this species.
The antennze are inserted between the inferior part of
the eyes, as in Hedotettix.

4. H. celebicus, sp. nov.

Avery slender-bodied species; greyish-cinereous or flavous,
variegated with fuscous. Head little exserted ; vertex scarcely
narrowed forward, narrower than one of the eyes, sulcate on each
side of the median carina, not at all ampliate toward the front ;
frontal costa slightly arcuate, the face in profile not at all sinuate,
rami divided distinctly above the posterior ocelli, moderately
suleate. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, subtectiform between the
shoulders, posteriorly lengthily acuminate, the process extending
beyond the femoral apices; median carina percurrent, somewhat
acute, little elevated between the shoulders; dorsum granulate ;
the prozonal carinz parallel ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes
turned down and narrowly rounded. Elytra with the apices some-
what widely rounded ; wings strongly caudate. Anterior femoral
carine straight ; intermediate femora, in the male, little ampliate
toward the bases, in the female, subnarrowed ; the first tarsal articles
with the first and second pulvilli acute-spiculate, the third much
longer than the second, and straight below, the apices acute. Length
of body entire, male and female, 11-14 mm, ; pronotum 9-10 mm. ;
posterior femora 4-5 mm.

Three examples from Macassar, Celebes, Doherty ; Oxford
Museum.

Genus CoproteTTix, Bolivar.

1. C. tuberculatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 11% 1887,

Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R.
Shelford; Oxford Museum.

2. C. rotundatus, sp. nov.

Fuscous, the legs sometimes flavous or fusco-variegated ; vertex not
produced beyond the eyes, strongly narrowed forward, about equal
in width to one of the eyes, fossulate on each side, in profile little
roundly elevated above the eyes ; the frontal costa strongly roundly
produced in advance of the eyes, the rami dividing above the

242 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the

posterior ocelli, moderately divergent forward tothe median ocellus ;
the posterior ocelli placed in advance of the upper third of the eyes.
Pronotum lengthily subulate, the dorsum rugose, often conspersed
with very slightly elevated and elongated rug and coarsely granu-
late ; median carina undulate, here and there slightly incrassate,
but the other carine low and thin, the anterior prozonal carinze
very indistinct, granulate, and convergent backward ; posterior
angles of the lateral lobes narrowed and rounded. Elytra oval, the
apices rounded ; wings fully explicate and passing the pronotal apex.
Anterior and intermediate femora elongate, the carine entire; the
first articles of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third,
the first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles more acute
than the third, the third being flat and longer than the second.
Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-14°5 mm. ; pronotum
11°5-13 mm. ; posterior femora 55-65 mm.

Four examples from Kina Balu in the author’s collection,
and one from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford
Museum.

In this species the antennz are inserted between the
lower third or fourth of the eyes. The specific name
rotundatus refers to the facial costa.

3. C. parvus, sp. nov. |

This may be the short-winged form of Coptotettia tuberculatus.
It isa small form with abbreviated wings and pronotum; the posterior
angles of the lateral lobes turned down, and slightly more obtuse ;
the dorsum of pronotum rugose and bearing tubercles, some of
which are abbreviated linear in form. The vertex resembles that of
tuberculatus. Length of body entire, male, 8 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. ;
posterior femora 5°5 mm.

One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.

4. C. inflatus, Krauss, Denkschr. Naturw. Ges. Jena Bd. 8,
1908, vol. iv, p. 745, Pl. LXVII, fig. 10, 1902.

Six examples from Java; Oxford Museum.

Section BATRACHIDEA, Bolivar.
Genus PHLa&oNoTUS, Bolivar.

1. P. sinuatus, sp. nov.

Similar to natalensis ; greyish, fusco-variegated. Vertex wide,
completely covered, strongly produced; face in profile arcuate ;

Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 248

frontal costa strongly advanced beyond the eyes, the rami somewhat
widely sulcate, divided above the posterior ocelli near the vertex,
and slightly divergent forward. Pronotum anteriorly produced
scarcely beyond the head, the front margin on each side straight,
convergent forward, angulate, but with obtuse apex; dorsum strongly
compresso-cristate ; the median carina forward between the shoulders
strongly sinuate, posteriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the
hind femoral apices. Elytra rather wide, oval, bearing a large black
macula transversely intersected by a light fascia near the apices ;
wings fully explicate and extended beyond the pronotal apex.
Posterior femora somewhat incrassate ; the first and third articles of
the posterior tarsi subequal in length, the three pulvilli of the first
tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire, male,
14 mm.; pronotum 12°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm.

One example from Natal or Orange River Colony, F.N.
Brown; Oxford Museum, No. 3356.

Genus TETTIGIDEA, Scudder.

1. 7. planus, sp. nov.

This species has no spine at the termination of the superior carina
of the middle femora, and the elytra are plainly coloured without
macula ; it resembles Scudder’s species Tettigidea cuspidata.

Body granulate; ferruginous, often fusco-variegated. Vertex
distinctly wider than one of the eyes, somewhat depressed and
smooth, narrowed forward, the supraocular lobes small, the front
margin advanced about as far as the eyes, the median carina absent,
the frontal carinulz on each side very little compressed, little
rounded-coneave ; frontal costa narrowly sulcate, little compresso-
elevated between the antennze; maxillary palpi yellow, widely
compresso-dilated at the apices, the apical articles oval. Pronotum
anteriorly acute spiniform produced nearly as far as the front of
vertex, the spine nearly straight, the front margin on each side of the
spine strongly concave ; posteriorly cuneate, extended backward
nearly to the apices of the hind femoral knees ; dorsum granulate,
between the shoulders somewhat tectiform; median carina little
incrassate, subundulate, nearly horizontal, little compressed and
pereurrent. Elytra elongate, acuminate toward the bases and apices,
the external faces plain coloured and granulate; wings abbreviated.
Hind femora elongate; the tibiz fuscous with pale annulation near the
bases, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal, the
first, second and third pulvilli respectively gradually increasing in

244, Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of Tetrigine

length and subflattened below, not acute. Length of body entire,
female, 12°8 mm.; pronotum 11°5 mm.; posterior femora 7°6 mm.

One example from Paramba, Ecuador; Rosenberg.

Genus ScaARIA, Bolivar.

1. S. fasciata, sp. nov.

This is a remarkably graceful species, narrow between the
shoulders, and having the pronotum anteriorly only little ascendant.
Body granulate, flavo-ferrugineous, on either side bearing a broad,
black, longitudinal fascia, the face, lower part of lateral lobes of
pronotum and sides flavous, legs flavous, often tinged with fuscous.
Eyes strongly globose; face oblique; vertex subtruncate, nearly
equal in width to one of the eyes, scarcely advanced so far as the
eyes, little narrowed forward and smooth, the median carina wanting;
the frontal costa starting at the vertex little lower than the eyes,
divides between the posterior ocelli and is arcuately protuberant
forward between the eyes; superior ocelli large, conspicuously
showing in profile just in advance of the middle of the eyes.
Pronotum anteriorly acute spiniform produced, the antero-dorsal
margin on either side of the spine roundly excavate, posteriorly
lengthily extended beyond the apices of the hind femoral knees ;
dorsum between the shoulders convex, narrow; humeral angles
bicarinate ; anterior prozonal carinz only little expressed, slightly
divergent backward ; median carina somewhat undulate, often little
compresso-elevated forward between the shoulders, nearly horizontal,
and forward at the front margin with the spine little ascendant and
uncinate. Elytra oblong, with a pale spot near the apices varying
in intensity and size ; wings fully explicate, extended beyond the
pronotal apex. Posterior femora elongate, knees black, the superior
carinz forward black, with pale spots ; tibize black but pale annulate
toward the base and the apices, the canthi serrulate and rather feebly
plurispinose ; the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in
length. Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-15 mm.;
pronotum 11-14 mm.; posterior femora 5:5-6°3 mm.

A number of examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, Rosen-
berg; Oxford Museum, and in the author’s collection.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

[See Explanation facing the Puate. }

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.1907 PL XX.

West,Newman imp.
NEN SH eeee ES. Ome Wien GaN Anz

H. Knight delet lith.

24

Gn en))

IV. The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej. By R.
SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S.

,

[Read March 6th, 1907. ]

PLatTe III.

In Dec. 1905 I exhibited before this Society some speci-
mens of the wood-boring larva of the Tiger-beetle Co/lyris
emarginatus, Dej.,and made some remarks thereon, which
are published in the Proceedings of date Dec. 6th, 1905.
It is to Dr. J. C. Koningsberger of the Zoological Museum at
Buitenzorg, Java, that we owe the discovery of this very
interesting larva. From a brief description of its habits
published in “Mededeelingen uit’Slands Plantentuin,”
vol. xliv, p. 113, 1901, we learn that the larva excavates a
burrow in the twigs of coffee-shrubs and that it feeds on
the ants and aphides which crawl over the entry to the
burrow ; pupation takes place in the burrow. No adequate
figure of the larva and no account of its external features
have yet been published, but I am now enabled to supply
some information on these points, thanks to Dr. Konings-
berger, who has most kindly sent me two consignments of
larvee. I gladly seize this opportunity of recording my
gratitude to my generous correspondent.

The burrows occupied by the larvee of Collyris emarginatus
are situated in the central pith of twigs of not more than
5 mm. in diameter; the woody part of the twig does not
appear to be attacked at all. The burrow is generally half
as long again as the larva occupying it, so that there is
room for to-and-fro movements of the occupant. Close to
the anterior end of the burrow is a small circular orifice
passing through the woody tissue of the twig and placing
the burrow in communication with the outer world; the
outer margin of this orifice is raised, so that the entry to
the burrow appears to be countersunk. This raised margin
is brought about by the swelling of the bark of the twig
at this pomt,—a pathological result of its puncture.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)

84 Mr. R. Shelford oz

Though the oviposition of this Cicindelid has not been
actually observed, there can be little doubt but that the
adult female perforates the woody tissue of the twig and
deposits her egg in the central core of spongy pith. The
larva has no organs adapted for boring through wood ;
the mouth-parts are not very different from those of the
larvee of Cicindela spp., the legs are modified merely for
burrowing in relatively soft and non-resisting substances,
and may well be compared with the legs of Coprid and
Passalid beetles, of Gryllotalpa and of Panesthiid cock-
roaches. As already stated, the burrows are made in the
centre of twigs and the woody tissue of the twigs is not
attacked; the larva on hatching out from the egg has
merely to dig out the soft pith of the twig in order to form
for itself a cylindrical burrow, and we may presume that
the débris is expelled from the mouth of the burrow.

As is well known, the adult females of all species of
Collyris are furnished with a complex genital armature,
which, however, has never been really adequately figured
or described. If a dried specimen of C. emarginatus be
examined with a simple lens the gonapophyses appear to
consist of a pair of strongly chitinised crotchets pro-
jecting beyond the last visible tergite and of a pair of
short down-curved spines projecting beyond the last visible
sternite. Each crotchet is made up of three stout
hooks directed upwards and of a much smaller hook; in
some specimens these hooks project considerably, in others
they are withdrawn almost entirely into the abdominal
cavity. When the dorsal integument is removed, 1t will be
seen that the crotchets and spines are attached to a chitinous
tube occupying the greater part of the abdominal cavity of
the last three segments. The whole apparatus can be
removed bodily from the insect and after boiling in caustic
potash mounted and examined under the microscope, when
it will be seen that the chitinous tube is a segmented
structure (Plate III, fig. 8), the number of the segments
being apparently four. I have not been able to make out
in the first (¢.¢. the most proximal) segment the number
of sclerites composing it, but the second segment is made
up of two lateral sclerites which meet each other in the
mid-dorsal and mid-ventral line, also of a large spoon-
shaped sclerite which embraces the ventral half of this
and the succeeding segments, runs backwards to the tip of
the abdomen and bears on its posterior margin the two

the Larva of Collyris emarginatus. 85

short decurved spines that have already been mentioned.*
The third segment is composed of the lateral sclerites,
and a median dorsal sclerite, which runs backward and
ends between the base of the crotchets (Plate ITI, fig. 9. d) ;
the lateral sclerites meet each other in the mid-ventral
line. The fourth segment is open ventrally, the lateral
sclerites are now pillars bearing the crotchets and each has
a small hook on the outer aspect, the dorsal sclerites
are represented perhaps by a pair of oval setigerous plates
(Plate III, fig. 9. sp.) covering the base of the crotchets.
Each crotchet consists of three strong curved hooks, the
second of which has on the ventral aspect an inwardly
projecting flange (Plate III, fig. 10.7); they are articu-
lated to the lateral sclerites by a transverse joint but,
so far as I know, are not movable independently of the
chitinous tube. This is all that can be made out from an
examination of dried specimens and I am unable to afford
any information as to the exact relations of these parts to
the other internal organs of the beetle. But there can be
no reasonable doubt that the segmented chitinous tube is
composed of retracted terminal segments, the last one of
which bears appendages in the form of crotchets, and it is
these appendages only which can be regarded as the
morphological equivalents of the female gonapophyses of
the Terebrant Hymenoptera. The modus operandi of the
genital armature of Collyris is obscure, but I have little
doubt of its efficiency as an instrument for boring through
wood of no greater hardness than young coffee twigs.
Strictly homologous organs occur in other Cicindelidee and
doubtless in every case they function as boring tools. So
far as is known—though observations on the subject are
woefully inadequate—the Cicindelidee deposit their eggs im
substances, and not on surfaces, and it does not require a
great stretch of imagination to suppose that the arboreal
Collyris only departs from the habits of its allies so far as
to deposit her eggs inside the twigs of trees and shrubs.
It is of interest to note that the pair of decurved ventral
spines are only well-developed in the arboreal species,+

* These spines have been described elsewhere as attached to the
last visible sternite, but this is manifestly incorrect.

+ Wallace states that Therates labiata in Amboina is arboreal and
in this species the ventral spines are well developed ; in other species
that I have examined these spines are minute or absent, and Canon
Fowler informs me that occasionally they are modified to form comb-

86 Mr. R. Shelford on

and I would suggest that in the case of Collyris at any rate
they function as guides for the passage of the egg through
the aperture bored in the woody tissue of the twig.
Species of Cicindela, to take an example, would have
presumably no difficulty in depositing their eggs in the
burrows excavated for their reception; the burrow is of
sufficient diameter to admit the tip of the abdomen and
the egg can be simply dropped before the tip of the
abdomen is withdrawn after the operation of excavation.
The entrance to the burrow occupied by the larva of
Collyris emarginatus is not large enough to admit the tip
of the abdomen of the adult female, as can be shown by
measurements, but the two ventral spines fit mto it with
ease. Without these spines it is difficult to see how the
female Collyris could be certain of passing her egg through
the aperture in the wood which she has made; she would
be liable to deposit it rather on the outer surface of the
twig, whence it would drop to the ground, but with the
ventral spines inserted in the aperture the egg can readily
pass from the oviduct to the place prepared for it.

Description of the Larva, (Plate III, figs. 1-10.)

The largest specimen in my possession is 12 mm. in length. The
head is typically Cicindelidan ; that is to say, it is strongly chitinised,
swollen and concave beneath, flattened above; the mouth-parts
are prominent and point in an upward direction. The antennz are
short and four-jointed. There are two ocelli borne on each side of
the head near the origin of the antenne ; the area surrounding these
ocelli is much darker than the rest of the head and is somewhat
inflated. The labrum is broad and transverse with a quadrangular
projection from the middle of the front margin, flanked on each side
by a tooth; this quadrangular projection is ridged and has a blunt
tooth on each side. The mandibles are strong and curved, each bears
a tooth on its inner margin at the centre; distad of this tooth the
inner border of the mandible is grooved, proximad of it the inner
border is sharp and trenchant. The maxille consist of a small
cardo, a stout triangular stipes, bearing a two-jointed palp and a
narrow galea almost equal to the palp in length and furnished with

like structures. The species of Therates that I took in Borneo were
not, so far as I can remember, arboreal, and in these the ventral
spines are very small indeed. The Australian genus Distypsidera is
said to be arboreal and in this genus also the ventral spines are
present.

the Larva of Collyris emarginatus. 87

a few strong spines (Plate III, fig. 3). The labium is cordiform,
densely hirsute above and with a pair of short two-jointed palps ;
the anterior angles of the basal joints of these palps are spiniform
beneath and the tip of the apical joints is beset with numerous
sensory pits (Plate III, fig. 4).

The body consists of 13 segments and is seen at once to differ from
that of a typical Cicindelid larva by the absence of a marked sigmoid
flexure and by the absence of large dorsal tubercles armed with
strong hooks on the eighth segment. The Collyris larva in fact
“fits” its burrow much better than does the Cicindela larva, it is thus
able to brace itself at the top of the burrow without pronounced
curvature of the body ; the walls of its burrow being of a denser
and harder texture than sand or earth accounts for the absence of
long hooks on the eighth segment. The prothorax is as broad as the
head ; the pronotum is trapezoidal with rounded posterior angles and
is strongly chitinised. From the mesonotum backwards to the eighth
segment, the segments increase in breadth. The eighth segment is
swollen dorsally forming a hump and the hump carries two curved
series of small hooks, each series being composed of three hooks ; the
hooks are of a rather peculiar shape, which can best be understood
by a reference to the Plate (fig. 5). In addition to the hooks are
numerous stout sete; both hooks and sete are directed forwards.
The three segments immediately behind the eighth are slightly
narrower than it ; the twelfth segment is much narrower and shorter
and the thirteenth segment is small and sucker-like with six short
spines and numerous fine setze on its posterior margin. Segments 4
to 12 bear on each side in a dorso-lateral position a mamilliform
tubercle furnished with three sete, and a minute mamilliform
tubercle with two setz occurs on the ventral surface of these
segments. These tubercles and sete together with the dorsal
armature of the eighth segment doubtless serve to brace the larva in
its burrow.

Of the legs the following parts can be distinguished :—femur,
tibia and tarsus. In the second and third pairs the femur is flattened
and plate-like, with rounded angles; the tibia is rather slender,
about two-thirds the length of the femur and with some sete along
its lower border and at its distal end; the tarsus consists of three
joints, the terminal hook or claw being included as one joint ; the
first or basal point is ringed with sete, the second has some sete and,
in addition, on its outer aspect a blunt tooth (Plate ITI, fig. 7). The
first pair of legs is very different in shape; the femur is flattened
and triangular with a row of setz along its outer aspect ; the tibia
is short and very stout, broader distally than proximally, its lower
anterior angle is produced to form a strong and acute tooth with

88 Mr. R. Shelford on

secondary teeth on the upper border, a small blunt tooth also oecurs
at the upper anterior angle on the outer aspect; the tarsus is
triangular, the basal joint is almost as broad as long with a blunt
tooth on its outer aspect, the second joint also is furnished with a
tooth on its outer aspect and both joints are beset with setze (Plate
III, fig. 6). The second and third pairs of legs are carried with the
femora straight out from the body, the tibia bent upwards; no
doubt they brace against the sides of the burrow and serve to steady
the larva when it catches some large or active insect. The front legs
are plainly adapted for excavating the soft core of the twig in which
the larva lives.

In conclusion I would beg to express my thanks to Dr.
Sharp, F.R.S., Canon W. W. Fowler, and Mr. V. E.
Shelford of Chicago University, for the kind help and
useful criticism that they have offered me in the prepara-
tion of this account of a most interesting insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

[See Explanation facing the PLatEs.}

ADDENDUM.

AFTER the foregoing account went to press, I received
from Dr. D. Sharp a letter sent to him from Hongkong by
Mr. F. Muir, in which Mr. Muir announces the discovery
by himself and Mr. J. C. Kershaw of a wood-boring
Cicindelid larva. Mr. Muir writes that the burrow “runs
up the stem, the entrance being at the lower end. It [the
larva] waits with its head at the entrance of the burrow
and whenever an ant ora fly crawls up the stem within
reach it quickly darts out its head and catches its prey.”
Apparently only one specimen was secured, and this, with
the piece of wood containing the burrow, Dr. Sharp has
kindly handed to me for examination. The larva is larger
than that of Collyris emarginatus, measuring 12 mm. in
length, but it can, I think, be referred to the genus Collyris
without much doubt. There are only two pairs of ocelli; the
legs are very similar in appearance to those of C. emargi-

the Larva of Collyris emarginatus, 89

natus; the eighth tergite pears on each side three small
forwardly-directed hooks and its posterier margin is
fringed with setz; the terminal segment is armed on its
posterior margin above with eight short spines arranged
in two groups of four on either side of the middle line.
In fact, such differences as exist between the two larvz
may be regarded as specific rather than generic. In one
feature the Hongkong larva differs markedly from C.
emarginatus; the metathorax is bent down almost at a
right angle to the mesothorax and the first abdominal and
succeeding segments are again bent up at an acute angle
to the metathorax, thus producing a very sharp flexure of
the body in this region. I cannot be sure, however, that
this is not due to the undue contraction of the specimen
after being placed in alcohol. The burrow is 24 mm.
long and about 3°5 mm. in diameter, it has been formed
by the excavation of the central medulla of pith; the
affected part of the stem is dilated, being 7 mm. in
diameter, whereas above and below the burrow it is only
4 mm. in diameter. This, I expect, is a pathological
result of the injury caused by the larva. I have observed
something very similar in the stems of a herbaceous plant
tenanted by ants, that I found at the foot of Mt. Penrisen in
Sarawak.* The consequence of this dilation of the stem
is, that the burrow itself is relatively of much greater
diameter than that made by the emarginatus larva; the
dilation appears to be caused, not by a thickening of the
wood, but by the expansion outwards with concomitant
thinning of the walls, just as a bulb may be blown in the
middle of a glass tube. It would be interesting to learn
if this dilation of the stem and expansion of the burrow
occurs synchronously with the growth in size of the larva.
Mr. Muir’s observation that the larva, when seizing its prey,
rushes a short distance out of its burrow, is of considerable
interest in connection with the fact that the entrance to
the burrow cannot be enlarged by the larva as it increases
in size. The entrance to the burrow of a Cicindela larva
is a miniature pitfall, the head of the larva being the
bottom of the trap; when an insect stumbles into the
pitfall it is seized and the captor falls down to the bottom

* If this interpretation is correct it lends considerable support
to the view that the enormous swellings on the stems of myrme-
cophilous plants of the genera Myrmecodia and Hydnophytwm
originated as pathological responses to irritant stimuli.

90 The Larva of Collyris emarginatus.

of its burrow with its prey. It is necessary that the head
of the larva should always fit more or less accurately the
entrance to its burrow, but the same necessity does not
arise in the case of the Collyris larva, for here the burrow
is a hiding-place or lair from whence the animal emerges
to capture its prey; so long as the entrance to its lair is
not too small it cannot particularly matter what size it is.

Fia.

10.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

. Larva, side view x 8.
. Larva, dorsal view x 8.
. Head of larva, dorsal view ; l.p., labial palps x 33.

Labium, ventral view x 33.

. One of the hooks from the 8th segment x 33.

. Front leg ; ¢. tarsus, tib. tibia x 33.

. Second leg 7. oe x 33:

- Genital apparatus of adult female, side view; 1—4,

numbers of segments, s, spoon-shaped sclerite borne by
2nd segment and bearing at apex one pair of decurved
spines, c, crotchets, s.p. setigerous plate borne by 3rd
segment x 16.

. Apex of above, the spoon-shaped sclerite removed, dorsal

view ; lettering as before. d, median dorsal sclerite of
3rd segment x 52.
Ditto. ventral view, f. flange x 52.

Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1907 Pt. Ill.

Fig.6. . Fig.7.
R.S.del Fig.4.
HF. Knight lith. West, Newman imp.

LARVA OF COLLYRIS EMARGINATUS.

20

PRE EIMINARY ; iis?

OF

COLHOPTHRA

OBSERVED IN THE

NAiGHeOuURHOOD OF Ox FORD;

FROM

1819 to 1907,

Compiled for the Ashmolean Natural History Society

of Oxfordshire, from all available records, by

James J. WALKER,
Hon. M.A., R.N., F.LS.,

Secretary of the Entomological Society of London.

[Reprinted from the Ashmolean Natural History Society
Report for 1906.)

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF THE OXFORD DISTRICT.

By JAMES J. WALKER, Hon. M.A., R.N., F.L.S., &c.

AT the invitation of the Ashmolean Natural History Society
of Oxfordshire, I have in the following pages attempted to
enumerate the species of Coleoptera, or beetles, that up to the
present date have been found in the immediate neighbourhood
of Oxford. Since the early part of 1904, when I first “ pitched
my tent” in the ancient city after my retirement from active
service in the Royal Navy, and was privileged to be associated
with the Society, I have devoted a large part of my time to
the study of the Entomology of the neighbourhood, and as
regards my favourite order of Insects, the Coleoptera, I have
been rewarded with an unexpectedly large measure of success.
But a period of less than three years is altogether inadequate,
even for the most zealous of collectors, to do justice to the
beetle-fauna of so rich and varied a district as the country
within a few miles of Oxford undoubtedly is; and I should
have been quite unable to undertake the compilation of this list,
had not the way been paved for me by my kind friend Mr. W.
Holland, of the University Museum, who has resided here since
1893, and has assiduously worked up the local insect-fauna.
The very full and most valuable catalogue of the Coleoptera of
Berkshire, in the “ Victoria History of the Counties of England,”
was compiled by Mr. Holland, and as at least half of the district
now under consideration falls in that county, this catalogue
has been of the greatest possible assistance in drawing up the
present list. To Mr. Holland also, I owe my first introduction
to nearly all the best localities near Oxford; and my other
colleagues in the “ Hope Department,” Messrs. A. H. Hamm
and Joseph Collins, have given me much kind help, and their
captures of Coleoptera have added materially to the number
of species recorded in this list.

Besides the Coleoptera observed by us of late years, I have
added to the list all the species recorded as taken near Oxford
that I can gather from the various Entomological periodicals and
other sources. The munificent founder of the Entomological
department in the University Museum, the Rev. F. W. Hope, left

52. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

with his library an interleaved copy of Marsham’s “ Entomologia
Britannica ; Coleoptera,” in which he has noted the capture of
about 150 species of beetles at Oxford, made during the
years 1819 to 1822, when he was an undergraduate of Christ
Church. Through the kindness of Professor E. B. Poulton,
F.RS., I have been enabled to incorporate in the present List
these notes, which record the capture of a good many of the
less common forms, and of several species of altogether excep-
tional interest. Of these latter may be mentioned Wecrophorus
germanicus, L. and Platycerus carabotdes, V.., which have not
been taken in this country for many years, and are omitted
from all the more recent catalogues of British Coleoptera. The
circumstances of the capture of these species are given in
full detail by Mr. Hope, and many of the specimens exist, in
excellent preservation, in the Museum collection of British
beetles. That renowned Entomologist, the late Professor J. O.
Westwood, F.R.S., recorded several species from the Oxford
district, among them, for the first time as a British insect,
the wonderful blind ant’s-nest beetle Claviger testaceus (Proc.
Entom. Soc. September 3rd, 1838) ; and in the third volume of
the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,
and the earlier volumes of the ‘ Zoologist,” are a few interest-
ing records from Oxford by Mr. F. W. Holme. To come to more
recent times, the late Mr. J. W. Shipp, an energetic and pro-
mising young Coleopterist, recorded a considerable number
of interesting species in the “ Entomologist,” vol. xxvi., p. 130
(1893), and the ‘“ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine”’ for 1893
and 1894 (vol. xxix., p. 89, and vol. xxx., p. 15); and notes
on the Coleoptera of the district have been contributed by
myself to the volumes of the latter periodical for 1905 and
1906.

For the purposes of this list I have practically restricted
myself to a radius of seven miles from Carfax, the centre of
the city of Oxford, this being about the limit at which one
can effectively work a district by the aid of one’s legs un-
assisted by a bicycle. For a locality situated in the Midland
Counties, the present list of 1,399 species out of a total of
about 3,290 for the British Islands, or 42°5 per cent. of the
whole number, must be regarded as showing a richness in
Coleoptera very much above the average. As considerable
portions of the area are up to the present time almost un-
touched, many additions to our local list may reasonably be
expected, and many more when the smaller and more difficult
forms, especially in the water-beetles, Staphylinide, Clavicornes,
&c., are more fully worked up than they are at present. In-
deed, I have been compelled to altogether omit one family, the

Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire. 53

Trichopterygide, owing to the difficulty, to any one but a specia-
list in the group, of dealing with these highly interesting but
almost microscopic beetles.

The large extent of river-bank and low-lying water-meadow
in our District is of course highly favourable to such beetles
as delight in a humid habitat, and they are accordingly very
well represented on the list. The extensive tracts of wood-
land are also very productive, though some at least of these
are so strictly preserved nowadays as to be by no means easy
of access for collecting ; and it is especially desirable to confirm
the numerous records of interesting species of insects of all
orders from Bagley Wood, made when this once happy hunting-
ground was freely open to past generations of Oxford Entomo-
logists. The oolitic limestone country at Wytham, Shotover,
and Elsfield yields many local species, and our “ Reserve” at
Cothill, with the marshy fields adjacent, is a highly productive
little spot. But on the whole, the ‘‘sandy side” of Oxford,
at Boar's Hill and especially near Tubney, has received the
most attention, and has produced the greatest number of rare
and interesting forms. <A very remarkable feature of the latter
locality is the number of species whose usual habitat is on coast
sandhills, and which are only exceptionally met with inland ;
of these, Harpalus anxius, Amara fulva, Homalota cesula,
Ocypus ater, Xantholinus tricolor, Orthocerus muticus, Syncalypta
hirsuta, Crypticus quisgutlius, Ctentopus sulphureus, Apton
schonherri, and Cleonus sulcirostris, may be specially mentioned
in this connexion. ‘The record by the Rev. F. W. Hope of
“ Carabus” (Pogonus) chalceus, Marsh., is open to question,
as this species is confined to muddy salt-marshes on the coast ;
but Mr. Shipp has recorded Dyschirius eneus, a species fre-
quenting the same habitat and constantly found with it, from
“ Hinksey” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1893, p. 89).

In the compilation of the following List I have used our
most recent “ Catalogue of British Coleoptera,” by Prof. T.
Hudson Beare and Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe (London: O, E.
Janson, March, 1904), the arrangement of which is practically
the same as that of the most modern and most useful work
on our native beetles, “The Coleoptera of the British Islands,”
by the Rev. Carion W. W. Fowler (London: Lovell Reeve and
Co.). Where the observers are not specially mentioned, I have
used the following abbreviations of their names :-—

IG. = Mr. Joseph Collins.
A. H. H. = Mr. A. H. Hamm.
W. H. = Mr. William Holland.
TW, = Revi Be We-Hope.

J..W.S. = Mr. J. We Shipp.

54 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

No initials are appended to the localities where any species
has been actually observed by myself. The species of local
and restricted distribution are indicated by a single asterisk (*)
before the specific name, and those that may be regarded as rare
everywhere by a double asterisk (**); the remainder being
generally distributed, at any rate in the South and Midland
portions of England.

INSECT A.
ORDER COLEOPTERA.

FAMILY Cicindelide.

Cicindela campestris, L. The common Tiger Beetle. Locally plentiful
in warm sunny places in early summer ; Bagley Wood, Tubney, &c.

FAMILY Carabide.

*Cychrus rostratus, L. In old stumps, sandpits, &c., not rare; Tubney,
Wytham Park ; Shotover (W. /Z.).

Carabus catenulatus, Scop. Generally distributed, but not common,
under stones, &c. ; ‘‘ Heddington Quarries, Oxfordshire” (7. W. 4.).

C. nemoralis, L. On pathways and in gardens; very common.

C. violaceus, L. Much less common than the preceding.

C. granulatus, L. In rotten wood of willows, &c. Wytham, &c.,
not rare.

C. monilis, F. Rare; Oxford (4A. &. H.); Shotover, Boar’s Hill,
King’s Weir, Wheatley, singly (W. /.).

*Calosoma inquisitor, L. Bagley Wood, on oaks, sometimes common
(W.#H.). ‘1 took 3 of them in Bagley Wood near Oxford in May,
1820, while beating the Oak Trees” (7. W. #.).

Notiophilus biguttatus, F,

N. substriatus, Wat. All these are more or less common and

N. aquaticus, L. generally distributed, on pathways, Xc.

N. palustris, Dufts.

*N,. rufipes, Curt. Among dead leaves at Bagley Wood, scarce (W. //.).

Leistus spinibarbis, F. Under stones, bark, &c., in damp places,
general.

L. fulvibarbis, Dej. With the preceding, but less common; Bagley
Wood, &c.

L. ferrugineus, L. Under stones, dead leaves, &c., generally common.

Nebria brevicollis, F. Very common everywhere.

Elaphrus riparius, L. In wet muddy places; Cherwell banks, Port
Meadow, Tubney, &c. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford on the muddy banks of
the brooks and rivers” (7. W. #.).

E. cupreus, Dufts. With the preceding; Tubney, &c.

*E, uliginosus, F. Once at Stadhampton (/. W. S.). ‘‘ Taken at
Oxford as the above species (77farzzs), and in the same situations’
(Ff. W. f.).

Loricera pilicornis, F. Chiefly in woods under stones, &c.; Bagley,
Hen Wood, &c.

Clivina fossor, L. Under stones, &c., in damp places ; common.

C. collaris, Hbst. Not common Otmoor (W. Z.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 55

*Dyschirius zneus, Dej. ‘‘ Hinksey” two examples (7. W. S.).

D. globosus, Hbst. In wet places; Tubney, Wytham Park, Varn-

ton, &c.

*Panagzeus crux-major, L, Cowley (/. W. S.).

*P, quadripustulatus, Sturm. Understones, &c., in sandy places; Shot-
over (4. H. H.) ; Tubney, sometimes not rare in spring (W. 4).

*Badister unipustulatus, Bon. Cowley (/. W. S.).

B. bipustulatus, F. In damp tufts of grass, &c. ; generally common.
*B. sodalis, Dufts. In damp places, rather scarce ; Summertown, Yarnton.
*Licinus silphoides, F. Under stones in small quarry, Elsfield, not

Fare) (o/enGa):

*[L. depressus, Payk. Taken by Mr. Holland at Wychwood Forest.]

Chlenius vestitus, Payk. In wet places, not rare; Cherwell banks,

Port Meadow, near Wytham Park, &c.
C. nigricornis, F. Much rarer than the preceding ; Godstow; King’s
Weir (W. #.).
*Oodes helopioides, F. In flood-refuse, wet tufts of grass, &c.; near
Marston in numbers (7. W.S.), near Wytham Park (_/. C.); Yarnton.
Stenolophus vespertinus, Panz. In wet places, scarce ; Yarnton.
Acupalpus exiguus, Dej., v. luridus, Dej.. On banks of pond, Boar’s
Hill, not rare.

A. meridianus, L. On walls and pathways ; Summertown, &c.

*Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. In damp tufts of grass, not rare in winter ;
King’s Weir, Wytham, Yarnton; also at Otmoor.

*B. distinctus, Dej. In tufts of grass, not very common; Tubney ;
Boar’s Hill (W. 7).

B. verbasci, Dufts. Generally distributed and not rare.

B. harpalinus, Dej. In tufts of grass, &c. ; Shotover, Tubney.

B. similis, Dej. In sandy places, not common ; Bagley Wood, Boar’s

Hill (W. #7.) ; Shotover.
Harpalus rotundicollis, Fairm. Under stones, &c., Cothill ; Boar’s
Hill (W. Z7.).
*H. punctatulus, Dufts. Cothill, one under a stone, April, 1906 (4. G.
Champion).

H, azureus, F. Under stones in sandpit, Cumnor, with var. similis, Dej.

H. puncticollis, Payk. Under stones, chiefly in sandy places; not

rare.

H. rufibarbis, F. With the preceding ; Tubney ; Elsfield (WM. Z.).

H, ruficornis, F. Under stones, rubbish, &c., common everywhere,

H. zneus, F. Under stones ; very common.

H, rubripes, Dufts. Under stones, not common; Oxford (/. W. S.).
Boar’s Hill (W. H.); Tubney.

**H. discoideus, F. This usually rare and very local species is sometimes
abundant under stones in sandy places at Tubney, and more sparingly
at Boar’s Hill, during the spring and summer months.

H. latus, L. In tufts of grass; Bagley Wood, not rare.

H. rufimanus, Marsh. Under stones in sandy places, common ; Boar’s

Hill, Tubney.

H, anxius, Dufts. This seaside species is very common under stones on

the sand near Tubney throughout the summer.

H. honestus, Dufts. (ignavus, Dufts.). Boar’s Hill (W. H.).

Stomis pumicatus, Payk. In damp places, not rare; Cherwell banks,

Tubney, Wytham Park, Yarnton, &c.

*Platyderus ruficollis, Marsh. Taken by Mr. W. Holland under stones

in the grounds of the University Museum.

Pterostichus cupreus, L. Generally common on paths, in flood-

refuse, &c,

56 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

P. versicolor, Sturm. With the preceding, but less common ; Cherwell
banks, Godstow, Wytham Park, Yarnton, &c.
*P, dimidiatus, Ol. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford, 1819 ” (FW. #.).
*P, lepidus, F. Tubney, in sandpit, rare (W. #.).
P. madidus, F. Under stones, on pathways, &c. ; very common.

*P. oblongopunctatus, F. Under dead leaves, chips, and in decayed
wood ; Bagley and Hen Woods, not rareat times ; Marston (/. W. S.).
‘*Taken at Bagley, Oxfordshire, in 1819-20 at the roots of Oaks ”
(f. W. #.). [No part of Bagley is in Oxfordshire. }

niger, Schall. On river bank at Marston (/. W. S.).

vulgaris, L. Under stones, &c. ; common everywhere,

anthracinus, Ill. In wet place near Wytham Park, rare.

nigrita, F. In wet places, not rare and widely distributedl.

minor, Gyll. In damp tufts of grass, &c.; Yarnton, not rare.

strenuus, Panz. |) These two species are generally common in damp

. diligens, Sturm. places, flood-refuse, &c.

picimanus, Dufts. Bagley (W. H.); Cowley (J. W. S.).

. inequalis, Marsh. In flood-refuse and under stones ; Water Eaton ;

Tubney (W. #.).

. vernalis, Panz. In damp places ; generally common.

P, striola, F. Under logs, &c., in woods; not rare, Bagley Wood,
Wytham Park, &c. ‘* Taken at the roots of trees at Bagley Wood’
(Ff. W. £.).
ee fulva, De G. In sandy places ; Tubney,:-sometimes common.
A. apricaria, Payk, With the preceding; Tubney, &c., not rare.
*A. consularis, Dufts. Under stones, &c., in sandy places; Cothill,
Ogley Bog near Cowley, Tubney (common), &c.
A. aulica, Panz. On pathways, flower-heads, and under stones ; Elsfield,
Tubney, &c., occasional.
**A. patricia, Dutts. Under stones in sandy places, rare ; Tubney (W. #.).
A, bifrons, Gyll. In sandy places; Boar’s Hill and Tubney, not rare ;
also in University Museum grounds.
A. ovata, F. In tufts and flood- rubbish, not common; Water Eaton ;
Oxford (Wk Vie Spl)
A. similata, Gyll. More common than the preceding ; Cherwell banks,
Cumnor, &c.
*A. acuminata, Payk. On paths in autumn, rare ; Banbury Road.
A. tibialis, Payk. In sandy places ; Tubney, plentiful.
a lunicollis, Schiodte. On pathways, rare ; Wytham.
A. familiaris, Dufts. On pathways and under stones ; generally common.

**A. anthobia, Villa. One example of this recent addition to the British

list taken by Mr. Holland at Ogley Bog, June Ist, 1903.

A. trivialis, Gyll. On pathways, &c. ; common everywhere.

A. communis, Panz. Chiefly in flood-refuse ; Cherwell banks, Ogley
Bog, Yarnton, c., not rare.

A. continua, Steph. With the preceding, also under bark; Yarnton,
not rare,

A. plebeia, Gyll. In flood-refuse; Yarnton, &c., rare.

Calathus cisteloides, Panz. Under stones and herbage ;_ generally
common.

C.fuscus, F. In sandy places under stones ; Tubney, not rare.

C, flavipes, Fourc. With the preceding ; Tubney, frequent.

C. melanocephalus, L. Under stones, Re, ; common everywhere.

Amphigynus piceus, Marsh. Chiefly under dead leaves, &c. ; Tubney,
not rare.

Taphria nivalis, Panz. In sandy places, occasional; Boar’s Hill:
Tubney (W. #.).

*

* +

OO

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 57

Pristonychus terricola, Hbst. Under stones, dead leaves, Xc., in
sandy places ; Cumnor, Tubney, &c.; not rare.

*Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L. In cellar in Oxford (/. W. 5S.).
‘*Found in October in Oxfordshire about houses. Taken in Feb.
nese MUR Ie Sah)

Anchomenus angusticollis, F. Under bark, &c., Yarnton ; Oxford
(Ja Ss):

A. dorsalis, Miill. Under stones, at roots of trees, &c, 3 common.

A. albipes, F. In very wet places, flood-refuse, &c. ; generally common.

A. oblongus, F. In flood-refuse, damp tufts, &c. ; King’s Weir, &c.,
not rare.

**A.livens, Gyll. In wet places, rare ; King’s Weir (Lamdert) ; Cherwell
banks (7. W. S.).

A. marginatus, L. Under stones in damp places ; Port Meadow, &c.,
not rare.

**A, sexpunctatus, L. ‘‘Onriver banks” (/. W. S.).

A. parumpunctatus, F. In tufts of grass in damp places ; generally
common.

*A. atratus, Dufts. In wet tufts, flood-refuse, &c.; Yarnton, not rare.

A. viduus, Panz. In damp places, not rare; Cherwell banks, King's
Weir, Yarnton, &c. Var. moestus, Dufts., equally common with the
type.

AS Pontes. Gyll. Not common; King’s Weir (WV. /7.).

A. micans, Nic. In wet places; Yarnton, &c. ‘* River banks” (7. W.S.).

A. fuliginosus, Panz.) All these occur more or less commonly at

A. gracilis, Gyll. . Yarnton, King’s Weir, &c., in moss, tufts of

A. piceus, L. grass, &c., in wet places.

*A, thoreyi, Dej. Cherwell banks (_/. W.S.).

*A. puellus, Dej. ‘‘ River banks” (/. W. S.). Christchurch Meadow
(Holme).

Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Under stones, &c., not rare; Boar’s
Hill, Cumnor, &c.

Bembidium rufescens, Guer. Under bark and in flood-refuse ; Water
Eaton and near Wytham Park ; not rare.

*B. quinquestriatum, Gyll. ‘ Oxford” (/. WW. S.).

B. obtusum, Sturm. In wet places, flood-refuse, &c. ; common.

B. guttula, F. In damp places, flood-refuse, &c. ; common.
B. biguttatum, Sahlb. With the preceding, not rare; Cherwell banks,
Yarnton, &c.
B, eneum, Germ. In flood-refuse, sometimes flying, scarce; Water
Eaton, Marston, &c.
B. assimile, Gyll. In damp places, flood-refuse, &c. ; generally common.
*B. clarki, Daws. ‘““Otmoor”’ (/. WW. S:):
B. articulatum, Panz. Muddy banks of ponds, Tubney, &c. ; not rare.
B. minimum, F. In tufts and flood-refuse; generally distributed, and
sometimes in great profusion.
*B, gilvipes, Sturm. ‘‘Otmoor” (/. W. S.).
B, lampros, Herbst. In dry places, generally common. ‘‘ Capt.
Oxford, 1819” (A. W. /.).
B. tibiale, Dufts. Cowley (/. W. S.).
B. atroceruleum, Steph. Cowley(/. W. S.).
B. decorum, Panz. ‘Oxford’ (/. W. S.).
B. quadriguttatum, F. In muddy places ; Marston, Xc., not rare.
B. quadrimaculatum, L. With the preceding; Marston, &c., occasional.

*B. lunatum, Dufts. Mesopotamia (/. W. S.).
B. femoratum, Sturm. In damp sandy places; generally distributed
and not rare.

58 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

*B. saxatile, Gyll. ‘‘Oxford” (/. W. S.).

B. littorale, Ol. In flood-rubbish, tufts, &c. ; occasional. ‘* Captd.,
Oxford, 1819, and perhaps the most common of the genus, taken at
the roots of grass” (&. W. /7/.).

B. punctulatum, Drap. Port Meadow (/. W. S.).

B. flammulatum, Clairv. In damp places, flood-refuse, &c., not rare :
Port Meadow, Water Eaton, Yarnton, &c.

Tachypus flavipes, L. In dead leaves, &c., not common; Wytham
Park ; Cowley(W. 7. S.). ‘* Taken at Oxford, 1819” (7. W. #.).

*Trechus discus, F. ‘‘ Wheatley” (/. W. S.).

T. minutus, F. Under stones, dead leaves, &c., common. ‘ Taken at
Oxford, 1819” (7. W. #.).

T. obtusus, Er. With the preceding, scarce ; Yarnton, &c.

Patrobus excavatus, Payk. Under logs, &c., not common ; Wytham
Park ; Boar’s Hill (W. #7.) ; Bagley (7. W. S.).

[Pogonus chalceus, Marsh. ‘“ Takenat Oxford in 1820” (7. W. #.).
I much doubt the occurrence of this strictly maritime species so far
inland. ]

*Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. In tufts of grass and under willow-bark,
not rare in winter; Bagley Wood, Boar’s Hill, Ogley Bog, Shot-
over, &c.

Demetrias atricapillus, L. In tufts of grass, &c. ; generally common.

Dromius linearis, Ol. With the preceding, common. ‘‘ Took one at
Oxford in 1819. I took this species in December in incredible numbers
in 1821” (7. W. Z.).

D. agilis, F. Chiefly under loose bark ; Bagley Wood, not rare.

D. meridionalis, Dej. Under bark, &c. ; generally common.

D. quadrimaculatus, L. Under bark, &c., not rare; Bagley Wood,
Wytham Park, &c.

D. quadrinotatus, Panz. With the preceding ; generally common.

D. melanocephalus, Dej. In tufts of grass, among dead sticks, &c.,
common.

Blechrus maurus, Sturm. In tufts, under bark, &c., not rare ; Wytham,
Yarnton, &c.

Metabletus foveola, Gyll. In tufts, flood-rubbish, &c.; not rare and
generally distributed.

M. truncatellus, L. With the preceding; Wytham Park, &c., fairly
common.

Brachinus crepitans, L. Cowley (/. W.S.).

*

FAMILY Haliplide.

*Haliplus confinis, Steph. In ponds and stagnant water; Tubney,
Yarnton, &c., common. The var. pallens, Fowler, has been taken
at Yarnton.

. flavicollis, Sturm. In the Cherwell, near Summertown ; occasional.

. variegatus, Sturm. In stagnant water; Yarnton, &c., not rare.

. cinereus, Aubé. In wet refuse on bank of pond, Cothill, scarce.

. ruficollis, De G.’ Instagnant and running water ; generally common.

. fluviatilis, Aubé. In ditches ; King’s Weir and Binsey (W. /.).

. lineatocollis, Marsh. In ditches, &c., generally common.

+

jegengengengengen

FAMILY Dytiscide.

Noterus sparsus, Marsh. In water among weeds; generally common.

Laccophilus obscurus, Panz. With the preceding, common.

Hyphydrus ovatus, L. In standing and running water, not rare
“* Taken in the Cherwell river at Oxford in 1819” (7. W. #.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 59

Ccelambus versicolor, Schall. In standing and running water ; Cher-
well at Summertown, Tubney, &c., not rare.

C, inzequalis, F. In ponds ; Tubney, occasional. ‘Taken at Oxford in
TOLQ), (Le) WeEZe):

C. confluens, F. In ditches, Marston (W. #.).

C. impressopunctatus, Schall. ‘ Taken at Oxford, in 1822, by Cleeve
of Exeter, on the Botley road” (7. W.H.) Not yet met with by me.

Deronectes depressus, F. ‘‘ Taken in brooks in Oxfordshire”

(fF. W. #.).
D. 12-pustulatus, F. ‘‘ Capt. Oxon, 1819” (-% W. Z.).
Hydroporus pictus, F. In stagnant water; Islip, Marston; not rare.
*¢Taken at Oxford in 1819” (7. W. #.).
. granularis, L. In stagnant water in spring ; Yarnton, common.
. lepidus, Ol. In ponds, &c.; Boar’s Hill; Bagley Wood, common

W. #.).

. soaks F. In stagnant water; Yarnton; Marston (17%. #.); oc-
casional.

lineatus, F. In standing water; generally common.

palustris, L. In standing and running water; generally abundant.

erythrocephalus, L. With the preceding ; fairly common.

memnonius, Nic. Occasionally taken by sweeping in damp places ;

Bagley Wood.

obscurus, Sturm. In ponds at Tubney (/V/. #.).

pubescens, Gyll. In standing water; generally distributed.

planus, F. In standing water; not rare and widely distributed.
lituratus, F. With the preceding; Bagley Wood and near Wood

Eaton (W. £.).

gabus paludosus, F. ‘‘ Takenat Oxford in 1820, in ditches” (7. ZW. H.).
didymus, Ol. In running water, scarce ; Shotover, Yarnton ; Binsey,

Tubney (W. #.).

nebulosus, Forst. In ponds, not rare ; Shotover, Tubney, Yarnton.

. femoralis, Payk. In ditches near Marston (W. #.).

. sturmi, Gyll. In ponds at Tubney ; not rare.

chalconotus, Panz. With the preceding ; not rare.

. bipustulatus, L. In ponds and ditches ; generally common.

latambus maculatus, L. Chiefly in running water; Cherwell near
Marston; near Islip, and Bagley Wood (JY. #.). ‘‘ Taken in the
river Cherwell at Oxford very commonly in 1819” (7. W. 4.)

Ilybius fuliginosus, F. In standing water; Marston; Cowley (W. #.),
not rare.

*I, fenestratus, F. In standing water at Tubney, and flying at Marston;
‘Taken at Oxford in 1819” (-. W. 77.).

I. ater, De G. In standing water, not rare ; Marston, Tubney, &c.

I. obscurus, Marsh. With the preceding, occasional ; Marston, Yarnton.

Copelatus agilis, F. In standing water, not rare ; Yarnton ; Wytham
(SEDaY:

Rhantus exoletus, Forst. Instanding water ; Marston ; Tubney (/V. #.).

R. pulverosus, Steph. In ponds at lubney (//. /.).

Colymbetes fuscus, L. In standing water ; common.

Dytiscus punctulatus, F. In ditches; Marston, and near Wytham
(Ww. #.). I have picked up this species in Oxford on the Banbury
Road.

D. marginalis, L. In ponds and ditches ; generally common.

Acilius sulcatus, L. With the preceding, not rare.

*

mime Seite bts

UP >>>> p>

60 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

FAMILY Gyrinide.

) These two species are to be seen everywhere in

Gyrinus natator, Scop. summer on the surface of standing or

G. opacus, Sahlb. ‘ running water, the latter being the com-
) moner of the two.

Famity Hydrophilide.

Hydrobius fuscipes, L. In standing water; common. The var. ?
picicrus, Thoms., by some Coleopterists regarded as! a distinct
species, iscommon at Yarnton, Wytham Park, &c.

Philydrus testaceus, F. In standing water; Yarnton, &c., common.

P. nigricans, Zett. With the preceding, not rare; Yarnton, &c.

P. coarctatus, Gred. Occurs not rarely with the two preceding species.

Cymbiodyta ovalis, Th. In standing water; Tubney, Yarnton, &c.,
not rare.

Anacena globulus, Payk.\ Boththeseare common in ponds, ditches, &c.,

A. limbata, F. and are also found among wet dead leaves.

Helochares punctatus, Sharp. In ponds; Tubney (W. /#.).

These three species are pretty generally
common in standing and running
water; Cherwell at Summertown,

| Tubney, &c.

Berosus luridus, L.) In shallow stagnant ponds at Yarnton; not un-

B. affinis, Brullé. Jj common.

Limnebius truncatellus, Thunb. Jn standing water, wet moss, &c. ;
Yarnton, not rare.

L. papposus, Muls. With the preceding, but much less common,

Chetarthria seminulum, Payk. In wet tufts, flood-refuse, &c. ;
Marston, Tubney, Yarnton, &c., not rare.

Helophorus rugosus, Ol. In dry places; sometimes by sweeping ;
Tubney, occasional.

H. nubilus, F. On walls and by sweeping; Cothill, Tubney, Wytham

Park, &c. ; not uncommon.

. aquaticus, L. In standing water, occasionally flying; generally not

rare.

. eneipennis, Th. In standing water; not uncommon.

. affinis, Marsh. In standing water, on wet mud, &c. ; very common.

ae ok Taken at King’s Weir (W. #7).

*H.nanus, Sturm. In the Cherwell at Marston ; rare.

Ochthebius pygmzus, F. In wet moss, standing water, &c.; Tubney,

not rare.

O. bicolon, Germ. In shallow ponds in spring ; Yarnton, common.

Hydrena riparia, Kug. In running water, flood-refuse, &c. ; Marston,

Yarnton, not common. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford not far from Port Meadow
in May, 1822” (F. W. 77.).
Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. In wet places, flood-refuse, &c. ; generally

Laccobius sinuatus, Mots.
L. minutus, L.
L. bipunctatus, F.

o

eopengenge

common.
Sphzridium scarabeoides, L. Both these species are found very com-
S. bipustulatum, F. monly in fresh cow-dung, and

sometimes on the wing.
Cercyon hemorrhous, Gyll. In dung, &c.; Tubney; King’s Weir
(W. #2).
C. hemorrhoidalis, F. In dung, vegetable refuse, &c.; not rare.
*C. obsoletus, Gyll. Tubney (/. Z.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. O61

C. flavipes, F. In dung, &c ; generally common.
. lateralis, Marsh. In dung, &c. ; Boar’s Hill (WY. Z.).

- melanocephalus, L.) All these are more or less common in dung

- unipunctatus, L. flood-refuse, &c., and sometimes by sweeping.

. quisquilius, L.

.nigriceps, Marsh. Boar’s Hill (W. #.).

. pygmeus, Ill. In dung; generally common.

. lugubris, Payk. Ferry Hinksey (. 7).

Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. In flood-refuse, dung, decayed
fungi, &c. ; often very abundant.

Cryptopleurum atomarium, Ol. Chiefly in vegetable refuse ; generally

common.

AaNAAAAA

Fami_Ly Staphylinide.

Aleochara fuscipes, F. In dead animals and birds ; generally common.
*A. lata, Grav. In dead rabbits ; Wytham Park, not common.

*A. brevipennis, Grav. In wet tufts of grass; Yarnton, rare.
*A.tristis, Grav. In dung, scarce; Wytham Park; Boar’s Hill (W”. /7.),
Water Eaton (/. C.).

A. bipunctata, OI. In dung, occasional ; Water Eaton (/. C.).

*A. cuniculorum, Kr. In and about rabbit-burrows ; Boar’s Hill; Tub-
ney, in abundance, May, 1905.

A. lanuginosa, Gr. In dung, vegetable refuse, and by sweeping ; common,

A. succicola, Th. In vegetable refuse, &c. ; generally common.

**A. meerens, Gyll. One specimen found on my own doorstep at Summer-
town, 20th October, 1906.
A. nitida, Gr. In small carcases and by sweeping ; not rare.
A. morion, Gr. Occasionally by sweeping ; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c.
Microglossa suturalis, Sahlb. In vegetable refuse ; Marston, &c., not
rare.
*M. pulla, Gyll. In fungi on old elms ; Tubney, rare.

M. nidicola, Fairm. In and about sand-martins’ nests in sandpits ;
Cumnor and Tubney, common.

Oxypoda lividipennis, Mann. In dead leavesand by sweeping ; Bagley
Wood, Wytham Park, &c. ; occasional.

O. vittata, Mark. By sweeping ; Wytham Park, rare, November, 1906.

O. opaca, Gr. In wet tufts and marshy places ; Wytham Park, Yarnton,
@&c., not rare.

O. alternans, Gr. In decaying fungi; Wytham Park, &c., sometimes

common.

O. longiuscula, Gr. In moss, tufts of grass, &c. ; Yarnton, not rare.
*O. brachyptera, Steph. In sandpit at Cumnor, rare, June, 1906.
*Ocyusa maura, Er. In damp moss; Yarnton, common in moss in

spring ; Grandpont (W. /7/.).
**Phlceopora corticalis, Gr. One in fungus on elm near Water Eaton,
September, 1905 (G. C. Champion).
Ocalea badia, Ex. In vegetable refuse, cut grass, &c. ; Bagley, Shotover,
Tubney, Wytham Park, &c.; not rare.
**Calodera riparia, Er. In damp tufts of grass at Yarnton; early spring,
rare. ;
*C. ethiops, Gr. With the preceding ; not uncommon.
*Myrmedonia collaris, Payk. In tufts of grass, spring; Boar’s Hill,
Yarnton, rare.

M. limbata, Payk. Under stones with Formica flava ; occasionally by

sweeping ; Chilswell Hills, Elsfield, Wytham Park ; scarce.

Drusilla canaliculata, Fab. Under stones and among grass, usually

with ants; generally common.

62 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

*Callicerus obscurus, Gr. In damp tufts and by sweeping, chiefly in

spring; Cothill, Tubney, Yarnton ; not rare.

*C. rigidicornis, Er. In sandpit, Tubney, rare (W. 4.).

Thamiarza hospita, Mark. In exuding sap of Cossus-infested oak,
near Summertown, scarce.

Alianta incana, Er. In debris of bulrushes (Typha) ; Cothill, Shotover ;
scarce.

**Homalota languida, Er. In damp moss at Yarnton; rare, spring.

*H. insecta, Th. With the preceding, rare.

H. gregaria, Er. In damp vegetable refuse; generally common.

H. luridipennis, Mann. In damp tufts of grass; Yarnton, occasional.

H. vicina, Steph. In damp places ; widely distributed and not rare.

H. graminicola, Gr. In damp places; Cherwell at Summertown,
Yarnton, &c., common.

H. equata, Er. Under bark at Wytham Park ; occasional.

*H. angustula, Gyll. In sandpits, tufts of grass, &c. ; Cumnor, Yarnton,

scarce.

*H. cesula, Er. This usually maritime species has occurred rarely under

herbage in sandy places near Tubney, October, 1905.

. circellaris, Gr. In damp places; generally common.

splendens, Kr. One example of this very rare and distinct species

taken in a sandpit on Cumnor Hill, 28th May, 1906 (G. C. Champion).

These two species are found sparingly at Wytham
Park, under bark of small decayed boughs of
oak, &c.

analis, Gr. In flood and vegetable refuse, by sweeping, &c. ; very

common.

depressa, Gyll. By sweeping, and on the wing ; common in early

summer.

zeneicollis, Sharp. At entrance of rabbit-burrows; Hen Wood,

scarce.

. xanthoptera, Steph. In vegetable refuse, &c.; generally common.

. euryptera, Steph. At exuding sap of elm ; Godstow, rare.

. trinotata, Kr. In vegetable refuse; generally common.

.fungicola, Th. In fungi in autumn ; not rare.

. liturata, Steph. In dry fungi on elms; Wytham Park, not rare.

. clancula, Er. One or two examples of this rare species have occurred

in moss at Yarnton.

. divisa, Mark. At entrance of rabbit-burrows ; Tubney, occasional.

. scapularis, Sahlb. By evening sweeping in woody places ; Elsfield,

Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; occasional.
. dilaticornis, Kr. One specimen cof this very rare species taken by
evening sweeping near Elsfield, 25th June, 1905.

H. macrocera, Th. Ferry Hinksey (W. /.).

H. atramentaria, Gyll. In dung, &c. ; generally common.

H. fungi, Gr. In vegetable refuse, by sweeping, &c.; very common.
Many more species of Homadota are sure to be added to the local
list when this difficult genus is more closely worked up.

Gnypeta labilis, Er. Chiefly on wet mud; Cothill, Port Meadow,
Yarnton, &c., common.

Tachyusa atra, Gr. In‘damp places, flood-refuse, &c. ; Ogley Bog,
Yarnton, Wc., occasional.

Falagria sulcata, Payk. In vegetable refuse ; generally common.

*F. sulcatula, Gr. With the preceding ; Summertown, occasional.

F. obscura, Gr. In damp rubbish ; not rare and widely distributed.

Autalia impressa, Ol. In decaying fungi; Bagley Wood, Tubney,
Wytham Park, &c. ; not rare.

*
*

. immersa, Er.
. cuspidata, Er.

clfofarfantseiso) osef fart farf aofleele Mai

*
*

*

mt

Ashmolean Natural History Society of, Oxfordshire. 63

A. rivularis, Gr. In vegetable refuse ; not uncommon.

*Encephalus complicans, Westw. This curious little species is found in
damp tufts of grass, and sometimes by sweeping, but not commonly ;
Cothill, Ogley Bog, Tubney, &c.

Gyrophena nana, Payk. In fungi, Wytham Park, &c. ; occasional.
G. fasciata, Marsh. In fungi, not rare; Wytham Park; Boar’s Hill
(W .#.).
*G. manca, Er. In fungi; Wytham Park, rare.
*G.strictula, Er. Inhard fungus on stump, Cothill ; abundant, April, 1905.
Agaricochara levicollis, Kr. Among decayed faggots ; Bagley Wood,
rare.
Epipeda plana, Gyll. Under loose bark ; Bagley Wood, Wytham Park,
&c., not rare.
*Silusa rubiginosa, Er. At exuding sap of elm ; Godstow, one example.
Leptusa fumida, Er. Under loose bark ; Wytham Park, not rare.

*Bolitochara lucida, Gr. In faggots, fungi, &c. ; Bagley Wood, Wytham
Park ; not rare.

*B. bella, Mark. With the preceding, but rather more common.

*Hygronoma dimidiata, Gr. In very wet places ; Cherwell banks, Ogley
Bog, Yarnton, &c. ; not uncommon.

Oligota pusillima, Gr. In tufts, &c. ; Tubney, occasional.
Myllzena gracilis, Matt. In very wet places; Tubney ; Grandpont
(W. H.).

*Deinopsis erosa, Steph. In tufts of grass on river-bank ; King’s Weir,
scarce.

Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. In vegetable refuse and by sweeping ;
abundant.

*H. seminulum, Er. By evening sweeping in summer ; Wytham Park,
not rare.

Conosoma littoreum, L. Among dead sticks, in faggots, &c.; Bagley
Wood, Marston, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c.; not rare.
C. pubescens, Gr. In vegetable refuse, &c. ; generally common.

*C.immaculatum, Steph. In vegetable refuse ; Tubney, rare.

*C. pedicularium, Gr. In tufts of grass in damp places, spring ; Yarnton,
common, Godstow, &c.

C. lividum, Er. In vegetable refuse, &c.; generally distributed.
Tachyporus obtusus, L. In moss, dead leaves, &c., and by sweeping ;
common.
**T. formosus, Grav. By sweeping; Tubney, Wytham Park; occasional.

*T. pallidus, Sharp. In wet places; Cothill, Tubney, Yarnton, &c. ;

common.

T. chrysomelinus, L.

T. humerosus, Er. All these species are common throughout the
T. hypnorum, F. district, in moss, tufts of grass, and vegetable
T. pusillus, Gr. refuse generally.

T. brunneus, F.

**Lamprinus saginatus, Gr. In tufts of grass with the ant AZyrmca
rubra, and under stones with Formica fava ; Tubney, rare, spring
1905 and 1906.
Cilea silphoides, L. In dung and on walls; generally distributed.
Tachinus humeralis, Gr. In vegetable refuse, decaying fungi, &c.;
not rare.
T. rufipes, De G. In vegetable refuse, by sweeping, &c. ; common.
T. subterraneus, L. In vegetable refuse, &c. ; fairly common.
T. marginellus, F. In vegetable refuse ; often by sweeping; common.
T. laticollis, Gr. In tufts of grass; Yarnton, rare.
**T, elongatus, Gyll. One specimen in moss at Boar’s Hill (//”. /.).

64 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

“**Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. By sweeping at Wytham Park; one,
April 13th, 1906.
M. analis, Payk. liy sweeping; Ogley Bog, Wytham Park, &c., scarce.
**M. inclinans, Gr. One example at Hen Wood (W. #.). °

Bolitobius lunulatus, L. i
B. trinotatus, Er. All more or less common in fresh as well as

B. exoletus, Er, in decayed fungi in woody places.

B. pygmeus, F.
Mycetoporus splendens, Marsh. By sweeping and in sandpits; not

rare, spring.
**M. punctus, Gyll. Near Cumnor; one example by sweeping, 31st
May, 1906.

M. lepidus, Gr. Not rare on walls, in sandpits, and by sweeping,

M. longulus, Mann. throughout the district.

M. splendidus, Gr. In wet places; Wytham Park, Yarnton, &c.,
not-rare.

Habrocerus capillaricornis,Gr. Among deadsticks,&c.; BagleyWood,
Wytham Park, &c. ; not uncommon.
Heterothops dissimilis, Gr. In flood-refuse, &c. ; Yarnton, not common.
*H. nigra, Kr. In flood-refuse, Yarnton, rare. The natural habitat of
this species is in the nest of the mole, in which it has been taken by
Dr. N. H. Joy plentifully in Berkshire and elsewhere.
*Quedius lateralis, Gr. In fungi and cut-grass; Wytham Park, not
‘common:
Q. mesomelinus, Marsh. Bagley Wood, by beating hawthorn-blossom,
June, 1904. :
*Q. puncticollis, Th. By sweeping at Wytham Park; one example,
“3rd November, 1906.
. brevicornis, Th. One dead but perfect specimen in fungus at Bessels-
leigh, 6th October, 1906. An inhabitant of birds’ nests in hollow trees.

Fe

cruentus, Ol. Under loose bark; Bagley Wood, Wytham Park;
scarce.

cinctus, Payk. In dead leaves, vegetable refuse, &c.; generally
common.

. fuliginosus, Gr. Chiefly in damp places; not uncommon.
tristis, Gr. Under stones, in tufts, &c., not uncommon.
molochinus, Gr. With the preceding, but more plentiful.
. picipes, Mann. Among dead leaves, sticks, &c. ; not rare.

+*

Tubney ; scarce.
. fumatus, Steph. Among dead leaves, vegetable refuse, &c.; Elsfield,
-Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; not uncommon.
maurorufus, Gr. In wet tufts of grass, &c.; Elsfield, Yarnton, &c.,
not rare.
. obliteratus, Er. In vegetable refuse near Port Meadow, rare.
.tufipes, Gr. On walls, among vegetable refuse, &c ; common.
. attenuatus, Gyll. Chilswell (% /7.).
. boops, Gr. Chiefly by sweeping ; generally common.
Creophilus maxillosus, L, In carrion and on the wing; common.
Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. In dung; Boar’s Hill (7. H.); Water
Eaton (/. C.).
L. murinus, L. In dung, tufts, &c., Elsfield, Tubney, &c., not rare.
*Staphylinus pubescens, De G. Bagley Wood (lV. Z.).
*S. stercorarius, Ol, Occasionally on the wing (7. #.).
**S. latebricola, Gr. Ferry Hinksey, rare (W. #.).
*S. erythropterus, L. Bagley Wood and Tubney, occasional (IV, #.).
S. cesareus, Ceder. Occasionally on the wing and on paths.

*

QL0OD © O COOOO © O

. nigriceps, Kr. Among dead leaves, in moss, &c.; Hen Wood,

Ashmolean Natural Fiistory Society of Oxfordshire. 65

Ocypus olens, Mill. In gardens, under stones, &c. ; common, es-
pecially in autumn.

*O. fuscatus, Gr. ‘‘ Christ Church Meadow” (/. Holme).

. cupreus, Rossi. Under stones, in moss, Wc.; Tubney, &c., scarce.

. ater, Gr. Summertown, Wytham Park, &c. ; occasionally under stones.

. morio, Gr. Under stones, Wc. ; Tubney (small form), Wytham Park ;
not rare.

. compressus, Marsh. Cumnor and Tubney (J 7.).

hilonthus splendens, F. In dead animals, not common; Wytham
Park.

intermedius, Bdv. In moss, tufts of grass, &c. ; sparingly distri-
buted.

laminatus, Creutz. Chiefly in tufts of grass ; not rare.

. eneus, Rossi. In dung, dead animals, &c. ; generally common.

. proximus, Kr. In putrid fungi, &c. ; Tubney, Wytham ; scarce.

carbonarius, Gyll. In wet tufts, occasionally on pathways ; not rare;
Summertown, Wytham, Yarnton, We.

. decorus, Gr. Bagley Wood, among dead leaves (IV. 7.).

lucens, Er. This rare species has occurred at Bagley Wood and
Boar’s Hill (W. #.).

. politus, F. In moss, tufts, and on pathways ; generally common,

. varius, Gyll. On walls, among vegetable rubbish, &c. ; common,

marginatus, F. Chiefly in dung ; common and generally distributed.

. fimetarius, Gr. In vegetable rubbish, tufts of grass, &c.; not rare.

. sordidus, Gr. With the preceding ; not rare.

ebeninus, Gr. In vegetable refuse, Xc.; sparingly but widely dis-
tributed.

. fumigatus, Er. Taken at Boar’s Hill (W. #.).

debilis, Gr. In wet tufts of grass: Yarnton, Kennington, Wc. ; scarce.

sanguinolentus, Gr. In dung, on pathways, &c. ; generally common.

. cruentatus, Gmel. With the preceding ; fairly common.

. varians, Payk. In dung, &c. ; frequent.

. discoideus, Grav. In manure-heaps; Summertown, occasional.

. quisquiliarius, Gyll. In wet muddy places ; generally common.

. fumarius, Gr. In vegetable refuse, scarce ; Yarnton.

.Micans, Gr. In moss, tufts, &c. ; not rare.

P.trossulus, Nor. In damp places, common ; often swarming in flood-
rubbish.

*P. puella, Nor. In dung, scarce; Boar’s Hill and Water Eaton (/. C.).

*Actobius cinerascens, Gr. In wet tufts of grass, not common; Wytham,

Yarnton.

*A. procerulus, Gr. Tubney (W. Z.).

Xantholinus glabratus, Gr. On walls and pathways, chiefly in autumn ;
common.

X. punctulatus, Payk. In vegetable refuse, on walls, &c. ; common.

X. ochraceus, Gyll. With the preceding, not rare.
*X. tricolor, F. Under stones in sandy places, local and scarce ; Tubney.
X. linearis, Ol. In vegetable refuse, on walls, in sandpits, &c. ; not rare.
X. longiventris, Heer. With the preceding, fairly common.
Leptacinus linearis, Gr. In manure-heaps, damp places, &c. ; Summer-
town

Baptolinus alternans, Kr. Under bark, among dead sticks, &c.;
Bagley Wood, Wytham Park ; sparingly.

Othius fulvipennis, F. Among dead leaves, in tufts, &c.; widely
distributed..

O. leviusculus, Steph, In vegetable refuse and by sweeping ; generally
common,

*

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.

*

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66 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

O. melanocephalus, Gr. In damp places, sandpits, Nc. ; Shotover,
Tubney, not rare.
O. myrmecophilus, Kies. Tubney (/V. 7.).
L.) These three species occur plentifully in
; wet tufts of grass in winter and early
spring at King’s Weir, Yarnton, and
other marshy places.

*L. angustatum, Lac. One taken in tuft of grass near Wytham, spring,

1905 (/. C.).
L. brunnipes, F. In wet tufts of grass; generally common.
*L. longulum, Gr. ~In wet places; Bagley Wood, King’s Weir, Wytham,
Yarnton, &c. ; not rare.

*L. fovulum, Steph. In wet places and under willow bark ; King’s
Weir; Water Eaton (/. C.).

4L. filiforme, Gr. This usually rare species is found commonly in wet
tufts and flood-rubbish in winter at Summertown, Wytham,
Yarnton, &c.

*L. quadratum, Payk. In damp tufts, rather scarce ; King’s Weir,
Wytham, Yarnton. ,
L. terminatum, Gr. In moss, tufts of grass, &c.; Yarnton, not rare.
L. multipunctum, Gr. Under stones; Wytham Park, not common.
*Achenium depressum, Gr. In flood-refuse, &c.; Cherwell banks,
sparingly.
*A. humile, Nic. In tufts of grass, &c., rare; Islip; King’s Weir and
Water Eaton (/. C.).
Cryptobium glaberrimum, Hbst. In wet places, not rare; Bagley
Wood, Tubzey, Yarnton, &c.
Stilicus rufipes, Germ. In tufts and vegetable refuse; generally
common.
*S. orbiculatus, Payk. In damp tufts of grass, not rare; Ogley Bog,
Shotover, Tubney, Yarnton, &c.
S. affinis, Er. In vegetable refuse ; common everywhere.

**Medon castaneus, Grav. Single specimens of this fine and very rare
species have been taken by me at Boar’s Hill, under a stone,
April 22nd, and ina sandpit at Tubney, April 29th, 1905. Mr. Hol-
land also took one in the last-mentioned locality, May 4th, 1902.

**M. dilutus, Er. One example of this species, which is even rarer than
the preceding, taken at Tubney by the late Mr. C. E. Collins of
Reading, November 20th, 1899.

M. propinquus, Bris. In tufts, vegetable refuse, &c.; common.
Lithocharis ochracea, Gr. By sweeping at Wytham Park ; occasional.
Pederus littoralis, Gr. At roots of grass, under stones, &c. ; generally

Lathrobium elongatum,
L. boreale, Hoch.
L. fulvipenne, Gr.

common.

P. riparius, L. In moist places, grass-tufts, &c. ; King’s Weir, Yarnton ;
common.

Evestethus ruficapillus, Lac. In damp moss, &c., at Yarnton ;
not rare.

Stenus bipunctatus, Er. South Hinksey (JV. 7.).

*S. guttula, Mill. On damp mud and in flood-rubbish; Port Meadow,

Water Eaton, scarce. ’

S. bimaculatus, Gyll. In damp tufts, vegetable refuse, &c. ; common.
S. juno, F. In wet places, damp moss, Xe. ; generally plentiful.

**S. longitarsis, Th. In wet tufts of grass; Yarnton, very rare.
S. speculator, Lac. } These two species occur frequently in
S. providus, Er. var. rogeri, Kr. § rather dry places and by sweeping.
S. buphthalmus, Gr. In tufts, Yarnton; Bagley Wood (lV. 7.),
S, melanopus, Marsh, In wet places ; Yarnton, &c., not rare.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 67

*S. atratulus, Er. In damp moss and tufts ; Yarnton, sparingly.
S. pusillus, Er. With the preceding ; fairly common.
*S. fuscipes, Gr. In damp tufts of grass; King’s Weir, Yarnton, Xc. ;
sparingly. es
*S. circularis, Gr. In grass tufts, in autumn and winter, rare ; Cothill
and Yarnton.

. declaratus, Er. Intufts, and sometimes by sweeping ; fairly common.

. brunnipes, Steph. Chiefly in vegetable refuse ; very common.

. subzneus, Er. South Hinksey (/. Z#.). ; e

. ossium, Steph. In wet tufts of grass, Xc. ; Boar’s Hill, Yarnton ;
not rare.

. impressus, Germ. In faggots and by sweeping; Wytham Park,
sparingly.

. erichsoni, Rye. By sweeping; Wytham Park, &c., sparingly.
. pallipes, Gr. In wet places ; sparingly but widely distributed.
. flavipes, Steph. With the preceding, but much more plentiful.
. pubescens, Steph. Chiefly on river-banks; Marston Ferry, Godstow,
Yarnton, &c. ; fairly common. ;
. binotatus, Ljungh. Found rather sparingly with the preceding.
. pallitarsis, Steph. On rushes, in tufts, &c., occasional; Marston,
Yarnton ; Botley (MV. #.).
. bifoveolatus, Gyll. In damp tufts; Yarnton, scarce.
. cicindeloides, Gr. In damp tufts, moss, &c.; Yarnton, Xc., fairly
common.
. Similis, Herbst. In vegetable refuse, tufts, &c.; generally common.
. tarsalis, Ljungh. In grass-tufts, flood-refuse, &c.; generally dis-
tributed and often very abundant.
*Oxyporus rufus, L. This showy insect has occurred in fungi near
Summertown (/. C.), and I have taken it by sweeping at Tubney.
Bledius opacus, Block. In sandy places; Cumnor, Cothill, Tubney ;
common, especially in spring.
Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. Generally distributed, and not rare in
damp places.
P. cornutus, Gr. With the preceding ; not uncommon.
**P, nitens, Sahlb. By sweeping, and flying in early spring ; Marston,
Wolvercote; rare.
Oxytelus rugosus, F. In dung and vegetable refuse, very common.
The var. terrestris, Lac. of occasional occurrence.
O. sculptus, Gr. With the preceding; common everywhere.
O. laqueatus, Marsh. Chiefly by sweeping; widely distributed and
not rare.
O. sculpturatus, Gr. In dung, vegetable refuse, &c. ; common.
O. nitidulus, Gr. In sandpits and on the wing; Tubney, &c., not
O
O

*

NA NH NN NDHNNHMnD BD AnHnN

rare.
. complanatus, Er. With the preceding ; Tubney, Xc., fairly common.

tetracarinatus, Block. In dung, and flying; abundant, chiefly
in spring.

Haploderus ceelatus, Gr. By sweeping, and on the wing; generally
common.

Trogophleus bilineatus, Steph. In wet places, tufts, &c. ; Cherwell
banks, King’s Weir, Yarnton, &c., not rare.

T. pusillus, Gr. Generally common in wet places.

Coprophilus striatulus, F. In vegetable refuse, and on walls and
pavements ; common in early spring.

Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze. In wet places, moss, &c.; Cothill,
Marston, Yarnton; not rare.

L. pubescens, Mann, Ferry Hinksey (//. #.).

68 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

L. sicula, Er. On river-banks and in wet places; Cothill, Marston,
Yarnton, &c., not rare.

Olophrum piceum, Gyll. By sweeping, in sandpits, among dead leaves,
&c. : common.

Lathrimzum atrocephalum, Gyll.
L. unicolor, Steph.

Both common among dead leaves
and sticks; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, Wytham Park, &c.

*Deliphrum tectum, Payk. In putrid fungus ; one specimen, Wytham
Park, October 25th, 1906.

Philorhinum sordidum, Steph. Jn flowers of broom, Cumnor Hill;
common, May, 1906.

*Coryphium angusticolle, Steph. In decaying faggots ; Bagley Wood,
not rare.

Homalium rivulare, Payk. Incarrionand decaying fungi ; very common.

**H. septentrionis, Thoms. In fungi and by sweeping ; Wytham Park,

rare.

. oxyacanthe, Gr. Tubney (//”. 7.).

. excavatum, Steph. In dead leaves, by sweeping, &c.; generally

common.

. cesum, Gr. With the preceding, not rare. The well marked var.

tricolor, Rey, occurs rarely by sweeping at Wytham Park.
. rufipes, Fourc. Chiefly on hawthorn-blossom in spring; Bagley
Wood, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c., not rare.

. vile, Er. Under bark ; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c., not rare.

. iopterum, Steph. Chiefly under oak bark; Bagley Wood, Boar’s
Hill, Wytham Park, Xc., not rare.

H. concinnum, Sale two species have been taken rather

oo tf ft te

* sparingly in dry tree fungi near Summer-
Hi deplanatum, Cyl, town and at Wytham Park.

H. striatum, Gr. In dung, and by sweeping; widely distributed and
not rare.
“Hapalarea pygmeza, Payk. Once found at Summertown, on a window
in my house.
Eusphalerum primule, Steph. In primroses in woods ; Bagley Wood,
Wytham Park, &c. ; common in early spring.
*Anthobium minutum, F. By sweeping in wet places, early summer ;
Cothill and Ogley Bog, common; Ferry Hinksey (//. 7.).
A. ophthalmicum, Payk. Both plentiful in flowers, chiefly of Um-
A. torquatum, Marsh. bellifere, in early summer.
A. sorbi, Gyll. Bagley Wood (lV. 7.).
Proteinus ovalis, Steph. In vegetable refuse and on the wing ; very
common.
P. brachypterus, F. Tubney (//. Z.).
P. atomarius, Er. In fungi at Wytham Park, rare.
Megarthrus denticollis, Beck. ) All more or less common among veget-
M. depressus, Payk. able refuse, dead leaves, &c., as
M. sinuatocollis, Lac. well as on the wing.
*M. hemipterus, Il]. In fungi at Wytham Park ; rather rare.
Phleobium clypeatum, Mull. In tufts of grass, vegetable refuse, &c. ;

common.
**Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. Recorded by Mr. F. Holme, Trans. Ent.
Soc. vol. iii. p. 109, footnote (1840). ‘*A second specimen of the

Pseudopsis has been taken by Mr. Matthews at Shotover Hill, near
Oxford.” It should be looked for among vegetable refuse and at the
bottoms of haystacks.

Prognatha quadricornis, Kirby. In decaying faggots, Bagley Wood,
scarce; Boar’s Hill (1. Z.),

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 69

Famity Leptinide.

*Leptinus testaceus, Mill. In faggots, Bagley Wood, and in decayed
ash tree, Wytham Park, singly in both instances.

Famity Clambide.

Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. In vegetable refuse, dead leaves, &c.,
Wytham Park, occasional.

FamiLy Silphide.

*Agathidium nigripenne, Kug. Under bark in spring ; Wytham Park,

not rare.
A. atrum, Payk. Tubney (/. Z.).
A. levigatum, Er. In vegetable refuse ; Tubney, scarce.

*A. varians, Beck. In dead sticks, old faggots, Xc. ; Bagley Wood,
common.

*A. convexum, Sharp. In dead leaves and sticks; Bagley Wood,
Elsfield, Shotover, &c. ; frequent.

*A. rotundatum, Gyll. In dead sticks, &c. ; Tubney, occasional.

A. nigrinum, Sturm. In old faggots, vegetable refuse, Xc. 3 Bagley
Wood, Elsfield ; frequent.

*Amphicyllis globus, F. In old faggots ; Bagley Wood, rare.

Liodes humeralis, Kug. In dead sticks and by sweeping ; Bagley
Wood, Tubney, &c., frequent.

*L. orbicularis, Herbst. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park ;
occasional.

*Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schm. By evening sweeping in summer; Wytham
Park, not rare.

**Anisotoma cinnamomea, Panz. By evening sweeping in autumn ;
a fine series at Wytham Park, October and November, 1906, and
singly at Summertown, September 21st, 1904.

*A, dubia, Kug. By evening sweeping; Tubney, Wytham Park ;
scarce.

*A. badia, Sturm. By evening sweeping ; Bagley Wood, Marston; rare.

*A. ovalis, Schm. By evening sweeping in summer; Wytham Park,
occasional.

*A. punctulata, Gyll. By evening sweeping, especially in autumn ;
Elsfield, Tubney, Wytham Park ; not rare.

A. calcarata, Er. By evening sweeping in summer ; fairly common.

**A nigrita, Schm. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park; rare.

**A. triepkei, Schm. By evening sweeping in late summer; Tubney, rare,
also singly at Boar’s Hill.

**A. rugosa, Steph. Single specimens of this rare species taken by evening
sweeping under fir trees at Tubney, 22nd October, 1904, 2oth and
27th October, 1906; and at Wytham Park, 3rd November, 1906.

*A. parvula, Sahlb. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park; occasional.
Colenis dentipes, Gyll. By evening sweeping in summer ; not rare and
widely distributed.

**Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph. By evening sweeping in autumn,
rare; Tubney (pale form), Wytham Park (black form),

*H. strigosus, Schm. By evening sweeping in summer ; Wytham Park,
not rare; also at Water Eaton.

**Necrophorus germanicus, L. ‘‘One of the rarest of all the British
Coleoptera. It has been twice taken in Lord Abingdon’s woods at
Witham, on the bodies of dead game laid to ensnare Vermin—It was

70 =Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

taken in 1822 at the same place and sent to me, it was about the 6th of
Augt.” (# W. H.). This large and very conspicuous beetle has not
been taken in Britain for many years, and its name is expunged from
the more modern lists of our Coleoptera.

N. humator, Goeze. In dead animals; fairly common.

N. mortuorum, F. In carrion and putrid fungi; Tubney, Wytham Park,
&c., not rare.

*N. vestigator, Hers. In dead rabbit at Boar’s Hill, singly, 4th August,
1900.

N. ruspator, Er. In dead rabbits, &c.; Boar’s Hill and Wytham
Park, not rare.
N. vespillo, L. In carrion; not rare and generally distributed.

*Necrodes littoralis, L. In carrion, occasional (WW. #.).

*Silpha quadripunctata, L. On oak trees in early summer, Bagley
Wood, not rare (WV. 4.). ‘‘ Taken on Oaks at Bagley Wood near
Oxford in 1820 (2 W. Z.).

*S. opaca, L. South Hinksey (//. Z.).

S. thoracica, L. In carrion, Tubney, &c.; occasional. ‘‘Taken in
immense numbers in Lord Abingdon’s Woods at Witham in 1818”
(f. W. Z.).

S. rugosa, L. Both these are generally common in dead animals,

S. sinuata, F. especially the first-named.

S. levigata, F. On paths and in sandpits ; Cumnor, &c., not common.

S. atrata, L. In vegetable rubbish, under damp bark, &c.; generally
common. ‘The var. brunnea, Herbst, of occasional occurrence.
“Taken in Shropshire and at Oxford” (4. W. /.).

*Choleva angustata, F. Among dead leaves; Tubney, Xc., rare.

C. cisteloides, Froh. In tufts, under stones, &c. ; Ogley Bog, Yarnton,
&c., scarce.

*C. intermedia, Kr. On walls, Oxford, and among vegetable refuse in

autumn, Elsfield, scarce.

C. agilis, Il]. In tufts of grass, vegetable refuse, Xc. ; not rare.

C. velox, Spence. With the preceding; Yarnton, Xc., scarce

C. wilkinii, Spence. Among dead leaves and sticks ; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, Tubney, &c., not rare.

*C. anisotomoides, Spence. In wet tufts of grass ; Ogley Bog, Tubney,
Yarnton; not rare.

*C. nigricans, Spence. Among dead leaves, Xc. ; Bagley Wood, Yarn-
ton, scarce; Tubney (W. 7.).

C. grandicollis, Er. In carrion, decaying fungi, &c.; Boar’s Iill,
Elsfield, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c., not rare.

*C. nigrita, Er. Chiefly in damp tufts of grass; King’s Weir, Water
Eaton, Yarnton, occasional.

C. tristis, Panz. All these species occur more or less

C. kirbyi, Spence. | plentifully in dead animals. C. chry-

C. chrysomeloides, Panz. someloides being especially abundant at

C. fumata, Spence. | times.

C. watsoni, Spence.

Catops sericeus, Panz. In small dead animals; also by sweeping;
generally common.

*C. sericatus, Chaud. By sweeping and at roots of grass ; Cothill, Tub-
ney ; scarce.

**Colon viennense, Herbst. Single specimens of this rare species taken
by sweeping at Tubney, October 20th, and at Wytham Park, October
22nd, 1906.

**C. serripes, Sahlb. By evening sweeping; Ogley Bog and near Mar-
ston Ferry, rare.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 7%

**C, dentipes, Sahlb. By sweeping; one fine male example, Tubney,
October 27th, 1906.

*C, brunneum, Latr. By evening sweeping in summer; Bagley Wood,
Tubney, Wytham Park ; occasional.

FamiLy Scydmenide.

*Neuraphes angulatus, Mull. By sweeping at Tubney; rare.
**N. sparshalli, Denny. Near Elsfield, by evening sweeping ; one, July,
1905.
Sevdatus scutellaris, Miill. In vegetable refuse, tufts of grass, Ke. 5
fairly common.
S. collaris, Miill. With the preceding ; occasional.
*Euconnus denticornis, Miill. By evening sweeping; Elsfield, Wytham
Park ; rare.
*E. hirticollis, Ill. In damp tufts of grass; Yarnton, rare.
*E. fimetarius, Chaud. In grass tufts on old manure-heap near Summer-
town; common, early spring, 1906.
Eumicrus tarsatus, Miill. By evening sweeping; Bagley Wood, Wy-
tham Park ; scarce.
**Buthia plicata, Gyll. By evening sweeping, Marston Ferry and Wolver-
cote; single example.
Cephennium thoracicum, Mull. In moss; Bagley Wood, not
common.

FamiLy Clavigeride-

*Claviger testaceus, Preyss. The original British specimen of this singu-
lar little beetle, now in the Hope- Westwood collection in the Oxford
University Museum, bears the label in Professor Westwood’s hand-
writing, “Claviger foveolatus, Miiller, 30 Aug. , 1838, in ants’ nest under
stone on New Hill Plain in Whychwood Forest, Oxford, attached to
the winged ant on the underside of the body. //. O. W.” Professor
Westwood subsequently met with the species near Eynsham, and it
was also taken by the Rev. A. Matthews at Weston-on-the-Green on
May 15th, 1847. (Zoologist, p. 1804.) I found it at Wychwood
Forest in June, 1904, and at Kirtlington on May 31st, 1906, on the
first occasion with its usual host, the little yellow ant, Lasius flavus,
De G., and on the second with Z. mzger, L.

FamILy Pselaphide.

Pselaphus heisei, Herbst. In damp tufts, flood-rubbish, &c. ; Cothill,
Marston Ferry, Yarnton, Xc. ; not rare.
Tychus niger, De G. In tufts and by evening sweeping ; fairly common.

*Bythinus puncticollis, Denny. In damp moss at Yarnton ; rare.

B. bulbifer, Reich. In damp moss, tufts, &c., Ogley Bog, Tubney,
Yarnton, &c.; common.
*B. curtisi, Denny. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park ; occasional.
Rybaxis sanguinea, L. In damp moss, &c. ; Yarnton, not rare.
Bryaxis fossulata, Reich. In moss and by sweeping ; Cothill, Tubney,
Wytham Park, Yarnton; not rare.

B. hematica, Reich. In damp moss, &c. ; Ogley Bog, Yarnton ;
occasional. ,

B. juncorum, Leach. In tufts, moss, &c. ; Marston Ferry, Yarnton,
&c. ; not rare.

*B. impressa, Panz. Chiefly in damp moss inspring; Yarnton, common.

*Bibloporus bicolor, Denny. Among dead sticks, Xc. ; Wytham Park,

rare.

72. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

*Euplectus signatus, Reich. In tufts on old manure-heap, Summertown,
scarce.

**E, minutissimus, Aubé. An example taken by evening sweeping in
a damp lane near Summertown, June 4th, 1906. The only previous
record of this species as British is by Canon W. W. Fowler and Dr.
Garneys, who took it in flood-refuse at Burton-on-Trent in the summer

of 18709.
FAMILY Corylophide.

Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. In flood-rubbish at Yarnton ; com-
mon, January, 1906.

FAMILY Phalacride.

Phalacrus corruscus, Payk. By sweeping in lanes; generally common.
**P. substriatus, Gyll. Bagley Wood, rare (W. H.).
*P. caricis, Sturm. By sweeping on ditch-banks; Yarnton, May, 1905,
sparingly.
Olibrus corticalis, Panz. By sweeping in lanes; Tubney, Wytham
Park, &c., not rare.

O. eneus, Fab. On Matricaria inodora; Boar’s Hill, &c., common.
*O. millefolii, Payk. Bysweeping; Boar’s Hill; Ferry Hinksey (WZ).
*O. pygmeus, Sturm. By sweeping Fi/ago germanica in late summer

and autumn ; Cumnor Hill, Cothill, Tubney; not rare.

Stilbus testaceus, Panz. In tufts, vegetable refuse, and by sweeping ;

abundant everywhere.

FAMILY Coccinellide.

Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. By sweeping; Tubney, not common.
**Hippodamia 13-punctata, L. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1819 in June.”
(f. W. A.)

H. variegata, Goeze. On WMatricaria inodora; Boar’s Hill, Cothill,
Cumnor, common.

Anisosticta 1g-punctata, L. By sweeping in wet places; Marston
Ferry, Wolvercote, Yarnton, &c.; not rare. ‘* Taken at Oxford in
1819, in the month of June.” (7. Wi”. 7.)

Adalia obliterata, L. By sweeping under fir-trees; Tubney, not rare.

A. bipunctata, L. Generally common, but not as abundant as in many
places.

Mysia oblongoguttata, L. These two large ‘‘lady-birds” occur

Anatis ocellata, L. } sparingly on fir-trees at Tubney.

Coccinella 1o-punctata, L. By general sweeping ; common everywhere.

*C. hieroglyphica, L. By sweeping heather; Tubney, not rare.
*C. 5-punctata, L. ‘‘ Taken on Nettles at Oxford in 1820.” (A W. .).

C. 11-punctata, L. By general sweeping; widely distributed and not
rare,

C. 7-punctata, L. By sweeping, on walls, &c. ; generally common.

Halyzia 14-guttata, L. By sweeping, chiefly under fir-trees; Tubney,
Wytham Park ; not rare.

H. 18-guttata, L. By general sweeping ; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ;
frequent.

H. conglobata, L. By sweeping; generally common.

H. 22-punctata, L. By sweeping, also in tufts in winter; common.
**Taken at Oxford in 1820, in Feb.” (7. W. Z.)

Micraspis 1o-punctata, L. Chiefly indamp places ; generally common.

Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire. 73

*Scymnus nigrinus, Kug. By sweeping; also in tufts; Bagley Wood,
Ogley Bog, Tubney ; not rare.
S. frontalis, F. By sweeping; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c., not rare.
S. suturalis, Thunb. By sweeping; Wytham Park, frequent.
S. testaceus, Mots. Tubney (W. /.).
S. hemorrhoidalis, Herbst. By sweeping, also in tufts, moss, Xc.;
common.
*S. capitatus, F. Bagley Wood (WV. #.).
*S. ater, Kug. Chilswell Hills (W. 7.).
*Platynaspis luteorubra, Goeze. By sweeping at Wytham Park; one
specimen, 8th May, 1906.
Chilocorus similis, Rossi. By sweeping; Bagley Wood, Tubney, Xe. ;
occasional.
C. bipustulatus, L. With the preceding ; occasional.
Exochomus quadripustulatus, L. By sweeping; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, Tubney, &c., sometimes very plentiful.
Rhizobius litura, F. By sweeping, in dry tufts, &c. ; very common.
Coccidula rufa, Herbst. By sweeping herbage in wet places ; generally
common.
*C. scutellata, Herbst. On aquatic herbage ; Marston Ferry, rare.

FamMiILy Endomychide.

Mycetza hirta, Marsh. In rubbish, cellars, Xc. ; generally common.
*Alexia pilifera, Mull. ‘‘ Dorchester, by sweeping.” (/. W. 5.).
*Endomychus coccineus, L. In fungoid growth under beech bark ;

Shotover, Wytham Park ; not rare.
*Dacne humeralis, F. In fungus on elm trees ; Tubney, fairly common ;
also at Wytham Park and singly at Christ Church Meadow.

D. rufifrons, F. With the preceding ; Tubney and Wytham, common.

FAMILY Colydiide.

**Oxylaemus variolosus, Dufts. A single specimen of this exceedingly
rare insect taken in a decayed oak faggot in Bagley Wood, 14th May,
1904.

*Orthocerus muticus, L. In holes in the sand, Tubney, sometimes
common (//”. #.). I have found it there singly on two or three
occasions.

Cerylon histeroides, F. Under bark; Bagley Wood, Boar’s Hill,
Wytham Park ; not rare.

*C. ferrugineum, Steph. Ferry Hinksey (//. #.).

FAMILY Histeride.

Hister unicolor, L. In dead animals; Tubney, frequent. ‘* Taken at
Oxford in 1819, equally common with cadaverinus, and generally to
be taken on the same carrion” (7. IV’. #.).

H. cadaverinus, Hoff. In dead animals; generally common.

H. succicola, Thoms. In carrion, decaying fungi, &c.; Tubney,
occasional.

*H. purpurascens, Herbst. In rabbit-burrows ; Boar’s Hill, rare, June,
1904.

H. 12-striatus, Schr. In old manure heaps; Summertown, Xc. ;

occasional.

74 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

H. bimaculatus, L. Tubney (//. 7).
*Carcinops 14-striata, Steph. One specimen in my house at Summer-
town, July, 1905.
*Kissister minima, Aubé. In vegetable refuse ; Godstow, rare.
*Dendrophilus punctatus, Herbst. In rotten elm; Wytham Park, rare ;
also singly at Tubney.
*Gnathoncus nannetensis, Mars. In sandpit at Cumnor, among
droppings of sand-martins ; not rare, June, 1906.
Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. In dead animals; not rare.
S. eneus, F. With the preceding ; Cothill, Tubney, &c. ; frequent.
**S. virescens, Payk. By sweeping near Cothill; one example, May 2oth,
1905 (G. C. Champion).
*Abrzus globosus, Hoff. In damp rotten wood; Wytham Park, not
rare ; Ferry Hinksey (7. Z.).
Acritus minutus, Herbst. In old manure heap, Summertown, not rare,
spring, 1906.
**Onthophilus globulosus, Ol. In sand-pit at Tubney, one example,
November, 1904 (//” Z.).
O. striatus, F. In dung ; occasionally by sweeping ; not uncommon.

FAMILY Micropeplide.

Micropeplus porcatus, Payk.) Both not uncommon in vegetable refuse
M. margarite, Duv. and by sweeping, especially in autumn.

FAMILY Nitidulidee.

*Brachypterus gravidus, Ill. On Linaria vulgaris ; Tubney, not rare.
B. pubescens, ooh Both these species, especially the latter, abound
B. urtice, F- everywhere on stinging-nettles.
*Cercus pedicularius, L. On meadow-sweet (Sfirea ulmaria) ; common
in early summer.

C. bipustulatus, Payk. With the preceding; very common.

C. rufilabris, Latr. By sweeping in damp grassy places ; common.

Carpophilus hemipterus, L. ‘‘ Several in a rotting branch in Bagley
Wood” (-f. W.S.).

Epurea estiva, L. In hawthorn and other flowers in early summer ;
common. —

E. melina, Er. With the preceding ; Bagley Wood, occasional.

E. florea, Er. In flowers in early summer ; generally common.

E. deleta, Er. In flowers; sometimes in fungi; Wytham Park,

not rare.

E. obsoleta, Fab. Chiefly under bark ; Wytham Park; Boar’s Hill
(With).

*Omosiphora limbata, F. In fungi on elm trees near Water Eaton ;
scarce.

*Micrurula melanocephala, Marsh. In blackthorn blossom; Bagley
Wood, common, April, 1905.
Nitidula bipustulata, L. In dead animals and birds; generally
common.
*N.rufipes, L. In dry carrion; Tubney, not rare, summer, 1906.
Soronia grisea, L. Under willow-bark, Summertown, scarce.
Omosita colon, L. In dry carrion, old bones, &c., common. ‘* Takenat
Oxford in 1819” (&. WV. Z.).
O. discoidea, F. With the preceding species; common. ‘‘ Taken at
Oxford on bones, and is at all times pretty common” (/. WV. Z.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 75

**Thalycra sericea, Sturm. Single examples of this rare species have
been taken by sweeping at Wytham Park, July 27th, and at Tubney,
September 14th, 1905.

Pocadius ferrugineus, F. In puffballs, chiefly in autumn; Tubney,
Wytham Park; not rare.

Pria dulcamare, Scop. On Solanum dulcamara ; generally distributed
and common.

Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. On hawthorn-blossom, &c., in early summer ;
common.

M. lumbaris, Sturm. With the preceding; Bagley Wooa, Wytham
Park, &c., not rare.

M. zneus, F. In flowers, spring and early summer ; abundant.

M. viridescens, F. Occurs with the preceding, but much more rarely.

M. difficilis, Heer. On Lamium album ; fairly common.

*M. brunnicornis, Sturm. On flowers in marshy places, not rare ; Boar’s
Hill, Tubney ; King’s Weir (/. #.).

*M. ovatus, Sturm. Chiefly on thistles; Tubney, Wytham Park, Xc. ;
not rare.

M. picipes, Sturm. In flowers throughout the summer; common.

*M. murinus, Er. On flowers of Echium vulgare ; Tubney, Wytham
Park ; common.

M. erythropus, Gyll. By sweeping; Cothill, Tubney, \c. ; frequent.

Cychramus luteus, F. In hawthorn blossom, Xc., early summer;
common.

C. fungicola, Heer. In fungi in autumn ; Boar’s Hill, Tubney, Wytham
Park ; not rare.

*Cryptarcha strigata, F. By sweeping at Wytham Park, rare, September,
1905. This species is usually found in the burrows of the larva of
Cossus ligniperda.

*Ips quadripunctata, Herbst. Under oak bark, Bagley Wood
(4. H. #H.); taken rather freely in a sappy oak stump outside
Wytham Great Wood by Mr. J. Collins and myself, April, 1906.

Rhizophagus perforatus, Er. By sweeping and under bark; Wytham
Park, frequent.
R. bipustulatus, F. Under bark; generally distributed and common.

FamiLy Trogositide.

Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L. In bakers’ shops, Oxford (4. H. #.).

FaMILY Monotomide.

Monotoma spinicollis, Aubé. By sweeping near Cothill; rare.
M. picipes, Herbst. In vegetable refuse, manure-heaps, &c. ; Summer-
town, not rare.

Famity Lathridiide.

Lathridius lardarius, De G. By sweeping; widely distributed and
not rare.
L. angulatus, Mann. In old faggots; Bagley Wood, occasional.
*L. bergrothi, Reitt. Taken freely by Mr. W. Holland among faggots,
rubbish, &c., in his cellar in Observatory Street, Oxford.
Coninomus nodifer, Westw. In dead sticks and vegetable refuse, and
by sweeping ; generally common.

70

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

Enicmus minutus, L. Among dead leaves, by sweeping, Xe. ;

common.

E. transversus, Ol. With the preceding species; common.
**E, testaceus, Steph. On fungi and by sweeping ; Wytham Park, rare.
Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. In vegetable refuse; Summertown,

Wytham Park, c., frequent.

Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. ) These three species are generally but
C. crenulata, Gyll. j rather sparingly distributed, among

C. elongata, Gyll.

vegetable refuse, also by sweeping.

Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst. By sweeping; fairly common.

M.

fuscula, Humm. By sweeping, among dead sticks, X&c.; very
common.

FaMILY Cucujide.

**Pediacus dermestoides, F. This fine insect has been taken sparingly

at Wytham Park under bark of oak and ash, April and November,
1900.

Lemophleus ferrugineus, Steph. Under bark ; Wytham Park, not

rare.

Psammeechus bipunctatus, F. In wet places, among reeds, Xe. ;

King’s Weir, Tubney, Water Eaton, Wytham Park, &c.; sometimes
plentiful.

Silvanus unidentatus, Ol. Under oak bark; Boar’s Hill, Wytham

Park, &c. ; not rare.

Famity Byturide.

Byturus sambuci, Scop. In flowers ; common in early summer.
B. tomentosus, F. With the preceding; common. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford

in 1820” (7. W. Z.).

FaMiLY Cryptophagide.

*Diphyllus lunatus, F. In black fungus (Wypoxylon concentricum) on old

ash trees ; W ytham Park, common, April, 1905; also rarely near
Summertown.

Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. On water plants on banks of rivers and

streams ; common.

*T. typhe, Fall. \ Taken freely in dead bulrushes ( 7ypha latefolia) at
*T. schonherri, Gyll. f Cothill, September 27th, 1906.
*Antherophagus nigricornis, F. By sweeping; Bagley Wood, Tubney,

Water. Eaton, Wytham Park, &c. ; scarce.

*A. pallens, Ol. By sweeping, near Tubney, one example, July 17th, 1906.
rabid ene Due lycoperdi, Herbst. In puffballs; Tubney, scarce.

C.
AGS

C. setulosus, Sturm. By sweeping ; Wytham Park, occasional.
He.
C.
C.
Cc.

pilosus, Gyll. In vegetable refuse and by sweeping; not rare.
populi, Payk. Under bark and in fungus on dead elm ; Tubney, rare.
umbratus, Er. Tubney (//. &.).
scanicus, L. In fungus on trees; generally common.
dentatus, Herbst. In vegetable ‘refuse, under bark, and by sweep-
ing ; very common.
cellaris, Scop. In vegetable refuse; often in houses; Oxford,
occasional.
pubescens, Sturm. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park:
occasional.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 77

Micrambe vini, Panz. On flowers of broom, furze, &c., and by

sweeping ; common.
**Atomaria fimetarii, Herbst. By evening sweeping at Wytham Park ;
one specimen, September 2nd, 1905.
A. nigriventris, Steph. In tufts of grass; King’s Weir, scarce.
*A. umbrina, Gyll. [In old faggots ; ‘Bagley W ood, rare.

A. linearis, Steph. By sweeping; Wytham Park, &c., frequent.

A. fuscipes, Gyll. In moss; Yarnton, scarce.

A. atricapilla, Steph. In vegetable refuse and by sweeping; fairly
common.

A. basalis, Er. Among dead leaves near Islip ;_ rare.

A. mesomelas, Herbst. In damp moss and tufts, &c.; Binsey,
King’s Weir, Yarnton, &c., fairly common. An entirely black variety,
occurs rarely.

A. ruficornis, Marsh. In vegetable refuse and by sweeping; common.

Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. Chiefly in vegetable refuse ; generally
common.

FamiLy Seaphidiide.

Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. Under damp bark and on fungi ; Wytham
Park, not rare.

Famity Mycetophagide.

Typhezea fumata, L. In dead sticks, vegetable refuse, &c.; generally
common.
*Triphyllus suturalis, F. In dry fungi on old trees; Tubney, Water
Eaton, Wytham Park, &c. ; sometimes plentiful.
T. punctatus, F. Tubney (//7. Z.).
Litargus bifasciatus, F. Under loose dry bark of ash, &c.; Wytham
Park, not rare.
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, L. In tree fungi; generally
distributed and often abundant.
*M. piceus, F. ‘‘ Taken in 1820 in the Botanic Garden at Oxford”
CZUATzE),
M. multipunctatus, Hell. In fungi on willow, also under dry oak bark ;
near Water Eaton, and Wytham Park, not rare.

FAMILY Dermestide.

Dermestes vulpinus, F. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1821” (/ I. #.).

D. murinus, L. On small dead animals and birds; common. ‘‘ Taken
on the bodies of dead moles in immense numbers at Lord Abingdon’s
at Witham in 1817” (7. W. #.).

D. lardarius, L. In houses, shops, &c., Oxford, occasional. ‘‘ Taken at
Oxford in 1820, the larvse are taken on salted hams and bacon”
(fF. W. #7.).

Attagenus pellio, L. On walls in the city, occasional; very common in
the University Museum in the spring and early summer.

*Tiresias serra, F. Marston Ferry, under bark, one example, June 25th,
1905. The curious hairy larva is not rare under dry elm bark at
Tubney, and may be easily reared to the perfect state by feeding it on
dead flies.

Florilinus muszorum, L. In houses ; frequent. Common in spring in
the University Museum.

Helocerus claviger, Er. On umbelliferous flowers; Tubney, Wytham
Park, &¢., not rare.

78 Ashinolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

FaMILY Byrrhide.

*Syncalypta hirsuta, Sharp. Under stones in sandy places, Frilford
Heath near Tubney ; very local but not rare.

Byrrhus pilula, L. In sandpits and on paths in spring; not rare.
‘“Common in 1820 under the yew trees in St. John’s garden at
Oxford” (FF. W. #.).

B, fasciatus, F. In sandpits; Cumnor, Tubney; not rare. ‘‘ Taken at
Oxford in 1820” (#. W. #7.).

*B. dorsalis, F. In sandpits; Tubney, frequent, chiefly in spring.
*B, murinus, F. In sandpit, Tubney (/V. #.).

Cytilus varius, F. In rather damp places, by sweeping ; Cothill, Ogley
Bog, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c., not rare. ‘* Taken on water plants
on the banks of the Isis at Oxford” (# W. #.).

Simplocaria semistriata, F. By sweeping, chiefly in autumn ; Cothill,
Elsfield, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; not rare.

*Aspidophorus orbiculatus, Gyll. By sweeping near Water Eaton; one
example, August 6th, 1906.

FAMILY Parnide.

Elmis eneus, Mull. In running streams, adhering to stones ; generally
common.

Limnius tuberculatus, Mull. By sweeping, Cherwell banks near
Water Eaton, rare.

Parnus prolifericornis, F. In damp places ; generally common.

P. auriculatus, Panz. With the preceding species; Cothill, scarce.

FaMILy Heteroceride.

Heterocerus marginatus, F. On banks of ponds, burrowing in mud ;
Marston, Tubney ; not rare.

FAMILY Lucanide.

Lucanus cervus, L. The Stag Beetle. Of occasional occurrence at
Shotover and other localities near Oxford (4. . H.).

Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. In rotten wood, chiefly of ash; Summer-
town, Wytham Park; not rare.

Sinodendron cylindricum, L. In rotten willow near Water Eaton

**Platycerus caraboides, L. ‘‘This species long doubted as a native of
this country, was taken in July at Oxford not far from Witham, cut
out of a dry and almost sapless oak. Another was taken flying not
far from the city in 1820. I have heard it was taken near Eton by a
Mr. Durell, and also flying in the High St. at Oxford. It has also
been taken at Lord Abingdon’s Park near Oxford” (7. W. #.).
The species, although it exists in several old British collections, has
not been taken in these islands for many years, and its name has dis-
appeared from all our recent catalogues.

FAMILY Scarabeide.

Onthophagus ovatus, L. In dung, chiefly in sandy places ; generally
common.

O. vacca, L. Bagley Wood(/ W. S.).

O. fracticornis, Preyss. In dung, Bagley Wood (J”. 7.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 79

Aphodius erraticus, L. In dung, Boar’s Hill (W%. H.). “ Taken at
Oxford in 1819 ; it is more abundant in August than any part of the
Weare a (Z2miencie)»

. subterraneus, L. In dung; near Water Eaton, frequent (/. C.).

. fossor, L. In dung ; occasionally at light ; very common.

. hemorrhoidalis, L. In dung, flood-rubbish, &c. ; Yarnton, scarce.

. foetens, F. In dung, in late summer ; Cothill, Elsfield, Tubney ;
rather scarce. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1819.” (7. W. #1.).

. fimetarius, L. In dung; very common, especially in spring.

. scybalarius, F. These two species occur commonly throughout

water, DeiG. \ the district in dung.

granarius, L. In dung; widely distributed, but not very common.

. nitidulus, F. In dung ; Boar’s Hill, rare.

. sordidus, F. Taken in dung at Radley, July, 1906. ‘* Oxon, 1819 ;
taken in May, 1820.” (7. W. #.).

*

PPPrrrp PrP

A. rufescens, F. In dung; widely distributed, but rather scarce.
A. borealis, Gyll. In dung; Bagley Wood, rare.
*A. porcus, F. By sweeping at Cothill; one example, September 27th,
1906.
A. Aas Herbst. In dung; generally distributed and not rare.
A. merdarius, F. In dung; fairly common, ‘Taken about puddles
near Oxford in 1822: in pig dung in the autumn.” (7. //. 7.).
A. inquinatus, F. In dung; often by sweeping in autumn; Cothill,
Tubney, common.
*A. sticticus, Panz. In dung; Boar’s Hill, rather scarce.
A. punctato-sulcatus, Sturm. In dung; chiefly in autumn ; common.
“ Taken at Oxford in 1819” (7 W. #.).
A. prodromus, Brahm. With the preceding ; fairly common.
A. contaminatus, Herbst. In dung, especially in autumn ; common.
“Taken at Oxford in 1819” (/. W. #.).
*A. obliteratus, Panz. In dung and frequently by sweeping ; Tubney,

Wytham Park ; fairly common.

A. luridus, F. In dung; Elsfield, Wytham Park; not very common.
‘“‘In 1819 taken at Oxford, it varies much. 5S. gagates, Geoff. taken
at Oxford in 1820. Gagates is a var. of (Aphodius) luridus, a”
(Vis TW Jeb)

A. rufipes, L. In dung, and frequently flies to light ; very common.

**Heptaulacus villosus, Gyll. Single examples of this rare species taken

by Mr. Holland and myself by sweeping on Frilford Heath, July 11th,
1904. It has also been taken at Wychwood Forest, and at Streatley,
Berks.

*Oxyomus porcatus, F. In tufts of grass in old manure heap, Summer-
town, common, spring, 1906 ; also rarely at Ogley Bog.

Geotrupes typhceus, L. Under dung in sandy places; Tubney, not
rare.

G. spiniger, Marsh.) Both species common throughout the district, bur-

G. stercorarius L. f rowing under dung, and flying in the evening.

G. sylvaticus, Panz. In dung, putrid fungi, &c. ; not rare, and widely
distributed. ‘*‘ Taken at Oxford in 1819, this insect may be taken in
the ditches at Shotover Hill in May and in very great abundance ”
CE WA IEA)

*Trox sabulosus, L. Under rabbit-skins and other dry carrion put down
as traps; Tubney, not rare in early summer. “ Taken after a flood at
Oxford in 1820 in January ” (7. WW. 7.).

T. scaber, L. Once in my house at Summertown; Tubney (//. Z.).
“* Taken at Oxford during a flood in r819—taken in 1822 on reeds by
the waterside near Bossom’s house” (7. Il’. 4).

80 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

Hoplia philanthus, Fuss. On the wing at Cothill and Tubney; rather
scarce.

Serica brunnea, L. Tubney, chiefly in sandpits ; common in summer.

Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. On the wing about trees at midsumnier ;
sometimes very plentiful. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1820-1 ” (7. W. H.).

Melolontha vulgaris, L. The common Cockchafer. By beating trees,
and flying at sunset ; often common in May and June.

Phyllopertha horticola, L. Chiefly on bracken; Tubney, &c., some-
times plentiful in summer. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1819.” (4. WW. #.).

Cetonia aurata, L. The Rose-beetle. ~ In flowers in early summer ;
3agley Wood, &c., not rare; also frequent on roses, &c., in gardens.

FamILy Buprestide.

*Agrilus laticornis, Ill. By sweeping in Bagley Wood (/. 1. S.).
*A. angustulus, Ill. By sweeping, and on young oaks; Tubney,
occasional.

**Aphanisticus pusillus, Ol. In moss at Bagley Wood (/. /. S.).

*Trachys minuta, L. On sallows at Bagley Wood, early summer, not
rare.

**T. pumila, Ill. By sweeping Glechoma hederacea, &c., in open places at
Tubney and Wytham Park; also occasionally in sandpits; early
summer, sparingly.

**T. troglodytes, Gyll. One example of this rare insect taken by my
nephew, H. G. Champion, by sweeping at Cothill, April 21st, 1906.

FAMILY Bucnemide.

Throscus dermestoides, L. By evening sweeping; Bagley Wood,
scarce.
*T. carinifrons, Bonv. By evening sweeping; Bagley Wood, Wytham
Park ; occasional.
**Melasis buprestoides, L. In dead hornbeam, Bagley Wood, a few
specimens, February, 1905.

FAMILY Bilateride.

Lacon murinus, L. In sandy places, sometimes flying ; Tubney, com-
mon. ‘‘ Capt. Oxford, 1819” (#% W. Z.).

“Cardiophorus asellus, Er. In sandpits, Tubney (//. #.).

Cryptohypnus riparius, F. In tufts, vegetable refuse, &c. ; Tubney, not
rare.

*C. 4-pustulatus, F. By sweeping in meadows; near the Cherwell, very
common in early summer ; also at Tubney, Ferry Hinksey, &c.
**Elater rufipennis, Steph. ‘‘This species ... was taken in 1821

under the bark of oak treesin July at Bagley Wood, Oxon” (7. W. ZZ),
It is now extremely rare in Britain.
**E. elongatulus, F. Tubney ; a few examples taken in decayed fir
trunks in May, 1906, by Mr. J. Collins and myself. ~
E. balteatus, L. Bagley Wood, not rare on hazel (/. WW. S.).
*“Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Panz. ‘‘ Some dead specimens in a rotting
log at Dorchester” (7. W. S.).
Melanotus rufipes, Hbst. In rotten Wood; Bagley Wood, Tubney,
&c., occasional.
Athous niger, L. By sweeping in lanes; generally common in summer.
A. longicollis, Ol. By sweeping in grassy places: fairly common,
especially the male,

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. — 81

A. hemorrhoidalis, F. On shrubs in woods and lanes ; common, early
summer.

A. vittatus, F. By sweeping in woods; Bagley Wood, Tubney ; not
rare.

*Limonius cylindricus, Payk. In sandy places at Tubney; locally
common in spring,

L. minutus, L. By sweeping in woods, lanes, &c.; early summer,
common. ,

Adrastus limbatus, F. By sweeping in early summer; Bagley Wood,
Tubney, &c. ; not rare. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1819 ; Bagley Wood
and Lord Abingdon’s” (7. WV. #.).

Agriotes sputator,L.) These three species are generally plentiful under

A. obscurus, L. stones, vegetable refuse, &c., and their larvae

A. lineatus, L. are too well known as ‘‘ wire worms.”

A. sobrinus, Kies. Both fairly common by beating and sweeping at

A. pallidulus, Ill. Bagley Wood, Boar’s Hill, Wytham Park, &c.

Dolopius marginatus, L. In woods, with the two preceding species, not
rare. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1819, also in 1822” (/. WW. #1).

*Corymbites pectinicornis, L. Bagley Wood(/. ll’. S.).
*C. tessellatus, F. By sweeping in damp placesin early summer ; Cothill,
not rare; Tubney (/V’. #.).

C. quercus, Gyll. By sweeping on banks of Cherwell, frequent ; Bagley
Wood (/. W. S.).

C. holosericeus, F. By sweeping, early summer; Tubney, Wytham
Park, not rare. ‘‘In 1820 I took it at Oxford” (7. WW. #.).

*C. metallicus, Payk. Single specimens have been taken at Marston
Ferry, June 4th, 1906, by myself, in Magdalen College Grounds
(J. W. S.), and in the University Museum (lV. /7.).

*C. bipustulatus, L. Tubney (W. #.). ‘*Taken at Bagley Wood,
Oxfordshire, 1820” (7. W. 4.).

Campylus linearis, L. By sweeping in woods; not uncommon.

FAMILY Dascillide.

Helodes minuta, L. By sweeping in damp places; common, early
summer.
*H. marginata, F. With the preceding species (J. 7.).
Microcara livida, F. On flowers in early summer ; not rare.
Cyphon coarctatus, Payk. By sweeping in damp places ; fairly common.
C. variabilis, Thunb. In damp places; often very abundant in summer.
C. pallidulus, Boh. With the preceding species ; Marston Ferry, Ogley
Bog ; frequent.
*Scirtes hemisphericus, L. By sweeping rushes in wet places; Ogley
Bog, not rare.
**Eubria palustris, Germ. This rare and curious little beetle is found
sparingly at Ogley Bog, by sweeping in very wet places on hot evenings
early in July.

FamMILy Lampyride.
Lampyris noctiluca, L. The Glow-worm. On hedge-banks, Wc. ;
common.
Famity Telephoride.

*Podabrus alpinus, Payk. In Bagley and other woods, on flowers, general
(WB TEb)\

82 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

*Telephorus fuscus, L. ‘‘ I once took 8 or 9 of them at Bagley Wood
near Oxford” (7. W. #.).

T. rusticus, Fall. On hedges, paths, and in flowers ; common every-
T. lividus, L. where in early summer.

T. pellucidus, F. ‘These three species are found more or less com-
T. nigricans, Mull. monly on flowers, foliage, &c., in woods through-
T. lituratus, Fall. out the district in early summer.

T. bicolor, F? Chiefly on hawthorn-blossom ; Bagley Wood,
T. hemorrhoidalis, F. \ Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; both not rare.

*T. oralis, Germ. Chilswell Hills (7. 7).
T. flavilabris, Fall. By sweeping in grassy places; not rare in early
summer.
*T. thoracicus, Ol. By sweeping aquatic herbage; banks of Cherwell at
Marston, &c., not rare.
Rhagonycha fuscicornis, Ol. Chiefly on hawthorn-blossom in woods ;
fairly common.
R. fulva, Scop. On flowers, late summer, abundant. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
ine1820)7) i (7. We E.)):
*R. testacea, L. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. @.).
R. limbata, Thoms. On hawthorn-blossom ; generally common.
R. pallida, F. With the preceding, not uncommon. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
I TO2OK (Fe VeeF7.).
Malthinus punctatus, Four. All found more or less commonly in
Ma fasciatis OL. early summer on flowers and foliage at
: Bagley Wood, Tubney, and other
M. balteatus, Suffr. = 2
} wooded places.
Malthodes marginatus, Latr. On flowers, bushes, &c. ; Bagley Wood,
Tubney, &c., not rare. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. #.).
M. minimus, L. By sweeping in woods; generally common.
M.atomus, Thoms. By sweeping at Wytham Park; scarce.
Malachius zneus, L. On flowers, and flying: Bagley Wood, Godstow,
&c. ; scarce.
M. bipustulatus, L. On flowers and by sweeping; generally common.
M. viridis, F. By sweeping in grassy places, lanes, &c.; Cothill, Tub-
ney, Wytham Park ; common in summer.
*Anthocomus fasciatus, L. By sweeping in damp grassy places; Mars-
ton Ferry, Tubney ; Ferry Hinksey (WV. ZH.) ; not rare.
Dasytes flavipes, F. Both ‘species are fairly commonin woods on
D. zrosus, Kies. flowers, shrubs, &c., in early summer.
**Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh. By sweeping at Wytham Park; one
example, May 8th, 1906.
**H. nigricornis, F. On hawthorn-blossom, Bagley Wood ; one example,
May 16th, 1904.
*Phlcophilus edwardsi, Steph. By sweeping under trees in autumn;
Wytham Park, rare.

FAMILY Cleridz.

*Thanasimus formicarius, L. Under willow-bark, Summertown, rare
5 Ea)
Necrobia ruficollis, F. In rather dry carrion, not rare. ‘‘ Taken on
carrion at Oxford in 1819” (/. W. 4).
N. violacea, L. With the preceding, often common. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
in 1819. Taken in 1822” (7. W. £Z.).
N. rufipes, De G. Occurs not rarely with the two preceding species.

Ashmolean Natural Fitstory Society of Oxfordshire. 83

FAMILY Ptinide.

*Ptinus lichenum, Marsh. ‘Taken at Oxford in i819 ” (#. W. /Z.),
P. fur, L. In houses, common; abundant in the University Museum.
Niptus hololeucus, Fall. In cupboards in houses ; frequent.

*Hedobia imperialis, L. Near Bagley Wood, in dead hedges, sparingly.

FAMILY Anobiide.

*Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. By sweeping, chiefly under fir-trees ; Tub-
ney, Wytham Park, &c. ; scarce.

Priobium castaneum, F. By beating hedges ; often on the wing ; gener-
ally common.

Among dead sticks and by sweeping ;
_often in houses; common. The first
species is the notorious ‘‘ Death- watch.”

Xestobium tessellatum, F. Oxford, on walls; ‘‘ attacking large num-
bers of willow trees at Oxford” (/. W. S.).

Ernobius mollis, L. In fir palings and by sweeping; Boar’s Hill,
Wytham Park, &c. ; not rare.

Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. In dead beech at Wytham Park, abundant.
“Taken at Oxford on willow trees where the bark had perished, 1819”
(ais):

*“Ochina hedere, Miill. By sweeping; Water Eaton, Wytham Park, &c. ;
not rare. ‘‘ On dead ivy in Magdalen College grounds” (J. W. S.).

*Ccenocara bovistz, Hoff. Single examples have been taken by sweeping
at Tubney, July 17th, and at Boar’s Hill, September 8th, 1906. Its
usual habitat is in puff-balls.

Anobium domesticum, Fourc,
A fulvicorne, Sturm.

FaMILy Lyctide.

Lyctus canaliculatus, F. Summertown, on the wing; Bagley Wood
(Wise).

FAMILY Cisside.

Cis boleti, Scop. In fungi on old stumps, &c. ; very common.
C. villosulus, Marsh. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1821” (/ W. #.).
*C. bidentatus, Ol. In fungi on old trees; Tubney, Wytham Park;
common.
*C. alni, Gyll. Under bark, in faggots, &c.; Bagley Wood, Cothill ; Tub-
ney (W. #7.).
Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. In fungi on old stumps, c, ; not rare.

FAMILY Cerambycide:

Aromia moschata, L. The Musk-beetle. About old willows near the
river banks, occasional (4. 7%. 4, W. #H.). ‘‘Taken at Oxford in
1819. It isin some years extremely common and in others scarcely
ever to be taken. It is fond of willows” (7. W. #.).

*Tetropium crawshayi, Sharp. One specimen of this Longicorn, quite
recently added to our list, taken on the roadside between Marston and
Elsfield, June 25th, 1905.

*Callidium violaceum, L. About fir palings, &c.; sometimes very com-
mon at Boar's Hill ; occasionally at Bagley Wood, Summertown, &c.

*C. variabile, L. ‘“ Taken at Bagley Wood in 1819” (#7. W. #.).

84 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

*C. alni, L. On flowers, dead twigs, &c., Bagley Wood (W. /.). ‘* Taken
at Oxford in 1819” (F&F. W. H.).

Clytus arietis, L. On hawthorn-blossom, fences, &c. ; early summer,
common.

*C. mysticus, L. On hawthorn-blossom ; Bagley Wood, near Marston,

&c.; sparingly. ‘*Taken in the Botanic Garden at Oxford ”
(Vas WEE)
Rhagium inquisitor, F. ) These two species are generally distributed

R. bifasciatum, F. { in woods, on flowers and about old timber.

Toxotus meridianus, L. On hawthorn-blossom, Bagley Wood, Wytham
Park; not rare. ‘‘ Taken in Bagley Wood near Oxford by beating the
hedges in 1819. Fond of the Dog Rose, there are several varieties ”
(AZZ):

Leptura livida, F. On flowers and by sweeping ; Tubney, common in
July. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1819.” (7. W. .).

Strangalia armata, Herbst. On flowers; Cothill, Tubney, &c. ; not
rare.

S. melanura, L. On hawthorn-blossom; Bagley Wood, Tubney, &c.,
frequent. ‘*Taken at Oxford in 1819 on the White Thorn ”
(FW. H.).

Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. On hawthorn-blossom; Bagley
Wood, Tubney, &c., not rare. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1820 while beat-
ing the May in blossom” (#. W.Z.).

G. ruficornis, F. On hawthorn-blossom, &c.; generally common.

FAMILY Lamiide.

*Acanthocinus edilis, L. Single specimens of this fine Longicorn beetle,
which has its head-quarters in the pine-forests of the Scottish High-
lands, have been taken at Bagley Wood, August 14th, 1892, by Mr. J.
W. Shipp (‘Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxviii, p. 288), and by Mr. W.
Holland in the city.

Leiopus nebulosus, L. By sweeping in woods and lanes ; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, Wytham Park, Summertown, &c.; fairly common.
*Pogonocherus bidentatus, Th. Among dead sticks; Bagley Wood,
scarce.
P. dentatus, Fourc. In old hedges ; Oxford (4. #. 4.).
*Saperda populnea, L. Among aspens; Bagley Wood (W. /.).
Tetrops przusta. On hawthorn-blossom, &c. ; Bagley Wood, Tubney,
Water Eaton, &c. ; not rare.

**Phytoecia cylindrica, L. By sweeping in lane near Tubney ; one specimen,
May 20th, 1905.

**Oberea oculata, L. ‘‘ Taken in 1819 in Oxford. I have captured three
specimens of this rare insect on the leaves of the Arbutus. It makes
a curious noise with its thorax” (#. W. H.). Now practically con-
fined to the Cambridgeshire Fens.

FaMILY Bruchide.

Bruchus cisti, F. Taken rarely on Helianthemum vulgare at Kirtlington,
May 31st, 1906.
B. rufimanus, Boh. By sweeping, Marston Ferry, rare; Tubney (lV. /7.).
*B. seminarius, L. ‘‘ Taken by Baxter of the Botanic Garden at Oxford,
where it is not uncommon” (/.. IV. /7.).

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 85

Famity Chrysomelide.

*Orsodacna lineola, Panz. On hawthom in spring, Marston Copse,
sparingly (JV. 7.).

*Donacia crassipes, F. On leaves of water-lilies ; common on the
Cherwell near Water Eaton, but difficult to secure. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
in 1820” (fF. W. #.).

*D. dentata, Hoppe. On Sagittaria, &c., banks of Cherwell ; common in
summer,

.D. versicolora, Brahm. On water plants, banks of Cherwell, Xc.

(W. .).
. sparganii, Ahr. On the banks of the Cherwell ; not uncommon in
summer (W, /Z.).
D. limbata, Panz. On Sfarganium ; banks of Cherwell, &c., common.
‘* Taken at Oxon in 1819” (/. W. /7.).
*D. thalassina, Germ. On aquatic plants, Cherwell banks, c., scarce.

**D, impressa, Payk. On Glyceria aquatica, Cherwell banks near Water

Eaton, rare; King’s Weir (W. /.).
D. simplex, F. On aquatic plants ; generally distributed and common.
*D. semicuprea, Panz. Chiefly on Glyceria aquatica ; Cherwell banks,
&c., often very plentiful in summer. ‘‘ Taken in 1820 at Oxford
about a mile from the city on the Abingdon road on the left hand where
the brooks cross’ (#. W. .).
D. sericea, L. On aquatic plants; widely distributed and common ;
exceedingly variable in colour. ‘* Taken commonly at Oxford in 1819”
(CE A TER)Y
*D. affinis, Kunze. On rushes in early summer; Cothill, Marston Ferry,
Yarnton, &c., sometimes abundant. ‘Taken in Xt. Church Meadow
in 1819 on the flags by the waterside” (4. W. /.).

**Hzmonia appendiculata, Panz. There are two examples of this curious
and exceedingly rare beetle in the Hope-Westwood collection of
British Coleoptera in the University Museum, taken by Dr. W.
Hatchett Jackson on water-weeds in the Thames near Binsey, July, 1892.

*Zeugophora subspinosa, F. On aspen; Tubney, not rare in summer.
Lema cyanella, L. By sweeping and in tufts of grass in winter ; generally
common. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1819” (-. W.4.),
*L. lichenis, Veet. On thistles ; Boar’s Hill, not common.
L. melanopa, L. By sweeping; generally common throughout the
summer. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1819, the same as above [cyanella}.
This year 1821 I have taken more than 50, they are very plentiful at pre-
sent Septr. 12, tho’ at other times of the year they may be considered
rare” (Ff. W. Z.).
Crioceris asparagi, L. ‘Ihe Asparagus beetle. In gardens, on foliage
of Asparagus, also by sweeping at Summertown, c. ; not rare.
**C,12-punctata, L. ‘‘Takenat the Botanic Garden, Oxford” (#7. /V. 4.).
In the Hope-Westwood collection there are several examples of this
pretty beetle, in all probability the Oxford specimens alluded to
above, but the insect now figures in our lists as a doubtfully British
species.

*Clythra quadripunctata, L. ‘lubney (W. 4).

[**Gynandrophthalma affinis, Hell. Although not found in our district as
limited for the purposes of the present list, this interesting beetle must
be mentioned as occurring not rarely on hazel, &c., at Wychwood
Forest, where it was discovered by Mr. W. Holland on June 18th,
1899. ]

*Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, L. var. lineola, F. Boar’s Hill
(W. #.).

86 Ashmolean Natural LHistory Society of Oxfordshire.

*C, aureolus, Suff. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1819 on the dandelion”
(f. W. Z.).

*C. hypocheridis, L. Cothill, by sweeping, rare. ‘‘ Taken in 1819 in
Oxford on willows” (#. W. H.).

*C, morzi, L. Ogley Bog, by sweeping, rare.

C. fulvus, Goeze. By sweeping in dry places ; Tubney, abundant.

C. labiatus, L. By sweeping; generally common in woody places.

**C. frontalis, Marsh. On sallow near Marston Ferry; rare, August, 1903

(VZZZ)-

*Lamprosoma concolor, Sturm. By sweeping at Wytham Park ; rare.”

Timarcha tenebricosa, F. On bedstraw in hedges, &c.; often on
pathways ; common, especially in spring. ‘* Taken in company with
Meloé proscarabeus in 1819, in going up Shotover Hill” (7 W. Z.).

T. violaceonigra, De G._ In dry places; Shotover, Tubney, &c., often
common (A. H. H., W. H.). ‘‘ Capt. Oxon, 1819” (7. W. Z.).

*Chrysomela marginalis, Dufts. On Zizaréa valearis, sometimes plenti-
ful; also on walls, pathways, &c.; Bagley Wood, Summertown;
Boar’s Hill (1. #.).

*C. banksi, F. A single specimen of this conspicuous species was given to
me in 1905 by the Rev. W. Mansell Merry, which he believed he had
taken at Bagley Wood. Inserted provisionally.

C. staphylea, L. In damp places, by sweeping, also in tufts in winter ;
generally common. ‘* Taken in astonishing myriads if I may use the
expression at Oxford in 1819 during a flood” (F. WV. #.).

C. polita, L. In damp places, on Afentha, &c.; generally common.
** Capt. at Oxford in 1819, it varies very much in size and colour”
(0 WZ).

*C. varians, Schall. On Hyfericum ; Bagley Wood, not common.

*C. goettingensis, L. This usually scarce species appears to be much
more plentiful in this district than in most others; I have taken it
sparingly at Elsfield, Wytham Park, and Tubney, and Mr. Holland
has found it abundantly in the last mentioned locality, at roots of
herbage.

*C. fastuosa, Scop. ‘“‘ One at Oxford in 1819” (&. W. #.).

*C. didymata, Scriba. On Hypericum guadrangulum and H. perforatum
in autumn; Bagley Wood and Tubney, plentiful; also rarely at
Elsfield and Ogley Bog. ‘‘Taken at Oxford in 1819” (2. W. #7).

C. hyperici, Forst. On Hypericum ; Bagley Wood, Tubney ; common.

*Melasoma tremule, F. On aspen, Bagley Wood (lV. #.).

*Phytodecta rufipes, De G. Bagley Wood (//. H.).

*P. viminalis, L. On sallows in early summer; Bagley Wood, Tubney ;
not rare.

P. olivacea, Forst. By sweeping at Cothill, scarce.

Gastroidea polygoni, L. In waste places, on weeds (Polygonum, &c.) ;
very common.

*Plagiodera versicolora, Laich. This species, usually esteemed local and
scarce, occurs in profusion in June on small willow bushes by the
side of the path leading from the Reservoirs to South Hinksey.
King’s Weir (W. Z.).

Phedon tumidulus, Germ. On Zeracleum and other Umbelliferous
plants; generally common.

P. armoracie, L. (=P. betula, Kust.). In damp places generally
common. ‘‘ Taken commonly on Willows at Oxford. Betulze in some
years is seen in countless numbers. After a flood near Oxford millions
were seen amongst the rubbish left by the retiring water of the river”
(Cig HW, Jee),

P. cochleariz, F. With the preceding species; generally common.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 87

Phratora vulgatissima, L. On willow, aspen, poplar, &c.; not rare.

P. vitellinze, L. Chiefly on willows; widely distributed and often common.
“Taken at Oxford in 1819 on willows in very great abundance ”
(C26 WIE TEL)

Hydrothassa aucta, F. In damp places; Bagley Wood (lV. Z.).
‘Taken at Oxford in 1819” (2. W. 4).

H. marginella, L. In damp places ; also in tufts in winter ; very common.
“Taken at Oxford in 1819, it often is taken on the Phellandrium aqua-
ticum” (&. W. #.).

Prasocuris junci, Brahm. On aquatic herbage on river-banks, not rare.

P. phellandrii, L. With the preceding species; King’s Weir, Water
Eaton, Yarnton, &c. ; frequent.

Luperus rufipes, Scop. On hazel, birch and other shrubs; common
in woods.

L. flavipes, L. With the preceding species, but less common; Bagley
Wood, Tubney, &c.

Lochmea caprez, L. On willows and sallows; Cothill, Tubney, Xc. ;
not rare.

L. suturalis, Th. On heather; Tubney, plentiful; the black var.
nigrita, Weise, frequent in autumn.

L. crategi, Forst. Chiefly on hawthorn-blossom ; Bagley Wood, Cothill,
Tubney, Wytham Park ; fairly common. ‘* Common at Oxford at
Bagley Wood on the white thorn. I have also taken it on aquatic
plants” (#. W. #.).

*Galerucella viburni, Payk. On Viburnum Lantana in late summer ;
Tubney, locally common.

*G. lineola, F. On aquatic plants; Cherwell banks, Marston Ferry,
sparingly.

G. tenella, L. By sweeping in damp places; Marston Ferry, Yarnton,
&c., common.

Adimonia tanaceti, L. On tansy, thistles, &c. ; Shotover, sometimes
common.

Sermyla halensis, L. On Galium verum, &c., in dry places; Tubney,
Wytham Park ; common in late summer. ‘‘ Taken in the Botanic
garden at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. #.).

*Longitarsus holsaticus, L. In wet places on Pedicularis palustris ;
Cothill, Ogley Bog ; common.
L. luridus, Scop. By sweeping, especially in autumn ; common.
L. brunneus, Dufts. With the preceding; Tubney, Xc., not rare.
**L, agilis, Rye. On Scrophularia aquatica at Cothill; rare.

L. suturellus, Dufts. On Senecio Jacobea ; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c.,
not rare. :

L. atricillus, L. By sweeping in woods ; Boar’s Hill, Tubney, Wytham
Park, &c., frequent.

L. melanocephalus, De G. With the preceding species, not rare.

*L. piciceps, Steph. On Senecio Jacobea ; Tubney, Wytham Park ;
common, autumn.

L. membranaceus, Fond. On Zvecrium Scorodonia ; Boar's Hill, very
abundant ; also at Tubney.

*L, flavicornis, Steph. On Aupatorium cannabinum ; Elsfield, rare.

L. femoralis, Marsh. On Cynoglossum and Echium ; Tubney, Wytham
Park ; plentiful.

*L. pusillus, Gyll. On Ziymus serpyllum ; Tubney, Wytham Park, Xe. ;
common.
*L. tabidus, F. On Verbascum Thapsus ; Tubney not rare.

L. jacobeze, Wat. On Senecio Jacobea ; generally common. The var.

rufescens, Fowler, frequent at Tubney, «c.

88 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

L. ochroleucus, Marsh. By sweeping in waste places; Summertown,
occasional.
*L. gracilis, Kuts. On Senecio Jacobea; Elsfield, Tubney, Wytham
Park, &c., common. The var. poweri, All. at Tubney (//. #.).
L. levis, Dufts. By sweeping ; Chilswell Hills, Tubney (WW. /7/.).
*Haltica lythri, Aubé. On Lpzlobium, Lythrum salicaria, &c., in wet
places ; Ogley Bog, common, South Hinksey, &c.
H. ericeti, All. On Calluna vulgaris ; Tubney, locally common.
H. coryli, All. On hazel and other shrubs; Bagley Wood, occasional.
H. oleracea, L. On sallows, &c. ; Tubney, not common.
H. pusilla, Dufts. Chiefly on Aelianthemum vulgare; Tubney and
Wytham Park; very abundant at Headington Wick Copse, November
24th, 1906.
Hermceophaga mercurialis, F. On JAlercurialis perennis ; Bagley
Wood, Tubney, Wytham Park ; common.
*Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh. On Reseda Luteola; Elsfield, not rare.
P. nigripes, F. Elsfield, on Reseda (/. C.).
*P. punctulata, Marsh. Cumnor(/”. 7.).

Hepateas Pays: All these species are more or less plentiful on

Cruciferous plants throughout the district ;
| P. nemorum being sometimes too well

P. cruciferz, Goeze.

P. vittula, Redt.

P. undulata, Kuts.

P. nemorum, L.

*P. ochripes, Curt. On Evrysimum alliaria ; Marston, Summertown,
&c., not rare.

*P, tetrastigma, Com. This rather conspicuous species was found on
Cardamine amara at Kirtlington, May 31st, 1906.

P. exclamationis, Thunb. On Cruczfere in wet places ; generally dis-
tributed and not rare.

*Aphthona lutescens, Gyll. On Sfirwa ulmaria ; Cothill, Yarnton;
locally common.

A. nonstriata, Goeze. On /rés pseudacorus ; Yarnton, not rare ; Cum-
nor (W. Z#.).

A. venustula, Kuts. On Euphorbia amygdaloides ; Bagley Wood, Wy-
tham Park; not rare.

A. atroccerulea, Steph. By sweeping in lanes, &c. ; Cothill, frequent.

*A. herbigrada, Curt. On Helianthemum vulgare ; Tubney, Wytham
Park ; common.
*Batophila rubi, Payk. On brambles; Cothill, frequent.

B. erata, Marsh. By sweeping under hedges, &c. ; generally distributed
and not rare.

Sphezroderma testacea, F. On thistles ; generally common.

S. cardui, Gyll. Chiefly on Centauvea ; generally common.

Apteropeda orbiculata, Marsh. By sweeping in woody places, chiefly
on Glechoma hederacea ; widely distributed and not rare.

Podagrica fuscicornis, L. On mallows; generally common. Very
destructive to cultivated Malvaceous plants in nursery gardens at
Summertown. (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1904, p. 183.)

Mantura rustica, L. By general sweeping, in sandpits, &c. ; Cumnor,
Elsfield, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; not rare.

*M. matthewsi, Curt. On Aelianthemum vuleare ; Wytham Park, not
rare; also at Tubney.

Crepidodera transversa, Marsh.| Both common by sweeping in

C. ferruginea, Scop. J grassy places in late summer.

*C. nitidula, L. On aspens at Bagley Wood, not rare, June 1905 (/. C.).

C. helxines, L. On poplars; generally common. 7

*C. chloris, Foud. On willows ; generally distributed and often common.

known as the ‘* Turnip-flea.”

Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire. 89

C. aurata, Marsh. Chiefly on sallows ; generally common.

*C. smaragdina, Foud. With the preceding species ; Cothill ; Bagley
Wood (W. #.).

*Hippuriphila modeeri, L. On Zgvisetum, and in tufts in winter ; Bag-
ley, Chilswell, Ogley Bog ; fairly common.

**Epitrix pubescens, Koch. On So/anum Dulcamara ; Cothill, rare.

*E. atrope, Foud. On Aéropa Belladonna in summer; Wytham Park,
abundant.

*Chztocnema confusa, Boh. ‘Tubney(//. /.).

C. hortensis, Fourc. By general sweeping ; fairly common.

Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. By sweeping, chiefly in damp places ;
common.

Psylliodes chrysocephala, L. In waste places, on Crucifers, Xc. ; Shot -
over ; Bagley Wood (MW. 77.) ; not common. :

P. napi, Koch. On aquatic plants, mostly Cracéfere ; Marston Ferry,
Tubney, &c. ; common.

P. cuprea, Koch. By general sweeping ; Cothill, Tubney ; not rare.

P. affinis, Payk. On Solanum Dulcamara ; generally common.

*P, chalcomera, Ill. On Carduus nutans ; Tubney, common.

**P, hyoscyami, L. This usually rare species occurs abundantly through-
out the summer on /Zyoscyamus niger at Wytham Park, and has also
beer. taken at Elsfield.

*P. picina, Marsh. On aquatic plants on river-banks; Marston Ferry,
Water Eaton; King’s Weir (VY. /7Z.).

*Cassida murrea, L. On Jnula dysnterica ; Chilswell Hills, July,
1899, taken sparingly in all its stages by Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe
and myself, July, 1899, and more freely in succeeding years by Mr.
Holland.

*C. vibex, L. By sweeping at Elsfield, scarce (VY. 4.).

C. nobilis, L. ‘* Taken in 1820 at Oxford on the banks of the Isis on
flags” (#. W. #.).

C. flaveola, Thunb. By sweeping, in tufts in winter, &c. ; Tubney,
Yarnton, scarce; Boar’s Hill (W. #.).

C. equestris, F. On Mentha, Lycopus, &c., in wet places ; Cothill, King’s
Weir, Marston Ferry, Tubney, &c. ; often common.

C. viridis, L. On thistles; common everywhere.

FamILy Tenebrionide.

Blaps mucronata, Latr. In houses, cellars, &c. ; common.
*Crypticus quisquilius, L. This usually strictly maritime species has
been found locally in sandy places on Frilford Heath by Mr. Holland
and myself.
Microzoum tibiale, F. In sandy places; Tubney, common.
*Heledona agaricola, Hbst. In fungus on dead birch tree, Christ Church
Meadow ; rare.

*Scaphidema metallicum, F. One in a tuft at Yarnton, January 5th,
1907; Tubney (W. Z.).

Tenebrio molitor, L. In houses, Summertown, flying to light; also
under bark at Wytham Park.

Tribolium ferrugineum, F. In the Museum buildings, occasional.
*Hypophleus bicolor, Ol. Under bark of dead elm ; Tubney, not rare.

Helops striatus, Fourc. Bagley Wood, in faggots, not common.
‘¢ Taken at the roots of trees at Bagley Wood in 1819” (#7. W. &.),

go = Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

FamiLy Lagriide.

Lagria hirta, L. By sweeping under hedges, \c., in summer ; common,

FAMILY Cistelide.

Cistela murina, L. On flowers and by sweeping ; early summer, com-
mon.
*Cteniopus sulphureus, L. On Galiwm verum, &c. ; Tubney, abundant
in July. Usually a coast species.

FAMILY Melandryade.

*Tetratoma fungorum, F, In fungion old trees; Tubney, Wood Eaton ;

common.
*Conopalpus testaceus, Ol. By sweeping under trees; Wytham Park,
rare.

*Melandrya caraboides, L. On oak stumps, Bagley Wood (WW. 4.) ; in
old willows at Oxford (/. W. S.). ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1820 under
the bark of willows, they seem to be fond of basking in the sun”
(4S VLE).

Famity Pythide.

*Salpingus castaneus, Panz. By sweeping under fir-trees ; Tubney,
Wytham Park; scarce.
*Lissodema 4-pustulata, Marsh. By sweeping ; Summertown, Wytham
Park 5 scarce.
Rhinosimus viridipennis, Steph. ) In dead sticks and by sweeping;
R. planirostris, F. i both rather common and widely
distributed.

FaMity Cidemeride.

CEdemera nobilis, Scop. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1819” (7. W. Z#.).

CE. lurida, Marsh, In flowers, early summer ; not rare in woody places.

*Oncomera femorata, F. ‘‘A single specimen captured flying in the
Clty wal(@/a Zea

*Nacerdes melanura, L. On walls and palings; occasionally in the
City. Much more common on the coast than inland.

*Ischnomera coerulea, L. ‘‘ Rarely on hawthorn in early spring”
(J. W.2S.); ‘Capt. Bagley Wood, 1819” (4. W. /.).

FAMILY Pyrochroide.

Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. On hedges and flowers in early sum-
mer; not rare. ‘‘Taken in June in 1819 at Oxford on almost every
hedge about the City” (4. W. #.).

FamMity Mordellide.

*Mordella fasciata, F. On Umbelliferous flowers in July ; Wytham Park,
fairly common ; also at Cothill.

*Mordellistena abdominalis, F. On hawthorn-blossom ; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill; scarce.

Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire. gl

*M. humeralis, L. Both occur sparingly on flowers in early summer
*M. pumila, Gyll.* at Bagley Wood, Boar’s Hill, Cothill, &ce.

Anaspis frontalis, L. On hawthorn-blossom ; generally common.
*A. garneysi, Fowl. Bagley Wood (//”. #.).

A. pulicaria, Costa.

A. geoffroyi, Mill. All occur more or less commonly in hawthorn
A. costz, Emery. g blossom, &c., in early summer, especially
A. subtestacea, Steph in woody places.

A. maculata, Fourc.

Famity Anthicide.

Notoxus monoceros, L. In sandpits, by sweeping, and on the wing ;
Cumnor, Tubney, &c. ; sometimes very plentiful. Usually regarded
as a coast isect.

Anthicus floralis, L. In vegetable refuse and by sweeping ; common.
“Taken at Oxford in 1819, common on stones and posts near stable
yards, particularly about horse dung in such situations in Oxford”
(BOWE TE):

A. antherinus, L. By sweeping; generally distributed and not rare.
“Taken at Oxford in 1819” (% W. #.).

FAMILY Meloide.

Meloé proscarabeus, L. The Oil-beetle. In grassy places and path-
ways inspring; common. ‘‘ Taken in great numbers in 1819 at the
stone quarries at Heddington, feeding on the delicate thin grass ”
(ZZ):

M. violaceus, Marsh. Boar’s Hill (JV. #.). “ Taken at Oxford in
NOLO (A. Wa Eze).

**Sitaris muralis, Forst. This rare and very interesting beetle has been
found not uncommonly in August and September, 1906, by Mr. A. H.
Hamm, on old stone walls at Cowley and Iffley, in and about the
nests of the mason- bee, Axthophora pilipes, F., on which it is
parasitic in its early stages (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1906, p. 273). ‘‘On an
old wall at Wolvercot” (/. W. S.).

FamiLy Anthribide.

*Brachytarsus fasciatus, Forst. ‘‘Taken at Oxford in 1819... . it is
taken on the blossoms of the horse chestnut, in some years in great
numbers” (4. W. #.).

*B. varius, F. On hawthorn-blossom and by sweeping: Bagley Wood,
Tubney ; rare.

Famity Curculionide.

*Apoderus coryli, L. On hazel, Bagley Wood (W. H.). “* I once took
this on my windows in Peckwater at Ch. Ch., Oxford, I have repeatedly
taken it”? (7. WW. AZ).

Attellabus curculionoides, L. On oak leaves in early summer ;
Tubney, scarce.

*Byctiscus betuleti, F. Bagley Wood (W. #.). ‘* Taken at Bagley
Wood while beating the Oaks, it varies greatly in colour sometimes
being blue and at others of a metallic green” (7. W. #.).

92 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

*B. populi, L. ‘ Taken at Oxon in 1819” (7. W. Z.).
Rhynchites zquatus, L. On hawthorn-blossom ; common everywhere.
‘¢ Taken at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. #.).
R. zneovirens, Marsh. By sweeping in woods ; Bagley Wood, Tubney,
&c., not rare.
R. minutus, Herbst. By general sweeping in early summer ; common.
*R. interpunctatus, Steph. On young hazel and birch ; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, scarce.
R. nanus, Payk. On young birch trees; Boar’s Hill, not rare.
*R. uncinatus, Thoms. With the preceding species, but rarely.
*R. pubescens, F. Bagley Wood (W. @.). ‘‘ Taken at Bagley Wood
whilst beating Oaks” (”. WV. 4).
Deporaus megacephalus, Germ. On young Lirch trees; Boar’s Hill,
not common.
D. betulz, L. On young birch trees ; widely distributed and not rare.
Apion pomone, F. By sweeping; Cothill, Tubney, Wytham Park, «ce. ;
occasional.
A. ulicis, Forst. On furze; generally common.
A. miniatum, Germ, On docks (AXumex spp.); generally common.
*A. cruentatum, Walt. In damp places, by sweeping, and in tufts in
winter; Bagley Wood, Ogley Bog, Yarnton, Xc. ; scarce.
A. hematodes, Kirby. On Zeucrium Scorodonia ; often in sandpits ;
Boar’s Hill, Tubney, &c., plentiful.
A. rubens, Steph. By sweeping, chiefly in autumn ; Tubney, not rare.
**A, sanguineum, De G. This usually rare species has been taken in
plenty at Tubney by Mr. W. Holland and myself, in sandpits and by
sweeping, chiefly in September and October. It appears to be partial
to Gnaphalium sylvaticum.
*A. pallipes, Kirby. On Mercurialis perennis ; Cothill, Wood Eaton,
Tubney ; fairly common.
A. rufirostre, F. On Malva sylvestris ; widely distributed and not
rare.
A. vicie, Payk. By sweeping, in tufts, &c.; Ogley Bog, &c., not
rare.
A. difforme, Germ. By sweeping in moist places; also in tufts;
generally common.
. varipes, Germ. By sweeping ; Cothill, Tubney ; not rare.
schonherri, Boh. This species, usually regarded as rare and chiefly
attached to the coast, is plentiful at Tubney by sweeping as well as in
tufts of grass in the winter.
A. apricans, Herbst. By general sweeping; fairly common.
A. assimile, Kirby. Tubney (W. /.).
A. trifolii, L. By general sweeping in grassy places ; common.
A. dichroum, Bedel. } Generally common, by sweeping in grassy
A. nigritarse, Kirby. lanes, &c.
A. confluens, Kirby. On Mfatricaria inodora ; Boar’s Hill, sparingly,
July, 1899.
*A. stolidum, Germ. On Chrysanthemum Leucanthemun in flower;
Marston Ferry, June, 1906, sparingly.

A. ezneum, F. These two species are common on JVZalva sylvestris,
A. radiolus, Kirby. and generally distributed.

A. onopordi, Kirby. Both common and widely distributed throughout
A. carduorum, Kirby. the district, on thistles.

**A. levigatum, Kirby. Two examples of this very rare and distinct
species have been taken at Tubney; one in June, 1903, by Mr. W.
Holland, the other (by sweeping) by Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe in my
company, September 14th, 1905.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 93

*A. vicinum, Kirby. On Mentha in damp places; Cothill, Elsfield,
Tubney, Yarnton ; not rare.

A. virens, Herbst. By sweeping in grassy lanes, &c.; generally
common.

**A. astragali, Payk. This rare and beautiful species was first found by
Mr. W. Holland in August, 1905, on Astragalus glycyphyllos near
Cumnor, where it is plentiful, but local. It also occurs more sparingly
near Ferry Hincksey and Chilswell, and I found it commonly at
Kirtlington, May 31st, 1906.

A. pisi, F. ) Both generally common, especially the first-named,
A. ethiops, Kirby. } on Leguininous plants and by sweeping.

*A. ebeninum, Kirby. On Lotus major, Vicia Cracca, &c.; Bagley
Wood, Cothill, Shotover, Tubney, &c.; not rare.

*A. filirostre, Kirby. By general sweeping; Abingdon, Cothill, Wytham
Park, Tubney; usually occurs by single specimens.

A. ononis, Kirby. On rest-harrow, generally distributed ; abundant at
Wytham Park. .

*A. spencei, Kirby. On Lathyrus, Vicia, &c.; banks of canal near
Yarnton, not rare.

A. ervi, Kirby. On Leguminous plants; Cothill, Ogley Bog, Wytham
Park, &c., not rare.

A. vorax, Herbst. By sweeping in grassy places; Cothill, Tubney,
frequent.

*A. unicolor, Kirby. Chiefly on Zathyrus pratensis ; canal banks near
Yarnton, not rare,

A. meliloti, Kirby. On Melilotus officinalis ; Chawley brick-pit, scarce.

A. loti, Kirby. On Leguminous plants; Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ;

not rare.
A. seniculum, Kirby. ) These two species are found rather commonly by
A. tenue, Kirby. sweeping at Cothill, Wytham Park, &c.

*A. pubescens, Kirby. By sweepiag in autumn; Tubney, scarce.
A. marchicum, Herbst. On Azmex acetose//la and in sandpits ; Boar’s
Hill, Tubney ; very common.
*A. affine, Kirby. In sandy places, by sweeping; Boar’s Hill, rare.
A. violaceum, Kirby. On Rumex and by general sweeping ; common.
A. hydrolapathi, Kirby. Chiefly on Rumex hydrolapathum on river-
banks ; King’s Weir, Marston Ferry, Yarnton,&c. ; common.
A. humile, Germ. By sweeping in damp grassy places; abundant

everywhere.
Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, Herbst. ‘“ ‘Taken at Oxford under stones
in 1819” (F%. W. Z.). .

O. scabrosus, Marsh. By sweeping, and in city gardens ; not rare.
O. ligneus, Ol. In sandy places; Ogley Bog, Tubney, &c. ; common.
O. picipes, F. By sweeping, and in gardens ; generally common,
O. sulcatus, F. In gardens; occasional. ‘‘ Very common at the Botanic
garden at Oxford and in places about Oxford” (#. IV. 4.).
O. ovatus, L. In sandy places; sometimes by sweeping; fairly
common.
Trachyphleeus scaber, L. Both common at roots of herbage and in
T. scabriculus, L. sandpits at Shotover, Tubney, and other
sandy places.
*T. alternans, Gyll. By sweeping; Ogley Bog, Wytham Park, spar-
ingly.
Strophosomus coryli, F. By sweeping and beating hazel, &c., in woods ;
common. “Taken in my rooms at Xst. Church in 1819 crawling on
my window” (#. /V/. #.).

94 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

S. capitatus, De G. With the preceding species, not rare. The well-
marked and scarce var. fulvicornis, Walt. occurs at Tubney (//”. 7).

S. retusus, Marsh. By sweeping ; Tubney, not rare. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
in) 1820)')((74, V7. 727.)

*S. faber, Herbst. Under stones and in sandpits ; Tubney, sparingly.

S. lateralis, Payk. Under heather on the sand; Tubney, sparingly.

Exomias araneiformis, Schrank. Among dead leaves and sticks ;
Bagley Wood, Islip, &c. ; not rare.

*Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd. By sweeping under hedges ; Abing-
don, Tubney ; rare.

Sciaphilus muricatus, F. By sweeping and in moss, especially in woods ;
not rare.

*Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh. ‘‘Taken at Oxford in* 1820”
(FW. H.).

Liophlceus nubilus, F. Summertown, on paths, scarce. ‘‘ Taken on
the flags that grow in the water down at Iffley and is very abundant
there” (7. W. J56)\r

Polydrusus'tereticollis, De G.

P. pterygomalis, Sch.

P. cervinus, L.

Phyllobius oblongus, L. By sweeping and beating in early summer ;
common. ‘‘ Very commonly taken in May in beating oaks, taken at
Oxford in 1819.” (&. W. Z.).

*P. calcaratus, F. By sweeping in damp places; Cothill, not rare; Bag-
ley Wood (WW. #.).

. urtice, De G. On nettles, especially in damp places ; abundant in
early summer.

. pyri, L. On young a atid by sweeping ; generally common.

. argentatus, L.

. maculicornis, Germ.

. viridizris, Laich. f

Barynotus obscurus, F. In tufts and under stones ; Summertown, Tub-
ney; not rare.

*B. elevatus, Marsh. By sweeping and in tufts; Bagley Wood, Cumnor ;
scarce.

Alophus triguttatus, F. ‘‘ Taken in 1820 in great numbers in the road-
way thro’ Lord Abingdon’s grounds at Witham” (/. WW. #.).

Sitones griseus, F. By sweeping ; Tubney, frequent. Usually a coast
species.

On young trees in woods; all com-
mon in early summer.

) These three species are plentiful, especially
in woods and lanes, in early summer,

4) go}tao} tao) = ae)

. hispidulus, F. By sweeping, on walls, in sandpits, &c. ; very common.
-humeralis, Steph. By sweeping and in sandpits; Cothill, Tubney ;
not rare.

- meliloti, Walt. On Melilotus officinalis ; Chawley brick-pit, scarce.
c flavescens, Marsh. \ These two species are generally distributed and
. puncticollis, Steph. f not rare by sweeping, especially in autumn.
. suturalis, Steph. Boar’s Hill (C. 2. Collins).

.lineatus, L. On Leguminous plants ; abundant everywhere.

Ss. sulcifrons, Thunb. On Lotus, Lathyrus, &c. ; Wytham Park ; not

rare.

“Gronops lunatus, F. In sandy places; Tubney, scarce; Bagley Wood
(W. £#.).

*

*
ANNNNnN NH DA NNN

. cambricus, Steph. On Lotus major ; Bagley Wood, not rare.

. regensteinensis, Herbst. On broom ; Chawley brick-pit, not rare.

. crinitus, Herbst. By sweeping and in sandpits; Cothill, Tubney ;
frequent.

. tibialis, Herbst. On Leguminous plants ; generally distributed and
not rare.

fall OD A BE

.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 95

Hypera punctata, F. In sandpits and by sweeping; Cothill, Cumnor ;
scarce. ;

.rumicis, L. On Rumex in damp places; not uncommon and widely

distributed.

. polygoni, L. In sandpits; sometimes in tufts; Ogley Bog, Tubney,

&c., frequent.

. suspiciosa, Herbst. In tufts of grass at Yarnton ; rare.

. variabilis, Herbst. By sweeping, in sandpits, &c. ; generally common.

H
Hi
*H
H
H. plantaginis, De G. In sandpits and by sweeping ; Ogley Bog, Tub-
ney, &c. ; not rare,
H
H. nigrirostris, F. By sweeping, in moss, &c. ; generally common.
*Cleonus sulcirostris, L. This large and conspicuous weevil is at times
fairly common at the roots of thistles in sandy places at Boar's Hill
and Tubney ; the specimens from the first-named locality being usually
of a strong reddish tint corresponding to that of the sand on which they
are found. ‘* Taken at Oxford going up to Bullington near the cricket
ground in the pathway in 1819” ( #. W. .).
*Lixus paraplecticus, L. ‘Taken at Oxford in 1825 on Flags, and
altho’ longer than angustata [a/gzrus, L.] which abounds at Bossom’s
on the Banks of the Isis, I yet think it is only a Variety” (/. WW. /Z.).
**L. algirus, L. ‘‘Taken near Bossom’s on the Banks of the Isis in great
numbers, crawling up flags, rushes, and water plants” (7. W. /7.).
Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv. At roots of herbage in damp places ; King’s
Weir, Marston Ferry, Yarnton, &c. ; not rare. The var. collaris, Rye,
has occurred at Bagley Wood.
Orchestes quercus, L. On oaks, and by sweeping; generally common
in woods.
*O scutellaris, Gyll, var. semirufus, Gyll. ‘* Taken at Oxford in 1820”
(7. W. £Z.).
O. alni, L. On and about elm trees ; very common; the var, ferrugineus,
Marsh., of frequent occurrence.
O. ilicis, F. By sweeping in woods ; Tubney, Wytham Park ; not rare.
O. avellanze, Don. Onhazel, birch, &c. ; Bagley Wood, Wytham Park ;
frequent.
O. fagi, L. On and about beech trees; Wytham Park, common.
O. rusci, Herbst. In woods, by sweeping ; Bagley Wood, Wytham Park ;
occasional.
O.stigma,Germ. Onsallows; Cothill, King’s Weir, Yarnton; common.
O. salicis, L. With the preceding species; not rare.
*O. saliceti, Fs On small willows on river-bank, Godstow ; common.
Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv. By sweeping under hedges; generally
common.

trilineata, Marsh. By sweeping; Tubney, rather scarce.

*Orthochetes setiger, Beck. In moss and at roots of ragwort; Tubney,
.
scarce.
*Erirrhinus bimaculatus, F. In wet tufts of grass ; near Wytham Park,
rare. ;

E. acridulus, L. In damp places; common and generally distributed.
*Thryogenes festucez, Herbst. In tufts and by sweeping on river-banks ; ©
King’s Weir, Marston Ferry ; sparingly.
*T. nereis, Payks In damp tufts of grass; Yarnton, not common.
*T. scirrhosus,Gyll. By sweeping at Cothill; one example, June, 1906.
*“Dorytomus vorax, F. On poplars, and under their bark in winter; Bag-
ley Wood, not rare; near Wytham Park (/. C.) ; Iffley (7. W. S.). «
D. tortrix, L. On poplars and aspens; Bagley Wood, not rare.

D. maculatus, Marsh. On sallowg, especially in spring ; common.

96 = Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

*D. melanophthalmus, Payk., var. agnathus, Boh. On sallows near
Ferry Hinksey, scarce, June, 1904.
*D. pectoralis, Gyll. With the preceding, and near Marston Ferry,;,
sparingly. ,
Tanysphyrus lemnez, F. Among duckweed and in flood-refuse ; Wy-
tham Park, Yarnton ; common.
Anoplus plantaris, Nez. On young birch wees ; Bagley Wood, Boar’s
Hill. Tubney ; not rare.
*Elleschus bipunctatus, L. On sallows in Hen Wood ; locally frequent
in spring.
*Tychius tibialis, Boh. By sweeping ; Cothill, Tubney ; not rare.
Miccotrogus picirostris, F. By sweeping under hedges, Xc. ; generally
common.
*Sibinia primita, Herbst. On Sfervgula arvensis and by general sweeping ;
Cothill, Tubney ; scarce.
*Miarus campanule, L. Boar’s Hill (W”. #.).
*M. plantarum, Germ. By sweeping in lanes, &c. ; Cothill, Cumnor,
Tubney, Yarnton ; sparingly.
*Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. By sweeping in damp places; Marston
Ferry, rare.
*G. beccabunge, L. On Veronica Anagallis and V. Beccabunga in wet
places ; Islip, Marston Ferry, Summertown, &c. ; not rare.
G. antirrhini, Payk On Lixaria vulgaris; Tubney, sometimes common.
Mecinus pyraster, Hbst. By general sweeping; widely distributed and
common.
Anthonomus ulmi, De G. By sweeping; Wytham Park, rare.
A. pedicularius, L. On hawthorn-blossom in woods ; common in early
summer.
A. rubi, Herbst. By general sweeping ; very common ; varies greatly in
size.
Nanophyes lythri, F. On Lythrum salicaria ; Cothill, Marston, Yarn-
ton ; not rare.
Cionus scrophularieg, L. On Scrophularia aquatica ; generally common.
‘Taken at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. H.)
C. hortulanus, Marsh. On Scrophularia and Verbascum ; Bagley Wood,
Tubney; frequent. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford in 1820” (7. W. H.).
C. blattarie, F. On Scropiularia aquatica ; generally common.
C. pulchellus, Herbst. On Scrophularia, chiefly in woods; Bagley
Wood, Tubney ; common.
*Orobitis cyaneus, L. By sweeping in woods ; TERS Wytham Park ;
scarce.
Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. Among dead sticks, &c. ; Bagley Wood,
Elsfield, Islip, Tubney ; frequent.
Cceliodes rubicundus, Herbst. On young trees in woods ; occasional.
C. quercus, F. By beating young oaks, &c., in woods ; Bagley Wood,
Boar’s Hill, Tubney ; mot rare.
C. ruber, Marsh. age two species are re rare by peu
young trees in early summer; Bagle
Cetytbroleucus Gine ice Boar’s Hill, abney. a
C. cardui, Herbst. In sandpits and by sweeping ; Cothill, Tubney,
Yarnton ; frequent.
C. quadrimaculatus, L. On nettles ; abundant everywhere.
*C. exiguus, Ol. On Geranium pyrenaicum,; locally common near
: Tubney.
*Poophagus sisymbrii, F. On water-cress in damp places; Marstons
Ferry, Yarnton ; not common. .
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. On Cracifere ; generally common.

Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire. 97

*C. setosus, Boh. By sweeping and in sandpits in spring; Cothill,
Tubney ; scarce.
*C. cochleariz, Gyll. On Cardamine pratensis ; Marston Ferry, scarce.
C. erice, Gyll. On Calluna vulgaris ; Tubney, not rare.
C. erysimi, F. On Stsymdrium and other Cruciferous plants ; generally
common.
C. contractus, Marsh. On Cruciferous plants and by general sweeping ;
very common.
C. chalybzus, Germ. On Cruciferous plants in damp places ; Ogley Bog,
Tubney ; not rare.
C. quadridens, Panz. On Cruciferous plants ; generally common.

C. geographicus, Goeze. This handsome insect is sometimes plentiful

at Tubney on the Viper’s Bugloss, Acheum vulgare.

C. pollinarius, Forst. On nettles; common, especially in spring.
“Taken at Oxford in 1820 by Baxter of the Botanic Garden”
(Fic We).

**C, viduatus, Gyll. On Stachys palustris ; banks of Cherwell near Water
Eaton, rare, July, 1906; also singly on the river-bank near
Godstow.

C. pleurostigma, Marsh. On Cruciferous plants and by sweeping ; very
common.
*C. alliaria, Bris. On &rysemum Alliarta in spring; Summertown,
Marston Ferry, scarce.
*C. resedz, Marsh. On Reseda Luteola; Elsfield, locally common in
early summer.
C. marginatus, Payk. By general sweeping; Cothill, Tubney; not
common.
C. rugulosus, Herbst. By sweeping at Cothill; rare, spring, 1906.
*C. melanostictus, Marsh. On Lycopus curopeus in damp places ;
Cothill, Marston Ferry, Wytham, Yarnton; fairly common.
*C. asperifoliarum, Gyll. On 2chizwm and Lycopsis ; Elsheld, Tubney ;
not rare.

**C. euphorbiz, Bris. In sandpits, chiefly in autumn; Tubney, rare.

*C. chrysanthemi, Germ. On Cirysanthemum Leucanthemum ; Marston
Ferry, common ; also at Bagley Wood, Cothill, and Wytham.

C. litura, F. On thistles ; generally distributed and not rare.

Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. On Cructfere ; generally common.

C. pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. On Sisymdbrium officinale ; near Walton
Bridge, not rare. ;

*C. nigrinus, Marsh. By sweeping ; Wytham Park, occasional.

*C. melanarius, Steph. On water-cress ; King’s Weir, Marston Ferry,
Summertown, Xc. ; not rare.

*C. terminatus, Herbst. On wild carrot (Daucus Carvota) near Cothill ;
scarce,

*C. horridus, F. On thistles, chiefly Carduus nutans ; Tubney, not rare.

C. troglodytes, F. By general sweeping; common. ‘‘ Taken at Oxford
in 1820” (F. W. Z.).

Amalus hzemorrhous, Herbst. By sweeping in lanes, X\c.; widely
distributed and not rare.

Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. In damp places, by sweeping, Xc. ; generally
common.

*R gramineus, F. On Polygonum at Marston Ferry, common ; also at
Wood Eaton. ;

R. perpendicularis, Reich. On /olygonum in damp places; widely
aistributed and not rare.

R. castor, F. In dry sandy places; Boar’s Hill, Cumnor, Tubney ;
common,

98 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

*Eubrychius velatus, Beck. By sweeping water-plants, Marston Ferry ;
one specimen, July 5th, 1906.

Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. In flood-refuse; Yarnton, rare,
spring, 1906.

*Phytobius comari, Herbst. On Lythrum Salicaria, &c.; Marston
Ferry, not rare, July, 1906.

*P. q-tuberculatus, F. By sweeping, often far from water; Cothill,
Cumnor, Tubney, Wytham Park, &c. ; frequent.

*Limnobaris t-album, L. By sweeping in damp places; Cothill,
common ; also at Ogley Bog and Marston Ferry.

“Baris lepidii, Germ. In flood-refuse near Yarnton, rare, January,
1906.

Balaninus venosus, Grav. On oak, hawthorn-blossom, &c., in woods ;
fairly common. ** Taken at Bagley Wood, Oxfordshire, beating oaks ;
it is abundant about May” (/. W. /.).

B. nucum, L. The ‘‘ Nut weevil.” ‘On hazel ; Bagley Wood, Tubney ;
occasional.

*B. villosus, F. On oak, hawthorn-blossom, &c. ; Bagley Wood, Boar’s
Hill, Tubney ; fairly common.

B. salicivorus, Payk. On willows in summer ; generally common.

B. pyrrhoceras, Marsh. With the preceding species ; frequent.

Calandra granaria, L. About bakers’ shops, granaries, Xc. ; frequent.

C. oryzz, L. Notas common as the preceding species. ‘Taken at the
Botanic garden at Oxford by Baxter” (7. W. 7.).

*Cossonus ferrugineus, Clairv. Taken in great abundance in a dead
poplar tree at Binsey by Mr. W. Holland, also at South Hinksey.
I have found dead specimens in a Lombardy poplar near Wytham
Park. ‘ Taken at Oxford on the dry wood of willow trees where the
bark had been stripped, it then perforates the wood and commits the
greatest havoc” (#. W. /7.).

Rhyncolus lignarius, Marsh. In decayed wood, chiefly of elm ; gener-
ally common.

Magdalis armigera, Fourc. On elm hedges; Cothill, occasional ;
Botley (W. #.).

M. cerasi, L. By sweeping; Bagley Wood (/V. 4.) ; Tubney (/. C.).

FAMILY Scolytide.

Scolytus destructor, Ol. Very destructive in the larva state to elm trees ;
the perfect insect eater taken by sweeping.
S. multistriatus, Marsh. By sweeping ; Marston Ferry, Summertown,
SC.s rare:
Hylastes ater, Payk. By sweeping under fir trees ; Tubney, frequent.
H. opacus, Er. On old timber, and flying ; Summertown, occasional.
*Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh. In old stumps of broom; Chawley brick-
pit, rare.
*Hylesinus crenatus, F. Not as yet taken in the perfect state, but the
traces of the larva are very frequent in old ash trees.
*H. oleiperda, F. By sweeping under ash trees; Cothill, Tubney ;
rare.
H. fraxini, Panz. By sweeping; Wytham Park, fairly common.
Myelophilus piniperda, L. By sweeping under fir trees; Tubney,
frequent.
*Phlceophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh. In dead stems of broom ;
Chawley brick-pit, common, May, 1906.
Dryoceetes villosus, F. Under oak bark ; Wytham Park, not common.

Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire. 99

The table on the next page will show at a glance the
number of genera and species, in each of the primary divisions
of the Coleoptera according to the classification of the great
French Entomologist Latreille, that are enumerated in the
foregoing List as having been found in our District, and also
the proportion they bear to the total number recognised as
occurring in the British Islands. A comparison with the
enumeration of the Coleoptera of the much more favourably
situated Rochester district may be not uninteresting.

During the time that this list has been passing through the
press, several additional species of Coleoptera of very great in-
terest have been taken in our District by searching the sub-
terranean nests of the mole (Za/pa europea). ‘This method
of collecting, first indicated by Dr. N. H. Joy of Bradfield, Berks,
in the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine for 1906 (vol. xlii.,
pp. 198—202, and 237-8), has brought to light several species
quite new to the British beetle-fauna, and others hitherto re-
garded as among our greatest rarities have been found in
fair abundance in many localities. Besides those enumerated
below, Hezerothops nigra, Kr. occurs in a large proportion of
the nests examined, and the exceedingly rare AZedon castaneus,
Grav. has been taken by me at Shotover Hill, and by Mr.
A. H. Hamm at Ogley Bog. The following are not included in
the Synoptical table.

Aleochara spadicea, Er. Shotover; Wood Eaton (/. C.); Ogley Bog
(CAB IER 126))-

Oxypoda metatarsalis, Thoms. Wytham; Wood Eaton (/. C.).

Homalota paradoxa, Rey. Wytham; Wood Eaton (/. C.).

Quedius vexans, Epp. Wytham, Yarnton; Wood Eaton (WE (65))=
Ogley Bog (A. H. #7).

This and the two preceding species are among the most
recent additions to the British list.

Q. longicornis, Kr. Wytham; Wood Eaton (/. C.), Ogley Bog
(4. AH. #.). Mr. Holland has also taken a single specimen at
Shotover Hill on September 24th, 1898.

Hister marginatus, Er. Shotover Hill; two examples, March 2nd,
1907.

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2b

FIRST SUPPLEMENT

TO THE ,

PRELIMINARY LIST

OF

COLBHOPTHRA

IN THE

REPORT FOR 1906,

BY
James J. WALKER,
Hon. M.A, R,N., F.LS.,

Secretary of the Entomological Society of London.

| Reprinted from the Ashmolean Natural History Society
Report for 7907. |

FIRST SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF THE OXFORD DISTRICT,

Published in the Report of the Ashmolean Natural
History Society of Oxfordshire for 1906.

By JAMES J. WALKER, Hon M.A,, R.N., F.L.S.

THE past year of grace 1907, although it left so much
to be desired from a meteorological point of view, has proved
to be by no means one of the worst for Insects in general,
and for Coleoptera in particular. This is evident from the fact
that in the following Supplement I am able to add the very
satisfactory number of 183 species to the list of this Order
of Insects occurring within a radius of about seven miles from
the City of Oxford, which was published in our Report for last
year. It is true that a considerable number of these additions
are species of wide distribution and common occurrence in the
British Isles, which might reasonably be expected to occur in our
District, but of which we had no definite record when the first
list was compiled; but among the remainder are very many
forms of great interest, and of more or less local distribution, and
several which rank at present among the greatest of our rarities.

Besides these additions to our List, new localities have been
found for a large number of our less common beetles, and many
rare and local species have been taken, some of which are re-
corded in the volume of the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Maga-
zine” for last year. My colleagues in the Hope Department of
the Oxford University Museum, Messrs. Holland, Hamm, and
Collins, have contributed a large number of the additional species,
which, as before, are indicated by their respective initials. Mr.
Collins especially has devoted a great deal of time and attention
to the Staphylinide, and especially to the interesting little group
of species, mostly belonging to that family, which are associated
with the Wood Ant, ormica rufa. The result of his industry

52 Ashmolean Naturat History Society of Oxfordshire.

is evident from the large number of additions to that numerous
and difficult family of beetles which stand to his credit in the
following list, and in the determination of many of these I have
had the benefit of the expert knowledge of my friend, Mr. G. C.
Champion. Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe has supplied the names
of several species found by him in past years near Oxford, which
were omitted by an oversight from the List of Coleoptera in
the Society’s report for 1906; and several rarities were added
by the late Mr. A. J. Chitty, and by Prof. T. Hudson Beare, in
flying visits made to Oxford during 1907.

I take the opportunity of correcting one or two errors in the
Preliminary List :—

Bembidium minimum, F, (p. 57). The small Bembidium recorded
under this name, which is so abundant in damp places and flood-refuse
throughout the District, is B. gz/vipes, Sturm.

Helophorus brevicollis, Thoms. (p. 60). This species is inserted in
error, the specimens being 4. affnzs, Marsh.

Heterocerus marginatus, F. (p, 78). This should be & /evigatus,
Panz., a closely allied species; both are frequently found together on
the Coast.

Phyllodecta (Phratora) vulgatissima, L, (p. 87). Most of the local
specimens referred to this species appear to belong to the less common
P. cavifrons, Thoms. :

ORDER COLEOPTERA.

FamiLy Carabide.

*Dyschirius politus, Dej. One example, Shotover, on a path, April
1907 (4. H. #.).

*Acupalpus consputus, Dufts. By sweeping on the roadside near
Bletchington ; one example, 8th May, 1907.

**Harpalus obscurus, Fab. This fine and rare species was first taken by
my nephew, H. G. Champion, under stones at Gibraltar Quarries,
April 25th, 1907, and subsequently rather freely at and near the same
place by Mr. J. Collins.

*H. rupicola, Sturm. Under stones in quarry at Ogley Bog (WW. #.);
found in plenty at Gibraltar Quarries, April, 1907.

[*H. parallelus, Dej. A small Harpalus, taken by Mr. W. Holland and
myself in company with H. rujfibarbis, is perhaps referable to this
usually coast-frequenting species. ]

H. attenuatus, Steph. Tubney (Z. St. 7. Donisthorfe).
Bembidium nitidulum, Marsh. On walls in spring ; Oxford, rare.

*B. affine, Steph. In a damp place, Gibraltar Quarries; one,
April 25th, 1907.

Metabletus obscuroguttatus, Dufts. In dry tufts, at roots of elms,
&c. ; Water Eaton, common (/. C.).

FaMILy Haliplide.

*Brychius elevatus, Panz. Adhering to stones, sticks, &c., in Bayswater
Brook, near Elsfield ; scarce, June, 1907.

FamiLy Dytiscide.

Laccophilus interruptus, Panz. In running and stagnant water ;
generally common,

Report for 1907. 63

FaMILy Gyrinide.

*Orectochilus villosus, Mill. In company with Arychius elevatus in
Bayswater Brook ; sparingly, June, 1907.

FamMity Hydrophilide.

Anacena bipustulata, Steph. In wet places; Wood Eaton (W. 7).

*Helophorus dorsalis, Marsh. By sweeping at Wytham Park; one,
22nd April, 1907.

*H. mulsanti, Rye. Yarnton(W. 7).

*Hydrochus elongatus, Schall. By sweeping on banks of Cherwell ;
one, May 6th, 1907.

FamiLy Staphylinide.

**Aleochara maculata, Bris. One example of this rare and distinct
species taken in a tuft of grass at Hen Wood, March 16th, 1907.
**Oxypoda spectabilis, Bris. In moles’ nests at Wytham ; three exam-

ples, 23rd March, 1907 (/. C.).
O. formiceticola, Mark. In nests of the wood-ant (Formica rufa, L.)
at Tubney; November, 1907, not rare (/. C.).
**Q, misella, Kr. One example at Tubney, in rabbit-burrow, 7th Au-
gust, 1907 (/. C.).
Thiasophila angulata, Er. In nests of Formica rufa at Tubney ;
November, 1907, not rare (/. C.).
Ischnoglossa prolixa, Gr. Under bark of oak and ash; Wytham Park,
sparingly.
Phlceopora reptans, Grav. In tree fungus, Wytham, scarce, Septem-
bers.£907) (5 G.):
**Calodera umbrosa, Er. By sweeping at Cothill; one example,
25th May, 1907.
Myrmedonia humeralis, Gr. In nest of Formica rufa; Tubney,
gth February, 1908 (/. C.).

*Atemeles emarginatus, Payk. This curious beetle has been taken
rather freely by Mr. A. H. Hamm in nests of the ant, Afyrmica rubra,
under stones on Shotover Hill, April and May, 1907. I have found
it in Bagley Wood with the same ant, and by sweeping at Headington
Wick Copse, 27th June, 1907.

Thamiarza cinnamomea, Gr. Taken at Cossws-burrows at Cowley by
Mr. Donisthorpe, and at Summertown by Mr. J. Collins.

Notothecta flavipes, Gr. In nests of Mormica rufa at Tubney; not
rare (A. H. H. and /. C.).

N. anceps, Er. Withthe preceding, fairly common (/. C.).

Homalota elongatula, Gr. In damp tufts, &c., at Yarnton: not
rare.

H. volans, Scriba. On walls, chiefly in early spring ; not rare.

H. fungivora, Thoms. In decaying fungi; Wytham Park, &c.,

occasional.
H. nigella, Er. In moss, damp tufts, &c. ; Yarnton, not rare, spring,
1907.
*H, linearis, Grav. In dead sticks, Tubney and Wytham ; occasional

GaGa):

*H. debilis, Er. In moss and damp tufts ; Yarnton, occasional.

**H, laticeps, Thoms. One example of this very rare species taken
by the late Mr, A. J. Chitty by sweeping at Cothill, 30th September,

1905.

54 Ashmolean Natural History, Society of Oxfordshire.

**H, hepatica, Er. Shotover Hill, one example, 21st May, 1907 (A. /.
Chitty).
H. ee Thoms. Tubney, &c., by sweeping ; occasional,
H. triangulum, Kr. In flood-rubbish ; Water Eaton, rare (/. C.).
H. fungicola, Thoms. In rotten fungi, &c. ; generally common.
H. nigricornis, Thoms. On walls in spring ; occasional.
*H. corvina, Thoms. In dry fungus on trees at Besselsleigh ; not rare,
28th September, 1907 (/. C.).
*H, atomaria, Kr. By sweeping at Wytham Park; rare, September,
1907.
Ser, Peeecines Heer. By sweeping under trees in early summer ;
Elsfield, Tubney, rare.
. inquinula, Er. In dung; Water Eaton, occasional (/. C.).
. nigra, Er. In vegetable refuse; Tubney, Wytham, &c., frequent
(We Ga)
H. ee Er. In dung; Tubney, 30th March, 1907 (/. C.).
H. longicornis, Grav. In dung, vegetable refuse, and on walls;
generally common.
H. sordida, Marsh. In flood-rubbish; Water Eaton, &c. (/. C.).
H. testudinea, Er. In dung; Elsfield, Water Eaton, &c., not rare
SIG) se
isle LG h Grav. In dung, &c. ; Wytham, Water Eaton (/. C.).
H. laticollis; Steph. In moss, vegetable refuse, &c.; generally common.
H. fungi, Grav. var. clientula, Er. This well-marked form is common
in fungus, &c., at Tubney, Wood Eaton, and elsewhere (/. C,).
*“Gyrophena lucidula, Er. In damp dead sticks at Yarnton; a few,
April, 1907. '
Tachyporus solutus, Er. Yarnton (7% #.).
**Tachinus scapularis, Steph. By sweeping at Summertown; one
example, 20th June, 1907.
*“Mycetoporus clavicornis, Steph. Taken by Mr. H. St. J. Donis-
thorpe.
*Quedius microps, Grav. In decayed wood ofa hollow elm tree on the
Cherwell bank near Summertown; several examples, early spring,

1907.
**Q. ventralis, Ahr. One specimen of this fine species taken under bark
on an old post at Chilswell Farm by the late Mr. M. Jacoby,
3rd April, 1907.
*Q. brevis, Er. In nests of Formica rufa at Tubney ; not rare, June,
1907 (/. C.).
Ocypus brunnipes, Fab. In tufts and under stones ; Wood Eaton,
sparingly (/. C.).
*Philonthus addendus, Sharp. One example, in tree-fungus at Bessels-
leigh, 28th September, 1907, appears to be referable to this species.
*P. albipes, Grav. Taken by Mr. Donisthorpe.
P. cephalotes, Grav. In manure-heaps, &c.; Yarnton, Wood Eaton,
occasional.
**P. fuscus, Grav. One example in tree-fungus at Wytham, 15th Septem:
ber, 1907 (/. C.).
P. longicornis, Steph. In dung; Elsfield, &c., not rare (/. C.).
P. agilis, Grav. In dung; Water Eaton, sparingly (/. C.).
*P. nigritulus, Grav. In refuse of faggot-stack, Tubney, June, 1907, not
rare; also in dung at Water Eaton (/. C.).
*Xantholinus atratus, Grav. In nests of Formica rufa at Tubney ;
sparingly, September, 1907 (/. C.).

Report for 1907. 55

These two species occur occasion-

Leptacinus parumpunctatus,Gyll. ally on walls and in manure-

L. batychrus, Gyll. heaps at Summertown, Yarnton,
&e.

L. formicetorum, Mark. In nests of /urmica rufa at Tubney ; common

(Ss Go)

Medon melanocephalus, Fab. Tubney and Bagley (W. #.).

Stenus canaliculatus, Gyll. Medley (IY. /.).

S. vafellus, Er. In wet places; Yarnton, Beckley (W. &).

S. crassus, Steph. In moss, &c. ; Yarnton, sparingly.

S. carbonarius, Gyll. In flood-rubbish at Water Eaton, 29th Decem-

ber, 1907 (/. C.).
S. nigritulus, Gyll. Wood Eaton and Cassington (W. #.).
S. nitidiusculus, Steph. Ogley Bog (W. 7).
*S. solutus, Er. Otmoor (W. 4).
S. latifrons, Er. In wet tufts of grass; Yarnton ; Wytham (/. C.).

**Platystethus alutaceus, Thoms. Ina tuft at Yarnton; one example,
18th April, 1907.

*Oxytelus insecatus, Grav. Under stones at Gibraltar Quarries ; rare.
O. inustus, Grav. In dung; generally common.

**Q,.' fairmairei, Pand. This hitherto rare little species has been taken
not uncommonly in moles’ nests throughout the district by Mr. J.
Collins and myself.

Trogophleeus rivularis, Mots. Taken by Mr. Donisthorpe ; apparently
not rare.

T. elongatulus, Er. On river-banks, edges of ponds, &c.; fairly
common.

T. corticinus, Grav. In flood-rubbish at Water Eaton, 29th December,
1907 (/, C.). ; ;

*Syntomium zneum, Mill. By sweeping on the roadside near Elsfield ;

one example, 17th June, 1907.

**Acidota cruentata, Mann. One example of this rare species taken by
Mr. Donisthorpe in my company, by sweeping at Wytham Park,
8th November, 1907.

*Homalium allardi, Fairm. In manure-heap near Yarnton; one exam-
ple, 27th February, 1907.

** FT, exiguum, Gyll. In dead rabbit at Tubney, one, 25th May, 1907 ;

also by sweeping at Summertown, one, 7th June, 1907.

*

Famity Clambide.
Clambus minutus, Sturm, In garden refuse at Summertown ; common.

FAMILY Silphide.

**Anisotoma curta, Fairm. One female example of this exceedingly
rare species taken by sweeping under fir trees at Tubney, 19th October,

1907.
**Agaricophagus cephalotes, Schaum. By sweeping at Wytham Park ;
one example, 13th September, 1907 (H. Sz. /. Donisthorpe).

FamiLty Pselaphide.
**Pselaphus dresdensis, Herbst. In dead leaves at Yarnton; one
example, 24th April, 1907.
Famity Corylophide.

Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll. In garden refuse ; Summertown, &c., not
rare.

56 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

FAMILY Phalacride.

Olibrus liquidus, Er. Taken by Mr. Donisthorpe; not rare by sweep-
ing at Tubney, &c.

FAMILY Histeride.

*Hister merdarius, Hoff. In starling’s nest in hollow elm near Water

Eaton; three examples, May and August, 1907 ( /. C.).
H. carbonarius, Ill, In dung; Water Eaton, Tubney, &c., not rare

(Ge2Es):

*Myrin 2tes piceus, Payk. In nests of Formica rufa at Tubney; rare,
lat autumn, 1907 (/. C.).

*Acritus nigrico nis, Hoff. By sweeping at Wytham Park ; one exam-
ple, 19th September, 1907.

FAMILY Nitidulide.

*Nitidula quadripustulata, Fab. Found commonly at Headington
Wick Copse in a sheep’s skull along with M. rufifes, June, 1907 ;
also singly by sweeping at Cothill.

Soronia punctatissima, Il]. Taken by Mr. Donisthorpe at Cowley ;
also at sap of Cossws-infested oak near Summertown, July, 1907
(CJenGa):

*Meligethes umbrosus, Sturm. Shotover (W. Z.).

M. obscurus, Er. Shotover (W. H.), Tubney (/. C.).

*M. solidus, Sturm. On flowers of Aelianthemum vulgare ; Wood
Eaton and Tubney, not rare (/. C.); Shotover (W. #.).

*Cryptarcha imperialis, F. At sap of Cossws-oak near Summertown ;
one, 14th July, 1907 (/. C.).

*Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. By sweeping at Tubney ; one example,
8th June, 1907.

FamMiILy Monotomide.

*Monotoma conicicollis, Aubé. ) Not uncommon in nests of Formica rufa
*M. formicetorum, Thoms. at Tubney, November, 1907 (/. C.).

FAMILY Lathridiide.

**Holoparamecus depressus, Curt. Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, of Read-
ing, informs me that he has specimens of this rare insect labelled
‘© Oxford, common, 1891.” They were probably taken by the late
Mr. J. W. Shipp.

FAMILY Cucujide.

*Lamophleus ater, Ol. In dead broom-stump at Chawley, with PA/e-
ophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh.; one example, 19th April, 1907.

FaMILy Cryptophagide.
Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst. In garden, Observatory St., Oxford
W. £.

**C, ruficornis, Steph. Under decayed ash bark, Wytham Park; one
example, 22nd April, 1907.
C. distinguendus, Sturm. In window of house, Oxford (W. #.).
C. acutangulus, Gyll. In manure-heap, Yarnton; rare, March, 1907.
C. affinis, Sturm. In cellar of house, Oxford (W. //.).
**Czenoscelis pallida, Woll. By sweeping at Tubney; one example,
8th June, 1907.

Report for 1907. 57

Atomaria fuscata, Sch. Chilswell and Wood Eaton (W. H.)
A. analis, Er. Oxford City (W. Z.).
“*Ephistemus globosus, Waltl. In tufts of grass; Yarnton, 18th April,
and Radley, 27th April, 1907, singly.

FAamMiLy Dermestide.

[Dermestes vulpinus, F. An entry in the Rev. F. W. Hope’s inter-
leaved copy of Marsham’s ‘‘ Entomologia Britannica,” vol. I., opposite
p- 61, under D. éessedlatus, F., evidently refers to this species: ‘‘an
vulpinus. Taken at Oxford in 1821” (#. W. H.). The insect
will almost certainly be found in houses and stores in the city.]
*Anthrenus varius, F. In garden, Oxford (I. #.).

FAMILY Scarabeide.

Aphodius borealis, Gyll. Islip (W. Z).
Geotrupes mutator, Marsh, Generally frequent, especially in autumn,

FAMILY Buprestidee.

(**Aphanisticus emarginatus, F. It is quite possible that the insect from
Bagley Wood, recorded by the late Mr. J. W. Shipp (Entom. Mo.
Mag. vol. XXX., p. 15) as Aphanzsticus pusillus, Ol., may have been
the above species, as there are two examples of A. emarginatus,
evidently mounted by him, in the collection of British Coleoptera in the
Oxford University Museum ; and another specimen, said to have been
taken in Bagley Wood, was submitted by him to Mr. G. C. Champion
in 1893 for determination. A. emarginatus was introduced as a British
species by Mr. Donisthorpe on numerous examples taken in the Isle of
Wight (Entom. Record, 1903, p. 265). One example of A. pusillus
was taken by Mr. Donisthorpe in my company, by sweeping at Wytham
Park on September 13th, 1907. |

FaMILy Telephoride.
**Dasytes niger, L. On flowers of Matricaria near Radley ; one example,
July 29th, 1907.
FamiLy Anobiide.

Anobium paniceum, L. I found a considerable number of this omni-
vorous beetle in the stuffing of a dried North African lizard belonging
to Mr. G. C. Druce, May 30th, 1907, and have also picked up exam-
ples in Summertown.

FamMILy Lamiide.

*Agapanthia lineatocollis, Don. This fine Longicorn occurred rather
freely on thistles, Aupatorium cannabinum, etc., at Headington Wick
Copse on June 2Ist and 27th, 1907.

FAMILY Bruchide.

*Bruchus loti, Payk. On Lotus corniculatus, etc.; sparingly at Cothill,
June, 1907.

FamiLty Chrysomelide.

Galerucella calmariensis, L. Om rushes in damp places; Tubney,
not rare (/. C.).

*€
58 Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire.

*Longitarsus lycopi, Foudr. Taken by Mr. Donisthorpe.

*L. reichei, All. Ogley Bog (W. #.).

L. pellucidus, Foudr. Beckley (W. #.).

Crepidodera rufipes, L. By sweeping in early summer; Wood Eaton
and Kennington, sparingly (/. C.).

*Cassida sanguinolenta, F. By sweeping at Headington Wick Copse ;
one example, 27th June, 1907.

Fami_y Tenebrionide.
Tenebrio obscurus, F. Occasionally in houses, shops, &c., in the city
(As Ai ZZ):
Gnathocerus cornutus, F. In fowls’ corn, Oxford (W. Z.).
Tribolium confusum, Duv. Shotover (W. Z.).

Famity Melandryide.

. *Orchesia micans, Panz. Bred in numbers from hard fungus on an elm
between Islip and Bletchington, June, 1907.

FaMity Pythide.

[**Mycterus curculionoides, F. A specimen of this curious beetle,
doubtfully indigenous to Britain, is recorded by the late Mr. Sidney
Olliff, as having been taken by Mr. M. Gunning near Oxford in or
about the year 1882. Cf. Canon Fowler’s ‘‘ British Coleoptera,”
vol. IV., p. 57-]

FaMILy Mordellidee.

*Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana, Panz. Marston Ferry, beaten from
willow, one, 30th June, 1907 (/. C.) ; Roddam Island, R. Cherwell,
one on flowers of Sfer@a Ulmaria, July Ist, 1907.

*M. brevicauda, Boh. On flowers at Headington Wick Copse; rare,
June, 1907.

FaMILy Xylophilide.

*Xylophilus populneus, Panz. By sweeping under elms; Summertown,
two examples, June 7th, 1907.

FaMILY Curculionids.

*Rhinomacer attelaboides, F. One example of this usually northern
species taken by sweeping under fir trees at Tubney, 11th May, 1907.
*Apion cracce, L. Shotover, by sweeping, rare, 22nd September, 1907
(7. H. Beare).
A. subulatum, Kirby. By sweeping; Banbury Road near Kidlington,
tst August, 1907 (/. C.).
*A, dissimile, Kirby. On 77ifolium arvense, L. (Hare’s-foot Trefoil) at
Tubney ; locally common (JV. &.). Usually a coast species.
** A. annulipes, Wenck. One example of this rare species taken by
Prof. T. Hudson Beare at Shotover, 22nd September, 1907.
*A. atomarium, Kirby. On 7hymus serpyllum, near Stanton St. John
(W. £#.).
A. striatum, Kirby. On furze (Ulex europeus) ; Tubney, common
(W. #.).
A. livescerum, Gyll. Cumnor, June, 1906 (/. C.); generally common
on the cultivated Sainfoin (Oxobsychis sativa). :
*A. simile, Kirby. On birch at Hen Wood; sparingly in late autumn,
1906 and 1907 (W. Z.).

. Report for 1907. 59

*Polydrusus micans, F. Wood Eaton; one example by beating, June,
1906 (/. C.).

*P. flavipes, De G. On aspens and poplars, rare; Bagley Wood,
20th May, 1907 ; Wood Eaton, July, 1907 (/. C.).

*Hypera alternans, Steph. By sweeping near Marston Ferry; one
example, Ist July, 1907.

Grypidius equiseti, F. By sweeping at Tubney; one example, 6th Oc-
tober, 1907 (W. #/.).

**Dorytomus tremulz, Payk. Single examples of this rare species have
been taken, on white poplar, at Prattwell Wood, near Islip, 23rd June,
by Mr. J. Collins, and by myself by sweeping under the same kind
of tree at Cothill, r2th October, 1907.

*D. maculatus v. costirostris, Gyll. Onaspens; Bagley Wood, rare, »
20th May, 1907.

Bagous tempestivus, Herbst. In wet places; Yarnton, 24th April,
and Kennington, 29th July, 1907.

**Gymnetron linariz, Panz. By sweeping in grassy lanes, Cothill and
Tubney ; rare, May and June, 1907.

**Anthonomus rosine, Des Gozis. By sweeping at Tubney ; one exam-
ple, 1st November, 1907.

Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. This conspicuous weevil is recorded in
the Minute Book of the Oxford University Entomological Society, 31st
May, 1868, by Mr. Pearce, from ‘‘a willow bed near the new bathing
place,” presumably on the Cherwell. I found it in abundance on
June 7th, 1907, on osiers at Roddam Island, close to Marston Ferry.

*Ceuthorrhynchus hirtulus, Germ. By sweeping at Tubney, rare,
6th June, 1907 ; Chilswell and Stanton St. John (W. Z.).

**C, pilosellus, Gyll. A single example of this exceedingly rare species
taken in a sand-pit at Tubney, 11th May, 1907.

*Ceuthorrhynchidius quercicola, Payk. In a tuft at Water Eaton,
singly, 21st January, 1907 (/. C.).

*C. barnevillei, Grén. (chevrolati, Bris.). By sweeping Achillea
millefolium at Cothill; rare, 11th May, 1907.

*Limnobaris pilistriata, Steph. This insect, now regarded as distinct
from Z. ¢. e/bwm, L., is not rare at Roddam Island and elsewhere on the
Cherwell.

*Balaninus turbatus, Gyll. Marston (V7. @.).

Magdalis pruni, L. By sweeping and beating in early summer ; Bagley
Wood, Elsfield, &c.; not rare.

FAMILY Scolytide.

*Scolytus pruni, Ratz. Taken freely by Mr. A. H. Hamm in a dead
apple tree in his garden, Southfield Road ; Wolvercote,* numerous
dead specimens in an old apple tree, 26th September, 1907.

*S. rugulosus, Ratz. Tubney, by sweeping, Ist September, 1907

evn)
Hanae vittatus, F. Bagley (W. H.); Tubney, flying, 30th March,
1907 (4. H. #.).
*Cissophagus hedere, Schm. By sweeping at Elsfield; one, 21st June,

1907. ;

Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. By sweeping under fir trees ;
Tubney, not rare. ae

*Xylocleptes bispinus, Dufts. By beating old stems of Clematis Vitalba;

Gibraltar Quarries, several, Ist June, 1907.
*Tomicus laricis, F. Under bark of larch; Boar’s Hill (W. #7).

60 Ashmolean Natural History Soctety of Oxfordshire.

ABNORMAL COLEOPTERA.

**Stylops melitte, Kirby. The winged Cf of this extraordinary insect
has been taken flying in the University Parks by Mr. A. H. Hamm,
who also finds the apterous females not rarely in the bodies of bees
of the genus Andrena.

**Halictophagus curtisii, Dale. Also found (females only) by Mr.
Hamm, parasitic on bees of the genus Halictus.

ADDENDA.

‘ *Sunius diversus, Aubé. In old manure-heap at Botley; several ex-
amples, 12th February, 1908.
*Euthia scydmenoides, Steph. With the preceding; one example.
*Silpha tristis, Il. In moss at Tubney ; one, 15th February, 1908.

(As in the “ Preliminary List,” the names under which the
species are here recorded are those used in Messrs. Beare and°
Donisthorpe’s ‘‘ Catalogue of British Coleoptera,” dated 1904.)

The above additions to our Local List are distributed among
the primary divisions of the Coleoptera as follows :—

GEODEPHAGA “ea Q species. | MALACODERMATA ... 2 species.
HYDRADEPHAGA ... 3 LONGICORNIA Hy Bs
PHILHYDRIDA ore aes PHYTOPHAGA é Vie ey
BRACHELYTRA see AL GD HETEROMERA faa 55
NECROPHAGA i 26 % RHYNCHOPHORA ... 33° 95
LAMELLICORNES ... 2s ABNORMAL COLEOPTERA 2 ,,
STERNOXI ... uc I —

ToTaL 183 species.

Making a grand total of about 1,580 species as yet recorded
from our District.

é' JAMES J. WALKER.
20th February, 1908.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

(APRIL 4TH—JUNE 6TH, 1906.)

Wednesday, April 4th, 1906.

Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of butterflies taken by
him last year in Majorea showing injury to the wings, caused
in his opinion by the attacks of lizards. He remarked that a
large proportion of the few butterflies met with in the island
were mutilated, especially at the posterior part of the hind-
wings. A Gonepteryx cleopatra and a Pararge megera had
semicircular pieces removed, while another specimen of the
latter showed that quite half the hind-wings had been removed
as though cut by a pair of scissors.

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr observed that these butterflies appeared
to be much more irregularly treated than the species he had
noticed to be similarly attacked in India, and Mr.W.G.SHetpon
agreed with the exhibitor as to the cause of the damage,
observing that it was unusual where he had collected to find
insects attacked in this peculiar way where lizards did not
exist.

Wednesday, May 2nd, 1906.

Commander J. J. Waker showed fourteen examples of
both sexes of Hystrichopsylla talpe, Curtis, the largest of the
British fleas, taken in the nest of a field-mouse in a tuft of
grass at Grange, near Gosport, Hants., on March 28th, last.

Dr, F, A. Drxey exhibited male and female specimens of
the African Pierines Belenois thysa, Hopff., and Mylothris
agathina, Cram. He drew special attention to the fact that
the resemblance between these two species, which Mr. Trimen

(322%) [XxXxvi, Xxxvil

speaks of as “deceptively close in both sexes,” applies mainly
to the dry-season phase of the Belenois and not to the wet.
This, he observed, was well illustrated by the exhibit, which
included wet and dry-season examples of both sexes of
B. thysa; M. agathina showing no seasonal change. The
resemblance borne by the male Belenois to the male Mylothris
was much more striking in the dry-season specimen of the
former than in the wet; and while the dry-season female
B. hysa was an excellent copy of the female M/. agathina, it
was seen that the usual wet-season form of the same sex did
not mimic the Mylothris at all. These facts appeared to be
significant in relation to the comparative scarcity of insect
food during the dry or winter months, and the consequent.
greater liability of dry-season forms to the attacks of enemies.
The higher need for protection thus experienced by the dry-
season forms had been clearly shown by Professor Poulton,
who had found in the principle referred to an explanation of
the cryptic garb assumed in the dry season by several species
of Precis (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 432-443). Other
examples of the same phenomenon had been subsequently
adduced by the speaker, who had also brought evidence to
show that it was especially characteristic of the female sex
(Ibid., 1903, pp. 155-158, Pl. vii.). But the present instance
differed from all these in the fact that the protection enjoyed
by the dry-season phase took the form not of cryptic colora-
tion but of mimicry. The species of Mylothris were held on
good grounds to be distasteful, and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall
had expressed the opinion that B. thysa was a Batesian mimic.
This might be so, but the speaker rather inclined to the view
that the resemblance was synaposematic. In either case the
difference between the seasonal phases with respect to their
approach to the distasteful model was undoubtedly significant,
and he thought it would not be easy to find an explanation
better fitting the facts than that just offered.

Mr. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., contributed the following
paper on ‘‘The Late Professor Packard’s Paper on the Mark-
ings of Organisms.” In the absence of the author, Professor
E. B. Pouttoy, F.R.S., explained the drift of the paper, and
expressed his agreement with the main lines of argument :—

XAXVIi, XXXviii] Gre 8)

The late Professor A. T. Packard read a paper before the
American Philosophical Society on December 2nd, 1904, in
which he criticised at some length the Bates-Miiller hypothesis
of mimicry. The paper is the more welcome owing to the
comparative scarcity of literature dealing with the subject
from an antagonistic point of view. Since the promulgation
of the presently accepted theories of mimicry and protective
resemblance the subject has made very considerable progress.
Whilst, however, the strongest supporters of the Bates-
Miiller theories have lost no opportunity of publishing facts
corroborative of the general principles which they uphold,
the opponents of these views have for the most part contented
themselves with a kind of passive disagreement, usually
treating the whole subject with a species of airy contempt,
sometimes putting forward somewhat vaguely formulated ob-
jections, but in no case, so far as I have been able to ascertain,
bringing forward any really satisfactory hypothesis on which
to base an explanation of those phenomena for which the
Bates-Miiller theories seek to account. Nor does the paper in
question remove this latter defect. The main conclusion is
that the instances of resemblance which have been noted
amongst organisms are due, not to any tendency of an un-
protected species to resemble for its own benefit, a protected
form, but to the biological environment of the species con-
cerned. ‘‘Sunlight or excessive contrasts of light and shade
combined, moisture and dryness, differences in environment or
other climatic causes as affecting the amount and distribution
of pigment.” It is as a student of the so-called mimicry in
butterflies endeavouring to be as impartial as a deep interest
in the subject will allow, that I wish to deal with Professor
Packard’s paper, and the object of the following remarks is to
show that the difficulties in the way of accepting that author’s
arguments against the Bates-Miiller theories are at least as
great as those which beset their would-be upholders, and
that whilst the paper is deserving of the greatest attention
as being one of the few lengthy and carefully compiled
criticisms of what Dr. Sharp describes as the “fashionable
theories,” it at the same time falls short of the one essential
of providing a really satisfactory alternative.

Gh a) [XXXVill, xxxix

_ In his introductory remarks Professor Packard compares
the observed cases of mimicry between butterflies with the
resemblance of a zebra to an antelope or that of the “spotted
leopard of the Old World” to the ‘‘ jaguar and ocelot of the
New World, their habits and environment being the same.”
But surely the cases are not analogous. No one has ever
attributed the resemblance between a leopard and a jaguar to
the pattern of either animal being protective by reason of its
resemblance to the other. The spotted appearance of a
leopard and an ocelot is no doubt a case of what Professor
Poulton has described as “syneryptic” coloration, each
animal being concealed by resembling the same thing, and
such a case is of the same nature as the remarkable resem-
blance of the under-side of many butterflies to dead leaves.
The only difference being that in the case of the butterflies the
syneryptic coloration is protective, whereas in the leopard and
similar animals it is probably aggressive. Neither form of
coloration comes under the head of Batesian or Miillerian
resemblance. Following on these remarks, we are told that
“what has been understood as protective mimicry, in the
sense of Bates and of Miiller and their followers, has a
precarious basis.” But the resemblance of an animal to its
inanimate surroundings is not at all ‘‘what has been under-
stood as protective mimicry, in the sense of Bates and of
Miller and their followers.” Professor Packard further
maintains that ‘‘the Bates-Miiller hypotheses are seriously
undermined by the fact that the wings of insects were, as
early as the Carboniferous period, striped or barred and
spotted long before birds ever appeared.’ I cannot how-
ever see that this affects the Bates-Miiller hypotheses at all.
Such stripes, bars and spots may, for all we know, have
been cryptic or epigamic, but this would not preclude the
ultimate development either of sematic or pseudosematic
coloration.

It will be as well here to recall the fact that Professor
Packard entirely misunderstood what is generally known as
‘ Miiller’s hypothesis.” Put very shortly, Miiller’s suggestion
was that butterflies belonging to different genera, both dis-
tasteful, might come to resemble one another so that the

XXXIX, x1] (255 })

general sacrifice to the inexperience of insectivorous enemies
would be divided between them.

This theory was published in 1879. Nine years previously
Miiller had made a tentative suggestion that the resemblance
between protected genera had been brought about by sexual
selection. It is this theory which Darwin described as
“rather too speculative to be introduced into my book,” and it
is also the theory which Professor Packard regarded as the
accepted Mullerian hypothesis. The error has been very fully
pointed out by Professor Meldola in a letter to “ Nature”
published in November 1905, and materially affects the value
of Professor Packard’s criticisms.

Mr. Abbot H. Thayer’s view that the colours of animals are
such as to cause the creature to cease to appear at all, appears
to be merely a universal application of the theory of cryptic
coloration. Instances of eryptic coloration are too common to
admit of any doubt whatever, but to maintain that every
animal is coloured for concealment appears to me to be too
much of a generalization. Probably few would deny that
warning colours are exhibited by many stinging insects, dis-
tasteful caterpillars and other offensive creatures, to take only
the insects alone. Mammals and reptiles, however, are also
known to exhibit warning colours, as for instance the skunk with
its white tail, the coral snake, and certain brightly coloured
frogs described in Mr. Belt’s “Naturalist in Nicaragua.”
The warning colours exhibited by certain caterpillars have
formed the subject of much experiment by well-known inves-
tigators, and all are agreed that insect-eating animals refuse
those larvee which possess conspicuous coloration.

Professor Packard next proceeds to emphasize the paucity
of evidence on which rests the theory that insectivorous birds
are the principal agents of natural selection in Lepidoptera.
Here I feel myself bound to agree that the recorded instances
of butterflies forming the staple food of birds are few and far
between. It would at first sight appear that if birds are really
the principal cause of modification in the markings of butter-
flies’ wings there ought to be no necessity for the supporters
of the Bates-Miiller theories to be obliged to seek out instances
of birds eating butterflies. It should be generally recognized

(C16 2) [xl, xli

that birds do actually destroy butterflies in large numbers, but
on the other hand most experienced collectors seem agreed
that the sight of a bird even chasing a butterfly is of rare
occurrence. One point, however, is frequently overlooked
alike by the supporters and opponents of the Bates-Miiller
theories, viz.—that it is not to be expected that any of the
full-grown and experienced birds will be frequently observed
catching butterflies, since they have already learned to avoid
the distasteful species and incidentally their imitators. Only
the young birds will attack and experiment with distasteful
and edible kinds alike, and since on the one hand, young birds
are notably retiring and inconspicuous and furthermore will
speedily learn that butterflies are unprofitable prey, it is not
to be wondered at that birds are not universally observed to
be butterfly eaters.

Many common occurrences in nature are exceedingly diffi-
cult to observe, and it would seem at least possible that the
destruction of butterflies by young birds is carried on to a far
greater extent than would appear from casual observation.
The evidence adduced by Professor Packard is to some extent
contradictory, and whilst some of the observers assert that
they have never seen butterflies attacked by birds, others
again mention numerous cases of this form of destruction.
Instances are given of butterflies being eaten by birds in
North America, India, Ceylon, Burmah, Natal, ete., but it
must be acknowledged that the evidence on this head, and
upon which undoubtedly rest, to a great extent, the Bates-
Miiller theories, is by no means so complete as is desirable for
their thorough establishment.

Professor Packard then proceeds to discuss the case of
Anosia plexippus, which is usually considered to be a dis-
tasteful species mimicked by Limenitis disippus. Evidence of
the edibility or otherwise of Limenitis is wanting, but judging
by the abundance of individuals and slow flight, it may be
regarded as a protected genus. As regards Anosia plexippus,
the evidence adduced certainly goes to show that the insect is
distasteful, since in one case the insect was caught but not
eaten, and in the second was refused with apparent signs of
disgust after close inspection. The statement further adduced

xli, xlii] Ci.

that Limenitis disippus has never been seen to be attacked,
goes to confirm the conclusion that it is also inedible.

Professor Packard then proceeds to give the observations of
Mr. Finn given in his ‘‘Contributions to the Theory of
Warning Colours and Mimicry.” Little need be said here
on the subject of these experiments, except to quote Mr. Finn’s
final conclusions: “That many, probably most, species (of
birds) dislike, if not intensely, at any rate in comparison with
other butterflies, the ‘warningly coloured’ Danaine, Acrea
viole, Delias eucharis and Papilio aristolochix ; of these the
last being the most distasteful, and the Danainx the least so.”

In the paper under discussion considerable space is devoted
to enumerating instances of birds eating butterflies both
under natural conditions and in captivity, and the general
impression to be gained from the expressed opinions of the
various authorities quoted may be summed up in the state-
ment that whilst some birds in the wild state, and many in
captivity, show a marked appetite for butterflies, observations
of instances of the destruction of the latter by the former are
of rare occurrence.

It should not be however forgotten that where evidence
of such destruction has been systematically sought it has been
found to be plentiful, and I would refer those interested to
the very extensive work in this direction which has been
carried out by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in South Africa, a full
description of which has been given in the joint communica-
tion of that author and Professor Poulton, and published in
the Transactions of this Society for 1902.

There is, however, one aspect of the matter which the
writer does not remember to have been previously put forward,
and that is the possible value of the force of example amongst
birds. It is well known that young birds are to some extent
trained by the example of their parents in many matters
which make for their ultimate success in the battle for
existence. They may and probably do indulge in much
experimental tasting, but the extent of such action may toa
great extent be curtailed by the example of the parents in
selecting more satisfactory food than butterflies in their
present condition afford. Such a state of affairs would

(8h) [slii, xliii

minimize the present, or in some cases the local destruction
of butterflies by birds, and consequently also the number of
observed cases of such destruction, but it would not preclude
the possibility that a much more extensive process of selection
took place amongst butterflies in earlier times. In other
words the balance of nature is now maintained by other and
various agencies acting in concert with the now much-reduced
influence of insectivorous birds, and we are present now only
to see a state of affairs brought about by agencies which have
become considerably modified in their relative influences.

It will probably be immediately pointed out that if the
selective influence of birds is not as great as ever it was the
well-known tendency of reversion to ancestral forms would
tend to do away with mimicry, and that only by constant
pressure of selective forces can mimetic resemblance be main-
tained. But is there any evidence that mimicry amongst
butterflies is at present more extensive and complete than it
has ever been before? Have we any right to say that all
cases of imperfect mimicry are in process of being perfected
and not undergoing reversion? I have never been satisfied
that the white-winged form of Hypolimnas misippus is really
a mimic of the alcippus variety of Danais chrysippus, ex-
tremely attractive as the suggestion undoubtedly is. One
cannot forget that the male misippus has large white patches,
and the lack of geographical coincidence between alcippus and
misippus is much against the mimetic theory. The alcippus
form may be also a reversion, or it may be, as suggested
by Professor Poulton, an effort towards more conspicuous
coloration. If such be the case, we have here an instance of
accidental resemblance, a phenomenon which I cannot but
believe does occasionally occur. Such a suggestion will
probably be looked upon with disfavour by keen supporters
of Bates’s hypothesis, but I do not see that that hypothesis
loses anything by the admission that every case of resemblance
is not necessarily true mimicry. Many other cases of im-
perfect resemblance might be cited which can just as easily
be regarded as instances of partial reversion as of incomplete
development. I do not necessarily insist on the theory that
birds have partially ceased to be a selective force acting on

xliii, xliv] (sor }

butterflies, but I do suggest that even if it be proved that
they are not so now, it by no means follows that they never
were.

It may be further objected that if the selective force of
birds is no longer as strong as it was, what influence main-
tains those accurate cases of mimicry with which we are all
familiar? To this one may reply that we are ignorant of the
relative power of the forces which guide development. So
long as existence depended upon favourable variation, sexual
selection may have been too weak to prevent such variation.
Sexual selection may, however, be sufficient in some species
to maintain facies which have been perfected through long
periods of evolution. Such suggestions are merely specu-
lative, but they may serve to remind those who would lay
down laws for mimetic development, how complicated both in
their nature and in their effect, are the influences which guide
the course of evolution.

In discussing the Batesian and Miillerian theories, Prof.
Packard’s paper lays much stress on the explanation that
resemblance between butterflies is due to convergence brought
about by similarity in their surroundings. Thus we read—
‘From the facts regarding these local varieties thus stated
by Bates, we seem warranted in ascribing the mimetic re-
semblance to convergence, or exposure to the same conditions
of light, heat, moisture, etc., affecting all the individuals of a
variety simultaneously rather than to what is vaguely called
natural selection.”” And again—“ The colour and markings
of animals in general are primarily due to the action of light
and the colour of the environment or background. To sup-
pose that in the case of butterflies alone the colours of the
mimics are due to the attacks of birds, whereas remarkably
few butterflies, as we have seen, are ever eaten by them, is a
cause so inadequate, so limited in its scope and so one-sided,
that it is no wonder the hypothesis has so many opponents.”
In these observations, we seem again to have the idea of
climatic influence, and it appears to me to be desirable here
to quote the words of Professor Poulton in his paper read
before the Linnean Society in March 1898—‘ There is

something attractive and plausible in the suggestion that the
*

(Co 0") [xliv, xlv

strong mutual resemblance within a group of butterflies of
different genera and sub-families, inhabiting a single locality,
are due to the direct action of peculiar local physical or
chemical influences ; but the suggestion loses all its attract-
iveness when it is applied to the resemblance between a spider
and an ant or a moth and a wasp, and yet few could bring
themselves to believe that the resemblances which are here
contrasted have been built up by two entirely different sets
of forces.” In another part of the same paper, Professor
Poulton points out the very different conditions under which
the larval stages of mimetic insects undergo their develop-
ment. Thus the larva of the drone fly lives on putrefying
animal matter, “a food as different as possible from that pro-
vided for the larval bee,” and we are reminded that ‘“ when
the imago emerges from the pupa and its expanded wings
have dried, nothing that it will eat or endure henceforward
produces any further effect upon its colours or patterns.
Hence identity of food and condition during the final stage
cannot be of any assistance to the interpretation of mimicry.”

Professor Packard further proceeds to point out that bright
colours are not invariably associated with a nauseous taste or
smell, but surely a negative fact of this kind does not in any
way invalidate the theory of warning colours. The fact that
certain nauseous insects have not developed warning colours
does not appear to show that the bright colours of other
nauseous insects are not of a warning nature, neither does the
fact that certain inedible moths have no mimics materially
affect the question.

There is fairly conclusive evidence that inedible species of
butterflies adopt for the most part a slow, negligent form of
flight. This habit, which has probably arisen through im-
munity from pursuit, also serves to display those colours
which are supposed to be of a warning nature. It is a re-
markable fact that mimetic species, though belonging to
genera which ordinarily fly quickly, also exhibit the same
carelessness of pursuit. This latter fact is referred to in
Professor Packard’s paper, and it is even suggested that
climatic or local causes may be sufficient to account for a
change in the mode of flight. I cannot but think that such a

xlv, xlvi] Celle 4)

suggestion is carrying the climatic theory to a somewhat un-
warrantable length. We are next reminded of Eisig’s sug-
gestion that “those bright colours of animals which have
hitherto been regarded as of warning significance, are merely
the substance or secretions which confer the unpleasant taste,
and that therefore Wallace’s older interpretation is unneces-
sary and, in fact, erroneous.” Now we have already been
told that the existence of very inconspicuous animals of a
highly distasteful nature is an argument against the theory of
warning colours, and yet in the next breath a theory is quoted
which to be adequately supported would require that these
highly distasteful insects should also be highly coloured.
At the end of the next section the author discusses the case
of the brightly coloured Nicaraguan frog which I mentioned in
the earlier portion of my remarks, Whilst allowing that the
frog is inedible and that its gay colours have taught the birds
to avoid it, it is maintained that the cause of the bright colours
has been exposure to the bright sunlight and consequent
excessive pigmentation. On this supposition the bright colours
would have been developed just the same had the creature been
of an edible species, except that such colours would have soon
resulted in the animal’s entire extinction. It is therefore
merely accident that the bright colours and inedible qualities
co-exist. I am prepared to submit that in one or two isolated
cases such an accident might be possible ; for the sake of argu-
ment I would even go so far as to allow that in the case of
the frog, the co-existence of bright colours and inedibility is
accidental, or the result of climatic conditions, or even that the
inedible qualities are the sowsces of the bright colouring. Then
for the sake of further argument let us suppose that all such
cases have arisen from one of these causes, and we are faced
with the difficulty that Papilio merope, for instance, can produce
from one batch of eggs the typical male, and the trophonius,
cenea, and the black and white forms of female, all entirely
different in appearance, the females not resembling the males
in the least, and each closely resembling a common inedible
Danaid, all of which surprising and varied results are achieved
by either accident, similar climatic conditions, or distasteful
pigments of the existence of which there is no evidence. I

(2 rp) [xlvi, xlvii

must confess that I find it harder to believe all this than that
birds either do or once did exercise a powerful selective
influence over butterflies. The question of snakes is next con-
sidered. In Brazil, we are told that eight species of harmless
snakes mimic the same number of species of Hiaps. Then, as
if to counterbalance this unfortunate evidence, it is pointed
out that three harmless genera mimic the poisonous genera and
the latter prey on the former, so that they are not protected
except from birds. But surely whilst being protected from
birds and mammals, they are protected from their poisonous
enemies by their resemblance to them, unless the poisonous
ones prey on each other. The case is a complicated one, and
appears to exhibit protective and aggressive resemblance
respectively in the two genera, but brought about by the same
means. The balance of nature has been reduced toa fine point.

In the next section the author cites a case in whicha brown
Euplea, a Danais, and a Hypolimnas, all much alike, are
observed to fly together. Mr. G. F. Mathew maintains that.
all these three genera are avoided by birds, and the case is
given as one to which the Miillerian theory is therefore inap-
plicable. I cannot help thinking, however, that the case is one
to which the Miillerian theory precisely applies, and the para-
graph only goes to confirm Professor Meldola’s contention
that Professor Packard did not understand the Miillerian
hypothesis at all.

The remainder of the paper is devoted to an able and inter-
esting discussion on the origin of the markings of mammals,
the effect of the blending of colours when the animals are in
motion, and other matters. Deeply interesting as this portion
is, it hardly bears on the case of butterfly mimicry. Animals
which develop their external attributes of colour and markings
under the life-long influence of light and shade, colours which
are for the most part cryptic, though presumably developed by
natural selection, cannot be compared to creatures which reach
full colour and pattern development in an hour or so after
emerging from the pupa, and which moreover can produce
such diverse forms, as for instance the male and female
Hypolimnas misippus, from the same batch of larve fed and
pupated under the same physical conditions.

xlvii, xlviii, 1] @ ge)

In conclusion, I trust it will not appear to be an act of pre-
sumption on my part to attempt to criticise the work of the
eminent naturalist whose loss we must all deplore. I am well
aware that an amateur naturalist like myself has not the
opportunity of making the extensive and careful researches
which have made the writings of our prominent scientists such
magnificent records of devotion to their work.

The remarks I have here ventured to make are merely the
expression of the thoughts which have occurred to me in a
humble endeavour to arrive at sound conclusions on a most
complicated, difficult, and deeply interesting subject.

For some years I have been making a special study of the
most interesting forms of mimetic resemblance, more particu-
larly amongst the African Rhopalocera, and I have invariably
been much touched by the ready assistance which has been
afforded me even by those prominent workers with whom I
am acquainted only by correspondence, and it will always
be my desire to reciprocate in every way which lies in my
power. It is therefore with these thoughts in my mind that
I should wish my remarks on Professor Packard’s paper to be
regarded in the light of a friendly discussion on a subject of
mutual interest, and not in any way a criticism of the personal
views of a naturalist whose work must ever command the
respect, both of those whose attainments entitle them to
rank with him in eminence, and also of those who, like
myself, are of the humbler, though I trust not less faithful
workers.

Finally, I would gratefully acknowledge the help I have
received from Professor Poulton, who has very kindly fur-
nished me with references and data which have been of great
assistance in the preparation of the foregoing remarks.

Wednesday, June 6th, 1906.

Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of eight species of
Pierine butterflies, and remarked on them as follows :—

«Tt is well known that many kinds of butterflies, especially
Pierines, are in the habit of congregating in large numbers on

(ae) (I, li

damp patches of soil for the sake of absorbing the moisture.
This phenomenon occurs to some extent in temperate regions,
but it is in tropical and sub-tropical districts of both the old
and the new world that the size and frequency of such
assemblages have attracted most attention. Mr. Distant
(‘Rhopalocera Malayana,’ 1882-1886, pp. 284, 285) has brought
together several instances from the experience of various
travellers, and many others are on record. By the kindness
of Professor Poulton I am able to show representative
examples of 153 specimens captured under these conditions
by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, a well-known official of the British
East African Protectorate, to whom Science is indebted for
the fine collection of Rhopalocera from Uganda lately described
by Mr. Neave (‘Novitat. Zoolog.,’ vol. XI, 1904). Mr. Wiggins’s
note to the series represented by the exhibit is as follows :—

‘*¢ All these (over 150) were caught in one sweep of the net
over a pool within a few yards of the Ripon Falls, Jinja, Lake
Victoria Nyanza, by C. A. Wiggins, on Feb. 2, 1906.’

“The catch consists entirely of Pierines of the two genera
Pinacopteryx and Belenois. Eight species are represented, the
numbers being as follows :—

Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl. ; 4 A 5 . 104
a pigea, Boisd. (northern form) . ey

. liliana, Grose Smith . . ‘ 3 5
Belenois solilucis, Butl. . é : 1
an subeida, Feld. (form nc trae Butl. fi ; 8

» formosa, Butl. . : ; ; , oe

3) gidica, Godt. ‘ j 1

» severina, Cram. (form boners Feld.) 5

Total : ‘ . 153

‘‘ Every one of the 153 specimens is a male. “The B. gidica
is of the ‘ wet-season’ form, the others are all more or less ‘dry.’
The great preponderance of P. vidua is noticeable, as is also
the generally good condition of most of the specimens making
up the somewhat significant figure of the total.”

In answer to questions, Dr. Dixty said that he had no
further information from Mr. Wiggins than that which he
had already given. He should be disposed to infer from the
words, ‘‘caught in one sweep of the net over a pool,” that

li, lit] (15)

the butterflies were disturbed while drinking, and the net
dashed among them just as they were taking wing.*

Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., communicated some notes
on Natal butterflies which he had received from Mr. Geo. H.
Burn, of Weenen. This naturalist, writing January 19, 1905,
stated that he had that week returned from a trip down the
Tugela Valley, during which he had spent about ten days in
the valley of its tributary, the Umhlangane River, about
thirty-five miles from Weenen. “ While there,” he wrote, “I
obtained many good specimens, amongst others, Jolaws pallene,
aphnexoides, bowkeri and sidus; Aphneus [Spindasis| masilikazi,
ella, phanes and [ Choroselas | pseudozeritis ; Canyra hebe and
Aziocerces amanga. Iwas particularly pleased to get aphneoides,
which is very rare. About ten years ago I captured a few
about thirty miles higher up the Tugela. This is the first time
I have seen (. hebe in life. I fancy it must be very local. All
the species I have mentioned, and many other butterflies, were
taken off the flowers of the Umchechau tree or shrub, grow-
ing along the banks of the spruit. These flowers seem to
attract insects of all descriptions, as well as butterflies and
moths. Among Coleoptera, the Lycid# were very numerous
on it. The flowers of the Umandane tree similarly attract all
sorts of insects in this neighbourhood during September and
October. Aphnzxoides would seem to differ from others of its
group, inasmuch as it appears always to settle on a flower
in the middle and most inaccessible part of the bush, whereas
pallene and other species apparently prefer the outer branches.

“T am inclined to think, from a good many years of observ-
ation, that the anal appendages (at any rate in the case of the
Tolaus and Aphnzus groups) of many butterflies are intended
to deceive their enemies by resembling antenne. I have
repeatedly come across fresh specimens with that part of the

* The following passages show the possibility of such an explanation :—
‘‘Large numbers of white butterflies may be seen quenching their thirst
on the damp ground, and flying up when disturbed, in quite a startling
cloud ” (MS. note by Dr. Thwaites in Moore’s “‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol.
I, 1880-81, p. 117). Mr. E. L. Arnold (quoted in Distant, loc. cit.) de-
scribes a “ countless host of thirsty butterflies, collected from the forest
all round to drink . . . . crowded so close by the water that the sand
could scarcely be seen,” and when disturbed, ‘‘ springing into the air in
a huge cloud.” [F. A. D.]

€ 6") [lii, lili

hind-wings injured, in many cases apparently bitten com-
pletely out, and I incline to the belief that Mantidz are the
chief enemies of butterflies in the imago stage. A few days
ago I noticed a very large green Mantis ‘stalking’ an J. pallene.
The Mantis apparently was trying to edge round to the part
where the tails were. I watched it for some time, when
unfortunately a wasp settled on the flower and frightened
the pallene away.”

Professor Poutton observed that it was extremely interest-
ing thus to gain further independent evidence in favour of
the interpretation of the “tails” of Lycenide as antenna-
like directive structures adapted to divert the attacks of an
enemy from a vital to a non-vital part of their prey. It is
difficult to resist the conclusion that this interpretation is
correct when it has been independently reached by so many
naturalists :—Dr. Arnold and Dr. Forsstrém (quoted by Kirby
and Spence in 1817 as Dr. G. B. Longstaff has recently pointed
out*), Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, Dr. Richard Evans, Mr. Champion
B. Russell, Mr. E. A. Floyer, Dr. Longstaff, and lastly by the
excellent observer who is quoted on the present occasion. (See
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, pp. 373,374; 1906, pp. 106, 107.)

Professor E. B. Poutton also exhibited the four individuals
of Luralia mima, Trim., and the four of E. wahlbergi, Wallgr.,
captured by Mr. G, A. K. Marshall on the Umbilo River, near
Malvern, Natal, on June 28, 1897, as described in Trans. Ent.
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 491, 492. He showed their respective
Danaine models Amawris echeria, Boisd., and A. niavius, L.,
form dominicanus, Trim., and explained the reasons why Mr.
Marshall considered the mimics to be two forms of a single
species (/.c. p. 491). Professor Poulton had written to Mr.
G. F. Leigh, advising him to make the attempt to breed from
one form or the other, and thus settle the question. Mr. Leigh
had done his best but failed in this attempt. He had how-

* Dr. Longstaff’s recent note (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. 106,
107) referring to my discussion of the tails of Lycenids (1. c., 1902, p- 374),
supplies a good example of the liability to error in quoting an unusual
name. In my account the name Forsstrom is rendered Forsstrona, in
Dr. Longstaff’s Forstrém. The generic name Hesperia, which at first
puzzled Dr. Longstaff in the first edition of Kirby and Spence (1817), is
replaced by 7'hecla in the fifth (1828, vol. ii, p. 251). Hesperia persists in
the third edition (1823, vol. ii, p. 254). I have not seen the fourth. [E.B.P. ]

liii, liv] (a

ever made special observations on the two forms which are an
interesting addition to our knowledge of them. The differ-
ences revealed in the course of this inquiry had convinced Mr.
Leigh that the two forms are entirely distinct species. Pro-
fessor Poulton was by no means convinced of the soundness of
this conclusion. The extraordinary facts now recognized in the
genus Precis show us that differences of instinctive behaviour are
not necessarily evidence of specific distinction. Indeed every
difference relied upon by Mr. Leigh breaks down when tried
by the test of this searching comparison. Professor Poulton
much hoped that the food-plant would be discovered, eggs
obtained, and the enly convincing evidence made available.
The following paper shows that Mr. Leigh is intimately ac-
quainted with these forms in Natal, and the Society may
anticipate that his energy and powers of observation will
ultimately lead to success in the decision of this difficult and
interesting question.

Notes on Luralia wahlbergi, Waticr., AND HL. mima, TRIM.,
BY G. F. Lerten, F.E.S.

Having read (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 491, 492)
that these two butterflies are thought to form but a single
species, I have during this season (1904-5) been closely obsery-
ing their habits. I now offer full particulars of what I have
seen,—particulars which in my opinion support the conclusion
that the two forms are entirely distinct species.

It has been inferred that they are probably the same species
because “they have been taken in codtw several times ” (U.c.,
p. 491). This I do not regard as very strong evidence ; for I
have taken Evronia cleodora and E. leda, in coitu, also Neptis
agatha and Lurytela hiarbas. The only intermediate specimen
1 know of here may well be a hybrid result of such pairing ;
for the characters of both mdma and wahlbergi are represented
upon it. The other reason given is “that the two forms are
always found together wherever they are met with in any
number ” (/.c., p. 491). This may be a fact, but it is also true
that they fly just as often with Planema esebria, Planema
aganice, Amauris echeria, and Papilio brasidas, E. mima very
much resembling the latter when onthe wing. I give below a

(

18

) [liv, lv

summary of the habits of these two forms so far as I have
observed them in Natal. It will be seen at a glance that they

are widely different.

E. wahlbergi.

To be found from middle of |
December and during January |

and part of February.*

Imago emerges from pupa |
p.m., never in the morning.

between 9.30 and 11.30 a.m.

Always rests upon upper
surface of leaves or the ground
with wings folded except when
drying after emergence, when
they are continually opened
and shut like those of a Sat-
urnid moth.

Flight slow and hovering,
and when disturbed the insect
usually returns after a time
to the same spot, often to the
same leaf.

Very much commoner than
£. mima: at least ten of wahl-
bergi may be seen to one of
mimd.

E. mima.

To be found about first
week in January and during
February.

Emerges between 2 and 4

Always rests upon the under-
side of the leaf with wings
shut and hanging down, except
when drying, which usually
occurs upon the sand or very
low herbage.

Flight very much quicker
than /. wahlbergi, and if dis-
turbed or missed the butterfly
flies high and does not return
to the same place.

One of the rare species here.
I should consider ten to twelve
aprobableestimate of the num-
ber which might be seen in an
average season.

I think there is sufficient difference in the habits set forth
above to indicate that we are dealing with distinct species, but
a few additional remarks may not be out of place. I have
often seen and captured specimens of wah/berg? no larger than
E. mima, but I have never seen, or heard of any of the latter
that in any way approach the size of a very large proportion
of the former. JWuhlberyi may also be seen in gardens and
sometimes even in the public roads, while mima is very rarely
found except in shady glades in the bush.

* Mr. Leigh writes on May 26, 1906:—‘‘I have seen two or three
Euralia wahlbergi this month: last year I saw none after February and
early March. The specimens now seen are very much larger than the
earlier brood, but not socommon.” [E. B. P.]

lv, lvi] ( 19 )

The following is a precise record of the examples of both
species I have seen, captured, or heard of during December
1904 and January 1905, in Stella Bush, Durban.

1904.
December 16 Morning: captured 1 E. wahlbergi.
ae 17 As . 1 and saw 2 ditto.
PP 18 _ “A pair wahlbergi in cop.*
< 19 a ¥ 2. Afternoon saw one.
oe 20 sa 1. Heard of 3 specimens being
captured in garden in Musgrave Road, Durban.
a 21 Saw 3 specimens in morning.
5 22 Captured 2 specimens in morning just emerged.
a 23 * 1 specimen in afternoon, damaged.
i 24, 25, 26,27. Not in Durban.
sf 28 Saw 3 specimens in morning.
* 29 Morning: captured 2 specimens, 1 perfect and 1 9
with three wings.t
5 30 Saw 2 specimens in morning, | in afternoon.
3 31 January 1 and 2. Not in Durban.
1905
January 3 Captured 1 in morning and 1 in afternoon, saw 2 others.
ro 4 3 2 a (raining in afternoon).
of 5 i 3 ms and 2 in afternoon.
5 6 5 1 - saw 4 others, 2 damaged.
” 7and 8. Not in Durban,
x 9 Captured 3 in morning, saw 1 mima in afternoon.
sa ale 5 5 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 in afternoon.
ei | os 2 - ‘5 ,, 2 others, captured

2 freshly emerged mime in afternoon.

» 12 Captured 6 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in afternoon :
also captured 1 mimo and saw 2 others, all 3 freshly
emerged, and going to rest early, as a bad storm
commenced about 4 p.m.

» 13 Captured 2 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 others, heard of
1 mima being captured on the Bluff, Durban.

» 14and 15. Not in Durban.

» 16 Captured 1 wahlbergi and 1 mima, and saw another of
the latter, all in the afternoon.

» 17 Captured 3 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in the afternoon,
and 1 mime going to rest as late as 5.30.

, 18 Not out in morning, captured 1 mime in afternoon.

* The 9 was kept alive for over a week, but no ova were laid.
+ Kept alive for three days, but no ova laid.

(, 20e) [lvi, lvii
1905.

January 19 Morning : captured 10 wahlbergi and saw 3 others, 1
badly crippled. Afternoon: saw 2 more wahlbergi,
no mima, but had 2 perfect specimens of latter given
me, captured about 3 p.m. in another part of Stella
Bush. They had only just emerged, and the wings
were hardly dry.

20 Captured 3 wahlbergi and saw 1 mima in morning.

» 21 and 22. Not in Durban.

23 Captured 2 wahibergi in morning and 2 in afternoon ;
saw 4 others, including a pair in coitw; captured 1
mima just out and saw another in afternoon.

24 Captured 5 wahlbergi and saw 4 others in morning,
raining all afternoon.

25 Captured 2 wahlbergi and saw 1 other in morning ; saw
1 mima in afternoon. <A dull damp day.

26 Captured 1 wahlbergi* and saw another in morning ;
captured 1 freshly emerged mima in afternoon.
Raining nearly all day.

27 Afternoon : captured 3 wahlbergiand saw 1 other ; saw
2 mima in coitu. Wet, dull morning.

”

At this point the observations ceased, as I was unable to
continue my regular visits to the locality in which the above
recorded notes were made.

To sum up :—Between December 16, 1904, and January
27, 1905, I captured, saw, or heard of being captured just 121
EL. wahilbergi, and between January 9 and 27, 1905, I captured,
saw, or heard of being captured just 20 mima.

These numbers, especially of mima, are greatly in excess of
anything that I have before observed in this locality. The
mima captured in the season 1904-5 indeed exceed the total
that I have been able to obtain in the five previous seasons
together, that is during the whole of my experience of this
locality. This remarkable abundance I attribute to the fact
that the glade had only been made about three and a half
months, and was therefore practically virgin ground.

Although I saw wahlbergi in coitu on several occasions
and mima once, I never saw the two forms pairing together,
and not very frequently flying together, except on the after-
noon of January 12, when there was a very bad storm with

* A crippled ? kept alive for ova without success.

a

lvii, lviii] CoSatiny?)

hail, and all species of butterflies were going to rest unusually
early. It is very unfortunate I have not been successful in
getting any ova from the 9s kept for this purpose, but even
had I done so, I am not at all sure that I know the food
plant. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., in his work suggests a tree,
but [think that the Buck Weed is far more probable, as nearly
all the recorded specimens were settling on or flying over this
plant. I several times searched unsuccessfully for the pupa-
cases, although a great many of the wah/bergi had scarcely
dried their wings when captured, and in several cases I
observed on the leaves beneath the spot where a butterfly had
been resting the excretory fluid which is ejected shortly after
emergence,

Professor Poutton also exhibited Mr, Guy A. K. Marshall’s
latest demonstration of seasonal phases in South African
species of the genus Precis—the proof, by actual breeding,
that P. tuwkuoa, Wallgr., is the dry season phase of P. ceryne,
Boisd.

The female parent of the wet phase was captured April 2,
1905, at Salisbury, Mashonaland (5000 ft.). The eggs were
laid on the following day, and all hatched April 13. The
eight offspring were treated, and went through their trans-
formations as follows :—

1905. 1905.
1. Pupated May 9. Emerged May 27, asa dry phase ?
2. ” ” 12. ” ” 31, ” ” 3
3. >D ” 12. ” ” 31, oP) ” g
4 s gfe Aba P Junet,. 5; hoes
5 2) ” 13. ” ”? 1, ” ” 3
15. ” 2 ” 3

SU Gos

” ” ” —S] ”
. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905.
Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢
8. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905.
Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢

The whole of the offspring are marked examples of the
tukuoa or dry phase. The damp heat to which Nos. 7 and 8
were subjected hurried the transformation in a remarkable
manner, the pupal period only enduring for eight days, instead
of from eighteen to twenty days, as in Nos. 1-6. But with

bo

(

all this hardly any effect, if any, has been wrought upon the
pigments. The upper-side colouring of Nos. 7 and 8 is very
slightly lighter than that of two out of the three other males
(Nos. 2, 5, and 6), but is about the same as the third. Upon
the under-side, where the essential distinction between the
phases is manifest, no difference can be detected.

Professor E. B. Poutron exhibited ten specimens of Precis
sesamus, captured at a height of about 5000 ft. on the 8.E.
slopes of Kilimanjaro by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The
dates, seasonal phases and condition of the specimens are
shown below:

20) [Iviii, lix

Mamba state,

1905.
Sept. 19, 1 Precis sesamus, © (dry season phase), not much worn.
te Py a Beare 55 © 5 Pe nearly perfect.
Su eel a, a" © re ) rather worn.
sp eel” tats - © slight tendency towards inter-
mediate ; worn.
oa lenes re © very much worn and very ragged.

The symmetrical injuries suggest
the attack of a bird or lizard.
ae ¢ Precis sesamus, & (wet season phase), quite

UL

fresh.

Oa Gas » @©slight tendency towards
intermediate. Slightly
worn and very badly
notched and torn, pro-
bably by enemies.

5, 25, 1 Precis sesamus, © worn and much notched.

ea oped ers ) © (intermediate.) On dry side of

intermediate. Much worn and a

great part of both hind-wings

shorn away.

719209

Marang state,
1905.
Sept. 25,1 ,, +8 © very slight tendency towards inter-
mediate. Worn and notched.

Concerning these specimens Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers wrote
on September 29, 1905 :—

“ T was very interested to meet with Precis sesamus for the
first time. All the specimens except one were of the winter

| soe. ( 323" -)

form, and were more or less worn. The one exception was
a beautiful fresh natalensis which was taken in coitu with
sesamus. One sesamus has the red spots considerably
elongated, thus showing some approach to natalensis.

‘“* During the whole time I was on the mountain the weather
was for the most part cloudy and showery, so that I was un-
able to go up to the higher levels as I had hoped. I did go
as far as the forest which extends upwards for about 6000 ft.,
but everything was dripping, though it was one of the finest
days we had, and no butterflies came within reach, in fact
only two or three were seen. In the forest there are ferns
and mosses everywhere carpeting the ground and hanging in
festoons from every branch, and the begonias form great
bushes 20 ft. high.”

Still more recently the following interesting notes on the
subject have been received from the same keen and observant
naturalist :—

“T saw one other natalensis which was also quite fresh, so
it is fairly certain that I was on Kilimanjaro just at the time
when the wet-season phase was appearing.

‘“‘T fear I have no first-hand knowledge of the seasons on
Kilimanjaro except what I can assume from living well with-
in sight of it, and being able to tell from the amount of cloud
what the weather is like. (We are not more than ten or
twelve miles from the mountain, which rises from the plain
on which we live, and probably not more than five or six from
the nearest foot-hills.) I have, however, inquired diligently,
and I am informed that the wet season lasts with short breaks
from the middle of March till the end of November, so that
I was there towards the end of the wet season, when one
would expect the dry phase to be beginning to show up, and
the wet phase to be still predominant though somewhat worn,
whereas the facts were exactly opposite to this. Possibly the
explanation is that during the wet season, or at any rate a
good part of it, the clouds hang so heavily over the mountain,
even at 5000 ft., that butterfly life is reduced to a minimum
from want of sunshine, not from want of moisture, and I am
told that during this season for weeks at a time the sun is
scarcely seen at all. The period of the year when butterflies

(“on 4 [Ix

are most abundant is during the dry season, if it may be
so called where the country never dries up at all. During the
wet season it is so wet and cold that very few insects are on
the wing, but during the months of December—February
there is plenty of sunshine and quite sufficient moisture
for all needs of insects. It is curious that the seasons at
which the wet and dry phases are found do not vary much
from those further south, where the seasons are so very
different.”

Professor Poutton observed that the facts were extremely
remarkable, and must be taken into account in the attempt to
interpret the nature of the change from the one form into the
other. By themselves they seemed to suggest temperature
and not degree of moisture as the controlling factor. The
facts were, however, equally in accordance with the hypothesis
that the changes are due to internal causes and merely more or
less parallel with the seasons without being caused by them,
so that local reversal of the wet or dry periods is unaccom-
panied by a corresponding reversal in the phases of the insect.
But the problem is too difficult and complex to be solved by
these observations alone, interesting and suggestive as they
are.

Professor Poutton exhibited 325 butterflies captured on one
day by Mr. C. B. Roberts, between the eighth and tenth mile
from the Potaro River on the road to the gold-mines. The
road starts from the Potaro 30 miles above its confluence with
the Essequibo. The capture was effected February 23, 1904,
and may be compared with that of August 28,1903, exhibited
to the Society on November 4 of the same year. The follow-
ing statement sets forth the constitution of the two sets of
butterflies :—

1xi] (ugar)

Aug. 28, 1903. Feb. 23, 1904.
Mid short dry season. |Mid long dry season.
ee Melinea mneme . : 250 g *3? 2204
E
> 5 erameri : é 8¢ 73
3 > egina . , : 9g 21¢
S
= any :
= Mechanitis pannifera ‘ 10¢ 4d
E
3 S5 polymnia . é 9¢ 3d
2
3 Lycorea ceres : : 1¢ 0
3
= 5 pasinuntia . ° 3g 7d
=
Heliconius vetustus . ; 1 0)
Hueides nigrofulca . : 1 0
2. |
£3
32 Ceratinia vallonia . lor On| 58g
ae |
E> | |
= | Napeogenes pherunthes .« ap 0
sf |
23 a ADE . |
me Ceratinia barii . : : 4g 0
BS
Si
25
2252
2228) Ithomia zarepha : : 13 0
mBis
co ~
Pa ~
oa
. : is aan | ae aves =
Sees:
go 35 F % |
S525) Scada theaphia . : : 5 | 5
Sese | vi |
mg™S |
e QR
Nw
s*
: |
el Si cr |
s a & |
Ons . .
see Hesperia syrichthus . : 1 | 0
2a9
se
OPS |
2 | $ e : ee eee
Totals 323 325

* Three specimens have been mislaid. It is almost certain that they
are males.

G26) | Ixii

The extraordinary predominance of the Ithomiine-centred
groups, especially the first, is well shown in Mr. Roberts’
captures on these two days. Of course, an essential consider-
ation is the nature of the locality in which he collected, viz., the
clearing in the forest made and kept open for establishing
and maintaining the road to the gold-mines. The butterflies
were all captured upon the white flowers of Hupatoriwm
macrophyllum which springs up wherever the forest is cleared.
On these flowers in this situation the almost exclusive pre-
dominance of the Ithomiine-centred groups is proved by the
whole results of collecting on two typical days, one (August
28) in the middle of the short, the other (February 23) in
the middle of the long dry season, The extraordinary pre-
ponderance of males is also remarkable, and may be compared
with the exhibit made by Dr. F. A. Dixey, in which the 153
Pierinex—all males—were captured on wet mud. It is probable
that these and other observations showing that the male is
compelled to seek moisture, are to be explained by the fact
that this sex flies in the sun far more freely than the
comparatively retiring female.

Professor E. B. Poutton exhibited specimens referred to in
the following notes by his assistant, Mr. W. Hoxtanp, of the
Hope Department :—

‘“ Whilst sweeping in Stowe Wood, near Oxford, August 28,
1904, I brushed up a good many specimens of the little
Halticid beetle, Apteropeda orbiculata, Mar., from the patches
of Ajuga reptans, and with them at the same time the little
Hemipteron, Halticus apterus, L., the last-named being most
plentiful, and closely resembling the beetles with which they
were mixed in the sweeping-net.

“On August 18, 1904, in searching at the roots of plants
near Ascot-under-Wychwood, I found the same two insects in
company, and experienced the same difficulty in picking out
the beetles from the bugs.

“On April 13, 1905, when shaking some heaps of cut
herbage lying beside the path from 8. Hincksey to Chilswell
Farm, near Oxford, a number of the little Staphylinid,
Myrmedonia canaliculata, F., tumbled out on to the paper,
together with many Myrmica rubra, race ruginodis, Nyl., the

xiii] (era *)

beetle looking extremely like the ant. The same occurred in
each heap which I searched. I then remembered having often
seen the beetle and ant together under the large stones which
lie by the path side in the walk to Henwood, on another part
of the same hill. This latter observation is of course well
known, but the former, seeming to show that the Staphylinids
accompany the ants outside the nest, was new to me.”

Professor Poutton observed that it was of great interest to
obtain all possible evidence of association between mimic and
model in the living state.

Mr. R. SHELForD communicated the following “ Note on a
feeding experiment on the spider Nephila maculata.”

Conclusions as to the relative tastefulness or distastefulness
of insects derived from feeding experiments that are carried
out with captive spiders or predatory insects must always be
unsatisfactory ; for the captives rendered ultra-ferocious by
a new-found imprisonment will seize and devour almost every-
thing in the nature of food that is offered to them, or else,
wearied with a long imprisonment, become too languid to eat
anything. I welcomed therefore an opportunity, that offered
some little time ago, to test the predilections of a large spider
living under perfectly natural conditions. In July 1902 I
encountered the web of Nephila maculata stretched across a
jungle path on Mt. Matang, in Sarawak, Borneo; occupying
the centre of the web was a fine female specimen of this
spider, and I employed two hours in catching examples of the
insects flying about near the web, in placing my captures in
the web and in noting down the behaviour of the spider. A
heavy thunderstorm then drove me to shelter and in a short
time totally wrecked the spider’s web, so that the experiments
are by no means as complete as I could wish. However, so
far as they go, they are of some interest and appear worthy of
a permanent record ; they are set forth in tabular form here-
with, the numbers in brackets referring to the numbers of
specimens offered as food.

( es) [Ixiv

Insect offered as food. Treatment by spider.

i |
Hymeno- Trigona apicalis (5) | Thrown out of the web.

ptera Trigona lacteifascia (2) | One tasted, but then re-

jected ; one thrown out
of the web.

Tasted, and reserved for
future consumption.

Coleoptera Antipha sp. (1)

Riptortus pedestris (2) | Instantly devoured.

Hemiptera | Cosmolestes picticeps (4) Thrown out of the web.
| Velinus nigrigenu (1) | Thrown out of the web ;

| great caution exercised.

Musca sp. (1)

Diptera | Instantly devoured.
| Ypthima pandocus (7) | Instantly devoured.
| Lepidoptera Cynitia diardi (1) ” ”
_ Terias hecabe (4) | One devoured, rest re-
served for future con-
| sumption.
Deilemera coleta (1) | Thrown out of the web.

In these experiments one feature was plain, viz. that the
spider exhibited its likes and dislikes in the most unmistakable
manner, and I am positive that its appetite was by no means
sated by the time that the experiments had come to an
untimely end. When the butterflies, Ypthima pandocus were
thrown into the web the spider made a rapid rush at them,
and in a moment the victims were engulfed. The Phyto-
phagous beetle, a reddish-yellow species of <Antipha, was
instantly seized when it fell into the web, but the spider, after
driving her falces into the body of her prey, then paused and
appeared to find the copious yellow fluid which exuded from
the body of the beetle highly distasteful ; at any rate the
beetle was not bitten again, but was spun up in a silken
shroud and was suspended by a single strand of silk from the
web. The method by which this beetle was enshrouded was
interesting to watch. The spider held it by her front pair of
legs and caused it to revolve by the help of her mouth parts,

Ixv | G20.)

whilst her hind pair of legs were applied one at a time to her
spinnerets, bringing away at each movement a strand of silk
which was then applied to the revolving beetle; the operation
was carried out with great rapidity, and I could almost
persuade myself that I was watching the movements of some
ingenious silk-winding machine. When the beetle had become
an amorphous bundle, one long strand was attached to it, the
other end of the strand being held by one of the hind-legs ;
the spider then rapidly scaled its huge web, the silken bundle
dangling from one leg, and attached the strand to one of the
strands of the web. When my experiments came to an end
four of the bundles were hanging from the web, one containing
the beetle, the others specimens of the Pierine butterfly Zerias
hecabe. The first specimen of Terias put into the web was
quickly eaten, but the other three were bitten and then wound
up into bundles. If an insect was distasteful to the spider the
strands in which it was entangled were cut, one of these
strands was then caught up by one of the hind-legs of the
spider, and after a few vigorous jerks of this leg the offensive
insect was thrown clear of the web. The Reduviid bug
Cosmolestes picticeps, a conspicuous black and yellow species,
was thus treated ; Velinus nigrigenw another, but larger, yellow
and black Reduviid was approached with great caution, the
spider just touched it with her palpi and started back as if
alarmed, the strands of the web were cut in a wide circle
round the prisoner so that a large hole was made, and the bug
was jerked for some little distance away from the web; both
these bugs were quite uninjured by their temporary imprison-
ment and soon managed to free themselves of the sticky silk
in which they had been enmeshed. The small black bee with
white-tipped wings Zrigona apicalis was always thrown out of
the web instantly, whereas the reddish species 7’. lacteifascia
was in one case seized by the spider, but after it had been
mouthed considerably was dropped in favour of a Muscid fly
which then flew of its own accord into the web; a second
specimen was rejected. It should be mentioned in this
connection that the black and white species of bee is much
more common than the reddish species and is mimicked very
widely by Diptera, Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and a

& 30) ) [xvi

moth; the type of coloration is as typical a warning
coloration as the red and black of the Lycide and the yellow
bands of wasps; it was of interest then to note that the
spider rejected the black and white bee without the slightest
hesitation, whereas it tasted the less conspicuous red species.
The common black and white moth Deilemera coleta was also
thrown out of the web almost as soon as it was put in; this
species is the only lepidopterous insect that I have ever found
to be refused invariably by Mantide; it is an extremely
common and conspicuous day-flying moth, and it was always a
matter of surprise to me that it was not mimicked by species
of other families of Lepidoptera.

The only other records of feeding experiments carried out
with spiders that I am acquainted with, are those made by
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Nephilengys malabarensis, Walck.,
in 8. Africa ; these are described in the Transactions for 1902
in Mr. Marshall’s great paper on the bionomics of South
African insects, and it is not necessary for me to quote them
at length. The experimenter offered to five spiders various
butterflies, some of which were denuded of their wing-scales,
whilst others had their wings amputated. Mr, Marshall from
his series of experiments concludes that spiders do not
appreciate warning colours, and believes ‘‘ that the toughness
of inedible insects has been primarily developed to counteract
the injuries from invertebrate foes (which are incapable of
reasoning as to whether an insect is edible or not), and that
therein lies its chief utility, though it may prove useful
incidentally in other cases.” My one experiment, if it does
not show that Nephila maculata is capable of appreciating
warning colours, does at least show that this species can
recognize without preliminary tasting some of the insects
distasteful to it ; absolutely no hesitation was shown in reject-
ing five examples of Zrigona apicalis, one of Dedlemera coleta
and four of Cosmolestes picticeps, but whether the colouring of
these insects or their form was the feature determining their
rejection by the spider is quite uncertain.

It is much to be desired that further feeding experiments
on spiders be carried out, for they are almost the only insect
enemies that can be experimented on under natural conditions.

xvii] ( 31 )

The following papers were read :—‘‘Some Bionomic notes on
Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza Region,” with exhibits
from the Oxford University Museum, by 8. A. Neave, B.A.

“On the habits of a Species of Pétyelus in British East
Africa,” by S. L. Hinpe, illustrated by drawings by Mrs.
Hinde, communicated by Professor E. B. Povurton.

“ Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea
Johnstoni,” by Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S., Fellow
of Jesus College, Oxford.

‘“‘Predaceous Insects and their Prey,” by Professor E. B.
Poutton, F.R.S.

‘Studies on the Orthoptera in the Hope Department,
Oxford University Museum. I. Blattide,’ by R. SHEtrorp,
M.A., F.L.S.

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EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

(OcroBER 3RD—DECEMBER 5TH, 1906).

++

Wednesday, October 3rd, 1906.

Commander J. J. Watker exhibited (1) a specimen of
Calosoma sycophanta taken in Denny Wood, New Forest,
June 16th; (2) Lygxus equestris, L., found in the Isle of
Sheppey by Lieut. Jacobs, R.E., on September 22nd ; (3) Sitaris
muralis, taken near Oxford in August by Mr, A. H. Hamm ;
(4) two varieties of Vanessa urtice, with a strong black liga-
ment connecting the second costal and dorsal spot on the fore-
wings, from the Isle of Sheppey, August; (5) a variety of
Argynnis adippe 3, caught at Tubney, Berks., on July 7th ;
(6) a slate-coloured variety of Lycena icarus ¢, taken near
Chatham, August 24th; and (7) examples of an almost
entirely black form of Strenia clathrata occurring at Streatley,
Berks., in August—all taken this year.

Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited specimens of Vychitona medusa,
Cram., Pseudopontia paradoxa, Feld., Terias senegalensis, Boisd.,
Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., and L. argia, Fabr., remarking upon
them as follows :—

‘‘Though there does not exist, so far as I am aware, any
direct evidence that the members of the genus Vychitona*
are distasteful, their habits are such as to suggest this mode
of protection ; and there is, I think, little doubt that they
have served as models for other insects. We find, for instance,
a striking resemblance between the West African form of
N. medusa called by Aurivillius immaculata, and the remark-
able insect Pseudopontia paradoxa, Feld., as to whose affinities
I will not venture to offer an opinion. Both forms are

* T employ Dr. A. G. Butler’s name for a genus which has been
variously knéwn as Pontia and Leptosia by ditferent authors.

(oe (dix, Ixx

inhabitants of the same tropical coast region, and it may well
be anticipated that future observation will show their likeness
in appearance to have a mimetic significance. I would suggest
also that the white form of the female Zerias senegalensis,
Boisd., which occurs not uncommonly in some parts of Africa,
may owe its peculiar aspect toa similar cause. Specimens of this
form of the female from the Victoria Nyanza, together with an
ordinary yellow male from the same district, are here exhibited.

“ But probably the most remarkable and unmistakable case
of mimetic approach to the Mychitona as a model is that
afforded by Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., to which I incidentally
drew attention in reference to an exhibit recorded in our
Proceedings” for 1906, p. xxxi. As I remarked on that occasion,
the genus Hronia (including Nepheronia and Leuceronia) has
been so strongly affected by mimetic transformation that it can
scarcely be said to have an aspect of its own. The male, how-
ever, of ZL. argia, Fabr., is probably as characteristic of the
genus as any other form, and a specimen has accordingly been
placed by the side of LZ. pharis, to which it is closely related.
Few observers will, it is believed, remain unconvinced that Z.
pharis represents a departure, of mimetic significance, in the
direction of Vychitona. That the latter genus rather than the
former has served as the model might be expected from its
very wide range and generally uniform characteristics. This
is no doubt really the case, but with a qualification.

‘‘Several years ago I tried to explain certain curious
phenomena of mimicry in South American butterflies, by
supposing that a mutual interchange of features was liable
to take place between distasteful forms—a give-and-take
arrangement which I then called ‘reciprocal mimicry,’ and
for which Prof. Poulton has since proposed the more accurate
term ‘diaposematism’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, pp.
296-298 ; ibid. 1896, pp. 72-75 ; ibid. 1897, pp. 324-331.
See also Presidential Address by Mr. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1897, pp. Ixxx, Ixxxi). The principle thus suggested
has since been found by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, Prof. Poulton,
Mr. Neaveand others to be applicable in many other cases than
those which first led me to its formulation, and I venture to
think that it may now be taken as a well-established law

Ixxi, Ixxvii] G nore)

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 296, 489, 490; zbed. 1906,
pp. 216-218, 292-3). It will be seen from what follows
that the present exhibit probably furnishes a fresh instance
of its operation.

““The resemblance of Z. pharis to the ordinary African
forms of iVychitona, though striking, is not exact. The
Leuceronia has no dark discal spot, the outline of the dark
apical border of the fore-wing is more regular, and the texture
of the wings is more solid-looking and opaque than in the
prevailing forms of the model. But among the specimens of
Nychitona collected by Mr. Wiggins in the neighbourhood of
the Victoria Nyanza and worked out by Mr. Neave in ‘ Novit.
Zool.,’ Vol. XI, 1904, p. 324, there occur some forms which in
all these respects correspond with the mimic rather than with
the usual type of the model. The inference seems clear that
although the part played by the Zeuceronia has been chiefly
that of a borrower, it has in return bestowed certain features
of its own upon this particular race of its model. The form
of Vychitona in question, a specimen of which is included in the
exhibit, may possibly deserve to rank as a distinct sub-species.

“Whether the aspect of the purely white specimens of
Nychitona from West Africa here shown in connection with
Pseudopontia affords another instance of reciprocal change, I
am not prepared to say, especially as similar forms occur in
districts where Pseudopontia is not met with. But on looking
at the genus as a whole, it would appear to be significant that
whereas in India, where, so far as we know, Vychitona is not
mimicked, its forms present a very uniform appearance with
the characteristic discal spot and irregular apical border con-
spicuously present, in Africa we find variations of Vychitona
each of which tends to bring it into more or less close corre-
spondence with a probable mimic. On these grounds it seems
not unreasonable to seek for an explanation of the facts in the
direction of diaposematic change.”

Mr. W. J. Kaye read “Some Notes on the Dominant
Miillerian Group of Butterflies from the Potaro River
District of British Guiana.”

(aca) §) {Ixxviii, 1xxxiii

Wednesday, October 17th, 1906.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a fine example of the remarkable
moth Draconia rusina, Druce, from Trinidad. The species
bears a wonderful resemblance to a decayed dead leaf, the
patches on the wings also suggesting the work of some leaf-
mining insect. The margins of the wings were so deeply
indented as to make it appear that the specimen was greatly
damaged. The species was originally described by Druce from
Guatemala in the “ Biol. Cent. Am. Heterocera,” p. 188, and
was figured on Plate IX, fig. 9. There it was placed in the
Siculodide, a small family created to include a few allied
species, but was put into the Thyridide by Hampson, the family
embracing the Siculodidz. On imaginal characters the insect
was undoubtedly a Thyridid, although in general appearance
wholly different from the two European Thyridids. The
specimen exhibited, and also figured for the Society (Plate
XXXII), had been found at rest on the ground. But it was
probably a night flyer as the exhibitor had taken one or two
other related species in British Guiana at night.

Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited specimens of Jvias baliensis,
Fruhst., and Huphina corva, Wallace, remarking upon them as
follows :—

“Some short while since, a few Pierine butterflies from the
Island of Bali, which formed part of a collection kindly
presented to the Hope Department by their captor, Mr. R.
Shelford, were put into my hands for incorporation with the
general series. The butterflies when they reached me had
been set up, and, as was supposed, had been sorted into
species. Among a somewhat worn series of the Malayan
form (ZH. corva, Wallace), of Huphina nerissa, Fabr., one female
caught my eye as being in rather better condition than the
rest. On being examined more closely, it was seen to be not
a Huphina at all, but an Jzias; a genus,as I need hardly say,
of very different affinities. The specimen is, in fact, a female
of the Bali form of Jxias reinwardtii, Voll. ; the form which
has been called baliensis by Fruhstorfer. It is quite near
enough in appearance to the Huphinas with which it was

Ixxxiil, Ixxxiv| Cea)

caught to pass muster easily on a casual view ; and, as has
been seen, it did actually delude one human observer.

“There can, I think, be little doubt that this resemblance
is significant. The usual aspect of Jaxias is rather widely
departed from by both sexes of J. veinwardtit and its immediate
allies, but, as so often is the case, the mimetic approach to
another genus is confined to the female. Through the kind-
ness of Professor Poulton Iam able to exhibit a male example
of Iaias baliensis which is especially interesting as being one
of the actual specimens caught by Mr. Wallace during his
memorable visit to the Malay Archipelago. It will be seen
that the male has no share in the mimetic garb of his mate.

“Tt is noticeable that the appearance of these specimens of
Hf. corva from Bali differs from that of ordinary examples of
H. nerissa in the fact that the hind-wing of both sexes shows
a rather pronounced dark border ; this in the female being
brought about by an almost complete fusion of the submarginal
row of dark spots, commonly found in that sex of the species,
with the dark margin itself. This brings the hind-wing of
the model into close correspondence with that of the mimic,
a correspondence which does not exist in the case of the
usual form of the model. It is of course conceivable that
this special feature in the Huphina is merely accidental ;
but in view of the fact that a similar condition is usual in
Ixias, whereas in H. nerissa it is practically confined to
the particular form that is mimicked by Jvias, it seems more
explicable as a case of diaposematism—a principle which ex-
perience is continually showing to be very widely prevalent.

“In this instance the Huphinaw has on the whole acted as
the model, under whose influence the Jzias has drifted some
distance away from the usual aspect of its genus. But in the
particular case of the hind-wing the process is reversed ; the
Lxias has been the model, and has in its turn been mimicked
by the Huphina.

‘““We have some direct evidence that H. nerissa is disliked
by insectivorous birds. I am not aware of any such evidence
in the case of Jaias. But if the foregoing conclusions are
well founded, the association between the two must necessaril y
be Miillerian and not Batesian.”

Conn) (Ixxxiv, lxxxv

Mr, 8. A. Neve exhibited a number of Lepidoptera selected
from the collection made by him in N.-E. Rhodesia, in 1904
and 1905, comprising the following rare and remarkable
species :—

Melanitis ibya, Distant ; Liptena homeyeri, Dewitz; Pentila
peucetia, Hew. ; Catochrysops gigantea, Trim. ; Crenis pechueli,
Dewitz, and Crenis rosa, Hew., which are evidently two distinct
species ; and Crenidomimas concordia, Hopff., the mimic of
the last two species. Also two remarkable species of the
genus Aphnxus—including a female, so rarely taken in this
genus—Acrexa natalica, Boisd., and Acrxa anemosa, Hew., with
two remarkable moths showing a close mimetic resemblance
to them.

The exhibitor further stated that his collection would, he
thought, prove exceedingly interesting as regards seasonal
forms especially in the Acreinze and Pierinz, of which he
showed examples.

(a) Acrxa acrita, Hew.—Dry, intermediate and wet phases
of both sexes ; the wet-season specimens were highly remark-
able, being, especially in the females, nearly black.

(6) Acrxa cheribula, Oberth., taken in the height of the dry
season ; remarking that :—

“Dr. Butler * has suggested that cheribula with its heavy
black apex may be the wet-season form of aervéa. The speci-
mens shown seemed to demonstrate fairly certainly that this
is not the case. At the same time, an examination of the
series in the British Museum left it doubtful whether the
specimens there recorded by him under that name are the
true cheribula of Oberthiir. They appear to be only varia-
tions of acrita which, apart from its seasonal phases, is
undoubtedly a highly variable species.”

(c) Acrea natalica, Boisd.—Dry and wet phases of both sexes ;
the dry specimens being characterized by their smaller size
and slightly brighter colour.

(d) Acrxa induna, Trim. a el See a © ae
A. doubledayi oncxa, Hoptt. eer a ame ee
A. caldarena, Hew. ees) une female ee

darker colour in the wet season.

* P.Z. S. 1894, p. 566.

Ixxxv, Ixxxvi] (era)

Commenting on these species Mr. Neave said that he had
found the above change of colour in the seasonal phases,
which is common to all the above species, but is most marked
in acrita, exceedingly difficult to account for. The very
strongly aposematic coloration of this species in the dry
season when the struggle for existence is keenest is most
notable. It was, he thought, at this time of year, the most
brilliant insect on the wing that he knew. The change of
colour is also accompanied to some extent by change of habit,
dry-season specimens being much more restless and hard to
capture than wet ones. It seemed therefore difficult to
account for these facts without supposing that the brilliant
dry-season phases have been evolved, by stress of circumstance
at that time of year, from a duller coloured phase such as, in
this region, we still find in the wet season when the struggle
is not so keen.

Seasonal forms in the Pierine were represented by :—

(e) A long series of Teracolus regina, Trim., of both sexes and
of Teracolus phlegyas, Butler. ‘“Thedry season ? 2? of regina
remarkable for having the brilliant purple apical tip of the
¢ much more strongly represented in dry-season specimens
than in wet.”

The distribution of these two species in this particular
region was of interest, inasmuch as the exhibitor had never
taken both in the same locality. 7. phlegyas appeared to be
entirely confined to the hot dry river valleys and low country
up to 2000 feet, whilst he took regina commonly in the more
hilly uplands from 2000 feet upwards.

(f) Teriomima hildegarda, Kirby, dry, intermediate and wet
phases. A rare phenomenon in African Lycenide.

Mr. G. A. K. Marswatt, with reference to the seasonal
changes in Acrexa, expressed the opinion that the increase of
the blackish markings, which is so usual a feature in the
summer 9 ?, tended to make the insects less conspicuous on
the wing and probably had a procryptic significance. This
might be due to the fact that that was the season of ovi-
position when the ¢ ? might require special protection, even
in the case of distasteful species. With regard to Mr. Neave’s
remarks on the brilliant colouring of A. acrita in the dry

Coren [Ixxxvi, lxxxvil

season he pointed out that in Rhodesia the species of Acrxa
fall roughly into two groups in this respect, namely: (1) the
larger or more high-flying species, such as acrita, anemosa,
atolmis, etc., which presented a more brilliant appearance in
winter ; this being probably due to their greater unpalatability,
which had been to some extent shown by experiments, and
which would render a bright aposematic coloration of consider-
able utility at this season of greater stress; and (2) the
smaller, low-flying, and less unpalatable species, such as
axina, asema, ete., which could not afford to make themselves
too conspicuous at such a time and whose colouring therefore
tended more to harmonise with the dull reds and yellows of
the withered grasses among which they flew.

The question however of the significance of the black mark-
ings in Acrxa was complicated by the fact that in several
widely-distributed species there was a progressive local in-
crease in the black from south to north, irrespective of season.

Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., congratulated Mr. Neave
upon his interesting exhibition. He made a few remarks
upon the melanic forms of the wet season, but expressed him-
self unable at present to understand the full significance of
the changes. In conclusion, Professor Pouuton asked Dr. F.
A. Dixey whether it was likely that the females of Teracolus
regina exhibited in one season a synaposematic approach to
the females of other and very distinct species of the same
genus ; in the other season a similar approach to Pierine of a
remote genus.

Dr. F. A. Drxry said that he was not at present prepared
to give a complete answer to the question put to him by
Professor Poulton. The seasonal changes of Z'eracolus regina,
in relation to the sexual dimorphism of that species, were very
remarkable and required further investigation. He had, how-
ever, no doubt that both in this species and in 7’. phlegyas the
dry-season form of both sexes had a cryptic character, at any
rate in the resting position of the insect. He was quite con-
vinced of this in the case of the last-named butterfly and of
its congener, 7’. speciosus, from having watched both species
under natural conditions.

ixxcevit, xxvii, xe) xen) (9!)

Wednesday, November 7th, 1906.

Mr. H. J. Lucas exhibited a photograph of Panorpa
germanica, practically immaculate, taken by Mr. E. A.
Cockayne, a Fellow of the Society, at Tongue, Sutherland-
shire, now in the Hope Museum, and a typical form for
comparison, corresponding apparently to the borealis of
Stephens. He also showed a series of P. germanica to
illustrate the range of spotting on the wings of both sexes,
with two ¢ ¢s and two @ 9s of P. communis; and a pair
of a third species, P. cognata. The first two species are
common ; the third scarce.

Dr. F. A. Dixy exhibited several specimens of Pierine
butterflies in illustration of melanism, and made the following
remarks :—

‘«‘ At the recent meeting of the British Association in York,
much interest was aroused by Mr. Porritt’s paper and exhibit
on the subject of melanism. It has occurred to me that an
illustration of some of the general conditions under which
white and other kinds of pigment may be replaced by black
might possibly aid in the consideration of the more special
question as it affects the insect-fauna of these islands. With
this view I have brought some selected specimens here to-night,
and propose, while enlarging the scope of inquiry in one way,
to narrow it in another by contining my illustrations to the
group of Pierine.

‘“‘ A substitution of dark pigment for light may take place—

““(1) Between allied species, as Belenois mesentina, Cram.,
and B. raffrayi, Oberth.

‘“‘(2) Between nearly-related forms of the same species, as
Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., from East London, and £. cleodora,
f. dilatata, Butl., from Mombasa.

(3) Between the sexes of the same species, as Delias
iyerna, Butl., ¢ and @.

“(4) Between individuals of the same sex of the same
species, as the ordinary and ‘white’ form of Colias electra,
Linn., ?.

“It is often possible to trace a connection between dark

Gn Oa) [xci, xcii

pigmentation and certain external or internal conditions, such
as horizontal or vertical distribution, season and sex. Can any
of these conditions be regarded as a direct cause of melanism 2

“(1) As instances of the influence of horizontal distribution,
or locality, we have Zronia cleodora as above; Belenois mesen-
tina of Africa and India with its Australian representative
B. teutonia, Fabr.; and B. severina, Cram., 9 from Natal
compared with 2. severina 2 from the Victoria Nyanza.

‘*(2) As examples of the influence of vertical distribution we
may take Tutochila autodice, Hiibn., 9 from Buenos Ayres,
and 7. stigmadice, Stdgr., 2 from the Andes of Ecuador. A
familiar case of the same kind is the ordinary Ganoris napi,
Linn., ¢ of Switzerland compared with G. bryonix, Ochs., of
the high Alps.

‘*(3) To illustrate seasonal influence we may compare the
dry- and wet-season forms of Teracolus annex, Wallgrn.,
T. antigone, Boisd., 7’. omphale, Godt., Glutophrissa saba, Fabr.,
Appias libythea, Fabr., Tachyris hippo, Cram., Huphina nadina,
Lue., H. nerissa, Fabr., and Jxias evippe, Drury. In all these
the tendency towards melanism in the rains shown by the
females is well marked. The corresponding males are also
affected, though in less degree.

“(4) As exemplifying the influence of sex, we have Delias
inferna 3 and ° as above, D. descombesi, Boisd., D. eucharis,
Drury, Zerias tominia, Voll., and 7. zita, Feld.

“It seems obvious that in all these cases there must be
some relation or other between the increase of dark pigment
and the conditions that have been named. But is the bond
between them one of direct causation? It will be found that
the attempt to rank any one of these conditions as an actual
and immediate cause of melanism is attended with great
difficulty.

“(1) Melanism cannot be purely a matter of different
climatic conditions dependent on horizontal distribution,
because in any given region it often happens that only one
sex shows a tendency towards melanism, the other sex remain-
ing unaffected. Moreover, as in the case of Belenois mesentina
and B. raffrayt, we may have two closely allied butterflies from
the same locality, one nearly white and the other almost black

x¢cli, xcili] cr el)

““(2) Nor is it easy to consider melanism as a direct
consequence of high altitude, for here again it is often only
the one sex that is affected, as in G. bryonix, Besides this,
female G. napi of the ordinary kind may be found in the same
localities as G@. bryonix ; and ‘ white’ butterflies which are met
with at enormously high altitudes, such as Baltia shawti, Bates,
$ in Central Asia and Phulia nymphula, Blanch., in the
Andes, are by no means melanic. Again, the female of
Tatochila demodice, Blanch., shows dark pigmentation whether
taken at high altitudes or at the sea-level.

(3) There is obviously a strong connection between
seasonal conditions and melanism. This is clearly shown by
the series of seasonal forms in the present exhibit. As a rule,
the deeply-pigmented form belongs to the wet season, and the
paler form to the dry. But here again, if we attempt to make
wet-season conditions a direct cause of melanism, we are met
by the fact that sometimes the same conditions are associated
with an exactly opposite result. The instance of Precis octavia-
natalensis and sesamus will occur to every one as a case in
point; but without travelling beyond the Pierine we have
only to compare the under-sides of, say, Lvias pyrene, Linn., ¢ ,
wet and dry, or of Zerias senegalensis, Boisd., ¢ wet and dry,
to see that an increase of dark pigmentation, whether in a
diffused or concentrated form, may characterise a dry-season
phase as opposed to a wet one. A further difficulty is that
dark pigmentation appears in some instances (as in Polyom-
matus phlxas, var. eleus) to be an accompaniment of heat, in
others (as in Vanessa urtice, var. polaris) of cold.

(4) Lastly, with regard to sex. It is no doubt true that in
the majority of instances the female shows a darker coloration
than the male. This comes out well in many of the specimens
exhibited. But it is not difficult to find examples of the
reverse condition, where the female possesses less dark
pigment than her mate. This is the case, for instance, with
some forms of Colias eurytheme, Boisd., and with Dismorphia
thermesia, Godt.

“Tt seems therefore difficult to attribute melanism, or the
tendency towards that condition, to the immediate action of
either geographical or seasonal conditions or to the: direct

Cn ae) [xcill, xciv

influence of sex. What explanation remains? I am strongly
disposed to think that in the vast majority of cases the
prevalence of dark pigmentation is adaptive, and that although
melanism in its various degrees may certainly originate as a
variation or a sport, its increase and establishment are to be
attributed to some form of selection. Any one of the
conditions mentioned may by itself, or in combination with
others, favour melanism ; not however by direct causation, but
by indirectly leading to the selection of melanic individuals.
Thus, there is little doubt that the dark pigmentation is in
many cases of advantage as aiding concealment. This is
probably the explanation of many instances of dull or dark
coloration in the female sex not only of insects but of other
animals, it being well known that the female sex stands in
special need of protection (Wallace). The writer has observed
that the darkly-pigmented female of Selenois severina, a
common African form, is far less conspicuous on the wing than
the lghter-coloured male. The dark border indeed of the
former sex is often hardly visible, and the general impression
given is that of a much dwarfed specimen, though the average:
female is not really smaller than her mate. An enemy attack-
ing such forms on the wing might, it is believed, avoid the
apparently dwarfed specimens, either because they afforded
less prospect of a sufficient meal, or (in accordance with a
suggestion of Mr. F. A. Heron) because, apparent size being a
correlative of distance, the attacker might be deluded into
supposing the black-bordered forms to be further away and so
less easily reached than the rest. |

“It is noticeable that in some cases of heavily-pigmented
wet-season forms, the under-side shows no corresponding
melanism, being often in fact far lighter in colour than the
under-side of the same species in the dry season. This exact
reversal of effect on the two surfaces is of itself a strong
argument against the supposed direct operation of meteor-
ological conditions in producing melanism. Such conditions,
as I have elsewhere urged, and as has been amply proved by
experiment, may act as a liberating stimulus; but only rarely,
if at all, can they be looked upon as a direct cause of darkened
pigmentation. I would not entirely deny their direct effect

xciv, xcv| (13: *)

upon the individual, nor even that such direct effect may under
some circumstances reappear in the offspring. Weismann’s
results with P. phixas, Fischer’s with Arctia caja, and others
on record (see Schneider, ‘“ Einfiihrung in die Deszendenz-
theorie,” 1906, p. 113, etc.) seem to demonstrate the possibility
of such apparent transmission. But this phenomenon of the
diverse effect upon the two surfaces, together with the other
considerations already brought forward, appears to make
strongly against the hypothesis of a direct effect; and to
favour, as far as it goes, the view that such changes as these
are adaptive.

“ A further point of interest arises in connection with the
common absence of dark pigmentation on the under-side of wet-
season forms, even when the upper surface is strongly melanic.
It is this: that on comparing the seasonal phases of such forms
we are often led to the conclusion that so far as the upper-side
is concerned the wet-season form is better protected, but with
regard to the lower-side the corresponding dry-season phase,
being cryptically coloured, has the advantage. This may mean
that the wet-season form requires more protection during flight,
and the dry-season form during repose ; and this again may
point to the fact that it is such enemies as attack butterflies at
rest (for example, lizards) that are especially dangerous during
the drier part of the year.

“ Whether the duskiness so often met with in arctic and
mountain forms can at present be explained as an adaptation,
is perhaps doubtful; though there seems to be no reason why
Lord Walsingham’s suggestion of its relation to the power of
heat-absorption should not be correct. In such cases of the
development of dark pigment as we see in females of Mylothris
lorena, Hew., I. pyrrha, Fabr., Pieris demophile, Clerck.,
P. viardi, Boisd., P. locusta, Feld., P. tithoreides, Butl., etc.,
to which may probably be added the wet-season Glutophiissa
saba @ (see Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. viii), the
influence at work is that of mimicry, and the result clearly
takes rank as an adaptation.

“The occasional predominance of dark pigment in the males
as compared with their mates is apt to show itself in the form
of distinct and definite areas—not in that of suffusion, A

Ca) [xev, xevi, xevii

common effect therefore on the male is to make that sex not
less, but more conspicuous. Hence the pigmental areas may
possibly in these cases serve as recognition-marks.

“This last, however, is but a suggestion. I am far from
saying that the advantage of a melanic tendency to its possessor
is In every instance demonstrable. I only submit that our
present knowledge, so far as it goes, points to selective adapta-
tion as the principle which seems likely to cover most if not
all of the diverse conditions now grouped together under the
comprehensive head of melanism.”

The PresIDENT said he thought there was no doubt that
temperature had, what appeared to be, a direct effect in the
case of many Lepidoptera. For example, on many of the
common Geometrid moths, if the pupze were exposed, some to
a temperature of 40° to 50°, others to one of 70° to 80°, those
at the lower temperature were darker.

Professor E. B. Pouuton, Dr. T. A. CHapman, Mr. W. E.
Suarp, Mr. W. J. Lucas, and other Fellows joined in a
discussion of the spread of melanism in various districts of
Britain and elsewhere.

Wednesday, November 2ist, 1906.

Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited dry- and wet-season forms of
both sexes of Zeracolus regina, Trim., together with speci-
mens of Belenois calypso, Drury, B. thysa, Hopff., MWylothris
agathina, Cram., and two unnamed forms of Belenois from
Rhodesia,

The exhibit was designed to show the strong resemblance
between the under-side of the wet-season phase of Teracolus
regina and that of certain forms of Lelenois from the same
region of Africa—a resemblance believed by the exhibitor to
be of mimetic significance. He pointed out that between JD.
calypso and B. thysa, which latter was an acknowledged mimic
of the distasteful I/ylothris agathina, there existed a fairly
complete series of transitional forms, one of which at least
showed on the under-side a striking resemblance to the under-
side of the wet-season 7. regina. It seemed as if MW. agathina

XCVil, ¢, ci] 5s)

had exercised a strong influence on this group of Belenois, and
that in the progress of these Lelenois-forms towards the
final mimetic pattern shown by JP. thysa, one of them had, as
it were, taken up 7”. regina in its course. The association
between the Belenots and the Teracolus was probably Miillerian,
the Lelenois being in most respects the model; but it was
perhaps not improbable that the Zeracolus had to some extent
influenced the Belenois. These specimens seemed to favour the
view that B.thysa was a Millerian rather than a Batesian mimic.
It was an interesting fact that the cryptic character of the dry-
season form, as well as the mimetic appearance of the wet-season
phase of the Zeracolus, was confined to the under surface ;
being presumably in both instances intended for use during
rest rather than in flight. As in other cases, the dry-season
form was probably the more efficiently protected. It might be
taken as a general rule that in cases of seasonal dimorphism,
if one phase only were protected, that phase would be the
dry-season one; if both adopted means of defence differing in
degree or in kind, the dry-season phase would be the better
protected of the two.

Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., communicated some
‘‘further notes on the choice of a resting site by Pieris
rape, by Mr, A. H. Hamm, as follows :—

‘On July 10th this year I observed a male of this species
at rest on the under-side of a dahlia leaf in my garden, 22
Southfield Road, Oxford. In no case had the dahlias bloomed
by this date. The Pieris, although it had not chosen the best
possible site in the garden, was fairly well hidden amid the
thick foliage. The only other occasion on which this species
was seen at rest in 1906 was on August 4th, when my friends,
Mr. Holdaway and Mr. Constance, and I were sugaring in the
“ Decoy,’ Newton Abbot, S. Devon. During the rounds
many trees, bushes, &c. were searched with the aid of our
lanterns for any strange insects at rest upon the foliage. My
attention was first directed by Mr. Constance to a specimen of
P. rapx at rest upon the whitish under-side of a leaf of the
broad-leaved sallow (probably Salix caprxa). After this we
all three began a more systematic search, and succeeded in
finding four additional individuals of the species. The five

C WG") [ci, civ, cv

butterflies were distributed as follows:—Two were on the
under-sides of leaves of the broad-leaved sallow; two on
bramble leaves (one hanging from the under-side, and the
other sitting on an under-side which happened to be turned
uppermost) ; the fifth was found hanging from the under-side
of a leaf on a birch bush. The under surface of all these
leaves is very pale as compared with the upper surface.
These facts seem to me to strengthen the opinion expressed
in my former notes (vide ‘‘ Proc, Ent. Soc. Lond.” 1904, p. Ixxv,
and 1905, pp. Ixxiii, Ixxiv) that Pieris rapx does select for
prolonged rest a site adapted to promote concealment.”

Papers.

‘‘A Permanent Record of British Moths in their Natural
Attitudes of Rest,’ by Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the
Hope Department of Zoology in the Oxford University
Museum, communicated by Professor E. B. Pouron, F.R.S.

“Studies of the Blattide,” by R. Suetrorp, M.A., F.LS.

Wednesday, December 5th, 1906.

Dr. F. A. Dixny exhibited specimens of Zeracolus omphale,
Godt., bred and captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall, F.Z.S. The exhibit was intended to show
the effect of subjecting the insects during their immature
stages to abnormal conditions of temperature and humidity.

He pointed out that the members of a brood which had been
reared under ordinary conditions as larve, but had been ex-
posed as pupze to damp heat, showed on emergence little or no
difference from those examples that had been reared under
normal conditions throughout. The emergences took place in
June 1905, and the resulting butterflies were of the usual
dry-season phase, though less markedly dry-season than a pair
captured in the field at the same date.

On the other hand, several examples, belonging to one
brood, had been brought up as larve in an atmosphere of damp
heat, from which they were removed on pupation into natural
conditions. The resulting butterflies, emerging in July during

ev, evi] Cote?)

the height of the dry-season, were on the upper-side almost of
the wet-season phase, while others of the same brood which
had been kept in damp heat throughout both the larval and
pupal stages went still further in the same direction. Some of
these latter indeed, especially the females, showed on the upper
surface the wet-season pattern fully developed. On the under
surface the approximation to the wet-season phase was some-
what less complete ; the most advanced examples of the effect
of exposure to damp heat during both preliminary stages
still exhibiting beneath some slight trace of the dry-season
mottling. On the whole, however, very little difference was
apparent between these artificially-produced wet-season forms
and specimens which were shown of the normal wet-season
phase captured in the open before the cessation of the rains,

Dr. Dixey further remarked that Mr. Marshall was to be
congratulated on having been the first to produce, in tropical
species of Pierinex, results as definite and unequivocal as any
of those obtained by the President, Staudfuss, Fischer and
others in European lepidoptera. Mr. Marshall had conclusively
shown in the case of the present species that the natural
stimulus for the assumption of the wet-season phase could be
successfully imitated under artificial conditions ; he had also
proved experimentally that while both preliminary stages were
to some extent capable of reacting to external conditions, by
for the most susceptible period must be contained within the
larval stage of growth. The conclusions foreshadowed by My.
Marshall’s earlier experiments with 7. omphale (Trans. Ent.
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 211-213) were thus fully confirmed and
amplified. These facts appeared to be of so much interest as
to justify their immediate communication to the Society ; he
hoped before long to be in a position to present the results of
a further examination of Mr. Marshall’s valuable material.

Mr. G, A. K, Marsuatr said that his experiments showed that
the larval period, especially in its later stages, was in Teracolus
the period in which the insect was most sensitive to the
above influence ; the pupa stage, which was the most sensitive
stage in Precis, being almost insensitive.

The PresipEnt drew attention to the extreme interest of
these experiments, and congratulated Mr. Marshall on the

(Cane Ech) [evi

success which had attended his researches, conducted as they
were under great difficulties in Central South Africa.

Dr. Freperick Avceustus Dixey, M.A., M.D., communicated
a paper “On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina
corva, Wallace, and Ixias baliensis, Fruhst.”

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

(Marcu 6TH—DECEMBER 4TH, 1907).

——— et

Wednesday, March 6th, 1907.

Exhibitions.

Mate Branps avracKep By Pexsts.—Professor KE. B.
Poutton, F.R.S., exhibited male specimens of the Danaine
butterflies Amauwris egialea, Cram., and Limnas chrysippus,
L., collected at Ibadan, near Lagos (December 5-12, 1906),
by Mr. H. 8. Gladstone. The interest of the specimens
lay in the fact that the scent-producing patch near the anal
angle of the hind-wing had been eaten out on both sides—
very cleanly and neatly in the case of the Amauwris—although
only a minute portion of any other part of the wing-surface
had been attacked. The abdomen was almost entirely want-
ing, but the basal portion which remained showed that it had
been almost certainly devoured. The head and thorax also
appeared to be quite empty. Professor Poulton stated that
he had occasionally observed the evidence of such attacks upon
the supposed scent-patches of Danainx, but he believed that
the Amauris was the best and clearest case he had ever seen.
This special attack upon Danaine scent-patches becomes of
even greater interest and significance when we remember that
dead specimens of this and the allied sub-family, the /thomine,
are less liable than other specimens to be injured by the pests
which destroy insect collections.* On the other hand, the fact
that the whole interior of the body was devoured appears to
indicate indifference on the part of this particular pest to any
specially protective substances existing in a desiccated state ;

* H. W. Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiii, 1862, p. 510 ;

R. Meldola, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. xii. Confirmed also by
J. Jenner Weir.

( 2 )

and it may well be that special attack was directed upon
the scent-glands merely on account of their substance as
compared with the rest of the wing surface. The facts appear
to tell strongly against the view that specially protective
(aposematic) substances are, as some have supposed, concen-
trated in the male scent-glands; but it would not be safe to
draw any more far-reaching conclusions.

Inasmuch as an alternative view has been mentioned, it may
be advantageous to quote the following passage from a paper
published in 1882 by Professor Metpona, F.R.S. (Ann. Mag.

[xi
Nat. Hist., Dec. 1882, p. 425). Writing in answer to Mr.
W. L. Distant, Professor Meldola states :—

“There is not the least warrant for the supposition that
scent-glands or tufts have anything to do with distastefulness.
The acrid juices of distasteful butterflies are not generally
emitted from any particular organ, but permeate all the
tissues of the body. The fact that such organs exist in one sex
only is strongly suggestive, if not demonstrative, of the view
that they are secondary sexual characters ; and as such they
are regarded by Dr. Fritz Muller, who has systematically
investigated these structures, and has in many cases actually
detected the odour emitted, which is often of a pleasant
character.” (Jen. Zeit., vol. xi, p. 99; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1878, p. 211.)

REMARKABLE Larva oF Spiramiopsis.—Professor E. B.
Poutton also exhibited on behalf of Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S.,
of Durban, a blown specimen of the larva of Spiramiopsis
comma, Hampson, showing the two pairs of remarkable
processes as well as the two eye-like spots, one situated in
front of the base of each posterior process. The anterior
pair are placed on the second thoracic segment, the posterior
on the third. In the dried specimen the ground-colour of
the dorsal and dorso-lateral regions of each of these segments
is of a brilliant orange-brown tint, making a most effective
background for the intensely black, nearly circular eye-like
spots. The effect of these latter is also greatly enhanced
by a dark semi-circular line placed outside a margin of orange
embracing nearly half the circumference of each spot. This

Coe)

line, which is concentric with the eye-spot, bounds it upon
the posterior-inferior section of its circumference. A sketch
sent by Mr. Leigh in further explanation of his exhibit shows
that, when touched, the larva curves the anterior segments
so as to conceal its real head and make the central point
between the eye-spots anterior in position. From this central
point the four relatively immense processes radiate like spokes,
while the bright orange colour and jet-black eye-spots placed
on each side of the centre must contribute with them to
produce an extraordinary and terrifying appearance. By Mr.
Leigh’s desire the specimen will be placed beside the imagines
xii]

of the same species in the collection of the British Museum
of Natural History. The larva bears the date :—‘‘ Durban,
Noy. 3, 1906.”

Errect oF ARTIFICIAL CONDITIONS ON SEASONALLY D1Mor-
pHic Specres.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of Tera-
colus achine, Cram., and Selenois severina, Cram., bred and
captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall.

He remarked that the exhibit, which was supplementary to
that shown by him on December 5th (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1906, p. civ), provided a further instalment of the results of
Mr. Marshall’s valuable experiments on the effect of artificial
conditions on seasonally dimorphic species. In the case of
Teracolus achine, the exposure to conditions of moist heat in
both larval and pupal stages had caused both sexes of a brood
that should normally have emerged as the dry-season form, to
assume the appearance of a wet-season generation. The same
conditions operating in the larval stage alone had produced a
close approximation to the same result ; while in specimens
which had been similarly treated in the pupal stage only, little
or no departure could be seen in the direction of the wet-
season form. Specimens of both seasonal phases caught in
the open were exhibited for comparison, and it was pointed
out that these results with Zeracolus achine showed complete
correspondence with those previously announced in the case of
T. omphale, Godt.

The behaviour of Belenois severina contrasted strongly with
that of the two species of Zeracolus, for whereas in the case of

AY 2

(8h) [xiii

the latter the larval was proved to be the susceptible period,
exposure of the former to damp heat in the larval condition
produced no perceptible effect, the resulting emergences being
of the ordinary dry-season phase. Exposure, however, to the
same conditions in both larval and pupal stages resulted in a
transformation to the full wet-season form. In this species
the seasonal changes chiefly affect the under-surface.

A further point of great interest received illustration from
the same series of bred B. severina. This was the difference
in effect between moisture accompanied by heat and moisture
alone. Those individuals exposed as both larve and pupz to
the combined effect of heat and moisture, emerged, as has been
said, in the full wet-season condition. Those, on the other
hand, exposed in both these stages to moisture alone without
heat, emerged with the ground-colour of the hind-wing under-
side characteristic of the wet season, while the dark veining of
the dry season was in the same specimens not only present
but strongly accentuated. It might be said, in fact, that the
employment of moisture only, without heat, had produced a
well-marked form, unknown under normal conditions in this
region, though occurring naturally in some other parts of
Africa, as Uganda and Natal.

To sum up: Mr. Marshall by means of these carefully con-
ducted experiments had shown that in the two species of
Teracolus, T. omphale and T. achine, a brood which left to itself
would produce the dry-season phase of the imago, might by
the application of heat and moisture be made to assume the
characteristic features of the wet-season form. Further, in
each of these cases it was shown that exposure to the artificial
conditions during the larval stage only was capable of produc-
ing nearly the whole effect, the result of similarly treating the
pupa only being scarcely perceptible.

On the other hand, while in Belenois severina an equally
complete transformation from the dry- to the wet-season form
had been accomplished, it was clearly shown that in this case
the larval was not the susceptible stage, the result of exposing
the larva only to the artificial conditions being practically nil.
In this species also Mr. Marshall had experimentally disso-
ciated the two conditions of heat and moisture, showing that

xiv] (5)

while in combination they could effect a transformation to the
full wet-season form, the employment of the latter only with-
out the former produced an entirely different result, the most
distinctive mark of the new form being the accentuation of a
feature usually characteristic of the dry season.

XViii
Wednesday, March 20th, 1907.
Exhibition.

PARALLELISM BETWEEN THE GENERA PurissuRA AND MyLo-
TtHRiIs.—Dr. F. A. Drxry exhibited several species of Phrissura
and Mylothris side by side, in order to illustrate the remarkable
parallelism that exists between these two Pierine genera.
The forms shown were as follows :—

Phrissura lasti, Grose Smith, ¢ fylothris narcissus, Butl., 3

P. sylvia, Fabr., 3 M. spica, Mosch., ¢

P. sylvia, Fabr., 2 M. spica, Mésch., ?

P. sylvia, Fabr., ¢ (western MM. bernice, Hew., 3

form)

P. perlucens, Butl., 3 M. asphodelus, Butl., 3
P. phebe, Butl., 2 M. poppea, Cram., 9
P. phoebe, Butl., 2 M. poppea, Cram., 3
P. phebe, Butl., @ M. rubricosta, Mab., @

The genus Phrisswra, he remarked, was closely akin to
Appias, Tachyris, Catophaga and Glutophrissa ; Mylothris, on
the other hand, occupied an isolated position and was of
xix|
doubtful affinity. With the exception of two eastern forms,
the species of Phrissura, like those of Mylothris, belonged to
Africa. It was remarkable that there scarcely existed a
single form of Phrissura that did not find a counterpart in
the other genus, though there was nothing but a remote
relationship between them. The forms that so closely
resembled each other were, speaking generally, inhabitants
of the same districts, and it was interesting to observe that
where a species of the one genus underwent a local modifica-
tion, the corresponding local race of the other genus was

(cory

similarly transformed in appearance. Thus the Uganda form
of P. sylvia, 3, closely resembled J. spica, ¢, from the same
region, both being white butterflies with a dark apex to the
fore-wing, a row of marginal black spots on the hind-wing,
and a basal patch of bright orange. In the representative
forms from the Congo region, P. perlucens, Butl., g, and M.
asphodelus, Butl., 3, the basal orange was in each case replaced
by lemon yellow. Again, in the West African specimen
shown of P. sylvia, ¢, the basal orange took on a darker tinge
and was somewhat modified in shape, in both of which respects
it came into close correspondence with MM. bernice from the
same locality. The facts might lend some apparent colour to
the view that the correspondence was due in each case to
similarity of surroundings. The speaker, however, thought
that the difficulties in the way of such an explanation were
insuperable, and that the relation was in every case mimetic.
It would not be easy to say whether the mimicry was of the
Batesian or of the Miillerian kind, the data being scarcely
sufficient ; he inclined personally to the belief that it would
prove to be of the latter, 7. e. the Miullerian sort, especially as
there appeared to be indications of a diaposematic exchange
of characters between the two series of forms.

He regretted that the Hope Collection possessed no speci-
mens of P. nyasana, Butl., 3, for this form together with
M. riippellii, Koch, 3, would have made a striking addition to
the exhibit. He should have preferred also to put a specimen
of the West African P. isokani, Grose Smith, 2, beside the J/.
poppea, 2, from Ashanti, had one been available.

Though he had on the present occasion confined himself to

[xx
the parallelism existing between these two genera, he wished
also to remark that in many cases the actual forms shown
formed part only of a much larger mimetic association.

Papers.

Among the papers communicated was :—
“Studies in the TZetriginx (Orthoptera) in the Oxford
Museum,” by JosepH L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S.

xxiii] Cave 8)
Wednesday, April 10th, 1907.

Exhibitions.
SIMILARITY BETWEEN Dry-sEAson Forms OF ALLIED PIERINE
Spucorms.—Dr. F. A. Drxry exhibited male specimens of the
wet- and dry-season phases of the following African and Indian

Prerine. :-—
Teracolus achine, Cram. T. antigone, Boisd.
T. omphale, Godt. Huphina nadina, Lue.
T. evenina, Wallgrn. H. nerissa, Fabr.

He remarked that the exhibit illustrated two points :—
(1) the fact that in Pierine which were subject to seasonal
xxiv] )
dimorphism the dry-season form was often conspicuously smaller
than its wet-season representative ; and (2) the fact that the
males of species which were easily discriminated in their wet-
season phases might be almost indistinguishable from each
other in the dry-season garb, the same applying, though less
markedly, to the females. In the case of the four species of
Teracolus shown, though there was a family likeness between
all the wet-season forms, they could nevertheless be distin-
guished ata glance. On the other hand, the dry-season forms
of the same four species resembled each other so closely in
aspect, and even in size, that they could not be separated
without minute examination. He knew from personal ex-
perience that these dry-season forms were most difficult to
identify in the field. The two species of Huphina, again, bore
in their dry-season phase a very close resemblance to each
other, but in the wet-season they were quite dissimilar.

He did not advance either of these points as being of uni-
versal application ; though the former of them, at least, was
of very common occurrence.

xxix |
Wednesday, May Ist, 1907.
Divercent Mimicry By THE FEMALES oF LEUCERONIA
arcra, Fabr.—Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited specimens of
Leuceronia argia, Fabr., 6 and 9, together with several

A 3

ery

forms belonging to four other Pierine genera.
on them as follows :—

“Mr. Trimen (‘South African Butterflies,’ vol. III, 1889,
p. 181) has drawn attention to the resemblance borne to
Mylothris agathina, Cram., and Selenois ianthe, Doubl., by
certain forms of the female Leuwceronia argia, Fabr. The
female of this Pierine is extremely variable, and the object of
the present exhibit is to show that each of its diverse forms is
associated in aspect with one or more species of JMvylothris,
Lelenois, Pinacopteryx or Phirissura—all these being genera
whose affinity with Leuceronia is remote.

“The following are the forms now exhibited, together with

He remarked

the types which they respectively resemble :—

Form oF L. argia, Fasr., 9 ASSOCIATED WITH

. White, black-bordered form (= f.

typica, Auriv.).

. The same, with orange basal flush

on forewings (=f. popped, Donoy.,
teste, Butler).

. White, slight dark border, pinkish

basal flush just showing through
upper surface of forewings.

. White, border of conspicuous dark

Belenois theuszi, Dewitz,

é-
Mylothris riippellii, Koch,

Phrissura pheebe, Butl., ?.

Mylothris riippellii, Koch,
2.

spots, orange-vermilion _ basal
flush.
5. Yellow, strongly-marked dark Mylothris riippellii, Koch,

or)

border, orange basal flush (= f.
sulphurea, Auriv.).

. White, slightly-marked spotty bor-

der, yellowish hindwings, pale
orange basal flush.

. Ordinary Natal form (= f. varia,

Trimen), showing under-side.

¢ (yellow form).

[xxx

Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis,
Lanz, °.

Mylothris agathina,Cram.,
dS (under-side).

“These examples do not exhaust the list of forms of LZ. argia,

? , which resemble other Pierine species ; for besides the black
and yellow f. zdotea, Auriv., which is the form noticed by
Trimen for its resemblance to Belenois ianthe, there is a
modification of f. varia, Trim., with a yellowish hind-wing like
No. 6 supra but without the basal flush, which falls into
association with a form of the female Pinacopteryx pigea,

Cras)

Boisd. Besides this, f. semiflava, Auriv., at once suggests
membership of a numerous assemblage characterised by brown
upper and pale under-wings, to which group also belong many
females of Mylothris spica, Mésch., Phrissura sylvia, Fabr.,
Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, and B. theora, Doubl.

“The question naturally arises, what is the meaning of
these resemblances? I am not credulous enough to believe
that they represent a mere series of coincidences; it appears
to me that they must have some bionomic significance, and that
in the present as in similar instances the interpretation least
attended with difficulty is that which attributes to them a
mimetic value. It is generally admitted that M/ylothris, forms
of which so often take a central position in these supposed mi-
metic groups, isa well-protected genus. There is therefore good
reason for its imitation by Z. argia, whether this imitation be of
the Batesian or of the Miillerian kind. Itistrue that L. argia
is seldom a very perfect mimic ; its various forms seem to hover
on the outskirts of mimetic groups without entirely casting in
their lot with them. But cases similar to this are known
elsewhere ; and much the same, mutatis mutandis, might be
said of many instances (which few would be found to dispute)
of protective resemblance to inanimate objects. We find,
indeed, as under the theory of adaptation by selection we
should expect to find, every sort of gradation between protec-
tion which is only slight, and protection which is all but
complete ; and this, whatever be the special kind of protection
in question. If a species be maintaining its ground, deficiency
in one particular will be made up for by excellence in another.
XXxi|

‘**Some of the forms of L. argia, 2 , are restricted to definite
regions, and it is natural to ask whether these mimics and
their models are always to be found in the same locality. To
a great extent this can be shown to be the case, but a wider
knowledge than we at present possess of the distribution of
both sets of forms would be necessary for a complete answer
to the question. Meanwhile, the facts now at our command
do not suggest an answer unfavourable to the theory.

‘“‘T have heard it remarked that whereas the form swlphurea
of L. argia, °, has a well-marked dark margin, the Mylothris

( 20)

with which it is here associated has no continuous dark mark-
ing, except at the apex of the fore-wing. Experience, however,
leads me to think that although a border of black spots on a
white or pale-coloured wing—the arrangement so commonly
seen in Mylothris but obsolescent in this particular form—is
a conspicuous feature, a uniform dark border (as in Belenois
severina, Cram., 9) is often unnoticeable during flight; the
chief effect of sucha border being to diminish the apparent size
of its possessor, and sometimes (if the internal bounding line
is irregular) to convey in addition the impression of a worn or
ragged edge tothe wings. There is reason therefore to suppose
that the resemblance between these two forms is quite close
enough to be effective,

“ Tt may, in conclusion, be remarked that the present case is
in some respects analogous with that of Papilio dardanus. In
both we have a series of females, differing widely from the
male and from each other, and each bearing a resemblance to
a protected form belonging to another group. The differences
in Z. argia, though similar in kind, are far less striking in
degree than those shown by P. dardanus; this corresponds
with the greater family resemblance between the models of
the Leuceronia as compared with those of the Papilio.”

[xxxiii

Mr. R. SHELFoRD read the following note on

“ A Case oF Homamortic VARIATION IN A COCKROACH.”

Homeeosis has been defined as “‘theassumption by one member

Left maxilla. Right maxilla. Right mandible.

of a Meristic series, of the form or characters proper to other

( ll)

members of the series” (Bateson, “ Materials for the Study of
Variation,” London, 1894, p. 84). This type of abnormality
is of rare occurrence ; Mr. Bateson is only able to quote four
examples of it amongst the Insecta, and two of these are
doubtfully genuine. The undoubted cases are Cimbex axillaris
and Bombus variabilis, both insects having the left antenna
partially developed as a foot (Zc. pp. 146-148). I daresay
that other cases of homeosis amongst insects have been
recorded during the past twelve years, but if so, I have not
XXxiv ]

come across any accounts of them. The abnormality now to
be described seems to be of the nature of a homeeotic variation.
When dissecting a cockroach of the genus Panesthia, apparently
a new species allied to P. sinwata, Sauss., I observed that the
right maxilla was replaced by a hard chitinous structure
superficially resembling a mandible; the left maxilla and
both mandibles were perfectly normal. On removing and
closely examining the right ‘“‘ maxilla” it was seen to bea
densely chitinised and rugose organ, roughly approximating
in shape and size to a normal mandible. This ‘‘maxilla” at
the base is large, but it tapers distally and the apex bears a
small finger-like process. Traces of segmentation are seen in
two circular grooves and in the different size of the parts
defined by these grooves; the organ may be regarded as made
up of four segments, the terminal small process being one,
but it is perfectly rigid and the segmentation is only visible
on close examination. The basal segment is hollowed out on
its inner face and it is this feature which increases the general
resemblance of the structure toa mandible. Without going
so far as to say that the abnormal “maxilla” of the cockroach
under notice reproduces the ancestral condition of a mandible,
attention may be drawn to the view that the mandibles are
derived from a four-segmented organ, advocated by Wood-
Mason and other entomologists. _Wood-Mason moreover has
observed that the mandibles of the embryo of Panesthia
javanica are segmented, and in the larve and adults of the
same species he distinguished a groove across the back of the
mandible at the base, representing in his opinion the remains
of a joint. The cockroach exhibiting the variation described

Vee

above was captured on Mt. Masarang in N. Celebes by Dr.
Chas. Hose in 1895.

[xl
Wednesday, June 5th, 1907.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS
IN Burrerriies.— Professor E. B. Pourton, F.R.S8., said that
he wished to bring before the Fellows a hypothesis which
had suggested itself as the outcome of reflections upon the
Heliconine, as dealt with by Mr. W. J. Kaye in a recent
communication.

It had often been noticed that mimetic resemblance is apt
to deceive the species concerned, so that the male of one will
chase the female of the other. When model and mimic

[xli
belong to very different groups, e.g. sub-families, it is im-
probable that such errors of judgment could lead to any
important danger. It is very unlikely that a superficial
resemblance would mislead the individuals of species
belonging to different sub-families when they approached
each other at all closely, and the impression made by each
upon the whole of the sense-organs of the other became
at all strong. But this would not apply to anything like the
same extent when there was near relationship between the
mimetic species—as in so many ILthomiine, Danaine, and
Heliconine. When close resemblance obtains within the
limits of such a sub-family as one of these,—and mimetic
likeness of the kind is often extraordinarily exact,—it is not a
far-fetched hypothesis to suggest that some special adaptation
has arisen, enabling the females easily to discriminate between
their own and the males of other closely similar species, and at
once to repel those advances which are something of a danger
and nothing of advantage to either species. Other facts, and
especially the hard, pouch-like structure secreted by the male
upon the body of the female in Parnassius and in Acreine,
also support the conclusion that useless pairing and attempts
to pair are an injury to the species. Colour and pattern being
excluded ex hypothesi, some special difference in scent is

(lee)

the most obvious means of discrimination. May not this be
the meaning of the fact that the males of the Hupleini may
be divided into groups (which have been given generic names)
distinguished, and sometimes solely distinguished, by remark-
able differences in the size, number, form and position of the
areas presumed to be scent-producing? These Hupleas are
remarkable for the number of their synaposematic associations
and for the closeness of the resemblance between the con-
stituent species. So far as my experience goes,—and further
inquiry in the same direction will tend to supply confirmation
or refutation of the hypothesis here put forward—these
associations are made up of species belonging to groups with
different forms of sexual brands and not by species with males
bearing the same type of brand. And now Mr. Kaye has
shown that the close synaposematic pairs within the Heliconine
sub-family are made up of species of which one belongs to the
xlii]

group with a broad the other to the group with a narrow
band of glistening scales, in the male,—bands which are pre-
sumably scent-producing. It is probable that the excessively
close resemblance between these pairs and between the
members of the Euplceine associations has been rendered
possible without injury to the species by the existence of this
means of instant recognition, and I think it is possible to infer
the past history with a fair degree of probability. In the
African Danaine genus Amauris we find two very common
species as closely alike as any of the Eupleine or Heliconine
Miillerian groups or pairs. I refer to Amauris echeria and A,
albimaculata. It was at first thought that white spots in
place of buff in the fore-wing alone distinguished these forms,
and the general opinion followed that one was a variety of the
other. But Rothschild and Jordan have shown that they are
certainly separated by minute but well-defined and constant
differences. Accompanying these, the scent-patches at the
anal angle of the hind-wing of the male of albimaculata are
about twice as long as those of echeria. It is probable that
this wide difference has been a powerful aid in rendering
possible the extraordinarily close resemblance. Already both
species of this pair have undergone subspecific changes in

OA 4)

different parts of their geographical range, the southern forms
being replaced respectively by echeria jacksoni and albimaculata
hanningtoni in the equatorial parts of the eastern side of
Africa. In the Oriental Region the even more dominant
Eupleine group originated far more complex communities,
probably in consequence of the development of further
modifications of the male brands of one or both members
of an ancestral pair, until synaposematic associations contain-
ing 3, 4 or more species arose, widened their range and spread
into islands. Thus each of the component species became at
first different sub-species and finally distinct species in various
parts of the total area of distribution. The synaposematic
Heliconine pairs, on the other hand, may in large part have
reached their present condition by continuing the history
begun by the two African species of Amauris. I say “in
large part”? because when Mr. Kaye very kindly arranged
the Oxford Heliconine a few weeks ago we saw evidence for

[xiii
the recent abandonment of relatively ancestral patterns by
certain species and the adoption of others which brought them
into synaposematic relation with some more abundant
Heliconine in the same locality. In giving this brief account
of the hypothesis I am quite aware that the subject requires
much fuller study. At the same time, I think it better not to
wait for the more detailed examination which I hope to make,
but to put the suggestion on record, in the hope that others
may be led to further observation and reflection on the subject.

[xlvii

Papers, ete.

Dr. F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., and Dr. G. B. Lonestarr,
M.D., contributed a report of their joint entomological
observations made in South Africa during the visit of the
British Association in 1905, and gave a brief account of some
of the points dealt with.

Dr. Drxey said that his own part in the paper was small,
though Dr. Longstaff had kindly wished to associate him in
the authorship. The narrative was the work of Dr. Longstaff,
aided by a few suggestions from himself, and that gentleman
had also undertaken most of the labour connected with the

(tbe)

determination of species, especially in Orders other than
Lepidoptera. Dr. Longstaff’s contribution to the tale of
specimens brought home was also far larger than his own.
He had himself devoted more attention to bionomic points
than to the actual work of collecting, and many of the results
of the observations of himself and his colleague had been
already communicated to the Society.

After shortly sketching the route of the expedition, which

included visits to Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London,
xlviii]
Durban, Ladysmith, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein,
Kimberley, Mafeking, Bulawayo, the Matoppos, and the
Victoria Falls, he remarked that among the things that chiefly
impressed him were the abundance of insect life at East
London and Durban, and the extremely interesting, though
in their experience somewhat scanty, fauna of the Zambesi
and the Great Waterfall.

A point that seemed to him worthy of notice was the fact
that although Dr. Longstaff and himself were close travelling
companions, and on many days were never more than half-a-
mile from each other, the captures effected by each showed
remarkable differences, there being several instances of quite
conspicuous forms taken by one which were never seen by the
other. This was no doubt partly due to differences in their
objects and methods of collecting, but it applied also to species
that both collectors were desirous of taking.

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr stated that out of eight weeks in
South Africa, two had been spent in railway trains, never-
theless they had taken some 2,500 specimens,including upwards
of 50 species of various Orders not to be found in the National
Collection ; of these at least 15 had already been recognised as
new to science. In exhibiting specimens of the new species
together with other South African insects remarkable in one
way or another, Dr. Lonesrarr gave some account of interesting
points in their bionomics. For example, at Simon’s Bay, a fly,
Ploas sp., during life by its habits and mode of flight closely
mimicked the bee Halictus albifasciatus, Smith, although the
insect looked very different in the cabinet. The large Acridian,
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., unlike most locusts, was extremely

C96.)

sluggish in its movements, but was defended in part by its
hard integuments, but probably still better. by emitting
copiously when touched an ill-smelling acrid fluid. A new
Flata, taken at Johannesburg, though found sitting in rows
upon the stems of plants, could in no sense be said to resemble
flowers, as was the case with some of its congeners.

[xlix

Wednesday, October 2nd, 1907.

Exhibitions.

SITARIS MURALIS AT OxForD.—Commander J. J. WALKER
showed living specimens of the Heteromerous beetle Sttaris
muralis, rediscovered at Oxford in 1903 by Mr. A. H. Hamm
of the Oxford University Museum, and found rather freely
during September 1906 and 1907, on old stone walls in the
vicinity of Oxford inhabited by the Mason Bee, Podalirius
(Anthophora) pilipes, on which it is parasitic in its early
stages.

[lv

TRANSITION BETWEEN My Loruris CHLoRIS, Fapr., anp M.
AGATHINA, Cram.—Dr. F. A. Drxry exhibited typical speci-
mens of the African Pierines Mylothris chloris, Fabr., and JM.
agathina, Cram. ; together with a long series of forms, transi-
tional between the two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria
Nyanza.

He remarked that he had previously called attention to the
fact that the West-African J. chloris and the East- and South-
African J/. agathina, which had always been looked upon as
distinct species, intergraded with one another in the region of

[Ivi
Uganda (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. xv). The present
exhibit showed an uninterrupted transition, in the case of the
males, from one form to the other. The females passed by
almost imperceptible gradations from the brownish-orange J.
agathina, with its marginal row of well-defined black spots, up
to a form with whitish fore-wings and very pale ochreous
hind-wings broadly margined in black, between which latter

(Pts)

form and the ordinary female of J. chloris there was only
a slight interval. It was true that his present material did
not enable him to bridge over the gap; but in view of the
near approach to the typical J. chloris exhibited by these
intermediate females, and of the complete transition which he
had shown to exist in the case of the males, he thought it
could hardly be doubted that further investigation would
supply the very few steps still lacking. A transitional female
from Wadelai, of the kind he had described, had been named
clarissa by Butler.

The greater number of the 31 specimens now shown were
collected by Mr. Wiggins on the north-east and north-west
shore of the Victoria Nyanza ; two of his males were from
Toro in Western Uganda, and one interesting female specimen,
showing an early stage of departure from M. agathina in the
direction of J. chloris, was captured at Mombasa. The fact
that the forms referred to occurred together was established
by a remarkable series of six specimens all taken on the same
day by Mrs. Leaky near Mengo, on the north-west shore of
Victoria Lake. This series consisted of a typical male and
female M. chloris, and a nearly typical male IZ. agathina;
together with a transitional male and two transitional females,
the latter closely resembling the type of Butler’s J/. clarissa.

Mr. Neave had shown, from Uganda specimens also
collected by Mr. Wiggins, that a similar transition occurred
in that region between the western Amauris niavius, Linn.,
and the eastern and southern A. dominicanus, Trim. (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. xciv ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,
pe 2Eh):

lxv

Wednesday, November 6th, 1907.

New Species oF Prnacopreryx.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited
d and specimens of a Pinacopteryx, at present undescribed,
which had been discovered by Mr. 8. A. Neave in North-East
Rhodesia.

He remarked that the interesting genus Pinacopteryx, which
was purely African in distribution, formed a very natural
group amongst Pierine genera, somewhat isolated in affinity,

(ols)

but on the whole perhaps coming nearest to Belenois. Many
members of the genus had been affected by mimicry, and one
species, P. rubrobasalis, Lanz., was an excellent copy in both
sexes of the familiar Mylothris agathina, Cram. This was also
[Ixvi
the case with the females of the new species, which Mr. Neave
said he had often mistaken for Jf. agathina when on the wing.
On the other hand, the males were quite different, showing no
trace of resemblance to that species of Mylothris. When the
speaker first looked through Mr. Neave’s captures, he was
inclined to conjecture that these females were the local
representatives of P. rubrobasalis, 9, which they closely
resembled, and that their captor had failed to meet with the
corresponding males. But he found that Mr. Neave had
assigned them without hesitation to males of an aspect entirely
different from that of P. rubrobasalis and M. agathina, and
that in one instance at least this opinion had been confirmed
by the capture of paired specimens. On further examination
there appeared to be no doubt that the resemblance between
the females of the two species was due rather to the copying
of a common model than to mere affinity, and that Mr. Neave’s
species and P. rubrobasalis belonged in reality to distinct
sections of the genus. Specimens of Jylothris agathina, the
common model, were included in the exhibit ; also males and
females of P. rubrobasalis and other members of the genus,
together with individuals of the new species which were

actually paired at the time of capture.
[xviii

Papers.

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, M.D., read a paper ‘“‘On some
Butterflies taken in Jamaica,” and a paper ‘‘On some Butter-
flies of Tobago,” exhibiting a number of examples taken by
himself in both localities to illustrate his remarks.

[Ixx

Wednesday, November 20th, 1907.
Mimetic PARALLELISM IN Five Genera OF AFRICAN PIERINES.
—Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited series of specimens belonging to
five different genera of African Pierine. He remarked that

(omy)

the exhibit was arranged so as to show the parallelism exist-
ing between many species of these genera, a parallelism which
it could hardly be doubted was in most, if not in all cases, of
mimetic significance. The genera included in the exhibit
were Mylothris, Phrissura, Pinacopteryx, Belenois and Leucer-
onia. The members of the same genus were arranged in
vertical rows, while the species of different genera showing a
similar appearance were set out side by side, horizontally.
The various assemblages, each presenting a distinct pattern,
with their constituent species, were as follows :—

I. White with dark marginal spots. Mylothris agathina,
Cram., 6; Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis, Lanz., 3; Belenois thysa,
Hopff. ¢; Leuceronia argia, Fabr., 2.

II. Brownish-yellow with dark marginal spots. MV. agathina,
9; Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl.,2; B. thysa,? (dry season).
Some specimens of Pinacopteryx astarte, Butl., 9; of Belenots
theora, Doubl., 2 ; and alsoa form of L. argia, 2, belong to this
group, but were not shown.

III. White with dark apical patch and dark marginal
spots. Phrissura phaola, Doubl.,¢; Pinacopteryx dixey?,
Neave, 6; Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, 6; L. argia, ¢.

IV. The same, with a slight brownish-yellow basal suffusion.
M. poppea, Cram., 6; P. dixeyi, 2; Belenois :anthe, Doubl., 2 ;
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., 2.

V. White; marginal dark spots tending to become streaks ;
an orange or pinkish basal flush. J/. poppea,? ; Phrissura
isokant, Gr. Smith, 9 (= P. phebe, Butl.); B. ianthe, Q;
Belenois sp. (allied to B. thysa), 9; L. argia, 2.

VI. Fore-wings brownish-yellow with dark margins ; hind-
wings white or creamy with dark marginal spots. J/ylothris
spica, Mésch., 2; Phrissura sylvia, Fabr., 2? ; L. thalassina, ¢ .
Ixxi|
Specimens of B. theuszi,?; of B. theora, Doubl.,?; and of
L. argia, 2( form semiflava, Auriv.) also come into this group,
but were not included in the exhibit.

VII. Bright yellow with dark marginal spots or (on fore-
wings) an irregular marginal band ; fore-wings with orange
basal flush. Mylothris riippellii, Koch, ¢ (yellow form) ; Z.
argia, 2 (form sulphurea, Auriv.).

( 20 )

VIL White with dark marginal spots; fore-wings with
large basal orange-vermilion flush. JV. riippellii, § (upper- and
under-side); LZ. argia, 9 (form varia, Trim.). Phrisswra nyasana,
Butl., ¢, is also a member of this group. .

IX. White with dark marginal spots; a small patch of
orange at base of fore-wings, and the same colour prolonged on
costa of hind-wings. WM. spica, 3; P. sylvia, 3; P. diveyi, 3;
B. theuszi, d (all under-sides).

X. White »fore-wing with dark margin broadened at apex,
hind-wing with dark marginal spots. I. spica, 3; P. sylvia,

3; L. argia, 2 (form poppxa, Donov.).

XI. Like IX and X, but orange of IX replaced by lemon-
yellow. Mylothris asphodelus, Butl., 6; Phrisswra perluceus,
Butl., ¢; B. thewszi, d (under-side). All these specimens are
from the Congo.

XII. Fore-wings whitish with a pale orange basal flush ;
hind-wings orange-yellow; both wings with a border of
dark spots. Mylothris clarissa, Butl., 9; Pinacopteryx sp.
(allied to P. orbona, Hiibn.), 9; B. thysa, 9 (intermediate
form).

XIII. Like XII, but with the hind-wings a paler yellow,
and the marginal spots tending to become streaks. P. isokan,

2 (=P. phebe); Pinacopteryx sp. (allied to P. orbona), 2; L.
argia, 2.

XIV. Fore-wings white with brilliant orange-vermilion
basal flush ; hind-wings ochre-yellow ; dark marginal spots.
M. agathina, 3; P. isokani (phebe),?; P. rubrobasalis, 9 ; B.
thysa, 6; L. argia, 2 (all under-sides).

XV. Fore-wings white; hind-wings lemon or primrose-
yellow ; dark marginal spots more or less developed, and on
fore-wing sometimes fused. JMJylothris trimenia, Butl. ¢; M.
nareissus, Butl., 2; WM. jacksoni, E. M. Sharpe, 2; Phrissura

(Ixxii
lasti, Gr. Smith, ¢; Pinacopteryz sp. (allied to P. vidua, Butl.),
2; Belenois sp. (allied to B. zochalia, Boisd.), 2.

XVI. Like XV, but with hind-wings ochreous or brownish-
yellow. MM. trimenia,?; P. lasti,?; P. pigea, Boisd., 2? ; Bele-
nois sp. (allied to B. zochalia), 9; B. zochalia, 9; L.
thalassina, 2.

(oats)

Dr. Dixry further remarked that though attention had
already been drawn to several of these cases of resemblance
by Mr. Trimen, Prof. Poulton, Mr. Neave and others, as well
as by himself, they had not before been shown together in one
view. In some instances the superficial resemblances between
insects of very different genera belonging to this series had
led to much confusion in the nomenclature, for an example of
which he would refer to the facts given in Mr. Trimen’s
‘‘South African Butterflies,’ Vol. iii, 1889, p. 35 and note.
The five genera now shown, though all belonging to the
Pierinex, were not closely related ; Pinacopteryx and Belenots
probably stood nearest to one another in point of affinity, but
were still abundantly distinct. Mylothris occupied an isolated
position, while Phrissuwra was allied to the Hastern genera
Tachyris, Catophaga and Appias. Leuceronia was widely
removed from all the rest. Hence there was little or nothing
to support the suggestion that these likenesses might be
merely the consequence of affinity.

It was worthy of note that some form of the genus Mylothris
was usually to be found at the centre, so to speak, of each of
these different colour-assemblages. But this was not invari-
ably the case, and it not infrequently happened that the
species of other genera showed a closer resemblance to each
other than either of them did to the Mylothris. This was
perhaps especially the case as between the two genera Belenois
and Pinacopteryx, but striking instances also occurred between
Phrissura phaola gand Belenois theuszi $, and between Phris-
sura isokani 2? and the female of a Belenois allied to B. thysa.
It was a further point of interest that the streaky character of
the dark margin of the wings, well seen in MM. poppea,?,
appeared to have originated not in that genus, but in the
genera Phrissura and Belenois. Its adoption by Mylothris,
which was on all hands admitted to be a distasteful genus,
Ixxiii]
seemed to favour the supposition of a Miillerian element in
this series of resemblances, which interpretation was also
suggested by the cases of “secondary mimicry” already
referred to. The striking aposeme, peculiar to African
butterflies, constituted by dark marginal spots on a pale

( 22)

ground, was a predominant feature of the whole series, and,
though especially characteristic of MWylothris, appeared in some
instances to exist independently of that genus. Another
prevalent aposeme was the orange or scarlet basal flush well
seen in Mylothris riippellii. It was significant that both these
warning marks tended to be better developed on the under-
surface,

Dr. Drxery concluded by drawing attention to the fact that
these colour-assemblages were by no means isolated clusters.
On the contrary, they passed into one another in many direc-
tions, though this was not easily observed in an exhibit
arranged like the present. As a matter of fact, the whole
array of specimens shown might be regarded as forming a net-
work, each individual being connected with all the rest by a
larger or smaller number of gradations. It would be seen on
tracing out these lines of connection that they ran to a very
large extent independently of aftinity. The phenomena were
indeed in many respects comparable with the facts regarding
mimicry in the Neotropical region, to which he had drawn
attention in ‘‘ Nature” for October 31, 1907, pp. 677-8.

[Ixxv

ASSOCIATION OF ALLIED Forms or SourH AMERICAN BurTTEr-
FLies.—Dr. G. B. Lonestarr exhibited a case containing 3)
Ithomiine butterflies of 11 species, belonging to 6 genera,
all taken in a little over an hour, on March 20th, 1907, at
about 4.0 p.m. near Caracas, Venezuela, some 3600 feet above
sea-level. They were disturbed in a shaded gorge and all
taken on a piece of moist ground measuring perhaps 60 yards
by 10 yards. They were all flying together like a cloud of
gnats and many more might have been secured, but the
number of distinct species was not recognized at the time.
This habit of butterflies of this group thus congregating
together was described by Bates.* It affords a striking
exception to Darwin’s principle that closely allied forms are

[Ixxvi
not usually found together. When on the wing out of the
sun the clear-winged species were difficult to see, only the
white or yellow markings catching the eye, but in the

* Trans. Linn. Soc. 1862, pp. 539, 541.

sunshine the clear parts of the wings sometimes gave an
iridescent gleam.
Ixxvii]

Papers.

In illustration of his paper “Mimicry in North American
Butterflies of the genus Limenitis (Basilarchia),” Professor
E. B. Pourron, F.R.S., showed specimens of Adelpha (Hetero-
chroa) bredowi, ranging from Guatemala to Arizona, and
its northern form, named californica by A. G. Butler, from
California and Oregon. With these he exhibited specimens of
Limenitis (Basilarchia) lorquini, Boisd., taken together with the
Adelphas, by Mr. F. D. Godman, F.R.S., in the two last-named
States. A specimen of lorquini from Esquimalt, Vancouver's
Island, was also exhibited for the purpose of comparison with
the southern individuals. Professor Poulton pointed out that
lorquint resembles the Adelpha and differs from its ancestor
L. (B.) wiedemeyeri, Edwards, in the cream colour of the
band which crosses both wings and the presence of a brown
apical patch on the fore-wing. The specimen from Vancouver's
Island far north of the range of the Adelpha showed a great
reduction in the size of the apical patch. The californica form
of the Adelpha furthermore differed from the southern bredow?
form and resembled the Z. (B.) lorquini in the reduction of
the brown mark at the anal angle of the hind-wing, in the
more broken and irregular appearance of the cream-coloured
band, and markedly in the broader, shorter shape of the
wings. These mutual resemblances appeared to offer a
striking example of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s principle of Reciprocal
Mimicry (Diaposematic Resemblance). Professor Poulton said
that he was indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. D. Godman for
the opportunity of showing the specimens to the Society.

Ixxix]

Wednesday, December 4th, 1907.

REcIPROCAL CONVERGENCE IN Limenttis.—Professor PouLTON
exhibited 7 males and 4 females of Limenitis (Basilarchia)
lorquint from Vancouver’s Island; 11 males and 1 female

(2a)

from British Columbia; 4 males from California; also 4
examples of the Californian form of Adelpha bredowi, together
with 5 specimens of the same species from Mexico and 1 from
Guatemala. He also exhibited 2 males of the species which
probably represents the ancestor of Jlorquint, viz. Limenitis

[Ixxx
(Basilarchia) wiedemeyeri, from Colorado, This much larger
series supported the conclusions suggested by the smaller
exhibit shown by Professor Poulton at the previous meeting :—
viz. that the superficial appearance of A. bredowi and of L. (B.)
lorquint undergoes reciprocal convergence in the areas where
these two species fly together, but that where each of them
exists alone, lorquini to the W. and bredowi to the S., the
resemblance to the other is much reduced.

New Species or Bevenois.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited male
and female specimens of a new Belenois allied to B. zochalia,
Boisd., but quite distinct from the zochalia group. These
were captured by Mr. Wiggins in the Tiriki Hills, north-east
of the Victoria Nyanza.

[Ixxxill
Papers, etc.
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., communicated the follow-

ing observations on the
Insect AND oTmER Foops or BLackGAME

contained in a letter received from Dr. F. Menteith Ogilvie.
His correspondent stated that the larvee of Bombyx rubs had
been unusually abundant on the Argyllshire moors during
October (Dr. Ogilvie’s visit had been from the 16th to the 28th
of the month). The following extract from the letter indicates
both the excessive abundance and the special protection of these
larvee :—‘‘ Had I set about seriously collecting them, I dare
say I could have gathered over 1,000 of these caterpillars in a
day. We shot a number of blackgame, grouse, and ptarmigan,
and I examined the crops of a good many of these, more
especially of the blackgame. The latter species we found out
on the open moor—very few were in the woods and _ birch
patches at this season—they therefore had ample opportunities
of feeding on these hairy caterpillars had they been so minded.

( 25)

But in the examination of the contents of the crops of a con-
siderable number of birds of this species I never found one
hairy caterpillar, though I often found one or two smooth-
skinned caterpillars of different kinds. From this I came to
the conclusion that these hairy caterpillars are noxious to
birds—at any rate to the game birds I was dealing with—and
that they are severely left alone.”
Ixxxiv]|

A later communication from Dr. Menteith Ogilvie contained
the following interesting details :—‘‘I enclose a rough note on
the contents of the crops of five blackgame. I could send
others, but the general result was the same in all the birds shot.”

Blackgame, Tetrao tetrix, L. Contents of crop (5 specimens).
Barcaldine, Argyllshire.

1. 2 Shot 17th October, 1907 (3 p.m.); crop fairly dis-
tended. ‘‘An immense number” of galls from oak
trees, vulgarly “‘spangle galls” (Newroterus lenticu-
laris), probably not less than 500 of these.

Also ‘‘an immense number ” of small dark-brown beetles,
Lochmexa (Adimonia) suturalis of Thomson, one of the
plant-feeding section of the Coleoptera.

A quantity of plantain leaves, others that appeared to
belong to some kind of mint, and only one small
flowering head of heather.

Shot 19th October, 1907 (4 p.m.) ; crop full.

Plantain leaves, fully 4 of the contents.

Heather shoots, about another }.

A few blaeberry tops (Vaccinium myrtillus).

Marsh Trifolium (2 or 3 leaves); a fern leaf (? Poly-
podium alpestre).

Many dark-brown beetles, asin of 17th October, 1907,
but less numerous.

One large smooth-skinned caterpillar, 1} in. long, 3
longitudinal yellow stripes on a dark olive-brown
ground.

3 ¢ young. Shot 19th October, 1907 (10 a.m.) ; crop nearly

empty.
Seven berries of the mountain ash (Rowan), and

bo
Oy

( 26 )

A few crinkly leaves, somewhat like parsley. (Sp. ?)

4. $ adult. Shot 18th October, 1907 (4 p.m.); crop very
distended.

Large quantities of heather shoots.

Willow leaves. (Sp. ?)

[This is a dwarf willow which grows plentifully on
the moors. I don’t know the species—it is locally
known as the “saugh”’ willow. |

[Ixxxv

Flowering heads of a scabious.

Numerous fronds of a fern (t Polypodiwm alpestre),
Tormentilla (7’. officinalis), and two or three Trifolium
leaves.

“Vast number ” of spangle galls.

300 or more dark-brown beetles (LZ. swtwralis).

One earwig, and

One large (14 in. long) smooth-skinned green caterpillar.

5. 2 Shot 18th October, 1907 (3 p.m.) ; crop half full.

Mainly heather shoots, with a good sprinkling of
blaeberry (V. myrtilus).

Fern fronds (P. alpestre), a few.

“Tmmense number” of the usual small dark-brown beetle,
and quantity of “spangle galls.”

“The two outstanding features are the spangle galls and
the small beetle. Almost all the birds were crowded with
these, and, judging by my specimens, the blackgame must
have been destroying enormous numbers of both. I don’t
think, as regards the beetles, it is any exaggeration to allow
300 beetles per day per bird. Ours is not a very good black-
game ground now, and perhaps we have 300 head in all; that
would equal 90,000 beetles per day! I was surprised to find,
too, how little heather was eaten in most cases, despite the
fact that the birds were in almost every case found on the
moor and not in the woods.

“The beetles were kindly identified for me by Commander
Walker, and the oak spangles by the authorities at Kew.”

Professor Povutton said that Dr. Menteith Ogilvie had
kindly obtained specimens of the abundant hairy larve un-

(20)

touched by the birds, and that they were undoubtedly Bombyx
rubt. He remarked upon the interesting fact that the beetle
Lochmxa suturalis, so plentifully devoured by the blackgame,
belonged to the Galerucidx, a family generally believed to be
distasteful, and certainly providing many models for mimicry.
These particular Galerucids, however (examples of which were
exhibited), were rather inconspicuous dark brown insects.
Rest ArtirupE or Hyrta AurorAriaA.—Mr. J. C. Mourton
read the following note :—“ During the past summer I had the
Ixxxvi]
opportunity of studying the habits of this species in the field
near Glastonbury, Somersetshire. I first met with it on July
2nd, and after a rainy interval saw it again on July 10th,
11th, and 12th. The moth frequented a small patch of ground
about 80 yards square, covered with heath and ling, inter-
mingled with bog-myrtle, alder bushes, and birch trees. The
insect was on the wing in bright sunlight from 10.30 a.m. to
1.30 p.m. The rest attitude was first observed on July 10th ;
when following a moth that was flying about four or five feet
from the ground, I saw it settle upon the ling a little ahead of
me when it became invisible. However, on closer inspection T
found it had alighted on a thin stem of ling, with the under-
side of its outspread wings uppermost. When disturbed it
again took a short flight of a few yards, and settled in exactly
the same manner. This happened during four successive
flights of this one insect; and for the rest of that morning
and the following days I was interested to notice that all the
others, which I saw settle, invariably did so in this attitude.
The interpretation is not far to seek when a comparison is
made between the colouring of the upper- and under-sides. In
the former the bright purple and rich golden markings at once
attract the eye and render this little Geometer a conspicuous
object. The under-surface, on the other hand, possesses a
perfect cryptic colouring of dark dull purple, combined with
shades of tawny yellow. It should be noted that on no occasion
was the flower itself selected as a resting-place, but always the
leaf or stem, the dull colour of which, combined with the dark
shadows in the interior of the plant, formed a background
harmonising in a remarkable manner with the exposed surface

( 28)

of the insect. In conclusion, I should like to record my sincere
gratitude to Professor Poulton for very kindly looking over
this note.”

Mr. R. Suentrorp, M.A., C.M.Z.8., F.L.S., read a paper
entitled “Studies on the Blattide.”’

[Ixxxvii

The Rev. K. St. A. RocrErs, introduced by Professor E. B.
Poutton, F.R.S., read a paper entitled ‘“‘ Notes on the Bio-
nomics of British East African Butterflies,’ and exhibited
many examples collected by him,and from the Hope Museum,
Oxford, to illustrate his remarks.

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.

Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology, 1906.

Great progress has been made in cataloguing and in-
corporating arrears, as well as the large number of accessions
in the year under review. Full details will be found in the
later pages of this Report. The additions to the Hope
Library will be found to be far more considerable than in
any previous year. The published memoirs which have
issued from the Department or have dealt with its material
are also more numerous than on previous occasions.

1. Manuscript and other Records of Witham John Burchell.

In the early summer of 1906, a large box of manuscript, &c.,
was most kindly sent to the Professor by Mr. Francis A.
Burchell, of the Rhodes University College, Grahamstown,
a grand-nephew of the great explorer and naturalist. The
study of these invaluable records throws much light on the
life of Dr. Burchell, and some of the chief results are briefly
indicated in the form of foot-notes to the memoir in the
Report of the British and South African Associations, 1905,
vol. iii, pp. 57-110. Mr. F. A. Burchell has now most
generously presented the whole of this material, with the
exception of the originals of the letters and a single drawing,
to the University. At a somewhat later date it is intended
to publish in the GAZETTE a complete list of these priceless
records.

B

2

2. The Bequest of the ¥. C. Dale Collection.

The bequest of this great and historic collection of British
Insects is one of the most important accessions of recent
years. It was bequeathed by the late Mr. C. W. Dale,
formerly of Wadham College, a son of the distinguished
entomologist, J. C. Dale. Mr. C. W. Dale had been a great
friend of the late Professor Westwood, and had signified to
the present Professor his desire to bequeath this great
collection to the University. The extent of the bequest
may be inferred from the following condensed statement of
its contents :—

British Lepidoptera, contained in t41 drawers in 7 cabinets.

Foreign ” » 94 ” 3 ”
British Coleoptera * 107 " 5 A
» Hymenoptera,
Diptera, &c. - 175 ‘3 14 z
Odonata (Dragon-flies) —_,, 42 ‘, 4 ne
Shells, eggs, &c. fs > or 8 cabinets.

Messrs. Ffooks and Douglas, solicitors, of Sherborne, who
had informed the Delegates of the bequest, were extremely
kind in recommending a suitable carrier, and in urging the
utmost care in moving the cases. The most interesting
specimens are of great age and very fragile,—one butterfly is
said to have been caught near Cambridge over 200 years
ago,—so that the removal was a matter for considerable
anxiety. The whole collection, carefully packed in a large
spring van, was drawn slowly by road by a small traction-
engine, and arrived in the most perfect condition. Accom-
panying the collection are several manuscript note-books
referring to its specimens, and also a large number of letters
from eminent students of the Insecta. The necessities of
space prevent any further description of this most interesting
and valuable collection. It is hoped that a full account of the
features of chief interest will appear from time to time in the
LEntonologists Monthly Magazine. Commander J. J. Walker,
Hon. M.A., is at present engaged upon the Lepidoptera.

3

3. Financial Gifts and Grants to the Department.

The Common University Fund granted the sum of £100
in 1906, 1907, and 1go8 for the purchase of cabinets. This
valuable help will nearly complete the payment for two sets
of ten cabinets, containing between them 400 drawers of the
standard size and interchangeable. One of these sets has
been ordered, and is now being made. This space will
become available for the two groups of butterflies which
alone await final arrangement, the Papzlioninae (“Swallow-
tails”) and Hesperidae (“ Skippers’’).

The opportunity was also afforded of purchasing the late
Mr. Alexander Fry’s cabinets, containing nearly 400 deep
drawers of uniform size. These cabinets, with the drawers
recorked, repapered and repaired, were bought for £163 1s. 5d.,
towards which the Delegates of the Museum contributed 450,
the Professor £100. The space will be available either for
part of the collection of moths or certain groups of Coleoptera.

The 530 drawers purchased from Mr. W. Schaus in 1905
are being gradually filled with the collection of Orthoptera,
thus liberating a few of the fine old Standish cabinets for
Diptera, Hymenoptera and Rhynchota.

In addition to the grant for cabinets the Delegates of the
Museum contributed a sum of £24 15s. to defray the cost of
carriage by road of the Fry cabinets from London and the
J. C. Dale Collection from Glanvilles, Wootton.

The two years for which Dr. G. B. Longstaff kindly de-
frayed the expense of an extra assistant came to an end at
the close of 1906, but the generous donor has renewed this’
valuable grant for the present year.

4. Work done by the Staff.

Mr. Shelford’s work on the Orthoptera is described in the
following section.

One of the most considerable pieces of work undertaken in
1906, and extending over into the early part of the present
year, has been the sorting into groups, selection, cataloguing
and incorporation of the vast collection of Bornean insects of

B 2

4

many Orders presented by Mr. Shelford in 18g9-1g01. The
great majority having been given in 1goo, all have been cata-
Jogued under that year, and a statement of numbers in the
various groups will be found in the later pages of this Report.
The work involved in making this extremely fine gift available
has chiefly fallen upon Mr. Holland, although a large part
has also been undertaken by Mr. Collins. The specimens had
been pinned and labels printed and affixed in previous years.

The whole of the Geometrae, of which the South American
species had been finished in 1905, have now been safely
arranged by Mr. Holland in about 60 cabinet drawers, in
place of the dangerous store-boxes in which they had been
previously contained. The rearrangement of the Acracinae
was begun, and has been since completed. Furthermore,
a great deal of Mr. Holland’s time was occupied by the re-
adjustment of the Daxainae and Nymphalinae, rendered
necessary by the large number of accessions in these sub-
families of butterflies, and in relabelling the outsides of the
drawers.

Perhaps the largest single piece of work undertaken by
Mr. Holland during the year has been in connexion with the
very fine collection of nearly 7,000 British Micro-Lepidoptera
presented by Mrs. E. C. Bazett, of Reading, in 1905. The
whole of these have been staged, and the data copied and
classified ready for printing the labels. In addition to the
above, Mr. Holland has continually been called away from
other work in order to incorporate the numerous and varied
accessions acknowledged at the end of this Report.

A considerable amount of setting and pinning has been
entrusted, as in former years, to the care and skill of Mr.
A. Cant. The remainder—including large collections pre-
sented by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. J. C. Kershaw,
Mr. S. A. Neave, in conjunction with the British South
African Company, and the Tring Zoological Museum, as well
as the large collections brought from South Africa in 1905 by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff, Dr. F. A, Dixey, and the Professor—has
occupied the principal part of Mr. A. H. Hamm’s time. He

—

5

has also repinned, and when necessary reset, part of the old
collection—the Dlattidae among the Orthoptera and the
Thynnidae among the Aculeate Hymenoptera. A great deal
of time was also expended upon the setting and labelling of
the material, especially the Asc/dae and the E-mpidae, for the
Professor’s memoir on Predaceous Insects. Mr. Hamm has
also arranged the examples of captors and their prey in such
a manner as to illustrate the paper. He was also much
occupied in printing labels for many groups of the recent
accessions.

The long list of catalogued accessions at the end of this
Report indicates the amount and kind of work which has
occupied almost the whole of Mr. J. Collins’s time. Probably
the chief labour was that involved in printing the names and
data for Colonel Yerbury’s splendid donation to the collection
of British flies; and in printing the data for Mr. H. St. John K.
Donisthorpe’s fine gift of British Coleoptera. A large amount
of work was also expended upon the Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers’s donation of British East African butterflies, which
were “set” in London. In addition to this kind of work, the
extent of which can be estimated by a study of the additions
to the collections, Mr. Collins and Mr. Hamm repapered
a number of the old cabinet drawers, Mr. Collins renewed the
spirit in the parts of the collection thus preserved, carefully
arranged for exhibition in the corridor two sets of butterflies
from the Potaro River, and gave much help to Commander
Walker in preparing the British Collection of Coleoptera for
rearrangement.

5. Work on the Collections of Orthoptera.

The following report has been written by Mr. R. Shel-
ford, M.A.:—

Work has been continued on the arrangement of the
Blattidae, and the collection now includes 730 species, of
which nearly 500 have been determined and described ; 133
specimens are types. Three memoirs on the group have

6

been published in the Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London and in the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, and the first part of a revision and enumera-
tion of the genera is now in the press (Genera Insectorum),
The small collection of Alattidae belonging to the Paris
Museum of Natural History, and entrusted to me for deter-
mination, has been completely worked out, and there is now
in my hands for description a large collection of Alatidae
made by Dr. Yngve Sjostedt of Stockholn, in the Kilimanjaro
district of East Africa ; duplicates from these collections will
eventually be presented to the Hope Museum. The additions
to the collection during 1906, though not very numerous,
were of the greatest interest, since the specimens in most
cases were accompanied by excellent data.

The Mantidae have been brought together from different
sources and arranged; they now occupy Ioo cabinet drawers
and number 2.359 specimens, referred to 133 genera and 418
species, 212 of which are identified; the number of type
specimens is considerable (65), the late Professor Westwood
having devoted special attention to the group.

Of the Acridizdae the following sub-families have been
arranged :—the Lumastacinae, numbering 170 specimens, be-
longing to 14 genera and 45 species; the collection includes
9 of the types of the species described by Mr. Malcolm Burr
in his monograph of the group and 2 of Westwood’s types.
The Proscopinae, numbering 100 specimens (of which 2 are
types), belonging to 9 genera and 37 species. The Pxeu-
morinae, 57 specimens (I a type), 4 genera and Io species.

A collection of Zetriginae was sent to Dr. Joseph Hancock,
of Chicago, for determination.

Miss Shelford was kind enough to devote much time to the
mounting on durable paper of the drawings of Orthoptera
made by the late Professor Westwood from specimens in
continental Museums ; these will be bound in book form and
will constitute a valuable work of reference, as several of the
type specimens from which the drawings were made have
been lost.

7

6. Specimens arranged for Display in the Upper
South Corridor.

The excessive amount of labour required by collections
had, previous to 1906, prevented the devotion of any attention
or time to the preparation of specimens for exhibition in the
corridor outside the Hope Department. During the past
year, however, two fine sets of South American butterflies
have been arranged against the south wall by Mr. J. Collins.
One of these groups represents the whole and the other nearly
the whole of a single day’s captures made upon the road from
the Potaro River to the gold mines. The dominant species
and types of colouring in that part of British Guiana are thus
very clearly displayed, together with the remarkable series of
variations in the most abundant species—J/elinaea muneme—
variations which effect the most gradual and perfect transition
from a barred to a black hind wing. The remarkable
prominence in the butterfly fauna of species entering into
mimetic associations is also brought forward very conspicu-
ously in the exhibit. Printed labels giving the names of the
species have not yet been prepared, but in other respects the
two groups are complete.

7. The Material illustrated in Published Plates.

During the past year, the material of several published
plates on subjects of general biological interest, especially
mimicry, has been arranged in a permanent form, and a copy
of the corresponding plate placed beside each group. Thus
naturalists will have the opportunity of easily studying the
material, described and illustrated by memoirs which have
been produced in association with the Hope Department.
A. beginning has been made with the plates accompanying
Mr. R. Shelford’s paper, Odservations on some Mimetic Insects
and Spiders from Borneo and Singapore (Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond; 1902, ps 230); Mr..S. A. Neave's: paper on” Some
bionomic notes on butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 207); and the Professor's paper,
Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acraea john-

8

stont (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 281). It is hoped that
the original specimens represented in the fifteen plates of
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s great paper Ox the Bionomics of
South African Insects (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 287)
will be similarly arranged, and carefully labelled for future
reference and study. Such a collection of the material of
published illustrations will eventually, it is expected, become
a prominent feature of the Hope Department.

8. Assistance in working out the Material of the Department.

Colonel J. W. Yerbury, who has been so kind a friend to
the Department for so many years, came to Oxford for some
weeks in the early spring and completed the arrangement and,
as far as possible, the determination of the Asilid flies. In
previous years the Dasypogoninae and the Laphrinae had been
completed, but by far the largest of the three sub-families,
the Aszlinae, had been hardly touched. The collection, since
Colonel Yerbury’s kind help, has been of the greatest value on
many occasions, and especially in preparing the memoir on
Predaccous Insects and their Prey, Part I, in which the Aszdz-
dae are treated more thoroughly than any other group of insects.

Mr. S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc., Magdalen College, on return-
ing from his expedition to Northern Rhodesia, found his large
collections of insects pinned and set. He spent much labour
in arranging them according to their dates and localities, and
in attaching the labels which were printed in the Department,
and then again rearranging the collection approximately in
systematic order, ready for determination. He was unable,
however, to gather the fruit of all his work, for before the end
of the year he had started on another expedition to Northern
Khodesia, hoping to explore the country and study the fauna
further to the west as far as the coast. During his unavoidable
absence various parts of the collection will be studied. Thus
Mr. Shelford has already determined a large part of the
Orthoptera, while the Hymenoptera are in the hands of
Colonel C. T. Bingham, who is preparing a memoir upon
African species of this order.

9

Monsieur H. Schouteden, of Brussels, examined the types
of African Hemiptera, and kindly assisted in naming the
most obscure and difficult of the Burchell specimens from
this region.

Monsieur H. Boileau, of Paris, studied the collection of
Lucanidae, and has undertaken to write a paper describing
the features of special interest in the University collection
of this group of beetles.

Dr. Albert Schulz, during a brief visit, examined some of
the most obscure sections of the Hymenoptera Parasitica.
He is engaged upon a memoir, for which a careful investiga-
tion of the late Professor Westwood’s types of 77zgonalidae
has been necessary.

Mr. Rowland E. Turner visited the Department in order to
see the collection of the remarkable Aculeate family, the
Thynnidae, chiefly found in Australia. He has very kindly
promised to help the University in the determination and
arrangement of the species. With this view the whole
material has been repinned, and fresh labels with the old
determinations are being supplied to all the specimens.

Mr. W. J. Kaye came in order to help in the arrangement
of the material, chiefly his own, but in part belonging to the
Department, photographed by Mr. Robinson and reproduced
in the four uncoloured plates of his memoir (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1906, p. 411).

Mr. Ernest A. Elliott brought a small collection of butter-
flies from the British East African Protectorate. Nearly all
the species were named by comparison with the University
collection, and Mr. Elliott generously presented several rare
and interesting forms.

Very kind help with the Lycaenidae and Hesperidae has
been rendered, as in previous years, by Mr. Hamilton H.
Druce, F.L.S., F.E.S.

Monsieur Jules Bourgeois, of S'®? Marie-aux-Mines, has
- continued the very kind assistance he has rendered in earlier
years in the difficult task of determining the species in the
large collection of Malacoderm Coleoptera, the group in

10

which he is the leading authority. His brother, Monsieur
Octave Bourgeois, has also been extremely kind in carrying
the specimens by hand from Paris to S*® Marie-aux-Mines
and back, and in carefully keeping them until they could be
brought by the same safe means of transit from Paris to
Oxford.

Mr. Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S., very kindly undertook to
determine as far as possible the North American Odonata
(Dragon-flies) in the Department. These were packed in
four boxes and conveyed by hand to Edinburgh, and have
now been returned. Professor Hudson Beare, F.E.S., kindly
brought one consignment as far as London. Mr. Morton’s
identifications are now marked on all the specimens.

The large amount of kind assistance received by the Pro-
fessor in working out the material of his memoir in Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 323, is fully acknowledged in the
introduction. He wishes, however, again to express his special
indebtedness to Colonel Yerbury for the large number of
observations recorded in the paper, and for the immense
amount of work involved in the determinations.

Commander J. J. Walker has most kindly continued his
labours upon the British Coleoptera throughout the year.
The first great divisions, the Czcindelidae and the Carabidae,
are now ready for arrangement, and the completion of this
important part of the work will be announced in next year’s
Report. This announcement will be accompanied by an ex-
pression of deep indebtedness to Mr. W. Holland for the
generous gift of his own fine collection of these Coleoptera,
which will be arranged at the same time as those already in
the Department. All the data and all the determinations
of the older specimens in the Hope Collection have been
carefully retained, so that the new arrangement will preserve
all that is valuable and historic in the old.

Dr. F. A. Dixey has incorporated in the collection of
Pierinae the very large accessions that have come in during
the year—a very considerable labour involving much re-
arrangement. He has also published a number of communica-

11

tions on important subjects connected with the Pzerzvac, and
devoted much time to an extensive memoir upon the group
which will appear, it is hoped, at no distant date.

In addition to the work upon the Library, already spoken
of under Section 5, Miss Shelford has rendered most kind
assistance in setting a number of South African and Bornean
insects.

The kindest assistance has been rendered, as in previous
years, by the staff of the Insect Department of the British
Natural History Museum, where also Mr. G. A. K. Marshall
has often given much valuable help.

9. Visits of Naturalists.

The annual visit of members of the Council of the Entomo-
logical Society of London took place on June 30-July 1.
There were present—The President, Mr. F. E. Merrifield,
the Secretary, Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., Hon. M.A,
F.L.S., and the following members of Council:—Mr. G. J.
Aerow, Mr, A. J. Chitty, M-A;, Balliol College; Mr. J... i:
Collin; Dr. F. A. Dixey, D.M., Wadham College, Mr. R.
Standen, F.L.S., and Professor E. B. Poulton. Mr. G. H.
Verrall, an ex-President of the Society, was also present,
together with the following naturalists:—Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall, Mr. S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc., Magdalen College,
Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
The Junior Proctor, Dr. F. A. Dixey, and the Professor
represented the Hope Curators. Two events came to pass
just in time to confer additional interest upon the visit: the
arrival of the historic J. C. Dale Collection of British Insects,
and the appearance of the fifth volume of Hope Reports.
Mr. G. H. Verrall and Mr, J. E. Collin were especially glad
to have the opportunity of studying the Dale Diptera, while
other sections of the collections were also examined with
much interest.

The Hope Department has, in the course of the year,
received visits from the following naturalists, who have con-
tributed largely to the collections :-—Mr. G. A. K. Marshall

12

(on three occasions). Dr. Karl Jordan (two visits), Herr Ed. L.
Lorenz Meyer, who has given fine collections from the
Malayan region and from Europe, Captain T. T. Behrens,
R.E., Mr. G. C. Champion, Mr. W. J. Lucas (twice), Professor
T. Hudson Beare, Mr. W. J. Kaye, Mr. E. A. Cockayne,
M.A., Balliol College (twice), Dr. F. Jenkinson, Hon. D.Litt.,
and Mr. S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc. (several times). Mr. E. M.
Hopkinson, who has presented valuable specimens from the
neighbourhood of Bathurst, Gambia, visited Oxford when
the Professor was unfortunately away. It was a pleasure to
be able to show something of the collection to H.H. the
Rajah of Sarawak, G.C.M.G., whose museum at Kuching has
sent such generous donations of Bornean insects. Mr. F. C.
Selous, in the course of a brief visit, gave valuable information
concerning specimens collected by him in Matabeleland.

The Department has also been visited by Professor H. E.
Armstrong, F.R.S., Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., and Mr.
W. H. Heathcote, of Preston.

10. Work published in 1906.

The following papers by workers in the Hope Department
or upon its material have appeared in the Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London during the year 1906 :—

Read Feb. 5.—On some Bionomic points in certain South
African Lamellicorns, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, D.M., F.E.S.

Read March 7.—Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff, D.M., FES:

Read March 7.—Notes upon some remarkable parasitic
insects from North Queensland, by F. P. Dodd, F.E.S., with
an Appendix containing descriptions of New Species, by
Colonel Charles T. Bingham and Dr. Benno Wandolleck.

Read June 6.—Some Bionomic notes on Butterflies from
the Victoria Nyanza, by S. A. Neave, M.Aj, B.Sc., F.E:S4
Magdalen College, Oxford.

Read June 6.—On the Habits of a Species of Pzyelus in
British East Africa, by S. L. Hinde, communicated with
Notes by the Professor.

13

Read June 6.—Studies of the Blatiidae, by R. Shelford,
MEAS a FILS:

Read June 6—Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope)
and Acraca johnstoni, by the Professor.

Read June 6.—Predaceous Insects and their Prey, Part I,
by the Professor.

Read Oct. 3.—Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of
Butterflies from the Potaro District of British Guiana, by
Wj Kaye F.E:S.

Read Oct. 17.—A note on the Cryptic Resemblance of
two South American Insects, the moth Draconia rusina,
Druce, and the Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, Serv., by the
Professor.

Read Nov. 21.—Studies of the Llattidae (continued), by
R. Shelford, M:A., F.L.S.

Read Dec. 5.—On the Diaposematic Resemblance between
Hluphina corva and [xias baliensis, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Mr. W. J. Kaye’s paper, read Oct. 3, is included in the
above list, and will, with the author’s consent, appear in
a future volume of Hope Reports. A part of the material
represented in the plates belongs to the Department, while
the whole of the five plates were arranged here, and the four
uncoloured ones photographed for half-tone reproduction, by
Mr. Alfred Robinson.

The following short papers have appeared in the Procecd-
ings of the Entomological Society of London during the
year 1906 :—

Feb. 7.—Scents of South African Butterflies, by Dr. F. A,
Dixey.

Interesting species of Acraea from the Victoria Falls, by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

The fly Chortophila unilineata, following the bee Andrena
labialis, by A. H. Hamm.

March 7.—W. J. Burchell’s original African Journal, from
May 24 to Sept. 2, 1812, by the Professor.

Eye-like spots on an Oriental chafer, by the Professor.
Reddish tints on the dry phase undersides of Picrine
butterflies, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

14

March 21.—Mimicry by the related Pierine genera, Evronia,
Nepheronia, and Leuceronia, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

May 2.—Mimicry between two African Pierine genera
much closer in the dry season than in the wet, by Dr.
FAs Dixey-.

A criticism of the late Professor Packard’s paper on the
markings of Organisms, by H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S.

June 6.—On 153 Pierine butterflies, captured in a single
sweep of the net by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, near the Rippon Falls,
Jinja, Victoria Nyanza, on Feb. 2, 1906, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Notes on Natal butterflies, by the late Mr. Geo. H. Burn,
of Weenen, Natal, communicated by the Professor.

Notes on Euralia wahlbergi and E. mima, by Mr. G. F.
Leigh, F.E.S., of Durban, communicated, with exhibition of
specimens, by the Professor.

The proof by breeding that Preczs tukuoa is the wet
season form of P. ceryne, by Guy A. K. Marshall, F.E.S.,
F.Z.S., with exhibition of the specimens, by the Professor.

On Precis sesamus (8 dry phase, 1 intermediate and 1 wet),
captured Sept. 1905, on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, by Rev. K.
St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., with exhibition of the specimens, by
the Professor.

On 325 butterflies captured on Feb. 23, 1904, by Mr.
C. B. Roberts, near the Potaro River, British Guiana, by the
Professor.

On the association of two British insect mimics with their
respective models in the living state, by Mr. W. Holland.

Note on a feeding experiment on the spider Vephila
maculata, by R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Oct. 3.—Diaposematic resemblance between Wychitona
medusa and other Pierine butterflies, and between it and
Pseudopontia paradoxa, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Diaposematic resemblance between /xias baliensis and
Huphina corva in the island of Bali, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Remarkable and interesting butterflies from N. E.
Rhodesia, with examples of mimicry and of seasonal phases,
by 5. A. NeavesMA. BSc.

15

Nov. 7.—On a remarkable specimen of Paxorpa germanica,
taken by Mr. E. A. Cockayne, F.E.S., at Tongue, Sutherland-
Shite; by We). lucas, BoA: FES.

Illustrations of the phenomena of melanism in Pzerinae,
by Di FA. Dixey:

Mimetic resemblance between the wet phase under side
of Zeracolus regina and forms of Lelenots, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Further notes on the choice of a resting site by Pzerzs
rapae, by A. H. Hamm.

Dec. 5.—Guy A. K. Marshall’s experiments with tempera-
ture and humidity upon the larval and pupal stages of
Teracolus omphale, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

Dr. Dixey’s paper on /xias and Huphina, read October 3,
is included in the above list from the Proceedings as well as
in that from the Transactions of the Entomological Society,
because the former is not a mere title or brief abstract, but
contains a substantial account of the subject.

In addition to these papers in the publications of the Ento-
mological Society, the following appeared in the Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine for June, pp. 121-128 :—Observations on
Indian Butterflies, by T. R. Bell. This paper, full of interest-
ing notes and observations, was compiled from the author’s
‘correspondence with the Professor.

The above statement does not by any means give a com-
plete account of the researches conducted in the Department
during 1906, for other pieces of work already published or to
be published in 1907 were entirely or in great part carried
out in 1906. Thus two important papers on Slattidae, by
Mr. Shelford, have already appeared; Dr. Dixey has done
much towards the completion of a memoir which, it is hoped,
will be published during the present year, while the Professor
had in 1906, with much help from friends, prepared nearly
the whole of the MSS. of Part II of Predaceous Insects and
their Prey. The materials of his lecture on W. J. Burchell,
delivered at Cape Town, August 17, 1905, and in chief part
prepared for publication in 1906, appeared in the early part
of the present year.

16

11. Fifth volume of Hope Reports.

By the middle of the year it became evident that the
accumulation of separata rendered it expedient to issue a fifth
volume of Reports. The volume, dated June 25, 1906, is
considerably larger than any of those which preceded it. It
contains reprints of papers published 1903-1906, although
many of those which appeared in 1903 formed part of the
fourth volume, while the great majority of those published in
1906 are reserved for the sixth volume. This latter should
appear in the course of the present year.

12. Exchange of Hope Reports with the publications of
Foreign Entomological Societies.

The number of Entomological Societies all over the world
which sent their publications to Professor Westwood, rendered
the Hope Library extremely efficient in this, the most im-
portant part of the literature of a science. After his death
at the close of 1892, nearly all these series, in many cases
complete from the commencement, came to an end, for the
income of the Department was quite unable to bear the heavy
expense of purchasing so many annual publications. Although
it was obvious that the difficulty would increase with every
year in arrear, the Professor hoped that it might be possible
in the future, as the work of the Department developed, to
arrange an exchange of publications. The appearance of the
fifth volume of Hope Reports in the summer of 1906 seemed
a suitable stage at which to enter upon negotiations. The
Entomological Societies of Berlin and Stockholm were ap-
proached, and courteously consented to exchange their
publications from 1893 to 1906 inclusive for the 5 volumes
of Hope Reports, and hereafter to exchange regularly. In
the case of the Berlin Society with the more extensive
publications, a very moderate payment was asked for half
the years in arrear. The Professor desires to acknowledge
the extremely generous manner in which the Hope Depart-
ment was treated by these two Societies, and to express his

1?

thanks to Professor Chr. Aurivillius, of Stockholm, and Dr.
Walther Horn, of Berlin, for their courteous communications
on the subject.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1895.

A set of 30 Acridiidae and 1 Decticus sp. (Locustidae)
captured by the Professor, at the end of August and
beginning of September, 1895, near the Hotel Weishorn,
above Vissoye in the Val d’Anniviers, Switzerland, were
catalogued and added to the collection of Orthoptera. Five
Hemiptera and an ant collected at the same time were also
incorporated. The Acridiidae, kindly named by Dr. David
Sharp, F.R.S., formed the subject of a paper Ox the Courtship
of certain European Acridiidae, by the Professor (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 233).

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1900.

Thirty-five M/antidae (33 catalogued); 2 Phasmidae (1
catalogued); 118 Acridiidae (92 catalogued) ; 35 Locustidae
(34 catalogued); 49 Gryllidae (48 catalogued); from the
De Bormans collection of Orthoptera, purchased in 1900,
were labelled, catalogued and added to the University
Collection.

Seventeen J/antidae collected at various dates in the
neighbourhood of Kuching, Sarawak, N.W. Borneo, were
presented by R. Shelford, Esq., M.A., Emmanuel College,
Cambridse, PLS: FES.

A large amount of time was occupied in sorting, cataloguing
and incorporating the splendid collection of Bornean insects
of many Orders presented by R. Shelford, Esq., in the years
1899-1901, when he was Curator of the Sarawak Museum,
Kuching, N. W. Borneo. The pinning, setting, and labelling
had been completed many years ago, but the numbers are
so great that the final stages have proved to be a serious
undertaking. Very little now remains to be done. The
extent of this magnificent donation may be inferred from the

€

18

numbers of specimens catalogued. All have been entered for
1900, the year when the great majority were presented. The
numbers catalogued and incorporated are :— Coleoptera, 2,201 ;
Aculeate Hymenoptera, 593; Rhynchota, 1,051 ; Orthoptera
(in addition to those acknowledged above), 412.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1901.

Five MWantidae from Port Bou, and Cerbére at the Eastern
end of the Pyrenees, and an immature Mantid from Majorca
(June, July, 1901), were presented by the captors, Mr. W.
Holland and Mr. A. H. Hamm.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1902.

A valuable set of 63 named Svtaphylinidae (47 catalogued)
from various British and Irish localities were presented by
W. E. Sharp, Esq., F.E.S. Specimens of this difficult group
thus named by a special student of the Family. are an
important accession to the Department.

Two hundred and forty-eight insects of various Orders
from Rosaires and Wad Medine (both October, 1901) on the
Blue Nile, and from various localities between Mangala and
Gondokoro (Jan._Apr., 1902) on the White Nile, were pre-
sented by the captor, W. L. S. Loat, Esq., P.Z.S5: | Dheydata
are full and precise, rendering the specimens from such
interesting localities of great value to the collection ; nearly
the whole are catalogued. The series included a Blattid,
Flolocompsa fulva, from the Blue Nile, new to the Department.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1903.

A valuable series of insects, chiefly Coleoptera, and almost
exclusively from various localities in Natal, especially from
the neighbourhood of Durban (1889-1903), were presented
by C. N. Barker, Esq., F.E.S. A small number of insects
from Chimoio, Mozambique and Grahamstown are also pre-
sent. The series includes a valuable set of 98 Lycid beetles,
many captured zz coztu. The latter record is an important

19

aid in the cor/zct determination of these difficult species.
Several insects of different Orders enter into mimetic associa-
tions, and have been placed in the bionomic collection. Nearly
the whole of this interesting set of specimens is catalogued.
In addition to the above 2 Asilid flies with their prey (Nos.
113 and 125 in Predaceous Insects and their Prey, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 323) were presented by the same kind
donor.

Four hundred and forty-five M/antidae from the fine
collection of Orthoptera presented by Malcolm Burr, Esq.,
M.A., New College, have been incorporated in the general
collection. Almost exactly half the number are catalogued.

A male and female of an exceedingly fine new species of
Buprestid beetle recently described as Sternocera druryt,
C. O. Waterhouse, were presented by Dr. A. J. Hayes. The
specimens were captured zz coztu by the donor near Gadarif
in the Soudan (Feb, 1903). The species was described from
a single individual in the British Museum, but Dr. Hayes’
specimens were also studied by the author and have become
co-types. Dr. Hayes also presented an example of A/ylabris
hybrida, a beetle said to be destructive of crops in the Soudan.

Fifty-three specimens of insects of various Orders, many
of them illustrating bionomic principles, were presented by
F. Muir, Esq. They were captured by the donor in 1902-3
at various localities in the neighbourhood of Durban. The
collection includes 4 examples of Asilid flies and their prey
(Nos. 79, 124, 126, 127, in Predaceous Insects and their Prey) ;
also a number of Hymenoptera with their Dipterous mimics ;
Lycid beetles and their mimics ; ants and their mimics, both
Hemipterous and Orthopterous. <A particularly interesting
specimen is an injured example of the butterfly Protogonio-
morpha nebulosa, captured May 12, 1902, at Stella Bush, near
Durban. The butterfly was settled on the under side of .
a leaf when Mr. Muir saw a bird dart at it and tear away
about one-third of both hind wings. The bird just missed
the body of the butterfly. The specimen thus affords the
strongest support to the interpretation of numbers of speci-

C2

20

mens exhibiting similar symmetrical injuries presented by
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 366-375,
Plates IX-X]I).

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1904.

A large collection of many hundreds of butterflies and
a few other insects collected by natives (1898-9) at Kayambi,
Awemba, near the sources of the Congo (Chambezi) River, in
North-Eastern Rhodesia, was presented by H. A. Byatt, Esq.,
B.A., Lincoln College. The specimens were given to the
donor by Pere Guillemé, of the White Fathers’ Mission to
Central Africa. Unfortunately exposure to the damp atmo-
sphere of several wet seasons has altered the pigments, and
a large proportion of the specimens were also injured by
mould and the attacks of insect pests. In spite of this, large
numbers have been added to the collection, although it was
considered better not to catalogue any of them. Many species
of great interest and rarity were present ; the most interest-
ing being a long series (17 specimens) of Pseudacraca poggei,
one of the most beautiful mimics of Lemzas chrysippus, and
hitherto looked upon as one of the scarcest. This unexpected
abundance enabled Mr. Byatt to publish an account of the pro-
portion borne by the mimic to the model: it came out at
a little under 5 °/, (Trans. Ent. Soc. “Lond: 1905; pp. 269):
A single specimen out of 367 otherwise typical ZL. chrysippus
was a rare monstrosity with 5 wings, shown in Plate XIV,
fig. I, accompanying Mr. Byatt’s paper. This deeply in-
teresting mimic, Pseudacraea pogget, is now added to the
collection for the first time. Another rare mimic also present,
represented by a single specimen, is Crentdomtmas concordia.

Considering the interest of the locality and the number of
rare specimens, it is very unfortunate that the collection had
‘ been damaged by damp. But even in its present state it has
added numbers of interesting accessions to the Department.

An example of the rare hawk-moth, Wephele argentifcra,
an Asilid fly, and a collection of 128 beetles, all from the
neighbourhood of Malvern, near Durban, were-presented by

21

the captor, C: N. Barker; Esq., P.E.S. “The great majority
‘were captured in 1g03-4. Many specimens are of great
value to the Department, and all are much wanted, inasmuch
as Natal representatives in the University Collection are,
except in Lepidoptera, comparatively few.

Twenty-six butterflies (12 catalogued) from Howrah, near
Calcutta (Jan., 1904); 15 butterflies (6 catalogued) from
Mandalay (Feb., 1904); 14 butterflies (8 catalogued) from the
neighbourhood of Modah, between Bhamo and Katha, Upper
Burma (March, 1904), were presented by the captor, Miss
Katherine Worrall. Some interesting examples of injuries,
probably caused by the attacks of enemies, were included in
the collection. These have been added to the bionomic
series.

Fifteen examples (13 catalogued) of the black ant, Pa/¢o-
thyreus tarsatus, captured at Mapellapveda, 45 miles N.W. of
Palapye Rd. Station (1904), by S. Blackbeard, Esq., were
presented by Dr. Selmar Schonland, Hon. M.A., Curator of
the Albany Museum at Grahamstown. These ants when
disturbed defend themselves by emitting an intolerable odour
like that of putrid meat. The specimens were exhibited, and
Dr. Schonland’s notes read, at the meeting on June 1, 1904, of
the Entomological Society of London (see Proceedings, 1904,
pp. xl-xli).

The following valuable set of specimens has been presented
by G. C. Griffiths, Esq., F.E.S., who has so often aided the
Hope Department :—

One hundred and eighty-four Coleoptera (115 catalogued)
from Assam, Madagascar, the neighbourhood of Toronto, and
of Jacksonville, Florida. The American specimens were col-
lected (those from the last-mentioned locality about 1886) by
E. N. Collins, Esq.

Twenty-two specimens (11 catalogued) of insects of various
Orders, and Acarina from East Africa, probably Mombasa.

Twenty-five butterflies (12 catalogued) from Yokohama,
Nikko, Asama, and Hakone, Japan, collected (1902-3) by
TZ. Lakano,. Esq,

22

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1Igo5.

A very fine and interesting series of butterflies from the
following localities in the British East African Protectorate
and in the adjacent German territory to the south, were
presented by the captor, the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,
M.A., Wadham College :—

Mombasa (1904-5): 115 specimens, of which 66 are cata-
logued, and many others added to the collection. The species
include Neptidopsis fulgurata, Acraea crystallina, and Hypoly-
caena pachalica, all greatly wanted. <A bred set of elenois
severina is also of great interest in estimating the amount of
variability within the limits of a single family.

Taveta, about 2,500 ft. (1905): 647 specimens (including
three moths), of which 311 are catalogued and many others
added. The collection includes a fine representative series of
butterflies from this most interesting locality, Four specimens,
exhibiting injuries probably inflicted by enemies, have been
added to the bionomic series. A Lycaenid butterfly, Pentila
amenaida, and Geometrid moth, Petovia dichroaria, captured
on the same day, Dec. 9, 1905, have been placed in the
mimicry collection. They are described by the donor as
closely resembling each other on the wing. The case is of
special interest, inasmuch as this same species of moth was
found by Mr. Guy Marshall in Natal, flying with and closely
resembling on the wing a Lycaenid of a different genus—
Alaena amazoula (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 497-8).
It is probable that the resemblance is Miillerian (synapo-
sematic) in both cases.

Taita, 3,000 ft., and Dabida, 3,500 ft. about 100 miles
N.W. of Mombasa (May, June, 1905): a set of 13 butterflies
(2 catalogued).

Forest near Pangani River, Kitovu, S.W. of Taveta (Dec.,
1905): seven butterflies, of which the 4 catalogued include
a pair of Lachnoptera ayresit.

Maketan, about 3,800 ft., between Burra and Taveta (May,
1905): eleven butterflies, of which Acraea chilo is the only
one catalogued.

23

Voi River, about 2,c00 ft. (June, 1905): a fine male of
Papilio dardanus (merope), sub-sp. t2bullus.

Nairobi, 5,500 ft. (Dec., 1904): sixteen butterflies, of which
7 are catalogued.

Kilimanjaro: several sets of butterflies and a few moths
from this interesting mountain were presented by the same
generous donor :—

Slopes of the mountain (Dec. 15-31, 1905); native col-
lectors: 57 butterflies and 1 moth, of which 37 are catalogued
and several others added. A useful and varied series of
specimens,

S.E. slopes ; Marang State (Sept., 1905); collected by the
donor: 18 butterflies, of which 11 are catalogued.

S.E. slopes; Mamba State (Sept., 1905); collected by the
donor: 135 butterflies, of which 51 are catalogued and many
others incorporated. The series includes a fine set of Colas
electra:—5 males, 8 orange females, and 8 white females ;
also a set of 8 dry-season (one from Marang State), I inter-
mediate and 1 wet-season, Precis sesamus, captured Sept. 19-25.
Nearly all except the wet form were more or less chipped
and worn, and had evidently been upon the wing for a con-
siderable time. The single wet-season specimen was a male,
and it was captured 27 coz¢# with a worn dry-season female.
It is probable that the specimens of the dry season were
coming to an end, and that one of the early wet forms could
find no female of its own phase, and paired with one of the
other phase, which was still abundant. The donor also sent
valuable notes on the climate and seasons of Kilimanjaro,
which will be of great use in the attempt to understand the
phenomena presented by this extraordinary butterfly. These
notes and some account of the specimens of Preczs sesamus
are published in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. Iviii—-Ix.

Slopes of the mountain (May, 1905): a set of 16 butterflies
and 2 moths (6 catalogued).

Western slopes of the mountain, Kibosa, about 5,000 ft.
(Nov. 1, 1905): two fine ¢ Charaxes cithaeron and 1? Pla-
nema gquadricolor. The latter, being in poor condition, is

24:

uncatalogued, but it is the sole representative of the species
in the systematic collection.

In addition to the specimens mentioned above, the whole
series of butterflies from Kilimanjaro was examined, in order
to select the set of g specimens figured in Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1906, Plate X XI, showing the wonderful mimetic forms
of the protean Acraea johnustont and their Danaine and
Acraeine models. A magnificent variety of the same
mimicking Acraea from Taveta is shown in the succeeding
Plate, Fig. 2a. All these are catalogued as part of the
mimicry collection, and will be retained in the relative
positions which they occupy in the Plates.

Owing to the number and kindness of English friends in
Africa, the Ethiopian collection of Rhopalocera at Oxford is
becoming a very notable one. Of these generous donors, the
specimens contributed by the three following naturalists are
remarkable for their numbers and the admirable data which
accompany them:—Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. C. A.
Wiggins, and Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The above brief
account of the specimens presented by Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers
in a single year will give some idea of the extent of his
generous assistance to the Hope Department.

Three butterflies from Gazaland, S.E. Rhodesia (1905),
were presented by the captor, G. A. K. Marshall, Esq.,
together with 121 Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera
taken at Salisbury, Mashonaland (1895).

Two specimens of a dark-hind-winged species of Protogonius
from Cayenne (Jan., 1904) were presented by W. Schaus, Esq.,
F.Z.S. They constitute an important and deeply interesting
addition to the large group of dark-hind-winged butterflies
characteristic of that part of South America. x

The following examples of Predaceous Insects and their
Prey were presented in 1905 :—

No. 129 by Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., Wadham

College.
» I40 , Licut. D.-Bainbrisce Pletcher RaN-

5. 2290 4, HAH. damm.

25

Now 164 ;,. Ee Saunders, F.R<S:
peg? 4. Or. TAs Chapman.
257 ,, Dr. G. B. Longstaff.
The full data will be found under these numbers in the
published paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. 323-4c9).

»

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH COLLECTIONS IN 1905.

A splendid series of 1,830 named British flies were presented
by the captor, Colonel J. W. Yerbury. The following list is
taken from a good representative set of locality-labels which
have been selected to fix in the catalogue book. Without
pretending to be complete in localities or dates, the list gives
some idea of the great interest of this fine addition to the
British collections. Specimens were captured by the kind
donor at various localities in the following Scotch counties :—
Sutherlandshire (1884-1904), Haddingtonshire (1899), Inver-
ness (1898-1905), Caithness (1899), Nairnshire (1904-5),
Perthshire (1896-1904), Banffshire (1900), Elginshire (1899) ;
in County Kerry (1902); in various localities in N. Wales
(1902) and S. Wales (1899-1903); in the following English
counties :—Hampshire (1897-1905), Kent (1896-1903), Surrey
(1897-1903), Somerset (1903), Gloucestershire (1903), Here-
fordshire (1897-1902), Suffolk (1900), Yorkshire (1905). The
great majority of the species have been named by Col.
Yerbury himself; many by Mr. G. H. Verrall and by Mr.
Ja E> Collin:

Colonel Yerbury also presented a specimen of 2 Fossorial
wasps with their prey: Salius fuscus with a spider, from
Nethy Bridge, Spey Valley, Inverness (June, 1905), and
Mellinus arvensis with the fly, Luphoria cormicina, from
Golspie, Sutherland (Aug. 1900).

With this fine accession, which repeats Colonel Yerbury’s
generous assistance in former years, the series of British
Diptera is rapidly developing into a valuable collection of
reference. The species are, in nearly all cases, represented
by a fine series of individuals, often from many localities.

26

A valuable set of 59 British Coleoptera were presented by
the Rev. G. A. Crawshay, F.E.S. The great majority were
captured (1899-1904) by the donor near Leighton Buzzard,
in various localities in the south of England, and a few in
Yorkshire. The collection includes 5 specimens of Amara
infima, hitherto only recorded from Surrey; 2 of the first
specimens of Amara anthobia, to be recognized as distinct
from A. lucida; 1 Harpalus discoideus, very local; 2 Corym-
bites metallicus and 1 Saprinus metallicus, local and rare;
2 Metoecus paradoxus, parasitic in the nests of wasps; also
the following beetles, all more or less local and rare: JVotio-
philus rufipes, Necrophorus vestigator, Cryptocephalus punctiger,
Crepidodera nitidula, Trachodes hispidus.

The following Fossorial wasps, four of them with prey,
were presented by the captor, Mr. J. Collins, of the Hope
Department: 2 Pompilus plumbeus, each with a spider ; 1 Oxy-
belus uniglumis, with a fly; also 2 Agenia variegata, taken
with the former specimens at Tubney Wood, near Oxford
(July, 1905); 1 Stégimus solskyi with an Aphid, from Sunny-
mead, near Oxford (July, 1905).

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1906,

Twenty-two beetles, chiefly Coccinellidae, from various
localities in Sarawak, N.W. Borneo, were presented by
R. Shelford, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Emmanuel College,
Cambridge.

Twenty-three Orthoptera (chiefly Blattdae, but also in-
cluding MMJantidae and a Forficulid), from the following
localities: New Zealand, Madagascar, Teneriffe, Borneo,
Assam, Venezuela, British Guiana, and Brazil, were presented
by R. Shelford, Esq.

One hundred and thirty-eight insects of many Orders cap-
tured in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore (Feb.—Sept., 1906),
by H. N. Ridley, Esq., M:A., F.R.S., Exeter College,-~were
presented by R. Shelford, Esq. The great majority were
much wanted by the Department, and 104 are catalogued.

A valuable series of 23 specimens of Blattidae from W.

27

Africa, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, and Cayenne
was presented by R. Shelford, Esq.

Seven Orthoptera from the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(Feb.—April, 1906), were presented by the captor, H. N.
Ridley, esq: MiLA., F-R.S:, Exeter College,

Fifty-four insects of various Orders from the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore (Feb.—April, 1906), were presented by
the captor, H. N. Ridley, Esq.

Four European Alattidae (2 Ectobia vittiventris, 1 E. nicae-
ensts, 1 Hololampra carpetana), new to the Hope Collection,
were presented by Malcolm Burr, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., F.E.S.,
New College.

The following specimens were presented by Commander
J. J. Walker, R.N., Hon. M.A., Sec. E.S.: 9 Blattidae and
1 Gryllotalpa from Sydney.

Twelve Forficulidae (Earwigs), 13 Blattidae and 1 aquatic
Hemipteron from Sydney, N.S.W. (1900).

An Achetid and a Locustid from the New Hebrides (1go0).

A male and female of the type form of Col/as vautieri, and
a pair of the small variety mznuscula from Chile (1882-4).

All the above specimens were captured by the donor, and
the data are precise and full, as in all Commander Walker’s
specimens.

An example of the interesting dwarf form of Colias hyale
from Massowah, captured April, 1899, by Lieut. Constable,
was also presented by Commander J. J. Walker.

Four Blattidae from Tretes, E. Java, 3,600 ft. (Feb. 19c6),
together with four from Kaimana, Dutch New Guinea, sea-
level (Nov. 1905), were presented by the captor, H. C.
Pratt, Esq.

A fine Asilid fly, Lamyra sp. ?gulo, thirty-six Blattidae
and 18 Mantidae from various localities in N.E. and N.W.
Rhodesia (1904-5) were presented by the captor, S. A.
Neave, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., Magdalen College, in conjunction
with the British South African Company. The data are
excellent and precise, and Mr. Shelford considers that there
are several new species among the Llattidae.

28

Six Llattidae, including 2 examples of the interesting
mimetic cockroach EHustegaster buprestoides, from Fernando
Po, were presented by the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris.

Twelve Blattidae and 125 other Orthoptera from various
localities in Sarawak, N.W. Borneo, were presented by the
Sarawak Museum, Kuching. All except 6 imperfect speci-
mens are catalogued.

Ten Coleoptera, including two //s¢eridae named by G. Lewis,
Esq.,and several Coccinellidae and their mimics were presented
by J. Hewitt, Esq., B.A., Jesus College, Cambridge, Curator
of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. The specimens were
collected in various localities in the State of Sarawak. It was
a pleasure to be able to help Mr. Hewitt with the names of
the specimens, so far as they belong to described species.

The following examples of the remarkable dark-hind-winged
sroup of butterflies from British Guiana were presented by
W. J. Kaye, Esq., F.E.S.: .1 Lycorea ceres, 1 Lycorea past-
nuntia (catalogued), 1 Heliconius numata. All were captured
near the Potaro River, 30 miles above the confluence with the
Essequibo (1901, 1905).

Eighty-four insects and 1 spider from Bangalore, Mysore
(1901-2), were presented by Captain T. D. Broughton, R.E,
The great majority of the specimens are Hymenoptera. The
specimens were, unfortunately, much damaged in the post, so
that it was only possible to catalogue 25 of them as permanent
accessions. In addition to the above, a large number had
been injured beyond the possibility of repair.

Two hundred and fifty-four butterflies from the Andaman
Islands (1903), and 164 from the Nicobar Islands (1904),
were presented by Lieut. Gilbert Rogers: 163 specimens
from the former locality, and 92 from the latter have been
catalogued. The collection is of great value to the Department,
and the thanks of the University are due, not only to the
generous donor, but to Colonel C. T. Bingham, who kindly
brought to his notice the needs of the Hope Department.

Forty Colcoptera Phytophaga from various localities,

29

including co-types of two specics shortly to be described by
the donor, were presented by M. Jacoby, Esq., F.E.S.

A set of 6 g and 5 9 specimens of the Asilid fly Promachus
anicius, from Macao (May, 1906), was presented by the captor,
J. C. Kershaw, Esq. In two cases the specimens had been
taken 7 coitu. These insects had unfortunately become
damp and mouldy, and it was therefore impossible to cata-
logue them, although they have been incorporated in the
collection.

Many specimens illustrating Motes upon some remarkable
parasitic insects from North Queensland were presented by
the author, F. P. Dodd, Esq., F.E.S. This interesting and
valuable material includes the following types of Hymeno-
ptera Parasitica described by Col. C, T. Bingham: Apanteles
deliadis, together with its hyper-parasite Microterys coeruleus,
the former bred from the larva of the Pierine butterfly Delzas
argenthona; Microgaster basalis, with the moth larvae from
which it was bred; JZicrogaster perelegans; Protapanteles
rufiventris; Stomatoceras fasciatipennis ; Rhipipallus affints ;
Schizaspidia doddi. The specimens illustrate many new
observations upon the life-histories of parasites. Thus the
genus of the last-named species, a remarkable and beautiful
Chalcidid, was described by Professor Westwood, but the
host has never been known. Mr. Dodd has, however, shown
that, in the case of S. doddi, it is a large ant of the genus
Camponotus. The collection also includes the host (the Attid
spider Cosmophasis bitaeniata) from which a new species of
Cyrtid fly was bred, Ogcodes doddi. The type of the latter
is in Dr. Wandolleck’s famous collection at Dresden. This
deeply interesting material is catalogued under 35 numbers,
but the specimens are far more numerous, inasmuch as several
of the cards bear many individuals.

A large amount of the material described in the memoir
Predaceous Insects and their Prey (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1906, pp. 323-409) was presented during the year 1906 by the
following naturalists. Asz/zdae and their prey constitute the
great majority of the examples indicated by the numbers.

30

A full account of the data will be found in the paper itself
under the respective reference numbers.

Nos. 60, 118-121, presented by J. C. Kershaw, F.E.S.

Nos. 55, 89, 220-224, 339, presented by Dr. T. A. Chapman,
EES:

No. 84, presented by Captain T. D. Broughton, R.E., F.E.S.

Nos. 91, 130, 136, 346, presented by G. A. K. Marshall,
E.Z.S. RES:

Nos. 92, 137, 138, presented by S. A. Neave MASE;
BES.

No. 150, presented by the Professor.

No. 155, presented by Col. J. W. Yerbury, F.L.S., F.ES.

Nos. 156, 315, 333, presented by W. J. Lucas, .B.A., F.E.S.

Nos. 167, 205, 212, 213, 292, presented by A. Ho Hamm

No. 186, presented by G. H. Verrall, F.E.S.

Nos. 214, 215, presented by J. Collins.

Nos. 233, 264-272, 342, 3493, presented ‘by He Sik
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

No. 273, presented by R. Shelford, M.A., PS), Paes:

No. 328, presented by E. A. Cockayne, B.A., F.E.S.

From this point onwards the catalogued 1906 specimens in-
corporated in the general collections are exclusively Ethiopian :
an indication of the important increase in the representation
of this interesting region which is yearly taking place.

Two hundred and eighty-four butterflies and seven moths
from the neighbourhood of the Victoria Nyanza (1902-3)
were presented by Captain T. 7. Behrens, K-22 @i these
164 have been catalogued as permanent accessions, and the
others, generally in poor condition, also added to the collec-
tion. The great majority were captured on the West shore
between Entebbe and the Anglo-German Boundary, and along
the Boundary itself for a distance of 60 miles from the lake.
Until Captain Behrens’ kind donation the University collec-
tions did not include any specimens from the Nyanza south
of Entebbe. The following are among the most interesting
accessions :—A male example of Papilio mimeticus, together
with several examples of its model, J/clinda mercedonia

dl

(model and mimic are figured in Mr. S. A. Neave’s paper
in Trans. Ent.. Soc. Lond.,; 1906, Pl. XII, figs. 4, 5). Three
examples of the planemoides form of the female Papzlio
dardanus, sub-sp. merope, one of which is gynandromorphic
on the left side. The intermixture of the very different male
colouring confirms the conclusion that this form of female has
been rightly associated with the dardanus group—a conclusion
not hitherto supported by breeding or by observing the forms
paired. This deeply interesting specimen, which was also
accompanied by its model, Planema poggei,and by a co-mimic,
Elymnias bammakoo, is figured in the Professor’s paper in
divanss Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, Pl, XVIII, fig. 4, the model
in Pl. XXII, fig. 2. The Alymnias is figured in Mr. Neave’s
paper quoted above (Pl. X, fig. 7).

Thirty-three butterflies and one moth from Ambatoharana,
Madagascar, 4,900 ft. (1905), were presented by the captor,
the Rev. J. U. Yonge, M.A., Keble College. Relatively few
insects from Madagascar exist in the Department, and of
these hardly any possess adequate data, so that this small
collection with accurate localities and dates is of great value.
The great majority are catalogued.

An example of the beautiful mimetic butterfly, Crenzdo-
mimas concordia, from the Johnston Falls, Luapula River,
N.E. Rhodesia, was presented by H. Eltringham, Esq., F.E.S.
The relation between this butterfly and the common blue
species of Crenzs is one of the most interesting and remarkable
of the numerous examples of mimetic resemblance between
one Nymphaline genus and another.

A fine series of moths, a few butterflies, insects of other
Orders, and one Scorpionid, from Matatiele, Griqualand East,
Cape Colony (1905-6), were presented by the captor, E. H.
Bazeley, Esq. One hundred and six specimens are cata-
logued, and many others added to the collection. The data
are full and precise, and the peculiarly interesting locality
hitherto unrepresented in the Department.

A fine collection of 597 insects of various Orders from many
localities in and near Durban, Natal (1902-1906), were pre-

a2

sented by the captor, G. F. Leigh, Esq., F.E.S. This generous
gift is the accumulated result of numerous consignments sent
by Mr. Leigh during the last few years. It was, however,
more convenient to catalogue them as the gift of a single
year. The specimens include a number of Hymenopterous
and Dipterous parasites bred by Mr. Leigh from the eggs,
larvae or pupae of various interesting Lepidoptera. The
Diptera include a splendid Asilid fly of the genus Hyperechia
(probably #7. /ateralis), new to the collection. The data are
full and precise, and the whole series constitutes a most
valuable accession to the Department. In addition to the
above, all of which are catalogued, a few additional specimens
have been incorporated. Colonel Bingham has kindly con-
sented to work out the Hymenoptera, together with others
in the University Collections from the same part of the world.

A large set of butterflies, some moths, and a few Homo-
ptera from the forests of the Luebo district, Kassai River,
1,345 ft., in the South-west of the Congo Free State, were
presented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., M.P. Of
these, 255 specimens are catalogued, and many more incorpo-
rated. The collection is of especial interest to the Department
on account of the locality, which has been hitherto practically
unrepresented. It was of deep interest to find that here some
of the best-marked West Coast forms are replaced by those
of the South and East. This is the case with Limmnas chry-
sippus, among which not a single alcifpus form was to be
seen, the whole of the 136 specimens being typical. Preczs
octavia of the West Coast was also similarly replaced by
natalensis of the South and East. Characteristic western
forms, however, predominate. These include a fine series of
Papilio zalmoxis, antimachus, and ridleyanus, together with
many of the western species of Huphaedra. Examples of the
two last-named Papilionids, together with several Acraeas,
which they more or less resemble in colours and pattern,
were added to the bionomic series.

One hundred and twenty-three Lepidoptera and one
Acridian (Z77yxalidae), from the Kenia Province of British

35

East Africa (1905-6), were presented by the captors, S. L.
Hinde, Esq., and Mrs. Hinde. The majority of specimens
were taken or bred at Fort Hall, 4,000 ft., the remainder were
captured on the Aberdare Range, 8,000 ft. 74 Lepidoptera
and the Acridian were catalogued. The moths include a large
number of interesting bred specimens with dates of emergence
from the pupa. The butterflies include some interesting
forms new to the collection—an Acraea, a Papilio allied to
nireus, and a fine A/ylothris. The locality also adds an
interest to the commoner species. .

An interesting set of 153 male Pierine butterflies of 8 species,
captured (Feb. 2, 1906) in a single sweep of the net, were
presented by the captor, C. A. Wiggins, Esq. M.R.C.S. The
butterflies were drinking at a small pool at Jinja, by the
Ripon Falls, on the N. shore of the Victoria Nyanza, 3,775 ft.
Forty-five specimens, including examples of every species,
are catalogued, and will be kept together in the collection as
a good example of these remarkable congregations of tropical
butterflies in damp places. The numbers of individuals of
each species were as follows :-—

Pinacopteryx vidua, 104.
" pigea (N. form of P. astarte), 17
re “iliana, 5
Belenois formosa, 12
» severina, 5
» subetda (form znstabilis), 8
ween eidica,. T
solilucts, 1

Examples of all these were exhibited by Dr. F. A. Dixey
at the meeting of the Entomological Society of London,
June 6, 1906 (Proceedings, pp. |, li).

Seven miscellaneous insects (5 catalogued) from Mombasa
(Nov. 1904) were presented by the same generous donor.

A series of Lepidoptera and dragon-flies from the neighbour-
hood of Kisumu, on the N.E. shore of the Victoria Nyanza,
3,770 ft. (1903), were presented by C. A. Wiggins, Esq.,

D

34

M.R.C.S. Of these specimens, captured by A. Vincent, Esq.,
10I were catalogued, and include some accessions of great
interest-and value to the Department, such as the three
mimetic female forms, Aippocoon, trophonius and cenea of
Papilio dardanus (merope), the two last now received for
the first time from this locality. Two males and a female
of a Papilionid, transitional from P. rex to P. mimeticus, are
also of special interest.

Thirty-five Lepidoptera, chiefly butterflies, and one fine
Mutillid (19 catalogued) from various localities in the neigh-
bourhood of Lagos (1906) were presented by the captor,
J. A. Cremer, Esq. All the specimens were much wanted
by the Department. The butterflies include a perfect speci-
men of Pseudacraca hostilia, a very fine Euryphene, and
some species of Exvphaedra new to the collection. Excellent
data accompany the specimens.

A valuable series of Lepidoptera, almost entirely butterflies,
from the following localities in the neighbourhood of Berbera,
Somaliland, were presented by the captor, H. A. Byatt, Esq.,
B.A., F.E.S., Lincoln College.

From Upper Sheikh, Golis Mountains, 5,000 ft. (Dec., 1905-
Jan., 1906), 94 butterflies and 1 moth (36 catalogued and
many others incorporated). The butterflies include two
specimens of a Satyrine, identified by Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S.,
as the Palaearctic Pararge macra. It was surprising to find
this Palaearctic species forming a member of a typically
Ethiopian community, and the fact is a deeply interesting
example of geographical distribution. Among the Ethiopian
species, the most interesting is a series of 8 Precis octavia—
5 dry-season, 1 intermediate, and 2 wet-season. These
specimens are also most remarkable examples of distribu-
tion, inasmuch as they approach the tropical West Coast
form rather than the Eastern P. sesamus.

From Lower Sheikh, Golis foot-hills, 2.800 ft. (Feb., March,
1906), 79 butterflies and 2 moths (21 catalogued and many
others incorporated). The specimens include a very fine
series of dcraca chilo, originally described from Somaliland.

35

In the examples hitherto in the Department, coming from
British East Africa, the black spots are distinctly larger than
those of Mr. Byatt’s more northern specimens. Several
specimens of a Papilionid form belonging to the wszreus
group, and new to the collection, were included in this series,
and one in that from Upper Sheikh.

From the summit of the Wagar Mountain, Golis Range,
6,0c0 ft. (July 1-2, 1906), 22 butterflies (8 catalogued and all
incorporated). These include 11 male specimens of Pafz/to
dardanus (merope) sub-sp. antinori, very greatly wanted by
the Department, which is rich in other sub-species and forms
of the same intensely interesting butterfly. It is greatly to be
hoped that Mr. Byatt may succeed in capturing the female of
antinorit, the “ tailed” mimetic forms of which are only repre-
sented in European collections by two specimens, one named
niavoides by Kheil, and mimicking Amauris niavius, the other
named ruspina by him, and mimicking the type form of
Limnas chrysippus. Any specimens throwing further light
on these astonishing forms would be of the deepest interest
to all students of insects, and especially of the problems of
mimicry.

Seven types of weevils of the genus Sczobius, described in
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, viz. Sczobius cinereus, cognatus,
opalinus, barkeri, viridis, prasinus, and horni, were presented
by the author, Guy A. K. Marshall, Esq., F.Z.S., F.E.S.,
together with five named specimens of the same genus from
S. Africa. In the same paper, Mr. Marshall described a new
species from the Tylden Collection in the Department,
S. cultratus, and one from the Hope Collection, S. obesus.
He also very kindly named the specimens of the genus in
the University Collection.

The following fine accessions to many parts of the general
collections are also due to the kindness of the same generous
donor, who has done so much for the Department during the
past ten years :—

Eight hundred and ninety-seven insects of many Orders,
from the neighbourhood of Salisbury, Rhodesia, 5,000 ft.

D 2

36

(1899-1906, but chiefly in the years 1905 and 1906). In
addition to these a relatively small number of uncatalogued
specimens have been incorporated. The series contains 21
Asilid flies, collected with great care, and a valuable addition
to the general collection of this most interesting group. One
hundred and fifty-four catalogued specimens of Aculeate
Hymenoptera, 288 of Coleoptera, 177 of Rhynchota, and
204 of Orthoptera—all of them with Mr. Guy Marshall’s
admirable data—are a valuable accession to the collections of
these Orders of insects. In addition to the above, Mr. Marshall
presented 6 sets of the wings of Precis sesamus (Salisbury,
1905), dissected out of the pupal case. The specimens are
of great interest in showing an early stage of development
of the pigment.

Five hundred and seventy-five catalogued (and relatively
few uncatalogued) specimens of insects of many Orders,
from the Chirinda Forest, Melsetter, Gazaland, S.E. Rhodesia,
3,600-4,000 ft. (Sept.—Oct., 1905). Of these no less than
329 are Hymenoptera, other Orders being represented by
relatively small numbers. Two beautiful Dipterous mimics
of Aculeate Hymenoptera are included, together with their
respective models, captured upon the same dates.

Thirty-two Lepidoptera and dragon-flies from Mazoe,
Mashonaland, 4,000 ft. (Dec., 1905). These include many
Lycaenidae, greatly wanted by the Department, and several
specimens which offer convincing indirect evidence of the
attacks of enemies. .

Small mixed collections of insects, chiefly. Orthoptera,
from the following localities in S.E. Rhodesia (1995) :—
Mangesi River, Manica, 3,000 ft. (Oct.); Mpudzi River,
Manica, 3,000 ft. (Oct.); Mpudzi River to Amanzimhlope
River, 3,000 ft. (Sept.); Inyanyadsi River, Manica, 2,500 ft.
(Sept.); Mahakata River, Gazaland, 5,000 ft. (Oct.); Upper
Buzi River, Gazaland, 3,500 ft. (Sept.); Umvumvumvu River,
Gazaland (Sept.). The elevations are approximate. Altogether
270 specimens from these localities are catalogued, in addition
to a considerable number, chiefly Orthoptera, uncatalogucd.

37

One hundred and fifty-three catalogued insects of several
Orders, chiefly Orthoptera, in addition to a few unnumbered,
from Umtali, S.E. Rhodesia, 3,700 ft. (Dec., 1901, and Sept.,
Oct., 1905).

- Three Mutillidae, including a pair captured 77 coztu, from
Bulawayo (Dec., 1903), and 3 miscellaneous insects from
Beira, captured in 1905 by A. Sadong, Esq.

Three Hymenoptera Aculeata from Estcourt, Natal, 4,000 ft.
(Oct., 1902).

Twenty-nine Coleoptera (16 catalogued) from Wynberg,
near Cape Town (Nov., 1904).

From the above splendid list of accessions it will at once
appear that Mr. G. A. K. Marshall's donations in 1906 have
been upon the same generous scale as in former years,

A series of Lepidoptera, from Ibadan, near Lagos (Dec.
1906), unfortunately much injured by insect pests, was pre-
sented by H. S. Gladstone, Esq. It was only possible to
catalogue 12 specimens. The injury was not altogether fruit-
less ; for it was observed that in two cases the scent-gland on
the hind wing of a male Danaine butterfly (Lzmunas chrysippus
and Amauris egialea) had been devoured, while the rest of the
wing was untouched. The specimens were exhibited at the
Entomological Society of London on March 6, 1907 (see
Proceedings for this date).

A set of 38 butterflies and 4 dragon-flies from Aro-Chuku,
Calabar, and from the road between Nde’ Liche and Cross
River, Calabar (all Aug., 1906), was presented by the same
kind donor. These too were unfortunately terribly injured
by pests, so that it was impossible to catalogue any of them.
This is all the more to be regretted, as many of the species
were greatly wanted by the Department. All possible care
and skill was devoted to repairing the specimens, and many
have been added to the collections. The series of butterflies
includes some beautiful examples of mimicry, which have
been added to that special section of the collections. These
include a fine Pseudacraea, together with two of its Planema
models; aiso Amauris niavius, with a mimetic Eurala and

38

Elymnias. The degree of coincidence in time and space
between these models and mimics renders them of special
interest.

PURCHASES IN 1906.

A female of Papilio dardanis (merope), sub-sp. cenca ¢ f.
hippocoon, with the 28 offspring bred from its eggs, was pur-
chased from Mr. G. F, Leigh of Durban. The results are
more complete than any yet attained; for the offspring
include 14 of the non-mimetic males, 3 /zppocoon females like
the female parent, mimicking Asmauris niavius, f. dominicanus,
3 trophonius females mimicking Lzmnas chrysippus, 3 cenea
females with white spots in the fore wing mimicking A maziris
abimaculata, and 5 cenea females with buff spots in the fore
wing like a common form of Asmauris echeria. It is hoped
that an account of this most interesting series of specimens
will be published and illustrated at no distant date.

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH COLLECTIONS IN 1906.

The following Blattidae, which had accidentally reached this
country in foreign fruit or in plants, have been added to the
collection :—

One Nauphoeta brazzae, found at Kew in plants from the
Congo Free State (1898), presented by W. J. Lucas, Esq.,
Bea, Fae.

One Blabera cubensis, found on bananas in the Woodstock
Road, Oxford (Sept., 1906), presented by H. Smart.

One Blabera cubensis, found on a fish slab in the Oxford
Market (Aug., 1906), presented by H. Paddon.

Two Pauchlora virescens, found on bananas at Warrington
(Aug., 1906), presented by Mr. Joseph Collins.

Ten specimens, examples of Lctobia lhvida, panzert, and
lapponica, from various localities in the South of England
(1898-9), were presented by the captor, W. J. Ashdown, Esq.
The specimens are accompanied by excellent data.

A fine set of Zctobia livida (of which 8 are catalogued) from

39

Dawlish (July, 1906), were presented by the captor, Mr. A. H.
Hamm.

One L£ctobia panzert, taken at St. Helens, Isle of Wight
(Aug., 1906), was presented by the captor, Mr. W. Holland.

One larval Ectobia livida, taken at Horsell, near Woking,
was presented by the captor, Commander J. J. Walker, R.N.,
Elone MAS E.E-S.

Five Ectobia lapponica, from the New Forest (1905), were
presented by the captor, Commander J. J. Walker. Of these
specimens 2 have been added to the British, 3 to the general
collection.

Eight examples of the beetle, Laemosthenes complanatus,
recently added to the British list (Ent. Monthly Mag., 1902,
p- 216), from Queenborough, Kent (Aug., 1906), were pre-
sented by the captor, Commander J. J. Walker. Of these 7
have been catalogued.

An example of Fossorial Hymenopteron, Oxybelus uniglumts,
with its Dipterous prey, Laszops sp. (?) ctenoctema, 3, from
Chobham, Surrey (July, 1906), was presented by the captor,
Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., Queen’s College, Oxford.

A useful set of Lepidoptera from the North of England
(1900-4) were presented by the captor, H. A. Beadle, Esq.
Sixty specimens (34 catalogued) were from Keswick, 1 from
Witherslack, N. Lancashire, and 5 (examples of Agrotis
suffusa and A. saucia) from the Isle of Man. The Hope
Collections are weak in specimens from this part of the British
Islands, and the collection is correspondingly valuable.

Six Diptera from Dunmall, Co. Waterford (Aug., 1906),
were presented by the captor, R. Shelford, Esq., M.A.,
Hileo. Fs. 5.

An example of the Saw-fly, Zexthredo livida 3 , devouring
the female of another species of Saw-fly, Strongylogaster
cingulatus, was presented by the captor, Co]. J. W. Yerbury,
F.L.S., F.E.S. The specimens were taken at Porthcawl,
S. Wales (June, 1906).

One hundred and thirty-seven Coleoptera from Porthcawl,
S. Wales (May-July, 1906), 1 from Nairn (Aug., 1905), and

40

1 from Studland, Dorset (Aug., 1906), were presented by the
captor, Col. J. W. Yerbury.

A set of British insects of various Orders, chiefly Coleoptera,
from Mortehoe, N. Devon (1906), and a few from Streatley
(July, 1906), were presented by the captor, G. B. Longstaff,
Esq., D.M., New College. 138 specimens were catalogued
for a permanent place in the collection, and many others
added. The series includes a set of bees and their Dip-
terous mimics, captured on the same day, Aug. 17, 1906,
at Mortehoe.

In addition to the above, Dr. Longstaff presented 2
female specimens of the Asilid fly, Phzlonicus albiceps, from
the Woolacombe sand-hills, N. Devon, one (Aug. 24, 1906)
devouring a fly of the genus Sarcophaga, probably S. carnaria,
the other (Sept. 25, 1906) the Syrphid fly, S. corollae.

Eleven hundred and sixty-nine insects with admirable data
were’ presented by H: St. J...Ki Donisthorpes sq piezo
F.E.S. Of these no less than 1,050 specimens are accessions
to the collection of British Coleoptera. The remainder consist
of Hymenoptera, Rhynchota, a few insects of other Orders,
and additions to the bionomic series. The latter includes a set
of 13 yellow-banded Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera
captured together on meadow-sweet at Matley Bog, New
Forest (July 6, 1905), and a similar group of 15 Hymenoptera
and Diptera taken together on hog-weed at Battle, near
Hastings (Aug. 6, 1905). Another interesting accession to
the bionomic series is a specimen of the beetle Casszda viridis
with a piece taken out of the left elytron, probably the work
of an enemy. The specimen was captured at Micklesham,
Surrey (May 29, 1905). The donation also includes an
example of the Phytophagous beetle, 77marcha violaceo-nigra,
of which the second leg on the left side had been removed,
probably by an enemy. The specimen was taken at Deal
(April, 1906).

THE HOPE LIBRARY.

Miss Bellamy had made considerable progress with the

card catalogue when, under doctor’s orders in the autumn,

4)

the work had to be temporarily stopped. Miss Shelford has
now kindly undertaken to continue this much-needed work
until Miss Bellamy is able again to undertake it.

The portion of the card catalogue already completed is of
the greatest value, and is continually consulted.

A certain amount of binding has been done, but almost
exclusively of accessions, and practically nothing to overtake
the vast arrears. A considerable sum of money ought to
be spent in securing the older part of the Library from
injury.

A very interesting and somewhat amusing letter from the
founder of the Hope Chair was found among the correspond-
ence of the late Rev. H. Adair Pickard, M.A., Christ Church,
and kindly presented to the Hope Department by, Mrs. Adair
Pickard. It was written Feb. 27, 1857, from Nice, to the
President of the “ Oxford University Entomological Society,”
the Rev. H. Adair Pickard.

Two minute books of the “ Oxford University Entomo-
logical Society” exist in the Hope Department Library.
The meeting first recorded is dated June 1, 185[8]. An
injury to the page has obliterated the fourth figure of the
year, but as the next meeting was held Nov. 2, 1858, there
can be no reasonable doubt about the date. Inasmuch as
“the minutes of the last meeting” were read and confirmed
on June Ist, it is evident that earlier minutes at one time
existed. The Society continued to exist as late as 1872,
when the last unconfirmed minutes appear under the date
May 2. Professor Westwood had then been President for
many years. “After some conversation about the prospects of
the Society and summer excursions, the meeting adjourned,”
and apparently never re-assembled.

The circumstances under which the Entomological Society
of Stockholm presented its Entomologisk Tidskrift up to date,
together with arrears from 1893, and the German Entomo-
logical Society its Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, for the
same period, have already been explained.

The Boston Society of Natural History and the Bombay

42

Natural History Society presented their publications for the
year 1906.

The volumes of the “Novitates Zoologicae” of the Tring
Zoological Museum, published in the year 1906, were pre-
sented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., M.P.

The publications of the Société Entomologique de France
for 1906, and of the Société Entomologique de Belgique for
1906, together with the Jubilee number of the Memoires, the
publications of the Linnean Society for 1906, and the Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of London for 1906 were
presented by the Professor, and a bound second set of the
latter for 1905 by G. A. James Rothney, Esq., F.E.S., in
continuation of his generous gift in 1904.

The following Reports, &c., were presented :—

Bristol University College: Report of Council for 1903-4.

Cambridge University: Fortieth Annual Report, for 1905,
of the Museum and Lecture-rooms Syndicate. Papers on the
collections of Arthropoda made by the Skeat Expedition to
the Malay Peninsula, by N. Annandale, P. Cameron, F. F.
Laidlaw, W. F. Lanchester, E. Simon, and F. G. Sinclair,
were presented by the Superintendent of the University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Cornell University: College of Agriculture, Bulletins 233-5,
by M.V. Slingerland, Esq.

Ottawa: Report of Government Experimental Farms for
_ 1903-4, including the Director’s Report of Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, and of the Canadian Department of
Agriculture: also two memoirs by the Director, Dr. W.
Saunders.

Owens College: The Report of the Manchester Museum
for 1905-6.

The Radcliffe Library: The Catalogue of Books added to
the Library, 1905.

Sarawak Museum: The Report for 1905.

Agricultural Experimental Stations of the Colorado Agric.
Coll. (Bull. 94, 1904), and of Fort Collins, Colorado (Bulletins
20, 21, 1yo3-4).

43

Otago University Museum: Report for 1905-6.

Indian Museum, Calcutta: Report for 1g05-6.

Cairo Zoological Gardens: Report on Mission to Europe,
1906,

Marine Biological Association for the West of Scotland:
Report for 1905.

Kew Bulletin: The wild fauna and flora of the Botanic
Gardens, 1906.

Ashmolean Natural History Society: Report for 1905.

Rhynchota, vols, ii (2 parts) and iii, by W. L. Distant,
iS, and~ Cerambycidae, vol) i; by ©. J... Gahan, McA,
F.E.S., both of the Fauna of British India Series, were pre-
sented by the Secretary of State for India in Council.

Fasciculi Malayenses: Zoology, Pt. III, was presented by
the editors, Dr. Nelson Annandale, D.Sc. Edinb., B.A., Balliol
College, and H. C. Robinson, Esq.

The Trustees of the British Museum presented a Synony-
mic Catalogue of Homoptera, Pt. I, Cicadidae, by W. L.
Distant, F.E.S.

The Director of the Cold Spring Harbor Station for Ex-
perimental Evolution, Dr. C. B. Davenport, presented the
Report. for 1906, and three memoirs by himself and one by
H. E. Walter, Esq.

Mem. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., parts of vols. i-iii, and
Bol. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., parts of vols. iv and v, were
presented by Malcolm Burr, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.,
New College.

Rend. ok Accad: Sci: Istit, Bologna, Fase. 1-4, voli ix
(1904-5). Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Istit. Bologna, Ser. VI, vol. ii.
ignesented by sir John Evans, K.C.B., Hon. D.C.L:, BRS:

The “Naturalist’s Monthly,” vol. i, nos. 1-6, 1887, was
presented by J. L. Myres, M.A., Christ Church.

Smithsonian Institution (United States National Museum)
Report for 1904-6. Part 2 of the 1886 Report was pre-
sented by the University Observatory, thus filling a gap in
the Department series.

The Smithsonian Institution (United States National

4h

Maiseum, Washington) also presented valuable memoirs by
the following writers:—James A. G. Rehn, Esq. (four
memoirs); Miss Harriet Richardson; August Busck, Esq. ;
E. A. Klages, Esq.; Alexander D. MacGillivray, Esq. ;
A. M. Banta, Esq. and W. L. M°*Atee, Esq.; W. Schaus,
Bsq.; F.Z.S... F:E.S.; W. Hi. Ashmead, Esq-j7As Ne Gaudell
Fsq.; W. Warren, Esq.; L. Bruner; Esq.;:A. E. Ortmann,
Esq. In addition to the above memoirs the Smithsonian
Institution presented the valuable Catalogue of North
American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Esq.

The following fifteen authors have kindly presented long
series of their valuable publications to the Hope Library :—

Eight memoirs (one in conjunction with P. C. Wroughton,
Esq.) were presented by Nelson Annandale, Esq., D.Sc.
Edinburgh, B.A., Balliol College, Deputy Superintendent of
the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Twelve memoirs on Lepidoptera were presented by George
a; Bethune-Baker, Esq. 051S5 Foss:

Twenty-six memoirs on Coleoptera, chiefly Lawcanidae (one
in conjunction with Monsieur Ch. Alluard) were presented
by Monsieur H. Boileau.

Nine memoirs upon the Malacoderm Coleoptera were pre-
sented by Monsieur Jules Bourgeois.

Eighteen memoirs upon Orthoptera were presented by
Senor Don Ignacio Bolivar.

Fifteen memoirs upon Orthoptera were presented by
Malcolm Burr, Esq., BAU, E-G:Ss Ae Sere aes:

Ten memoirs upon Hymenoptera were presented by
Monsieur le Vicomte R. du Buysson, together with memoirs
on the same Order by Rev. 2. A., Marshall; Dr i. Deas
Cockerell, Monsieur J. Vachal, Monsieur Ernest André, Pastor
F. W. Konow and Monsieur J. Perez.

Twenty-eight memoirs on Orthoptera (one in conjunction
with Dr. Harrison G. Dyar) were presented by Dr. A. N.
Caudell, of Washington.

Fifty-seven memoirs were presented by Dr. T. A. Cian
Vin, Z.S., ies.

45

Twenty-two memoirs on Orthoptera were presented by
Dr. Achille Griffini, of Genoa.

Nine memoirs upon Coleoptera (Lostrychidac) were pre-
sented by Monsieur P. Lesne, of Paris.

Thirty-eight memoirs on Orthoptera (two in conjunction
with M; Hebard) were presented by J. A. Rehn, Esq.) of
Philadelphia.

Fifteen memoirs on Australian insects, chiefly Orthoptera,
were presented by J. G. O. Tepper, Esq., F.L.S., of Adelaide.

Eight memoirs on Orthoptera were presented by Dr. E.
Giglio-Tos, of Florence.

Eight papers on ants were presented by Professor W.
Morton Wheeler, of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.

Miss J. Buckton presented original drawings of the J7Zem-
bracidae by her father, the late Dr. G. B. Buckton, F.R.S.,
together with one memoir by him,

Memoirs by Professor E. S. Morse, G. C. Champion, Esq.,
and Dr. T. A. Chapman were presented by the Professor.

A memoir by Roland Trimen, Esq.; F.R.S., &c., on South
African butterflies collected by the donor, was presented by
F. C. Selous, Esq.

The Dynamics of Living Matter, Columbia University
Biological Series, by Professor Jacques Loeb, was presented
by the author.

The fine monograph, Biologische Untersuchungen in Trans-
kaspien, St. Petersburg, 1906, was presented by the author,
Dr. V. Faussek.

The Source of the Blue Nile, London, 1905, was presented
by the author, A. J. Hayes, Esq., L.S.A., of Suez,

The Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire, 1886, by the late C. W.
Dale, was presented by Commander J. J. Walker, together
with two of his own memoirs.

The valuable monograph, Spolia Hymenopterologica, Pa-
derborn, 1906, was presented by the author, Dr. Albert Schulz,
together with three memoirs on 777gonalidae.

A memoir on the TZet¢tigidae of Ceylon, by Dr. J. L,

46

Hancock, M.D., of Chicago, was presented by the Colombo
Museum, Ceylon.

An important monograph on the Chelonethi of Siam,
Copenhagen, 1906, was presented by the author, Dr. C. J.
With, of Copenhagen.

The Butterfly Hunters in the Carribees, by E. Murray-
Aaron, was presented by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, D.M., New
College, together with a memoir by A. Pictet, Esq.

Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S., presented four volumes of
separata on Insects. The great majority of these are now
old and extremely difficult or even impossible to get, so that
the gift is of the utmost value to the Library.

Colonel J. W. Yerbury, F.L.S., F.E.S., presented a volume
of separata on Oriental Insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, by various
authors, together with Butterflies of India, by Marshall and
de Nicéville, vols. i and ii. The same kind donor had pre-
sented the third volume at an earlier date.

The Catalogue of Anthribidae, by Monsieur A. Boire, of
Brussels, was presented by Dr. Karl Jordan.

The great increase in the literature of Orthoptera in the
Department Library is due to the researches and the spccial
efforts of R. Shelford, Esq., M.A., Emmanuel College, Cam-
- bridge, F.L.S., F.E.S. The knowledge of the work going on
in the Department, and the receipt of separata of Mr. Shel-
ford’s researches, together with his letters, have combined to
produce the donations of literature dealing with the Ortho-
ptera, acknowledged in this Report. In addition to this valu-
able help, Mr. Shelford has presented two of his own papers,
together with memoirs on various insect Orders and insect
economics by the following authors:—Dr. Y. Sjostedt, of
Stockholm; Herr F. Meunier, of Brussels ; A.D. Hopkins, Esq. ;
W. E. Hinds, Esq.; L. J. Webb, Esq. ; C. Stal (five memoirs) ;
Dr. C. F. Adams (two memoirs); A. F. Burgess, Esq. ;

Original papers have also been presented by the following
authors: Dr. N. v. Adelung, of St. Petersburg (three memotrs) ;
H.G. Barber, Esq.; Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc.,F.R.S.E.,
F.E.S. (two memoirs); H. Rowland-Brown, Esq, M.A,

47

F.ES, University College; Merritt Cary, Esq.; Mabel
Colcord; F. J- Cole, Esq, B:Sex, Jesus: Collese ;* Professor
Arthur Dendy, F.L.S.; Monsieur Jules Desneux ; F. P. Dodd,
Bison beheo.9 ibe ot. J. Ke: Donisthorpes Esq.) HiZis.,. Moe:
Hamilton H. Druce, Esq., F.Z.S.; F.E.S2; Herbert ‘Dice;
Baqy aL. S:,.!Z.5., 1.1.5. (three memoirs); Dre Harrison G:
Dyar, of Washington; H.F. Fernald, Esq.; Philip B. Hadley,
Esq. (two memoirs); Miss Ruth Harrison, Lady Margaret
Hall, Oxford; Herbert E Walter, Esq.; Dr. Walther Horn,
Weviesor Berlin’ (three memoirs);" Dr. -L) OF Howard, of
Washington (two memoirs); Dr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., D.Sc.,
Christ Church; Martin Jacoby, Esq., F.E.S.; Guy A. K.
Marshall, Esq., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (two copies of his memoir in
P. Z. S., 1906); W.S. Marshall, Esq. (three memoirs, one in
conjunction with P. H. Dernehl and one with C. T. Vorhies) ;
Isabel McCracken; F. Merrifield, Esq., F.E.S.; Professor
I. A. Minchin, M.A., Keble College (in conjunction with
ieieut, Gray and Lieut. F. Tulloch, R.A.M.C.); G. T. Porsitt,
eq iile.S.5 F.b.o.; J. G. Sandets, Esq., of Washington;
Pdward- saunders, Esq., F-R.S., F.L.S., F-E.S.; C. Schaefter;
Bsq.,) Droseidiitz ; Miss E. M. Sharpe; A. E. Shipley, Esq.
NEAR ako .Z.9., Christs College, Cambridge (two
memoirs) w E. J Be Sopp, Esq., F-R.Met.S., F.E.S.:; R.S:
Standen, sq. Pe.>,, b.E.S.; Rev. T.. RK: R: Stebbing, M-A,,
F.R.S., F.L.S., Worcester College (two memoirs); Mark L.
Sykes, Esq. ; Dr. K. Toyama (two memoirs) ; Roland Trimen,
cds Onw vets bk. LS: YES. (two memoirs) litceut
Re ulloch= hea. MC. ; G. Fl. Verrall, Esq: F.B-S.

PURCHASES.

The following publications of the year 1906 were purchased
for the Department :—The parts of Barrett's “ British Lepi-
doptera,”’ the Ray Society volume, the volume of the
Zoological Record, the numbers of the “ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine,’ the “ Entomologist,” and the. “ Ento-
mologist’s Record.”

In addition to the above—the normal expenditure for many

48

years—the following purchases were made:—C. Brunner
von Wattenwyl, “ Neue Phaneropteriden,’ 1878; “ Prodromus
der Europaischen Orthopteren,” 1882; “Systeme de Gryl-
lides ;” “Revision du Systeme des Orthopteres et description
d’esp. rapportées, par M: Léonard Féa,” 1893; “On the
Orthoptera of the Sandwich Islands,’ 1895 ; ‘““On the Ortho-
ptera of the Island of Grenada, West Indies,” 1893; Brunner
von Wattenwy! and Prof. J. Redtenbacher ; “On the Ortho-
ptera of the Island of St. Vincent, W. Indies,’ 1892. H.
Borg, “ Blattodeen aus Kamerun,” 1902; Henri de Saussure,
“Revision de la tribu des Hétérogamiens orthopteres de la
fam. de Blattides,” 1893; “ Revision des Panesthiens et de
celle des Epilampriens orthop. de la fam. de Blattides,’ 1895 ;
L, Fairmaire, “ Coléoptéres,’ Hist. Nat.’ France, Pt1d);7Ae1ude
Bormans and H. Krauss, “ Forficulidae and Hemimeridae ;”
F. Lowe, “ Catalogue of Lepidoptera,” vol. i, Pt. I, 1904.

E. B: POULLON:

————

OW
fom

Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology, 1907.

The donations described in the later pages of this Report,
and the work recorded in its earlier part, show that the year
1907 was a very active one. The necessity for increased
space becomes more pressing with each fresh donation re-
ceived and each rearrangement effected.

It has been a great pleasure to welcome the return of
Mr. Roland Trimen, Hon. M.A., F.R.S., to Oxford. The
University Collections are now so rich in Ethiopian butter-

26

flies that his unique knowledge will be of the greatest assis-
tance in the attempt to solve the most difficult problems
presented by this deeply interesting zoological province.

1. Lectures on Bionomics as part of the Honours Course
Jor the Final Examination in Zoology.

Professor G. C. Bourne suggested that the Hope Professor
should take part in the teaching for the Final Honours
Examination in Zoology by delivering a short course of
lectures illustrated by examples from the Hope Collections.
The first course was given to the Honour students in the
Summer Term of last year. It is hoped that when the
second is delivered in the summer of 1909, the difficulties
due to want of space may have been overcome. It has been
a great pleasure to show and explain the bionomic collections,
which are much studied by non-resident naturalists and by
a few Oxford investigators, to the Honour students in Zoology,
and to know that the subject, which can be better studied
here than in any other centre, will now take its place as part
of the Honours Course.

2. financial Gifts and Grants to the Department.

The sum of £178 10s. was spent on cabinets during the
year, a set of ten cabinets containing 200 interchangeable
drawers of the Department pattern being received, and im-
provements effected in the drawers of an old type of cabinet.
Another set of ten similar cabinets is in course of construction.
Towards the expense of cabinets the Department received
during the year 4roo from the Common University Fund
and 4100 from the Professor. The latter also contributed
#40 for expenses upon the collection of Pzerinzae, while
Dr. G. B. Longstaff generously renewed the valuable grant
for defraying the expense of an extra assistant.

3. Work done by the Staff.

Mr. Shelford’s work on the Orthoptera and Dr. Dixey’s on
the Pzeriznae are described in the following sections. An
account of Commander Walker’s kind help is given in
Section 6,

27

Mr. Holland’s time was principally occupied during the
past year upon the large collection of Coleoptera. Several
groups of this important collection have been arranged by
him in the cabinets purchased from the trustees of the late
Mr. Alexander Fry. All the specimens belonging to these
groups in the Miers Collection, together with the whole
Tylden Collection of Czrculionidae, have received printed
labels with the fullest ascertainable data, and have been added
to the General Collection. The specialist can now study this
material in one comprehensive collection, in which the speci-
mens are so arranged that they can be examined and moved
without danger to themselves or those around them. Omitting
smaller groups, the Scarabaeidae have been arranged in 180
drawers, the Heteromera in 81, the Curculionidae in 102, the
Flateridae in 24, the Malacoderms in 24, the Clerzdae in 1o.
In addition to the above, the Axthribidae, arranged in genera
and in large part specifically named by Dr. Karl Jordan of
the Tring Zoological Museum, have been arranged by Mr.
Holland in 13 drawers. Dr. Jordan’s determinations have
been printed or written and affixed to each individual speci-
men by Mr. J. Collins, who also undertook the labelling of
the Miers and Tylden Coleoptera.

Mr. A. H. Hamm has been chiefly occupied with the large
collection of insects made in South Africa, &c., in 1905 by
WiteGe Be ltongstath, Dr. FA. Dixey, the. Professor) and
many others. A full account of this great accession will be
found in the account of the 1905 accessions in the later pages
of this Report. Much of Mr. Hamm’s time was also spent in
setting, and printing labels for Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s West Indian
and South American collections made in 1906 and 1907, and
in resetting the old specimens in the General Collection of
butterflies. Mr. Hamm also devoted considerable attention
to the British Diptera and also to certain sections of the
General Collection of this Order.

In addition to work upon the Coleoptera arranged by
Mr. Holland, Mr. J. Collins arranged nearly the whole of the
Carabidae of the British Collection, and labelled and in large
part printed labels for the accessions acknowledged in this

28

Report. By far the largest separate piece of work was that
involved in labelling Mrs. Bazett’s great collection of nearly
7,000 British Micro-lepidoptera.

4. Work on the Collections of Orthoptera.

The following report has been written by Mr. R. Shelford,
NA... F.L.S., RES. 22—

Work on the collection of Blattidae has been continued
steadily throughout the year, and has resulted in the prepara-
tion of eight memoirs, some of which are still in the press.
Those which appeared in 1907 will be found in the list of
published papers in Section 10. As a consequence of the
growing importance of the collection of Alattidae in this
Museum, applications for assistance in determining the collec-
tions of these insects in other Museums are continually being
received, and collections have been sent for identification from
the following Museums :—Brussels, Berlin, Deutsche Entomo-
logische National Museum (Berlin), Genoa, Hamburg, Madrid,
Melbourne, Paris, Stockholm, and Wiesbaden. As duplicates
from collections sent for determination are invariably presented
to this Museum in return for the labour expended on working
them out, the increase in size and importance of the Hope
Collection of Blattidae is bound to become very considerable
in a comparatively short period of time. To take one example,
Dr. Sjéstedt, of Stockholm, presented from the collection made
by him on Mount Kilimanjaro over 50 specimens represent-
ing 17 species and including 8 co-types; other important
additions are noted in another part of this Report. Con-
siderable attention has been paid to the accurate determina-
tion of the species represented in the Hope Collection, and
for this purpose type specimens have been borrowed from
other Museums. Professor Baldwin Spencer, F.R.S., of Mel-
bourne, Dr. Carl, of Geneva, Dr. R. Gestro, of Genoa, and Dr.
G. W. Miiller, of Greifswald, have been extremely obliging in the
matter of lending types for purposes of study and comparison,
whilst Dr. Kuhlgatz, of Berlin, and Dr. Holdhaus, of Vienna,
have been most courteous in rendering all assistance possible
by kindly comparing specimens with types too fragile or

29

too precious for transmission by post. A visit was paid in
September to Denmark and Sweden in order to study the
collections of De Geer, Thunberg, Fabricius, and Stal in the
Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Upsala Museums. A memoir
on the Alattidae in these classic collections is now in the
press.

A few species of Blattidae in the collection of the British
Museum were determined and the new species described ;
co-types of 4 species being presented to the Hope Collection.
The co-types of 7 new species were presented by the Paris
Museum.

Dr. R. Klebs, of Konigsberg, has sent for determination
a large collection of cockroaches enclosed in amber, from the
celebrated deposits of Lower Oligocene age in Eastern Prussia.
Very little has been written on the insect fauna of this geo-
logical period since the appearance of Berendt’s and Germar’s
great memoir Die Berusteinfauna in 1845. Dr. Klebs’ ccl-
lection shows that considerable additions must be made to
the list of Oligocene Blattidae; and a comparison between
the recent and the fossil genera is bound to yield results of
considerable interest. A memoir on the group is now in
course of preparation, and Dr. Klebs has kindly promised to
present duplicates to the Hope Collection.

The appearance of two parts of the long-expected memoir
on the Phasmidae, by the veteran orthopterist, Hofrath C.
Brunner von Wattenwyl and Dr. Jos. Redtenbacher, enabled
a much-needed rearrangement of the Hope Collection of
these insects to be commenced. One of the two sections
into which the family is divided, Phasmidae Areolatae, has
now been arranged. It occupies 27 cabinet drawers and
comprises 467 specimens, representing 53 genera and 133
species, and including 39 types. As the late Professor West-
wood devoted much attention to this family of insects, the
Hope Collection is an extremely important and valuable one.
It is hoped that the rest of the Pasmidae will be in order by
the end of 1908.

Dr. J. L. Hancock, of Chicago, returned during the course
of the year the 7e¢riginvae entrusted to him for determination.

30

The entire collection of these obscure little grasshoppers has
now been arranged, and occupies g cabinet drawers: it com-
prises 835 specimens, representing 52 genera and 176 species:
there are 35 type-specimens. A certain proportion of the
species still await identification and will shortly be sent to
Dr. Hancock.

5. Work on the Collection of Pierinae.

Dr. F. A. Dixey completed the working out of the material
resulting from Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s experiments on the
effect of artificial conditions on seasonally dimorphic species.
The final results were communicated to the Entomological
Society of London on Feb. 6, 1907. He also devoted much
attention to the subject of mimicry, partly with a view to the
Evening Discourse delivered by him before the British Asso-
ciation at the Leicester Meeting in August (published in
Nature, vol. Ixxvi, 1907, p. 673). The mimetic relations of
African Pierines formed a special object of study, and were
investigated in connexion with the seasonal and geographical
variation shown by the forms concerned. Exhibits were pre-
pared to illustrate many of the results arrived at; some of
these were shown at the Royal. Society's Conversaziones in
the summer of 1907, and at the Meeting of the British Asso-
ciation at Leicester. A part of these and other exhibits will
remain, permanently arranged as at present, in the Hope
Department. The work of incorporating accessions to the
General Collection of Pierines was kept up to date, and pro-
gress was made in the preparation of a treatise which will
deal comprehensively with the whole of this group.

6. Rearrangement of the British Beetles.

Early in the year the first great section of the British
Coleoptera, the Geodephaga (Caradidae and their allies) or
eround-beetles, had been prepared for rearrangement by the
kindness of Commander J. J. Walker, and by Mr. J. Collins
working under his direction. The older specimens had been
cleaned and remounted, all old labels being carefully pre-
served and copied, when in the previous arrangement a single
label applied to more than one example. The recent acces-

dl

. sions, especially the fine series of specimens presented by Mr. H.
St. J. Donisthorpe, had been incorporated, and the whole pro-
visionally classified. It was felt, therefore, that the time had
come for a new and careful arrangement to be made in fresh
drawers, and for the addition of the specimens of the splendid
British collection of Coleoptera so generously presented by
Mr. W. Holland. These, chiefly presented in 1go01, have all
been supplied with printed labels by Mr. Holland. They
form a collection three times as large as the original West-
wood Collection, together with all other additions made to it
up to the present time. The rearrangement has been carried
out, nearly as far as the end of the Caradbidac, by Mr. J. Collins.
It occupies at present 30 drawers, containing about 4,400
specimens.

Commander Walker is now continuing his kind help with
the succeeding groups. The Dyd¢sczdae, nearly finished in
1907, are now ready for rearrangement, while work upon the
ydrophilidae is far advanced.

7. Work upon the Burchell Collections.

Mr. J. C. Moulton, of Magdalen College, worked during
a large part of the past year upon the Brazilian butterflies
collected in 1825-30 by W. J. Burchell. Kind help in the
description of new forms was afforded by Mr. Roland Trimen,
Pekes) Colonel 1): Prain,+ F-K.S:; Director of the Royal
Gardens, has also courteously aided the work by permitting
the Professor to study in Oxford the volumes of Burchell
manuscript in the Herbarium Library at Kew.

8. Assistance in working out the Material of the
Department.

Colonel J. W. Yerbury with great kindness came to Oxford
in the Lent Term and worked at the collection of Aszlidae,
incorporating the accessions and in some cases revising the
previous arrangement. - He then arranged the Dvopfsidae,
a peculiar and interesting group of flies much studied by
Professor Westwood. The material is now in beautiful order,
and the types verified and clearly labelled.

o2

Dr. F. D. Godman, D:C:L.; F.R.S.,ixendered: the Wepatt-
ment great assistance by naming the whole of the American
Hesperidae, which were taken to London and reset in order to
facilitate the manipulation. All of the specimens have now
been returned, and the determinations affixed to every one.
The whole of the Old World Hesperidae were similarly taken
to London and left with Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., who is kindly working them out, as he did the
Lycaenidae of the University Collection. The complete ar-
rangement of the former group, containing so many obscure
and difficult forms, cannot be far distant, and will be of the
utmost value.

Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., kindly came to Oxford for a few
days at the beginning of the Summer Term, and named the
whole of the /felzconinae, a group of difficult South American
butterflies, of which he has recently made a special study.
His determinations have been affixed to all the specimens,
and the rearrangement of the sub-family is now a com-
paratively simple task which will soon be accomplished.

Among the Coleoptera large numbers of specimens have
been taken to London, and have been very kindly determined
by distinguished authorities in the groups to which they
belonged :—Cezonzzdae, by Mr. O. E. Janson, F.E.S.; Passa-
lidae, by Mr. G. J. Arrow, F.E.S.; Axthribidae (at the Tring
Zoological Museum), by Dr. Karl Jordan, F.E.S.

In the spring an opportunity arose for bringing by hand
from Paris a further consignment of Malacoderm Coleoptera,
named by the distinguished authority of the group, Monsieur
Jules Bourgeois, of S* Marie-aux-Mines, Alsace. Monsieur
Octave Bourgeois most courteously offered the kindest help
in carrying by hand to the Paris address the specimens he
had received from his brother. The consignment reached
Oxford in perfect safety, and the determinations are now
affixed to all the specimens.

In addition to the kindest help in many directions, Mr.
Guy A. K. Marshall, F.Z.S., F.E.S., has named a large number
of Luprestidae by comparison with the fine coilection in the
British Museum. Furthermore, Mr. Marshall, continuing his

33

important series of papers on the African Curculionidae, has
examined and determined the species of another group in the
University Collection. In this material he found and described
a new species, Syzthocus damarensis, and a new variety,
bicuspis, of another species, Syuthocus wardeni, Pér. The
descriptions are published in 7rans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc., 1907,
vol. xviii, pp. 96 and 106 respectively.

Much kind assistance has also been rendered in the Hymeno-
ptera. A large number of wasps (Diploptera), taken to
Paris by Mr. R. Shelford, were named by the distinguished
authority in the group, the Vicomte R. du Buysson, of the
Paris Museum. Mr. Rowland E. Turner, F.E.S., has visited
Oxford more than once, and has worked out the 7hynnidae
and other Fossores. Several new species have been found and
described by him, and these obscure and difficult insects
brought into a satisfactory condition as the result of his kind
help. Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., F.E.S., has spent much
time in working out the great collection of Ethiopian Hymeno-
ptera in the Department. Large numbers of specimens
determined by him have been brought back to Oxford. When
the work is complete it will form a notable contribution to
our knowledge of the insect fauna of the region.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff has rendered efficient and valuable
help by working out the material of the collections presented
by him, and for this purpose has paid many visits to Oxford.
Seeing that the University Collection of Satyrine butterflies
required rearrangement and much expansion to accommodate
the large numbers of accessions, he very kindly offered to
copy out the list of species which have recently been arranged
in the British Museum. He was able nearly to complete this
laborious task before his departure for Ceylon, and the Uni-
versity Collection has now been rearranged by Mr. Holland
in accordance with his list.

As in previous years, the kindest help has been rendered
by the staff of the Insect Department of the British Natural
History Museum, and the Hope Department has also been
able to assist these London friends by lending type specimens
for study and comparison.

D

34

An immense amount of work has been thrown upon the
staff of the Hope Department in printing and writing labels
for specimens that have been worked out, and in replacing
them in the collections.

In order to appreciate fully the assistance which the Hope
Collections have received in the course of the year, a careful
study of the memoirs mentioned in Section 10 would be
necessary. To take a single example, Dr. Hancock’s paper
on the Zecriginae of the Hope Collection (7vans. Ent. Soc.,
1907, p. 213) contains the descriptions of 6 new genera and
more than 30 new species.

9. Visits of Naturalists, &c.

The Department was visited by the Chancellor on Nov. 12.

The usual annual visit of the Entomological Society of
London did not take place in 1907. The Department has
been visited by the following naturalists, who have contributed
valuable material to the University Collections :—Mr. W. J.
Lucas (two visits); Mr. G. C. Champion (two visits); Mr.
Rowland E. Turner; Dr. L. O. Howard, of Washington; Mr.
H. S. Gladstone, of Lagos; Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A.,
Wadham College, of Rabai, Mombasa; Dr. R. C. L. Perkins,
M.A., D.Sc., Jesus College, of Honolulu.

The Department has also been visited by Monsieur A. Conte,
of the Silk Laboratory, Lyons; Professor Lacroix, of Paris ;
Father Joseph Assmuth, S. J.; Professor Maynard M. Metcalf,
of Oberlin College, Ohio; Dr. S. W. Williston, of Chicago ;
Professor Karl Pearson, F.R.S.; Dr. G. Archdall Reid; Mr.
H. J. Carter, of Sydney, N.S.W.; and Mr. J. PF.’ Duttonyor
Warrington. ,

10. Work published in 1907.

The following papers by workers in the Hope Department,
or upon its material, have appeared in the Transactions of the
Entomological Seciety of London during the year 1907 :—

Read Nov. 21, 1906.—A permanent record of British Moths
in their natural attitudes of rest, by A. H. Hamm, assistant
in the Hope Department. This interesting paper was acci-
dentally omitted from last year’s Report.

35

Read March 6, 1907.—The Larva of Collyris emarginatus,
Dej., by RK: Shelford, McA. F.LS;

Read March 28.—Studies of the Zetriginae (Orthoptera) in
the Oxford University Museum, by J. L. Hancock, M.D.,
F.E.S. (Chicago).

Read June 5.—Entomological Observations and Captures
during the visit of the British Association to South Africa in
19e%,, by F. Ay Dixey, M.A.) DINE} TE.S,, and GG: Bx Eons=
Staite VA) DML F.R.C.P., FESS.

Read Dec. 4.—Studies of the Blattidae, by R. Shelford,
M.A., F.L.S. VIII. The Blattidae described by Linnaeus,
De Geer, and Thunberg. IX. Synonymical Notes.

The following short papers have appeared in the Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of London during the year
1907 :—

March 6.—Male Brands attacked by Pests, by the Professor.
Remarkable larva of Spzramzopsis, by the Professor.
Effect of Artificial Conditions on Seasonally Dimorphic

Species, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

March 20.—Parallelism between the genera Phrissura and
Mylothris, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

April 10.—Similarity between Dry-season Forms of Allied
egine species, by, Wr i. A. Dixey.

May 1.—Divergent Mimicry by the Females of Lewceronia
aeia, Fabr., by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

A case of Homoeotic Variation in a Cockroach, by
R. Shelford.

June 5.—The Significance of some Secondary Sexual
Characters in Butterflies, by the Professor.

Abstract of Entomological Observations and Captures
during the Visit of the British Association to South Africa in
foo5, by Dro Fs A. Dixey and Dr. G. B. Longstaff.

October 2.—Sztaris muralis at Oxford, by Commander
J. J. Walker.

Transition between J7ylothris chloris, Fabr., and JZ. aga-
thina, Cram., by Dr. F. A. Dixey.

D 2

36

November 6.—New Species of Pzvacopteryx, by Dr. F. A.
Dixey.
November 20.—Mimetic Parallelism in Five Genera of
African Pierines, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
Association of Allied Forms of South American Butter-
flies, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff.
Abstract of Mimicry in North American Butterflies of the
genus Limenitis (Basilarchia), by the Professor.
December 4.— Reciprocal Convergence in Limenztis, by the
Professor.
New Species of Belenois, by Dr. F. A. Dixey.
Insect and other Foods of Blackgame, by Dr. F. Menteith
Ogilvie.
Rest Attitude of /yrza auroraria, by J. C. Moulton.

In addition to the above-named papers in the publications
of the Entomological Society, the following memoirs have
appeared in the course of the year 1907.

A monograph on the Blattidae collected by Dr. Y. Sjéstedt
in the Kilimandjaro district, by R. Shelford. In the Swedish
Academy of Sciences (36 pp., 2 plates).

The first part of a Catalogue and Generic Revision of the
Blattidae, by R. Shelford. In the Genera Insectorum,
P. Wytsman, Brussels (13 pp., 1 plate).

Preliminary list of Coleoptera observed in the neighbour-
hood of Oxford from 1819 to 1907, by Commander J. J.
Walker, Hon. M.A., R.N., F.L.S., Secretary of the Entomo-
logical Society of London. In the Ashmolean Natural
History Society’s Report. Within the seven-mile radius of
Oxford, 1,399 species are recorded in this paper.

Some notes on the Lepidoptera of the ‘‘ Dale Collection ”
of British Insects now in the Oxford University Museum, by
Commander J. J. Walker. In the Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine, 1907. I. Rhopalocera, pp. 93-101 and 130-4.
II. Heterocera, pp. 154-7.

On some new species of B/attidae in the Oxford and Paris
Museums, by R. Shelford. In the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History for Jan. 1907, pp. 25-49.

37

Aquatic Cockroaches, by R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S. In the
Zoologist for June, 1907.

Abstract of Lecture on Mimicry, by Dr, F. A. Dixey, at
the British Association at Leicester (1907). In Nature, vol.
SEXVin LOOT, p..079.

Abstract of paper—Experiments on Seasonally Dimorphic
Forms of African Lepidoptera—read by Dr. F. A. Dixey
before Section D of the British Association at Leicester. In
Report of the meeting, p. 540.

Sttaris muralis, near Oxford, by A. H. Hamm. In the
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 1906, pp. 273, 274.
Accidentally omitted from last year’s Report.

In addition to the above, a large amount of work done in
1907 has been or will be published in the course of the present
year. Thus Mr. J.C. Moulton, Magdalen College, has devoted
much time to the preparation of an account of the Burchell
Brazilian Nymphaline and Hesperid butterflies, and Mr.
G. Meade Waldo, B.A., of Magdalen College, has studied an
especially interesting and remarkable case of mimicry in the
Nymphaline butterflies of Africa.

11. Szrth volume of Hope Reports.

The materials stored in the Department are amply sufficient
for a sixth volume, which will be issued as soon as the present
Report for 1907 is printed. In addition to the ordinary
series of octavo volumes, separata of quarto papers have been
accumulating for some years, and the issue of a volume of
this size cannot be far distant. Separata for a special volume
on the Burchell Collection are also steadily accumulating.

12. Exchange of Hope Reports with the Publications
of Foreign Entomological Societies.

The Swiss Entomological Society has exchanged a com-
plete set of its publications for the five volumes of Hope
Reports, and will hereafter exchange regularly. The Professor
desires to acknowledge the generosity of the Swiss Society
and to express his thanks to Dr. Th. Steck, of Berne, for his
courteous communications on the subject.

38

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1g00.

Two hundred and forty-three Diptera from the neighbour-
hood of Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo, presented by R. Shelford,
Esq., M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge, were catalogued
and added to the Collection, together with a few uncatalogued
specimens. This valuable accession forms part of the
splendid collection of insects of various orders captured by
Dyak collectors and presented by Mr. R. Shelford in 1899,
1900, and Igol.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1901.

Sixty-five Coleoptera and 8 Rhynchota, presented by
H. D. Acland, Esq., have been added to the Collection.
The specimens, many of which belong to extremely fine
species, were formerly in the possession of Sir Henry Acland,
K.C.B., F.R.S. They are unfortunately without data.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1903.

Two hundred and eighty-five 7etrigzzae, part of the great
collection presented in 1903 by Malcolm Burr, Esq.,B.A.,F.G.S.,
F.E.S., New College, have been catalogued and incorporated,
together with 201 Phasmidae and a few uncatalogued speci-
mens. As the various parts of the University Collection of
Orthoptera are named and arranged, the corresponding groups
included in Mr. Burr’s great and valuable gift are also
determined and incorporated. The remarkable grasshoppers
(Acriditdae) of the sub-family Zetrzginae were incorporated
during the past year after study and determination in
Chicago by Dr. G. L. Hancock, who has published an inter-
esting paper on the whole of the Oxford material (Zraus.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, pp. 213-44, pl. xxi).

An interesting series of 325 butterflies, the result of
a single day’s collecting 8-10 miles from the Potaro River,
on the road to the Gold Mines in British Guiana, was
purchased from the captor, Mr. C. B. Roberts. The road
leaves the river 30 miles above its confluence with the
Fssequibo. All the specimens were captured Aug. 23, 1903,
on the white flowers of Eupatorium macrophyllum, which

Ee

39

springs up wherever the forest is cleared. Forty-five of the
best specimens and most unusual varieties have been cata-
logued and permanently added to the Collection : the remainder
are exhibited, as described in last year’s Report, in the Upper
S. corridor of the Museum, outside the Hope Department.
Against a wall facing N. and covered except in the after-
noons by a blind, they will doubtless remain without any
perceptible change in the pigments for many years. An
account of the day’s capture will be found in the Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of London, 1903, p. liv.

A small collection of Coleoptera from a great variety of
localities (Europe, Egypt, Cyprus, Brazil, N. Guinea, Australia,
S. Africa, China, Japan, Chile) was presented by the Rev. A.
Thornley, M.A., F.L.S. Fifty-six specimens have been cata-
logued and many others also incorporated. Seven Cicadas
presented by the same donor are unfortunately without data.
They are, however, wanted in the Collection, and have been
provisionally incorporated.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1904.

An interesting set of 325 butterflies captured near the
Potaro River, British Guiana, by Mr. C. B. Roberts, on
Feb. 23, 1904, compares in an instructive manner with that
taken by him in the same locality on Aug. 23, 1903. The
whole of the specimens are exhibited side by side with the
great majority of those captured on the latter date. They
were shown at the meeting of the Entomological Society of
London on June 6, 1906 (see Proceedings of that date, where
an analysis of the whole group is published).

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1905.

An immense amount of labour has been involved in setting,
cataloguing, incorporating, and especially in printing labels
for the very large collection brought from South Africa,
Mombasa, and Egypt, as a result of the visit of the British
Association in 1905.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.A., D.M., New College, and Dr.
F. A. Dixey, M.A., D.M., Wadham College, collected in the

40

following localities:—Cape Town and the neighbourhood,
including Table Mountain (early in August and again in
October); Port Elizabeth and East London (early August
and again at the end of September) ; various localities near
Durban, Colenso, and Ladysmith (August); Johannesburg
(end of August and beginning of September) ; Bloemfontein,
Kimberley, and Bulawayo, including the Matoppos (early
September); and the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi (September
11-20). In addition to the above, small numbers of specimens
were captured at many stations on the S. African railways,
altogether constituting an important addition to the Collection.
The records of locality and date are full and precise. The
specimens differ, as regards locality, from those captured by
other naturalists who accompanied the British Association,
in the very interesting collection made at Port Elizabeth and
East London and in the far greater number of representatives
from the Victoria Falls. A valuable account of the localities
and the habits of many of the species has been published
by Dr. F. A. Dixey and Dr. G. B. Longstaff in Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1907, pp. 309-81. A reference to this paper is
printed on all the labels of locality and date.

Of Dr. Longstaff’s collection no fewer than 1,314 Arthropoda,
almost exclusively insects of various orders, have been cata-
logued and incorporated in the general collection, together
with large numbers provisionally added to the Museum series.
Of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s collection 391 specimens have been
catalogued and, together with numbers of others, incorporated.
It is of course impossible to describe these large and valuable
collections in any detail. The Coleoptera presented by Dr.
Longstaff include the types and co-types of the Curculionid
beetles Edlimenistes callosicollis and Myorrhinus longstaffi of
G. A. K. Marshall.

The Hymenoptera include new species of the Aculeate
genera Halictus, Prosopis, Ceratina, and Odynerus. Dr.
Dixey’s collection contains new species of Fossorial Aculeates
belonging to the genera Scolia and Notogonia. Colonel C.T.
Bingham has kindly consented to describe these new Aculeates,
together with many other new Ethiopian species in the Uni-

4]

versity Collection. Both collections include long series of
Acraeine butterflies (hitherto excessively rare in European
collections) from the Victoria Falls (see G. B. Longstaff in
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Feb. 7, 1906), and Dr. Longstaff’s an
extremely fine species allied to Memoptera from the same
locality.

In addition to the numbers of specimens already mentioned
and incorporated in the General Collection, both Dr. Longstaff
and Dr. Dixey presented long series of specimens which
have been included in the bionomic series. Both collections,
especially Dr. Dixey’s, are very rich in the material upon
which bionomic observations had been made during life.
Thus the pleasant, presumably epigamic, scents of the males
of certain butterflies, as well as the unpleasant, presumably
aposematic, scents of both sexes of others, were studied in
large numbers of examples, constituting a most interesting
mass of material. Among many specimens specially prepared
to illustrate the procryptic attitudes of butterflies, Dr. Long-
staff’s collection includes the four specimens of Zvronia cleodora
figured in Plate XXV of the 7rvans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907.
These four Eronias, accompanied by a coloured drawing of
the leaves of the Acanthaceous plant the “ u- Bomaan”
(Ectimanthus origanoides), upon which the species has been
observed to rest, and Mr. Horace Knight’s beautiful drawing
from which the plate was made, have been added to the
bionomic series. The drawings were also presented by
Dr. Longstaff. The collections also include a series of
Lycaenid butterflies, chiefly Dr. Longstaff’s, set in such
a manner as to display the head-like appearance at the anal
angle of the hind wing. Dr. Dixey’s collection also contains
specimens illustrating procryptic attitudes of butterflies, and
examples showing that the dry-season male of Lelenots thysa
is a far better mimic of AZylothris agathina than the wet-
season male. Both collections were drawn upon to provide
illustrations of procryptic and mimetic colouring in Coleo-
ptera, as well as further examples of the mimicry of JZjlothris
by other Prerinae.

Of the specimens captured by the Professor on the same

42

visit to S. Africa, 1,462 Arthropoda, almost exclusively insects,
have been catalogued and added to the General Collection,
together with many uncatalogued specimens. A considerable
proportion of these were captured during the short visit to
Mombasa and the adjacent mainland, and a small number
during a few hours at Mozambique. It is unnecessary to
mention the S. African localities, as, with the exceptions
already noted, they were the same as those visited by Dr.
Longstaff and Dr. Dixey; and the same list will also serve
for the specimens presented by many other naturalists who
accompanied the British Association. Among the additions
to the bionomic series presented by the Professor were many
fragments of locusts and a Heteromerous beetle found lying
on the veldt near Bloemfontein (Sept. 2)—evidence of the
struggle for existence—also a young ant-like J/anéis, together
with two of the models swept from herbage at the same time
(Salisbury, Sept. 15). A large spider and one of its young,
together with the fragments of 20 insects and millipedes found
in the nest (Bloemfontein, Sept. 2), were presented by the
Professor and Guy A. K. Marshall, Esq. In addition to the
above, 135 specimens from various S. African localities, pre-
sented by Guy A. K. Marshall, Esq., have been catalogued
and incorporated, together with 4 from Kimberley, presented
by him and the Professor.

An interesting collection from the S. African localities and
Mombasa, including a few specimens from Mozambique, the
Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, was presented by the captor,
J. R. Cleland, Esq. Of these 216 have been catalogued and
many others added to the collection. In addition to the
above, 43 specimens, chiefly Coleoptera from Warrenton, Cape
Colony, were presented by the Professor and J. R. Cleland, Esq.,
and examples of Phyllodromia germanica from the SS. “ Dur-
ham Castle” by Mrs. Cleland.

Of the S. African specimens, together with a few from Beira
and Mombasa, presented by the Hon. G. L. Parsons, M.A.,
Balliol College, 106 have been catalogued and incorporated,
together with 26 presented by the same donor and the Professor.

The following specimens have been catalogued and. incor-

45

porated from small S. African collections made at various
localities and presented by the following donors :—Professor
C. NV. Boys, F_R.S:, 16 specimens; Professor’ C. V~ Boys and
Colonel Bigg-Wither, 3 specimens ; Professor Hudson Beare,
14 specimens; Miss Margaret L. Poulton, 20 specimens; Miss
Poulton, 2 specimens ; Miss Thornley, 25 specimens; Professor
W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., 3 specimens ; Professor A. C. Seward,
F.R.S., 2 specimens.

Single S. African specimens were also presented by the
following donors:—Miss Burley ; Miss Molly Jenkins; Miss
Rose; H. Balfour, Esq., M.A., Exeter College; Professor
Gene bryan, FR.S-5 ‘Ge, Weigh, Esq:5 “Professor WwW. .
Scott, of Princeton University; E. H. Short, Esq.

A very large red “tick” (Acarina) from Umkomaas, near
Durban, Natal, was presented by E. A. S. Weale, Esq. The
Acarid remained alive for several weeks, gradually contract-
ing and extruding the immense mass of minute ova with
which the body was filled.

Single specimens from Mombasa were presented by Lord
ivess, i keosand: Professor W: J. Sollas, PR.S:;) 2° by ‘CAA.
Wiggins, Esq., and 2 by H. T. Ferrar, Esq.

The “Durham Castle” steamed through a small flight of
migratory locusts crossing the Red Sea from W. to E. on
Sept. 30. A few specimens alighted on the ship, and examples
were presented by Mrs. Hudson Beare, the Chief Officer, H. B.
Marriott Watson, Esq., J. Hutchins-Ward, and the Professor.
A Scarabaeid beetle which alighted on the ship was pre-
sented by Mrs. E. B. Poulton. A Slatta and an Eristalis
captured on the ship in the Mediterranean were presented by
the Professor.

Sixty-five insects, especially Coleoptera and Acridiidae,
from various localities near Cairo, and a few between Suez
and Cairo. (Oct. 4-8), have been catalogued and incorporated

out of the-eallection presented by the Professor. The majority

were captured in the Temple of the Sphinx (Oct. 5) and other
localities near the Pyramids of Ghizeh (Oct. 5 and 6), and in
the garden of the Barrage (Oct. 7). Six insects from the
vicinity of Cairo (Oct. 6 and 7), chiefly the Zoological Gardens,

44

were presented by J. R. Cleland, Esq., and one (Oct. 4) by
Miss Banks.

Eighteen insects and 5 spiders from the neighbourhood
of Funchal, Madeira (July 26 and Oct. 17), were presented by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff, and 6 insects captured on the same dates
by Dr. F. A. Dixey. Thirteen insects from the same locality
(July 26) were presented by the Professor.

One hundred and two butterflies, captured April—June,
1905, at Fort Mlangeni (3,500 ft.), in the Liwonde District,
30 miles S. of Lake Nyassa, British Central Africa, were
presented by H. A. Byatt, Esq., B.A., Lincoln College. The
condition of the majority of specimens was not very satis-
factory, so that only 14 have been catalogued as permanent
additions, although the interest of the locality is so great that
a large proportion has been provisionally incorporated in the
Collection. Among the most interesting accessions are many
well-marked dry-season representatives of species of the genera
Precis and Melanitis, the latter including several specimens of
the local Aelanitis libya.

An extremely fine collection of Coleoptera, made in June,
July, and August, 1904, by Herr von Rengarten, on the Shilka
River, near Gorbitza, Transbaikalia, Eastern Siberia, was pre-
sented by Dupre P. Lance, Esq. Dr. G. B. Longstaff kindly
drew the attention of the generous donor to the value which
would be attached to specimens from so interesting a locality
by the Hope Department. Herr von Rengarten kindly supplied
the fullest information as to dates and locality. The collection
was preserved in vodka, and the mass of beetles must have
weighed many pounds. Commander J. J. Walker, Hon. M.A.,
F.L.S., kindly undertook the very considerable labour of sorting
out this vast amount of material into species, and selecting
series for the University Collection. Just over a thousand
specimens have been incorporated, and of these no less than
$44 were catalogued. Several species were kindly determined
for the Department by Dr. K. Brancsik. In addition to the
Coleoptera, 21 insects of various Orders from the same locality
were catalogued and incorporated.

45
ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH COLLECTIONS IN 1905.

The splendid collection of nearly 7,000 British Micro-
Lepidoptera presented by Mrs. E. C. Bazett, of Reading, have
now received their printed labels, and have been added to the
British cabinets. The series of specimens is one of the finest
donations ever received by the British Collections. The
majority were captured at no great distance from Oxford,
in the Reading district.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1906.

A fine collection of butterflies with excellent data from
Rabai, 14 miles N.W. of Mombasa, was presented by the
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., F.E.S., Wadham College.
Only a portion of the collection, including 109 specimens cap-
tured Feb.-June, 1906, has been catalogued and incorporated.
The Lycaenidae include many species of great interest, such
as 1 Lpamera diametrica, new to the Hope Department ;
1 Spindasis kallimon, H. H. Druce, recently described; 4
Telipna rogersi, H. H. Druce, a new species discovered by
the donor and only just described; 1 Vzrachola dariaves; 2
Alaena picata, and 1 Pentila peucetia. Among the Nympha-
linae, 3 Pseudacraea triment and 5 Euxanthe tiberius were
especially valuable, and the latter hitherto unrepresented.
Further examples of both species have since been received
from this most generous friend to the Department, and two
of E. téberius have been exchanged with the British Museum
of Natural History for two of £. trajyanus, new to the Depart-
ment. Next years Report will include a complete and
detailed account of the fine collection of butterflies from
Rabai and many other localities in British East Africa pre-
sented by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The great labour
of setting and printing is finished, and the final cataloguing
and incorporation will be complete at an early date.

A large collection of butterflies from various localities was
presented by R. S. Standen, Esq. Of these 72 have been
catalogued as permanent accessions, while large numbers
have also been provisionally added to the Collection. The
specimens from Thursday Island, Torres Strait, Fiji, Hapaii

46

and Vavao (Friendly Islands), and Samoa are especially
valuable, inasmuch as these localities are unrepresented or
very poorly represented in the Department.

Five examples of the interesting Pierine butterfly Zatochila
blanchardi, and two of TZ. demodice from Chile (1882-4),
together with two of 7. autodice from Monte Video (Dec.,
1880), were presented by the captor, Commander J. J. Walker,
R.N., Hon. MOA. F.L:S{7F.ES. ~ fhe data are sfullmand
precise and the specimens a valuable addition to the species
of the genus in the Department.

Seventy-eight Orthoptera, chiefly Acrzdzidae, from various
localities in N.E., Rhodesia (1904-5), were presented by S. A.
Neave, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., Magdalen College, and the British
South African Company. The specimens, which were col-
lected by Mr. Neave, are accompanied by admirable data
of both time and place. The Acridians included a single
example of a single species belonging to the sub-family
Tetriginae. This specimen has been made the type of a new
genus and new species, Cladoramus crenulatus, by Dr. J. L.
Hancock, of Chicago. This, the only example of the sub-
family captured by Mr. Neave, was found at Petauke (2,4c0 ft.)
in the East Loangwa District of N.E. Rhodesia (Dec. 20,
1904).

A series of 26 Diptera, chiefly Asz/zdae, and 7 Fossorial
Hymenoptera from Burma (1887~1900), and one Fossor from
Sikkim (1894), were presented by Colonel C. T. Bingham.
Precise and detailed data accompany all the specimens.

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH COLLECTIONS IN 1906.

Seventeen insects from Kent,the New Forest, and the Oxford
District were presented by Commander J. J. Walker, R.N.,
Hon. M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. The specimens include 4 examples
of the earwig, Antsolabis annulipes, Queenborough (August,
1906); 3 of a Dipteron, Stenopteryx hirundinis, from a swilt’s
nest; and 5 of a flea, Pulex erinacei, from the hedgehog,
Cobham Park (July, 1899). A most interesting addition to
the bionomic series consists of a specimen of the ant-mimick-
ing Staphylinid, Astelbus (MWyrmedonia) canalicufatus, found

47

on May 30, 1406, carrying a freshly killed ant, Zasius niger,
in its mandibles: from the Cumnor Hill stone-pit.

An example of the very interesting ab. colwmbina, image,
of Nola confusalis, Herr.-Sch., from Epping Forest (May 26,
1906), was presented by the captor, Selwyn Image, Esq.,
MAS, FES. of New College.

A moth, Oxford (June, 1906), and two examples of JZicro-
£lossa marginalis, a very rare Staphylinid beetle found in
birds’ nests at Huntingfield, Kent (July, 1906), was presented
byethe captor, the late A. J. Chitty, Esq. M.A, FES) KC)
Balliol College.

A specimen of the rare Staphylinid, Lathrobium punctatum
(atripalpe), from Harper's Rig Reservoir, Midlothian (April 7,
1903), was presented by the captor, Professor T. Hudson
Beare, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

Sixteen specimens of British butterflies from Herefordshire
(1902) and Barmouth (1902) were presented by the captor,
Colonel J. W. Yerbury.

A Chelifer from St. John’s Road, Oxford (Oct., 19¢6), was
presented by the captor, W. W. Taylor, Esq., M.A., Queen’s
College.

One of the “diamond beetles” (Phyllobius), from the Parks
Observatory (May 15, 1906), was presented by the captor,
Miss Bellamy.

Forty-four insects of various groups, from the New Forest
(1898-1906) and various localities in Surrey (1897-1906), were
presentedsby the captor, W. J. Lucas, Esq., B-A.; F-E.S.. ihe
series includes 2 MWecostethus grossus, Raphidia notata, Psocus
longicornis, Ps. nebulosus,and Clocon similis. The data are full
and precise.

Thirty-six insects of various groups from Streatley, St. Helens
(Isle of Wight), Limpley Stoke, Tubney, Yarnton, Beckley,
S. Hincksey (1904-6), were presented by the captor, Mr. W.
Holland, of the Hope Department. A fine set of specimens
of the rare Pentatomid bug, Aelia acuminata, from Streatley,
is included, together with examples of the Phytophagous
beetle, Aptercpoda orbiculata, with its Hemipterous mimic,
Hlalitcus apterus, captured with it; also the ant, J/yrmica

48

rubra, with the mimetic Staphylinid beetle Asti/bus (Myrme-
donia) canaliculata, captured at the same time and under the
same conditions. Both these examples were exhibited to
the Entomological Society of London (Proceedings, 1906,
pollsxii):

Eighteen insects from various localities in the neighbour-
hood of Oxford (1905, 1906) were presented by the captor,
Mr. A. H. Hamm. They include four Sz¢arzs muralis (a pair
captured 77 coz/#i, and a specimen found in a spider’s web, for
the bionomic collection), a series of the Apterous fly Elachy-
plera brevipennts, and of the Asilid Meottamus cyanurus ; also,
for the collection illustrating mimicry, 2 humble-bees and
a mimetic fly captured together.

Twenty-one insects from the following localities near Oxford:
Cumnor, Wytham, Tubney, and Henwood ; and from Cheshire
and Lancashire, were presented by Mr. J. Collins. They
include 3 examples of the “ footman” moth Lithosia sericea
(July 21, 1906), confined to the Warrington district; 3 of the
local Leucorrhinia dubia, from Delamere Forest (June 27,1906);
and from the Oxford localities 2 examples of the rare Staphy-
linid, Lathrobium quadratum; and an example of the Asilid
genus Veoitamus, determined as JV. cothurnatus by G. H.
Verrall, Esq. This is the only example of the species which
has been found in Britain since Mr. Holland’s original dis-
covery of the species at Tubney in June, 1895, and his
rediscovery in June, 1901 (see G. H. Verrall in Proc. nz,
Soc. Lond., 1904, p. XXxiil).

The Geometrid moth Czdaria miata, from the Electrical
Department of the University Museum (Sept., 1906), was pre-
sented by the captor, Mr. G. A. Bennett.

A specimen of the Oriental cockroach Periplaneta austral-
astae, introduced into Oxford in bananas and captured July 4,
1906, was presented by C. J. Bayzand, Esq.

A beetle and a spider found in or near the Museum were
presented by the captor, Mr. H. Trim.

The moths 7riphosa dubitata and Notodonta dictaea, from
Oxford (Aug. 21, 1406), were presented by the captor, Mr.
Hea... db eleher

49

A Locustid and a spider (May 12 and Sept. 1) were pre-
sented by Mr. H. Mills.

Three Diptera captured on the Museum windows (Feb. 17,
19¢6), and a pair of Bombus hortorum captured zz cotti at
St. Helens, Isle of Wight, were presented by the Professor.

The following examples of predaceous insects and their
prey were inadvertently omitted from Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud.,
1906, pp. 323-409. They will appear in an Appendix to the
second part of that memoir.

From H. Donisthorpe, Esq., F.E.S.:—

Captor Prey Locality and date
DipTERA
Scalophaga stercoraria 3 Bibio johannis o7 | Hanwell, May 27,
1904
” ” 2 ” ” o” |
HyMEnopreraA PHYTOPHAGA |
Allantus temulus o7 Empts tessellata | Charing, N.E. Kent,
June Ir, 1904

Brom G. Et. Vertall, Esq., FES, :—

ODONATA
Ischnura elegans 9 Leptocerus

aterrimus o7

Newmarket, June 16,
1906

The following examples’ published in the memoir above
referred to have been catalogued and incorporated since the
appearance of the last Report :—

(1) Captured and presented by Col. J. W. Yerbury, the
Empid fly Ocydromia glabricula 9 with its prey, a Myceto-
philid fly Sczara sp. g, from Porthcawl, S. Wales, July 17,
1906 (l.c. No. 285, p. 385); also the Empid, Zachydromia
minuta § with its prey, a minute Cynipid of the genus
Alloxysta, from Porthcawl, June 22, 1906 (1. c. No. 290, p. 385).

(2) Captured and presented by J. E. Collin, Esq., F.E.S.,,
the Anthomyid fly Pucellia maritima 9, the prey of the
Asilid fly Phzlonicus albiceps 8, from Studland, Dorset,
Ame. 22, 1906 (I. c. No. 143; p. 347).

E

30

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS IN 1907.

The collection of Orthoptera, especially the Alatzidae, has
been enriched by many accessions as the direct result of
Mr. Shelford’s labours.

Twenty-eight Zetriginae and 7 Blattidae from Mexico
(1898) and the following States :—IIlinois (1895-1906), Indiana
(1895-1903), Massachusetts (1899), Texas (1907), and Wis-
eonsin (1901), were presented by Dr. G. L. Hancock, of
Chicago. The value of the donation was increased by the
fact that the species have been determined by this dis-
tinguished Orthopterist.

Thirty-four ladtidae from various localities were presented
by the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The majority of
the species are new to the Hope Collection, and most of
them are co-types of species recently described in the De-
partment by R. Shelford, Esq. M.A., Emmanuel College,
Cambridge.

Two examples of the gigantic “earwig ” (Yorficulidae) Antso-
labis littorea, from Wellington, North Island, New Zealand
(Dec., 1901), another very fine Forficulid from Westport
(Dec. 31, 1901), and two Acridians from Porter’s Pass, 3,200 ft.
(Dec. 27, 1901), were presented by the captor, Commander
J.J. Walker, R/N., Hon. MA. F.LS., FoEsss ihe tworlatter
localities are in the South Island. Commander Walker also
presented two Forficulids, Azcsolabis tasmanica, captured by
him on Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 4,100 ft., and a Blattid,
Cosmozosteria sp., from Sydney, collected (1906) by H. J.
Carter, Esq. |

A series of 48 Orthoptera, chiefly Blattidae, were received
in exchange from Dr. J. A. G. Rehn. The specimens, which
were captured in various localities, mainly in tropical America,
were all determined by Dr. Rehn.

Fifty-eight Alatidae from various localities in Australia,
and collected at various dates, were presented by W. W.
Froggatt, Esq. The data are full and precise, and the series
a valuable addition to the Collection.

Fifty-seven Llattidae from the Kilimanjaro district were
presented by Professor Yngve Sjostedt, of Stockholm. This

51

valuable accession includes the co-types of 10 new species
described by Mr. R. Shelford.

Eighty-seven Blattidae from various localities were presented
by R. Shelford, Esq., M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
F.L.S., F.E.S. This valuable addition to the Collection
includes the types of Nauphoeta epilamproides, Shelford, and
Protagonista lugubris, Shelford.

Three Blattidae, examples of 3 new species from the neigh-
bourhood of Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo, were presented by the
Sarawak Museum.

Eleven 2Blattidae were presented by the Deutsche Entom.
Nat. Mus., Berlin, including the type of Chorisoncura pallida 3 ,
Shelford, and co-types of the following species described by
the same authority, Mazphoeta elegans, N. epilamproides,
and Phyllodromia mirabilts.

A valuable series of 59 Orthoptera was presented by Dr.
K. Brancsik, including the types of many species described by
the donor. Among the Liattidae is the type of Aphlebidea
brunnert and the types of five other species; among the J/an-
tidae, Orthodera laticollis; among the Locustidae, Cymatomera
brancstki of Brunner von Wattenwyl; while the Acridizdae
contain the types of 9 species described by Dr. Brancsik.

Eighteen lattidae, from the Kurumadzi River in Portuguese
East Africa (Nov. 1906), were presented by G. A. K. Marshall,
Esq., together with 3 Achetidae from the same locality. The
specimens were collected by C. F. M. Swynnerton, Esq.

Six Blattidae, including co-types of Cardax willeyt, Shelford,
were presented by the Trustees of the British Museum of
Natural History.

An exotic Blattid, Pyl/odromia sp., introduced in bananas
and captured at Plymouth (Oct. 1906), was presented by the
captor, J. Es Keys, Esq.

An undescribed species of Blattid, Panesthia sp. a Forfi-
culid, and a series of 33 fine Coleoptera, collected (Oct. 1895)
on Masarang Mt. (3,000-4,000 ft.), N. Celebes, by Dr. C. Hose,
were presented by the Linacre Department of Comparative
Anatomy.

Four Blattidae collected (1906) by Prof. Vosseler in Amani,

E 2

52

German East Africa, were presented by the Berlin Zoological
Museum. They include the co-type of a new species, of which
Mr. Shelford’s description is now in the press.

Thirteen Alattidae from the Cameroons, from German S.W.
Africa, and from German New Guinea, were presented by the
Wiesbaden Natural History Museum. They include 7 co-
types of new species, of which Mr. Shelford’s description is
now in the press.

Thirty-three Blattidac, from New Guinea and various
localities in Australia, were presented by the National
Museum, Melbourne. They include several new species, to
be hereafter described by Mr. Shelford.

A splendid set of 1,427 moths, collected about rgo4 in the
Khasia Hills, Assam, was presented by Herbert Druce, Esq.,
F.L.S:;, E.Z.S., FsE:S. ‘Many of the species are minutesand
excessively delicate, but nevertheless their condition is very
unusually perfect. They have been beautifully set by
Mr. Cant, and the whole collection forms one of the finest
donations ever received by the Department. All have now
been added to the Collection and no less than 1,040 catalogued.
The great majority of the species belong to the Geometridae,
Noctuidae, and Pyralidae. In addition to the above 1 Ly-
caenid butterfly and 6 Neuroptera from the Khasia Hills were
presented by the same generous donor.

A very valuable series of ants, preserved in spirit, was pre-
sented by R. C. Wroughton, Esq., F.Z.S. The great majority
are from the Oriental Region, but a certain number of speci-
mens are Australian, S. African, and American. The speci-
mens have been studied by Professor Auguste Forel and
Colonel C. T. Bingham, and many are co-types of these
distinguished authorities. The donation is a most valuable
addition to the University Collection of a most interesting
group of insects.

Specimens of the larva (from Orotava, Teneriffe, May 5,
1907) and imago (Santa Cruz, Jan. 3, 1907) of Danaida
(Limnas) chrysippus were presented by the Rt. Hon. Lord
Walsingham, F.R S.. The larva has been beautifully preserved
by the donor.

53

The following valuable series of types and co-types of
Curculionidae, described in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, p. 911,
by Guy A. K. Marshall, Esq., F.E.S., &c., have been presented
by the author, who has added so generously to the University
Collections for many years:—L£clatops sheppardi 9 ; Stropho-
somus salisburiensis 3; Strophosomus binotatus ; Strophosomus
sulcatifrons ; Platycopes alfredensis o and 3 ; Piazomias vart-
color 3; Piazomias pratensis 7; Rhinosomphus mutabilis o7;
Systates adentipes, type 2, co-type o7; Zeugorygma orangiae ;
Cyclomus algoensis 9 ; Cyclomus simplex o7; Rhyparasomus
mashunus 9 ; HHypsomus parvus, % co-types; Phacemastix
poultont 2; Aplemonus sizyphi; Balaninus nubifer 7; Bala-
ninus ficorum 7; Balaninus aurivillit 67; Balaninus barkeri & ;
Balaninus diversicornis 9; Neiphagus mashunus; Endaeus
SJtoralis 2; Endaeus hispidus 7; Acanthorrhinus zambesianus 2 .

One hundred and fourteen Australian J/wtillidae, repre-
senting 27 species, chiefly captured by G. Turner, Esq., at Port
Mackay, Queensland (1900), were presented by Rowland E.
Turner, Esq., F.E.S., brother of the captor. All the species
of this valuable addition to the Collections have been deter-
mined by the donor. The donation also includes 4 examples
of an interesting Tenthredinid from the same locality.

An example of Amauris echeria, the model of the cenxea
female form of Papilio dardanus subsp. cenea, was presented
by the captor, G. F. Leigh, Esq., F.E.S. The specimen was
captured near Durban, Natal (Mar. 1907). An example of
the Nymphaline butterfly Charaxes etheocles, flying to light in
the evening and bitten by a bat, Durban (Mar. 28, 1907), was
presented by the same donor.

A number of insects of various Orders, collected by Mr. H. S.
Rohu in British New Guinea (Aug. rgoo~Mar. 1901), were pre-
sented by H. Balfour, Esq., M.A. The locality is of much
interest—Tamata and Gira, below Mount Albert Edward,
between Holnicote Bay and the Anglo-German boundary.
Sixty-one specimens, including nearly the whole of the col-
lection, have been catalogued and incorporated.

A series of Oriental Asilid flies, with admirable data, were
presented by the captor, Colonel C. G. Nurse. The Diptera were

54

collected at the following extremely interesting localities :—
British Baluchistan, Quetta (6,000 ft., 1902-3), 60 specimens ;
Pishin (5,000 ft., Apr. 1902), 2 specimens; Kashmir (8,000-—-
9,000 ft., June, Igo ; 5,000-6,000 ft., May 1901; 5,000 ft., Apr.
19OI ; 4,000 ft., June, 1901), 7 specimens ; Bombay Presidency,
Disa (1897, 1901), Bombay (1904), 19 specimens.

Thirty-nine butterflies, of which 19 have been catalogued,
from various localities in Mauritius (1905-7), were presented
by the captor, Colonel N. Manders, F.E.S. The data are full
and precise, and the specimens are a most interesting addi-
tion to the island forms in the University Collections. Colonel
Manders also presented a valuable series of 255 specimens of
the Satyrine butterfly J/elanitis leda, taken by him between
March 10 and Dec. 31, 1905, at Curepipe, Mauritius (about
1800 ft.). All the specimens are carefully dated. Setting
was a matter of great difficulty, from the effects of formaline
which had been added to destroy mould; but Mr. A. Cant,
F.E.S., to whom the butterflies were entrusted, has succeeded
in displaying them admirably, in spite of this obstacle. This
species has for many years been known to exhibit seasonal
changes in a marked degree, the wet-season individuals
possessing well-developed “eye-spots” on the under sides of
the wings. In specimens of the dry season the apex of the
fore-wing is produced and bent, while the under-surface,
without eye-spots, beautifully resembles a dead leaf, the ap-
pearance of black, leaf-attacking fungi being often represented
by the so-called “ink-marks.” Although so well known, the
nature and mode of incidence of the physiological stimulus
which causes the change is still imperfectly understood, and
the problem, apparently so simple, is of great difficulty. ‘This
fine series, all set to show the under-surface of the wings, and
arranged in order of date, side by side with the rainfall of the
locality for the year 1905, cannot fail to throw much light
upon it.

Seven butterflies from Bourbon (Réunion), captured in
April, 1907, were also presented by the same donor. Very few
examples from this island exist in the Hope Department.

Forty-nine butterflies and 13 moths, captured by Colonel

55
Downes (July, 1905~June, 1906) in various localities in
Mauritius, were presented by the Rev. Arthur M. Downes.
The specimens were unfortunately in poor condition, but
many of them will be of value to the Collection.

Thirty-two insects of various Orders, from the Botanical
Gardens, Singapore (Jan._Mar. 1907), were presented by the
Director, H. N. Ridley, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Exeter College.
Sixteen specimens have been catalogued, and nearly the whole
incorporated.

A very valuable series of 56 wasps (Diploptera), from
various localities, especially in Mexico (1903), was presented
by the Vicomte R. du Buysson, of the Musée d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris. The value of this important gift was greatly
increased by the fact that all the species were determined by
this distinguished authority on the Diploptera.

Many examples of the Nycteribiid, Cyclopodia sykesit, para-
sitic on the fruit-eating bat, Preropus gigantcus, were presented
by H. Scott, Esq. The specimens were collected (Feb. 23,
1907) by Paymaster T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., on Bar-
beryn Island, to the west of Ceylon.

Two male specimens of the beautiful Nymphaline butterfly
Euxanthe trajanus, from the Cameroons, were received in
exchange from the British Museum of Natural History.

An example of the conspicuous distasteful Pierine genus
Delias, together with a Nymphaline mimic belonging to the
genus J/ynes, was presented by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc.,
M.A., Jesus College. The specimens, which were bred at
Cairns, Queensland (Aug. 1904), are an interesting addition
to the bionomic series.

Four Euploeas, with 4 examples of an Elymniine mimic,
from German New Guinea (about 1897), were presented by
Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department—an interesting
accession to the bionomic collection.

Dr. Longstaffs valuable collection from the West Indian
Islands and South and Central America has received its
printed labels, and is ready for cataloguing and incorporation.
It is, however, kept back until the donor’s papers have
appeared, in order that a special reference label may be

56 :

printed and added to the specimens. The collection contains
approximately the following numbers of specimens from the
various localities visited:—Jamaica, 1,200; Barbados, 62;
Trinidad, 215; Tobago, 225; Venezuela, 744; Colombia,
112; Panama, 140; total, 2,698. The numbers are in reality
ereater, because several specimens, when mounted on a single
card, are counted as one.

Two interesting families, bred from mimetic female forms of
Papilio dardanus, subsp. cenea, were purchased from Mr. G, F.
Leigh, of Durban. In the first of these the parent, of the
cenea form, mimicking Amauris echeria and albimaculata,
was captured Jan. 14, 1907, and laid 42 eggs, Jan. 15 and 16.
From these, 32 butterflies were successfully reared, and in-
cluded 15 males (non-mimetic), 16 females of the cezea form
resembling the female parent, and a single female of the form
hippocoon, mimicking the very different Asmauris, A. niavius
subsp. dominicanus. The second family, bred, about the same
time from a /ippocoon female (the parent, with its data, was
inadvertently retained by Mr. Leigh, who has promised to
send it at a later date), consists of 29 butterflies, made up of
16 males and 13 females, all of the cezea form, and not one
resembling the parent. The great interest of these families is
the evidence afforded of the selective power of the model over
the proportions of the mimetic forms of the mimic. The
dominant Danaine pattern of Natal is that exhibited by
Amauris echeria and A. albimaculata, and the corresponding
mimetic female of P. dardanus is equally dominant. Further
to the north, where Amauris niavius, subsp. dominicanus,
predominates over, and in many areas altogether displaces,
echeria and albimaculata, the corresponding “Azppocoon female
of dardanus predominates over and finally displaces the
cenea form,

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH COLLECTIONS IN 1907.

Mr. W. Holland’s Carabidae, chiefly presented to the
Department in 1901, but also increased in subsequent years,
constitute by far the largest part of this section of the British
beetles. Nearly all the British Carabidae have now been

57

arranged, with the kind help of Commander Walker, by
Mr. Collins, in thirty drawers, so that any student of British
“ground-beetles” who visits the Department will at once
realize how much the University Collection of these fine
insects is indebted to Mr. Holland’s generosity. Out of
nearly 4,400 specimens already arranged, over three-quarters
have been presented by him. All possess admirable data of
time and place, and the great majority—captured in the
Reading and Oxford districts—have the additional interest
of being representative of the neighbourhood.

One hundred and ninety-four Coleoptera and 54 Hemiptera
from many British localities were presented by H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, Esq., F.E.S. The localities include the Isle of
Wight (1894), Middlesex (1892, 1906), Kent (1890, 1906), Berk-
shire (1906), Norfolk (1906), Surrey (1893, 1905, 1906), Dorset
(1896, 1906), Hertford (1906), Hampshire (1906), N. Wales
(1906), Durham (1906), Devonshire (1906), Cumberland (1903),
Bedford (1906), Birmingham (1906), Staffordshire (1906),
Cambridgeshire (1893), Perthshire (1900), Leicestershire (1902),
Northumberland (tgoo), Sussex (1895). This valuable dona-
tion to the British Collection brings the number of species
of British Coleoptera to 1,375 out of a total of 3,294, pre-
sented by the same generous friend of the Hope Depart-
ment. A minute Hymenopteron and the following interesting
addition to the bionomic series were also presented by the
same kind donor :—A Zenthredo (Hymenoptera Phytophaga)
captured with its Dipterous mimic in the New Forest (July 17,
1906), and another pair from Harlech, N. Wales (June 22,
1906); numerous fragments of insects from an owl’s nest
(Richmond Park, March 20, 1906) and the excrementa of
birds (Cheshunt, Hertford, June 19, 1906, and Sutton Broad,
Norfolk, June 8, 1906). The latter of these consisted of
fragments of Phytophagous beetles of the genus Donacia,
found upon freshwater plants.

The following specimens were presented by W. J. Lucas,
Esq., B.A., F.E.S., who has rendered kind assistance to the
Department for many years. A set of 8 examples of the
Blattid Letobius lapponicus (Surrey, 1896-8, and the New

58

Forest, 18y8—sgo1); also 2 specimens of an exotic cricket now
established at Kew, captured Feb., 1907 ; 22 insects from the
following localities :—Lymington (1907), Enfield (1907), the
Broads, Norfolk (1906), Wisley Pond, Surrey (1896, 1903),
New Forest (1906, 1907). These include 2 examples of the
largest British grasshopper JZecostethus grossus, 3 females
and I male of the dragon-fly Orthetrum cancellatum, and a
specimen of Periplaneta americana.

Two examples of the Chrysomelid beetle Phaedon tumt-
dulus, and one of its mimic, the Histerid beetle Saprinus
virescens, were presented to the bionomic collection by
Commander J. J, Walker, R.N., Hon. M.A., F:L.8., Passi
Models and mimic were captured together on the leaves of
Pastinaca sativa (May 25, 1907) at Cothill, near Abingdon.
Commander Walker also presented thirteen insects from the
Oxford district and other English localities (tg04-7). The
species include Brachytron pratense, 3 examples of the squirrel
flea, Trichopsylla sciurorum, as well as 2 Ectobius lapponicus
(New Forest, July 13, 1907).

In addition to the valuable donation to the bionomic series
described on p. 747, two co-types of the Dipterous insect Phora
pubericornis, Malloch (E. M. M., 1908, p. 12), from Murroch
Glen, Bonhill, Dumbarton (Sept. 14, 1907), were presented
by J. R. Malloch, Esq.

A male “ stag-beetle” (Lucanus cervus) from Great Leigh
Rectory (June) was presented by the Rev. A. Clark, M.A.,
Lincoln College.

Twelve examples of the Longicorn beetle Callidium vio-
laceum (May 24) were presented by the Rev. W. Mansel
Merry, M.A., Lincoln College.

Thirty-six English insects, chiefly from the Oxford district
and captured in 1907, but a few in earlier years, were pre-
sented by Mr. W. Holland, of the Hope Department. They
include many local moths in beautiful condition, a series
of 20 local dragon-flies, 3 examples of the Blattid Ectobius
lapponicus, and one of Tettix bipunctata.

Thirty-one insects from the New Forest and _ various
localities in the Oxford district were presented by the captor,

x”)

59

Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department. Nearly all were
taken in 1907. They include 17 moths, several taken in the
University Museum, and some local species; also a specimen
of the “ Chalk-hill Blue,” Lycaena corydon, captured Aug. 8,
1906, at Tubney, an interesting addition to the Oxford
localities of the species.

Three examples of Locusta viridissima from Lye Hill, near
Cowley (Aug. 1907), were presented by the captor, C. H.
Hamm, son of Mr. A. H. Hamm.

Two species of the Dipterous genus Gastrophilus, together
with their puparia, were presented by Mr. J. Collins, of the
Hope Department. The flies were bred (Aug. 14) from
larvae found in horse-dung near Headington Wick.

Twenty-four insects from various localities in the Oxford
district (June—Nov.) were presented by Mr. J. Collins. They
include the following interesting species of Staphylinid beetles
from moles’ nests :—Quwedius vexans, Oxypoda metatarsalis,
Aleochara spadicea, and Heterothops nigra.

Two specimens of the “rose-beetle” Cezonia aurata (Aug.14,
1907) were presented by Mr. L. Holt, and two others captured
in a rose in the Linton Road Allotments (June 22, 1907) by
Mr. L. Simons.

A beetle, Cassida obsoleta, captured in the University
Museum (May 28), was presented by Mr. A. Robinson, and
a “swift” moth Hepialus luputinus 3 , found (June 12) in the
same building, by Mr. S. Paviere.

A weevil (July 18) was presented by Mr. H. Mills.

The moth Geometra vernaria (July 19) was presented by
Mr. H. Walters.

A specimen of Sphinx convolvuli, taken in the Hayfield
Road at an unusual date (June 14, 1907), was purchased from
Mr. Keats.

An example of Acherontia atropos, captured in the Bainton
Road (Sept. 3, 1907), was purchased from Mr, F. W. Goddard.

The following valuable additions to the bionomic series of
predaceous insects and their prey have been received in 1907
from many kind donors, mentioned in the list as observers.

60

The great majority are from British localities, examples from
other countries being placed together at the end of the list,
Many other examples as yet uncatalogued have been received

from kind friends of the Department.
and acknowledged in the Report of next year.

These will be described

Predaceous

Diptera and their prey are tabulated below, the relatively few
examples of predaceous insects belonging to other Orders
being placed in a second list.

CAPTORS (Diptera).

Spilogaster
meres @

2 Spilogaster nigrt-
nervis ©

flemerodromia pre-
catoria

Tachypeza nubzila 8

nigre-

Tachydronia infus-
cata?

LHybos femoratus

Lachydromiaagilis $

flilara litorea

Caricea intermedia

”? ? 2
Scatophaga — sterco-
varia §
Scatophaga — sterco-
varia $
Scatophaga — sterco-
raria $
Scatophaga sterco-
rar ta F
Scatophaga squa-
lida 8

é and @ Empid zz
coit#, 9 with prey

ENSIIG ie é :

4 Asilidae

8 Asilidae

Asilid

Asilid

2 Dysmachus tri-

onus
Dioctria oelandica .

filara litorea
Homoptera

Psycthoda
nordes $

Psychoda
notdes

Oscinis frit

phalae-
phalae-

Trichina clavipes

Sympycnus annu-
lifes $
Aphis . - .

Empis aestiva

Argyra argentina

Dolichopus popu-
laris &

LHyidrotea trritans 2

LParallelomma a
pess

LHomalomyia
laris 8

Rhypholophus

aulosus 8
Dipteron

sca- |

720-

Dipteron
Diptera
Diptera
Neuropteron .
Ichneumonid
Diptera

TIchneumonid

PREY (chiefly Diptera). LocALiry, DATE,AND OBSERVER.

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27 and
Aug. 29, 1907, J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 17, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 13, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, Aug. 10, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, Aug. 3, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, Aug. 10, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 6, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 27, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 13, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 17, 1907,
J. Kk. Malloch

Near Abingdon, May 25,
Commander J. J. Walker

New Forest, July 31, 1907, R. New-
stead

1907,

New Forest, July, Aug., 1907,
G, Amold

New Forest, July, Aug., 1907,
A. H. Hamm

New Forest, July 30, 1907, A. H.
Hamm

New Forest, Aug. 5, 1907, A. H.
Hamin

Tubney, near Oxford, July 21, 1907,
A. H. Hamm

New Forest, May, 1897, F.C. Adams

CAPTORS (Diptera).

Dysmachus trigonus
Laphria marginata

LFintpts tessellata
2 Empis livida
Empis lutea
2 Pachymeria femo-
vrata
Flybos grosstpes
Scatophaga sterco-
varia
Scatophaga merdarta
2 Scatophaga lutaria
Caricea tigrina
Caricea humilis
Laphria gilva L.Q
+ meee
77 cowtnh, 9 with
prey
4 examples of a fine
Asilid fly
Small Asilid
Microstylum dux
9 ” é
5 Microstylum dux,
26,39
Lromachus anicius

” ”?

61

Prey (chiefly Diptera). LocaLity, DATE, AND OBSERVER.

Alophorahemipiera

Cinxtus (Homo-
ptera)

Bibio marci $

Diptera

Dipteron -

Diptera ° .

Psocid
Dipteron

Dipteron .

Diptera .

Dipteron

Dipteron :

Vespa rufa 8 -

Pentatomid bug,
Dolycoris bacca-
rum d

3 with moths, t with)
Pyramets cardud -

Winged ant
Vespa cincta .
Pentatomid bug
Cicadae

Apis sp.
Locustid

” July 4; 1907 2)
i July 22, 1907 a

i May 29, 1907 ”

” July, 1907 ”
” July 6, 1907 ”
“o July, 1907 5

” Sept. 3, 19097 ”
» Apr. 13, $907 ”

» July 17,1907 ”
” July, 1g07 »”
May 30, 1907 XS
a July 15, 1997 op

Grinderwald, Hanover, Sept. 1906,

Dr. Karl Jordan

Quetta, British Baluchistan (6,000

feet), July, 1902, and June, 1903,
Col GG. Nuxse

Macao, China, about June, 1906,

J. C. Kershaw

Predaceous insects other than Diptera are tabulated below,
all the examples being British except the last.

CAPTORS.

HEMIPTERA.
Nabis limbatus

ODONATA
(Dragon-flies).
Agrion puella.

Agrion sp.

HYMENOPTERA.
Allantus arcuatus .

Vespa germanica
Wasp . :
Mellinus arvensis .

Ampulex sp.

PREY (chiefly Diptera).

Tipula paludosa g

Lrioptera
SCENS

SJlave-

Pachyrrhina his-

trio $
Rhamphomyia sp. «
Pieris rapae .
Dipteron =
Dipteron °

Rhyparobia
derae

mla-

LOCALITY, DATE, AND OBSERVER.

Theydon Bois, Essex, Sept. 13, 1905,
F. W. and H. Campion. (£72¢0-
mologist, 1905, p. 281.)

Epping Forest, July 7, 1907, F. W.
and H.Campion. (£xtomologist,
1907, Pp. 275-)

Bonhill, Dumbarton, July 19, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Bonhill, Dumbarton, Aug. 3, 1907,
J. R. Malloch

Hugglecote, near Gloucester, Aug.,
1906, G. M. Newstead

Shotover Hill, near Oxford, Sept. 8,
1907, A. H. Hamm

Tubney, near Oxford, Oct. 6, 1907,
W. Holland

Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago,
1886, Prof. G. C. Bourne

62
THE HOPE LIBRARY.

With Miss Shelford’s efficient assistance the card catalogue
has made great progress during the past year, and all the
Orders of insects are finished except the Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera. A second card cabinet purchased in the
course of the year will, it is hoped, afford sufficient space for
the completed catalogue.

DONATIONS.
The following publications and Reports were presented :—

Bombay Natural History Society: Journal, vol. xvii (1907).

Boston Society of Natural History : Proceedings, vol. xxxiii
(1407).

Bristol Museum: Report for 1905-6,

British Museum, Trustees of the :—

W. F. Kirby, A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera
vol. ii.

Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart.: Catalogue of Lepidoptera
Phalaenae, vol. vi.

E. E. Austen: Illustrations and Notes of Blood-sucking
Flies.

Cambridge University: Forty-first Annual Report for 1906
of the Museum and Lecture-rooms Syndicate.

India Office, Secretary of State for India in Council :—

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma,
W. L. Distant, Rhynchota, vol. iv (Homoptera), Part I.
Lieut.-Col. C. T. Bingham, Butterflies, vol. ii.

Indian Museum, Calcutta: Report for 1905-6.

Ireland, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruc-
tion for: Four treatises on Marine Crustacea by the following
authors :—S, W. Kemp, B.A.; W.M.Tattersall, B.Sc.; E.W. L.
Holt; J: Pearson; M.Sc.

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: Insects and other
Arthropoda collected in the Congo Free State, R. Newstead,
J. 2. Dutton, and). todd:

New York State Museum: Fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth
Annual Reports.

63

Owens College: Report of the Manchester Muscum, 1906-7.

Ottawa Experimental Farms: Report, 19c7.

Radcliffe Library : Catalogue of Books added to the Library
in 1906.

Sarawak Museum: Report for 1906.

Smithsonian Institution, Washington: Memoirs on Insects
and Crustacea by the following authors:—H. A. Pilsbury,
Nathan Banks, H. G. Dyar, A. Weckel, C. B. Wilson, A. Busck,
A. N. Caudell, Lord Walsingham, Harriet Richardson.

United States National Museum, Washington: Annual
Report for 1905-6.

United States, Department of Agriculture: Bureau of
Entomology, Washington: Fifty bulletins on Economic
I-ntomology by various authors ; three monthly lists of Pub-
lications issued by the Department; Report of the Inspector
of Apiaries.

The following authors have presented their publications to
the Library :—

W. S. Blatchley : The Orthoptera of Indiana.

Dr. Carolus Brancsik: A complete set of his valuable
memoirs on insects of various Orders.

Monsieur A. Conte, of Lyons: Essai de classification des
Lépidopteres, producteurs de soie.

Drwicedenck dw Cane Godman,.D:C.L., PaARS. Sex:
Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands.

Dr. J. L. Hancock, of Chicago: A Monograph of the Tetri-
ginae, from the Genera Insectorum (Wytsman).

M. Jacoby and H. Clavareau: Coleoptera Phytophaga,
Fam. Chrysomelidae, Sub-family Clytrinae, from the Genera
Insectorum (Wytsman),

Dr. F. Karsch, of Berlin: Thirty-three memoirs, chiefly on
Orthoptera, and seventeen papers on Coleoptera.

Monsieur Ch. Oberthiir, of Rennes: Observations sur la
Sesia uroceriformis, var. Americana, and Etudes de Lépido-
ptérologie comparcée, Fascicule II, Rennes, 1906. The latter
publication contains three beautifully coloured plates, one
illustrating mimicry in certain Nymphaline butterflies of

64

S. America, and two the yellow-marked species of Weftis
from China and Thibet. It is a valuable contribution to
subjects which are specially studied in the Hope Department.

L. Petinguey, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Curator of the South Atrican
Museum, Cape Town: Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South
Africa, Parts II to VI, and thirteen memoirs on Insects; also
Report of the Inspector of Vineyards for 1886, Cape of Good
Hope, Cape Town.

Dr. W. A. Schulz: Hymenoptera, Fam. Trigonaloidae, from
Genera Insectorum (Wytsman); Schwimmende Braconiden ;
and, in conjunction with E, Rousseau, Les Hyménopteres
Aquatiques avec description de deux espéces nouvelles.

Dr. Y. Sjostedt, of Stockholm: Seven papers on Insects.

Dr. W. L. Tower, Instructor in Embryology, University of
Chicago: A noteworthy memoir, fully illustrated, entitled An
Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the
Genus Leptinotarsa.

Original papers have also been presented by the following
authors :— Dr. N. Annandale, B.A., Balliol College, Superin-
tendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta; G. J. Arrow, F.E.S. ;
Professor C. Aurivillius (four memoirs); E. E. Austen, F.Z.S.;
Professor IT. Hudson Beare) F.R'S: Helse Ge ben
eroth, C.M.Z.S. of Tammerfors, Finland, and Seattle, Wash-
ington, U.S.A.; Lieut.-Col. ©. 1. Bingham, °Z.S%) fakes
Professor E. L. Bouvier, of the Paris Museum (six memoirs) ;
Dr. M. v. Brunn, of Hamburg Museum; Malcolm Burr, B.A.,
New College, F:G.S., F.L:S., F.E.S. (eight memoirs) = Vicomete
R. du Buysson (three memoirs); H. Hamilton Druce, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S.; Dr. E. Giglio-Tos, of the University of Cagliari,
Italy (four memoirs); Dr. F. D. Godman, D'C{) Res wer
Dr. Achille Griffini, of the Royal Technical Institute of
Genoa; C. Gordon Hewitt, B.Sc., Owens College, University
of Manchester; Dr. Walther Horn, of Berlin (four memoirs) ;
W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S. (six memoirs); Dr. G. B. Long-
Staff, M.A., D.M., New College, F.R-C.P.; &essand Mis:
Longstaff; W.S. Marshall and H. H. Severin ; W. S. Marshall
and C. T. Vorhies; G. A. K. Marshall, F.Z.SiF.E.S. (gree
memoirs); F, Merrifield, F.E.S.; Dr. J. A. G. Rehn, of

65

Philadelphia (five memoirs); Dr. A. Schulthess-Schindler, of
Ziirich (six memoirs); E, H. Sellards (two memoirs); Rk.
Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., &c. (three memoirs); Rev. T. R. R.
Stébbing, M.A., Worcester College, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Dr, V.
Szépligeti, of Buda Pesth ; R. E. Turner, F.E.S.; Dr. W. M.
Wheeler, of the American Museum, New York.

Valuable additions to the Library have been presented by
the following donors :—

Vicomte R.du Buysson, Paris Museum: Sixty-one treatises
on Arthropoda of various groups.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B.,D.C.L., F.R.S.: The Second Report
of Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.A., D.M., New College, F.R.C.P.,
F.E.S.: Kirby’s Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera and Sup-
plement.

The publications of the Société Entomologique de France
for 1907, and of the Société Entomologique de Belgique for
1907, the publications of the Linnean Society for 1907, the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1907,
and the Proceedings of the Association of Economic Biologists,
vol. i, Parts I, II, and III,and Book of Laws were presented by
the Professor.

Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., M.P.: The parts of the
Novitates Zoologicae of the Tring Zoological Museum, pub-
lished in the year 1907,

Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.: Drawings of
Coleoptera and Diptera made by the late Professor Westwood
in 1846 for the father of the donor. It is peculiarly appro-
priate that these beautiful drawings by the late Professor
should now be added to the library of the Department over
which he presided for so many years.

R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S.: Sixteen Treatises on Arthro-
poda, and the Annual Register of the University of Chicago,
1906-7.

E, J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., F.E.S.: A memoir on Orthoptera
by H. Gadeau de Kerrville.

66

EXCHANGES.

The following were received in exchange for the Hope
Reports :-—

American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Transactions,
vols. xxxi, xxxii (1905, 1906).

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung for 1907.

Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, vol. xxviii (1907).

Bulletins de la Société Entomologique Suisse, Berne, vols.
i-x and vol. xi, Parts I-VI, 1861-1907. This exchange was
arranged in the course of last year, the Swiss Society cour-
teously giving a complete set of their publications, hitherto
entirely unrepresented in the Hope Library. In addition to
the five volumes of the Hope Reports, the Professor presented
separata of a number of his own papers to the library of the
Swiss Society.

PURCHASES.

The following publications of the year 1907 were purchased
for the Department :—The Ray Society volume, the volume
of the Zoological Record, the numbers of the Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine, the Entomologist, and the Entomologist’s
Record.

In addition to the above—the normal expenditure for many
years—the following purchases were made :—Souvenirs Ento-
mologiques, Series I to IX, by J. H. Fabre. The Ichneumons
of Great Britain, vol. i, Ichneumoninae; vol. ii, Cryptinae ;
by Claude Morley. A Natural History of the British Lepido-
ptera, vol. v and vol. viii, by J. W. Tutt. Die Insekten-
_ familie der Phasmiden, Parts I and II, by Hofrath K. Brunner
v. Wattenwyl and Dr. Jos. Redtenbacher.

E, B. POULTON.

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