THE HOPE REPORTS Ode DX kG df ere ey Be PE NATURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Ore RICKN INSECTS, ESPECIALLY THE ACRAEINE BUTTERFLIES EDITED BY ERWARD B..POULTON, D.Sc. M.A. Hon. LL.D. PrRiINcETON, Hon. D.Sc. DUNELM., F.R.S.; ETC. « HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD PRESIDENT OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE SOCIO HONORARIO DE LA REAL SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE HISTORIA NATURAL CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, BOSTON, AND THE AMERIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY a 2G] “Semper Africa novi aliquid apportat’ OXFORD PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 1913 - pe? 6°; LLIAN s NDER 18 w; / So & py=jE= ALFP- ROBINSON, NT HOPE DEPARTME KERS OF THE At THE M SEUM yf J MU XFORD UNIVERSITY O THE HOPE REPORTS WOES FX Pere tie NATURAL HISTORYWAND DESGRIPTION OF AP RICAN INSECTS, ESPECIALLY DEE ACKABINE BUTTLEREPEIES EDITED BY EOWAKD BeePOULTON, 1.Se,.. MA. Hon. LL.D. PRINCETON, Hon. D.Sc. DUNELM., F.R.S., ETC. HOPE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD PRESIDENT OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE SOCIO HONORARIO DE LA REAL SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE HISTORIA NATURAL CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, NEW YORK CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, BOSTON, AND THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY a 2aGt T ‘Semper Africa novi aliquid apportat’ OXFORD PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 1913 PRE ae e nd . THE appearance in 1912 of Mr. H. Eltringham’s splen- did monograph on the Acraeine butterflies of Africa (3), occupying 374 pages of the ‘ Transactions of the Entomo- logical Society’, and accompanied by 16 plates, enabled me to repeat the convenient practise of ten years ago, and issue a volume of Reports devoted to African Natural History. Voiume III (1903) was in like manner rendered possible by the joint paper of Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall and the Professor, occupying 298 pages of the same Transac- tions for 1902, and accompanied by 15 plates. It is a further convenience to their respective volumes of Reports that both papers were granted separate indices by the Society. It has been impossible in the present volume to restrict the whole of the subject-matter to Africa and its islands. Mr. Eltringham’s monograph (3) contains a supplement on the few Acraeas known to exist in the Oriental Region, and the late Col. Bingham’s second paper (10) contains the description of 5 Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera. These are the only exceptions. Two other papers are concerned with the African Acraeas—(1) in which Mr. Eltringham describes the forms and ‘distribution of two remarkably variable species, and (4) where Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter gives an account of the extraordinary resemblances between the larvae of certain species in this distasteful group. Another paper (5) by Dr. Carpenter gives the life-history of that wonderful poly- morphic mimic of the Acraeas—Pseudacraca eurytus hobleyt. The account of this long-hoped-for experiment in breeding PREFACE 3 should be read in connexion with the following brief papers mmol. VI) of these Reports—Contents (35) 7, 2; (36) 6., pee, 2, 11, 2.,-8, 7.5 5- Dr. G. B. Longstaff’s interesting study of the butterflies of the White Nile and their relationships with the Palae- arctic and Ethiopian faunas, occupies (6) and (7), while (8) contains a list of 365 species of butterflies taken (1902-12) between the Rift Valley and the British East African coast, bythe Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The extent of the author's generous assistance to the Department may be inferred from this fine list of his captures. The two last papers (9) and (10), by the late Colonel C. T. Bingham, contain the first part of an extensive monograph on the Ethiopian Hymenoptera Aculeata planned by the author, but unhappily cut short by his lamented death. EDWARD 8. POULTON. HOPE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, OXFORD, July 21, 1913. ~T Io, CONTENTS OF Vor ax » Preface: . On the Forms and Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, Godt., and Acraca johnston’, Godm., by Harry Eltringham, M.A., New College, Oxford, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (From ‘Transactions of the Ento- mological Society of London’, rgrt, p. 1.) . A Monograph of the African species of the Genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region, by Harry Eltringham. (Occupies all Part I, pp. 1-374, with Plates I-XVI, of ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1912.) . Synaposematic resemblance between Acraeine larvae, by G. D. H. Carpenter, B.A., B.M. (Oxon.), F.E.S., Member of the Royal Society’s Sleeping Sickness Commission. (From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, 1912, p. 702.) For the reading of the paper, see Hope Reports, vol. viii, Contents (36) &., 6. . The Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, by G. D. H. Carpenter. (Ibid., p. 706.) For the reading, see vol. viii, Contents (36).4., 8 and 7., 5. . Three Weeks in the Sudan, by G. B. Longstaff, D.M., New College, Oxford, F.R.C.P., &c. (From ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’, 1911, Second Series, vol. xxii, pp. 119 and 194.) . The Butterflies of the White Nile: a Study in Geographical Distribu- tion, by G. B. Longstaff. (From the ‘ Transactions of the Entomo- logical Society of London’, 1913, p. 11.) For the reading, see vol. viii, Contents (36) 2, 3. . A List of Butterflies collected during the last ten years in British East Africa, by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., Wadham College, Oxford, F.E.S. (From the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’, 1913,.Second Series, vol. xxiv, pp. 45, 94, and 127.) . South African Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum, by the late Col. C. T. Bingham, F,Z.S., with an Introduction by the Professor. (From ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’, rgrt, p. 528.) ; South African and Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum, by the late Col. C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S. (Ibid., 1912, P: 375+) TRANSACTIONS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON oR, Ban Yorn UOdn. I. On the Forms and Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, Godt., and Acraea johnstoni, Godm. By Harry ELtTRINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S. [Read June Ist, 1910. ] Prared: 1s Te AT a meeting of this Society on June 6th, 1906, a paper was read by Professor Poulton, in part dealing with the mimetic forms of Acraea johnstoni, Godm.* In this paper the author sought to show that judging from the outward characteristics, Acraea lycoa of West Africa gradually merged by intermediate gradations into Acraea johnstoni of the east and south, the subject being considered with special reference to the remarkable series of mimetic modifications presented by the latter species. The final conclusion then attained emphasised the extreme proba- bility that the whole series of forms then associated under the names of A. johnstoni, A. proteina, etc., ntust be regarded as specifically identical with Acraea lycoa. In order that the true affinities of this complicated association may be more accurately established, I have, at Professor Poulton’s suggestion, undertaken a micro- scopical examination of the minute structure of the forms. I have examined the whole of the material in the Hope * “Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acraea johnstoni,” E. B, Poulton. Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 281 et seq., 1906. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) B 2 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and Department, the National Collection, and the Tring Museum, comprising some hundreds of examples, and have made a large number of microscopical preparations, with results which it is the purpose of the present paper to describe. As a preliminary it seems desirable to give some account of the known forms and the present state of their synonymy. ACRAEA LYCOA. Acraea lycoa was described by Godart in 1819 (Ene. Meth.) from a female example, and the author stated that it was not known whether the sexes were alike. The first reference I can find to the male is in Staudinger’s ‘‘Hxotische Schmetterlinge,” where the difference between the sexes is mentioned. Fig. 2 on Plate I shows the typical western female drawn from an example received from Sierra Leone, whilst fig. 1 shows a male from Oguta, Nigeria. In the female the depth and richness of the ground-colour varies somewhat, though it is in practically every case paler than in more eastern forms. The male is frequently semi-transparent, and the forewing spots may be only very faintly discerned. Examples from Accra and Nigeria present no distinct modifications from the extreme western forms. The first recognisable change is observable in males from Fernando Po. These resemble fig. 1, but the spots on the forewings are now quite distinct, and of the same pale reddish colour as the discal area of the hindwings, and the whole ground-colour is somewhat darker. The females are still like fig. 2, but with darker ground-colour. These forms persist over a large area, extending without marked variation from Fernando Po, through the French Congo, and across the Congo State to Toro in 8.W. Uganda. At Toro several varieties may be found, since it is here that three geo- graphical races appear to meet. From this point the species spreads north and south. Between Lake Victoria Nyanza and Lake Kivu (Mt. Niragonwe) the males resemble fig. 3, whilst fig. 4 shows a female from the same locality. To the north of Toro in the Unyoro Region the male is modified in a somewhat different manner. As fig. 5 shows, the forewing spots have become much smaller and more clearly defined, though there is much less development. of the hindwing patch than in the Geogruphical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnston. 8 Niragonwe specimens. This form of the male is very typical of Western Uganda. The females are not, however, distinguishable from those of the more southern Urundi District, all being characterised by the extreme paleness of the hindwing patch. Passing round the north shore of Lake V. Nyanza and on towards the south to the Tiriki Hills this hindwing patch becomes more distinctly yellow, whilst the males have developed the same feature, accompanied by a darker ground-colour and greater dis- tinctness and depth of colour in the forewing spots. The male of this region is shown at fig. 6. Passing southwards and eastwards we find at Kilimanjaro the two sexes present much the same pattern, but the ground- colour in both sexes is now very dark, the forewing spots in the female are smaller, and the hindwing patch is slightly expanded again. The sexual dimorphism is still well marked. Fig. 7 shows a female of this form which is equivalent to the “ Planema” fallax of Rogenhofer, and the Acraea kilimandjara of Oberthiir. The species has developed to its maximum extent in mimetic approach to Amauris echeria and A. albimaculata. Northwards, in the district of Mt. Kenia, examples still resemble faliax, but in several specimens the hindwing patch has a slightly edentate distal outline between the third median and the radial, giving the insect a marked resemblance to A, johnstoni f. confusa. In two males from this district the forewing spots are distinctly paler than the hindwing patch, and up to this point in the geographical range of the species this is the only sign of departure from a hitherto consistent sexual dimorphism. This Kenia form resembles fig. 7 on the upperside with the exception of the slight difference in the hindwing patch, but the insect is generally somewhat smaller. I have figured it in monochrome on Plate II, fig. 7. On the underside the difference is more marked. In fallax the ground*colour of the forewings is dark sepia from the base to the inner side of the white subapical spots, the whole apical area being dusted with pale ochreous. In the Kenia form the dark colour extends beyond the first three subapical spots, and the whole of the underside has a generally blacker appearance than in fallax. These forms are of excep- tional interest, and are amongst the many valuable specimens for which the Hope Department is indebted to the generosity of the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers and Mr. and B2 4 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and Mrs. S. L. Hinde. The species further extends northwards into Abyssinia, and there we find that both sexes are alike, not having, as the Kenia specimens might lead us to expect, white forewing spots, but having all the lighter markings dark ochreous. This form is the sub- species A. lycoa aequalis of Rothschild and Jordan, repre- sented at figs. 8 and 9. It is worthy of note that the Abyssinian form steckeri of A. echeria is specially charac- terised by dark ochreous markings and an entire absence of white spots. It is doubtless in mimicry of this form that the female /ycoa of this region has lost its white markings. With regard to the existing nomenclature of the above forms, the /ycoa of Godart applies to the species throughout its range until we arrive at Entebbe, and from thence eastward and southward the forms approach more and more closely to the fallax of Rogenhofer, which is identical with Oberthiir’s kilimandjara. In his catalogue of the African Rhopalocera Aurivilliius makes the queried sug- gestion that fallax may be a form of johnstoni, but this I hope to show is an incorrect surmise. The same author refers to an example described as a variety of lycoa by Butler, and names it ab. butleri. The supposed identity of this variety with /ycoa must be regarded as an error. From an examination of the specimen there can be no doubt that it 1s a female example of the form subsequently described by Grose-Smith as Acraea toruna, the position of which will be considered later. ACRAEA JOHNSTONI. Acraea johnstoni was first described by Godman in 1885 (P.Z.S., p. 537) from a male example, and the type agrees with the form subsequently described by Oberthiir as Acraea proteina senvifulvescens. Now that long series of the forms of A. johnstoni are available, it is seen to be somewhat regrettable that this form should have acquired the position of the type, since it is in reality a rather rare variety. In 1889 Butler described an Acraea, which he assigned to the type of Acraea johnstoni as its female, and this arrangement was confirmed by Dr. Holland in 1893 (Ann. Nat. Hist., p. 248). In 1891 Rogenhofer described his “ Planema” telekiana, which, however, is only a form modified but slightly from Godman’s type of the male johnstoni. The hindwing patch is somewhat Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstont. 5 tawny in ¢elekiana, whilst it is whitish in the male type of johnstont. The same author described at the same time “ Planema” confusa and “Planema” fallax. The latter has already been referred to in connection with /ycoa. Planema confusa is described by Rogenhofer as the male of Butler’s type female. In Baumann’s “ Usambara ” (supplement) it is stated that both the male and female were taken. No difference is specified, and the figure subsequently published is stated in the text to be that of a female, though the description facing the plate states it to bea male. In 1893 M. Oberthiir described a number of forms under the name of Acraea proteina, the type of which appears to be a male,* and resembles the insect previously described by Butler as the type female of john- stoni, and is also similar to Rogenhofer’s confusa. The four varieties described by Oberthiir are (1) proteina flavescens, which appears to be an ordinary yellow-spotted example of the commonest form of johnstoni; (2) proteina semialb- escens, sex not stated,an example of which in the National Collection has white spots on the forewing, and tawny hindwings marked with dark inter-nervular rays and exhibiting no trace on the upperside of the quadrate patch, though the latter is clearly outlined on the underside ; (3) proteina semifulvescens, sex not stated, a form which agrees with Godman’s male type; (4) proteina fulvescens, a form which has nearly lost the spots in the forewing and the patch in the secondaries, though they are more obvious on the underside, and all four wings are tawny. It is the peculiar variety which appears to have developed in a mimetic direction synaposematic with Danaida chrysippus f. dorippus and Acraea encedon f. darra. The next published reference occurs in Butler’s note on the forms in Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 113, 1896. Butler was un- aware that the pattern of Godman’s male type also occurs in the female sex, and therefore he regarded Godman’s ty.pe and his own female type as constituting a sexually dimorphic variety. He describes Oberthiir’s fulvescens as synonymous with Rogenhofer’s telekiana, whereas the latter is practi- cally the same as Godman’s male type, and further he * Butler appears to have thought that Oberthiir’s proteina was a female. Though the sex of the specimen figured is not definitely given as male, the author states, after describing it, that his col- lection contains three males, quite similar to one another. I cannot take this to mean otherwise than that the example figured is one of the three males in question. 6 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and makes Oberthiir’s flavescens synonymous with the same author’s kilimandjara, Rogenhofer’s confusa and fallaz, and Karsch’s octobalia. The latter appears to be an aberration of johnstoni, in which the yellow spots are ringed with a darker colour. I have lately examined in the British Museum a very curious example of johnstont from Kilimanjaro. It resembles the fallax form of lycoa so closely that I hesi- tated to decide its identity from the external features alone. Mr. Heron kindly allowed me to examine the genitalia, and it proved to be johnstoni as above indicated. The quadrate appearance of the hindwing patch is almost lost on the upperside, though rather more developed beneath. Placed side by side with the forms of lycoa from Kenia above described, the two species would certainly be difficult to distinguish. The last form of johnstoni which I have seen described is the Acraea toruna of Grose-Smith. It presents certain peculiar features, and will be considered apart from the other forms. I have endeavoured throughout the foregoing somewhat tedious explanation to distinguish between forms which appertain to lycoa and those which are conspecific with johnstoni, because, as the result of my investigation, I am convinced that lycoa and johnston are separate species, and remain so throughout the length of their geographical range. That of /ycoa has already been outlined. Acraeca johnstont occurs in the Tiriki Hills and extends as far south as Chirinda in 8.E. Rhodesia. In this latter locality all the examples I have seen, some twenty in number, are of the confusa form (including flavescens), The spots and hindwing patch vary from yellow to white. In some cases the specimens have all white markings. Plate I, fig. 15, shows a female from this region.* * Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of examining a fine series of Acraea johnstoni taken in Nyassaland by Mr. 8. A. Neave. There are forty-five of the confusa form, varying from yellow to white spotted, the only combination not represented being white hindwing patch and yellow forewing spots. One example has white forewing spots and dark yellow hindwing patch ( = semi- albescens). There are, in addition, four examples of a peculiar form ot semifulvescens in which the forewing spots are not obsolescent as is usual in this form, but are as white and distinct as in confusa. The examples are all males. They have a striking appearance and form an interesting connecting link between confusa and semafulvescens. Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnston. 7 The specific identity of all the forms of A. johnstoni would, I think, with the exception of the torwna form, be quite satisfactorily established on the external features, but apart from my own examination of the genitalia, we have still further direct proof. In the Tring Museum there is a family of A. johnstoni bred from ova at Nguelo, Usambara. To which variety the parent belonged I have been unable to ascertain, but the nine offspring consist of the following :— Three examples of the type form (= semifulvescens), two males and one female. The latter is shown at Plate I, fig. 12. The males are slightly smaller, and have the hindwing patch very faintly ochreous, and one has the forewing spots much paler. Four examples of the /fulvescens form, two males and two females. One of the latter is shown at Plate I, fig. 11. The males resemble this female, but the remain- ing female is somewhat intermediate, having the spots paler, and a considerable powdering of black scales at the base of the wings and about the inner angle of the hindwings. One black and white female shown at Plate I, fig. 13. This form occurs very commonly at Chirinda, and I have also seen a similar specimen from Mombasa. One male shown at Plate I, fig. 14. This example is nearest to the commonest variety of the species ( = confust). ACRAEA TORUNA, Grose-Smith, We may now consider the position of Acrea torwna in relation to the foregoing species. The ground-colour, especially in the forewings, is more profoundly modified than in any of the other forms. Whilst the present position of the forewing spots may be traced from johnstoni f. confusa through the typical male johknstoni, the distal outline of the hindwing patch is much less angulated than in other johnstoni forms, at least on the upperside, a fact doubtless due to the close approximation of its pattern to that of its model Planema latifasciata. One feature stands out prominently, the palpi are nearly always entirely black,* whereas in all the forms of jyohnstoni * T have to thank my friend, Mr. F, A. Heron, for first calling my attention to this feature. It is interesting to note that the genus Planema is distinguished by the possession of black palpi, though there is also in that genus a white lateral streak. 8 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and and /ycoa, and in fact in all other African Acraeas which I have examined the palpi are yellow beneath. I have examined three interesting examples of torwna in the Tring Museum taken near Bukoba, between Lakes Kivu and Vic- toria Nyanza. In one of these the hindwing patch is pure white and the palpi have numerous yellow scales beneath, thus providing a transitional form from semifulvescens. The second of these specimens is very abnormal, and has the ground-colour of the wings brownish black with just: a slight suffusion of the characteristic reddish chocolate colour in the neighbourhood of the distal end of the fore- wing cell. The hindwing patch is white, and bears on the upperside hardly a trace of the quadrate distal outline. The third is of the normal colouring, but the forewing spots are very much reduced in size, that between the first and second median being represented by a mere streak, and the subapical band of spots is only about a quarter of the usual width. All these examples are males. The second specimen above described has decidedly the appear- ance of a form intermediate between torwna and a female lycoa, and in the absence of an examination of the geni- talia would provide a strong temptation to be regarded as a connecting link between the two species. As will presently be described the male genital arma- ture of torwna presents no features by which that variety can be distinguished from the other forms of johnstonc, and I am satisfied that ¢orwna is merely a geographical race or subspecies of A. johnstoni. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A. lycoa AND A. johnstoni. It now remains for me to give some account of the features which lead me to assign all the forms of A. lycoa, and A, johnstoni to two distinct species, albeit including certain subspecies or geographical races. In the first place A. lycoa is sexually dimorphic, and remains so throughout its range with the exception of the peculiar Abyssinian subspecies. In A. johnstoni all the numer- ous varieties occur in both sexes. The modifications of pattern which take place in /ycoa as we pass from west to east tend in one definite direction only, viz. away from the resemblance to western black and white Planema and Amauwris models and towards a superficial resemblance to the eastern and southern Danaines Amauris Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstom. 9 echeria and A. albimaculata, together with a synaposematic approach to the confusa form of A. johnstoni, especially developed at Kilimanjaro and on the Kikuyu Escarpment. Throughout its range and variations lycoa presents a pale discal area in the hindwing, which, though varying from white to yellow and showing a very ill-defined outline in males from the extreme west, nevertheless has, except in some examples of the fallaz and Mount Kenia forms, a well-rounded distal outline. In lycoa the basal spots of the hindwing underside are almost always smaller and less confluent than in johnstoni, though this feature is some- what variable. A careful examination of the neuration in lycoa and johnstoni, shows the following differences (see Plate II, figs. 4 and 5). In the forewing of the former, the lower discocellular nervule is nearly always rather shorter and lies in a more nearly transverse direc- tion than in johnstoni. This feature is also subject to slight variation. The hindwing cell presents a difference in the two species, and owing to the pale colour of the scales in this area the difference can be more readily seen. In lycoa the cell has a generally broader and_ shorter appearance than in johnstoni. This effect is produced to a great extent by the fact that the middle discocellular nervule is outwardly more deeply concave in the latter than in the former. This feature is fairly constant, and is quite evident in the examples from Kenia referred to above. The most conclusive test of specific distinction is, however, to be found in the structure of the male genital armature. I have made a large number of preparations from examples occurring throughout the range of the two species and from the different varieties, and have also examined many others not actually dissected out and mounted. The accompanying plate gives outlines of the neuration, and also drawings of the male genitalia of /ycoa, johnstoni, and toruna. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of the first, and fig. 2 that of the second. The claspers are for the most part shorter and stouter in lycow than in johnstoni. The penis is comparatively short, frequently showing a kind of bilobed structure, and is not a con- tinuous tube, but is widely grooved towards its extremity. The uncus is comparatively very short, obtusely pointed, and bears a small process on each side. In johnstoni the penis is long and slender, it does not show a bilobed structure, and though it is grooved like that of lycoa, the 10 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and walls are less widely separated. It is in the uncus, how- ever, that the greatest difference is shown. It is produced dorsally into a long curved extremity, somewhat hollowed beneath, and slightly widened laterally at its termina- tion. Whilst all the forms of lycoa from its western type to its most extreme modification in the Abyssinian sub- species present no noticeable change in the structure of these organs, so all the forms of johnstoni, from the typical male to confusa and fulvescens, and the subspecies torwna, show the same form in the male genitalia, especially char- acterised by the extremely long uncus and slender penis. That these features are of specific value I have no doubt, since I have also made preparations of the genitalia of other nearly allied Acracas, and find that they present features which I need not here specify further than to say that they are entirely different and characteristic. The male genitalia of the ¢torwna form shown at fig. 3 afford little or no distinction from those of johnstoni. The claspers appear to be more distinctly lobed, but this is a variable feature, and is found more or less developed in some examples both of lycoa and johnston. The details of the articulation of the claspers with the vinculum are apparently rather different, though this point is not at all reliable in a microscopic specimen, as the appearance often varies with the point of view. ‘The penis certainly exhibits a similar formation to that of johnstond, and differs in the same degree from that of lycoa. The uncus is similar to that of yohnstont. There can be no doubt that toruna is as distinct from lycoa as is johnstoni, and further, that so far as the genitalia are concerned, it is indis- tinguishable from other forms of johnstont. It appears to be rare, and is certainly a local form, and, as already stated, I think it must be regarded as a geographical race or subspecies of johnstona. Finally, we are now acquainted with the larvae both of A, lycoa and A. johnstoni, and it will be of interest here to compare them. The larva of A. lycoa is figured by Aurivillius (Ent. Tidskr., Plate 5, fig. 2, 1893), and is thus described :— “The larva is yellowish without markings, with biack head and black spines. The thorns are scarcely as long as the diameter of the body.” ‘The figure shows the larva as having all the spines black, including those of the sub- lateral row, whilst the body has no rings or markings of any Geographical Distribution of Acraea lucoa, A. johnstoni. 11 kind. From a preserved specimen in the Tring Museum the larva of A. yohnstoni may be described as follows :— Body yellowish beneath and brownish black above, each segment with a ring of yellowish white, edged with brown and divided in the middle by a dark brown line widened somewhat at the base of each of the papillae which carry the spines. Head black, and the first and last three segments ventrally somewhat darker than the remainder. Twenty-four dorsal black spines arranged in a double row. Eleven lateral spines on each side, the last two projecting backwards. Eight sublateral yellow spines on each side, the first pair arising from the fourth segment (Plate II, fig. 6). The principal differences distinguishing this larva from that of /ycoa are the dark-coloured dorsal area, the alterna- tion of dark and light rings and the colour of the sublateral row of spines. SYNONYMY OF THE FORMS OF A. lycow AND A. johnstont. Having now established the specific differences between A. lycoa and A. johnstoni it remains to arrange the various forms in accordance with the facts enumerated. The varieties of A. /ycoa fall naturally into several geographical races or subspecies, and it will therefore be convenient to give them subspecific names. In the case of Acraca johnstoni only one such geographical distinction can be clearly discerned, viz. that of the variety torwna. Since the form of A. johnstoni which must be taken as the type (= semifulvescens, Oberth.) occurs in both sexes, I would suggest that for the sake of uniformity, and without implying the slightest discourtesy to Mr. Butler, that the latter’s female should be assigned to Rogenhofer’s confusa. The flavescens and semialbescens of Oberthiir are not conveniently distinguishable from his proteina and Rogenhoter’s confusa. Oberthiir describes the forewing spots in proteina as white or pale yellow, in flavescens as yellow, and in semialbescens as white. All these variations may be observed in long series, such as those from the Chirinda District collected by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. In this neighbourhood all the examples of johnstont appear to be of the confusa form, whereas the latter occurs in company with the type 12 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and (= semifulvescens) and also with fulvescens at Kilimanjaro. Although at Chirinda johnstont does not appear to produce some of the varieties which occur elsewhere, and as sug- gested by Prof. Poulton, appears to be influenced in its pattern by A. Jobengula, I can find no constant features which would justify the separation of these southern forms as a geographical race. I therefore suggest the following synonymy for the two species under consideration :— ACRAEA LYCOA, Godart. Type: Acraea lycoa lycoa. Godt., Enc. Meth. 9, p. 289 (1819); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 85 (1885); Dewitz, Ent. Nachr., p. 104 (1889); Aurivillins, Rhop. Aeth., p. 115 (1898); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 805 (1906) ; Eltringham, Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47 (1910). Sierra Leone to Nigeria. Plate I, fig. 1, ¢; fig. 2, 9. lycoa media, Subsp. nov. Fernando Po to Toro. = lycoa, Auriv., Ent. Tidskr., 14, p, 277 (1898). Male distinguished by the clearer definition of the spots in the forewings, and the somewhat richer grouna-colour. The female has a darker ground-colour and slightly smaller and more distinctly outlined hindwing patch. lycoa bukoba, Subsp. nov. Urundi Country between L. Tanganyka and L. V. Nyanza. Male with dark ground-colour. Forewing spots medium size and ochreous. Hindwing patch ill-defined and ochreous. Female with dark ground-colour, forewing spots well defined. Hindwing patch very faintly yellow. Plate I, fig. 3, ¢; fig. 4, 9. lycoa entebbia, Subsp. nov. W. Uganda, Unyoro, Entebbe. Male smoky grey. Forewing spots much reduced in size. Hind- wing patch but little developed. Female with dark ground-colour. Forewing spots smaller and more distinct than in previous sub- species. Hindwing patch small and very faintly yellow. Plate I, fig. 5, ¢. (Female resembles fig. 4.) Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnston. 13 lycoa tirika, Subsp. nov. Eastern Shore of L. V. Nyanza, Tiriki Hills. Male resembles previous form, but forewing spots smaller and hindwing patch more distinctly developed. Female with very dark ground-colour, forewing spots small and very distinct. Hindwing patch very small and distinctly yellow. Plate I, fig. 6, f. lycoa fallax, Subsp. Mt. Kilimanjaro. Rogenhofer (Planema), Ann. d. kk. Natur-hist. Hofmus. Wien 6, p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 6 (1891); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 113 (1896); Auriv., Rhop. Aeth., p. 115 (1898); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 305, Plate 21, figs. la, 2a (1906); Eltr., Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate III, figs. 24, 25 (1910). = kilimandjara, Oberth., Etud. d’Ent. 17, p. 26, Plate 2, fig. 17 (1893); Butler, /.c. (1896); Poulton, /. c. (1906). Plate I, fig. 7, 9. lycoa kenia, Subsp. nov. Mount Kenia, Kikuyu Escarpment. Both sexes‘smaller than in other forms. Ground-colour nearly black. Hindwing patch slightly edentate between third median and radial nervules. Dark areas on underside smoky black. Male with spots and hindwing patch lemon ochreous. Female hindwing patch lemon ochreous. Forewing spots white. Plate II, fig. 7. lycoa aequalis, Subsp. Abyssinia. Roth. and Jord. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 184 (1905). Sexes similar. Pale areas dull ochreous. Plate lL, fig:8; 9; fig. 9, 2. ACRAEA JOHNSTONI.* Type: johnstoni johnstont. Godman, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 537 (1885) ; Holland, Ann. * I have followed the usual course in maintaining the first described form as the type, though in this case the form in question 14 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and Nat. Hist., p. 248 (1893); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 113 (1896); Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 114 (1898) ; Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 300 (1906); Eltringham, Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47 (1910). = Planema telekiana, Rogenhofer, Ann. d. k.k. Natur- hist., Hofmus. Wien, p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 4 (1891). = Acraea proteina semifulvescens, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent., 17, p. 26, Plate 2, fig. 21 (1893); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p.113 (1896); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 302; Plate 22, fig. 2a; Plate 21, fig. 3a (1906); Eltr., Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 8, fig. 13 (1910). Plate I, fig. 12, 9. Kilimanjaro, Meru, Usambara, Taveta. johnston, f. confusa. Rogenhof. in Baumann. ‘‘Usambara,” Suppl. p. 326 (1891), and Ann. d. k.k. Natur-hist. Hofmus. Wien, p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 5 (1891). = johnstont, 2, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 91 (1888). = proteina, Oberth., Etud. d’Ent., 17, p. 29, Plate 2, fig, 14 (1893). = proteina flavescens, Oberth, 1. c., p. 26, Plate 1, fig. 4 (1893). = proteina semialbescens, Oberth., /.c., Plate 3, fig. 29 (1893). Plate 1, fies. 13, 2-14 tea e: Nyassaland, Usambara, Taita, Taveta, Tiriki Hills, Entebbe, Kilimanjaro, Chirinda, Kikuyu, Nguelo. johnstont, f. fulvescens (= proteina fulvescens). Oberthiir, Jc. p. 26, Plate 2, fig. 21 (1893); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc,, p. 304, Plate 21, fig. 4a (1906) ; Eltr., Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 3, fig. 26 (1910). Plate Tito allt Taita, Kilimanjaro, Neuelo. is a comparatively rare variety and there can be little doubt that confusa is the ancestral form, and that systematically speaking this form should be the type. In cases of this kind it would, I think, be a great advantage if there were some agreement amongst naturalists by which the commonest form of a variable species might be allowed to take the place of the type in spite of its later discovery. Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstoni. 15 johnstont ab. octobalia. Karsch, Ent. Nachr., 20, p. 222 (1894), Mpwapwa. johnstoni, Subsp. torwna. Grose-Smith, Pt. 57, Acraea, Plate 8, fig. 1 (1901); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 303, Plate 22, fig. 3a (1906); Eltr., Afr. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 3, fig. 28 (1910). = lycoa, , var. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 731 (1895). = lycoa ab. butlert, Auriv. Rhop. Aeth., p. 115 (1898). Plate I, fig. 10, 9. Toro, Urundi. I have to thank Prof. Poulton for kindly allowing me to make use of the material in the Hope Department for the purpose of this investigation, and also for much kind help. I am also indebted to Mr. F. A. Heron for kindly furnishing me with sketches and other information, and to Dr. Karl Jordan for permission to examine and prepare figures from the material in the Tring Museum. EXPLANATION OF Puiatss J, II. [See Explanation facing the PLATES. | i He wht } AN | (lib ia ilal'nk ny ie: vA Ath Jae tai Velie y i ree wit y f : sh wan MA i, : ary “ipbsrtns yelie ee ny Any Puy if ui ri) ieee RIG: Fig. il, 2 3. 4, 5 6 7 Cees 14, 15. SED GS WO |e) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PEATE Alc Acraea lycoa lycoa g. Oguta, Nigeria, (Tring.) 5 i » @. Sierra Leone. (Hope Dept.) » » bukoba g. Urundi District. (Tring.) ” ” ” ? r ” ” ” - » entebbia ¢. Monyouyo, Unyora. (Tring.) 4 » tirika g. Tiriki Hills. (Hope Dept.) s » fallae 9. Kilimanjaro. a 5 » aequalis °. Banka, Malo, Abyssinia. (Tring.) Acraea lycoa aequalis . Dareta Mts., Abyssinia (Tring.) Acraea johnstoni toruna 9. Mt. Niragonwe. (Tring.) 5 53 f. fulvescens ¢. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred. (Tring.) Acraea johnstoni johnstoni 2. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred. (Tring.) Acraea johnstoni f. confusa 2. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred. (Tring. ) Acraea johnstoni f. confusa ¢. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred. (Tring.) Acraea johnstoni f. confusa 9. Chirinda. (Hope Dept.) Prats I. Male Genital Armature of Acraea lycoa. ” ” ” ” johnstoni. ” ” ” » on toruna. Neuration in Acraea lycoa. ” » johnston. Larva of Acraea johnstoni. Acraea lycoa kenia g. Ngondo R., Kikuyu. (Ground- colour brownish black, spots and hindwing patch lemon ochreous.) Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1911. PL. I. West, Newman chr. H.Eltringham del FORMS oF A. LYCOA anp A.JOHNSTONIT. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1911. Pt. IT. H. Hltringham del. West, Newman lith. A.LYCOA anp A.JOHNSTONI. oan i ‘ La) Thana ect rm my ie | ae, A MONOGRAPH OF THE AFRICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ACRAHA WITH A SUPPLEMENT ON THE SYNONYMY OF THE ORIENTAL FORMS BY HARRY ELTRINGHAM, M.A., F.ES., F.Z.S. PRINTED FOR THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 1912 , ae f Date ea AN hay Poe iM paeaie Ceh rp (emt ip ibe atalnis fal ah ie : in BA eH Kayan WN ik ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page 57, line 20. Add Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 86 (1898). Page 94. Under f. wrwngensis read GERMAN E, Arrica (Kitu- ngulu, Urungu). Page 129. For Manakata R. read (Mahakata R.). Page 129. Under A. nohara pwnetellata read NYASSALAND (Angoniland, Zomba). . Page 154, line 3. Read Tancanyika; N. Raopesta; Conco (Katanga) ; NyAssaALAND (Zomba); GERMAN E. AFRICA. Page 169, line 13. Lowombwa is usually spelt Luwumbu. Page 169, line 28. Witu should be wnder British E. AFRICA, Page 327, line 34. For Kisuma vead Kisumu. Plate 10, f. 9. For ambiga read ambigqua. Plate 12, f. 5. For oncea read oncaea. kes NS ACT LON S OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON KOR VTE SYenAr? Lo? I. A Monograph of the African species of the Genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region. By HARRY ELTRINGHAM, M.A., F.ZS. [Read November Ist, 1911 ] Pears) 1 evil, INTRODUCTION. In the study of biological problems, it is of the utmost importance that adequate information should be available in regard to the affinities, variability, and geographical distribution of the forms of life which may be useful as material for such investigations. A mere list of described “species,” without any more intimate knowledge of the inter-relationships of the forms so designated, can be but of small service as a storehouse of reference, just as a collection of specimens, however extensive, unless accu- rately labelled with essential data, can furnish little more than an exhibition of the beautiful or curious in nature. The older naturalists, secure in the comfortable belief in the fixity of species, occupied themselves with the com- pilation of voluminous catalogues of all the forms then known to them, the result being a mere list of names, which in too many cases leave considerable doubt as to the identity of the forms to which they are as- signed. The necessity for specialisation having once been realised, no facts concerning the creatures studied are TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1912.—PARTI. (JULY) B 2 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the now deemed too smal] or unimportant to be worthy of record. We aim at minute and careful classification, and though such classification is an artificial process of segregation having convenience as its aim, it is based on natural features, the study of which reveals those very facts which can enlarge our knowledge of nature’s methods. Such considerations indicate the desirability of carefully compiled monographs of natural groups, and of such works there are, fortunately, many splendid examples. To students of the Lepidoptera the publications of Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan have furnished an example of perfection, which others may well find difficult of imita- tion ; but those who, like the present writer, are conscious of a lesser capacity for achievement, may at least en- deavour to follow, to the best of their ability, the path which has been thus so fully indicated. To the comfort of those who would undertake such labours, naturalists are ever ready to place at each other's disposal, the resources which they individually possess, and it is thus that the pleasant duty devolves upon me of thanking most sincerely the many friends who have fur- nished me with material and assistance. It has been my privilege to carry out the present work under ideal con- ditions provided by the kindness of Professor Poulton in the Hope Department at Oxford, where I have had the free use of the whole of the vast store of material there accumulated. To him also I am indebted for kindly reading portions of the proofs, and for many valuable sug- gestions. Mr. Walter Rothschild has generously placed the whole of his collection of Acraeas at my disposal, not only for examination, but also for dissection and anatomical study. The authorities of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington have allowed me to make microscopic preparations from many valuable duplicates, and I am also deeply indebted to many other collectors and workers amongst whom I would especially mention Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, Mr. Herbert Druce, Mr. H. H. Druce, Mr. C. J. Grist, Mr. J. J. Joicey, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, Mr. S. A. Neave, Miss E. M. Bowdler Sharpe, Mr. Roland Trimen, and Commander J. J. Walker. Continental authorities have been no less generous in their assistance, and permission was granted me to work through the whole of the large collection in the Berlin African Species of the Genus Acraea. 3 Natural History Museum, where Dr. Brauer, Professor Karsch, Dr. Strand, and Dr. Griinberg gave me much useful help. Herr Wichgraf permitted me to examine his extensive collection; Herr Ertl of Munich has sent me many interesting examples, including some types, whilst Professor Aurivillius at Stockholm, and M. Charles Ober- thiir at Rennes, have rendered constant and ungrudging assistance. To all I would tender my heartfelt thanks for having thus rendered my work a pleasure rather than a labour. The genus Acraca was founded by Fabricius in Illiger’s Magazine (1807). His definition is, “Taser zwei, lang, gefranzt, dreighedrig ; drittes Gled klein, nackt. Fiihler geknopft. (Putzftisse.)” He gives as types Pap. horta, terpsichore, and brassolis, and states that there are 34 species. The P. brassolis here referred to appears in Kirby’s catalogue as a synonym of the Pierine butterfly Archonias bellona, Cram. Latreille in the “ Encyclopédie Méthodique ” defines the genus as follows :—“ Borde interne des ailes inférieures nembrassant presque le dessous de l’abdomen; palpes inférieurs greles et presque cylindriques; antennes peu allongées et terminées brusquement en bouton.” Doubleday, Hewitson, and Westwood in the “Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera” having given a preliminary descrip- tion, divide the species into six groups or subgenera, viz. Hyalites, Planema, Gnesia, Telchinia, Actinote, and Pareba. ‘he definitions of these subgenera are quite useless, as may be gathered from the fact that A. /ycia is included under Hyalites, whilst A. sganzini is included in Zelchinia, although both forms belong to the same species, A. encedon. The definition of Zelchinia ditters only from that of Hyalites in the statement that the latter has the second joint of the labial palpi “considerably swollen and but little scaly,” whilst in the former the same structure is “considerably swollen and clothed in front with scales,” much being thus left to the imagination of the observer. Moreover the distinctive features of the genus Planema are not recognised, since it is divided into two sub- sections, one of which contains A. lycoa, and A. jodutia. Mabille, in his article on the genus in the “ Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar,” states that the Acraeas are well divided into groups, perhaps genera, by the male and female genital organs, but his conclusions seem to be B2 4 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the based on an inadequate study of these structures. His groups are, (1) Solenites, in which the ventral part of the termination of the male abdomen is occupied by a chitinous plate curved round in the form of a tube, the orifice of which is closed by the uncus. He gives A. 2gati as a type of this formation. (2) Phanopeltis, which includes A. ranavalona. (3) Aphanopeltis, in which the plate is reduced to a structure of variable form. This group includes horta, zetes, egina, and pseudegina. (4) Acraea. The impossibility of these groups is evident from the instability of the characters suggested. Schatz and Rober recognise five groups but admit that they are but slightly separated. The characters given are for the most part inconstant. Careful examination of all the features which have been utilised in the past for the purpose of subdividing the genus convinces me that they do not in fact provide grounds for such subdivision. Acraea is distinct from Planema, as Professor Aurivillius has pointed out in his “ Rhopalocera Aethiopica.” The latter genus may be known by the palpi, which are black with a lateral grey line ; by the position of the first branch of the fore-wing subcostal, which is given off at or beyond the end of the cell; and by the relatively much smaller dis- coidal cell in the hind-wing. The pupae of Planema are also distinguished by the presence of long hooked spines which appear never to be present in Acraea. As to the genus Pardopsis, the only reason for associating it with the Acraeinae seems to be the closed condition of the hind- wing cell. The one known species of the genus was originally included in Acraea because it looked like a member of that genus—the worst of all possible reasons. Trimen separated it and founded the genus Pardopsis, pointing out the very curious neuration of the fore-wing. That author, however, states that the legs are as in Acraea, an error very easily made, even by an acute observer, if opportunities were unavailable for the microscopic study of these appendages. The fore-feet are of the usual Nymph- alid kind, but the middle- and hind-feet have the tarsal extremities of a structure quite different from that in Acraea. The claws are slender and without the character- istic lobes, whilst there is a well-developed pulvillus, and peculiar curved and flattened spines on each side some- what resembling true paronychia. Unless the closed hind-wing cell can be shown to be of special taxonomic - African Species of the Genus Acraca. 5 significance, it would almost appear that Pardopsis puncta- tissima should have a sub-family to itself. The South American genus Actinote is less distinct from Acraea than is Planema. The distinguishing features are black palpi, the presence of a rudimentary nervule in the hind-wing between the submedian and the first branch of the median,* and the heavily marked black nervules and internervular rays on the underside of the hind-wing. The neuration in Actinote is similar to that in Acraea but is more unstable, the sixth and seventh nervules being sometimes stalked in both fore- and hind-wings. In other respects the genus resembles Acraea. The female has the peculiar wax-like seal after pairing, and the male tarsal claws are unequal. The pupae also are white, with black lines and yellow-centred black rings. The characters of the genus Acraeca may be stated as follows :—Fore-wings either rounded or elongate, the inner.-margin straight or very slightly concave. The palpi ochreous, very rarely blackish, the short terminal joint usually set with black hairs. No lateral greyish white line. The fore-legs rudimentary, their tarsi in the female with much reduced joints, and spined beneath; in the male hairy and brush-like with rudimentary joints. The second and third pairs of legs are of normal size and their tarsi terminate in the female in two equal and similar claws, lobed at the base. In the male these claws are also equal and similar in a few species, but in the majority they are unequal, one being long and regularly curved, the other short and bent down almost at right angles to the upper or anterior edge of the basal lobe (in one species, servona, with normally equal claws, unequal claws are occasionally found). In the fore-wing the discoidal cell is of medium Jength. The upper discocellular is very short, and the subcostal nervure is five-branched, the first branch being given off before the end of the cell. In the hind-wing the discoidal cell is usually longer than in Planema and reaches to about the middle of the wing. The sixth and seventh nervules usually arise from independent points, but in some species from a common stalk. In one species, A. burni, they vary in this respect in different individuals, and even in the two wings of the same individual. In others such as A.zturina the stalked condition appears to be constant. In some species nervules 3 and 4 arise * This feature is also present in Acraea mirifica. 6 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the from a point at the end of the cell. The scales are nor- mally of uniform size and nearly round. In those species which exhibit transparency of the wing, this result is attained by a variety of different methods. The scales may be reduced in width, may be mere hairs, may be normal in size but reduced in number, normal in size but raised up so as to allow the light to pass between them, or they may be absent altogether. In a few species large special scales are found on the median nervure on the underside of the fore-wing. The antennae are short and rather abruptly clubbed. The male genital armature varies from a state of extreme complexity to one of primi- tive simplicity, but in the majority of species exhibits little individual variation. In most if not all species special scales are found attached to the underside of the last abdominal tergite. These scales are sometimes present in enormous numbers. ‘They are easily detached and may be scent-producing organs. The female usually possesses a chitinous plate on the seventh sternite surrounding the external orifice of the bursa copulatrix. The form of this plate is specifically constant in most species. Those females which possess such a plate have upon it after pairing a hard wax-like structure (see p. 7), often containing scales and hairs from the body of the male. The larvae * have two dorsal, two lateral, and two sub-lateral rows of branched spines, and the pupae are white or whitish with black spots, often in the form of rings enclosing yellow or pink centres. The neuration of the wings and the position of the other appendages are more or less outlined in black on the pupal skin. In many cases the pupa bears short blunt spines or processes, but so far as is known never has long hooked spines as in Planema. The genus Acraea is almost confined to the Ethiopian region. In the Oriental region there occur four or perhaps five species, according as to whether we regard A. meyert and A. moluccana as one species or two. Of these A. vesta is interesting as appearing to be closely allied to the African A. anacreon. A. andromache, which extends into the Pacific Islands as far as Samoa, shows in the structure of the male armature a close alliance with A. igati from Madagascar. I have dealt with the probable synonymy of the Oriental species in the Supplement to the present monograph. * See F. Miller, Stettin Ent. Zeit., 38, p. 492, etc. (1877). African Species of the Genus Acraea. 7 Observations in the field show that the larvae of Acraea are gregarious. ‘The perfect insects are slow of flight and indifferent to pursuit. Many emit an acrid juice when injured, and all appear to be remarkably tenacious of life, being not only protected by the extreme toughness of their integuments from any mechanical injury, but also exhibiting a great power of resistance to the effects of toxic substances. Some small and apparently delicate species have been observed to remain in full possession of their faculties after more than half-an-hour’s confinement in a cyanide bottle. Such species as have been utilised for experiments in palatibility provide evidence of a high degree of distaste- fulness. Some of Marshall’s experiments with a butterfly- eating Mantis, suggest that when driven by the absence of other food to an exclusively Acraeine diet, a diseased condition, followed by death, ensued. In habits, some Acraeas are fond of the open, whilst others are woodland and forest species, and one or two are partial to marshy districts. Trimen in his work on the South African Butter- flies describes them as of a peculiarly quarrelsome disposi- tion, fighting desperately for the possession of a particular leaf on which to roost or to deposit their ova. From Marshall’s observations in his well-known paper on the “Bionomics of South African Insects” the courtship of Acraeas would appear to be carried out on the principle, as he expresses it, of “marriage by capture,” the male seizing the female in the air. A very remarkable feature of the genus is the presence on the female, in the majority of species, after pairing, of a mass of hard wax-like material on the underside of the abdomen. This secretion or seal * as it may be called, occurs also in Planema, Actinote, Amauris, Parnassius, Thais, Hurycus, and Huryades. It seems to be composed of similar material in all the genera mentioned, though in Acraea and Actinote it frequently also contains a mass of hairs and scales derived from the abdomen of the male, these being often arranged in a beautifully symmetrical manner. What- ever may be the purpose of this secretion in Parnassius and in the other genera mentioned, its object in Acraea would appear to be, as originally suggested by Professor Poulton,+ * T submit the word sphragis as a technical term for this structure (Gr. oppayls = a seal). The term has been kindly suggested to me by Professor Poulton after consultation with Mr. Arthur Sidgwiei. { See Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 539, 1902. 8 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the the prevention of the amorous attentions of subsequent males after once the female has been paired. In this view Marshall concurs (/. ¢.), pointing out that if courtship always takes place in the forcible manner he has observed, some such provision would appear to be a necessity. In another note on the subject * Marshall records that such protection is not, however, absolute, since he has taken three female Acraeas in which the sac has been dupli- cated, though in these cases both sacs were more or less distorted in shape indicating that the second pairing must have taken place immediately after the first and whilst the first secretion was still in a viscous condition. This being so, as the author points out, the exceptions need not invalidate the theory that the secretion, when hardened, would offer a sufficient obstruction to the use of the com- plicated male claspers. I am further inclined to believe that the sphragis may act in another way. As a result of a recent observation Mr. W. A. Lamborn has recorded + that a female Planema alcinoe was observed to have four males, all clinging to it at the same time, some even holding on to its wings and endeavouring to attach their claspers to its body. Now such behaviour appears to argue the emission by the female of some powerful sexually exciting scent, and if such be the case, the sphragis may well serve to inhibit the emission of this odour and thus free the female from further attentions. From the investigations of Elwes on Parnassius we may, I think, conclude that this “seal” is formed by a secretion from the male, and this view is confirmed by an interesting note by Dr. Fritz Miiller+ who has studied the matter in the genus Actinote. Speaking of the appendage the quo- tation is as follows: “The female of Acraea (Actinote) thaiia has this appendage. It is shaped something like a hollow tile, and is fastened by one end, close behind the female orifice, then directed forward, usually at a very acute angle with the body, rarely standing out at right angles. Ever since I first bred this species from the larvae many years ago, I have known that the female does not emerge from the pupa bearing this appendage but that as in Parnassius it is a sign of completed copulation. It * See Entomologist, p. 73, 1901. { Proc! Entesod, ip. xev, L911. t Carus, Zoo]. Anzeiger, p. 415, 1893. (I am indebted to Professor Poulton for kindly calling my attention to this reference.) African Species of the Genus Acraea. 9 is only during this last season that I have been able to inquire into its origin. By pressing the abdomen of the Acraea males, one can force out from under the posterior margin of the last dorsal plate a very large gland, which is entirely similar to that which the females of the ‘ Mara- cuja butterflies’ (Heliconius, Eucides, Colaenis, and Dione) exert at the same spot when seized. This gland is some- times bare, sometimes covered with brown or blackish scales and hairs, which fall off at the slightest touch. The appendage of the female, when treated with hot soda-lye and crushed between glass plates, proves to be composed of hairs and scales of the same form. Among hundreds of males which J examined for this purpose, almost all showed the gland either entirely covered or entirely bare : twice only I found the hairs stuck together in small isolated patches, and twice joined together in a structure similar to the female appendage but thinner and more fra gile. Probably in the act of pairing one of the sexes emits a rapidly drying fluid which gives it the subsequent thickness and solidity.” At one time I hoped to find in Acraea some correlation between the inequality of the male tarsal claws, and the occurrence of the sphragis in the female. I find however that in some species in which the male claws are unequal, the sphragis is not formed in the female, at least so far as I am able to judge from the extensive material which has been at my disposal. I have examined the claws in the other genera mentioned, and find that whilst the male Parnassius has unequal claws, those of Lurycus, Huryades, and Amauris are equal. Thais has only a slight develop- ment of the sphragis, and has unequal claws in the male, whilst the genus Dovitis has unequal claws in the male, but I can find no secretion in the female. The peculiarity of the male tarsal claws is one to which I am still unable to assign a satisfactory explanation. The few species of the genus which have the claws equal, do not present any other feature which would serve to sepa- rate them, however slightly, from the remaining members of the genus. Moreover if, as seems inevitable, we are to regard all the examples of the servona form as of one species, we have in this one case an instance of unequal claws appearing occasionally as a reversion, in a species in which the claws are normally equal. Whilst the meaning of this structure must for the present remain unexplained, a knowledge of it is of 10 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the material assistance in determining the sex of a specimen, in the event of the abdomen and front-feet being missing, as in a damaged example. In the great majority of species the male claws are unequal, and thus if a single leg remains, the sex can in those species be determined. Probably in no genus is the question of sex more easily decided. The female cloacal valves are very different in appearance from the arched and hirsute tergite of the male. Should this test fail the difference of structure between the fore-feet of male and female is easily observed, in many cases even with the unaided sight. Finally the tarsal claws are, as stated, a certain guide in the majority of species. In spite of these facts, which are by no means new, many published works abound in errors as to the sex of the species therein described, such errors adding greatly to the difficulties of the systematist, more especially in cases of unique types difficult of access. A phenomenon common to many Lepidoptera and known as “seasonal dimorphism” is exhibited to a greater or less extent by many species of Acraea, especiaily those which may be said to belong to the acrita and caldarena groups. I do not propose on the present occasion to enter upon a discussion of this interesting and complicated sub- ject, which constitutes a special study in itself. It is, however, necessary briefly to allude to the phenomenon as manifested in this genus. A. atolmis presents a dry-season male in which the spots are exceedingly small, and a female, the ground-colour of which is yellowish brown. The corresponding wet forms are a male, in which the black marks are all more highly developed, and a female which is actually black, often with a whitish subapical bar. Seventeen examples of the species taken at the Victoria Falls in September are all distinctly of the dry-season - form. The only record I have for that locality is 1906-7 when Sept. 1906 showed barely “6 in., whilst in the previous May, June, July, and August the fall was nil. The maximum occurred in February 1907 when 14°7 in. of rain fell. Of five males taken on the Lualaba R. in October, one is of the dry form, one intermediate and two wet, whilst of five specimens taken in May, four are wet and one intermediate. In this region May, June, July, and August are the dry months and March and November have the maximum rainfall, viz. 7-9 in. and 8°6 in. respectively, so that the specimens, having African Species of the Genus Acraea. 11 occurred at the beginning and end of the dry season, show a variable and intermediate condition. In Angola wet and dry examples have been taken together in September which is the beginning of the rains, so that the correspondence of the forms 1s here not well marked. Black females bear date January to April, and September to November. February, March, and April are the wettest months, but the rainfall is extremely variable in different years, and also differs greatly in different localities. Thus inner Angola is within the 40-inch line, but towards the coast there are three distinct belts of decreasing rainfall, the mean at Loanda being only one-sixth of that at Comber Station (6° 16’'S., 15° 17’ E., alt..3,100 ft.). A, petraea and A. aglaonice correspond fairly well with the seasons, the latter tending to lose the subapical translucent fore-wing spots in the dry season. A. equator- ialis varies very little in the male sex, but the females may be either yellow like the male, or grey, with an incipient fore-wing subapical pale bar. A long series taken near Kisumu in November, December, January, and March shows great variation in this respect. Whilst in this locality these months are amongst the wettest, there is no month in which rain does not fall, the minimum being 177 in. in July, and the maximum 7:09 in December. A. caldarena is rather variable. Marshall refers to the wet-season males in Mashonaland as having a_ brighter pink ground-colour, whilst Neave speaks of this feature as characteristic of the specimens he took in the “hot dry Luangwa Valley.” Unfortunately this pink colour fades rapidly, and cabinet specimens rarely furnish good illustra- tions of this particular feature. September (dry) males from Mashonaland have a brownish basal suffusion and January (wet) specimens are without this character. March (wet) examples usually have the basal brown. All the females corresponding to the above have the ground-colour brownish. Ft. Jameson examples taken in March (wet) have grey and white females and ochreous males. On the Alala plateau both wet and dry forms are found in November (early rains). February (wet) specimens from Angoniland include both pink and ochre- ous males, the females being dark but not grey and white. Kisumu examples taken in November (wet) are both pink and ochreous, with and without basal brown, thus showing a lack of differentiation similar to that in equatorialis. 12 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the A. oncea shows a moderately good correspondence with the seasons in its various localities, the wet form of female being black with a white subapical bar, whilst the dry- season forms have the ground-colour reddish brown. Examples from near Tete on the Zambesi, and from Ft. Jameson correspond very nearly with the climatic con- ditions, though on the other hand specimens from Chirui Island, L. Bangweolo, taken in July, have wet-season males, v.¢. heavily spotted, and dry-season females, the latter however, showing but little indication of the fore-wing white bar. The same condition occurs in May (dry) specimens from Awemba, North-East Rhodesia. The foregoing examples seem to show that many species do, in a general way exhibit a dimorphism which may be termed seasonal, but before any profitable study of this subject can be made, very much larger series of examples must be available, labelled, not merely with the precise locality, but also with the date of capture, and further with what I think will prove to be of equal importance, the elevation of the locality; and here I may remark that though of late years, satisfactory label- ling has received much greater attention than formerly, and in one institution with which I am acquainted may be said to have reached perfection, there seems still to remain in the minds of some owners and keepers of collections a very inadequate conception of the necessity of full and correct labelling. Turning from seasonal to sexual dimorphism, we find that this phenomenon is of very frequent occurrence in the genus, in fact a marked difference in the appearance of the sexes may be said to be the rule. Moreover, whilst the females differ from the males one or both may be polymorphic. Female polymorphism reaches its greatest development in Acraea terpsichore, of which it is possible to arrange a long series in which no two individuals are alike, and although the male of this species is also poly- morphic, it presents nothing like the range of variation exhibited by the female. In this case the different forms seem to indicate merely a condition of extreme instability. IT cannot associate any one form of female with a particular form of male, nor do any of the variations seem to be governed by either seasonal or geographical conditions.* * In the ¢ the rougeti form is certainly more characteristic of the East and South, though the difference is not quite constant. African Species of the Genus Acraea. 13 A more interesting case is that of Acraea alciope, the male of which varies but slightly throughout its range, whilst the female, though still variable, appears in two pre- dominant forms, the western form being dark brown and mimetically associated with dominant western forms of Planema, whilst the eastern or qaurivilli form has an orange band on the fore-wings and a white band on the hind-wings, thus resembling the male of the dominant eastern Planema macarista. A very remarkable case of sexual dimorphism is that discovered by my friend Mr.8. A. Neave, who pointed out that the transparent and almost immaculate A. crystallina is the female of A. chilo. A. bonasia has two forms of female, one of which is near the cynthivs of Drury. Acraea peneleos has many female forms, one of which has just been discovered in a long series of specimens bred by Mr. W. A. Lamborn near Lagos, and two others are represented by examples in the Hewitson collection, but appear never to have been recognised or described. The first-named has a lemon-yellow band across the bind-wings, in the second the band is white and better developed, whilst the third has the wings nearly black. It was the appearance of the yellow-banded form which gave me the clue to the identity of the white-banded examples, intermediates between this and the black form leaving no doubt as to the identity of the latter. Polymorphism of both sexes is of common occurrence, and in some cases the forms are so extreme that only by careful anatomical study can their true relationship be established. Thus I have found that Butler’s A. astrigera, a brilliant orange and red eastern species, is specifically identical with the same author’s pseudolycia, the latter a black and white form of very different appearance. Perhaps still more remarkable is the discovery that Hewitson’s little red, black and trans- parent orestia is specifically identical with Miss Sharpe’s humilis, which in its extreme form is almost devoid of colour, spots, or markings. One instance is known to me of polymorphism of both sexes, accompanied by a geographically limited sexual dimorphism. This complicated condition obtains in A. lycoa. From its western limit to Mount Kilimandjaro it presents a series of six different forms, in which however the sexes are constantly different, the female having the fore-wing spots white whilst those of the male are 14 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the yellow of various shades. In Abyssinia both sexes are alike, the fore-wing spots being yellow. Polymorphism in Acraea is, as in other genera, frequently associated with obvious mimetic resemblance in the forms produced. A. alciope presents a remarkable case in point. Another instance almost comparable to that of Papilio dardanus, except that the mimicry is found in both sexes, is exhibited by A. johnstoni which produces forms which closely resemble two different Planemas and _ three Danaines. An isolated but no less interesting case is the acritoides form of A. periphanes, which is so modified as to be easily mistaken for that form of A. acrita which occurs in its locality. A. sodutta has two different females resembling two Planemas, whilst 4. althoffi has several female forms, one of which is like the male, the others resembling and habitually flying with the above-named females of jodutta and their models. Island forms of -Acraew include several interesting species and races. In the Island of Sad Thomé three species occur which have not so far been found on the mainland, viz. insularis, niobe, and newtoni. Of these the latter may well be a local race of A. penelope, but the others are quite peculiar and unlike any other known species. From the Ilha do Principe comes the medea form ot A. egina, characterised by its greatly enlarged and con- fluent spots. Figures of the female of this form occur in several of the older publications, though all seem to be copies of an original figure and not of separate examples. The older works usually give Senegal as the habitat, but if it ever occurred on the mainland, it appears no longer to do so. The peculiar lactumaculata form of peneleos 2 seems to occur only on Fernando Po. The masaris form of A. esebria occurs in the Comoro Islands. Two islands in L. Bangweolo, Chirui and Chishi, have furnished ex- amples of A. oncea which are more brilliantly coloured than any others I have seen, whilst from Chishi Island we have received a form of A. zetes acara which is of special interest in having the hind-wing spots so greatly reduced as to make it at the first glance almost indis- tinguishable from 4. astrigera, with which it is doubtless very nearly allied. Indications of a general correspondence of colour with geographical distribution seem to be afforded by the dark fore-winged forms of zetes, egina, and natalica from the African Species of the Genus Acraea. 15 extreme West, the extent of the red colour increasing as the species ranges East and South, not only in the three species mentioned, but to a less extent in pharsalus, which develops into pharsalus pharsaloides. On the other hand this change is in the opposite direction in A. lycoa, which, beginning in the West as a pale semitransparent form, gradually becomes more heavily and darkly pigmented until it is represented at Mount Kilimandjaro by its sub- species fallax, A. penelope is a similar case in point. Two of the black and yellow Acraeas, viz. oreas and servona, exhibit a very marked change in the hind-wing under- side colour in passing eastwards. Western examples are lemon-ochreous beneath, the colour changing to brown, or even nearly black, at Entebbe. A. servona retains its pale yellow colour in German E. Africa, whilst A. oreas is of a slightly warmer tint in that locality. So extremely complicated is the variation of species of the genus, that it has been more than once suggested to me that hybrids are occasionally produced. I can only say that after careful examination of over fifteen thousand examples, | have seen no single individual which would lend support to such a view. I have dissected out and mounted the genital armatures of nearly five hundred specimens, and have only once found an abnormal or aborted example. So far as my observations enable me to judge I should say that individual variation in these organs 1s, except in one species, very slight and of rare occurrence. I refer to A. acrita, as to the true taxo- nomy of which, after examining hundreds of examples, I am still in doubt. Iam of opinion that each species can always recognise a mate of its own kind, and it seems to me that such infallibility may be not unconnected with the production of some special exciting scent in one or both sexes. : With regard to the determination of species it may be well to explain the general principles which I have adopted in the present monograph. Without attempting to formulate a definition of the meaning of the word species, I regard a species as a com- munity of individuals, of which at least the geographic- ally contiguous, and most probably, all the contemporary members, are capable of, and, on the opportunity arising, disposed to, syngamy. Jam compelled to leave in doubt the question of the syngamy of forms widely separated 16 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the geographically, since, to take a special instance, we have at present no means of proving that pseudolycia astrigera would pair and prove fertile with pseudolycia pseudolycia, though there seems no reason to doubt the probability, if each of these forms is ordinarily syngamic with the inter- mediate form pseudolycia brunnea. In the consideration of evidences of such syngamy we must, I think, be prepared to give full value to each particular point, and to consider all the items in relation to the whole, rather than allow ourselves to be bound, in all cases, by the indications of one particular feature to the exclusion of others. Thus it may be assumed that constant differences in the male armature are good evidences of specific distinction, though when these organs are of a primitively simple structure, similarity does not necessarily argue specific identity. In some cases the structure of the female genital plate enables us to confirm or modify views based on that of the male organ. In some cases the male tarsal claws provide valuable indications. Again, inter- mediate types of pattern and colour leave no doubt as to the specific identity of forms which, but for such connect- ing links, would appear to be very distinct. Where I have reason to believe that a particular form of a species is peculiar to a certain geographical area, I have called it a subspecies. Where, as frequently happens, a form of a species seems liable to occur in various parts of that species’ range, and not to the exclusion of other forms, I have merely styled such variations from the type as “ forma,” thus leaving the way open to the ultimate establishment of whatever more particular definition the acquisition of subsequent material and data may enable us to adopt. I have avoided as far as possible the use of the word “variety,” since the limitation of its meaning is too ill defined. I am aware that such a system is not infallible, or indeed capable of universal application, since cases may occur where a variety is a mere form in one locality, and entitled to be regarded as a subspecies in another. Nevertheless it is not without a certain convenience, and, with our present conception of the evolutionary nature of species-formation, the precise limitation of what is called a “species” has necessarily lost much of its importance, as compared with the recognition of the degrees of affinity which appear to obtain between the forms studied. In the case of the genus Acraea we have African Species of the Genus Acraea. 17 many species which are quite clearly defined and exhibit no close alliance with others. On the other hand, such a community of forms as are grouped together under the name of Acraea acrita offers material for prolonged and careful study—a study to which we cannot hope to do justice, until we possess a vastly greater material from every part of the range, and taken at various seasons. Again, whether we regard zetes, chilo, oscari, and hypoleuca, as four species or as one, must remain largely a matter of the convenience of the moment. In a few such cases I fear that I may be accused of a certain amount of inconsistency in the arrangement of the genus. If so, I can only say that in many cases it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to decide whether a form has yet passed over that dividing line which separates one true species from another. The difficulty experienced is merely a confirmation of our TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1912.—PaRTI. (JULY) C 18 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the theories of species formation. The information that, on the one hand, zetes and chilo had been definitely proved to be the same species, or, on the other, that welwitschit welwitschit and welwitschu alboradiata were certainly specifically distinct, would, though interesting, not alter the existing fact of their close relationship. It only remains to give certain explanations of some remaining features of the work. The appended chart of the wing neuration is merely a diagram to illustrate the numbers and terms used in the descriptions. The draw- ings of genitalia have been made from the actual prepara- tions by means of a Leitz reflector, and are intended to illustrate the characteristic form in each case, though it must be borne in mind that such conclusions as have been based on these structures, have not been arrived at from the drawings, but from the preparations themselves, ex- amined from various points of view. In a very few cases, paucity of material has precluded the preparation of more than one specimen. In the majority of species, series of preparations have been made, not only from different individuals, but also, where possible, from different locali- ties. Only by so doing, can a correct estimate be made of the range of individual variation, which, though small in Acraea, “does occur, and is not to be confused with specific difference. It may be objected that the figures are not all drawn from the same point of view. The view adopted however, is that, which in each case, seems best to show the characteristic structure. In addition to the figures of male genitalia I have made a small number of drawings of the chitinous plates which, in the female, surround the external opening of the bursa copulatriz. These structures, though very characteristic of some species, are in others but slightly developed. Unfortunately the latter condition persists in many species of which the male armature furnishes little guide to specific distinction. I have also illustrated a few ex- amples of the peculiar structure of the sphragis or copu- latory seal, though this feature, even when well developed is not, I think, of much systematic importance. For the opportunity of illustrating the Jarvae on Plate VI, I am entirely indebted to my friend Mr. W. A. Lamborn, who, with praiseworthy care, has preserved and forwarded the specimens together with notes as to colour, correspond- ing to a colour chart with which I provided him. The illustrations of imagines have been drawn in every case African Species of the Genus Acraca. UM) from the actual specimen. Of some sixty forms repre- sented, very few have been previously figured. The synonymy tables do not profess to give every known reference, though it is hoped that none of geographical or synonymic importance has been omitted. In this and other respects I have not hesitated to make use of Professor Aurivillius’ catalogue, the constant employment of which has served to increase, if possible, my mtense admiration for the almost incredible labour of which that work is the record. The key to the species has proved by no means the least difficult portion of my task. I doubt whether any approach to perfection could be attained in a key to so variable a genus. Go) F.-w. without such aiecal poe : : : oa (te) (m) Nearly the whole of outer half of f.-w. ‘enguamen! neobule neobule (72) Transparent part of f.-w. limited to a narrow subapical band neobule seis (72) (m) At least the outer half of f.-w. transparent . : sey CL) Transparent part of f.-w. limited to a narrow subapical band. neobule seis (72) (1) Only outer half of f.-w. transparent . . neobule neobule (72) Whole ground of f.-w. transparent . é 3 . chilo (89) (n) H.-w. discal spots confluent and forming a bar across wing iturina kakana (57) H.-w. discal spots not forming such a bar . ‘ : a) (0) H.-w., marginal border beneath with large distinct pale spots, and with a discal row of spots beyond cell. . horta (76) H.-w. marginal border narrow and a ey No separate discal spots insignis (81) (p) H.-w. border formed of hanes ileal? rings sudasine round spots of ground-colour . , : : 2) H.-w. border narrow, blackish, ean or ai nee small rounded spots of yellow or reddish Z : a KG) (q) H.-w. withouta white patch at analangle eGo admatha (78) H.-w.withawhitepatchatanalangle admatha leucographa (79) (r) H.-w. partially transparent, or smoky translucent. En ics) H.-w. fully sealed. : : : : : . (t) 24, Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the (s) Entire ground-colour smoky translucent, large rounded black spots on both wings. End of abdomen red . niobe (344) F.-w. transparent except for a reddish flush at base obeira obeira (68) (t) F.-w. with discal spots in 5, 6, and 7 . . neobule arabica (73) F.-w. without such spots . - : . obeiva burni (68) (t) F.-w. with discal spots in 5, 6, and 7. : . _ braesia (169) F.-w. without such spots. ‘ ; . obeira burni (68) IV. [Occasinal aberrant examples of eyina might be referred to this section. Such specimens may be distinguished from the other species in the section by the pale green underside of h.-w. hind marginal border. ] Discal spots of h.-w. form a regular line which traverses areas 7, 6, and 5 parallel to apical margin, and then bends sharply inwards at less than a right angle and runs straight across to inner margin . : : - 5 : . (a) H.-w. discal spots not so pence : : 5 =p! (0) (a) Pale central band of h.-w. underside is pian bordered with black at least in 1b to 4. ; ; . rahira (202) Pale central band of h.-w. underside not Bouter with black zitja (part) (204) (b) Area 7 of h.-w. with three black spots. . rohlfsi (136) Area 7 of h.-w. with less than three black spots : Ae (2)) (c) F.-w. ground-colour black or olive-brown : 5 (&® Border not having such appearance . : 5 2 . (m) African Species of the Genus Acraea. 31 (k) Without a whitish or partially transparent subapical patch doubledayi sykesi (171) With such whitish or partly transparent patch . s 5 tt) (lt) Ground-colour dark brick-red_. . doubledayi arabica (172) Ground-colour orange red . doubledayr doubledayi (171) () Ground-colour chocolate brown. doubledayi arabica (172) Ground-colourdullreddishtogrey doubledayi doubledayi (171) (m) H.-w. marginal border above, black, well defined, and without spots, or at most with a faint indication of such spots . (7) H.-w. marginal border above, formed of delicate black arches not always complete at inner edge : : > @p) (n) Ground-colour of f.-w. red . braesia & re nalis (part) (169) Ground-colour of f.-w. not red. : : ‘ é ea (GO) (0) F.-w. very thinly scaled. Ground-colour faintly ochreous. Spots small : ; . equatorialis anaemia (177) F.-w. generally fully sealed Ground-colour pinkish-ochreous. Spots large : : . acina (part) (180) (0) F.-w. very thinly cater Ghote: adleia faintly ochreous. Spots small : : . equatorialis anaemia (177) F.-w. generally fully mea Gieoninak? colour pinkish ochreous to grey. Spots small or large . equatorialis equatorialis (177) axina (180) [I can find no perfectly constant character to distinguish these two 2 9, but in axina the inner edge of h.-w. marginal border 1s almost always more sharply defined than in eqwatorialis equatorialis. | (n) A well-marked grey submarginal band in f.-w. 5, 4, and 3. Ground-colour red. Expanse about 60 mm. braesia f. regalis (part) (169) Without such grey band. Ground-colour not red. Expanse about 50 mm. or less : 5 . axina (part) (180) (p) Line of discal subapical spots in e -w. 4, 5, and 6 makes, out- wardly, an acute angle with costa. Wings thickly scaled ella (179) Line of discal subapical spots in f.-w. 4, 5, and 6 makes, out- wardly, a right or obtuse angle with costa. Wings very thinly scaled ‘ : : . equatorialis equatorialis (177) (q) F.-w. discal spots close ty or confluent with end of cell. mE) F.-w. discal spots smaller and well removed from end of cell (3) (1) F.-w. spots beyond end of ceil not contiguous intermedia (part) (159) F.-w. spots beyond cell contiguous ‘ 5 : . oe (2) (2) F.-w. subapical patch white . : : . mima (167) F.-w. subapical patch pale but not hate . rhodesiana (166) (3) F.-aw. apical black narrow . : : ; : ; . (4) F.-w. apical black broad. : : : : : = (5) 32 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the (4) F.-w. ground-colowr, where not suffused with black, very wniform right up to margin é ‘ stenobea (190) F.-w. with more or less distinct tehiloney to orange spots towards hind margin. : ‘ : aglaonice (186) (5) H.-w. discal spot on 2 some destines from base of that area caldarena (161) H.-w. discal spot in 2 in angle at base of that area pudorella detecta (164) (y) Distal half of abdomen white. : ‘ : i on Ge) Distal half of abdomen not white : . 51503) (r) F.-w. with a well-defined subapical white peel mina (part) (167) [Some forms of caldarena have distal part of abdomen white, but there is no white patch in f.-w.] F.-w. without white patch . ‘ , . rhodesiana (166) (s) A broad smoky black basal suffusion reaching at least to middle of cell in both wings F : : : . stenobea (190) Without such suffusion , ; : . (t) (t) A broad white subapical patch in 2 -W. - mima (part) (167) Without such patch . : : - (wu) (u) Only two h.-w. discal spots Ga in 6 ad one in 7). A V-shaped black spot in middle of cell on underside, apex outwards aureola (142) More than two h.-w. discal spots. Central spot of h.-w. cell not V-shaped . spat kis : - () (v) H.-w. spots almost always emul ana Abele ent: and in any case far removed from outer margin 5 . aglaonice (186) H.-w. spots always well developed, at least on underside, and the most distally placed are nearer to margin than to cell (ww) (w) Discal spots in f.-w. areas 4 and 5 are close to cell and the spot in 3 much more distally placed . intermedia (part) (159) Discal spots in f.-w. 4 and 5 are much further removed from cell, and lie almost, or quite, in a straight line with that in 3. (2) (x) Wings fully scaled and quite opaque. Spot in h.-w. area 2 is somewhat removed from the base of that area caldarena (161) Wings thinly scaled and somewhat translucent. Spot in h.-w. area 2 is in the angle at base of that area. é - (y) (y) F.-w. with a broad blackish apical patch pudorella eect (164) F.-w. without such patch (only slightly blackened at apex) pudorella pudorella (163) VIII. H.-w. margin on underside black, with a sharply defined inner edge and pale triangular marginal spots (no submarginal spots), no striation . : : : iG) H.-w. margin on underside not a Packs with only marginal African Species of the Genus Acraea. 33 spots. Striated, or the dark colour produced inwardly as red or black internervular marks, at least in areas2and3 . (c) (a) Little or no basal black in f.-w. arealb . . lwmiri (219) With basal black in f.-w. area 1b, at least along lower half of that area . : ; - (b) (b) Basal black of f.-w. forms a, patel the sais eine of which is more or less continuous with that of the h.-w. basal black, and is not deeply indented, on the median, by the reddish ground- colour. ‘ é . uvui uvui (217) Basal black of f.-w. is deeply indented on the median by the ground-colour . : : , . bonasia alicia (221) [Also bonasia banka, and sometimes bonasia bonasia, but the latter is distinguished by character a’.] (b) A. uvui 2 has the h.-w. border beneath bearing broad brown internervular marks and very faint indications of marginal pale spots. A. bonasia alicia 9 has the border deeply striated, but may usually be recognised by the paucity of basal black in f.-w. (c) F.-w. with a broad black apical patch bearing three small semi- transparent subapical spots in areas 4,5, and 6 fornax (309) F.-w. not so marked . d é : : : ana) (d) H.-w. underside bears at costa a crimson ‘ribrigle enclosed by a black line. Base of triangle on costal nervure. Ground- colour of h.-w. lemon-yellow . : é . excelsior (215) H.-w. underside not so marked . ; ‘ F ‘ a) (e) H.-w. margin beneath bears broad red internervular marks, That in area 4 is not, or very little, shorter than that in 3, and is not heavily bordered with black . ; : ah) H.-w. margin beneath without broad red internervular marks, or if with such marks that in area 4 is very much shorter than that in area 3, or at least is heavily bordered with black 2 : (9) (f) F.-w. without a eared papel nae of the une Pleat and h.-w. with a well-developed row of discal spots zitja (part) (204) F.-w. with a separated subapical patch of ground-colour, and h.-w. without discal spots. : ‘ . goetzi (213) (g) H.-w. border beneath bears long Se ALI rays which are bifurcated at margin and enclose pale spots, such spots being for the most part wider before than at the margin althoffi (251) (This species is polymorphic. For the various forms see de- scriptive portion.) If h.-w. border beneath bears long bifurcated rays, the pale spots they enclose are triangular and widest at the margin . (h) TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1912.—PARTI (JULY) D B4 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the (h) The edges of the pale h.-w. discal band are practically parallel, the outer edge showing no aia, to be angulated at nervule 3 . i d : : . oberthiiri (249) The edges of pale h.-w. banal are not parallel, the outer edge pene slightly or greatly angulated at nervule 3 . : @) (1) F.-w. has little or no basal black . : ‘ ; ° a () F.-w. with basal black , ; , (p) (j) F.-w. with a completely erated subapical patch of pecans colour (or paler) . : : ea (09) F.-w. with ground-colour (or paler) not cepa off to form a patch : : : : - (m)} (k) Apical patch in the Jon a fone narrow streaks pale than ground-colour . : ; . terpsichore rangatana (240) Apical patch same tint as ground-colour and not in long narrow streaks. : 5 5 6@) (@) H.-w. underside he a central band ta eal more or less defi- nitely enclosed by narrow transverse black streaks terpsichore f. ventura (240) H.-w. underside with rounded and separated black spots terpsichore terpsichore (239) © © of this species excessively variable. See description. (m) Ground-colour of both wings pale creamy ochreous terpsichore ochrascens (240) Ground-colour not pale creamy ochreous. : : . (n) (nx) No discal spots in h.-w ‘ . terpsichore f. subserena (239) With discal spots in h.-w. . : ; 21 5(@) (o) H.-w. underside suffused in centre ae Beaman scales terpsichore f. intermediana (240) H.-w. underside not so suffused . terpsichore f. rougeti (239) (p) F.-w. basal black with outer edge regular and not deeply indented at median : : : : 1@) F.-w. basal black deeply indented a median or at least the median nervure not blackened : : 7 (3) q) Paler patches of both wings red . : Umut palin (217) Paler patches of both wings yellow . : 4 5 iG) (r) Pale patches very large. Outline of f.-w. basal black not forming an angle with that of h.-w. ditto. : . viviana (233) Pale patches small. Outline of f.-w. basal black makes an angle with that of h.-w. ditto. : : .cabira karschi (2380) (s) H.-w. upperside with little or no black at base, or if with an appreciable amount of black, then also having a deep orange triangular marginal spot in each internervular space . @ H.-w. upperside with a triangular basal black patch . ~ (ae) (t) Ground-colour pale creamy ochreous or nearly white acerata tenella (235) African Species of the Genus Acraca. 35 Ground-colour yellow to red brown . ‘ , eG) (wu) F.-w. without apical patch separated off from ground- colour . : : . acerata acerata (235) F.-w. with ee ematea ate parce . : : : , (v) (v) Ground-colour yellow to orange. . acerata vinidia (235) Ground-colour red brown é : . acerata brahmsi (235) (w) F.-w. basal black after extending for some distance along nervure 1, does not bend upwards towards the cell . (x) F.-w. basal black after extending for some distance along nervure 1, bends upwards towards cell ‘ : 2. (@%) («) The subbasal black spots on underside of h.-w. do not form a double row enclosing spots of scarlet . : (y) Subbasal black spots of h.-w. underside form a double row con- taining scarlet spots. 5 : : soy MES) (y) Ground-colour very pale. H.-w. margin on underside narrow bonasia alicia f. tenelloides (221) Ground-colour not so pale, underside with a deep striated margin . : : : bonasia alicia f. cabiroides (221) (z) Pale patches of both wings yellow . . cabira cabira (229) F.-w. inner marginal patch and h.-w. central band red or reddish . ; - . cabira apecida (229) (a’) F.-w. with a yellow subapical tom : : : 3 UE) F.-w. with a red subapical patch : : ‘ . dat (ch) (b’) H.-w. central band red. : . sotikensis sotikensis (227) H.-w. central band, or at least its inner marginal half, pale yellow . : P . sotikensis rowena (227) (c’) On h.-w. made ciie! itinee large black spots at bases of areas 6, 5, and 4 beneath the outer spot in 7 solikensis supponina (227) H.-w. with spots not so arranged. : : : ue (an) (d’) F.-w. basal black after extending along nervule 1 ends in an upwardly directed point (which rarely reaches cell) bonasia bonasia (220) F.-w. basal black after extending along nervule 1 has a blunt or bifurcated termination . : : sotikensis katana (227) BX F.-w. with transparent or partially Gia aus areas or spots, at least in 6, 5, and4. 3 : : : @) F.-w. without transparent or sentra y onennrent areas buschbecki (291) (a) F.-w. with three very small, well-defined, semitransparent spots in 6, 5, and 4. F.-w, devoid of scales and vitreous, except costa, apical area and hind margin, which are rich umber brown with darker nervules and rays, the pink spots of upperside faintly showing through. H.-w. Basal area deep reddish brown, followed by gq dark ochreous central band narrower than on upperside, and a hind- marginal band of somewhat lighter brown, 7 mm, wide at nervules 3 and 4, and striated by dark brown nervules and rays. A, peneleos gelonica, subsp. g. Expanse 54 mm. Differs from subsp. pelasgivs in the following points :—The f.-w, is transparent except costa, apical area, and hind and inner margins, which are sooty black. Main nervures, middle and end of cell, and base of areas 2 and 1b powdered with black. No pink spots, but often a few whitish TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1912.—PARTI. (JULY) T 274 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the seales in area lb, H.-w. basal black of rather less extent, hind- marginal border black and rather broader, Underside. H.-w. basal area more chestnut brown, marginal border darker and inclined to reddish at its inner edge. The larva of A. peneleos (Pl. VI, f. 4) from Oni, near Lagos, may be described as follows :— Ground-colour dark brown with transverse striae of a darker tint, bordered with yellow. Lateral line and legs yellow. Head bright chestnut. In the actual larva all the spines are black, but according to Mr, Lamborn’s notes the sublateral spines are yellowish, There may possibly be some variation in this respect. True peneleos seems to occur from 8. Leone through Lagos and as far as Fernando Po, producing the aberrant forms of 2 above described. From Fernan Vaz and right across the Congo State we find the development, at first somewhat irregular, of the dark-coloured underside of the h.-w. with its central ochreous band. On the Kassai R. forms are found which vary between peneleos and pelasgius, and thence the latter form is predominant. It is very common at Entebbe, whence its distribution extends north- eastwards into Abyssinia, where it is represented by the form gelonica. 100. ACRAEA PELOPEIA, PI. XIII, f. 28. Acraea pelopeia, Staudinger (peneleos var.), Iris, 9,-p, 192 (1896), Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 113 (1898). Coneo (Kassai R., Aruwimi R., Ft. Beni). ¢. Expanse 68 mm. F.-w. sepia black. Cell, basal portions of 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and nearly all 1b, rather thinly scaled and partially transparent. A slight submarginal powdering of whitish scales in 1b, H.-w with a dark sepia grey basal suffusion extending slightly beyond origin of nervule 2, and outwardly approximately determined by a line drawn from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, Discal area deep orange red (probably rosy red when alive), A well-defined brown-black hind-marginal border about 2 mm. wide, its inner edge slightly edentate on the nervules, Black spots as beneath, but obscured by basal suffusion, Underside. Costa, apical area and hind margin dusky ochreous, striated by the nervules and rays which are broad!y powdered with dark brown. The ochreous marginal border African Species of the Genus Acraea. 275 gradually obscured towards the hind angle by a sepia-brown suffusion. A black spot at base of costa, and some black at base of area 1b, H.-w. Basal area and hind margin greenish ochreous, central area ochreous, The brown nervules towards the margin heavily dusted with dark brown, the dusting being widest before it reaches the margin, thus giving the nervules a swollen appear- ance. Between them the internervular rays, though more slender, are similarly indicated. Unlike peneleos these rays ex- tend to the bases of the internervular areas. A series of black spots, most of which are rather large. In area 7, two, much closer together than in peneleos. Beneath the outer spot a smaller one more distally placed in area 6, and beneath this a dot in 5, On the upper part of discocellulars a spot of variable size, sometimes confluent with another just beneath it. In cell two or three spots, the second over origin of nervule 2, and the third, when present, very small. Sometimes a spot at base of area 3, A spot in 2 near its base, followed by one in Ie and in 1b, nearly in a straight line. A basal and a subbasal in 1c, Beneath the latter a spot in 1b, and more proximally placed a spot in la. A spot in 9 and in 8. Head black with a pale dot between eyes, two pale tufts on collar. Thorax black above with two pale spots, Abdomen black above with yellowish lateral spots. Claws unequal. The 2 is unknown to me. The late Dr. Staudinger in his paper in Iris 1896, gave a description of this species. This description is somewhat involved, and consists largely of a comparison of penelope, peneleos, parrhasia, and the present form. He concludes by saying that, should it be found through the acquisition of further material to be a distinct species, he proposes for it the name pelopeia. After having seen the insect de- scribed, I found it agreed in all respects with two ¢f in the Tring collection. I cannot claim to have certainly established its specific distinction, but at present at least I propose to keep it separate from peneleos which it closely resembles. The peculiar appearance of the nervules on the h.-w. underside scarcely suffices to distinguish it from some examples of peneleos which exhibit a similar tendency. On the other hand, the internervular rays in all forms of peneleos are comparatively short, whilst in this species they extend to the bases of their respective areas. The whole insect is of a larger and stouter build. The two spots in T2 276 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the area 7 of the h.-w. are closer together than in peneleos, whilst finally, though the male armature is, like that of several allied forms, simple in structure and _ but little distinctive, it appears to present certain constant differences. The acquisition of a 2 specimen may help to decide its true affinity. In the meantime I prefer to keep the form separate from peneleos, under the name which the late Dr. Staudinger proposed. That author’s example is de- scribed as from the Upper Congo, without precise locality. One of the Tring examples is labelled Aruwimi, and the other Luebo, Kassai River. These localities are rather far apart, the latter being apparently some 750 miles S.W. of the former. The two examples do not, however, appear to differ in any noticeable particular. In addition to these two specimens there are also in the Tring collection several examples taken near Ft. Beni in the northern part of the Congo region. These I must refer to the same species. They differ only in having a browner ground-colour, and in the h.-w. a duller shade of red. 101. AcRAEA GRosvENoRI. PI. II, f.9(¢). Pl. XIII, f. 24. Acraea grosvenori, n. sp. Congo (Rutschuru R., 8. of Albert Nyanza). g- Expanse 64 mm. _ F.-w. sepia black with a tendency to thinner scaling and partial transparency in cell, in discal portions of areas 6, 5, and 4, basal half of 3 and 2, and the greater part of 1b. At the extremity of partially transparent area a slight dusting of pink scales in area 4, beneath this, in 3, a slightly more distinct mark, beneath this, in 2, an elongated ill-defined pink spot, and in 1b a larger ovate pink spot, the whole area traversed by a fine dark internervular ray which is laterally dusted with pink nearly to the base. H.-w. brick red, A sepia basal patch outwardly ill defined, obscuring a few minute black spots. A very narrow marginal dusting of sepia black, most distinct on and between the nervules, On the red area the nervules and long internervular rays are distinctly perceptible in a slightly darker colour, Underside. F.-w. Costa, apical area, and hind margin deep orange ochreous striated by the darker nervules and rays. A black spot at base of costa, and base of area 1b. Remainder of wing vitreous and almost devoid of scales. A fine dark line round hind margin, H.-w. Deep orange ochreous without any basal suffusion or marginal border, though the dark basal portion of upperside African Species of the Genus Acraea. 277 gives the base a slightly shaded appearance. The nervures, nervules and rays are very narrowly but distinctly outlined in dark brown, The rays are long and reach almost to the bases of their respective areas. A fine dark marginal line. Black spots, very small, as follows :—One in 9, one in 8 against pre- costal, one in 7 near base, two, the second very minute, on upper part of discocellulars, Two in cell, the second before the origin of nervule 2. One in 2 near base, followed by a double spot in Ic, and a dot in 1b. Some black at base of nervures 1b and la. In le a subbasal spot, another in 1b more distally placed, and a third in 1a, level with that in 1e. Head black, with a minute dot between, and two behind, the eyes. Thorax black. Abdomen black above with yellow lateral spots on the more distal segments. Claws unequal. The ? is unknown to me. The foregoing description is taken from the type in the Tring collection. A second male differs only in having a rather more extensive dark basal patch in the h.-w., and a slightly broader and more continuous hind-marginal border. Both examples were taken in February 1908, in the Gallery Forest, Rutschuru River, at a height of 1000 metres. This species has the appearance of being very distinct, the h.-w. underside not resembling that of allied forms. The basal spots also are very small and scarcely observable on the upperside. In this latter respect it is distinguishable from pelopeia, and though it presents the long internervular rays of the latter the nervules are delicately outlined and not heavily dusted with brown. There appears to be a recognisable difference in the g armature, but paucity of material has prevented my studying this feature to an adequate extent. ; I have pleasure in dedicating the species to my friend Mr. G. H. Grosvenor, M.A., of New College, Oxford. 102. ACRAFA PARRHASIA. PI. XV, f. 2. Acraea parrhasia, Fabricius, (Pap.) Ent. Syst., 3, 1, p.175 (1798) ; Aurivillius (metam.) (peneleos), Ent. Tidskr., 14, p. 274, pl. 4, f. 2, 2a, 2b (1893); Ent. Tidskr., 15, p. 273 (1894) ; Staudinger, Iris, 9, p. 200 (1896); Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 113 (1898); Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 186 (1903) ; (?) Grinberg, Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr., p. 150 (1910). = peneleos, Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskr., 14, p. 274 (1893). 278 My. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the S. Leone; Lacos ; CAMEROON ; FERNANDO Po; ? UGANDA (Sesse I.). 2. f. oppidia, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag., 11, p. 131 (1874) ; Exot. Butt. (Acraea), pl. 7, f. 49, 50 (1875). FERNANDO Po, 9. f. parrhoppidia, Staudinger, Iris, 9, p. 201 (1896). CAMEROON. 9. f. leona, Staudinger (A. leona), Iris, 9, p. 199 (1896). = A. igola leonina, Bethune-Baker, Ann. Nat. Hist., 12, p. 325 (1903). A. parrhasia parrhasia. Pl. III, f.1(¢?). Pl. IV, f. 3 (4). P]. VI, f. 3 (larva), ¢. Expanse 54-64 mm. F.-w. narrow, and pointed at apex. Costa, apex, hind, and inner margins black. Cell, areas 2 and 1b, semitransparent, rather thinly powdered with black. The cell at base and extremity tinged with red. Area 2 occupied by a large semitransparent spot dusted with red, sometimes fading outwardly to creamy white. Base of area 1b dusted with red and near margin a large fairly well-defined spot also dusted with red. Beyond cell a subapical bar of three elongated semitransparent patches between the nervules, dusted with black basally, and sometimes with creamy white distally. Beneath these a similar but shorter and rounder patch in area 3. Nervules 2, 3, and 4 heavily dusted with black especially towards margin. H.-w. with a sepia black basal suffusion rather well defined outwardly, and obscuring numerous black spots which are more easily distinguished on the underside. A sepia black marginal border 2-3 mm. wide and inwardly somewhat edentate on and between the nervules. Central area of wing bright red (rosy red in fresh examples), yellowish at inner margin. Underside. F.-w. sparsely scaled and rather vitreous, the red areas showing through from the upperside. Costa, apex, and hind margin ochreous traversed by brown black nervule ends and rays. Some brown black dusting at hind angle, and costa and area 1b black at base. A fine dark brown line round hind margin. Median nervure and basal portions of nervules 2 and 3 laterally dusted with large ochre-yellow scales. H.-w. Ochre yellow with a greenish basal suffusion and hind- marginal border. A fine brown hind-marginal line. Beyond cell the nervules are narrowly powdered with dark brown, and between them are short, fine, brown internervular rays which reach the margin. Black spots as follows :—One at base in area African Species of the Genus Acraea, 279 9, one in 8 against precostal, two in 7 not far apart, the outer one just over, or slightly beyond origin of nervule 7. (Some- times a minute spot between these.) In areas 6, and 5, two small spots (sometimes absent), and that in 5 may be either more proximally or more distally placed than that in 6. On the upper part of discocellulars two spots which may be minute, or large and confluent. In cell, two, and sometimes three spots, the second of which is large, and the third varies from being totally absent, to being large, and confluent with the second. A spot at base of area 2. A basal, a subbasal, and a distal spot in le, two median spots in 1b, and two in la. Head black with a white dot behind each eye, and a trans- verse white streak. Thorax black with whitish lateral marks. Abdomen brownish black above, with yellowish lateral spots and segmental streaks. Claws equal. Q. Expanse about 70 mm. Wings much more rounded than in g. F.-w. Dull sepia brown. A central reddish streak in area 1b, and 2, and base and distal portions of cell dusted with dull red. The subapical streaks are much as in the ¢ and may be transparent or have a whitish appearance due to a sparse clothing of brownish white scales; the patch beneath them in area 3 is reddish. H.-w. with a basal suffusion and hind-marginal border as in dé but browner, the central area dull brownish red. Underside. F.-w. much asin ¢ but without the ochreous scaling on median nervure, etc. H.-w. as in ¢ but rather duller ochreous. Head, thorax, and abdomen more distinctly spotted than in 6. parrhasia 2 f. oppidia. Whilst the few examples of 2 parrhasia which I have seen from 8, Leone are as already described, all those from near Lagos present a closer approach to the form named A. oppidia by Hewitson. This form which occurs at Fernando Po, is characterised by its somewhat richer colouring and by the greater development of white scales in the subapical area of the f.-w. which here form a definite white bar, and in the h.-w. there is much less dark basal suffusion. parrhasia 9 £. parrhoppidia. In this form the red extends all over the cell, and over nearly the whole of areas 1b and 2. There is a blackish mark in cell, The whitish subapical streaks are replaced by clear areas, 280 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the parrhasia 2 f. leona, Pl. III, f. 2. Smaller than average 2 9 of parrhasia. The f.-w. almost transparent but having a brownish tinge in reflected light. A faint trace of a blackish mark in middle of cell, costa apex, and hind margin finely dusted with brown scales. H.-w. thinly scaled with reddish brown, no basal suffusion, but a narrow brownish hind-marginal border, the ends of nervules, and the internervular rays being slightly marked in darker brown, The underside resembles the upper but the f.-w. is still more devoid of scales, and the h.-w. is ochreous brown. There are black spots as in parrhasia, but those beyond the cell are usually wanting. The determination of the identity of Staudinger’s A. leona has been a matter of considerable difficulty. After having seen the type however I find that the form is by no means rare in collections. It is always 2? and always from S. Leone, and though ordinary 22 of parrhasia also come from S. Leone, still I think there can be little doubt that it is a form of that species. Moreover in the Staudinger collection in Berlin there is a @ example of parrhasia from the same locality which is quite inter- mediate between the typical 2 and Jeona. The true affinities of many of these black and red semitransparent forms are extremely difficult to establish, and some of them have entailed laborious, if interesting, research. I am by no means satisfied that I have even now quite unravelled the difficulties. My work has how- ever been greatly assisted by the magnificent collections which the Oxford Museum owes to the generosity of Mr. W. A. Lamborn, who has bred large companies of A, parrhasia and of other species with which it has formerly been confused. A. parrhasia can at least be easily distinguished from A. peneleos and its forms, since the male tarsal claws of the former are symmetrical. The larva and pupa of A. parrhasia have been figured by Aurivillius (/. c.) under the name of peneleos. He describes the larva as brown, with very long dorsal spines. Head, dorsal, and dorsolateral spines blackish, and arising from dark transverse bands. The lower lateral spines short and brown at base. Pupa. Pale with the usual black markings. Dorsal abdo- minil spots widely separated, quadrate, and with pale central spots. Well-developed short tubercles on segments 2-7. African Species of the Genus Acraeca. 281 I have figured (Pl. VI, f. 3) one of the larvae sent by Mr. Lamborn from Lagos. They agree with Aurivillius’ description though his examples were taken in Cameroon. It may be added that there is a fairly conspicuous pale lateral line, and a whitish bifurcated mark on the head. The pupae also agree with Aurivillius’ figure. The f A. parrhasia presents comparatively little varia- tion though the ? is less stable. Generally speaking the latter tends to greater transparency in the extreme western part of its range, this feature reaching its maximum -development at Sierra Leone in the @ f. leona. The latter however occurs in company with examples which differ but little from those bred further east, near Lagos, these forming a perfect transition to the oppidia form at Fernando Po. From thence eastward the transparency appears to increase again slightly since Cameroon examples are described as resembling the oppidia f., but having more transparent f.-w., more faded, yellowish-red h.-w., and an inwardly less sharply defined outline of the f.-w. white subapical spots. 103. ACRAEA PENELOPE. PI. XIII, f. 18. Acraea penelope, Staudinger, Iris, 9, p. 195 (1896); Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 113 (1898); Griinberg, Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr., p. 150 (1910). = pomponia, Grose-Smith, Novit. Zool., vii, p. 545 (1900) ; Rhop. Exot. (Acraea), 7, p. 25, pl. 7, f. 7, 8 (1901) ; Neave, Novit. Zool., 11, p. 346 (1904). Conco (Kassai R., Benabendi, Kwilu, Aruwimi R., Ft. Beni); UGanpba (Msarosaro, Toro, Port Alice, Mondo, Entebbe, Kampala, Sesse I.). 2 f. argentea, f. nov. Uaanpa (Entebbe). 2 f. exalbescens, f. nov. Ucanpa (Toro, Kampala). Q f. penella, f. nov. Uaanpa (Kitanwa). A, penelope vitrea, subsp, nov. British E. Arrica (Tiriki Hills, Kabras). A, penelope derubescens, subsp. nov. ToGOLAND (Misahohe Station). A, penelope translucida, subsp. nov. Lacos (Oni). 282 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the A, penelope penelope. ¢. Expanse 46-50 mm. F.-w. deep brown black. Beyond cell, a subapical row of three elongate transparent spots separated only by nervules 5 and 6 which are black. Beneath these in area 3 a smaller partially transparent spot. Near base of area 2 a large ovate orange red spot, and beneath it in 1b a rather larger similar spot. Often a small red mark beneath these in la. In many examples all these spots are enlarged, forming a nearly continuous band across the wing in which case the spots in 2 and 1b are thinly scaled with red and there may be a few red scales on that in 3. H.-w. brown black at base, the outer edge of this colour varying somewhat in regularity of definition but usually extend- ing as far as origin of nervule 2. A central band of orange red, its outer edge slightly convex, but indented on the nervules by the brown black marginal border which varies in width from 3to5 mm. Black spots of underside show faintly on the dark basal colour. Underside. F.-w. costa, apical area, and hind margin pale to rich ochre yellow. Remainder of wing may be almost scaleless or may be thinly scaled with dusky orange ochreous, except on the subapical transparent spots. A thin black line round apex and hind margin, the nervule ends rather broadly black and joining a fine black marginal line, and the short internervular rays narrowly black reduced to a fine point at margin. The black powdering of nervules and rays becomes coalescent at the inner edge of the apical and marginal ochreous, which latter colour it tends to obliterate in areas 2 and 1b. A blackish streak at base of cell and 1b. H.-w. clear ochre yellow, often with a greenish tint in the basal half. In some examples a slight reddish tint in cell and le. The hind margin over an area corresponding to the border above, has a slightly darker shade varying in tint from greenish to orange ochreous. On this area the nervule ends are rather broadly black, their outer extremities joining a fine black marginal line. Between them are short black internervular rays broadest at their inner end and tapering outwardly to a fine point which does not reach the margin. In many examples the inner ends of these rays are confluent with the black ner- vules and so form a continuous dark inner edge to the hind- marginal border. On the basal half of the wing are black spots so variable in size and number as to be little value for purposes of identification. An examination of a series of examples shows that there is rarely a spot in 8 near precostal and when African Species of the Genus Acraea. 283 present it is very small. The two usual spots in area 7 are apparently always present, though sometimes extremely small. The maximum number in cell is three, only the second of which is invariably present, and placed at or before the origin of nervule 2._ There seem never to be spots in areas 3 and 4, and very rarely in 5, Sometimes that at base of area 2 is missing. The most constant are those in Ic, 1b, and la in which areas there appear always to be two spots. Head black with a white dot between the eyes and two on collar, thorax black above with pale lateral spots, abdomen black above with yellowish lateral dots. Claws equal. 2. Expanse 46-50 mm. F.-w. more rounded than in ¢. Transparent and red spots usually rather larger and all the colours of both wings a trifle duller. H.-w. as in ¢, but the inner edge of hind-marginal border rather more regularly curved. Underside much as in g with similarly variable black spots. A, penelope 2 f. argentea. PI. IV, f. 8. General colouring paler, and the h.-w. hind-marginal border broader than in typical form, and on it the short darker nervule ends and rays can be distinctly seen. Underside. F.-w. ochreous areas replaced by silvery grey. H.-w. basal portion and hind-marginal border silvery grey, central area faintly pink. A. penelope 2 f. exalbescens. Resembles typical 2 in pattern, but all reddish areas replaced by yellowish white, and the h.-w. hind-marginal border as broad as in f. argentea. Underside. Ochreous areas replaced by yellowish white rather dusky on f.-w. costa, apex, and hind margin and on h.-w. basal area and hind-marginal border. A, penelope 9 f. penella, f. nov. PI. V, f. 3. F.-w. Basal half reddish brown slightly blackened at base, and about end of cell. Apex and hind margin brownish black tending to reddish towards hind angle. From subcostal to inner margin a broad transparent discal band divided into large spots by the nervules which are slightly dusted with brownish. H.-w. tawny red, somewhat blackened at base, the spots of underside irregularly indicated. Hind margin border of medium width thickly dusted with sepia, its inner edge ill defined and edentate on and between the nervules. 284 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the Underside. F.-w. much as above but costa, apex, and hind margin tawny ochreous with blackish nervules and inter- nervular rays. H.-w. base nearly to end of cell reddish tawny, followed by a discal band of pale pinkish ochreous and having a broad, well-defined marginal border of tawny ochreous striated by the black nervule ends and short internervular rays. The reddish basal portion more heavily spotted than is usual in penelope. Two spots in 7, the second just beyond origin of nervule 7, and beneath it but slightly nearer margin a spot in 6, and in 5. A dot at base of area 5 on discocellular ; a basal, a central, and a distal spot in cell (the latter may be an aggregation of dots) a spot at base of area 2. Three spots in le, the third just beneath origin of nervule 2, and beneath it two spotsin lb. A subbasal and a distal in la. This interesting form is at once distinguished by the tawny red basal area of h.-w. underside which brings into prominence the central pale band, thus producing a close resemblance to peneleos pelasqius. The pattern is doubtless modified in mimetic association with that species. A. penelope vitrea, subsp. nov. Pl. IV, f. 7. ¢. F.-w. Costa, apical area, and hind margin sepia black. Cell and basal portions of 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1b, and la dusted with the same colour, Remainder perfectly transparent with a dusting of orange red in areas 2 and 1b, and an orange red linear mark in la. H.-w. orange red, usually with a less extensive basal suffusion, and having a narrower hind-marginal border. Underside resembles that of typical penelope. The @ is unknown to me. A. penelope derubescens, subsp. n. PI. IV, f. 5. ¢d. Resembles subsp. vitrea, but in the h.-w. the central area is crimson, much reduced in width, and does not reach the costa. A few brown scales can be seen with a lens in areas 1b and 2. On the underside of f.-w. the ochreous areas are replaced by pale greenish, and in the h.-w. the basal area and hind margin are pale green, and the central band creamy white. Of this form there are three # fin the Berlin Museum. One has the black nervule ends and rays in h.-w. under- side not joined together as they are in the type figured, and has an additional spot in areas 6 and 5. All three examples were taken at Misahohe Station near Tongbe in Togoland. African Species of the Genus Acraca. 285 A. penelope translucida, subsp. n. PI. IV, f. 4(¢), f. 6 (2). ¢. Rather smaller than typical penelope. F.-w. transparent. Costa, apical area, and hind margin black, this colour being somewhat edentate on the nervules. Some black powdering in and beyond cell, and a slight blackish longitudinal streak in cell. A little dusting of red scales in basal half of area 1b, and distal portion of la. H.-w. much as in typical penelope but dark basal suffusion only slight and hind-marginal border rather narrower. Underside as in typical penelope, but the greater part of f.-w. devoid of scales and vitreous. H.-w. clear ochre yellow with a greenish tinge at base and on hind-marginal border. Q. F.-w. more rounded than in ¢ but otherwise similar, though more thinly scaled, the dark portions having a grey appearance. H.-w. salmon pink, the spots of underside irregularly repro- duced. Hind margin powdered with sepia scales, the nervule ends and rays slightly accentuated. Underside much as in ¢ but the nervule ends and rays brownish rather than black. The usual variability occurs in the black spots. This form has lately been bred near Lagos by Mr. W. A. Lamborn. Unfortunately none of the larvae were preserved on that occasion, and a further supply has not yet been obtained. They feed on the same plant as the larvae of A. peneleos. Miss Sharpe’s A. newton from the Island of St. Thomas is probably also a form of A. penelope. I have not however been able to see the type of this form which is in the Lisbon Museum, my appeal to the authorities of that institution not having elicited the courtesy of a reply. 104. ACRAEA NEWTONI. Acraea newtoni, EK. M. B. Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 554 (1893) ; Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. (Acraeq), 5,*p. 17, pl. 5, f. 8, 9 (1894); Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 113 (1898). Sio THOME. g. Expanse 50mm. F.-w. elongated, black brown. A sub- apical band of three dusky translucent spots separated by nervules 6 and 5, and a somewhat larger similar spot near base of area 2. H.-w. black brown showing a few black spots near base and having a narrow (3 mm.) orange red curved central band which searcely reaches the inner margin. 286 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Monograph of the Underside. F.-w. vitreous the pattern of upperside showing through. H.-w. base greenish grey, the band of upperside represented in pink. Hind-marginal border grey brown. An outer row of black spots of which there are three in 7, 6 and 5, the first well beyond origin of nervule 7. A spot near base of area 2 followed by one in lc and 1b, all in a straight line at right angles to inner margin. Also two spots in cell the second above origin of nervule 2, a subbasal in 7, a subbasal in lc, a basal and a subbasal in 1b, and a spot in la. Head and thorax black with a few whitish dots. Abdomen black above with lateral yellowish spots. Palpi white. I have not had an opportunity of examining the type of this species which is in the Lisbon Museum. I am inclined to regard it as a local form of A. penelope, Staud. It occurs only in the Island of St. Thomas. The @ is not yet known. Should this form ultimately prove to be conspecific with penelope the name xewtoni will take precedence, 105. ACRAEA MAIRESSEI. PI. 13, f. 19. Acraea mairessei, Aurivillius, Ent, Tidskr., 25, p. 93, f. 33 (April 1904). = servona (nec Godt.), Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 113 (1898). = melanosticta, Em. M. B. Sharpe, Entomologist, p. 181 (July 1904), Conco (Ligunda, Kassai, Betw. Ft. Beni and Ituri R.); Uaanpa (Toro, Unyoro, Entebbe, Nandi, Pt. Alice). f. dewitzi, Aurivillius, Ent, Tidskr., p. 94 (1904). = peneleos, var., Dewitz, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., 41, 2, p. 19, pl. 1, f. 7 (1879). Conco (Kassai). ¢@. Expanse 50-54. F.-w. black. At end of cell an irregu- larly shaped transparent spot often indented on the basal side by the ground-colour. Beyond cell a series of three sub- quadrate transparent spots separated by the: black nervules. A large transparent spot at base of area 2, not always extending right into angle between median and nervule 2. The discal edge of this spot powdered with black scales. Beneath it a small ill-defined transparent spot. Examined by reflected light the inner and sometimes also the subapical spots are seen to be slightly scaled with yellowish white. H.-w. black, slightly less dense in basal area, on which the black spots corresponding to those beneath, can be discerned. An irregular discal patch of African Species of the Genus Acraca. 287 lemon ochreous beginning in area 6 and ending in 1b, its inner edge edentate in cell, and its outer edge edentate between the nervules especially in 6, 5 and 4. Underside. F.-w. Costa, apical area, and hind margin dusky brown ochreous, striated by the black nervules, which join ina fine marginal line. In areas 6-2 short black inter- nervular rays beginning at inner edge of the yellow colour and rapidly diminishing to a point some distance short of the margin. Remainder of wing rather thinly scaled with black except in way of transparent spots, these having a slight dusting of yellowish white scales as on upperside. H.-w. lemon ochreous with a greenish tint at base and over outer marginal border. On the latter the nervule ends are rather broadly black and join a fine marginal black line. Between them are short black internervular marks separated from margin by a distance about equal to their own length. Black spots as follows :—One in 9 at base, two in 7 occasionally coalescent, one at base of area 6 (rarely absent), two on disco- cellulars (these, and that in 6, often confluent). One in cell near base. ae a a teu A al meat tm Ait AAs methane oo nara, date a ag Bd ai may ibe 0 ¢ eas ad GIO) 29 SN pe f Lae my we Qikaihaty M9 varia a peers ileal : ne WU . ae er) i LEY i, ' a! es |G ae al : EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Fia. 1. Larva of Oey 3. ” 4. ” 3. ” 6. ” eae Bia 9. Ld 100 Vices WAS gs eae ta 5 ita eeea 16. Pupa ” A. pentapolis pentapolis. A. rogersi lamborni. A. parrhasia parrhasia. A. peneleos peneleos. A. zetes zetes. A. perenna perenna. . pharsalus pharsalus. . lycou lycoa. . natalica pseudegina. pe fh - aleiope alciope. A. bonasia bonasia (pale form). - s », (dark form). A. acerata vinidia. A. oberthiiri oberthiiri. A. eqina egina. A, rogersi lamborni. All the above are drawn from specimens taken and preserved by Mr. W. A. Lamborn at Oni near Lagos, and are now in the Hope Department at Oxford. Some of the larvae are probably not quite fully grown, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912. Pl. VI. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman chr. Tie Oink! VAGiIReAUE AS: EXPLANATION OF PLATES VII-XVI. The accompanying figures of genitalia are for the most part draw» as viewed from the side. In cases where they appear symmetrical about a central line they are viewed either from above or below. In many cases, as on Plates XI and XII, the view is from above, with the uncus cut away in order to give an uninterrupted view of the structure of the claspers. In almost every case the penis has been removed and drawn separately. The following explanations may be noted :— Pl. VIL. 1le the ventral abdominal plate or velum. Figs. 5, 7, 8, 11b, 17, are viewed from below. Pl. VIII. Figs. 1, 12, 13 viewed from above, Figs. 10 and 11 from below. Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 appear to show considerable differences, but examination of a series of preparations shows such differences to be inconstant. The same applies to Figs. 6 and 7. Pl. IX. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16 viewed from above (uncus removed in f.9). Fig. 6 is the dorsal abdominal plate spread out and viewed from beneath. Figs. 7 and 13 are viewed from below. Tig. 15 is the dorsal abdominal plate viewed posteriorly to show the peculiar manner in which it is folded. Fig. 18 is the dorsal plate viewed from below. Pl. X. Figs. 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14 are the dorsal plates viewed from below. Figs. 15 and 16 are viewed from above with the uncus removed. Pl. XI. All viewed from above with the uncus removed. Lexie Ditto: : Pl. XIII. Figs. 3, 22, 23, 24, ditto. PI XIV. Figs. 2, 3, 7, 8, 9,-10, 11, 12, 13, ditto. Fig. 14 isa side view of the genital armature with the dorsal and ventral plates in situ. Fig. 14a is the dorsal plate viewed from below, Fig. 14c the ventral plate viewed from above, and Fig. 146 is the armature alone viewed from above. Pl. XV. Figs. 4, 13, 14, 15 are viewed from above with the uncus removed. Figs. 16-28 are the ventral chitinous plates which surround the orifice of the bursa copulatrix, all showing the ventral side. Kuplanation of Plate XVI Pl. XVI. Figs. 1-13 are further examples of 2 chitinous plates, viewed in the same way. The posterior end of these plates is in each case uppermost. Figs. 14 to 21 are views of the copulatory seals found on the 9 9 after pairing. Though these structures exhibit a certain degree of constancy in each species they are often scarcely distinguishable in species which are closely allied and therefore are of little use in just those cases where small recognisable peculiarities would be of value. The magnification varies from about eight to twelve diameters, but as the actual size of the organs illustrated is not of much systematic importance I have not thought it necessary to state the magnification in each case. 9. obeira. SS 15. kraka. H.Eitringham del. Trans. int. Soe.Lond., 1912. P!. V1. 6. mahela. 7 ranavalona. 8. machequena. SO. NS Te rr \ 3 Ss” / \ a ne SS i x ; Sy << a eS ) SS 16. unimaculata. 17. hova. 18. quirina. . West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRABA. i Tae is SDE eye, HONE, Fab dll, 6.anemosa. 7. welwitschii. 10. rabbaiae. 11. zonata. 13. petraea. ee cepheus. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAPA. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1972. Pl. 1X. a Be guill emél. 3.violarum. 4asema. 5.omrora.. is Hi), ew, © Gere 10.chambezi. f1.mansya. V7 42. lofua. 16. lualabae. 18. chaeribula. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAEFA. Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond., 1912. Pl. X. A .acrita acrita 5.acrita manca. 6.a.pudorina, aa = ae | ae 9, -ambiga. 8.a.bellona. aa aoe 14.2 bella inletenolea: 16. aglaonice H.Eltringham del. West,Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAEA. Trans. Lint. Soc.Lond.,1912. Pt. XT. 1.caldarena. 5. pudorelia. 6.doubledayi arabica. 7. braesia. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAEA. Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond.,1912. PL. X11. 4 asboloplintha. 2.atergatis. 3.leucopyga. yo ) natalica. Wa Wi 6.equatorialis. \ H.Eltringham del. . West, Newman Iith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRABA. AES 17.oberthiiri. A L Si 21.conradti. N S 25.oreas. H.Eltringham del. 6.terpsichore Tr 7.acerata. ae ee) 10. viviana. 11.bonasia. 13 ; mirabilis. \ ——, 22.servona. 26.semivitrea.. Trans. Fint. Soc.Lond., 1912. Pl. X11. n \ 4 wigginsi. S 8.sotikensis. ay : 12. excelsior. ee —— aN yn ( { ‘ Ww) } V7 | j eo 28. pelopeia. West, Newman lith. 27.peneleos. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAEA. ’ Trans.Eint. Soc. Lond., 1912. Pl. XIV. 7.rogersi. ~ 12. disjuncta. 13. conjuncta. 11. alciope. 10. jodutta. 14. satis. 14a.satis . 146. satis. i&c. satis. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRABA. R Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond., 1912. Pl. XV. 7. quirinalis. oa ae 12.amicitiae. F410 orestia ~ humilis . 14.masamba. 15.sambavae. 18. neobule 9. 19. asema °&. Su EG erigercom Dae seaion ata © (umbrata 2) induna ®@. i [es {o) ai.omrora 24. pudorella detecta @. NS \ : : = \ faa | | ( j | | =e ache a) 7. ; 28.equatorialis 2. 25.oncea @. 26.althoffi 2. 27.atolmis. H.Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. GENITAL ARMATURES OF ACRAEFA. | Trans. Eint. Soc. Lond.,1912. Pl. XVI. OD wy AP 1. cerasa %. 2. ranavalona @. 3.mahela 9. 4.petraea 9. Pe ONG f' ( "¢ 4) ( \ , SS (€ la ae WY ae” 6. quirina °. 7. leucopyga ¢. 8.chaeribula 9. 5.ansorgei 9. ; ep: rs & pQ 9.orestia ili 10.acrita t1.acrita 12. it humilis ©. acrita 9. bellona 2. ee oes 9. 15. mirifica °&. 13.diogenes @. . 4) Bei? Bie PROMO Aily giise he wii Siren ly ay 4 cif ee UE T tA Puls; willl jie Vel ge lalFintdiels age: 7 i - ti) ivi “Wedd > 2 (i TOGies) XVI. The Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave. By G. D. H. Carpenter, B.A., B.M., (Oxon.), F.E.S. [Read November 6th, 1912. ] WHEN I came out to Uganda as a member of the Royal Society's Sleeping Sickness Commission, I obtained per- mission from the Society to send the Lepidoptera which I might collect to Prof. Poulton; and it is to frequent correspondence with him that the following interesting result is due, which confirms the suggestion made by Dr. Karl Jordan that several forms of Psewdacraea, hitherto regarded as distinct species, would be found to be only polymorphic forms of one species. At the beginning of 1912 my investigations into the bionomics of Glossina took me to Bugalla, one of the Sesse Islands—a group lying in the N.W. corner of the great Lake Victoria, some twenty-five miles S.W. of Entebbe. Here I soon found that Psewdacraeae of the three forms terra, hobleyi, and obscura, together with intermediate forms, were extremely abundant ; terra being more numerous than the other two put together. Every- thing was favourable for testing Dr. Jordan’s suggestion. I obtained many females in succession, and put them in a large box with gauze front, hoping they would oviposit on the leaves which I put in; but none would lay. I was not at this time aware of the specific food-plant, and had not been able to find the food-plant of Psewdacraea lucretia which Prof. Poulton suggested would probably be the food-plant of the hobleyi forms. Thinking that the atmo- spheric conditions in my hut, on top of an open grassy hill about 150 feet above the lake, were not suited to the forest-loving butterflies, I took the box down into the forest in which the Pseudacraeas fly, and stood it on supports in a large basin of water. Still the Pseudacraeas would not lay, and I was beginning to despair. However, on Sunday, June 16th, 1912, in the forest on the lake shore, I saw a Psewdacraea which I had been following about, and vainly trying to catch, settle on the under surface TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1912.—PART IV. (FEB.) Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. TOT of a leaf of a sapling, remain motionless, hanging from it with wings closed, and then fly away quickly. On looking at the leaf, to my intense pleasure, I found an egg on the middle of the under surface, still glistening with the secretion affixing it to the leaf, and of a dull yellow colour. Let me here briefly state the main facts of the life- history. The parent was one of the intermediate forms so plentiful in the locality, being an “ obscura” with large pale areas, and a reddish suffusion strongly marked on the under surface of the base of the hindwing, indicating an admixture of the “ hobleyi” form. The egg was laid on June 16. The egg hatched. June 25, Ist larval ecdysis. July 1. 2nd do. July 7. 3rd do. July 14, 4th do. July 21. Larva pupated. August 1. Imago emerged. August 16. The imago was a male, of the form “ terra.” This in itself was sufficient to prove the identity of the forms “obscura,” “hobleyi” and “terra.” Further, the larva and pupa corresponded exactly with the coloured drawings of those of Ps. imitator, Trim., as drawn by Miss Margaret E. Fountaine, and published in the Trans- actions of the Ent. Soc., Part I, 1911 (pp. 57-59, and Pl. X), thus bringing this form into the same category. Miss Fountaine, however, makes no mention of the great difference in the appearance and habits of the young larva before and after the first ecdysis. I will now proceed with the detailed description of the various stages. The Ovum.—When freshly deposited on the 16th June, at noon, was of a uniform dull yellow colour. In shape it was spherical, but slightly flattened at point of attach- ment to the leaf: the surface being of a shagreen texture and deeply sculptured into hexagonal cells. On June 18th the periphery became clearer and less yellow, the centre opaque and dull pinkish. On the 24th the centre became black, and the outer parts white and semi-transparent. The Larva.—Finally, without further change in the appearance of the ovum, at 9.15 a.m. on June 25th the young larva ate its way through the shell, and at once set 708 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on the to work to consume the rest, which it accomplished in half an hour. The larva was rather “ maggotty looking,” being of a dull greenish white, and quite smooth, with no processes whatsoever on body or head, which was smooth shining black. In a very short while the larva took up its position along the edge of the leaf: and within a few hours, before it had eaten any of the leaf, had affixed to its back one or two pellets of excrement. The way in which it subsequently ate the leaf was interesting. It ate a small hole out of the edge, and then continued this down the side of a lateral rib of the leaf, subsequently doing the same on the other side of the rib, which was cut out from the rest of the leaf tissue but attached by its base. On this bare rib the young larva rested, and very soon had accumulated a large number of light brown pellets of excrement on its back and on the leaf around it. It always returned to rest at the same spot after feeding. First Ecdysis—The first ecdysis occurred on July Ist, with a complete change in appearance and habits. The larva no longer covered itself with pellets; and the appearance it took on persisted until after the fourth ecdysis; the characters acquired at the first being merely accentuated by the second and third ecdyses. The de- scription of the larva after the third ecdysis is as follows. (See also Miss Fountaine’s drawing.) From first to fourth Eedysis. Dorsally.—From behind the third segment to the posterior margin of the tenth, of the same green hue as the leaf, bordered with a pale brownish lateral line. Along this line, from each segment arises a spine, beset with smaller spines. The former are quite small except on segments two, three, eleven, and twelve, while that on segment two is the largest of all, and the pair diverge outwards and forwards like antlers, reaching the level of the front of the head. The pair on the third segment is similar but smaller. On segments two and three the dorsal green colour is much marked by pale brown areas continued inwards and backwards from the bases of the “horns” to meet mid-dorsally, making the hinder sides of a triangular area whose base is formed by a simi- lar line extending transversely between the bases of the “horns.” The first segment, dorsally, is mostly blackish, with a narrow antero-posterior mid-dorsal white line. Posteriorly, there are two more pairs of enlarged spines, those on the eleventh segment being a little larger than those in the middle Life History of Pseudacraca eurytus hobleyi. 709 of the body; and those on the twelfth midway in size between those of the second and third segments, and curved upwards and forwards. The colouring of the last two segments dorsally is ashy grey, dotted and mottled with blackish. Laterally.—From behind the head until the eighth segment the larva is greenish black, but on the eighth segment this is bevelled off and gradually replaced by ashy grey, which is continued to the end of the body and there becomes continuous with the same colour dorsally. On the seventh segment the dark colour is interrupted by a large, raised, triangular whitish flap, with its base at the lateral line, and its apex running on to the base of the clasper, and there ending in a spine which points almost directly outwards at right angles to the body. There is a similar, dark, spine, on the base of the clasper of the seventh segment. Head.—Greenish black, slightly bifid at top, beset with numerous small white spines. A narrow whitish band bordered with blackish starts on each side of mid-line at the crown, nearly meets its fellow in the middle of the front of the head, and curves away again below. As regards its habits the larva has the same “ homing” instinct as when much younger, always resting at the tip of a bare rib, and returning there after feeding. In the resting position the head and first five segments are raised off the leaf, and also all that part of the body behind the fourth pair of claspers, this being held up at quite a sharp angle, thus bringing more into evidence the lateral ashy colour of that part of the body. The larva is very sluggish and rarely moves except in connection with feeding. The fourth Ecdysis——This took place on July 21st and brought great change in appearance. The general colour was now a velvety purplish brown, and under a lens the whole integument was seen to be finely dusted with minute green dots. Here and there the purplish tint was replaced by greenish mottling. The flap on the side of the 7th segment, and the formerly grey area behind it, now became light pinkish brown, and just anterior to the flap were two raised circular dots of pure white. The first segment still bore a short white mid-dorsal line. With this ecdysis the spinous processes are considerably developed, those on segments four to nine, inclusive, being trifid at the extremity, the central prong slightly the largest. The pair on the second segment are even larger 710 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on the than before, very thick, slightly flattened at the extremity, and are set with minute spines along the edges. They diverge upwards and outwards, and then turn forwards at an angle. The spines on the third segment are only a little larger than those on the middle segments. The processes on the tenth segment are a little larger than those on the third, and flattened from side to side. The last pair of processes (on eleventh segment) are very large, and almost leaf-like, owing to the great flattening from side to side: the anterior and posterior edges have a frayed appearance, owing to their being set with small spines close together. These processes curve forwards and upwards. The head is very spiny, ash-coloured in front, dark brown at sides. Pupation.—On July 29th the larva spent the day curled up on a leaf eating nothing, and on the evening of the 30th suspended itself by the last pair of claspers from the tip of a leaf. On the lst August, very early in the morning, before daybreak, it pupated. After this first ex- perience I have reared numbers of these larvae, and it is very interesting to note that the preparations for pupation always occur in the same way. During one night, after remaining motionless in a curled-up posture on the leaf for some twelve hours, the larva will suspend itself from the leaf tip; and pupation takes place during the next night. Presumably by this adaptation the pupa gains by not being exposed to daylight till the protective green colour is fully developed, which takes some hours. The pupa corresponded exactly with the figure and description of that of Ps. imitator (loc. cit.), save only that the long processes from the head were not twisted but quite straight and parallel to each other. The pupa in colour was leaf green, but the lower surface of the dorsum, and head, was slightly tinted with a light bluish grey bloom, as if to neutralise shadow. From the top of the head project a pair of flattened stalk-like processes, soldered together along adjacent edges except at the extreme tips, which are square. These processes immediately after the shedding of the larval skin are separate from each other, short, and curved dorsally. They appear to be straightened out to their final position and shape by the forcing into them of fluid, and the triangular processes on the abdomen are similarly distended, being very small at first. The cephalic Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 711 processes are about one-third of the length from top of head to end of abdomen. They make a large obtuse angle with the ventral surface of the body, but are in the same longitudinal plane. The body is very much flattened from side to side: each abdominal segment is slightly ridged in the mid-ventral line, the edge of the ridge being outlined in dark brown. From the dorsal surface of the abdomen project two large triangular processes, very thin from side to side, with edges outlined in dark brown. One, near the tip of the abdomen, is only half the size of that arising from the base of the abdomen, which has on its posterior edge a secondary triangular eminence. Emergence of the Imago.—On Aug. 13 the antennae and limbs became very distinct through the pupal skin, and on Aug. 15 two dark patches showed on the forewing. These dark areas were the future tawny areas on the forewing of the imago, and soon assumed that colour, the rest of the wing then becoming black. On the morning of the 16th I was able to see how the wings were separated from the pupal skin by the secretion of air between the two, and very shortly the imago emerged; a male of the form hitherto described as a distinct species under the name Pseudacraea terra, Neave. The fortunate observation that showed me the food- plant has enabled me to recognise it in the forest: it is the tree which serves as food for Ps. lucretia, but I have been unable to get full botanical specimens of flower, etc., for identification. I have now had no difficulty in getting captive females to oviposit on food-plant in the box in the forest, and up to the time of writing have secured one or more ova from six females of all three forms. The young larvae are rather delicate, and sometimes exhaust them- selves so much by wandering about, spinning a silk foot- hold as they go, that they are unable to eat the hard dry leaf, and die. I have lost some of each brood save one, from this cause. Of one brood of four which all hatched on one day, the members all seemed equally thriving, when one, for some reason unknown, ceased feeding and shrivelled up. The food-plant being so dry, has to be renewed every other day, in spite of being kept in water. In spite of these disappointments, however, I hope to provide Prof. Poulton with specimens of each form reared from the other. August 1912. 712 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on the APPENDIX [1 have thought it well to add to this paper an account of specimens subsequently bred by Dr. Carpenter from three known females of the obscwra form. All three were captured in the neighbourhood of Dr. Carpenter’s camp on the east side of the centre of Bugalla Island. Having had the opportunity of comparing the whole of the “set” material, I have added a few notes to Dr. Carpenter's descriptions of the three parents and their offspring, but it has not been deemed necessary to indicate the slight additions.—K. B. PouLton.] Series B.—Parent obscura, captured in the forest just above lake level, June 30, 1912 (laid four eggs). Hatched. Ist Moult.| 2nd. 8rd. 4th. Pupated. | Imago. | 1. July 12 July 20 | July 26 Aug.1 | Aug. 7 | Aug. JS | Sept. 3 2. July 12 July 21 | July 26 Aug.1 | Aug. 9 | Aug. 21 Sept. 6 3. July 13 July 21 | July 26 Aug. 2 | Aug.10 | Aug. 23 | Sept. 8 Remarks.—The female parent has a pronounced pale forewing bar and the hindwing towards the base is paler than usual. The umber brown marking on the hindwing under surface is rather more developed than is usual in obscura. lis a 2 terva with pale fulvous forewing bar which on the under side is nearly white. 2. A particularly interesting 2 specimen. I do not think I have caught one quite like it. It would take very little to make it into imitator. The subapical bar is white, the inner marginal forewing pale area is very faintly marked, and a very little would cause it to disappear altogether ; and to make the hindwing lke imitator you only want a concentration of the pale colour into a band. The speci- men bears much resemblance to the female parent, differ- ing in the more pronounced forewing bar and the less pronounced pale areas on the rest of the expanse of both wings. 3. A 2 terra, with rather more white suffusion on the forewing bar than in 1. Traces of the umber marking appear in all three offspring, faintly in 1 and 3, distinct in 2 which resembles the parent in this respect. Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 713 Series C.—Parent a pale obscura, captured in the forest just above lake level, July 9, 1912 (only laid one egg, on July 9). Hatched. Ist Moult. 2nd. | 3rd. 4th. | Pupatea. | Imago. July 17 July 24 | July 30 | Aug. 4 | Aug. 10 | Aug. 22 | Sept. — | Remarks.—The parent is more worn than B, but apparently the chief pale area of both wings was much less pronounced than in the latter. The basal area of hindwing under surface is free from the umber brown marking. 1. Imago a f obscwra tending in the direction of terra. No umber marking on under surface. Series D.—Parent obscwra-hobleyi, captured on flowers at the edge of the forest, July 15, 1912 (laid 13 ova). One egg shrivelled, one failed to hatch, one larva died before first moult, another was a“ wanderer ” and died from exhaustion, another died during first moult and one after. Result seven pupae only. | | Hatched. Ist Moult. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. Pupated.| Imago. 1. July 25 July 30 | Aug. 4 | Aug. 9 | Aug.15 | Aug. 26 | Sept. 10 2. July 25 July 30 | Aug. 4 | Aug. 9 | Aug.16 | Aug. 28 | Sept. 11 3. July 26 July 31 | Aug. 4 | Aug.10 | Aug.16 | Aug. 28 | Sept. 12 4. July 26 July 31 | Aug. 5 | Aug.10 | Aug.17 | Aug. 29 | Sept. 13 5. July 27 Aug. 1 | Aug. 9 | Aug.14 | Aug. 26 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 20 6. July 28 Aug. 4 Aug. 11 | Aug.17 | Aug. 26 | Sept.6 | Sept. 21 | 7. July 28 | Aug.5 | Aug.12 | Aug.20 | Aug. 29 | Sept.7 | Sept. 23 Remarks.—The parent is worn like C, but its pale areas had been apparently much like those of B, showing like the latter a tendency towards the female hobdleyi in the emphasis of the white bar. The umber marking is present, but faded, and it is difficult to estimate the original development of this marking. 1. 2 terra tending towards hobleyi 2 in the paleness of all the forewing markings, especially on the under surface (where they are white), in the distinct umber marking on the under surface and the traces of a white bar along its outer margin. 2. 9 terra with a trace of obscura. The umber marking barely visible. 3. 2 terra with white forewing subapical bar. In this and the umber marking and the white areas on the under 714 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on the surface of the forewing this specimen exhibits the same tendencies as 1. 4. 2 terra, dark, with faintest trace of obscura; very similar to 2. 5. $ obscura, much like C 1, but tending rather more strongly in the direction of ¢erra. Umber marking barely visible. 6. 2 similar to 5, only tending rather more strongly towards ¢er7'a on the hindwing upper surface. 7. Z similar to 5, but tending slightly more strongly towards terra. Sept. 21, 1912. [The two families tabulated below, together with the notes upon them, were received in a letter from Dr. Carpenter, dated October 17, 1912.] Series E.—Female parent a typical 2 hobleyi, captured at the edge of the forest, July 24, 1912. Hatched. Ist Moult.| 2nd. 8rd. 4th. Pupated. | Imago. 1. Aug. 4 Aug. 11 | Aug.17 | Aug.27 | Sept. 2 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 28 2. Aug. 4 Aug. 11 | Aug. 20 | Sept.2 |Sept. 9 | Sept. 21] Oct. 4 3. Aug. 4 Aug. 13 | Aug. 21 | Sept.3 |Sept.11 | Sept.22} Oct.6 ftemarks.—1. A typical (dwarfed) § hobleyt. 2. 2, approach to imitator like B 2. 3. g, a combination of hobleyi, terra and obscura, showing early stage towards No. 2. The hobleyi influence is shown in both 2 and 8 by the strong development of the umber triangle on the hind- ‘wing under surface. Two other ova shrivelled up without hatching. Series F.—Female parent a typical ¢erra, captured Aug. 2, at the edge of the forest. 5th. Sept. 23 Pupated. | Imago. : 7 , Hatched. |Ist Moult.; 2nd. | 3rd. | 4th. Oct. 18 Sept. 14 Oct. 4 Aug. 11 | Aug. 25 | Sept. 1 | Sept. 7 Remarks.—For some reason this larva grew slowly and put in an extra ecdysis on Sept. 23 (the 5th). The butterfly is a typical f terra, except for the presence of a strongly marked indication of the umber triangle. The female parent was cut to pieces by ants which got into the cage, but the wings show no trace of the umber marking. Life History of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 715. Series G.—Female parent a typical 2 hobleyi, captured on flowers at the edge of the forest, Aug. 6, 1912. Hatched. 1st Moult, ond. 8rd. 4th. Pupated.| Imago. 1, Aug. 17 Aug. 26 | Sept.1 Sept.8 | Sept.14 | Sept. 25] Oct. 9 2. Aug. 18 Aug. 27 | Sept. 1 Sept.8 | Sept.15 | Sept.26] Oct. 10 3. Aug. 18 Aug. 27 | Sept. 1 Sept.8 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 27 | Oct. 11 4, Aug. 18 Aug. 27 | Sept.2 | Sept.8 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 27 | Oct. 11 5. Aug. 18 Aug. 27 | Sept.2 Sept.8 | Sept.16 | Sept.27 | Oct. 11 6. Aug. 18 Aug. 27 | Sept.3 | Sept.8 | Sept.16 | Sept.27] Oct. 12 Remarks.—No. 2 a typical ¢ hobleyi. All the others typical female hobleyi except No. 4 and No. 6, in which the white bar of the hindwing is continued on to the fore- wing so as to meet, or nearly meet, the subapical white bar. This latter feature is seen in the parent. There were, alas, seven other eggs, but six young larvee died soon after hatching, one as a result of 3rd moult. All the survivors were pure hobley. 529,12. From the results I have obtained so far, it appears that form hobleyi has a very strong influence and it 1s the most distinct form (dominant in the non-Mendelian sense). Let me tabulate the following reasons. I, An enormous number of otherwise more or less typical terra and obscura have a reddish tint at base of the hindwing under surface, and this applies still more to a large number of inter- mediates strongly tinted with hobleyi. II. But though ¢erra-hobleyi, and obscura-hobleyi are common enough, yet I have not yet, so far as I am aware, sent you a single specimen of hobleyi- terra or hobleyi-obscura—i. e. a form which you could say was hobleyi tainted with obscura or terra. : III. I have not bred a pure hobleyi from terra or obscura. IV. Lastly (which seems most important) from two hobleyi parents I have bred, on the one hand, in series E, a typical hobleyi and two intermediates (no typical teva or obscura), on the other, in series G, six offspring, of which not one was anything but typical hobleyi! This seems extremely interest- ing, and I suppose indicates that hobleyi is the longest established form in Uganda at any rate. 716 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on Pseudacraea hobleyi. I should, a day ago, have said that I supposed hobleyi had nearly become a true species—but yesterday I read Dr. Jordan’s paper, and at the end he dealt with this very fallacy ! So hobleyt seems dominant over both terra and obscura ; the former of the last two being also stronger than the latter. Hobleyi, thus, is the most interesting form to breed from, and I have now got another in confinement. Reprinted from “ The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Second Series, Vol. xxii. 1911. } 119 THREE WEEKS IN THE SUDAN. FEBRUARY IsT—22NpD, 1909. BY G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. When one looks out of the train in the morning after the stifling night on the Nubian desert—somewhere between Berber and the River Atbara—a change in the appearance of the country is observed. A thin thorn-scrub, varied by occasional groups of Dom Palms, throws a slight veil over the nakedness of the desert. Occasionally a few vazelles create a flutter of excitement among the passengers, and when the sun gets up the mirage slowly develops, as if the horizon were first softened and then evaporated by the heat. From time to time stray butterflies are seen; these I took to be Catopsilia florella, F., though it is just possible that among them may have been Teracolus pro- tomedia, Klug. During a short halt at Wad Ben Naga Station I tried to solve this problem, but the sense of anxious hurry lest the train should start, the swift flight of the butterflies, the strong wind, the blinding glare, and the great heat combined to frustrate my efforts, and I only succeeded in netting a male of Tarucus theophrastus, Fab., a “ Blue” that I met with from Luxor to my southernmost point at Gebel Ein—a range of nearly 16° of latitude. On my return journey T took at Abu Hamed Station (about 130 miles north of the Atbara River) the Sphegid Philanthus variegatus, Spin., which was abundant at Khartim, but which I did not see in Egypt. Also at Atbara Junction, 200 miles north of Khartam, I took a male of Rhynchium niloticum, Sauss., a red and black Eumenid wasp that I had met with at Kharttam. KHARTUM. Lat. 15° 35’ N. 1200 ft. above sea level. Khartam is unlike any place that I have seen. Situated on the southern bank of the Blue Nile. just above its junction with the White Nile, it is a new city; it is, moreover, a European city, for the native population lives almost exclusively in mud villages on the outskirts. The palace in which Gordon lived and died is its oldest edifice, though built by Ismail Pasha, on either side of this, stretched along the river bank, is a long line of Government Offices and barracks interspersed with the comfortable houses of officials set each in its pleasant garden. Since every one, naturally enough, wished to have a bit of river frontage the length of the town is considerable, but its breadth approximates to EHuclid’s definition of a line, and its cross- streets starting from the river run vaguely into the desert. 120 (May, Any desciiption of Kharttim would be inadequate if it did not allude to the prevailing northerly wind, which is not only health giving, but entomologically speaking most important. Mr. H. L. Butler, the Curator of the Zoological Gardens, informed me that there is no continuous rainy season, but that heavy tropical downfalls are frequent in June, July, and August. Kharttim is not altogether a pleasant place for collecting in. To the south is a specially barren* and wind-swept desert; the northern bank of the river is abandoned to barracks, railway works and dock- yard—for Kha:ttim is a naval port with a fleet of gunboats—hence one’s operations were practically confined to the neighbourhood of the river bank above and below the city. Of the two localities, the best, though the most distant, was beyond the water-works, near the terminus of the tramway in the village of Burri. Here, among Calotropis procera, Willd., the wide-ranging Danaida chrysippus, L., was common, and I was delighted to see alive for the first time the form alcinpus, Cram. The white hind-wings of these beautiful butter- flies are conspicuous in flight, and at once reminded me of the yet more beautiful Acrea alboradiata, Auriv., which I had seen in such numbers at the Victoria Falls four years before. From Cairo to Aswan I had come across a fair number of chrysippus, but all of the typical form. At Abu Simbel, in Nubia, I was surprised not to meet with it, since the Calotropis was there in plenty; it would be interesting to know what form occurs there. The twenty-eight specimens brought home from Kharttm may be classified as follows :— Typical chrysippus, L., 38 @. chrysippus, L., but with the veins of the hmd-wing dusted with white, 6 ¢,2 9. f. alcippoides, Moore, 4 g,2 9. f. aleippus, Cram., 5 ¢,2 9. f. dorippus, Klug, var. albinus, Lanzknecht, 1 @. Of the total specimens seen, I estimated at the time that at least three-fourths were either alcippus or alcippoides. The ‘“‘musk-rat”’ odour was evident enough in many examples, about equally strong in both sexes, but in one ¢ the scent was com- pared to that of tobacco. The next most conspicuous butterfly was Papilio demodocus, Esp., I believe the only one of the sub-family that occurs there. During * Actually barren : potentially it is said to be fertile, a thin coating of sand covering a deep deposit of silt. 1911.) OAL my stay it was not at all common, and I took but two (one very large and fine) and saw one or two others. The Pierinze were unquestionably the dominant group. The first of them to attract attention was Catopsilia florella, F., of which I took 5 g and 10 2 ; it was quite abundant along the river bank above Burri. One female was so unusually pale in colour as to resemble a male. Of the five males taken all had a ‘“ sweet” or “luscious ” scent, in some “ faint,” in others ‘“ decided.” Belenois mesentina, Cram., was also abundant, especially on culti- vated ground; 10 g and 19 2 were taken; some of the specimens of both sexes were very small. One ? resembled a g in appearance. In some of the males I detected a slight scent, once described in my notes as “ luscious,” in others as “musky”; in two female specimens a slight musky scent seems to have been suspected. A male had lost a large piece out of each of the four wings. In the bean fields near the junction of the Blue and White Niles Colias marnoana, Rogenh. (a miniature edition of our C. hyale), was common. In all fifteen were taken, including two white females. Two examples had symmetrical injuries affecting all four wings. A shght scent was noted in some specimens, described as “ peculiar,” “ chocolate-like,” or ‘ clove-like.” The observations were, however, not very definite, and in one case the scent was noted in a female specimen. The prevalence of the genus Teracolus at Khartim was in itself sufficient indication that we were within the limits of the Ethiopian fauna. None of the species were really common during my stay, but of T. ephyia, Klug, I secured four males and a female, missing several others ; two of the males were veritable dwarfs. I also took a single dwarf male of 7. daira, Klug. To the west of the towh I took the only T. chrysonome, Klug, a 9, that fell in my way. Lastly, I caught near the tennis-ground a female of T. protomedia, Klug, which seemed to me to have a faint scent like opium. At Burri I secured a specimen of the very beautiful Callopieris eulimine, Klug. I did not come across a single Satyrid or Skipper in the Sudan! There was but one Nymphaline—the ubiquitous Pyrameis cardwi, L., which was met with in the largest numbers on an exposed piece of ground at the very point of junction of the two rivers, exactly where one would have expected to see it. A fresh brood made its appearance on February 7th; one of these, a male, had an unusual under-side, very grey in tone, with but little dark shading, and without any black 122 [May in the ocelli. Even slight variations are rare in this remarkably constant species. “Blues” were fairly numerous though of few species; Polyommatus beticus, L., and Tarucus theophrastus, F., were both abundant, the first especially in bean fields, the second about Acacia bushes, or at flowers of Arva. I fancied that a male of the first named butterfly had a slight scent like meadow-sweet, while one of the latter had a moderately strong, sweet, luscious odour. Of Azanus ubaldus, Cram., I took half-a-dozen, having previously come across a female in Nubia at Amada (Lat. 20° 45'N.). Of the little Chilades trochilus, Frey (a species also met with at Aswan), I took one only. Zizera lysimon, Hub., was commonest on weeds in fields from which a crop had been removed, especially frequenting dAfrva and Arnebia. On the other hand Catochrysops eleusis, Dem., was common about small, low-growing, white-prickled Acacia bushes on the edge of the desert. The Khartim males were markedly bluer, less violet, than the Aswan specimens, which latter were chiefly taken about a pink-flowered Lotus. Moths were not very numerous, but many of those taken were interesting. The almost cosmopolitan Ufetheisa pulchella, L., was fairly common on both sides of the town. The little Pyrale, Noctuelia floralis, Hubn. (which is like an “improved” Herbula cespitaliss Schiff.), occurred at the flowers of Arnebia sp., and the handsome Deilephila livornica, Esp., was taken at about 11 a.m. one hot sunny morning hovering at the flowers of Hchiwm sp., both Hawkmoth and flower being in this case quite Palearctic. All my other moths were victims of the seductive attractions of the electric lights. On some evenings, when the north wind was not too strong, these were much frequented, and while boxing moths on such occasions crowds of small flies entangled themselves in my scanty hair in a most irritating way. Amongst the moths D. livornica, Esp., turned up again, with it was a singular pale grey Syntomid, Apisa canescens, Walk.; also several Geometrids, including Craspedia consentanea, Walk. [which I also took at Dakkeh, 23° 15’ N., and even as far north as Luxor, 25° 50’ N.] ; a very worn Tephrina, probably disputaria, Gn., var.; four specimens of Peridela sudanata, Warr. and Roth. ;* also an “ Emerald” which Mr. L. B. Prout says is a new Chlorochroma, as so often happens a * Nov. Zool. vol. xii, 1905, p. 28, fig. 26. 1911.) 123 unique example. There was in addition a male specimen of a _Lymantriad which Sir George Hampson has described* as Porthesia erythrosticta, sp. n., and which he says resembles Huproctis rufopunc- tata, Walk. The Noctwee were more remarkable than numerous ; several specimens of Caradrina (Laphygma) eviqua, Hubn., the larva of which feeding on cotton, berseem (a kind of clover), and Hibiscus, is quite a plague to the farmers of modern Egypt; a female of Huaoa spinifera, Hubn., another common Egyptian moth ; four specimens of Sesamia | Nonagria] cretica, Led.; one of S. apunctifera, Hmpsn., the iatter very distinctly marked, more so than any in the National Collec- tion. Another cotton pest of Egypt, Prodenia litura, F. (littoralis, Bsd.) was represented by a single example. One of the most un- expected visitors was Copicucullia sublutea, Graes. ; the type of this species came from Eastern Turkestan, and the British Museum possesses but a single example, and that from the desert of Gobi in Northern China, no less than 30° N. and 70° E. of Khartim! Sir George Hampson thinks that desert insects probably have an unusually large range, since desert conditions are similar over very large areas. Of Spodoptera mauritia, Bsd., two specimens turned up; of the common and very active Quadrifid Acantholipes affinis, Butl., only one. Of a Catocaline which is probably a new species of Hypoglaucitis, I took two, and Mrs. Longstaff another; a fourth specimen came to the lights of the steamer at Kasr Ibrim, in Nubia (Lat. 22°35° N.) on January 29th. As might have been expected there were plenty of Pyrales among the frequenters of the lamps: two Galleriads, one the dingy Lamoria imbella, Walk., four specimens; this is a widely dis- tributed African species, ranging from Natal to the Nyanza ; the other Arenipses sabella, Hmpsn., a species found in Arabia and on the Persian Gulf, of which I also got four. Other Pyrales were the almost cosmopolitan Hellula hydralis, Gnu., one; Noctuelia floralis, Hubn., two; Polyocha anerastiodes, Warr. and Roth., one; the ubiquitous Nomophila noctuella, Schitf., three; Noorda blitealis, Walk., im abun- dance, a species that ranges from Ceylon over India to Aden ; Hromene ocellea, Haw., two, small and pale when compared with the large numbers seen in Egypt; and Ftiella, n. sp., still im Sir George Hampson’s hands. Also a Tortrix which Lord Walsingham says is the cosmopolitan Bactra lanceolana, Hubn. For the determinations of the Hymenoptera met with I am * Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. v, May, 1910, p. 435, 124. (May, greatly indebted to my old friend the Rev. F. D. Morice, who spent much time over them. Ants did not make themselves very obvious. On the battlefield of Kerreri, during an extremely hurried visit, [ managed to secure a worker of Camponotus sericeus, F. In the hotel at Khart@m my first capture was a worker of C. sy/vaticus, Oliv., var. maculatus, F. In the Zoological Gardens close by I took on the trunk of a Parkinsonia three worker ants of which Mr. Morice writes: “This Camponotus is unknown to me, unless it be a form of pubescens, F.; the pilosity is very curious.” I did not meet with either of these three ants in Egypt. In the western suburbs, toward Mogran, I found a worker of Myrmecocystus viaticus, Fab., running rapidly over the ground; in the same neighbourhood, under a stone, I found an ant of which Mr. Morice writes: ‘Genus? Species? Seems to belong to the Poneride, but I know nothing like it. With the general appearance of a Formicid, it has a long and powerful sting!” Prenolepis longicornis, Latr., hunted on the luncheon table ; while Aphznogaster barbara, L., was common in the garden ; a male of the red and black Mutillid Apterogyna savignyi, Klug, was also taken in the hotel, Of the difficult genus Myzine I met with three species on the Mogran hunting ground. The commonest appears to be fasciculata, which the late Mr. Ed. Saunders described from Biskra, of this I took seven specimens, all males ; of rowsselii, Gueér. (also a Biskra insect), I took four males; lastly, there were two males which Mr. Morice thinks may be either xgyptiaca, Guer., or guerini, Lucas (= latifasciata, Palm.) ; perhaps it is the insect represented in fig. 27 of Savigny’s Plate xv. On the river bank to the east of the town, beyond the water works, I took a male of Scolia erythrocephala, Fab., a handsome insect, black with yellow-ringed abdomen, and purple-tipped wings, with base and costa ferruginous. On the other side of the town I took a female Scolia very similar, but with no ferruginous markings on the wings, which Mr. Morice thinks may be a variety, but possibly a new species. In the same locality as the last I got a small female Scolia, a greyish insect with a yellow abdomen, which Mr. Morice says is quite unlike any species known to him. Of Elis senilis, Fab., I brought home five males, varying greatly in size, some were taken on Tacoma stans, others on Calotropis near the rifle ranges. The Sphegidx were numerously represented. The only Ammophila that I met with at Kharttm was a solitary female of gracilima» June, 1911.) 125 Tasch. Of the handsome black, yellow-legged, long-waisted Sceli- phron spirifex, L., I took two examples, one at Khartam, the other in the train at Mut Mir Station on the Sudan Railway ; it also occurred at Luxor; my specimens are all females. Philanthus coarctatus, Spin., and variegatus, Spin., were both abundant towards Mogran, males greatly predominating. Other abundant small Sphegids were Cerceris albi- eincta, Klug, 28 ¢, 2 9, and C. subimpressa, Schlett., 24 ¢, 2 9; C. annexva, Kohl, was not so common, only 4 ¢ and 1 9? being taken. The great majority of these small Sphegids (as well as of Chrysids and Flies), were obtained by sweeping the white fluffy Amarantaceous plant Arva ? javanica, Juss., but a few were obtained from the Boragineous Arnebia sp. The large bees and wasps on the other hand frequented Tacoma stans, Acacia and Parkinsonia, though a few occurred at Calotropis. Of Bembex lusca, Spin., I secured one of each sex, of B. medi- terranea, Handl., three males, one was taken on A/rva, one near Burri, where so far as I know that plant did not grow. Of the fine large Sphex wmbrosus, Chrst, a black-bodied insect with clear wings, save at the base, a specimen (¢) was taken to the west of the town. In the same locality, on a small umbellate weed, I took a male Tachytes, a striking insect with a testaceous abdomen and dark borders to the wings. Mr. Morice thinks this may be the male of superbiens, Morice, the de- scription of which will shortly appear in the Transactions of the Entomological Society ; he compares it with monetaria, Smith, from India. The difficult genus Pompilus was represented by ten males of a species of the Aporus group. No social wasps were met with; on the other hand the genus Humenes was much to the fore, by far the commonest species being the Egyptian blue-black E. tinctor, Chrst, of which I took ten males and four females; of H. dimidiatipennis, Sauss., and EH. lepelletiert, Sauss., I took one male each ; of FH. eswriens, L., a truly hungry-looking, long- waisted, yellow, brown and black beast, I took one of each sex. Of the large black purple-winged Rhynchiwm ? synagrioides, Sauss., with its orange-tipped tail, I took two of each sex; it frequented the flowers of Tacoma. Of R. cyanopterum, Sauss., I found a solitary male at Acacia flowers. Of R. niloticum, Sauss., I took two males at Khartam, another at Atbara junction 200 miles to the northward. A female Odynerus (Lionotus) belonging to the parvulus group may possibly prove to be a new species. The handsome and conspicuous Carpenter-bees were*as common 126 {[June, in the Sudan as in Hgypt, but in addition to the strikingly dimorphic Xylocopa estuans, Linn., with its very different males and females, five males of Xylocopa taschenbergi, Vachal, turned up at Khartum. Of the leaf-cutters several species were met with. Two Megachile flavipes, Spin., were taken in the western suburbs, also at Calotropis, near the rifle ranges; this is a small species which I afterwards found quite commonly in Egypt; but M. albocincta, Rad., also an Egyptian species, was the commoner at Kharttm, frequenting the flowers of Calotropis and Tacoma, it is not, however, by any means easy to catch, still I secured three males and five females; of M. argentata, Fab., I took two males and a female, it also frequented Tacoma ; at Calotro- pis and other flowers I took three specimens of M.? patellimana, Spin. PD. sp. There were but two species of Anthidiwm among my captures, VizZ., tessellatum, Klug, of which I took two females; and ? karschi, Friese, of which I took a male, at least a bee which Mr. Morice says is probably the undescribed male of that species. I also got several specimens of both sexes of an Anthophora which Mr. Morice says is near bimaculata, Panz., and possibly = byssina, Klug, but that there perhaps may be more than one species among them. Three males of Ceratina tarsata, Morawitz, turned up at Khartitim. At Abu Hamed (Lat. 19° 30’ N.), 331 m. north of Khartim, I took in the station-master’s garden two females of Nomia latipes, Morawitz. At Khartiim I secured a male of N. edentato, Morawitz, and four females of the tiny yellow and black Nomioides rotundiceps, Hand. Among those gem-like creatures, the Chrysididx, I was successful in getting some interesting insects, although I did not find them numerous. The brilliant, but widely distributed Stilbum splendidum, F., was the commonest, and I brought home twelve, some of them of the var. amethystinum, F. In the garden of the Cataract Hotel at Arwan (Upper Egypt), on January 26th, 1909, at about 5.30 in the afternoon, Miss Stracey called my attention to a number of Stilbwm splendidum upon a Parkinsonia (an Australian tree with yellow flowers) ; they formed two clusters, one on a branch, the other on pods, con- sisting of 14 and 34 individuals respectively ; they were sitting close together, quite still,and appeared to be stupid. Mr. Morice was much interested in my account of this observation, which he is not able to account for, and cannot exactly match by any other recorded case among the Hymenoptera. I mentioned the matter to Mr. F. C. Will- cocks, F.E.S., of Cairo, but he said that he had never noticed anything 1911] D7 of the kind. Mr. Morice informs me that Stilbwm infests the larve of the larger species of Hwmenes (especially dimidiatipennis) exactly as Ichneumons do those of Lepidoptera. Chrysis nasuta, Mocsary, is so similar to Stilbwm in size and general appearance that I doubtless confused the two, and brought home but one male and three females; this is unfortunate, since it appears that Mocsary in 1902 described the male only, from Salisbury, Rhodesia ; he has seen my specimens and believes them to be the two sexes of nasuta. Chrysis pallidicornis, Spin., was the commonest of the genus, and I secured seven specimens. It is variable in the colour of its tail, which may be red, reddish, or green (var. chloris, Mocs.). Of C. fasciwata, Klug, I took two; of the rainbow-coloured FE. auri- fascia, Brullé, one; the last named is, I am informed, a rarity, but it extends as far as the Cape. Of the common Egyptian Hedychridiwm aheneum, Dhlb., I took but one. The genus Parnopes was represented by a male and two females of what both Mr. Morice and M. du Buysson are agreed is a new species. Nearly all these Chrysids, but not the Stilbwm, were obtained by sweeping Afrva ? javanica, Juss. Insects of other Orders were few in number, thus but a single species of bug was met with, Lygeus militaris, F., taken among Calotropis ; it appears a very bright red on the wing. Mr. Distant tells me that it is a common species. A servant at the hotel brought me a large Mantid in spirit, Hierodula bioculata, Burm., she said that it had come to light at the beginning of February. Of the common North African locust, Acry- dium exgyptiacum, L., I took one. A specimen of Phaneroptera minima, Br., came to light. A number of large earwigs, Labidura riparia, Pall., were found under a stone near the junction of the two rivers at Mogran; I had met with the same species near the Great Pyramid. ; It is to be feared that little attention was paid to flies, and those that I brought home were not remarkable. Of Agria (Sarcophaga) nuba, Wied., a species also met with in Egypt, I took a pair. Among Calotropis, on the desert near the rifle ranges, I took two males and a female of Dacus longistylus, Wied., a wasp-like fly which Becker, in his work on Egyptian Diptera, attaches to the same plant. The bril- liantly coloured blue-bottle, Pyenosoma marginale, Wied., was also common on Calotropis, but I suspect that a dead camel close by was even more attractive to it. A solitary Anthrax has not yet been pro- vided with a name. Two specimens of Rhinia (Idia) eenea, Walk., complete a somewhat commonplace list. (To be continued). Reprinted from “The Entomoloyist’s Monthly Magazine,” 2nd Series, Vol. xxii. 194, (August, THREE WEEKS IN THE SUDAN. BY G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (Continued from page 127). Quite the most obvious Kharttm beetle was the dark brown and gold Cetoniid, Pachnoda savignyi, G. and P., which was very commonly to be seen flying around, or settled upon, the flowers of Acacia or Tecoma. When settled on a flower it was easily alarmed, and readily took to its wings. Many specimens in the British Museum have the brown replaced by yellow, but I saw none so coloured. At Burri I took flying about Acacia flowers two of the large green Steraspis speciosa, Klug, a species common in Upper Egypt, also at the same flowers a very finely coloured example of the magnificent Julodis fimbriata, Klug —green, yellow, and orange-red. The electric lights of the hotel attracted the small chafers, Adoretus clypeatus, Burm., and Schizony- che sp., as well as two specimens of the small scarab, Catharsius sesostris, Waterh. (= pylades, Péringuey), a species which ranges from Egypt to Sierra Leone, in one direction, and to South Africa in the other. Amongst the odds and ends attracted by light was an Opatrum, as usual dingy and nameless. Of Himatismus villosus, Haag, I found one on the Cathedral site, while three others came to light. Débris under bushes of Calotropis gave shelter to a Sceliodis castaneus, Esch., and a number of the abundant Ocnera hispida, Forsk. ; of the last named Mrs. Duckett took one in the hotel. Zophosis plana, F., crawled upon the sand near the rifle ranges. Other beetles met with were Coccinella 11-punctata, L., and five specimens of Bulzea lichat- schovii, Hummel, var. pallida, Muls. Unfortunately, when we reached Kharttm the dry season was so far advanced that with the water at such a low level it was not possible to make the usual excursion up the Blue Nile. However, after a good deal of difficulty I managed on February 15th, to hire a small oil-fed steam-launch, in which we got to Soba, fifteen miles up stream, where mounds and brickbats are all that remains of the evidently once considerable capital of the Christian kingdom of Aloa. We landed on the north side of the river at about noon, and had to climb up a steep bank sheltered from the north wind, but with the sun’s rays pouring down upon our backs with a power that I have seldom experienced, so that I fully expected to be struck down. At the top we found ourselves in a somewhat scanty thorn-scrub, but the cruel prickles, the great heat, and the strong wind, contributed to make collecting difficult. 1911.) 195 With the exception of a female of the common Humenes tinctor, Christ, found in the “ Rest house,” and two Sphegids, Bembex medi- terraneus, Spin.,and Tachysphex fluctuatus, Gerst., both females, all my captures were butterflies. Of the orange-tipped Teracolus ephyia, Klug, I took four males, in one of which I detected a sweet scent ; a male Belenois mesentina, Cram., also had a sweet scent, which was lacking in two females. Tarucus theophrastus, F., was in abundance about bushes ; one at rest was seen to move its wings after the manner common among Lycaenids. The take of the day was a nice little series of seven males of Calopieris eulimine, Klug, four of them in fine condition. This is not only a scarce, but a most beautiful insect ; the orange-tips to its fore-wings are delicately shot with violet, while the veins on the under-side of the hind-wings are brilliant orange. THe Waite NILez. Feb. 16th—Feb. 20th, 1909. Unfortunately a projected journey as far as the Bahr-el-Ghazal fell through, and I was able to carry out but a very short expedition, which, nevertheless, was the most interesting part of the whole tour. The steamer was very comfortable and the manager civility itself : indeed so luxurious is travelling now-a-days that we were somewhat disposed to grumble when the supply of ice failed! Yet one night well plead extenuating circumstances, for aerated water without ice is apt to taste flat at 114° F. in the shade. It was, however, really tantalizing to be five days in a country of such possibilities, and yet to get in all less than twelve hours collecting. An entomologist ought, if possible, not to be pressed for time, and he ought to travel in a private steamer. On February 16th, when about 40 miles above Kharttim, at 4.50 p.m., there being a gentle breeze from the westward, numerous lady-birds coming from the eastward settled upon the ship. All those examined proved to be Coccinella 11-punctata, L., a common Egyptian species. The flight lasted a little over an hour and there must have been hundreds of the beetles.* During the greater part of the way the steamer passed through absolutely flat country elevated but little above the river. At this stage interest centred on the number and variety of large birds. We soon came to cranes—grey, demoiselle, and others—storks, ibis, herons ; geese of several sorts; ducks and teal immumerable. On low muddy * Proc. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1909, p. xxxii. 196 [August, 1911. islands the cranes stood in rows like soldiers, each kind by itself, in scores or hundreds. Of pelicans we saw but few, of flamingoes possibly one or two. Then there was the marabout, which is a very handsome bird; so is the less common fish eagle. There were also kingfishers and other smaller fowl. Crocodiles were common enough. We soon reached papyrus, at first a plant or two, but later plenty. With the papyrus appeared the hippopotamus. At one stopping place we were brought what we were told was “lotus ”’—but it was not the Nelumbiwm, but a white water- lily somewhat larger than our English Nymphea alba, L. Later we entered a very scanty forest which appeared to consist chiefly of acacias and other prickly trees. The first night, at Geténa (63 m.), three Noctue came to the steamer’s lights, all Egyptian species :—Agrotis segetum, Schiff. ; Caradrina exigua, Hubn.; and Sesamia { Nonagria} cretica, Led. The following day, Feb. 17th, I got an hour and a half’s collecting in the middle of the day at Ad Duwém (125 m., lat. 14° 10’ N.), but unfortunately much of this precious time was wasted in looking for good collecting ground. A female Polyommatus beeticus, L., two males of Tarucus theophrastus, F., and a male of Azanus ubaldus, Cram., were all Kharttim friends, as were Belenois mesentina, Cram., a male, Teracolus daira, Klug, of which I got one of each sex, and T. protomedia, Klug, of which I also got one of each sex. The last is a strong flier and I missed some in consequence. I did however add one species to my list in the shape of Teracolus halimede, Klug (var. leo, Butler), of which I got a male, but unfortunately damaged its hind-wing in pinching it. I also got the common wasp, Humenes tinctor, Christ, a female, as well as Icaria cincta, Lep., also a female (Mr. Morice regards this as quite a tropical form) ; the Chrysid Parnopes viridis, Brulle; the fly Agria { Sarcophaga | nuba, Wied.; Coccinella 11—punctata, L.,; and the widely distributed Utetheisa pulchella, L., of which several were seen. That afternoon, further up the river, a female Xylocopa zstuans, L., came on to the steamer and was captured by Miss Marriage. On the return voyage three days later (Feb. 20), I got another two hours ashore at Ad Duwém, from 8.45 to 10.45 a.m. Butterflies were fairly common in and near some gardens a short way up stream, but there was a strong wind and many of them were much torn. On this occasion Danaida chrysippus, L., put in an appearance and I took a male, a fine specimen of the alcippus form with hardly any fulvous September, 1911.] 197 upon the hind-wing; it had the characteristic odour of the species strongly developed. The most conspicuous insect however was Teracolus protomedia, Klug, which was common enough, but not very easy to catch in the high wind, though I managed to secure nine, all males. This butterfly seemed to be especially attracted by the red flowers of a Cexsalpinia in one of the gardens; in three of the specimens I detected a scent, slight but distinct, which was noted at the time as “a somewhat unpleasant stuffy smell” ; “a slight scent, scarcely agreeable”; ‘distinct, dusty, hard to describe.” The commonest butterfly would appear to have been Teracolus daira, Klug, of which I brought away five males and three females, one of the former being a dwarf; a female is recorded as having had a clove-pink scent, both in the field and at home. Of 7. halimede, Klug, I got one female ; of T. (?) liagore, Klug, a male. This last must be a very rare species. Dr. Dixey told me that he had never seen a specimen, but he thought that mine must be Klug’s liagore. I also took five males of Belenois mesentina, Cram., three of which had a slight, somewhat hay- like scent. The flowers of Parkinsonia attracted, besides the common Xylocopa estuans, L., and Humenes tinctor, Christ, the large handsome grey, black and white bee, Anthophora nubrica, Lep., of which I secured one of each sex; in company with these was an Anthophora that Mr. Morice thinks likely to be the undescribed male of A. incana, Klug, of which I seem to have taken the female at the same flowers in the suburbs of Khartim. Late at night we reached Kosti, 192 miles from Kharttm. This is the place that is often called after the name of the district, Gdz Abt Gima. Quite a number of insects came to the lights of the steamer during the evening. Among them was Cirphis loreyi, Dup., a rarity in England, but common enough in Egypt. There were also two specimens (males) of a Trichiwra, which Sir George Hampson thinks to be obsoleta, Klug. My Egyptian specimens quite agree with those in the British Museum from Cairo, but the two from Kosti are identical with three from the Blue Nile, and differ from the others in being smaller, darker, and of a blue-grey tint ;* Then there was a little ochreous Noctuid, a species of Antarchza, which is not in the British Museum, also a very distinct Lymantriid, a tiny moth nearly black, with an orange body spotted with black, which Sir George Hamp- son has described as Huproctis zanthosoma, sp.n., adding “ very distinct * Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker has described this form as Trichivra dejinita, sp. n., Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. vii, June, 1911, pp. 565—566, 198 (September, from all other species known to me’’*; also a Schoenobius and a Chilo, both of which appear to be new. With these novelties were the less remarkable Endotricha consobrinalis, Zell., and the very generally distributed Hypsopygia mauritialis, Gn., a species near the British Pyralis costalis, Fab. It is curious in how many places and under what different circum- stances I have taken single specimens of Acridiwm exgyptiacum, L. Here it came to light, accompanied by other Acridians and crickets (not. yet named), as well as the Mantid Empusa egena, Charp., and the cockroach, Derocalymma porcellio, Gerst. The huge but dingy water-bug, Limnogeton fieberi, Mayr, was accompanied by a number of beetles, many of them obscure species that Ihave been unable to identify : Opatrum subsulcatum, Reiche, in some numbers; Opatrwm sp.; Tanymecus sp.; Teeniolobus sp.; Chlenius sp.; Pederus sp.; Luciola sp., not in the British Museum; and lastly a male of the common ant Myrmecocystus viaticus, Fab. At our most southerly point, Gebel En, Lat. 12° 40' N., 238 m. from Kharttum, I had a very short time for collecting. The thin scrub was very dry, there was scarcely any herbage, and but one or two shrubs were still in flower. The heat was intense, 114° F. in the shade, at the same time the sense of hurry was most disconcerting. Under these adverse conditions all that I succeeded in taking back to the ship were two dragon-flies and six butterflies. A male Danaida chrysippus, L., with the usual scent, differed from the type only in having the veins of the hind-wines margined with white ; of two Teracolus halimede, Klug, one had a large piece missing from a hind-wing; two T. eupompe, Klug ; and, lastly, a 7. evarne, Klug, the only specimen that Tmet with. All these Teracoli were males, and the two last named species decidedly “ dry.” That night we slept at Roseires (not to be confounded with the place of the same name onthe Blue Nile). Here again insects came to light, viz. :—Cirphis loreyi, Dup., as before; the ubiquitous Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. ; a yellowish Arctiid, superficially rather like a Nona- gria, not known to Sir George Hampson ; another specimen of the new Antarchzea previously taken at Kosti; a Lymantriid which Sir George Hampson considers to be the male of an undescribed female from British East Africa, and has described as Lelia seminuda, sp. n.f; and the Acridian Oxycoryphus compressicornis, Latr. 'The next morning a * Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. V., May, 1910, p. 437. + Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., Ser. 8. Vol. V., May, 1910, p. 441, 1911.] 199 Mantid, Calidomantis savigny?, Sauss., was found on a water-lily on the breakfast table ; doubtless it had been attracted by the lights the night before. Several beetles also visited the lights—which were acetylene and not very briluant—Coccinella rufescens, Muls.; Brachinus Spas Ora sp.; Tanymecus sp. (the same as at Kosti); Peederus sp.; and Chlenius sp. The next morning we left Hillet Abbas at 10.30 a.m., a bare, miserable place, not improved entomologically by a tearing wind, However, besides three dragon-flies, I managed to get hold of one Azanus ubaldus, Cram.,a female ; a female Teracolus daira, Klug ; and two males of TT. kalimede, Klug, var. leo, Butler. This last is a delicate insect, white with a cadmium-yellow flush ; it appears to have a slight somewhat disagreeable scent. I missed a Blue, probably Polyommatus beeticus, L. On our way down stream again I got three quarters of an hour’s collecting at Kosti in a small vegetable garden close to the landing place. Only two butterflies rewarded my efforts, a male Zizera lysimon, Hubn., and a male Danaida chrysippus, L., the last, taken at onion flowers, was almost typical, with merely a little white along the veins of the hind-wings. It proved tenacious of life and had the usual characteristic scent. The flowers of carrot yielded a female of Elis senilis, F., a Scohid of which I had taken several males at Khartam. When I first met with this in Egypt I had no idea that the sexes were conspecific. The male, very variable in size, is smaller, its abdomen orange-red, ringed with black, its head and thorax covered with grey pubescence (whence the name), its wings transparent. The female is larger and stouter : the pubescence orange, abdomen blue-black, and about two-fifths of the wings purple. On the same flowers I took the beautiful Humenes lepelletieri, Sauss., one of each sex, a fine yellow insect with a black cross on its abdomen; a pair of the yellow-eyed Tachasphex fluctuatus, Gerst.; a male of Odynerus (2) bellatulus, Sauss.; also a Pompilid which puzzles Mr. Morice, but which he thinks may be Salius bretonii, Guér. With these was an Egyptian grasshopper, Chrotogonius lugqubris, Blanch. We stopped at 'Tawila (185 m. above Khartam) to fill wp with fuel. Fortunately the process of “ wooding ” was a slow one and I got ashore from 1.0 to 4.30 p.m. ‘The terrain was covered with a scanty scrub just above the level of the river; the small trees were mostly acacias, but all were exasperatingly thorny. Collecting was good, in spite of 200 [September, the wind, nearly all my captures being made at one or two late acacias that were still in flower. The sense of hurry and the desire to catch as many things as the time permitted interfered with observation. In the midst of my work I tore my net very badly, but fortunately the steamer was not far off and I ran back to get a new. one; curiously enough, two of my best specimens were taken with the damaged net, in spite of a hole quite a foot across. Most of my captures were by this time old friends, e.g., Tarucus theophrastus, Fab., two males and a female; Belenois mesentina, Cram., a solitary male; Teracolus proto- media, Klug, a male with a sweet scent; 7’. daira, Klug, three males and two females, one of each sex was unusually large, but on the other hand one female was a veritable dwarf ; 7. ewpompe, Klug, seven males and one female; 7’. halimede, Klug, var. leo, Butl., two males and one female. But besides these old friends I made some new acquaintances, to wit, Teracolus phisadia, Godt., six of each sex. The male is very pretty and delicately coloured, bemg pink with a black border to the wings, one of them was noted as having a sweet luscious scent ; the female is sulphur yellow. Lalso got two 7. calais, Cram. (a Delhi acquaintance), one of them small. Of Herpenia eriphia, Godt., I took one of each sex, both quite remarkably small specimens. ‘Two old South African friends also turned up, Leuceronia buquetii, Bsd., a female, and three Virachola antalus, Hopff. The only moth that I saw was Sterrha sacraria, Linn., which I kicked up. There were but two Aculeates in my bag: a male Humenes tinctor, Christ, and a female H. lepelletieri, Sauss. Late that afternoon we stopped at Fachi Shoya, on Abba Island (176 m. above Kharttim), where the Mahdi used to live. I landed and collected from 5.15 p.m. to dusk. The following were for the most part disturbed from grass, &c.:—a nearly typical male Danaida chrysippus, L., only shghtly dusted with white; it was tenacious of life and had the characteristic scent ; five females of Teracolus halimede, Klug; also a female of 7’. ewpompe, Klug, lacking the red tip. It is notable that at Tawila, earlier in the day, males prevailed over females. The female of halimede is variable, the ground colour is usually white, but in a specimen from Ad Duwém it was yellow; sometimes there is a mere trace of the yellow flush, but occasionally it approaches that of the male, moreover the black markings vary in intensity. At Fachi Shoya I got a single moth, a Lithosud which is almost certainly a new species. A native sailor brought me two beetles, Rhytinota scabriuscula, Esch., and Mrs. Longstaff found a beetle in our 1911] 901 cabin, Pheropsophus (?) lafertei, Arrow. That night there was a violent gale from the north, which blew out of my cabin two of my precious Tawila butterflies in their papers! What they were I shall never know, but have an impression that they were Teracoli of which I had others. In spite of the gale a Catocaline Noctuid came to light, Pandesma quenavadi, Gn., a common Indian form. On my last night on the White Nile, Feb. 20th, above Geteina, Phyllodromia treitliana, Wern., an uncommon cockroach, came to light, and Herr Schwabacher gave me a Cirphis loreyi, Dup. The fauna of the Sudan is extremely interesting from the point of view of geographical distribution. It may indeed be compared to Switzerland, in which country French, Germans, and Italians meet. The insect fauna of Egypt is essentially Palearctic in character; the great majority of its insects are also to be found in Southern Europe. As examples of Palearctic species extending through Egypt to the Sudan the following may be mentioned :—Cirphis loreyi, Dup.; Euzxoa spinifera, Hb.; Caradrina exigua, Hb.; Deilephila livornica, Esp. ; Xylocopa estuans, L.; Humenes tinctor, Christ; Coccinella 11-punctata, L. Another element is the Oriental, which would appear to have reached the Sudan through Persia by way of Arabia. Such insects are Teracolus calais, Cram.; Pandesma quenavadi, Gu. ; Noorda blitealis, Walk.; Arenipses sabella, Hmpsn.; and Copicucullia sublutea, Graes. (though perhaps this last may be reckoned as Paleearctic rather than Oriental). Other Sudan insects have a far wider distribution such as Danaida chrysippus, L.; Polyommatus beticus, L.; Zizera lysimon, Hubn. ; Utetheisa pulchella, L.; Hromene ocellea, Haw.; and Sterrha sacraria, L. Together with these are the almost cosmopolitan Pyrameis cardui, L.; Agrotis upsilon, Rott. ; and Nomophila noctuella, Schwff. Doubtless many at any rate, if not all, of these common insects are to be found in Uganda, yet the fauna of that country may well be con- sidered to be characteristically Ethiopian. From Uganda not a few Ethiopian species have passed to the Sudan, where they meet the Pale - arctic and Oriental imsects previously named. Such are Papilio demodocus, Esp.; Catopsilia florella, F.; Leuceronia buquetii, Bsd. ; Herpenia eriphia, Godt.; Calopieris eulimine, Klug; Teracolus proto- media, Klug; T.daira, Klug; T. chrysonome, Klug; T’. ephyia, Klug ; T. halimede,Klug ; T. phisadia, Godt.; T. eupompe, Klug ; T. liagore, Klug ; and 7. evarne, Klug; Virachola antalus, Hopft.; and Lamorva imbella, Walk. 202 (September. So far as my shght opportunities enabled me to hazard an opinion, the Palearctic fauna of Egypt extends almost unchanged as far south as Wady Halfa. It would, of course, require much study on the spot to define the line, if such there be, north of which Ethiopian species do not range. The line of demarcation may safely be assumed to be dif- ferent for different species. For instance, the African butterfly, Catochrysops eleusis, Dem., is as abundant at Abu Simbel in Nubia, and even at Assouan, as it is at Kharttim; one or two Sudanese moths also, as I have mentioned, extend into Nubia; nevertheless, I was dis- tinctly impressed with the idea that it was south of the Nubian desert, roughly speaking at the River Atbara, say 17° 30' N., that I first came in contact with the Ethiopian fauna, though, on the other hand, forms which occur in the Palearctic Region were common enough at Khartim and even south of it, but these were for the most part wide-ranging, if not actually cosmopolitan species. The Hon. N. C. Rothschild stayed for some time at Nakheila, on the Atbara, in 1904, where he and his companions, the Hon. F. R. Henley and Mr. A. F. N. Wollaston, took several species of Teracolus and other insects that I met with at KhartGm or South of it.* Mr. Rothschild informs me that he thinks the Teracoli probably extend as far northwards as the thin Acacia scrub, that is to say to some point north of the Atbara, but south of Wady Halfa. It is interesting to compare with my captures those of Mr. W. L. S. Loat, F.Z.8.,f in 1901 and 1902. Many species are common to the two lists, but not only had he somewhat more time than was at my disposal, but a large number of his insects were taken as far south as lat. 5° N., whereas I did not get beyond 12° 40' N.; it was therefore only to be expected that, as compared with my captures, his were more strongly Ethiopian, including, e.g., a Neptis and two species of Acrea. Mr. Loat took 11 species of Teracolus, I took 10; six species are com- mon to the two lists. As regards the Hymenoptera Mr. Morice writes me :—‘“‘ I may say that the only insects I had previously examined from Khartim and the White Nile, were those taken by the Swedish expedition five or six years ago, and you have certainly got much more material than they did— though, strange to say, hardly any of the same species !”’ Highlands, Putney Heath : June, 1911. *Novitates Zoologice, 1905, pp. 21—38 + On Lepidoptera from the White Nile, by F. A. Dixey, M.D., F.R.S., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1903, p. 141. Il. The Butterflies of the White Nile: a study in Geo- graphical Distribution. By G. B. Lonestarr, M.A., MDs, HES. [Read November 20th, 1912.] PEATE 1, BIBLIOGRAPHY. (Works dealing specially with the White Nile District are marked with an asterisk.) 1. Aurivittius, Cur. Rhopalocera Aethiopica, Stock- holm (1898). *2. AuRIvILLIUS, CHR. Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901, under the direction of L. A. Jagerskidld. Part I. Lepidoptera, pp. 1-9. (The specimens were collected by J. Tragardh.) 3. AURIvVILLIUS, CHR. Die Gross-schmetterlinge der Erde, von Dr. Adalbert Seitz. Fauna Africana (1908—). 4. Bryeuam, C. T. Fauna of British India: Butterflies, valai, 1905; vol. 1, 1907. *5. Butter, A. G. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Genus Teracolus, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 126-165. (This contains references to Consul Petherick’s captures on the White Nile.) 6. Burier, A. G. Ona Collection of Lepidoptera made by Major J. W. Yerbury at or near Aden (in 1883- 1884). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 478-503. 7. Butter, A. G. An account of two Collections of Lepidoptera recently received from Somaliland. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 756-766. (A small collection made by Major Yerbury in 1884; a larger collection made by Messrs. J. G. Thrupp, Lort-Phillips, and James, 1884-1885.) 8. Buruter, A. G. On the Butterflies obtained in Arabia and Somaliland by Capt. Chas. G. Nurse and Col. J. W. Yerbury. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 242-257. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PaRTI. (JUNE) 12 *10. iis #13: 14. 20. Dr. G. B. Longstaff on . Butter, A. G. A Revision of the Species of Butter- flies belonging to the genus Teracolus, Swains. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 6th series, vol. xx, 1897, pp. 385-399, 451-473, 495-507. Butter, A. G. On some Butterflies from the White Nile collected by Capt. H. N. Dunn, of the Egyptian Army. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, p. 25. (Capt. Dunn collected on the Bahr el-Zarafa.) Drxry, F. A. On a Collection of Insects and Arach- nids made in 1895 and 1897 by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, ¥.Z.8., in Somaliland, with Descriptions of New Species. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, pp. 10-17. . Drxry, F. A. On a Collection of Insects and Arach- nids made by Mr. EK. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of New Species. Lepidoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, pp. 372-383. Dixry, F. A. On Lepidoptera from the White Nile collected by Mr. W. L. 8. Loat, F.Z.S.; together with further notes on Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, pp. 141-163. (I have had the great advantage of hearing Dr. Dixey’s later views as to some of the more obscure species dealt with in these papers.) — - KurrincuamM, H. A Monograph of the African Species of the Genus, Acraea, Fab., with a supple- ment on those of the Oriental Region. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, pp. 1-374. . Kiua, F. Symbolae Physicae (1829). . Lonestarr, G. B. Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands (1912). (The account of my first visit to the White Nile will be found on pp. 415-423.) . Manners, N. Entomological Field Notes at Suakin. Ent. Month. Mag., xxii, pp. 277-279 (1886). . Roruscuitp, The Hon. N. Cu. Lepidoptera from Egypt and the Soudan (1900, 1901). Nov. Zool., vol. vill, pp. 426-434 (1901). . Rotuscuitp, The Hon. N. Cu., and Warren, W. Lepidoptera from the Soudan (1904). Nov. Zool., vol. xii, pp. 21-31 (1905). Suarps, Miss Eminy Mary Bowpter. List of Lepi- doptera collected in Somaliland by Mrs. E. Lort- 21. 26. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 13 Phillips. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 523- 529. SHarpe, Miss E.M.B. A List of the Lepidopterous Insects collected on the Red Sea, in the neighbour- hood of Suakim, by Mr. Alfred J. Cholmley. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 775-777. . SHARPE, Miss E. M. B. A Monograph of Teracolus (1901). . TrimEN, R. South African Butterflies, 3 vols. (1887-89). . TRimeN, R. Manuscript Notes on Lepidoptera collected by Mr. F. C. Selous on the White Nile and in the Southern Bahr el-Ghazal, between Feb. 17th and Apr. 10th, 1911. (Kandly lent by the author.) . WatKer, F. A List of the Butterflies collected by J. H. Lord, Esq., in Egypt, along the African Shore of the Red Sea, and in Arabia, with descriptions of the Species new to Science. Entomologist, vol. v, pp. 48-57 (1870). (It is said that the types were claimed by the then Khedive and placed by him in the museum attached to the School of Medicine at Cairo, where they perished owing to neglect. This paper promised to be interesting; but Walker’s state- ment that such conspicuous butterflies as Teracolus protomedia, T. ewpompe and T. halimede were taken by Lord in the Cairo district, convinces me that either he or Lord had muddled up the localities of the insects dealt with, since the butterflies named are not known to occur within several hundred miles of Cairo. The paper therefore is worthless for my purpose.) Yersury, J. W. The Butterflies of Aden’ and neighbourhood, with some Notes on their Habits. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1892. The Area dealt with. Strictly speaking the name White Nile should be con- fined to that part of the river (Bahr al-Abyad) between the mouth of the Blue Nile (Bahr al-Azrak) opposite to Omdurman and nearly two miles below Khartim, and Lake N6, where the Bahr al-Ghazal joins the Bahr al- 14 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on Gebel. In practice, however, the name is usually held to include the Bahr al-Gebel from Gondokoro or Rejaf, the head of navigation [Lat. 4° 45’ N.], down to Lake No, and this is the sense in which the name is here used. Moreover the Bahr al-Zarafa, which is practically a loop of the Bahr al-Gebel, running more or less parallel to it for about 24° of latitude, and never more than forty miles distant, will here be treated as part of the same district. Kharttim again, though strictly speaking it stands upon the Blue Nile, is included for reasons of convenience, being the port of entry into the region. On the other hand the Bahr al-Ghazal, draining as 1t does the large area between the Bahr al-Gebel and the Congo basin, is not dealt with here. From what is known of its fauna it would appear to comprise more insects characteristic of Central and Southern Africa, than the fauna we are here considering. The region thus defined lends itself to treatment as a unit, both from the fact that it is served by the convenient Government steamers and by the fact that it is throughout fairly uniform in character. At Gebel Auli and at Gebel En are small hills of igneous rock, while many similar hills occur at Lado and above, but with these exceptions the country is level. Between Kharttiim and Abba Island the country is for the most part bare and open. A few Acacia (commonly called Mimosa) trees or shrubs are here conspicuous by their rarity. Another small tree or shrub commonly met with on the desert is the “‘ Nabbak,” a species of Buckthorn, Zizyphus mucronata, Wild [Nat. Ord. Rhamnaceae|—a rather graceful tree whose white stems give it a Birch-like character, but it is defended by a peculiarly malicious scheme of thorns, which are arranged in pairs, one straight, the other curved. The Acacias extend right up to Gondo- koro. Among the shrubs especially interesting to the Entomologist, are various Capers and other members of the order Capparidaceae. They are closely associated with Pierinae, whose larvae feed upon them. * Another shrub, especially common on and near Abba Island, is Salvadora persica, Linn., also much frequented by Pierines ; it has numerous insignificant green flowers. A remarkable plant with a wide range in the district is Votes (Cissus) quadrangularis, Wallich [Nat. Ord. Ampelidae], a succulent jointed creeper, suggesting a Cactus. At the time of my the Butterflies of the White Nile. 15 visit its snake-like branches were leafless and flowerless. Several days out of our twenty-four were spent in the Sadd.* Here the mass of the vegetation for many miles at a stretch was made up of the dark green Papyrus (Cyperus) antiquorum with oe beautiful umbels six feet across, and of “‘ im sff,” or “ mother of wool ’+Vossia procera—a reed-like plant, ne with the more familiar Phragmites communis. Of smaller plants growing beneath the Papyrus at the water’s edge a yellow composite and a blue-purple Convolvulus or Ipomaea were the commonest. The first “ Candelabra” Huphorbia, striking trees nearly twenty feet high, were seen on the island of Hillet al- Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’.N.]. At Bor [Lat.'6° 13’ N.], my attention was called to the singular Kigelia aethiopica, Decr., a tree belonging to the Nat. Ord. Bignoniaceae, which has flowerstalks many feet in length from which hang the large rich brown-purple flowers and cucumber-like fruits, the latter a foot long. At Rejaf[Lat. 4° 45’ N.] a yet more tropical-looking plant was the Adenium coetaneum, Stapf. [Nat. Ord. Apocynaceae], with its absurdly thick stems, fleshy emarginate leaves, and clusters of showy bright- red waxy flowers. Palms were rarely seen. Doubtless this somewhat monotonous vegetation largely explains the restricted Butterfly Fauna. The practice of burning the rank vegetation of the Sadd, must have a very destructive effect upon insect life. The numerous semi-calcined shells of such Gasteropods as Burtoa and Limicolaria—genera frequenting trees or bushes fires carry their destruction beyond the grassy areas on which antelopes, giraffes and elephants still roam even within sight of the steamer. The circumstance that nearly every tree and shrub met with is more or less prickly tends greatly to protect butter- flies from the collector’s net. Near Ad-Duwém I came across a grass even worse than the Indian “ spear-grass,”’ for its prickly awns at a touch converted the net into a tangled mass, which required some minutes to unravel. Fortunately its distribution appears to be restricted to a very small area. Shortly, the district to be dealt with includes Kharttiim [Lat. 15° 37’ N., Long. 32° 31’ E.] and the country adjacent to the banks of the White Nile to Lake No [Lat. 9° 30’ N.]; * The correct spelling : pronounced Sudd. 16 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on the Bahr al-Zarafa throughout its length; also the Bahr al-Gebel up to Gondokoro and Rejaf. Gondokoro [Lat. 4° 54’ N., Long. 31° 41’ E.], situated on the right or eastern bank of the Bahr al-Gebel, is the most northerly station in Uganda. Rejaf, about eight miles south of Gondokoro, but on the left bank, is in that part of the Anglo-Egyptian Saidan which, under the name of the Ladd Enclave, was leased to the late King of the Belgians. The Bahr al-Gebel in the Sadd region, some forty miles south of Lake N6, reaches its most westerly point in Long. 30° 8’ EH. From these data it will be seen that the region treated of is included within 23° of longitude, but extends over 11° of latitude—say a strip of 650 miles by 140 miles— though the distance by river is said to be 1,128 miles. Probably most of the butterflies sent to Europe have been taken within a very few miles of the river banks. Since the place-names given are for the most part those of small native villages, or of “ wooding”’ stations, there is no reason to expect that they will be permanent in a country where even Government posts are from time to time moved for administrative convenience, or more often from the proved unhealthiness of their sites; since, more- over, whether permanent or not, many of these names are not to be found even in the best atlases, it has been thought well to give the approximate latitude of each locality. Of course the latitude is not of much service in the case of places situated on the part of the river running nearly due east from Lake N6 to Ké6d6k (Fashéda). Entomologically this district is but little known, so, having visited it myself twice, in February 1909 and again in February 1912, it seemed worth while to gather together the stray notes of travellers and sportsmen, to form the basis of a local list. I have been confirmed in this resolve by the discovery that my captures would appear to exceed alike in numbers of species and specimens those of my predecessors. But it must not be forgotten that the district has not been systematically worked, and especially must it be kept in mind that little is known of the wet-season fauna. the Butterflies of the White Nile. i Family NYMPHALIDAE. Sub-family DAN AINAE. 1. Danaida chrysippus, Linn. The Sadan is an interesting region in which to study this very widely distributed species, since all its forms are met with, often all together. a. The typical, or chrysippus form. This varies much in the depth of the ground-colour, moreover a large number of the specimens met with in this part of Africa have the veins of the hind-wings more or less dusted with white scales. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa.* Loat took four males near Kaka, also a number of males and one female at Gondokoro. Dr. Dixey notes that several of Loat’s specimens had “a slight white powdering round the gland patch.” The Swedes took it both at Khartiim and at Kaka. In 1909 I took a male at Gebel En, another at Kosti, and a third on Abba Island. At Khartfim, where the species was common, somewhat more than one-fourth of all the specimens observed were of the chrysippus form. In 1912 though I saw a few D. chrysippus at Khartim I did not pay much attention to them, but a typical female was captured at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] and two at Rejaf, my most southerly point. It may accordingly be said to occur throughout the White Nile region. The wide distribution of D. chrysippus throughout Africa and the Oriental region is well known, but attention may be called to the curious fact that Dr. Dixey did not find a single typical example among Peel’s twenty-two specimens from Somaliland. Two specimens taken by Bennett in Sokotra have the veins of the hind-wings white. On the other hand, there is no trace of such white on the hind-wings of any of my Egyptian specimens ranging from Cairo to Aswin. The specimens taken by the Rothschild party on the Atbara were typical. 6. Form alcippus, Cram., including alcippoides, Moore. Under this I include all individuals with more or less white hind-wings. Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, also by * So far as I can make out Capt. Dunn’s insects must have been taken in about Latitude 9° N. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) Cc 18 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on Loat near Kaka and at Gondokoro. The Swedes took it at Kharttim, also near Kaka. In 1909 I met with it commonly at Khartim, where I estimated that more than half the chrysippus were of this form: I also took a male of the extreme alcippus form at Ad-Duwém. In 1912 I took one at Khartiim, another on the battle- field of Kerreri (about nine miles N.W. of Khartiim), and saw others at both places. I also captured single indi- viduals at Abba Island, Shambi and Gondokoro. From these records it may be fairly said that the distri- bution of alcippus covers the whole White Nile district. Rothschild does not record it from the Atbara. Though it is common at Port Stidan and at Aden, no specimens were found in the Peel collection from Som4liland, nor in the Bennett collection from Sokotra. y. Form dorippus, Klug [called by some authors klugvi, Butler]. This lacks the transverse white band across the fore-wing near the tip, but normally has the hind-wings, on the upper surface, of the ground-colour. Aurivillius (3. p. 72) considers this a distinct species, a view in which probably he now stands alone. Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat met with it both at Kaka and Gondokoro. It was taken by the Swedes at Khartim. The Rothschild party took it on the Atbara, as well as at Khartim. Personally I did not come across this form in 1909, but in 1912 took a single example at Khartim. It is a common insect both at Port Sidan, and at Aden. Cholmley met with it to the north of Suakin, while Peel found it the dominant form in Somaliland. 6. Form albinus, Lanzknecht [called by some authors dorippus, Klug]. This, which may be said to combine in one the two deviations from the type, in that while lacking the white bar on the fore-wings, it has the hind-wings more or less white, would appear to be by far the scarcest form of chrysippus. Aurivillius (3. p. 72) regards albinus as an aberration of doruppus. Capt. Dunn found it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took a specimen near K4k& and four at Gondokoro. In 1909 I took a single specimen at Khartiim. It occurs at Port Saidan, also at Aden. It seems fair to assume, though the data are imperfect, that dorippus and albinus occur throughout the White Nile district. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 8) 2. Tirumala petwerana, Doubleday and Hewitson. This was taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, but I did not meet with it myself, and I have no other record from the district. It is found in Abyssinia and Somaliland, and has a wide range in tropical Africa from Kast to West. Sub-family SAT YRINAE. 3. Yphthima asterope, Klug. The types came from Syria and Arabia. The sole record that I possess of this butterfly—the only White Nile Satyrine known to me—occurring within the area under consideration, is that of a single example being found upon our steamer near Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] on February 17th, 1912. Selous took a male in 1911 on the Southern Bahr al- Ghazal. It is not uncommon at Port Sfidan. and Col. Yerbury found it in some numbers at Aden. Dr. Dixey and I took it in Natal and Rhodesia ; it is indeed a common and widely distributed African species. The Hope collec- tion contains specimens from British East Africa, Lake Nyassa, Somaliland, and Lagos. Sub-family NY MPHALINAE, 4. Pyrameis cardui, Linn. This cosmopolitan species was taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, also by Loat—a single female at Kaka. The Swedes took two males at Ad-Duwém. Though in 1909 I found carduz common near the point of junction of the Blue and White Niles, and saw‘it at the same place in 1912, it is remarkable that I have no record of having even seen it on either of my voyages up the White Nile. It may reasonably be inferred that it is not very common in that district, at all events during the month of February. The Rothschild party took one on the Atbara; Yerbury found it commonly at Aden; Peel did not take it in Somali- land, but Bennett found it “common everywhere” in Sokotra. Personally I have found it common enough in Algeria, Cairo, Aswan, Natal and Cape Colony. 20 Dr. G. B. Longstafft on 5. Precis cebrene, 'Trimen. Dunn took this species on the Bahr al-Zarafa, and Loat took two near Kosti [ Lat. 13° 10’ N.]. In 1912 I distinctly saw this butterfly on a thorny bush at Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14° N.], also near Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.]. Cholmley took a few at Ambaia Erba; Yerbury found it common at Aden; Grant in Sokotra, and Peel in Somali- land; it occurs also in Abyssinia. It is an abundant African species, being found throughout the whole of South Africa and at Lagos on the West Coast. The closely allied P. oenone, Hiibner, takes its place in the Oriental region. 6. Precis clelia, Cramer. Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zaradfa and by Loat at Gondokoro. In 1912 I took single specimens at Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’], Gondoroko and Rejaf. Peel took it in Somaliland; Yerbury took one specimen at Aden, while Bennett reported it as very common in the mountains of Sokotra. It is found throughout Central and South Africa as well as on the West Coast. 7. Precis boopis, Trimen (= madagascariensis, Guenée). This was taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. In 1912 I took a single example at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. Though ranging over Central and South Africa this species is not so widely distributed as the two preceding. 8. Hypolimnas misippus, Linné. Mr. H. H. King assured me that this interesting and widely-distributed species was not uncommon at Khartim; it was also in a collection that he had received from the Bahr al-Ghazal. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. It is, however, quite certain that I did not see this very conspicuous insect during either of my visits to Khartim, or the White Nile. The Rothschild party did not see it, but Cholmley met with it at Ambaia Erba, and Yerbury found it commonly at Aden, noting that: “The females of this butterfly mimic all the forms of chrysippus.” the Butterflies of the White Nile. 21 At Sallom Junction, on the railway between Port Sadan and Kharttim, a native boy brought me a male misippus in his fingers. Some weeks later I found both sexes fairly common at Port Stiidan, where I took typical females as well as females of the form imaria, Cram. (mimicking the dorippus form of chrysippus). Specimens of both these forms had traces of white on the upper surface of the hind-wings. It is notable that the Cairo collectors know of but two specimens having occurred in that district during many years ; in fact, they look upon it as a great rarity. This familiar butterfly ranges over all tropical and South Africa as well as India, Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago. In two females I detected a slight treacly odour. 9. Hamanumida daedalus, Fabr. This characteristic African butterfly is known to occur on the Bahr al-Ghazal, where it has been taken by Selous and others, and I am practically certain that I saw a specimen on February 15th, 1912, at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 127]: Col. Yerbury took a single example at Aden; it has been reported from Abyssinia and Somalland. It is found throughout tropical Africa, but stops short of Cape Colony. 10, Neptis agatha, Cram. Loat took two specimens at Gondokoro. On February 12th, 1912, a short distance below Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.] I had a clear unmistakable view from the steamer of a Neptis of the size of agatha skimming over the herbage at the water’s edge. This species has been taken at Shoa, in Abyssinia [cvrca Lat. 10° N.|—perhaps the northern limit of the genus in Kast Africa—and has a wide range in Central, East, West, and South Africa. ll. Byblia chithyia, Drury. _ Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took a female near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.], where the Swedish expedition also took a female. In 1912 I took in all five specimens, viz.—a female at Meliit [Lat. 10° 27’ N.], a male and two females at Tawfi- kiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.], and a female at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.]. 22 Dr. G. B. Longstafft on These records point to a northern limit on the White Nile somewhere about 11° N. Yerbury found this species at Aden and Peel found it in Somaliland. It occurs also in Abyssinia, Kast, West and South Africa, as well as in India and Ceylon. In a male I detected a sweet aromatic scent, compared to that of scented tobacco; a female had a similar scent, but less strong; in another female the scent was compared to chocolate, in a third to that of Teracolus protomedia. (Compare Longstaff, 16. pp. 501, 502.) 12. Byblia goetzius, Herbst. This species includes B. acheloia, Wallengren, B. castanea, Butler, and B. vulgaris, Staudinger. Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. In one or other of the above forms it is found in Aden, Abyssinia, Somaliland, East Africa, Nyassaland, Transvaal, Natal and Cape Colony; but its distributiou is especially dis- tinguished by a wider range than that of the preceding species on the West coast and a less wide range on the Kast. In Sokotra it is replaced by the nearly allied B. boydz, Dixey. The distribution of the two species has been discussed in great detail by Dr. Dixey (11. pp. 376-379). 13. Atella phalantha, Drury. Capt. Dunn took this on the Bahr al-Zarafa. It has been taken in Abyssinia, and, I believe, on the Bahr al-Ghazal. The species is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, it occurs in Madagascar and Mauritius, also in India, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, China and Japan, but it is not in Col. Yerbury’s Aden list. Sub-family ACRAEINAE. 14. Acraea acerata, Hewitson, form vindia, Hew. Taken in abundance by Loat at Gondokoro, January 12th, 1902 [Lat. 4°54’ N.]. A solitary male was taken by the Swedes at Gebel En, February 18th, 1901 [Lat. 12° 37’ N.]. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 23 In 1912 the engineer of our steamer took a male on board near Ladé, February 13th, 1912 [Lat. 5° 5’ N.]. Mr. Eltringham tells me that this species is found through practically the whole of Africa south of the Sahara, 15. Acraea terpsichore, Linné, form rougeti, Guérin. I took a single specimen, February 12th, 1912, at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. Mr. Eltringham tells me that this species is even more widely distributed than the last, extending to the Islands. 16. Acraea natalica, Boisduval. Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Widely distributed in South and East Africa: the nearest locality to the White Nile given by Mr. Eltringham (13. p. 192) is Kibwezi in British East Africa. 17. Acraea encedon, Linné. Loat took a male at Gondokoro which was intermediate between the typical form and A. dara, Godman and Salvin. The Swedish expedition took a male of the form daira at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.], and Selous took three males at the same place, as well as two males at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.]; Mr. Trimen says these are all small and pale, and more or less inclining to the form daira. In 1912 I took a male at Tawfikiya which approached the form infuscata, Staudinger, and another near Daléb Hill [Lat. 9° 22’ N.] of the form lycia, Wallengren, with much white about it. Thus it will be seen that this species, in several forms, ranges in the White Nile district over at least 7° of latitude. Mr. Eltringham (13. p. 210) gives its distribution as from Sierra Leone to the East Coast and from the Cape to Upper Egypt, also to the Islands. Its larva feeds on Commelina. 18. Acraea abdera, Hewitson (= cepheus, Linné). Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Mr. Eltringham (13. p. 112) gives its range as including the Bahr al-Ghazal, the Congo basin, Angola, Gold Coast and Gaboon. 24 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on Family LYCAENIDAE. 19. Polyommatus baeticus, Linné. Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa; by Loat near Kaka, and at Gondokoro; by Selous near Tawila, and by the Swedish expedition at Kharttim, Ad-Duwém, and Mohadan Zarafa. I found it in abundance at Kharttim in 1909, and also met with it at Ad-Duwém. In 1912 I found it again at the last-named place, and also at Rejaf. This, probably the most widely-distributed of all the ‘Blues,’ may be said to occur throughout our district, but it would not appear to be plentiful except at Kharttim. Rothschild speaks of it as “‘ common in Egypt from Cairo to Kharttim.” He also took it at Al-Nakhila, on the Atbara River. I have myself taken a few specimens near Cairo and have seen it in some numbers at Aswan. It is common at Aden and it has been recorded from Abyssinia and Somaliland, and has a wide range in South Africa, as well as in Europe, Asia and Australia. 20. Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabricius. The Swedes took two very dwarfed males on Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.]. This species has a wide distribution in South, Central, East, and West Africa, but I have no other record for the White Nile. 21. Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. Loat met with this common and widely-distributed insect at Kaka, Mongalla and Gondokoro. The Swedes took it at Kharttim, Abba Island, Renk and Kaka. In 1909, besides seeing it in abundance at Khartim, I took it at Sdba (on the Blue Nile), at Ad-Duwém and at Tawila. In 1912 it was again abundant near Kharttim as well as near Soba station, and on the battlefield of Kerreri. Up the White Nile it occurred at Ad-Duwém (commonly), Diléb, Shambi (several), Tombé, Kir6d, Mongalla, Gondo- koro and Rejaf, as well as on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Mr. Rothschild took it commonly at Al-Nakhila and at Shendi, but found it rare at Kharttiim. In 1909 I took one at Wad Ben Naga station, about twenty miles south of Shendi, as well as at Aswan and Luxor. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 25 Shortly, it may be said that the range of this butterfly in North East Africa extends from Luxor to Gondokoro. It is common at Aden, and Bennett took a specimen in Sokotra. Thrupp took it in Somaliland. It also occurs in Senegal. According to Bingham (4. vol. i, p. 419) it occurs in Persia and Balichistén as well as throughout India and in Ceylon. This and the next species reach Europe. 22. Tarucus telicanus, Lang (= plinius, Fabr. = pulcher, Murray). Loat took a male near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.). In 1912 I took’a male at Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.] and in the same year took two specimens at Port Sfidan. In 1909 I took one at Asw4n, two at Luxor, and another as far north as Tel al-Amarna [ Lat. 27° 37’ N.]; but though ranging in the Nile Valley from that latitude down to 8° 13’ N., it would not appear to be common at any of the places named. Though the species is well known in Central and South Africa as well as at Aden, and is found in Northern India, I have no record from Somaliland or Sokotra. 23. Castalius usemia, Neave. Mr. Neave’s types of this neatly marked little butterfly were taken in the Victoria Nyanza district. I was fortunate in securing a single example at the Rejaf wooding station [Lat. 4° 50’ N.]. 24. Cupido cretosus, Butler. A female was brought home by the Swedish expedition from Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.]; concerning this Aurivillius remarks: “ This rare species was hitherto only recorded from Senegal and from Abyssinia.” The variety C. lactin- atus, Butler, has been met with in Somaliland. 25. Catochrysops eleusis, Demaison. This little-known but very distinct “ Blue” was taken by the Rothschild party at Aswan, Wadi Halfa, and at Nakhila on the Atbara. I have myself met with it at Aswan, Abt Simbel, and Khartiim, but not south of the latter place. The Swedish expedition also found it at Kharttim. Its range in latitude would therefore appear 26 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on to be from 24°—153° N. It is usually common where it occurs, and at Aswan it appeared to be attached to the pink-flowered Lotus arabicus, Linn. 26. Catochrysops malathana, Boisduval, var. nilotica, Aurivillius. Two males were taken by the Swedes to the South of Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. I have no other record in the Sfiidan of this common Central and South African butterfly, which has also been reported from Lagos and Madagascar, as well as from Lahej in Southern Arabia. 27. Zizera lysimon, Hiibner. This includes Z. karsandra, Moore, and, according to De Nicéville, also Z. knysna, Trimen. In 1909 I took this fairly commonly at Kharttim, also a single example at Kosti [Lat. 13° 10’ N.] and another at Luxor. In 1912 I took two on Abba Island, one at Kddék, also one at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.], as well as one at Port Sadan. Rothschild took one at Nakhila (f. karsandra); Bennett found it plentiful in Sokotra, and Yerbury took it at Aden (f. knysna). This species is common in Central and South Africa, but I have no record of it on the White Nile south of 9° 25’ N. According to Bingham (4. vol. i, p. 358) it extends northwards to Southern Europe, Central and Western Asia; eastwards to India and Ceylon; southwards to Malaya and Australia. 28. Chilades trochilus, Freyer. Loat took three at Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. In 1909 I took one at Aswan, and another at Kharttim. In 1912 I took three at Port Stidan. Cholmley took it north of Suakin; Yerbury at Aden; also Peelin Somaliland. It occurs also in the Victoria Nyanza district, British Kast Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia, and also at Lagos. To these Bingham (4. vol. 11, p. 368) adds South Kastern Europe, Central Asia, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, and Australia. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 27 29. Lycaenesthes amarah, Guérin. Taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa, and by Loat at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. In 1912 I took a male at Lil [Lat. 9° 47’ N.], also one of each sex at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] and a male at Gondokoro. Its northern limit on the White Nile would appear, so far at least as the above records go, to be about 10° N. Cholmley met with it north of Suadkin, and Yerbury at Aden, where it is common. It also occurs in SomAliland, in Central and East Africa and southwards down to Rhodesia and Natal. 30. Lycaenesthes otacilia, Trimen. I took a male on January 8th, 1912, near Sdba station, on the Blue Nile, about ten miles above Khartim, but have no other records for this part of Africa. It is met with in SomAaliland, British East Africa, Rhodesia, Natal and Cape Colony. 31. Azanus jesous, Guérin. Bingham (4. vol. u, p. 363) considers this as the same species as gamra, Lederer, and cramert, Moore: De Nicé- ville considers the two latter as synonyms of szgillata, Butler. Loat took a male at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.], but I have not myself met with this butterfly nearer to the White Nile than Port Sfidan. Mr. Peel took several in Somaliland. It occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district, in British East Africa, British Central Africa, Rhodesia and Natal. Bingham (4. vol. ui, p. 364) adds Arabia, (Yerbury gives szgillata), Balfiichistan, a great part of India, Burma and Ceylon. 32. Azanus ubaldus, Cramer (A. zena, Moore; A. thebana Staudinger). The Swedish expedition took it at Kharttim and on Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.]. In 1909 I found it fairly common at Kharttim, and also took single specimens at Ad-Duwém and Hillet Abbas [Lat. 13° 7’ N.] as well as at Amada, in Nubia [Lat. 22° 45’ N.]. In 1912 I again took it at Khartiim and Ad-Duwém, 28 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on also at Melit [Lat. 10° 27’ N.], Daléb [Lat. 9° 22’ N.], Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.] and Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. Mr. N. C. Rothschild took it near Shendi [Lat. 16° 42’ N.] as well as at Nakhila [ Lat. 17° 25’ N.], but did not find it common at either place. Thus it would appear to range along the Nile Valley from the Tropic of Cancer, almost to Uganda. Yerbury found it (zena) to be “ generally distributed ” at Aden; Peel took it (thebana) in Sokotra, while Col. Manders met with it at Suadkin (zena). It has also been taken in Somaliland and Natal. Bingham (4. vol. 1, p. 363) gives Balichistan, India, Ceylon and Burma. 33. Deudorix lia, Klug. The type was taken “ inter Kineh et Assuan Novembre,” 1. e. curca Lat. 25° N. The Swedes took two females on Abba Island [ Lat. 13° 22’ N.]. Personally I know it as a native of Port Sadan only. Prof. Poulton took a specimen near the Great Pyramid. Col. Yerbury used to take it at Aden and remarks on the similarity of the female to that of the next species. Aurivil- lius gives Somaliland as a locality, also Nubia and British Kast Africa. 34. Vurachola antalus, Hopffer. I took three at Tawila in 1909 [Lat. 13° 10’ N.], and one at Port Sadan in 1912. It is found practically throughout tropical and South Africa as well as in Madagascar. 35. Hypolycaena philippus, Fabricius. On February 22nd, 1912, I took one specimen at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.], but have no other White Nile records for this butterfly. It occurs in Somablland, in Uganda, and has a wide distribution in tropical Africa, occurring also in Natal. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 29 Family PAPILIONIDAE. Sub-family PIERINAE. 36. Herpaenia eriphia, Godart (= melanarge, Butler), f. lactecpennis, Butler; the extreme dry-season form is termed by Aurivillius straminea. Found by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. A very small example (1’’ 3$’"’ = say 33 mm.) of the extreme “ dry ” form was taken by Selous at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.]. The Swedes took two males of the form straminea at Gebel En and Kaka respectively : the alar expanse of these was 31 mm. and 38 mm. I took a very small example of each sex at Tawila in 1909. In 1912 I took another at the same place, as well as three on Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’ N.] and three more at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.]: these were all small. Klug’s specimens of Pontia tritogenia, which is not dis- tinguishable from erzphia, were taken at Ambuk6l in July and August. There is a specimen in the Coll. Hope labelled ‘ Nubia.” On the White Nile, however, the above records indicate a distribution limited by the latitudes 13° 16’ and 10° 40’ N. This insect is found all along the eastern side of Africa, in Madagascar, throughout South Africa, and it has been recorded from Senegal. Yerbury records H. cterata, Butler, for Aden: Aurivillius (3. p. 31) seems to doubt whether it is specifically distinct. This form is also recorded for Somaliland, as well as for German East Africa, and British East Africa. 37. Belenois gidica, Godart, including f. abyssinica, Lucas (Northern form), and f. westwoodi, Wallengren. Capt. Dunn took the form abyssinica on the Bahr al- Zarafa, and Loat took several of the same form near Kak4, as well as two at Gondokoro. The Swedes took a male of f. westwoodi at Gebel fin [Lat. 12° 37’ N.], and two males of the form abyssinica at Renk. In 1912 I found it common at Gebel Ahmed Agha [Lat. 11° 0’ N.], and took a few specimens at Kaka, Kanisa, Mongalla, Lad6, Gondokoro, and Rejaf. It will be seen that I have no record of this common 30 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on South African “‘ White,” north of Lat. 12° 37’ N., 7. e. three degrees above Khartiim. This species is found in Abyssinia and throughout South and Kast Africa, and in one or two districts in West Africa. A female had a faint scent. (Compare Longstaff, 16. p. 512.) 38. Belenows severina, Cramer. Both Aurivillius and Dixey regard eh yne, Butler, and boguensis, Felder, as races of severina, and transitional forms are common. Dunn found typical specimens as well as boguensis on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took both forms at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.] and the typical form at Gondokoro. In 1912 I met with the typical form at Gebel Ahmed Agha [Lat. 11° 0’ N.], Daléb, Hillet al-Nuwér, Shambi, Kanisa, Tombé [Lat. 5° 43’ N.], and Rejaf. The same year I took the form boguensis at Melit [Lat. 10° 27’], Dailéb, Shambi and Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.]. These records give a very similar distribution for typical severina and for the f. boguensis; moreover the latter is common in the Victoria Nyanza country, and Selous took it on the Bahr al-Ghazal. B. severina is the “Common White” of South Africa, covering the whole continent south of the Sahara, passing over into Madagascar, while Col. Yerbury records it from Aden (under the name of lewcogyne), but it does not enter the Oriental province. 39. Belenois mesentina, Cramer (= lordaca, Walker). Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. It was found commonly by Loat at Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.], Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.] and Gondokoro. The Swedes took it at Mohadan Zarafa, and at Kaka; the specimens, more especially the males, being very small. In 1909 I found it in abundance at Khartiim, and took three at Sdba. It was common at Ad-Duwém and I took a solitary male at Tawila. In 1912 I took several in the Kharttim district, including Kaderfi and Kerreri. On the White Nile it occurred at Tawila, Renk, Meshra Zarafa, Kaka (common), Meltit (common), Lil, Tawfikiya, Diléb (common, but all the specimens taken were remarkably small), lower Bahr al-Zaréfa (common), Shambi, Kanisa, the Butterflies of the White Nile. 31 Bor, Malék, Tombé, Kiré, Mongalla (females abundant, males scarce), Lidé, Gondokoro and Rejaéf—in fact, throughout the district. Rothschild took several on the Atbara; it is common at Port Sadan and at Aden [under the name of lordaca}. It also occurs in Somaliland. B. mesentina has by far the widest distribution of the genus, extending as it does over the greater part of Africa, Madagascar, Persia, Afghanistan, India and Ceylon. Yerbury notes its attachment to a species of Capparis on which the larva feeds. I found the males to have a slight scent, variously suggesting the adjectives “musky,” “aromatic,” “flowery.” 40. Pinacopteryx venata, Butler. [Plate II, figs. 1 g, 29, 3 u.s.] The type of this little-known butterfly, a female, was captured by Petherick somewhere on the White Nile.* Another female was taken by Capt. H. W. Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa in 1900. On March 8th, 1902, Mr. Loat took a male at Gondokoro, which was described by Dixey (12. p. 141). Meanwhile the authorities at the British Museum had identified this species with P. doxo, Godart, but Messrs. Trimen and Dixey, who have both carefully examined Godart’s type at Edinburgh, are satisfied that this identifi- cation is wrong. Godart’s insect appears to come nearest to P. sumana, Hopfter.t+ In February 1912 I was fortunate enough to capture twelve specimens of this distinct, though not very attractive “White,” viz. a male and three females at Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.], a male and two females at Malék [Lat. 6° 7’ N.], and three males and two females at Gondokoro [Lat. 4° 54’ N.]. Mr. Loat’s specimens and my own were all found between Lat. 7° 0’ N. and Lat. 4° 54’ N., but Capt. Dunn’s specimen must have come from further North, probably 8° 30’ N., or even 9° N., and the precise locality of Petherick’s speci- men is also unknown. * “ Descriptions of a New Genus and six New Species of Pierinae,”’ by A. G. Butler, F.L.S., ete. (There called Jaias venatus.) Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 169, Plate VII, fig. 7. + Dixey, Proc. Ent. Soc. London (1912), pp. xlii, exiii. 32 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on [Synchloé glauconome, Klug. The type is said to have come from “ Arabia deserta, in Monte Sinai ad Erigeron denticulatum.”’ Rothschild took it at Aswan and at Shendf? [ Lat. 16° 42’ N.]. Cholmley found it north of Suakin. Col. Yerbury reported it as common and generally distributed in the Aden district, the larva feeding upon Cleome paradoxa [Nat. Ord. Capparidaceae]. I have taken it near Cairo, and found it commonly at Port Sadan, but have no record for Khartiim, or the White Nile. Bingham states that it occurs in Persia, Baltichistan, the Pamirs and the Panjab. The Hon. Walter Rothschild tells me that it occurs on the Sahara. Aurivillius (1. p. 414) gives Somaliland on the authority of Miss K. M. Sharpe (20. p.528). In the same work (p. 497) he indicates this as one of three Ethiopian species (the other two being Acraea doubledayi, Guér., and Teracolus chrysonome, Klug) which extend northward into the Palaearctic province. However, I should regard glau- conome as a Palaearctic species which just enters the north of the Ethiopian province. Three males yielded a distinct sweet scent like that of Freesia. ] 41. Calopieris eulimene, Klug. The types (both sexes) of this beautiful local and singular butterfly came from Ambukél, a place in the Dongdla district, situated on the Nile just below Korti in Lat. 18° 4’ N. In 1909 I took a single specimen, a male, at Burri, the eastern suburb of Khartitim, also seven other males at Soba on the Blue Nile about twelve miles above Khartim. In 1912 I took a female a little to the north of Sdba station on the east bank of the Blue Nile, and, a week later, took three males and two females between that spot and Kharttim. These were for the most part in poor condition. Mr. N. C. Rothschild took a single specimen at Shendi. Mr. A. J. Cholmley took five in 1896 at Ambaia Erba, north of Suakin. Mrs. Waterfield took several at Port Sfidin during the latter part of 1911 and the beginning of 1912, and I myself during the last days of February and first days of March the Butterflies of the White Nile. 33 secured no less than eighteen males and nine females. My Port Stidan specimens may be distinguished from those taken near Khartim by the greater development of the black markings, and more especially by the orange veins on the undersides of the hind-wings being edged with black. I associate this greater strength of coloration [not present in Klug’s types] with spring rains reported by Mrs. Water- field as having fallen at Port Stidan, but which did not occur at Kharttim. The above are all the records that I have come across. Boisduval [Sp. Gén. der Lepid., vol. i, sp. 581] only quotes Klug. I have little doubt that this butterfly is attached to the Desert Caper, Capparis aphylla, Roth., a leafless bush with bluish-green stems and inconspicuous flowers with red stamens. Three males appeared to have a faint sweet scent, suggesting in one case Gorse. 42. Teracolus calais, Cramer (= dynamene, Klug, = carnifer, Butler). Klug’s types came from Ambuk6l, and from “ Arabia deserta.”” Dunn took it on the Bahr al-ZarAfa.- In 1909 I took two at Tawila, and in 1912 I captured in all twelve specimens at various points on the White Nile from Tawila in Lat. 13° 16’ N., up to Kanisa in Lat. 6° 50’ N., half my specimens coming from the latter place. Col. Yerbury found it one of the commonest butterflies at Aden, where its larva feeds on the Salvadora persica, Linn. [Nat. Ord. Salvadoraceae]. It has a wide range in Africa—Abyssinia, Somaliland, Victoria Nyanza district, British East Africa, German, Kast Africa, the Congo, Damaraland, Angola; in Asia it is found in Arabia, Persia, Sind. and North-west India; but in Southern India it gives place to 7. amatus, Fabricius. 43. Teracolus phisadia, Godart ( = arne, Klug). Klug recorded this from Ambukél as well as from ** Arabia deserta.” Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zaraéfa. Loat took five males and two females near Kaka. Selous took two males at Tawila. The Swedes took four males and a TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PARTI. (JUNE) D 34 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on female on Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.] and at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.]. In 1909 I took six males and six females at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.]. In 1912 I took in all fifteen males and sixteen females, the distribution of which was remarkable. A solitary female occurred at ‘‘ the Mahdi’s place” on Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.]. Thirteen specimens were brought home from Tawila, some half-a-dozen miles to the south of the last-named locality, where it was as common as on the occasion of my first visit. Fifteen were taken on Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’ N.] and a solitary male at Mashra Zarafa [Lat. 10° 50’ N.]. I have not been able to determine the precise latitude of Capt. Dunn’s locality, but it must have been some- where between 9° 30’ and 7° 0’ N., or considerably south of my localities, which all le between 13° 22’ N. and 10° 50’ N., the great majority of the specimens occurring a little to the north or south of the 13th parallel. Cholmley saw but one example, at Wadi Gabait. Nurse and Yerbury found it abundant and variable at Aden; its larva feeding on Salvadora persica, Linn. It is also recorded from the Lebanon, Somaliland, Abyssinia, British East Africa and Senegal. My impression is that of a very local butterfly, abundant where it occurs, somewhat sluggish in habit and easily caught. 44, Teracolus castalis, Staudinger. The only record on the White Nile that I know of is my capture of two males at Kanisa [Lat. 6° 50’ N.] on February 17th, 1912. It occurs in British East Africa, both in the Victoria Nyanza Country and at Mombasa, also in Somaliland. 45. Teracolus chrysonome, Klug. The type came from Ambukél. TZ. helvolus, Butler, is the dry-season form. Rothschild found it common at Gebel Margel, near Shendi. I took a female near Mogran (on the Western, or White Nile, side of Khartfiim) on February 8th, 1909. Cholmley found it very common in January and February about Halaib on the Red Sea. Peel took it in Somaliland (f. helvolus, Butl.). the Butterflies of the White Nile. 35 Mrs. Waterfield and I found it in numbers, though local, in the scrub on the landward side of Port Stiidan, males preponderating largely. It did not turn up in the Park. I have not come across any records from the White Nile district south of Khartim, but it has a wide range further south, being found in Uganda, British Kast Africa, German East Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Congo, Rhodesia and Angola. Aurivillius (3. p. 51) adds Arabia and Northern Nigeria. The sexes are distinct enough, but it is not so strikingly dimorphic as most species of the genus, nor does it seem to be variable. 46. Teracolus vesta, Reiche. The type came from Abyssinia. I took a solitary specimen at Rejaf [Lat. 4° 45’ N.], on February 14th, 1912, and have no other records from this part of Africa although its range includes Mombasa, Natal, Mashonaland, the Transvaal, Delagoa Bay, Damaraland and Angola. 47. Teracolus amelia, Lucas. The type came from British Hast Africa. Aurivillius (3. p. 52) says that this species, which extends from Senegal to Nubia, is very likely a local race of the preceding, but Dixey considers them quite distinct. Loat took a solitary female, of the dry-season form, near Kaka; the Swedish expedition took another specimen, also a female, at the same place [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. I did not come across this species and have no other records from that part of the world, but there is a specimen in the Hope collection from Abyssinia (River Atbara). 48. Teracolus protomedia, Klug. : Klug says: “ex Arabia felici, Ambukohl: mensibus Julio et Augusto.” Petherick took both sexes on the White Nile. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarifa. Loat took five females near Kaka. Selous took two of each sex near Tawfikiya, one of the males being very small. The Swedish expedi- tion took six males and three females all to the south of Kaka, the specimens being all of normal size and coloration. In 1909 I took a solitary female at Khartiim, and subse- quently ten males and one female at Ad-Duwém, also one 36 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on of each sex at Tawila. In 1912 it was quite common in gardens at Khartim and I saw several at Kadari, ten miles to the north. Moreover I either took, or saw, it at almost every stopping-place on the White Nile, right up to Rejaf. The Rothschild party took eight at Nakhila. Cholmley took it commonly north of Suaékin. I saw several at Port Sadan, while Yerbury found it at Aden. Peel took a male at Sibi, West Somaliland, in 1895. It occurs also in Uganda, at Mombasa, in German East Africa, and at Yola in Nigeria. It is thus evident that this large handsome swiftly-flying butterfly has a wide distribution. Butler remarks that specimens of this species almost invariably arrive in a more or less broken condition. It has a strong flight and is, I should imagine, long lived. The sexes are not remarkably different in appearance, and the insect does not appear to vary otherwise than in size. In six males I have detected a slight scent, not easy to describe. The words “dusty,” “stuffy,” “musky,” “ peculiar,” “ like wood,” and “ very faint Freesia ” have been applied to it. (Compare 16. p. 510.) 49. Teracolus halimede, Klug. This includes Klug’s acaste, from Ambukél. Butler’s leo is a form or race of this species, but no marked line can be drawn between it and the type; coelestis, Swinhoe, is not specifically distinct. Klug’s types came from Ambukol, as well as from “Arabia felix and Arabia deserta.’”’ Consul Petherick sent it home from the White Nile. Loat took a male and two females near Kaka. Selous found it common at Tawila and took a female opposite Renk; all his specimens would appear to have been of the form leo. The Swedes took one of each sex on Abba Island; these were assigned by Aurivilhus to var. acaste, Klug. In 1909 I took a number from Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14° 0’ N.] to Gebel Ein [Lat. 12° 37’ N.]. In 1912 I took in all twenty-two (many of the form leo) on the White Nile, namely : on Abba Island five, at Tawila nine, on Masran Island five, at Gebel Kn two, and at Kaka one [ Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. So far as my information goes its limits on the White Nile are Lat. 14° 0’ N. and Lat. 10° 40’ N., with head- quarters at Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.]. It is an insect not easily overlooked. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 37 Cholmley took two of the form leo north of Suakin, and Yerbury took it at Aden [given under the names acaste, Klug, and coelestis, Swinhoe]. The food-plant of the larva is Cadaba glandulosa. It is a common butterfly at Port Sidan and not as local as the next species. I found many females extremely worn, suggesting prolonged life. This variable insect ranges over Abyssinia, Somaliland, British East Africa and German Kast Africa. A male had a distinct musky odour. (Compare 16. p- 510.) 50. Teracolus pleione, Klug (=miriam, Felder). The type came: “ex Arabia felici.” Petherick took it somewhere on the White Nile, and Loat took a female near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. On February 5th, 1912, I captured two females at Kaka, both of the form with an orange flush, approaching the male colouring. I know of no other specimens from the White Nile. At Port Stdan this butterfly is extremely local; in certain spots in the Park it is very abundant, I took also a few specimens to the north of the harbour. The males had little or no orange flush. Col. Yerbury took it in abundance at Aden, where he and Col. Nurse noted that it attached itself closely to a certain shrub, Cadaba glandulosa [Nat. Ord. Capparidaceae], on which the larva feeds. I can confirm this, though I did not identify the shrub. Late in the afternoon I have beaten the butterflies out of these shrubs in such numbers that on several occasions I have had five or six in my net at once. Col. Yerbury tells me that most of his specimens were of a darker yellow than mine, also that in the Aden district about one out of every four females has the yellow flush. This butterfly has also been found in Abyssinia. A male had a scent like Freesia. 51. Teracolus eris, Klug. The type came from Ambukdl. The only northern record that I have of this widely- spread species is the capture of a solitary male at Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’] in 1912. I think, however, that Mrs. Waterfield has taken it at Port Sidan. 38 Dr. G. B. Longstafi on Dr. Dixey and I took a few specimens in South Africa, at Ladysmith and the Victoria Falls, but it is a very rapid flyer, so that a small proportion only of those seen is actually secured. Its area of distribution includes Abyssinia, Somaliland, the Victoria Nyanza, German East Africa, Rhodesia, Matabeleland, Natal and Angola. 52. Teracolus hetaera, Gerstaecker. Mr. Loat took a female of this species near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.], which was at first thought by Dr. Dixey (13. p. 146) to be a yellow form of the female of 7. phlegyas. I have no other record for the White Nile. Its range extends from the Victoria Nyanza to Mombasa. 53. Teracolus phlegyas, Butler. The synonymy of this species is puzzling. Butler called its dry-season form jalone, and the male of the same coliagenes. Again T. umperator, Butler, is indistinguishable from phlegyas. According to Trimen phlegyas is one, Godart, in spite of the fact that Godart’s description of tone agrees closely with the Natal insect. Trimen lays stress on the fact that Natal was not known to white men in Godart’s day. [He died in 1823.] Dixey, however, con- siders the Natal insect to be speciosus, Wallengren [= erone, Angas], of which the dry-season form is jobina, Butler, the wet-season form zone, Godart. The female is very variable and extremely different from the male. The types were taken by Petherick on the White Nile. Capt. Dunn met with it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took a typical male near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. Selous took two females and a male at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.]. The Swedes took a male on Abba Island [ Lat. 13° 22’ N.], also a female near Kaka. In 1912 I took in all ten specimens, viz. two males at Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.], two males at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.], two males and a female at Gondokoro, and three males at Rejaf wooding station. Thus 7. phlegyas, while it ranges over 83° of latitude along the White Nile, would appear to be commonest high up the river, above the Sadd. Outside our limits this lovely butterfly is met with in Abyssinia, British East Africa, German East Africa, Rhodesia, Matabeleland, Natal, Damaraland and Senegal. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 39 This species, and the remark is even more true of T. euponrvpe, is easily taken late in the afternoon when dis- turbed from the coarse grass in which the butterflies sleep ; otherwise I quite agree with Messrs. Marshall * and Loat (13. p. 146) as to the wildness of their flight. It is remark- able that the purple-tip is rarely caught sight of during flight, and even the crimson-tip of ewpompe is not nearly so conspicuous as might be supposed, but both butterflies have a peculiar bluish-white look when on the wing. 54. Teracolus ewpompe, Klug. This species is both sexually dimorphic and variable, and has consequently been split up by authors into, e. g. pseudacaste, Butler ; theopompe, Felder, and dedecora, Felder. It would appear also to be conspecific with miles, Butler (26. p. 10). Klug says : “ Habitat in Arabia deserta, in Sinai monte, in Dongola et Habessinia.”” Capt. Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Petherick took it on the White Nile. Loat took both sexes at Kaka and near Mongalla, as well as at Gondokoro. Selous took a male at Tawila, and both sexes at Tawfikiya. The Swedish expedition took nine males and one female at Renk, Gebel En, and K4k4; these included the forms theopompe, Feld., and dedecora, Feld. In 1909 I took two females at Gebel fin; seven males and a female at Tawila, and an aberrant female at ‘“‘ the Mahdi’s place ” on Abba Island. In 1912 I met with it in considerable numbers, finding it at nearly every landing-place from Ad-Duwém to Rejaf. It was very common at Gebel Ahmed Agha, Kanisa and Mongalla, but might be described as abundant at Rejaf. This species varies greatly insize. Ina very few examples there is a purple glance or sheen on the crimson-tip. Many of the females were much worn. The great beauty-of the males so fascinated me that I could not resist taking a considerable number, hence my collection gives the wrong impression that this species was commoner on the White Nile than, say, 7. evarne, which is less attractive. The Rothschild party took it commonly (pseudacaste) at Al-Nakhila in 1904, but I have no record from Khar- tim. Mr. Cholmley took it commonly north of Suakin, and Peel found it in Somaliland. It is common enough at Port Stiidan; Col. Yerbury took two specimens at Aden * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 354, 371. 40 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on (miles). It is found in Abyssinia, Somahland (the commonest butterfly at Zaila), the Victorian Nyanza district, British East Africa, German East Africa and in Senegal. In two males I detected a slight scent, in one described as “‘ sweet,” in the other as “ stuffy.” 55. Teracolus achine, Cramer. This fine species is variable and accordingly has received several names. 7’. simplex, Sharpe, was described from a dry-season male from Durban; antevippe, Boisduval, and helle, Butler, are names given by the latter author to Petherick’s specimens (both sexes) from the White Nile. Selous, in 1911, took two males of the extreme dry-season form at Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.]. In 1912 I secured four males and two females on the White Nile, viz. single specimens at Diléb (not far from Tawfikiya), Hillet al-Nuwér, Kanisa and Kiré, and a pair at Rejaf. From these occurrences it may be gathered that on the White Nile 7’. achine is confined to localities south of Lat. 9° 30’ N., and that it is not very common anywhere. Cholmley took a dry-season male (simplex, Sharpe) north of Suakin. Peel took a wet-season female in Somali- land. I took six males and four females at Port Sidan. It occurs in Rhodesia, Natal, and Cape Colony, and indeed probably over the whole of Africa south of the Sahara, if with Dr. Dixey we reckon the West African T. cartert, Butler, as a sub-species. 56. Teracolus evvppe, Linné. The form of this variable species usually met with on the White Nile is epigone, Felder, which is the same as microcale, Butler. Petherick took a male somewhere on the White Nile. Loat took a male and six females at Mongalla. I did not meet with this species in 1909, but in 1912. took twelve males and two females in localities ranging from Abba Island [Lat. 13° 22’ N.] to Gondokoro. It was not common anywhere, but three out of my fourteen specimens were captured on the small patch of firm ground in the Sadd known as Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.]. Col. Yerbury met with it at Aden [epigone], but so far as I know it does not occur at Port Stidan. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 41 It occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district, Natal, Cape Colony, Sierra Leone, Lagos, South Nigeria, the Gambia district, the Cameroons and Angola. The White Nile specimens are very small and many of them have the orange-tip paler than in specimens taken further south. A male yielded a scent like Freesia. [ Teracolus omphale, Godatrt. The Swedish expedition sent home two Teracoli, a male and a female, one taken at Renk, the other at Kaka, in February. Aurivillius calls them 7. theogone, Boisduval, the winter form of omphale. He adds that both the specimens are small, the male measuring 33 mm. in expanse, the female only 28 mm. I have not come across any other record of this species being taken on the White Nile, and did not myself meet with it anywhere in the Sadan. Odd specimens of the genus Teracolus are difficult to determine, and it seems reasonable to conjecture that the butterflies taken by the Swedes were not omphale, but perhaps the epigone form of evippe, or some other ad- mittedly White Nile species, such as achine, or evagore. Omphale occurs in Somaliland, though Peel did not come across it there; the two butterflies which Dr. Dixey (11. p. 15) so named, turn out, as he informs me, to be respectively an “intermediate” male of 7’. evagore, Klug, and a wet-season female of 7’. achine, Cramer. It has also been taken in Abyssinia and almost all over Africa south of the Equator. The Hope collection contains two specimens from the Gambia. In the absence of confirmatory evidence I exclude T. omphale from the White Nile list.] 57. Teracolus dara, Klug. The synonymy of this species also is puzzling. Not only is it sexually dimorphic, but the ground-colour of the female may be either white or ochreous. Klug stated that the types came “ex Arabia felici.” Dr. Dixey has carefully studied long series of this butterfly and a closely allied form from Aden, which he is convinced is quite distinct. While admitting that Klug’s male insect might well haye come from Arabia, he asserts that no such 42 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on (ochreous) female as that figured in the Symbolae Physicae has been received from Arabia since Klug’s time. Shortly, he thinks that Klug had before him two nearly allied species, an Arabian male and an African female. Meanwhile Swinhoe described the Aden species as yer- buri, and Dixey is strongly of opinion that it would be convenient for that name to stand, and the name dara to be confined to the African species. Probably Klug’s type (female) of dara came from Ambukdl. Petherick took this species on the White Nile. Dunn found it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took it near Kaka and at Mongalla. Selous took two males at Tawila and other two near Tawfikiyaé. The Swedish expedition sent home four males and four females, from Abba Island, Renk and Kaka. In 1909 I took a male at Khartiim, six males and four females at Ad-Duwém, a female at Hillet Abbas, and three males and two females at Tawila. In 1912 I captured a male between Sdba and Khartim, and met with it more or less commonly all the way up the White Nile to Rejaf. My specimens vary in colour and even more in size, but the dwarfs were not localised, e. g. at Malék two males were taken, one of them described as “a dwarf with very little black,” the other as “a fine large specimen with much black.” One male was yellowish in ground-colour; in some females there is an orange-red flush before the tip, but in a large specimen this is quite absent, the tip being broadly black. Mrs. Waterfield took a number at Port Sidan, where I found one of each sex. Rothschild took it on the Atbara, also at Shendi. Cholmley took a female “ below Shelal mountain.” It occurs in Abyssinia, Somaliland and British East Africa. 58. Teracolus evagore, Klug. < The type is said to have come “ex Arabia deserta.” Dr. Dixey considers 7. nouna, Lucas, T. saxeus, Swinhoe, T. glycera, Butler, T. demagore, Felder, and T. heuglina, Felder, to be all synonyms of this variable species, which has a wide distribution almost throughout Africa, and extending to 8. Arabia. Petherick took a male on the White Nile, also a female which Butler referred to demagore, Feld. Dunn took it on the Butterflies of the White Nile. 43 the Bahr al-Zarafa (glycera). Loat met with it (glycera) commonly near Kaka and at Mongalla, also four males at Gondokoro. The Swedes seem to have found it pretty common at Renk and Kaka (heuglinz). Selous took both sexes at Tawfikiya (f. heuglinc). I did not come across it in 1909, but in 1912 found it from Gebel Ahmad Agha (a degree and a half south of the furthest point reached by me in 1909), at most of the places visited right up to Rejaf. It was distinctly com- moner south of Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.], being especially abundant at Mongalla [Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. It varied in size, and the female varied in the proportion of black and orange in the tip of the fore-wing. Col. Yerbury took it at Aden (nowna and sazxeus), also on the Somali coast. Under the name nowna it is well known as the Algerian Teracolus. Its larva feeds on a species of Capparis. 59. Teracolus ephyra, Klug. [Plate II, fig. 4 J, fig. 5 9, fig. 6 du. s.] The type (male) of this little-known butterfly came from Ambukol. Aurivillius (1. p. 439) gives as other localities “? Angola, ? Damaraland: Rehaboth (Coll. Staud.),” but the same author writing later (3. p. 59) says : “ Mit sicher- heit nur aus Nubien bekannt.” The Swedish expedition took two males at Kharttim. In 1909 I took four males and a female at Kharttim, and also four males at Soba. In 1912 I took three males near Séba station, on the opposite side of the Blue Nile to the ruins of the city. I also took three males and a female at Kaderi, opposite to the battlefield of Kerreri (Omdurman). The Hon. N. C. Rothschild took a Teracolus near Shendi, where it was abundant, and believes that he saw the same species on the battlefield of Kerreri in March 1900.* This he named 7’. lnagore, Klug (18. p. 21), but Dr. Jordan, who kindly re-examined the specimens at my suggestion, agrees that they should be referred to ephyia. The British Museum has two specimens, males, labelled “ Upper Egypt.” * In my two flying visits to the battlefield, in 1909 and 1912, I did not take any Teracoli, though I have a recollection of having seen one. 44 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on This Teracolus has a more restricted distribution than any that I have met with; my specimens were all taken within a dozen miles of Khartim—the most southerly at Soba [Lat. 15° 32’ N.]. Shendi is in Lat. 16° 42’ N., and Ambuk6l in Lat. 18° 4’ N., so that the total range in latitude is but 23°. There is a specimen in the Hope collection taken by EK. N. Bennett on the Upper Nile near the Pyramids of Meroé [Lat. 16° 55’ N.], which are not many miles north of Shendi. There is, however, another specimen, which seems to be referable to the same species, that was taken by “S. L. and H. Hinde ” in the Kenya district of British Kast Africa—about on the Equator. Very closely allied to ephyra, but separable from it, is T. lais, Butl., of which Aurivillius (3. p. 5) gives the dis- tribution as from Damaraland to Natal. Prof. E. B. Poulton, in 1905, took a specimen at Artesia station, British Bechuanaland [Lat. 24° 8.]. 7’. avs might be termed the representative species of 7’. ephyia in South Africa.* Mr. Hinde’s specimen was taken 153° south of my speci- mens of ephyia, and the extreme north of Damaraland is yet another 17° further south, so that whether it be referred to ephyva or to lais, it was found in an (at least apparently) extremely isolated position. 60. Teracolus liagore, Klug. [Plate II, fig. 7 3, 89,9 dg u.s.] The type came from Ambukol, though Kirby’s Catalogue gives Arabia. This is another little-known butterfly. Miss Sharpe [A Monograph of Teracolus, 1901, p. 128] considers hagore to be the dry-season form of daira, but on what grounds I know not. Dr. Dixey says it is impossible. In 1909 I took a male at Ad-Duwém [Lat. 14° 0’ N.], the only White Nile record that I know of. In 1912 I took a female near Sdba station. [For the Hon. N. C. Rothschild’s captures see the preceding species. | Mr. Cholmley took four males in the district to the north of Suakin. Mrs. Waterfield takes it at Port Sadan, where I myself took seven males and five females. * Compare Dr. Dixey’s remarks, Proc. Ent. Soc. London (1912), p- cxli, the Butterflies of the White Nile. 45 Aurivillius (3. p. 59) confines this species to Nubia, but the British Museum has two males and a female from Muscat, South-east Arabia. The range of this species, though decidedly restricted, is wider than that of the last, reaching the Red Sea Littoral on the north-east, and going 13° above Kharttim on the White Nile towards the south. I have a fine large female which differs from the example figured in that the transverse dark bar on the fore-wing is reduced to two spots, whereas the marginal black spots on the hind-wing are much more pronounced. 61. Teracolus evarne, Klug. The type came from Ambukdl. Butler calls the dry-season form citreus, and the geo- graphical race occurring in Upper Egypt, the White Nile and Abyssinia, xanthevarne. This butterfly was taken by Petherick on the White Nile (citreus and zanthevarne). Dunn took it on the Bahr al-Zarafa. It was found in some numbers by Loat at Mongalla and Gondokoro. Selous took two females, one opposite Renk, the other at Tawfikiyé. Two males and six females brought home by the Swedish expedition from Renk, Gebel Ahmad Agha and Kaka were referred by Aurivillius to “ var. hib. citreus, Butl.” A solitary male was taken by myself i in 1909 at Gebel En [Lat. 12° 37’ N.], but in 1912 I brought back twenty-eight specimens from various places on the White Nile, extending from Gebel Ahmad Agha in Lat. 11° 0’ N. right up to Gondokoro. It was by far the commonest at Shambi [Lat. 7° 0’ N.]. As it is not a very attractive insect on the wing the number of specimens “brought home is not an exact measure of its abundance, for one’s attention is apt to be diverted by more conspicuous things. Rothschild found it common on the Atbara, but it was not reported by either Cholmley or Yerbury. At Port Stidin Mrs. Waterfield looks upon it as the commonest butterfly. It occurs in Abyssinia, Somaliland (phalippsi, Butler), the Victoria Nyanza district, British Hast Africa, German Kast Africa and Senegal. I detected a scent in five males; it was distinct and sweet in character, in one case compared to Freesia, but in another described as “ somewhat medicinal.” 46 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 62. Hronia cleodora, Hiibner. The Sadan form is var. erxia, Hewitson, which is more similar to the Natal form than to the race with very wide black borders which is found in the Mombasa district. Loat took a wet-season male at Mongalla [ Lat. 5° 12’ N.]. Selous took a small wet-season male near Tawfikiya [Lat. 9° 25’ N.]. The Swedes took a small (51 mm.) male as far north as Gebel En [Lat. 12° 37’ N.]. In 1912 I took two males at Renk [Lat. 11° 45’ N.], and saw another specimen at Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.]. This handsome insect ranges over the whole of the Eastern side of Central and Southern Africa, and it also occurs in Angola. 63. Hronia leda, Boisduval. In 1912 I secured a specimen of this very swift butterfly on the tiny island in the Sadd known as Hillet al-Nuwér [Lat. 8° 13’ N.], and saw others at Bér [Lat. 6° 13’ N.] and at Kiré [Lat. 5° 22’ N.]. It would appear that this conspicuous South African insect does not get further down the White Nile than the Sadd. This species has almost the same but not quite as wide a range over the continent as the preceding. 64. Leuceronia buquetw, Boisduval. Loat took a female at Gondokoro. Selous took a male at Tawila. In 1909 I took a female at Tawila, and in 1912 took six specimens in all, viz. two males at Tawila, two males at Masran Island, a female at Kaka wooding station, and a female at Malék [Lat. 6° 7’ N.]. Its northern limit, according to these records, is Tawila [Lat. 13° 16’ N.], whence came four out of the total of nine specimens. Col. Yerbury took it at Aden [form arabica, Hopff.]; Thrupp took the same form in Somaliland. It is found over nearly all Central and South Africa; it also occurs in Sierra Leone and Madagascar. I suspected a faint sweet scent in a male specimen, and noted a slight “ scarcely agreeable’ scent in another. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 47 65. Catopsilia florella, Fabricius. Dunn took this on the Bahr al-Zarafa. The Swedes took a solitary male to the south of Kaka. It was common during my stay at Kharttiim in 1909, less so in 1912. Though I did not myself take this butterfly on the White Nile above Khartim, it is very possible that I may have seen it. Rothschild mentions it as common round Khartiim, _and also as seen at Shendi. Cholmley took several north of Suakin. Mrs. Waterfield found it common enough at Port Stdan, though I did not myself see it there. Col. Yerbury took it freely at Aden. Peel found it abundant in Somaliland, and it extends even to Sokotra, where Bennett noted of it: “ Fight strong,” a fact that no one acquainted with the insect will dispute. It ranges over Arabia, the whole of Africa south of the Sahara, and occurs in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. At Kharttim I repeatedly saw this butterfly settle upon Cassia obovata, Callad., a dwarf shrub with yellow flowers that grows commonly on the sand in the outskirts of the city. Col. Nurse says that its larva feeds upon species of Cassia. The strong luscious sweet scent of the males, noticed by me in South Africa, was confirmed. 66. Terias senegalensis, Boisduval. Butler considered his chalcomiaeta to be an insular race of this species.* Found by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took three males and a female at Gondokoro; the males were “ dry,” the female “ intermediate.” In 1912 I took a single female, of the dry-season form, and saw another specimen, at Masran Island [Lat. 12° 45’ N.]. Perhaps that may be taken as about the éxtreme northern limit of this butterfly, which is found throughout Africa south of the Sahara, in Madagascar, and in Southern Arabia. Yerbury took the form chalcomiaeta at Aden. 67. Terias brigitta, Cramer. Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa. Loat took one of each sex at Gondokoro in January 1902; the male was * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. i (1898), p. 67. 48 Dr. G. B. Longstaft’on (74 > distinctly of the wet-season form, the female “ wet”’ or “intermediate.” In 1912 I took a male at Kir6, another at Ladé, also a male and two females at Gondokoro. As butterflies of the genus Jerias are quite easily seen when on the wing, it might appear allowable to conjecture that brigitta does not extend far north of Lake No [Lat. 9° 30’ N.], but the fact that specimens of the preceding species turned up no less than three degrees north of that place makes one cautious. T. brigitta is found in Abyssinia, Somaliland and through- out tropical and South Africa. 68. Colias hyale, auctorum, f. marnoana, Rogenh. In 1909 I found this butterfly almost abundant in the beanfields at the junction of the Blue and White Nile, just below Khartim, near a village called Mogran. During my visit in 1912 I did not work that exact locality, but I netted two males at the edge of a large cottonfield at Kadari, opposite to Kerreri, and a few miles to the north of Khartim. Peel took a female in SomA4liland in 1897. It is fairly common at Port Stidan, and it occurs in Abyssinia, but Col. Yerbury tells me that the genus has no representative at Aden. C. hyale is very widely distributed over the Palaearctic region. Sub-family PAPILIONINAE,. 69. Papilio demodocus, Esp. Taken by Dunn on the Bahr al-Zarafa; by the Swedes at Khartim, where the Rothschild party found it abundant among lemon trees. I saw but few at Khartim in 1909; at the time of my second visit, however, it was quite common among limes (Citrus limetta). Mr. H. H. King assured me that demodocus is found up the White Nile, but could give no particulars. Selous took two at Ardeiba in the Southern Bahr al- Ghazal. It occurs at Aden, also in Somaliland, and is found throughout tropical and South Africa. 70. Papilio pylades, Cramer. Loat took a female at Gondokoro, noting it as “ rare.” the Butterflies of the White Nile. 49 Selous took it commonly at Ardeiba in the Southern Bahr al-Ghazal; Trimen (24.) notes that all Selous’ specimens, though some of them are rather small, are of the typical West Coast form. For the typical pylades Aurivillius (3. p. 21) gives Senegal to the White Nile, Northern Congo. Family HESPERIIDAE 71. Sarangesa eluminata, Holland. The Swedish expedition took two specimens, both males, on the White Nile, but the locality is not specified; Auri- villius suggests that perhaps Cyclopides phidyle, Walker [Entomologist, v, p. 56, 1870], may be this species. Peel took it in Somaliland. It occurs also in British East Africa, Rhodesia and in Cape Colony. Possibly this is identical with S. tsava, B.-Baker, a com- mon insect at Port Stidan. 72. Gegenes nostradamus, Fabricius. Loat took three males and a female near Kaka [Lat. 10° 40’ N.]. In 1912 I took one near Séba station and two at Kharttim. In 1909 I took one (a male) at Aswan; I had previously taken it in Northern India. Bennett took a female in Sokotra, and Yerbury met with it at Aden [form karsana, Moore]. It occurs in British Hast Africa; northwards it extends to Cyprus; westwards to Gibraltar; and east- wards to Afghanistan and the Panjab. It is a dingy insect, and very inconspicuous, so that it might easily be over- looked. 73. Parnara mathias, Fabricius. Loat took a male near Kaka. In 1912 I took one at Tombé [Lat. 5° 43’ N.] and another at Rejaf wooding station [Lat. 4° 50’ N.]. Rothschild found it commonly at Cairo, and Yerbury took it freely at Aden. This is a very common and widely-distributed species, but like the preceding it is inconspicuous and easily over- looked. It occurs in British East Africa, on the Zambesi and in Natal; it is found also in Cyprus and extends to India, Ceylon and the Philippines. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1913.—PART I. (JUNE) E 50 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 74. Parnara fatuellus, Hopfier. This species was taken by Capt. Dunn on the Bahr al- Zarafa, but I have no other records of it in that part of the world ; it occurs in the Victoria Nyanza district, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia and Natal. 75. Rhopalocampta forestan, Cramer. This fine Skipper was also taken by Capt. Dunn, but I have no other record. Like the preceding this insect has a wide range, including Uganda, the Congo, British East Africa, Rhodesia, Natal, the Gambia and Sierra Leone. A perusal of the above list leads to certain conclusions, which are made even more obvious by grouping the species in families and sub-families. Total Species Total Species Species found on found in common White Nile. 8. Arabia. to both. Danainae .. 2 il 1 Satyrmae .. iL 2 1 Nymphalinae . 10 8 7 Acraeinae . . 5 0 0 Lycaenidae : 17 13 10 Pieringe (ia) 33 19 16 Papiloninae. 2 il 1 Hesperudae : 5 6 2 Total 2.55% 75 50 38 The Butterfly Fauna of the White Nile is a very poor one, comparable indeed, as far as numbers go, with that of the British Isles. Several groups are very poorly represented, both as regards species and individuals, notably the Satyrinae, of which but a single specimen was found among several hundreds of butterflies sent home. That typically African group, the Acraeinae, was repre- sented by very few individuals; the same is true of the Papilioninae and the Danainae, while the Nymphalinae are not much more numerous. The Lycaenidae contribute more species, but they are for the most part inconspicuous, and none of them strikingly common. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 51 There are many species of Prerinae, and severa of these are abundant, or at least common, so that when individuals are taken into consideration this group by far outnumbers all the others put together. In the 8. Stan, as everywhere, there are some favoured spots where butterflies are found in unusual numbers. One may spend an hour in such a spot among clouds of “ Whites’ and “ Yellows”? without catching sight of a Swallow-tail, a Nymphalid or a Skipper. The impression left on the mind is that throughout the Anglo-Egyptian Sadan, alike on the Red Sea coast and on the White Nile, from Kharttim right up to Rejaf, the beautiful, but puzzling genus Teracolus is dominant. The most abundant and generally distributed species are T’. evarne and T. eupompe, but several others—T. daira, T. evagore, T. phisadia, T. halimede and T. protomedia, are common enough where they occur, and it is indeed a beautiful and a bewildering sight to see these “‘ orange- tips’ and “ crimson-tips,” with here and there a “ purple- tip” flying over the dead grass or the flowering shrubs. That the Butterfly Fauna of the White Nile has a de- cidedly desert character was noticed long ago by Butler (9. p. 25) and by Dixey (12. p. 142). This is made very clear by a comparison with the fauna of 8. Arabia, brought to our knowledge mainly by the labours of Col. Yerbury in Aden and its neighbourhood. A glance at the preceding table shows that, as might have been expected, the South Arabian Fauna is even poorer than that of the White Nile, but—with the notable exception of the total absence of the great genus Acraea— the distribution between the families is very similar. It is very remarkable that out of the Arabian total of fifty species, no less than thirty-eight are found on the White Nile.* . Although Yerbury’s operations were confined to a com- paratively small area it may be assumed that his list is nearly complete, whereas mine is very far from such perfection. Collectors with more time at their disposal * It is not possible when comparing lists to be certain that different authors mean the same things by the same names. But this difficulty has been minimised by the fact that neither Dr. Dixey nor Col. Yerbury are “splitters.” My conclusions are mainly, though not entirely, founded upon the great Hope Collec- tion, in which the Pierinae have been so admirably arranged by Dr. Dixey. 52 Dr. G. B. Longstaft on will without doubt add many species to my list, more especially among the less conspicuous Lycaenidae and Hesperudae, and will give new localities to many species already recorded. The following lists illustrate the relationship between the two faunas, and may, I hope, be instructive in other ways. The first (and longer) list gives all the butterflies for which I have records from Khartim up to Ad-Duwém ; the four shorter lists give the additional species met with for each 2° of latitude as one ascends the river. SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES 16° N.-14° N. (Kharttim to Ad-Duwém inclusive.) 1. D. chrysippus A 45. T. chrysonome A 4. P. cardu A 48. T. protomedia A 5. P. cebrene A 49. T. halimede A 8. H. misippus A 54. T. eupompe A 19. P. baeticus ING Teno pond Weare ota: 21. T. theophrastus A 59. T. ephyva 25. C. eleusis 60. T. liagore A 27. Z. lysimon A 65. C. florella A 28. C. trochilus A 68. C. marnoana 30. L. otacilia 69. P. demodocus 32. A. ubaldus A 71. S. elaminata ? * 39. B. mesentina A 72. P. nostradamus 41. C. eulimene ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES 14° N.-12°N. (S. of Ad-Duwém to Gebel fn.) 14. A. acerata 43. T. phisadia NA 20. L. bibulus 2a evens N 33. D. lia NA 53. T. phlegyas P 34. V. antalus N | 56. T. evrppe PA 35. H. philippus | 61. 7. evarne iP 36. H. ervphia NA _ 62. EH. cleodora 37. B. gidica 64. L. buquetu A 42. T. calars NA 66. T. senegalensis A * Tt is not stated where the Swedish expedition came across this butterfly. the Butterflies of the White Nile. 53 ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES 12° N.-10° N. (Renk to Meluit inclusive.) 11. B. alithyia A | 47. T. amelra 17. A. encedon | 50. T. pleione NA 22. T. telicanus NA | 52. T. hetaera 24. C. cretosus | 58. 7. evagore Jes 26. C. malathana A 73. P. mathias NA 38. B. severina A | ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED IN LATITUDES TOSS NE (K6d6k to Hillet al-Nuwér inclusive: mostly Sadd.) 2. T. petiverana | 29. L. amarah A 6. P. clelia A | 40. P. venata 7. P. boopis | 55. T. achine P 12. B. goetzius A | 63: E. leda 13. A. phalantha | 67. T. brigitta 16. A. natalica 74. B. fatuellus 18. A. abdera 75. R. forestan ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED SoutH oF Lat. 8°N. (Shambi to Rejaf: mostly above the Sadd.) 3. Y. asterope NA | 31. A. jesous NA 9. H. daedalus A | 44. T. castalis 10. N. agatha 46. T. vesta 15. A. terpsichore 70. P. pylades 23. C. usemia The letter A indicates that the species is recorded also for 8. Arabia. The letter N signifies that the species is known to occur north of Kharttim, and that therefore it may well be expected to occur further north than yet recorded. The letter P signifies that the species was found by Petherick, and as the precise localities in which his captures were made are unknown, it is quite possible that he may have found the species further north. As might have been expected it is seen that north of K6d6k—roughly speaking north of the Sadd—the fauna 54 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on is decidedly more Arabian, or Desert, in character than it is to the south. Again as might have been expected the great majority of the species are Ethiopian, that is to say peculiar to the Province made up of Africa, with the adjacent islands, and Southern Arabia. The species that extend beyond that Province are eighteen in number, viz. :— 2. Yphthima asterope. Syria. 4. Pyrameis cardu. Cosmopolitan. 8. Hypolimnas misippus. India, Ceylon, Malaya, etc. 11. Byblia ilithyia. India, Ceylon. 3. Alella phalantha. India, Ceylon, Malaya, China, Japan. 19. Polyommatus baeticus. Cosmopolitan. 21. Tarucus theophrastus. Persia, Baltichistaén, India, Ceylon, Burma, 8. Europe. 22. Tarucus telicanus. India, Ceylon, Burma, Java, China, Hurope. 27. Zizera lysumon. 8S. Europe, W. Asia, India, Ceylon, Malaya, Australia. 30. Chilades trochilus. S.K. Europe, Central Asia, India, Malaya. 31. Azanusjesous. | 32. Azanus ubaldus. | 39. Belenois mesentina. Persia, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon. 42. Teracolus calais. Persia, Sind, N.W. India. 43. Teracolus phisadia. Syria (Lebanon). 68. Colias hyale. Palaearctic Province. 72. Gegenes nostradamus. Gibraltar, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Panjab. 3. Parnara mathias. Cyprus, India, Ceylon, Philippines. Baltchistan, India, Ceylon, Burma. There are a few species which may be said just to touch the northern fringe of our district in the neighbourhood of Kharttim. Such are :— 25. Catochrysops eleusis. 30. Lycaenesthes otacilia. 41. Calomeris eulimene. 45. Teracolus chrysonome. 59. Teracolus ephyia. 68. Colias marnoana. Of these ZL. otacilia is an East African and South the Butterflies of the White Nile. 55 African species, and probably has a wider range up the river than has been yet recorded. The other five are more Palaearctic in character, or are borderland species. C. eulamene, so far as is known, is confined to the Anglo-Egyptian Sadan, and I know of only one example of 7. ephyia taken outside that country. Synchloé glauconome has a wider range to the north, at Shendi it gets within sixty-five miles of Khartiim, but does not actually enter our district. In like manner there are three butterflies which just attain the southern end of our district, viz. :— 23. Castalius usemia. 46. Teracolus vesta. 70. Papilio pylades. : These are all Central or South African forms. Though well known to have a wider range outside our limits, there are three species which, so far as actually recorded have a very restricted range on the White Nile :— Teracolus halimede, 13° 22'—10° 40’. Teracolus pleione, confined to Kaka, Lat. 10° 40’, ex- cepting so far as the locality of Petherick’s specimens is unknown. Teracolus phisadia, 13° 22'-10° 50’, but presumably Capt. Dunn’s specimens came from something like 2° further south. The most northerly limit of the great genus Acraea would seem to be attained by A. acerata (f. vinidia) in Lat. 12° 37’ N. The sole species peculiar to the White Nile district would appear to be the little-known, and hitherto rare, Pinacopteryx venata.* Any one dealing with the Butterflies of N.H.” Africa must depend greatly on the magnificent work of Klug. The writer has had the good fortune to take all his Prerinae. * While this paper was going through the press my attention was called by Commander J. J. Walker to the description by A. G. Butler [Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 169, 1866] and a good wood-cut of Aphnaeus (?) marmoreus, n. sp. The type, a female, was taken by Petherick on the White Nile, and would appear to be unique; it now stands in the National Collection next to the S. African Stugeta bowkeri, Trimen. 56 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on The Hon. N. C. Rothschild’s captures on the R. Atbara derive especial interest from the fact that, since Klug’s time, no collector has worked so near to Klug’ s locality— Ambukél. I have to thank alike draughtsman and printer for the admirable plate. Col. J. W. Yerbury, R.A., and Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., have kindly assisted me with valuable information, the latter having placed his MS. notes on Mr. F. C. Selous’ captures in the spring of 1911 at my disposal. . Prof. EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., and his able assistants have, as always, been most kind and helpful. Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., has allowed me to draw upon his unique knowledge of the Pierinae and helped to guide me through the mazes of the genus Teracolus and steered me clear of many pitfalls. Loca.ities MENTIONED. Lat. N. Lat. N. [Port Sadan 19° 35’] | Melit 10° 27’ [Suakin 19° 8’] [Berbera(SomAliland)10°25’] Ambukél 18° 4’ Ké6éd6k (Fashéda) 9° 54’ El-Nakhila Ure aval el bil 9° 47" Shendi 16° 42’ | Waw 9° 40’ Kerreri 15° 47’ | Malakal ima Kadart 15° 46’ | Tawfikiya 92°25" Kharttim 15° 37’ | Daléb (R. Sobat) ea Sdba 15° 32’ | Khor Atar 9° 20" Ad-Duwém 14° 0’ | Lake N6 9°30" Kawwah 13° 45’.| Bahr al-Zarafa 9°-25'=7- 0 Abba Island,*‘ Mahdi’s | Hillet al-Nuwér O: ake place ” 13° 22’ | Shambi TO: Tawila 13° 16’ | Kamisa 6° 50’ Kosti 13 LOS bor 6° 137 Koz Abt Gima 13° 8’ | Malék 6. Hillet Abbas 13° 7’ | Tombé 5°'43" Masran Island 12° 45’ | Kitro 5 oa" [Aden | 12° 45’] | Mongalla bo Mae Gebel En 12° 37’ | Ladé Wooding Stn. 5° 8’ [Sokotra 12° 30’] | Ladé Berens Renk 11° 45’ | Gondokoro 4° 54’ Gebel Ahmad Agha 11° 0’ | RejAéf Wooding Stn. 4° 50’ Mashra Zarafa 10° 50’ | Rejat 4° 45’ Kaka 10° 40’ Dongola g WHITE NILE DISTRICT ofl Nakhila os) A 3 [7 2 4 2 PortStidan Suakin Kerreri,) Omdurman % KHARTUO M + s Hillet alNawér 3 Dutile » Ee “a be dbdcdiah alt tie - Lim as — - . — : “ ’ n ‘ a . a U _ owt : f | o a i" Ee che a 4 = | ae . a) - ARG | _ EXPLANATION oF PuarveE II. a . | a Fia. 1. Pinacopteryx venata, 3d. _ y 2. ” ” oer = 3. “5 : 3, underside. — - * 4. Teracolus ephyia, 3. a ae - 2. . 6 7 >, underside. ‘ 7. Teracolusliagore, go. | : a 8. ” ” 4 : : . - 9. x ‘i Os underside. Trans. Eint. Soc. Lond.,I913. Pl. I. Horace Knight del.et lith. ; West, Newman chr. 1. PINACOPTERYX VENATA 6. 2 do.9. 3.do 3, underside. 4,.TERACOLUS EPHYIA @. Budge Se "6ydo"G,, «Zo! fe do. MmeAG OR. 16, (Sido. .2. .95daKe; do the Butterflies of the White Nile 57 [The spelling of place-names is based on that of Dr. HK. A. Wallis Budge in “Cook’s Handbook for Egypt and the Sidan,”’ 2nd edition, 1906; ‘4’ pronounced as ‘“a”’ m ‘‘father’®*; “a” pronounced as “uu” in “mud”s ‘é pronounced as “a” in ‘‘mane”’; “i” pronounced as “‘e Baten (GG: in “meet”; “i” pronounced as “00” in “ boot.’’] 38 dy) Ma pa adh iva Sanat mae | na ys Ah uaa ‘ alia bey Otel bani hie a we ae Hai MA ha nig” a eS aa ae iat eh PAR eS of ti vo, i pi Dial bl rns ‘ , bruary, 1913. February, 1913.] 45 A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS IN BRITISH EAST AFRICA. BY REV. K. ST. AUBYN ROGERS, F.E.S. Reprinted from “ The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” 2nd Series, Vol. xxiv. The knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Tropical Africa has been extending with great rapidity during the last few years. Many papers have been published on collections made in the country, so that I have not found it possible to collate the results of the numerous naturalists who have collected there. 46 (February, However, I have had the opportunity to make collections over a considerable part of the Protectorate, and it may be of some interest to publish the results. The area in which this collection was made is bounded on the east by the coast, and on the west by the Rift Valley, The following list can make no claim to be complete, as there remain many districts in which I have not collected at all, and others in which I have collected but little, but I have thought it best only to record those species which I have myself met with. For the identification of the numerous species I am deeply indebted to the kindness of Prof. E. B. Poulton, and those who work with him in the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum, especially Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. H. H. Druce, and Mr. H. Eltringham. There still remain a few species which have not yet been identified, or which may be new. The whole of the species, with the possible exception of some of the most common, are represented in the Hope Department, where they may be studied. 1.—Danaida chrysippus, L. Abundant everywhere, the form dorippus, Klug, being far more abundant than the type form. This species generally prefers open country, but at the end of the dry season it may be found in forests. 2.—Danaida limniace, Cram. Generally common in forest country, and sometimes very abundant. 3.—Melinda formosa, Godm. Taita, Taveta, Nairobi, North Kikuyu. Not uncommon. 4.—Amauris niavius, f. dominicanus, Trim. A forest species often very common. It has a slow floating flight like that of most Danaide. 5.—Amauris ochlea, Boisd. Though generally haunting forest, this species is not so confined to it as A. dominicanus. Coast district, Taita, Taveta. 6.—Amauris albimaculata, Butl. Taita, Nairobi, North Kikuyu. Generally abundant. I have no doubt that A. echeria also occurs, but it is not distinguishable on the wing, and all my specimens have been A. albimaculata. 7.—Melanitis leda, L. Abundant everywhere. 8.—Gnophodes parmeno, f. diversa, Butl. Taveta, Nairobi. Generally found in dense forest. Not common. 9.—Mycalesis dentata, E. M. Sharpe. North or South Kikuyu, Kenia Forest. Not uncommon. 10.—Mycalesis kenia, Rogenh. Nairobi Forest. Sometimes common. 1913.) At 11.—Mycalesis safitza, Hew. Ubiquitous. 12.—Henotesia perspicua, Trim. Common and widely distributed. 13.—Physceneura leda, Gorst. Coast district. Taita. Common, 14.—Neocenyra duplex, Butl. Taita, Taveta. Not uncommon. 15.—Neocenyra gregorii, Butl. Taita. Ukambani. South Kikuyu. Common. 16.—Ypthima asterope, Klug. Common and widely distributed. The eye spots on the underside vary a good deal in number. 17.—Ypthima itonia, Hew. North and South Kikuyu. Not uncommon. 18.—Pardopsis punctatissima, Boisd. Common and widely distributed, especially in the Coast district. It frequents forest as well as open country. 19.—Acrea rabbaiz, Ward. The Coast district. Fairly common in forest and woodlands. 20.— Acrea zonata, Hew. The Coast hills. This is a forest insect and flies somewhat higher than most of its congeners. It is rather rare. 21—Acrea euva, Smith. The Coast hills. Also a forest insect with a lofty flight, by no means easy to capture, as it has a tantalising habit of floating about out of reach of the net. It is a rare species. 22.—Acrea cerasa, Hew. South Kikuyu. This species frequents forest, and sometimes swarms in that near Nairobi. 23.—Acrea quirina, Fabr. Not common on the Coast hills. 24.—Acrea baateri, E. M. Sharpe. Aberdare Mountains. Also one specimen high up on the Dabida Hills in the Taita country. 25.—Acrea insignis, Dist. Widely distributed and not uncommon. The black on the hind-wings is very variable in extent, and in the specimens from the Coast hills is generally much reduced. 26.—Acrexa neobule, Doubl. and Hew. Common and widely distributed. There is a large, pale form found in the forests on the Coast hills. 27.—Acrexa satis, Ward. Found only in the Coast district, generally in forest country. It is not generally common. s 28.—Acrza asboloplintha, f. rubescens, Trim. North Kikuyu and slopes of Mount Kenia; the type form being found to the west of the Rift valley. The females of the rubescens form are generally white, and not red like the type form. 29.—Acreza zetes acara, Hew. Generally common. 30.—Acreza anemosa, Hew. Generally common. 31.—Acrea pseudolycia astrigera, Butl. Ukambani. This species is generally fairly common where it occurs, but its range is much more restricted than that of the two preceding species. 32.—Acrea areca, Mab. Generally distributed and fairly common. 33.—Acrea perenna, Doubl. and Hew. Taita. I have only obtained a single specimen, but it may have been passed over. 4 48 (February, 1913. 34.—Acrea chilo,Godm. Coast district. Taita, Taveta. The species is often common. The female was long known as A. crystallina, which is not surprising, as both wings are quite transparent, and the spots are obsolete in the fore wings and much reduced in the hind wings. 35.—Acrea acrita, Hew. Taita, Taveta, Ukambani, Kikuyu. Generally . common. Most specimens are of the form pudorina. 36.—Acrea equatorialis, Neave. Coast district, Taita. Not uncommon. This form has recently been separated from the type by Mr. Eltringham under the name of anzemia. 37.—Acreza pudorella, Auriv. Taita, Taveta. Apparently not common. 38.—Acrexa caldarena, Hew. Rabai. This species does not seem by any means common, The examples taken are not typical lacking as they do the pronounced black tip to the fore-wings. 39.—Acrea bresia, Godm. Generally distributed. This species is particularly abundant in Taita, where the form regalis also is of frequent occurrence. 40,—Acrexa oncea, Hopff. Widely distributed and often common. 41.—Acrexa cecilia, Fabr. Not uncommon in Ukambani and probably occurs elsewhere. 42.—Acrea natalica, Boisd. Generally abundant. 43.—Acrea terpsichore, L. Ubiquitous. I once found a pupa all golden ona yellow leaf. Each day when the sun was hot it raised itself so as to lie along the underside of the leaf. Was this due to the heat of the sun? 44.—Acrexa eacelsior, Sharpe. I have only taken this at considerable elevations on the Aberdare Mountains up to 11,000 ft. 45,—Acrea acerata, Hew. Taita, Kikuyu. All my specimens of this common species seem to be of the form tenella. 46.—Acrea bonasia alicia, Sharpe. Ukambani, Kikuyu, Kenia. Often exceed- ingly abundant. I once counted 460 on one small tree. 47.—Acrea uvui, Smith. Kikuyu, Kenia. Not uncommon. Itis not possible to distinguish this from the preceding on the wing. 48.—Acrea cabira, Hopff. This is a common species everywhere except in the coast district. It is very variable. 49.—Acrea pharsalus, Ward. Taita, North Kikuyu. Generally rather uncommon. 50.—Acrea encedon, L, Ubiquitous. The daira form seems to be the most numerous, but all forms occur. 51.—Acrea aubyni, Eltr. Coast district. This species does not seem common. It flies rather higher than most of its congeners but not rapidly 52.—Acrea johnstoni, Godm. ‘Taita, Taveta, Kikuyu, Kenia.