JOHNA.SEAVERNS c c^- r miiy Ubraiy ui Veterinary nviedicine ; Schooi '::: i - : ^in^fy Medicine at Juris Un;vi..rGuy 200 Westboro Road torth Grafton. MA 01536 HORSE BREEDING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE HORSE BREEDING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE BY BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN I^ANDSTALLMEISTER AND DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL STUD OF TRAKEHNEN TRANSLATED FROM GERMAN LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO. 1909 PREFACE. THE wish has often been expressed that practical men should make known more generally their experiences in horse breeding, but in desiring this it is easy to lose sight of the fact, that when a practical man commences to write he at once steps out of the bounds of the practical. Moreover, it has to be taken into consideration that practical experience is only gained by long years of labour, whilst mere theorists mav write their works when even quite young and practically without experience, but being gifted with criticism, intellectual insight, and inspiration. I must also point out that my work at the Trakehnen Stud has kept me alwavs so actively employed that, unfortunately, I have not been able to spare the necessary time to go thoroughly through the large mass of material which I have accumulated in the course of many years, and to treat same in as exhaustive a manner as an expert ought. In writing the last chapter on " The Establishment of Studs " my time was very limited indeed, and I have had to be satisfied with simply giving an outline. The short historical sketch on the development of the Thoroughbred is the result of notes made from racing calendars and stud books, and the chapter on the alteration of w'eight differences is likewise the outcome of investigations made in the same quarter. It was only when I came to the conclusion, from the present work, that there seemed to be a deterioration in the Thoroughbred, commencing from about the middle of the nineteenth century, that I again went through the Racing Calendar, and Stud Book, in order to more closely investigate this apparent deterioration. In this wav originated the chapter comparing the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the Thoroughbred of to-day with that of an earlier period, and the deductions arising therefrom. The high regard which I have for the Thoroughbred has not stopped, but rather stimulated me to investigate and express candidlv the ideas got from studying the present state of the Thoroughbred. I have taken nothing for granted. The results of these investigations have once again vindicated the nature of " Public Opinion " so well described by Ranke. It has a true sense of what is needed, but has not the slightest idea vi. Preface. of how to supply what is wanted. As to whether the means which I propose for improving the Thoroughbred will be efficacious or not it is indeed difficult to prophesy. Experience alone will prove this. The chapter on " Inbreeding " is a modest attempt to come to a logical conclusion in this interesting, but as yet unexplored, region of thought. Without doubt the study of this cjuestion is in its veriest infancv. Up to the present time there has not been demonstrated the influence exerted by the bases of inbreeding, we do not yet know what is due to the own inbreeding of the base and what is due to its sex. Is it possible that the great prepotency of Melbourne, as shown in his female descendants, should be accounted for in the fact that the famous Termagant was the base of Melbourne's inbreeding? The computation of " Inbreeding " has entailed much labour, as unfortunately the necessary material has neither been collected nor published anywhere, and I know very well that in this difficult work many errors have crept in. In the chapter on Heredity, as well as in the practical part on Horse Breeding, much has been left out, as I take it for granted that only breeders and lovers of horses will read this work, who already know and are well acquainted with the elementary laws of horse breeding and sport racing. Any man may make a mistake, and I claim this indulgence, but it has been my earnest endeavour to take from the practical what I have recognised as right in practice. I do not lay any claims to completeness as regards the whole principles of breeding, such as is claimed in several books on this subject, as writers of these latter are often led into the error of copying ridiculous blunders of other, often injudiciously chosen, writers, and in this way spread incorrect teachings in this as in other branches. For a period of twelve years in Trakehnen the long winter evenings were shortened and brightened by these hippological studies, the results of which I give to the public in the present work, with the sincere hope that it will promote the love of that noble creature, the horse, its breeding, and trial on the race course. BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN. Trakehnen, Oct(jber 1st, 1907. INDEX. Part I. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse and its value in the Breeding of Half-breds. CHAPTER PAGE 1. Sources for Tracing the Development of the Thoroughbred and Race Trials in England 3 2. Development of the Thoroughbred and Racing Trials in England. Most Important Events 9 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, and the Conclusions to be drawn therefrom 32 4. General Observations on the Value of the Thoroughbred for other Breeds 50 5. A Comparison of what Thoroughbreds have done previous! v and what they are doing at the present time 101 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement and Breed- ing of Thoroughbreds 194 Part II. Heredity. 1. General Observations on Heredity 209 2. The Transmission of Acquired Characters 215 3. The Doctrine of Constancy and Individual Prepotency .... 220 4. Inbreeding 225 5. Hereditary Faults 321 6. The Transmission of Coat Colour 329 7. The Art of Mating 333 viii. Index. Part III. The Practical Part of Horse Breeding. CHAPTER PAGE 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material 839 (a) Judging Covering Stallions 339 (b) Judging Brood Mares ............ 343 (c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions 345 (d) The Stallion whilst Covering 347 (e) Age of Brood ?^Iares 350 (f) Twins 351 (g) Firstlings 3(31 (h) The Treatment of Brood Mares 366 (i) Covering of Brood Mares 367 (k) P>rtilisation 37*2 (1) The Time of Pregnancy of Brood Mares 374 (m) Abortion and Joint-illness 376 (n) The Birth 380 (()) Treatment of the Brood Mare after the Birth 381 2. The Judging and Treating of Foals 383 (a) Judging Suckling Foals 383 (b) Treatment of Suckling Foals up to the time of \\>aning . 385 (c) 'JVeatment of \\"eanlings 389 (d) Treatment of the Skin and Hoofs of Weanlings .... 393 (e) 'Ilie Treatment of Yearlings and Older Foals 397 3. Training 399 (a) The Training Methods 400 (b) Stable Regulations and Instructions for Rubbing Down Horses 406 (c) Food whilst Training 407 4. Establishment of Studs 409 5. Tables for Comparison of Various Measurements 422 6. Tables showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line 427 fJ I. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse and its value in the breeding of Half-breds. CHAPTER I. Sources for tracing the development of the Thoroughbred and Race Trials in England. 4th Edition, 189-2. There is no breed in the world which places at the disposal of the investigator such an abundant and authenticated mass of material for the exarhination of the various problems on breeding as does the English Thoroughbred, but, unfortunately, up to the present time this material has been made very little use of. It is to be found chiefly — as far as I know — in the following : — 1. The General Stud Book by James Weatherby (Keeper of the Match Book, and Secretary of the Jockey Club, as successor of Tutting and Fawconer). Volume I. appeared in 1793; the 5th Edition, very much improved and enlarged in 1891. Volume II. 1821. III. 1827. IV. 1836. V. 1845. VI. 1849. 3rd VII. 1853. VIII. 1857. IX. 1861. X. 1865. XI. 1869. XII. 1873. XIII. 1877. XIV. 1881. XV. 1885. XVI. 1889. XVII. 1893. XVIII. 1897. XIX. 1901. XX. 1905. 2. An Introduction to a General Stud Book by James Weatherbv had already appeared in 1791, consisting of various collections of Pedigrees gathered from Racing Calendars and Newspapers. 4th 1883. 4th 1899. 3rd 1889. 3rd 1881. 3rd 1894. 2nd 1883. 2nd 1903. 2nd 1893. 2nd 1904. 4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 3. The Turf Register and Sportsman and Breeder's Stud Book by William Pick. \^olume I. appeared in York 1803. II ]805. , , III. , , , , , , 18 ? -] , „ T U -by R. Johnson. ,, 1 \ . , , , , ,, J.OU ( . J In this Turf Register the pedigrees and racing performances of the most prominent stallions and mares are very clearly arranged. There are also many valuable notes added on Breeding. 4. The Ancestress of the English Thoroughbred, by Hermann Goos, 1885. 4th Edition extended by Dr. A. de Chapeaurouge, 1907. 5. Erentzel's Family Tables of English Thoroughbred Stock, 1889. 6. Modern Pedigrees by Antwerp and Lamplighter, New York, 1895. 7. Tables of Pedigrees of Thoroughbred Horses by Ch. Wackerow. Volume I., 1900, from the earliest accounts to 1897 inclusive. Volume II., 1904, from the earliest accounts to 1902 inclusive. 8. Historical List of all the Plates and Prizes run for on Clifton and Rawcliffe Ings, also since being moved to Knavesmire, near the city of York, etc., appeared in 1748 at York. It contains the Reports of the Races at York from 1709 to 1747. 9. The first Racing Calendar appeared in 1727, and was called : An Historical List of all Horse Matches run for in England and Wales, by John Cheny, 24 Volumes covering the period from 1727 to 1750. From 1741 the Races in Ireland were also included. 10. After Cheny's death appeared the Continuation by Reginald Heber under the same title, 18 Volumes covering the period from 1751 to 1768. 11. After Heber's death there appeared the Continuation, under the title of : The Sporting Calendar, by William Tutting (Keeper of the Match Book at Newmarket), and Thomas Fawconer (Secretary of the Jockey Club), 4 Volumes, covering the period from 1769 to 1772. In the volumes for 1771 and 1772 the Races in Jamaica are included. 12. The Continuation appeared under the title of: Racing Calendar, edited by James Weatherby (Keeper of the Match Book at Newmarket and Secretary of the Jockey Club), 135 Volumes, covering the period from 1773 to 1907. Up to 1800 the Races in Ireland are included, but from 1801 there is simply an abstract from the Irish Racing Calendar given, and in 1903 and 1904 the Races in Ireland are left out altogether. Of Foreign Races are included : 1770, the Races in America (Annapolis, Philadelphia and New York), 1773, 1776, 1777, the Races in Jamaica; 1776, the Races in France at Sablon and Fontainebleau ; and in 1792 and 1793, the Races at Moscow. Since 1864 there has always been an Abstract of the important Races on the 1. Sources for Tracing the Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 5 Continent included. Since the Autumn of 1867 the Hurdle Races have been left out, and since July, 1871, the National Hunt Flat Races have been omitted. Up to 1840 the Reports on Cock Fighting were included. 13. Irish Racing Calendar, 118 Volumes, covering the period from 1790 to 1907. 14. Turf Annals of York and Doncaster, by John Orton, appeared 1843, and contains in one volume the Races at York and Doncaster from 1709 to 1843. 15. Bailey's Racing Register appeared in 1845 in three thick volumes, and gives in a very convenient and lucid manner an abstract of all the great Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1842. 16. The Racing Calendar Abridged appeared in 1829, and contains in one volume the important Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1750. 17. Pick's Racing Calendar, 49 Volumes, covering the period from 1709 to 1826, containing all the Races in England and Ireland, appeared first under the title of : The Sportsman and Breeder's Vademecum, then as Racing Calendar. Since 1803 as The Annual Racing Calendar, since 1811 as Pick's (Annual) Racing Calendar. The first Editor, W. Pick, died in 1816. 18. The Sporting Calendar, by John Pond, 18 Volumes, covering the period from 1751 to 1768, containing the Races in England and Ireland. In the Appendix of the volume for 1751 all the Matches which were held at Newmarket from 1718 to 1751 are included. 19. The Pocket Racing Calendar for the Races in Great Britain from 1821 to 1840 ( ?) 20. An Historical List of Horse Matches, Plates and Prizes in Great Britain and Ireland, by B. Walker, 2 Volumes, covering the years 1769 to 1770. 21. The Sporting Magazine. First year of circulation, 1792. A competing paper appeared in 1839 under the title of " The Sporting- Review," by Craven, and was amalgamated from 1847 with the " Sporting- Magazine." Also, the competing papers " The Sportsman " and " New Sporting Magazine," appeared in 1831. Since 1855 the " Sporting- Magazine " appeared with the addition : United with the Sportsman, Sport- ing Review, and Sporting Magazine. Bailey's Magazine, commencing 1870 (86 Volumes up to and including 1906), may be considered as a continuation of the Sporting Magazine (156 Volumes), which finished 1870. 22. The Steeplechase Calendar. A consecutive chronicle of the Sport in Great Britain from the great match over Leicestershire in 1826 to the close of 1844, to which is added the Irish Sport from the Autumn of 1842. Anonym, London, 1845. 23. Supplement to the Steeplechase Calendar. The Sport in Great 6 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Britain, Ireland and France, from January, 1845, to the close of the season 1846, by Corbet. The following appeared under the title of : The Steeplechase Calendar, etc. The next and last volume by Corbet appeared under the same title, but did not include the Races in France. 24. The Steeplechase Calendar, by Joseph Osborne, 18 Volumes, cover- ing the periods from 1848-49 to 1865-66. 25. The Racing Calendar Steeplechase Past, by Weatherby, 40 Volumes, covering the periods from 1866-67 to 1907. 26. The Olde New-Markitt Calendar of Matches, Results and Pro- grammes, from 1619 to 1719, by J. B. Aluir, 1892. 27. Raciana, by J. B. Aluir, appeared 1890, and gave various interesting notes on the few Matches at Newmarket and York, as well as the rider's colours. 28. Gentleman's Magazine, 116 Volumes, covering the period 1731 to 1846. 29. The Sportsman's Dictionarv, bv experienced Gentlemen. London, 1778. 30. History and Delineation of the Horse in all his varieties, compre- hending the appropriate uses, management and progressive improvement of each, with a particular investigation of the character of the Racehorse, and the business of the Turf, by John Lawrence, 1809. This ran through 14 Editions. 81. How to Chase, Ride, Train and Diet both Hunting Horses and Running Horses, by Jessis Markham. London, 1599. 32. The Complete Gamester, or Instructions how to play at Billiards, etc., together with all manner of usual and most gentle Games, either at Cards or Dice, to which is added the Arts and Mysteries of Riding, Racing, Archery and Cock Fighting. 1680. 33. The Gentleman's New Jockey. Farrier's Approved Guide : con- taining the Exactest Rules and Methods for Breeding and Managing Horses in order to bring them up in the best manner for Profit, Pleasure, Service or Recreation, especially in what relates to Racing or Running, Coursing, Travel and War, etc. 3 Editions, 1696. 34. The Post and the Paddock, by The Druid. London, 1857. 35. Scott and Sebright, by The Druid. London, 1862. 36. Silk and Scarlet, by The Druid. London, 1862. 37. Field and Fern (South), by H. H. Dixon. London, 1865. 38. Field and Fern (North), by H. H. Dixon. 1865. 39. Saddle and Sirloin, by The Druid. London, 1870. 40. Life and Times of The Druid (H. H. Dixon), by Hon. Francis Lawley. 2nd Edition, London, 1895. 1. Sources for Tracing the Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 7 41. A Treatise on the Care, Treatment and Training of the English Racehorse, by R. Darvill, London, 18-28. 42. History of the British Turf from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, by J. Ch. Whyte. 2 Volumes, 1840. 43. Horse Racing : Its History, and Early Records of the Principal and Other Race Meetings. Anonym, 1863. 44. The History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf, by J. P. Hore. 3 Volumes, 1886. 45. Portraits of Celebrated Race Horses of the Past and Present Centuries, by Th. H, Taunton. 4 Volumes, 1887. 46. The Horse : How to Breed and Rear Him, by W. Day. London, 1888. 2nd Edition, 1890. 47. The Racehorse in Training, by W. Day. London, 1880. 7th Edition, 1892. 48. The Racehorse, by Warburton. London, 1892. 49. Racing Life of Lord George Cavendish Bentick, by John Kent. 1892. 50. Ashgill, or the Life and Times of John Osborne, by J. B. Radcliffe. 1900. 51. Breeding Racehorses bv the Figure System, compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe, by W. Allison. London, 1895. Translated into German, 1897, by V. Kirschy. 52. The British Thoroughbred Horse : His History and Breeding, together with an Exposition of the Figure System, by W. Allison. London, 1901. 2nd Edition, 1908. 53. The Horse Breeder's Handbook, by Joseph Osborne. 1889. 54. Royal Ascot, its History and its Associations, by G. J. Cowthorne and R. S. Herod. 1902. 55. From Gladiateur to Persimmon, by Sydenham Dixon. London. 1901. 56. The English Turf, by Charles Richardson. London, 1901. 57. A History of the English Turf, by Th. A. Cook. 3 Volumes, about 1905. 58. The British Turf and the Men who haye made it, compiled by the " Sporting Life." London, 1906. 59. On the Laws and Practice of Horse Racing, by Admiral Rous. London, 1852. 2nd Issue, 1866. 60. Horse Racing in England, by Robert Black. London, 1893. 61. Kingsclere, by John Porter, edited by Byron Webber. London, 1896. 8 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 62. Eclipse and O'Kelly. Being a Complete History, so far as is known, of that celebrated English Thoroughbred " Eclipse " (1764-1789), and of his breeder, the Duke of Cumberland, and of his subsequent owners, William Wildman, Denis O'Kelly and Andrew O'Kelly, now for the first time set forth from the original authorities and family memoranda, by Th. A. Cook. London, 1907. 63. Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National, by Finch Mason. London, 1907. 64. The Romance of the Derby, by Edward Moorhouse. 2 Vols., London, 1908. CHAPTER II. Development of the Thoroughbred and Racing Trials in England. Most Important Events. Going back to the time when England was ruled by the Romans, Anglo- Saxons and Normans, we find that Oriental blood was employed for the purpose of breeding Racehorses in this country. Shortly afterwards the Crusades again gave the opportunity of introducing Oriental blood, and as early as 1509-1547 Henry VIII. had special paddocks made in his stud at Hampton Court for the breeding of Racehorses. During the reign of James L (1603-1625) the importation of Oriental stallions increased very much, and during the reign of Charles II. (1660-1685) 30-40 Oriental mares, called the "Royal Mares," were brought over. We have reason to suppose that up to 1750 about 60-80 Oriental mares had been imported to England, whilst the number of stallions imported from the East w^as much greater. It seems that only a very few of these Eastern stallions and mares were pure bred Arabs. The greater part were Berbers and Spaniards, whilst some were Turkish and others Persians. Also the home-bred English horse, so much praised by Caesar, and after him by many other wTiters on this subject, on account of its staying powers and speed, contributed very largely to the building up of the English Thoroughbred. These native-bred horses in England and Ireland had the character of the wild horses of the Steppes, and are mentioned as living in the forests as late as the seventeenth century, with the remark that they were better and more capable than any other breed in Europe; whilst nowhere w'as there to be found such good, nourishing grass, as in England and Ireland (see the Sportsman's Dictionary, 1778). In the fourth part of the first volume of the " General Stud Book " there are 102 Eastern stallions given which have been used in the building up of the Thoroughbred, bur besides these there were many other Eastern stallions imported and used by breeders in England and Ireland (although the results, as far as the Thoroughbred is concerned, were probably very meagre), as can be gathered, for instance, from the publications in the old Racing Calendars. Of the 102 Oriental stallions which, according to the Stud Book, were imported, about 65 were imported before the famous Godolphin Arabian. It is worthy of note that, of the many Oriental stallions which were brought over to England IQ Trial of the Thoroug'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. after the famous Godolphin Arabian (probably a Berber), imported via Paris in 1730, none of them exercised any striking influence on the Thoroughbred of that time. Of the Oriental staTlions imported from 1730 to the end of the eighteenth century (at least 40), probably the Cullen Arabian, imported in 1745, was the best, and even he did not leave behind any son of note, although many of Cullen Arabian's children won races, amongst which was Exotic, born 1756, up to the age of twelve inclusive, and although a son, called Camillus, born 1748, begot some race-winners, yet there has been nothing imperishable left behind. Of the many daughters of Cullen Arabian there are only two out of Lady Thigh in Fam. 12 a, one Foundation mare in Fam. 2 (born 1756), and one Foundation mare in Fam. 42 (born 1760) which can be said to have left anything lasting as breeding stock. In the following list are given the 36 Oriental stallions which have played a very conspicuous part in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, and which occur very often in the pedigree of every Thoroughbred of our time. We give below- a list showing the probable year of their importation : — 1. 1635 I^ord Fairfax's Morocco Barb. 2. 1660 Place's White Turk. 3. 1665 Dodsworth's (Mother imported in foal). 4. 1670 The Darcy Yellow Turk. 5. 1675 The Darcy White Turk, or Sedbury Turk. 6. 1680 The White-Legged Lowther Barb. 7. 1680 Shaftesbury Turk. 8. 1680 The Helmsley Turk. 9. 1687 The Stradling, or Lister Turk. 10. 1689 The Byerly Turk. 11. 1689 Oglethorpe Arabian. 12. 1690 Pulleine's Chestnut Arabian. 13. 1690 Leede's Arabian. 14. 1690 Fen wick Barb. 15. 1690 The Taffolet, or Morocco Barb. 16. 1695 The Marshall, or Selaby Turk, 17. 1700 Curwen's Bay Barb, or Pelham's Barb. 18. 1704 Holderness Turk. 19. 1706 Chillaby. 20. 1706 Darley's Arabian. 21. 1707 The St. Victor Barb. 22. 1708 Honywood's Arabian, or William's Turk. 23. 1708 The Akaster Turk. 24. 1709 Alcock's Arabian. 25. 1711 Bethel's Arabian. 26. 1712 The Strickland's Turk, or Carlisle's Turk or Barb. 27. 1713 Woodstock, or William's Arabian. 28. 1716 Bassett's Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian. 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. H •29. 1717 Wynn Arabian. 30. 1718 Hall Arabian. 31. 1719 The Belgrade Turk. 32. 1720 Cyprus Arabian. 33. 1723 Lonsdale Bay Arabian. 31. 1723 Hutton's or'Mulso Bav Turk. 35. 1725 Bloody Buttocks. 36. 1730 Godolphin Arabian. Horse-racing as a popular amusement was indulged in even in the times of the Romans, and during the four years which King Severus passed at York (206-210) the Roman soldiers arranged races with Arabian horses at \\'etherbv, near York. King Athelstan (924-940) was presented with race- horses, which had been bred in Germany, by his brother-in-law, Hugo Capet, Duke of Burgundy, later King of France. The first race in England of w-hich we have a reliable description took place in 1377. Unfortunately, the place is not stated. This race was a match between the Prince of Wales (later Richard II.) and the Earl of Arundel. In all probability it took place at Newmarket. But already in 1309, and probably earlier, races (tournaments) had taken place at Newmarket (founded 1226, after the Plague had destroyed the old market). Further, according to reliable information, races took place at the following periods : — 1511 at Chester (the Silver Bell, since 1609 Silver Cup). 1552 at Hattington (Scotland). 1574 1585 1587 1588 1576 at Richmond. 1585 at Salisbury. The Earl of Cumberland won the Golden Bell in a three-mile race. 1590 at St. James' Park. 1590 at York. 1595 at Doncaster. 1599 at Carlisle (the Silver Bell). 1601 at Teviotdale. 1602 at Huntingdon. 1605 at Newmarket in presence of James I. (1603-1625). 1607 in November a hunting match or steeplechase took place at Huntingdon, between Lord Haddington and Lord Sheffield. 1617 at Woodham Moor, and at Lincoln races for the Cup took place in the presence of the King, James I. 1620 at Paisley (Scotland), the Silver Bell. 1632 at Harleston (Silver Cup). at Croydon in presence of the Queen, 12 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1634 The establishment of the Gold Cup at Newmarket, the first winner of which, in 1719, was the Duke of Rutland's mare. Brown Betty, born 1713, by Basto (see Fam. 5). 1661 at Epsom, formerly called Banstead Downs, in the presence of King Charles II. (1660-1685). Epsom was formerly famous as a health resort on account of the healing properties of its waters, and race meetings were held there even in the reign of James I. (1603-1625). 1672 at Liverpool. Towards the end of the seventeenth century race meetings were held regularly at Newcastle, Northamptonshire, Winchester, and many other places, and somewhere about 1635 a match, described in detail, took place in Hyde Park, London. From 1654 to 1658 races were forbidden by Oliver Cromwell for political reasons, although he himself was a breeder and owner of racehorses. There exists an exact register of the horses at the time when the Royal Tuttbury Stud in Staffordshire was handed over to the Parliament in 1649. There was in the Royal Stud at that time : 23 Brood Ala res with 23 Sucking Foals, 15 Brood Mares without Foals, 22 One-year-old Colts and Fillies, 17 Two-year-old Colts and Fillies, 16 Three-year-old Colts and Fillies, 23 Four-year and older horses. After the Restoration, Charles II. (1660-1685) established in 1665 the so- called King's Prizes, known as The King's (Queen's) or His Majesty's Plates — also called the Royal Plates. Run over the new round course at Newmarket, R. C. = 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards (now R. C. = 3 miles, 4 furlongs, 187 yards), with heats under 12 stone. These King's Plates have played an important part in the testing of the breeding material, and they still exist, but without heats, and over shorter distances. Under the reign of James II. (1685-1688), Gentlemen's Races took place in Newmarket, as, for instance, in 1688, under 12 stone, over 4 miles, with 3 heats. Towards the end of the seventeenth century there were races with conditions for sale. It can safely be taken for granted that as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century regular races were held at different places for the purpose of testing breeding material, whilst the races which took place before this time were more in the character of popular amusement. The first breeding tests with which we are acquainted arose from matches, about which we have an account in the collection published by Muir in 1892, 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. X3 covering the period 1619 to 1719, but, unfortunately, in many cases the names of the horses are not given. The riders at that period were often Gentlemen, and sometimes even Kings. Charles II. and William III. ran and won many races. Of one race in 1674 the report reads as follows : — " Yesterday His Majesty (Charles II.) rode himself three heates and a course, and won the Plate — all fower were hard and neer ridden, and I do assure you the King wonn by good horsemanshipp " (see Olde New-Markitt Calendar, by Muir, page 19). The distances were generally 4-6 miles, 1681 once 10 miles, 1708 once 12 miles. Most of the races had to be run and won twice, that is to say, the races were run with " heats." The age of the horses on the racecourse was generally over 6 years, the weight usually 8-l'2 stone. Newmarket was the chief racing place for all the best matches, and was famed as such, so that even Peter the Great expressed the wish to become acquainted with this sporting place. In 1698 the Czar visited Newmarket in the compau}^ of William III., and participated in a race meeting at that place. The following horses were winners of the races of that early period, and were used for the building up of the Thoroughbred : — 1. Old Careless, born about 1690, by Spanker and a Barb mare, ran and won 1698-1702 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles. 2. Honeycomb Punch, born about 1692, by Taffolet or Morocco Barb, ran and won 1699 at Newmarket, over 4 miles. 3. Basto, born 1702, by Byerly Turk and the Bay Peg, ran and won several times 1708 and 1709 at Newmarket, over 4 miles. 4. Duke of Bolton's Bay Bolton, born 1705, by Grey Hautboy — Makeless, ran and won 1712 and 1713 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles, having already won the Gold Cup over 4 miles at York in 1710. 5. Snail, born about 1710, by Whynot, ran several times at Newmarket in 1718, over 4 miles. 6. Flying Childers, born 1711, by Darley's Arabian and Betty Leedes, won as a six, seven and eight-year-old, five matches at Newmarket, over 4 and 6 miles. It was only after the year 1728 that a few races were arranged for four- year-olds ; at Hambledon, 3 miles without heats, 10 stone, and at Scar- borough, 2 miles with heats, 9 stone. In 1732 Blacklegs won a match as a four-year-old. The first four-year-old winner of importance, as regards breeding, was Starling in 1727, by Bay Bolton (at Hambleton). A sweepstakes for four-year-olds at Newmarket took place in October, 1730, and since 1734 the same were arranged several vears in succession, 4 miles without heats, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 24 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. In order to give the small horses more chance in the races, in 1713, according to authority (but probably even earlier), the ^veights in special races were fixed according to the size of the horse. The races were called the " Give and Take Plates." Before 1750 the standard measurement for a horse was 12 hands high=l'22 cm.; normal weight 5 stone, and for each increase of 1 inch |- stone more. Also 7 lbs. was allowed for each year under seven years. In 1751 there were fifteen races for the King's Plates, and likewise fifteen for the Give and Take Plates. Whilst the races for the King's Plates are still in existence, the Give and Take Plates gradually disappeared in the first half of the nineteenth centurv. The qualifications for these latter were published for the last time in the Racing Calendar of 1858. In the eighteenth century these races were important, in so far as several of the winners of the Give and Take Plates were the source from which came the material for the building up of the Thoroughbred. They were as follows : — 1. Grev Grantham, born about 1710, b^' Brownlock Turk, won 1717 at Newmarket. 2. Y. Cartouch, born 1731, by Cartouch, won four times as a five, seven and eight-vear-old. 3. Squirt, born 1733, by Bartlet's Childers, won as a seven-year-old in Give and Take Plates with heats. 4. Ankaster Starling, born 1738, bv Old Starling, wcjn as a nine-year- old twice, as a seven-year-old unplaced. 5. Dormouse, born 1738, by Godolpliin Arabian, won as an eight to eleven-year-old, four races with heats. 6. Cub, born 1739, by Fox, won as an eight-vear-old once with heats. 7. Torismond, born 1739, by Old Starling, won as a seven-vear-old once. 8. Othello, born 1743, by Crab, won as an eight-year-old. The races for the King's Plates, established by Charles II. in 1665, formed, from about the beginning of the nineteenth century, the main trials of young Thoroughbreds, corresponding to our present so-called five classical races — Derby, Oaks, St. Leger, 1,000 and 2,000 Guineas Stakes. At first the King's Plates were only for six-year-olds under 12 stone, and over 4 miles with heats, but later both older and younger horses were admitted. Since 1750 a part of the King's Plates were also open for four and five-year-olds, over 2 miles with heats, under 9 and 10 stone respectively. These King's Plates at first consisted of silver dishes of the value of /,T00, upon each of which was engraved the name and pedigree of the winner. It W'-as not until the time of George I. (1714-1727) that, instead of these prizes, money prizes were given. This money was partly raised by gentlemen who themselves had no racehorses, with the express idea that this money should go to the Crown, for races over long distances with heats and heavy weights, in order to improve the breed of Hunters, and not merely for breeding horses 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 15 with beautiful forms and great speed. (See the Gentleman's Magazine, April, 1739.) The most prominent winners of the King's Plates up to 1850, as well as those which have played an important part for breeding purposes, were the following : — 1. Coneyskins 1712 by Lister Turk. 2. Cade 1734 by Godolphin Arabian. 3. Regulus 1739 by Godolphin Arabian. 4. Tartar 1743 by Herod. 5. Shakespeare 1745 by Hobgoblin. 6. Eclipse 1764 by Marske (or Shakespeare). 7. Conductor 1767 by Matchem. 8. Woodpecker 1773 by Herod. 9. Highflyer 1774 by Herod. 10. Mercury 1778 by Eclipse. 11. Waxy 1790 by Pot8os. 12. Gohanna 1790 by Mercury. 13. Stamford 1794 by Sir Peter. 14. Sorcerer 1796 by Trumpator. 15. Dick Andrews 1797 by Joe Andrews. 16. Penelope 1798 by Trumpator. 17. Orville 1799 by IBeningbrough. 18. Walton 1799 by Sir Peter. 19. Sir Paul 1802 bv Sir Paul. 20. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy. 21. Catton 1809 by Golumpus. 22. Master Henry 1815 by Orville. 23. Langar 1817 by Selim. 24. Guiccioli 1822 by Bob Booty. 25. Little Red Royer 1827 by Tramp. 26. Priam 1828 by Emilius. 27. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Hercules. 28. Venison 1833 by Partisan 29. Bees Wing 1833 by Dr. Syntax. 30. Harkaway 1834 by Economist. 31. Lanercost 1835 by Liverpool. • 32. Clarion 1836 by Sultan. 33. Alice Hawthorn 1838 by Muley Moloch. 34. The Cure 1841 by Physician. 35. Ellerdale 1844 by Lanercost. 36. Canezou 1845 by Melbourne. 37. Flatcatcher 1845 by Touchstone. 38. Kingston 1849 by Venison. 39. Torment 1850 by Alarm. 40. Rataplan 1850 by The Baron. 16 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. The racing trials for horses in matches, which had been very costly for the owners, gradually became cheaper through the Sweepstakes, which were introduced at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and also by the increase of different Plates. In this way, and through the Handicaps, which were introduced in 1791, the participation in racing sport grew very consider- ably, less rich gentlemen now being able to participate in it. According to the statement of Admiral Rous, there were for instance : — Matches. Sweepstakes. Plates. 170-2 ... . 19 38 205 1807 .... 189 263 269 1813 .... 86 897 191 The further development of racing sport in England and Ireland can be seen from the following dates : — 1709. The first Racing Report of the Races at Clifton and Rawcliffe Ings, York (see Bailey's Racing Register). Gold Cup, 4 miles with heats, 12 stone — 4 starters. Since 1731 the races take place at Knavesmire, York. 1710. Bay Bolton won the Gold Cup at York over 4 miles with heats, as a five-year-old, under 12 stone, the weight for six-year-olds. 1711. On the 11th of August, the opening of the new racecourse at Ascot in the presence of Queen Ann (1702-1714). A ;^50 Plate for six-year-olds, 12 stone, 4 miles with heats — 7 starters. Winner, Duke of St. Albans' chestnut colt, Doctor. The racing reports gathered from newspapers and letters, covering the periods 1711, 1712, 1713, 1720, 1722, 1724 and 1726, about the races held at Ascot, were first published in 1902 (see Royal Ascot, its History and Associations, by G. J. Cawthorne and R. S. Herod). 1712. First race for five-year-old colts at York. The Ladies' Plate, 10 stone, 4 miles without heats. The proposition of this race, later called the Great Subscription, remained unchanged until 1758, that is to sa}^, they remained unaltered for a period of 49 years. Since 1759 only the weight was reduced to 9 stone. 1715. First race for five-year-old mares at (Black) Hambleton. His Majesty's Gold Cup, 10 stone, 4 miles without heats — 15 starters. This race had always stronger fields than that for five-year-old colts at York. 1716, 12 starters (winner, Brocklesby Betty, foundation dam of Fam. 23); 1717, 21 starters; 1718, 19 starters; 1719, 31 starters; 1720, 18 starters ; 1721, 20 starters; 1722, 22 starters; 1723, 19 starters; 1724, 26 starters. The proposition of this race remained unchanged, with the exception of the name, as long as the races were run at Hambleton, that is, up to 1775. After 1776, when these races took place at York, the racing propositions for three-years remained the same as for five-year-old mares ; 10 stone, 4 miles — that is to say, they remained unaltered for a period of 64 years. 1716. First racing report of the races which took place at Newmarket 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. V7 (apart from the matches from 1619 to 1719, which have already been men^ tioned above, and in the special collection by Muir). 1719. Bonny Black, foundation mare of the Fam. 39, won the Gold Cup at Hambleton as a four-year-old under 10 stone, at the weight for five-year- olds, over 4 miles, in a field of 31 starters. Bonny Black had already won a match as a three-year-old at Newmarket. 1725. First racing report of the races at Richmond. 1727. On the 12th of March, Tregonwell Frampton, Manager of the Royal Racing Stables under William III,, Queen Ann, George I. and George II. died, at the age of 86. He was called " The Father of the Turf," and was interred at Newmarket. 1727. Appeared the first Racing Calendar, under the title of: "An Historical List of all Horse Matches and of all the Plates and Prizes run for in England and in Wales (of the value of ^^10 or upwards) in 1727," by John Cheny. From this year there has appeared regularly up to the present time a Yearl}^ Racing Calendar. In the first Racing Calendar were included the races run at 112 places, amongst which the following are well known to-dav : Ascot Heath, Epsom, Hambleton, Liverpool, Nottingham, Rich- mond, Lewes, Lincoln, Ipswich, Stamford, Oxford, Peterborough, Winchester, York. 1728. First race for four-year-olds at Hambleton, Bishop Auckland, and Hunmanby, at Hambleton, 10 stone, 3 miles — 15 starters; 1729, 13 starters; 1730, 17 starters; 1731, 15 starters; winner. Old Starling, born 1727 by Bay Bolton, first four-year-old winner which played an important part in the breeding of the Thoroughbred, and shortly afterwards in the first years of these races for four-year-olds the following arc noteworthy : — Sedbury 1734 bv Partner (won at Hambleton). Fox 1735 by Partner (won at Malton). Traveller 1735 by Partner (won at Hambleton). 1730. First race for four-year-olds at Newmarket, 8 stone, 5 lbs., 4 miles — 4 starters. First racing reports in the Racing Calendar of the races run at : 1728. Doncaster. 1729. Chester. 1731. Canterbury. 1733. Manchester. 1741. Curragh of Kildare (Ireland). From 1741 no races could be held with a prize of less than ^50, excepting the cases where the prizes were specially bequeathed (i.e., left as bequests). At the same time the following weights were agreed upon for the " King's Plates": — For five-year-olds 10 stone. For six-year-olds 11 stone. For seven-year-olds 12 stone. c I^g Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1750. Jockey Club established at Newmarket. 1751. 15 King's Plates were run for in England as follows : — 10 for six-year-olds, 12 stone, 4 miles with heats. 1 for five-year-olds, 10 stone, -2 miles with heats. 1 for four-year-olds, 9 stone, 2 miles with heats. 1 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles with heats. 2 for five-year-old mares, 10 stone, 4 miles with heats. 15 Give and Take Plates. In Ireland : 8 King's Plates, 4 miles with h(^ats. Altoeether there ran in I^noJand and Ireland G81 horses, of which winners were : — 21 four-year-olds. 34 tive-year-olds. 26 six-year-olds. 36 older. 64 age unknown. According to the Sporting Calendar by John Pond, only 490 horses ran, of which winners were : — 18 four-year-olds. 33 hve-vear-olds. 24 six-year-olds. 45 older. 12 in Give and Take Plates. 1752. First known steeplechase matcli in Ireland over 4J miles, between Mr. O'Callagnan and Mr. Edmund Blake. 1756. First race for three-year-old cc^lts, mares and geldings, on the 4th of October at Newmarket — 2 miles, 8 stone, 7 lbs. During the next thirteen years this was the only race for three-year-olds, and there were always good fields. There were run : 18 King's Plates in England. 5 King's Plates in Ireland. There ran altogether, in England and Ireland, 924 horses — 779 in England and 145 in Ireland — of which winners were : 1 three-year-old. 45 four-year-olds. 45 fi^'e-year-olds. 33 six-year-(^lds. 49 older. 73 age unknown. 1760. The establishment of Tattersall's in London by Richard Tattersall, who in 1779 bought Highflyer for /,"2,500, and thereby laid the foundation of his fortune. 2. Devt'lopinent of the Thor()ui;hbred, etc. 19 1762. Second October Meeting at Newmarket. 1763. First -winner in the race for three-year-olds which played an important part for breeding purposes, viz., Virago (see Fam. 9, dam of Hollandaise !..). 1764. On the 1st of April Eclipse was born in the Duke of Cumberland's stud at Windsor (born 1721, died 1765), where already Crab, IMarske and Herod had been born and kept as stallions. 1765. First race for three-vear-olds in Ireland; September, Curragh. •2 miles; 7 stone, 7 lbs. 1766. The first Classical Cup-Race, which is still run at the present time : (Gold) Cup at Doncaster, at first for five-year-olds and older, 4 miles with heats; since 1772 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles without heats; since 1786 for three-}'ear-olds and older, 4 miles; since 1825, 2 miles, 5 furlongs; and since 1891 to the present time, 2 miles. 1771. Julv Houghton and Craven Meeting in Newmarket. For the first time the Craven (Trial) Stakes for three-year-olds and over, about IJ mile — a verv popular race, with very strong fields. For instance : 1775, 29 starters ; 1776, 26 starters; 1777, 29 starters; 1778, 29 starters. Up to 1812 no three- vear-old was able to win the race. At the beginning there were many classical winners, viz. : Pantaloon, Woodpecker (three times), Pot8os, Buzzard (twice), Hambletonian (twice), Selim, Rubens, and others. Since 1878 the race has been onlv for three-year-olds, over 1 mile. 1771 and 1772. Races in Jamaica were included in the Sporting Calendar. 1773. First volume of the Racing Calendar, by Weatherby, including also the races in Jamaica. P^irst race for two-year-olds and older at Newmarket in November, but in which no tivo-y ear-olds took part. Two matches between two-year-olds and four-year-olds at Newmarket, of which the two-year-old colt Baby won, over 4 miles. Sir Ch. Bunbury (since 1768 Steward, the First Dictator of the Turf, born 1740, died 1821), Lord Bolingbroke and Mr. J. Shafto were the Stewards who had already sanctioned the races for two-year-olds in 1770, about which there were very different opinions. 19 King's Plates in England, of which were : 7 for six-year-olds; 12 stone; 4 miles with heats. 1 ,, six-year-olds; 12 stone; 3J miles with heats. 1 ,, five-year-olds; 10 stone; 4 miles with heats. 1 ,, five-year-olds; 10 stone; 3 miles with heats. 1 ,, five-year-olds; 9 stone; 3 miles with heats. 2 ,, five-year-olds; 85- stone; 3 miles with heats. 1 ,, four-year-olds; 9 stone; 2^ miles with heats. 1 ,, four-year-olds and over; 4 miles with heats. .20 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1 for five-year-old mares; 10 stone; 3| miles without heats. 1 ,, five-year-old mares; 9 stone; 2 miles with heats. 1 ,, four-year-old mares; 8^ stone; 2 miles with heats. 10 King's Plates in Ireland, of which were : 6 over 4 miles with heats. 2 without heats. Altogether there ran 1,069 horses in England and 206 horses in Ireland. 1774. By special command of the King, from 1774 all King's Plates were to be run at York without heats. 1775. October, Newmarket, 1 mile match, one three-year-old, 8h stone, beat a two-year-old, Frontino, 6^^ stone. 1776. In the Racing Calendar, the races in France (at Sablon and Fontainebleau), as well as those in Jamaica, were specified. From this time onward all races at New-market were to be run without heats. First race for two-year-olds October, Newmarket; J mile; 7 stone, 10 lbs. ; 3 starters. Sweepstakes of ;^50 for each. First St. Leger (convened as a sweepstakes) at Doncaster ; 2 miles, colts, 8 stone ; fillies, 7 stone, 12 lbs. The distances were later : Since 1806, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, 193 vards ; since 1826, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, 132 yards. Weights since : 1790. 8 stone, 2 lbs., and 8 stone respectively. 1826. 8 stone, 6 lbs., and 8 stone, 3 lbs. respectively. 1839. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, 2 lbs. ,, 1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs., and 8 stone, 5 lbs. ,, 1884. 9 stone, 0 lbs., and 8 stone, 11 lbs. ,, 1777. The races in Jamaica were specified in the Racing Calendar. The first winner in a race for three-year-olds which had an important bearing on breeding, viz.. Highflyer. 1778. First St. Leger under this name at Doncaster — 8 starters. Named after Lieut.-General Anthony St. Leger, of Park Hill, neighbour and friend of the Marquis of Rockingham, who became Prime Minister in 1782, and owner of Alabaculia, which was the first winner of the St. Leger, 1776. 1779. First Oaks, on Friday, May 14th, at Epsom ; 8 stone, 4 lbs. ; IJ miles — 12 starters. Named after the estate belonging to Lord Derby, called the " Oaks," not far from Epsom. Distance since 1872 : IJ miles and 29 yards. Weight since : 1787. 8 stone. 1808. 8 stone, 4 lbs. 1842. 8 stone, 7 lbs. 1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs. 1892. 9 stone. 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 21 1780. First Derby, on Wednesday, the 4th of May, at Epsom. Colts, 8 stone ; fillies, 7 stone, 11 lbs. ; 1 mile — 9 starters. The distances : Since 1784. Iw miles. ,, 187-2. 1| miles and 29 yards. Weights since : 1784. 8 stone, 3 lbs., and 8 stone respectively. 1801. 8 stone, 3 lbs., and 7 stone, 12 lbs. respectively. 1803. 8 stone, 5 lbs., and 8 stone respectively. 1807. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, 3 lbs. respectively. 1808. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, 2 lbs. ,, 1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs., and 8 stone, 5 lbs. ,, 1884. 9 stone, and 8 stone, 9 lbs., respectively. The greater number of the races at Epsom were still run with heats. October, Newmarket, three races for two-year-olds; one for fillies only, 7J stone; and two for colts and fillies, distance 1 mile. Beside these, several other races for two-year-olds and over were held. 1781. 19 King's Plates in England. 12 King's Plates in Ireland. Only 8 of these were run without heats, and 13 over 4 miles with heats. Altogether 1,069 horses ran in England and Ireland. The winners were : 9 two-year-olds. 77 three-year-olds. 100 four-year-olds. 58 five-year-olds. 38 six-year-olds. 39 older. 30 age not known. Amongst the two-year-old winners was Assassin, winner of the next year's Derby, and also Ceres, winner of next year's Oaks. Afterwards (in 1785) Fidget won three races as a two-year-old, and later became sire of the nameless Derby winner of 1797. Besides this, Wren won five races as a two-year-old, and in 1795 became the dam of Bellisima, winner of the Oaks. At this time the races for two-year-olds became very popular. 1786. First classical race for two-year-olds : July Stakes at Newmarket. Colts, 8 stone, 2 lbs; fillies, 8 stone; offspring of Eclipse or Highflyer, 8 lbs. extra. (This extra weight for Eclipse and Highflyer's offspring was customary in many other races, just as at an earlier period Herod's offspring had to carry 3 lbs. extra). Distance, T. Y. O. C. = 5 furlongs, 136 yards = 1,130 m. — 7 starters. 1790. The first races in Ireland for two and three-year-olds together. First volume of the Irish Racing Calendar. 22 Trial of the Thorous^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1791. First Handicap: The Oatlands Staines, at Ascot; 2 miles — 19 starters. Prize, 2,950 Guineas. Winner, Prince of Wales' six-year-old, Baronet, 8 stone, 4 lbs. The famous Escape, six-year-old, 9 stone, 10 lbs., not placed. The three-year-old Vermin, 5 stone, 3 lbs., had the lightest weight, and started as favourite. The race was very popular, and there must have been about 40,000 people at Ascot. The following year this Handicap was removed to Newmarket, and in 1870 was won bv the three-year-old, Adonis, 7 stone, '2 lbs., over the Cambridgeshire course. In 1804 it was won by Penelope, a six-year-old, 9 stone, 1 lb. 1791. Veterinary School founded in London by Charles \^ial de Saintbel, a Frenchman, who became known in England through the dissection which he made of Eclipse in 1789, and the publicity caused by same. He was made first Professor of the Veterinary College of London. 1791. First race for two-year-olds in Ireland (at Ennis) ; f mile. There was also a race for two-year-olds in the following year at Curragh. First match with yearlings, October, Newmarket; 8 stone. Distance, Y. C.= 2 furlongs, 147 yards=524 m. Winner, the one-eyed grey mare of Mercury — Herod, which ran once again as a two-year-old not placed, then up to 14 years was used as a riding and carriage horse. After that gave birth to nine foals, amongst which were three foundation mares of the Earn. 5 b. She was foundation dam of the Marigold, and when she was 27 bore her last foal. The yearling, Cash (later Ariel), by Ready Rhino — Herod, won two matches in October at Newmarket against three-year-olds. Distance, Y. C. The racing of yearlings was first ofticially forbidden in 1876. The two-year-old, Anthony, (1789) by Diomed and the Golden Rose, ran fourteen races and won in eleven (including one w. o.). 1792. Three races in Moscow, Russia, were included in the Racing Calendar. First known steeplechase in Leicester, over 8 miles. 1793. First year's circulation of the Sporting Magazine. From this date the lengths of the different courses at Newmarket were stated. First race for yearlings, sweepstakes, at Newmarket, October; 8 stone, 2 lbs. Distance, Y. C. — 3 starters. Besides this, two matches took place between yearlings. Already in April a race had taken place at Newmarket for two-year-olds, 7 stone, 4 lbs. Distance, J mile — 4 starters. 22 King's Plates in England, and 13 in Ireland, of which 16 were over 4 miles with heats, and only 8 were over 2 to 4 miles without heats. Altogether there ran in England and Ireland 923 horses. Winners were : 3 one-year-olds. 28 two-vear-olds. 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 23 93 three-year-olds. 79 four-year-olds. 45 five-year-olds. 34 six-vear-olds. 38 older. 36 age unknown. Also, there were specified in the Racino- Calendar three races w hich were run at Moscow (the eight-vear-old Grev Diomed, by Diomed, won the Cup Prize, over 4 miles with heats). First volume of the General Stud Book. 1795. One sweepstakes for yearlings at Newmarket, October; 8 stone, •2 lbs. Distance, Y. C. In consequence of the political unrest of the period, the breeding of Thoroughbreds and racing trials was neglected. It was not until after 1815 that it again commenced to recover. On account of the Revolution, a part of the races in Ireland did not take place. In the English Racing Calendar it is stated, erroneously, that no races were held, but some, as a matter of fact, did take place. In Ireland, the Racing Calendar for 1798 and 1799 appeared later in one volume. 1799. On the 25th of March, at Newmarket, took place the famous match between Hambletonian, 8 stone, 3 lbs., and Diamond, 8 stone; distance, B. C. = 4 miles, 1 furlong, 138 yards. Both seven-year-olds. Hambletonian won in 7^ minutes. 1800. In September, at Doncaster, race for two-year-old colts. If miles (later 1 mile) ; 8 stone. 1802. First Racing Report, about the three days' meeting at Goodwood. 1804. The famous match for 1000 Guineas on the 25th of August, at York. Over 4 miles, without regard to weight : Mr. Flint's Brown Thorn- ville, seven-year-old, bv Volunteer. Ridden by the owner. — Colonel Thorn- ton's Vinagarella, about twenty-year-old, by Woodpecker. Rider, Mrs. Thornton. In the last mile the aged Vinagarella became lame, and therefore Brown Thornville won easily in 9 minutes, 59 seconds. 1805. On the •24th of August, at York, the famous match for 700 Guineas and a Cup; 2 miles: Colonel Thornton's six-year-old, Louise, by Pegasus, 9 stone, G lbs., rider, Mrs. Thornton, and Mr. Blomfield's six-year- old. Allegro, by Pegasus, 13 stone, 6 lbs., rider, Francis Buckle. Amidst the unequalled enthusiasm of a tremendous crowd of spectators, such as had never before been seen at York, the famous lady rider beat Francis Buckle, the most noted jockey of that period, after a very exciting struggle, by half a neck. 1807. Fitzwilliam Stakes, in September, at Doncaster; IJ miles, for two-year-olds and older. Since 1850 Handicap. For the first time the second classical race for two-year-olds, the Woodcot 24 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Stakes, at Epsom, at Derby time; f mile, for two-year-olds. Colts, 8 stone, 3 lbs. ; fillies, 8 stone. For the first time : The Gold Cup at Ascot, for three-year-olds and older, 2^ miles. 1845-1853 the prize was given by the Czar of Russia. 1809. For the first time : 2,000 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket, three- year-olds. Colts, 8 stone, 3 lbs. ; fillies, 8 stone. R. ~M.= 1 mile — 8 starters. Distance the same up to the present time. Weight now: Colts, 9 stone; fillies, 8 stone, 9 lbs. 1813. For the first time : The Wokingham Stakes (Handicap) at Ascot, f mile. 1814. For the first time : 1,000 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket, three- year-old fillies, 8 stone, 4 lbs. D. ^l.= 7 furlongs, 178 yards. Distance since 1873 R. M. as in the 2,000 Guineas Stakes. Weight now 9 stone. 1816. For the first time : Gold Cup at Manchester, for three-year-olds and older. 182.3. For the first time : The third classical race for two-year-olds, The Prendergast Stakes, at Newmarket, October, T. Y. O. C. 1824. For the first time : Chester Cup, for three-vear-olds and older. 182.5. For the first time : Goodwood Gold Cup, for three-year-olds and older; 2 miles. Since 1833 7 lbs. allowed for horses whose dam or sire was Oriental (including Persian or Turkish). Since 1834, 14 or 28 lbs. allowed, according as one or both parents were Oriental. Since, the allowance was raised to 38 and 36 lbs. respectively. In 1897 this allowance was done away with, as Orientals did not take part. 1826. For the first time : The Clearwell Stakes, at Newmarket, October, for two-year-olds — 11 starters. On the 31st of March, 1826, Capt. Ross won the first steeplechase match which is recorded in the Racing Calendar, at Leicester, over 4 miles, with his famous Hunter, Clinker, by Clinker — Sancho — Fidget, and the Lily of the Valley, by Eclipse. A detailed description of this match is to be found in the Sporting Magazine, volume 68, page 42. 1827. 26 King's Plates in England, 16 King's Plates in Ireland — 17 over 4 miles with heats, 16 without heats. 1829. For the first time : The Criterion Stakes, for two-year-olds, at Newmarket, October. First year's circulation of the Sportsman. 1830. First steeplechase, at St. Albans, for Cavalry Officers — 16 starters. 1830-46. Lord George Bentick (born 1802 at Welbeck, died 1848) had 100 brood mares, 60 racehorses, and 3 training establishments. He was the second Dictator of the Turf, and he cleared the racecourse of defaulters. 1830. For the first time : The Lavant Stakes, at Goodwood, August ; I mile. 15th September, opening of the first railway in England, from Manchester to Liverpool, in the presence of the Duke of Wellington. 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 05 1S31. The Racing Calendar recorded the famous bet of Mr. Osbaldiston (born 1787. He was a celebrated sportsman, and also well known on account of his duel with Lord Bentick), who, on the 5th of November, rode, at New- market, R. C, with 11 stone, 2 lbs., 200 miles=322 km., in 8 hours, 42 minutes, using 29 horses, w-hich he changed every 4 miles. J834. In the Spring Races at Newmarket the age of the horses was reckoned, as at the present time, from the 1st of January, instead of the 1st of May. For all other racing places up to 1858 the following held good : — " Horses take their ages from May Day, i.e., a horse foaled any time in the year 1830 will be deemed a year old on the 1st of May, 1831." 1836. On the 29th of February, first Liverpool Grand National Steeple- chase; 12 stone, 4 miles, gentlemen riders— 10 starters. Winner, Capt. Becher, after whom, later, the famous water leap was called, and over which Capt. Becher tumbled with Conrad. It was at first arranged as a Sweep- stakes with selling conditions, and was run 1836-1838 over a course at Maghull, and only since 1839 over the course at Aintree, as at the present time. Since 1843 as a Handicap. 1837. On the 25th of October, auction at Hampton Court of the Thoroughbreds (5 stallions, 43 brood mares, 13 colts, and 18 fillies, sold for 15,692 Guineas). 1850, the stud of Thoroughbreds again established, and in 1894 disposed of for the second time. 1838. For the first time : Gold Vase at Ascot. 1839. For the first time, the two famous Handicaps at Newmarket : The Cesarewitch Stakes (the Russian Grand Duke Alexander gave ^300), and The Cambridgeshire Stakes. 1840. For the first time : The Coronation Stakes at Ascot, three-year-old fillies, 8 stone, 7 lbs., 1 mile ; and Stewards Cup (Handicap), | mile. The last reports on cock fighting in the Racing Calendar. 1842. At Epsom still five races with heats ; at Goodwood three races with heats; at Doncaster two races with heats. At the smaller racing places most of the races with heats. 1843. For the first time : The Royal Hunt Cup (Handicap) at Ascot, for three-year-olds and older, 1 mile — 24 starters. 1848-49. First volume of the Steeplechase Calendar, by J. Osborne. 1851. For the first time : The City and Suburban Handicap at Epsom, 11 miles — 16 starters. 1853. For the first time : The Lincolnshire Handicap, 1^ miles, in March, at Lincoln. Still the first great Handicap of the year. 1855. Admiral Rous, "the third Dictator of the Turf," became Handicapper of the Jockey Club. The number of the two-year-old racing horses increase, and since 1856 outnumbers the three-year-olds. 1856. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings. Colts, 7 stone, 26 Trial of the Thoroui;"hbred on the Racecourse, etc. 7 lbs.; fillies, 7 stone, 4 lbs.; ^ mile — 7 starters. Winner, Heroine, founda- tion mare in Fam. 2 b; 3rd, Saxony, foundation mare in Fam. 14; unplaced, Pollv Peachum, foundation mare, Fam. 9. 1857. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings, as in 1856 — 4 starters. Winner, Tomboy, b\' klleb(n- and Alexina. There were also several hurdle races with heats, of which the well-known half-bred mare, Heads or Tails (born 1854, bv Sir Hercules, 27 years old), won a few. 1858. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings, as 1856 — 4 starters. All the King's Plates in England without heats, and only one over 4 miles, 1851). Lord Jersey died. He was the greatest opponent to races for two-vear-olds, and would not let his own two-year-olds run. He won the Derbv three times: 1825 with Middleton, 1827 with Mameluck, 1836 with Bav Middleton. He won the Oaks once with Cobweb in 1824, and the 2,000 Guinea Stakes five times: 1831 with Riddlesworth, 1834 with Glencoe, 1835 with Ibrahim, 1836 with Bay Middleton, 1837 with Achmet. He won the 1,000 Guinea Stakes twice : 1824 with Cobweb, 1830 with Charlotte W^est. 1859. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings : The Anglesey Stakes, as in 1856 — 9 starters. Winner, Little Lady, foundation mare in Fam. 2 c, clam of Camballo 2. 33 King's Plates without heats in England, and 17 King's Plates in Ireland, of which one only was with heats. Only at fifteen small racing places were races with heats still run. 1860. The proposal of Lord Redesdale to fix the minimum racing weight at 7 stone was rejected by the Jockey Club, and the minimum weight was fixed at 5 stone, 7 lbs., which was raised to 6 stone in 1889. 1803. The establishing of the National Hunt Committee. 18()4. The Derby winner, Blair Athol, ran his second race in the Grand Prix at Paris, and was beaten with two lengths by V^ermouth. Since this year a small portion of the most important races on the Continent have been recorded. 1866-67. First volume of the Racing Calendar for Steeplechases, by Weatherby, as a continuation of that issued by J. Osborne. 1866. For the first time: The Middle Park Plate (1,000 Sovereigns, given by Mr. WL Blenkiron) for two-year-olds, at Newmarket, October; 6 furlongs — 15 starters. 1873. For the first time : Jockey Club Cup, at Newmarket, Cesar. Course — 6 starters. Winner, Flageolet. 1872. Middle Park Stud was sold after the death of the Manager, Mr. W. Blenkiron ; Blair Athol to the Cobham Stud Co., new Iv established. 2. Development of the Thoroui^hbred, etc. 27 for r-2,500 Guineas; Gladiateur for 7,000 Guineas to Capt. Ray; and Breadalbane for 6,000 Guineas to Germany. 1S74-. 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Difference 4 year-olds 6 stone, 11 Ibs.j i stone, 7 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, 4 ,, ^ ^ ^^^^^ 6 year-olds 9 , , 4 , , ^ Older 10 ,, — ,, / 10 lbs. 1766. So-called weight scale according to age at Newmarket. October. Distance, B. C. = 4 miles. Difference 4 year-olds 7 stone, 7 Ibs.j i stone, 2 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, 9 ,, ) -j^.^ ^^^ 6 year-olds 9 ,, 7 ,, <* ~ Older 10 ,, — ,,} ^ lbs. At the establishing of the Gold Cup in 1768 at Newmarket, to be run in October, over 4 miles, the weights were : Difference 4 year-olds 7 stone, —Ibs.j i stone, 5 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, ^ " \ ^o ibs 6 year-olds 9 ,, 3 ., ;| "" Older 9 ,, 10 ,, } 7 lbs. At that time there was no universally accepted scale of weights, and the following examples show the average differences in weights in 1775 : 3. Orig-in and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 33 In July, at Newmarket, over 2 miles : Difference 3 year-olds 6 stone, 11 lbs. \ i stone 2 lbs. 4 year-olds 7 ,, 13 ,, \ ^^^ ^^^ 5vear-olds 8 ,, 9 ,, { '^ 6 year-olds 9 ,, — ,,{ '^ ^^.s. O'lder 9 ,, 2 ,, } 2 lbs. In August, at Newmarket, over 4 miles : Difference 3 year-olds 6 stone, — lbs. | i stone, 7 lbs. 4 year-olds 7 „ 7 „ ^ ^^ ,^^^ £) year-olds 8 ,, 4 ,, < G year-olds 8 ,, 12 ,, ( ^ 1^^- Older 9 ,, 3 ,, / o lbs. In October, at Newmarket, over 4 miles : Difference 4 year-olds 7 stone, 3 Ibs.j i stone, 2 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, ^ " \ 9 ibs 6 vear-olds 9 ,, ^ — ,, J Older 9 ,, 5 „ } '"> lbs. Hereafter the differences in weight were, on the average, about as follows : 1775. 3 year-olds | 1 stone, 2 lbs. to 1 stone, 7 lbs. 4 vear-olds \ ta iu ^ 1 . r iu „ -' , , J It) lbs. to 1 stone, 5 lbs, 5 year-olds ^ 6 year-olds ( "^ ^^s. to 1 stone, 2 lbs. Older } -2 lbs. to 8 lbs. 1800. 2 year-olds \ 1 stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 2 lbs. 3 year-olds j ^ stone to 2 stone. 4 year-olds . ,. ,, -, ^ ,, 5 year-olds { ' lbs. to 1 stone, 2 lbs. 6 year-olds { ^ lbs. to 10 lbs. Older } 2 lbs. to 6 lbs. 1830. 2 year-olds j 1 stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs. 3 year-olds | ^ stone to 2 stone. 4 year-olds ^ „ ,, -, -, ,1 5 year-olds { 7 lbs. to 1 stone, 1 lb. 6 year-olds { ^ lbs. to 9 lbs. Older / 0 to 3 lbs. g4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1850. 2 year-olds \ i stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs. 3 year-olds j ^ ^^^^^^ ^ j^g_ ^^ o stone, 6 lbs. 4 year-olds ^ _ ,, ^ ta iu ^ -^ ij ' 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. 5 year-olds 6 year-olds { - l^s. to 6 lbs. Older J 0 to 1 lb. 1900. 2 year-olds \ i stone, 1 lb. to 2 stone, 5 lbs. 3 year-olds , ^ lb. to 1 stone, 13 lbs. 4 year-olds ^ 5 year-olds ( ^ to 8 lbs. Older } 0. On page 35 is given the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous in 1873. This scale has been frequently altered, and holds good at the present time. From 1832 the weights for the King's Plates were fixed for the different racing places in the Racing Calendar, At Newmarket alone were the weights for the King's Plates fixed by the Stewards. In the Racing Calendar for 1861 appeared for the first time the universally accepted weight scale for the King's Plates, which we give below. It was not until 1881 that the first copy of the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous appeared in the Racing Calendar. A special table is given herewith for comparison of the weights from 1881 and of those from 1906. 3. Ori"-in and Cliance in the Weisfht Tables, etc. 35 CD 00 c o •4—1 biD J3 «- < OS C- 1-1 --H CO 05 Oi 05 X 1> 1-1 r-< GO C5 C5 O f t- S (M CC CO 05 C5 C5 <1J O l> CO o rt 00 c: 05 o "^^ ^ t^ O IM c- o o o CS t- O C^l t> o o o tn t/1 tn u) "u •n 'o "D (U a> oj (u >. >. >i >-. 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I/] in 01 7] U) 1) 7) > >-. c« >> S3 >> >. c« >. >. CS >. >, 03 CO 1 T iC t9 •^ O 00 1 1 1.0 CO 1 -t< 1 f 1 »n 1 1 m 1 CO 1 J, 1 -f cc -|H X 1 cc -+< Jl 1 CO 1 M CO y^ -+« in J ^ ^ "- -- — ^ — - —" '— — .- — ■' '— -.- ^ y en Cfl (U bx bJD u c c c o O 4J tn U5 m a 5 3 35 «= M CO 38 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. In order to arrive at a fair comparison of the weights carried formerly with those carried at the present time, hereafter will be given the weights for definite yearlv periods, distances, seasons, and, of course, only for races without heats. The first race for two-year-olds and older horses in November, 1773, at Newmarket, distance D. J. = about 2 miles, stipulated as weight for two-year- olds, 4 stone, 8 lbs., and for three-year-olds, 6 stone, 7 lbs., that is, a difference of 1 stone, 13 lbs. According to to-day's scale the difference would be 4 lbs. more, i.e., 2 stone, 3 lbs. It is very interesting to note how exactly, even at that time, the capabilities of the two-year-olds were valued against those of the three-year-olds. For further comparison of the weights for two- year-olds, as well as three-year-olds, the following examples will serve : — 1777. October. Newmarket. Distance f mile Ab. M.= 6 furlongs. 3 year-old, 8 stone (won). \ Difference, 2 year-old, 6 stone, 8 lbs. J 1 stone, 6 lbs. According to the present day scale : 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1777. October. Newmarket. Distance Ab. M. = l mile. 3 year-olds, 8 stone. ] Difference, 2 year-olds, 6 stone, 8 lbs. (paid forfeit). [ 1 stone, 6 lbs. According to the present dav scale : 1 stone, 12 lbs. 1781. October. Newmarket. Distance ^ R. M. = 4 furlongs. 2 year-old. Assassin, 7 stone (won). ] Difference, 3 year-old. Puzzle, 8 stone, 3 lbs. ) 1 stone, 6 lbs ^ According to present day scale : about 1 stone, 1 lb. Assassin, winner of the next vear's Derby, and the three-year-old, Puzzle, were racing horses of almost equal value, and Puzzle won directlv afterwards the — at that time — classical Perram Stakes at Newmarket. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. 1800. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 Y. O. C.= 5 furlongs, 136 yards. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance, 2 Y.O.C.= 5 furlongs, 136 yds. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D, J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. ^ Taking into consideration the usual 3-lbs. allowed for fillies. 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 39 1830. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. 0. = about 5 furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs. 1830. September. Doncaster. Distance IJ miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 \'ear-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. 1850. July. Goodwood. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = G furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-da3''s scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs. 1850. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = about 5 furlongs. Difference in Weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs. 1850. September, Doncaster. Dist. Red House==5 furlongs, 152 yds. Diff'erence in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 8 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 12 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Dist. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 furlongs, 136 yards. Diff'erence in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 11 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance J Ab. i\L = 4 furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 10 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, lib. 1850. October. Curragh. Distance Red Post=l mile, 6 fur., 3 yds. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 11 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 2 lbs. For comparing three and four-year-olds the following examples will serve : — 1775. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Diff'erence in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7|-lbs. 1775. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1775. August. Newmarket. Distance 4 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 9 lbs. 1800. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 fur- longs, 44 yards. Difference in weight betw-een 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs. ^Q Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1800. May. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1800. July. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 5 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1800. July. Stockbridge. Distance=2 miles. Difference in Weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1800. July. Stamford. Gold Cup. Distance=4 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 10 lbs. 1800. August. Ireland. Distance=4 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 9 lbs. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance=2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 13 lbs. 1807. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance=2J miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs. 1830. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs. 1830. May. Liverpool. Distance= 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 6 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1830. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance=lJ miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1830. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 6 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs. 1830. June. Manchester. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles. Diff'erence in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 13 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 6 lbs. 1830. July. Liverpool. Croxteth Stakes. Distance IJ miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 8 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1 lb. 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 41 1830. August. York. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1 lb. 1830. September. Doncaster. Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, IJ lbs. 1830. October. Epsom. Metropolitan Stakes. Distance IJ miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 9 lbs. 1850. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, TJlbs. 1850. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance 11 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1850. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. ^ Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 9 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day':; scale, 1 stone, 7Jlbs. 1850. July. Liverpool. Croxteth Stakes. Distance I5 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 8 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1 lb. 1850. September. Doncaster. Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 5 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1^ lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance, T.Y.O.C.= 5 furl., 136 yds. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 4 lbs. Those examples, which may serve as a comparison, are, especially in the years before 1850, often difficult to gather, as most races then were run with heats, and are therefore unsuitable as comparisons with the present time, and because only few races were set apart for horses of each age. The many Handicaps for horses of each age are very difficult to manipulate as com- parisons. From above examples one easily can see, however, that the weight difference between tw-o and three-year-olds as well as between three and four-year-olds was, up to the year 1800, nearly according to the present scale of weights, and that they often were somewhat smaller for longer distances. From 1800 to about 1850 these weight differences increased some- what, viz. : The differences between two and three-year-olds less (about 2-7 lbs.), those between three and four-year-olds somewhat more (about 3-11 lbs.). In other words, the proportion of weight carrying capability has been approximately the same up to about 1800 as it is to-day for two, three and 42 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. four-vear-olds, whilst after about 1800 up to about 1850 the three-yeat-olds and the four-vear-olds especially were expected to carry more, according to the table just quoted. It appears that the races for two-year-olds, which took place at that time in a reduced degree, and not too earlv in the year (which races became popular after Assassin's Derby victory, 1782), improved the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the future three and four-vear-olds, whilst after about 1850 the increase of races for two-year-olds, especially in the early part of the year, seems to have annulled gradually this favourable effect. The changes of weight differences between four-year-olds and older horses are shown bv the following examples, in their historic development : — 1775. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 41 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 ibs 4J lbs. 5 vear-olds ^ ^ n r." ij / " " 0 ,, b vear-olds [ 7 vear-olds f ^ , 0 ,, O'ider 1-2 0 „ 1792. Jul}-. Xewmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4. vear-olds \ 10 lbs 3 lbs. 5 3^ear-olds \ ^ ^ 6 year-olds ' ' " " Older } 2 0 ,, 1792. October. Xewmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ jo ibs 0 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6 year-olds ' ' " OMer } '^ ' ^ " 1792. October. Xewmarket. Gold Cup. Distance 4 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | n lbs 6 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6 vear-olds i ' " " older } 1 " 0 " 1800. June. Ascot. Distance 2| miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 10 lbs 5 lbs. 5 year-olds \ ^ 6 year-olds | ' " Older I 3 0 ,, 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 43 1800. Julv. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ g lbs 3 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ -,r^ a 6 vear-olds ^ ' Older I ^ " ^ " 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ 7 lbs 0 lbs. 5 3'ear-olds ^ q 6 vear-olds ^ " Older I 0 ,, 0 ,, 1807. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ 9 ibs 4J lbs. 5 vear-olds \ r, n 6 vear-olds \ 7 'vear-olds { ^ '' ' O'lder } ^ " ...... 0 ,, 1807. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2| miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | jq lbs 5 lbs. .5 year-olds -^ 0 6 year-olds J ' " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,. 1830. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds j 9 ibs. r 4J lbs. 5 vear-olds ) ^ r. 6 Vear-olds ( ' o'lder } 4 " 0 " 1830. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance \\ miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 ibs 3^ lbs. 5 year-olds ^ ^ 6 year-olds | " older } 3 ,, ...... 0 ,, 1830. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds } 10 lbs 5 lbs. 5 year-olds \ r n 6 year-olds '^ " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,. 44 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1830. June. Manchester. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : , 4 year-olds \ q ibs 4 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ ^ ^ 6 year-olds ^ " " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,, 1830. August. York. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale . 4year.olds \ g lbs 2 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ ^ ^ 6 year-olds ' " " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,, 1830. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 7 lbs 3 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ „ 6 year-olds j " " Older } 0 ,, 0 „ 1830. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ 7 ibs 0 lbs. 5 year-olds \ . r^ 6 year-olds ) " " Older } *^ ' 0 " 1850. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 ibs 4^ lbs. 5 year-olds 1 ^ ^ 6 year-olds / ' " older } 0 ,, 0 ,, 1850. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance IJ miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | g lbs 3^ lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6vear-olds / "^ " *^ " Older jo,, 0 ,, 1850. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ 9 jbs 5 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ ^ ^ 6 year-olds ' " " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,, 3. Orij^in and Change in the Weig^ht Tables, etc. 45 1850. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 7 ibs 3 lbs. 5 year-olds =^ 6 vear-olds ' " " O'lder }0 0,, 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4year.olds | 5 jbs 0 lbs. 5 year-olds \ r. p. 6 year-olds J " " Older } 0 ,. ...... 0 ,, 1851. Mav. York. Match. Distance 2 miles. Difference in According to . \T ,.• o i i weight: present scale : 4 years Voltigeur, b st. I ,,, ^^^ ^ ^^^ 5 years Flying Dutchman, 8 St., 8J lbs. (won) J ^ It is difficult to compile examples of the King's Plates which can be of any use, as most of the King's Plates were formerly run with heats, and those without heats were only held for horses of the same age. The few suitable examples which follow will suffice, however, for our purpose : — ■ 1820. August. York. Distance 4 miles. Difference in Difference in weight as per scale of weight: 1861 and 1881 4 year-olds | 1 stone, 2 lbs. 9 lbs. 5 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ c. o n 6 year-olds / o ,, - ,, u ,, Older } 2 ,, 0 ,, 0 ,, 1832 to 1850. May and June, in Chester, Ascot and Manchester. Distance 3 miles. Difference in Difference in weight as per scale of weight: 1861 and 1881 3 year-olds \ 2 stone 10— 13 lbs. 9— 10 lbs. 4 year-olds ^ 5 year-olds / ^^^^^^ ^^^ " ^^ ^ " 6 year-olds and older } 5 lbs. 2 ,, 1 ,, 1850. August. York, Distance 2 miles. Difference in Difference in weight as per scale of weight: 1861 and 1881 ' 3 year-olds \ i gtone, 3 lbs. 1 stone, 2 lbs. 1 stone, 1 lbs. 4 year-olds \ n ^^ o 5 year-olds I ^ " ^ " 6 year-olds { ^ " ^ " ^ ♦' Older } 2 „ 0 „ 0 ,, 46 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. From these weight differences it can be seen that the abihties of four, five and six-year-olds changed very Httle up to 1850. An improvement of horses, on the other hand, after six years old ceases gradually altogether. In other words, the influence caused bv two-year-old races and mentioned on page 42 with the weight-differences between two, three and four-vear-olds, has not affected the carrying capacity of four, five and six-year-olds, but has stopped the further improvement of six-year-olds. Accordinglv horses at six years old reached the height of their capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit). The preservation of the capabilities of four, five and six-year-olds up to 1850 in the same proportion to each other (in spite or in consequence of the two-year-old races) is all the more remarkable, as in the same time (shown above) a progress in the development of three-year-olds, and still more of four-year-olds, must be assumed on account of the weight differences. From this we might suppose that the improved four-year-old would more closely approach the five-year-old and older horses, which ought to be seen by a diminution in the weight differences. As up to about 1850 this diminution did not take place, the continued improvement of five-v ear-old and older horses must be all the more appreciated. After 1850, or even later, the frequent and very early two-year-old races seem also here to have impeded the favourable development of horses after their fourth year. As a further example to confirm above conclusions, let me here mention the Thoroughbred Fitzwilliam Stakes, at Doncaster. This race was founded in 1807, and set apart for two-year-olds and older horses, over a course of IJ miles, with the following weights : According to present scale : 2 Stone, 3 lbs. 11 lbs. 0 „ 0 „ 0 „ Two-year-olds in this proportionately long distance of li miles had no chance (Oiseau was in 1811 the only two-year-old winner). Therefore the following changes were arranged in 1826 : — Difference in weight : 2 year-olds 5 stone, 10 lbs. \ o stone 4 lbs. 3 year-olds 8 ,, ■ — ^ ,, { 4 year-olds 9 ,, — ,, | " 5 year-olds 9 ,, 6 ,, | ^ ^^s. 6 year-olds and older 9 ,, 10 ,, / 4 ,, The w-eight difference between two and three-year-olds is here only 1 lb. more than according to present scale. In this race from 1834 two-year-olds are left out. The weight difference of 1 stone (11 lbs. to-day) between three •*nd four-year-olds remained stationary till the race became a Handicap in Difference in weight : 2 year-olds 6 stone. I 2 stone. } 9 lbs. ■ 6 „ • 4 „ \ 0 3 year-olds 8 4 year-olds 8 9 lbs. 5 year-olds 9 1 M 6 year-olds 9 5 „ Older 9 7 ,, 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 47 1850. The weight difference, however, between four and five-year-olds increased in 1834 to 6 lbs., in 1838 to even 12 lbs., and decreased in 1839 to 7 lbs., whilst according to the present day scale the difference is nil. The weio-ht difference between five and six-vear-olds in 1834 came down to 2 lbs., and remained so to 1850. In the celebrated race between the three-year-old, Voltigeur, with 7 stone, 7 lbs. up, and the four-year-old. Flying Dutchman, carrying 8 stone, 12 lbs., over a course of 2^ miles, in the Doncaster Cup, on the 20th of September, 1850, there was a weight difference of 1 stone, 5 lbs., against 1 stone, IJ lbs. of the present scale. In the year later, in that well known match of the 13th of May, 1851, at York, over a distance of 2 miles, the four-year-old, Voltigeur, carried 8 stone, the five-year-old. Flying Dutchman, 8 stone, 8J lbs. The weight difference was therefore 8h lbs., against 5 lbs. according to present scale. There was each time a close finish. In the Doncaster Cup, Voltigeur won by half a length, and in the Match, Flying Dutchman won by one length. We may, therefore, assume that the then existing weight differences corresponded with the average capabilities of three, four and five-year-olds. Therefrom follows that the present four and five-year-old racehorses are each 3J lbs. worse than those in the middle of last century. Against these conclusions one may, however, answer that it is just in con- sequence of the many and early two-year-old races, as well as in consequence of the progress made in the art of training in the second half of the nineteenth century, that the v^-eight carrying capability of two and three-year-olds has been much improved, and that, therefore, three-year-olds have almost approximately reached that point of weight carrying capability which was formerly only held by five and six-year-olds. The consequences, therefore, would of course be that the four-year-old and older horses could not improve in such proportion as to justify the greater weight differences which were formerly extant. Therefore, the weight differences between three, four and five-year-olds must become less. In other W'Ords, the zero point from which we count, i.e., the w'eight carrying capability of two and three-year-olds, would become much higher. If this were so, then, with the assumed quicker and better development of two and three-year-olds, the w'eight difference between these two ages ought also to have become larger. This, however, it is remarkable to have to say, is not so. In the gradual building of the weight scale, one point is very noticeable : that the weight differences between two and three-year-olds are almost the same to-day as they were at the end of the eighteenth century, when two- year-old races were just beginning. On the other hand, the above-mentioned increase of weight differences of 2-7 lbs. between two and three-year-olds speaks for itself for the healthy development of two-year-olds in the years from about 1800 to 1850. Furthermore, it is very doubtful whether the present two and three-year-olds are really better than they were in the middle ^ Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. of the nineteenth century. We have no proof of this. Such horses as Touchstone, Cotherstone, Orlando, The Baron, SurpHce, Fl^'ing Dutchman, Voltigeur, Stockwell, \\'est Australian, Fisherman, Blink Bonny, Thor- manby, etc., are thev reallv worse horses than our present day champions? All these said racehorses yet belonged to those times in which there approxi- mately existed for different ages that difference of weight which we have mentioned above for 1850. Finally, we have only to deal with one point, namel}', that two-year-olds themselves are much better than they were before. If this really be the case to such a great extent as to justify the above mentioned large weight differ- ences, then the progress in the average records of time should be more remarkable than the comparisons show hereafter. As the weight difference between two and three-year-olds as above-said are the same as they were one hundred years ago, the records of three-year-olds suffice for comparison. The increase of weight differences between two and three-year-olds after 1800 has been shown above to be a result of the improvement of three-year- olds, probablv in consequence of the races for two-year-olds. There is yet the possibility that the two-year-olds became worse, and that, therefore, the weight differences could rise. There is, however, no plausible reason for this possibility, whilst the assumed improvement of three-vear-olds, through training and racing as two-year-olds, appears very probable. It is, rather, to be assumed that as everything improves, two- year-olds also improve in course of time. This, however, need not be at the expenses of three-year-olds. In breeding, where only two-year-olds improve, one can hardly speak of a general progress. I seem, therefore, to be justified, for the sake of com- parisons, in taking the capabilities of two-year-olds as a standard, although an improvement, however slow, in the course of time is desirable, and also appears probable. The weight differences in the scale for King's Plates from the year 1861 are, as can be seen by comparison, considerably higher than to-day. The weight differences of the first weight scale of Admiral Rous of 1881, compared with those of the scale of 190G, show, as can be seen from the figures of the table printed in larger type, that also in the last twenty-five years, a diminution of weight differences has taken place. If one takes, therefore, the capabilities of tw'o-year-olds as a standard, in comparing with the capabilities of other ages, one must consider the diminution of weight differences always as a sign of deterioration of stock. According to above comparisons of weight differences in 1861, 1881 and 1906, from 1861 a gradual deterioration of stock appears probable if looked at from this standpoint. Even if the pretended greater capabilities of present two and three-year- olds were approximately right, there still remains a grave doubt whether the 3. Origin and Change in the Weii^ht Tables, etc. 49 lessened development capability of foiir-3^ear-olds and older horses has also produced a lesser resisting power, as we show later on, in the chapter on the capabilities of the Thoroughbred formerly and now. Taken altogether, these observations justify us in assuming that, considered from the standpoint of the altered weight differences, the improve- ment of racehorses took place about up to the middle of the nineteenth century, and also specially, that a favourable development of four-year-old and older horses up to the sixth year existed. Furthermore, that simultane- ously with the frequent occurrence of races for two-year-olds partly in the beginning of the year, and with the existence of the many short Handicaps, a retrogression of the development of racehorses after their third year began soon after the second half of the nineteenth centur\^ The time in which the number of two-year-old racehorses began to exceed the number of three- year-olds, denotes the turning point. CHAPTFR !V. General Observations on the Value of the Thoroughbred for other breeds. The prominent position occupied by the Thoroughbred in the breeding of half-bred horses^ has no equivalent in the breeding of any other animal. Breeding carried on for two hundred years and for a set purpose, as it has been done in England and Ireland, where soil and climate constitute an environment admirably adapted to horse-breeding, has produced the Thoroughbred of the present day. Breeders of other animals have also done great things in the same time, but in the breeding of horses one very great factor has co-operated which is more or less absent in the breeding of other animals. This mighty factor was passion. Battle and sport are the found- ations of horse breeding. These two have as if by magic produced a passionate love for this breeding. This love works with more power, wisdom, ingenuity and industry than all book wisdom of the wisest heads and all conscientiousness of the most industrious of men. To horse breeding, as well as to all that lives, the words of the Apostle St. Paul apply : " The greatest of these is Love." That this passion, otherwise so useful, may also lead to erroneous paths, is without doubt true in horse breeding. If this happens, and, unfortunately, it happens often, then wise counsel must step in ; but this counsel must not kill the principal lever for the breeding of Thoroughbreds, namely, the just- mentioned passionate love. The facility with which the horse acclimatises itself everywhere has produced the spread of breeding of Thoroughbreds all over the world. All half-bred horses of the old and new world, even the Trotters, have, by mingling with the Thoroughbred, produced the required steel in their breeds, which otherwise could not have been produced as well and as quickly. Even the breeds of the Steppes of Russia, America and ' In Germany all improved light breeds of horses, save the Thoroughbred, are called "edles Halbblut," which means "high quality Half-breds." All of these light breeds as well as the Thoroughbred itself are also called warm or hot-blooded horses, as contrasted with the cold-blooded heavy or draft breeds of horses, which are summarized in Germany under the general term " Kaltblut." 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 51 Australia, have, with the aid of Thoroughbred stallions (often, unfortunately, of very low quality), influenced the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of their horses. When the celebrated Cossack officer, Hetman Platoff (the celebrated stallion, Hetman Platoff, born 1836, was called after him), about a hundred years ago, during the fight for libertv against Napoleon in the West of Europe, learned to know and to esteem the Thoroughbred, and other fine breeds derived from same, he caused to be imported manv Thoroughbred stallions of good, and of the best class, into the Cossack breeding stables near the Don, and the neighbouring Steppe breeding places. The conse- quence was that Russian cavalry soon after, in fact, up to the middle of the last century, were mounted on the best horses an army ever possessed. That was a time in which there were often matches between Cossack horses and Thoroughbreds. The most celebrated of these races took place on the 4th of August, 18-25, near St. Petersburg, distance 75 versts, i.e., about 80 kilo- metres. Two Cossack horses started against two Thoroughbreds. The Thoroughbred, Sharper, born 1819 in the stud of Lord Egremont, by Octavious and Y. Amazon, won easily in 2 hours, 48 minutes, although he carried 40 lbs. more (3 stone). The race took place on the high road, and the rider of Sharper broke a stirrup in the middle of the race. In England, Sharper had won as a three-year-old, a small selling race, as a four-year-old, two small Handicaps and a walk-over, and as a five-\ear-old, three races, inclusive of two King's Plates. The good results which have been obtained, especially in the South of France, by the mixed Anglo-Arabic breeding, seem to lead to the con- clusion that one could perhaps also improve the Oriental horse, including the Arabs, in their own homes, by the introduction of Thoroughbred stallions. If the small mistakes made in breeding Thoroughbreds were avoided, it is more than probable that in future original Oriental breeds could be improved by Thoroughbred stallions than vice versa. Lately, in England, they have tried to improve Thoroughbreds by the infusion of Arabic blood, but in vain. It is very remarkable, after the importation of Godolphin Arabian in 1730, that no Oriental stallion could produce any great influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds, although in many races Oriental blood was favoured by lighter weights, whilst, on the other hand, for example, the offspring of Eclipse and Highflyer had in many races to carry about 3 to 5 lbs. more, according to proposition. In the Goodwood Gold Cup x^nglo-Arabic horses were favoured from 1835 to 1896 with 14 lbs. less weight, later with 18 lbs. less. Thoroughbred Orientals, inclusive of Turks, Berbs, etc., had in this race at first 28 lbs. less to carry, later 36 lbs., without having any success. These facts and figures (36 lbs. less) are not suitable enough to recommend larger importations of Oriental blood for the breeding of light horses. The most important spheres of action of the Thoroughbred have been mentioned pretty exhaustively above, namely, Half-breds, Trotters, Steppe g2 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. horses, and Oriental breeds. There still remains to be mentioned the coarser crosses of Thoroughbreds on some Coach Breeds and Heavy Breeds. In these cases also the Thoroughbred has been successful, and the successes would probably have been more frequent if the said breed had not become spoiled and too heterogeneous through pampering without trials. That the heavy horse breeds have not amongst themselves produced a " Thoroughbred " drafter {sit venia verbo) as a representative of what they are capable of, is the regrettable consequence of the breeding which was built up for show without testing capability. There has not been sought for pro- minent performances, but rather for zoological attributes. As long as the breeding of drafters is carried on in this one-sided way, one cannot expect any progress in the capability for employment (for use and breeding). The so- called early maturity of the cold-blooded stock, together with early decay, rests on its effeminating method of rearing. It is not quite the same as what is called in the breeding of other animals early maturity. Neither as regards its earlier capabilitv nor as regards its earlier breeding capacity, is the drafter earlier mature than the Thoroughbred. The expression, " early maturity," ought, in my opinion, to be eliminated in the breeding of horses, for within everv breed the so-called early maturity can be obtained in a short time by a corresponding practice, without at the same time causing the shortening of life which accompanies early maturity. One often speaks of the better use of food with heavy horses, but I think this is based on a wrong idea. Apart from the motion of exorbitant loads, as it is required, for example, in different industries and in the beet- root districts, the Half-bred, and also the Thoroughbred, perform the daily slow work of the drafter in agriculture, with considerably less food — a fact which I have noted at Beberbeck with teams composed of drafters and Half- breds. With quicker work, however, in trotting, the draft horse falls still more behind. He requires still more food, and finally gets off his feed. To make good use of food when doing nothing, or working at a comparatively slow rate, does not mean much. That the drafter of to-day, in spite of his Irrational breeding, can, on account of its heavy weight, carry a larger load than a Thoroughbred, is unquestionable. There is also no doubt that the Thoroughbred will bear a load correspond- ing to its weight, viz., 20 cwts. (which, considering the usual weights of practice, is a large load, a good Belgian horse carrying about 80 cwts.) quicker, at longer distances, and over worse roads. In a Thoroughbred, through many generations, more muscle power, energv, etc., has been amassed than in the present dav drafter. Of course, it is to be expected that a reasonable breed- ing of cold-blooded stock, based on performance, will also here beat the Thoroughbred. The great popularity and spread of the heavy breeds is based principally on their easy temperament, which has been bred into them by pampering them. That a drafter bred on performance will be just as easy in temperament as the actual draft horse is highly improbable, because 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 53 it is very difficult to combine two qualities which are so different and so con- tradictory as is the case with powerful energy and comfort. This ease, demanded only by easy workmen, will always influence the good quality of the material. The great mistake made in comparing different breeds of horses is always the consequence of unjust parallels, as, for example, want and use of food, quiet and restless temperament of light horses at quick work, and of heavy horses at slow work. The same unjust comparison is often made with the so-called Thoroughbred knacker and a picked prominent Half-bred. Within the light breeds the same difference in the temperament of horses is observable. The most pleasant and most reasonable tempera- ment as a riding horse is in most cases the Thoroughbred when it has left the track, and the most difficult, violent and nervous temperament is found in Half-breds when they are taken seriously into training. The less highly bred the horse is, the more the above symptoms show themselves. If the work which is required from a horse in training often reaches the limits of its capacity, or even exceeds it, it is natural that a certain fear to do the work shows itself. Thereby nervousness ensues, which in Thoroughbreds shows itself most with the worst of them. 1 have seen Kinscem, Ormonde, Flying Fox, Ard Patrick and others, as quiet and reasonable before a race as after one. Of all Half-bred horses which so far have been trained for races in Trakehnen, I have only observed three which remained absolutely quiet and reasonable up to the last quick gallop, namely, Morgenstrahl, born 1896, by Blue Blood and Moba, winner of the Fanfarro Race, 1900, in Insterburg; and the two Cadiz fillies, Jagdkonigin and Kastanie, both winners of the Breeders' Races in Konigsberg. These three horses were so superior to their comrades that the limits were reached neither in racing nor in training. In consequence of its hard training, the Thoroughbred acclimatises itself very easily in different districts, whilst the softly raised draft horse is most sensitive in this regard. Pure-bred Percherons, which I saw- in the year 1887 in the magnificent Steppes of the Russian Royal stud at Derkul, Government Charkow, soon lost their type, and had already in the second generation an Arabic appearance, thereby reminding one of their ancestors. In the form of croup one could still distinguish the Percheron ; in its noble bearing, in the vivacity of its temperament, one seemed to recognise the Arabian cross-bred. The pure-bred Suffolks and Clydesdales reared there were soon stunted in their growth, and could not stand the rocky meadow-s and strong sun. The long marches, which are necessitated by the life on the Steppes, from the meadows to the distant watering-places, did not offer them the comfort which they were accustomed to, and which is necessary to their growth. Drafters bred on performance would very likely, if required, stand the life of the Steppes, just as the Thoroughbred can be raised in a low, watery district. Of course, neither the draft horse on the Steppes nor the Thoroughbred on the marsh would prosper. A real breed of heavy horses founded on performance tests would not 54 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. produce the powerful dimensions which are, unfortunately, to-da}- still demanded, and even rewarded. The judging of horses only by measure- ments expressed in figures, whether it be for weight or dimensions of certain parts of the body, is not sufficient, and often dangerous. For many years the measuring of cannon bones has played the leading part, which, as a matter of fact, is often very useful in helping the eye when judging of the strength of the fundament within the same breed. The comparing of cannon measurements of different breeds of horses has become a modern sport. Often incommensurable values are compared. The fore foot of a drafter which has become thick through doing nothing or only light work, is most probably (without science showing it definitely) of a softer texture, therefore less capable of resistance than that of the Thoroughbred or Half- bred, grown hard through hard work. The examinations of different cannons by Professor Kramer, in Bern, seem to confirm the above supposition. 1 here observe that comparative examinations on this subject lose in value if the bones are not bones of well-known horses. One must know genealogy, age, as well as the feeding and training of horses, if the bones are to be used for experiments in pressing and bending, as well as for showing specific gravity. One onlv may compare results if they are taken from horses of the same breed, same standard quality, same age, same state of health, especially as probably small differences may have a great importance in these experi- ments. If the quality of the cannons is of equal A^alue, one must first answer the question how advantageously the weight of the body is supported, i.e., how much weight rests on a definite square measurement of supporting surface. This question is answered by putting the square of the cannon girth in proportion to the body weight which it supports. If, however, the Cjuestion is put how easily the supporting column (in this case the cannon) can break or bend, the cube of the cannon girth must be put in proportion to the weight. Apart from the different quality of the mass of the bones in different breeds, of the larger marrow cavity of the cannon in drafters, etc., I believe that these measures often lead to mistaken conclusions. Practical use and experience will often lead to other and more correct results. In any case, the present horses of draft blood are the most unsuitable breeds to create in warm-blooded Half-breds, strong, good and firm fore legs. In the breeding of drafters, as well as in that of many Half-breds, one may observe that a soft method of rearing with little movement, and then only at a slow rate, is eminently suitable to produce strong (i.e., big) fore legs. Against all these errors and dangers there is only one remedy, namely, performance tests. The isolated attempts to introduce at exhibitions and shows performance tests of heavy horses will become general, if only the general public rightly honours same and requires them. ]^ulgus viilt decipi, ergo decipiatiir — till it is undeceived. In the year 1867, at the last Napoleonic Exhibition in Paris, several 4. \'alLie of the Thoroughbred tor Other Breeds. 55 prizes were given for horses which could carry the largest load in proportion to their own weight. A very excellent idea. The prize (I believe the first) was not won, however, by a draft horse, but by the colt Wapsikas, bred in Torgel (Estland), 60 degrees latitude, later for a long time the Royal stud stallion in Torgel. Purelv I^>stlandic, i.e., of light breed — a small, well- proportioned horse, similar to a small East Prussian. This unexpected result, however, has, so it appears, prevented a repetition of this proposition. The knowledge that sham is easier and cheaper to produce than the real thing, and the fact that there are still people enough who are deceived by sham, has just as much a deteriorating influence in the producing of wine and tobacco and other things as in the breeding of horses. The claims of the consumers on the capabilities, and the interest of the producer to produce as cheaply as possible, will always be difficult to meet. The craftiness of the breeder to produce showy stock very cheaply has often made greater progress than the expert knowledge of the consumer. Experts of cattle breeding complain about the same thing. Finally, one would think that the real thing, Truth, would prevail in the end. The breeding of Thoroughbreds and Trotters bred for performance is genuine, as well as, for example, the unfortunatelv dving out breeding of the Russian Steppes; the breeding of horses for the Russian soldiers, formerly in the Ukraine, now at the Manitsch river, was very much based on it. Since the cultivation of land, and with it the breeding of cattle and the use of the plough, have driven away the breeding of the Steppes from the magnificent Ukraine to the Manitsch river, and from thence still further and further into the unsuitable salt-containing Eastern Steppes; even Russia, so rich in horses, is forced to establish a modern system of horse-breeding in order to produce horses for its soldiers. The hope to get thereby just as nice-looking cavalr}' horses as the other great nations is a sop to vanity, and suppresses the knowledge that horses lose thereby in capability. The difficulty of the organisation of a successful breeding of horses, like w'e have in East Prussia, is perhaps thereby under-estimated, and the quality of the breed of horses produced with a beautiful sham appearance is over-estimated. That one has to fight against this production of the beautiful sham, even in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, one can see in many English studs which breed for the yearlings' market. In this respect, in the course of the last fifty years, things have gone very much to the bad in England, as now' more than half — according to some authors even nine-tenths — of all Thoroughbred yearlings are brought up for the yearlings' market. Although this showy stock very seldom becomes also breeding stock, on account of the race tests — in any case, not breeding stock which has an important influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds — it is a pity that through human sin much good material is wasted which was destined by Divine Nature to be chosen material. Apart from the performances obtained by no other breed than the Thoroughbred, over any distance and under any w-eight, the Thoroughbred 56 Trial of the Thoroup'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. is also superior to all other breeds in various breeding performances. This is an eloquent proof that the tests to which the Thoroughbred is subject have also had a good influence on its fertility and longevity (as will be shown hereafter by many examples). The number of dams which, according to the statement of the General Stud Book, have produced sixteen living foals, is such a large one that for want of space they have been left out of the following lists. We only mention brood mares which have produced seven- teen and more living foals. As the first volume of the General Stud Book only appeared in 1793, the foals born in the eighteenth century are only given in so far as they were known through the Racing Calendar, the chief basis of the Stud Book. It is clear, therefore, that in the first book many living foals are not mentioned, as they have not appeared on the racecourse. Therefore, the number of brood mares which in the eighteenth century produced seventeen and more living foals is less in the following list : — Register of Thoroughbred Mares in the General Stud Book which have had not less than seventeen living foals. K- ^, x,X No. Names of the Mares. r-t -t Sires of the Mares. 2 c- Remarks 1 Sister to Sampson 172:3 Greyhound 20 Dam of the Fam. 12 a 2 Pratt's old Mare 1750 Squirt 17 Dam of the Fam. 24 3 Mare 1777 Matchem 18 Fam. 15 4 Mare 1780 Y. Marske 18 Dam of the Fam. 34 5 Nimble 1784 Florizel 17 Dam of the Fam. 32 6 Heiress 1786 Paymaster 17 Fam. 12 7 Mare 1788 Adamant 17 Fam. 3 8 Amelia (Grand- daughter of No. 2) 1788 Highflyer 17 Fam. 24 9 Beatrice 1791 Sir Peter 17 Fam. 7 10 Mare 1791 Y. Marske 18 Fam. 9 11 Platina O. 1792 Mercury 19 Fam. 6 b 12 Bay Javelin 1793 Javelin 17 4 year-old first Fam. 3a foal 13 Mare 1795 Skyscraper 17 Fam. 2e 14 Miss Gunpowder 1797 Gunpowder 20 3 year-old first Fam. 34 foal 15 Rosamond 1798 Buzzard 17 Fam. 5a 16 Carthag-e (Firstling) sister to Hannibal D. 1798 Driver 18 Fam. 3 17 Grey Duchess 1799 PotSos 19 4 year-old first Fam. 6 foal 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 57 H^ a. 2^ No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. o ri Remarks 18 Miss Haworth 1802 Spadille 17 3 year-old first foal Fam. 29 19 Mare 1802 Precipitate 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 5 20 Bronze O. sister to Castrel 1803 Buzzard 17 Fam. 2d 21 Mare 1803 Star 17 Fam. 23 22 Mare 1804 Hambletonian 18 or 19 Fam. 18 23 Maniac (Firstling) in 19 years 1806 Shuttle 19 Fam. 4b 24 Mare 1807 Shuttle 18 Not in the Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 46 25 Barrosa (Grand- daughter of No. 5) 1808 Vermin out of Nike O. 17 Fam. 32 26 Lady of the Lake 1809 Sorcerer 17 Fam. 43 27 Mare 1810 Sancho 19 3 year-old first foal Fam. 18 28 Wire 1811 Waxy 17 I-^am. 1 29 Miss Cantley 1812 Stamford out of Sister to Silver 17 Fam. 5b 30 Mare (Firstling) (Daughter of No. 24) 1812 Dick Andrews 17 3 year-old first foal Not in Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 46 31 Clinkerina 1812 Clinker 18 Fam. 8 32 Mare 1812 Shuttle 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 15 33 Sister to Corduroy 1812 Shuttle 20 4 3'ear-old first foal Fam. 5 34 Nancy 1813 Dick Andrews 17 Fam. 9 35 Coquette 1814 Dick Andrews 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 12 36 Filagree 1815 Soothsayer 18 4 year-old first foal Fam . 1 b 37 Mare 1815 Election 17 Fam. 2 a 38 Mare 1815 Orville 18 4)^ear-old first foa! Fam. 12 39 Velocipede's dam 1817 Juniper 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 c 40 Marion 1819 Tramp 17 Fam. 5 a 41 Snowball 1819 Prime Minister 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 a 58 Trial of the 'rhoroue^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. W^ 2,x No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. o5 y a- Remarks 42 Armida 1819 Rinaldo 17 Fam. 15 43 Bequest 1819 Election 17 Fam. 3 a 44 i Emma 1819 Orville 18 Fam. 3 a 45 Mare 1819 Rubens 17 Fam. 27 46 Adeline 1821 Soothsayer 17 4 year-old first Fam. 11 foal 47 Katharine 1821 Sooth sa3'er 18 Fam. 22 48 Monimia 1821 Muley 17 Fam. 12 a 49 Mary 1823 Friday 19 B^am. 5 a 50 Mare 1823 Merlin 17 Fam. 10 51 Miss Thomasina 1823 Welbeck 17 Fam. 15 52 Mare 1824 Cervantes 17 Fam. 1 53 Emma 1824 Whisker 17 Fam. 7 54 Mare 1825 Phantom 17 Fam. 1 55 Banter 1826 Master Henry 17 Fam. 14 56 Margellina sister to Memnon L. 1826 Whisker out of Manuella O. . 19 Fam. 11 57 Europa 1829 Reveller 17 4 year-old first Fam. 2 e foal 5S Medea 1831 Whisker 18 Fam. 8 a 59 Mare 1832 Whisker 19 Fam. 1 60 La Belle i8as Voltaire 17 4 year-old first Fam. 17 foal 61 Manilla 1833 Mulatto 17 4 year-old first Fam. 26 foal 62 Valentine 1833 Voltaire 17 Fam. 12 a 63 Annette 1&35 Priam 19 4 year-old first Fam. 16 foal 64 Parade 1835 Pantaloon 18 3 year-old first Fam . 2 e foal 65 Executrix 18.86 Liverpool 18 4 vear-old first Fam. 4 foal 66 Mare 1836 Muley 18 3 year-old first Fam. 8 foal 67 Lapwing- 1837 Bustard 17 3 year-old first Fam. 19 foal 68 Martha Lynn 1837 Mulatto 18 Fam. 2 c 69 Mare 1837 Pantaloon 18 Fam. 14 70 Palmyra 1838 Sultan 17 Fam . 12 a 71 Arethusa 1839 Elis 18 Fam. 20 72 Bohemienne 1839 Confederate 18 4 year-old first Fam. 8 foal 73 Equation 1839 Emilius 18 Fam. 7 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 59 S,2i No. Names of the Mares. ?" o Sires of the Mares. o •:i w cr Remarks 74 Florence 1839 Velocipede 20 Fam. 2 a 75 Mare 1839 Sir Hercules 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 76 Treacherous 1839 Pantaloon 17 Fam. 2 77 Mare 1839 Plenipotentiary 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 78 Barbarina 1840 Plenipotentiary 18 Fam. 23 79 Titania 1840 Emilius 17 Fam. 3 c 80 Boarding-School-Miss 1841 Plenipotentiary 17 Fam. 3b 81 Emerald 1841 Defence 17 Fam. 3 a 82 Physalis 1841 Ba}' Middleton 17 Fam. 8 a 83 Mare 1841 Plenipotentiary 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 a 84 Black Bess (Grand- daughter of No. 45) 1842 Sheet Anchor 17 3 year-old first foal Fam. 27 85 Stamp 1842 Emilius 17 Fam. 1 86 The Duchess of Lorraine 1842 Pantaloon 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 87 Little Finch 1842 Hornsea 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 29 88 Eulogy 1843 Euclid 19 Fam. 2 c (Daughter of No. 68) 89 Jocose (Daughter of No. 55) 1843 Pantaloon 17 Fam. 14 90 Queen Mary (Firstling) 1843 Gladiator 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 91 Tour de Force 1843 Sir Hercules 17 Fam. 22 92 Defenceless 1844 Defence 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 6 a 93 Irregularity 1844 Birdcatcher 18 3 year-old first foal Not in Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 72 94 Sister to Leaconfield 1844 Hampton 17 Fam. 2 a 95 Makeless 1844 St. Martin 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2d 96 The Prairie Bird 1844 Touchstone 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 a 97 Sultana 1844 Hetman Platoflf 17 Fam. 6 a 98 Themis 1844 Touchstone 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 9 99 Contraction 1845 Emilius 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 43 100 Nourmahal 1845 Lanercost 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2e 60 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. a;;^ No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. ^3 o d z: a" ■ Remarks 101 Troica 1845 Lanercost 17 Fam. 3 a 102 Midia 1846 Scutari 17 Fam. 3 a 103 Sacrifice 1847 Voltaire 17 Fam . 4 d 104 Sunflower 1847 Bay Middleton IS 4vear-old first foal Fam. 1 c 105 Af^nes 1848 Pantaloon 17 Fam. 28 106 Plush 1848 Plenipotentiary 19 Fam. 1 a 107 Ba}' Rosalind 1849 Orlando 20 Fam. 11 108 Butterfly 1849 Knight of the Whistle 18 Fam. 20 109 Gossamer 1849 Birdcatcher 17 Fam. 19 110 Miss Convn^e^ham 1849 Slane 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 111 Amazon (in 18 years) 1850 Touchstone 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 4 112 Latona 1850 Lanercost 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 113 Georgiana 1851 Touchstone 17 Fam. 7 114 Black Cotton 1852 Faugh-a-Ballagh 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 6 115 Jeu d 'Esprit 1852 Flatcatcher 17 Fam. 7 116 Mare 1852 Jon 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8a 117 Defamation 1853 -Tago 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 14 118 Stuff and Nonsense 1853 The Libel 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 119 All's Well 1854 The Cure 17 Fam. 5 120 Christabelle 1854 Fernhill 17 Fam. 3 c 121 Countess 1854 Slane 18 3 year-old first foal Fam. 8 122 Countess of Westmorland 1854 Melbourne 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 123 Daisy 1854 Touchstone 18 Fam. 12 124 Media Noce 1854 Weatherbit 18 Fam. 5b 125 Electra 1855 Touchstone 17 4 year-old first foal Fam . 2 e 126 Mare 1855 Melbourne 18 Fam. 5 a 127 Emotion 1856 Alarm 17 Fam. 1 a 128 .'\methyst 1857 Touchstone 18 Fam. 11 129 Codicil 1857 The Cossack 19 Fam. 6a 130 Emma 1857 Storm 18 3 3'ear-old first foal Fam. 19 131 Lambda 1857 L'mbriel 17 Fam. 19 132 Spring Blossom i 1857 Touchstone 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 14 4. \'alue of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds 61 No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. Number of Foals. Remarks 133 Charmione 1858 Orlando 17 Fam. 2 c 134 Lady Blanche 1858 Voltigeur 17 Fam. 2d 135 Miss Fann}' 1858 Vanderdecken 19 Fam. 8 136 Tartlet 1858 Birdcatcher 19 Fam. 21 137 Vergiss Mein nicht 1858 Flying Dutchman 17 Fam. 9 138 Dewdrop 1859 Mildew 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8 a 139 Entremet 1859 Sweetmeat 17 Fam. 2e 140 Mare 1159 Lambton 18 4 year-old first foal Not in Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 83 141 Leda 1859 Weatherbit 17 Fam. 2a 142 Pompadour 1859 Stockwell 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 e 143 Mare 1859 Y. Melbourne 17 Fam. 9 144 Amaranth 1860 Newminster 17 3 year-old first foal Fam. 20 145 Bonny Bell 1860 Voltigeur 17 Fam. 10 146 Crucifixion 1860 Pelion 17 Fam. 27 147 Last Love I860 Annandale 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 4 148 Novara 1860 Weatherbit 19 Fam. 2 149 Old Orange Girl 1860 Kingston 17 Fam. 7 150 Pimpernel 1860 Sweetmeat 17 Fam. 2 c 151 The Doe 1861 Turnus 18 Fam. 8 152 Mystery 1861 Augur 17 Fam. 2e 153 Tomfoolery 1861 King Tom 17 Fam. 2 154 Mare 1861 Wild Dayrell 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3b 155 Agile 1862 Gibraltar 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 156 Lady Charlotte 1862 Fandango 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8 157 Money Spinner 1862 Marsyas 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 16 158 Danish Rose 1863 Surplice 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 12 159 Delilah 1864 Thormanby 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 c 160 Laura 18ft4 Lambton 18 Fam. 17 161 Lina 1864 Stockwell 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 7 162 Murcia 1864 Lord of the Isles 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 6 62 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Names of the Mares. Year of Birth. Sires of the Mares. 1 o rf CO cr Remarks 163 Ninna 1864 Buccaneer 18 3 year-old first foal Fam. 11 164 Queen Esther 1864 Warlock 22 4 year-old first foal Fam. 4 c 165 Perea 1865 Voltigeur 17 Fam. 3 166 Siluria 1865 Caractacus 17 Fam. 1 a 1G7 The Sphynx 1865 Newminster 18 Fam. 2 a las Thrift 1865 Stockvvell 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 169 Jenny Diver 1866 Buccaneer 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 20 170 Night jar 1866 Wild Dayrell 19? Fam. 15 171 Cestus 1867 Newminster 17 Fam. 3 b 172 Performer 1867 Adventurer 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 c 173 Canonical 1868 Cathedral 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 11 174 Furiosa 1868 Orlando 17 Fam. 45 175 Lady Mortimer 1868 Kettledrum 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 176 Claretto 1869 Claret 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 25 177 Eva 1869 Breadalbane 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 c 178 Wee Lassie 1869 Scottish Chief 18 Fam . 2 a 179 True Blue 1870 Oxford 20 Fam. 32 180 Cherry Duchess 1871 The Duke 18 Fam. 27 181 Mirror 1871 Speculum 17 Fam. 49 182 Pillage 1871 Cambuscan 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8 183 Pomona 1871 Skirmisher 18 Fam. 19 184 Turn of the Tide 1871 Mandrake 17 Fam. 18 185 Enigma (Daughter of No. 167) 1872 The Rake 17 Fam. 2a 186 Katrine 1872 Blair Athol 17 4 year-old first foal Fam . 5 b 187 Katrine 1873 Blinkhoolie 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 9 188 Orchestra 1873 Trumpeter 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 12 189 St. Editha 1873 Kingley Vale 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 16 190 Stone Chat 1873 Adventurer 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 16 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 63 ra;;^ Number of Foals. No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. Remarks 191 Miss Mannering 1874 Blair Athol 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 43 192 Palm flower 1874 The Palmer 17 Fam. 20 193 Shatemuc 1874 Oxford or The Duke 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 d 194 I dun 1876 Rosicrucian 18 Fam. 4 195 Mrs. Knight 1876 Knight of the Garter 17 3 year-old first foal Fam. 4 b 196 Osmunda 1876 Sterling 17 Fam. 2 a 197 Festival 1877 Sterling 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 b 198 Illuminata 1877 Rosicrucian 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. Ic 199 Miss Mabel 1877 Knight of the Garter 17 Fam. 11 200 Pink Thorn 1877 Cathedral 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2 a 201 Sophy 1877 St. Albans 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 12 202 Celandine 1878 King Tom or Macaroni 17 Fam . 1 c 203 Eugenie 1878 Pero Gomez 17 Fam. 16 204 Loving Cup 1878 Brown Bread 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 23 205 Rent Day 1878 ^Lacgregor 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3b 206 True Love 1878 Sterling 18 Fam. 3c 207 Bonny Rose 1879 Rosicrucian 18 Fam. 31 208 Biserta 1880 Lord Lyon 17 Fam. 22 209 Fisher Lass 1880 Exminster 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8 210 Hall Mark 1880 Standard 17 Fam. 2 b 211 Jennie Winkle (Daughter of No. 169) 1880 Mr. Winkle 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 20 212 Dongola 1883 Doncaster 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 6 a 213 Red Clove 1883 Sterling 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3b I know of no horse breed which can show, even approximateh-, such breeding nrierits as the EngHsh breed of Thoroughbreds, according to the above list. In Trakehnen only two cases have taken place, in more than 100 years, in which one horse has given birth to 19 living foals. To the following- list I have to add that two Thoroughbred dams with 18 foals each are not mentioned. g4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. List of Brood Mares in Trakehnen having produced 17 and more living foals. No. Names of the Dams. Born. Sires of the Dams. Number of Foals. 1 Lemma 1810 Oronocco I 17 2 Duellona 1814 Rodrich 17 3 Desdemona 1815 Caril 17 4 Junia 1815 Rodrich 17 5 Bazilia 1817 Caril 18 6 Crab 1818 Oronocco I 18 7 Czarina 1818 Oronocco II 17 8 Zoraide 1818 Rodrich 18 9 Anta 1819 Pretender 19 10 Arcade 1819 Pretender 18 11 Persienne 1819 Teheran ox 19 12 Ang-loise 1820 Scrapall xx 17 13 Ultima 1820 Blackamoor xx 17 14 Victory 1820 Blackamoor xx 18 15 Doris 1821 Scrapall xx 17 16 Masora 1822 Eminlik ox 18 17 Olympia 1823 Blackamoor xx 17 18 Collina 1826 Trafalgar 17 19 Alzire 1828 The Cryer xx 17 20 Hipponome 1834 Acarnas 17 21 Jupine 1834 Sterling IV 17 22 Medina 1838 Big Ben xx 17 23 Vecordia 1839 Black Hambleton xx 17 24 Antha 1852 Paragone 17 25 Perina 1861 Promoter 18 26 Injuria 1863 Venerato 17 27 Lava 1863 Grezano 17 28 Herz 1866 Duplicat 17 29 Harmonica 1874 Journey 17 30 Atella 1883 Fliigel 17 In order to fully appreciate the work of Thoroughbreds not attained also in Trakehnen, as regards the living born foals of one dam, I add a list of brood mares, of Half-breds having produced 17 and more living foals. I. Beberbeck. Stud Book, Volume I. 342 brood mares. 1. Lolly 1862 by Hipparch 17 foals. 2. Custozza 1867 bv Thanatos 17 ,, 3. Gurly 1868 by J. Harlequin 18 ,, II. Ostpreussen. Stud Book, Volume IV. 4,060 brood mares. 1. Kunzine 1881 by Mercos No. 4868 ... 17 foals. 2. Granate 1882 by Dativ No. 2763 .... 17 ,, 3. Viva 1883 by Vivat No. 2073 17 ,, Besides these only 11 dams which had 16 foals. 4. Value of the Thorouq-hbred for Other Breeds. 65 ril. Hannover. Stud Book, Volume III. 3,527 brood mares. 1. Godelinde 187-2 bv Goldoni No. 2399 . . 18 foals. 2. Numana 1873 by Nord No. 107 .... 18 ,, The superiority of the EngHsh Thoroughbred over all lialf-breds and draft breeds is perhaps shown still more clearl}^ from its special work at a great age, or under difficult circumstances, as can be seen from the following examples. I have to add that there are numerous cases in which Eraglish Thoroughbred mares 22 to 29 years old have still brought forth living foals. !n the following list onl_y such cases are specially mentioned where the off- spring of these aged mares have shown themselves to be really good horses, either on the racecourse or in the stud. Special Breeding Performances of Old Thoroughbred Mares in England- No. Name and Pedis^ree. Born. Breedinrt Performances. Brown Far well bv Matheless — Brimmer. Sister to Sampson by Greyhound — Cur\^"en Bay Barb Little I^artlev Mare by Bartlett's Childers out of Flying Whigg. Look at Me Lads by Grasshopper — New- ton's Bay Arabian. Spinster by Partner out of Bloody Buttocks. Bay 1710 1723 1727 1731 1735 16 foals, 7 of which were Pedigree Mares in Fam. 4. One born in the 20th year (had 16 foals) ; one in its 21st year (dam of Sweep- stakes) ; one in the 22nd year (dam of Dor- mouse) ; and one in the 25th j-ear (dam of Matchem). 20 foals. In its 26th year Sally, a good racer, 4 to 6 years, and a good Brood Mare (11 foals). 13 foals, of which were : Tortoise, Janus, Blank, Old England, Trimmer, Shakespeare (according to Lawrence sire of Eclipse). In its 24th year Miss Meredith, Foundation Mare in Fam. 15, and in its 25th year, a mare with good progeny. As a 6 year-old, at Newmarket, King's Plates, ran, not placed. Had first foal when 20 years of age. 12 foals, amongst which were : in its 21st year, Lottery by Blank ; at 24 a mare by Ancastor Sterling, Foundation Mare of Fam. 14; at 30, Whisper by Blank, a good racer; at 32, Amazon by Blank, a good rater and brood mare; at 33 its last foal. Won the King's Plates as a 5 and 6 year- old at Newmarket. First foal at 8 3-ears of age; Spinster (Foundation Mare in Fam. 4), 11 foals. At 25, Golden Grove, Foundation Mare of Fam. 4 d. 66 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born, Breeding Performances. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sister to Regulus by Godolphin Arabian out of Grey Robinson. Miss Wilkinson By Regulus out of Miss Layton. Duchess by Whitenose out of 19 year-old Miss Slamerkin. Spiletta by Regulus out of Mother Western. Cypron by Blaze out of Salome. Pratt's Old Mare by Squirt — Mogul. Mare by Rib out of Mother Western. Polly by Black and All Black out of Fanny. Mare (chestnut) by Tartar — Mogul. 1743 1747 1748 1749 1750 1750 1751 1756 1757 Calliope by Sloutch out of Lass of the Mill. 1768 16 foals, of which were : at 23, Grey Mare by Snap, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11 (Bird- catcher); and at 27, Mussulman, a famous racer. Won a race as a 4 year-old. First foal when 8 years old. 10 foals. At 25, Mare by Syphon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 43. Ran 4 — 7 year-old 16 times and won 12 times. First foal at 9 3'ears old. At 23, Pyrrha, Foundation Mare in Fam. 7, which had Beatrice when 20 years old, dam of 17 foals. Not run. First foal at 10 years old. At 23, Garrick (own brother to Eclipse), and at 25, Briseis. Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 16 foals without a break, amongst which was Herod. Not run. 17 foals, amongst which were 12 good racers. At 24 Purity (by the 25 year-old Matchem), dam of Rockingham and 12 other foals. Lived to 27 years old. Fam. 24. Not run. Five grey foals, amongst which, at 24, was the Foundation Mare of Marsyas, Kingston, Archibald, Hermit, etc. Fam. 12. 3 year-old ran once. First foal at 8 years old. 14 foals, amongst which were : King Fergus, at 20; Fanny, Foundation Mare in Fam. 6; and at 25, Cast-off (a good racer). Did not run. First foal at 6 years old. 16 foals, amongst which were : 10 chesnuts by Eclipse; at 21, Mercury; at 23, Volunteer; at 28, Queen Mab, a famous Foundation Mare in Fam. 9, with 16 foals, amongst which were Remembrancer L., and at 20, Remembrance, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9. 4 — 6 year-old ran six times, won twice. First foal at 7 years old. 10 foals, of which were : at 18, Omphale L. ; at 20, Sir John Fal- staff, a good racer ; and at 25, a Mare by Phenomenon, that gave birth to living twins, amongst which a Foundation Mare in Fam. 2 4. Value of the Thoroughbred tor Other Breeds. 67 No. Name and Pedijiree. Born Breeding Performances. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Jo by Spectator — Blank. Mother Brown by Trunnion — Old Eng- land. Cypher by Squirrel out of 23 year- old Mare by Regulus. Termagant by Tantrum out of Canta- trice. Mare by Syphon out of 25 year- old Miss Wilkinson. Calash by Herod out of Teresa. Caha by Herod out of Proser- pine (own sister to Eclipse). Miss Hervey by Eclipse out of Clio. Fanny by Eclipse out of 20 year- old Polly. 1767 1771 1772 1772 1772 1775 1775 1775 1776 Ran as a 3 and 4 year-old four times, won once. First foal at 11 years old. 10 foals. At 20, Patriot, a very fine racer, winning 2 — 8 3'ear-old. 4 — 12 year-old ran 39 races and won 20. As 8 year-old, and in foal, won a race over 4 miles. As a 9 year-old, after foaling, ran again four times and won four times (amongst which was one King's Plates). As a 10 year- old ran six times, winning five times (one King's Plates). As an 11 year-old ran six times, winning twice. As a 12 year-old ran once, not placed. Had 6 foals. At 21, Toby, a good racer, in Ireland; at 25, Jerry Sneak, a splendid racer in Ireland, won as a 13 year- old, and was the sire of many good racehorses ; at 26, Mare by Bagot, grandmother of Nabocklish, Fam. 4. Was about 30 years old when it had last foal. 4 year-old ran once. 12 foals. 3 Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 a. At 24, Alfred by John Bull. First foal at 12 years old (Edmund 2nd in L). 11 foals by 10 different stallions. At 19, Evelina, dam of Orville, Paulowitz, and Cervantes ; at 27, Sparrow Hawk (3rd in L). Did not run. First foal at 10 years old. 16 foals without a break, last foal in its 27th year, Foundation Mare of Fam. 43. 4 year-old ran six times, winning five times. First foal at 8 years old. 11 foals, amongst which as Firstling Paragon L ; at 14, Whiskey ; and at 24, Lady Charlotte, dam of Cwrw 2. 3 year-old ran once. 14 foals. At 23, High- land Fling by Spadille. 3 and 4 year-old ran eight times, won twice. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 22, Haphazard by Sir Peter, and at 23, a Mare by Sir Peter — Foundation Mare of Fam. 35. Not run. First foal at 11 years old. foals, of which was Volante O., Fam. 6. 14 68 Trial of the Thorouq-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. ■2o Mare 1777 3 year-old ran seven times, won once. 18 by Matchem (28 year-old) foals, of which were : Eager D, Fidget, — Syphon. Bustler ; at 24, Professor (ran twice as a 3 year-old) ; at 25, Sinbad (later Rainbow, ran as a 3 and 4 year-old four times, won twice); and at 27, Fan (ran once as a 3 vear-old, and had 8 foals). At 32 last foal. 26 Horatia 1778 3 — 5 year-old ran nine times, won three by Eclipse out of 28 year- times. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals. old Countess. At 19, Archduke D, and at 25, Paris D. 27 Camilla 1778 3 — 6 year-old ran sev^enteen times, won six by Trentham out of times. First foal at 9 3'ears old : Y. Camilla, Coquette. a famous F"oundation Mare in Fam. 11. 12 foals, at25, Jerboa, Foundation Mareof Venison, The Little Wonder D, St. Simon, Ornue, etc. 28 Expectation 1779 5 year-old ran twice. First foal at 8 years by Herod out of 21 year- old. Spinster, Foundation Ma-re in Beberbeck. old ^lare by Skim. 13 foals. At 23, Anticipation, Foundation Mare in Fam. 4 (Executrix, Vanessa, Manganese, Alice Hawthorn, etc.). 29 Faith 1779 Ran and won 3 — 7 year-old, ran as 8 year- by Pacolet out of old, not winning. First foal at 11 years old. Atalanta. 9 foals. At 18, Marcia; at 22, Vesta, Founda- tion Mares in Fam. 2 a ; at 24, Camillus. 30 Luna 1779 Not run. First foal at 8 (?) years old. 14 by Herod out of foals. At 24, Cardinal Puff by Cardinal. Proserpine. 81 Maria 1783 3 and 4 year-old ran eight times, won twice. by Telemachus out of 20 First foal at 8 years old. 10 foals. At 15, year-old A-la-Grecque. Marianne, dam of Octavius D and Caroline O; at 22, Marybella, Foundation Mare in F"am. 23; and at 24, Breslaw, a famous racer. 32 Nimble 1784 2 — 6 year-old ran 36 times, won 19 times. by Florizel out of Ranti- First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals, of which pole. were once twins, Nike O, and at 23, Donna Clara, Foundation Mare for Fam. 32. 33 Pewet L. 1786 .3 — 6 year-old ran thirteen times, won four by Tandem out of Terma- times. First foal at 8 years old. 9 foals. At i^ant (No. 19) 16, Sir Paul; at 18, Pauline L; and at 26, Clinkerina (dam of Humphrey Clinker). 34 Prunella 1788 3 — 6 year-old ran eleven times, won three by Highflyer out of times. First foal at 8 years old. 12 foals, of Promise. which 9 were very fine. At 23, Prudence, Foundation Mare in Fam. 1 a. 4. ^'alue of the Thoroughbred for Olher Breeds. 69 Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. Sister to Silver bv Mercurv — Herod. Evelina by Highflyer out of Ter- magant (19 year-old). Platina O. by Mercury — Herod (own sister to No. 33). Mare bv PotSos out of Editha. Mare by Skyscaper out of Isabel. Mare by Precipitate — Wood- pecker. INIare by Ruler out of Tree- creeper. Y. Lalage by Chocolate out of 21 year-old Lalage, which 4 — 12 year-old won races. IMarcia by Coriander out of Faith (3-7). 1790 1791 1792 1794 1795 1796 1797 1797 1797 Ran and won as a 1 year-old at Newmarket. Was used for many years as a riding and carriage horse, and had only one eye. First foal at 14 years old. 9 foals. At 22, Miss Cantley; at 23, Belvoirina, both Foundation Mares in Fam. 5 b (Marigold). In its 27th year it gave birth to a foal with one eye, and was shot when 28 years old. 3 — 5 year-old ran eight times, won three times. First foal at 7 years old. 12 foals. At 22, Paulowit;^ by Sir Paul. Ran once as a 3 and once as a 4 year-old, O. First foal at o years old. 19 foals. At 25, Adelicia (ran as a 2 year-old and became a good brood mare) ; at 27, Akarius (a very good racer 2 — 4 year-old, won twice as a 2 year-old, was not placed in the St. Leger), and lived to 28 years of age. Not run. First foal at 7 years old. 12 foals, once dead twins. At 24, the grandmother of Neville, Fam. 3 c. Not run. 17 foals. At 25, Wiseacre, a good racer. Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 16 foals. At 25, Monimia, a good racer and Foundation Mare in Fam. 12 a; at 27, The Captain, a good racer. Ran three times as a 3 year-old. First foal at 12 j-ears old, Oiseau by Camillus. 13 foals. At 25, Miss Crachami, a good racer, and Foundation Mare in Fam. 42. Ran four times as a 2 and 3 year-old, won once. 11 foals. At 27, De Vere by Feramorz, a famous racehorse in Ireland. 3 — 9 \'ear-old a splendid racer, ran twenty- eight times, won nineteen times. First foal at 11 years old, 7 foals, amongst which were : Marciana (Foundation Mare in Fam. 2 a, grandmother of Hetman Platoff and Don John L). At 20 had her last foal. 70 Trial of the Thorousfhbred on the Racecourse, etc. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. Rosamond by Buzzard out of Rose- berry. Mandane by PotSos out of Y. Camilla. Parasol by PotSos out of Prun- ella (No. 34) Mare by Delpini out of Tipple Cyder. Thomasina by Timothy out of Violet. Remembrance by Sir Solomon out of 20 year-old Queen Mab. Little Folly by Hi,^-hland Fling out of Harriet. Lisette by Hambletonian out of Constantia. 52 Snowdrop by Highland Fling out of Daisy. 53 Miss W^asp I by Waxy out of Trum- ' petta. 54 Mare by Walton out of 19 year- old Y. Noisette. 1798 1800 1800 1802 1801 1805 1806 1806 1806 1807 1808 3 and 4 year-old a good racer, ran nine times, won three times. First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals. At 22, Barefoot L, and 26, a Mare by Tramp, Foundation Mare in Fam. 5 a. Lived to 31 j^ears of age. Ran six times as a 2 and 3 year-old, won twice. First foal at 4 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were : Mannella O, Altisidora L; at 20, Lottery by Tramp; at 21, Brutan- dorf by Blacklock ; and at 22, a Mare by Whisker, dam of Liverpool. Lived to 26 years of age. Ran and won 3 — 8 year-old, at 8 years in foal, ran four times and won twice. First foal at 9 years old. 12 foals, amongst which were : Partisan, Pindarri 2; at 19, Pastille 2, O; and at 24 her last foal. Not run. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals. At 20, Wildwood, and at 21, Sir Catton, both good racers ; at 23, The Colonel L, and at 24, The Captain, a famous racer. A very good racer 2 — 5 year-old. First foal at 8 years old. 16 foals without a break. A very good racer 3 — 5 year-old. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 26, Oblivion, dam of Springy Jack and grand-dam of Daniel O'Rourke D, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9. Ran three times as a 3 year-old, won once. First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Folly, Foundation Mare in Fam. 5 (Miami, Rosicrucian, etc.). A good racer 3 and 4 year-old. First foal at 7 years old. 14 foals. At 24, Clearwell 2. A good racer 2 — 4 year-old. First foal at 7 years old. 11 foals. At 22, Galantine 1. Won as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 j-ears old. At 21, Y. Muley, and at 23, Vespa O. j Not run. First foal at 10 year-old. 11 foals. I At 23, Black Agnes, Foundation Mare in Fam. I 28. 4. Value of the Thoroui?hbred for OLher Breeds. 71 No. Name and Pedisjree. Born Breeding Performances. ]\Ianuella O. by Dick Andrews out of iNIandane (No. 45). 1809 Lady of the Lake 1809 by Sorcerer out of 20 year-old Mare by Salt- ram . Bella 1811 by Beningbrough out of Peterea. Wire (sister to Whale- bone) by Waxy out of Penelope. Mare b}' Orville out of Miss Grimstone. Sister to Cordurov by Shuttle out of 18 year- old Lady Sarah. Octaviana bv Octavian — Shuttle. 62 Silvertail bv Y. Gohanna — Orville. Mare by Comus — Delpini. Lacerta by Zodiac out of Jerboa. 1811 1812 1812 1815 1815 1816 1816 3 — 5 3'ear-old ran thirteen times, won three times. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals with- out a break, amongst which were : Memnon L, Belzoni, Margelina (had 19 foals); at 20, Nitocris, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11 (Fisher- man, Strathcona, etc.); at 21 and 22, two good racers, Belshazzar and Belluno. 3 — 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 6 3'ears old. 17 foals. At 22, Ophelia, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 43, and last foal at 27 years old. Ran twice as a 63'ear-old, won once. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Bellona, Foundation Mare of the Fam. 44; at 25, last foal, ran in race. 3 and 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 8 years old. 17 foals. At 22, Verulam ; at 26, her last foal. Lived to 28 years of age. Not run. 14 foals, amongst which were : Tranby by Blacklock ; at 22, Miss Bowe, and at 25, a Mare by Priam or Zinganee, the two chief Foundation Mares in Fam. 21. Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 20 foals, the first 19 without a break, at 24, the last foal by Waverley (ran as a 2 year-old, had 11 foals, and became Foundation Mare in Fam. 5), and lived to 26 years old. 2 and 3 year-old a good racer. First foal at 5 years old. 15 foals. At 22, Crucifix O. 2. 1, dam of Surplice D. L. 3 — 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals. At 24, Bonney Bonnet, Foundation Mare in Fam. 2d. Not run. First foal at 14 years old. 8 foals. At 22, Miss Lydia, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9; at 24, Nutwith L. 3 — 4 year-old moderate racer, then was used as a riding- horse. First foal at 10 years old. 15 foals. At 21, Little Wonder D, and at 25, Little Fairy, grand-dam of St. Angela, St. -Simon's dam, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11. 70. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 65 Mare (Velocipede's 1817 Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 18 foals, dam) of which 7 were Foundation Mares in Fam. by Juniper — Sorcerer. 3 c. At 24, Merope, grand-dam of Galopin D, Moslem 2, and Knight of the Crescent. 66 Electress 1819 2 — 4 year-old a good racer, once slipped twins. by Election — Stamford. First foal at 9 years old. 11 foals. At 16, Vauban ; at 19, Miss Twickenham (dam of Teddington) ; at 20, Mare by Sir Hercules (Foundation Mare in Fam. 2 and had 20 foals); at 22, Splitvote (grand-dam of St. Albans L, Savernake and Gang- Forward 2) ; last foal at 24 years old. 67 Mare 1819 2 and 3 year-old ran twice, was second in O. by Rubens out of Tippity- First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst wichet. which were : Phosphorous D, May Day 1 ; at 20, Firebrand I; and at 23, Ratafia, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 27. 68 Guiccioli 1823 2 — 6 year-old a very good racer. Ran as a by Bob Booty out of 6 year-old, after foaling and again in foal (pro- Flight. duced a healthy foal), six times, won twice, in the King's Plates, over 4 miles with heats, in September, in Curragh (6 starters), and in Northumberland Handicap in October, at Curragh (11 starters, amongst which were such good horses as Skylark, a 3 year-old, and Napoleon, a Sj^ear-old). First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were : Bird- catcher and Faugh-a-Ballagh ; at 21, living twins, one of which was Gramticliree, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 11; and at 24, St. John (later Carlo w), a good racer 2 — 7 year-old. 69 Mare 1824 Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 17 foals by Cervantes — Camillus. without a break. Foundation Mare in Fam. 1. 70 Clari 1824 Not run. First foal at o years old : Clara, by Smolensko — 2 — 5 year-old a good racer, and Foundation Precipitate. Mare in Fam. 0 a. The next 7 foals w^ere used in Ireland as riding horses. 13 — IS she w'as a riding horse, and afterwards, 19 — 27, she had 7 more foals, the greater part of which were good racers. Altogether she had lo foals, and lived to 29 years of age. 71 Greenmantle O. 1826 2 — 4 year-old a very good racer. First foal by Sultan out of Dulcinea. at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Kernel, Foundation Mare in Fam. 6 a. 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 73 No. Name and Pedigree. iBorn. Breeding Performances. Catherina 1^30 bv Whisker out of Alecto. ; Black Agnes by Velocipede out of 23 year-old Mare by Walton. Burletta bv Actaon out of Comedv, Bee's Wing bv Dr. Svntax — Ardrossan, Miss Bowe by Catton out of a 22 year-old Mare by Orville. Garland by Langar out of Cast- steel. Red Pape by Rowton out of Pigmy. Pocahontas by Glencoe out of Mar- pessa. 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1835 1837 A splendid racer, ran 2 — 11 A'ear-old 176 times and won 81 times, 12 times as an 11 year- old. First foal at 16 years old. 9 foals, of which 6 were good racers (Sweetheart, winner in July Stakes, and Phaeton, winner in the Criterion Stakes). At 22, Y. Catherina (Xagara), Foundation Mare in Fam. 6a; at 27, last foal, which ran a race as a .3 year-old. Ran once as a 3 year-old. First foal at 17 years old. 7 foals, amongst which was, as a firstling, Agnes by Pantaloon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 28, and dam of the four off- springs of King Tom : Oueen-of-the-\'ale, King-of-the-Vale, Dalesman, and Evelina. 2 — 8 year-old a very good racer. First foal as a 10 year-old. 14 foals without a break, amongst which were two good Foundation Mares in Fam. 23 (of which one was a first- ling). 2 — 9 year-old a splendid racer, ran 64 times, won 51 times. First foal at 11 years old. 8 foals, amongst which were : Nunnykirk 2, Newminster L, and three splendid Foundation Mares in Fam. 8. Ran nine times as a 3 and 4 year-old, won 65 times. 16 foals, amongst which were : Iris O, Longbow, De Clare, Bowstring, and at 23, Tom iSowline. 3 — 6 year-old ran 24 times, won 6 times. 12 foals. At 24, Vertumna, Foundation Mare in Fam. 19, grand-dam of Moorhen, Galli- nule's dam. Not run. Covered at 3 years old. 16 foals without a break. Nothing known after. 2 — 5 year-old ran nine times without win- ning, Criter., O., Gcp., Cs., Cm., not placed. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals, amongst which were : Stockwell L, 2, Rata- plan Dcp., King Tom, The Knight of Kars, Ayacanora ; at 21, Knight-of-St. -Patrick ; at 24, Auricula (dam of Nuneham and Blanford); at 25, Araucaria (dam of Wellingtonia, Camelia 1 O., Chamont 2, and Rayon d'Or L, Cd.). Lived to 33 years of age. 74 Trial of the Thoroug'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. Lapwing by Bustard — Muley. Alice Hawthorn by Muley Moloch out of Rebecca. 1837 1838 Mare by Beirani out of Addy, Florence by Velocipede out of Mar- garette. Revival by Pantaloon out of Linda. Boarding-School-Miss by Plenipotentiary out of Marpessa. Physalis by Bay Middleton out of Baleine. Mare by Little Red Rover out of Eclat. Jocose by Pantaloon out of Banter. Queen Mary (Firstling) j 1843 by Gladiator out of a 3 year-old Mare by Pleni- potentiar3\ 1838 1839 1&39 1841 1841 1841 1843 Not run. Covered at 2 years old, had first 10 foals without a break. Altogether 17 foals, the last in her 29th year : Sir Niel. 3 — 7 year-old a splendid racer, ran 71 times and won 501 times, which included 17 King's Plates, Gcp and Dcp twice. First foal at 11 years old, and had 7 foals without a break. Afterwards she slipped and had 3 more foals, that is, 10 foals altogether, 3 splendid Foundation Mares in Fam. 4 c, of which were Terrona (grand-dam of Queen Esther, which had 22 foals) ; afterwards, after she had slipped, at 19, Thormanby D, and also Lord Fauconberg, Oulston and Findon. Not run. First foal at 13 3'ears old. 12 foals, amongst which was Christabelle, grand- dam of Aspirant. Lived to 27 years of age. 2 — 3 year-old ran ten times, won three times. First foal at 5 years old. 20 foals without a break. Not run. Covered at 2 years old. 8 foals without a break. Altogether 16 foals, in spite of having made a journey to France and back. A good racer 3 to 5 year-old, ran 22 times, won 6 times. First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals without a break, amongst which were 6 Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 b, then killed. 2 — 5 year-old ran 22 times, won 6 times. First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals. At 23, Legacy, Foundation Mare in Fam. 8 a. Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals, amongst which were : Buccaneer; at 22, Lady Audley (Touchet's dam), and at 24, Stars-and-Stripes, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14. Ran four times as a 43'ear-old, won twice. First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst which were : Macaroni 2 D, Dcp., and at 24, Flippant, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14. Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 19 foals (and one dead foal), amongst which were : Blink Bonny D.O., at 21, Blinkhoolie, and at 27, Bonnie Doon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 10. Lived to 29 j'ears of age. 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 75 98 Name and Pedigree. Born. Ferina by Venison out of Partiality. J\Iaid of Masham by Don John out of Miss Lvdia. Haricot (Firstling) by jNIango or Lanercost out of the 4 year-old Queen Marv. Mare By Birdcatcher — Hetman Platoff. Catharina Haves O. by Lanercost out of Coa- stance. Gertrude 1850 bv Hautboy out of Middle. 1844 1845 1847 1850 1850 Noisette bv Nutwith out of Mar- Aliss Agones by Birdcatcher out of Agnes. Torment bv Alarm — Glencoe. 1850 1850 1850 Breeding Performances. Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 16 foals. At 22, Pretender 2 D. 3 — 6 \'ear-old a very good racer. First foal at 8 years old. 14 foals. At 21, Faraway; at 22, Lady Masham, both Foundation Mares in Fam. 9, the latter also dam of the two own brothers, Peter Hrd. and Timothy /Vcp. 3 — 7 year-old a very good racer. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were : Caller Ou L; at 21, Lady Langden (dam of Sir Bevys D and Hampton Gcp. Dcp.) ; at 24, Mare by Kettledrum, Foundation Mare in Fam. 10; at 25, Lentil (ran four times as a 2 year-old). Not run. 10 foals, amongst which was Solon. At 22, Xenophon. 2 — 4 year-old a splendid racer. First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals. At 22, Marquise de Caux, Foundation Mare in Fam. 22; last foal at 25. Lived to 27 years of age. Not run. First foal at 9 years old. 12 foals, amongst which were two Foundation Mares in Fam. 3. At 22, Carnation ; last foal at 25, Reflex (ran as a 2 and 3 year-old, won once). 2 — 9 year-old ran 91 times, won 17 times. Won once as an 8 year-old. As a 9 year-old, in foal, ran four times without winning. First foal at 10 years old. 9 foals, amongst which was Acceptance, Foundation ALare in Fam. 2. Last foal at 21. Ran 2 — 4 year-old, won once. First foal at 6 years old. 16 foals, amongst which were six prominent Foundation Mares. At 23, Agnes Sorel, Foundation Mare in Fam. 16. Lived to 27 years of age. As a 2 and 3 year-old a very good racer. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, including living twins, B Flat and F Sharp, 7 Founda- tion Mares in Fam. 10, Tormentor O, and at 22, Peine de Coeur (dam of Despair and Caris- sima). 76 Trial of the Thorou£rlibred on the Racecourse, etc. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. Blue Bell b}' Heron — Zimmerman. Nelly Hill by Springy Jack out of Anne Page. Katherine Logie by Flying Dutchman out of Phryne. Christabelle by Fernhill — Beiram. Bathilde Cm. by Stockwell out of Babette. Anonyma by Stockwell out of Miss Sarah. Lady Sefton by West-Australian out of Clarissa. Palmflower by The Palmer out of Jenny Driver (had 20 foals). 1851 1851 1853 1854 1858 1859 1861 1874 Xot run. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals. 3 Foundation Mares in Fam. 25. At 25, Aura (dam of Orcan). Lived to 34 years of age. Ran 2 — 4 year-old and won as a 3 year-old four times. First foal at 6 years old. 14 foals. At 23, Jessie, Foundation Mare in Fam. 17. Ran 3 — 6 year-old 61 times and won 11 times. First foal at 8 years old. 18 foals, among which were : Bothwell 2, King o' Scots, and at 23, Pompeja, Foundation Mare in Fam. 3. Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 17 foals, amongst which were three Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 c. At 23, Sorcery (dam of Aspirant OD. and See Me OO). Ran 2 — 6 year-old 24 times, won 5 times. First foal at 8 }'ears old. 14 foals. At 20, Lowland Chief, and at 24, Queen Bathilde, Foundation Mare in Fam. 23. Ran 2 — 5 year-old 14 times, won 4 times. First foal at 7 years old. 15 foals, amongst which were four Foundation Mares in Fam. 21. At 23, Lonely O, and at 24, Hawkstone. Ran once as a 2 and once as a 3 year-old. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, amongst which were : Sefton D, two Foundation Mares in Fam. 25, and at 24, Quid Pro Quo by Isonomy. Ran 2 — 4 year-old 13 times, and won 4 times as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals without a break, amongst which were : Fl Dorado, St. Florian, three Foundation Mares in Fam. 20; at 22, Musa O, and at 23, Palmaro (ran and won as a 2 and 3 jxar-old). Spec ial Breeding Performances of Old Thoroughbred Mares from abroad. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. Vittoria by Milton out of Geane, Meudon Stud in France, owned by L. Napoleon. 1823 i First foal at 7 years old. 18 foals, amongst which were : Nautilus Cd. three times, and j Romulus F.D., at 23, Vergogne F.O., at 25, I last foal. 4. Value of the Thorouphbred for Other Breeds. 77 No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 2 Miss Furev 1824 At 25, Donna Sol (dam of Neg-resse), Fam. by Whalebone — Sooth- 18. sayer. 3 Maid of Honor 1829 At 22, Kohinoor U., at 23, Darinoor, Fam. by Champion out of 14. Etiquette. -t ■Mermaid by Whalebone out of Miss Emma. 1829 At 23, Seahorse Hr., Fam. 12. 5 Ivory 1832 At 29, Collingwood H. U. bv Humphrey Clinker out of Ildegarda. 6 Jessy by Emancipation out of Eliza. 1835 At 24, Belle Etoile, Fam. 25. 7 Alice Carneal 183G 12 foals, amongst which were Lexington ; by Sarpedon out of at 21, I'mpire, and at 23, Annette. Fam. 12 a. Rowena. 8 Dolphin 1836 At 20, Shark Hn., and at 22, Chingachgook. by Priam out of Mermaid. Fam. 12. 9 Victoria 1840 At 22, Vera Crux, and at 23, Victorieuse by Elizondo — Saracen. F.O. Fam. 1 c. 10 Bathilde 1842 At 24, Orpheline (dam of Fra Diavolo, F.L.). b}'' Y. Emilius out of Fam. 5 a. Odine. 11 Ennui 1843 14 foals, amongst which were Saunterer and by Bay Middleton out of Loiterer; at 24, Constance. Fam. 11. Blue Devils. 12 Belle de Xuit 1844 At 23, Good-Night (dam of Pourquoi GL). by Y. Emilius out of Fam. 5 a. Odine. 13 Officious 1847 At 21, Dami B.B., at 22, H. Mastro B.B. by Pantaloon out of Fam. 8 a. Baleine. 14 Sunrise by Emilius out of Sunset. 1848 At 23, Succes. Fam. 3. 15 Partlet by Birdcatcher out of Gipsy. 1849 At 25, Patriarche. Fam. 19. 16 Vermeille 1853 13 foals, amongst which were : Vermouth by The Baron out of Fair G.P., B.B., and Vertugadin GL, B.B., at 24, Helm. Extra (dam of Excuse Cd.). Lived to 29 years of age. Fam. 3 b. 78 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 17 Thrift 1865 Covered 3 years old. 17 foals and once by Stockwell out of twins; at 24, Avoir. Fam. 10. Braxey. IS Clotho RO. 1866 At 20, Cleodore Prd., at 25, Cloture. Fam. by Bois Roussel out of 8 a. Lady Clocklo. The Thoroughbred also seems to have the superiority over the Half-bred as regards longevity, as can be seen from the three following lists. Of the Half-breds known to me, the Royal Country Stallions in Celle have reached by far the greatest age, but even these are inferior to the Thorough- bred regarding their maximum performances, etc., as the last of the three tables followino- shows. Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in England which have attained the age of '25 years and more. Age No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 1 The Lister Turk abt. 1680 abt. 32 2 Jigg" abt. 1702 Byerl}' Turk abt. 28 3 Bay Bolton 1705 Grey Hautboy 31 4 The Belgrade Turk abt. 1710 abt. 30 5 Flying Childers 1715 Darley Arabian 26 6 Partner 1718 Jig-g: 29 7 Crab 1722 Alcock's Arabian 28 8 The Godolphin Arabian 1724 29 9 Monkey 1725 Lonsdale Bay Arabian 29 A. 10 The Bolton Starling 1727 Bay Bolton 29 11 Young Cartouch 1731 Cartouch 28 12 Sedbury 1734 Partner 25 13 The Ancaster Starling 1738 Starling 26 14 Regulus 1739 Godolphin Arabian 26 15 Blank 1740 Godolphin Arabian 29 16 Jolly Roger 1741 Roundhead 31 A. 17 Sampson 1745 Blaze 32 18 Janus 1746 Janus 34 A. 19 Matchem 1748 Cade 33 20 Marsl* 1750 Squirt 29 21 Snap 1750 Snip 27 22 Syphon 1750 Squirt least 25 23 The Godolphin Colt 1754 Godolphin Arabian 27 24 Matchless 1754 Godolphin Arabian abt. 32 A. 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 79 Age No. Names of StalUons. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 25 Squirrel 1754 Traveller 26 26 Engineer 1756 Sampson 26 27 Centinel 1758 Blank 26 A. 28 Jalap 1758 Regulus 29 29 Bay Malton 1760 Sampson 26 30 Tantrum 1760 Cripple least 26 31 Coriolanus 1762 Whistlejacket least 29 32 Morwick Ball 1762 Regulus 25 33 Pilgrim 1762 Sampson 26 34 Chrj-solite 1763 Blank 25 35 Pacolet 1763 Blank 25 36 Ranthos 1763 Matchem 31 37 Eclipse 1764 Marske 25 38 Goldfinder 1764 Snap 25 39 Phlegon 1765 Matchem 25 40 Trentham 1766 Sweepstakes abt. 26 41 Faggergill 1766 Snap 25 42 Paymaster 1766 Blank 25 43 Solon 1766 Sampson 27 44 Shark 1771 Marske 25 A. 45 Young Marske 1771 Marske 29 46 PotSos 1773 Eclipse 27 47 Woodpecker 1773 Herod 25 48 Jupiter 1774 Eclipse 28 49 King Fergus 1775 Eclipse 26 50 Weasel 1776 Herod 25 51 Diomed 1777 Florizel 31 A. 52 Drone 1777 Herod 29 A. 53 Ruler 1777 Y. Marske 30 54 Dungannon 1780 Eclipse 28 55 Messenger 1780 Mambrino 28 A. 56 Delpini 1781 Highflyer 27 57 Alexander 1782 Eclipse 29 58 Trumpator 1782 Conductor 26 59 Driver 1783 Trentham 28 60 Meteor 1783 Eclipse 28 61 Windlestone 1783 Magnet 29 62 Sir Peter 1784 Highflyer 27 63 Star 1785 Highflyer 26 A. 64 Traveller 1785 Highflyer 28 65 Competitor 1786 Eclipse 30 66 Cocker 1786 Trentham 26 67 Grog 1786 Tandem 27 68 Star 1786 Highflyer 25 A. 69 Dragon 1787 Woodpecker 25 A. 80 Trial of the Thorousrhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. Age reached. Years. 70 71 Gohanna Wax3' 1790 1790 Mercury PotSos 25 28 72 Parrot (ran 2 — 5 years 28 times and won 9 times) 1791 Dungannon 36 D. 73 74 Diamond Hambletonian 1792 1792 Highflyer King Fergus 27 F. 26 75 King Bladud 1792 Fortunio 27 76 Stamford 1794 Sir Peter 26 77 Whip 1794 Saltram 31 A. 78 79 Bobtail Eagle 1795 1796 Precipitate Volunteer 27 30 A. 80 81 Sorcerer Quiz 1796 1798 Trumpator Buzzard 25 28 82 Orlando 1799 Whiskey 25 83 Orville 1799 Beningbrough 27 84 Walton 1799 Sir Peter 26 85 86 Remembrancer Sir Oliver 1800 1800 Pipator Sir Peter 29 29 87 Castrel 1801 Buzzard 26 88 89 90 91 Sir David Sir Walter Raleigh Grimaldi Fvldener 1801 1801 1802 1803 Trumpator Waxy Delpini Sir Peter 27 R. 30 28 26 92 93 94 Holl3'hock Waxy Pope Ad Libitum 1804 1806 1807 Master Bagot Waxy Whiskey 25 25 30 F. 95 Bluster 1808 Orlando 26 A. 96 Grimalkin 1808 Chance 26 D, 97 Hamlet 1808 Hambletonian 27 F. 98 Phantom 1808 Walton 26 D. 99 Rainbow 1808 Walton ' 26 F. 100 Comus 1809 Sorcerer 28 101 Muley 1810 Orville 27 102 Tramp 1810 Dick Andrews 25 103 Bijou 1811 Orville 25 F. 104 Dr. Syntax 1811 Paynator 27 105 Captain Candid 1813 Cerberus 25 F. 106 Elector 1813 Election 25 D. 107 108 The Cryer Gaudy 1814 1814 Sorcerer Peruvian 28 D. 27 D. 109 Talma 1814 Sorcerer 28 K. 110 Allegi'o 1815 Orville 29 R. 111 Oracle 1815 Sorcerer 27 D. 112 113 Spectre Dr Eady 1815 1816 Phantom Rubens 26 F. 26 4. \'alue of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 81 No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. Age reached. Years. 114 Tandem 1816 Rubens 25 F. 115 Cavalier 1817 Lambton 27 D. 116 Parchement or Tring 1817 Thunderbolt 25 F. 117 St. Patrick 1817 Walton 26 118 Trance 1817 Phantom 29 F. 119 Minister 1818 Prime Minister 26 F. 120 Belmout 1819 Thunderbolt 29 F. 121 Marcellus 1819 Selim 25 F. 122 Abrou 1820 Whisker 25 F. 128 Emilius 1820 Orville 27 124 General Mina 1820 Camillus 26 F. 125 Lottery 1820 Tramp 25 F. 126 Middleton 1822 Phantom 25 R. 12V Sir Geoffrey Peveril 1823 Whalebone 25 D. 128 Royal Oak 1823 Catton 26 P. 129 Mameluke 1824 Partisan 25 F. 130 Pantaloon 1824 Castrel 26 131 Terror 1825 Magistrate 25 F. 132 Velocipede 1825 Blacklock 25 133 Aaron 1826 Moses 26 AU. 134 Lawnsleeves 1826 Dr. Syntax 25 R. 135 Sir Hercules 1826 Whalebone 29 136 Birmingham 1827 Filho da Puta 27 R. 137 Giovanni 1828 Filho da Puta 26 1.38 Minster 1829 Catton 26 F. 139 Trustee 1829 Catton 27 A. 140 Emigrant 1831 Tramp 25 AU. 141 General Chasse 1831 Actaeon 25 R. 142 Glencoe 18:31 Sultan 26 A. 143 Touchstone l&^l Camel 30 144 Safeguard 18:32 Defence 26 145 Sheet Anchor 1832 Lottery 31 D. 146 Birdcatcher 18:33 Sir Hercules 27 147 Langford 183:3 Sir Hercules 25 D. 148 Slane 18a3 Royal Oak 25 149 Y. Confederate 18:34 Confederate 25 D. 150 Harkaway 18.34 Economist 25 151 Melbourne 1834 Humphrey Clinker 25 152 Mickle Fell 1834 Catton 28 D. 153 Yorkshire 1834 St. Nicolas 25 A. 154 Sportsman 1835 Flexible 25 D. 1.55 Bloomsbury 1836 Mulatto 25 D. 156 Oroonocko 1836 Camel 26 D. 157 Polydorus 1836 Priam 25 D. 158 Sampson 1836 Cetus 25 D. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. ,_ Age No. Names'of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 159 i c hovereign 1836 Emilius 26 A. 160 St. Swithin 1837 Velocipede or St. Nicholas 27 D. 161 Alonzo 1837 Alpheus 28 162 Satirist 1838 Pantaloon 26 D. 163 Consternation 1841 Confederate 25 A. 164 The Cure 1841 Physician 25 165 Orlando 1841 Touchstone 27 166 Weatherbit 1842 Sheet Anchor 26 167 King of Naples 1844 Slane 28 B. 168 Springy Jack 1845 Hetman Platoff 25 D. 169 Surplice 1845 Touchstone 26 170 Voltigeur 1847 Voltaire 27 171 Harpsichord 1848 Touchstone 26 D. 172 Stilton 1849 Cotherstone 26 D. 173 Captain Cornish 1850 J ago 25 D. 174 Sittingbourne 1850 Chatham 27 D. 175 Arthur Wellesley 1851 Melbourne 25 176 Epaminondas 1851 Epirus 25 D. 177 King Tom 1851 Harkaway 27 178 Marsyas 1851 Orlando 25 179 Professor Airey 1852 Mathematician 27 180 Bonnie Scotland 1853 Jago 27 A. 181 Cotswold 1853 Newcourt 26 o. 182 Forbidden Fruit 1853 Birdcatcher 29 o. 183 Kentucky 1853 Mickey Free 31 D. 184 Leamington , 1853 Faugh-a-Ballagh 25 A. 185 Amsterdam 1854 The Flying Dutchman 25 186 The Attorney General 18.54 Melbourne 26 D. 187 Gunboat 1854 Sir Hercules 29 188 Wardermarske 1854 Birdcatcher 26 D. 189 Kelpie 1855 Weatherbit 27 AU. 190 Flash in the Pan ia56 Pontifex 25 191 Gaspard 1856 Daniel O'Rourke 26 D. 192 The Speaker 1856 Filbert 25 193 Athos 1857 Prime Minister 25 AU. 194 Buccaneer 18.57 Wild Dayrell 30 o. 195 Mainstone 1857 King Tom 28 196 Thunderbolt 1857 Stockvvell 31 197 Carbineer 18.58 Rifleman 25 198 Don John 1858 Wild Dayrell 25 199 Kettledrum 1858 Rataplan 27 o 200 Drummer Boy 1859 Rataplan 28 D. 201 The Marquis 1859 Stockweil 27 AU. 202 Victor 1859 Vindex 27 203 Conrad 1860 Kingston 25 AU. 204 Grimston 1860 Stockweil 26 D. 205 Macaroni 1860 Sweetmeat 27 4. \'alue of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 8'] Age No. Names of StalHons. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 206 Afail Train 1861 Grosvenor 27 AU. 207 The Dart 1863 Lord Fauconberg 25 208 Lecturer 1863 Colsterdale 25 209 \'espasian 1863 Newminster 27 AU. 210 Xi 1803 General Williams 26 D. 211 Friponnier 1864 Chevalier d'Industrie 25 D. 212 Hermit* 1864 Newminster 26 218 Pathfinder 1864 Thormanby 29 p. 214 Tibthorpe 1864 Voltig"eur 26 215 Tynedale 1864 Warlock 26 216 Bold Dayrell 1865 Wild Dayrell 26 217 Rosicrucian 1865 Beadsman 26 218 Tregeagle 1865 Wild Dayrell 26 AU. 219 The Drummer 1866 Rataplan 26 AU. 220 Dutch Skater • 1866 The Flying Dutchman 25 221 Goldfinsch 1866 Audubon 26 •?;>;:>, The Bobby 1867 Loiterer 26 223 King- Cole 1867 King Tom 26 AU. 224 Lord Glasgow 1867 Rapid Rhone 25 t). 225 Syrian 1867 Mentmore 26 226 Grandmaster 1868 Gladiateur 31 AU. 227 Rapture 1869 Dioplantus 25 A. 228 Anteros 1870 Loiterer 25 AU. 229 Gang Forward 1870 Stockwell 28 AU. 230 .\scetic 1871 Hermit 26 231 Controversy 1871 Lambton or The Miner 25 232 George Frederick 1871 Marsyas 25 A. 233 Friar Tuck 1872 Hermit 27 A. 234 Galopin 1872 Vedette 27 235 Hampton 1872 Lord Clifden 25 236 The Muleteer 1873 Mogador 26 237 Spendthrift 1873 Blair Athol 27 238 Springfield 1873 St. Albans 25 239 Umpire 1873 Tom King- 26 240 Midlothian 1874 Rataplan or Strathcona 28 A. 241 Beauclerc 1875 Rosicrucian 25 242 Thurio 1875 Tibthorpe or Cremorne 27 243 Charaxus 1876 Distin 26 A 244 Bend Or 1877 Doncaster 26 245 Prestonpans 1877 Prince Charlie 27 A. 246 Leamington 1878 Faugh-a-Ballagh 25 A, 247 Despair 1879 See Saw 25 248 St. Simon 1881 Galopin 27 249 Kendal 1883 Bend 'Or 25 A. A=Died in America. D=Died in Sermany. F = Died in Franc e. 0 = Died in Austria. R = Died in Russia. AU = Died in Aus ralia. *In General Stud Book, Vol. XVII., page 938, the age of Hermit is wrongly given as 29 years. 84 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in America which have attained the age of 25 years and more. 1. Celler 1776 by Janus was -28 years old. 2. Jolly Friar 1783 by Janus ,, 25 ,, Q. Old Friendship 1783 by Apollo ,,33 ,, 4. Centinel 1800 by Diomed ,, 25 ,, ,, 5. Peacemaker 1800 by Diomed ,, 27 ,, ,, 6. Sir Archy 1805 by Diomed ,,28 ,, 7. Eclipse 1814 by Duroc ,,33 8. Manalopan 1828 by Johnson's Medley ,, 25 ,, ,, 9. Wagner 1834 by Sir Charles ,, 28 ,, ,, 10. Grey Eagle 1835 by Woodpecker ,, 28 ,, ,, 11. Y. Langford 1840 by Langford ,,35 12. Revenue 1843 by Trustee ,, 25 ,, 13. Star Davis 1849'by Glencoe ,,27 14. Lexington 1850 by Boston ,, 25 ,, ,, 15. Wild Irishman 1850 by Glencoe ,, 26 ,, ,, 16. Brown Dick 1851 by Margrave ,, 28 ,, 17. Rifleman 1855 by Glencoe ,, 28 ,, ,. 18. Asteroid 1861 by Lexington ,, 25 ,, ,, 19. Norfolk 1861 by Lexington ,,29 20. Ansel 1862 by Lexington ,,29 ,, 21. Baltimore 1862 by Revenue ,,26 ,, 22. Morris 1863 by Lexington ,, 26 23. Pat Malloy 1865 by Lexington ,, 25 24. Vauxhall 1865 by Lexington ,,25 ,, 25. Exchange 1866 bv Endorser ,, 25 ,, ,, 26. Glenelg 1866 by "Citadel ,, 31 ,, ,, 27. Enquirer 1867 by Leamington ,, 28 ,, ,. 28. Longfellow 1867 by Leamington ,, 26 ,, ,, 29. Lyttleton 1867 bv Leamington ,, 26 30. Regent 1867 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 31. Bigaroon 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 32. Eolos 1868 by Leamington ,, 29 ,, ,. 33. Nathan Oaks i868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 26 ,, , 34. Spindrift 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 35. Joe Daniels 1869 by Australian ,, 27 36. Springbok 1870 by Australian ,, 27 ,, ,, 37. Grinstead 1871 by ,Gilroy ,, 25 ,, ,, 38. Big Sandy 1872 by Australian ,,25 39. Fiddlesticks 1874 by Lexington ,, 26 ,, 40. Himyar 1875 by Alarm ,,30 ,, 41. Falsetto 1876 by Enquirer ,, 28 ,, 4. Value of the Thoroug-hbred for Other Breeds. 85 42. The Jacobite 187G by Prince Cliarlie was 29 years old. 43. Irish King 1876 by Lonofellow ,, 25 ,, 44. Foxhall 1878 by King Alfonso ,, 26 ,, 45. Onondaga 1879 by Leamington ,, 25 ,, ,, Register of the Royal Country Stallions in Celle which attained the age of 25 years and more. No. Name of Stallion Born. Sire. Age reached. Years. 1 Prevenant 1788 unknown 27 2 Unique 1798 Unique 26 3 Y. Ambush 1811 Ambush II. 29 -t Faustinus 1815 Kitzlichen 31 5 Torador 1817 Grossvenor xx 26 6 Nil 1820 Gim 32 7 Tancred II. 1821 Herodot xx 26 8 Diomed 1822 Stallion in Ivenack 25 9 Bundler 1824 Coriander xx 26 10 Dorado 1824 Aly 28 11 Gomul 1824 Antonius 27 12 Whisker 1824 Gilfi, Araber 27 13 14 Brigadier Gallas 1825 1825 Romano Gallas 26 26 15 Goblet 1825 Y. Bobtail 25 16 17 Hotspur Paroli 1825 1825 Oberon Y. Sebastian 27 29 18 Malcolm 1826 Ambaldo xx 27 19 20 Trajan Abelard 1826 1827 Anthrax Ambaldo xx 27 25 21 Britannicus 1827 Adrast xx 25 22 23 Bucephalus Helote 1827 1827 Ambaldo xx Robin Hood xx 25 28 24 Phonix 1827 Robin Hood xx 30 25 Mambrino II. 1828 Rubello 26 26 Radical 1828 Y. Sebastian 25 27 Beiram 1829 Hercules 28 28 Mameluck 1829 Anthrax 26 29 Montrose 1830 Hanibal 26 30 Robuste 1831 Mori SCO XX 25 31 Claret 183:3 Cavalier xx 28 32 Fiesco I. 1833 Ivanhoe 25 33 Muff 1834 Brutandorf xx 26 34 Musquito 1834 Babram xx 26 35 Negociator 1834 Cavalier xx 25 .36 Hector II. 1835 Tancred 27 87 Heron 1835 Cavalier w 25 SG Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No Name of StaUion Born. Sire. Age reached. Years. 38 Hermes LS3S unknown 26 39 Mercur 1838 unknown 25 40 j Cabrera 1839 Gomez xx 25 41 ' Client 1839 Protector 26 42 1 Farmer 1839 Mori SCO 24 43 Rai;'azzo 1839 Gustavus XX 26 44 Standard 1839 Cavalier xx 25 45 Walter Scott 1839 Sir Walter 26 46 Dromedar 1840 Crown Prince 27 47 Magnet 1840 Grey Orville 25 48 Alliwal 1842 unknown 28 49 Ajax 1843 Crab XX 27 50 Norfolk 1843 Y. Seymour 28 51 Cardinal 1844 Neptun 26 52 Ebor 1844 unknown 26 53 I wan 1844 Demetrius xx 26 54 Ninus 1844 Belus XX 28 55 Palafox 1845 Palafox 26 56 The Smuggler 1845 Black Shales 26 57 Zernebog 1845 Jupiter XX 26 58 Telegraph 1848 Apropos 26 59 Totness 1848 unknown 25 60 Ulysses II. 1848 Neptun 27 61 Baucher 1849 Cardinal 26 62 Champion 1849 Coachman 27 63 Martaban 1850 Sampson xx 26 64 Blue Bird 1851 Phonix 29 65 Cregane 1852 Old Cregane 28 66 Nathan 1851 Y. Gameboy 25 67 Alhambra 1855 Sebras 27 68 Harry 1856 Beiram 26 69 Jason 1857 Sheridan xx 28 70 Martell 1858 Gladiator 25 71 Flick 1861 Zernebog 26 72 Zampa 1861 Predictor 25 73 Watson 1864 Holderness 25 74 Kahland 1865 Champion 28 75 Altona 1866 1 Y, Rustic 26 76 Nord 1866 Norfolk 26 77 Sud 1866 Norfolk 29 78 Jeremias 1866 The Prophet 27 79 Folk 1867 Norfolk 26 80 Kumpan 1868 Champion 25 81 Weissenburg 1809 Norfolk 26 82 Y. Claringo 1869 Claringo 25 4. Value of the Thorousrhbred for Other Breeds. 87 Age No. Name of Stallion, Born. Sire. reached. Years. 83 Averberg 1870 Norfolk 26 84 Nadock 1870 Norfolk 27 85 Tellus 1871 Duplicat 25 86 Y. Norfolk 1871 Norfolk 26 87 Norman 1871 Norfolk 26 88 Nor nick 1871 Norfolk 25 89 Nordlicht 1872 Norfolk 29 90 Norval 1872 Norfolk 26 91 Figaro 1873 Flick 27 92 Granada 1873 Alhambra 28 93 Derwisch 1874 Lord Derby 25 94 Nording 1875 Nord 28 95 Jessick 1876 Jeremias 25 96 Juli 1877 Julius 27 97 Augur II. 1878 Belfort XX 27 98 Jaspis 1878 Jason 26 99 Julianus 1878 Julius 26 The following instances of the performances of 20 year-old and older Thoroughbred stallions in the production of first-class racing and breeding stock show very clearly that a great age in Thoroughbreds is no detriment to a good heredity power. In this respect other light breeds, and more particularly heavy breeds, are a long way behind Thoroughbreds, No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 1 Byerly Turk 1680 21 Jigg and Basto 2 Flying Childers 1715 20 22 Snip Brown Basto, Fam. 9. 6 3 Partner 1718 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 26 27 28 29 Little John Jenny Spinner, Fam. 12 b. 9 Mare born 1740, Fam. 4. 7 Calia, Fam. 23. 6 Mare born 1742, Fam. 4. 8 Lady Thigh, Fam 4 a. 8 Tartar Mare born 1744, Fam. 4. 8. Harris' Eclipse (America) Mare born 1747, Fam. 23. 6 Mare born about 1748, Fam. 37. 8 4 Hobgoblin 1724 20 Shakespeare ; 88 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 5 Godolphin iVrabian 1724 23 25 28 29 29 Sophia, Fam. 21. 5 Cripple Daphne, Fam. 33. 5 Miss Windsor, Fam. 18. 7 (Later Silvia) Matchless (lived to 32 \-ears of age) 6 Regulus 1739 21 22 23 23 23 24 Miss Ingram, Fam. 19. 7 Morwick Ball Queen Elisabeth, Fam. 37. 8 (Dam of Bourbon L) Figurante, Fam. 1. 9 A-la-Grecque, Fam. 23. 9 Phoebe (Dam of Eclipse in America) 7 Blank 1740 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 26 28 28 28 28 28 Ruth, Fam. 13. 8 Cloudy, Fam. 4. 10 Principessa, Fam. 12 a. 11 Mare born 1762, Fam. 1. 9 Sappho, Fam. 36. 4 Mare born 1763, Fam. 2. 10 Pacolet Sophia, Fam. 13. 9 Rachel (Dam of Herod), Fam. 13. 8 Charmer, Fam. 13. 8 Lily, Fam. 4. 10 Mare born about 1765, Fam. 2. 11 Paymaster Ancaster Nancy Cunegonde, Fam. 42. 7 Rantipole, Fam. 32. 8 Rutilia, Fam. 13 a. 8 Mare born 1769, Fam. 4 a. 10 Mare born 1769, Fam. 37. 9 8 Old England 1741 24 Mare born 1766, Fam. 2. 11 (Dam of Imperatrix L) 9 Turner's Sweepstakes 1743 22 22 Trentham Mare born about 1766, Fam. 8. 10 10 Sampson 1745 20 27 28 Cantatrice born about 1766, Fam. 8. (Dam of Termagant) Alabaculia L, Fam. 4. 9 Flycap born about 1774 10 11 Mate hem 1748 20 20 Giantess, Fam. 6. 10 Mare born 1769, Fam. 31. 7 4. Value of the Thorouq-hbred for Odier Breeds. 89 No. Name of the Stallions. I Born. ^ Age Produced the following progeny. 12 13 14 Marske Snap Syphon 1750 1750 1750 Wildair Herod 1753 1758 20 21 22 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 20 20 20 20 22 23 20 21 21 28 28 20 21 21 22 24 22 20 20 20 20- 20 Echo, (?) Fam. 23. 8 Alfred Monimia, Fam 1. 10 Magnum Bonum Mare born 1773, Fam. 2. 11 Purity, Fam. 24. 8 (Dam of Rocking-ham) Mare born 1774, Fam. 2 f. 9 Mare born 1774, Fam. 21. 7 Espersykes Hollandaise L Tetotum O, Fam. 26. 7 (Firstling) Sincerity Fam. 3. 7 (Firstling) Puzzle, Fam. 1 a. 10 (lived to 32 years of age) Miss West (Dam of Quiz L by Huby) Cora, Fam. 23 a. 11 Orang-e Girl, Fam. 31. 7 Mare born 1777, Fam. 4 a. 9 Mare born 1777, Fam. 9 b. 9 Mare born 1777, Fam. 15. 9 Mare born about 1777, Fam. IS. 9 Y. Marske Folly, Fam. 8 c. 10 Magnolia, Fam. 5. G Mare born 1771, Fam. 4 b. 11 Mare born 1773, Fam. 23. 10 Mare born 1774, Fam. 17. 9 Madcap, Fam. 15. 7 Lisette, Fam. 18. 8 Middlesex, Fam. 3. 6 Miss Euston, Fam. 13. 9 Mare born 1774, Fam. 24. 9 Mare born 1771, Fam. 17. 9 (had 15 foals) Mare born 1772, Fam. 15. 7 (Dam of Tommy L) Mare born 1772, Fam. 43. 7 (had 16 foals- first foal at 11 years old) Tandem Miss Pratt, Fam. 31. 7 Tommy L Expectation, Fam. 4. 12 Luna, Fam. 12. 8 Mare born 1779, F'am. 4 a. 10 Mare born 1779, Fam. 24. 9 Mare born 1779, Fam. 37. 10 90 Trial of the Thoi-out;hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name of the Stallions. ^Born.j Age. Pruducfcd the following progtnv. 17 I Eclipse 18 19 2(J 21 22 23 Florizel Y. Marske P(jtSos Woodpecker Diomed Saltram 1764 1768 1771 1773 1773 -+ I Alexander 1777 178(J 1782 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 20 20 21 21 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 2(J 20 22 23 24 20 20 21 2:s 24 24 24 23 27 28 24 20 Phoenomenon L Bagot Maid of the Oaks O, Fam. 3 b. 7 Macaria, Fam. 4. 9 Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 a. 6 Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 a. 7 Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 c. 6 Mare born 1780, Fam. 7. 6 Editha, Fam. 3. 6 Queen Mab, Fam. 9 b. 9 (out of the 28-year- old Tartar Mare) Violot, Fam. 13. li Bobtail, Fam. 3 b. 7 Serpent Tartar L Lucy, Fam. 2. 13 Ninety-Three L Shuttle Mare born 1794, Fam. 2. IT Mare born 1794, Fam. 23. 11 Mare born 1795, Fam. 8 d. 12 Mare born 1794, Fam. 1 12 Mare born 1794, Fam. 3e. 7 Mare born 1796, Fam. 17. 11 Champion D and L Dabschick, Fam. 12. 10 Tyrant D Grey Duchess, Fam. 6. 11 (had 19 foals, and lived to be 28 years old) Chesnut Skim, Fam. 5d. 7 Mare born 1794, Fam. 11. 9 Catherine, Fam. lib. 9 (Dam of Golumpus by Gohanna) Ephemera O, Fam. 3 b. 18 Mare born 1798, Fam. 6. 12 Mare born 1798, Fam. 12 a. 13 Mare born 1798, Fam. 24. 10 Ball's Florizel Sir Archy Duroc Mare born 1805 (Dam of Timoleoii) PersepoHs, Fam. 12. 10 Berenice, Fam. 3 b. 9 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 91 No. Name of the Stallions. Born.! Ai^e. Produced the following progeny '2o Trumpator -<3 Don Ouixote -^ I Sir Peter 1^8 Waxy 29 80 81 1782 1784 1784 Gohanna Hambletonian Stamf(jrd 1790 1790 1792 1794 22 I Berenice, Fam. 14. 10 24 I Boadicea, Fam. 14. 10 26 Thalestris, Fam. 2 c. 15 27 Delta, Fam. 2 f. 14 20 Mare born 1803, Fam. 9. 10 21 Woodnymph, Fam. 4 b. 14 23 Mirth, Fam. 26. 9 25 Pawn, Fam. Id. 11 26 Prue, Fam. 11. 10 21 Cervantes 21 Pea Blossom, Fam. 12 a. 10 21 j Zoraida, Fam. 25. 10 22 I Amadis 20 I Petronius L 20 ' Clinker (2nd in L.) 20 j Isis, Fam. 2 f. 13 20 ; Plover, Fam. 27. 10 21 Peruvian 21 Fadladinida, Fam. 13. 11 21 I Jametta, Fam. 1. 14 21 , Opal, Fam. 3 b. 7 21 Zaida, Fam. 25. 9 20 Blucher D 20 , Wire, Fam. 1 b. 12 (had 17 foals) 20 Prudence, Fam. 1 b. 11 21 Whisker D 21 Minuet O, Fam. 1 a. 12 24 I Corinne O, Fam. 2. 16 24 j Loo, Fam. lb. 12 24 I Mare born 1815, Fam. 3 a. 10 24 i Mare born 1815, Fam. 23. 13 26 Duchess of York, Fam. 5d. 9 26 Emmeline, Fam. 12 a. 16 26 Pawn, Jun., Fam. 1 d. 12 27 Dulcamara, Fam. 12 a. 16 2:) Wasp, Fam. 3 d. 8 28 Harpalice, Fam. 3 c. 10 23 Mare born 1814, Fam. 5 a. 9 20 Mare born 1813, Fam. 8 c. 15 23 Cherub, Fam. 16. 6 20 Chromatica, Fam. IS. 13 22 Hambletonia, Fam. 18. 13 25 Mare born about 1820, Fam. 4 b. 14 0-2 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Produced the following progeny, Sorcerer Haphazard Quiz Orville Walton Castrel Selim Whalebone 1796 1 20 \ 1797 20 1 21 1798 20 20 22 25 1799 20 i 20 20 21 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 1799 20 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 24 25 1801 21 22 1802 20 21 22 1807 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 Mare born 1817, Fam. 18. 12 Hazardess, Fam. 10 b. 7 Fig'aro Arbis, Fam. 12. 11 The Odd Trick, Fam 6. 12 Globe, Fam. 5 c. 9 Arethis?a, Fam. 12. 11 Bizarre Emilius D Etiquette, Fam. 14 ]1 Georgina, Fam. 32. 12 Souvenir, Fam. 12 a. 17 Edmund Manille, Fam. lb. 13 Zoe, Fam. 11. 12 Mare born 1826, Fam. 19. 12 Mare born 1827, Fam. lib. 11 Mare born 1827, Fam. 19 a. 11 Miss Fanny, Fam. 12. 12 The Twinkle, Fam. 19. 12 Mare born 1821, Fam. 25. 11 Galena, Fam. 23. 14 Miss Patrick, Fam. 4 b. 16 Mrs. Fry, Fam. 15. 11 Mare born 1823, Fam. 19. 11 Mare born 1823, Fam. 9 b. 12 Miss Emma, Fam. 12. 12 Rosalia, Fam. 19 a. 11 Castrellina, Fam. 3 a. 11 Pantaloon Nanine, Fam. 3a. 10 (Dam of Cilaucus) Mare born 1824, Fam. 9 b. 11 Turquoise O, Fam. 1 b. 12 Spaniel D Miss Petworth, Fam. 3 c. 11 Naiad, Fam. 9. 12 Dryad, Fam. 3 c. 11 Gretna Green, Fam. 3 c. 11 Mermaid, Fam. 12. 13 Myrrha, Fam. 10. 8 Baleine, Fam. 8 c. 16 Bodice, Fam. 8 c. 16 Mare born 1831, Fam. 10 b. 8 4. Value of the Thorouijhbrcd for Other Breeds. 93 No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 40 Catton 41 Com us 42 rs 44 Muley Tramp 1809 20 22 24 24 1809 21 21 24 24 1810 1810 Dr. Syntax Partisan .American Eclipse Pantaloon 1811 1811 1814 1824 25 26 26 26 20 23 25 26 27 21 21 23 2t 24 24 21 20 20 26 27 27 21 21 21 22 23 ■23 24 20 21 21 21 .\nne, Fam. 6. 14 Miindig D Azalia, Fam. 42. 12 Miss Bcwe, Fam. 21. 12 (lived to 29 years of aire) 16 15 17 Birdlime, Fam. 2 f. 12 Mare born 1831, Fam. 12. 13 Mare born 1834, Fam. 2 a Mare born 1834, Fam. 2 a. Grey Mom us Shire Oaks, Fam. 6. 14 Mare born 1835, Fam. 8 b Mare born 1835, Fam. 17. 13 Mare born 1836, Fam. 8 b. 17 Mare born 1836, Fam. 5 b. 11 Mare born 1836, Fam. 47. 7 Muliana, Fam. 9 b. 14 Rachel, Fam. 2 b. 17 Mare born 1836, Fam. 8 b. 15 Little Wonder D Mare born 1838, Fam. 19 a. 12 Fury, Fam. 4 e. 16 Gipsy, Fam. 19. 13 Game Lass, Fam. 42. 13 Caroline Elvina, Fam. 2 f. 12 Trudge, Fam. 6 a. 15 Mare born 1835, Fam. 7 a. 10 Bee's Wing, Fam. 8 a. 16 Bee's Wing, Fam. 1 d. 14 Syntaxina, Fam. 5 c. 11 Mare born 1838, Fam. 1 c. 13 The Doctor Dorothy, Fam. 6 a. 15 A'enison Gladiator Cyprian O, Fam. 23. 15 Mare born 1834, Fam. 6. 14 Constance, Fam. 22. 10 .Mare born 1835, Fam. 11a. 14 Brawner's Eclipse Mare born 1845, Fam. 14 a. 13 Batwing, Fam. 14 a. 13 Clarissa, Fam. 25. 12 Caricature, Fam. 14 a. 13 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 48 j Velocipede 49 ! Sir Hercules 1S2C 182G 50 Vol tail 51 Touchstone 1826 1831 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 26 26 23 20 23 27 27 27 28 28 28 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 Legerdemain, Fam. 3 a. 11 Raillery, Fam. 14 a. 12 Windhound Molly, Fam. 2 b. 17 Aurora, Fam. 2 c. 17 Agnes, Fam. 28. 14 Miserrima, Fam. 3 a. 12 Sabra, Fam. 3. 13 Crystal, Fam. 2 f. 16 Lady Audrey, Fam. 6 a. 15 King of Trumps Subterfuge, Fam. 9 b. 14 Ada, Fam. 1 c. 15 Gunboat Gemma di Vergi Macaria, Fam. 4 a. 15 Lifeboat Lady Langford, Fam. 2 f. Ifi Miss Hercules, Fam. 12 a. 9J\ Voltigeur Sacrifice, Fam. 4 a. 16 Mare born 1847, Fam. 34. VA Vivandiere, Fam. 2 e. 17 Lord of the Isles De Clare Rifleman Bracelet, Fam. 4 e. 17 Artillery Scalade, Fam. 20 a. 13 Minie, Fam. 8 b. 16 Tournament Lady Ann, Fam. 18. 15 Lady Harriet, Fam. 4 e. 17 Rosa Bonheur, Fam. 3c. 14 Bessie Bell, Fam. 4 e. 17 Electra, Fam. 2 f. 14 Oakleaf, Fam. 19 a. 14 Sprightliness, Fam. 22. i3 Terrific, Fam. 20 a. 13 Tunstall Maid, Fam. 18. 15 Griselda, Fam. 1 e. 15 Miss Digby, Fam. 13 a. 17 Prelude, Fam. 19. 15 Wamb-;t 4. Value of the Thorouarhbred for Other Breeds. No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 25 Amethyst, Fam. 11. 15 26 Atherstone 26 Lady Macdonald, Fam. 4 e. 17 26 Scrubbing- Brush, Fam. 2 f. \G 26 Tzaritza, Fam. 4 e. 18 27 Marionette (2nd in D.) 27 Silkstone, Fam. 5. 12 27 Theresa, Fam. 4 e. 18 28 Soapstone 28 Alcestis, Fam. 4 a. 17 52 Birdcatcher 1833 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 Saunteier Ayacanora, Fam. 8 c. 14 Beatrice, Fam. 1 b. 15 Josephine, Fam. 4. 17 Steel Pen, Fam. 2 b. 19 Queen of the East, Fam. 12 b. IS Skycutter, Fam. 7 a. 12 Mare born 1854, Fam. 5 b. 13 Delig-ht, Fam. 5 a. 12 Perfection, Fam. 11. 15 July, Fam. 28. 16 Red Eag-le Cm. Oxford ^ Aminette, Fam. 3. 14 Lady Trespass, Fam. 8 b. 20 24 Folkestone (won 10 races as 2 year Clearw. St.) old 24 Cantatrice, Fam. 22. 12 24 Tartlet, Fam. 21, 16 25 Humming Bird, Fam. 3 c. 15 53 Gladiatr)r 1833 21 Ventre St. Gris 54 Caravan 1834 24 Souvenir 55 Melbourne 1834 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Mentmore The Peer Y. Melbourne Blanche of Middlebie, Fam. 3 a. 12 Fascine, Fam. 20 a. 14 Go-ahead, Fam. 7. 11 Nelly, Fam. 18. 15 Mare born 1855, Fam. 5 b. 13 21 ? Honey, Fam. 8 a. 18 (or by The Cossack) 56 Newcourt 1840 22 Cecrops 57 Orlando 1841 20 20 Chattanooga Fairyland, Fam. 3d. 12 9fi Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 20 Kate Hampton, Fam. 10. 12 20 Lay Sister, Fam. 20 a. 14 20 Pulsatilla, Fam. 27. 17 20 Venus, Fam. 2e. 18 21 Bessie, Fam. 1 b. 16 21 Matilda, Fam. 22. 13 21 Mrs. Stratton, Fam. 5. 14 22 B. Flat (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11 22 F Sharp (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11 22 Nike, Fam. 3 c. 15 24 Flower Girl, Fam. 11. 17 24 Miss Evelyn, Fam. 20 a. 14 24 Miss Foote, Fam. 19. 15 25 Biretta, Fam. 5. 13 26 Furiosa, Fam. 45. 9 26 Gunga Jee, Fam. 5. 14 .5S The Cure 1841 23 24 Polly Agnes, Fam. 16 a. 11 Pharmacopeia. Fam. 27. 17 59 Weatherbit 1842 21 21 22 22 22 24 Brown Tommy Mandrake Agnes de Mansfeld, Fam. 16. 12 Frolicsome, Fam. 24. 17 La Belle Jeanne, Fam. 36. 11 Miss Merryweather, Fam. 4 c. 20 60 Voltio-eur 1847 22 Voltig-^use, Fam. 2. 21 t5 23 24 25 26 Sweet Violet, Fam. 21. 17 Nelly Moore, Fam. 36. 13 Incognita, Fam. 23. 18 Tea Rose, Fam. 8 a. 20 (31 Stockwell 1849 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 Doncaster D Gang Forward 2 Cantiniere, Fam. 2 e. 19 Corrie, Fam. 3 e. 14 Wild Myrtle, Fam. 13. 21 Lucebit Posthuma, Fam. 12 a. 21 Stockdove, Fam. 2 c. 19 62 Rataplan 1850 20 20 Ben Battle Irma, Fam. 15. 15 - 20 Isabel, Fam. 11 b. 15 63 King Tom 1851 20 ? Coomassie, Fam. 10 b. 11 (or by Norlh Lincoln) 20 Princess, Fam. 11. 16 20 Quee.n Margaret, Fam. 3 a. 13 20 Mare born 1872, Fam. 15. 19 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. 97 No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 21 Coltness 21 Great Tom 21 Skylark 21 Ag-nes Sorel, Fam. 16. 11 21 Belle Agnes, Fam. 16. 12 21 Queen of Cyprus, Fam. 23. 17 22 Lady Golightly, Fam. 27. 19 22 Nitocris, Fam. 20. 14 22 Queen Marion, Fam. 10 a. 13 22 Tribute, Fam. 2 a. 19 23 Kingcup, Fam. 3 c. 16 24 Blue Blood 24 Discovery, Fam. 11. 16 25 Italian Queen, Fam. 19. 16 26 ? Celandine, Fam. 1 e. 16 (or by Macaroni) 26 ? Miss Hannah, Fam. 10 b. 12 (or by Favonius) &t Bonnie Scotland 1853 21 Bramble 65 Leamington 1853 21 21 23 24 24 24 25 25 Jaconet, Fam. 4 a. 20 Perfection, Fam. 4 a. 20 Sensation Iroquois D Spinaway, Fam. lib. 16 Wyandotte, Fam. 4 a. 22 Francesca (which had at 25 year-old Amos Fudd by Howland) Onondaga 66 Gunboat 1854 21 23 Torpedo Frigate, Fam. 20. 16 67 Saunterer 1854 22 Elegance, Fam. 12 b. 19 68 Toxophilite 1855 20 20 21 22 23 24 24 Bay Archer Lancastrian Belphobe I., Fam. 13a. 17 Princess Mary II., Fam. 8c. 20 Lady Peregrine, Fam. 9 a. 18 Dracena, Fam. 3 e. 15 Lady Paramount, Fam. 10. 13 69 Buccaneer 1857 20 20 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 Balvany Vederemo Vinea Budagyongye N.D. Fenell O.D.U. Ollyan-nincs P.L. Talpra Magyar Kins-or Kincs 98 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 70 Thunderbolt 1857 20 20 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 Meteora, Fam. 11 b. 17 Select, Fam. 10. 14 Mare born 1878, Fam. 19. 16 Damages, Fam. 3 d. 13 Dart, Fam. 3. 15 6 (2 year-old winner in England) Thunderstorm Krakatoa Poudre a Canon, Fam. 3. 15 71 Adventurer 1859 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 Tabor, Fam. 13. 22 Borneo Hirondelle, Fam. 10. 13 Pinta, Fam. 2. 22 Linda, Fam. 11. 17 Planchette, Fam. 7. 13 Black Agnes, Fam. 37. 19 \\'heatsheaf, Fam. 1 d. 17 72 Dollar 1860 22 24 24 Upas Brocage Dauphin 73 Blair Athol 1861 20 20 20 20 20 21 Child of the Mist Chiming Bells, Fam. 8 b. 19 Chiquitta, Fam. 20. 15 Glenrosa, Fam. 8 d. 19. Insignia, Fam. 9 b. 16 Cyclopaedia, Fam. 10 b. 13 74 Norfolk 1861 24 Emperor of Norfolk 75 Savernake 1863 23 23 Bandit Nickel 76 Hermit 1864 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 Astrologer Friar Balsam Hazlehatch Bella Donna, Fam. 10 a. 12 Devote, Fam. 4 a. 19 Fleur de Marie, Fam. 8 c. 21 Hermia, Fam. 19. 17 Seraphine, Fam. 10 b. 13 Sly, Fam. 11a. 18 Melanion Australia, Fam. 1 c. 19 Seclusion, Fam. 2 c. 19 Single Barrel, Fam. 9 e. 18 Spoleta, Fam. 2. 20 Heaume 4. Value of the Thoroue:hbred for Other Breeds. 99 No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following progeny. 22 Astrolog"}', Fam. 9 a. 18 22 Cushat, Fam. 2 c. 20 22 Heresy, Fam. 10 a. 14 22 La Cloche, Fam. 19. 17 22 Lina Harket, Fam. 7. 16 22 The Blythe, F"am. 4 b. 21 22 St. Olave, Fam. 22 a. 14 22 Mare born 1887, Fam. 8 c. 21 23 Cinderelle, Fam. 2 d. 22 23 Lady Hermione, Fam. 10. 14 23 Silver Sea, Fam. 13 a. 18 23 Star of Fortune, Fam. 9 a. 17 24 Nun Nydia, Fam. 9 a. ]9 24 Priestess, Fam. 12 b. 21 24 St. Cicely, Fam. 7. 16 24 St. Odille, Fam. 4 b. 20 25 ? Minerva, Fam. 9 a. 19 (or by Galopin) 26 Missal 26 Corea, Fam. 3. 15 26 Great Danie, Fam. 10. 14 77 Rosicrucian 1865 20 Abanico, Fam. 31. 16 20 Bonnie Morn, Fam. 31. 16 20 Doreuse, Fam. lb. 18 20 Evanthe, Fam. 3d. 14 20 Kenegie, Fam. 5 b. 15 20 Pythia, Fam. 4. 18 20 Queen Berengaria, Fam. 4 d. 20 20 Rose d'Amour, Fam. 20 a. 16 21 Dalberg- 21 Rosa May, Fam. 2d. 21 21 Symbol, Fam. 14. 18 22 Gay Duchess, Fam. 31. 16 23 Rose Root, Fam. 2 c. 20 25 Last Love, Fam. 2 c. 20 78 King Liid 1869 20 Boudoir 79 Ascetic 1871 25 26 Ascetic Silver Lord Abbot 80 Hampton 1872 20 20 20 20 21 23 23 Bay Ronald Hurry, Fam. 13. 19 Lettice, Fam. 3 a. 14 Capraria, Fam. 1 e. 19 Happy Return, Fam. 14 a. 18 Aboyne, Fam. 28. 18 Helen Hampton, Fam. 16. 16 100 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. IXame of the Stallions. Born. .\ge. Produced the following progeny, 81 Galopin S2 Waisenknabe 83 Kisber 84 Spri no-field 85 86 Chamant Master Kildare 23 Stub-Hampton, Fam. 10 b. 13 23 Thames Valley, Fam. 4 b. 21 23 Gadfly, Fam. 22. 16 24 Inquisitive, Fam. 3 e. 17 1872 20 Galopin Lad 20 Ganache 20 Galeazzo 20 Galata, Fam. 13 a. 19 20 Pindi, Fam. 4 b. 20 20 Flitters, Fam. 1 b. 17 21 Grafton 21 Guerrier 21 Briseis, Fam. 2d. 23 21 Galatia, Fam. 13 a. 19 21 Gelatine, Fam. 10 b. 13 21 Goletta, Fam. 22 a. 16 21 The Message, Fam. 20. 19 21 Galopade II., Fam. 8 c. 22 21 Miss Primrose, Fam. 1 b. 18 22 Brio 22 Disraeli 22 Canter, Fam, 16 a. 13 22 Dainty, Fam. 20 a. 16 22 Gaflinthia, Fam. 7 a. 15 23 Galopin Lassie, Fam. 14. 17 23 Galandra, Fam. 20 a. 17 24 .\tbarra, Fam. 3 b. 18 24 Merry Gal, Fam. 5. 16 24 Nattie, Fam. 3. 16 25 .^ida, Fam. 9 a. 19 25 Galicia, Fam. 10 a. 16 26 ? Alphabet, Fam. 14. 19 (br by Balsam) Friar's 1872 21 Bogdany 1873 21 Sperbers Bruder 1873 22 Cromli.x, Fam. 11 b. 15 20—25 (onlv 5 unimportant winners) 1874 20 Habenichts 20 Vollmond 22 Pomp 24 Letzter Mohikaner 1875 23 Ostende Express CHAPTER V. A comparison of what Thoroughbreds have done previously and what they are doing at the present time. The importance of a solid and lasting formation of legs in the breeding of Half-breds, and the confession of Thoroughbred breeders that an improve- ment of this fundament by the infusion of Thoroughbred is very seldom if at all possible, raises the question as to why in this respect, which is so important, the Thoroughbred may not be improved, or, in other words, how- one can breed Thoroughbreds which are able to give the necessary stamina for the fundament. The answer to this question leads, first of all, to that well-known query, whether our present day Thoroughbred has not become worse during the last century, especially in respect to fundament. We have not got enough exact and reliable statements of time of the races in former years, to compare them with the performances of to-day, and, therefore, cannot answer this question from records impartially. The records of Flying Childers at Newmarket over the Round Course and the Beacon Course were until now incorrectly said to be the best, and even unsurpassed records of Thoroughbreds on a racecourse. This erroneous opinion probably originated by a wrong division, which William Pick makes in his Turf Register, V'ol, I., p. 1-2, where he reckons out the record of Flying Childers to be nearly a mile a minute, that is to say 8-2^ feet = about 25 metres, in a second, whereas from a correct calculation follows a record of only 15 metres in one second. Besides, even an exact and reliable measure of time would not be a safe guide as to the different capacity, because the distances for which horses were trained have changed so much, and formerly the tests nearly always took place in several heats. It is to be assumed that the present day Thoroughbred for a distance of 1 to IJ English miles is quicker than the Thoroughbred of a hundred years ago. This alone, however, would not be a sufficient proof of the improvement of the Thoroughbred in general, especially as regards its adaptability to improve Half-breds, as we have no records to go through as to how quickly the former Thoroughbred could cover distances of 1 to IJ English miles if 102 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. trained by the method in vogue to-day, which is without doubt an improved one, especially if it had been trained for races for that distance, and not for 4-mile heats. Also, the measurements of time which we have for classic races for about the last fifty years, are insufficient to go on. Of the Derby and Oaks at Epsom we have the time from the year 1846. Of the Doncaster St. Leger from the year 1810. The tables given on the next page are characteristic. As the measurement of time can onlv give a correct measurement of proven performances for races of steadv motion (as I have already shown mathematicallv in 1899 in my treatise entitled, " Das Vollblutpferd in seiner Bedeutung fur die Halbblutzucht "), it is not at all surprising that the above measurements are an insufficient criterion for the capacity respecting the c|uality of horses. For example : according to these measurements, the very moderate Cicero would be a by far better horse than either Ormonde, Per- simmon, Flying Fox, Ard Patrick; and of the Oaks winners, Cherry Lass better than La Fleche, Sceptre, and Pretty Polly, and the celebrated Wheel- of-Fortune would be the worst. The times given for the St. Leger would make us believe that Troutbeck was the best of all, and that Challacombe was as good as Pretty Polly, and much better than Ormonde, Galtee More, Persimmon, etc. According to the Derby time, Ormonde ought to be worse than his predecessors, Melton and Kettledrum. Furthermore, Sir Tatton Sykes, born 1843, ought to be much better than Ormonde, Persimmon and Galtee More. As a matter of fact, from these measurements we can see that the Derby and Oaks times have become considerably shorter than those for the longer distance St. Leger. The reason probably is, that with the invasion of the American jockeys, the quicker getting off made more dift'erence in the shorter races than in the longer St. Leger, or perhaps the speed of the present day Thoroughbred has not improved so much for longer distances as for shorter ones. Or, again, it is possible that the changing of the starts for the Derby and the Oaks, which took place in the year 1872, has effected an improvement of the time, as this alteration caused the first incline to be less difficult. Of course, one must not lose sight of the fact here that since 1872 the Derbv distance has been lengthened by 23 metres, and the St. Leger distance (in 1826) lias been shortened b\' 56 metres. To draw a definite conclusion as to capabilitv, even from the latest, reliable measurements f)f time seem to be out of question, especially when these measurements have to be compared with those of a hundred years ago. IMost measurements of olden times are given in Orton's Turf Annuals, especiallv for the York races. A great deal of these measurements has, unfortunately, been given for races in which insignificant horses ran. The following examples (from the earliest times to 1832) give the best record performances I have found : — 5. The Thoroup-hbred in the Past and Present. 103 5 S m c;'o ril-n -tlJ^ ct'LCC^liO Mtu? r^so -lioTilio —X^n «Wr-liO eiVo^^hn ^'hn-f^n *l^^ .-^o rt[o >0 00(MOOC^Oi-H'M'-0i— ICOi— ICOCO^Mieor-Hi— lOOi— looooo (?D(XicooocococccococccoTOcocccococococococococococococococccococo tu .^ c o o = "S -G > S 3 oj c o ^ Uh 40 ^ OJ c o c; o o S

-o p:ii^ 1^ o ^ ^^ H c/i O^ D O '"' C ■ > OJ ■ CLi ^='^ '^ • E o E^ - OJ o :eptre ock Sa retty P hallaco routbec ^ool W c/^ Csi CL. U H ?- CO oi '^ o cc 'X o (>i o o o t^ X CI c; i-H ?N CO -^ '-O o t^ CO o o T— I cN cc '^ »o CO i> >— IrHCOCOCOCC^OGOQC^CCCC-OC'KOlCiOCiClOCiClCiCSOOOOOOOO X (X) CO CO X GT X X- cc' CO cTi cc X X oc a CO oC' oc CO CO 00 CO X' C5 OS Ci Ci CI C5 CI C5 a; 5 § Q .5 COTtlL'7'0-^CC^OXl-0 10iOTtlCMOc PHpii(/,:"E4j-5fcJ02 ^'r - u .= j^ V- j; rt -w ^.:: c •:; c ^- .y J^ '- Ot-XOf— It^i— l-*Cil!t)COt^XC3Ci-HC<1CC-*LOOt^XCiOi— ICMCC'^OOt^ '^-^^lOLOOCDCOl^XXXXXCriCiClClOClOOCiCJiCOOOOOOO xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxc:ac;c:c:c;oc:c^ 104 Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. Distance 4 miles = 6437.2 m. 1759. 1759. 1759. 1764. 1766. 1793. 1801.^ 1802.' 1803. 1805. 1809. 1810. 1804. 1815. 1824. 1827. 1829. 1830. 1809. 1824. 1826. 1826. 1827. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1804. 1804. 1824. 1826. 1827. 1832. Cade 5 year-old by Cade, 9 stone Silvio 5 year-old by Cade, 10 stone Careless 9 year-old by Reguliis, 9 stone . Beaufrement 6 year-old by Tartar, 8 stone, 7 lbs Bay Malton 6 year-old by Sampson, 9 stone . Huby 5 year-old by Phoenomenon, 8 stone, 7 lbs Sir Solomon 5 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 7 lb Alonzo 4 year-old by Pegasus, 8 stone, 7 lbs. Haphazard 6 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 10 lbs Saxoni 5 year-old by Delpini, 8 stone, 4 lbs. . Petronius 4 year-old by Sir Peter, 7 stone, 9 lbs Theresa 5 year-old by Hambletonian, 8 stone, 5 lbs 2. Distance 2 miles = 3218.6 m. Witchcraft 3 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 2 lbs. Catton 6 year-old by Golumpus, 8 stone, 2 lbs. . Fair Charlotte 6 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 10 lbs Mulatto 4 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 3 lbs. . . Velocipede 4 year-old by Blacklock, 7 stone, 12 lbs Fortitude 4 year-old by Whisker, 7 stone, 8 lbs. . 3. Distance 1| miles = 2816.3 m. Sheba's Oueen 3 year-old by Sir Solomon, 8 stone Sandbeck 6 year-old bv Catton, 8 stone, 3 lbs. ]\rAdam 3 year-old by Tramp, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . Belzoni 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Medoro 3 year-old by Cervantes, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Maleck 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Velocipede 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs Sir Hercules 3 year-old bv Whalebone, 8 stone, 5 lbs Chancellor 3 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 4. Distance U miles = 2414 m. Min. Min. 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sec. 5 7 8 51 301 8 32 28 25 30 Sec. 40 33 28 34 33 29 Min. Sec. 3 20 3 13 3 17 Min. Quid 3 year-old by Star, 8 stone 2 Lady Brough 3 year-old by Stride, 8 stone 2 Abron 4 year-old by Whisker, 8 stone, 6 lbs 2 Helenus 5 year-old by Soothsayer, 9 stone, 6 lbs 2 Mauto 3 year-old by Tiresias, 8 stone, 3 lbs 2 Retainer 3 year-old by Jerry, 8 stone, 7 lbs 2 21 12 17 20 15 18 Sec. 54 47 51 49 50 47 1 These two races were run at Doncaster, all the others at York. 5. The ThoroLig-hbred in the Past and Present. 5. Distance l\ miles = 201 1.6 m. 105 Min. Sec. 1828. Laurel 4 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone 2 15 1^32. Mare 3 year-old by Figaro, 8 stone, 2 lbs 2 12 6. Distance 1 mile =1609.3 m. Min. Sec. 1811. Bethlem Gaber 3 year-old by Sorcerer, 8 stone, 2 lbs. . . 1 40 1826. Brother to Miss Fanny 3 year-old by Walton, 8 stone, 6 lbs. 1 43 1827. Tom Jones 3 year-old' by Abjer, 8 stone, 5 lbs 1 47 1829. Voltaire 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . . . 1 49 7. Distance Redhouse at (Doncaster) = 5 furlongs, 152 yards =1145 m. Min. Sec. 1826. iNIoonshine 2 year-old by Grey Middleham, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 1 12 8. Distance T. Y. C. = 5 furlongs, 44 yards =1046.2 m. 1808. Middlethorpe 2 year-old by Shiitde, 8 stone, 2 lbs 1824. Androgens 2 year-old by Minos, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 1827. Velocipede 2 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs 1827. Slut 2 year-old by Tramp, 7 stone, 11 lbs. . . 1828. Mare 2 year-old by Jack Spigot, 8 stone, 2 lbs. 1830. Chorister 2 year-old by Lottery, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 1830. Clarence 2 vear-old by Comus, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . Min. Sec. 1 20 1 15 1 9 1 14 1 14 1 8 1 11 Besides the above, the following interesting performances are well known : — - 1. Distance 6120 m. at Newmarket, Round Course = 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards. Min. Sec. 1721.' Flying Childers 6 year-old, 9 Stone, 2 lbs 6 48 2. Distance 6764.6 m. at Newmarket, B. C. = 4 miles, 1 furlong, 138 yards. Min. Sec. 1721." Flying Childers, 6 year-old 7 30 1755.'' Matchem 7 year-old, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7 20 1792.^ Hambletonian 7 year-old, 8 stone, 3 lbs 7 15 At Eclipse's time several horses 8 — 3. Distance 1610 m. at Newmarket, R. M. = l mile, 1 yard. Min. Sec. 1773.^ Firetail 4 year-old by Squirrel, 8 stone 1 4J ' Sporting: Calendar by J. Pond, Vol. I., 1751, p. 213. - Turf Register by Pick, Vol. I., p. 12. " Turf Register by Pick, Vol. I., p. 136. * Raciana by Muir, p. 162. "' Racing- Calendar 1773, p. 14; Turf Register by Pick, Vol. II., p. 327; Morning- Post and Daily Advertiser, 19th April, 1773; and Sporting- Magazine, Vol. IV., p. 325. 106 Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. The time measurement in the race of Firetail at Newmarket over a mile shows a record performance of ahiiost 25 m. in the second, and appears to me to be incorrect. Possibly a printer's error crept in the " Mornincr Post," and the others took the report from the newspaper. The remaining time measurements show^ the followine; maximum performances : — Distance Meter. Year. Place. Name of Horse. Age \\'e ght. Meter in \ ear. St. lbs. 1 Second. 6764,6 1792 Newmarket Hambletonian 7 8 3 15,55 6437,2 1802 Doncaster Alonzo 4 8 7 15,04 6120 1721 Newmarket Flying- Childers 6 9 2 15,00 3218,6 1824 York Fair Charlotte 5 8 10 15,41 2993 1818 Doncaster St. Leg. Reveller 3 8 2 15,35 2816,3 1827 York Medoro 3 8 5 14,67 2414 1804 York Ladv Brough 3 8 0 14,45 2011,6 1832 York Mare by Figaro 3 8 2 15,24 1609,3 1811 York Bethlem Gaber 3 8 2 16,09 1145 1826 Doncaster Moonshine 2 8 5 15,90 1046,2 1830 York Chorister 2 8 5 15,38 The best known record performances in England during the last twenty years are as follows : — • Distance Meter. Year. Place. Name of Horse. Age Year. We St. ght. lbs. Meter in 1 Second. 4224,6 1880 Doncaster. Cup. Dresden China 4 9 17,24 3646,6 1881 Newmarket. Ces. Foxhall 3 7 12 15,12 3646,6 1880 Newmarket. Ces. Robert the Devil 3 8 6 14,05 2937 1904 Doncaster. St. Leg. Prettv Pollv 3 8 11 15,88 > 2414 1905 Epsom. Derby Cicero 3 9 — 15,18- 2414 1905 Epsom. Oaks Cherrv Lass 3 9 15,28» 1609,3 1885 Lincoln. Hdcp. Bendigo 5 8 5 16,62 1407,4 1882 Manchester. Hdcp. Toastmaster 5 9 6 17,28 1206,9 1882 Epsom. Woodc. St. Beau Brummel 2 8 12 15,91 1006 1882 ^Lanchester Chislehurst 2 8 10 15,16 The proportionately little differences in time in the classic races show that these times are the most reliable, and, therefore, the most suitable for ' Best time in the St. Leger. " Best time in the Derby. ^ Best time in the Oaks. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 107 makincr comparisons. A little more than 15 metres to the second seems to be abotit the distance which the better kind of racehorses of former, as well as of the present time can do. Just about the middle of this period lived the celebrated West Australian, born 1850, winner of the Derb_v, St. Leger, and •2,000 Guineas. Also its record for the St. Leger was 15.41 metres, for the Ascot Gold Cup (distance 3,982 metres) 15.11 metres. In the Ascot Gold Cup of 18G3, Buckstone's record, as a four-year-old, with 8 stone, 7 lbs., after a dead heat, was 16.10 metres, and in the year 1897, Persimmon's record, as a four-year-old, 9 stone, was 14.08 metres. The compilation of the best records of ancient and modern times, after taking into consideration all accessories, show therefore, neither a progress nor a retrogression in the capability of the Thc^roughbred. Only within the last few years the American method of riding, with its quick getting off, and its quick pace all along, seems to have affected a little the shortening of the time, and to prevent greater differences of time as happened previously. However, the English race calendars show that there exists a marked difference in the endurance of older horses. The difficulties of training racehorses, and especially the difficulty of bringing so-called first-class race- horses after their fourth or fi.fth year again on the track, are well known, and are caused bv the insufficient resisting capacity of the fundament of the present day Thoroughbred. Every sportsman will acknowledge this regrettable fact, i.e., that the galloping capabilitv of the present day Thoroughbred has been more developed than the less developed fundament can stand. In order to get an actual basis to compare the performances of older Thoroughbreds of former times with those of the present time on the flat, I have compiled, in the following tables, beginning with the most ancient times up to the time of the celebrated Fisherman (therefore about the middle of the last centurv), the most prominent performances of older horses on the flat. As a rule, I have only taken such horses that have won flat races as eight-year-olds and above that age. Gentlemen's flat races are not men- tioned, but the more celebrated steeple-chasers I have noted. I have compiled on the basis of the male ascent. Of the figures given under each horse, the one on the left shows the age at which the horse first started racing, and the one on the right shows the age at which it won last on the flat. Sires of horses which have won races at a great age have also their own performances mentioned in the same manner as a comparison. To judge of the influence of the earlv and frequent two-year-old races, I have given, with the sires as well as with the dams of the respective race- horses, in which month they first ran as two-\'ear-olds, and how often altogether as two-year-olds. Where the dam did not run at all as a two-year- old I have not mentioned her at all. ]^08 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. The Provost 1836 bv the Saddler 2 (May 3 times)— 6. Alp 184G by The Provost 3 — 8 Dam 2y. August twice. means, The Provost ran as a two-year-old first in May, and altogether as a two-year-old three times, and won at last as a six-year-old. Alp ran first as a three-year-old. Its last win was as an eight-year-old. Its dam ran first as a two-year-old in August, and altogether twice as a two-year-old. Darley's Arabian bom 1702. 1. BRISK 1711 by Darley's Arabian. 5. (Half-brother to Conejskins.) Foxhuilter (Cole's) 1727 by Brisk. 6—9. MOSES 1746 by Foxhunter (Cole's). 4. Otho 1760 by Moses. 4—7. 1. COXCOMB 1771 by Otho. 8 — 4, then up to 18 year-old used as a hunter, at 17 year-old won a Match over 2 miles \vit>h heats at St, Ives. Blackcock 1782 by Coxcomb. 3—8. 2. ALEPPO 1711 by Darley's Arabian. 5. Hobgoblin 1724 by Aleppo. 5—9. SHAKESPEARE 1745 by Hobj^oblin. Pinclier 1765 by Shakespeare. 4 — 9. (Half-Brother to King Fergus). 3. FLYINO CHILDERS 1715 by Darlev's Arabian. 6—8. 1. SpCOIkI 1732 by Flying Cliilders. 5—11. 2. Blaze 1733 by Flying Childers. 5 — 7 (up to 10 year-old without winning). 1. SAMPSON 1745 by Blaze. 5 — 7. 1. Eiij^^ineor 1755 by Sampson. 5—10. M AM BR IN O 1768 by Engineer (s. to America). 5 — 8 (up to 11 year-old without winning). 2. Bay Maltoii 1760 by Sampson. 4—8. 3. Pilgfrim 1762 by Sampson. 4—12. 0. The Thoroug-hbred in the Past and Present. 109 4. Solon 1766 by Sampson. 4—10. •2. SCRUB 1751 by Blaze. 4—10. Cliang:eling' 1767 by Scrub. 4—10. 3. Snip 1"36 by Flying- Childers. 5. SNAP 17.50 by Snip. 6—7. 1. Lathonrs Snap 1759 by Snap. 4—8. STARTING TOM 1772 by Lathom's Snap. 4—10. 2. 3Ietai»liysician 176.3 by Snap. 4—8. 3. fioldfinder 1764 by Snap. 4—6. 1. KNIGHT ERRANT 1774 by Goldfinder. .5—8. 2. DOCTOR 1776 by Goldfinder. 3—9. 4. Prize 1767 by Snap. 5—9. 5. Mexican 1775 by Snap (s. to Virginia). 3—8. 4. BARTLET'8 ('^r Bleeding-) Childers about 1716 by Darley's Arabian. (Not run). 1. Suuirt 1"32 by Bartlet's Childers. 5 — 8 (up to 11 year-old without winning, also in Give and Take PL). 1. SYPHON 1750 by Squirt. 4. 1. Sweet William 1768 by Syphon. 4—8. 2. Sweetbriar 1769 by Syphon. 4—6. 1. CHOCOLATE 1777 by Sweetbriar. 3—5. Jerry Sneak 1796 by Chocolate out of 25 year-old Mother 2 (October, once)— 13. [Brown. 4—11.] 1. Fitz jerry 1807 by Jerry Sneak. 2—9. 2. Holly m o u n t 1812 by Jerry Sneak. 4—10. 2. EXCISEMAN 1781 by Sweetbriar. 8—12. 2. MARSKE 1750 by Squirt. 4 (5 and 6 year-old without winning). 1. Eclipse 1764 by Marske. 5—6. 110 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. J A VELIN 1772 by Eclipse. 4. 1. Chance 1780 by Javelin (s. to Russia). 4—8. 2. Helmet 1788 by Javelin. 3—10. 3. y. Javelin (later Antrim) 1795 by Javelin. 2—8. 2. POTSOS 1773 by Eclipse. 4—10. 1. Coriander 1786 by Pot8os. 3—8. M a r c i a 1797 by Coriander. 3—9. 2. Telescope 1786 by PotSos. 3—8. 3. Alderman 1787 by Pot8os (s. to Virginia). 3—9. 4. Druid 1790 by PotSos. 3—8. 5. Waxy 1790 by Pot8os. 3—6. D. 1. Waxy Pope 1806 by Waxy. 3—6. D. 1. Noble 1816 by Waxy Pope. 2. Gossoon 1818 by Waxy Pope. 4—9 (Half-bred). 3. Starch 1819 by Waxy Pope. 3—8. Confusion 1832 by Starch. 7—10. 4. Skylark 1826 by Waxy Pope (1836 s. 3 — 8. to America). St. Lawrence 1837 by Skylark (or 2 — 10. Lapwing-). (10_vear-old Chester Cup). 2. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy. 3—6. D. 1. Waverley 1817 by Whalebone. 3—5. 1. The Saddler 1828 by Waverley. 2 (Sept., twice)— 6. Dcp. 1. The Provost 1836 by The 2 (May, 3 times)— 6. [Saddler. Alp 1846 by The Provost. 3 — 8. Dam 2y. Aug-., twice. 2. Shadow 1836 by The Saddler. 2 — 11. Dam 2 y. April once. 3. Inheritress 1840 by The Saddler. 2—10. ' 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. m 4. Radulphus 1843 by The Saddler. 2—14. 5. Sir Peter Laurie 1873 by The Saddler. 3. A famous Steepler. (1852 3rd in Liverpool Grand National.) Hall Court 1859 by Sir Peter Laurie. A famous Steepler. 1865 and 1869 2nd in Liverpool Grand National. 6. Vesta 1843 by The Saddler. 2—9. 2. The Bard 1833 by Waver ley (s. to Russia). 2 (June, twice) — 4. (Own brother to The Saddler). Miss Burns 1840 by The Bard. 5—9. 3. Sambo Sutton 1834 by Waverley. 6 — 10. Dam 2 y. April, once. 2. Camel 1822 by Whalebone. 3—5. 1. Abbas Mirza 1831 by Camel. 3. The Widow 1839 by Abbas Mirza. 7 — 9 (10 year-old without winning, 8 year-old Cm.) ' 2. Touchstone 1831 by Camel. 2 (Sept., twice)— 6 L. Acp. 2 x Dcp. 2 x 1. Cotherstone 1840 by Touchstone. 2 (Oct., twice)— 3. D. 2. Bordeaux 1847 by Cotherstone. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. Sept., once. 2. Orlando 1841 by Touchstone. 2 (Juni, 5 times) — 5. D. 1. Octavia 1849 by Orlando. 3—8. 2. Fractious 1853 by Orlando. 2—8. 3. Ithuriel 1841 by Touchstone. 3. Sir Rowland Trenchard 1848 by Ithuriel. 2—8. 3. Sir Isaac 1831 by Camel. (Not run). Yardley 1840 by Sir Isaac. 3—8. Dam 2 y. July, twice. 4. Caravan 1834 by Camel. 3—7. (2nd D.) Acp. 5. Camelino 1836 by Camel. 2—8. Dam 2y. July, twice. 6. Queen of the Gipsies 1840 by Camel. 2 — 9. Dam 2 y. June, once. ' 3. Busk 1824 by Whalebone. 9— S. 112 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred tin the Racecourse, etc. 4. Sir Hercules 1826 by Whalebone. 2 (Oct., once and 1 w. o.) ■ — 4. (Sire of many good steeplechasers). 1. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Hercules. 2 (Oct., once) —4. 1. The Baron 1842 by Birdcatcher. 3. L. Cs. Zouave 185o by The Baron. 3. The Lamb 1862 by Zouave. A famous Steepler. 1868 and 1870 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Kingfisher 1842 by Birdcatcher. 6—8, 3. Blarney 1847 (or 48) by Birdcatcher. 7—12. 4. Knight of St. George 1851 by Birdcatcher. 2 (Sept.. 4 times) —3. L. Dan O'Connell 1858 by Knight of St. (Not run). [George. The Liberator 1869 by Dan [O'Connell. 3 — 5. 6 — 15 y. steeplechase. 1879 winner in Liverpool Grand National. Ran as 17 year-old in Liverpool Grand National. (Dam 2y. Sept., twice). 2. Magnum Bonum (later Discount) 1838 by Sir 4. Famous Steepler. [Hercules. 1844 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 5. Merman 1826 by Whalebone. 3—9. 6. The Sea 1830 by Whalebone. 3. Later in Steeplechases. 1849 also in Liverpool Grand National. Freetrader 1849 by The Sea. 2—5. 1856 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 7. Bodice 1831 by Whalebone. 3-8. 3. W h i s k e r 1812 by Waxy. 3—6. D. 1. Memnon 1822 by Whisker (s. to Russia). 2 (Sept., twice) — 5. L. 1. Seventy-four 1833 by Memnon. 3. A famous Steepler, twice 2nd Liverpool Grand National. 2. King Cole 1833 by Memnon. 5—9. 5. The Thoroug-hbred in the Past and Present. 1\'^ 2. Catterick 1822 by Whisker. 3. 1. Jerry about 1830 by Catterick. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1840 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 2. Roderick Random about 1832 by Catterick. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 3. Catherina 1830 by \\'hisker. 2—11. 6. Dorichs 1790 by PotSos. 4—8. 7. Oliver 1791 by PotSos. 3—8. Dam 2 y. July, 3 times. 8. Thereabouts 1792 by Pot8os. 4—9. 9. r riffle 1795 by Pot8os. 2—8. 10. Parasol 1800 by Pot8os. 3—8. 3. SATELLITE 1774 by Eclipse. 3 — 6 (up to 9 year-old without winning). Keren-HappHch 1789 by Satellite. 3—8. (Half-sister to Waxy). 4. JUPITER 1774 by Eclipse. 3 — 4. (Own brother to \'olunteer and Mercury). 1. Caniock 1785 by Jupiter. 2—9. 2. Halki)i 1786 by Jupiter. 3—8. 4. KING FERGUS 1775 by Eclipse. 3—6. 1. BeNi)igbroug]i 1791 by Kiny Fergus. .3—6. '^ L. ^ 1. Orville 1799 by Beningbrough. 2 (August, twice) — 8. L. 1. Muley 1810 by Orville. 5. 1. Morisco 1819 by Muley. 3—5. Taurus 1826 by Morisco (or Phantom) (1839 s. to Germany). 3 (and up to 7 year-old without winning). 1. John o'Gaunt 1838 by Taurus. .3—7. Hungerford 1848 by John o'Gaunt. 2 — 8. Dam 2 year-old, June, once. 2. Oakley 1838 by Taurus. 3—7. 2. Atlas 1826 by Muley. 4—9. ■[]^4 Tri.ii of the 'rhoioughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 3. Muley Moloch 1830 by Muley. 2 (May, twice) — 5. 1. Alice Hawthorn 1838 by Muley Moloch. 3—7. Gcp. Dcp. 2 X . Mother, Grano mother, and Great-grandmother not run. 2. Morpeth 1841 by Muley Moloch. 2—8. 4. Dulcimer 1836 by Muley. 3. Dulcet 1842 by Dulcimer. 3—10. 2. Fitz Orville 1812 by Orville. 3—6. Gondolier 1826 by Fitz Orville. 3—8. 3. Master Henry 1815 by Orville. 2 — 7 (7 year-old, 6 races, won). Dam 2y. July, twice. 4. Andrew 1816 by Orville. 3—4. Cadland 1825 by Andrew. 3—6. D. 2. Miss Kitty Cockle 1834 by Cadland. 4 — 9. Dam 2 y. Sept., once. 5. Bizarre 1820 by Orvill(\ 1. Nike 1830 by Bizarre. 3—8. 2. Mus 1833 by Bizarre. 3—8. 3. Bellissima 1835 by Bizarre. 3—9. 6. Fmilius 1820 by Orville. 3—4. D. 1. .St. Nicholas 1827 by Fmilius 2 (Sei)t., twice) —3. (1840 s. to (jermany). 1. St. Lawrence 1833 by St. Nicholas. 2 (.Aug"., twice.) Grillade 1852 by St. Lawrence. 4—9. 2. California 1833 by St. Nicholas. (Not run). Romeo 1850 by California. 2_10. 12 y. 3rd in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. Priam 1827 by Fmilius. .3—5. D. Gcp. 2 X . 1. Y. Priam (later Wild Hero) 1836 by Priam. 2 (Oct., 3 times.) Tom Tough 1840 by V. Priam. 3-- 8. (Half-bred). 5 The Thorouehbred in the Past and Present. li: "2. Zoroaster 1836 b_v Priam. 2 — S. Dam 2}'. June, twice. 2. Scud 1804 by Beninsbroush- 3—4. Actiion 1822 by .Scud. 3—6. Aimwell 1835 by Actiion. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. April, once. 2. Hambletoiiian 1792 by Kin^ Fergus. 3—8. L. 1. W h i t e 1 o c k 1803 by Hambletonian. 4. Blacklock 1814 by Whitelock. 2 (.Aui;-., 3 times) — 5. 1. Brutandorf 1821 by Blacklock. 3—6. 1. Hetman PiatolT 1826 bv Brutandorf. 3—4. 1. The Cossack 1844 by Hetman Platot'f. 2 (July, once) — 3. D. (up to 8year-(jld without winning-, but very good). .Mcibiade 1860 by The Cossack. 3. I860 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. Timotheus 1848 by Hetman Piatoff. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. June, once. 2. Physician 1829 by Brutandorf. 2 (Oct., once) — 5. Aristotle 1839 by Physician. 3—8. 3. Are tic 1833 by Brutandorf. 4—10. (Half-bred.) 4. Gay Lad about 1833 by Brutandorf. .\ famous Steepler (Half-bred). 1842 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 2. Brownlock 1822 by Blacklock. .3—9. 3. Velocipede 1825 by Blacklock-. 2 (April, 4 times) — 4. 1. Valentissimo 1832 by Velocipede. 2—8. 2. Hornsea 1832 by Velocipede. .3—4. Gcp. Cataract 1840 bv Hornsea. 3—5. Waterfall 1848 by Cataract. ?— 8. 3. ^Laid of Team Valley 1846 by Velocipede. 2 — 9. Dam 2 y. April, once. 4. Y. Blacklock ]825 by Blacklock. 3. ]]g Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Mas-pie 1834 by Y. Blacklock. 2 (Sept., 3 times, and 1 w.o.) — 5. Lou^h Bawn 1848 by Magpie. 3—10. 5. Tranby 1826 by Blacklock (s. to Anierica). 4 — 6 (ran as a 5 year-old in the famous bet of Mr. Osbaldeston). I-am-not-a\vare 1835 by Tranby. 2 — 9. Dam 2 y. June, 6 times, n. Placrow 1826 by Blacklock. 3. Famous Steepler. 7. Voltaire 1826 by Blacklock. 2 (April, twice) —3. Charles XII. 1836 by Voltaire. 3—7. L. Little Charley 1848 by Charles XII. A famous Steepler. 1858 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. C a m i 1 1 u s 1803 bv Hambletonian and Faith. 3. 3—7. 1. Oiseau 1809 by Camillus. 2 (April, 5 times) — 7. Revolution 1827 by Oiseau. 3—8. 2. Magistrate 1814 by Camillus (s. to Russia). 3—5. (Half-brother to Fleur de Lis.) 1. Coroner 1825 by Magistrate. 3—9. 2. Terror 1825 by Magistrate. 3—9. 3. Gar us 1812 by Hambletonian. 3—9. 4. Anticipation 1812 by Hambletonian. 3—7. Dam 2y. May, once. (Half-brother to Clinker). Presentiment 1821 by Anticipation. 2—8. 3. Hippona 1794 by King Fergus. 4—8. 4. Warter 1794 by King Fergus. 3—8. 5. Oiieensbcrry (later Picadilly) 1794 by King Fergus. 5. K a t t y F 1 a n a g h a n 1792 by Oueensberry. 4—9. 6. TIFFANY 1775 by Eclipse. 4—8. 7. FLAMER 1776 by Eclipse. .5—9. S. MERCrRY 1778 by Eclipse. 3 — 6. (Own brother to jupller and \'olunteer). 5. The Thoroughbred in ihe Past and Present. 117 1. Old Gold 1787 by Mercur\'. 3— S. 2. Precipitate 1787 by Mercury (J 808 s. to Virginia). 3 — 5. (Own brother to Gohanna). 1. Bobtail 1795 by Precipitate. 3—10. Dam 2y. July, 4 times. 2. M a t r a n n e e 1795 by Precipitate. 3—8. 3. R o 1 1 a 1797 by Precipitate. 2-8. 4. L a n g t o n 1802 by Precipitate. 3—10. 3. Gohanna 1790 by Mercury. 3—10. (Own brother to Precipitate). 1. G o 1 u m p u s 1802 by Gohanna. (Not run). Catton 1809 by Goluinpus. 3—8. 1. Mulatto 1823 by Catton. 3—6. Dcp. 1. Discord 1837 by Mulatto. 5 — 8. Dam 2y. June, twice. 2. Ah-ican 1839 by Mulatto. 3—8. 2. Coronet 1825 by Catton (1837 s. to Virginia). 3—11. Dam 2y. May, twice. 3. Cistercian 1826 by Catton. 3—10. (Own brother to The Nun). 4. The Poet 1826 by Catton. A famous Steepler. 5. The Chancellor 1827 by Catton. 3—8. 6. Diana 1828 by Catton. 2—8. 7. The Nun 1829 by Catton. 7 — 9. Later a famous Steepler up to 11 year- old. Twice Leam. St. Ch. won. 8. David 1829 by Catton. 3—5. (Half-brother to Despot). Crabbs 1844 by David. 3—9. 2. Cerberus 1802 by Gohanna (s. to Russia). 3 — 9. (Sire of many good racers). 3. Election 1804 by Gohanna. 3 — 7. D. Dam 2 y. June, 4 times. 1. Leah 1814 by Election. 3—9. 2. Manfred 1814 by Election. 3—5. Bilberry 1826 by Manfred or by Medley (b\ 4 — 9. [Gohanna). 118 Trial of the Thorou^libred on the Racecourse, elc. 4. Z u 1 e i k a ISIO by Gohanna. 4 — 8. (Dam of ?Ielenus). 4. Brigadier 1792 by Mercurv. 4—10. 0. Sliavcr (earlier Little Wirley) 1792 b\- Mercurx . 6—10. 9. JOE ANDREWS (earlier Dennis O!) 1778 l)y Eclipse 4—9. Dick Amireii's 1797 by joe Andrews. .3—6. 1. C w r w 18lt9 b\ Dick Andrews. 3—7. -2. 2. T r a ni p 1810 by Dick Andrews. 3-4. 1. Lottery (farlier Tinker) 1820 by Tramp (1833 s. to 3 — 0. Dcp. [France). (A larij'e progeny by Lottery winning up to 7 year-old, half-brother to .Mtisidora and Brutan- dorf). 1. Lottery 1S29 by Lottery. 5 — 10. Steepler. (Not in the Stud Book, but ought to be a Thoroughbred). 1839. Winner in L\'p. Gr. Nation. 2. Zohrab 1831 by Lottery. 3—10. 3. Sheet Anchor 1832 by Lottery 3 — 4. (s. to (iei'mruiv). 1. Collingwood 1843 by Sheet Anchor. 2. Weatherbit 1842 by Sheet Anchor. 3—4. Weathercock 1851 by Weatherbit. A famous steej^ler. 1857 and 1858 2nd in Liverpool Grand National. 2. Little Red Rover 1827 by Tramp. 3—7. 3. 'iVaveller 1828 by Tramp. 2—9. 4. Vagrant 1828 by 'J'ramp. 3—10. 5. Liverpool 1828 b_\- Tramp. 2 (Sept., once) — 5. 1. Lanercost 1835 by Liver|)ool. 3 — 7. Cm. Dam 2y. Oct., once. \"rin Tromp 1844 by Lanercost (s. to Russia). 2 (July, 3 times and 1 \v. o.) — 5. L. Gcp. Prince of Orange 1853 by \nn Tromj). 2 8. 2. Xaworth 1837 by Liverpool. 2—9. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 119 3. A British Yeoman 1840 by Liverpool. 2. (May, 6 times). Bourgeois 1850 by A British Yeoman. 3—11. 4. Birkenhead 1843 by Liverpin)!. (Not run). New Brighton 1850 by Birlcenhead. 4—10. la SALTRAM 1780 by Eclipse (1793 s. to Russia). 3— 5v D. Whiskey 1789 by Saltram. 3—4. 1. Eleanor 1798 by Whiskey. 3 — 7. D. O. (Half-sister to Sorcerer and dam of Muley). 2. W h i r 1 i g- i g- 1798 by Whiskey. 4—8. 3. R u m b o 1800 by Whiskey. 2—11. 4. S p y 1803 by Whiskey. 3—10. Dam 2 y. July, 4 times. 11. VOLUXTEER (later Cornet) 1780 by Eclipse. 3 — 5. (Own brother to Mercury and Jupiter). 1. Magic 1794 by Volunteer. 4—5. M o u n t a i n e e r 1802 by Maggie. 3—11. 2. Eagle 1796 by Volunteer (s. to \'irginia). .3 — 9. (Own brother to Spread Eagle D., half-brother to Didelot D.) A s m o d e u s 1807 by Eagle. 3—9. 12. ERASMUS 1781 by Eclipse. 3. (Own brother to Alexander and Don Quixote). Esher 1795 by Erasmus. 6 — 8. (Half-brother to Pcg^asus). 13. ALEXANDER 1782 by Eclipse. 3 — 7. (Own brother to Erasmus and Don Quixote). Bitcephahis 1802 by Alexander (s. to Russia). 3-8. 14. METEOR 1783 by Eclipse. 3—7. 1. Meteora 1802 by Meteor. 3—8. O. Dam 2 y July, twice. 2. Ambo 1809 by Meteor (or by Diamond). 2 (Oct., once) —6. L i s t o n 1821 by Ambo. 3—13. 15. GUNPOWDER 1784 by Eclipse (s. to Russia). 3 — 9. (Own brother to Soldier 1779 by Eclipse). 3—7. 120 Trial of the Thorouglibred on the Racecourse, etc. 16. PEGASUS 1784 by Eclipse. 4—7. 1. King Edward (earlier Shum Sheer Jung) 1795 bv Pegasus. 6—8. 2. Novice 1795 b}- Pegasus. ?— 8. 3. Par)iassiis 1797 by Pegasus. 5—11. 4. Laura 1800 by Pegasus. 2—8. (Dam of Dr. Eady by Rubens). 5. Hippomenes 1802 by Pegasus. 2—8. 17. DON QUIXOTE 1784 by Eclipse. 3 — 8. (Own brother to Erasmus and Alexander). 1. Sancho 1801 by Don Quixote. 3—4. L. Cannon-ball 1810 by Sancho. 3 — 9. (Half-brother to Grimaldi and sire of many good hunters and Steeplers). Counsellor 1821 by Cannon-ball (or bv Childe Harold). .^8. (Half-bred). 2. Artichoke 1802 by Don Quixote. 3—8. 3. Amadis 1807 by Don Quixote. 4. 1. P a 1 m e r i n 1816 by Amadis (s. to Russia). 2 (May, once) — 4. Aggravator 1832 by Palmerin. .5—12. (Half-bred). 2. M a g i c about 1820 by Amadis. .\ famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 18. SERPENT 1786 by Eclipse. 3—10. 2. Stripling 1765 by Marske. 4—8. 3. Y. Marske 1771 by Marske. 4. 1. RULER 1777 by Y. Marske. 3 — 5. L. (Half-brother to Rattler and Magnum Bonum). High Eagle 1790 bv Ruler. 3(?)-9. 2. TRIMMER 1788 by Y. Marske. 3—8. 3. SHUTTLE 1793 by Y. Marske. 3—5. 1. Cambric 1807 by Shuttle. 2 — 8. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day). Dam 2 y. July, twice. 2. Engraver 1807 by Shuttle. 3 — 6. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day). 5. The Thoroug'hbred in the Past and Present. 121 4. Hepliestion 1771 by Marske. 4—9. 2. MISS PROCTOR (or Smallhopes) 1733 by Bartlet's Childers. 5 — 11. (Up to 13 year-old without winning). Byerly Turk born about leso. 1. BASTO 1702 by Byerly Turk. 6 — 8. (Sire of Old Ebony, Foundation Mare in Fam. 5). 2. JIGG about 1702 by Byerly Turk. (Not run). Partner (^i-- a-oft's) I7is by jigg. 5 — S. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). 1. PARTNER (Grisewood's) 1730 by Partner. 5 — 14. (15 year-old without winning). (Sire of Miss Elliot, Grimcrack's Dam, Foundation Mare in Fain. 23). 2. SEDBURY 1734 by Partner. 4—10. Tantiyy 1749 by Sedbury. 4—11. 3. OLD TRAVELLER 1735 by Partner. 4—7. 1. Skim 1748 by Old Traveller. 4—8. 2. Dainty Davy 1752 by Old Traveller. 4—11. DAVID 1766 by Dainty Davy. 4 — 12 (also in Give and Take Plates). 3. Squirrel 1754 by Old Traveller. 4—7. 1. WEASEL 1766 by Squirrel. 5—11. 2. FU RIBAND 1767 by Squirrel. 3 — 10 (also in Give and Take Plates). 3. SLIM 1771 by Squirrel. 3—10. 4. LITTLE JOHN 1740 by Partner. 4 — 8. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). 5. TARTAR (earlier Partner) 1743 bv Partner. 5—7. (King) Herort 1758 by Tartar. 5—9. 1. FLORIZEL 1768 by Herod. 4—6. 1. Diomcd 1777 by Florizel (s. to America). 3—6. D. 1. G r e y D i o m e d 1785 bv Diomed. 3—8. 122 Trial of the Tiioroui^hbretl on the Racecourse, etc. 2. G 1 a Li c Li s 178G by Dionied. 3—10. 3. A g a m e m n o n 1790 bv Diomed. 3—12. 2. Ulysses 1777 by Flori/el (s. to \':ri;inia). 3—10. Play o r P a v 1791 bv I'lvsscs (s. to Virginia). 3—9. 3. Fortiiuio 1779 bv Florizel. 3—10. S i r F e r d i n a n d (later Kini;- Bladud) 1792 by Fortunio. 2—12. 4. Bustler 1784 by Florizel. 2—9. •). Prizefighter 1784 bv Florizel. 2—9. S w o r d s m a n 1796 by Prizefighter. 4—7. 1. Fencer 1807 by Swordsman. 4. Vivian about 1824 by Fencer. 1834 — 1843 a famous Steepler. 2. Spartacus 1808 by Swordsman. 3—9. 2. MAGNET 1770 by Herod. 4—9. 1. Noodle 1781 by Mai^net. 3—8. 2. Windlestone 1783 by Masnel. 3—8. 3. Shovel 1785 by Mai;-net. 4—9. 3. BACCHUS 1771 bv Herod. (Not run). 1. Rutland 1783 by Bacchus. 4—9. 2. Kitty 1785 by Bacchus. .3—9. 3. Bacchus 1788 by Bacchus. .3-8. 4. WOODPECKER 1773 bv Herod. 4—7. 1. Seagull 178G bv W'lMxlpecker. 2—8." 2. Chanticleer 1787 by Woodpecker. 2 (.April, 6 times) —8. 1. Traveller 1797 by Clirmticleer. 2—9. 2. B o b Booty 1804 by Chanticleer. 2 (Sept., twice) — 4. Napoleon 1824 by Bob Booty (18.33 s. to Fraice). 2—9. 5. Tho Thoroiiohbi-fd in the Past and Present. 128 3. Bii-~aid 1787 by Woddpecker (lsf>4 s. to America). ■2 (Oct., twice) —7. 1. Quiz 1798 by Buzzard. 3—9. L. 1. Roller 1«14 by Quiz. 3 — 11. (Sire of many ^L^ood Steeplers). 2. Euphrates 181G by Quiz. 6—13. ■2. D read n o u i^- h t 1800 bv Buzzard. 3— S. 3. B r a i n w o r m I'^Ol bv Buzzard. 2—8. 4. Bust a r d 1801 by Buzzard. 2—10. o. C a s t r e 1 18f>l bv Buzzard. 3—4. 1. Bustard 1813 by Castrel. 3-5. Remnant 1833 by Bustard. 4—10. 2. -Merlin 1815 bv Castrel. 2 (Aug-., 3 times) —4. Lancastrian 1S25 bv Merlin. 2 (Oct., twice, 1 w. o.) —8. Miss Mowbray about 1843 by Lancastrian. (H.alf-bred) 1^52 winner in I-iver|). Gr. Nation. *i. Sell m 1802 by Buzzard. 4—6. 1. Champidu 1812 by Selim. 3. Donnin^ton 1828 In- Champion. 3—10. 2. Sultan 1816 by Selim. 2 (July, once) — 8. 1. Despot 1S30 by Sultan. 2—8. (Hrdf-brother to David by Catton). 2. Alpheus l'^3() bv Sultan. 3. 1. John Dory 1846 bv Alpheus. 3—9. 2. Alonzo 1847 by Alpheus. 3—9. 3. Lshmael 1830 by Sultan. 3 year-old in racing" stable of Lord jersey, but not Sire of many good Steeplers. [run. 1. Abd-el-Kader about 1840 by lshmael. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1^5(1 and 1851 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. The Switcher 1842 by Tshmael. .A faniiais Steepler. 124 Trial of the Thoi-oughbrecl on the Racecourse, etc. 4. Caliph 1832 by Sultan. 2—10. -■>. Hampton 1833 by Sultan. 3. Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton. 3—11. 6. Adrian 1834 by Sultan. 3—13. 7. Jereed 1834 by Sultan (1846 s. to Russia). 2. (Aug., twice). 1. Greatlieart 1840 by Jereed. 3. Gay lad 1846 by Greatheart. 3 — 10. (Hall-bred, and half-brother to Gaffer Green by Obadiah). 2. Bishop of Romford's Cob 1840 by Jereed. 3—10. 3. Thurgarton 1841 by Jereed. 5 — 10. (Half-bred) and in Steeplechases. 3. Langar 1817 by Selim. 2 (Oct., twice) —9. 1. Philip ]. 1828 by Langar. 2. (Sept., twice, and 1 w. o.). Montague 1846 by Philip L 3-8." 2. Potentate 1832 by Langar. 2—12. 3. Leander 1832 by Langar. 3. The ALirciiioness 1846 by Leander. 3-9. (Half-bred). 7. Rubens ISOo by BuzAavd. .3—5. 1. Gainsborough 1813 by Rubens. 3 — 7. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once. 2. Wouvermans 1815 by Rubens. 4 — 8. Dajn 2 year-old June, twice. 3. Dr. Eady 1816 by Rubens and Laura 2—8 6 — 12. Dam 2 year-old June, twice. 4. Hampden 1819 by Rubens. .3—5. Guildlortl 1826 by Hampden. 2—9. 5. Vandyke 1828 by Rubens. 5 — 10. (Half-bred, also in hurdle races). 11 }ear-old in steeplechases. 4. Olive 1787 by Woodpecker. 2—10. 6. Y. Woodpecker 1794 by Woodpecker. (Not run). o. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 125 1. W cod ni a n 1SU7 by Y. Woodpecker. 3—8. Charity 1830 by Woodman. 5—9. (Half-bred). 14 year-old, steeplechases. A famous 1841 winner in Liverpl. Gr. Nation. [Steepler. 2. S 1 e n d e r Bill y 180S by Y. Woodpecker. 3—9. 6. Brother to \'ivaJdi 1799 by Woodpecker. 4 — 8. (Sire of many good hunters). .5. FITZHEROD 1773 by Herod. (Not run). Mufti 1783 by Fitzherod. 3—9. 6. IL'MIO 1774 by Herod. 3—5. Scorpion 1785 by Il'mio. 3—12. 7. JUSTICE 1774 by Herod. .3—4. 1. Trijle 1782 by Justice. 3—9. 2. Rasper (later Douglas) 1782 by Justice. 3—9. 3. Mentor 1784 by Justice. 3 — 11. (Half-brother to Sweetbriar). 4. Midnight {\c\te\- Whip) 1792 by Justice. 2—10. 8. LABURNUM 1774 by Herod. 4—9. 9. HIGHFLYER 1774 by Herod. 3—5. 1. Rockingham 1781 by Highflyer. 4 — 7. Dcp. (G year-old, 17 races won). 1. Patriot 1790 by Roclcingham. 2—8. 2. Bennington 1791 by Rockingham. 3—8. 2. Dclpini (earlier Hackwood) 1781 by Highflyer. 3—5. 1. Grimaldi 1802 by Delpini (Half-brother to Cannon-ball). .5—8. 1. Grimaldi 1820 by Grimaldi. 1S32— 183G a famous Steepler. 2. Pantomime 1820 by Grimaldi 4 — 16 in Hunter Stakes. (Half-breed, s. Sporting Magazine, Vol. 89). 2. Bustler 1807 by Delpini. 4—6. The Major 1822 by Bustler. 3—W. 3. R p p e r s t o n 1808 by Delpini. 4—8. 126 Trial of tlie Thoroui^hbrcd on the Racecourse, etc. 3. Harlot (earlier Connilass) 1783 by Hiijhflyer. 4—13. 4. Sir Peter 17S4 bv Highflyer. 3—0. D. 1. A m b r o s i o 1793 by Sir Peter. 3—6. L. Huntingdon 18136 by Ambrosio. 4 — 9. (Ran only in unimportant races against verv inferior horses). Dam 2 year-old May, 10 times. 2. M r. T e a z 1 e 1793 by Sir Peter. (Not run). Y. Vestris 1806 by Mr. Teazle. 3. Matiiew 1838 by Y. Yestris. 6 — 9. A famous Steepler. 1847 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 3. Sir Sol o m o n (earlier Tankersley) 1796 by Sir Peter. 3—6. Cambrian 1804 by Sir Soloinon. 3—11. 4. H a p h a / a r d 1797 by Sir Peter. 3—9. 1. Don Cossack 1810 by Haphazard. 3—5. 1. Prosody 1818 by Don Cossack. 3 — 10. (Often many times in a day). 2. The Tartar 1821 by' Don Cossack. ' 6—8. (Not in Stud Book). 3. Reform 1829 by Don Cossack. 3 — 9. (Often many times in a day). (Not in Stud Book). 2. Filho da Puta 1812 by Haphazard. 2 (Sept., once, and 1 w. o.) — 4. L. ]. Troy 1820 by Filho da Puta. 3. Pumpkin 1829 by Trov. .3—9. ■i. Conductor 1820 by Filho da Puta. 3-4. Oswald 1832 by Conductor. 3—10. 3. Forester Lass 1821 by b'ilho da Puta. 6—8. 4. Haji Baba 1821 by Filho da Puta. 3-9. o. Orthodox 1821 by ImIIio da Puta. .3 — 11. Dam 2 year-old \l:[\\ twice. 6. Dr. Faustus 1822 by Filho da Puta. 3—9. 1. Jesuit 1834 by Dr. I-'austus. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). ]\an and won at 24\"ear-old? 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 127 2. Obadiah 1834 by Dr. Faustus. 2 (Sept., once, and 1 \v. o.) — 3. Sailor (later Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiah. 6—14. (Half-bred, and half-brother to Gaylad by Greatheart). (Often many times in a day). 3. Tupsley 1837 by Dr. Faustus. 3—4. Huntsman 1853 by Tupsley. 3—4. 1862 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 4. The Chandler 1836 by Dr. Faustus. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1848 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 7. jocko 1823 by Filho da Puta. 3—9. 8. Ghico 1825 by Filho da Puta. 3—11. 9. Independence 182() by Filho da Puta or by Sher- 2—9. [wood 1820 by Filho da Puta. 10. Giovanni 1828 by Filho da Puta. 3 — 7. (8 year-old 3 times very well run). (Half-brother to Potentate by Langar). 3. \'ictorine 1816 by Haphazard. 4-9. 4. Figaro 1819 by Haphazard (1831 s. to Mecklenburg). 3—6. * Isaac 1831 by Figaro. 2 — 14. (Up to 15 year-old, also in hurdle races). 5. W a 1 t o n 1799 by Sir Peter. 3—6. 1. Phantom 1808 by Walton (1832 s. to Mecklenburg). 3—4. D. 1. Spectre 1815 by Phantom. 3—5. Granby 1823 by Spectre. 3—8. 2. X'anish 1625 by Phantom (1836 s. to PZast Prussia). 2 (June, 4 times) — 7. Sunbeam 1833 by Vanish. 2—8. 2. Partisan 1811 by Walton. .3—5. 1. Mameluke 1824 bv Partisan. .3—5. D. Zethus 1831 by Mameluke. 3—10. 2. Patron 1826 bv Partisan. 128 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Peter Sunple about 1839 by Patron. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1849 and 1853 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 3. Venison 1833 by Partisan. 2 (July, once) — 4. 1. New Forestdeer 1841 by Venison. 3—10. (Half-bre'd). 2. Herbert 1846 by Venison. 2—8. 4. Gladiator 1833 by Partisan. 3. (2nd D). Napier 1840 by Gladiator. 2 (Sept., 3 times) —3. Indian Warrior 1849 by Napier. 2—8. 3. Waterloo 1814 by Walton. 3. 1. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo. 3 — 5. (Ran and won often several times in a day). 2. Caleb 1828 by \\'aterloo. 2—8. 4. St. Patrick 1817 bv Walton. 3—4. L. 1. Daniel 1832 by St. Patrick. 3—9. 2. St. Francis 1835 by St. Patrick. 2—8. 3. Garry Owen 1837 by St. Patrick. 2— lo! 6. Ditto 1800 by Sir Peter. 3—7. D. Luzborough 1820 by Ditto. 4—8. 7. Sir P a u I 1802 by Sir Peter. 3—5. Paulowitz 1813 by Sir Paul. 3—7. 1. Cain 1822 by Paulowitz. 3—5. 1. Ion 1835 by Cain. 2 (July, 4 times) —4. Poodle 1849 by Ion. 2 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once. 2. Barney Bodicin 1830 by Cain. 2—8. 2. Little Boy-blue 1825 by Paulowitz. 2—9. 3. Changeling- 1828 by Paulowitz (or Swap). 3 — 9. Dam 2 year-old .Sept., once. 8. Cardinal Y o r k 1804 by Sir Peter. 3—5. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 129 Advance 1815 by Cardinal York. 3—5. 1. Vanguard 1835 by Advance. 4. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1843 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Pioneer 1840 by Advance. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1846 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 9. P o u 1 t o n 1805 by Sir Peter. 3—8. 10. Clinker 1805 by Sir Peter. 3 — 4. (Half-brother to Anticipation). Clinker 1806 by Clinker. A famous Steepler. 5. Star 1785 by Highflyer (1811 s. to America). 2 (Oct., once) —6. Mr. Gundy 1804 by Star. 3—9. 6. Skyscraper 1786 by Highflyer. 3—8. D. 7. Walnut 1786 by Highflyer. 3—5. Lignum Vitae 1797 by Walnut. 3^ — 8. (Sire of many good racers). 8. Phaeton 1787 by Highflyer. 3—11. 9. St. George 1789 by Highflyer. 3—10. Topsy-Turvey 1805 by St. George. 7 — 10 . (Died at 16 year-old through physic in training for Welter Stakes in Bibury). Nimrod 1820 by Topsy-Turvey. 6—10. 10. Sling 1789 by Highflyer. 3—11. 11. Tidy 1789 by Highflyer. 3—8. 12. Grouse 1790 by Highflyer 3. (4 and 5 year-old without winning). First Fruits 1797 by Grouse. 2—9. 13. Diamond 1792 by Highflyer (s. to France). 3—8. 1. Q u e e n of Diamonds 1809 by Diamond. 3 — 7. (Own sister to King of Diamonds). 2. King of Diamonds 1810 by Diamond. ;3— 8. King of Trumps 1827 by King of Diamonds. .3—8. 14 Lark 1792 by Highflyer. 3—8. [30 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 15. Louisa 1792 by Highflyer. 4—9. 16. Delamere 1793 by Highflyer. 3—8. 10. BOURDEAUX 1774 by Herod. 4 — 6. (Own brother to Florizel). Highlander 1783 by Bourdeaux. 3—9. 11. GUILDFORD 1775 by Herod. 4—9. 12. BOXER 1776 by Herod. 3—8. 13. ROVER (later Tom Tug or Tug) 1777 by Herod. 3—9. Cornet 1792 by Rover. 3—9. 14. GOLDEN DUN 1777 by Herod. 3—11. 15. DRONE 1777 by Herod (s. to America). 3—10. 16. ANVIL 1777 by Herod. 4—9. 17. FORTITUDE 1777 by Herod. 4—7. John Bull 1789 by Fortitude. 3. D. Admiral Nelson 1795 by John Bull (s. to America). 3 — 8. Dam 2 year-old July, 3 times. 18. PHONOMENON 1780 by Herod (1803 s. to America). 3—5. L. Hiiby 1788 by Phonomenon s. to Russia). 3—8. Driver 1798 by Huby. 3—9. 19. BAGOT 1780 by Herod. 4. 1. Master Bagot 1787 by Bagot. 3—5. 1. Dawdle 1795 by Master Bagot. 2—8. (Half-bred)". 2. Hollyhock 1804 by Master Bagot. 4—8. Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock. 4—10. 2. Loyal 1796 by Bagot. 3—8. (Half-bred). 2. Soldier 1758 by Tartar. 4—9. 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. ]31 Godolphin Arabian bom 1724. 1. CADE l''34 by Godolphin Arabian. 6. (7 to 11 year-old without winning). 1. TrilllHioil 1"47 by Cade. 4—10. 1. MOTHERN BROWN 1771 by Trunnion (Dam of Jerry Sneak). 4—11. 2. TITANIA 1774 by Trunnion. 4—11. 2. Y. Cade 1^47 by Cade. (Not run). 1. BACHELOR 1758 by Y. Cade. 4—9. 2. HUXCAMUNCA 1759 by Y. Cade. 7—11. 3. DAMEL 1762 by Y. Cade. 4—10. 4. CARABINEER 1765 by Y. Cade. 4 — ICl. (Half-brother to Morwick Ball by Regulus). 3. Chailg'elillii' 1^47 by Cade. 6. (Own brother to Matchem). LE SAN(J 1759 by Changeling. 4— S. 1. Scampstoil Cade 1747 by Cade. 5—6. YOUjVG DATY 1760 by Scampston Cade. 4—10. 5. 3Iatchem 1''48 by Cade. 5—10. 1. TURF 1760 by Matchem. 4—6. Mentor 1773 by Turf. 3—5. BUFFER 1784 by Mentor. 4—10. 2. BANKER 1761 by Matchem. 3—9. Tysiress 1770 by Banker. ,5—11. 3. CONUNDRUM 1762 by Matchem. 4 — 8. (16 year-old without winning). Thetford 1772 by Conundrum. 4—9. 4. RANTHOS 1763 by Matchem. 4—9. n. CHYMIST 1765 by Matchem. 4—6. ]32 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Driitigist 1775 by Chymist. 4 — 8. 7 year-old Gold Cup in Chester and 6 other races. 6. PANTALOON 1767 by Matchem. 4—6. 1. Merry AiulreAvs 1783 by Pantaloon. 2—9. •2. Buffer 1784 by Pantaloon. 4—8. 7. GOLDFINCH 1767 by Matchem. 3—10. 8. CONDUCTOR 1767 by Matchem. 4—6. 1. Imperator 1776 by Conductor. 3—8. PIP AT OR 1786 by Imperator. 2 (July, once) —7. Rememhrancer 1800 by Pipator. .3—4. L. R e c o r d o n 1807 by Remembrancer. 3—5. Welcome 1819 by Recordon. (Not run). Sir William about 1830 by Welcome. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1838 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Trunipator 1782 by Conductor. 3—4. 1. AIM AT OR 1790 by Trumpator (>. to Russia). ,3_8. (Half-brother to Aimwell D). 2. PAYNATOR 1791 by Trumpator (s. to Russia). 2 (July, 4 times) —9. 1. Offa's Dyke (earlier Occator) 1807 by Paynator. 5—9. 2. Marksman 1808 by Paynator. ;5— 18. 3. Dr. Syntax 1811 by Paynator. 3—12. 1. B e e's W i n g 18-33 by Dr. Syntax. 2—9. Dcp. 2. T h e Doctor 1834 by Dr. Syntax. 2—9. 3. A j a X 1838 by Dr. Syntax. 3—8. 4. F a m a 1838 by Dr. Syntax. 3—8. 5. Syntaxina 1838 by Dr. Syntax. 2—8. 6. Hope about 1838 by Dr. Syntax. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 133 3. RE PEAT OR 1791 by Trumpator. 3—9. 4. SORCERER 1796 by Trumpator. 3—5. 1. Sootlisayer 1808 by Sorcerer (1823 ?. to Russia). 3—5. L. 1. W e 1 b e c k 1815 by Soothsayer. (Not run). Bedlamite 1823 by Welbeck. 3—4. Saul 1835 by Bedlamite. 3—10. 2. H e 1 e n u s 1821 by Soothsayer (1835 to Germany) 3—8. and Zuleika 4—8 2. Comns 1809 by Sorcerer. 3—4. 1. Reveller 1815 by Comus. 3—8. L. 1. Oberon 1827 by Reveller. 3—11. 2. Bosphorus 1836 by Reveller. 3—8. 2. Corinthian 1819 by Comus. 3 — 5. (Half-brother to Jerry). Russel 1826 by Corinthian. 3— S. 3. Humphrey Clinker 1822 by Comus. 3—5. Melbourne 1834 by Humphrey Clinker. 3 — 5. (6 year-old very good but did not win). Sir Tatton Sykes 1843 by Melbourne. 3—4. L. 2. Mr. Sykes 1850 by Sir Tatton Sykes. 2—9. (Half-bred). 3. Smolensko 1810 bv Sorcerer. 3 — 4. D. 2. (Sire of many racers which frequently ran several races in one day, as, for instance, Thorngrove, 1827). 1. Banker 1816 by Smolensko. 3 — 7. Dam 2 year-old August, twice. 2. N a u g h t y T o m m y 1820 by Smolensko. 6—11. 3. J e r r y 1821 by Smolensko. 3. L. (Sire of man}' 2 year-old winners). Tomboy 1829 by Jerry. 3—5. Nutwith 1840 by Tomboy. 2 (June, 3 times) —3. L. 1. Noisette 1850 by Nutwith. 2—8. 134 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 2. Knight of Kars 1855 by Nutwith. 3. 1. The Colonel 1863 by Knight of Kars. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1869 and 1870 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation, (s. to Germany). 2. New Oswestry 1864 by Knight of (Half-bred). [Kars. A famous Steepler, and sire of many good Steeplers, amongst which were : 1. Zoedone 1877 by New Oswestry. 1883 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. Savoyard 1878 by New Oswestry. 1887 2nd in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 4. Bourhon 1811 b}' Sorcerer ^s. to Russia). 3—6. 1. C o m t e d'A r t o i s 1820 by Bourbon. 3—8. 2. Alder m a n 1822 by Bourbon . (s. to Russia). 2—7. (2nd L). 3. Fleur de Lis 1822 by Bourbon. 3 — 8. Dcp. Gcp. 2 X (8 year-old Gcp.). 5. VERNATOR 1796 by Trumpator. 3—5. Ronico 1804 by Vernator. 4—9. 6. REBEL 1796 by Trumpator. 3 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once. 7. CHIPPENHAM 1796 by Trumpator. 3—8. 8. SIR DAVID 1801 by Trumpator (s. to Russia). 2—9. 9. ALFRED 1770 by Matchem. 4. (Own brother to Conductor). Tickle Toby 1786 by Alfred. 4—9. 10. CRITIC 1771 by Matchem. 3—11. 11. MAGNUM BONUM 1773 by Matchem (s. to Russia). 4—7. Ratler 1784 by Magnum Bonum. 4—9. (Half-brother to Ruler by Y. Marske). 12. ESPERSYKES 1775 by Matchem. (Not run). 1. Conqueror 1779 by Espersykes. 4—11. (9 year-old Gold Cup. Chester). 2. Sir Peter Pellel; 1780 by Espersykes. 3-8. 6. .SportsmaiJ 1'753 bv Cade. 4—8. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 135 7. HorO (earlier Slape) 1753 by Cade, .5—13. 1. FRIAR 1768 by Hero. 4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers). ■2. AUOMS 1772 by Hero. .5—11. 3. LALAGE 1776 by Hero. 4—12. (Dam of Y. Lalage 1797, s. p. 69). 8. Northumberland i"54 by Cade. 4—5. BUFF 1766 by Northumberland. 4—12. 9. Silvio 1"54 by Cade. 4—11. 10. SprillU'htly 1"54 by Cade. 4—9. 11. Flylax 1756 by Cade. 6—11. 12. Eniilius about 17-56 by Cade. "i 3IAYDUKE 1765 by Emilius. 7 — 13. (Also in Give and Take Plates). 2. DORMOUSE 1738 by Godolphin Arabian. 7 — 11. (Also in Give and Take Plates). 1. Valiant 1755 by Dormouse. 4—10. •2. Dorimont 1758 by Dormouse. 4 — 10. (Sire of many good racers). 3. KEGULUS 1739 by Godolphin Arabian. 6—7. 1. Cato 1748 by Regulus. 4—11. 2. Trajan 1748 by Regulus. •5—9. 8. Careless 17-51 by Regulus. 4—9. 4. DionysiuS 1752 by Regulus. 4—9. FORESTER 1765 by Dionysius. 4—12. 5. Apollo 1755 by Regulus. 4—10. JOLLY BACCHUS 1768 by Apollo. .3—9. 6. Sultan 1757 by Regulus. 6—9. 7. Morwick Ball 1762 by Regulus. 4 — 7. (Half-brother to Carabineer by Y. Cade). ]^36 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. CAYENDISH (earlier Ouintus) 1784 by Morwick Ball. 3—8. 2. GUSTATUS 1785 by Morwick Ball. 4—8. 8. vSejaiiUS 1764 by Regulus. 4. (Half-brother to Herod). CHEROKEE 1780 by Sejanus. 4—10. 9. Bucephalus 1764 by Regulus. 4—9. 10. Denmark 1764 by Regulus. 4—8. 4. THE GOWER STALLION 1740 by Godolphin Arabian. (Not run). Sweepstakes 1749 by The Gower Stallion. 5—10. 5. BABRAHAM 1740 by Godolphin Arabian. 6—9. 1. Alcides 1753 by Babraham. 5—7. TONZER 1768 by Alcides. 4—9. 2. BosphorUS 1754 by Babraham. 4—9. 3. Traplin 1754 by Babraham. 4—9. 4. AmeriCUS 1755 by Babraham. 4—11. 5. Cardinal Puff 1760 by Babraham. 4—9. 6. Fop 17G0 by Babraham. 4—11. 6. BAJAZET 1740 by Godolphin Arabian 5—10. Selini 1760 by Bajazet. 5—9. 7. BLANK 1740 by Godolphin Arabian. 5—10. 1. Lottery 1752 by Blank. 5—11. 2. Contest 1753 by Blank. 5—9. 3. Horatius 1756 by Blank. 4—9. 4. AntinoUS 1758 by Blank. 4—9. 5. Pancake 1759 by Blank. 4—10. 0. Chatsworth 1762 by Blank. 4—9. 5. The Thoroughbred hi the Past and Present. 137 7. Paeolet 1'63 by Blank. 4 — 7. (Also in Give and Take Plates). Y. PACOLET 1780 by Paeolet. 3—4. Citizen 1785 by Y. Paeolet. 4 — 9. (s. to India). 8. Paymaster (earlier Jesmond) 1766 by Blank. 4 — 8. (Sire of many good racers). 9. AllCaster 1"68 by Blank. 5—10. 8. OLD ENGLAND 1741 by Godolphin Arabian. 5—8. AmaranthllS 1^66 by Old England. 4—9. 9. MOGUL 1''41 by Godolphin Arabian. Whistle jacket 1749 by Mogul. 4—10. CORIOLANUS 1762 by Whistlejacket. 4—7. Coquette 1783 by Coriolanus. 5—8. 10. WHITENOSE 1742 by Godolphin Arabian. 8. 11. MIRZA 1749 by Godolphin Arabian. 6—9. 12. CRIPPLE 1750 by Godolphin Arabian. 6. ? 1. Oimerack 1760 by Cripple. 4—11. 2. Tantrum 1760 by Cripple. 8—10. (Sire of Termagant 1772). COPPERBOTTOM 1776 by Tantrum. 3—10. 13. LOFTY 1753 by Godolphin Arabian. 4—6. Slim 1762 by Lofty. 4—11. Alcock's Arabian bom about 1703. 1. CRAB 1722 by Alcock's Arabian. 5—7. 1. Grasshopper 1731 by Crab. 5—9. 2. Crab (Routh's) 1736 by Crab. 5 — 9. (Up to 12 year-old without winning). 3. Rib 1736 by Crab. 6—9. 4. Bustard 1741 by Crab. 6 — 8. (Beaten by Othello as a 9 year-old ; own brother to Othello and Oroonoko). X38 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. GAMAHOE about 17-58 by Bustard. 1. Noble 1767 by Gamahoe. 4—11. 2. Hippolitus 1767 by Gamahoe. 4—13. 3. Olympus 1767 by Gamahoe. 4—8. 4. Cromaboo 1774 by Gamahoe. 4—6. 1. DUCHESS 1785 by Cromaboo. 3—8. 2. SHAMROCK 1789 by Cromaboo. 3—11. 0. Olyinpia 1777 by Gamahoe. 6—11. 6. Waterjiian 1779 by Gamahoe. 6—10. 7. Farmer 1779 by Gamahoe. 6—8. 8. Ranuuciiliis 1782 by Gamahoe. 4—10. 2. LENNOX 1766 by Bustard. 0—7. 1. Tom Turf 1781 by Lennox. 4 — 7. (Up to 9 year-old without winning). 2. Peeping' Tom 1782 by Lennox. 3—9. 5. Othello (or Black and All Black) 1743 by Crab. 5 — 9. (Also in Give and Take Plates). Ci. Why Not 1744 by Crab. 7. Crab 1744 by Crab. 4—12. 1. MILKSOP 1760 by Crab. 5—13. 2. CHAMPAIGNE 1764 by Crab. 4—10. 8. OrOOlloko 1745 by Crab. .5—6. FLASHING 3I0LLY 1756 by Oroonoko. 8—11. 9. Shepherd's Crab 1747 by Crab. (Not run). SPY 1759 by Shepherd's Crab. 4—8. 10. Spectator 1749 by Crab. 1. SULPHUR 1762 by Spectator. 4—9. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 139 2. MARK ANTHONY 1767 by Spectator. 3—9. (Half-brother to Highflyer). 1. George 1780 by Mark Anthony. 3—8. 2. Mark-ho 1783 by Mark Anthony. 3—8. 3. DAMPER 1769 by Spectator. 4—10. 11. Brilliant 1750 by Crab. 4—6. 1. NABOB 1762 by BriHiant. 4—9. 2. BELLARIO 1763 by Brilliant. 3—8. 3. RICHMOND 1763 by Brilliant. 4 — 8. (Sire of many good racers in Ireland). 2. GENTLEMAN 1723 by Alcock's Arabian. .5—11. The Darcy White Turk born about igto. (or Sedbury Turk), HAUTBOY about 1690 by Darcy White Turk. , 1. (irey Hautboy about 1698 by Hautboy. l! BAY BOLTON 1705 by Grey Hautboy. 5. 1. (Godolphin's) >Vliitefoot 1719 by Bay Bolton. .5—9. MOLOTTO 1736 by Whitefoot. 2. Fearuoug'ht 1725 by Bay Bolton. 3. 01(1 StarHiig' 1727 by Bay Bolton. 4—7. 1. ANCASTER STARLING 1738 by Old Starling. .5 — 9. (Also in Give and Take Plates). ■2. rORISMOND 1739 by Old Starling. .5 — 7. (Also in Give and Take Plates). 3. SKIM 1746 by Old Starling. 4—6. Tiiicy 17-56 by Skim. 4—13. 4. JENNY J ESS AMY 1748 by Old Starling. 5. PERSEUS 1754 by Old Starling. .5—9. 4. Looby (Bolton) 1728 by Bay Bolton. .5—12. 2. LAMPRIE 1715 by Grey Hautboy. 7 — 10. (Up to 10 year-old without winning. Own brother to Bay [Bolton.) 14(1 'J"rial of the Thorc)Uf,rhbred on the Racecourse, etc. 2. CluniSey Jibout 1700 by Hautbo}'. 1. OLD FOX 1714 by Clumsey. 1. Ooliah 1730 by Old Fox. 6. 1. CHAMPION 1739 by Goliah. 5—10. 2. HUNT'S J ICG 1741 by Goliah (Mare with— 1 free 4 — 10. [generation.) J^Sg ^/ J^^S^^ 1~45 by Hunt's Jigg (and the dam 4 — 7. |by Hunt's Jigg). 2. Merry Andrew 1730 by Old Fox. 5 — 11. (Up to 13 year-old without winning). FRIBBLE 1746 by ISIerry Andrew . 6—8. 3. Cub 1739 by Old Fox. 5—8. (Also in Give and Take Plates). CLERICUS 1763 by Cub. 4—11. 2. FOX CUB 1714 by Clumsev. 8. Dunkirk 1725 by Fox Cub. 6—11. -'5. Old Windham 1719 bv Hautbov. 5—11. 1. CINNAMOX 1722 by Old Windham. 6 — 7. (Up to 9 \'ear-old without winning) 1. Dismal 1735 by Cinnamon. 5 — S. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). 2. Brisk 1737 by Cinnamon. 5— S. 2. GRF.YLEOS 1725 by Old Ulndham. 5 — 6. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). Belgrade Turk bom about irio. Y. BELGRADE about 1729 by Belgrade Turk. 1. Tollllltecr 1''35 by Y. Belgrade. 6—8. 2. Old Standard 1^36 bv Y. Belgrade. ^6. JASOX 1749 by Old Standard. 4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers). 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 141 Lister Turk, bom about leso. 1. (LISTER) SNAKE about 1705 by Lister Turk. Driver (Beayers) 1^32 by Lister Snake. LITTLE DRIYER 1743 by Driver. -5 — 12. (Give and Take Plates). 1. Y. Drirer 1758 by Little Driver. 4 — 7. (Also in Give and Take Plates). '2. f ic^TO 1765 by Little Driver. 4—10 2. CONEYSKINS 1712 by Lister Turk. 0 — 7. (8 vear-old without winning). Holderness Turk bom about lees. HARTLEY'S BLIND HORSE about 1720 by Holderness Turl Forester (Croft's) 1736 by Hartley's Blind Horse. 6. 1. (iUST.4TUS 1745 bv Forester. ^11. 2. RIPON 1749 by Forester. ;5-ll. Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian bom about 1710. 1. BOLTON SWEEPSTAKES 1"22 by Bloody-Shouldered .Arabian. .5 — 6. (L'p to 11 year-old without winning). Turner's Sweepstakes 1743 by Bolton Sweeepstakes. (Not run). TREXTH.4M 1766 by Turner's Sweepstakes. 3—10. Driver 1783 by Trentham. 4—8. 2. BRISK 17-26 by Bloody-Shouldered Arabian. 5. (L'p to 9 year-old without winning). If in above schedule all horses born before 1800 and all steeplechasers are left out, there remains 214 horses which have won at seven years and older. 132 of them have parents which did not run as two-year-olds. 53 come from sires which ran as two-year-olds (only 6 of them before June), '21 come from dams which ran as two-year-olds (only 4 of them before June), and onlv in 8 cases did both parents run as two-year-olds. Of these 8, 2, namely Master Henry and Lanercost, won races up to the age of only seven inclusive. ]^42 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Further, the sires and dams ran on an average less than twice as two-year-olds. Horses which only won up to the seventh 3^ear inclusive are only mentioned in exceptional cases, i.e., Alice Hawthorn, whose sire, Muley Moloch, ran as a two-year-old in May, but the dam, granddam and great- granddam of Alice Hawthorn did not run at all. Such and similar com- pensations may often be found in the cases mentioned above. I do not claim that the above tables are complete, and mistakes may have, here and there, crept in. Everyone who has studied old horse-race calendars will know how diflicult and wearying such tables are, and that mistakes are verv difficult to avoid. Taking it altogether, however, we may safely draw the following conclusions from the above-named dates: — 1. Performances on the flat at a great age are more certainly inherited from sires and dams who did not run themselves as two-year-olds than from those who did. The running as two-year-olds in more than two consecutive generations seems to deprive the parents of the suitability to produce race- horses who run for long with success. 2. The using of horses on the racecourse up to a great age seems to strengthen their breeding power in producing first-class racehorses and prominent stud stallions. The most significant examples of this are the following champions of Thoroughbreds w^hich appear almost in every pedigree of our present day Thoroughbred horses several times, namely, Regulus, Woodpecker, Buzzard, Pipator, Election, Paulowitz, Master Henry, Little Red Rover, Lanercost and Collingwood, won up to their seventh vear inclusive. Imperator, Chanticleer, Hambletonian, Orville, Catton, Reveller and Sultan, won up to their eighth year inclusive. Herod, ^lark .Vntony, Joe Andrews, Paynator, Haphazard, Quiz, Cerberus and Langar, won up to their ninth year inclusive. Matchem, PotSos and Gohanna, won up to their tenth year inclusive. Squirt, grandsire of Eclipse, and Mambrino, foundation stallion of the American trotter, ran up to their eleventh year inclusive, although they only won up to their eighth year inclusive. Dr. Syntax, sire of Bee's Wing, which as a nine-year-old won four races, won again as a twelve-year-old three good races. Out of the great number of the chief founders of Thoroughbreds which won as six-year- olds, let me here mention only the following eight : Eclipse, Waxy, Whale- bone, Whisker, King Fergus, Beningbrough and Touchstone. 3. The use of stallions with race performances at a great age for breeding purposes decreases more and more during the first half of the nineteenth century. In spite of the increase of Thoroughbred breeding, the examples of prominent performers at a great age already diminish before the middle of the nineteenth centur}^ (see tables, pages 108-141). 4. The most famous steeplechasers in the first half of the nineteenth century are descended, with few exceptions, from parents which did not run as two-year-olds. 5. Most stallions and mares which ran as two-year-olds, and yet pro- 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 143 duced horses which could run for long successfully, ran as two-year-olds late in the vear, and seldom more than once or twice. As in our time nearly everything which is healthy runs as a two-year-old, it is remarkable that in examining the question from this point of view, there are still actually brought out points which speak against two-year-old races, especially against the early and frequent ones. In the last ten years, up to and inclusive of 1906, 63 horses born in England or Ireland still won flat races as eight-year-olds and older. The number 63 is a very small one considering that the breeding is to-day five to ten times more extensive. Therefore a retrogression in this respect is distinctly recognisable. Of these 63 horses, 27 have dams which never ran as two-year-olds. Of the remain- ing 36 dams, only 14 ran before the 1st of June, generallv only one to three times; 3 ran seven times; 2 eight times, and 1 ten times. The above 63 horses have 50 different sires, of which 9 did not run as two-year-olds. Of the remaining 41 sires, only 19 ran before the 1st of June as two-year-olds. Osbeck ran and won longest — up to its twelfth vear. He was born in 1895 by Common, who did not run as a two-year-old, and his dam Alibech ran once as a two-}'ear-old in September. Also, several American and Australian horses won in England as eight- year-olds and older. Amongst the latter is especially to be mentioned Australian Star 1896, by Australian Peer and Colours, who won as an eight- year-old a Handicap in iVlexandra Park, 1| miles, 9 stone, 12 lbs., against five four-year-olds, with 8 stone to 9 stone. Further, Merman 1892, bv Grand Flaneur out of Seaweed, who, as an eight-year-old, won the Gold Vase at Ascot, 2|- miles, carrying 9 stone, 4 lbs., against the four-year-old Scintillant, and Perth (under 9 stone), and three others. Australian Star, as well as Merman, come from dams which did not run as two-year-olds. Also, Australian Peer, the sire of Australian Star, did not run as a two-year- old, and Grand Flaneur, a marvel on the Australian racecourse, and sire of Merman, ran and won as a two-year-old only once, in January, which month, for the sake of comparison, corresponds to our July. To further show the hardness and stamina of the Thoroughbred up to about the middle of the nineteenth century, the following examples of excel- lent performances on the fiat may serve. Of course, there are some horses given which, from the point of view of the regular racecourse frequenter, belong to an inferior class. 144 Trial of the Ihoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 1. Partner 1730 by Partner. ran 5 year-old 2 times, won 2 times. o J J» -^ M » ' > J- ? > > j» J- n J M '-' »> O 1 J M 4 n O ? 11 '-' 11 M 6 6 M 7 3 M 1 > •2 5 ) > 3 6 ? f 6 7 »» (5 8 >» 2 9 0 1 1 3 1 ran 23 times, won 18 times. No. 4. 1744 Match at Lincoln 14 miles = 22,530 m. Mr. Southcote Parker's 6 year-old horse won with one length in 39 minutes, against Mr. Gilbert Colecut's 21 year-old horse. See " Westminster Journal," the 23/6/1744. 5. The Thorousrhbred in the Past and Present. 14.5,, No. ran Giistavus 1745 by Croft's Forrester ran 5 year-old 2 times, won 1 time. , ,,5 times. „ 3 ,, 6 , 6 »' ^i » 3 ,, 8 ,, 3 ,, 9 , 4 ,, 10 ,, 4 ,, 11 o 3 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. 4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. 4 „ incl. 1 King's PI. — » ' incl. 1 King's PI. ran -24 times, won 22 times. No. 6. Cabbage 1757 by South, ran 4 year-old 3 times, won 0 times. 5 ^ 1 ,, 6 ,, 5 ,, ,, 3 ,, Match at Newmarket, 13 St., 5 times R. C. = 30,596 m., in 55 minutes, 30 seconds. ,. 7 ,, 1 ,. ,, 0 ,, No. 11 times, won 4 times. Huncamunca 1759 by Y. Cade. ran 7 year-old 1 time, won 1 time. King's PI. 2 times incl. 1 King's PI. 2 ,, 2 King's PI. 2 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. , 2 ,, 2 King's PI. M 8 J 1 3 times, . 9 » ^ 0 ,, 10 ,, 0 -J 1 , „ n o — 1 » ran 10 times, won 9 times. ran 4 1. 5 ,, 6 ,, 7 M 8 ,. 9 „ 10 ., 11 No. 8. Gimcrack 1760 bv Cripple, vear-old 7 times, won 7 times. ,, 6 ,, ,, 5 ,, ,, won in France the bet 222- miles in one hour. ,, 7 times, won 3 times in Give and Take PI. 4 ,, 3 times in Give and Take PI. 4 ,, Newm. R. C.= 3 M. 6 Furl. 93 Y. 9 St. against 9 horses of a good class. 1 ,, Newm. B. C.= 4 M. 1 Furl. 138 Y., against 8 vear-old Pilgrim. 1 ,, Newm. R.'C. = 3M. 6 Furl. 93 Y., 9 St., against 8 horses of a good class, amongst which were Bellario 8 year-old. Sportsman 5 vear-old, Tetotum 6 vear-old. ran 35 times, won 25 times. 146 Trial of the Tho^ou^■hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 9. Trentham 176G by Sweepstakes, ran 4 year-old 6 times, won 6 times. 5 6 9 10 Q and twice as second, incl. jockev Club PI. Newm. B. C.^ 4 I\i. 1 Furl. 138 Y. 4 behind. ran 37 times, won 26 times. No. 10. Mother Brown 1771 by Trunnion ran 4 year-old -2 times, won 0 times. < 1 O 1 V 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 was in foal. incl. 1 King's PI. after foaling. incl. 1 King's PI. and 4 times as second. ran 39 times, won 20 times, and had 6 good foals, amongst which at 25 years Jerry Sneak, s. No. 24. No. 11. PotSos 1773 by Eclipse, ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 0 times, twice second in big races. „ 10 7 7 11 7 9 and twice second and once second. incl. Craven St. at Newm. and Jockey Club PI. at Newm., and 3 times second. at Newm. B. C. = 4 ^l. 1 Furl. 138 Y., against 7 vear-old Nottingham. ran 49 times, won 33^ times. No. 12. Titania 1774 by Trunnion. ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 3 times, and once second, and once second, ., 0 , 8 ,,6 4 ,, 7 0 ,, 8 2 ,, 9 Q and 3 times second, and once second. o. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. ]47 ran 10 vear-old '-2 times, won 2 times. Kino's PI. ,,11 ,, '2 ,, ,, 1 ,, 4 miles with heats, 3 behind, incl. one 6 year-old. ran 27 times, won IT times. Xf). 18. r.alage 1776 bv Hero. ran 4 year-old 7 times, won 6 times, incl. 1 King's PI. and once second. •5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. and once second. o 1 11 " 11 without report. 2 times, won 1 time, and once second. , ,, 5 times, incl. 1 King's PI. , ,, 5 ,1 incl. 1 King's PL, and twice second in good company. 6 year-old Cherokee beaten twice. , ,, 1 ,, King's PI. and once second. ,, 4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. in good company, and once second. 0 6 6 2 ( 11 w 8 r) 9 5 -0 7 -1 3 o 6 ran 38 times, won 29 times. Xo. 14. Ouibbler 1780 by Minor. ran 4 year-old 2 times,, won 1 time. .0 3 0 ,, 6 ,, 11 ,, ,, 7 ,, incl. 1 King's PL, 4 Aliles, Heats, and ■Match at Xewmarket, 4 st. 7 lbs., 23 Miles ( = 37 km.) in -57 min., 10 sec. ,,7 ,, 7 ,, ,, 1 ,, at Xewmarket. ran 23 times, won 9 times. Xo. lo. Exciseman 1781 by Sweetbriar. ran 8 year-old o times, won 3 times.) 4 miles with heats, against, 4, -3 and ,, 9 ,, 6 ,, ,, 2 ,, J 6 year-olds. ;, 10 ,, 11 ., ,, 8 ,, Xewm.2Y.O.C.= Furl. 136Y. 9st. 7 agst. 2 3 year-old 7 st. 4 and 7 st. o 3 4 year-old 7 st. 9—7 st. 11 2 5 year-old 8 st. 2 and 8 st. 9 (Serpent by Eclipse) 1 older 9 St. 7 against 8 horses. ,, 11 ,, 10 ,, ,, 4 ,, on the 12th May, Xewm. 2 Y.O. C.= 5 F. 136 Y., 8 St. 4, against 4 year- old Hector, 8 st. on the 22nd May, Epsom, 4M., Heats, 3 Heats second and 1 Heat first. 148 Trial of the Thoroucrhbred on the Racecourse, etc. Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= o Furl. 136 Y. 8 St., against 5 vear-old Stallion by Espersvkes, 7 st. 8. Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y. 8 St. 12, against 3 year-old Mare by Jupiter, 7 st. 10. ran 1'^ vear-old 12 times, won 7 times. Xewm. 1 Mile, 8st. 12, against 4 year- old Peggy, 8 St. 4. Xewm. 3 INIiles, Sst. 12 agst. 3 4v.-o. 7 St. 11— 8 St. 4. 2 5 v.-o. 7 St. 11 and 8st.l3. (Eager D). On the following day, 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y., 9 St., against 3 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Brother to Sir John). At Warwick, 1 Mile, Heats, against 6, 3 and 4 year-olds and one older. On the following day, 4 Miles, Heats, 8 st. 9, against 2 6 year-old, 8 st. 7 and 8 st. 12, and 5 times second. ran 44 times, won 24 times. No. 16. Mentor 1784 by Justice, ran 3 year-old 5 times, won 1 time, in Derby not placed. 3 vear-ol d 5 4 10 5 8 6 9 7 ,, 9 eger. ,,4 ,,7 ,, ,, 5 ,, ,. 5 „ 5 „ ,, 3 ,, ,, 6 ,, 8 ,, ,, 4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 149 ran 7 year-old -i times, won 1 time. ,,8 ,, 7 ,, .1 3-|- ,, in the best company, of 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-olds. Dead heat, 8 st. 3, at Lewes, with the 5 year-old Her- mione O., 8 st. 1, which won 5 races in the same year, and twice second. 4 3 5 6 6 9 7 6 8 8 ran 33 times, won IGJ times. No. 18. St. George 1789 by Highflyer. ran 3 year-old 5 times, won 1 time, in Derby not placed. o , ,, 3 ,, inch 1 King's PI. o , ,, 4 ,, Jockev Club PI. at Newm. B. C.= 4 iAl. 1 Furl. 138 Y., 8 st. 11 against 1 4 year-old, 7 st. 2 1 5 year-old, 8 st. 3 •2 older 8st. 11 and 3 times second. 9 ,, 9 ,, M 5 ,, against 3, 4 and 5 year-olds, further against 7 year-old Paynator and 8 year-old Aimator and 3 times second. 10 ,, 6 ,, ,j 1 '» ^'"id once second, 4, 5 and 6 year-olds behind. ran 52 times, won 19 times. No. 19. Aimator 1790 by Trumpator. ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 0 times. 4 4 5 8 6 6 7 6 8 7 0 M 3 „ 3 „ 2 ,, Craven St. at Newm. against 6 year- old Spread Eagle D'. and against 9 3, 4 and 5 year-olds and older and twice second. 0 ), in big Handicaps. ran 40 times, won 16 times. No. 20. Gohanna 1790 by Mercury. ran 3 year-old 8 times, won 6 times, second in Derby. ,, 4 ,, 12 ,, ,, 7 ,, incl.l King's PI. ,. 5 ,, 7 ,, ,,4 ,, incl. 2 Kinp-'s PI. 150 Trial of the Thorou.e^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 6 year-old 5 times, won 8 times, incl. 2 King's PI. n C^ 10 ran •2|- Miles, at Lewes, 8st. 7 against 1 4 vear-old, 7st. 11 ■2 6 year-old, 8st.2 1 older, 8 St. 7 1 Mile, 9 St. against 2 4 year-olds, 7 st. 8 1 5 year-old, 8 st. 6 1 6 year-old, 8 st. 6 and twice second. 2J Miles, at Lewes, 8st. 7 against 2 5 year-olds, 7 st, 12 and 8 St. 4 48 times, won 26 times. No. 21. Hambletonian 1792 by King Fergus, ran ;> vear-old 6 times, won 6 times, L. Dcp. ,, 4 „ 4 M 5 7 M 6 ,, not )' ''' o V - M ^"^ ,, 1 Dcp. 2 times, won 2 times, Done. St. ,, 1 ,, 4 Miles, at York, 9 st. against 5 year-old Dion and 6 year-old Timothy, 8 st. 10, both first-class racehorses which won good races in the same year. ran 20 times, won 20 times. No. 22. Bobtail 1795 by Precipitate, ran 3 vear-old 3 times, won 2 times, in the Derb}- not placed. 4 , 7 ,, 3 ,, 5 o M 1 ,, 6 , 7 M 7 M 7 , J 5 ,, 3 ,, 8 , 7 ,, 4 ,, Newm. 2 Y. O. C.-o Furl. 136 Y., 8 St. 7, against 5 year-old Muley Moloch, 8 St. 4 Newm. 1 Mile, 8 st. 4 against 6 year-old Surprise, 8st. xNewm. Hdc, 1 M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 9 St., agst. 4 y.-o. Northampton, 7 st. 3 5 y.-o. Eleanor D. O., 8 st. 12 5 y.-o. Flambeau, 6 st. 12 6 y.-o. Georgiana, 8 st. 10 5. The ThoroLiP'hbred In the Past and Present. 151 ran 9 vear-old T times, won 4 times. Newm. D. J. agst. 1 3 y ran ran ran = 2 M. 97 Y., 8 St. 10, o. 7 St. 4 6y.-o. Dick Andrews 9 st. 4 6y.-o. Surprise 7 st. 13. Newm. 1 M. -2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 st. 9, agst. 7 v.-o. Lignum Vitae 8 st. Xewm. 1 "M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 St., agst. G y.-o. Penelope 8 st. 38 times, won 24 times. No. 23. Eagle 1796 by Volunteer, ran 3 vear-old 5 times, won 3 times, third in the Derby. „ 4 4 ,, 1 ,1 ,, 0 , o 2 „ 6 o 1 M ,, 7 , o 1 ,. ,, S ) "^ ':- } 6 ,, Newm. 2 Y. O. C., = 5 F. 136 Y., 9 St., agst. 6 y.-o. Eleanor D, O. 7 st. 9 Newm. I'Mile, 9 st. 7, agst. 4 y.-o. Newm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 4, agst. 6 y.-o. Marianne 7 st. 6. Dreadnought 5 st. 8. 26 times, won 17 times. No. 24. Jerr\- Sneak 1796 by Chocolate. (As a racing horse also called Toby and Y, 2 year-old 1 time, won 0 times, in October. incl. 2 King-'s PI. Toby). ,, 3 , 7 times, , Q ,, 4 6 ,, , 4 ,, 1,-5 , , 10 ,, 0 ,, 6 , 12 ,, , 10 ,, J, 7 oo , 16 ,, ,, 8 , 11 , 4 ,, ,, 9 , 15 ,, , 5 ,, M 10 ? , 1 5 > ) 1 0 , , 11 12 4 not " 5 5 1 1? JJ 13 » J 10 n ' ? •2 M incl. 1 King's PI. 3 Miles, 9 St. 7, agst. 5 y.-o. 8 st. 10 & 4 y.-o. 7 st. 8, 15 June, at Curragh, 4 Miles with Heats, second to 6 y.-o., Blacklegs, Traveller behind, and won on the same day Match, 4 Miles, 18st.= 114.3 kg., against a Hunter 18 St., in 9 min. 27 sec. (7 sec. quicker than the Hunter). Covered 1805 56 mares, of which only 3 were barren. 4 Miles, agst. 6 v.-o. Midas. 4 Miles, agst. 8 y.-o. Midas. ran 99 times, won 46 times. 15-2 Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Xo. 25. Marcia 1797 bv Coriander, year-old 1 time, won 0 times. times, won 2 times, inch 1 King's PL ,, ,, 4 ,, inch 2 Ivine,'s PI. Gold Cup at Newcastle, Gold Cup York, Doncaster St., 4 M., 8 st. 10, agst 3 3 y.-o. 6 st. (amongst which was Sir Paul), and 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7. always against young horses incl. 1 King's PL, 8st. 9^ agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 4 v.-o. 7 st. 7. ran ran 28 times, won 19 times. 10 No. 26. Rumbo 1800 by Whiskey, year-old 2 times, won 1 time. ,, 5 ,, ,, 2 times, incl. 1 King's PL ,1 y ,1 , « o 1 . 11 0 „ 11 ran 41 times, won 20 times. No. 27. Sir David 1801 by Trumpator. 2| Miles at Ascot, 9 St., agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 9 and 4 5 y.-o. 8 st. 5. Gold Cup at Newm., 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 8 St., agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11 7 4 y.-o. 7 St. to 9 st. 7 3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 12 to 10 St., amongst which many good racers. 2J Miles at Ascot. Selling race, agst. 2 6 y.-o. and 1 older. ran 2 year-old 2 times. won 1 time. 3 7 5 times 4 9 6 5 9 9 6 0 5 7 4 1 8 7 3 Newm. 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 8 st. 4, agst. 5 y.-o. Eaton 8 st. 8. 5. The Thorouerhbred in the Past and Present. 153 Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 F. 136 Y., 8 St. 10, agst. 4y.-o. Morel O. 8st. 2. ran 9 year-old 2 times, won 1| times. Newm. 3 Miles, Sst. 7, agst, 5 y.-o. Vandyke Sst. Xewm. 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., Sst. 7, at 7 y.-o. Deceiver 8 St. 4, Dead heat. ran 45 times, won Sl^ times. ran No. 28. I.angton 1802 by Precipitate. 3 year-old 4 times, won 3 times. M 4 12 ., ,, 4 „ 5 8 ,, M -5 M 6 6 ,, ,, 4 M 7 10 ,, M -5 ,, 8 6 ,, ,, 3 9 10 Oatl. St. at Newm. 2 Miles, 9 st. 11, agst. 9 young horses 3 — 6 y.-o., and 8 y.-o. Meteora O. 8 st. Gold Cup at Newm. 1 Mile, 9st. 7, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 4 5 v.-o.8st. 5 to 8 St. 10 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 1 older 8 St. 12, agst. 8 horses. Newm. 1 Mile, 9 St. 6, agst. 6 younger horses, and on the same day a race, 4 Miles, third, 2 behind, started as favourite. Newm. 3 Miles, 8 st. 7 agst. 4 y.-o. 7 st. 9 and 5 y.-o. 8 st. 8 ran 65 times, won 27 times. No. 29. Cambric 1807 by Shuttle, ran 2 year-old 5 times, won 2 times, first race, July St. at Newm. against 7 horses. Oct. Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 F. 136 Y., second to Vulture, and on the same dav won over 2 Y.O.C. = 5 F. 136 Y. 3 July at Bath, 2 Miles, agst. 2 3 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. 10 18 2 13 154 Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 5 year-old 1 time, won 1 time. »> 6 „ 8 ,. ,, 0 ,, ) ) 7 ,, not. »> 8 „ 3 " ,, 1 ,, 4 July, 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o., and immediateh- afterwards 4 Miles, Heats (3 times), agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. 16 July at Winchester, 1 Mile, second, 3 behind. 17 July, -2 Miles, Heats, 8 st. 11, agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 8. 6 August, Oxford, 4 Miles, second, 1 4 y.-o. behind. 8 August, 2 Miles, Heats, not placed. 5 September, 2 Miles, agst. 1 3 y.-o., 1 4 y.-o. and 1 older, and immediately after 3 Miles, Heats, 8 St. 9, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12. 18 September, 3 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. 24 September, 4 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 2 October, 3 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 4 y.-o. Oatlands St. at Newm., 2 Miles, atjst. 8 erood racers. 3 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 oy.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. ran 45 times, won 19 times. 6 J J 3 7 ?) 5 8 ! J 9 9 ) 1 s No. 30. Marksman 1808 by Paynator. ran 5 year-old 4 times, won 1 time. , ,,3 times. M 3 ,, agst. 3, 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. ,, 5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. agst. 4 and 6 y.-o. 10 ,, 9 ,, ,,5 ,, 2—3 Miles. agst. 3, 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. -LI 5> 3 ,, 1) 0 ,, 12 „ 7 ,, ,, 3 „ 2—3 Miles, agst. 4 and 5 y.-o. 13 ,, 8 ,, ,, 2 ,, agst. 3, 4 and 5 y.-o. and 4 times second. 5. The ThoroLig-hbred in the Past and Present. 155 ran 14 year-old 4 times, won 1 time, at Basingstoke, 8 st. 10. Selling race agst. 4 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 to 7 st. 4 1 4 v.-o.8st. 3 •2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 9 and 8 st. 1] agst. 7 horses. 15 ,, 5 „ ,, 3 ,, at Lewes, 9 St. 4, agst. 3 y.-o. 6 St. 11 4 y.-o. 8 St. -2 at Basingstoke, 9 st. 1 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 6 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 4 1 older 9 St. 1 agst. (3 horses. IG ,, 5 ,, ,, 3 ,, 2 Selling Races at Lewes. at Canterbury, 2 Miles, with Heats, 9 St. 8, agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 6 17 5 ,, ,, 1 ,, The Town'Pl. /:50 at Tunbridge Wells, 3 AL, with Heats, 9 st. 11, agst. 1 3 v.-o. 7 St. 4 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 11 and twice second. 18 ,, .3 ,, ,,1,, The Yeomen's PI. at Ahford, ;^50, 2J Miles, with Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o. (Honeysuckle by Whalebone) 1 4 y.-o. (Jack Bunce by Y. Gohanna) 1 Gy.-o. (Roderich Randow b\- Regent) agst. 3 horses, which had won races in the same year, and twice second, last race 14 Sept., at Hastings, the Town PL, 2 AL, with Heats, ^50 3 y.-o. Honeysuckle 7 st. 6 . . 1. 18 y.-o. Marksman 9 st. 8 . . .2. 6 y.-o. Barbary 8 st. 13 . . . .3. ran 78 times, won 32 times. 156 Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 31. Cannon-ball 1810 bv Sancho. ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 2 times ,, 4 6 ,, M 3 ,, „ 5 ,, 10 ,, ,, 8 ,, ,, 6 , , 5 , , ,, 3 ,, M 7 9 ,, „ 1 ,, M 8 8 ,, ,, 4 ,, beat Catton, Langold, Viscount, \\^anderer, Skim, and King of Diamonds. Oatl. St. at Newm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 3 agst. 4 4 y.-o. 7 st. 5 to 7 st. 12 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 6 2 6 y.-o. 8 St. 8 agst. 7 horses (amongst which were the 4 y.-o. Waterloo and 6 y.-o. Anticipation). Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.= 4 M. 1 F. 138 Y., 8 St. 11 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 2 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 3 agst. 3 good racers. King's PI. at Newm., agst. 4 y.-o. Waterloo. Hdc. at Newm., 2 Miles, 9st. 4 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 7 agst. 4 horses, and twice second at Newmarket. Crav. St. at Newm., 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 9 St. 7 agst. 7 3 y.-o. 5 st. 10 (inch Wou- vermans). 5 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 5 y.-o. 8 St. 9 agst. 16 good racers. King's PI. at Newm. agst. 6 y.-o. Skim and 7 y.-o. Anti- cipation. Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.= 4 M. 1 F. 138 Y., 8 St. 11 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Sam. D) and 7 St. 5 (Wouvermans). and twice second at Newmarket. ran 48 times, won 24 times. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 157 ran No. 32. Dr. Syntax 1811 b}- Paynator. 3 vear-old 8 times, won 5 times. 10 11 12 ran Gold Cup at Lancaster, 3 M., 8 st. 12 a£;-st. 6 v.-o. Paulowitz 8 st. 12 Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 st. 12 agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6 once second Gold Cup at Richmond 1 voung horses behind. i ,, ,,4 ,, Gold Cup at Lancaster, 3 M., 8st.l2 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. Gold Cup at Preston. 3 M., 8st. 12 agst. 2 4 v.-o. 8 st. Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M., 8 st. 10 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 St. 10 4 4 y.-o. 8 St. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 7 agst. 8 good racers. 4 3 Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 st. 12 agst. 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. and 6 v.-o. Reveller L. 8st. 12 Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M., 8 st. 10 agst. 5 y.-o. 8 st. 7 second in the Gold Cup at Lancaster to 6 y.-o. Reveller L. 4 ,, ^^2 ,, Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M., 8 St. 10 agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st. Gold Cup at Xorthallerston, 4 M., 9 St. 1 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 6 st. 12 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 12 1 older 9 st. 1 agst. 4 horses, and twice second in the Gold Cup at Preston and in the Gold Cup at Lancaster. 5 ,, ,,3 ,, Newcastle, 2 Miles, 9 St. 49 times, won 36 times, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 10 andl 4 y.-o. 8 St. 3 Gold Cup at Pontefract, 2 M., 9 st. 1 agst. 4 y.-o. 8st. 158 Trial of the Thorout>'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M,, 9 st. agst.2 3 y.-o.6st.l0 1 4y.-o. 8 St. 1 5y.-o.8st.9 agst. 4 horses. In this last race Dr. Syntax fell down immediately after winning, but without damaging itself. No. 33. Euphrates 1816 by Quiz, ran 3 year-old 5 times, won 1 time, D. and L. not placed 2, third. n 4 3 ,, 2 times. n 5 ,, 11 ,, ,. 8 ,, n <3 9 ,, ,, 4 ,, ,, 7 9 ,, Q ,, 8 8 ,, ,, 3 ,, Gold Cup at Cheltenham, 3 M., 9 St. 4 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. and 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 11, amongst which were Sharper bv Octavius, who won the race in St. Petersburg over 75 versts. Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 8 3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 11 to 8st. 1 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 3= Escape agst. 5 horses. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8st. 12 agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st. 13 ,, ,, 6 ,, Gold Cup at Newton, 3 Miles, 8 st. 12 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. SrS y.-o. 8 st. 8 agst. 4 horses. Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 M., 9 st. 4 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 1 agst. 3 horses. Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 Miles, 9 st. agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 agst. 3 horses. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 Miles, 8st.6 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6 3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 to 7 st. 12 apst. 4 horses. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 159 Gold Cup at Oswestry, 3i M., 9 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. B littler 8 st. and 5 y.-o. Hesperus 8 st. 9 ran 30 year-old 11 times, won 5 times. King's PI. at Chester agst. 5 4 y.-o. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8 st. 12 agst. 4 y.-o. Cain 7 st. 12 and 5 y.-o. Longw-aist 8 st. 6 Gold Cup at Oswestry, BJ M., 9st.2 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. n 8 3 ,, King's PI. at Lichfield, 4 M., Heats. agst. 1 4 v.-o. 1 6 y.-o. 1 older agst. 3 horses. Gold Cup at Oswestry, 3 Miles agst. 4 y.-o. Alayfly. Town PI. at Oswestry, 3^- M., Heats, 9 St. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Mayfly 7 st. 10 and 5 y.-o. Cymbeline 7 st. 12 and 3 times second in good races with large fields. ,, 12 ,, 10 ,, ,, 5 ,, King's PI. at Chester 9 St. 10 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2 and 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 6 Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 3 y.-o. Alcaston 6 st. 6 and 8 y.-o. Hesperus 9 st. Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 M., 9 st. 1 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. and 1 6 y.-o. 8 st. 12 Gold Cup at Wrexham, 9 st. 7 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. o and 2 5 y.-o 8 st. 9 and 9 st. and twice second. .. 13 ,, 9 ,. ,, 3 ,, Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 3 y.-o. Melody 6 st. 5 and 5 y.-o. Sampson 8 st. 10 Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 ^Miles, 9 st. agst. 4 y.-o. Mufti 8 st. 2 and 6 y.-o. Euxton 9 st. King's PI. at Lichfield, 4 I\L, Heats, 12 St. agst. 7 y.-o. Alderman 12 st. and 5 times second. ran 96 times, won 42 times. If^O Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 84. Prosody IftlS by Don Cossack. ran 3 year-old H times, won -2 times, at Goodw. 2 Miles, second, and im- mediately after 2 Miles with Heats, also second. ,,4 ,, 11 ,, ,, 0 ,, 4 times winner two davs one after the other over 1 and 2 ^Miles with Heats. ,, .5 ,, 18 ,, ,, 10 ,, and 4 times second. 1 July, about 2 Miles with Heats, second, 2 July, Slides, first, and won the same day about 2 ^liles with Heats, first. 6 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first. 7 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first, and immediatelv after 2 Miles with Heats, first. 13 August, 2 .Miles with Heats, third, and on the same day 1 Mile, first. 27 August, 2 Miles with Heats (three times), first. 28 August, 4 Miles with Heats (three times, once dead heat, twice first), first. 17 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. 18 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. ,,6 ,, 11 ,, ,, 4 ,, and 5 times second. Won the 3 first races with Heats, then 25 August, 2 Miles, second, and 2 Miles with Heats, third. 26 August, about 2 Miles with Heats, second, and immediatelv after about 2 Miles with Heats, second. 4 Sept., 2J iNIiles with Heats, second. 15 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), second. 4 October, 2| Miles with H^eats, not placed. 5 October, 2 J Miles with Heats, first. ,, 7 ,, 11 ,, ,, 7i ,, and once second. 7 July, 4J Miles with Heats, first. 13 July, 2 J Miles, second, and immediately after Ij Mi.les with Heats (3 times), twice dead heat. 5. The Thorouijhbred in the Past and Present. . 161 3 August, 4 Miles with Heats, first. 25 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first. 7 Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats, first, and on the same day about 2 Miles with Heats, first. 15 Sept., 2| Miles with Heats, first (Gold Cup at Exeter, 4 behind). 16 Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats, first. ran 8 year-old 13 times, won 8 times, and twice second, always against younger horses. 23 August, 2 Miles, second, and immediately after 2 J Miles with Heats, not placed. 24 August, about 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), first against 1 5y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. on the same day. 1 Mile with Heats, not placed. 5 Sept., 3 Miles with Heats (3 times), second. 6 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first, agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. 12 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. 13 Sept., 2| Miles with Heats, first, agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 4 y.-o. Conquest. ,,9 n 6 ,, ,, 1 ,, 15 August, 2J Miles, third. 16 x^ugust, 2| Miles, second. 28 August, 2J Miles with Heats, first, 9 St. 4 agst. 2 3 y.-o. under 7 st. 1 and 7 st. 7 29 August, 2^ Miles, second. 12 Sept., about 2 Miles, third. 13 Sept., 2| Miles with Heats, second. >, 10 ,, 7 ,, ,, 2 ,, 24 July, about 2 Miles with Heats, ran 83 times, won 39^ times, first, agst. 2 5 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. and on the same day 1 Mile with Heats (4 times, once dead heat, once first), second, 1 5 v.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. behind. 6 August, 2^ Miles, second, and on the same day about 3 Miles with Heats (3 times), second; 1 6 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. behind. 21 August, 3 Miles with Heats, first, 8 St. 11 162 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. agst. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 5, and 1 3 y.-o. 6 St. 7 3 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, third. 4 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, second. Was covered at 11 years old, and had 6 foals, of which several won good races. No. 35. Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock. ran 4 year-old 3 times, won 0 times. 5 M 12 6 ,, 16 7 M 14 8 9 9 M 10 10 ., 13 ran 77 times, won 33 times. agst. 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. horses. under a high weight against younger horses. City PI. at Chester, 9 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Grimbald 8 st. Gift of Earl Grosvenor at Chester, 2 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 12 Gloucestershire St. at Cheltenham, 8 St. 7 agst. 5 4 y.-o. 7 to 8 st. and 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. to 8 st. 8 agst. 8 horses. Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 3 4 y.-o. 7 st. 12 to 8 st. 2 Handicap at Wrexham, 2 Miles, Heats, 9 st. 5 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st. to 7 st. 3 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 6 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 12 agst. 5 horses, and 6 times second in good races. No. 36. Liston 1821 by Ambo. ran 3 year-old 1 time, won 0 times. 4 times, won 3 8 14 16 11 5 9 10 5 Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 5 and 6 st. 12 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7 and 8 st. 2 aerst. 4 horses. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 163 Gold Cup at Warwick, 4 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 3 4y.-o. 8 st. 3 Cup at Abingdon, 3 Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. 6y.-o. Jocko 9 st. and 3 times second, ran 9 year-old G times, won 3 times. Selling Race at Abingdon, 3 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 3 4y.-o. 8 st. and 2 5y.-o. 8st.9 agst. 5 horses, and once second. ,, 10 ,, 7 ,. ,,3 ,, Cup at Newport, 3 Miles, 8 St. 13 agst. 4y.-o. Paradox 8 st. 7 Selling Race at Abingdon, 2 Miles, agst. 1 3y.-o. and 3 4 y.-o., and 3 times second. ,,11 ,, 12 ,, ,, C) ,, Won 3 Selling Races, over 2 Miles, agst. 3 6 y.-o. horses. Salperton St. at Cheltenham, 2 Miles, 9 St. 7 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. andl 4 y.-o. 8 st. 7 and on the same day Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st. 1 agst. 5 y.-o. Thorngrove 8 st. 11 ,, 12 ,, 8 ,, ,, 5 ,, Handicap at Bath, IJ Miles, 8 St. 10 agst. 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10 to 8 st. 1 (Sinbad) and 2 6 y.-o. 8 st. 2 and 9 st. 2 (Bryan) agst. 5 horses. 2 Selling Races, IJ and 2 Miles, agst. young horses. Beaufort St. at Gloucester, about 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o., and on the following day City Member's PI., 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 6 y.-o. Harry. ,, 13 ,, 7 ,, ,,1 >» Selling Race at Bath, 3 Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 and second in Gold Cup at Newport. J » -t^: • , 'A , , , , 0 , , ran 96 times, won 50 times. 164 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 37. Fleur de Lis 18-2-2 by Bourbon, ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 3 times, L. not placed. ,, ,, 7 ,, Dcp. '1 4 5> 7 0 5 J 6 6 M 5 7 » ? (3 ran 31 times, won 22 times. 3 ,, 4 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 3 agst. 5 y.-o. Mameluke D. 9 st. 3 and 4 others. 1 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 9 agst. 8 horses, amongst which were 5 y.-o. The Colonel L. 10 st, 0 ,, second in the Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 St. 11 agst. 4 y.-o. Priam D. 9 st. 5 behind 4 y.-o. Variation 8 st. 11 which had won 4 good races in the same year. No. 38. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo, ran 3 year-old 3 times, won 2 times. Altogether Races with Heats, 4 11 7 O 01 Milpt; ,, 5 ,, 19 ,, ,, 12 ,, ran and won on August 9 at Salisbury ran 33 times, won 21 times. i" '^ •"^ces, one after the other with- out a pause, with fresh opponents, viz. : — 1. Sweepstakes, 2 Miles, 8 st, 7 2. The City Member's PL, 2 Miles with Heats. 3. The City Bowl, 2i Miles with Heats. Ran on the 16th August at Blandford the following 3 races : 1. Dorsetshire St., 2 Miles, not placed. 2. Selling Races, 2^ Miles, won, and immediately after 3. Member's PL, 2i Miles, second. Won on the 23rd August at Taunton, 2| Miles with Heats, against 3 good racehorses. Won on the 24th August in the Town PL, 21 Miles with Heats. Won on the 28th August in Bridg- water Ladies' PL, 2i Miles with Heats, 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 155 and on the 29th August at the same place Member's PL, 2 J Miles with Heats (3 times), and on the 12th Sept. at Exeter Mem- ber's PL, 2J Miles with Heats. Ran on the 13th Sept. at the same place Handicap PL, 2J Miles with Heats, not placed, and was victorious immediately after- wards in the City Member's PL, 2 J Miles with Heats. Ran on the 26th Sept. at Dorchester Tradesmen's PL, about 2 Miles with Heats, not placed, and won on the same day in the Ladies' PL, about 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), ag^ainst 4 good race- horses, and ran on the following day at the same place Yeoman's PL, 2 Miles with Heats, against 3 good race- horses, won the first Heat, but fell in the second Heat, injuring itself inwardl}^ and had to be killed. No. 39. Tranby 1826 by Blacklock. November 1831. The famous bet of Mr. Osbaldiston to ride 200 miles in 10 hours, any number of horses. Won in 8 hours, 42 minutes, with 29 horses, amongst which w-as the 5 year-old Tranby by Blacklock, which had to go four times, 4 miles each time, with about one hour's pause each time. Tranby took for the : — 1st 4 rallies 8 Minutes, 10 Seconds. 2nd 4 Miles 8 ,, — 3rd 4 Miles 8 ,, 15 4th 4 Miles 8 ,, 50 In the next year Tranby ran and won twice at Newmarket in a well con- tested race, then became Sire of " I am not aware," who won races 2 — 9 year- old, and was then sold to America, where he got renowned as sire of Vandal's dam. No. 40. Catherina 1830 by Whisker, ran 2 year-old 2 times, won 0 times, twice second. ,, '3 M 10 ,, ,, 4 ,, O. not placed, L. second. J J 4 M 1 '^ )» M 10 ,, 5 19 n ,, 6 ,, 20 ,, ,, 11 ,, incl. twice King's PL 166 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 7 year-old 18 times, won 6 times, incl. once King's PI. M 8 ,, 1~ ,, J) o ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Manchester, 21 Miles, 8 St. 7 agst. -2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12 1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 1 older 8 St. 5 ag-st. 4 horses. 1 King's PI. agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 4 times second. 9 ,, 25 ,, ,, 10 ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Burnlev, 2|- Miles, 8 St. 11 agst. 3 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2 1 older 9 st. agst. 4 horses. 1*^ >' 25 ,, ,, ]2 ,, Ladies' Purse at Chester, about 2 Miles with Heats agst. 3 3 y.-o. 1 4 y.-o. 1 0 y.-o. agst. 5 horses. Lancashire St. at Burnley, about 3 Miles, Heats agst. 4 y.-o. The Shadow and 5 y.-o. St. Leonard and immediately after A free PL, about 3 Miles, Heats agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. Sweepst. at Chesterfield, 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. and on the following day Sweepst., about 2 Miles agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. and immediately after The Town PL, 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) agst. 2 3 y.-o. 1 4 y.-o. 1 5 y .-o . agst. 4 horses. The Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2 Miles, Heats (3 times), 11 st. 5 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 8 st. 7 2 4 y.-o. 9 St. 5 1 5 y.-o.. 10 St. 10 1 older 1-1 St. 5 agst. 5 horses. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 167 and on the fo41o\ving day The Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles, Heats (3 times) agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. ran 11 year-old'28 times, won 12 times. The All-aged St. at Tenbury, 2 Miles, Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 7 and 8 st. 10 3 older 8 st. 11 to 9 st. 3 agst. 5 horses. Sweepst. at Bridgnorth, about 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older, and on the following day A Gold Cup, about 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older. On the 30th xA.ugust second in Race over IJ Miles with Heats. On the following day third in a Race over 2 Miles, and on the same day second in a Race over 1| Miles with Heats. On the 28th Sept. second in a Race over about 3 Miles, and immediately after winner in Pottery St., about 2 Miles, Heats agst. 2 4 y.-o., and on the following day winner in Town St., about 2 Miles agst. 2 3 y.-o. On the 6th October Sweepst. at Knutsford, 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o., immediately after not placed in Race over 2J Miles, and on the following day second, 1^ Miles with Heats (3 times), 3 be- hind. On the 14th October third in a Race over 2 Miles with Heats, and on the same day Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2 Miles, Heats, 11 St. 5 agst. 4 y.-o. Hautboy 9 st. 11 and on the following day Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles, Heats (4 times), 9 st. 8 168 Trial of the Thoroue^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. agst.l 3 v.-o. 7 St. 3 ■2 older 9 st. 8 and 9 st. 13 (amongst them Kitty Cockle) 18th October Moorland St. at Leek, about 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) ap-st. 2 3 v.-o. and 1 older. ran 176 times, won 81 times, and had 9 good foals. No. 41. Isaac 1831 by Figaro. ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 1 time. ,, 4 3 ,, ,, 2 times », -5 8 ,, ,, 1 time, ,, 6 M 14 ,, ,, 9 times ,, 7 ,, 16 ,, „ 10 „ ,, 8 ,, 23 ,, „ 18 „ Kind's PI. Handicap at Coventry, 1|- Miles, 9 st. agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 4 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. and 8 st. 6 agst. 4 horses. Handicap at Bath, 1 Mile, Heats, 8 St. 12 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 and 6 st. 12 2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 and 7 st. 10 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 2 1 older 8 st. 1 agst. 6 horses. Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 14 y.-o. 7 St. 10 and on the same day Citv Member's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, 9 St. 6 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 10 2 older 9 st. 4 and on the following day Gold Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 5 y.-o. Modesty 8 st. 13. Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 3 agst. 1 5 v.-o, 9 St. 11 (Caravan) 1 6 v.-o. 9 St. 2 1 older 6 St. 9 agst. 3 horses, and on the following dav Cup, 2i Miles, 9 st." agst. 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 11 3 6 y.-o. 9 St. to 9 st. 5 aest. 4 horses. 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 109 Leamington St. at Warwick, 2 Miles, 8 St. 3 agst. 2 4 v.-o. 6 st. 7 and 7 st. 7 1 5y.-o. 7 St. 13 2 6y.-o. 8 St. 5 and 8 st. 10 (King Cole) agst. 5 horses. On the following day second in the Warwick Cup, over 4 Miles, 5y.-o. Caravan behind. On the following day Stand St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. and 6 st. 5, and immediately after third in King's PL, 2 Miles, "Heats. King's PL at Leicester agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o., and on the following day Gold Cup, about 3 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 9 st. 1. Gold Cup at Shrewsbury, 3 Miles agst. 5 y.-o. Caravan, and on the following day King's PL, 3 Miles agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. Cup at Oswestrv, li- Miles, not placed, 5 starters. Immediately after w. o., IJ Miles and Member's St., IJ Miles, Heats (3 times), 8 st. 13 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. andl 4 y.-o. 7 st. 11 ran 9 year-old 15 times, won 5 times. Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 10 Cup at Oxford, 2i Miles, 9 st. agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 and 8 st. 2 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 5 (Caravan) agst. 3 horses. 16th Sept. at Shrewsbury, 2 Miles, not placed. 17th Sept. second Gold Cup, 3 Miles. 18th Sept. King's PL, 3 Miles agst. 5 good horses, 170 Trial of the Thoroue:hbred on the Racecourse, etc. and on the same day second in Mem- ber's PL, about 2J Miles, Heats. Gold Cup at Wrexham, about 3 Miles, 9 St. 1 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 1 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. agst. 3 horses. Handicap at Newm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 1 ag-st. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 3 to 6 st. 9 4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 7 to 8 St. 5 2 5 v.-o. 7 St. 7 and 8 st. 1 older 8 St. 7 agst. 11 horses. In the Cesarew., 8 st. 5, not placed, ran 10 year-old 13 times, won 1 time. Handicap at Warwick, 2 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 6 4 y.-o. 6 st. 12 to 8 st. 4 3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 8 to 8 st. 10 1 older 7 st. 7 11 12 ?> 4 13 ) ) 3 14 )? 4 15 J J 1 agst. 10 horses. On the same day in Handicap second. Ran further in manv big Handicaps, in small and large Handicaps, and twice second in King's PI. in Hurdle and Hunter Races. ran 111 times, won 54 times. No. 42. Zohrab 1831 by Lottery, ran 3 year-old 6 times, won 3 times. >, 4 8 n J, 4 ,, 1 King's PI M 5 6 ,, ,, 3 ,, M 6 ,, 10 „ ,, 3 ,, M 7 7 ,, M 4 ,, M 8 ,, 17 ,, ,, 11 M Victoria St. 9 St. 7 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12 and 2 5 y.-o. 7 st. 12 and 9 st. 2 Ladies' PI. at Kelso, 2i Miles, 9 st. 2 agst.l 3 y.-o. 7 st. 7 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 8 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 3 agst. 4 horses, 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 171 often ran and won twice on the same day. ran 9 year-old 11 times, won 2 times. Gold Cup in Eglinton Park, 2^ Miles, 12 St. 4 ' agst. 2 6 y.-o. 12 st. 4 (Cardinal Piifif) 1 older 12 st. 4 often ran twice on the same day. ,,10 ,, IS ,, ,, 6 ,, often won twice on the same day, mostly in Races with Heats, last Race at Kelso, 1^ Miles, 9 st. 9 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 6 1 older 9 st. 3 agst. 4 horses. ran 83 times, won 36 times. ran No. 43. The Potentate 1832 by Langar. 2 year-old 3 times, won 0 times. 3 7 ,, 4 •2 M 1 ,, ,, 11 ,, ,, 4 ,, ,, 6 ,, 19 ,, ,, 11 ,, M 7 ,, -23 ,, ,, 15 ,, M 8 ,, 13 ,, M 4 ,, 13 and twice second (Derby at York and St. Leger at Liverpool). incl. twice King's PI. incl. 3 times King's PI. Goodwood Cup, against 19 horses of a good class (of which were Epirus, Euclid, Retriever, Verulam). mostly in big, well contested Races. The Glasgow Cup at Paisley, 2 Miles, 8 St. 8 agst. 5 y.-o. Rejected 7 st. 12 last Race, A free Handicap, 1 ]Mile, Heats (3 times), 8 st. 9 agst. 2 6 y.-o. 7 st. 3 and 9 st. 2 ran 91 times, won 39 times. No. 44. Bee's Wing 1833 by Dr. Syntax. ran 2 year-old 3 times, won 2 times. L. not placed, incl. 1 King's PI. incl. 1 King's PI. incl. 3 King's PI. incl. 1 Kind's PI. ,, 3 5 ,, 2 ,, 4 8 ,, ,, 6 ,, ,1 •■3 9 ,, n 7 ,, ,. 6 n 12 ,, ,, 11 n M 7 ,, 12 ,, ,, 10 ,, 172 Trial of the Thorouc;-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 8 year-old 10 times, won 9 times. Trial St. at Chester agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 y.-o. older. agst. 4- horses. Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles, 9 st. 3 agst. 4-y.-o. Calypso 8 st. 5 and 6 y.-o. Lanercost Acp. 9 st. 3 Gold Cup at Stockton, 9 st. 8 agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 5 agst. 3 horses. Cup at Doncaster agst. 5 y.-o. Shadow. Gold Cup' at Ascot, 2i Miles agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 2 older (of which were Lanercost Acp.) agst. 4 horses. Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles agst. 6 3'.-o. Charles XII. L. Gold Cup at Doncaster agst. 3 y.-o. Attila 6 y.-o. Charles XII. L. and 6 y.-o. Shadow asrst. 3 horses. ran 64 times, won 51 times. No. 45. Adrian 1834 by Sultan, ran 2 year-old 10 times, won 1 time. 4 9 ■5 , 12 6 3 7 , , 14 8 , 18 9 , 20 10 , 14 11 , 7 12 4 13 3 0 f ( 1 > ' 0 ' 1 5 times 8 ) y 4 )) 0 M 0 » » 3 J > o Ran chiefly in Races over 1^^ to 2w Miles with Heats, and beat many younger horses, often in Selling Races. also in Hurdle Races. 114 times, won 28 times. 5. The Thoroui/hbred in the Past and Present. 173 No. 46. The Shadow 1836 by The Saddler. ran -2 year-old 4 times, won 2 times. O. not placed. twice Kingf's PI. „ 3 4 ,, •2 n 4 , 10 ,, !', 7 ii 11-5 , , 19 ,, M 13 ,, ,, 6 , -21 M ,, 11 ,, n 7 , 17 ,, ,, 1-2 „ ,, 8 , 10 ,, ,, 6 ,, 3 times King's PI. 18 incl. incl. incl. once King's PI. Gold Cup at Western Meeting, 2 M., 8 St. 13 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 5 and 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 5 and on the following day A Plate for all ages, 2 Miles, Heats. A Plate of £60 at Perth, 2 Miles, Heats agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. and on the same day Alember's PL, about 2 Miles, 10 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Armytage 9 st. 9 Cleveland Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 Miles, 9 St. agst. 1 3 y.-o. Coer de Lion 7 st. 2 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 7 1 0 y.-o. 9 St. 11 agst. 4 horses. King's PI. at York, 2 Miles agst. 3 3 y. o. and 2 5 y.-o. agst. 5 horses. Member's PI. at York, IJ Miles, Heats, 9 st. 2 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 7 st. 10 King's PI. at Leicester agst. 1 3 y.-o. King's PI. at Doncaster agst. 1 3 y.-o. A Plate at Dumfries, 2 Miles agst. 2 3 y.-o. A Plate of ;^\50 at Perth, 2 Miles, Heats agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o., and on the same day Member's PI., about 2 Miles agst. 2 3 y.-o. 174 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 10 vear-old T times, won 1 time. Handicap at Aberdeen, IJ Miles, 9 St. 5 ag-st. 1 6 y.-o. 8 st. 1 andl older 8 st. 4 11 ,, 3 ,, ,, 1 ,, Welter St., Gentleman Rider, 1 Mile agst. 3 older. ran 113 times, won 04 times. No. 47. St. Lawrence 1837 by Skylark or Lapwing. ran 2 year-old 6 times, won 2 times. 2 9 1 13 1 3 6 4 , 16 5 4 6 , 17 7 5 8 4 9 Q 0 0 incl. 5 times King's PI. in the best company. Tradesmen PL Handicap at Chester, 7 St. 10 agst. 29 horses of a good class, amongst which were : Mendicant 4 y.-o. 8 St. (second), Newcourta 7 St. 10 (third), Annandale 5 y.-o. 7 St. 13. In the Cesarew. 8 st. 2, not placed. ran 62 times, won 29 times. No. 48. Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton, ran 3 vear-old 4 times, won 2 times. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 8 24 24 19 16 14 8 „ 7 „ 0 „ 1-2 ,, 12 „ 6 o Almost all in Races with Heats IJ to 3 Miles, against younger horses. Also ran in Hurdle Races. 132 times, won 51 times. No. 49. The Sailor (later Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiah. (Not in Stud Book, a Thoroughbred nevertheless). ran G year-old 6 times, won 4 times. M 7 ,, 11 ,, yj 4 ,, 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 175 ran 9 year-old 15 times, won 4 times, and 5 times second. Chester Handicap, f Mile, 5 st. 12 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 5 st. 3 7 4 y.-o. 5 St. 11 to 6 st. 13 1 older 7 st. 8 agst. 11 horses. Shrewsbury Handicap, Ih Miles, 6 St. 12 agst. 1 5 y.-o. 7 st. 6 3 6 y.-o. 7 St. 2 to 7 st. 12 1 older 8 St. 10 agst. 5 horses, and on the same day Handicap, about 1 Mile with Heats, 5 St. 7 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 5 st. 4 2 5 y. o. 5 St. 6 and 5 st. 7 1 older 5 st. 7 agst. 4 horses. 1, JO ,, 15 ,, ,, 4 ,, Chester Grand Stand Cup, about 1^ Miles, 8 St. 2 agst. 5 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 6 st. 10 2 4 y.-o. 6 St. 11 and 7 st. 10 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 6 and 8 st. 2 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 10 1 older 8 st. 6 agst. 11 horses. Shrewsbury Sev. St., 1 Mile with Heats, 7 st. 7 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 5 st. 11 and 6 st. Newport Handicap, 1 Mile, 8 st. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6 1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 13 agst. 3 horses. Leominster Volka St., IJ Miles with Heats (4 times), 8 st. 12 agst. 4 4 y.-o. 6 st. 10 to 7 st. 10 1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 13 agst. 5 horses, t) 11 M 20 ,, ,, 1 ,, Ran in good Races and in good company. Wrexham Handicap, 1| Miles with Heats (4 times), 7 st. 9 176 Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 3 4 y.-o. 6 St. 13 to 7 st. 11 -2 6 y.-o. 8 St. 1 and 8 st. 7 agst. 6 horses, ran 12 year-old 10 times, won 0 times. Ran in good Races and in good company. „ 13 „ 14 not run. 8 ,, in several big Handicaps in good company. Walsall Member's St., about 1^ M. with Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 ran 109 times, won 2o times. No. 50. Inheritress (Foundation AJare of Veilchen) 1840 by The Saddler. ran 2 year-old 4 times, won 1 time. M 3 0 „ 0 „ n 4 ,, 10 ,, ,, 4 times ,, 5 ,, '-^4 ,, „ 14 „ ,, 6 ,, 17 ,, „ 7 „ ,, 7 „ lo ,, „ 9 „ 18 11 incl. 4 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, incl. 2 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, incl. 3 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, and 3 Miles. Liverpool Cup, 2 Miles agst. 16 horses, second in the Gr. Metrop. St. at Epsom, 22 horses behind. The Cheshire St. at Chester, 1 Mile 3 Furl., 8 St. 9 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 2 (The Swallow) 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 (Pyrrhus I D.) 1 older 7 st. agst. 4 horses. Handicap at Nottingham, 2 Miles, 8 St. 9 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 4 and 5 st. 7 1 4 y.-o. 6 St. 9 1 older 7 st. 11 (Yardley) agst. 4 horses, and on the following day The Chesterfield Handicap, 1^ Miles, 8 St. 10 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 and 5 st. 6 o. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. ]77 and on the same day King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, 10 st. agst. 1 3y.-o. 8 St. 2 1 4y.-o. 9 St. 4 1 6y.-Q. 10 St. agst. 3 horses. Second in the Wolverhampton St., 2^ Miles, 3 behind, and on the following day The Cleveland Cup at A\V)lverhamp- ton, 3 Miles, 9 st. 6 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 5 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2 Dundas St. at York, li Miles, 9 st. agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 St. 8 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2 agst. 4 horses. Caledonian Handicap, 2 Miles, 8 st. 13 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 11 and 6 st. 2 1 C) y.-o. 8 St. (Plaudit) agst. 3 horses. Richmond Handicap, 2 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 to 6 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 6 St. 4 1 older 7 st. 13 agst. 6 horses, twice King's PI. Cesarew. 8 st. 8, not placed, ran i) year-old !) times, won 1 time. Handicap at Nottingham, 1^ Miles, 8 St. 7 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 4 times second and in 3 big Handicaps not placed. 1, 10 ,, 5 ,, ,, 1 ,, Handicap at Wolverhampton, 1^ M., 7 St. 5 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 6 and 1 P) y.-o. 6 st. 4 and in 4 big Handicaps not placed. ran 104 times, won 48 times. No, ol. Dulcet 1842 by Dulcimer, ran 3 year-old 6 times, won 1 time. ,, 4 ,, 19 ,, ,, 12Jtimes. 5 3 1 i)'3 1? -' ») ii'J** 178 Trial of the Thorouej'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 7 year-old 5 times, won 0 times. 10 11 Handicap Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Yds., 7 St. 8 agst. 4 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 to 7 st. 7 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 5 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 9 aqst. 6 horses. Cobham PI. Handicap at Epsom, f Mile, 7 St. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 and 6 st. 12 2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 9 and 8 st. 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 10 agst. 7 horses twice second in big Handicaps. Cesarew. and Cambr. not placed. Berkshire St. at Reading, 2 Miles, 6 St. 13 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 3 4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 10 to 8 st. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 1 agst. 6 horses- Handicap at Newm., 1 Mile, 6 st. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12 and 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. and 8 st. 8 (Russborough) second 1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 7 agst. 6 horses. Once second and once third in big Handicaps. In the Tradesmen's PI., 43 Starters, not placed. In the Royal Hunt Cup at Ascot, 30 Starters, not placed. ran 58 times, won 21J times. No. 52. Radulphus 1843 by The Saddler. ran 2 year-old 1 time, won 0 times. 6 times, won 0 ,, twice not placed. 3 4 „ 5 ? ) J ? 3 5 „ 4 M » } 1 6 „ 14 1 ) J ? 7 7 „ 9 » 1 n 2 incl. 1 King's PI. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. ;[79 ran 8 year-old T times, won 4 times. Handicap at York, 1^ Miles, 8 st. 12 ao-st. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2 to 5 st. 12 and 4 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 to 8 st. ag-st. 8 horses. Fitzwilliam Handicap at Doncaster, 1 IMile, 8 St. 12 agst. 5 3 y.-o. 5 st. 9 to 7 st. 6 and 3 5 y.-o. 6 st. 5 to 8 st. agst. 8 horses. Handicap at Richmond, | jMile, 9 st. 5 agst. 4 2 y.-o. 5 st. to 6 st. 10 andl 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10 agst. 5 horses. », 9 M 8 ,, ,, 2 ,, Craven St. at York, 1 Mile, 9 St. 3 agst. 3 y.-o. Lady Agnes 6 st. 10 and 4 y.-o. Iris 8 st. 4 n 10 ,, 11 ,, ,, 2 ,, Trial St. at Airdrie, IJ Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 to 9 st. 1 1 older 8 st. 9 agst. 6 horses. Sweepst. at Paisley, IJ Miles, 9 st. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 St. 4 M 11 M 9 ,, ,,4 ,, Member's PI. at Paisley, 2 :\Iiles, 9 St. 5 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 9 and 1 6 y.-o. 9 st. 2 Trial St. at Lanark, li Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 9 and 1 older 9 st. 2 ,, 4 ,, Selling Race at Epsom, 11 Miles, 9 St. agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 13 to 7 st. 5 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 2 1 older 9 st. 3 agst. 4 horses, and on the same day second in Railway PL, | Mile, 5 3- and 5 y.-o. behind. Handicap at Warwick, 5 Furl., 8 st. 2 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 9 , 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 1 older 8 st. 7 agst. 3 horses. 13 ,, 9 ,, ,,0 ,, in big Handicaps. 12 ,, 10 180 Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 14 vear-old 12 times, won 4 times. Sellino- Race at Ripon, about 1 Mile, ^7 St. 11 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 9 and 1 6 y.-o. 7 st. 11 agst, 2 horses, and won 2 Gentlemen's Races at New- market over ^ Mile. ran 105 times, won 33 times. \o. ^h\. Alonzo 1S17 h\' Alpheiis. an 3 vear-old 9 times, wr)n 4 times. D. not placed. „ 1 „ ,, 1 „ 4 ,, 11 0 ,, 1-2 6 M ''' 7 8 8 8 10 11 0 St. Liz. Handicap at Northampton, 11 Miles, 8 St. 4 agst. 1 3 v.-o. 5 St. 6 5 4 v.-o. 5 St. 10 to 7 St. 3 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. agst. 7 horses. Handicap at Ludlow, 1^ Miles, 8 st. 3 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 St. 6 to 6 St. 12 3 5 v.-o. 6 St. 12 to 8 st. 1 2 r/v.-o. 7 St. 3 and 7 st. 10 agst. 8 horses, and 3 times third in good Handicaps. St. Liz. Handicap at Northampton, 11 Miles, 8 St. 2 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 4 St. 10 to 6 st. 7 4 v.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 7 1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10 1 older 7 st. 5 agst. 12 horses. Welter St. at Worcester, IJ Miles, 11 St. 3 agst. 1 3 v.-o. 8 St. 6 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. 6 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 11 agst. 3 horses. Lancaster Cup, IJ Miles, 8 st. 7 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 5 st. 7 to 6 st. 5 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12 3 times second, not placed in good Handicaps. ran 70 times, won 21 times. o. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 181 ran No. 54. Poodle 1849 by Ion. •2 vear-old 3 times, won 2 times. ,, 3 ,11 „ n 4 ,, ,, 4 , 13 ,, ,, 1 ,, M 5 9 ,, ,, 3 ,, ,, 6 9 ,, 2 >. '^ > 6 ,, o ,, 8 . 11 ,, 3 ,, Gr. Metrop. St. at Epsom, 2J Miles, 8 St. agst. 8 3 y.-o. 5 St. 2 to 6 St. 8 2 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 and 9 st. (Fisherman) 1 Gv.-o. 8 St. 8 (Winkfield) 1 older 7 St. 13 agst. 12 horses. Handicap at Newm., 1 Mile, 9 St. 2 agst. 4 4 v.-o. 6 st. 9 to 7 st. 9 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 3 1 older 8 st. 7 agst. 6 horses. King's PI. at Newmarket agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. and in the Cesarew., 8 st. 8, not placed. Bibury St., IJ Miles, Gentlemen Riders, 10 st. 8 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 13 and ] 5 y.-o. 11 st. in the Cesarew., 7 St., not placed. ran ran 71 times, won 20 times. No. 55. Mr. Sykes (Half-bred) 1850 by Sir Tatton Sykes. 2 vear-old 2 times, won 1 time. Cesarewitch, G st. 8 (34 horses). King's PI. Roxburgh Handicap, IJ Miles, 7 st. 6 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 13 3 4 v.-o. 6 St. 6 to 7 st. 2 4 5 v.-o. 5 St. 11 to 7 St. 10 1 older 7 st. 12 agst. 11 horses. „ 3 „ 11 M , 2 times ,, 4 0 , 0 ,, ,, 5 M 11 ,, , 3 ,, „ 6 ,, 11 , 1 n >, ''' 3 ,, , 0 ,, n 8 9 ,, ,, 1 ,, in the Cesarew., 7 st. 8, and in the Cambr., 8 St., not placed. ]^Q2 Trial of the Thorou£?hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 9 year-old 13 times, won 2 times. City Handicap at Lincoln, IJ Miles, 7 St. 9 agst. 8 3 y.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 9 3 4 y.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 6 1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10 1 older 7 St. 2 agst. 13 horses. ,,10 ,, 3 ,, ,, 0 ,, in good Handicaps. ran 65 times, won 10 times. The most imposing performances of the above 55 examples from 1730 to 1850 begin with Marksman, born 1808, and slowly decrease after Inheritress, born 1840. In spite of the enormous increase of Thoroughbred breeding- after 1850, we do not find any examples in the second half of the nineteenth century which can show better performances in this respect, and only a few with anything like these performances. According to the above examples, the best time seems to have been 1830 to 1840, as in this period the follow- ing horses, which accomplished extraordinary performances, were born, namely : Catherina, Isaac, Zohrab, Potentate, Bee's Wing, The Shadow, St. Lawrence, The Sailor, and Inheritress. All these facts go to prove that the hardiness and endurance of the Thoroughbred, and especially the resisting capacity of its foundation, decreased about the second half of the nineteenth century. Whether at the same time the speed of the Thoroughbred, for distances up to li- English miles, increased, cannot be clearly shown, but it is probable. Height and appearance have been improved, or, as the classical defender of the present day racing svstem. Admiral Rous, says, " We have bred more for size and strength," Yes, we have obtained that in our highly improved light breeds, but also at the same time a retrogression in the performing capacity which is required outside the racecourse. The celebrated Gimcrack, born 1760, No. 8 in above list, to which Admiral Rous points somewhat con- temptuouslv as a " generally small horse," is supposed to have been only 14 hands; according to other statements, 13 hands, Sh; inches, equalling 141 cm. Admiral Rous contends that in 1700 the average height was 13 hands, 3 inches, and that since then this average height has risen every twenty-five years bv 1 inch, and ought therefore to be now 15 hands, 3 inches, equalling 160 cm'. 5. The Thorouerhbred in the Past and Present. 188 The following list gives the sizes of the most important Thoroughbred stallions which I have been able to obtain. No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sire. Hands. Size in Inches. cm. 1 Darley Arabian Mixbury 1702 15 13 152,4 137,2 2 1704 The Curven Bay Barb 2 3 Godolphin Arabian Sampson Matchem 1724 1745 1748 15 15 15 _ 2 1 1.52,4 157,5 154,9 4 5 Blaze Cade 6 Herod 1758 Tartar 15 3 160,0 7 Eclipse 1764 Marske 15 2 157,5 8 Sir Peter 1784 Highflyer 16 — 162,6 9 Gohanna 1790 Mercury 15 1 154,9 10 11 Sorcerer Orville 1796 1799 Trumpator Beningbrough 16 16 H 166,3 162,6 12 Castrel 1801 Buzzard 16 — 162,6 13 Whalebone 1807 Waxy 15 * 153,7 14 Partisan 1811 Walton 15 2 157,5 15 16 17 18 19 Dr. Syntax Filho da Puta Lottery Camel Mulatto 1811 1812 1820 1822 1823 Paynator Haphazard Tramp Whalebone Catton 15 16 16 15 15 2 2 152,4 162,6 162,6 157,5 157,5 20 21 Little Red Rover Plenipotentiary 1827 1831 Tramp Emilius 14 15 3 2 149,9 157,5 22 Touchstone 1831 Camel 15 2 157,5 23 24 Mundig Sheet Anchor 1832 1832 Catton Lottery 15 16 3 1 160,0 165,1 25 26 Birdcatcher Harkaway 1833 1834 Sir Hercules Economist 15 16 3 2 160,0 167,6 27 28 Don John Bloomsbury 1835 1836 Tramp or Waverley Mulatto 15 15 3 3 160,0 160,0 29 Nutwith 1840 Tomboy 15 2i 158,2 80 Newminster 1842 Touchstone 15 2 157,5 31 Chanticleer 1843 Birdcatcher 16 — 162,6 32 The Cossack 1844 Hetman Platoff 15 •> 157,5 33 Daniel O'Rourke 1849 Birdcatcher 15 2 157,5 34 Stockwell 1849 The Baron 16 — 162,6 35 Lexing-ton 1850 Boston 15 3 160,0 .36 Saunterer 1854 Birdcatcher 15 3 160,0 37 38 39 Buccaneer Macaroni Blair Athol 1857 1860 1861 Wild Dayrell Sweetmeat Stockwell 15 15 16 3 3 160,0 160,0 162,6 40 41 Lelio Rosicrucian 1862 1865 West Australian Beadsman 15 16 2 157,5 162,6 42 Prince Charlie 1869 Blair Athol 17 — 172,7 184 Trial of the Thorouirhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Names of Stallions. .Sire. Size in Hands. Inches. cm. 4S Hector 1872 ' U Petrarch 1873 45 Spring- field 1873 46 Cham ant 1874 47 Beauclerc 1875 48 Isonomy 1875 40 Charibert 1876 oU Bend Or 1877 51 Despair 1879 52 -St. Simon 1881 53 Esterling 1882 54 Melton 1882 55 Aughrim 188::^ 56 Kendal 1883 57 Min ting- 1883 58 Ormonde 1883 59 Gallinule 1884 60 Ayrshire 1885 61 Carbine 1885 62 Wink field 1885 63 Am phi on 1886 64 Donovan 1886 65 Enthusiast 1886 66 Melanion 1886 67 Hackler 1887 68 Martagon 1887 69 -Sainfoin 1887 70 St. .Serf 1887 71 Common 1888 72 Orme 1889 73 Suspender 1889 74 Red Prince 1889 75 Childwick 1890 76 Isinglass 1890 77 Grey Leg- 1891 78 Ladas 1891 79 Sir Visto 1892 80 Persimmon 1893 81 Galtee More 1894 82 Velasquez 1894 83 Flying- Fox 1896 84 Ard Patrick 1899 85 .Vlaintenon 1903 Virgilius Lord Clifden St. Albans Mortemer Rosicrucian Sterling Thormanby Doncaster See Saw Galopin Sterling Master Kildare Xenophon Bend Or Lord Lyon Bend Or Isonom}' Hampton Musket Barcaldine Rosebery Galopin Sterling Hermit Petrarch Bend Or Springfield St. Simon Isonomy Ormonde Muncaster Kendal St. Simon Isonomv Pepper and Salt Hampton Barcaldine St. Simon Kendal Donovan Orme St. Florian Le .Sagittaire 15 2 157,5 15 3 160,0 16 — 162,6 16 — 162,6 15 3 1 160,0 16 — ■ 162,6 15 3 ' 160,0 16 1 165,1 15 2 157,5 16 4 163,9 16 — 162,6 15 3 160,0 16 — 162,6 16 1 165,1 16 i 16:3,2 16 1 165,1 16 — 162,6 16 — 162,6 15 3i 161,3 15 3 160,0 15 3 160,0 16 1 165,1 16 — 162,6 16 — 162,6 16 1 165,1 16 — 162,6 15 3 160,0 16 3 170,2 16 1 165,1 16 1 16.5,1 16 2 167,6 15 3 160,0 16 — 162,6 16 1 165,1 15 2 157,5 16 — 162,6 16 1 165,1 16 2 167,6 15 3S 162,0 15 3 160,0 16 1 163,9 16 — 162,6 16 3i 171,5 The Thoroutrhbred in the Past and Present. 185 In order to arrive at a fair comparison, it is neces.sar^- to take six of the most important stallions from the above table for three different periods, and we then get the following interesting results : — 1st Period — Second Half of the Eighteenth Century. AJatchem born 1748 154.9 cm, size. Herod ., 1758 160.0 Eclipse ,, 1764 157.5 Sir Peter .. 1784 16-2.6 Gohanna ,, 1790 154.9 Orvillc ,, 1799 16-2.6 Average, 15 hands, 2^ inches= 158.75 cm. 2nd Period — Middle of the Nineteenth Centurv. Touchstone born 1831 157.5 cm, size. size. Birdcatcher Newminster Stockwell Buccaneer Macaroni 1833 160.0 1842 157.5 1849 162.6 1857 160.0 1860 160.0 Average, 15 hands, 3 inches= 159.6 cm. 3rd Period — The Last 25 Years of the Nineteenth Century. Jsonom\- born 1875 162.6 cm. size. Bend Or ., 1877 165.1 ,, St. Simon ., 1881 163.9 ,, ,, Ormonde ,, 1883 165.1 ,, Gallinule ,, 1884 1()2.6 ,, Persimmon ,, 1893 167.6 ,, ., Average, Hi hands, ^ inch = 164.5 cm. size. From above it can be seen that the height of the Thoroughbred in England has increased somewhat quicker than Admiral Rous supposed. The desire to increase the height seems to me tr) be dangerous, and will probably very soon onlv be possible at the expense of the fundament. The present day situation of racing and breeding seems to be aporoaching nolens volcns a further increase of height. To judge rightly of the retrogressive movement in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, as regards their general capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit), one must take into consideration that the races of to-dav are run over shorter distances, and without heats, and on an aA'erage at a considerably quicker pace than was the case 100 years ago, and also that the increased pace makes greater demands on the fundament. One must, therefore, expect that the resisting strength of the fundament will be more quicklv used up. To the more intensive use of racehorses in a shorter time, due to railways, and the numerous racecourses, as well as to the many short races, which require a quick getting off, must be attributed the fact that the nerves and health are more quickly destroyed. The question as to whether the Thoroughbreds of 100 years ago would not also have deteriorated quicker if they had had 186 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. to undergo present day methods, and as to whether the present day Thoroughbreds, on the other hand, would not have held out longer under the conditions of 100 years ago, may be answered as follows : Both cases can only happen slowly, i.e., if the supposed causes have lasted and had an influence for several generations. On the basis of physiological observations and practical experiences, we must assume that the present over-exertion, especially of the younger Thoroughbred stock, for manv consecutive genera- tions, has an unfavourable influence on the constitution. These unfavourable effects, which are an especial consequence of the many earlv races of two- year-olds, are distinctly recognisable, also outside the course, by manv retrogressive signs. The most conspicuous of these consists in the fairlv regular decrease of the percentage of pregnant mares, from about 80 per cent, in the year 1851 to 70 per cent, in recent vears. The following list, the figures of which are taken from the General Stud Book, gives an exact summary- of this retrogressive movement : — Year Foals Bon Colts Fillies 1 Total Aborted Barren Total Covered Pregnant Aborted 1851 538 597 1135 43 302 1480 79,59 3,65 1852 536 538 1(74 71 334 1479 77,42 6,61 1853 574 558 1132 42 369 1543 76.09 3,71 1854 619 582 1201 35 440 1676 73,75 2,83 1855 610 609 1219 73 480 1772 72,91 5,65 1856 705 650 1355 61 448 1864 75,97 4,31 1857 691 679 1370 58 452 1880 75,96 4,06 1858 756 736 1492 64 424 1980 78,59 4,11 1859 745 722 1467 77 484 2028 76,13 4,99 1860 738 ';26 1464 85 498 2047 75,67 5,49 1861 750 749 1499 73 525 2097 74,96 4,64 1862 718 763 1481 68 562 2111 73,38 4,39 1863 783 757 1540 88 556 2184 74,54 5,41 1864 756 811 1567 95 537 2199 75,58 5,72 1865 786 799 1585 136 556 2277 75,58 7,90 1866 851 855 1706 96 686 2488 72,43 5,33 1867 893 964 1857 84 645 2586 75,06 4,33 1868 972 949 1921 127 719 2767 74,02 6,20 1869 1009 1041 2050 113 669 2832 76,38 5,22 1870 983 965 1948 125 727 2800 74,04 6,03 1871 928 968 1896 147 693 2736 74,67 7,20 1872 881 888 1769 94 694 2557 72,86 5,04 1873 862 858 1720 74 621 2415 74,29 4,12 1874 857 870 1727 72 6.57 2456 73,25 4,00 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 187 Year I Colts ^oals Born Fillies 1 Total Aborted Barren Total Covered Pregnant Aborted 1875 824 910 1734 86 6:^4 2454 74,16 4,73 1876 879 863 1742 121 636 2499 74,55 6,55 1877 941 915 1856 105 722 2683 73,09 5,35 1878 926 969 1895 168 723 2786 74,05 8,14 1879 1002 952 1954 108 798 2860 72,10 5,19 1880 969 954 1923 161 801 2885 72,24 7,73 1881 928 1063 1991 110 826 2927 71,78 5,24 1882 920 996 1916 140 818 2874 71,54 6,81 1883 1006 958 1964 121 748 2833 73,60 5,80 1884 1001 956 1957 127 801 2885 72,23 6,09 1885 1019 1061 2080 129 753 2962 74,58 5,84 1886 1100 1066 2166 139 791 3096 74,45 6,03 1887 1063 1069 2132 135 861 3128 72,47 5,96 1888 1069 1141 2210 129 839 3178 73,60 5,52 1889 1201 1159 2360 146 940 3446 72,72 5,83 1890 1213 1290 2503 144 1002 3649 72,54 5,44 1891 1368 1419 2787 192 1120 4099 72,68 6,45 1892 1517 1523 3040 258 1206 4504 73,24 7,82 1893 1662 1613 3275 156 1412 4843 70,84 4,55 1894 1651 1562 3213 184 1400 4797 70,82 5,42 1895 1674 1557 3231 124 1327 4682 71,66 3,70 1896 1652 1652 3304 144 1287 4735 72,82 4,18 1897 1785 1753 3538 150 1333 5021 73,45 4,07 1898 1774 1762 3536 149 1450 513^5 71,76 4,04 1899 1706 1808 3514 147 1405 5066 72.27 4,02 1900 1753 1674 3427 169 1310 4906 73,30 4,70 1901 1743 1697 3440 138 1416 4994 71,65 3,86 1902 1797 1651 3448 138 1380 4966 72,21 3,85 1903 1629 1564 3193 123 1364 4680 70,85 3,71 1904 1565 1542 3107 132 1272 4511 71,80 4,08 1905 1312 1461 2773 124 1091 3988 72,72 4,28 1906 1418 1381 2799 117 1153 4069 70,17 4,01 This fairlv uniform decrease in the percentage of pregnant mares begins just at the time at which, looked at from the standpoint of changed weight differences, the decrease of the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the Thoroughbred seems to commence. In the chapter relating to the changed weight differences (looked at from this one-sided point of view), a slow- improvement of the Thoroughbred stock is supposed to have existed in the first half of the nineteenth century. Corresponding with this, the percentage 188 Trial of the Thorouf^^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. of foaling- mares seems also to have increased in the first half of the nineteenth century. According to some superficial tests, I have found that the per- centage of foaling mares varies in the years 1820 to 1840 from 74 to 75 per cent. The statistics in the General Stud Book begin onlv with the vear 1846, and are as follows : — Year h Stallions \)als Horn Mares Total Aborted Barren Covered Pregnant % Aborted 1846 491 481 972 41 310 1323 76,57 4,05 1847 486 491 977 47 303 1327 77,17 4,. 59 1848 48:^ 493 976 57 304 m^i 77,26 5,52 1849 — — — -■ — — — 18o() 504 537 1041 51 282 1374 79,48 4,67 The year 1851, therefore, seems to be the culminating point in this respect. The list of Thoroughbred mares in England which have produced 17 and more living foals, shows from 1850 a distinct retrogression. In spite of the double to fourfold number of brood mares in the second half of the nineteenth century, the breeding performances have decreased in this respect, with the exception of the extraordinarv performance of Oueen Esther, born 1864, which produced -l-l foals. The number of mares with 17 and more foals is faf from having increased proportionately, and the highest performance of 20 foals becomes more scarce. In the last thirteen vears, from ](S71 to 1888, the above list (pages 62 and 63) only shows 84 mares, none of which have produced 20 foals, and onlv 2 (Pillage, born 1871, and Miss Mannering, born 1874) 19 foals — whilst previouslv in the thirteen years from 1882 to 1844 (in which time there were onl\' a quarter of the brood mares existing as compared with 1871 to 1888), 40 mares are men- tioned, of which 2 mares (F"lorence, born 1889, and Prairie Bird, born 1844) have produced 20 foals, and 6 mares (Whisker-mare, born 1882, Annette, born 1835, Sir Hercules-mare, born 1.S89. hAilogy, born 1848, Queen Mary, born 1848, and Defenceless, born ldette 2 u. Dcp. 1857. 11. Beadsman D. 1858. 12. Saunterer Gcp. 1858. 13. Fisherman Acp. 1858 and 1859. 14. Thormanby D. 1860. 15. St. Albans^ L. 1860. 16. The Wizard 2. 1860. Amongst these 16 champions 1 have also numbered Fisherman, who never attained classical honours, but who has become famous because ^ Stockwell's progen\' has won 17 times classical races in England (amongst these the Derby 3 times, and the St. Leger 6 times) and 16 times ran as seconds. The 3 first places were occupied b}^ Stockwell's progeny 1862 in the 2,000 Guineas, and 1866 in the Derby. Even at 20 years of age, Stockwell had a breeding power so as to produce in one year the winners of the Derby and the 2,000 Guineas, as well as the seconds in the Derby, St. Leger. and the Oaks. Amongst these was one of the greatest heroes, namely, Don- caster. Isinglass, St. Gatien, Iroquois and Doncaster were the last Derby winners who could still win big races as five-year-olds. Doncaster did not run as a two-year-old ! Stockwell is in modern times most nearly approached as a sire by St. Simon. The St. Simon progeny has also won up to now 17 classical races, amongst them twice the Derby and 4 times the St. Leger, but were only 10 times seconds. One must, however, consider that St. Simon reached 27 years, while Stockwell, unfortunately, died six years earlier, that is, as a 21-year-old (5th of May, 1870). Stockwell, furthermore, has produced 209 winners, who have won 1,147 races. St. Simon, on the other hand, only 160 winners (up to 1907 inclusive), who have won 506 races. In their best years Stockwell's progeny won 132 races, and St. Simon's progeny 47 races in one year. 192 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. between the age of two and six he ran in 119 races and won 09. lie is per- haps the last representative of that liardiness and toughness which are, unfortunately no longer in the same degree, the attribute of our present da}' Thorougfhbreds. Old Tom Parr used to sav very characteristicallv of Fisherman : " He would ne\er begin to go until he had run two miles, and then he would wear the heart out of anything on four legs; how he could be trained on a turnpike road, and raced every day, and never leave a grain in the manger, thcjugh he ate more solid corn than any other horse." It is worth \- of note that also in American Thoroughbred breeding the king of all Thoroughbred stallions, corresponding to our Stockwell, was born at almost the same time, namely, Lexington (1850 by Boston and Alice Carneal), sire of about 000 horses, amongst which '236 winners. The Americans, who are believers in time performances, were especially astonished at Xew Orleans, in 1S.').'5, hx the hitherto unattained performance of Lexington in the match against time (4 miles in 7 minutes, 19f seconds, carrying 103 lbs.). I must here remark that Lexington became blind as a six-year-old, verv likelv in consequence of an inflammation of the eyes, first in the rieht eve, and then in both. During his -21 vears activity at the stud this defect was not inherited by his progeny, but they yer\' plainl}' inherited his longevitv. Also the trotter king in America was born at the same time, namelv, Hambletonian 1849 by Abdallah. Soon after this high tide mark of I'lnglish Thoroughbred breeding, more and more notice was taken of ideas which tended to a deterioration of the llioroughbred. Tlie classical and very clever advocate of Thoroughbred breeding. Admiral Rous, published in 1852, in the preface to his book, " On the laws and practice of horse racing," and 1870 in Bailey's Magazine, volume 18, " Racing Past and I^^uture," a defence of the present racing system with its short distances, light weights, and many bets. He admits the numerous and earl V breakdowns of Thoroughbreds, but attributes them to the too frequent starts caused by railways. He further points out the greater pace, which has increased very much in conseciuence of the shorter distances, and of the larger fields. Finally, the Admiral points to the same champions of Thoroughbred breeding as mentioned above, and concludes therefrom that the Thoroughbred has never been as good as now. Admiral Rous (born 1795, died 1877) passed his best years just at the height of Thoroughbred breeding, which had greater attractions than the starting point of the retrograde movement could have. Against the opinion of Admiral Rous we have the interesting judgment of a practical man, who also lived in the times preceding and succeeding the above-mentioned zenith of Thoroughbred breeding. I am speaking of the well-known jockey, John Osborne, born TS33, who rode his first race in 1846 and his last race in 1892. Osborne says (vide Ashgill & Radcliffe, page 428) : — ■'' The method of training horses in the present day is quite different to what it was when I beean. Horses are very much lifjhter now; thev o. The Thoroughbred hi the Past and Present. 193 have neither the bone nor the substance that Thoroughbreds had fifty years ago. Of course, in the old times they were sweated a good deal. Heavy cloths were put on them, and they were galloped three and four miles in them. That plan has been discontinued for many years. I don't know that sweating is weakening to a horse. Old John Scott was a great believer in sweating and bleeding. I am certain that the constitution of horses of the present dav would not stand such work ; the modern breed is neither so robust nor so strong. Formerlv it was quite a common thing for horses to run three and four mile heats. If they were subjected to that now they wouldn't be able to come out of the stable for a month after. I have had some experience mvself of riding horses in heats — two mile heats; and I have ridden in four mile races but never in four mile heats. I am fully convinced the constitution of horses of the present day is not as strong as it was fortv or fiftv vears ago. It puzzles me to account for the degenera- tion in the stoutness of the modern racehorse; really, I cannot point to the cause of it." The well-known Malton trainer, Charles Lund, speaking about this question in the vear 1899, expresses himself as follows (Ashgill, page 430) : " Racehorses in the olden davs were, on the average, 2 stone heavier than those of the present day. Now, horses like Touchstone and West Australian were, if one might sav so, twice the size in substance and power in comparison with the present day racehorse, most of which are light of bone and substance, and comparatively weedy in appearance. Present day trainers have gone in for speed too much, with the result that the great majoritv of the horses are too finely built." The follow'ing points show that Thoroughbred horses in England have deteriorated from the middle of the nineteenth century as far as capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit), hardiness, and the whole constitution are concerned :■ — (1) Diminution of weight differences between weights for horses of different ages. (2) Decreased capability of the older racehorses on the flat. (3) The decreased percentage of pregnant mares. (4) The decreased number of foals. (o) The decreased breeding performances of the brood mares at a great age and under difficult circumstances. (6) The shorter lives of Thoroughbreds and the decreased prepotency at a great age. CHAPTER VI. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement and Breeding of Tlioroughbreds. The great and important duties which the Thorouglibred accomplishes in the breeding of other light horses, justified, and even also obliged, those people who stood outside the domain of Thoroughbred breeding, to criticise the basis of all its performances, and breedings, on which it is built up, and on which it continues. Our present day Thoroughbred is the outcome of race propositions, and of the manner of breeding and training, which those propositions entail. These propositions are made on human under- standing, and are influenced by human misunderstanding, and what is much worse, by many side interests. Only by clever and purpose-answering race propositions, as w-ell as by reasonable breeding and rational training, shall we be able to still more improve our Thoroughbreds. After the observations made in the previous chapters, there seems to be no doubt that our present day Thoroughbred needs improving, and its room for improve- ment is just as certain as agreeable. The chief attacks which have been made up to now against the Thorough- bred may be summed up as follows : — 1. Fault \- conformation. •2. Want of endurance for long distances. 3. Want of cleverness. 4. A too weedy and light fundament. 5. A want of capacity to carry heavy weights. 6. Nervousness, difficult temperament, and the bad use of food. 1. — Faulty conformation. This oldest reproach against the Thorough- bred, rests partly on the fact that we over-estimate our knowledge of this matter, and parti}/- on our inexperience in the judging of horses in training. 1 call to mind the opinion of the Landstallmeister von Burgsdorf, expressed in 1817 in a special brochure. He went on to say that most English Thoroughbreds had spavin, and that the English Thoroughbred must shortly disappear. We must not forget that from chipping come chips, and that of course every kind of breeding must produce a certain percentage of faulty 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 195 individuals. Training and racing, moreover, show up many little faults in form which would not have been noticed when merely looking at a horse as, for example, at shows. Nevertheless, it is interesting and instructive to see that the Thoroughbred, even with such great faults, is still capable of performing very astonishing things, whilst a non-Thoroughbred with the same faults in most cases could not do anything. If with faulty conformation it is still capable of doing well, the substance used must be very good indeed. The so-called Biedenweg's instructions for judging horses competing for State prizes, which are still in vogue in the Prussian State, but probablv very rarely followed, can, in my opinion, be dispensed with. One cannot lay down laws to judge the conformation of a horse to suit all cases. The views as to what form a horse should have differ, and are, as history teaches, also changeable. There have been times in which long-legged horses were preferred to short-legged ones, and in which long shin bones were considered an advantage. I also believe that many so-called faults in a horse of 100 years ago were more dangerous than they are to the present day horse, and vice versa. In short, our doctrine as to the conformation of a horse will always have its limits, and will often change in the future, according to the experi- ences which we gather from the racecourse and from the other uses to which the horses are put. Races and other tests of performances will in themselves destroy what is useless. If, however, Biedenweg's instructions exclude a priori certain conformation, w'e rob those horses which are supposed to be better of the opportunity of showing that they can perform better things. The better form has not been proclaimed as such by the vacillating- opinions of judges, but acquired for itself the right to be judged as such bv beating competitors. The history of Thoroughbred breeding teaches that even without such police rules as Biedenweg's instructions are, faults are finally eradicated automatically. The best example of an effective elimination of faults by racing is perhaps the walk of the Thoroughbred. I know of no breed which produces so many horses which w-alk so correctly as the English Thoroughbred. Where is the half-bred stallion in Germany which without freshness walks as correctly, gracefully and beautifully as Ard Patrick, who, besides, won the Epsom Derby, and beat the four-year-old Rock Sand, and Sceptre? The eradication of horses with irregular walk is not done in England, as in fhe breeding of Half-breds, or as they do when buying horses for military mounts, by picking out the regular walkers for the stud or military service, but by training and the struggle on the racecourse. Military commissioners can be as strict as they like in refusing to buv irregular walkers, but they will never be able to judge as keenly and as correctly as the winning post. Anybody can prove this statement if he will only examine the same horses two years later at the troop after manoeuvres. He will find there are more irregular walkers than in the racing stables. The regular walk of horses that have not worked, but are well led in, disappears very often with working as butter melts in the sun. ■[Qg Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Race propositions must therefore offer sufficient opportunity to eradicate these different faults, and not protect, for example, the roarers, not leave too much to chance, and not damage the temperament of young horses by too manv short races. Those handicaps, so much loved by the bookmakers, for horses of all ages, with the light weights, for distances imder 1 mile, have also no value for breeding, and should be much more restricted than is at present, unfortunately, the case in England. The making of racecourses, for example, over uneven ground (as more detailed in No. 3), mav also have a favourable effect on the form of Thoroughbreds bv eradicating everv unharmonious conformation of racehorses. 2. — Want of endurance for long distances. This reproach is the most common, and not to use a stronger expression, a verv ill-considered one. We have proved that no other race of horses has attained the endurance of the Thoroughbred in manv long distance races. Generallv the above reproach is applied to the former long races over 4 miles with heats, as thev took place in the time of Eclipse. We must, however, emphasise that the removal of these long races with heats was the first step towards progress. The errors made must be found somewhere else, and as we shall soon see, one did not go far enough in the shortening of distances. Not only representatives of Half-bred breeders, but also breeders and admirers of Trotters and Thoroughbreds, have ahvays rightly aimed at the production of a horse with the greatest possible endurance as the goal of their breeding efforts. As history- shows us, however, thev were wrong in demanding performances over too great distances in order to reach this goal. Thev forgot that races shcRild not onh' prove which is the best, but that the object of this test, and of the training for this test, should be to improve the stock. A flat race, for example, over 20 kilometres or more (in Moscow there exists one for 20 versts) does not improve the stock but ruins it. The breeders of Trotters in America tried in the middle of the last century to get 100 miles covered in 10 hours. After that they wanted 20 miles doing in 1 hour. Thev also attained this result. They, however, observed at the same time that the health of the horses suft'ered, that is to say, that horses did not improve, but rather their value as breeding stock depreciated. The practical Americans soon found that the right distance for testing breeding stock is the one on which one can train horses, i.e., prepare them without damaging their health, and they found — and I think they are right — that this right distance is 1 English mile. Russian Trotters kept to their long distances. The result is, firstly, the American Trotter has improved its record in 1818 of 3 minutes per mile to 2 minutes to-day ; secondly, the American Trotter to-day shows more endurance for every distance than the Russian. The improved record of Russian Trotters since 1860 (there are no reliable statements for former years) is mainly due to the establishment of good racecourses (hippodromes instead of roads), and to the introduction of sulkies instead of the four-wheeled droskies, which 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 197 weighed two and more puds heavier. In 1860 the six-year-old Wehsar from Chrenowoi, ran in a four-wheeled drosky 2 versts in 3 minutes, 27 seconds, and in 1S96 the best record was in a sulky, 2 versts in 3 minutes, 13J seconds. Since 1893, the year in which sulkies were generally introduced, tlijC record performances of Russian Trotters have made very little progress indeed; for example, in 1896 the best record for 1^ versts was 2 minutes, 15J seconds, and in 1907 the best record for the same distance 2 minutes 14 seconds. Trotting races for distances over more than 1 mile are justified and useful as a test for an individual horse in use, just the same as all kinds of long- distance rides for Thoroughbreds and Half-breds. As a matter of principle, one ought to distinguish tests for breeding stock from tests for stock in use. The former have for object the improving of the production of capable breeding stock, whilst the latter serve to show what the maximum per- formance is, and how it may possibly be best attained, if need be. without considering whether the stock is hereby damaged or not. The question, what distance, looked at from the above point of view, is the right one for flat races, still requires solving. At the time of Eclipse the chief races were run over distances of 4 miles. The classical Derby is now run in all countries over about 2,400 metres. The Grand Prix de Paris over 3,000 metres. The Doncaster St. Leger 2,937 metres. The longest races are in France, in the Prix Gladiateur, 6,200 metres. In England there are now no races over 3 miles. In Ireland there is still one over 4 miles, and two over 3 miles, and in Germany, Second Class Autumn Meeting in Hoppegarten, 4,800 metres. In the course of time the art of training has, of course, made much progress, and trainers have learned that gallops for more than 2,000 to 2,400 metres, also in preparation for the Derby and longer distances, are bad. The gallops which were still in force twenty years ago, and which were often run like a race over the Derby distance, have almost totally ceased. Most trainers incline to the opinion that such long gallops do not improve the condition of the horse, but rather the reverse. If that is so, it is a mistake to have flat races for longer distances than about 2,400 metres. It is a mistake to have races over distances which do not improve the rightly trained stock, but rather do it harm. To fix the right limit with certainty is very diffi- cult, but the Derby seems to be the utmost limit for a useful race distance. My own opinion is that for three-year-olds 2,000 metres, and for two-year- olds 1,200 metres is the correct and most useful test distance, and I should consider it a sign of progress if all so-called classical races, i.e., such as serve for breeding stock, were raced over these distances, as is the case with the American Trotters. Training would not only be facilitated thereby, but the horses would also prosper more. To train horses for different distances at the same time, and especially for very short distances of 800 to 1,400 metres, as is now demanded, is of no use whatever for breeding stock. Races held for long and short distances, in order to use stock which is not used for breeding, may be useful and instructive, as long as the number ^gg Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. of these races is kept in moderate bounds and suitable to the requirements. For the same reasons there should not be too many selling races and handicaps. It is wrong- to believe that races of 2,000 metres for three-year-olds and 1,200 metres for two-vear-olds would give little chance to so-called stayers, and would thus endanger the aim and end, namely, the breeding of horses for endurance. What is called generally a horse with plenty of endurance, and therefore one specially suitable for long distances, is not the same as what is^ called a staver on the racecourse, as opposed to a flyer. I reallv believe that flyers are often more suited for long distance rides and other feats of endurance, as well as for steeplechases, than stayers. The quickest pace in which a horse can gallop a certain given distance without endangering the speed necessarv for the finish, I would like to call its special pace. This special pace diminishes in the case of every horse with the growing distance. In the case of horses which we call stayers, this diminishing of special pace is less than in the case of those which we call fivers. At the same time the former have to put in a less speed than the latter. The scale at which this decrease takes place, and the amount of reserved speed, show in which degree the horse is a stayer or a flyer. Here 1 would like to further remark that the stayer can increase its speed only very little or not at all after a pace which is under its special pace. The special pace t of the stayer is greater than the special pace t^ of the flyer. The stayer, therefore, gains on the way per metre a distance equal to M. On the whole distance d the advantage of the stayer amounts to d M. If s equals the speed of the staver, and s^ equals the speed of the flyer, the question is whether d. M. > si— s or d. M. < Si— s i.e., whether the flyer on a given distance can, through its superior speed, gain the advantage which the stayer has obtained on the way (about to the distance) on account of its greater special pace. If this be not the case, the flyer will have to increase somewhat its special pace, but only in so far as s"^ — s becomes larger than d.M. The pace in steeplechases is limited by obstacles and the ground. The staver therefore in steeplechases is prevented from fully developing its chief force. The flyer, on the other hand, can make use of the pace necessitated by the ground, which perhaps just corresponds to its special pace, and put on a better speed at the finish. The less the obstacles, the more even the ground, the more advantage there is for the stayer. In races of such great distances as in the above-mentioned 20 verst race at Moscow, the racing galloping ceases more or less, and the special pace of the stayer as well as of the fiyer {ceteris paribus, viz., in horses of approxi- mately equal class) becomes pretty equal. For this reason, in case of such unraceable distances, the fiyer will very often have the advantage. The above comparisons apply in general only to horses of approximately 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 199 equal class. A horse of the first class, for example, which is at the same time a staver, mav have a greater speed than a horse of the third class which is a typical fiver. In a race between the two, therefore, the latter will not have need to put on his better special pace. In the case of such champions of the course as Gladiateur, Kincsem, Ormonde, Plaisanterie, Isinglass, etc., it will be verv difficult, for want of a reliable standard, to decide whether they are stavers or fiyers. The best proof as to whether two horses belong to dift'erent classes will be found in the fact that one of them can beat the other with the tactics of the stayer as well as those of the fiyer. As a rule, I would say that racehorses between whom there is more than a stone belong to two different classes. 3. — ^Vant of cleverness. This reproach has a certain justification, as it very likelv is possible to still further increase the cleverness of the Thorough- bred by a different method of rearing and other tests. In consecjuence of their peculiar rearing up, for example, the Steppe horses, or the horses brought up in the Mauerpark of Sababourg (Beberbeck), are certainly superior to the Thoroughbreds in cleverness. It is reasonable to expect and also probable, that the race tests for many generations only on flat, level tracks, mav cause neglect of several useful and important qualities of the horse in use (riding horses, school horses, hunters and military horses). To these qualities belong chiefly cleverness, which is best cultivated and tested in steeplechases. But also the shape of the flat racing track may have a favourable influence in cultivating and rewarding cleverness. Quite level and flat tracks, as, for example, those of Newmarket, are not suitable. Of the classical courses which I know, the Derby Epsom course is the most suitable for testing and rewarding the ability to go up and down hills and to pass such sharp bends as are found on very few steeplechase courses. The Epsom Derby course is known as a hard and very reliable test. Its chief value consists in the following : 1. The very strong incline, about half a mile from the start, demands so much from the horse, that roarers, unfit horses, and those of inferior quality and without sufficient stamina, drop out very early or have finished with the last incline before the winning post. 2. The uneven and often varying ground, w'ith its several sharp bends, requires great efforts in the cleverness of the horses. 3. A one-sided capacity does not avail. Such a one-sided capacity might exist, for example, in the special cleverness to climb up a hill well ; it is possible over-built horses with strong hind quarters might excel here. Or, again, such a one-sidedness might enable them to go better down hill, which shows a better developed fore part than hind part. Finally, this — at Epsom unavailing — one-sidedness might be a too long galloping-stride (Galopp- sprung). It is possible that this too long galloping-stride results from a conformation that has not the necessary symmetry, which enables the horse to adapt in time the pace to an uneven ground and to sharp corners. This 200 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. lack of symmetry would be less troubling on a level and straight course like Newmarket ; perhaps it should even be of some use. In the breeding of Half-breds, Steeplechasers have often been used with good results. In Beberbeck, The Colonel, twice winner at Liverpool, has produced well, and from him are derived the good and strong limbs which, through Optimus and Obelisk (the dams of which were daughters of Colonel) one often finds in Trackehnen. The number of Steeplechasers which have been successful in English Thoroughbred breeding is indeed very small. The best known example is Touchstone's grand-dam, Boadicea (Banter's dam), who, between its seventh and twelfth year proved itself an excellent hunter, and as a 19-year-old produced Touchstone's dam. A great mistake in all propositions for steeplechases both here and abroad is that geldings have to carry 3 to 5 lbs. less weight, instead of having to carry 5 lbs. more. Such classical steeplechase races as the great Liverpool National should only be for colts and fillies, weight for age. Then also steeplechases would supply more useful sires. Everybody who has seen the Grand National steeplechase at Liverpool, run over a distance of 7,200 metres, with its 3-2 jumps, of which each is a great performance, and who could admire the 11-year-old Manifesto cominp- in as a victor for the second time among 28, and 19 starters, carry- ing 12 stone, 7 lbs., will at once admit that such a performance is just as imposing as a Derby victory, and the only thing to be regretted is that Manifesto, like many other steeplechasers, was a gelding. The mare Empress by Royal Blood, who ended her career as a steeplechaser as a winner of the Grand National Steeplechase in 1880, produced still 9 good foals, among them in 1889 Red Prince by Kendal, winner of the Lancashire Handicap Steeplechase, one of the best known sires in Irish Hunter breed- ing, and an ideal mating stallion for Half-bred mares. The value of steeplechases as a breeding test depends on the kind of track. Steeplechase tracks like Auteuil are less suitable for testing breeding stock, because the kind of obstacles and the ground there admit of nearly the same pace as in flat races, besides, the distance, according" to the observa- tions just made, is too long to be a useful test for flat racing. Steeplechase courses like Auteuil ruin the material more than difficult tracks like Liver- pool, for example. Perhaps this accounts for the fact that the same horse (Peter Simple, Abd-el-Kader, The Colonel, The Lamb, Manifesto) has won and obtained places more than cjnce in the Liverpool Grand National, whilst only one horse (Wild Monarch, won 1878 and 1879) has done the same feat in the Auteuil great steeplechase. An obstacle course which has to be used also for the test of breeding material, ought to consist of difficult obstacles, and varying, if at all possible, uneven fields with sharp corners. The distance ought to be in proportion to the topograph v and soil, about 6,000 metres, with a run in of at most 500 metres. Obstacles as well as the ground should prevent an uninterrupted flat race pace, and admit at most only of a good hunting gallop up to the distance (the finish), which, 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 201 of course, must admit of a real struggle in the best pace, just as in a flat race. Such tracks would, of course, demand a much more careful prepara- tion for riding and jumping than is the case at Auteuil. Whoever buys the winner of the great Auteuil steeplechase hoping to get a good hunter will verv likelv be deceived. Horses who have chanced to win on such tracks as I have just described, must be so far prepared that they are always well in hand and always willing to suit their pace to the ground. They must be very carefully jumped, so that they may be able to get over large and various' obstacles safely at the required pace and without giving too much awav. Finally, after having surmounted the last obstacle, they must still have enough speed left for the final struggle. A test over such a course is, naturallv, dTi^erent to a test on the flat. The latter will certainly measure more correctly the galloping capacity, whilst the former makes more demand on the cleverness, docility, temperament, successful training, and, finally, on the speed of the horse. All these qualities have great influence in the practical breeding of horses, especially of military horses. I consider it an advantage that on such courses so-called flyers have a greater chance of winning than stayers, especially as the flyers are more symmetrically built, and have more energy than the stayers. It is very noteworthy and interest- ing that the development of a great speed over short distances requires a horse to be svmmetrically built. One will find more often amongst stayers high-legged and narrow horses with upright shoulders and straight pastern than amongst flvers. Moreover, we do not here speak about flyers which are only very quick over 500 metres, but about such which, carrying 80 kilos, after a gallop of 6,000 and more metres, and over about 30 different jumps, still retain enough energy, force and breath to be able to put on enough speed to succeed in the final struggle. These are not only performances worthy of recommendation, but they are also guarantee for characters, which are especially valuable for all noble Half-breds. Unfortunately, such steeplechases, so important as tests of breeding stock, are becoming more and more scarce, especially where bookmakers exercise much influence on racing propositions, like they do in England, even for flat racing propositions (many handicaps and short selling races). It is very clear that the special trainers are afraid of the work and preparation necessary for horses for such steeplechases, especially as ver}- few of them are sufficiently conversant with it. This work belongs par- ticularly to gentlemen riders, and here Germany is probably on top. This work will also cultivate the love and knowledge which are essential to the future breeder of Thoroughbreds and Half-breds, and, finally, this work will produce and animate the love of sport and the daring w hich soon disappears in long periods of peace, and without which every people would soon decay. The further spread and reserve of steeplechases, especially for gentlemen riders or officers, might also prevent a modern return of the times of ancient Greece and Rome, in which slaves did the fighting and dancing, whilst the Grand Seigneurs looked on and applauded. •2(32 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc. 4. — Faulty and too light fundament. This reproach, unfortunately justified, is the weak point in the whole Thoroughbred breeding. Every Half-bred breeder knows how difficult it is to improve by the infusion of Thoroughbreds the important fore-legs, and any rider who knows the Thoroughbred outside the racecourse will confirm that the galloping capacity of the same is a greater one than the fundament will stand. Whoever has ridden Steppe horses will know what good fore-legs can stand. In this respect, next to the Steppe horse come the Irish Half-breds. We have seen in Germany several such Irish Half-breds on our steeplechase courses. Certainly they broke down now and again, but they were put right and won races again, and they did performances on three legs which a classical Thoroughbred can very seldom perform. As typical examples of these kinds of performances, let me mention the following Thoroughbreds and Half- breds :— Red Nob (Half-bred) 1866 by Neville, Et Cetera 1884 by Town Moor, Teviot 1886 bv Harden or Lucebit, Gardenia 1888 by Reveller, Handv Andy (Half-bred), Sixpence 1889 by Man-of-War, Balrath (Half-bred) 1898 by Alban, Sportsman (Half-bred) 1894 by the Dethroned, Scotch :\Ioor 1895 by Town Moor. It is fairly clear from the observations made in the chapter on weight differences, as well as from the list of horses whose fundament admitted of their successful use on the racecourse up to their eighth year, and even bevond that, that the two-year-old races, and especially those which are run early in the year, may be considered the chief cause of a general retro- gression in the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the Thoroughbred, as well as of the special deterioration of the fundament. A sequence of the early two-year-old races, as well as of the many early entry closings, is the break- ing in of the yearlings, which often takes place in July, and the dangerous trials of same in autumn. The yearlings lose through these causes the benefits of grazing, which really cannot be over-estimated. How much the long-extended grazing influences the production of good fore-legs can best be seen with the Steppe horses and Half-breds in Ireland. It is clear that the movement connected with life on the Steppes, on hard meadows (in summer day and night), produces better, i.e., stronger, dryer and firmer fore-legs than the 2 hours' training and the 22 hours' rest in the stable of the yearlings. Besides, the American training method, to keep them in motion twice daily, and to give them plenty of walking exercise, seems in this respect to be very effective, especially as it avoids the effeminate treatment which is resorted to in Europe without any advantage whatever. In America in 1893 I thought that the American Thoroughbreds possessed better fore-legs and a more regular walk than our horses, perhaps since then, however, even there the steadv increase of races for two-year-olds in the early part of the year (even beginning in January), may also have had a bad influence in this respect. The law which has been in force in France since 1867 that two-year-olds must not be run before the 1st of August is very 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 203 reasonable. Unfortunately, this law has been extended since 1907, so that in July also, races may be run for two-year-olds (at most two on each race day), for a prize up to 5,000 francs, for a distance not over 1,000 metres. In Germany, since 1905, the 2nd of June has been fixed as the earliest date for two-vear-old races. The above particulars on changes in weight differ- ences seem to prove that the few two-year-old races not run too early in the year have had a favourable effect on Thoroughbred breeding. Yet I believe that the complete elimination of two-year-old races would be the best means to improve Thoroughbred breeding, and especially to improve the funda- ment. As long, however, as the bookmakers and their following are so powerful as thev have been hitherto, a change wdll , scarcely be possible in England in this respect. One mav expect the unfeeling energy necessary to carry out such a trenchant rule, together with prudence and careful work, only in France and Germany. In Germany, first of all, one might attain an improvement by forbidding two-vear-old races before the 1st of September, and also to ofter the best prizes for four-vear-olds and older horses, for distances of 2,000 or 2,400 metres. If one, however, objects to this, the fact that most classical winners of about the last fifty years are derived from dams who ran and won as two- year-olds, the question seems to be justified, as to whether these dams have produced so well, in spite of, or in consequence of, the two-year-old tests. Those fillies as well as colts which can stand the two-year-old race tests are, especially if they come out as winners, without doubt by nature the best and hardest horses, and can therefore produce well in spite of two-year-old races. That the two-year-old races are a good thermometer as to hardness, health, and quality of young horses can be taken for granted, just as surely as we can accept their directly injurious influence. Besides, these young horses, through their early training, lose benefits which nothing can replace, such as the one year's grazing, which is especially useful for the whole con- stitution, and more particularly the fundament. Moreover, against the fact that most classical winners are derived from dams which have also run as two-year-olds, we have the other fact, which I have discussed above, that horses with prominent performances at great ages, as well as the champions of steeplechases, are derived in the majority from stallions and clams which did not run as two-vear-olds. If two-vear-old races are altogether abolished, I would recommend, and especially for countries in which grazing is inter- rupted by a long winter, to break in the yearlings late in the autumn, to work them well through the winter, and to send them again as two-year-olds in the summer to grass. 5. — ]]^ant of capacity for carrying heavy weights. I do not consider this reproach justified. The statement so often heard that horses carried heavier weights formerly is only correct in so far as the so-called King's Plates are concerned, in which five and six-year-olds and older horses were tested under great weights up to 12 stone, mostly for 4 miles with heats. 204 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Besides, in the 11 King's Plates, the never beaten Eclipse carried, for ex- ample, as a five and six-year-old, in its remaining 8 races, only 8 or 9 stone. In the second half of the nineteenth century 8 stone, 7 lbs. was the usual weight for four-year-olds. The weights of the Derby, of the St. Leger, and the Oaks, have been increased by 1 stone since their inauguration. In the first races for two-year-olds (1780) the weight for colts was 7 stone, 9 lbs., and in the first classical races for two-year-olds (1786), 8 stone, 2 lbs., against 9 stone of to-day. In Germany the Derby weight is the highest, namely, 58 kilos. Then follows England with 57.15 kilos. France and Austria with 56, America and Russia with 54.9. A greater weight than 58 kilos for three-year-olds in classical tests does not seem to be desirable, especially as the danger to the legs would thereby be increased without obtaining any advantages. A great mistake, however, are the feather weights, which are still usual in England in many handicaps and selling races. English earnest hippologists have often tried to do away with this, but the power of the book- maker has always prevented it. 6. — Nervousness, difficult temperament, and bad use of food. I only mention this altogether unjustified reproach on account of completeness. If a chronometer must go as well as it ought to, you must handle it in a proper manner, and the same thing applies to the Thoroughbred. The worse and more unreasonable the rider, the less is he suited to handle a capable Thoroughbred. The Thoroughbred demands only a reasonable, not a tender treatment, and no good Thoroughbred can bear, for example, to stand a whole day or longer in the stable. In right hands, the Thorough- bred is neither nervous nor difficult, and uses his food better than any other race of horses, especially when it works hard. The above reproach is a characteristic judgment of people who do not know the Thoroughbred thoroughly, and who cannot distinguish the racehorse in training from the Thoroughbred in use. On account of the above observations, I make the following proposals : — 1. Forbid two-year-old races before the 1st of September, also under 1,000 metres. 2. Regulate distances for three-year-olds and older in breeding races to 1,600—2,400 metres. 3. Establish well-endowed races for four-year-olds and older for 2,000- 2,400 metres. 4. Lay out flat races over uneven ground with sharper turnings than is usual in Germany up to now, after the model of Epsom. 5. Arrange steeplechases as breeding races for four-year-olds and older colts and fillies on courses with great obstacles, varying and uneven ground and sharp turnings, for 4,000 — 6,000 metres, with age weights for gentlemen riders. 6. Abolish all races under 1,000 metres, all handicaps for two and three- year-olds, all hurdle races, and the so-called Biedenweg rules. 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. OQ;^ 7. — -Abolish the early entry closings, as they lead to too early trials, put heavy taxes on breeders, and are the cause that good horses often cannot run in important races. S. Increase breeders' rewards, so that more breeders may participate in the earnings of races, and increase the interest in the breeding of hardy yearlings. If, however, the representatives of Thoroughbred breeding will decline to reorganise the race trials in the above-described or a similar manner, and will persist in going on as they have done up to now, and if, further, as is unfortunately the case in England, the influence of bookmakers and other business people should increase in the framing of racing propositions, the proud words, " pro repuhUca est diim ludere videmur," will soon be no longer true as regards race tests. Half-bred breeders will then be forced to apply to their own breeding the care and expense which has been the cause of the origin of the Thoroughbred, and they will be forced to demand from their own breeding stock those tests of performances which have made the Thoroughbred so capable. In other words, Half-bred breeders will them- selves have to produce a sort of Thoroughbred. Of course, that is a long way off, and several generations will have to work before that standard can be reached to which the Thoroughbred of to-day has attained. II. Heredity. CHAPTER 1. General Observations on Heredity. The most important and ditTicult work of the breeder is the mating of brood mares. It is acknowledged that the breeding of horses is more difficult than the breeding of our other domestic animals. Darwin contends that only few people have an idea what an amount of natural capacity, and how many vears' practice are necessary, to become an expert breeder of pigeons. How much more difficult, more complicated, and above all, how much more weari- some, is horse breeding ! judging from the results of mating, not onlv many vears' practice, but also a sharp eve and an impartial consideration are essential. Besides the breeding material and the soil which are at the disposal of the breeder, mating and the manner of rearing are the fundamental factors in horse breeding. Even if we have to acknowledge that the first work, namelv, mating, is the more difficult part, yet, on the other hand, the mistake which most frequentlv occurs, not onlv in the breeding of horses, but also of (Uir other domestic animals, is that one expects everything from the sire and its mating, and omits to give that care to the rearing without which, even with the wisest mating and the best breeding material, nothing great is produced. The breeder's eve must be able to distinguish what is due to the mating and what is due to the rearing with respect to the soil. We do not know anv general rules or laws indicating which characters are generallv or mostlv transmitted bv the sire and which by the dam. The former doctrine that the sire usuallv transmits the forequarters and the dam the hindquarters is not correct. Even if there are sires who nearly always transmit certain parts of the body or intellectual characters, there are, on the other hand, dams who generallv transmit the same characters. There does not exist a fixed regularity of transmission, either on the part of the dam or on that of the sire. Generally, other things being equal, both dam and sire have the same proneness to transmit the peculiar characters of their body and temperament dowm to the minutest particular. Also, they mav transmit, more or less, qualities which they do not themselves possess, but which (as Darwin contends) one of their ancestors as far back as the twelfth generation possessed. '210 Heredity. Transmission works lil^e the memory — often far distant, unimportant matters are recalled, often nearer and more important ones are passed over. In physiological psvchologv they speak of a muscular memory, even of a memory of matter. The supposition that transmission is also somewhat determined bv the memory of the germ plasm is in the same manner justified. In contrasting, for example, different growths of the real and grafted picea, pungens, argentea, one can distinctly see how memory acts in transmission, as the ingrafted branch, remembering too much its position and duty on the mother tree, does not therefore attain that regular straightness which dis- tinguishes its mother type, and which only can be produced by grafting with the top shoots. Eyen if both parents generally take equal shares in transmission, yet in eyery instance different combinations of the mutual heritages will arise. This is the consequence of the results of the fights which are fought out between mutual heritages in the segmentation nucleus (fertilised egg). And these results cannot always be foreseen, and often change. The innumer- able combinations which are thus possible are the cause of the different fine shades of indiyiduality and, finally, also of variations. In the Goos tables we find many examples of dams which had con- spicuoush' cleverer sons than daughters, and vice-versa. There have also been many stallions whose transmission dift'ered in the same way, for example, Stockwell and Xewminster were distinguished principally on account of manv good sons, while Melbourne and King Tom produced more good daughters. This peculiarity in transmission often continues through many generations, as, for example, through Melbourne to Wizard and Odoardo, down to the Half-bred stallion Optimus, which excelled very conspicuously through having better daughters than sons. In Trakehnen, the Journe\'-mares excelled in their splendid produce, whilst the daughters of Venezuela succeeded very seldom. On the other hand, Venezuela's sires were much better than the sons of Journey. Sexual characters are also transmitted in the same ecjual manner by the sire and dam. Stallions which fertilize badly, for example, also produce dams which conceive badly, and bad covering stallions also produce dams which come badly and seldom in heat. Even the qualities to produce twins are not transmitted by the dams only, but also by sires descending from families where twins have often been born. Sunflower, born 1813, for example, descended on its mother's side from a family in which there had never been twins up to its foundation mare, Lavton, Barb Mare (fam. 4). But her sire, Castrel, was own brother to Bronce, winner of the Oaks 1806, who produced twins four times, and transmitted this C[uality several times, down to Rigolboche, sire of the Derby winner Cremorne, and even later. Sunflower also produced twins, and transmitted this quality to four con- secutive generations, and perhaps still further. In this case we must suppose that her sire, Castrel, transmitted this quality. It was the same case with 1. General Observations on Heredity. 211 Crystal (born 1851 by Pantaloon), who was inbred to Castrel, and Selim, her dam, to Rubens and SeHm, produced twins twice, again transmittincr this quaHtv, vet no ancestor on her mother's side ever had twins. If a dam M. has produced by a sire B. a prominent sire product M.I., and with several other sires less good dam products have been produced, the retention of the blood of the dam ]\f. by her son M.I. is to be recom- mended, as his daughters, if well done, are taken as brood mares to the stud. Thev will transmit the best part of the blood of dam M. improved by B. It is therefore not absolutelv necessary, in order to preserve the blood of a well- proven dam, to breed always from her direct daughters. The same purpose is attained — a generation later — by breeding from the daughters of her son. The correctness of this procedure stands and falls, of course, with the generally acknowledged doctrine that sire and dam, all things being equal, take equal share in the transmission. The equal value of sires and dams in transmission is contrary to the doctrine of Bruce Lowe, i.e., that certain breeding characters (Running and Sire families) are for several generations always transmitted by the dams. It can be seen already from this that the breeding theory of Bruce Lowe, from the Figure system, is untenable. In any case, Bruce Lowe over- estimates the effective power of transmission which a good brood mare can maintain for following generations, notwithstanding the consequent influence of other blood. If the Bruce Lowe theory that there are special Sire and special Running families were true, the transmission power of dams must be totallv different to that of sires, and that is not the case. Besides, Bruce Lowe has not figured out the Sire-families in the same way as the Running- families, but has estimated them without figures. In the book published in 1901 by \V. Allison, " The British Thoroughbred Horse," he gives on page 101 the number of stallions which have been produced by each family as sires of classical winners. The families according to that are as follows : — Family 3 wuth 72 stallions. ,1 1 . , 50 2 , 40 ,, 11 , , 34 M 12 , , 32 ,, 6 , , 31 ,, 8 , , 30 ,, 14 , , 30 etc. It is therefore quite evident that the Bruce Lowe Sire-families (3, 8, 11, 12, 14) are totally different to those ascertained by figures. Besides, the above table shows that the great difference affirmed by Bruce Lowe does not exist between Sire and Running-families. The three best Running-families, 1, 2 and 3 (which according to Allison, 1901, range 1, 3, 2), are, according to 212 Heredity. the above table, also the three best Sire-families, and the two Running- families, 1 and 2, are, as regards the production of sires, far superior to Bruce Lowe's Sire-families, 8, 11, 12 and 14. Even the outside family 6, is just as good as the celebrated Sire-familv 12, and better than the Sire- families 8 and 14. Thereb}^ the affirmed difTerence between Running and Sire-families is wanting. Moreover, this fact gives, if looked at from a special point of view, an interesting figure proof of the above contention that both parents, sire and dam, have an equal influence on their progeny. If the Bruce Lowe doctrine were true, then in the case of the present day race- horses of about the 25th generation, the one foundation mare ought to have a greater influence than the other about 17,000,000 ancestors, and she ought to be able to seal her Sire or Running-character on her family. Very interesting — if it were true ! In the figure estimate of the different families as regards the production of classical winners in Running-families, as well as of sires of classical winners in Sire-families, we must take into consideration that a classical winner can only be counted once, or at most three times, according as it has won one or three classical races. A sire of classical winners, however, can be counted one to about seventeen times, according as he has produced one or seventeen classical winners. Stockwell, for example, is sire of three Derbv winners, six St. Legers, one Oaks, four 2,000 Guineas, and three 1,000 Guineas winners — altogether seventeen classical winners. As a winner in the 2,000 Guineas Stakes and in the St. Leger, Stockwell is marked with two numbers in the running quality of familv 3, and with seventeen numbers in the sire quality of the same family. A classical winner can only obtain number three for the running ciuality of his family, but for the sire quality he can, like Stockwell, obtain seventeen or even a higher number. This shows distinctly that the value of the figures which determine the quality of Running or Sire-families cannot be taken as a standard. Statistical com- parisons of the figures which represent the classical winners and of those which represent the sires of classical winners, are, therefore, not justified, and lead to wrong conclusions. The followers of the Bruce Lowe doctrine, when judging of the pedigree of a prominent racehorse whose sire does not come from a Sire-family, surmount this obstacle by saving that perhaps the best sire blood was brought by the sire of the mother or by the sire's sire. This does not, however, reconcile itself with the fundamental idea of the contended transmission of sire or running qualities only through the dam's side. The proportion of running, sire, and outside families changes in the pedigree of a horse with every generation so much that the value of a horse differs according to the generation which is taken as aJjasis. Accord- ing to one's wish, one could, from this point of view, judge a horse favour- ably or unfavourably. According to Chamant, for example, the proportion of sire and outside families changes as follows : — Running- Sire- Family Outside family- family. 3. family . 1 — 1 • — o — 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 3 1 8 9 6 4 13 19 12 5 •28 737 1,439 t 63,363 1. General Observations on Heredity. 213 II. Generation, 2 Ancestors. III. ,. 4 IV. ,. 8 V. ,, 16 VI. „ 32 VII. ,, 64 XVII. ,, 65,536 t The number of Family 3 is to be similarly added to the Running and Sire-families. If Chamant had produced badiv, one could have made the excuse that he had, in the second and third generation, more running blood than sire blood. If he produces well, it is evident from the seventeenth generation (or even earlier) that he has more sire blood than running blood. These different ways of judging horses are indeed always possible for our present day horses, but not for the three foundation sires of the English Thoroughbred, for Eclipse, a marvel on the racecourse, had, just like Herod, who between the age of 5 to 9 vears won in 6 races, no running blood whatever in his pedigree, whilst Matchem, who between the age of 5 to 10 years won in 10 races, can show very little running blood (only family 4) and no sire blood at all in his pedigree. All this ought to be sufficient to show how untenable Bruce Lowe's breeding theory w ith the number system is. Even if cleverness in the grouping of figures and diverse statistical tables often seem to support the Bruce Lowe theory, one only needs to be reminded that figures prove anything, and often give verv remarkable answers to foolish or unjustified questions. With the same justification we could also divide the blood of the sires into Running and Sire-families. Bruce Lowe's breeding theory, with its figure system, belongs to those errors which are fairly harmless, with this advantage even, that breeders now trouble themselves more with the pedigree of the breeding material than formerly. Charles Richardson ("The English Turf," page 227) rightly settles the whole Bruce Lowe doctrine by saying : " I had some thought of criticising this figure system theory, but, never seriously taken up by breeders, it is already a dead letter, succumbing through sheer inanition." The influence of sires and dams on their progeny varies in reality from the fact that the sires are, on the average, more important representatives of their race than the much more numerous dams can ever be. It is, therefore, to be assumed that the sires will oftener imprint their individuality than the dams. From this point of view can be explained the justification and the especial value of the tables of breeding sires in the male line, as I have shown in the tables which follow. The recognised Goos tables in the female line up to the respective foundation dams are pre-eminently suitable for the correct judgment of Thoroughbred dams. The breeding tables of brood mares, com- 214 Heredity. piled according to the families on the dam's side, in the same manner as the Thoroughbred dams in the Goos tables, are used to serve this purpose in the stud books of the Royal studs at Trakehnen and Beberbeck. In these tables all dams which have produced nothing great are left out. The classical winners in the Thoroughbred tables correspond to the Royal stud and country stallions. As in all breeding of animals, bv far more female than male animals are necessary, the stallions will on an average excel the brood mares in quality. The chief thought expressed in the Goos tables, as well as in the tables just mentioned in the stud books of Trakehnen and Beberbeck, is therefore based on the claim that a division of the blood on the mother's side may also take place. Through it the practical breeder will obtain an easy means to judge rightly and quickly the chances of a good heredity in every single instance, and the investigator obtains an easy survey and insight in transmission affairs. It is a mistake, therefore, to conclude that the dam has a greater influence on the progeny than the sire, whilst from the above, it only follows that a good or prominent mare has more, i.e., more favourable influence, than a mare of less value, and that it is therefore important to use as good a dam as possible. It is taken as a matter of course that the stallion is good, especially as he can be more easily obtained, i.e., for a single covering, than a good mare. CHAPTER II. The Transmission of Acquired Characters. The ingenious Darwin theory of natural selection in breeding has latterly been much attacked. Critics, however, have not yet substituted it by any- thing better. The development of the genus horse is a proof of the Darwin theory. The destruction of the unfit is, according to Darwin's theory, easy to prove. The creation of the fit, which he speaks of, is explainable by the transmission of acquired characters, without it, if remains an enigma. The controversy as to the transmission of acquired characters seems to me to have become a war of words, just like the controversies about pure breeding, constancy and individual prepotency. The opponents of the doctrine of the transmission oi acquired character admit that those acquired characters of the body, which when acquired influence also the germ cells, or, to speak more correctly, the corresponding so-called "determinants" of the germ cells, can be transmitted. The question therefore arises, which of the characters acquired by the body do not influence at the time when they are acquired corresponding these germ cells? The above opponents admit also the effects of climate and food, for example, on the body and on the germ cells and the transmission of characters thus acquired. The transmission of immunities has also been proved bv Tizzoni, for example, in the case of rabv-proof rabbits and tetanus-proof mice, and by Ehrlich, in the case of rizin and abrin-proof mice. Mares which have suffered from severe glanders and got over them seem, as far as my observations at Beberbeck and Trakehnen go, to transmit a certain immunity. Of course, it is possible that this transmission of immunities by the dam is deceptive, and has only been transmitted to their progeny by the milk of the dam. I have never been able to prove that sires transmit such immunities. All characters acquired by the body exercise an irritation through the acquirement. We must, therefore, assume that the germ plasm nourished by the body, and thus connected with the same, is subject to every such irritation, even if only in a very small degree. The cutting off the tail, as in the case of dogs, very likely produces an irritation of the germ cells, which is, however, not strong enough, and not of such a kind that transmission 21C Heredity. without a tail follows. The cutting: off the tail in the case of dogs belongs, as a matter of fact, just as little to acquired characters as the circumcision of Jews ; both are changes made from the outside, not acquired characters. Only irritations which for a long time and regularly, especially in early years, have led to the acquirement of certain characters, as, for example, the trotting training of Trotters, which commences when they are weaned foals, will be able to influence the corresponding " determinants " of the germ cells in such a manner that a favourable aptitude for the characters acquired from the parents is more or less transmitted. Thus is explained the transmission of changes produced by the continuous influence of ground. The best example for this which I personally know is the previously mentioned change of the Percherons in the Russian Government Stud, Derkul (Government Charkow), which was caused by the Steppes, and transmitted. Darwin has especially emphasised the great influence which ground, climate, food and manner of living exercise on the complete organism of animals in every kind of breeding. Important changes in the breeding stock may be effected by changes in the mode of living, which breeders can bring about. Practical horse breeding is based on these important and fundamental truths, and reckons with the transmission of many acquired characters. To these belong first of all, health, power, hardiness, habits, action, and the construction of the skeleton, combined with the action and changed by certain exercises. For example, the firmly established and early begun galloping exercises of the Thoroughbred have transformed the previous more curved hind legs into more straight ones, and the less developed withers into prominent ones. On the other hand, the trotting exercises have, in the course of several genera- tions, produced straighter pasterns, longer middle, and flatter withers. Likewise the more upright shoulders of the draft horse, so suitable for draw- ing heavy loads, have been produced bv degrees and transmitted in conse- cjuence of constant practice in drawing heavy loads through many consecutive generations. The deformation of the skeleton, which the Frenchman, De Gaste, takes to be the result of exorbitant trotting exercises, consists for the most part in a prolongation of the ilium, a stunting of the ischium, and the diminution of the shoulder angle. Foals from parents which have been harnessed in their youth are more easily broken to harness than foals from parents which have never been har- nessed. It is more difticult to break in for riding foals the parents of which have not been ridden or verv little than those from parents which have been ridden for a long time. This is most noticeable in the case of breaking in young horses for jumping. In Trakehnen the brood mare Pirna, probably in consequence of an accidental opportunitv, had accustomed herself not to be fastened up, or if she were fastened up, to get loose bv cunning or force. Pirna transmitted this quality to several of her progeny. In the celebrated stud Palo Alto (California), October, 1893, I noticed as a very remarkable thing in the meadows that the foals of Trotters, unlike foals of 2. The Transmission of Acquired Characters. 217 Thoroughbreds, nearly always trotted, if they were urged on by a handker- chief or whip. There was onlv one foal which galloped more than trotted, and that foal was the product of a Trotter stallion out of the Thoroughbred mare Satanella. As is well known, the Americans liked until recently to infuse Thoroughbred blood into their Trotters. The stallion Palo Alto and mare ^Nlaud S. are the best examples of this experiment. Briefly, the trans- mission of habits and faculties is in horse breeding a fact proyable by many examples, and the most important means for the improyement of the breeds. As Darwin has proyed by many examples, howeyer, not only habits and cleyerness are transmitted, but all those characters which are acquired by continuous exercise of the same and according to the effect of the acquire- ment they may either injure or benefit the breed. In the following are giyen a few examples showing that the explanation of progress or retrogression in breeding by yariation and selection alone seems to be insuflicient. In August, 1906, in Trakehnen, among the two-year-old fillies which were destined to become brood mares, the following ten fillies, by reason of their ancestry and conformation, were put to training for the Half-bred breed- ing races 1907 in Konigsberg : — - 1, Ackerdrossel by Pomp and Achtbare by Optimus. "2. Lautenspielerin by Geheimrat and Laute by Lehnsherr. 3. Leibeigene by Pomp and Leibrente by Optimus. 4. Poesie by Geheimrat and Poststrasse by Lehnsherr. 5. Art by Pomp and Argolis by Elwin. 6. Jutizratin by Geheimrat and Justicia b\- Passyan. 7. Julisonne by Greif and Julia by Orcus. 8. Hohkonigsberg by Pomp and Hohle by Apis. 9. Lore by Pomp and Louisa by Elfenbein. 10. Heimatlose by Pomp and Heidenelfe by Elfenbein. If we consider the three different Thoroughbred sires (Pomp, Geheimrat, and Greif) of the aboye ten fillies of equal yalue, we should haye, first of all, to judge the sires of the dams of these ten fillies in order to rightly estimate, by reason of the ancestry of the mares, their racing chances. If we belieye in the transmission of acquired characters, we must assume that the two Half- bred sires, Optimus and Lehnsherr, both of which were brought up in the Mauer Park of Sababurg, near Beberbeck, had there acquired better faculties for going, hardiness, and stronger heart and lungs, and all things being equal, ought also to haye transmitted these characters better than the stallions Orcus, Apis, Elwin and Elfenbein, which were brought up in Trakehnen, and therefore had less chance of exercise and galloping from their earliest youth. Looked at from this standpoint, the merit of the ten fillies in the last autumn trial, 1906, was about in the same order as shown by the aboye table. The last four were soon after taken away from race training. In the summer, 1907, Nos. 5 and 6 were the slowest. Finally there only remained the four 218 Heredity. grand-children of Optimus and Lehnsherr. On account of influenza in Trakehnen, in July, 1907, we were unable to send any horses for racing to Konigsberg. The race took place, therefore, on the 20th July, 1907, at Trakehnen, and there the four fillies passed the post in the same order as above list. The well-known American Trotter, Mambrino Chief (H.) by Mambrino Paymaster, had already been used as a stallion for breeding of Trotters before he was trained for trotting races. He produced badly, however, and his progeny were not able to win any trotting races. Mambrino Chief was then trained several years for trotting, and afterwards transmitted so well the faculty fc^r trotting that he became one of the most favourite trotting sires in Kentucky. We can find many similar examples of this in horse breeding, and it would be somewhat artificial to explain this striking fact by variation and selection alone. Above all, time necessary for variation and selection is wanting. It is also unjustifiable to explain by variation and selection alone the retrogressive movement in Thoroughbred breeding — as illustrated above — as a consecjuence of the many and earlv two-vear-old races. The deteriora- tion of the fundament of the Thoroughbreds, which increases slowly from generation to generation, remains a puzzle without the transmission of acquired characters. Selection will, for all that, always try to avoid horses with bad fundament as much as pcxssible, and a bad fundament can scarcely be considered as a necessary accompaniment of variation, which produces at the same time racing capabilit\' in earl\- vouth. The fact that racehorses possessing such a good fundament that thev still win flat races as eight- year-olds and older are mostly derived from parents which did not run as two-vear-olds can, without a transmission of acquired characters, only be explained if a good fundament were an obstacle for successful racing as two- vear-olds. On the contrar\-, we find in the above tables (pages 108 — 141) man\' examples pro\ing that horses which did not run as two-year-olds, but up to their eighth \ear and older, successfully produced progen\- which dis- tinguished themselves as two-year-olds on the racecourse. Dr. Syntax, for example, ran and won between the age of 3 and 12 years, and produced from several mares which had not run as two-year-olds, two-year-old winners, amongst them the celebrated Bee's Wing. How is it, then, that the reverse happens so much more seldom? All these and similar occurrences can be much more easily and more naturally explained if we accept the theory of transmission of accjuired characters. In the history of Thoroughbred breeding, one may give as an example for the transmission of acquired characters, the fact that man\- Orientals which were imported into England after Godolphin Arabian, i.e., after 1730, did not inherit the capability for running in the same measure as the children and grand-children of Godolphin Arabian (Cade and Matchem), or as the descendants of the alreadv earlier imported Byerl)- Turk, Darle}' Arabian, 2. The Transmission of Acquired Characters. 0]^C) and many others. In spite of the less weights which were accorded to the offspring of Oriental parents in several races (in the Goodwood Gold Cup, for example, 36 lbs.), the later imported Orientals could not compete any longer against the progeny of the earlier imported ones. On the other hand, the offspring of Herod, Highfl}'er and Eclipse were given in manv races extra weights of about 3 to 5 lbs., as a contrast to the offspring of Matchem and Conductor, as descendants of Godolphin Arabian, who was later imported than Byerly Turk (foundation sire of Herod and Highflver) and Darlev Arabian (foundation sire of Eclipse). In consequence of the transmission of acquired characters, the heritage, with respect to racing capability, has slowly increased. The other explanation of this fact, i.e., bv variation and selection, is, if we consider the few generations and the not too numerous individuals coming into consideration for selection in which the difference of transmission was alreadv distinctly recognisable, somewhat artificial, unless we suppose that the variation of the germ plasm has been at least guided by the acquired characters of the body. Finally, the followers of U^eissmann's theory may say that it is not the acquired characters of the body which have guided the formation or variation of the germ plasm, but that the activity necessary to acquire new characters had a direct influence on the germ plasm, In my opinion, the whole controversy about the trans- mission of acquired characters seems to terminate on this or that wrangling. The belief in the transmission of acquired characters is for the breeder the chief stimulant to diligent and well-considered work. Without this belief there would be a great danger of breeding material being neglected. The breeder would have much less pleasure in his work once the most interesting part of stud work disappeared. CHAPTER III. The Doctrine of Constancy and Individual Prepotency. There has been much dispute over the question as to how surely the characters of breeding stock, and especially the just-mentioned changed characters of same, are inherited. With the exception of a few extravagant, short-lived doctrines (as, for instance, that of Buffon), the unimportant devia- tions of the different doctrines from one another are just as remarkable as the great disagreements of the doctrinaires. Even in ancient Greece, about 300 years B.C., Aristotle taught in his celebrated work, Historia Animaliuvi, if somewhat less thoroughly than it is taught to-day, the same theory of con- stancy and even individual prepotency, just as later the professor of the Vienna veterinary school, Johann Gottlieb A\"ollstein (born 1737), and his eminent disciple the Imperial Stud Inspector, Johann Christoph Justinus (died 1824), did. The doctrines of the old Justinus (Allg. Grundsatze zur Ver- vollkommung der Pferdezucht, Wien 1815), which are considered classics still at the present time, have been later parti v rearranged more precisely but at the same time have been impaired by von \\"eckherlin, H. v. Xathusius and Settegast. There are often only wordv wars, and doctrines expressed care- lessly and regardless of correctness, causing a long book war. It is difficult to decide who was the original author of the doctrine of individual prepotency. Of course, the teachers of the present time have the advantage of regarding these questions from the pedestal of the latest biological researches, and they are therefore enabled to give to these questions more precise and more explicit answers, which, above all, are scientifically better founded. Heredity in horse breeding is all the more sure, i.e., all the more corre- sponding to the purpose of horse breeding ; in short, is more constant the longer the line of ancestors which has been trained in serviceable management to acquire the intended performance, and which has been favourably tested. Of course, the word " constant " admits progress in the intended capabilities, and only designates the constant direction of the breeding. H. V. Xathusius calls the products of capable parents " highly bred." According to this the 3. The Doctrine of Constancy and Individual Prepotency. 221 above sentence could be summed up as follows : The heredity in horse breed- ing is all the more constant the more highly bred ancestors are found in the pedigree of both parents. In so far as in so-called pure breeds a guarantee is given that their ancestors are highlv bred, the above sentence could also be read : The hereditv is all the more constant the purer the breed is bred. Puritv of breed is, of course, not meant in the zoological sense, as H. V. Nathusius requires. According to this we could not call the Merinos, with their obscure origin, and not even the present day Thoroughbred, pure bred. The puritv of breed coming here into consideration does not only require a pure pedigree, as recorded in the stud book, but also the proof of a rational rearing, as well as of sufficient performances of their respective ancestors. For example, Thoroughbred breeding would lose every prospect of success if breeding material were used which had been pampered without training and tests, especially if it is continued for several generations. Such breeding stock would not transmit constantly in the sense of their breed, but by trans- mitting their own acquired characters, consisting in effeminacy and lack of capabilities, thev would transmit a character opposed to the object of breed- ing, i.e., thev would not transmit constantly in the sense of their race. In natural breeds, as, for example, Steppe horses and Arabs in their own homes, puritv of breed, as regards pedigree and capabilities, is guaranteed more or less bv local conditions and especially b\^ natural selection in the fight for life. The surer this guarantee is the more can one rely on a con- stant heredity of these natural breeds. In every breed where the method of management is irrational, at first the intended capabilities disappear, after- wards constant hereditv, and finallv, after several generations, more or less the so-called zoological attributes, i.e., the breed degenerates. The exclusive attention paid to a recorded pure pedigree (and as long as it is possible of the just-mentioned zoological attributes, without taking into consideration the performance, which reallv is the base of all) has, with the aid of unreasonable shows, alreadv ruined many formerly capable breeds, as, for example, the Suffolks, the Cleveland Bays, and in recent times perhaps also a part of the Clydesdales. Everv sensible breeder of Thoroughbreds or Trotters can obtain from the stud book and race calendar the necessary information for the correct judgment of the breeding stock from which he may expect a constant heredity, i.e., one which serves the purpose. In the breeding of Half-breds judging is, of course, somew'hat more difficult, as there are no race calendars, but it is just as necessary, and will generallv be based on the manner of rearing and the condition of the soil. In recent times some stud books of Half-breds give some information, as they record especially the brood mares which have received prizes at shows. These horses which have been rewarded at shows cannot generally be recommended when breeding for performances. There ape horses which, for example, according to their 2-2l2 Heredity. pedigree, are pure Trakehners, but having been irrationally reared (perhaps they have not been taken to grass, or had not sufiicient exercise), thev cannot be taken as pure-bred Trakehners. That breeding with such stallions in Trakehnen cannot lead to good results, therefore cannot have a constancy, in spite of so-called purity of breed, is a priori probable, and I have experienced it myself at Trakehnen. The performances and other characters required in every kind of horse breeding are much surer of being transmitted the longer the line of ancestors which have been bred on favourable soil in connection with a rational method of raising, as well as of the selection of the most capable stock for breeding. By improving the soil and other things, the intended characters of the products can also be improved. The heritage, which in this way becomes more valuable, is the cause of progress in all kinds of breeding. Neither Justinus nor the other old teachers of the doctrine of constancy have ever believed in unchangeable breeds in the sense of the progress of their performances. The chances of success in crossing different breeds depend on the com- patibility of the most important characters which the two breeds possess, and on the possibilities of realising the new breeding form aimed at by cross- ing and its performances to be produced. L'nreasonable wishes will remain wishes here, as everywhere else. Cross breeding, even if it otherwise mis- carries, acts on fertility and good constitution just as favourably as fresh blood. The best example of a successful cross breeding in the history of horse breeding is the mixing of the American Trotter and Thoroughbred. The chief characters of Trotters and Thoroughbreds which are required to be combined are hard sinews and bones, well developed lungs, strong heart, action, and healthy nerves. Coarse crosses of either English or Oriental Thoroughbreds on Draft breeds may be prominent products well adapted to certain practical uses, but not to breeding. Darwin writes about cross breed- ing and its success as follows : " The possibility to form different breeds by cross breeding has been very much exaggerated. Certainly many cases are known which prove that a breed can be modified by an occasional crossing of certain individuals carefully chosen, and which possess an intended character. It would, however, be very difficult to produce a new breed which would represent a good average of two different breeds or kinds. Sir J. Sebright has made special experiments in this respect, but without success. The progeny from the first crossing of two pure breeds is, as I have found in the case of pigeons, fairly, and sometimes extraordinarily, alike in char- acter, and everything seems to be simple. If one, however, pairs these cross- breds for a few consecutive generations, scarcely two of their progeny will be alike, and one gets a clear idea of the great difficulty of success." There are breeds which are not related to each other, but which pursue the same purpose and have attained approximately the same results. According to what I have just said, there would be no objection to the mixing 3. The Doctrine of Constancy and Individual Prepotency. 223 of such breeds. On the contrary, such a mixing, especially with a breed which ranks higher, on account of performance, would act favourably as an infusion of new blood, i.e., it would tend to favourably influence constitution, energv, vigour and fecundity. Such mixings between the Thoroughbred and the different noble breeds in all parts of the world have taken place with good results. The use of Thoroughbred sires in the Steppe breedings of Russia has led to very good results. Arabian and Persian stallions have produced well in the East Prussian Military Studs. In the same wav also, the mixing of a military horse bred perhaps in Australia, and possessing the necessarv characters, with the East Prussian horse breed, would prob- ablv have good results. On the other hand, however, it seems to me that a mixing of the Russian and American Trotters would be very precarious, not on account of the various blood which predominates in these two breeds, but on account of their verv different training, caused by different race propositions. The manner of rearing these two Trotting breeds is just as different as their conformation. The characters of the American Trotter, trained for the mile, cannot be so easilv mixed with the characters of the Russian Trotter, trained for longer distances. These two breeds are not of equal value regarding the kind of their performances, they possess different forms, and cannot therefore be classed as of whollv equal breed. The mixing of the same would not be an infusion of fresh blood, but almost a cross, with all its dangers, but yet not without prospects for a final success after long and systematical breeding. In every breeding, may it be ever so pure, and may the rearing of its progeny be ever so rational, one will always find individuals which transmit the desired breed characters particularly well, and, on the other hand, individuals which transmit them badly. The abilitv of breeding stock to transmit the characters desired in the case of every breed in a prominent manner is called individual prepotency. Sires as well as mares may have a special individual prepotency, even when (if only exceptionally) thev do not themselves possess in a prominent manner the character which thev prominently transmit. On the other hand, there are sires and dams which, although themselves possessing in a high degree the desired breed char- acters, transmit the same very seldom or not at all. There have been Thoroughbreds which belonged to the best on the course, as, for example, the two champions of the racecourse, Cotherstone and Gladiateur, and vet their progeny performed little or nothing at all. I have known horses with excellent hocks, and again others with a splendid action, nevertheless, their progeny was noted for bad hocks, or a bad action. Of course, this lack of transmission is not the rule. One of the most important tasks of the breeder will be to get prominent sires with special individual prepotency. Whether those individuals which excel by new formations of nature (according to Darwin's single variation) ■2'24 Heredity. are — as Settegast says — endowed with a special individual prepotency, is a question which, as far as horse breeding is concerned, cannot as yet be definitely answered. In anv case, male products in horse breeding are more prone to take on individual variations than female products. The aggregate of filly yearlings is therefore always more equal than that of colt yearlings. Of courscy one will naturallv prefer to use stallions with individual varia- tions or modifications which appear favourable for the purpose of breeding, and to establish and make the greatest possible use of these characters by inbreeding. It is possible that generally such stallions are specially endowed with individual prepotency. CHAPTER IV. Inbreeding. The investigations of scientists in biology and transmission have made, not only in Germany, but also in other civilised countries, especially in England and America, most considerable progress. Numerous regularly appearing periodicals have lately been created regarding this subject, amongst which is one that is especially worth}^ of notice appearing in England since 1901 under the name of " Biometrica " (Professor Pearson), in which — as the name already indicates — all mathematically tangible phenomena of biology and transmission are discussed. Laws of inbreeding are, however, to my know- ledge, neither formulated in our country, nor in the just-mentioned " Biometrica." It appears to me the reason is that the material for such investigations in animal breeding is available to a sufficient extent only for the English Thoroughbred breeding, and this field is, unfortunately, up to the present not wholly familiar to the scientists. Even the book by Daven- port (" Principles of Breeding"), published in America, 1907, which gives many very interesting insights into the mathematically-expressed laws of transmission, leaves somewhat to be desired in its chapter on inbreeding. From the Thoroughbred of to-day are already known 20 to 25 generations of their genealogy. We could therefore make their pedigrees, with 1 to 17 millions of ancestors, whose abilities and capabilities are to be seen in the racing calendars since 200 years. It shows how enormous is the material we possess in the Thoroughbred, and that it is without equal in any other breed ! Common ancestors constitute the basis of inbreeding. By " free genera- tions " is meant the number of generations between the common ancestors and the sire on the one side, and between the common ancestors and the dam on the other side. In the following example of Stockwell, the common ancestor, Orville, is removed from the dam, Pocahontas, by two generations, and from the sire. The Baron, by three generations. Therefore the common blood of the basis, Orville, must altogether run five generations before entering the blood of Pocahontas and The Baron. From this is derived the Q 226 H credit}', term "five free generations." It can also be seen from the same example that Waxy and Penelope form the basis of a different inbreeding with six free generations, three on each side. We further can notice that The Baron himself has four free generations to Waxy and four free generations to Penelope, and accordingly supports or increases the inbreeding of his son Stockwell on the same basis. Stockwell Pocahontas Marpessa Glencoe The Baron Echidna Birdcatcher Clare Muley Tramp- oHne Sultan Miss Pratt Economist Guiccioli Sir Hercules a S W « dd D3 ^ P ^_H C3 TJ o -1 tr C^' o CD ja C/J p- CC 3 TT m tr i-t o a> •^ ><; ^ W O < 2. M K 5 n a> y ^ 01 tfl Ui ra o n O ES ^. >< m ^ n &3 n ta tn ro rr n' 5' &2 3 D n' D a 5' a> 0) If sire and dam come from the same stallion (mating of brother and sister), that is an inbreeding with 0 free generation, and when it happens that a stallion is sire and grand-sire on the dam's side, that is to say, when he pro- duced a foal out of his own daughter, that is an inbreeding with — 1 free generation. In fixing the number of free generations, no notice is taken to which side they are allotted. On the other hand, in giving the number of removes, it is seen at once how many free generations are on the dam's side and how many on the sire's side. For instance, Stockwell is inbred to Orville in the fourth and fifth remove. It is usual in this designation to count both parents, commencing with the dam. It seems to me, however, improbable that finer shades in the laws of inbreeding can be detected by the help of removes than by that of free generations. I personally have not succeeded. In making these attempts, one is apt to run into the danger of getting together certain interesting geometrical groups, and to shape out fanciful and imaginary things, and in this way lose sight of the real facts. 4. Inbreeding. 007 I myself know of no law of breeding which can be settled or confirmed by the system of removes. Both parents, as well as all ancestors, have heredity shares on the off- spring. The question now arises how great is the share of each of them. The second generation consists of two parents, both of which possess equally great shares. To each of the parents may be therefore ascribed half. Now the question arises how much of this half each parent individually transmits, and how much of it he transmits as mediator of his ancestors. The heredity share coming from each parent must therefore be considered to consist of two parts which — as is shown at once — must be equally great. At first a still unknown fraction e is supposed to be the individual heredity share of one parent. Both parents therefore individually possess 2 e shares, and figure as mediators of the remaining part 1 — 2 e, which is ascribed to the total of the ancestors. Thereby follows the demand that the fraction e is also A-alid for all former generations.- Accordingly the four grand parents have the share 2 e . 2 e = 4 e^, the eight great grand parents 2 e . 2 e . 2 e = 8 e^ etc. The total heritage will thus be represented by : 2 e + 4 e= + 8 e'^ + 16 e^ — .= 1. 1.) in which the 1 figures as the entire heritage. The value of this series quickly decreases until thev soon become infinitesimal. From the above equation 1) one can eliminate 2 e and write instead : 2 e (1 + 2 e + 4 e- + 8 e-'' — . . . .) = 1 2.) As the value contained in brackets near the 1 is equal to the series in equation 1), it follows by substitution 2 e (1 + 1) = 1, therefore e = 1/4 3.) Thereupon follows that each parent individually transmits only the half of its total heritage, while the other half, also = 1/4, is transmitted on the offspring by each parent as mediator of all his ancestors. This is known in England as the so-called Galton's law of ancestral heredity. But whether and in what manner Galton has furnished a mathematical proof of it is unknown to me. Table I. gives a scheduled classification of the heredity shares for 10 generations, and Table II. the same in a lucid pedigree form. One sees that not quite 4-millionth represents the heredity share of an ancestor in the tenth generation. As it is inconvenient to count wuth fractions, one can multiply all numbers by 262144. Thereby the heredity unity is the share of an ancestor in the tenth generation, accordingly =1 = 2'^ and the heritage of the offspring equals 262144 = 2 ^*. The last column in Table I, shows the heredity share of the various generations. One sees that each higher genera- tion has the half of the share of the preceding one. Below is shown the total of all generations up to and including the tenth. If one adds the remaining heritage of the still further removed generations of 512 the whole heritage of the offspring = 2 ^Ms obtained. 228 Heredity. Table I , and of the ancestors of the generations. c3 0) C 0) o 1 ! 0) Offspring = 2" Offspring = 2^« , Offspring = 2i« o I. 0 1 2'"' 262144 - 2'« 262144 2is II. 1 \ = 2-2 65536 = 2^ « 131072 = 2'- III. 2 tV = 2"-* ia^4 = 2'* 65536 =- 21. IV. 3 i-^ = 2-'' 4096 = 2^'^ 32768 21.. V. 4 2-5"5 " 2-« 1024 = 2'" 16384 21* VI. 5 T024 = 2- in 2.56 ^ 2« 8192 = 213 VII. 6 1 409'J II II 11;^ ^ c tC c ^ IN iM (M Si (M iM Si-' Si CO 11 a !=? c "M «t 0 II II 3^1 (M CM 'M CM CO II -H OJ 1-H CJ o '^1 X (C ^ o 0 u 1-1 2 o 'M CM 'M c^l (M C^ II Ol (>J '"' CO Oi II -+ - rM '^ :: o 'M (M 'M d^ CM t (M-^ ■Si II si -* 0 2 Si Si ^1 Si C^l (M 'M'"' o Jl^ ; O Si •7^ Si Si fM ^ II CO o II :S I— 1 og 0 r^ "M (M CM 61 iM O II (M (M^ CO * CD II -* Si Si Si Jl 01 II Si II II >* 2S ■* 0 ^ 'M ^1 N d^l CM ^ (M (M-^ C<1 CO II -* J 'M 0 o :: o 'M -M 'M 'M iM II "^l -* 'M'-l II CO p 1— t Jl^ ^ ,. •t ^ 0 C3 ^ ;; o !M 51 'M 'M CM Q II (M (M-^ O ='i ^ ^ 't- ^ 0 ^ iM ■M (M ^ S<1 ■* >^-j^ Oi II = i Tt- 0 ^ Si Si CM Si (M (M ^T-i :3G Heredity. O >. -a o o G^ t^ lO t^ iO l> 10 t^ 10 -M CO do s Ol 0 CD 1—1 in o •^ rH Ol C5 i—{ u 1— 1 , CO ^ CO 0 CO ^~ GO lO Q H^ CO 0 01 ,^n ^ ^ -(-* i(^ CO ^H Ol CO -r M CO -+ tl to rH O c3 QJ 'M o Ol 0 Ol j-5 01 0 t^ ^ i'7 t- GO CO 01 CO "^ lO -* j—i 0 01 l>- CO -+i 1-H c CD p ;: II !A) ^ GO ^ CO 0 CO 0 rXi in * -f ■CO 00 Ol 01 GO CO CD — f -+ CO 1—1 CD -^ VI O CO -H 1— ^ '■^ '-5 o 1—1 CJ 1, 5— i ' ' Z) T^ ^ '^^ o Ol 0 01 0 01 0 L^ 0 C/D Ol c^ 0 CD f" 'Zj t^ CO CO 01 10 CO 01 ?i 01 10 iS rt ,2 CO CO T— y ^- rH 01 -H u — r C S -c/: ri ^ '■^i X — ■ CO 0 CO) ^. rjj 10 23 o o Ol ./D 00 -^ Ol 01 o in -^ ^i 01 * -* II -1 CO CO I— I 0 01 '"' ^ 1—1 '"' y—< i^ CJ _c ^ -^ T] ■*- 3 'M o 01 0 01 ' — > 01 3 £; 0 CO CO 0 ^1 10 CD 4h ^1 [| o •3 CO 1-^ ^—{ 0 CO :£? GO 0 -V ■^ -H -^ -1" Tf CO ?1 t£ •r E. o CO r~. CO 0 CO 0 CO 10 -+ , -'' -M CO 06 Q; -h (X) 00 CO '^ O t- -+ -H 0 -p ^< CO CO Ol CO C ^H Ol 0 t^ CO CD CD CO CO '—^ GO CO (M 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 rH 1—1 1— < 0 01 Ol ^ Ol 0 t^ -^ 01 ly^ CD Ci i^ i-Q -f< CO 0 CO 10 c~ 0 lO »o I'O rH lO 0 CO lO i-O IQ 10 10 12 X 0 CO CD CD CD CD CO CD D i J-' w ZJ L> ^ s- 1— O r- >-< 01 00 -+ 10 CD C- CO 0 _o ry: — ' r" CJ (fl u o GJ 0 CO -fl CD — ^ CO -H CD -i^ T— I 0 t-^- "^ > CO Ci 01 in CD 1—1 0 G ^ »0 CO 0 01 c^ . G G lO CO ■^ 1—4 0 ^_^ 1 — 1 ,(_i CD 1—1 r^ 3 X! C/) _o CJ ° G II II 11 II II I'l II II II "o -D >. 5 iJ:; 4. Inbreeding. 231 The simplest function which fulfils the condition that J 1,2 becomes 0 if a^ or a ^^ = 0 reads as follows : J 1,2 = o 1 6.) in words : The inbreeding amount equals the product of the hf-redity shares of the basis. Accordingly Table IV. is constructed. The unity to be chosen is an arbitrary one, as a unity to be absolutely described is unconceivable. The heredity shares are powers to 2, therefore their product also indicates in powers to 2 the inbreeding amount. Accordingly, not the quantity of blood, but the inbreeding amount as settled by the free generations, is the effective agency which asserts the influence of the common ancestor in memory and in transmission with the power of the inbreeding amount. From the number of free generations, one can calculate at once the inbreeding amount F as F = 9 2 (fi-f) in which f 1 = that number of free generations to which the inbreeding amount is supposed = 1. One can convince oneself of the exactness by re- garding the values in Table IV., for instance according to column iii., there- fore f 1 = 6. It follows in case of 2 free generations : F = 2 ^ (^-2) ^ 2 ^ = 256 6 free generations : F = 2 ^ (^"^^ = 2 ° = 1 Accordingly the free generations are a practical and simple means for the calculation of the inbreedino- amounts. Table IV. Inbreedino- amount in the case of -r I. II. III. l\. 0 0 OJ > tS. of the 10th tS. of the 7th tS. of the Mh fS. of the 10th Frc Genera generation=2" Offspring=2i« =262144 genei"ation=2^ Offspring=2'-' =4096 generation =2° Offspring =210 '=1024 generation=2~i* Offspring=2o -1 3 23 0= 107.8741824 21 «= 262144 21 ^= 16384 2-'^ = oV 0 4 2^«= 268435456 2"^= 65536 21-'= 4096 2-8 — -4- 1 5 2-^«= 67108864 21 *= 16384 21°= 1024 •>- 10 — 1 -J To -2 4 2 6 T-*= 16777216 212= 4096 2« = 2.56 2-1 ■-— -^— 3 7 2-^=. 4194304 21"= 1024 2« = 64 2-1^= T^k^r 4 8 2^"= 1048576 2« = 256 2^ = 16 2—= ^3-k^ 5 9 2"= 262144 2'- = 04 2^ = 4 2-1^^= tWt4 4 6 10 21 «= 65536 2^ = 16 2-^ = 1 2~"'-= 104857« 7 11 21^= 16384 2^ = 4 2-«= i 2~ - - = 4r5T3 0^ 8 12 212= 4090 2" = 1 2-^= h .>-2 4 1 tS. = Heredity share of one ancestor (see Tables I. and II.). 232 Heredity. There is yet a broad and uncultivated field before us for further mathe- matical considerations. I will here only point out that if the basis of inbreeding occurs oftener than twice in the pedigree the inbreeding amount cannot be equal to a ^ . a ^^ . a ^^^ ,... but is equal to a^ , a ^^ + a ^ . a ^^^ + a^^ . a ^^^ + for which we can also write : J 1,2,3 = J 1,2 + a ^^^ . B 1,2, where B 1,2 = quantity of blood = a ^ + a ^^ Thereupon we could still establish special values for the inbreeding sup- ports. Another consideration would be necessary for the inbreedings wnth more than one basis. In every kind of animal breeding, one has sought and attained improve- ment and progress by inbreeding to prominent ancestors as a basis. It is evident that the merits of a prominent ancestor have more chance of being transmitted, if this prominent ancestor appears as a basis of an inbreeding, in the pedigree of the product, for the breeding of which the mating is made. If we construct the case theoretically that two animals are mated with each other, which neither in themselves nor in mating with each other, can show any inbreeding whatever, we must ascribe to each separate ancestor of a generation, for example, therefore, to each of the 128 ancestors in the seventh generation, the same possibility and chance of the thorough heredity of its characters. As amongst these 128 ancestors there are very probably several of inferior value, there is just as much probability that the inferior ancestor thoroughly transmits as well as the prominent ancestor. Only on the basis of inbreeding the prominent ancestors is a better chance of transmission to be expected. If all ancestors were faultless and equally prominent, every in- breeding would be dispensable. The inbreeding of any developing breed must necessarilv be very close at first. The question now arises how close useful inbreeding shall be to-day, and how often it shall be repeated. Furthermore, on which ancestors as a basis the inbreeding must be founded. Too much inbreeding in Thoroughbreds as well as in Half-breds has often ruined good tribes. In Thoroughbred breeding I recall the too frequent inbreeding undertaken by Lord Derby (9 times with 0, 6 times with 1, and 9 times w'ith 2 free generations) with the daughters of Papillon, dam of the Derby winner Sir Peter. The best part of the female progeny of the cele- brated Papillon was ruined by it. Much of the blood of Eclipse has been spoiled by inbreeding too, and we have lost at Trakehnen in the same way, as will be shown later on, a great part of the blood of Thunderclap. Whilst the inbreeding mania of Lord Derby was a distinct fiasco, the breeding of the Duke of Grafton, undertaken almost at the same time, in the reasonable limits of at least 2 free generations, has produced from the valuable blood of Prunella, and her daughter Penelope, the most celebrated family of all Thoroughbreds. As further examples for the failure of inbreeding with 0 free generation the progeny of following mares will serve :■ — - 4. Inbreeding. 233 1. Sister to Resrulus 1743 bv Godol. Arabian, witii 16 foals, among-st which 6 Avith 0 free generation. 2. jNIaid of all Work 1786 by Highflyer, own sister to Cowslip L. and dam of iMeteora O. 3. Sister to Parrot 1812 by Walton, with 8 foals, amongst which 4 with 0 free generation. The progeny of the products with 0 free generation is omitted in Goos' tables. There are yet man}^ other examples in which this exaggerated inbreeding would have had a favourable opportunity to manifest its eventual merit. Its failure is the most plainly recognised through their progeny — as well as in the case of the children of Papillon — not having played the role to be assured of a place of honour in the Goos' tables. There has been also much damaged by exaggerated inbreeding in the American Thoroughbred breeding. Among the many instances of 0 free generation I have not found a single one in the American Stud Book which has been of importance to breeding. I have only found one good racehorse in the American breeding, and that is Henry 1819 by Sir Archy-Diomed (i.e., 0 Diomed), celebrated by his famous match with the American Eclipse in New York, 1823. The sire of American Eclipse — equally prominent on the racecourse as at the stud — was Duroc 1806 by Diomed — Grey Diomed. As Grey Diomed is a noted son of Diomed, Duroc also appears to be bred to Diomed with 0 free generation. The excellent performance of Duroc on the racecourse and at the stud made me sceptical, and exact investigation in the American Stud Book proved to me, therefore, that the aforesaid Grey Diomed is not descended from Diomed, but from Medley, a son of Gimcrack. A sire as well as a mare may be the basis of inbreeding, but as the stallion will, of course, have a more numerous progeny, his good characters can be recognised much more easily and quickly than those of a mare, especially if she has only produced well by one stallion. Generally, therefore, in mating one will aim at inbreeding to a stallion. As, moreover, in most cases good stallions have produced several good offsprings, whilst most good mares have produced a few good offsprings, it often happens that good mares give place to the nearest good son as a basis for the inbreeding. Good mares will only be able to serve as a basis for an inbreeding in those cases where, as for example, with Penelope, Termagant, Banter, Pocahontas, etc.. they, with two different prominent products on each side of the pedigree, determine themselves the closest limit of the inbreeding. The few mares which serve as basis of inbreeding belong to the most prominent. Veloci- pede's dam, for example, the basis of St. Simon's inbreeding, must be specially mentioned as the mother of 18 foals, of which 9 are mentioned in Goos' tables, a fine performance indeed ! But, as will be seen from the above, in most cases the stallion forms the basis of inbreedincr. 234 Heredity. In order to correctly estimate the most successful inbreedings in Thorough- bred breeding, we have classitied the following examples of the best stallions^ according to the degree of their inbreeding. We find them : — With 1 free generation 11 stallions (only 3 or 4 successful) ,, 2 free generations 23 stallions 3 51 4 78 5 61 6 33 7 1-2 8 1 Total 270 stallions. The figures of the free generations and the basis of same are given for every stallion indicated and also for its parents. In every case, not only the closest inbreedings, but also the more distant ones, up to 5 free generations, are added. Six and more free generations are only mentioned where no closer inbreedings exist, or where the same appear necessary to give a com- plete and correct idea of the whole inbreeding. A clear table of the inbreedings of the best sires and their parents seems to me to be the best means for arriving by nearer critical considerations at practical and useful conclusions. In a few exceptional cases I have added the inbreedings of grand-parents. A more comprehensive consideration of the pedigree of the best stallions, especially of the so-called basis and its in- breeding, may be interesting and also instructive in the case of some horses. I do not believe, however, this way to be suitable for arriving at useful statistical results. I fully appreciate the difficulties of finding the right examples from the whole Thoroughbred breeding. It is certain that I have often overlooked a better stallion and added a worse one instead. Further- more, as I have also taken into consideration American and Australian Thoroughbred breedings, and have also mentioned the most important repre- sentatives of olden times up to Eclipse, a correct selection of stallions has been all the more difficult. I am quite aware that I have mentioned amongst stallions with 1 free generation several less successful, but this was necessary, as otherwise their number would have been too small from which to draw statistical conclusions. As an interesting example of incest breeding with — 1 free generation, I may mention, besides Y. Paragone 1852 by Paragone and Lanterne b}^ Para- gone, produced in Germany, and which ran as a three-year-old twice un- placed, also Jigg-of-Jiggs of English Thoroughbred breeding. He was born 1745 by the three-year-old Hunt's Jigg (ran four to ten years of age) out of a mare by Heneage's Jigg, who was the dam of Hunt's Jigg, and was herself bred to a Jigg mare with • — 1 free generation. This Jigg-of-Jiggs, so closely 4. Inbreeding-. 0Q5 inbred, was a good racehorse, ran and won between the age of four and seven, ran as an eight-year-old without winning, and was then used as a stallion for Half-bred breeding. His own brother Heel-and-Toe ran between the age of four and seven without winning. I have yet found in the General Stud Book Regulus, born 1764, by Regulus out of Sappho by Regulus, with —1 free generation, a moderate racehorse, of whom is asserted that he knocked his hip when in embryo, and that had this not happened he would probably have been much better than his less closely inbred brothers and sisters (see Family 43). In any case, he has been of no importance in Thoroughbred breeding. He was set apart as covering stallion in Richmond in Yorkshire for 3 guineas. As I never found recorded a foal by him, the supposition is that he was infertile. Among the stallions with 0 free generation the following 13 (up to now I found no more in the General Stud Book) are worthy of mention as good or moderate racehorses : — 1. Silverleg 1743 by Cartouch— Old Cartouch. 0 Old Cartouch. 13 h. 3^ inches -- 140,3 cm. of height. Ran and won between the age of four and nine, also in Give and Take Plates, and beat Little Driver. 2. Trap 1759 by Blank— Godol. Arabian. 0 God. Arabian. 3. Sharper 1700 by Bajazet out of Sister to Regulus. 0 God. Arabian. 4. Filch 1761 by Bajazet out of Sister to Regulus. 0 God. Arabian. o. George 1793 by Dungannon out of Sister to Soldier. 0 Eclipse. Sire of 5 unimportant winners. 6. Lucan 1796 by Sir Peter out of Brow-n Charlotte. 0 Highflyer. 7. Robin Redbreast 1796 by Sir Peter out of Wren. 0 Papillon. Sold -as stallion to America and worthy of mention there as grand-sire in the female line of Sumpter, 1818, by Sir Archy. 8. Agonistes 1797 by Sir Peter out of Wren. 0 Papillon. Sire of 2 unimportant winners. 9. Cocoa-tree 1797 by Woodpecker— Herod. 0 Herod. 10. Hedley 1802 by Sir Peter out of Maria. 0 Highflyer. (Not to be confused with Hedlev by Gohanna born 1803). 11. Brown Stout 1804 by Sir Peter out of Brown Charlotte. 0 Highflyer. Ivanhoe 1817 by Phantom out of Sister to Parrot. 0 Walton. 1 •236 Heredity. 13. Cedric D. 18-21 by Phantom out of Sister to Parrot. 0 Walton. As a three year old remarkable racehorse, ran nine times, amongst which the Derby. As a five year old was set apart as stud stallion in Lambton Grange, Durham. Have never found recorded a foal by him. Of the staUions with 0 free generation I only know the following- four which have had any influence on Thoroughbred breeding : — 1. Turner's Sweepstakes 1743 by Sweepstakes. 0 Mare by Basto. He was sire of: 1, Trentham, born 1766; 2, Mare, born 1760, Foundation mare in Fam. 8 and dam of Sharper 1788 by Ranthos ; 3, Lady, born 1758, who had 11 foals. 2. Omar 1752 by Godol. Arabian. 0 Godol. x'Xrabian. He was sire of : 1, Miss Spindleshanks, Fam. 9; 2, Xisa, who had 9 foals; 3, Marplot's dam; 4, Confidence's dam; 5, Blemish, who ran and won be- tween the age of three and nine. 3. Babraham Blank 1758 by Babraham. 0 Godol. Arabian. He is also worthy of note as being the sire of Carbuncle. 4. Milo 1802 by Sir Peter. 0 Papillon. He was half-brother to the winner of the Oaks, Bellissima, ran and won as a three and four-year-old, and was the sire of many good racers, among which Rosalia, grand-dam of Ithuriel (Fam. 2d), and Eryx born 1816. Stallions with 1 Free Generation. No. Names of Stallions Born ' Sire Dam 1 Barcaldine 1 Darling's dam (by Birdcatcher) 5 Touchstone 1878 Solon 5 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Birdcatcher and Touchstone) 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Bally roe 3 Birdcatcher 2 Delpini 1 Blank 7 Darley's Arabian 1781 Highflyer 5 Sister to Mixbury 6 Darley's Arabian Countess 3 Flying Fox 1 Galopin (by Ved- ette) 6 Stockwell 7 Pocahontas 1896 Orme 5 Pocahontas 6 Birdcatcher (Grand- sire of Stockw.) Vampire 2 Vedette 6 Birdcatcher 4. Inbreedini •237 No. I Names of Stallions Born Friponnier 1 Orlando 7 Orville 7 Walton Highland Fling 1 Herod Knight of St. George 1 Sir Hercules 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) The Miner 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville 7 Waxy 7 Penelope Ninety Three 1 Herod 6 Flyino^ Childers Orest 1 Touchstone 10 PaLllo\vitz 1 Highflyer 1 Termagant (3 Godol. Arabian) 6 Regulus 11 Wellingtonia 1 Pocahontas 2 Touchstone Sire Dam 1864 Chevalier d'Industrie 5 Orville 6 Waxy 1798 Spadille 4 Partner 4 Regulus 1851 Birdcatcher 5 Woodpecker 6 Eclipse 1861 Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy G Penelope 1790 I Florizel ! 4 Flying Childers 1857 Orestes 4 Selim 1813 1869 Sir Paul 4 Regulus (by God. Arab. 5 Snip Chattanooga 4 Whalebone Tension 5 Walton 6 Whalebone Calia 6 Darley's Arabian 6 Betty Leedes Maltese 4 Sorcerer o PotSos ^Manganese 7 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator Xosegay 3 Snap 6 Bartl. Childers Ladv Louisa 4 Waxy 4 Penelope Evelina 4 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Blaze Araucaria 5 Selim o Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Stallions with 2 Free Generations. Amphion 2 Newminster Bob Booty 2 Herod o Cade (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Squirt (by Bart. Childers) 1886 ! Rosebery 3 Touchstone 1804 Chanticleer 5 Godol. Arabian Fl. Childers Bart. Childers Suicide 7 Whalebone lerne ^fFI. Childers ^\Bart. Childeis 138 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 3 Boston 1833 Timoleon Mare by Ball's 2 Diomed America 5 Trentham Florizel 5 Eclipse 7 Squirt 5 Marske 6 Marske (by Squirt) 4 Brutandorf 1821 i Black-lock Mandane 2 PotSos 1 3 Highflyer 4 C:ade 5 Herod 1 ! i 4 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Cap a Pie 1837 1 The Colonel Sister to Cactus 2 Waxy 3 Highflyer 4 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Eclipse 6 Cardinal York 1804 Sir Peter Charmer 2 Herod 3 Regulus 1 Herod 5 Regulus 4 Godol. Arab. 5 Flying Childers 5 Fox 7 Gohanna 1790 Mercury Mare by Herod 2 Tartar (by Partner) 4 Godol. Arabian 3 Partner 4 Squirt rBart. Childers 5 Mogul (by Godol. ^\F1. Childers Arabian) ' 6 Godol. Arabian / Bart Childers •^IfI. Childers 8 Galopin 1872 Vedette Flying Duchess 2 Voltaire (by Black- 3 Blacklock 4 Phantom (by lock, and grand- 6 Waltoft Walton) son of Phantom) 6 PotSos 9 Golumpus 1802 Gohanna Catherine 2 Herod (by Tartar) 2 Tartar (by Partner) 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Cade (by Godol. 4 Squirt 5 Partner Arabian) 5 Mogul 6 Godol. Arabian 10 Hannover 1884 Hindoo Bourbon Belle 2 Vandal in Amtjlioa 6 Emilius 7 Orville 7 EjTLilius (by Orville) 11 Humphrey Clinl^er 1822 Comus Clinkerina 2 Sir Peter (by High- 5 Herod 5 Regulus flyer and out of a 5 Snap (by Snip) 6 Snip Mare by Snap) 6 Cade 4 Trumpator 6 Eclipse 7 Eclipse Inbreediner. 239 Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam Janissary 2 Stockwell 5 Touchstone 5 Melbourne Muley Moloch 2 Bening-brough (by King- Fergus by Eclipse) 4 Highflyer 5 Eclipse Orville 2 Herod (by Tartar) 6 Regulus 6 Ruby Mare Partisan 2 Highflyer (by Herod) 3 Eclipse 4 Snap 6 Regulus Petrarch 2 Touchstone 7 Selim Priam 2 Whiskey 5 Herod 5 Eclipse The Saddler 2 Waxy 4 Sir Peter 5 Highflyer Sainfoin 2 Stockwell 6 Touchstone Le Sagittaire 2 Strathconan (by Newniinster) 6 Melbourne 1887 1830 1799 1811 1873 1827 1828 1887 1892 Isonomy 3 Birdcatcher Muley 4 Eclipse 5 Herod Benino-broug'h 3 Tartar 4 Miss Slamerkin 6 Godol. Arabian Walton 3 Herod 3 Snap 4 Regulus 6 Partner Lord Clifden 6 Paynator Emilius 3 Highflj-er 4 Eclipse Waver lev 3 Highflyer 5 Matchem Springfield 5 Sultan (Grand-sire of Pocahontas) 6 Camel ) p^^^^^^ ^^ 6 Banter / Touchstone Le Sancy 3 Windhound 3 Alice Hawthorn 5 Touchstone Janette 3 Touchstone 6 Bee's Wing's dam Nancy 3 Eclipse 4 Herod Evelina 4 Blaze 4 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian Parasol 5 Regulus 6 Godol. Arabian Laura 4 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone; 5 Selim Cressida 3 Herod 3 Matchem Castrellina 4 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Highflyer Grand-sire : 3 Herod Grand-dam 4 Herod Sanda 3 The Barony Parents 3 PocahontasJ stodcwell La Dauphine 5 Touchstone 5 Melbourne 240 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 21 Saltram 1780 Eclipse Virago 2 Reg-ulus 3 Sister to Old 3 Mare by Basto (Bart. Childers Country Wench ^\F1. Childers 4 Snake 5 Sister to Old Country Wench 6 Bay Bolton 22 Sorcerer 1796 Trumpator Y. Giantess 2 Matchem 6 Partner 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner 5 God. Arab.^ Grand- _ „ , sireot o Partner J Riatchem 23 Wisdom 1873 Blinkhoolie Aline 2 The Baron 5 Whalebone 5 Orville 2 Pocahontas 6 Orville 5 Whisker 5 Emilius (by Orville) 6 Whalebone Stallions with 3 Free Generations. Australian 3 Whisker (by Waxy and Peaelope) Beadsman 3 Tramp 5 Orville 7 Buzzard 8 Trumpator 8 Eclipse Beningbrough 3 Tartar (by Partner) 4 Miss Slamerkin 6 Godol. Arabian. Fl. Childers Bart. Childers Blacklock 3 Highflyer 4 Herod 4 Eclipse Buccaneer 3 Edmund (by Orville) 5 Paynator Buzzard 3 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Partner 6 Flying Childers 7 Bald Galloway 1858 18.' 1791 1814 18.57 1787 West- Australian 6 Trumpator Weatherbit 3 Orville 5 Y. Giantess 6 Woodpecker 6 Trumpator King Fergus fFl. Childers \Bart. Childers 6 Bay Bolton Whitelock 3 Herod 3 Eclipse 3 Matchem Wild Dayrell 4 Selim Woodpecker 6 Darl. Arabian Emilia 4 Waxy 4 Penelope (by Trumpator) Mendicant 6 Eclipse 6 Alexander 6 Sir Peter 6 Buzzard 6 Mare by Alexander Mare by Herod 3 Partner 5 Fl. Childers 5 Confederate Filly Mare by Coriander 1 PotSos (by Eclipse) 2 Herod 5 Snap Mare by Little Red Rover 4 Beningbrough (Sire of Orville) Missfortune 4 Godol. Arabian 6 Bald Galloway 4. Inbreeding:. 241 Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam Cain 3 Highflyer 6 Blank Carbine 3 Brown Bess (by Camel) 5 Touchstone The Colonel 3 Highflyer 4 Herod (by Tartar) 4 Eclipse 7 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) Conductor 3 Partner (by ]\gg) Domino 3 Lexington (by Boston) 7 Glencoe Eclipse 3 Sister to Old Coun- try Wench (1 Haut- boy) by Snake 4 Snake by Lister Turk 6 Hautboy 7 Coneyskins by Lister Turk Emilius 3 Highflver (by Herod)' 4 Eclipse 6 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 1822 1885 1825 1767 1891 1734 1820 Paulowitz 1 Highflyer 1 Termagant e Regulus (by Godol. Arabian) Musket 4 Touchstone 4 Camel Whisker 3 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) Matchem 5 Mare by Spanker Himyar 7 Alulev Alarske 5 Hautboy (Grand-sire of Old Country Wench and Snake) 5 Lister Turk Grand-dam (Ruby Mare) 3 Coneyskins 4 Hautboy Orville 2 Herod 6 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian) Mare by Paynator 4 Rachel (Dam of Highflyer) 5 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) The Mersey 3 Touchstone 4 Camel Mare by Delpini 5 Tartar 5 Blank 6 Regulus Mare by Snap 4 Partner's dam 6 Bverlv Turk (Sire by Jigg) Mannie Grey 2 Lexington Grand-dam 1 Reel (by Glencoe) 2 Boston Spilletta 3 Snake 5 Hautboy Grand-dam (Mother Western) 3 Hautboy 5 Brimmer Emily 3 Eclipse 4 Herod 4 Blank 242 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 14 Emperor of Norfolk 1885 Norfolk Marian 3 Glencoe America 5 Sir Archy 5 Emilius 6 Emilius 5 Siimpter (by Sir 6 Tramp Archy) 7 Sir Archv 15 Epirus 1884 Lan^ar Olympia 3 Sir Peter 4 Highflyer 3 Herod (by Highflyer) 4 Diomed 5 Herod 5 Eclipse 16 Fitz James 3 Touchstone 1875 Scottish Chief Hawthorn Bloom o Orville 6 Muley 5 Pantaloon 6 Selim (by Buzzard, 7 Buzzard (by Castrel) Sire of Castrel) 17 Flyino- Dutchman 1846 Bay Middleton Barbelle 3 Selim 4 Sir Peter 5 Eclipse 6 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Arethusa 5 Highflyer flyer) 18 Gallinule 1884 Isonomy Moorhen 3 Stockwell 3 Birdcatcher (Grand- 7 Selim (Grand-sire 5 Touchstone sire of Stockwell) of Camel) (by Camel) Grand-sire : 4 Camel 6 Birdcatcher 19 Galtee More 1894 Kendal Morganette 3 Thormanby 4 Birdcatcher (Grand- 5 Pantaloon (Grand- 4 Stockwell sire of Stockwell) 5 Pantaloon sire of Thormanby) 20 Glauciis 1830 Partisan Nanine 3 Sir Peter 2 Highflyer 4 Highflyer (by Highflyer) 3 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 4 Snap (Grand-sire of Sir Peter) 21 Gunnersbury 1876 Hermit Hippia 3 Touchstone 4 Camel 3 Sultan (by Camel) 6 Selim 5 Sultan (by Selim) 22 Hackler 1887 Petrarch Hackness 3 Orlando 2 Touchstone 3 Orlando 5 Melbourne 23 Ion 1835 Cain Margaret 3 Evelina (by High- 3 Highflyer 5 Highflyer flyer) 5 Sir Peter (by High- 1 flyer) 4. Tnbreediner. 243 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam Isonomy 3 Birdcatcher King Alfonso 3 Glencoe 5 Muley (by Orville) Lexinoton 3 Sir Archy (by Diomed) 6 Saltram (by Eclipse) Lottery 3 Eclipse 4 Woodpecker (by Herod) 4 Trentham 5 Herod Melton 3 Stock well 5 Touchstone 6 Bee's ^^'ing" Muncaster 3 Birdcatcher 6 Banter Orlando 3 Selim (by Buzzard) o Alexander (by Eclipse) 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) Paynator 3 Snap (by Snip) 5 Godol. Arabian Pero Gomez 3 Lady Moore Carew (by Tramp) 5 Camel Privateer 3 Touchstone 6 Orville 1875 1872 1850 1820 1882 1877 1841 1791 1866 1878 Sterling 5 ^^'haIebone (Sire of Sir Hercules) Phaeton 6 Orville Boston 2 Diomed (by Florizel) 5 Eclipse 6 Marske Tramp 3 Eclipse 4 Herod Master Kildare 4 Birdcatcher Doncaster 6 Black lock 7 Whalebone Touchstone 4 Alexander 5 Buzzard 5 Eclipse 5 Sir Peter 6 Highflyer Trumpator 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner Beadsman 3 Tramp 5 Orville Adventurer 4 Orville Isola Bella 4 Sir Hercules ^ Parents 4 GuiCCloh J catcher Grand-dam : 2 Sir Hercules Capitola 5 Orville Alice Carneal 6 Highflyer (by Herod, Sire of Florizel) Mandane 4 Cade (Regulus \Sister to Regulus Violet ^lelrose 3 Touchstone 4 Pantaloon Grand-dam : 3 Touchstone Windermere 7 Orville 7 Buzzard Vulture 3 Buzzard "j 3 Mare I by Alexand. I 4 Sir Peter Parents oi Selim Mare by ^Mark Anthony 3 Godol. Arabian 4 Mare by Basto (dam of Snip) Salamanca 4 Velocipede La Favorita 3 Touchstone 6 Orville 244 Heredity. No. .\ames of Stallions Born Sire Dam Hi Roseberv 3 Touchstone 6 Orville (by Bening^- broug'h) 1872 Speculum 6 Orville Ladylike 5 Orville 6 Beningbrough 85 St. Blaise 3 Touchstone 1880 Hermit 4 Camel (by W'hale- Fusee 5 Whalebone (by Camel) bone) 5 Waxy 6 Whalebone 6 Selim 5 Penelope 36 St. Gatien 3 Newminster 5 Birdcatcher 1881 Rotherhill (or The Rover) 2 Touchstone St. Editha 3 Birdcatcher 87 Le Sanc}- 3 Windhound 1884 Atlantic 7 Orville Gem of Gems 4 Touchstone (Grand- 3 .^lice Hawthorn 7 Buzzard sire of W'indhound) 5 Touchstone 7 Mare by .Alexander Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone Grand-dam : 2 Pantaloon (Sire of Windhound) 88 Selim 3 Herod 1802 Buzzard 3 Cade (by Godol. Mare by Alexander 5 Regulus (by Godol. 5 Matchem (by Cade) Arabian) Arabian) 6 Regulus (by Godol. 5 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Godol. .'\rabian Arabian) of Herod) [own brother to Castrel and Rubens] 89 Silvio 3 Birdcatcher 1874 Blair Athol 6 Whalebone Silverhair 7 PotSos 5 Partisan 7 Orville 7 Orville 40 Sir x\rchy 3 Herod 1805 America Diomed 4 Crab Castianira 6 Godol. Arabian 5 Blank (by Godol. 4 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Regulus Arabian) of Herod) 7 Childers 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Childers 41 Sir Peter 3 Reg'ulus 4 Godol. Arabian 1784 Highflyer /Fl. Childers \Bart. Childers Papillon rFl. Childers ^\Bart. Childers 5 Flying- Childers 5 Sister to Mixbury 4 Bay Bolton 5 Fox 42 Tramp 3 Eclipse 1810 Dick Andrews 4 Blank Mare by Gohanna 3 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Regulus 3 Herod Inbreedinir. 245 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 43 Tibthorpe 1864 Voltigeur Little Agnes 3 Mulatto o Hambletonian 7 Orville (Grand- sire 4 Blacklock (Grand-sire of Blacklock) of Mulatto) U Vedette 1854 Voltigeur Mrs. Ridgway 3 Blacklock 5 Hambletonian 6 PotSos 6 Walton (by Sir (Grand-sire of Peter) Blacklock) 6 Sir Peter io Vertugadin 1862 Fitz Gladiator Vermeille 3 Partisan o Sir Peter (Grand- 4 Whalebone 6 Whalebone sire of Partisan) 5 Orville (by Bening- 7 Benins'brough 5 Buzzard 5 Mare by Alexander o Gohanna brough) 46 Walton 1799 Sir Peter Arethusa 3 Snap 3 Reg-ulus 3 Regulus 3 Herod o Fox 5 Partner (Grand- sire 4 Res'ulus 5 Flying- Childers of Herod) 6 Partner 47 Weatherbit 1842 Sheet Anchor Miss Letty 3 Orville 5 Woodpecker 1 Orville 5 Y. Giantess 6 Highflyer 6 Herod 6 Woodpecker 6 Mercury (by Herod) 48 Whalebone 1807 Waxy Penelope 3 Herod 5 Godol. Arabian 3 Snap 4 Snap 6 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Partner 6 Cade (by Godol of Herod) 6 Godol. Arabian Arabian) 49 Whitelock 1803 Hambletonian Rosalind 3 Herod (by Tartar) 4 Tartar (by Partner) 4 Partner 3 Eclipse 5 Regulus Grand-dam : 3 Matchem 5 Crab 6 Godol. Arabian 3 Partner 50 Whisker 1812 W^axy Penelope 3 Herod 5 Godol. Arabian 3 Snap 4 Snap 6 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Partner 6 Cade (by Godol. of Herod) 6 Godol. Arabian Arabian) 51 Windhound 1847 Pantaloon Phrvne 3 Peruvian 4 Eclipse 4 Waxy 5 Mare by Alexander 4 Highflyer (Grand- (by Eclipse) sire of Peruvian) 5 Buzzard 5 Herod 246 Heredity. Stallions with 4 Free Generations. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 1 i\bercorn 1884 Chester Cinnamon 4 Paraguay in Auytral. 5 Sir Hercules 4 Sir Hercules (by Sir Hercules) 5 Emilius 2 Adventurer 1859 Xewminster Palma 4 Orville (by Bening- 5 Beningbrough 1 Orville brough) 5 Trumpator 4 Sir Peter 6 Stamford (by Sir Peter) 8 Arbitrator 1874 Solon True Heart 4 Touchstone 5 \Mialebone (Grand- 5 Orville 8 Orville sire of Touchstone) 5 Comus 4 The Bard 1883 Petrarch Magdalene 4 Melbourne 2 Touchstone 6 Comus (Grand-sire 7 Defence (by Whale- 7 Selim of Melbourne) bone, Grand-sire of 6 Sultan (by Selim) Touchstt)ne) 6 Whalebone .5 The Baron 1842 Birdcatcher Echidna 4 \\'a.\y (by PotSos) o Woodpecker 5 PotSos 4 Penelope 6 Eclipse 6 Highflyer 6 Herod 6 Phoenomenon (by Herod) 6 Highfl_yer (by Herod) 6 Bav Middleton 1833 Sultan Cobweb 4 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Highflyer 3 Y. Giantess flyer) 4 Herod (Grand-sire (by Diomed) 4 Arethusa of Diomed) 5 Highflyer 7 Eclipse 4 Eclipse 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 7 Bill of Portland 1890 St. Simon Electric Light 4 Pocahontas 6 Sultan (Grand-sire 3 Birdcatcher 6 Birdcatcher of Pocahontas) 4 Touchstone 8 Bonavista 1889 Bend Or Vista 4 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone (Grand- 4 Banter (Dam of 5 W'indhound sire of Windhound) Touchstone) 5 Alice Hawthorn 4 Pantaloon (Sire of 7 Touchstone Windhound) 9 Cambuscan 1861 Newminster The Arrow 4 Whalebone 5 Beningbrough 4 Beningbrough 5 Orville (by Bening- 5 Trunipator brough) G Beningbrough Inbreedinj 247 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 10 Camel 1822 Whalebone Mare by Selim 4 Highflyer 3 Herod 3 Highflyer 5 Herod 4 Snap 4 Herod 5 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 6 Snap 11 Catton 1809 Golumpus Lucy Gray 4 Herod 2 Herod 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Cade (by Godol. 6 Godol. Arabian 5 Matchem (by Cade) Arabian) 6 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 6 Regulus (Grand- sire of Eclipse) 12 Childwick 1890 St. Simon Plaisanterie 4 Pocahontas 6 Sultan (Grand-sire 6 Langar 5 Voltigeur of Pocahontas) 6 Velocipede's dam Grandsire : 1 Pocahontas 13 Count Schomber^s^ 1892 Aughrim Clonavarn 4 Stockwell 4 Birdcatcher 4 Touchstone 5 Birdcatcher 5 Sir Hercules 5 Birdcatcher 5 Orlando 5 Touchstone 5 Touchstone 14 C_vllene 1895 Bonavista Arcadia 4 Stockwell 4 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone 5 Newminster 5 Windhound (by Touchstone) 5 Alice Hawthorn n Pnnf-Qlrinn 15 16 17 Le Destrier 4 Gladiator (by Partisan) Dick Andrews 4 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Regulus 6 Snip (by Fl. Childers) Diomed 4 Crab 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner 5 Flying Childers (by Darl. Arabian) 1877 1797 1777 7 Touchstone Flageolet 5 Partisan Joe x\ndrews 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Bart. Childers Florizel 4 Firing Childers La Dheune 5 Partisan Mare bv Highflyer 3 Blank 6 Firing Childers Mare bv Spectator 5 Darlev's Arabian 248 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 18 Dollar 1800 The Flying Payment 4 Catton Dutchman 5 Sorcerer 6 Benin^broug'h 3 Selim 6 Beninj^brough 6 Evelina 6 Sir Peter 7 Sir Peter 7 Sorcerer 19 Economist 1826 VVliisker Floranthe 4 Herod 3 Herod 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 4 Snap 3 Eclipse 5 Hi-htlyer 2(1 Energy 1880 Sterling Cher.-y Duchess 4 Sir Hercules 5 Whalebone (Sire of 4 Sir Hercules (Sire 4 Birdcalclier Sir Hercules) of Birdcatcher) 5 Touchstone 5 Touchstone 5 Melbourne 6 Sultan 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) 21 Fisherman 1853 Heron Mainbrace 4 Orville G I'xlipse (firand-sire 3 Mandane 5 Dicic Andrews of Dick Andrews) 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) (by PotBos) 22 Flatcatcher 1845 Touchstone Decoy 4 Waxy 4 Alexander 2 Sir I'eter 5 Sir Peter (by Eclipse) 5 Eclipse 6 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 5 Sir Peter 28 Florizel 1768 Herod Mare by Cygnet 4 Flyin.^^ C^hilders 7 Hautboy 3 Flying Childers 7 Byerly Turk 7 Spanker 7 Leedes Arabian 5 Basto (by Byerly Turk) 24 Galliard 1880 Galopin Mavis 4 Birdcatcher 2 Voltaire 6 Blacklock 5 Voltaire Grand-dam : (by Blacklock) 4 Blacklock 25 Gladiator 18.33 Partisan Pauline 4 Prunella (by High- 2 Higli flyer 4 Trumpator flyer) 3 Eclipse 5 PotSos 4 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Snap 6 Eclipse 6 High Oyer 20 Gouverneur 1888 Energy Gladia 4 Touchstone 4 Sir Hercules 5 Smolensko 7 Whalebone (by 4 Birdcatcher 6 Waxy Waxy and Penelope) 5 Touchstone 5 Melbourne 6 Penelope 4. In breed insf. 249 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 at 35 Hambletonian 4 Tartar (by Partner) 5 Re^ulus 5 Crab 6 Godol. Aiabian Ha 111 bur o- 4 Lexinj^lon 6 Glencoe Hannibal 4 Touchstone 4 Stock well Haphazard 4 Rei^ulus (by Godol. Arabian) TBart. Childers \FI. Childers Hermit 4 Camel 6 Pay n a tor (by Trumpator) 6 Selim 7 Orvillc (by Benins^- broLioh) Joe Andrews 4 Godol. .Arabian •5 Bart. Childers (by D. .Arabian and Betty Leedes) Kendal 4 Birdcatcher 5 Pantaloon Kingston 4 Smolensko 5 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 7 Eclipse Kingston 4 Melbourne 5 Glencoe 5 Touchstone 1792 1895 1891 1797 1864 1778 1883 1849 1884 King Fergus Childers Childers (Bart. Hannover 2 \"andal (by Glencoe) Traclienberg 7 Bustard Sir Peter 3 Rej^ulus 4 Godol. .Arabian 5 Fl. Childers 5 Fox Newminster 5 Trumpator 5 Beningbrough lu-Iipse 3 Sister to Old Coun- try Wench 4 Snake I5end Or C Touchstone 6 Muley Venison 5 Fclipse 6 Herod Spendthrift 5 Fmilius 6 Selim (Grand-sire of Glencoe) Mare by Highflyer 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner Lady Reel 3 Lexington 5 Glencoe Grand-dam : 2 Lexington Zania 3 Touchstone 5 Camel Mi.ss Hervey 4 Godol. .Arabian 4 Bart. Childers Seclusion 3 Suit an (by .Selim) 7 Orville A ma ran da 3 Ciodol. Arabian 4 Partner n Darl. .Arabian 6 Betty Leedes Windermere 7 Buzzard (Grand- sire of Pantaloon) 7 Orville Queen .\nne '"g Hii"hnvcr Kapanga 6 Blacklock 7 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone) 250 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 36 Lamb ton 1850 The Cure Elphine 4 Orville (by Bening- 6 Sir Peter 2 Beningbrough brough) 5 Sir Peter 6 Whiskey 7 Sir Peter 37 Lanercost 1835 Liverpool Otis 4 Gohanna 4 Eclipse (Grand-sire 3 Woodpecker 5 Woodpeciier of Gohanna) 4 Herod (by Herod) 5 Woodpecker Grand-dam : 5 Highflyer 5 Highflyer 2 Herod (by Herod) 5 Trentham 3 Eclipse 5 Trumpator 6 Herod 6 Eclipse 38 Liverpool 1828 Tramp Mare by Whisker 4 Eclipse 3 Eclipse 1 PotSos (by Eclipse) 5 Highflyer 4 Herod 4 Herod (by Herod) 5 Woodpecker (by Herod) 5 Trentham 6 Herod 39 Longbow 1849 Ithuriel Miss l?o\ve 4 Orville 5 Buzzard (by Wood- 5 Highflyer 7 Highflyer pecker) 6 Herod 7 Woodpecker 5 Mare by Alexander 6 Eclipse 40 Marsyas 1851 Orlando Malibran 4 W^axy 3 Selim 5 Herod 4 Penelope 5 Alexander 41 Master Kildare 1875 Lord Ronald Silk 4 Birdcatcher 6 Whalebone (Grand- 6 Blacklock 8 Blacklock sire of Birdcatcher) 7 Blacklock 42 Meddler 1890 St. Gatien Busybody 4 Newminster 3 Newminster 5 Birdcatcher Grand-sire : 3 Melbourne 5 Venison Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone 43 Melbourne 1834 Humphrey Clinker Mare by Cervantes 4 Termagant 2 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Eclipse 5 Highflyer flyer) 5 Herod (by Herod) 4 Trumpator 5 Trumpator 7 Eclipse 6 Eclipse InbreedinPf. 251 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 44 MercuF}^ 1778 Eclipse Mare by Tartar 4 Godol. Arabian 3 Sister to Old Coun- try \\'ench 4 Snake 5 Curwens Bay Barb 45 Mortemer 1865 Compiegne Comtesse 4 Partisan 6 Whalebone 1 Emilius (by Orville) (by Walton) 7 Buzzard 6 Sir Peter 6 Orville 7 yiare by Alexander 7 Sir Peter (Sire of Walton) 46 Muley 1810 Orville Eleanor 4 Eclipse 2 Herod 3 Herod 4 Herod 3 Matchem 5 Matchem 47 Musket 1867 Toxophilite Mare by West- 4 Touchstone 7 Sir Peter Australian (by Camel) 7 \\'oodpecker 2 Camel 4 Camel 48 The Nabob 1849 The Xob Hester 4 Selim 4 Buzzard "l [) Woodpecker (Sire 4 Orville 4 Mare by Parents of Buzzard) 4 Penelope Alexander (by Eclipse) _ - of Selim 6 Eclipse 4 Prunella 49 The Xob 1838 Glaucus Octave 4 Buzzard 3 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Highflyer 4 Mare by Alexander flyer) 4 Prunella (by High- 5 Eclipse fiyer) 6 Sir Peter 50 Nordenfeldt 1882 Musket Onyx 4 Melbourne Austral. 4 Touchstone ;> Touchstone 5 Touchstone 4 Camel 51 Pantaloon 1824 Castrel Idalia 4 Highflyer 3 Herod 2 Highflyer (by Herod) 5 Matchem 3 Eclipse 4 Eclipse 6 Regulus 6 Regulus 5 Herod 52 Phantom 1808 Walton Julia 4 Herod 3 Herod 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 3 Snap 8 Matchem 5 Snap 4 Regulus 252 Heredity. No. 53 54 Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Phonomenon 4 Blaze Plenipotentiary 4 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 5 Highflyer 7 Eclipse Plutus 4 Emilius (by Orville) 6 Selim PotSos 4 Godol. Arabian Rayon d'Or 4 Touchstone Rosicrucian 4 Priam 5 Whalebone 7 Selim [own brother to The Palmer] Royal Hampton 4 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone Saphir 4 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone 6 Gladiator 7 Emilius Sir Hercules 4 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Highflyer 7 Snap Sir Hercules 4 Waxy (by PotSos) 4 Penelope 1780 j Herod i 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker 1831 Emilius 8 Hio-h flyer 4 Eclipse 1862 Trumpeter 4 Selim 5 Orville o Penelope 1773 Eclipse 3 Sister to Old Coun- try Wench 4 Snake 1876 Flageolet 5 Partisan 1865 Beadsman 3 Tramp 5 Orville (Grand-sire of Priam) 7 Buzzard 1882 ' Hampton 7 Whalebone (Grand- I sire of Touchstone) 1888 Chamant 5 Emilius 6 Orville 1826 Whalebone 3 Herod 4 Snap 1843 Cap a Pie Austral. 2 WaXV Frenzv 4 Godol. Arabian Harriet 4 Hig-h flyer 6 Eclipse Mare by Planet 3 Sultan (by Selim) Sportsmistress 5 Ancaster Turk Araucaria 5 Orville 5 Selim Mad. Eglentine 4 Phantom 6 Buzzard Princess 4 Sultan (Grand-sire of Pocahontas) 5 Whisker Sappho 6 Touchstone Grand-sire : 2 Pocahontas Grand-dam : 4 Touchstone Peri 3 Eclipse 5 Herod Paraguay 4 PotSos 4. Inbreeding. 253 No. Names of Stallion^ Born Sire Dam 64 65 66 67 70 Sir Paul 4 Regfulus (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Snip (by FI. Childers) Smolensko 4 Herod 0 Snap 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) Sultan 4 Herod 4 Highflyer (by Herod) 4 Eclipse Sweetmeat 4 Walton (by Sir Peter) 6 PotSos 7 Highflyer Touchstone ■i Alexander (by Eclipse) 5 Eclipse 5 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) o Buzzard 6 Highflyer Tranby 4 King Fergus 4 Highflyer 5 Herod Trappist 4 Camel Trumpator 4 Partner 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Brown Farewell 1802 Sir Peter 1810 1816 1842 1831 1826 1872 1782 3 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Fl. Childers 5 Fox Sorcerer 2 Matchem (by Cade) Selim 3 Herod 5 Matchem Gladiator 4 PotSos 4 Prunella (by High- flyer) Camel 4 Highflyer 5 Eclipse 5 Herod Blacklock 3 Highflyer 4 Eclipse 4 Herod Hermit 4 Camel 6 Selim (Grand-sire of Camel) Conductor 3 Partner Pewett 3 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 6 Fl. Childers Grand-dam : 3 Godol. .Arabian Wowski 1 Herod 3 Snap 5 Godol. Arabian Bacchante 3 Herod 3 Eclipse Lollypop 0 Blacklock 6 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) Banter 4 Eclipse Mare by Orville 3 Herod 4 Eclipse Bunsh 4 Lottery Brunette 4 Partner or.i Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 71 Trumpeter 1856 Orlando Cavatina 4 Selim 3 Selim 4 Buzzard ^ .1., , Parents 4 Mare by I of Alexand. J ^eHm 5 Orville 5 Alexander 5 Penelope 4 Bening- ^ , , Parents brough I of 4 Evelina J C""^'"^ 72 Vermouth 1861 The Nabob Vermeille 4 Emilius (by Orville) 4 Orville 4 Whalebone 4 Partisan 4 Penelope (Dam of 5 Orville 5 Whalebone Whalebone) 4 Selim 4 Prunella 73 Vircril 1864 Vandal Hymenia 4 Tramp America 7 PotSos (Grand-sire P 6 Orville of Blacklock's dam) 6 Blacklock's dam 74 Virg'ilius 1858 Voltig-eur Eclogue 4 Orville 5 Hambletonian 5 Sir Peter 6 Waxy 6 Sir Peter (by High- 5 Highflyer 7 Sir Peter flyer, Grand-sire of 7 Highflyer Orville and Hamble- tonian) 7 Highflyer 75 Voltaire 1826 Blacklock Mare by Phantom 4 King Fergus 3 Highflyer 4 Highflyer 5 Highflyer 4 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 76 War Dance 1887 Galliard War Paint 4 The Baron 4 Birdcatcher 4 Touchstone (by Birdcatcher) 5 Voltaire (out of Banter) 7 Banter 77 Wild Dayrell 1852 Ion Ellen Middleton 4 Selim 3 Evelina 6 Sir Peter 7 Sir Peter 5 Sir Peter 78 Yattendon 1861 Sir Hercules Cassandra 4 Partisan Austral. (by Cap a Pie by 4 Whiskey 6 Waxy Colonel) 4 Waxy 4 Penelope 4. Inbreediner. 255 Stallions with 5 Free Generations. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 1 Alarm 1842 Venison Southdown 5 Prunella (by High- 5 Eclipse 5 Spadille flyer) 6 Herod (by Highflyer) 5 PotSos (by Eclipse) 6 Highflyer 6 Maria (by Herod) (by Herod) 6 Eclipse 2 Alarm 1869 Imp. Eclipse Imp, Maude 5 Sultan (by Selim) 4 Selim (by Buzzard) 5 Blacklock 6 Bustard (by o Tramp Buzzard) 7 Buzzard 3 Auriim II. 1894 Trenton Aura 5 Fisherman in Austral. 6 Touchstone 6 Marpessa 7 Touchstone 6 Camel 4 Ayrshire 1885 Hampton Atalanta 5 Touchstone 7 Whalebone (Grand- 5 Birdcatcher 5 Bee's Wing sire of Touchstone Grand-sire : 6 The Baron and Birdcatcher) 2 Voltaire (by Birdcatcher) Grand-dam : 6 Voltaire 3 Touchstone 5 Birdcatcher 1833 Sir Hercules Guiccioli 5 Woodpecker 4 Eclipse 2 Bagot (by Herod) (by Herod) 5 Herod Grand-sire : 6 Eclipse 5 Highflyer 2 Herod 6 Herod Grand-dam : 6 Highflyer 3 Herod (by Herod) 6 Buccaneer 1888 Privateer Primula 5 Touchstone 3 Touchstone 3 Pocahontas 4 Redshank 5 Touchstone 7 Chamant 1874 Mortemer Araucaria 5 Emilius (by Orville) 4 Partisan 5 Orville 6 Orville 6 Orville Grand-dam : 1 Emilius 5 Selim Grand-sire : 4 Orville 8 Chanticleer 1787 Woodpecker Mare by Eclipse 5 Godol. Arabian 6 Darley Arabian 2 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian) 9 Charibert 1876 Thormanby Gertrude 5 Touchstone 6 Orville 4 Sultan 6 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone) 256 Heredity. No- Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam lo Chester 1874 Yattendon Ladv Chester 5 Sir Hercules Austral. 4 Partisan 3 Economist 5 Emilius (by Orville) 6 Waxy (by Whisker) 6 Sultan 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire o Orville 6 Whisker (by Waxy) of Sultan) 11 Comus 1809 Sorcerer HoLis^hton Lass 5 Herod (by Tartar) 2 Matchem (by Cade) 5 Blank (by Godol. 5 Snap re Partner Lg Godol. Arabian _ Arabian) 6 Cade (by Godol. 5 Tartar (by Partner) Arabian) 5 Reg:ulus (by Godol. Arabian) 12 Cowl 1842 Ba}^ Middleton Crucifix 5 Whiskey 4 Sir Peter 6 Highflyer 5 Y. Giantess 4 Arethusa 6 Herod (Grand-sire 7 Sir Peter 7 Eclipse of Whiskey) (by Hi^bnyer) 6 Eclipse (Grand-sire of Whiskey) 13 Defence 1824 Whalebone Defiance 5 Herod 3 Herod 4 Herod 5 Hi£?h flyer 4 Snap 4 Highflyer (by Herod) 4 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 5 Alfred /Alfred \Conductor 14 Desmond 1896 St. Simon L'Abbesse de 5 Voltig-eur 6 Sultan Jouarre (by Voltaire) 6 Velocipede's dam Grand-sire : 2 Voltaire 4 Touchstone 5 Banter Grand-dam ; 4 Voltaire 15 Despair 1881 See Saw Peine de Coeur 5 Defence 7 Waxy 5 Partisan 6 Whalebone C Whalebone (by Waxy) 6 Touchstone 16 Dr. Syntax 1811 Paynator Mare by 5 Matchem (by Cade) 3 Snap (by Snip) Benin^brou.s^h 6 Snip 5 Godol. Arabian 5 Cade (by Godol. 6 Cade Arabian) 7 Crab 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian) 7 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip and Crab) Inbreediiiir. ■257 Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam Donovan 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan — Phantom) 5 Birdcatcher Faugh-a-Ballagh 5 Woodpecker (by Herod) 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 6 Highflyer (by Herod) Fitz Gladiator 5 Buzzard 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse) 5 Sir Peter (by Hig-hfl3'er) 5 Gohanna Flageolet 5 Partisan (by Walton) 7 Whalebone Flibustier 5 Tramp 6 Sultan 7 Orville [own brother of Waisenknabe] Fulmen 5 Birdcatcher (by Sir Hercules) Glencoe 5 Mercury 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 6 Highflyer Harkaway 5 PotSos (by Eclipse) 6 Highflyer 7 Herod 1886 1841 1850 1870 1867 1880 18:31 1834 Galopin 2 Voltaire (out of Phantom Mare) Sir Hercules 4 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Highflyer Gladiator 4 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Prunella (by High- flyer) Plutus 4 Emilius Buccaneer 3 Edmund (by Orville) o Pavnator Galopin 2 Voltaire Sultan 4 Herod 4 Eclipse 4 Highflyer Economist 4 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Highflyer ]\Io\verina 3 Touchstone 5 Muley 6 Sultan Guiccioli 2 Bagot (by Herod) Grand-sire : 2 Herod Grand-dam : 3 Herod Zarah 4 Sir Peter 6 Eclipse 6 Herod La Favorite 5 Whalebone Grand-dam : 3 Walton Sweet Katie 5 Tramp 6 Orville Lightning 5 Sir Hercules Trampoline 4 Highflyer 4 Eclipse 5 Herod Mare by Nabocklish 4 Highflyer (by Herod) Grand-dam : 2 Highflyer Great Grand-dam : 2 Herod 258 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 25 Highflyer 5 Sister to Mixbury 1774 Herod 7 Leedes Arabian Rachel 1 Godol. Arabian 6 Darley's Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker 6 St. Victor's Barb 6 Grey \\'hynot 26 Jerry - 5 Herod 1821 Smolensko 4 Herod Louisa 3 Highflyer 6 Matchem (by Cade) 5 Snap 6 Cade 5 Herod 5 Matchem 27 Isinj2:lass 5 Birdcatcher 5 The Baron (by Birdcatcher) 5 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone 1890 Isonomy 3 Birdcatcher Dead Lock 4 Touchstone 28 Ithuriel 5 Buzzard 1841 Touchstone 4 Alexander Verbena 4 Sir Peter 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse) 5 Eclipse 5 Buzzard 5 Sir Peter 5 Highflyer 29 King Tom 5 Waxy (by PotSos) 1851 Harkaway 5 PotSos (by Eclipse) Pocahontas 5 Gohanna 5 Penelope 6 Highflyer (by Mercury) 6 Mercury (by Eclipse) 30 Ladas 5 Touchstone 5 Queen Mary 5 Melbourne 1891 Hampton 7 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone) Illuminata 4 Touchstone •51 Lamplighter 5 Glencoe (by Sultan) 1889 in America Spendthrift 5 Emilius Torchlight 4 Touchstone 6 Emilius (by Orville) 6 Selim ? 7 Orville 6 Touchstone Grand-dam : 3 Sultan 6 Sultan (by Selim) 32 Marske 5 Hautboy 1750 Squirt Ruby Mare 3 Coneyskins 5 Lister Turk Grand-dam : (by Lister Turk) 7 Leedes Arabian 1 Hautboy 4 Hautboy 7 Mare by Spanker 33 Matchem 5 Mare by Spanker 1848 (?ade ? Mare by Partner 5 Darcy's Yellow Turk (Sire of Spanker) 4. Inbreeding. o. 59 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam :U Mintin^s: 1883 Lord Lvon JNIint Sauc(i 5 Birdcatcher 6 Selim 7 Castrel 5 Touchstone 6 \Mialebone (Grand- 7 Comus 5 Glencoe sire of Birdcatcher Grand-dam : rSelim and Touchstone) 3 Touchstone "\Castrel 35 Morion 1887 Barcaldine Chaplet 5 Touchstone 1 Darling's dam 4 Priam 7 Whalebone 5 Touchstone 5 Whalebone 36 Mulatto 1823 Catton Desdemona 5 Florizel (by Herod) 4 Herod 2 Highflyer o Highflyer 4 Eclipse 5 Marske (by Herod) 5 Matchem 6 Herod 6 Eclipse (by Marske) 37 Newminster 1848 Touchstone Bee's Wing 5 Beningbrough (by 4 Alexander 6 Eclipse King Fergus [by 5 Eclipse 6 Herod Eclipse] and a 5 Sir Peter Herod- Mare) G Highflyer 5 Trumpator (by^ Herod) 38 Norfolk 1861 Lexington Novice 5 Sir Archy in America 3 Sir Archy 6 Saltram (by Eclipse, Grand-sire of Waxy) 5 Buzzard 6 Waxy Grand-dam : 2 Sir Archy Great Grand-dam 1 Sir Archy 39 Orme 1889 Ormonde Angelica 5 Pocahontas 5 Birdcatcher 6 Sultan (Sire of (by Cilencoe) 5 Pantaloon Glencoe) 6 Birdcatcher 6 Velocipede's dam 40 Ormonde 1883 Bend Or Lily Agnes 5 Birdcatcher 6 Touchstone 6 'Blacklock 5 Pantaloon Grand-sire : rSelim \ Castrel (by Castrel) 6 Blacklock 7 Banter 41 Persimmon 1893 St. Simon Perditta IL 5 Voltigeur 6 Sultan (Grand-sire 3 Melbourne (by Voltaire) of Pocahontas) 6 Voltaire 'k a.^ 6 Pocahontas 6 Velocipede's dam 7 Blacklock (Sire of Voltaire) Grand-sire : 2 Voltaire 6 Martha Lynn jf^ 6 Pocahontas ^ 3_ 260 Heredity. No. 42 Names of Stallions Born Dam 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Perth 5 Newminster 5 Stockwell (by The Baron) Pyrrhus the First 5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker) 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse) Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Sheet Anchor 5 Woodpecker (by Herod) 6 Eclipse 6 Mercury 6 Mare by Herod Sir Visto 5 Pocahontas 5 Newminster 6 Banter (Dam of Touchstone) St. Florian 5 Ion 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) Saunterer 5 Waxy 5 Penelope 181)6 1843 1850 1832 1892 1891 18.54 Scottish Chief 1861 5 Orville (by Bening- broug-h) 6 Selim 7 Buzzard (by Wood- pecker) War Dance 4 The Baron 7 Banter Epiriis 3 Sir Peter 4 Diomed 5 Herod 5 Eclipse The Baron 4 Waxy 4 Penelope Lottery 3 Eclipse 4 Trentham 4 Woodpecker 5 Herod Barcaldine 1 Dar'ing's dam (by Birdcatcher) 5 Touchstone St. Simon 6 Sultan Birdcatcher ■5 Woodpecker 6 Eclipse (Grand-sire of Waxy) Lord of the Isles 5 Buzzard 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse) 6 Beninirbrouch Primrose Dame 4 Newminster 4 Stockwell 0 Touchstone 6 Birdcatcher Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone 2 Bee's Winij Fortress 1 Whalebone 4 Hii^hland Fling 5 Buzzard 6 Woodpecker (by Herod) Pocahontas o Gohanna 6 Mercury 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) jVIorgiana 2 Y. Giantess 6 Herod 6 Eclipse Vista 4 Banter 4 Pantalooz? Palmflo\ver o Bay Middleton o Touchstone Ennui o Waxy ;" Penelope 6 Whiskey 6 Sorcerer Miss Ann 7 Woodpecker 7 Mercury (by Eclipse) 4. Inbreedincf. 261 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 50 Solon 1861 West Australian Darlino's Dam 5 Whalebone 6 Trumpator (Grand- 5 Waxy (by Waxy) sire of Comus) 6 PotSos 5 Comus 7 Trumpator 6 Waxy 6 Penelope (by Trumpator) 51 Spendthrift 1876 Imp, Australian Aerolite 5 Emilius Aoierica 3 Whisker ? 6 Selim 6 Selim 7 Waxy \p,,e„tsof 6 Evelina (Grand-dam 6 Penelope j Whisker of Emilius) 7 Stamford (Grand- sire of Emilius) o2 Soringfield 1873 St. Albans Viridis 5 Sultan (by Selim) 6 ^^'halebone 4 Camel 6 Camel 4 Langar (by Selim) (by Whalebone) 5 Selim 6 Banter 53 Sterling 1868 Oxford Whisper 5 Whalebone 7 Waxy ^p^^entsof 7 Penelope j Wha'ebone 5 Whalebone 6 Waxy 54 Stockwell 1849 The Baron Pocahontas 5 Orville 4 Waxy 5 Gohanna 6 Waxy 4 Penelope 6 Mercury 6 Penelope 7 Hig-h flyer (Grand- sire of Orville) 55 Timoleon 1814 Sir Archv Mare by Saltram 5 Trentham America 3 Herod" 4 Reg-ulus (by Godol 7 Blank (by Godol. 5 Blank Arabian) Arabian) Grand-sire : 4 Godol. Arabian Grand-dam : 6 Godol. Arabian 6 Regulus Grand-sire : 2 Regulus Grand-dam : 4 Regulus 56 Van Tromp 1844 Lanercost Barbelle 5 Buzzard 4 Gohanna (by 6 Woodpecker (by Woodpecker) Mercury by Eclipse) 6 Eclipse 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) 5 Woodpecker 6 Herod 6 Gohanna 5 Highflyer 5 Trumpator 6 Eclipse 262 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Horn Sire Dam 57 Velocipede 1825 Blacivlock Mare by Juniper 5 Highflyer 3 Highflyer 5 Eclipse (by Herod) 4 Eclipse 6 Herod 5 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Herod 6 ^Matchem 7 Matchem 58 Venison 1833' Partisan Fawn 5 Eclipse 2 Highflyer 4 H(;ro(l 6 Herod (by Herod) 7 Snap 3 Eclipse 4 Snap 55) Voltigeur 1847 Voltaire Martha Lynn 5 Hambletonian 4 King Fergus 4 Sir Peter (b}' King Fergus) o Highflyer (Grand- 6 King Fergus 6 Coriander sire of Hamble- 6 Sir Peter (by High- tonian) flyer) 7 Highflyer 60 Waxy 1790 PotSos Maria 5 Godol. Arabian 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Flying Childers 6 Partner (bv Jigg) 4 Fox ^ (B. rhilders 6 Byerly Turk (Sire ^^\F1. Childers of Jigg) 01 Xenophon 1872 Canary Mare by Birdcatcher 5 Whalebone 3 Camel 5 Waxy (by Waxy) (by Whalebone) 4 Selim 5 Orville vStallions with G Free Generations. Beauclerc 6 Whalebone Bend'Or 6 Touchstone 6 Muley (by Orville) 7 Selini (by Bu/zard) 187;: 1877 Rosicrucian 4 Priam 5 Whalebone Doncaster 6 Blacklock 7 Whalebone 7 Selim Bonny Bell o Walton Grand-dam : 3 Whalebone Rouge Rose 6 Orville 6 Buzzard 6 Mare by Alexander 7 Waxy 4. Inbreedinir. 263 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 8 Blair Athol 1861 Stockvvell Blink Bonny 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 6 Evelina (Dam of 7 Orville 6 Waxy "\ Parents 6 Penelope J whai'ibone Orville) 7 Evelina 6 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator (Grand- sire of Whalebone) 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) Grand-dam : 3 Whalebone 4 Compiegne 1858 Fitz Gladiator Maid of Hart 6 Whalebone 5 Buzzard 6 Sir Peter 7 Mare by Alexander 5 Mare by Alexander 6 Beningbrough 7 Buzzard 5 Sir Peter 6 Waxy 7 Sir Peter o Gohanna 6 Evelina 7 Beningbrough 7 Gohanna 5 Cremorne 1869 Parmesan Rigolboche 6 Tramp 6 Waxy 5 Tramp 7 Selim 6 Penelope 5 Selim 8 Waxy 6 PotSos 8 Penelope 6 Prunella 8 PotSos -^ Doncaster 1870 Stock well Marigold 6 Blacklock o Orville 4 Humphrey Clinker 7 Whalebone 6 Waxy ^ Parents 6 Selim 7 Selim 6 Penelope / vvhakbone 7 Favonius 1868 Parmesan Zephvr 6 Whisker 6 Waxy ^ Parents 6 Penelope / wh?Iker o Whisker 6 Prunella ~» Grand- 6 PotSos / wSer 8 Grand Flaneur 1877 Yattendon First Lady o Pantaloon 6 Sir Hercules 4 Partisan (by W'halebone) 6 Waxy (Sire of Whalebone) 5 Camel (by W'halebone) 9 Hindoo 1878 Virgil Florence 6 Emilius (by Orville) America 4 Tramp o Emilius 7 Tramp 6 Orville 6 Orville 10 King Fergus 1775 Eclipse Polly 6 Bay Bolton 3 Sister to Old Coun- try Wench 4 Snake 6 Hautboy 6 Byerly Turk 264 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 11 Kisber 1878 Buccaneer Mineral 6 Sultan 3 Edmund 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville (by Orville) 5 Paynator 7 Orville 12 Leamington 1853 Faugh-a-Ballagh Mare by Pantaloon 6 Woodpecker 5 Woodpecker 4 Buzzard 6 Alexander 6 Eclipse (by \\'oodpecker) (by Eclipse) 4 Mare by Alexander 13 Lord Clifden 1860 Newminster The Slave 6 Paynator 5 Trumpator 5 Golumpus (by Trumpator) 5 Beningbrough 7 Orville (by Benini,fbrough) 14 Lord Lyon 1863 Stockwell Paradigm 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 5 Selim 6 Selim 6 Waxy "» Parents 5 W'axy 7 Orville 6 Penelope / VVha°ebone 6 Orville 15 Lord Ronald 1862 Stockwell Edith 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 5 Whalebone 7 Selim 6 Waxy ~( Parents 6 Penelope J whalebone 6 Selim 7 Orville 16 Macaroni 1860 Sweetmeat Jocose 6 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Walton 3 Alexander flyer) (by Sir Peter) (by Eclipse) 6 Orville (Grand-son 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Highflyer of Highflyer) 4 Buzzard 6 Buzzard 5 Sir Peter (by High- 6 Mare by Alexander flyer) 17 Matchbox 1891 St. Simon Match Girl 6 Bay Middleton 6 Sultan 3 Orlando (by Sultan) 18 Parmesan 1857 Sweetmeat Gruyere 6 Waxy (by PotSos) 4 Walton 3 Waxy 6 Whalebone 6 PotSos 3 Penelope 6 Penelope 6 PotSos 6 Prunella (Dam of Penelope) 19 Phaeton 1865 King Tom Merry Sunshine 6 Orville America 5 Waxy 1 Touchstone 7 Waxy 5 Penelope 5 Orville 7 Penelope 5 Castrel rCastrel *^\ Selim 4. Inbreeding. •265 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 20 Rustic 1868 Stock well Village Lass 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 6 Waxy "^ Parents 6 Penelope / vvha'iLone 5 Whalebone 21 St. Albans 1857 Stockwell Bribery 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 6 Sir Peter [own brother to 6 Waxy ^ Parents 6 Stamford Savernake] 6 Penelope / whalebone 6 Woodpecker 22 St. Frusquin 1893 1 St. Simon Isabel 6 Bay Middleton 6 Sultan 6 Touchstone (by Sultan) 6 Emma 23 St. Simon 1 1881 Galopin St, Ang^ela 6 Sultan (by Selim) 2 Voltaire e Selim 6 Velocipede's dam ! (by Blacklock) 7 Blacklock 24 Salvator 1872 Dollar Sauvagine 6 Selim 4 Catton 4 Selim 6 Orville 6 Bening- 'j , , Parents brough I ot 6 Evelina J O"-^'"^ Grand-sire : 3 Selim Grand-dam : 3 Selim 25 Speculum 1865 Vedette Doralice 6 Orville 3 Blacklock 4 Orville 26 Teddin^ton 1848 Orlando Miss Twickenham 6 Stamford 3 Selim 5 Sir Peter (by Sir Peter) 5 Alexander Grand-sire : 7 Trumpator (by Eclipse, Grand- 3 Trumpator 7 Sir Peter sire of Stamford) 6 Sir Peter 27 i Thormanby 1857 Windhound Alice Hawthorn 1 6 Orville 3 Peruvian 3 Dick Andrews 7 Woodpecker (by Herod) 5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker) 4 Beningbrough"! _^ 4 Evelina -<.i (by Highflyer)] ?^ 1 5 Mare by Alexander 28 i Trenton 1881 Musket Frailty 6 Touchstone Austral. 4 Touchstone •5 Sir Hercules 6 Camel 4 Camel 6 \A'halebone 1 7 Whalebone Grand-dam : 2 Camel 29 1 Tristan 1878 Hermit Trieft 6 Sultan (by Selim) 4 Camel 5 Tramp 7 Whalebone (by Whalebone) 6 \A^halebone S Orville 6 Selim 6 Paynator 7 Orville 6 Whisker 6 Orville 266 Heredity. No Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 30 31 82 Wen lock 6 Whalebone West Australian 6 Evelina (by Highflyer) 6 Trumpator 7 Eclipse 7 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) Woodpecker 6 Darley Arabian 33 j Y, Melbourne I 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 1869 1850 1773 1855 Lord Clifden 6 Paynator 7 Orville Melbourne 4 Termagant 5 Trumpator 5 Highflyer 6 Eclipse Herod 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker Melbourne 4 Termagant 5 Trumpator o Highflyer 6 Eclipse Grand-sire : 2 Sir Peter Mineral 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville Mowerina 3 Waxy 3 Penelope (by Trumpator) 6 Sir Peter 6 Eclipse Miss Ramsden Clarissa 4 Buzzard 4 Mare by Alexande*" o Sir Peter Stallions with T Free Generations, Atlantic 7 Orville 1871 Thormanby 6 Orville Hurricane 3 Sultan (bv Sehmi 7 Buzzard "i T AT I, Parents 7 Mare by - of Alexander J S^"-" 7 Woodpecker (Sire of Buzzard) 7 Sir Peter Grand-sire : 4 Evelina (Dam of Orville) Grand-sire : 4 Selim Hampton 7 Whalebone 1872 Lord Clifden 6 Paynator Lady Langden 3 Liverpool 7 Whalebone Herod 7 Spanker 1758 Tartar 6 Old Peg (Dam of Spanker) Cypron 3 Darley 's Arabian Himyar 7 Muley (by Orville) 1875 Alarm o Sultan Hira 3 Emilius (by Orville) o Sir Archy Iroquois 7 Waxy 7 Penelope 1878 Leamington 6 Woodpecker 6 Alexander Mag"e;ie 6 Selim 4. Inbreeding. •267 No. Names of Stallions Born ' Sire Dam 6 Kin£;;fishtr 1 1867 Lexington Eltham Lass 7 Orville ' Amei-ica 3 Sir Archy G Walton [ 7 Sir Petei : 7 Orville 8 Walton 7 Oxford 1857 Birdcatcher Honeydear 7 Waxy ■J Woodpecker 3 Orville 7 Penelopt 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 6 Highflyer 4 Selim 8 See Saw 1865 Buccaneer Margery Daw 7 Orville 3 Edmund 5 Waxy 7 Waxy (by Orville) o Penelope 8 Trumpator 5 Paynator (bj' Trumpator) (by Trumpator) G Orville 9 Toxophilite 1855 Lono^bow Legerdemain 7 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Orville 2 Peruvian flyer, Grand-sire of 7 Woodpecker (by Sir Peter) Orville) o Woodpecker 7 Woodpecker Grand-dam : 2 Sir Peter 10 Trachenber^^ 1879 Flibustier Dirt Cheap 7 Bustard 5 Tramp 3 Camel 8 Orville G Sultan 7 Orville 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Bustard and Sultan) 11 Vandal 1850 Glencoe ^lare by Tranby 7 PotSos (by Eclipse) in America 5 Mercury 7 Highflyer 8 Highflyer 6 Eclipse ( 8 Herod G Herod G Highflyer G Woodpecker 12 War Dance 1859 Lexington Reel 7 Dick Andrews Amei-ica 3 Sir Archy 5 Gohanna ! 7 Orville 6 Saltram (by Eclipse, Grand-sire of Dick- Andrews and Gohanna) Missel Trush 8 Glencoe 8 Banter (Dam of Touchstone) 8 Bay Middleton Stallions with 8 Free Generations I 1897 Orme 5 Pocahontas (by Glencoe) 6 Birdcatcher Throstle 4 Touchstone Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone Grand-dam : 4 Bav Middleton •268 Heredity. From these examples mav be drawn the following conclusions : — 1. The greatest number of approved sires are to be found amongst those with 3, 4 and 5 free generations. Also the sires and dams of the above-men- tioned 270 stallions with 1 to 8 free generations, have, as a simple calculation will show, on an average, 4 (exactly 4.13) free generations. This is a very remarkable and interesting result, and mav be taken as a proof of the example. We here again see it confirmed that 4 free generations repre- sent the most favourable inbreeding for successful breeding material. 2. In former times we find more successful stallions with close inbreed- ing than in modern times. Of stallions with 1 free generation in modern times, only Barcaldine and Flying Fox can be considered really successful. It seems to me to be an open question, in any case it has vet to be proved, whether either of them will be the founder of such a successful line as Paulowitz, born 1793. Among the stallions with 2 free generations in the past, the following may be mentioned as especiallv prominent : Brutandorf, Gohanna, Golumpus, Humphrey Clinker, Orville, Partisan, Sorcerer, etc. As equal to these in modern times we can only mention Galopin, Wisdom, and Sainfoin. In the case of 3 and 4 free generations, ancient and modern times are about equal. In the case of 5 and more free generations in former times are specially to be mentioned : Herod, Highflyer, King Fergus, Marske, Matchem, Waxy, and Woodpecker. The great majority of the horses mentioned in these lists are the very best stallions of the more and most recent times. 3. As regards the repetition of closer inbreedings, it can be seen that the sires of stallions with 1 free generation had at least 4 (on an average Ah) free generations, i.e., a little more than the remaining stallions with further removed inbreeding. VCe can therefore come to the conclusion that a repetition of such close inbreeding has not been successful. Also amongsr the many examples with only 2 free generations, Golumpus is the only one that can be mentioned in which the sire also had only 2 free generations, but the further removed inbreeding on the basis of Godol. Arabian is strongly supported on the dam's and sire's side. 4. In the case of the most successful stallions with a ck^se inbreeding (1 and 2 free generations), a further removed inbreeding of the same is sup- ported in nearly every case by a corresponding inbreeding of the parents, for example, with Paulowitz (1 Highflyer and 1 Termagant) the more removed inbreeding of the same is most strongly supported, viz., 6 Regulus, as well as by the sire Sir Paul (4 Regulus) as by the dam Evelina (4 Regulus). .\lso in the case of Flying Fox (1 Galopin), the more removed inbreeding of same, i.e., 6 Stockwell and 7 Pocahontas, is strongly supported by the sire Orme (5 Pocahontas and G Birdcatcher) and a little by the dam Vampire (2 Vedette and G Birdcatcher). In the case of Friponnier (1 Orlando, 7 Orville, 7 Walton) the more removed inbreeding is strongly supported by the sire (5 Orville) and by the dam (5 Walton). In the case of the Derby 4. Inbreeding. 269 and 2,000 Guineas winner Cadland (1 Sorcerer, 4 Highflyer [by Herod], 4 A\'oodpecker [by Herod]) also, the more removed inbreeding is supported by the sire Andrew (5 Herod) and by the dam Sorcery (5 Herod). Among the stalhons with 2 free generations, in the case of most, and those the very best, the support of more removed inbreeding is visible by a corresponding- inbreeding of the parents, as, for example, with Partisan the more removed inbreeding to Snap and Regulus, with Hanover the more removed inbreed- ing to Emilius, with Petrarch the more removed inbreeding to Selim, with Priam to Herod, with The Saddler to Highflyer, with Wisdom to Orville, with Janissarv to Touchstone, etc. 5. Inbreedings of the best stallions are supported bv the inbreedings of sire or dam, or both, on the same or related basis. If the inbreeding is a close one, i.e., under 4 or 5 free generations, it is advantageous not to sup- port this close, but more removed inbreedings, if such exist, as is explained in Xo. 4. It is therefore always advantageous to have several inbreedings, each on a dift'erent basis. Such stallions are also easier to get at for mating. One of the best examples of this is Eclipse himself (see No. 12, page 241), in whose case also the closest inbreeding (3 Sister to Old Country Wench) is not directly supported by the inbreedings of the parents. The following more removed inbreedings : 4 Snake, 6 Hautboy, and 7 Coneyskins, are supported by the inbreedings of both parents and both grandmothers. This support of the inbreeding of prominent stallions by the inbreeding of their parents is also often strikingly visible in the case of stallions with 7 and more free generations, as in the case of Atlantic, etc. The Derby winner Iroquois, himself a prominent racer, but not quite as successful at the stud, does not show the support of his inbreeding which is required above, as is to be seen (page 266, No. 5), but his best son, Tammany, has again the requisite support of his inbreeding by 6 Glencoe, and his dam, 4 Glencoe. In the following table of the most important male blood lines the above rule of inbreeding support is distinctly recognisable. Stallions in the cases of which these inbreeding supports are especially visible, outlast in their progeny intermediately one generation without this support, as in the case of Eclipse himself, whose sons, Pot8os, Mercury, and King Fergus, have stood well one generation without this inbreeding support. Their sons, Waxy, Gohanna, Beningbrough, and Hambletonian, show already distinctly the desired supports. Joe Andrews is the only son of Eclipse who answers him- self the above demands. In contrast to Eclipse, the other two foundation sires, Herod and Matchem, as well as their sons (with the exception of Florizel, sire of the first Derby winner, Diomed), show a much smaller, and in some cases no inbreeding support at all. This is probably the cause of the Eclipse progeny, in spite of the many good racehorses which Highflyer has also produced, excelling most others as regards breeding value. Eclipse left behind him four important male lines, Highflyer and Woodpecker only one each. Here followed two consecutive generations (Herod and his two 270 Heredity. sons, Highflyer and \\"ooclpecker) without the requisite inbreeding supports. Nevertheless, Herod and his son Highflyer have proved themselves to be a very good basis of every inbreeding. The Herod blood onlv commences to produce more sires for Thoroughbred breeding with the much better bred Sir Peter, born 1784 by Highflyer, and Buzzard, born 1787 bv Woodpecker. The Matchem blood has undergone a similar experience, as his son, Con- ductor, did not possess sufficient inbreeding supports. Trumpator, born 1782 by Conductor, as well as his two sons. Sorcerer and Paynator, were the first to succeed in influencing Thoroughbred breeding to a greater extent, as onlv in their pedigree the requisite inbreeding supports became significant. From the following list of male blood lines we can further see that the Herod and Matchem lines possess Eclipse, or Eclipse progeny, more rarely as the basis of their inbreedings than the Eclipse line itself. In the Herod line, for example, the first Eclipse inbreeding, even yet little supported, occurs in the American bred Boston. The Sultan-Glencoe line, well sup- ported by Eclipse inbreeding, has also had its chief importance in America. Europe only retained Glencoe's celebrated daughter Pocahontas. In the Bay j\Iiddleton-Fl. Dutchman line, which remained here, the Highflyer inbreeding prevails, and in the Highflyer line, which also remained here, there is no Eclipse inbreeding at all (page •28-2). Only the Pantaloon line (page 285) shows some Eclipse inbreedings, but generalh' inferior to the Herod connections. The Walton line (page 283) has been more fortunate. The latter and the Pantaloon line have also produced the best representatives of the Herod blood in Sweetmeat, Chamant, and Thormanby. A similar picture is found in the Matchem line (page 286). The Smolensko-Jerr}' line, as well as the Paynator and Dr. Syntax line, does not show any Eclipse inbreeding at all. The Sorcerer-Comus line, beginning modestly with Humphrey Clinker, showed the first somewhat effectively sup- ported Eclipse inbreedings in the case of Melbourne and W^est Australian. This is very probably the reason that Melbourne is the only remaining scion of the Matchem line, whose best son. West Australian, was early sold to France. Fortunatelv, West Australian left behind him in England a stallion well strengthened bv many Whalebone, Waxy, Pot8os (all Eclipse's pro- geny) inbreedings, i.e., Solon, sire of Barcaldine. The efficacv of inbreeding supports can be most instructively seen in the long male line from Highflyer down to Fels (page 282). Only in the case of Wild Dayrell and Buccaneer is this support somewhat deficient, and, in consequence, one had to wait for a son of Buccaneer endowed with a more distinct support of inbreedings in order to effectively continue this line. Kisber was not such an one, but Flibustier (and his own brother Waisenknabe), with his double connection over Tramp and Orville. See Saw was perhaps sufficient regarding the building of the pedigree, but of too little class. Kisber was the third member of a male line built up with insufficiently supported inbreeding. On this account his heredity did not come up to expectations which were founded on 4. Inbreeding". 271 his great racing form. In England, Flibustier, and perhaps also Waisen- knabe, with Kisber's chances, might have been a great success. Buccaneer with his inbreeding (3 Edmund and 5 Paynator) was certainly difficult to handle so as to obtain the required inbreeding support. Also Fenek (6 Tramp, 7 Sultan, dam 5 Cervantes), Good Hope (6 Tramp, 6 Sultan, 7 Orville, dam 7 Orville), and Pirat (5 Cain, 6 Sorcerer, dam 3 Comus, 5 Sir Peter), had not sufficient inbreeding supports in the building up of their pedigrees. Nil Desperandum was bred a little more favourably, but not sufficiently so : 4 Bay Middleton, 6 Orville, 7 Paynator, dam 2 Touchstone, o Whalebone. 272 1. PotSos by Eclipse 1773. 4 Godol. Arabian. Heredity. Eclipse Line. 2. Waxy 5 Godol. Arabian. 1790. 6 Partner (by Jigg) I 3. Wlialeboue 3 Herod. 1807. 4 Snap. I 6 Cade (by God. Arabian). 4. Camel 4 Highflyer. 5 Eclipse. 1882. 5 Herod. 6 Snap. Dam 4 Fl. Childers. 4 Fox. 6 Byerly Turk (Sire of Jigg). Dam 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod). 6 Godol. Arabian. Dam 3 Highflyer. 4 Herod. o. Touc'listoiK' 4 Alexander (by Eclipse). Dam 4 Eclipse. 1831. 3 Eclipse. 5 Buzzard. 5 Sir Peter. 6 Highflyer. (5. Newmiiister 5 Beningbrough (by King Fer- Dam 1848. o Trumpator. [gus-Herod). (). Hermit 4 Camel. Dam 1864. 6 Paynator (by Trumpator). I 6 Selim. I 7 Orville (by Beningbrough). 8. Tristan 6 Sultan (by Selim). Dam 1878. 7 Whalebone. 6 Eclipse (Sire of King Fergus;. 6 Herod. 3 Sultan (b}- Selim i. o Beningbrough. .5 Tramp. 6 Whalebone. 6 Whisker. 6 Orville. 4. Sir Hercules by Whalebone 1826. o. Birdcatcher 1833. 6. The Baroii 1842. 4 Eclipse. 5 Highflyer. o Herod. 7 Snap. 5 Woodpecker (by Herod). 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. 6 Highflyer. 4 Waxy (by PotSos). 4 Penelope. 8. Stockwell 5 Orville. 1849. 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope. 8. Blair Athol 6 Whalebone (by Waxy and 1861. Penelope). 7 Orville. 13am 3 Eclipse. ■5 Herod. Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod). Dam 6 PotSos. 6 Phonomenon. 6. Highflyer (Grand-sire of Penelope). Dam .5 Gohanna. 6 Mercury. 7 Highflyer (Grand-sire of Orville and Penelope). Dam 6 Evelina (Dam of Orville;. 6 Sir Peter. 7 Trumpator (Grand-sire of Whalebone). 7 Highflyer (Grand-sire of Orville). 4. Inbreedins'. •273 6. Itliuriel by Touchstone 1841. 5 Buzzard. 5 Mare bv Alexander. 7. Long'bou 4 Orville (2 Herod). 1849. 7 Woodpecker (by Herod). 8. Toxophilite 7 Sir Peter (by Hig-hflyer, 1855. Grand-sire of Orville). 7 Woodpecker (by Herod). 9. Musket 4 Touchstone. 1867. 4 Camel. 16. yordenfeldt 4 Melbourne. 1882. o Touchstone. 10. Trenton by Musket 1881. 6 I'ouchstone. 7 ^^'halebone. 6 Camel. Dam 4 Sir Peter. 5 Highflj^er. Dam 5 Highflyer. 6 Herod. 6 Eclipse. Dam 2 Peruvian (by Sir Peter). 5 Woodpecker. Grand-dam 2 Sir Peter. Dam 2 Camel. Dam .3 Touchstone Dam 5 Sir Hercules. 6 Whalebone. 10. Carbine by Musket 1885. 3 Brown Bess (by Camel). I 0 Touchstone. l^am 3 Touchstone 4 Camel. 11. Spearmint 4 Stockwell. 6 Orlando 6 Melbourne. (by Touch. Dam 3 Stockwell. o Orlando. 3 Y. Melbourne. 6. Orlando by Touchstone 1841. 3 Selim. 6 Sir Peter, o Alexander. 7. Trumpeter 4 Selim. 1856. 5 Orvilk 8. Plutus 4 Emilius (by Orville) 1862. 6 SeHm. 9. Flageolet 5 Partisan (by Walton). 1870. 7 \\'halebone. Dam 3 Buzzard ^ Parents of 3 Mare by Alexander J Selim. 4 Sir Peter. Dam 4 Buzzard ^ Parents of 4 Mare by Alexander j Selim. 4 Beningbrough ^ Parents of 4 Evelina J Orville. Dam 5 Selim. Dam 5 Whalebone. Grand-dam 3 Walton. 10. Le Destrier 4 Gladiator (by Partisan) 1877. Dam 5 Partisan. 274 Heredity. 6. Ne'wminster by Touchstone 1848. 5 Beningbrough (by King Fer- gus [by Eclipse] and Herod- Mare). 5 Trumpator. 7. Lor(l Cliften 6 Paynator (by Trumpator). 1860. 7 Orville (by Beningbrough). Dam 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. Dam 5 Golumpus. 8. Hampton 7 Whalebone. 1872. Dam 3 Liverpool 7 Whalebone. 9. Ladas 5 Touchstone. 1891.6 The Baron. I 6 Pocahontas. 10. Troiitbeck 6 Stockwell. 1903. 7 Touchstone. Dam 4 Touchstone. Dam 3 Thormanby. 4 Stockwell. 6 Birdcatcher. 7 Banter. 8. Petrarch by Lord Clifden 1873. 2 Touchstone. I 7 Selim. 9. The Bard 4 Melbourne. 1883. 7 Defence (by Whalebone). Dam 4 Whalebone (Grand-sire of Touchstone). 5 Selim. Dam 6 Comus (Grand-sire of Mel- bourne). 6 Whalebone. 6 Sultan (by Selim). 7. Cambuscan by Newminster 1861. 4 Whalebone. 5 Orville (by Beningbrough). 6 Beningbrough. Dam 4 Beningbrough. 7. AdTeiiturer by Newminster 1859. 4 Orville. 6 Stamford (by Sir Peter). Dam 1 Orville. 4 Sir Peter. 7. Eclipse by Orlando Amer. 1855. 4 Selim (by Buzzard). 8. Alarm 5 Sultan (by Selim). 1869. 6 Bustard (by Buzzard). 9. Himyar 7 Muley (by Orville) 1875. [2 Herod]. 10. Domino 3 Lexington. 1891. Dam 2 Phantom. Dam 5 Blacklock. 5 Tramp. 7 Buzzard. Dam 3 Emilius (by Orville). 5 Sir Archy (3 Herod). Dam 2 Lexington. 11. Commando 5 Lexington. 1898. 4. Inbreedinp-. 275 6. Oxford by Birdcatcher 1857. 7 Waxy. 7 Penelope. 7. Sterling' 5 Whalebone (by Waxy and 1868. Penelope). Dam 3 Orville. 4 Selim. Dam 5 Whalebone. 6 Waxy. 8. Isoiiomy 3 Birdcatcher (by Sir Hercules and Dam 4 Sir Hercules. 1875. Guiccioli). 4 Guiccioli. 9. Isinglass 5 Birdcatcher. 5 Pocahontas. 1890. o The Baron. 6 Touchstone. Dam 4 Touchstone. 9. Gallinule by Isonomy 1884. 3 Stockwell. 6 Birdcatcher. I 5 Touchstone (by Camel). 10. Sliere Gallion 6 Stockwell. 7 Touchstone. 1904. 7 Pocahontas. 7 Voltigeur. Dam 7 Selim (Grand-sire of Camel). Grand-sire 4 Camel. Dam 2 Galopin (Grand-son of Volt.). 7 Pocahontas. 7 Touchstone. 9. Janissary by Isonomy 1887. 2 Stockwell. 5 Touchstone. 5 Melbourne. 10. Jeddali 6 Touchstone. 1895. Dam 3 Touchstone. Dam 5 Banter (Dam of Touchstone). 8. Energy by Sterling- 1880. 4 Sir Hercules. 4 Birdcatcher. 5 Touchstone. 9. GouVerneur 4 Touchstone. 7 Whalebone (by Waxy and Penelope). Dam 4 Sir Hercules. 5 Touchstone. Dam 5 Smolensko. 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope. 5. FaugL-a-Ballagli by Sir Hercules 1841. 5 Woodpecker (by Herod). I 6 Eclipse. 6. Leamington 6 Woodpecker. 1853. 6 Alexander (by Eclipse). 7. Onondaga 7 Buzzard (by Woodpecker). 1879. 7 Mare by Alexander. 8. Locoliatcbe 3 Lexington. 1889. 6 Glencoe. Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod). Dam 4 Buzzard (by Woodpecker). 4 Mare by Alexander. Dam 7 Dick Andrews. Grand-dam 2 Tramp. 4 Buzzard. Dam 4 Pocahontas (by Glencoe). 9. Caiman 5 Stockwell. 1896. Dam 2 Stockwell. •276 Heredity. 8. Doncaster by Stockwell 1870. 6 Blacklock. 7 Whalebone. 7 Selim. 9. Bend Or 6 Touchstone. 1877. 6 -Muley. 7 SeUm (by Buzzard). 10. Ormonde 5 Birdcatcher. 1883. 6 Pantaloon (by Castrel). I 7 Banter (Dam of Touchstone). 11. Orme 5 Pocahontas (by Glencoe). 1889. 6 Birdcatcher. 12. Flying' Vox 1 Galopin (by Vedette). 1896. 6 Stockwell. I 7 Pocahontas. Dam 4 Hum])hrey Clinker. 6 Selim. Dam 6 Orville. 6 Buzzard. Dam 6 Blacklock. f Selim. ^^ Castrel. Dam 6 Sultan (Sire of Glencoe). 6 Velocipede's dam. Dam 2 Vedette. 6 Birdcatcher. 13. Ajax 6 Flying- Dutchman. 1901. Dam o Flyinaf Dutchman. 6 Pocahontas. 8. St. Albans by Stockwell 1857. 6 \Mialebone. 1 9. Spring-field 6 Sultan (by Sehm). 1873. 6 Camel (by Whalebone) I 6 Banter. 10. Sainfoin 2 Stockwell. 1887. 6 Touchstone. Dam 6 Sir Peter. 6 Stamford. 6 Woodpecker. Dam 4 Camel. 4 Langar (by Selim). 5 Selim. Dam 3 The Baron "i Parents of 3 Pocahontas j Stockwell. 8. Lord Lyon by Stockwell Dam 5 Selim. 1863. 6 Selim. o Waxy. 6 Whalebone (by Waxy). 6 Orville. 7 Orville. 9. 3Iinting- -5 Birdcatcher. ^|' Selim. Dam 7 Castrel. 1883. .5 Touchstone. 5 Glencoe. (^Castrel. 8. Lord Ronald by Stockwell 1862. 6 \Vhalebone. 7 Selim. 7 Orville. 9. Master Kildare 4 Birdcatcher. 1875. Dam 5 Whalebone. 6 Selim. Dam 6 Blacklock. 10. Melton 3 Stockwell. 1882. 5 Touchstone. Dam 3 Touchstone 4 Pantaloon. 10. Kendal by Bend Or 1883. 4 Birdcatcher. I 5 Pantaloon. 11. Galtee More 3 Thormanby 1894. 4 Stockwell. 4. Inbreeding. Dam Dam 277 7 Bu;^zard (Grand-sire of Pantaloon). 5 Pantaloon (Grand-sire of Thormanby). 10. Boiiarista by Bend Or 1889. 4 Pocahontas. 5 Alice Hawthorn. I .5 Windhound. 7 Touchstone, (by Pantaloon). 11. Cylleiie 4 Stockwell. 1895. 5 Newminster (by Touchstone). Dai 4 Banter. 4 Pantaloon. Dam 6 Touchstone. 3. Whisker by Wax} Dam 1812. 3 Herod. I 4 Snap. 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 4. The Colonel 3 Highflyer. Dam 1825. 4 Herod (by Tartar). I 4 Eclipse. I 7 Blank. o. Cap-a-Pie 2 Waxy. Dam 1837. 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod). 6 Godol. Arabian. 5 Tartar. 5 Blank. 6 Regulus (Grand-sire of Eclipse). 5 Eclipse (Grand-sire of Waxy). Sir Hercules 4 Waxy (by PotSos). 1843. 4 Penelope. I 1861. 6 Waxy. Yattendon 4 Partisan. Dam 4 PotSos. Dam 4 Whiskev 9. Grand Flaneur (5 Sir Hercules 1877. (by Whalebone). Patron 4 Stockwell. 1890. 6 Melbourne. Dam 4 Pantaloon. 5 Camel (by Whalebone). Dam 2 Fisherman. 4 Melbourne. 4 Bay Middleton. o Marpessa (Grand-dam of Stockwell). Merman by Grand Flaneur 1892. 5 Pocahontas. 5 Sir Hercules. Dam 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan, Grand-sire of Pocahontas). 8. Chester by Yattendon 1874. 5 Sir Hercules. 6 Sultan. I 5 Emilius (by Orville). 6 Whisker. 9. Abercorn 4 Paraguay (by Sir Hercules). 1884. Dam 3 Economist (by Whisker). 5 Orville. Dam 4 Sir Hercules. •278 Heredity. 3. Whisker by Wax}' 1812. 3 Herod. 4 Snap. 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 4. Economist 4 Herod. 1825. 4 Eclipse. .5 Hii^hflyer. 5 HarliaAvay 5 PotSos (by Eclipse). 1834. 6 Highflyer. I 7 Herod. Dam 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod). 6 Godol. Arabian. Dam 3 Herod. 4 Eclipse. Dam 4 Highflyer (by Herod). 6. King' Tom -5 Waxy (by PotSos). 1851. 5 Penelope. 7. Phaeton 6 Orville. 1865. 7 Waxy. 7 Penelope. rCastrel. ^(Selim. 8. King' Alfonso 3 Glencoe. 1872. 5 Muley (by Orville). Dam 5 Gohanna (by Mercury^ 6 Mercury (by Eclipse). Dam 1 Touchstone. 5 Orville. 5 Castrel. Dam 5 Orville. 9. Foxhall 3 ^'andal (by Glencoe) 1878. Dam 7 Orville. 1. Mercury by Eclipse 1778. 4 Godol. Arabian. 2. Gohanna 2 Tartar (by Partner). 1790. 4 Squirt. 5 Mogul (by Godol. Arabian). 6 Godol. Arabian. fBartl. Childers. 1^ Flying Childers. 3. Goliimpus 2 Herod (by Tartar). 1802. 5 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 4. Catton 4 Herod. 1809. 4 Eclipse. 5 Matchem (by Cade). 5. 3Inlatto 5 Florizel (by Herod). 1823. 5 Highflyer. 6 Herod. 6 Eclipse. Dam 3 Partner. Bartl. Childers. ifif Childers. / Bartl. \Flyin£ Dam 4 Godol. Arabian. 5 Partner. Dam 3 Herod. 6 Godol. Arabian. 6 Blank. 6 Regulus. Dam 2 Highflyer. 5 Marske. 4. Inbreeding:. 279 King' Fergus by Eclipse 1775. rBartl. Childers. 1^ Flying- Childers. 6 Bav Bolton. Beniugbrougli 1791.^ 3 Tartar (by Partner). 4 JNIiss Slamerkin. I'Bartl. Childers. I^Flving- Childers. 6 Godol. Arabian. 6- 3. Ol-Tille 2 Herod (by Tartar). 1799. 6 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). Dam 3 Partner. 5 Fl. Childers. 5 Confederate Filly. Dam 4 Regulus. 4 Blaze (by Childers). 4 Godol. Arabian. 4. Eniilius 3 Highflyer (by Herod). 1820. 4 Eclipse. I 6 Blank (by Godol. Arabian). 5. Priam 5 Whiskey. 1827. 5 Herod. 5 Eclipse. Dam 3 Eclipse. 4 Herod. 4 Blank. Dam 3 Herod. 4 Matchem. 2. Hambletonian by King Fergus Dam 4 Godol. Arabian. 1792. 4 Tartar. 5 Regulus. 6 God. A rabian. 5 Crab. 3. Wbitelock 3 Herod (by 1803. 3 Eclipse. ! 3 Matchem. Tar tar) Dam 4 Partner (Sire of Tartar). 4. Blacklock 3 Highflyer. 1814. 4 Herod. 1 4 Eclipse. Dam 1 2 Pot8os (by Eclipse). Herod. 5. Toltaire 4 King- Fergus (by Eel ipse). Dam 4 Highflyer. 1826. 5 Highflyer. 5 Eclipse. 6. Velocipede 5 Highflyer. 1825. 5 PotSos. 7 Matchem. Dam 5 6 6 Eclipse. Herod. Matchem. 5. Brutandorf by Blacklock 1821. 2 PotSos. I 5 Herod. 6. Hetman Platoff 4 Pot8os (by Eclipse). 1837. 4 Coriander (by PotSos). I 5 Eclipse. 7. The Cossack 5 Y. Giantess. 1844. 5 Sorcerer. 5 Stamford (by Sir Peter). 7 Eclipse. Dam 4 Cade. Dam 2 Sir Peter. 5 Eclipse. Dam 4 Y. Giantess. 6 Sir Peter. 7 Eclipse. 280 Heredity, 6. Voltigeiir by Voltaire 1847. 5 Hambletonian (by King Fergus) 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 7 Highflyer. 6 Coriander. 7. Te(li?tte 3 Blacklock. 18o4. 6 Walton (by Sir Peter). 8. Oalopiii 2 Voltaire (by Blacklock). 1872. 9. St. Simon 6 Sultan (by Selim). 1881. 6 Velocipede's dam. 7 Blacklock. 10. St. Floriaii 5 Ion. 1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) Dam 4 Sir Peter. 6 Kin£?" Ferirus. Dam 6 PotSos. Dam 4 Phantom (by Walton). 6 PotSos. Dam 6 Selim. Dam 5 Bay Middleton. o Touchstone. 11. Ard Patrick o Cowl (by Bay Middleton). 1899. 6 Pocahontas. Dam 5 Pantaloon. 6 Sultan (Grand-sire of Pocahontas). 10. Matclibox by St. Simon 1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). Dam 3 Orlando (3 Selim) 10. Persimmon by St. Simon 1893. o Voltigeur (by Voltaire and Martha Lynn). 6 Pocahontas. Dam 3 Melbourne. G Voltaire. 6 Martha Lvnn. 10. St. Frusquin by St. Simon Dam 6 Touchstone. 1893. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). 6 Emma. 9. Donovan by Galopin 1886. 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). 5 Birdcatcher. 10. Tela.sqnez 5 Pocahontas. 1894. 5 Touchstone. Dam 3 Touchstone. 5 Muley. 6 Sultan. Dam 4 Banter (Dam of Touchstone) 8. Speculum by Vedette 1865. 6 Orville. Dam 4 Orville. 9. Ro.sebery 3 Touchstone. 1872. 6 Orville (by Beningbrough). Dam 5 Orville. 6 Beningbrough. 4. Inbreediner. 281 1. Joe Andrews by Eclipse 177S. 4 Godol. Arabian. •5 Bartl. Childers. 2. Dick Andrews 4 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 1797. o Reyulus. I (3 Snip (by Flying- Childers) 3. Traiiii* 3 Eclipse. 1810. 4 Herod. Dam 3 Blank. 6 Flvini'- Childers. Dam 3 Eclipse. 3 Herod. 4. Liver]>uoi 4 Eclipse. 1828. 5 Highflyer (by Herod). 5 \\'oodpecker. 5 Trentham. 6 Herod. •5. Laiiercost 4 Gohanna. 1835. o Woodpecker. o Highflyer (by Herod). 5 Trumpator. 6 Eclipse. 6. Man Tnmij) 5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker). 1844. 5 PotSos (by Eclipse). Dam 1 PotSos (by Eclipse). 4 Herod. Dam 3 Woodpecker. 4 Herod. Dam 6 Woodpecker 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. 4. Lottery by Tramp 1820. 3 Eclipse. I 4 Trentham. I 4 Woodpecker. I 5 Herod. -5. Slieet AiicJior 5 Woodpecker (by Herod). 1832. 6 Eclipse. I 6 Mercury. 1 6 Mare b\' Herod. 6. Weiitherhit -5 Orville. 1842. -5 Y. Giantess. I 0 Woodpecker (by Herod). 7. Beadsman 3 Tramp. 18.55. 5 Orville. I 7 Buzzard (by Woodpecker). 8. Rosicrucian 1865. 4 Priam (Grand-son of Orville). 5 Whalebone. 7 Selim. 9. Beauclerc 6 \Mialebone. 1875. 10. Cllislesliurst 6 Partisan (by Walton). , 1880. 7 Whalebone. 8 Orville. Dam 4 Cade. I' Sister to Regulus. (Regulus. Dam 6 Herod. 6 Eclipse. Dam 1 Orville. 6 Herod. Dam 6 Buzzard. Dam 4 Phantom. 6 Buzzard. Dam 5 Walton. Dam 5 Orville. 6 Waxy Yl^'ii'^i^'ts of 6 Penelope J W^halebone. 282 Heredity. Herod Line. 1. Highflyer by Herod 1774. 5 Sister to Mixbury. f Bartl. Childers. 4- . ^Flying Childers. 2. Sir "Peter 3 Regulus. 1784. 4 Godol. Arabian. 5 Flying- Childers. Dam 1 Godol. Arabian. Dam r Bartl. Childers. \^ Flying Childers. 3. Sir Paul 4 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). Dam 3 Regulus. 1802. o Snip (by Flying Childers). 4 Godol. Arabian. 5 Flying Childers. 4. Paulowitz 1 Highflyer. 1813. 1 Termagant (by God. Arabian). 6 Rep"ulus. 5. Cain 3 Highflyer. 1822. 6 Godol. Arabian. 6. Ion 3 Evelina (by Highflyer). 1835. 5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 7. Wild Dayrell 4 Selim. 1852. 7 Sir Peter. Dam 4 Regulus. 4 Godol. Arabian. Dam 5 Highflyer. Dam 5 Highflyer. Dam 6 Sir Peter. 8. Buccaneer 3 Edmund (by Orville). 1857. 5 Pavnator. Dam 4 Beningbrough (Sire of Orville). 9. Flibustier 5 Tramp. 1867. 6 Sultan. 7 Orville. 10. Traclienberg 7 Bustard. 1879. 8 Orville. 8 Whalebone. 8 Selim (by Buzzard). 11. Hannibal 4 Touchstone. 1891. 4 Stockwell. 6 Ion. 12. Fels 3 Hermit. 1903. 7 Ion. 7 Pocahontas. Dam 5 Tramp. 6 Orville. Dam 3 Camel (by Whaleb.). 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Bustard and Sultan). 6 Selim. Dam 3 Touchstone 5 Camel. 7 Sultan. Grand-dam 4 Camel. 4 Touchstone. Dam 5 Voltigeur. 6 Ion. Grand-dam 4 Touchstone. 4. Inbreeding;. 283 3. Walton by Sir Peter 1799. 3 Snap. 4 Regulus. I 3 Herod. 6 Partner. 4. Partisan 2 Highflyer (by Herod). 1811. 3 Eclipse. 4 Snap. 6 Regulus. 5. Gladiator 4 Prunella (by Highflyer). 1833. 4 PotSos (by Eclipse). 6. Sweetmeat 4 \\'alton (by Sir Peter), 1842. 6 PotSos. I 7 Highflyer. 7. Parmesan 6 \A'axy (by PotSos). 1857. 6 Penelope. 8. FaTonius 6 \\'hisker (by Waxy and 1868. Penelope). Dam 3 Regulus. 5 Partner. Dam 5 Regulus. 6 Godol. Arabian. Dam 4 Trumpator. 5 PotSos. 6 Eclipse. 6 Highflyer. Dam 0 Blacklock. 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). Dam 3 Waxy. 3 Penelope. Dam 5 Whisker. 7. Macaroni by Sweetmeat 1860. 6 Sir Peter. 6 Orville (Grand-son of High- flyer). 6 Buzzard. 6 Mare bv Alexander. Dam 3 Alexander. 4 Buzzard. 4 Highflyer. o Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 6. Fitz Gladiator by Gladiator 1850. 5 Buzzard. j 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse). 5 Sir Peter (by Highfl3'er). 5 Gohanna. 7. Compiegiie 6 W'halebone. 1858. 7 Buzzard. 7 Mare by Alexander. 7 Sir Peter. 7 Beningbrough. 7 Gohanna. 7 PotSos. 8. Mortemer 4 Partisan (by Walton) 1865. 6 Orville. 1 9. Chamant 5 Emilius (by Orville). 1874. 6 Orville. Sapnir 4 Pocahontas. .0. 1888. 6 Touchstone. 6 Gladiator. 7 Emilius. LI. Des r 5 Pocahontas. 19 34. 5 Stock well. Dam 4 Sir Peter. 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. Dam 6 Sir Peter. 6 Beningbrough. 6 Waxy (by PotSos). Dam 1 Emilius (by Orville). 6 Sir Peter (Sire of Walton). Dam 5 Orville. 5 Selim. Grand-sire 4 Orville. Dam 6 Touchstone. Grand-sire 2 Pocahontas. Grand-dam 4 Touchstone. Dam 3 Stock we 11. 284 Heredity. 1. Floi'izd by Herod 1768. 4 Flyini;- Childers. I 7 Byerly Turk. 2. Diomed 4 Partner. 1777. 4 Godol. Arabian. 4 Crab. 5 Flyiny Childers (by Darley Arabian). 3. Sir 'Arcliy 3 Herod. 1805. o Blank (bv Godol. Arabian). I 7 Childers. 4. Timoleoii o Trentham. 1814. 7 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) j 7 Squirt. .5. Boston 2 Diomed. 1833. o Eclipse. i 6 Marske (by Squirt). 6. Lexiiig'toii 3 Sir Archy (by Diomed). 1850. 6 Saltram (by Eclipse). 7. Norfolk 5 Sir Archy. 1861. 5 Sumpter. 2. Buzzard by Woodpecker 1787. 3 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 5 Partner. 6 Flyini:^ Childers. 7 Bald (ialluway. 3. Selim 3 Herod. 1802. 5 Matchem (by Cade). ! 6 Re,i;ulus (by Godol. Arabian). 4. Sultan 4 Herod. 1816. 4 Highflyer I 4 Eclipse. 5. Glenooe 5 Mercury (b\- Eclipse). 1831. 6 Eclipse. I 6 Herod. I 6 Hig-htlyer. 6. Tandal 7 PotSos (by Eclipse). 1850. 8 Highflyer. I 8 Herod. 7. Tirg'il 4 Tramp. 1864. 6 Orville. Dam 3 Flying Childers. 5 Basto (by Byerly Turk) Dam 5 Darlev Arabian. Dam 6 Godol. Arabian. 6 Regulus. Dam 4 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian), Dam 5 Marske. Dam 6 Highflyer (by Herod). Grand-sire of Diomed). Dam 5 Buzzard. 6 Waxy. Grand-dam 2 Sir Archy. Dam 4 Godol. Arabian. 6 Bald Galloway. Dam 5 Regulus. 6 Godol. Arabian. Dam 3 Herod. 3 Eclipse. Dam 4 Eclipse. 4 Highflyer. 5 Herod. Dam 7 Highflyer. Dam ?. 8. Hindoo 6 Emilius (by Orville) 1878. 7 Tramp. Dam 5 Emilius. 6 Orville. 9. Hannorer 2 Vandal (by Glencoe). 1884. 7 Emilius (5. Orville). Dam 7 Orville. 10. Hamburg' 4 Lexington. 1895. 6 Glencoe. Dam 3 Lexington. 5 Glencoe. 4. Inbreedine". 285 3. Castrel b}- Buzzard 1801. 3 Herod. 5 Matcheni. 6 Regulus (b\- Godol. Arabian). 4. Pantaloon 4 Highflyer. 1824. 4 Eclipse. 5 Herod. 5. AYin'dhonnd 3 Peruvian (by Sir Peter). 1847. 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse). 5 Buzzard. 6. Tho'rmanhy 6 Orville (by Beningbrough). 1857. 7 Woodpecker (by Herod). 7. Atlantic 7 Orville. 1871. 7 Buzzard (by Woodp.)) Parents of 7 Mare by Alexander j Selim. 8. Le Saney 3 Windhound. 1884. 3 Alice Hawthorn. .5 Touchstone. 9. Le Sagittaire 2 Strathconan. 1892. 6 -Melbourne. Dam 5 Regulus. 6 Godol. Arabian. Dam 2 Highflyer. 3 Eclipse. Dam 4 Waxv, Dam 3 Dick Andrews 4 Beningbrough. 4 Evelina (by Highflyer). J Dam 3 Sultan (by Selim). j Parents of Orville. Dam 4 Touchstone (Grand-sire of W'indhound). Grand-sire 2 Touchstone. Grand-dam 2 Pantaloon (Sire of Windhound). Dam 5 Touchstone. 5 Melbourne. 10. Maintenon 5 Newminster. 1903. 5 Stockwell. 7 Melbourne. Dam 6 Touchstone. 9. Le Ju.stioier by Le Sancy 1892. 6 Touchstone. Dam 3 Gladiator. 5 Touchstone. 5. Bay Middleton by Sultan 1833. 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 4 Arethusa. 7 Eclipse. 6. The Flying: D«tcliniaii 3 Selim. 1846. 6 Sir Peter I (by Highflyer). 7. Dollar 4 Catton. 1860. 6 Beningbrough. 6 Evelina. 7 Sir Peter. 7 Sorcerer. Dam 3 Y. Giantess. 5 Highflyer. 6 Eclipse. Dam 5 Highflyer. 5 Eclipse. Dam 5 Sorcerer. 6 Beningbrough. 286 Heredity. Matchem Line. Trumpator b}' Conductor (b}- Matchem) 1782. 4 Partner. I 4 Godol. Arabian. Sorcerer 2 Matchem. 1796. re Partner. "] I L6 Godol. Arabian. J Comus -5 Herod (by Tartar). 1809. 5 Snap. 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 6 Eclipse. Humphrey Clinker 2 Sir Peter (by Highf.). 1822. 4 Trumpator. I 7 Eclipse. 3Ielbourne 4 Termagant. 1834. 5 Highflyer (by Herod). 5 Trumpator. 6 Eclipse. West Australian 6 Trumpator. 1850. 6 Evelina (by Highflyer). 7 Eclipse. 7 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). Solon 5 Whalebone (by Waxy). 1861. 5 Comus (Grand-son of Trumpator). I 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope (by Trumpator). Barcaldine 1 Darling's dam (by Bird- 1878. o Touchstone. [catcher). Dam 4 Partner. Dam 5 Godol. Arabian "» Grand-sire of 5 Partner j Matchem. Dam 5 Blank (by Godol. Arabian), o Tartar (by Partner). 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). Dam 5 Regulus. 6 Snip. Dam 4 Eclipse. 5 Herod. Dam 3 Waxy. 3 Penelope (by Trumpator). 6 Sir Peter. 6 Eclipse. Dam 5 Waxy. 6 Pot8os. 7 Trumpator. Dam 3 Birdcatcher. 9. Morion 5 Touchstone. 1887. 7 Whalebone. Dam 4 Priam. 5 Whalebone. 9. Sir Tisto bv Barcaldine 1892. 5 Newminster. 5 Pocahontas. 6 Banter. 3. Smolensko by Sorcerer 1810. 4 Herod. 5 Snap. 6 Cade. 4. Jerry 5 Herod. 185 11. 6 Matchem (by Cade) Dam 4 Banter. 4 Pantaloon. Dam 1 Herod. 3 Snap. Dam 5 Herod. 5 Matchem. 2. Paynator by Trumpator 3 Snap (by Snip). 1791. 5 Godol. Arabian. Dam 3 Godol. Arabian. 4 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip). 3. Dr. Syntax 5 Matchem (by Cade). 1811. 6 Snip. 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) 7 Crab. Dam 5 Cade. 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). 7 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip and Crab). 4. Inbreeding. 287 A few of the chief lines in American Trotters. 1. JNIessenger xx born Engl. 1780 by Mambrino xx — Turf xx, 3 Cade (by Godol, Arabian), Dam: 3 Godol. Arabian, 5 Bay Bolton. 2. JNIambrino xx ? born Amer. 1806 by Messenger xx — Soucroiit xx. 5 Cade (by Godol. Arabian), Dam: 3 Godol. Arabian, Grand-dam: 3 Godol. Arabian. 3. Abdallah I. born Amer. 1823 by Mambrino xx ? and Amazonia. 1 Messenger XX, Dam: ?. 4. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger xx, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx. 5. George Wilkes (519) 1856 by Hambletonian (10) and Dolly Spanker. Rek, 2,22 (insufficient pedigree of the Dam). 6. Patchen Wilkes (3550) 1882 by George Wilkes and Kitty Patchen. Rek. 2,29^. 5 Mambrino xx? Dam: — 1 Mambrino Patchen (Great Grand-son of Mambrino, Grand-dam: 0 Mambrino Chief (Sire of Mambrino Patchen), 7. Joe Patchen (30239) 1889 by Patchen Wilkes and Josephine. Rek. 2,01| p. (insufficient pedigree of the Dam), 8. Dan Patch (37323) 1896 by Joe Patchen and Zelica. Rek. l,56i p, 3 George Wilkes (by Hambletonian [10]). Dam : 4 Hambletonian (10). 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger xx, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx. 2. Electioneer (125) 1868 by Hambletonian (10) and Green Mountain Maid. 3 Abdallah I, Dam: ?. 3. Mendocino (22607) 1889 by Electioneer and Mano. 3 Hambletonian (10). Dam: 4 Hambletonian (10). 4. Idolita 1896 by Mendocino and Edith. Rek, 2,09J. 2 Hambletonian (10), Dam : 5 Mambrino (Grand-sire by Hambletonian). 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger xx, Dam : ?, Grand-dam : 0 Messenger xx. 2. Harold (413) 1864 by Hambletonian (10) and Enchantress. (Sire of Maud S. born 1874. Rek, 2,08g) 0 Abdallah I, 2 Bellfoundez xx? Dam: ?. 3. Vasco (10996) 1882 by Harold and Vassar. 2 Hambletonian (10) (by Abdallah I). Dam: ?. 1. Baron Wilkes (4758) 1882 by George Wilkes and Belle Patchen. Rek, 2,18. 5 Mambrino xx? (Grand-sire by Mambr, Chief), Dam: 1 Mambr. Chief. 2. Moko (24457) 1893 by Baron Wilkes and Queen Ethel. 2 Hambletonian (10), Dam: 1 Hambletonian (10). 3. Franko (33991) 1899 by Moko and Fraulet. 4 Hambletonian (10), 6 Mambrino Chief, Dam: 2 Hambletonian (10), 5 Mambrino Chief. OQQ Heredity. 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger xx, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx. 2. Abdallah (15) 1852 by Hambletonian (10) and Katy Darlin£r. 5 Mambrino xx?, Dam: ?. 3. Major-Edsall (211) 1859 by Abdallah (15) — Hambletonian (2). Rek, 2,29. 5 Messenger xx, Dam: ? (0 Messenger xx). 4. Robert McGre.iror (647) 1871 by Major-Edsall (211) and Xancy Whit- man n. Rek. 2,18. 6 Messenger xx, Dam: 6 Messenger xx. 5. Crescens (26217) 1894 by Robert :\IcGregor (647) and Mabel. Rek. 2,02:1. 4 Abdallah (15), Dam: 2 Mambrino Chief (11), Grand-sire: (AUie West) 1 Mambrino Chief (11). A few examples of Russian Trotters. Polkan 111. 1817 by Lofki I., his best son Duschak 1825. 2 Bars I (born 1784)! 3 Bars I. Suriosni I. 1806 bv lAibesni T., his best son Ladin 1821, 0 Bars I. 2 Bars I. Scharodei ill. 1862 by Polkan, his best son Lofki 1874. 4 Bars (born 1835). 3 Barsik (by Bars), Dam: 3 Bars. The question of inbreeding in the case of mares is less easy to handle than in the case of stallions, because there are so many of them, and secondly, because a dam can onlv produce a limited nimiber of foals. I have onlv found the four following examples for a coarse inbreeding, i.e., incest breeding, with — 1 free generation : — 1. Bay Peg born about 1690 by Leedes Arabian and V. Bald Peg by Eeedes Arabian, was the dam of the two celebrated sires, Basto 1702 by Byerly Turk, and Fox 1714 by Clumsey. 2. A mare born about 1690 by Spanker and Old Peg (Spanker's dam), produced five celebrated foals, amongst them Jigg by Byerly Turk, and Cream Cheeks, grandmother of the two Childers (see Family 6). 3. Old Ladv born abf)Ut 1702 bv Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian — Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian, fr)undation mare of the Fam. 24 (Gohanna, Camel, The Baron). 4. A mare born about 1730 bv Heneage's jigg and the dam of Heneage's Jigg by Jigg, produced one filly of which there are no further reports, and six colts which became good racehorses, amongst them Htmt's Jigg (page 234), who also was bred with — 1 free generation. Of the manv mares with 0 and 1 free generatif)n which have been suc- cessful at the stud or have been prominent performers on the racecourse, the following may be mentioned : — 4. Inbreeding-. Mares with 0 Free Generation, 289 • Names of Mares and ►5 , . „ .. Born' Sire /% their ram I lies 1 Dam 1 Besi 0 PotSos 6 Godol. Arabian 6 Partner Fam. 3 a 180(1 Waxy 5 Godol. Arabian 6 Partner Vixen 3 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Bart. Childers 6 Partner 2 Brown Russet 0 Hig-h flyer 0 Papillon Fam. 3 1802 Sir Peter 3 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Flying Childers o Fox Brown Bess 3 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Flying Childers 5 Fox 8 B Utter flv 0 Bagot o Cade (by Godol. 6 Godol. Arabian Fam. 4 Arabian] 1804 Master Bagot o Godol. Arabian Mare bv Bagot 3 Cade 4 Partner 4 Chesnut Skim 0 Herod 6 Bay Bolton Fam. 5 b 1794 A\''oodpecker 6 Darley Arabian Mare by Herod 4 Flying Childers 5 Sister to Mixbury o Goldenlocks 0 Crab Fam. 38 1758 Oroonoko Mare bv Crab 6 Grev Skim 0 Herod Fam. 5 b 1793 Woodpecker 6 Darley Arabian Mare bv Herod P 7 Harlot 0 Herod •5 Godol. Arabian Fam. 45 1783 Highflyer 4 Darley Arabian 4 Betty Leedes Mare bv Herod 3 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod) 8 Juliana Fam..5b 0 Mercury 2 Herod (by Tartar) 1810 Gohanna 2 Tartar 5 Mogul Platina O. 2 Tartar 6 Godol. Arabian 9 Lollvpop 0 Blacklock 6 Sir Peter (by H Fam. 21 ighflyer) 1836 (Starch) or Voltaire 4 King Fergus 5 Highflyer Belinda 5 King Fergus 5 Highflyer 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 10 Margaretta 0 Highflyer 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arab 7 Flying Childers 7 Fox Fam . 2 e an) 1802 Sir Peter 3 Regulus 4 Godol. .\rabian 5 Flying Childers 5 Fox Mare by Highflyer 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner LI Miss Elliot 0 Partner Fam. 23 Aljuut 1756 Grisewood's Partner Calia ? 290 Heredity. Names of Mares and their Families Fam. 1^ Born Sire About 1715 1833 Old Ladv 0 Bald Galloway Mare F^m. 15 1763 0 Little Hartley Mare Valentine Fam. 12 a 0 Mare bv Phantom (Dam by Voltaire) 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) 7 Highflyer Fam Mare 0 Herod 3 Cade 24 1798 Bald Galloway Shakspeare Voltaire 4 King Fergus (by Eclipse) 5 Highflyer Woodpecker 6 Darley Arabian Df The Wharton Mare Miss Meredith Fisher Lass 4 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 4 Y. Giantess 6 Eclipse Mare by Herod 3 Partner fBartl. Childers 4- i^ Flying Childers Mares with 1 Free Generation. Bellissima O. Fam. 3 1795 Phoenomenon Wren 1 Herod 7 Darley Arabian 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Regulus 7 Fox (by Godol. Arabian) 6 Fox Blood Red Fam. 1 c 1875 Lord Lyon Rouge Rose 1 Ellen Home 6 Whalebone 6 Orville 5 Touchstone 6 Selim [Castrel ^fCastrel ^\ Selim ''\Selim Charmer Fam. 4 1790 Phoenomenon Mare by Fitz Herod 1 Herod 7 Darley Arabian 3 Miss Partner 5 Regulus 7 Fox (Grand-sire of 3 Cade (by Godol. (by Godol. Arabian) Herod) Arabian) 4 Partner Comtesse Fam. 1 1855 (The Baron) or Eusebia 1 Emilius Nuncio 5 Highflyer 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 5 Sir Peter 5 King Fergus 6 Delpini o Delpini 6 King Fergus 6 Highflyer Mare Fam. 2 1799 Coriander Wildgose 1 PotSos 4 Cade (by Godol. 4 Blank (by Godol. 2 Herod Arabian) Arabian) 5 Snap 6 Partner (Grandsire 5 Godol. Arabian 6 Regulus of Herod) 5 Little FLartley Mare (by Godol. Arabian) 5 Regulus In breed inc. 291 c Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam 6 Flora 1 Godol. Arabian Fam. 31 1768 Lofty Riot 7 Fortress 1 Whalebone 4 Highland 5 Buzzard 6 Woodpecker 1836 Defence 5 Herod ■ 5 Highflyer 5 Eclipse Jewess .5 Mare by Herod 5 Mercury (by Eclipse) 5 Woodpecker 6 Highflyer 6 Eclipse 8 The Jewel 1 Birdcatcher o Muley (by Orvi 8 Gohanna Fam. 28 lie) 1864 Stockwell 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope (by Trumpator) Julv 5 Waxy 6 PotSos 6 Prunella 6 Gohanna 7 Trumpator 9 Lizzie G. Fam. 23 a 1 Reel (by Glencoe) 2 Boston 1857 in America War Dance 4 The Baron 7 Banter Mare by Lecompte 2 Glencoe 10 Mandragora 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville Fam. 4 b 1860 Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Manganese 7 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator 11 Maria Fam. 23 1 Herod 3 Regulus 4 Godol. Arabian 7 Bart. Childers (by Darley Arabian) 1791 Highflyer 5 Sister to^AIixbury 6 Darley ^Arabian Maria 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Starling 5 Crab 6 Flying Childers 12 Milliner 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville Fam. 4 b 1869 Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Manganese 7 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator 13 Minaret 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville Fam . 4 b 1866 Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Manganese 7 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator 14 Mineral 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville Fam. 4 1863 Rataplan 5 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Manganese 7 Sir Peter 7 Trumpator 15 Miss Letty O. 1 Orville 6 Herod 6 Eclipse Fam. 12 1834 Priam 2 Whiskey 5 Herod 5 Eclipse Mare by Orville 4 Herod (Eclipse ^ \^ Proserpine •292 Heredity, — Names of Mares and 6 Born Sire Dam Z their Families 16 Mare I' am. 3 1853 Orlando Brown Bess 1 Camel 3 Selim 4 PotSos 4 Selim 1 5 Alexander 17 Palma ^"'am. 12 1840 \ Emilius Francesca 1 OrviUe 3 Highflyer 4 Highflyer 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 4 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 6 Eclipse 18 Pazmanita Fam. l a 1875 Hermit Nyl Gau 1 Newminster 4 Camel 2 Touchstone 19 Mare ^^^am. 24 1788 Phoenomenon Matron 1 Herod 7 Darley Ara-bian 4 Partner 5 Squirt (Grand-sire of 4 Godol. Arabian 7 Godol. Arabian Squirt) 7 Fox 20 Rachel Fam. 13 1763 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godol. Arabian P P 21 Ran ti pole 1^'am. 32 1769 Blank Joan 1 Godol. Arabian ? p 22 Red Flag Fam.lc 1871 Lord Lyon Rouge Rose 1 Ellen Home 6 Whalebone 6 Orville .5 Touchstone 6 Selim f Castrel := fCastrel 7 Orville "^\ Selim ^\ Selim 23 Red Rag Fam. Ic 1870 Lord Lyon Rouge Rose 1 Ellen Home 6 Whalebone 6 Orville o Touchstone 6 Selim JCastrel (Castrel ^i Selim ^\ Selim 2+ Ruth Fam. 13 1761 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godol. Arabian p p 25 Rutilia Faoi. 13 1769 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godolphin Arabian p p 2(5 Sister to Old Fam. 11 About 1717 Snake Grey Wilkes Country Wench P p 1 Hautboy .27 Mare Fam. 11 1822 Whisker Mandane 1 PotSos 3 Herod 4 Cade 4 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade 6 Godol. Arabian 28 Wowski Fam. 18 1777 Mentor Maria 1 Herod 5 Godol. Arabian 3 Godol. Arabian 3 Snap o Godol. Arabian Inbreedirii •293 For the purpose of judging of the more removed inbreedings of approved brood mares, I have arranged 60 of the best according to the degree of their inbreeding, so as to avoid any confusion by giving too manv examples. The choosing of these 60 mares is not only a difficult task, but (jne about which one may have very different opinions. I have only gone into the deter- mining of their inbreedings after having selected the mares. The result was as follows : — With 2 free eenerations 8 mares. 3 »» 15 ,, 4 ' J 16 ,, 5 } } 15 „ 6 ' 1 6 „ Total 60 mares. As a great number of the best brood mares are already given in the tables of stallions, there will only be given the 36 best of the chosen 60 bnjod mares in the following tables of mares. According to the degree of their inbreed- ing they are arranged nearly the same as above, viz. : — With 2 free generations 6 mares. 9 11 7 3 Total 36 mares. Mares with 2 Free Generations. d Names of A'lares and their Families Born Sire Dam 1 Annette Fam. 16 1835 Priam ?Jare bv Don Juan 2 Orville 2 Whiskey 3 King- Fergus 5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) o Eclipse 4 Highflyer (Grand- 5 King- Fergus (by Eclipse) o Herod sire of Orville) 6 Eclipse 2 Mare Fam. 3 1812 Canopus Mare bv 2 Woodpecker (by Herod) 2 Herod Y. Woodpecker 2 Mercury (by Eclipse) 5 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) 1 Woodpecker 2 Eclipse 5 Snap 5 Miss Belsea (by Regulus) 294 Heredity. Names of Mares and ^ ,, . T- •!• Born Sire Dam '/^ their famines 3 Decoy Fam. 3 1830 Filho da Puta Finesse 2 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 3 Eclipse 2 Highfl3'er 5 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Snap 4 Eclipse 5 Snap 4 Filagree Fam. 1 1815 Soothsayer Web 2 Trumpator 5 Herod 3 Herod 4 Highflyer 6 Snap 4 Snap 5 Herod 6 Cade 6 Matchem (by Cade) o Prunella Fam. 1 1788 Highflyer Promise 2 Blank (Grand-son of 5 Sister to Mixbury 4 Bay Bolton (by Bartl. Childers) (Dam of Partner) Grey Hautboy) 4 Partner 6 Darley Arabian 4 Sister to Mixbury 5 Fox (Grand-son of Haut- 6 Betty Leedes (Dam of Partner) boy) 5 Darley ^ „ Parents 5 Flying Childers Arabian "f ^ -FI.Ch.Mers O BettV and B^rtl. Leedes J ^'^''"'^^^ 6 Violet Fam. 15 1787 Shark Mare bv Syphon 2 Squirt 5 Darley Arabian 3 Bartl Childers (by Bartl. Childers) 5 Betty Leedes (by Darley Arabian) 6 Bay Bolton 5 Bay Bolton 3 Crab Mares with 3 Free Generations. 1 Alice Hawthorn Fam. 4 (icp. Dcp. 2x. 3 Dick Andrews 4 Beningbrough 4 Evelina (by Highflyer) 6 Eclipse 2 Arcot Lass Fam. 3 Volunteer (by Eclipse) 5 Herod ^! Arethusa Fam. 7 3 Regulus (by Godol. .Arabian) 5 Partner 1838 1821 1792 !Mule\' Moloch 2 Beningbrough 4 Highflyer o Eclipse Ardrossan 2 Eclipse 3 Herod 5 Snap Dungannon 4 Godol. Arabian 5 Bartl. Childers Rebecca 4 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Highflver Mare by Cramlington 4 Highflyer 4 Eclipse 5 Herod Mare by Prophet 1 Regulus Inbreedins •295 d Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam 4 Cobweb 1. O. Fam. 1 1821 Phantom Filagree 3 Y. Giantess (by Diomed) 4 Virago 2 Trumpator 5 Highflyer 4 Herod 4 Highflyer 6 Eclipse (by Marske) 4 Eclipse 5 Herod 6 Herod 5 Snap 6 Marske 5 Mowerina Fam. 7 1876 Scottish Chief Stockings 3 Touchstone 5 Orville 5 Whisker 5 Muiey (by Orville) 6 Selim 6 Whalebone (Grand- 6 Sultan (by Selim) 7 Buzzard sire of Touchstone) 6 Penelope Fam. l 3 Snap (by Snip) 1798 Trumpator 4 Godol. Arabian Prunella 2 Blank (by Godol. 6 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner Arabian) 6 Partner 5 Brown Farewell 4 Partner 6 South 's dam (by Makeless, Grand-sire of South 's dam) 5 Flying Childers (Sire of Snip) 5 Fox 7 3 -Melbourne 1881 Hampton Hermione Perditta II. Fam. 7 7 Whalebone 4 Pantaloon 6 Pocahontas (by Glencoe) 5 Glencoe (by Sultan) 6 The Baron 6 Sultan 6 Voltaire 6 Martha Lynn 8 Queen Mary Fam. 10 1843 Gladiator Mare by 3 Whalebone 5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 4 Prunella 4 PotSos Plenipotentiary 5 Sir Peter 5 PotSos 6 Highflyer 5 Prunella (by Highflyer) 5 Selim 9 Termagant Fam. 8 1772 Tantrum Cantatrice 3 Godol. Arabian 3 Flying Childers 6 Grey W'ilkes 4 Flying Childers (by Hautboy) 6 Bay Bolton (Grand-son 6 Snake (Grand-son of Hautboy) of Hautboy) Mares with 4 Free Generations. Banter Fam. 14 4 Eclipse rOld England ^\ Blank 6 Matchem (by Cade) 1826 Master Henry 3 Highfl3'er 4 Eclipse 5 Herod 6 Blank (by Godol. .Arabian) Boadicea 5 Godol. Arabian 6 Bartl. Childers (Grand-sire of Old England and Blank) 296 Heredity. Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dc- Cinizelli Fam. 2 4 Alexander (by Eclipse) 5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker] 5 Mare by Alexander 6 Maria (by Herod) 6 Sir Peter Electress Fam. 2 4 Eclipse 5 Herod o Matchem (by Cade) 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) Emma Fam. 7 4 Eclipse 4 Brunette 5 Herod 5 Conductor (by Matchem) 5 His-hflyer (by Herod) 6 Matchem Mandane Fam. 11 4 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) 6 Grey Robinson (bv Bald Galloway) Martha Lynn Fam. 2 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 6 King- Feri^us (by Eclipse) 6 Woodpecker (bv Herod) Papillon Fam. 3 4 Bay Bolton 5 Darley Arabian 5 Betty Leedes Mare Fam. 27 4 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Curiosity (by Snap) 6 Snap Thistle Fam. 4 4 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) 5 Muley (by Orville) 1842 1819 1824 1800 1837 1769 1819 1875 Touchstone 4 Alexander 5 Buzzard o Eclipse 5 Sir Peter G Hio-htlyer Election 2 Herod 0 Cade Whisker 3 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade (bv Matchem) PotSos 4 (iodol. Arabian () Bald (ialloway .Mulatto o Hi-htlyer 5 Florizel (by Herod) 6 Eclipse 6 Herod Snap 3 Bay Peg (by Leedes Arabian, Grand-sire of Betty Leedes) 0 Byerly 7\irk Rubens 3 Herod o Matchem 6 Cade 6 Snap Scottish Chief 5 Orville 6 Selim (Sire of Sultan) Brocade 3 Alexander 4 Sir Peter o Woodpeclcer 6 Herod Mare by Stamford 4 Snap o Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 6 Godol. Arabian Gibside Fairy 5 Herod 6 Cade Y. Camilla 4 Godol. Arabian 6 Bald (iailoway Leda o Highflyer 5 Eclipse •5 PotSos iNIiss Cleveland 6 Hautboy (Grand- sire of Bay Bolton) Tippitvwichet 3 Herod 5 Squirt ((irand-sire of Eclipse) 5 Snap 6 Cade The Flo\ver Safety 6 Orville 4. Inbreeding-. 297 c Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam 1 10 i Vermeille Fam. 3 j 4 Whalebone 5 Orville 1858 The Baron 4 WaXV ^ Parents ' V of 4 Penelope | Whalebone Fair Helen 5 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) 6 Eclipse 11 Vista Fam. 4 4 Banter 4 Pantaloon 1879 Macaroni 6 Sir Peter (Great Grand-sire of Pantaloon) 6 Orville (Grand-sire of Banter) Verdure 5 Muley (by Orville) Mares with 5 Free Generiitions. li Araucaria ! 5 Orville 5 Selim Fam. 3 1862 2 Barbelle Fam. 3 5 Eclipse 5 Highflyer 6 Herod 3 Morg-anette Fam. 5 i 5 Pantaloon i 6 Touchstone 6 Sultan (by Selim) 4; Paradigm Fam. 1 5 Selim 5 Wax}' 6 Orville Oj Pocahontas Fam. 3 5 Gohanna (by Mercury) 6 Mercury (by Eclipse) 7 Highflyer (by Herod) 6 Sweet Katie I 5 Tramp I 6 Orville 6 Whisker Fam. 5 b 1836 1884 1852 1837 1861 Vmbrose 4 Orville Sandbeck 4 Highflyer 5 Eclipse 5 Herod Springfield o Sultan 6 Camel \ )v Whaleb.) [ (by G Banter Paragone 5 Orville 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) Glencoe 5 Mercur} 6 Eclipse 6 Highflyer 6 Herod Stockwell 5 Orville 6 Waxy "^ Parents 6 Penelope J whisker Pocahontas 5 Gohanna 6 Mercury 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) Darioletta 3 Eclipse 4 Grecian Princess 5 Highflyer 5 Herod Ladv Morgan C Selim ^\Castrel 7 Whalebone 7 Orville Ellen Florne 4 Selim 5 Beningbrough > ? 5 Evelina j ^"' 6 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) IMarpessa 2 U'hiskey 4 Diomed 6 Eclipse 6 Herod Kathleen 6 Gohanna (Grand- sire of Tramp) 6 PotSos 298 Heredity. o 12; Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam Y. Giantess 5 Godol. Arabian 0 Partner Fam. 6 179() Diomed 4 Crab 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner 5 Flvinq- Childers Giantess 2 Godol. Arabian 3 Partner 5 Bald Gallowav Mares with G Free Generations. Bee's Wing 6 Eclipse 6 Herod Fam. 8 ' 1833 Bribery Fam, 2 6 Sir Peter 6 Stamford (by Sir Peter) 6 Woodpecker 1851 Crucifix -2. 1. O. 6 Highflyer 6 Eclipse 6 Herod Fam. 2 [ 1837 Dr. Syntax 5 Matchem 6 Cade 6 Snip The Libel 4 .\lexander 4 Buzzard o Sir Peter Priam 2 Whiskey 5 Eclipse 0 Herod Mare by Ardrossan 5 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Old Tartar Mare 6 Marske 6 Angelica (by Snap) Splitvote 5 Sir Peter Octaviana 4 Highflyer 5 Herod 5 Eclipse 5 Marske It can be seen from these examples that the same rules as regards inbreed- ing, and especially inbreeding supports, apply to the most approved mares just as well as to the stallions. Among the approved brood mares with more than 6 free generations I only know, unless I have made a mistake, the following nine with 7 free generations : — 1. Jamaica (dam of Foxhall) — 7 Orville. 2. Manganese (dam of The Miner) 7 Sir Peter and 7 Trumpator. 3. Mint Sauce (dam of Minting and The Lambkin) 7 Castrel and 7 Comus. 4. Miss Ann (dam of Scottish Chief) 7 Mercury and 7 Woodpecker. •5. Moorhen (dam of Gallinule) 7 Sclim. 6. Silverhair (dam of Silvio) 7 PotSos and 7 Orville. 7. Alare by Tranby (dam of V^andal) 7 Highflyer. 8. Suicide (dam of Amphion) 7 W'lialebone. 9. Windermere (dam of Muncaster and Kendal) 7 Orville. This number is, in comparison with the above-mentioned twelve approved stallions with 7 free generations, a verv low one. With more than 7 free inbreeding. 299 generations I only know Hymenia, dam of Virgil, and Aerolite, dam of Spendthrift. Perhaps the further removed inbreedings have been less suc- cessful with mares than with sires. The ver}^ close inbreedings, conse- quently, seem to be less harmful with brood mares than with sires. I do not know of one single important sire with 0 free generation. On page 236 are named the four stallions with 0 free generation of which I know. These four sires have not played any important part in Thoroughbred breeding. Amongst mares with 0 free generation, however, besides several good foundation mares, we find a few with excellent breeding performances, amongst them the following : — 1. Butterflv, dam of Xabocklish. 2. Chesnut Skim, dam of Election D. 3. Juliana, dam of Matilda L. 4. Lollypop, dam of Sweetmeat. 5. ^largaretta, dam of ^^"averlev. 6. Miss Elliot, dam of Grimcrack. 7. Valentine, dam of AA'ar Eagle Dcp. and 2nd in the Derby. 8. MancTeuvre, dam of Lioness Cs. 9. Mare 1763 bv Shakespeare, dam of Sweetbriar and Mentor. As the number of brood mares used for breeding is much larger than that of stallions, the absolute figures alone, of course, cannot be taken as equal measures of comparison. Conspicuous, however, is the fact that the number of sires with 1 free generation which have done well in Thoroughbred breed- ing is, as above shown, only very small (really only Paulowitz, Barcaldine, and perhaps Flying Fox), whilst several prominent stallions have been born of mares with onlv 1 free generation, amongst which are the following : — ■ 1 Adventurer, 2 Apology, I. O. L., 3 Blacklock, 4 Cardinal York, 5 Drome, 6 Foxhunter, 7 General Peel, 2 Dcp., 8 Goldfinder, 9 Grev Robinson, 10 Hannibal D., 11 Mighflyer, 12 Kisber D. GP., 13' Knowsley, 14 Liverpool, 15 ?ilandrake, 16 Mark Anthony, 17 Mortemer Acp., 18 Padischah S.O., 19 Phaeton, 20 Przedwit OD., 21 Pvrrhus L D., 22 Ruler L., 23 Schwindler U. ND., 24 Smolensk! 2. D., 25 Squirt, 26 Statesman, 27 Theodore L., 28 Thunderbolt, 29 Wenlock L., 30 Weather- bit, 31 Fl. Childers, 32 Bart. Childers. In order to judge the inbreeding question with Half-breds, 1 have men- tioned in the following list 61 Half-bred stallions which were born in Trakehnen, with their own and their parents' inbreeding. I have only left out a few stallions, as they had practically no remarkable influence in the Trakehnen breedings. Unfortunately, I have also had to leave out the following 9 stallions because their basis of inbreeding could not be deter- mined, partly on account of their insufficient pedigree : Edeling, Elfenbein, Grezano, Fritter, Hirtenknabe, Lauer, Leporello, Paschal, and Thunder- clap. The remaining 61 Half-bred stallions are divided as follows : — 300 Heredity, With 1 free g-eneration 2 stallions. „ -2 ,, ' ,, 0 ,, 3 ,, ,, 6 ,, 4 „ ,, 15 „ 5 ,, ,, 11 ,, 0 ,, .. 11 ,, 7 .. ,,7 ,, 8 ,, ,, 3 Total 61 stallions. Unfortunatelv, in the Trakehnen Stud Book' we find nianv failures with still closer inbreeding than 1 free generation. A weakly constitution, light bones, tenderness, and finallv sterilitv, have been also in the breeding of Trakehnen Half-breds the consequences of too close inbreedings. Also in the Thoroughbred breeding we find the most rol:)ust and the strongest individuals among those with more removed inbreedings. Among the close inbreedings we find many light boned and small horses. With the natural breeds, as, for example, the breeds of the Steppes, endowed with a more robust constitution, a close inbreeding with i or still less free generations may be carried on longer without bad consequences than with the modern improved breeds. Even within the modern improved breeds themselves, the more hardened amongst them, as for example, the Thoroughbred, seem, as above shown, to stand a closer inbreeding better than most Half-breds, especially the pampered ones. Although the dangers of carr\ing inbreeding too far have been known for a long time, yet we find breeders (also in Malf-bred breeding) who ignore the experiences of their predecessors, till tliey themselves, but generally too late, find out from their own breeding that tlieir great, imagined cleverness has cost them very dear owing to the mistakes they have made. The evil experiences which Trakelinen suffered in the first half of the last century on account of exaggerated inbreeding should be a lesson to all who care to learn from the experience of others and who do not wish only to appear themselves clever. In the first volume of the Tralcehnen Stud Book we find many examples showing distinctly the deterioration and final destruction of pro- minent breeding material caused by exaggerated inbreeding. Thunderclap, born 1810 by ^likle Fell and Toisc, was perhaps the best Half-bred stallion ever bred in Trakehnen. He was used for -21 years as Royal Stud stallion, but by an exaggerated inbreeding much less has remained of him than one might have expected after 21 years' use. Thunderclap should perhaps have been the first sire of Half-breds of wliom one might have been able to say that every Half-bred in East Prussia has his blood in him, even if not quite to the same extent as it has that of Eclipse. The list below gives a summary of the results of exaggerated inbreeding in Trakehnen. 4. Inbreeding-. 301 In the first volume of the Trakehnen Stud Book, unless I have made a mistake in counting, there are 54 cases mentioned in which the stallion has covered his daughter, i.e., the breeding has been tried with — 1 free genera- tion. In the following list only the stallions arc given who have covered their daughters. ,. , ^ Of which were ,, r e. II- Daughters , Names of Stalhons ^^,!irori coverea j^^ ^^^j Stallions Brood Mares Thunderclap '24 times. 13 If - Oronocco 1 14 ., 11 — — Caril 0 ,, 6 2 — Scrapall xx 4 ,, 4 1 — Snvders XX 1 <» 1 ^ Meteor X 1 ,. 1 — 1 Culblanc 1 1 ., 1 — — Ormond 1 ,. 1 — — Oromedon 2 ,, 2 — Total 54 times t•^ 40 5 3 t By Thunderclap or Daunius. tt Including 5 cases in which other Stallions had also covered the Mare. The five stallions which were produced from this breeding belonged to a verv inferior class. The best was Fra Diavolo, and he had two sires and was very likely a progeny of Daunius. The three brood mares were : — 1. Humanita 1863 by Thunderclap, Family 68, who has not produced anything special and is in danger of dying out. 2. Theresa 1815 bv Meteor, was sent to Gradiz and died there without producing anything. 3. Favora 1849 bv Thunderclap, also sent to Gradiz, died without pro- ducing anything. An inbreeding in which sire and dam are by the same father, i.e., a breeding with 0 free generation, is mentioned in the first volume of the Trakehnen Stud Book 367 times (84 times with Thunderclap). From this covering the mares became pregnant 264 times, and produced 44 countr}^ stallions and 40 brood mares. Of these 44 country stallions only one may be classified as of a better class, and he was mixed Thoroughbred, viz., Triumphator x 1811 by Allahor x. Of the 40 brood mares 29 have died out, some without progenv, and some without special performances. Only two of the extinct lines could show better performances by producing the two Royal Stud stallions Igor and Dorimont. The following four families also threaten to die out, viz. : Lubinka, Fionda, Orselska, and Somma. Only three families seem to be able to remain of anv use in Trakehnen, viz. : Teresina (Fam. 220), Costarika (Fam. 65), and I'laute (Fam. 137). Two 30-2 Heredity. mares came to Gradiz : Mary 1815 by Oronocco II., and Prima 1850 bv .promedon, and died there without progeny. Two mares came to Neustadt : Aurata 1854 by Ibarra, and Campelli 1857 by Ibarra. The first died there without progeny, and the latter died finally in Beberbeck, with her grand- daughter Clara, without any special performances. Stallions with 1 Free Generation. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 1 Hipparch 1 Blackamoor xx 1 Cyane (b}- Oronocco I.) 1842 Transparent Mercedone 3 Oronocco I. 2 Leo 1 Reprobate 1867 Duplicat 3 Waterman xx 5 Rodrich Lewa Ackermann 2 Ambos Stallions with 2 Free Generations. 1899 Hirtenknabe Dorimont 2 Blackamoor xx 4 Oronocco I. Eur3-damus 2 Oronocco I. Heniochus 2 Sorcerer xx (b_v Trumpator xx) Journey 2 Leporello 4 Blackamoor xx 4 Pretender Molorchus 2 Sorcerer xx 1848 183.S 1834 1862 1836 Eurvdamus 2 Oronocco I. Praetor ? J. Whalebone xx 2 IVnmpator xx Promoter 4 Oronocco I. (Grand-sire Leporello) of The Cryer xx 5 Matchem xx (Great Grand-sire of Sorcerer xx) 5 Herod Accurate 5 Eurvdamus (Great Grand-sire of Ambos) Dairymaid 4 Sorcerer xx (Grand-sire of Blackamoor xx) 4 Oronocco I. Gabrielle P Pupille Jessonda 4 Oronocco I. o Sorcerer xx (Grand-sire of Blackamoor xx) Egisthe 3 Sorcerer xx 4. Inbreedine:. 303 Stallions with 3 Free Generations. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 1 Apis 3 Stockwell XX 6 The Crver xx 1884 Paladin 6 Touchstone xx Apanage ('Whalebone xx \ Whisker xx 2 Djalma 3 Trafalgar (75% xx) 5 Ormond 1853 Oromedon 4 M. Farthings Turc XX? (Grand-sire of Trafalgar) 5 Sir Peter xx (prob- ably Grand-sire of Trafalgar) Deducta 8 Eclipse XX 3 Duplicat 3 Waterman xx 5 Rodrich 1859 Djalma 3 Trafalgar 5 Ormond Daja 7 Eclipse XX 4 Eckstein 3 Eurydamus 6 Blackamoor xx (Grand-sire of Eurydamus) 1870 Venerato 5 Oronocco I. Grand-sire : 2 Blackamoor xx Echo 2 Eurydamus 5 Blackamoor xx o Y. Whalebone xx 5 Ehvin 3 Vorwarts 1887 Passvan 5 Snyder s xx Emilia 6 Hydriot 3 Fritter o Eurydamus 1895 Fiirstenberg 6 Ganges x Hydra 3 Eurydamus (Grand- sire of Fritter) 5 Y. Whalebone xx Stallions with 4 Free Generations. Aal 4 Pocahontas xx o Stilton XX Antenor 4 Sorcerer xx 4 Oronocco I. Calcas 4 Trumpator xx 5 Alexander xx (by Eclipse xx) Epaminondas 4 Y. Whalebone xx 4 Ti granes x 1882 1829 1872 Tunnel 6 Camel xx 1846 ! Leporello Scrapall xx o Eclipse XX Inspector x 6 Sorcerer xx (Grand- sire of Tigranes x, Y. Whalebone xx, and Blackamoor xx) Grand-sire : 4 Sorcerer xx Allbekannte 7 Whisker xx 8 Tramp xx Anoitia Moira Epocca 3 Blackamoor xx 6 Sorcerer xx 304 Heredity. No. Name }f Stallions 1(1 11 12 13 Fliioel 4 ^'ega 6 Catton xx 7 Orville xx 7 Thunderbolt xx (by Sorcerer xx) 8 Sorcerer xx Hanno 4 Emma xx (by Whisker xx) Ibarra 4 Caril 7 Trumpator xx Jemim 4 Ganges x 5 Leporello (by Tigranes x) Jenissei 4 \''ecordia Massa 4 Vega 7 Thunderbolt xx (bv Sorcerer xx) Merlin 4 Whalebone xx 6 Sorcerer xx (by Trumpator xx) Moroenstrahl 4 Pocahontas xx 4 Teddington xx 5 Orlando xx 7 Camel xx (by W'halebone xx) Oromedon 4 Mr. Farthings Turc XX ? o Sir Peter xx Born 1869 1861 1848 1876 1888 1873 1860 1896 1836 Sire Vorwarts 6 Orville xx 6 Sorcerer xx Danseur xx ('\^'hisker xx ^Whalebone xx Thunderclap •3 Pless 7 Thunderbolt xx 7 W^halebone xx Venezuela 6 Emilius xx Vorwarts 6 Sorcerer xx 6 Orville xx Sahama xx o Buzzard xx o Evelina xx 6 Trumpator xx (Grand-sire of Whalebone xx) Blue Blood xx 7 Selim xx (Great Grand-sire of Pocahontas xx) /"Whalebone xx (^Whisker xx J. Driver 6 Herod xx Dam Flasche Grand-dam : 5 Sorcerer xx Harriet Jupine Jessica 5 Tigranes x Jemba 3 Antenor 4 Ganges x Mater na 9 Sorcerer xx Grand-sire : 6 Sorcerer xx Morea 1 Y. W'halebone xx Grand-sire : 2 Sorcerer xx Moba 6 Camel xx (Grand- sire of Orlando xx and Great Grand- sire of Teddington XX) Grand-dam : 5 Camel xx Trulla 4. Inbreediiii 305 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 1+ Pom pejus 1871 Inspector x I^omette 4 \ esta XX (j Sorcerer xx 4 Emma xx 7 Whalebone x\ (by Whisker XX) 15 Promoter 1852 Kurvdamus Promise 4 Oronocco I. 2 Oronocco I. •> 6 Sorcerer xx Eberhard o Snyders xx o \'eg:a o Gvare Stallions with "> Uree Generations 1877 Fliigel 4 Ves^a f) Catton XX Emporer o Pocahontas xx Fischerknabe 5 Pocahontas xx GranicLis o -Melbourne xx Juli 5 Gladiator xx Malteser o Km ma xx (by \\'hisker xx) 7 Whalebone xx 7 Matador •J Waxy XX o Penelope xx (own brother to Marocco (X; Miitus) Nisos •J Y. Whalebone xx (by Whalebone xx) Passvan o Snyders xx 6 Emma xx f AKindii,'' xx \MickIe Eell 1899 1901 1887 1880 1872 1845 1874 1881 Fvehnsherr 0 Touchstone xx Obelisk 7 llumphrex' Clinker xx KinQclom xx 5 Sultan xx 5 Camel xx Friponnier xx 1 Orlando xx Ivelio XX ;3 Camel xx (by Whalebone xx) 3 Banter xx 6 Waxv xx "^ f^vrtit-uf G Penelp. xx J^'",'^^:''^^- i'luinderclap Venerato 5 Oronocco I. Flii^el 4 Vei,'-a 6 Catton xx. (Sire of .Miindig" xx and Mickle Eell xx) Elba Emigrantin 5 Sahama xx Fischerin 5 Pocahontas \x Gradlitz 7 Whalebone xx 7 Bai^dadly ox jacke 'J Malao^amba 4 Y. W'halebone xx 6 Tiyranes x Muta Xixe 6 Camel xx (by Whalebone x\) Grand-sire : 3 \\'halebone xx Palme 6 Emma xx (Dam of Miindii;' xx and -Mickle Eell xx) 306 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 10 Poet 1904 Morgenstrahl Polynesia 5 Vorwarts 4 Pocahontas xx 8 Touchstone xx 6 Pocahontas xx 4 Tedding'ton xx Grand-dam : 6 Stockwell XX 5 Orlando xx 3 Stockwell XX 8 Orlando xx 7 Camel xx Grand-sire : 6 Camel xx 11 Venerate 1852 Dorimont Vecordia o Oronocco I. 2 Blackamoor xx P 7 Sorcerer xx (Grand- 4 Oronocco I. sire of Blackamoor Grand-dam : xx) 4 Sorcerer xx Discant 6 Camel xx Stallions with 6 Free Generations 1877 Fiirstenberg 6 Gang'es x 7 Whalebone xx Orcus 6 Camel xx (by Whalebone xx) Paladin 6 Touchstone xx Pardo 6 Orville xx f Rubens xx 5- (Selim XX Polarsturm 6 Pocahontas xx Principal 6 Whalebone xx Prinz Optimus 6 Pocahontas xx 6 Melbourne xx (by Humphrey Clinker xx) 1878 1883 1874 1863 1900 1868 1898 Fliigel 4 Vega Ambos 3 Eurydamus 4 Y. Whalebone xx Friponnier xx 1 Orlando xx (Grand- son of Camel) 7 Whalebone Adonis xx 5 Sultan xx Vindex xx 3 Selim xx 5 Orville xx 4 Waxy xx 4 Penelope xx Optimus 7 Humphrey Clinker XX Vorwarts 6 Sorcerer xx 6 Orville xx Optimus 7 Humphrey Clinker xx 8- Diana Fulda X 5 Sir Hercules xx (by Whalebone xx) Orelia C Whalebone xx (Whisker xx Grand-sire : 4 Whalebone xx Palme 6 Sorcerer xx Perilla 5 Sorcerer xx Povona 8 Touchstone xx Grand-sire : 3 Pocahontas xx Principessa 3 Y. Whalebone xx 4 Tigranes x Prinzess 3 Sahama xx 4 Stilton XX 4. Inbreedin< 307 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 9 Tunnel 1874 The Duke of Tutti 6 Camel xx Edinbouroh xx 6 Camel xx (by Whalebone xx) 6 Whalebone xx Grand-sire : 7 Whalebone xx 3 \\'halebone xx 10 Venezuela 1878 Hector XX Viereck 6 Emilius xx 6 Blacklock xx 6 Y. Whalebone XX 11 Vorwarts 1859 Sahama xx \^ecordia 6 Sorcerer xx 5 Evelina xx (Dam of p (by Trumpator xx) Orville xx) 6 Orville xx 5 Buzzard xx 6 Trumpator xx 6 Sir Peter xx Grand-dam : 4 Sorcerer xx Grand-sire : 2 Orville Stallions with 7 Free Generations. Alter Herr 7 Pocahontas xx 7 Melbourne xx (by Humphrey Clinker XX) Amtsvorsteher 7 Touchstone xx Duduck 7 Waxy xx (Sire of Woful xx) Elton Camel xx J ustizminister 7 Touchstone xx Panzer 7 Pocahontas xx (Dam of Stockwell XX) 1902 1899 1863 1888 1898 1902 Optimus 7 Plumphrey Clinker Fanfarro 8 Whisker xx Lightning xx 4 Sorcerer xx (by Trumpator xx) Grand-dam : 3 Waxy xx ^ p^^^^^^ 3 Penel. xx [ „/'f (by 1 rump.) j xx The Duke of Edinbourgh xx 6 Whalebone xx 7 Selim xx 7 Buzzard xx 7 Mare by Alexander XX Boulevard xx 4 Birdcatcher xx Greif xx 5 Stockwell XX Almuda 7 Birdcatcher x.\ 7 Eurydamus 7 Sahama xx Anisette 4 Pocahontas xx Daisy 3 W'aterman xx (bv Woful XX) Elpis 6 Camel xx Justitia 7 Touchstone x\ Panzerkette 4 Vecordia 4 Fritter 308 Heredity, Names of Stallions I Born Sire !)am Pless 7 Thunderbolt xx (bv Sorcerer xx) 7 Whalebone xx 1870 Vor warts 6 Sorcerer xx 6 Orville xx Petze 4 'J'iijranes x IHock 8 Orville xx Stallions with 8 Vree (jenerations 187.3 Popilius 8 Waxy xx S Penelope xx Thebaner S Whalebone xx 1873 1876 Ructic XX Flamme H Orville xx 4 Ve^a 0 Catton XX 7 Or\ille xx 7 Thunderbolt xx r.ahire xx Pocke 3 Whalebone xx 3 Delu.i^e (by Water- Grand-dam man xx, (irand-son 1 Whalebone XX of Waxy xx) Pless Theresia 7 \\'halebone XX 7 Whisker xx Grand-sire : 4 Whalebone xx I^^rom these Ol examples one ma)' draw the following conckisions : — 1. That the greatest number of Royal Stud stallions (just as is the case in ThorcHighbred breeding) are amongst those with 4 free generations. Yet the most favourable limit for Half-bred lireeding seems to me to be wider than with Thoroughbreds, as not 3, 4 and 5, but 4, 5 and G free generations show the best results. Besides, the merits of Half-bred stallions with 5, and especially with 0, free generations are much superior to those of the other stallions. Amongst the many stallions with 4 free generations there are only three good ones, namely, Flugel, Morgenstrahl, and Oromedon. Of these three Morgenstrahl (94|%) is very near to Thoroughbred, and yery likely the other two would be also yery near to Thoroughbred if one could only determine their pedigree more accurately. The two stallions with 1 free generation were yery inferior. Amongst those with 2 free generations only Dorimont and Journey may be classified as important, but both became Ro^^al Stud stallions only on account of their black colour. The final con- clusion to be drawn is that the most favourable inbreeding for Half-breds is 1 to 2 free generations more removed than is the case with Thoroughbreds, and that perhaps only very noble Half-breds prefer a closer inbreeding up to \ or 3 free generations, just like Thoroughbreds. 2. The inbreeding suppr)rts seem to be just as useful in Half-bred breeding as in Thoroughbred breeding. In many cases, unfortimatelv, the 4. Inbiec'dini,^. 3O9 pedigree is so incomplete ihat manv inbreedings cannot be ascertained. Precisely tiie very best stallions, as for example, Flirstenberg, Malteser, Morgenstrahl, Orcus, Passvan, Tunnel, X'enerato, \'or\varts, etc., show the same inbreeding supports either on the part of their dam or of their sire, or of both, as is shown in the case of the best Thoroughbred stallions. Several of the most important mixed Thoroughbred stallions which are not mentioned here show these inbreeding supports verv clearlv, as for example, the best of them, Inspector x with G Sorcerer xx and the sire : 4 Sorcerer xx, further, Ganges x with -I Sorcerer xx and sire : 4 Sorcerer xx and Nobleman X with 2 Tigranes x, 0 \\'ax\- xx and G Penelope xx (bv Trumpator), sire : 4 Sorcerer xx (bv Trumpator and grand-sire of Tigranes) dam : G Trum- pator XX. Final!}-, to gi\e an example from the racecourse, the at present best Half-bred Steepler, Ready, born Hanover 1899 by Lorbeer (lieberbecker) and Rosamunde, with 7 Melbourne xx, sire : 4 West .Australian xx (b}- Mel- bourne), dam : 3 V. Melbourne xx. As an example for an unsatisfactory heredity of an otherwise first-class Half-bred stallion, on account of insufhcient inbreeding supports, I mav here mention Apis (page 303. Xo. 1), just as I mentioned Iroquois for Thoroughbred breeding. Half-bred stallions, excellent in their conformation but with insufficient inbreeding support, as for example, Optimus (7 Humphrey Clinker |bv Comus], sire 8 Comus, dam 7 Wlialebone and 10 Sorcerer [sire of Comus]), are often very difficult to mate to get the best results. Melbourne (by Hum- phrey Clinker) and Pocahontas are the two cardinal points in Optimus' pedigree. Probably, therefore, one \yould obtain the best results with mares inbred to Melbourne or Pocahontas' blood. 3. \\'hen mating the parents, of course, it is to be understood that onh prominent ancestors common to both should be chosen as basis of inbreed- ing, as we have already pointed out when dealing w ith Thoroughbred breed- ing. As in the pedigree of Half-breds, Thoroughbreds are generally the best ancestors, it is recommendable in Half-bred breeding to direct the inbreed- ing, as far as possible, to a Thoroughbred ancestor. Half-bred is, however, in this respect often very difficult to handle. Yet the statistics of above Gl Half-bred stallions show that in 49 cases Thoroughbred (inclusive of mixed and questionable Thoroughbred) has served as a basis of inbreeding, and Half-bred in 12 cases only. All the 11 stallions with G free generations have Thoroughbred as basis of their inbreeding. Of all better stallions, only two are inbred to Half-bred as a basis, and these two were the black stallions journey and \^enerato, which on account of their colour could claim a more indulgent criticism. In breeding Half-breds in which a certain type, say a line figure, is more important than capabilities, as for example, with coach horses (Oldenburg, Holstein, and part of Hanover), an inbreeding to typical Half-bred ancestors will often be advisable. When breeding purely for conformation it is very 310 [-leredity. essential to know the great influence which the exterior of the basis of in- breeding often exercises. High legs in the heredity of a stallion (for example Geheimrat) are, according to experiments which 1 have here made, more sLirelv removed bv a close inbreeding to a short-legged ancestor than by mating Avith a short-legged mare (for example Moba), without thereby attain- ing the close inbreeding to a basis characterised by short legs. In all breedings for militarv and riding horses, capabilities are the most important thing, and breeding must, of course, be directed to that end. Besides, in riding and militarv horse breeds, the type to be obtained is in no way opposed to that of the Thoroughbred, but so nearly related to it that bv the increased and well-chosen addition of Thoroughbred blood the Half- bred tvpe can onlv be improved. Xeither Thoroughbred breeders nor Half-bred breeders ought to be frightened away from their main purpose, i.e., capabilities, b}' fear of a change of type. Capabilities will automatically form the most suitable tvpe in Thoroughbred as well as in Half-bred, if onlv the breeder will mate and rear his animals chiefly with respect to capabilities. The strength of the Half-bred, which is so desirable, and rightlv so verv much esteemed, would be diminished by the early training usual with Thoroughbreds. An extended grazing, lasting up to the third vear, increases that strength, which gives type and value to the Half-breds. From the list given below of classical male and female winners, it follows that the inbreeding has been a useful factor in the production of good stock in use, i.e., in this case of successful racehorses. It is surprising that 4 free generations seem to be the most favourable limit of inbreeding with the best racehorses just as well as with the best breeding horses. The idea of producing breeding material with special individual prepotency by a very (lose inbreeding, as for example, in the case of Flying Fox (] Galopin), or bv a close and repeated inbreeding with distinct inbreeding support, as for example, in the case of Blacklock (3 Highflyer, 4 Herod, Sire : 3 Herod, dam : 2 Herod), is based on a lack oi reflection. Should a stallion even be inbred as much and as often to Herod as a basis, he can never become ulti- matelv more Herod than Herod himself was, and therefore cannot transmit more Herod peculiarities than Herod himself did. The individual pre- potencv has nothing to do with close inbreeding. The most stallions who have shown a special individual prepotency had a proportionately far removed inbreeding, as for instance, Birdcatcher, Buccaneer, Chamant, Flibustier, Xewminster, Perth, Rataplan, Stockwell, Voltigeur, and many others with o free generations each, and Bend Or, Doncaster, Lord Clifden, St. Simon, Thormanby, West Australian, and many others with 6 free generations each. In Half-bred breeding, Optimus can be mentioned as a stallion endowed with unusual individual prepotency, and he also had a very far removed inbreeding, i.e., 7 Humphrey Clinker. Inbreedine. 311 The male and female winners of the Derby, St. Leger, and Oaks, arranged according to the number of free generations : — 0 Free Generation, Colts 1. Cedric D. 1821 bv Phantom. Fillies 1 Free Generation. 1. Ninety-Three L. 1790 by Florizel. ■2. Ashton L. 1806 by Walnut. 3. Cadland D. 1825 by Andrew. 4. Knight of St. George L. 1851 by Birdcatcher. 5. Flvino- Fox D.L. 1896 bv Orme. 1. Trifle O. 1782 by Justice. 2. Bellissima O. 1795 by Phoeno- menon. 3. Ephemera O. 1797 by Wood- pecker. 4. Miss Letty O. 1834 by Priam. 2 Free Generations. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21, 22, 23, 24, Saltram D. 1780 bv Eclipse 1. Noble D. 1783 bv Highflyer 2. Colt D. 1794 by Fidget ' 3. Cockfighter L. 1796 bv Overton 4. Quiz L. 1798 bv Buzzard 5. Orville L. 1799 bv Beningbrough 6. Cardinal Beaufort D. 1802 bv ' 7. Gohanna 8. Election D. 1804 by Gohanna 9. Petronius L. 1805 by Sir Peter 10. Pan D. 1805 bv St.' George Pope D. 1806 by Waxy ' 11. William L. 1811 by Governor Ebor L. 1814 bv Orville 12. Sailor D. 1817 by Scud 13. Theodore L. 1819 by W^oful 14. Memnon L. 1822 by Whisker Mameluke D. 1824 by Partisan 15. Priam D. 1827 by Emilius 16. Blue Gown D, 1865 bv Beadsman 17. Hawthornden L. 1867 bv Lord 18. Clifden ' 19. Galopin D. 1872 bv Vedette 20. Petrarch L. 1873 by Lord Clifden 21. Sainfoin D. 1887 by Springfield 22. Sir LIugo D. 1889 by Wisdom Stella O. 1781 by Plunder Annette O. 1784 by Eclipse Hippolyta O. 1787 by Mercury Portia O. 1788 by Volunteer Hermione O. 1791 bv Sir Peter Platina O. 1792 bv :\Iercury Parisot O. 1793 by Sir Peter Scotia O. 1799 byDelpini Pelisse O. 1801 by Whiskey 3Ianuella O. 1809" bv Dick ' An drew- s Altisidora L. 1810 by Dick Andrews Music O. 1810 bv W^axv Minuet O. 1812 by W^axy The Duchess L. 1813 by Cardinal York Neva O. 1814 by Cervantes Shoveller O. 18l6 by Scud Galata O. 1829 by Sultan Feu (le Joi O. 1859 by Longbow Tormentor 0. 1863 by King Tom Ganios O. 1867 by Saunterer Thebais O. 1878 by Hermit Seabreeze O.L. 1885 by Isonomy 312 Heredity. 3 Free Generaticjns. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1]. V2. 13. 14. 10. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32, 33 34 Bourbon L. 1774 bv Le Sang Tommv L. 1776 by Wildair Ruler L. 1777 bv Young Marske Sir Pt'ter D. 1784 by Highflyer Beiiiiij;broiii;Ii L. 1791 by Iving Fergus Spread Eagle D. 1792 b)' Volunteer Sir Harrv D. 1795 by Sir Peter Symmetrv L. 1795 by Delpini Archduke 1). 1796 bv Sir Peter Ditto D. l.sOO bv Sir Peter Stavelev L. 1802 by Shuttle Paris D. 1803 by Sir Peter Whalebone D. 1807 by Waxv Octavian L. 1807 by Stripling Bliicher D. ISll bv Waxv Whisker D. 1812 bv Waxy Filho da Puta L. 1812 bv Haphazard Azor D. 1814 bv Selim Sam D. lamp) or ^^'averlev Satirist F. 1838 by Pantaloon Cotherstone D. 1840 by Touch- stone 1. .2_ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35, Hollandaise F. 1775 bv Matchem Tetotum O. 1777 bv Matchem Imoeratrix F. 1779 bv Alfred 3Iai(l of the ()aks O. 1780 by Fie rod Cowslip F. 1782 by PFghflyer Pewett F. 178() bv Tandem Tag C). 178() b\- 4^-entham Volante O. 1789 by Highflyer Clilia O. 1790 bv X^olunteer Eleanor D.O. 179s bv Whiskey Theophania O. 1800 by Delpini Bronze O. 1803 by Buzzard Briseis 0. 1804 by Beningbrough Morel O. 1805 by Sorcerer OrianaO. 1807 by Beningbrough Laiidseape O. 1813 by Rubens Corinne O. 1815 bv Waxy Pastille O. 1819 by Rubens Zinc O. 1S20 by Woful (V)hweh O. 1S21 by Phantom TuiMjiioise (). LS25 by Selim Cyprian O. 1833 by Partisan Refraction O. 1842 by Glaucus (*.vniha O. 1815 by Melbourne Butterfly O. FSo7 bv ITirnus Hippia O. lsC)4 by King Tom Marie Stnart O.F. ls70 bv Scottish Chief Camelia^ O. 1873 by Macaroni Jannette O.F. 1875 by Ford CI if den Wheel of Fortune O. ls76 bv Adventurer Shotnvcr D. 1879 bv Hermit Minii O. 1888 by Barcaldine Our Fassie O. 1900 bv Avrshire Cherrv Fass O. 1902 bv Isinglass Glass Doll O. 1901 bv Isinglass 4. Inbreedini 313 85 36 87 88 89 40 41 4-2 48 44 45 46 47 48 49 ."ill -J Xutwith L. 1840 by Tombov Orlando D. 1841 bv Touchstone The Merry Monarch D. 1842 by Slane Sir Tatton Sykes L. 1N48 bv Melbourne The Fl.yiiii,- Dutchman D.L. 1846 h\ Bav Middleton Kcadsniaii D. 1855 by AWatherbii Pretender D. 1866 bv Adventurer Pero Gomez L. 1866 bv Beadsman Silvio D.L. 1874 by Blair Athol St. Blaise D. 1880 bv Hermit Harvester i D. 1881 bv Sterling- ,-|St. (^atieii 1 D. 1881 bv Rother- hill or The Rover The Lambkin L. 1881 bv Cam- ballo 3Ieltoii D.L. 1SS2 bv Master Kildare Merrv Hampton D. 18^4 by Hampton (ialteo More D.L. ls94 by Kendal Your ALajesty L. 1905 bv l^-r- simmon 4 Free Ge 1. DioiiKMl D. 1777 by Florizel 2. Y. Eclipse D. 1778 by Eclipse 3. Assassin D. 1779 bA- Sweetbriar 4. Phoeiionieiioii L. 1780 by Herod 5. Serjeant D. 1781 by Eclipse 6. Aim\vell 13. 1782 by Mark Antonv 7. Parao'on L. 1788 bv Pavmaster 8. Spadille L. 1784 by HiohHver 9. Sir Thomas D. 1785 bv Pontac 1(1. Sk\-scraper D. 1786 bv Hii^hflver 11. Eao-er D. 1788 by Florizel 12. Tartar L. 1789 bv Florizel 18. Hambletoiiiaii L. 1792 bv Kino Fergus 14. Ambrosio L. 1793 by Sir Peter 15. Lounger L. 1794 bv Drone 16. Champion D.L. 1797 bv PotSos nerations. 1. Bridget O. 177() by Herod 2. Faitii O. 1778 by Herod 3. Serina L. 177s by Goldfinder 4. Ceres O. 1779 by Sweet \Yilliam 5. Omphale L. 1781 by Highflyer 6. Nightshade O. 1785 "by Pot8os 7. Y. Flora L. 1785 by Highflyer 8. \ike O. 1794 by Alexander 9. Bellina O. 1796 by Rockingham 10. >l('teora O. 1.^02 by :\leteor 11. Paulina L. 1804 by Sir Peter 12. :\Iaid of Orleans 6. 1806 bv Sorcerer 13. Sorcery O. 1808 bv Sorcerer 14. Medora O. 1811 by Selim 15. Caroline O. 1817 bv \Yhalebone 16. Augusta O. 1818 by \A'oful 814 Heredity. 17. Tyrant D. 1799 by PotSos 18. Remembrancer L. 1800 by Pipator 19. Sancho L. 1801 bv Don Quixote •20. Phantom D. 1808"by Walton 21. Octavkis D. 1809 by Orville 22. Otterington L. 1809 by Golumpus 23. Smoleiisko D. 1810 by Sorcerer 24. GustavLis D. 1818 by Election 25. Closes D. 1819 by Whalebone or Sevmour 26. Barefoot L. 1820 bv Tramp 27. Middleton D. 1822" by Phantom 28. Birmingham L. 1827 by Filho da Puta 29. Chorister L. 1828 by Lottery 30. Margrave L. 1829 by Muley 31. Plenipotentiary D.'l831 by Emilius 32. Tonclistone L. 1831 by Camel 33. Miindig D. 1832 bv Catton 34. Bay Mfddieton D. 1833 bv Sultan 35. Amato D. 1835 bv Velocipede 36. Little Wonder D. 1837 by Muley 37. Launcelot L. 1837 by Camel 38. Coronation D. 1838 by Sir Hercules 39. The Baron L. 1842 by Birdcatcher 40. Surplice D.L. 1845 bv Touchstone 41. Wild Dayrell D. 1852 by Ion 42. Hermit D, 1864 by Newminster 43. Sefton D. 1875 by Speculum 44. Sir Bevis D. 1876 bv Favonius 45. Rayon d'Or L. 1876 bv Flageolet 46. Rock Sand D.L. 1900"by Sainfoin 47. St. Amand D. 1901 by St. Frus- quin 48. Challacombe L. 1902 by St. Serf 49. Spearmint D. 1903 by Carbine •50. Orby D. 1904 by Orme 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36, Lilias O. 1823 bv Literpreter Oxyg:en O. 1828 by Emilius fxhuznee O. 1838 bv Pantaloon Bine Bonnet L. 1839 bv Touch- stone Poison O. 1840 by Plenipoten- tiarv The Princess O. 1841 by Slane 3Iiami O. 1844 by Venison Iris O. 1848 by Ithuriel Catherine Hayes O. 1850 by Lanercost Snmmerside O. 1856 by West Australian Reine O. 1869 by Monarque Spinaway O. 1872 bv Macaroni Placida O. 1874 bv Lord Lyon Bonny Jean O. 1880 bv Macaroni Reve d'Or O. 1884 by Hampton L'Abbesse de Jonarre O. 1886 by Trappist Throstle L. 1891 by Petrarch Limasol O. 1894 by Poulet Airs and Ciraces O. 1895 by Ayr- shire Keystone II. O. 1903 by Per- simmon Inbreedini 315 •5 Free Generations. 1. Radamanthus D. 1787 bv Justice ■2. Ambidexter L. 1787 by Phoeno- menon 3. Y. Traveller L. 1788 by King Ferg-us 4. Waxy^D. 1790 by Pot8os 0. Dadalos D. 1791 by Justice 6. Didelot D, 1793 by Trumpator 7. Soothsayer L. 1808 by Sorcerer 8. Prince ' Leopold D'. 1813 by Hedley 9. Jerry L. 1821 by Smolensko 10. Lapdog D. 1823 by Whalebone 11. Ro\yton L. 1826 by Oiseau 12. Spaniel D. 1828 by Whalebone 13. St. Giles D. 1829 by Tramo 11. Dangerous D. 1830 by Tramp 15. Mango L. 1834 by Emilius 16. Charles XII. L. 1836 by Voltaire 17. Attila D. 1839 by Cohvick 18. Faii^h-a-Balladi L. 1841 by Sir Hercules 19. Pyrrhus I. D. 1843 by Epirus 20. The Cossack D. 1844 by Hetman Platoff 21. Tan Troiiip L. 1844 by Lanercost 22. Toltisreur D.L. 1847 'by Voltaire 23. Xewmiiister L. 1848 by Touch- stone 24. Stockwell L. 1849 by The Baron 25. Andoyer D. 1851 by Bay Middle- ton 26. Saucebox L. 1852 by St. Lawrence 27. Musjid D. 1856 by Newminster 28. Kettledrum D. 1858 by Rataplan 29. Caractacus D. 1859 by Kingston 30. The Marquis L. 1859 by Stock- well 31. Gladiateur D.L. 1862 by Monarque 32. Kingcraft D. 1867 by King Tom 1. Alabaculia L. 1773 by Sampson 2. Matilda L. 1824 by Comus 3. Oiilnare O. 1824 by Smolensko 4. Oreeii Mantle O. 1826 by Sultan 5. Yariation O. 1827 by Bustard 6. Vespa O. 1830 by Muley 7. Pussy O. 1831 bv Pollio 8. Queen of the Trumps O.L. 1832 by Velocipede 9. Industry O. 1835 by Priam 10. Lady Evelyn O. 1846 by Don John 11. Rhedy cilia O. 1847 by Wintonian 12. Soniistress O. 1849 by Bird- catcher 13. Marchioness O. 1852 by Mel- bourne 14. Mincepie O. 1853 by Sweetmeat 15. Tmperieuse L. 1854 bv Orlando 16. Caller On L. 1858 bv Stockwell 17. Queen Bertha O. 1860 by Kings- ton 18. Reii-alia O. 1862 by Stockwell 19. Brigantine O. 1866 bv Buccaneer 20. Hannah O.L. 1868 bv King Tom 21. Apology O.L. 1871 by Adventurer 22. Enguerrande ^ O. 1873 hv Vermouth 23. Jenny Howlet O. 1877 by The Palmer 24. (leheininiss O. 1879 by Rosicrucian 25. Dutch Oven L. 1879 by Dutch Skater 26. Busybody O. 1881 bv Petrarch 27. Mrs! Butterwick O.'l890 by St. Simon 28. Amiable O. 1891 bv St. Simon 29. La Sagesse O. 1892 by AA^isdom 30. Canterbury Pilgrim O. 1893 by Tristan 316 Heredity. 33. George Frederick D. 1871 by 31. Cap and Bells IT. O. 1898 by Marsyas Domino 34. Robert' the Devil 1.. 1877 by 32. Pretty Polly O.L. 1901 by Bertram Gallinule 35. Ormonde D.L. 18,s3 by Bend Or 33. Signorinetta D.O. 1905 by 36. Ayrshire D. 1885 bv Hampton Chaleureux 37. Donovan D.T.. 1886 by Galopin 38. Common D.L. 1888 b\- Isonomy 39. Isiiii:'Iass D.L. 1890 by Lsonomy 40. Ladas D. 1891 bv Hampton 41. Sir \'i.sto D.L. 189-2 bv Barraldine 42. Persimmon D.L. 1893 bv St. Simon 43. Jeddah D. 1895 hv janissarv 44. Wildfowler L. 1895 bv Gallinule 45. Diamond Jubilee D.L. 1897 by St. Simon 46. Volodyovski D. 1898 by Florizel H. 47. Doricles L. 1898 bv Florizel 11. 48. Ard Patrick D. 1899 by St. Florian 49. \\^ool Winder L. 1904 by jMartagon 6 Free Generations. 1. John Bull 13. 1789 by Fortitude 1. The Yellow Filly O. 1783 by 2. Hannibal D. 1801 bv Driver Tandem 3. Toddinii'ton D. 1848 by Orlando 2. Winii'S O. 1822 by The Flyer 4. Daniel O'Rourke D." 1849 by 3. Deception O. 1836 by Defence Birdcatcher 4. Crucifix O. 1837 bv Priam 5. West Australian D.L. 1850 by 5. Our Nell O. 1839 by Bran Melbourne 6. llendicant O. 1843 by Touch- 6. Ellington D. 1853 bv Living stone Dutchman 7. Mincemeat O. 1851 by Sweetmeat 7. Gamester L. 1856 bv The Cossack 8. Blink Bonny D.O. 1854 by Mel- 8. Tliormanby D. 1857 by (Mel- bourne bourne) or Windhound 9. Governess O. 1855 by Chatham 9. St. Albans L. 1857 bv Stock^vell 10. Sunbeam L. 1855 bv Chanticleer 10. Macaroni D. 1860 by S\veetmeat 11. Fille do L'Air O. 1861 bv Faugh- 11. Lord difdon L. i860 bv New- a-Ballasrh minster 4. Iiibreedini 317 1-2. Blair Atliol D.L. 1861 by Stock- ^vell la. Lord Lvon D.L. 1863 bv Stock- ^vell ' 14. Favonius D. 1868 by Parmesan lo. Cremoriie D. 1869 by Parmesan 16. \\>nlock L. 1869 by Lord Clifden 17. Doneaster D. 1870 by Stockwell 15. Craig- Millar [.. 1872 by Blair Athol 19. Kisber D. 1873 by Buccaneer 20. Beiul Or D. 1877 by Doneaster 21. Ossian L. 1880 by Salvator 22. Kihvarlin L. 1884 by Arbitrator 23. Cicero D. 1902 by Cyllene 24. Troutbeck L. 1903 by Ladas 12. Achievement L. 1861 by Stock- well 13. Formosa O.L. 1865 by Buccaneer 14. Lonely O. 1882 by Hermit 1.5. Musa O. 1896 by Martagon 16. La Roche O. 1897 by St. Simon 17. Sceptre O.L. 1899 by Persimmon 1. 3. Bloomsbury D. 1836 by Mulatto Warlock L. 1853 by Birdcatcher Iroquois D.L. 1878 by Leaming- ton 7 Free Generations. 1 Brown Duchess O. 1858 by Flving" Dutchman 2. Miss Jimimy O. 1883 by Petrarch 3. Memoir O.L. 1887 by St. Simon 4. La Fleche O.L. 1889 by St. Simon The names of stallions and mares printed in heavy tvpe in above list distinguish those successful in breeding". As this classification is especially difficult with mares, a number of same are further distinguished bv printing' in italic type as doubtfully successful. There is still to be noticed that the stallions and mares born after 1895 have not come into consideration, as the time of their activity is still too short to rightly classify them. 318 Heredity, Number of male and female winners of Derby, St. Leger and Oaks arranged according to free generations. Born before and in 1905. ; Born before and in 1849. Colts. Fillies. ' Total. Colts. Fillies. Total Born between 1850 and 1905 inclusive. Colts. I Fillies. I Total. (1) 24 .50 (4) ;50 (3) 40 (9) 24 (3) 3 1 1 4 11) 3 22 46 18 (1) a) su 841 39 (3) (7) (i> 36 86 40 >3) (2) 32i 814 24 (5) (14) a) 17 41 4 (3) (6) 4 7 1 (2j (2) 17 24 (1) 24 12 (1) 35 63 12) 64 (2) 36 t2) 10 2 (1) 11 (3) 10 (1) 25 (8) 20 ^3) 2 5 (1) 101 (2)- 12 20^ 11 (3) 4 l2j (1) 11 U) 214 (5. 22 (1) 454 (8)' 31 (6) 6 (2) Total 206 (20) (14) 356 (34) 130 (4) 87 (2) 217 («) 76 (Ki) 63 (S) 139 (24) The figures in brackets indicate the number of winners in two classical races. Each of the winners in dead-heat races is counted with |-. From the above unfortunately small statistics of the above table one can draw the following conclusions : — 1. On the whole the most of the classical winners are found among the -I- free generations, next to which follow 3 and 5 free generations. •2. Up to the middle of the past century the 4 free generations pre- dominate also. The 3 free generations, however, excel remarkably the more lemoved inbreedings with 5 free generations, as also the 2 free generations do the G free generations. 3. From the middle of the past century up to now the whole picture has been changed in favour of a more removed inbreeding. Here the -5 free generations appear to be the most favourable only, after which follow the more removed inbreedings with 6 free generations, and finallv that with 7 free generations. 4. Lastly, it is worthy of note that the winners of two classical races have been more numerously represented with the more removed inbreedings. The same change in favour of the more removed inbreeding is shown in the following table, in which the percentage of stallions and mares most successful in breeding is reckoned from the above list. Accordingly, the Inbreedini 319 percentage of stallions most successful in breeding increases with the number of free generations up to 6 free generations, in the case of mares even up to 7 free generations. Although the statistics are somewhat small for these conclusions, and the right assessment of the stallions, and especially of the mares, with regard to their successful activity at the stud, is often verv dijfi- cult, the regular increase is still worthy of note. There is vet to be mentioned that every doubtfully successful mare has been counted in the followino- table onlv with i. The male and female winners of Derby, St. Leger and Oaks born until the year 1895 inclusive. Colts. Fillies. Free Generations. Number. Among successful Number. ;st which in breeding. Number. Amongst which successful in breeding. Number. % 0 1 om the 1st of April. 190'2, to the 1st of February, 1904, for instance, 48 horses (chiefly weaning foals, yearlings and two-year-olds) caught the periodic ophthalmia. Of the 48 ill ones, 17 were cured without leaving behind any abnormal changes in the eve. Also in the case of brood mares which suffered from periodic ophthalmia, but which did not become blind, and were cured of same without leaving behind some abnormal changes, there was not observed any trans- mission of a disposition to this disease in their progeny. On the contrary, as in the case of the 25 blind mares, there seems to occur the transmission of a certain immunitv against the disease mentioned. I know several cases in East Prussia, which go to show that the breeding use of stallions which have become blind, through periodic ophthalmia, is harmless. T await with special interest the results of two stallions (Elfenfels 1901 by Obelisk out of Elisenau, and Musensohn 1901 by Optimus out of Mumme), each of w'hom became blind of one eye in Trakehnen, through periodic ophthalmia, and who have been covering since 1905 up to the present time in the Li viand Stud, Torgel. I also still await the result of Roval Stud stallion Ingrimm, who has been covering since 1907 in Trakehnen, and who became blind of his right eye in 1904, through periodic ophthalmia. The scientific researches into the nature and causes of spavin and ring- bone have so far succeeded that neither of them may be taken as a uniform disease. The researches and opinions on spavin of horses published by Professor Eberlein (Berlin, 1897), have been verified by many celebrated scientists. One may easily accept Eberlein's views as to the nature and origin of spavin, also for ringbone, just as I myself do hereafter, without wishing to give even an approximately exhaustive explanation of the many variations and differences of spavin and ringbone. Spavin as well as ringbone are caused either by contusion of the joint bones or by a stretching of the ligaments which hold the joint bones together, or, in other words, always by a traumatic cause. Spavin or ringbone in consequence of a rachitic disease happens very seldom in our modern im- proved breeds. I, at least, have never come across such a case. In the case of spavin or ringbone caused by contusion, there ensues, in consequence of a strong and sudden pressure on the bone substance, an inflammation of the bone, at first becoming loose and then tight (ostitis rare faciens et con- densans). In the case of spavin this inflammation of the bone will prin- cipally affect the cuneiform bones {os centrale and os tarsale 111) ; in the case of ringbone it will affect the long pastern bone and the short pastern bone. In consequence of the inflammation of the bones, the nourishment of the articular cartilage suffers ; there ensues an inflammation of articular cartilage (chronditis), and thus are caused the exudations and proliferations of bone originating in the articular surface, assuming very different dimensions, attacking the neighbouring periost, and afterwards developing into bone 324 Heredity. substance (formation of Osteophytes). Thus arises the real spavin or the articular ringbone. In the case of spavin caused by stretching (periarthritis), or ringbone (periarticular), the exudations of the bone begin from the appendage pieces of the torn ligaments, and not from the joint surfaces. They may then spread round the joint, and in serious cases also attack the joint surfaces, which thev destrov, just as in the case of the articular form of the disease. Spavin commencing at the joint ligaments and the periost is very rare. This may be explained bv the fact that, in the case of the so-called small ankle-joints, the joints are very tight (as opposed to the coronet joint), admitting of no, or at least verv slight, side^va^^ movements. If the spavin originates at the appendage of the side ligaments or the periost, a push or a blow has gene- rallv been the cause of it. Perhaps the so-called break (in German Absats), which is so frequentlv found in the case of covering stallions, belongs very often to this periarthritic form of spavin. According to Professor Eberlein, the proportion of the frequency of spavin caused by pressure to that caused bv tearing, is as 95 to 5, while in the case of ringbone (according to Udrisky) the frequency of articular to periarticular is as 60 to 40. Professor Eberlein writes about the transmission of spavin as follows : — " The question, Mav horses attacked with spavin disease be used for horse breeding or not? is a verv important one for horse breeding. Against the previously held views, Dickerhoff rightly emphasises that every genuine case of spavin deserves a special judgment in this respect. As I have shown, when discussing Aetiology, the primary Ostitis rare facieus of the small tarsus bones owes its origin to a mechanical contusion of the small tarsus bones, and may arise even in the best formed hocks and thighs from outside causes. Therefore spavin is in itself not hereditary. Scientifically it is proved, however,, that a deficient formation of the hocks and a faulty position of the thighs, which predispose a horse to this disease (causa interna) are transmitted. Thus it follows that with regard to spavin, only horses with defective hocks or a faulty position of the thighs on the one hand, and badly constructed bones on the other hand, must be excluded from breeding." I fully subscribe to the view of Professor Eberlein, and extend the same also to ringbone, which, in my opinion, in itself is just as little transmittable as spavin. With regard to ringbone, I should like to mention yet that horses with short and upright pasterns are more liable to be attacked by the articular ringbone arising from contusion, while horses with long and sloping pasterns are more exposed to the periarticular ringbone arising from tearing. The certainty with which scientists and laymen have believed in the undoubted transmission of spavin, ringbone, and moon blindness, shows very clearly the low standing of horse breeding as a science. I do not know of any recognised practical example as a proof of the transmission of ispavin, neither have I ever met anyone who could point out to me such an 5. Hereditary Faults. 325 example. As far as I know, the following horses had the opportunity to transmit spavin : — 1. Percival, born Trak. 1867, by Lahire xx and Peranga by Oromedon, was for four years country stallion in Gudwallan, and was stabled at Roseningken. In 1872 he was set aside because he distinctly showed spavin, and was used very much afterwards as stallion at Georgenburg up to 1885, at that time the private stud of Herr von Simpson. The two hocks of Percival are preserved in the Trakehnen hippological museum, and show that he suffered from spavin, caused by contusion. Among his verv numerous foals (about 200 military remounts, 50 brood mares, and"25 countrv stallions), I have heard of none being suspected of spavin. Among the sons of Percival, Capitain, born 1881, later stallion in Georgenburg, must be specially mentioned, because he was used verv extensivelv for five years in Georgenburg, was then sold as stallion to Munich, and was the sire of the chestnut stallion Blondel, born 1886, which won a prize in Berlin in 1890 at the great horse show, and was afterwards sent to Beberbeck as Royal Stud stallion. Among the whole of his progenv I never heard of one sus- pected of spavin. 2. The well-known Derby winner Miindig, born 1832, according to the description of the prepared left hock given by the stud inspector, Kutzbach (published in a hand-book for horse breeders iDy Count Lehndorff, page 143), undoubtedly suffered from spavin caused by contusion, just as Percival did. Miindig was for five years Royal Stiid stallion in Trakehnen, and afterwards for four years in the private stud of Julienfelde, in East Prussia, with very excellent results. His progeny showed no signs of spavin. 3. Optimus, born 1880, by Odoardo and Optima by The Colonel, had spavin on the near hind, as can be distinctly seen frofn the skeleton, preserved at the hippological museum at Trakehnen. Among his verv numerous progeny, I do not know one case of spavin ; on the contrary, the Optimus progeny excel, like their sire, in their very good and strong hocks. 4. The Thoroughbred sire, The General, born 1882, bv Childeric and Coturnix, suffered already from spavin when Royal Stud stallion at Trakehnen, and was afterwards always lame of spavin. Neither at Trakehnen, nor during his sixteen years' activity at Gudwallan, has he, as far as 1 know, produced any progeny with any suspicion of spavin. He was for many years the Thoroughbred sire in the Gudwallan district, which has produced most military remounts (about 300). Moreover, he has pro- duced in Trakehnen 15 country stallions and 10 brood mares, and in Gud- w-allan about 20 brood mares afterwards registered in the East Prussian Stud Book. 5. The Derby winner Hermit, born l.s()4, had spavin on the near hind, as his skeleton, which is preserved in the London Veterinary School, dis- tinctly shows. His very numerous progeny, however, excelled in good and strong hocks. I do not know of one single offspring of Hermit suffering from spavin. go^ Heredity. 6. The Trakehnen brood mares, Aqua, Emina, Ina, and Juniata, suffered from spavin (the hocks are in the Tralvehnen Museum), and of "their very numerous progeny none was suspected of spavin. The Thoroughbred stalhons, Blue Blood born 1876 by King Tom and Marigold, and Elsass born 1870 by Napoleon and Esther, suffered from ringbone (Periarticular). The respective preparations of the two stallions are in the Trakehnen Museum. Blue Blood has not transmitted this disease in Trakehnen, and I am assured the same thing about the progeny of Elsass. I believe, however, that the disposition to articular ringbone is often trans- mitted, as the upright pasterns, bulging out somewhat to the front, lend themselves easilv to transmission. In some breeds of horses there are whole families which are addicted, more or less, to articular ringbone, whilst I do not know a similar case of periarticular ringbone or spavin. It is difficult to work horses lame from spavin. Their development without work is unfavourable. This is the only reason that horses which are lame from spavin when voung are little suitable for breeding purposes. The crib-champing, gasping, tongue-sucking bad habits, t(,) which for the most part only verv tough and durable horses are addicted, are, accord- ing to experiences in Trakehnen, transmitted by the sire to about 5 per cent, of his progenv. I presume that brood mares also transmit these faults to about the same extent. I do not know of anv actual examples as, in spite of using f(jr manv vears five brood mares which were crib-champers, not one of their foals has inherited it. I must here remark that gasping and tongue- sucking are transmitted just as seldom as crib-champing. I have known some cases, on the other hand, in which nearly 50 per cent, of the foals of a brood mare, who herself was not a crib-champer, became already as foals crib-champers, without their parents or grandparents having been addicted thus. It is an old rule that stallions which are crib-champers do not transmit it if burnt on account of a break-down. This is right in those cases only in which the stallion has acquired this habit through ennui after a break- down, during the repose whicli follows the burning and which lasts for many weeks. This crib-champing is n(H transmitted as easil}' as that which foals acquire whilst grazing, without any reason. Finally, I consider that the chances of transmitting crib-champing, (^r the disposition thereto, is so very small that the breeder need not to take it into consideration. If the lameness caused bv spavin, or blindness, or broken wind, interferes with the gymnastic development of the bodv, and if crib-champing often causes attacks of colic, I would not, of course, recommend such animals for breeding material. The question on the transmission of roaring is more difficult. In the first place, roaring seems to be more general in certain breeding districts. The damp and foggv climate of England produces more roarers than France, but in America and Australia they are the exception. The early born foals are in I^^ngland said to be more inclined to roaring than the late born ones. Roaring is a consequence, principally, of the break-down of the hindmost, o. Hereditary I-"aults. 307 mostly left, aspergillum muscle (crico-arytaenoideus) or its nerve, which affects the movement of the aspergillum cartilage necessary for easy breath- ing. If this break-down has been caused by severe glanders, influenza, or bv over-exertion from racing, only at the end of the third or fourth year, as in the case of Ormonde, a transmission of roaring is not to be expected. I do not know of anv roarer in the progeny of the roarer Ormonde. Prince Charlie has not transmitted this roaring in America. Pocahontas and Chamant \vere roarers. The former did not transmit it at all, and the latter very seldom. The well-known Humphrey Clinker of former times did not transmit his roaring at all, and the most popular stallion of modern times, Gallinule, does not seem to transmit his roaring either. Jf the roaring, however, commences without anv special exertions in racing, and especially so soon as in the second vear, one mav reasonably assume that the general weakness of the horse is the cause. Weakness in horse breeding is the only real hereditarv fault which is transmitted with certainty, and it should be eradicated by the most severe measures from the breeding material. I once knew a verv much pampered stallion wliich apparently was not a roarer, at least not when galloping the pace he could well perform, but of his progeny about -50 per cent, were roarers when they were trained for a few- months as two or three-vear-olds. The more tenderly the horses of a breed are reared, the more roarers will appear. For this reason the Drafters, which are reared under the pressure of unreasonable shows, mostly become roarers. After these come the dift'erent Ilalf-breds, according to the tender- ness or severity of the method of rearing, and the fewest roarers are found amongst Steppe horses and Thoroughbreds. The only difference is that, in consequence of public races of Thoroughbreds, every roarer is recognised and becomes known, or that manv become roarers on account of the too great exertion, which is not expected from other breeds of horses. The same thing applies to horses whose sinews have broken down through over-exertion in training or racing. Horses which break down already as two-vear-olds in racing, or even in training before racing, may be suspected of weakness. The worst, however, are those which are so bad that thev cannot break down because they lack the energy and the stride, without which they are not subject to those shocks which produce the break- downs. Of such horses the Englishman says, " They can never go quite fast enough to trouble themselves." All dispositions to disease and constitutional weaknesses, such as biliousness, bonv excrescences, soft and deformed hoofs, as well as all other diseases cf)nnected with inflammatory swelling (Kinschuss) are transmitted. Broken-windedness belongs also to constitutional weakness, and is easily transmitted by stallions which suffered from it in their early years. In con- sequence of illness, and other unknown causes, the transmission by stallions differs in certain years. For example, after influenza, a more unfavourable transmission has been often noticed. Horses which have run mucli transmit 328 Heredity. their characters sometimes worse in their early years. Ormonde, however, produced in his first covering year his most important son, Orme, and the latter again, in his first covering year, four winners, amongst them the tough Ameer, and in the second covering year Flying Fox, who in his turn pro- duced in his first covering vear Ajax and Gouvernant. Wild Dayrell produced in his first covering year as a four-year-old his best son, Buccaneer, and Florizel, who ran up to the age of seven years, produced in his first covering vear the first Derbv winner, Diomed, his best son. Old stallions are said to produce more stayers, and young ones more flyers. Just as weakness may be considered the onlv real hereditary fault, in like manner hardiness is to be looked upon as the most important hereditary advantage. With hardiness is combined robust health, the most important qualitv of all breeding animals. Avoid weakness, improve hardiness, and the Alpha and Omega of horse breeding is obtained for producing capable horseSj and not horses simplv fit for shows, or horses which during their whole existence are always onlv sold, but really never made use of; and there are manv such ! As, of course, no stud can possess faultless breeding material, one must try to equalise faults in the conformation of brood mares by mating them with stallions which are especiallv good in these respective parts. Then it will be found that high-leggedness, narrowness, and bad temperament, are faults which are most difficult to remove bv mating, and therefore belong to the most serious faults. Mares which feed badly are little suitable as brood mares, because in all probabilitv thev will also feed their foals badly. Mares which are inclined to corpulenc^•, also, feed as a rule badly, and are not to be recommended. The same faults are to be blamed in the case of stallions, but thev are less dangerous. CHAPTER VI. The Transmission of the Coat Colour. What concerns the heredity of the coat colour ? There is, I suppose, a yet unlvHown originating force which causes a distinct deviation from all other laws of heredity. The sex, too, appears to play a particular part, and the atavism has perhaps no influence at all. Whereas, it is remarkable that a distinct atavism is often evident in the transmission of white marks and particular spots. As in the Royal Stud of Trakehnen, for over a hundred years, in three special studs, blacks (in Gurdszen, 90 to 100 brood mares), browns (in Danzkehmen, 70 to SO brood mares), and chestnuts (in Jonasthal, 50 to 60 brood mares) have been bred, and in two studs (in Trakehnen 80 to 100 brood mares, and in Bajohrgallen 60 to 70 brood mares) all colours are represented, and mixed with each other, we have plenty of material at hand from which to construct laws as to the transmission of coat colour. There exists a distinct regularity with gra\"s, chestnuts, and blacks as regards transmission. This regularit}' is as follows : grays and chestnuts mated only to their own colour, produce either chestnuts or grays, and black with black about 8 per cent, chestnuts (often dark chestnuts), the rest always blacks, never black-brown or dark brown. Here we must mention that rubican horses (also rubican chestnuts) also produce at times grays, as for example, Proserpine (gray) 1903 bv Chittabob (chestnut with rubican) and Cybcle (chestnut, but I cannot say if with rubican). In the General Stud Book, X^olume XX., I have found two cases, and in Volume III. three cases, in which brown foals have been produced by chestnut parents : — 1. Oftertorv II. (brown) 1899 by Kirkham out of Gold A^^ave. 2. \\'avemore (brown) 190-2 by Ocean Wave out of Make More. 3. Captain Candid (brown) 1813 by Cerberus out of ■Nlandane. 4. Elba (brown) 1815 by Stripling out of Maniac. 5. Earnest (brown) 1805 by Buzzard out of Mandane. Referring to the first case, it must be mentioned that Gold Wave is by mistake given as a chestnut in Volume XX. of the General Stud Book. In Volume XVII., page 22, Gold Wave, at that time still unnamed, is rightly put down as a brown. 330 Heredit}-. Referring- to the second case, the colour of Wave More, who never trod on a racecourse, is either wrongly given, or the dam, ]^Iake More (chestnut), has been confused with her own sister, born 1891, who was brown. In the third case, I suspect that Orville (brown), who during the two years previouslv covered Mandane, also covered her again in 1812 as well as Cerberus, and tliat the owner of Cerberus did not mention this covering, which, it seems, was formerly, for different reasons, often omitted. Captain Candid ran second in the St. Leger. Referring to the fourth case, it must be mentioned that Elba is b\- mistake given as a brown in V'ol. III., page 139. In Vol. III., page 07, and in the Racing Calendar 1818, pages 55 and 147, }'>lba is righth' put down as a chestnut. In the fifth case, I suspect that W'hiskrx' (brow n), who covered Mandane in 1803 and 1805, also covered her in 1804, and tliat the owner did not mention this covering. Many cases in the private studs of East Prussia, in which brown foals are said to be the offspring of chestnut parents, have proved, on closer examina- tion, that their respecti\(' dams had l^een also covered b\' another stallion who was of a brown colour. Also that this second stallion, either bv mistake or for certain reasons, was not mentioned in the certificate of serving" (only the covering for one stallion, and that the dearer one. is paid for). In the appended pedigrees of the best known Thoroughbrrds, I have given the colours where possible (onl\- in the (i(M-man edition). 1 have not come across an\- case in which chestnut j^arents had no chestnut foals. The remarkabh' certain transmission of the chestnut colour is e\en completely independent of the colour of the ancestors. 44iere are also cases in which all four grand-parents were browns and ^et the two chestnut parents always produced chestnut foals, as for t^xample, with Kincsem, The Biddy (grand- dam of Regalia), and many others. With Maintenon (a chestnut) it must be pointed out as a remarkable i^rcuiustance that of the four grand-parents two were brown and two gra}s, and w ith Rouge Rose, also a chestnut, three grand-parents were brown and one black. The certain transmission of the chestnut coat colour can still be more clear] v recognised with the following chestnuts ; — Diomed, (iladiator, Favonius, Hermit, Trampoline, Cambus- can, Pilgrimage, and ^lerrv Sunshine, where not onlv the two parents, but also the four grand-parents, were brown. In tht^ three last-mentioned cases, of eight great grand-parents, onh- one of each was a chestnut. 14ie case of the chestnut Le Sagittaire is remarkable, wliose sire, Le Sanc\', was a grav, and the dam. La Dauphin, was a roan (not a grav as given bv mistake in the French Stud Book"). Also Dr\-ad (chestnut, and great grand-dam of Delphos), whose two parents, four grand-parents, and eight great grand-parents, were either brown or grav. In the case of Old Heroine, born 1775 (in Bird- catcher's pedigree), we max well take fr)r granted that one of the grays was a roan, or that Old Heroine was a rubican. 6. The Transmission of the Coat Colour. 33]^ When both parents are brown, foals may be of any colour, also gray if one parent is rubican. The majority of foals, however, will likewise be brown. If the parents are of different colours, in most cases the lighter colours are more easily transmitted than the darker ones. Grays transmit their colour the most frequently and blacks the least frequentlv. Chestnut and black produce most often browns, chestnuts less frequently, and least seldom of all, blacks. Brown and black produce more browns and dark browns or brownish blacks than blacks. Chestnuts and dark browns produce more chestnuts. Chestnuts and light browns produce more brown, and often a dirty chestnut colour. Chestnut colour is the most suitable to get rid of the gra_v colour. Some of the foals will be brown. In consequence of the very sure transmission of the chestnut colour, the <:hestnuts are easiest to renew in Jonasthal. They need not give anything away from their production, and are even increased bv additions from the black and brown stud. The Royal Stud of Trakehnen in East Prussia is about 11, -200 acres large, and is composed of 1-2 stud farms, among which, Gurdszen, with 90-100 black mares; Danzkehmen, with 70-80 bay or brown mares; Jonasthal, with 50-60 chestnut mares; Bajohrgallen, with 60-70 mares of different colours; and Trakehnen itself, with ftO-lOO mares of all different colours, also gray, roan, and piebald — total ;350-410 brood mares; with all foals^ — riding, carriage, working horses — altogether 1500-1700 horses. Remarkable to say, these statements are in opposition to the fact that the chestnuts do not increase amongst Thoroughbreds, and are alwavs in the minority, although the most celebrated foundation sire. Eclipse (of two brown parents), and his four sons, PotSos, King Eergus, Mercury, and Alexander, were chestnuts; just as the famous stallions which appeared later, i.e., Birdcatcher, The Baron, Stockwell, Blair Athol, Doncaster, Bend Or, St. Albans, Sainfoin, Thormanby, Hermit, and many others, were also chestnuts. In the three principal English races, the coat colour is distributed as follows to the winners and seconds, up to and inclusive of 1907 : — - Derby Winners : 94 Browns, Seconds : 90 Browns 3-2 Chestnuts, 30 Chestnuts 1 Black, 3 Blacks 1 Gray, 5 Grays Total 128 horses as winners and 128 horses as seconds. Oaks Winners : 95 Browns, Seconds : 85 Browns 31 Chestnuts, 37 Chestnuts 1 Black, 5 Blacks 1 Gray, 2 Grays Total 129 horses as winners and 129 horses as seconds. 332 Heredity. St. Leger Winners : 102 Browns, Seconds : 98 Browns 27 Chestnuts, 31 Chestnuts 1 Black, 1 Black 2 Grays, 2 Grays Total 132 horses as winners and 132 horses as seconds. This uniform distribution of the coat colour seems, especially when we consider the cert-ain transmission of the chestnut colour, to point to a special racing capability in connection with the broAvn colour. A classification according to decades shows a regular diminution of the chestnuts and an increase of the browns among the winners and the seconds. It is remarkable that the predominant colour of the North- African horses was bay or brown, and that, especially in recent years, the most important and best influence on the building up of the Thoroughbreds is ascribed to the North-African horses. It is furthermore remarkable that chestnuts mated to each other produce more colts, and black horses more fillies. CHAPTER VII. The Art of Mating. The most important thing in practical mating at a stud is for the breeder to favour the brood mares more than the covering stalHons, i.e., in the case of each brood mare he must consider with which of the available sires she has the best chances of producing a good foal, and not vice-versa. People are verv much inclined to give to the favourite sires the best mares, although the'former are still untried, w'hilst the latter have already shown their breed- ing capabilitv. One verv often forgets the natural demand that before mating, especiallv in Half-bred breeding, the special breeding result to be attained in each single case must be clearly pointed out, instead of which people often think that according to the result of the production one can fix its mission in every case afterwards. The uncertainty thereby caused in the judging of the special factors of mating prevents a clear considera- tion ofall necessary points of view. One must endeavour to equalise the faults of the brood mares by corresponding merits of the covering stallions. These faults which have to be equalised do not only consist in a faulty con- formation, as for example, misplaced fore-legs, weak hocks, a too long middle part, high-leggedness, narrowness, etc., but also in defects of con- stitution (hard" and tender), of temperament (hasty, idle, good-natured, malign, courageous and cowardly), of walk (wide at the knees, narrow at the knees, slow, and full of action), of performance (stayer and flyer, action in galloping, trotting, walking), of the use of food, and, finally, in lack of qualitv, beauty and vigour. Statistics seem to recommend the mating of old sires with young mares, and vice-versa. In order not to lose sight of all these points of view, it is not only necessary to have an exact detailed know- ledge of the brood mares and their previous foals, of the available sires and their progeny, but also of the ancestors. The reversions to grand-parents and great grand-parents (Atavism, as it is called), are so frequent that a breeder who does not duly consider them will have many bitter experiences. Furthermore, a knowledge of the ancestors is required as far as to rightly 23-1- ■ Heredity. judge of the ancestors occurring on both sides — representing, so to speak, a barb — i.e., to rightly estimate the basis oi inbreeding when intending in- breeding with 3 to 6 free generations, which is most favourable for Thoroughbreds as well as for Half-breds. The more prominent, and the more suitable in anv special case for a desired quality, the common ancestors are as a basis, the closer the inbreeding may be. It is specially favourable, if, as shown in the chapter on inbreeding, several inbreedings with different basis are possible in one mating. F'urthermore, certain blood mixings, which experience has already proved to be good, must be preferred. This last point of view is especiallv important in breeding of Thoroughbreds, unless one breeds Thoroughbreds not for racing, but for riding and hunting. When mating Half-breds, one must first of all consider which breeding result, even which shade within the given breeding lines, seems to be most probable and most attainable in the case of each single brood mare. The object must not be too far removed from the type which the mare herself possesses. A verv noble, wiry mare does not recommend herself for the production of a Carossier, and vice-versa, unless the foal is considered as the final product, and is not to be used for further breeding. When mating, it is advisable tf) look at first only for the most suitable sires according to the pedigree of the brood mare and of the available stallions. For Thoroughbred breeding especially, the compilation of the pedigrees of the mares and of the sires, as well as of the basis of all their inbreedings, in lucid tables, is recommendable, so that one can easily see the possible and the best approved blood mixings, and that the possible and desirable basis of the inbreedings attained by mating may be found. When doing this, one will mostly find several sires which appear suitable. They must then be arranged according to the applicability which is recog- nised as the most suitable in exclusive consideration of the blood mixing. Then weigh the chances of same according to the other above-named points of view (deficiencies of conformation, constitution, etc.). Now begins the most difficult part of mating, the part which is considered an art, and for which no other advice can be given than to weigh exactly the advantages and disadvantages of each case of mating, and not to sacrifice in one case any more important thing than may be gained in the other. If the result of a mating decided on for good reasons does not turn out well, it is advisable not to proceed at once to another mating, but to try the same mating at least once more. Even with the best mating and the best breeding material, a small percentage will always go wrong. The fertilisation of brood mares is also surer if the covering stallion is not changed. We find the longest series of foals for the most part w here the covering stallion has been changed very seldom, or not at all. Even old Fugger is of the opinion that mares conceive easier from that stallion they have been already bred to than by another. I consider the doctrine of so-called saturation wrong, for if it were right, for example, in the case of Thoroughbred breeding, many more half- 7. The Art of Matini 335 sisters and brothers should have won classical races than own sisters and brothers, especially as the number of half-sisters and brothers is larger than that of own sisters and brothers. The following table shows that this is not the case :■ — ■ 1. Derbv Winners. (a) Own Brothers and Sisters. 17871 K T .• ^T71 _„ J- by Justice and Myer. 17961 1. Radamanthus 2. Dadalus 3. Archduke 4. Paris 5. Whalebone 6. ^^^hisker 7. 8. Lap Dog Spaniel 9. Persimmon 10. Diamond Jubilee 1803 J by Sir Peter and Horatio. 18071 , „. ^ T3 1 _.„ _^ J by Waxy and Penelope. 1823\ , ,,,, , , .. IROfiJ ^y ^^ halebone-Canopus. 1893 1 , .. ,,. , ^ ,. ^^Q„j by St. Smion and Perditta. (b) Half-brothers and Sisters. 1. Spread Eagle 179'2 by Volunteer 1 •2. Didelot " 1793 by Triumpator J 3. Ditto 1800 by Sir Peter 1 4. Pan 1805 by St. George 5. St. Giles 1829 by Tramp 6. Bloomsbury 1836 by Mulatto 7. Galtee More 1894 by Kendal Highflyer. J and Arethusa. J" and Arcot Lass. 8^ Ard Patrick 1899 by St. Florian J ''^"^ ^organette 1. Spadille 2. Y. Flora 3. Touchstone 4. Launcelot 5. Lord Lyon 6. Achievement 7. Memoir 8. La Fleche 9. Persimmon 10. Diamond Jubi 1. Van Tromp 2. The Flying D 3. Common 4. Throstle bv Stockwell and Paradieme. 2. St. Leger Winners, (a) Own Brothers and Sisters. -.rja^ j by Highflyer and Flora. Toorr I bv Camel and Banter. XOQ i J ' 18631 1864 J Tooo r bv St. Simon and Quiver. , Tor>*r7 r bv St. Simon and Perditta. lee 1897 J ■ (b) Half-brothers and Sisters. 1844 by Lanercost 1 , p ... utchman 1846 by Bay Middleton ^ 1888 by Isonomy 1 , t-,- .i 1891 by Petrarch / ^"'^ T*^'^"^' 336 Heredity. 3. Oaks Winners. (a) Own Sisters. 1. Musis 18101 , „. , ,.. ... „ ,,. , To-in/ bv W axv and W oodbine. ■2. Minuet 1812^ - 3. Memoir 18871 4. La Fl^che 1888-* bv St. Simon and Quiver. (b) Half-sisters. Laurel. 3. Spinaway 1872 by Macaroni 1 , „ t^ , A ^nTu 1 f T7 4^ TQrin u A J t- ( ^ud Quecn Bertha. 4. Wheel of fortune 1876 by Adventurer J ■^ 1. Rhedycina 1847 by Wintonian \ 2. Governess 1855 bv Chatham ^ III. The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. CHAPTER I. Judging and Treating Breeding Material, (a) Judging Covering Stallions. From each breeding horse, be it stallion or mare, one must demand, first and foremost, certain distijict merits, i.e., prominent parts. Only a breeding horse possessing specially prominent characters is justified in having a few faults, and the less faults it has the greater they may be. The only un- pardonable fault of a breeding aninxil is bad health and weakness connected with it. A too great fear of other faults, which cannot really always be avoided, is the surest way to inferiority. Of course, one will estimate the faults of breeding material differently, according to the object of the breed- ing in question ; further, in consideration of the characters of the other breeding material ; and finally according to sex. In Half-bred breeding, a Thoroughbred sire which has little quality, and which was a distinct cypher on the course, is just as little to be recom- mended as a Half-bred stallion which is too light in the bone and not of sufficiently correct build. The former ought to transmit to his progeny principally capabilities and quality, and the latter strength and correctness. I mvself prefer an untried Thoroughbred to a proved cypher. With the former there is always a chance that he perhaps might have done something of note on the course. Such an untried Thoroughbred stallion which has produced prominently in East Prussian half-breedings was, for example, Cicero born 1882 by Chamant out of Liane, and perhaps also Kerl born 1885 by Lord Colney out of Oceana. In Thoroughbred breeding only a few similar examples are known. At this moment only Golumpus and Y. Alel- bourne occur to me. With Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions, one great fault is less injurious than several small ones, especially if there are great merits together with the great fault. The best known example of former times for this is Soothsayer, born 1808, by Sorcerer out of Golden 340 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Locks, who had a coarse club foot (Lymphangitis chronica). Only Bav Middleton, born 1883, whose dam, Cobweb, was a grand-daughter of Sooth- saver, produced a few foals which also acquired a club foot. Further, the following are to be considered as great faults to be passed over : — A strong, misplaced forefoot, as in the case of Stockwell ; a bad hock, as in the case of Birdcatcher and Saxifrage; roaring, as in the case of Chamant, Gallinule, Mawkstone (Euphony's sire), Vorwiirts (Half-bred in Trakehnen), crooked fore-legs, as in the case of The Wizard (grand-sire of Optimus) and Mannibal; crib-champing, or gasping, as in the case of Euphony, Moros, and JMirmidone; strong wind-gall, as in the case of Marsworth ; bad temperament, as in the case of Barcaldine, Friponnier, and Flugel (Half- bred in Trakehnen), etc. The progeny of the above stallions, in Thorough- bred and Half-bred breeding, has shown that even great faults may be combated with success, and that the blood streams of first-class stallions have been thus rightly preserved for breeding purposes. A great fault in walking — for example, a much misplaced fore-foot — is easier to eradicate by correct mating than an undecided walk without a great fault, as in the case of the Derby winner Ladas, who seems to walk sometimes close at the knee and sometimes wide at the knee, and who, almost without exception, transmits a bad walk. The fear of faults, especially distinct faults which any fool sees at once and criticises, has just as stagnating an effect in breeding as elsewhere in life, political or scientific. Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions must show the breeder distinctly for which parts he may expect a prominent transmission, also specially suited for improvement, and for which parts he must be particular about when mating. One mav obtain success in one direction, but seldom in several directions at the same time. A pronounced sire with a distinctly sharp build, a free movement from the shoulders, a courageous eye and good health, together with a thin mane, a thin, well-carried tail, shows at once a good covering stallion. Without going into the well-known demands for exterior, I would like to briefly mention that I prefer a too short neck to a too long one, and pasterns which are too long and soft rather than those which are too short and upright. Further, straight hind legs rather than those which are too curved, and a knee which is a little protruding to a knee which is too tapered. From the table on page 185, it can be seen that the height of 15.3 hands to 16.1 hands is apparently the most favourable for Thoroughbreds. The same heights are also the best for Half-breds, if the object of the breeding is particularlv aiming at capabilities. Greater heights are often demanded in many studs in order to satisfy customers, but, unfortunately, at the cost of capabilities. Here we again come across the old fight between appearance and the real thing. One may here see the danger; how that vanity, folly and want of taste may drive breeders into the production of 1. Judging' and Treatinf;;; Breeding Material. 341 appearances by producing exaggerated heights, which all modern improved breeds nolens volens aim at. In Half-bred breeding as well as Thoroughbred breeding, I prefer, all things being equal, the flyer to the pronounced stayer. For Thoroughbred breeding it is certainly more important that the stallion can travel quickly over short distances than that he can stay for long distances. The best stayers of recent times were : Gladiateur, Thurio, Foxhall and Sheen, who, although they had good, and even the best chances, only transmitted mode- rately. The phenomenal stayer. Fisherman, has not left one first-class sire behind him in Australia. Pronounced flyers over one mile who have trans- mitted well are, for example, Buccaneer, Isonomy, Gallinule, Energie and Hannibal, etc. On account of their high class, flyers have also frequently won longer races, as for example, Isonomy as a four-year-old. Also Chamant, who has equally well transmitted in Thoroughbred and Half-bred breeding, was a distinct flyer, and proved himself as such, especially when winning the '24X)0 Guineas, against the subsequent Derby winner, Silvio. Even the great Ormonde won his races generally by the tactics of a flyer. The best selection of chief covering stallions for Half-bred breeding is especially difficult, because the objects to be attained are much more manifold than in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, which only are wanted for winning races. Of course, these difierent objects in Half-bred breeding can easily be simplified by taking as the final aim of breeding a satisfactory supply of the country studs with country stallions, and not the sufficient capabilities and endurance of cavalry remounts. The latter, however, is the chief and final purpose of the most important part of Prussian Half-bred breeding. Here again, however, as so often in life, especially in official life, the question arises : Shall the affairs be so conducted that people are first contented and cause no unpleasantness, or shall they be so arranged that one expects to gain the greatest advantage for the public welfare to man's best knowledge and belief ? The first method is the one usual in America, where men laugh at an idealist who desires to further the cause, and, as they say, wants to make man happier than he can comprehend. The less Thoroughbred breeding produces good and strong fundaments the more burning becomes the question to the Half-bred breeder as to in which way he may do justice to this most important requirement in Half- breds. The history of Half-bred breeds in Germany, as well as in other countries, shows how bad— almost ruined — many studs have become by refinement and deterioration of the fundaments. That is the heel of Achilles in our Half-breds, for one can scarcely over-estimate the importance of a good fundament for a soldier's horse. The work of the breeder in this respect is the most important, as well as the most difficult one. Unfortunately, one has tried almost everywhere cross-breeding with Draft breeds. The favourable results which have often in the first genera- 342 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. tion been attained by this coarse crossing, have induced many breeders, even some Irish Hunter breeders, to continue breeding on this Hne. Even Irishmen, however, on their admirable breeding grounds, soon found out that the progeny of these coarse cross-breds was a faikire, because it is just the coarseness and the weakness of the Drafter, and the hght fundament of the Thoroughbred, which most surely are transmitted. Irishmen have, in good time, got together the remains of their ancient old Half-bred, called draft horse (not cold blood), the best of which are found in County Roscommon. In more recent times they are again trying, with the help of the remains of their former native Half-bred horse, to produce the same good and strong fundament which their horses formerly possessed to a greater extent, but which had been spoiled by mediocre Thoroughbreds and coarse Drafters. In this strengthening of breeding material, it is at first necessary, in Ireland as well as in Germany, to improve the fundament of brood mares — a very difficult, unpopular and unpoetical work indeed; because, if one strengthens, there is also brought into the breeding many ugly, unavoidable traits. One must not forget, however, that the ennobling and beautifying is afterwards the easiest work in Half-bred breeding. The most difficult work is to find or breed Half-bred stallions which may be used for the above- mentioned purpose. According to the actual constitution of our Half-breds and Thoroughbreds, the use of Thoroughbred stallions alone is not sufficient for making good progress. I further do not believe that one will be able to breed such a strong Half-bred stallion with the desired fundament direct from a Thoroughbred stallion. In mv opinion two generations will be necessarv to obtain l)v right mating, feeding and exercise, what is wanted. If the mating has succeeded and the soil furnishes the necessary bone-making food, one will be onlv able to obtain a good and strong fundament, such as we have in the Steppe horses, to perfection, by grazing lasting as long as possible, bv exercise in the summer, and by a systematic daily long exercise in the winter. If the breeder has succeeded in producing such a Half-bred stallion with a strong fundament, he must also have the c©urage to make good use of him, in spite of some faults which he may undoubtedly have, and which the merest dilettante can easilv recognise. These faults which must be passed over will be mainly lack of beauty, harmony and quality, also, unfortunately often, a bad walk", llie swinging and correct walk will most certainly be bred in later, at the same time as the breed is ennobled by Thoroughbreds. Such a bony Half-bred stallion which has become big and strong in work will always, especially in its younger years, look angular and ugly. Such a stallion will rarely gain the affection of young breeders. These latter will for the most part trv to attain agreeable ideals, such as are embodied in the noblest Thoroughbred, and will trouble themselves less with the wearying cares just mentioned. 1. Juclging" and Treating' Breeding Material. 343 (b) Judging Brood Mares. What I have said about stallions may also be said about the conformation of brood mares ; yet in the case of the latter a greater length of trunk is allowed, even if the middle part should suffer therebv. The feminine character always finds distinct expression with good brood mares. V^ampire, the dam of Flying Fox, with her conspicuous stallion neck and unfeminine coarseness, belongs to the exceptions, and besides the 1899 Derbv winner has not produced anything useful. Mares with pronounced hooked teeth are nearly always bad dams, and verv often barren. Statistics further teach us that small, wiry mares are preferable to large, so-called show mares. If the dams of classical winners are divided according to their conformation into the three military classes — Cuirassiers, Uhlans and Hussars — the most approved brood mares will be found in the last lot. Good brood mares of the Cuirassier class are few. V'ergissmeinnicht and Pulcherrima, perhaps the best approved brood mares in Graditz, were only Hussar tvpes, just as Sweet Katie (dam of Flibustier. Amalie von Edelreich and Waisenknabe), La Traviata (dam of Bauenfanger and Hochstapler), La Fille du Regi- ment (dam of Grimston and Primas), Cantata (dam of Hvmenccus), Gorse (dam of Goura and Goodhope), Dirt Cheap (dam of Trachenberg), B Flat (dam of Paul and Flatterer). Of English mares may here be mentioned Perditta (dam of two Derby winners), also ]\Iedora (dam of Zinfandel). Of Cuirassier types which have produced a Derbv winner or similar, I only know — in England, St. Gatien's dam, St. Editha; in Ireland, Morganette (dam of Galtee More and Ard Patrick); in France, Val D'Or's dam, Wandora, and Jardy's clam, Airs and Graces; and in Germany, Zama (Hannibal's dam). Hippia, herself an Oaks winner, is also a big-framed Cuirassier horse, and yet she could not produce anvthing better than Gunnersburv bv such a good sire as Hermit. I have made the same observa- tions in the Half-bred breeding at Trakeli nen. The so-called lighT riding horses in Trakehnen supplv the best covering stallions. The strongest brood mares in Gurdszen supply fewer good covering stallions, and more seldom still chief stud stallions. The dams of the chief stud stallions Polarsturm, Prince Optimus and Alter Herr, had scarcely the calibre to be put even in the class of brood mares for so-called light riding horses. Moba also, the dam of Morgenstrahl, belongs to the Hussar tvpe, and the heights of some celebrated brood mares given below support this theorv. L'nfer- tunately, I know onlv the height of a few of them, and even these few, when compared with the heights of prominent stallions given on page IS-*), show that the most favourable size for brood mares is about 155 to 160 cm. (15 hands 1 inch to 15 hands 5 inches), therefore at least 5 cm.iess than the most favourable height of stallions. 344 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. Heights of Famous Thoroughbred Mares. Size in No. Names of Mares Born Sire Hands. Inches. cm. 1 Queen Mab 1785 Eclipse 14 3 149,9 2 Maniac 1806 Shuttle 15 2 157,5 3 Velocipede's dam 1817 Juniper 15 — 152,4 4 Emma 1824 Whisker 15 H 156,2 5 Bee's Wing 18;i^ Dr. Syntax 15 2 157,5 6 Crucifix 18;:i7 Priam 15 m 162,0 7 Pocahontas 18:^7 Glencoe 14 3 149,9 8 Ghuznee 18;^ Pantaloon 14 3 149,9 9 Miami 1844 Venison 15 1 154,9 10 Lady Evelyn l»«i Don John 15 H 1.56,2 11 Blink Bonny 1854 Melbourne 15 2i 158,3 12 Imperieuse 1854 Orlando 15 3 160,0 13 Pti'lcherrima 1878 Beadsman 15 h 15:^,7 14 Pearlina 1875 Brown Bread 15 1 154,9 15 Perditta II. 1881 Hampton 15 2 157,5 16 Haselnus 1882 Flibustier 15 H 156,2 17 Morganette 18^ Spring- field 16 1 165,1 18 Vitarba 1884 Rosicrucian 15 1 154,9 19 Sappho 1886 \\'isdom 15 n 15."), 5 20 Vision 1886 Flibustier 15 H 155,5 21 La Fleche 1889 St. Simon 16 — 162,6 22 Medora 1890 Bend Or 15 2 157,5 23 Festa 1893 St. Simon 15 2 157,5 24 Helm 1893 Morion 15 3| 162,0 25 Victoria 1904 St. Simon 15 21 158,3 When purchasing or judging Thoroughbred brood mares, one must tabulate their pedigree in the female line for about four to live generations in order to easily and rightly estimate them. As a contrast to Goos' tables, not only the classical winners, but all products of the female blood stream which have won races are noted, showing how often thev have run and won. Of course, the classical winners are specially mentioned. Thereby one will often be surprised to find how few of the many offsprings in the respective female blood stream remain in the case of most mares. I give as an example of this the estimating table for the mare White Nun, formerlv thus con- structed. For want of space I have onlv^ gone back two generations. The type in bold letters means also ran or won as two-year-olds. Evervthing w^hich had not won up to the sale of White Nun has been left out, except where the progeny of a non-winning mare has won ; for example, Wingrave Lass, as dam of Windthorpe. The sires of White Nun, Lady Blanche, etc., stand above the respective mares. 1. Judg^ing and Treating Bleeding Material. 345 Hermit Thunderbolt Vengeance White Nun. 23. 4. Lady Blanche 27. 12. Cordelia U. 1. 1S82 1868 1SC2 1874 Wingrave Lass by Wingrave 0. 0. 1870 Thunderer by Robin Hood 38. 4. 1883 Windthorpe by Tibtorpe 3L o. 187G Goneril by Thunderbolt 0. 0. 1880 Spectre by Speculum 9. 1. 1880 Duke of Albany 35. 3. 1883 Whitefriar by Hermit 18. 6. 1883 Duchess of Albany 14.3. (Gratw. St. Goodw.) (c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions. I cannot recommend the use of stallions for covering purposes before their fourth vear ; firstly, because the stallions generally suffer in their development bv reason of this early covering; and secondly, because also in Half-bred breeding I have never yet seen good foals produced by three- year-old stallions. In Thoroughbred breeding also, I do not know a case of a successful use of a three-year-old stallion. Only in American Trotter breeding I must mention the remarkable example of Hambletonian (10), born 1849, who produced as a two-year-old in 185-2 Abdallah (15). Abdallah (15) became the foundation sire of the celebrated Crcscens, born 1894, with a record of 2.(>2j. The question, up to wl>at age the stallion may be used, depends only how long he can cover and still fertilise. I have never yet observed at Trakehnen a diminution in the qualitv of the foals due to the great age of the stallion as long as he remained healthy and was not used too much. In Thoroughbred breeding, however, the power of transmission seems to have decreased lately from the 19th to the 20th year, as may be seen from a previously given table (page 87), especiallv if one compares them with the performances of 19-year-olds, which are not here mentioned, but which are very favourable. In Half-bred breeding statistics are so incomplete that one cannot arrive at anv real conclusions. Many breeders in England contend that old stallions produce more stavers ; further, old stallions and stallions which are much used produce generally more colts. When stallions are very much used, as sometimes happens in country studs, I have now and then observed that the foals become somewhat lighter, as for example, in Gudwallen with Halm and Harnisch, and in Trakehnen with Optimus. Fertility decreases easilv if stallions are too much used in their youth, otherwise old stallions fertilise as long as thev are healthy even often better than young stallions (as already Aristotle and Fugger have taught us). The often observed worse transmission, as well as worse fertilisa- tion, on the part of young stallions, especiallv those who have run much and for long, is, in my opinion, caused by the fact that the transition from the course to the stud is too sudden, and therefore injurious to health. The sensible and good treatment of young covering stallions (especiallv at Eaton Hall, the Duke of Westminster's stud), has led in the following cases to good results in the first covering year : — 34G The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. 1. Doncaster — Bend Or — Ormonde and Kendal. 2. Ormonde — Orme, Llantonv and Goldfinch. 3. Flying Fox — Ajax and Gouvernant. 4. Galtee More — Irish Lad. 5. St. Simon — Memoir, Semolina and St. Serf. n. Persimmon — Sceptre and Cheers. 7. Flageolet — Rayon D'or. 8. Wild Dayrell — Buccaneer. 9. Orlando — Teddington. 10. Florizel — Diomed. 11. Highflyer — Rockingham. The health of the covering stallions is, therefore, one of the most important problems of the breeder. Firstly, there must be a sensible tran- sition from the condition of training to that of covering. Stallions which have been accustomed to rugs must be slowly broken off the habit, of course, in the warm season, and always with the proviso that the stable temperature in winter does not sink below .5° C, and is not generally less than 8° C. Furthermore, a horse in training is used to much work. The sudden stop- page of all work is therefore injurious to health. When, of course, quick work may be left out without injur}-, the voung covering stallion ought to do sufficient slow work, to which also short canters belong. To sum up, the voung covering stallions must do daily fully 2J hours' exercise. As long as Old Chamant was in Beberbeck he did his canters daily up to his 20th year; but, of course, I do not wish to imply that every stallion should do cantering work up to that age. Here again the individualising breeder's eye must decide how much work would be beneficial to any single stallion. If, for example, such a full-blooded and phlegmatic stallion as Minting, when he commenced covering, had done his cantering work for the 2A- hours neces- sary dail}-, he would not have got founder, and he would very likely not have failed in his first year as a covering stallion, and would very probably have-transmitted better according to his magnificent form as a racehorse and to his perfect exterior. Fngiand sins most in this respect, by often taking things too easily, I believe, and manv excellent Thoroughbred stallions have perished early in consequence of having had too little exercise. Old Woll- stein already speaks energeticalh- against the insufficient exercise of covering stallions, and sa\'s finallv : " If vou nialce doctrines, make them so that you yourselves are not ashamed of them, and that vou do not injure the animals. Ask the beast itself, and from it vou will learn." If cantering does not seem any more necessary for the covering stallion, the best thing to recommend is to lead him in cr)mpan\' with another stallion, and in summer to put him in a paddock with an adjoining box. It is ver\- useful for the covering stallions to be able to see, in the box as well as in the paddock, their neighbouring stallions. Nothing is so conduci\e to mak'e covering stallions ^•icious than complete isolation. I'^or Half-bred stallio-ns I consider it very useful to con- 1. Judging; and Treating Breeding- Material. 347 tinue the training of four and five-year-olds for about four months after the coverincr season, in order to prevent premature ageing and fattening, to \vhich the best and healthiest Half-bred stallions are mostly prone. The quantity of food, as well as exercise, must be regulated to suit individual cases. During the covering season I recommend daily 10 to at the most 15 lbs. of oats (1 lb. of oats= about 1 litre) in four rations, and about 10 to 15 lbs. of meadow hay (not clover hay); twice weekly, wheat bran, about 2 litres, as a mash, with oats mixed for the evening food. Early in the spring, for about four weeks whilst casting their coats, daily about ^ lb. linseed ground or roasted (about a handful to each feed of oats). After the covering season in summer, about 6 to 10 lbs. of oats, and as long as it is available, green Lucerne, or green clover with Timothee. In the case of green food special attention must be paid to its being chopped twice daily and eaten fresh at once. During green food season leave out the wheat bran. Young Half-bred stallions which are still kept in training get, of course, more oats, just the same as horses in training. They must, however, get the green food just the same as the others, unless racing is intended. In the autumn, when green food is no longer available, give them, for about four weeks daily, about 6 to 8 litres fresh carrots finely chopped. Of course, a chang:e from one ration to another must be gradual. (d) The Stallions whilst Covering. In my opinion, it is most advantageous that one attendant should lead the stallion when covering. If two attendants, one on each side, guide the stallion with a cavesson rein, they must both be well trained, sensible and attentive in order to avoid awkward or too sudden pulling or tightening of one or both cavessons when the stallion has to be taken or kept back. Xot only is it easv for accidents to happen with two attendants, but a stallion gets vexed much easier, as the most important personal and friendly relation and agreement is only possible with one attendant. It is especially much better to have only one attendant leading when teaching young stallions. Besides the leading attendant and the man who holds the mare, there is only another attendant required to stand at the right side of the mare and give the neces- sary assistance. He must pull the mare's tail to one side before the stallion mounts, and when necessary help on the right thigh the stallion whilst he covers, whilst the leading attendant helps him on the left thigh. To guide the penis of the stallion into the vagina is the duty of the leading attendant, but only as far as is required, and with the view of gradually educating the stallion to do it finally himself. The old precept of leading the stallion once before the covering in a circle round the mase is very sensible. This action has the effect of quietening and educating the stallion, the mare does not become so easilv frightened, and the covering is done quietly and in the place desired and prepared. Very likely this old precept was originally 348 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. based on the idea that the good-looking staUion would influence the mare in producing a line foal. It is, of course, essential that there should be the greatest quietness during the covering, and that there should not be many people, and no dogs, etc., about. 1 would like to mention one thing more, viz., that mounting is facilitated if the mare stands with her fore-feet on higher ground. Of the about 200 stallions which I have seen taught to cover according to the above rules, I have never vet found one which did not learn it in one or two days, with one exception, when it took eight days. Finally, in all these things, old stud attendants have more experience, and in difficult cases always more practical remedies than I am in general able to propose. In order to prevent the possible transmission of infectious matter of abortion bv the penis of the stallion, 1 recommend that same should be thoroughly washed immediately after covering with wadding soaked in a solution of chinosol 1 per 1,000, for which purpose the penis must be drawn out long with the hand. Of course, during fhis manipulation one cannot expect too much patience from the stallion at first, and must accustom him to it bv degrees. I never yet found a stallion which did not get used to it in a verv short time. To merely rinse the penis with an irrigator is not sufficient disinfection. The best time for covering is about half an hour after the stallion has been exercised, viz., in East Prussia, in winter about 9 o'clock, and in summer about 7 o'clock in the morning, and if twice covered, in the after- noon at 3 or 5 o'clock. Stallions must not cover immediatelv^ after having had their oats; there must be at least an interval of one hour. When stallions first begin covering it is advisable to let them cover onlv three or four times per week. Later on, in the case of most stallions, it is most advantageous for most stallions to cover once dail\- without missing. A so- called rest day, i.e., when no covering is done, results in most cases in the stallion making more effort than is necessary the day after, which does him more harm than the rest day has done him good. A rest day might be useful on the day following that in which the stallion has covered twice. Four- year-old stallions should never be expected to cover more than once a day in their first year of covering. Older stallions ought not to mount twice a day for more than two weeks together, as after that period it would do them harm. After several days with one mount per day, two mounts dailv can be repeated for two consecutive weeks. Here again, however, individuality must be the deciding factor. In the cases of especiallv valuable chief covering stallions I would recommend never to let them mount twice daily for more than three to four days consecutively, and then for the same number of days once daily. The over-exertion of stallions by covering twice daily for several months together, which is frequently unavoidable in many country studs, not only causes an early infertility of the stallions, but, as already mentioned, their pro- geny becomes lighter. From their -iOth year the productive capacity of most stallions gradually decreases, and for that reason valuable stallions which 1. Judging- and Treating" Breeding Material. 349 are 20 years or older must only in exceptional cases (two to three times monthly) be allowed to cover twice in one day. Stallions are most liable to refuse to cover dark coloured mares, especially black mares. It is therefore advisable to h«ve a light coloured mare, for preference a grey mare, to get the stallion ready, and at the last moment turn him on to the black mare; a trick which in most cases is successful. Performances of Hambletonian (10) at the Stud. Number Foals Born Alive Per- In the .Year Age in Years of Covered Mares centage of Foals AiiKingst which are the following Celebrated Sons. 1851 2 4 3 75 Abdallah (15), Billy Denton (65)? 1852 3 17 13 76 1853 4 101 78 77 \'olunteer (55) 185i 5 88 62 70 Edward Everett (81) 1855 6 89 64 72 George Wilkes (519) 1856 7 87 64 74 Dexter Record : 2. 17-1- ! 1857 8 87 63 72 1858 9 72 54 75 1859 10 95 66 69 Robert Bonner (270) 1860 11 106 72 68 Bruno 1861 12 98 68 69 1862 13 158 111 70 Administrator (357), Dictator (118), Happy Medium (400), Harold (413), Chester, Sentinel (280) 1863 14 150 92 61 Jay Gould (197), Prosper (907), Idol (44), Y. Bruno 1864 15 217 148 68 Knickerbocker (200), Messenger, Duroc (106), Rysdyk (658) 1865 16 193 128 66 Aberdeen (27), General Stanton (2545), Socrates (287), Strathmore (408), Small Hopes 1866 17 105 75 71 Banker (4114), Bismarck (67), Blackstone (72), Deucation (889), Florida (482), Bolton (76), Sweepstakes (298) 1867 18 72 42 58 Curler (100), Electioneer (125), Enfield (128), , Masteriode (595), Drift (522), Waltham (687) 1868 19 not given 1869 20 22 18 82 1870 21 22 16 73 Auditor (778) 1871 22 30 26 87 1872 23 30 24 80 Arthurton (365), Artillery (750), Kisber 1873 24 31 20 65 Meredith (1867) 1874 25 32 24 75 Egbert (1136) 1875 26 24 2 8 Total 1930 1333 69 350 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. As example of the capabilities of a stallion in the case of reasonable management — as is found oftener in America than in England and Ireland — the above-mentioned Trotter, Hambletonian (10), born 5th ?^Iay, 1849, by Abdallah I., is worthy of note. It may be especially noticed in the table on the preceding page that the percentage of fertilisation and the quality of transmission has not decreased after the •20th year in spite of very great use (15 years old 217 mares). Hambletonian died in March, 1876, when 27 years old, and left behind 150 sires, with 1,490 descendants, which had a record of 2.30 and better, as well as 80 brood mares, with 110 descendants, which had also a record of 2.30 and better. Furthermore, the Thoroughbred stallion, Red Prince II., by Kendal, has, for example, covered as a 19-year-old in four and a half months in Trakehnen 74 mares in 88 servings, and fertilised 66 of same, i.e., 89.2 per cent. Hereby it must be mentioned that Red Prince came to Trakehnen from Ireland only on the 8th January, during a temperature of 30° C, and the covering season finishes at the end of May. (e) Age of Brood Mares. The best age at which to cover mares is three years, except in cases where three-year-old Thoroughbred mares are still in training and have to run races, then it is better to put off the covering for another year. The same applies to Half-bred mares if they as three-year-olds are still subject to regular training, or as riding or carriage horses do so much work that they do not get fat and come too often in heat, in spite of good food. The best results as regards the number of foals and perhaps also as regards their quality are, as previous tables (pages 56 — 63) show, found on an average with mares which are covered and were in foal as three-year-olds. This applies to Thoroughbred as well as to Half-bred breeding. I only know one mare in Germany which has dropped 20 living foals, namely, B Flat, which was covered with success as a three-year-old. According to experiences at Trakehnen, mares which produce the first foal in their fifth year, or later, remain in the following year barren much oftener than mares which have been successfully covered as three-year-olds. Besides, the latter are, almost without exception, better nurses. Wollstein thinks that mares which bear their first foal as four-year-olds have the following advantages when compared with mares which have been covered later in life : — 1. The births are easier. 2. Mares are more fertiile and have more milk. 3. The foals are bigger and stronger. The most prominent products of mares, on an average, are produced between their eighth and thirteenth year, as can be easily seen for Thorough- bred breeding from the Goos' tables. Goos says in the preface of his cele- brated tables that the winners of the five classical races in England arc distributed as follows : — 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material. 351 3 to 7-year-old dams 17 per cent. \ S to 13 ,, ,» 55 ,, r 1 • 1 • ^_, r oi classical ^vlnners. 14 to 18 ,, ,. 21 ,, 19 to 25 ,, „ 7 ,, ) As experience at Trakehnen shows, 8 to 13 years of age is also the best and most fertile time for Half-breds. In Half-breds, however, the brood mares, up to their 7th year inclusive — as opposed to Thoroughbreds — seem to be much more fertile than between the age of 14 and IS. 20-vear-old brood mares have up to now produced three Royal Stud stallions only, those older than 20 none at all. ^Miscarriage or barrenness of mares in the first three to five years of their being made brood mares is less dangerous than if occurring in later years. Of course, this is always bad. Brood mares at the age in which, as above said, the best products are expected from them, i.e., 10-year-old and over, have more seldom the power to overcome these unfavourable derangements of their breeding career than younger mares. Prominent products of Half-bred mares over 20 years of age are not known to me, whilst, as shown in the previous tables (pages 65 — 78), in the breeding of Thoroughbreds also, 24- year-old and older brood mares have produced classical winners or other prominent progeny. (f) Twins. Mares which have produced twins, dead or living, are in most cases, however undesirable any single case may be, considered specially valuable brood mares, from w-hich prominent progeny may be expected. Unfortun- ately, twin births frequently recur, as for example, with the Oaks winner Bronce, four times; with Legend born 1825 by jMerlin, and grand- daughter of the celebrated Prunella, three times consecutively ; and with Fairy Ring born 1878 by Macaroni, also three times consecutively. This quality is often hereditary, and there are many examples of it in Thorough- bred breeding as well as in Half-bred breeding. In the last twenty-five years, from 1874 to 1898 inclusive, 33 Royal Stud stallions have been born in Trakehnen, of which the following 11 stallions are derived from dams which also had twins : — 1. Tunnel, born 1874 by The Duke of Edinburgh and Tutti. 2. Paladin, born 1874 by Adonis and Palme. 3. Discant, born 1877 by Flligel and Diana. 4. Venezuela, born 1878 by Hector and Viereck. 5. Elfenbein, born 1879 by Marsworth and Ellis. 6. Passvan, born 1881 by Fliigel and Palme. 7. Granicus, born 1887 by Kingdom and Gradlitz. 8. Jenissei, born 1888 by Venezuela and Jemba. 9. Hydriot, born 1895 by Fiirstenberg and Hydra. 10. Morgenstrahl, born 1896 by Blue Blood and Moba. 11. Justizminister, born 1898 by Boulevard and Justicia. 352 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinj There can as yet be no final judgment about the later born stallions, as their dams are still alive and are too young-. Of the 1,297 brood mares mentioned in the Second W^lume of the Trakehnen Stud Book, only 136 haye up to now produced twins; nine mares twice, and twojiiares three times. In the First \^olume of the Beberbeck Stud Book, 342 brood mares are mentioned, of which onlv 13 bore twins: amongst these 13 being the celebrated Optima, dam of the best stallion which Beberbeck has produced, namely, Optimus, who was for eight years up to his death used as a Royal Stud stallion in Trakehnen. Perhaps the best son of Optimus, born in Beberbeck, was Cardinal, born 1895 b\- Optimus and Cedar, who commenced with twins. Onlv one brood mare (Lucca) has produced twins in Beberbeck twice. In one case both lived, of which one (Lollo) became a brood mare and also produced twins. Ajax, a twin born in Beberbeck 1800 bv Dreadnought and Augusta, became stallion in Xeustadt. As already mentioned, only one mare in Germany has produced 20 li\ing foals, amongst them the Derby winner Paul, and that was the Thoroughbred mare B Flat (born 1864 by Orlando and Torment), who herself was a twin. The number of twin births, according to observations made at Trakehnen in the last twelve vears, varies verv much — from ^ per cent, to 3 per cent., average about 1^- per cent, of the mares in foal, and is higher in those years in which fertilisation has been favourable. It is worthy of note that in human twins also the average is just over 1 per cent. In the General Stud Book, in the first sixteen volumes, 1,085 mares are mentioned which have produced twins. Of these 413 mares are mentioned in Goos' tables (3rd edition), a sure sign that they are amongst the most prominent for breeding purposes ; an exceedingly good state of affairs. More than 80 prominent foundation mares in the Goos' tables are dams which have produced twins. From the following list of mares which have produced twins and also performed well in breeding, it can be seen that in England 13 Derbv winners, 15 Oaks winners, 9 St. Leger winners, 10 Two Thousand Guineas winners, and 10 One Thousand Guineas winners are offsprings of mares which have produced twins. A Few Thoroughbred Brood Mares in England which have Produced Twins. No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Progeny 1 Horatia b_v Blank — Flying Childers 1758 Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6 Grand-dam of Diomed D. and Y. Eclipse D. 2 Letitia by Highflyer — Matcheni 17&3 Foundation mare of Fam. 46 ,3 Nimble by Florizel and Bantipole 1784 17 foals Nik6 O. Foundation mare of Fam. 32 1. judq'inq" and Treating' Breeding" Material. 353 No. Name and Pedii^ree Born Familx" and Progeny 9 10 11 12 13 14 13 I\Iaid of Ely b\- Tandem — Herod Palmflower by \^'eazIe and Columba Twice twins Mare bv Hiijiillver — Goldlinder Mare by Trentliam and Cytherea Y. Giantess bv Diomed and Giantess Rallv by Trumpator and Fancy Woodbine by Woodpecker and Puzzle (lived to 32 years old) Twice twins Half-sister to Ht)rnby Lass Mare by PotSos and Editha Mare by Preci|jitate and Lady Harriet Hornby Lass by Buzzard and Puzzle (lived to 32 years old) Half-sister to Woodbine Ladv' Jane by Sir Peter and Paulina Own sister to Hermione O. Mare by Precipitate and Y. Tiffany Twice twins 1785 1787 1788 1789 1790 1790 1791 1794 1795 1796 1796 1797 13 foals Foundation mare of Fam. 45 Cockfig'hter L. Fam. 2 12 foals Pensioneer 1795 by Dunganon Agnes 1805 by Shuttle Fam. 26 Pantina (dam of BKichcr D.) Fam. 4 Sorcerer Eleanor D. O. Julia (dam of Phantom D.) Cressida (dam of Antar 2. and Priam D.) Mare by Walton (dam of Nicolo 2. and Langar) Fam. 6 Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6a Music O. Minuet O. Fam. 1 a 12 foals Famous foundation mare of Fam. 3e Wizard 2. Fam. 12 a 12 foals Morel O. Fam. 1 a Briseis O. Miss Tooley (grand-dam of Harka- way Gcp. 2 x ) Fam. 2 Bourbon 1811 by Sorcerer Mare by Sorcerer (dam of Jack Spigot L.) Fam. 5 a 354 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinef. No. Name and Pedigree Born i Family and Progeny 16 Violante 1802 Famous foundation mare of Fam. 3 a by John Bull — Highflyer Grand-dam by Decoy 17 Bronce O. 1803 Mulatto 1811 by Sorcerer by Buzzard — Alexander Busto 1812 by Clinker Twice twins and 2 good foundation mares in Own sister to Castrel, Selim and Fam. 2d Rubens 18 Henrietta 1807 Tar rare L. by Sir Solomon — Woodpecker Fair Charlotte Fam. 6 19 Lady Grey 1806 Gustavus D. by Stamford — Bordeaux Fam. 7 20 Mare 1808 Nicolo 2. (twins) by Walton and Y. Giantess, who Langar also had twins Fam. 6 21 Mare 1809 13 foals. Famous foundation mare by Shuttle — Drone in Fam. 13 22 Scheherazade by Selim and (21-year-old) Gipsy 1810 Foundation mare in Fam. 10 b 23 Selima by Selim and a Mare by PotSos, who also had twins 1810 Famous foundation mare in Fam. 3e 24 Miss Craigie 1811 Birmingham L. by Orville and Marchioness Foundation mare of Fam. 34 Twice twins 25 Sunflower by Castrel — Alexander 1813 Foundation mare in Fam. 4 a 26 Mare by Clinker and Bronce O., who herself had twins four times 1816 Famous foundation mare in Fam. 2 d 27 Mare 1823 Ralph. 2. Cm. Acp. by Catton and Altisidora L. Fam. 11 28 Sylph 1821 Lugwardine by Spectre and Fanny Legh Newcourt Lady Lift (dam of Consul FD., Mazarin, Le Marechal) Fam. 35 29 Turquoise O. 1825 Jericho by Selim and Pope Joan Fam. 1 b 30 Variation O. 1827 Pompey by Bustard and Johanna South- Elphine, famous foundation mare in cote Fam. 9 b and dam of Warlock L., Phantom, etc. 1. Judging- and Treating Breeding Material. 355 No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Progeny 31 Zarina by Mori SCO and Ina 32 Progress by Langar — Blacklock 33 Miss Kitty Cockle by Cadland and Maid of Mansfield Twins twice 3i Virginia by Rowton and Pucelle 35 Black Bess by Camel — Scud 36 Crucifix -2. 1. O. by Priam and Octaviana 37 Monstrosity by Plenipotentiary and Puce 38 Moonbeam by Tomboy and Lunatic 39 Peggy by Muley ^Moloch and Fanny iO Emerald by Defence and Emiliana il The Landgravine by Elis and The Margravine 12 The Princess O. by Slane — Phantom 43 Bridle by The Saddler and Monoeda 44 Ellen Home by Redshank and Delhi 1827 The Prime Warden The Cur Cs. Fam. 17 1833 Attila D. Fam. 15 1834 Truth Cm. Fam. 11 b 1835 Virago 1. Gcp. Dcp. and Sacrifice, grand-dam of Devotion, famous foundation mare in Fam. 4 a 1837 Hernandez 2. Bataglia, good foundation mare in Fam. 6 a 1837 Surplice D. L. Cowl Chalice (grand-dam of Placida O.) Fam. 2c 1838 ^^^ Ugly Buck 2. Foundation mare in Fam. 4 a 18.38 Manganese 1. Fam. 4 c (grand-dam of Apology I.O.L., Wenlock L., Kisber D., Sch windier U. ND.) 1840 15 foals, amongst others ^Nlusjid D. Fam. 6 1841 Mentmore Lass 1. Fam. 3 b (dam of Hannah 1. O. L. and grand-dam of Favonius D.) King of Diamonds 1841 Landgrave Cm. Sittingbourne Maid of Kent Fam. 5 d 1841 The Great Unknown Fam. 1 c 1844 Habena 1. Lady Sophie, famous foundation mare in Fam. 9 1844 Paradigm (dam of Lord Lyon 2. D. L., Achievement 1. L.) Rouge Rose (dam of Bend Or D.) I Fam. 1 d 356 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. No. Name and Pedip'ree Born Family and Progeny 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 Gaiety bv Touchstone and Cast-steel Mare b\- Hampton — Muley Moloch Main}) race by Sheet Anchor — Bay Middleton Prairie Bird bv Touchstone and Zillah Hybla by The Provost and Otisina Legerdemain Cs. by Pantaloon and Decov Own sister to Sleight of Hand, \'an Amburg and Phryne ^Irs. Hobson bv Bav Middleton and Vitula Bassishaw by Prime Warden and Miss Whinnie, whose grand-dam b Shuttle had also twins Figtree by Envov and Azora 1844 1844 1844 1844 1846 1846 1846 1847 1848 Frolic 1848 by Touchstone — The Saddler Gamester L. Gadabout (dam of Scamander) Doncaster Fam. 19 Gaspard Odd Trick Cm. Mad. Stodare Fam. 2 a Fisherman Acp. 2 x The Peer Fam. 11 Famous foundation mare in Fam. 1 b England's Beauty Bonny Blink Vitula Mincemeat O. Kettledrum D. Fam. 3d Toxophilite Sagitta 1. Fair Star Fam. 3 a Orestes Pylades Janus Fam. 21 Ben Webster Isoline Gcp. (dam of Isola Bella, who also had twins, St. Cristophe GG., Braconnier) Fam. 19 a Palm (dam of Vauban 2. Gcp. and Duke of Parma Cs.) Siberia 1. (dam of Cecilia 1., who also had twins) Westminster Cm. Fam. 2 Frolicsome (dam of Frontin FD. GP.) Lady Sophia Fam. 24 1. Judging- and Treating Breeding Material. 357 No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Progeny 55 Indiana by Muley Moloch and Pocahontas 1848 Kentucky Hun-iming Bird Fam. 3 c 56 Mare by The Cure and Elphine 1849 The Wizard 2. Fam. 9 b 57 Mentmore Lass 1 b}' Melbourne and Emerald 1850 Hannah 1. O. L. Zephyr (dam of Favonius D.) Fam. 3 b 58 Torment by Alarm-GIencoe 1850 Tormentor O. B. Flat (twins and had 20 foals) Laura (Sire Petrarch L.) Fam. 10 b 59 Village Lass by Pyrrhus I. and Maid of Hart 1851 Rustic Countryman Bittern Fam. 2 e 60 Chalice by Orlando and Crucifix 2. 1. O., who also had twins 1852 Pietas (dam of Placida O.) Fam. 2 c 61 Homily by Surplice and Blue Devils 1852 Good foundation mare in Fam. 27 62 Rambling Katie by Melbourne and Phryne 1852 Queen of the Gypsies (dam of Paul Jones) Chambermaid (dam of Brocken NL. Hr. BB.) Fan-i. 3 a 63 The Heiress (firstling) by Birdcatcher and Inheritress (Firstling-, ran and won up to its 10th year) 1853 Vanessa (dam of Das Veilchen, Wagehals, etc.) Jeannie (dam of Whim HZ.) Fam. 4 64 Verona by Orlando and Jodine 1854 Thurio GP. Lucetta Cm. Villafranca Fam. 2 65 Souvenir by Chanticleer and Birthday 1856 Strathcona Fair Unknown (who also had twins) Fam. 11 66 Heroine of Lucknow by Nutwith and Pocahontas 1856 Famous foundation n-iare in Fam. 3 c 358 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Progeny 67 70 71 TS 74 75 76 77 Diana bv Hartneitstein and Iris Feu de Joie O. by Longbow and Jeu d 'Esprit Lady Alice Hawthorn by Newminster and Lady Haw- thorn Mrs. Wood bv Y. Melbourne and Phvsalis Pompadour bv Stockwell and Marchioness O Queen Bertha O. bv Kingston and Flax Barchettina bv Pelion and Cvmbn O. Batta£::lia by Rataplan and Espoir Breeze by King Tom and Mentmore Lass 1, who also had twins No Name { by Teddington and Queen of ; Beauty Rigolboche by Rataplan — Gardham 1858 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 1860 1861 1861 1861 1861 Miraflora Hn. Neudan (dam of Tartar OD. U. ND.) Wild Huntsman Fam. 8 c Alumette Hollandaise (dam of Solange FO.) Fam. 7 a Famous foundation mare in Fam. 4d Little Sister (dam of Thunderstorm, Krakatoa FL. Cd., Fousi Yama Cd.) Fam. 8 c Advance (dam of Alexander SD., Casar ND., Gallus) Fam. 2 f Spinaway 1. O. Wheel of Fortune 1. O. Grandmaster Queen's Messenger Gertrude Fam. 1 c The Abbot 1877 by Hermit Marden 1879 by Hermit Canoe 1881 by Hermit Fam. 2 Lord Gough (the best son of Gladiateur) Fam. 12 Foundation mare in Fam. 3 b Nameless (dam of Geheimniss O.) Fam. 14 Cremorne D. GP. Acp. Earl of Dartre}' Mabille Fam. 2d 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material. 359 No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Prosfenv 78 Mare b}' Y. Melbourne and Brown Bess 79 Wild Agnes by Wild Davrell and Little Agnes 80 Bounceawav bv Zuvder Zee and Press Forward 81 Parma by Parmesan and Archeress 82 Lady Coventry bv Thormanbv and Ladv Roden 83 Pearlfeather b}' Newminster and Bess Lyon 84 Thrift by Stockwell and Braxey 85 Adelaide by Y. Melbourne — Teddington 1861 1862 1864 1864 1865 1865 1865 1866 Poinsettia | ^866 by Y. Melbourne and Lady Haw- thorn Wheatear by Y. Melbourne and Swallow Isola Bella by Stockwell and Isoline 1867 1868 Quiver (dam of Memoir O. L. and La Fleche 1. O. L.) Fam. 3 Little Agnes FO. FL. Brown Agnes Fair Agnes Wild Tommy Fam. 16 New Holland Gcp. Tripaway Fam. 22 a Isabel (dam of St. Frusquin 2. Ec.) Biserta (dam of Goletta) Fam. 22 a Yorkshire Bride Farnese Lady Golightly Lady of Mercia (grand-dam of Ragotsky FD. GP.) Fam. 27 Paraibl (dam of St. Wolfgang, Prado Tr. NZ., Lilinokalani OO.) Fam. 4 b Tristan Acp. Hrd. 3 x Fam. 10 Peregrine 2. Queen Adelaide St. Alvere St. Alvere St. Mary (dam of La Sagesse O.) Fam. 9 Famous foundation mare in Fam. 4d Harvester D. Skylark Fam. 15 Isonomy Cm. Acp. 2 x Gcp. Dcp. Fernandez Fam. 19 a 360 The Practical Part of Horsebreedin< No. Name and Pedioree Horn I'amilv and Proijenv 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Cicely Hacket 1869 by Le Marechal and Meg O 'Mar- ley, who had also twins as well as her dam Light Drum 1870 by Rataplan and Trinket Enigma ' 1872 by The Rake and 'J'he Sphynx Spinawa}' 1. O. 1872 by Macaroni and Queen Bertha O., who had also twins Bonnie Agnes 187c by Blair .\thol and Little Agnes Hermione 187i by Y. Melbourne and La Belle Helene Thistle 1875 by Scottish Chief and The Flower " Safety Liicetta Cm. 1876 by Tibthorpe and Verona, who als(J had twins Wheel of Fortune 1. O. 1876 by Adventurer and Queen Berthai Three times twins Atalanta by Galopin and Feronia 1878 Hackness Cm. Fam. 7 Little Duck FD. GP. Lapin Cd. Fam. 13 Florence BB. Cm. Tact (dam of Amiable 1. O. and Manners) Gravity (dam of William IIL) Fam. 2 a Busybody 1. O. Arcadian Waltz Fam . 1 c Bonny Jean O. Agnostic Fam. 16 Perditta II. (dam of Florizel II. Gcp., Persimmon D. L., Diamond Jubilee D. L.) Bride of Netherby Fam. 7 Common 2. D. L. Goldfinch Throstle L. Fam. 4e Silver Gold Acp. Speed Luciana Fam. 2 Oberon Fam. 1 c Ayrshire 2. D. Ec. Melanion Troon Fam. Sa 1. Judging" and Treating' Breedings Material. 361 No. Name and Pedig^ree Biirn Family and Progeny 99 Sanda by Wenloclc and Sandal 3878 Sainfoin D. Golden Garter Sierra, Black Sand Cs. Fam. 2b 100 St. ^Marguerite 1. by Hermit and Devotion 1879 Seabreeze O. L. Lc. Valauris Le Var PWst. Roquebrune (dam of Rock Sand 2. D.L.) Fam. 4 a 101 Matilda by Beauclerc — Cathedral 1880 Nunthorpe Kp. Queen's Birthday Dcp. Fam. 11a 102 J\latch Girl by Plebeian and Fusee 1882 Matchbox Matchmaker Fam. 22 a 103 Virginia Shore by John Davis and Distant Shore 1881 Whittier E. Lady Minting Fam. 9 a 104 Lad}- Loverule by Muncaster and Nellie 1888 St. Amant D. 2. Fam. 14 a 105 Ornament by Bend Or and Lily Agnes 1887 Labrador Collar Hrd. Sceptre O. L. 2. 1. Fam. 16 106 Mother Siege! by Friar Balsam — Galopin 1897 Minoru 2 D. Fam. 5. (g) Firstlings. If we look more closely into the Stud Books, we find amongst the firstlings of brood mares more good animals than was generally supposed, owing to observations in studs where the brood mares v.ere verv poorlv fed. The firstlings of brood mares at Trakehnen formerly were seldom good when poor food was given to the brood mares, especially before 1870. In Half-bred as well as Thoroughbred breeding, it is a remarkable fact that part of the best progeny were firstlings, but only in those studs where the brood mares got good food and plenty of it. In Beberbeck we can mention as firstlings the two Royal Stud stallions, Optimus, born 1880 by Odoardo and Optima, and Jubelgreis, born 1893 by Lamberg and Julie. Since the existence of Beberbeck as a Royal chief stud, we have possibly produced no better Royal Stud stallions than the two named firstlings. In the last fifty years, of 78 Royal Stud stallions produced there, the following 14 were firstlincs : — 362 The Practical Tart of Horsriireeding-. 1. Norton, born 1854 bv Stilton and Novello. 2. Fritter, born lSo6 by Xobelmann and Faucette. 3. Grezano, born 1857 by Stilton and Giralda. 4. Eckstein, born 1870 bv \''enerato and Echo. 5. Fiirstenberg, born 1878 bv Ambos and Fulda. 6. Venezuela, born 1878 by Hektor and Viereck. 7. Ehvin, born 1887 by Passvan and Emilia. 8. Elton, born 1888 by Duke of Edinburgh and Elpis. 9. Versuch, born 1890 by Anarch and Vestitur. 10. Ethehvold, born 1893 by Euphonv and Etruskerin. 11. Amtsvorstcher, born 1899 bv Fanfarro and Anisette. 12. Hoffnungsstrahl, born 1900 by Piper and Moffnung (covered as a 3-year-old) . 13. Fischerknabe, born 1901 by Obelisk and Fischerin. 14. Panzer, born 1902 bv Greif and Panzerkette. In the same period the dams of the following 19 Roval Stud stallions were firstlings: — 1 Antenor, 2 Elfenbein, 3 Ethelwold, 4 Fischerknabe, 5 Flijgel, 6 Fiirstenberg, 7 Granicus, 8 Grezano, 9 Hirtenknabe, 10 Hoff- nungsstrahl, 11 Insurgent, 12 Juli (out of a 3-year-old covered mare), 13 Justizminister, 14 Lauer, 15 ^^lalteser, 16 Nisos, 17 Orcus, 18 Pless, 19 Tunnel ((jut of a 3-year-old covered mare). In Thoroughbred breeding the following are the firstlings which are noted as classical race winners : — 1. Derbv \\'inners. 1. Spread Eagle, born 1792 by Volunteer — Highflyer. 2. Daniel O'Rourke, born 1849 by Birdcatcher and Springy Jack. 3. Wild Dayrell, born 1852 by Ion and Ellen Middleton. 4. Favonius, born 1868 by Parmesan and Zephyr. 2. St. Leijer Winners. i) 1. Tommy, born 1776 bv Wildair — Syphon (covered as a 3-year-old). Phenomenon, born 1780 bv Herod and Frenzy. 3. Paragon, born 1783 by Paymaster and Calash. 4. Ashton, born 1806 by W^alnut and Miss Haworth (covered as a 3-year-old) . 5. Otterington, born 1809 bv Golumpus — Expectation (covered as a 3-year-old). 6. Filho da Puta, born 1812 by Haphazard and Mirs. Barnet. 7. Touchstone, born 1831 by Camel and Banter. 8. The Baron, born 1842 by Birdcatcher and Echidna (covered as a 3-year-old). 9. Wool Winder, born 1904 by Martagon and St. Windeline. 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material. 363 •2,000 Guineas Winners. 1. The Ugly Buck, born 1841 by Venison and Monstrosity (covered as a 3-year-old). 2. Vedette, born 1859 by Voltigeur and Mirs. Ridgway. 3. Surefoot, born 1887 by Wisdom — Galopin. Oaks Winners. 1. Bridget, born 1776 by Herod and Jemima. 2. Tetotum, born 1777 by Matchem (•28-year-old) and Lady Boling- broke (10-year-old). 3. Sorcery, born 1808 by Sorcerer and Cobbea. 4. Poison, born 1840 by Plenipotentiary and Arsenic. 5. Mincemeat, born 1851 by Sweetineat and Hybla. 1,000 Guineas Winners. 1. Mare, born 1812 by Selim — Cesario ? 2. Arab, born 1824 by Woful and Zeal. The following are to be mentioned as firstlings which have won other important races or which have otherwise become famous : — • A. Stallions, 1. Y. Merlin 1757 by 2. Gimcrack 1760 by 3. Paymaster 1766 by 4. Trentham 1766 by 5. Conductor 1767 by 6. Mark Anthony 1767 by 7. Pantaloon 1767 by 8. Pyrrhus 1767 by 9. Telemachus 1770 bv 10. Pot8os 1773 by 11. Joe Andrews 1778 by 12. Dungannon 1780 by 13. Rockingham 1781 by 14. Fidget 1783 by 15. Grey Diomed 1785 by 16. Bustard 1789 by 17. Little John 1789 by Merlin and ]\Iolly Long Legs. Cripple and ?^Iiss Elliot (covered as a 2 or 3-year-old). Blank and Snapdragon. Sweepstakes and Miss South. Matchem — • Snap. Spectator and Rachel (covered as a 3-vear-old). ]\Iatchem and Curiosity. Sprightly — Snip. Herod — Skim. Eclipse and Sportsmistress. Eclipse and Amaranda. Eclipse and Aspasia. Highflver and Purity. Florizel — Matchem. Diomed and Grey Dorimant (covered as a 3-year-old). Woodpecker and Matron (covered as a 3-year-old) . Dungannon and Fairy. 3G4 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinc". 18. Oberon 1790 h\ 19. Sorcerer 1796 bv •20. Cat ton 1809 b\ •21. Blackamoor 1811 b\ •22. Doctor Syntax 1811 b} •23. Scrapal] 1812 bv 24. Sultan 181G bv 2.3. Young- Phantom 1822 bv 26. Royaf Oak 1823 b"v 27. Robin Hood 1824 bV 28. Sir Hercules ]826 by •29. Taurus 1826 bv 30. Liverpool 1828 bv 31. Alba 1831 bv 32. Heron 1833 b'v 33. ^Melbourne 1834 bv 34. Drone 1835 b'v 35. Jon 1835 by 36. The Provost 1836 bv 37. Robert de Gorham 1839 bv 38. The Cure 1841 bv 39. The Libel 1842 by 40. The Great Cnknown 1815 bv 41. Elthiron 1846) bv 42. NcAvport 1846 by 43. Kingston 1849 bv 44. Orestes 1850 bv 45. Arthur Wellesley 1851 b"v 46. Fandango 1852 bV 47. Tournament 1854 by 48. Pizarro 1855 bv 49. Newcastle 1856 bv 50. Vanquisher 1857 b'v 51. Mandrake 1864 bV 52. Paul Jones 1865 b"v 53. Hampton 1872 bv Highflyer and Queen Mab. Trumpator and Y. Giantess. Golumpus and Lucy Gray. Stamford — Sorcerer, Pavnator — Beningbrougli. Granicus — Young Whiskey (covered as a 3-year-old). Selim and Bacchante (covered as a 6-year- old). Phantom and Emmcline. Catton — Smolensko. Black-lociv and Marion. Whalebone and Peri (covered as a 3-year-old). Phantom or ^lorisco and Katherine. Tramp — \\"his]-:er. Xigel and Tlierese. Bustard — Orville. Humphrev Clinker — Cervantes. Pantaloon and Decoy. Cain and Margaret (covered as a 3-year- old). The Saddler and Rebecca. Sir Hercules and Duverna}'. l^hvsician and Morsel. Pantaloon and Pasquinade (covered as a 2-year-old). X'oltaire and Ihe Princess. Pantaloon and Phryne. Kpirus — Zimmermann (covered as a 2-\-ear-old). WMiison and Queen Anne. Orlando and Mrs. Hobson. MellDourne and Ladv Barbara. i^arnton and Castagnettc. Touchstone and Happv Queen (covered as an 8-year-old). l51oomsburv and Alarina. Xewminstcr and ^Nlarv Aislabie. \'oltigeur and Eglantine. XW'atherbit and Mandrag(M-a. iiuccaneer and Queen of the Gypsies. Lord Clifdcn and Ladv Langclen (covered as a 3-y car-old). 1. Judging' 'Titl Treating- Breeding Material. 365 54. Perplexe 55. Bendigo 56. Le Nord 51. Espoir 1. Tuting's Polly o_ Mrago 3. Flora 4. Frenzv 5. Y. Camilla 6. \^irgin 7. Maniac 8. Katherina 9. Mermaid 10. Marpessa 11. Pocahontas 1-2. [Monstrosity 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 1872 bv \>rmouth and Peripetie. 1880 by Ben Battle and Hasty Girl. 1887 bv Tristan and La Noce (covered as a 3-year- old). 1889 by Barcaldine and Bel Esperanza. B, 1756 bv 1764 bv 1768 b'v 1774 b"v 1787 by 1801 bv 1806 by 1817 by 1829 bv 1830 b'v 1837 bV 1838 by (Covered as a 2-year- old, dam of Uglv Buck 2.) Pantalonade 1839 bv Inheritress Eulogy Queen Mary Honey Dear Haricot 1840 by 1843 bv 1843 by 1844 by 1847 bv Vesuvienne 1847 bv Little Agnes 1856 bv Lady Alice Hawthorn 1859 by Budagyongye 1882 bv Mares. Black and All Black and Fanny. Snap — Regulus. Squirrel and Angelica. Eclipse — Engineer. Woodpecker and Camrlla (covered as an 8-vear-old). Sir Peter — Pot8os. Shuttle and Anticipation (covered as a 3-vear-old). Woful and Landscape O. (covered as a 3-vear-old). Whalebone and Miss Emma. Mulev and Clare. Glencoe and ^^larpessa. Plenipotentiary and Puce (covered as a 3-vear-old). Pantaloon and Festival (covered as a 2-vear-old). The Saddler and Executrix (covered as a 3-vcar-old). Euclid and Martha Lvnn. Gladiator — Plenipotentiary (covered as a 2-vear-old). Plenipotentiarv and Mv Dear (covered as a 2-\'ear-old). iNIango or Lanercost and Queen ]\Iarv (covered as a 3-\'ear-old). Gladiator and Venus. The Cure and Miss Agnes. Newminster and Lady Hawthorn. Buccaneer and Kincsem. 3(35 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. (h) The Treatment of Brood Mares. It is, as a matter of course, essential that brood mares outside the grazing time should take gentle exercise for about one and a half hours daily up to the day of foaling, and about ten to fifteen days after the foaling, along with the foal, commencing with a quarter of an hour, till finally they do one hour. This is just as necessary as is in spring the gradual transition to grazing. Like many other things in horse breeding, the food rations of the brood mares should vary according to the characters of the mares, and according to the soil on which the stud stands and the food grows. I now give the rations as approved of in East Prussia. After the grazing time brood mares in foal are given in three rations 6 lbs. of oats and about 15 lbs. of hay; barren mares 4 lbs. of oats and about 1"2 lbs. of hay. Supposing that oats and hay are of the very best quality, and that there is an ample spread of healthy rye or summer straw, I consider that a larger ration, especially of oats, is only necessary in a few exceptional cases. To these exceptional cases belong, for example, mares covered as three-year-olds and having become pregnant, also Thoroughbred mares in foal for the first time, and some mares — mostl}^ older and barren ones — which feed with difficulty, to whom an additional 3 to 5 lbs. of oats and the same quantity of hay may be given. Good Lucerne or Sainfoin hay is, of course, by far the best, and particularly to be recommended for Thoroughbred breeding, while for Half-bred breed- ing clover hay is to be recommended, together with meadow hay, in order to produce stronger bones. In many parts, as for example, in East Prussia, wheat straw, especially new, is not suitable for brood mares, as colic and abortion are easily caused thereby. After grazing time, it is recommend- able to add to the oats twice weekly 2 to 3 litres of wheat bran for the evening- meal in the same manner as it is given to stallions. The last two to three weeks before foaling it is advisable to give this additional wheat bran three times weekly, or even daily, as many breeders do. In the spring, at the beginning of grazing, wheat bran is left out. To give extra food to the brood mares immediately after foaling is not advisable, because the after-pains are thus unnecessarily increased. In the case of the mare foaling shortly before her feeding time, it is adyisable to reduce this first feeding somewhat. In the case when the mares are not in boxes, but are together with several others in loose boxes, the}^ should be separated at once after giving birth, and remain with their foals alone for about eight to fourteen days. About eight days after birth suckling brood mares must have about 2 to 3 lbs. of oats and 5 lbs. of hay more, i.e., 8 to 9 lbs. of oats and 20 lbs. of hay. Wheat bran three times weekly, or even daily, is given up to grazing time. I recommend that young Thoroughbred brood mares and four-year-old mares should be given, after foaling, 12 lbs. of oats, but no more. The foal of a Thorough- bred mare (Noran, a very good eater) to whom I gave before foaling 12 to 16 lbs, of oats and after foaling IS lbs. of oats, sickened soon after of bone 1. Judging- and Treating Breeding Material. 367 disease {Osteoporosis chronica universalis) and died consequently when five years of ao-e (Napoleon, the skeleton is in the Trakehnen Museum). I recom- mend that bad feeding mares should be given an additional 3 lbs. of ground barley. In the case of the above-mentioned oat rations, it is taken for granted that the suckling foals, as stated below, get the oats extra. Salt and chalk must alwavs be in the crib. Pregnant mares must never be given carrots. Artificial feeding stuffs, chemical preparations, phosphoric acid calcium, etc., are not to be recommended. Opening pills seem to be dispensable. I have never used them, and never known the need of them. During grazing time suckling mares must get 6 lbs. of oats in two rations, barren and weaned mares 2 lbs. of oats (early in the morning). If the grazing is not rich, especially in late autumn, an additional 3 lbs. of hay in the morn- ing, and if that is not sufficient in the evening also, is necessary. To keep brood mares, even in the summer when grass is plentiful and good, without oats, has proved to be a failure in Trakehnen. Also, night grazings, which were found to be good at Beberbeck, proved to be bad at Trakehnen. These and many other things must be managed according to the different experi- ences obtained locally. The more open air exercise the breeding material can be allowed without bad consequences, the more suitable is the soil for breeding. Grazing on frosty grass is to be avoided. Young clover must only be grazed when in bloom. (!) Covering of Brood Mares. The question in which month mares should be covered must be answered according to local conditions. In England and America late born foals have excelled. West Australian and Blue Gown, for example, were born in June. Many contend that English early born foals are specially inclined to roaring. Prince Charlie, born in January, is a well-known example of this. John Porter says " he never knew a roarer born in ^lay," The question has there- fore been raised in England, to calculate the age from the 1st of March instead of from the 1st of January. In East Prussia and in Courland, how- ever, early born foals are stronger and healthier than late born ones. The age of Half-bred foals in East Prussia is now reckoned from the 1st of November. The reason is as follows : In East Prussia the grazing continues till about the middle of October, after which follows the so-called stabling of the brood mares, and winter life commences with IJ hours' exercise on the track and •22J hours standing in the stable. Now also come the short days, so that in December mares must stand about 16 hours out of the 24 in a dark room. Feeding is also less favourable, exercise less complete, air, sun and wind, with all their benefits, very limited. It can be easily understood that the foal in the womb also suft'ers from these unfavourable influences, especi- ally as these unfavourable changes coincide with the last and most important time of its foetal life. The shorter, therefore, this unfavourable time is from 3(38 '^'""^ Practical Part of Morsebreedini;'. the Stabling- trt the foaling, the better for the foal. The disadvantage of earl\- born foals in East Prussia coming to grass only when weaned may be modified by regular daih- and ample exercise of the sucklings with their dams on special tracks, and is less great than keeping pregnant mares for months in the stable. Moreover, early born foals are greatly favoured by passing one of the most important and most dangerous times of their lives, namely, weaning, during the most favourable time of the year, i.e., the time of the first and most nourishing green food, whilst late born foals only get weaned off when green food ceases or has lost already a little of its nourishing power. The early born foals, in like manner as early hatched chickens, can make more intensive and better use of all the benefits which the short East Prussian summer gives. Eor late born foals the summer benefits, with their lig-ht davs of 16 hours' sun, offer more good things than so \'oung foals can take advantage of. The earlv born foals can get about five months fresh Lucerne or clover, and this will amply counterbalance the disadvantage of getting a smaller c|uantitv of milk from their clams before grazing. On account of these reasons c()\"ering begins in Trakehnen on the 15th of December and finishes at the end of May. The most favourable dav for covering foal-mares is the ninth dav after foaling. Breeders of everv countrv are agreed on that point, but views differ over any further necessar\- covering, especially of barren mares. It is possible that in different countries different rules have been observed with regard to mares in heat, and with regard to the readiness of mares to be served. I give my views here, based on long experience in East Prussia, and I must add that these have been confirmed by mv experiences in Beber- beck and Courland. Mv visits to the Thoroughbred studs in England and France have, on the whole, verified my experiences in this direction. In exceptional cases T have had foal-mares covered even on the se\enth or eighth day after foaling when thev have showed themselves distincth- in heat alread^■ for several days, sometimes even beginning (jn the third dav after the birth. Otherwise, the foal-mare is tried on the afternoon of the eighth day after foal- ing, and if she, as often happenis, is not ^•et well in heat, 1 have tried her again the following morning, and got her covered if she was well in heat. If the mare is not well in heat she is tried daily until she is. Many mares come regularly in heat only on the tenth or eleventh da\'. I havs- never had mares forciblv covered which were not in heat. Neither do I know a stud which successfullv uses such a forced service, as recommended by Schwarz- necker. Furthermore, it ma\' happen that foal-mares come distinctly in heat alreadv on the third, fourth or fifth dav after foaling, but are no longer in heat on the seventh dav, when, as above stated, it was desirable to cover them. I consider this heat in nearlv all cases a false one, without ovulation (removal of a ripe egg from the ovarv), especially as these mares are mostly in heat about the ninth dav, and also conceive. If the foal is born more than fourteen days too soon {i.e., the time of pregnancy is less than 819 days), the 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material. 369 first heat is passed over, if the mare comes in heat as is usual the ninth day after the birth, which generally happens. The next heat is usually three or four weeks later. There are mares, however, which after premature births are always in heat at a later date, i.e., instead of on the ninth day, only on the fifteenth or twentieth day after foaling, and which, according to my experi- ence, may be covered at once without injurious consequences. If the too early born foal does not give the impression of not being fully developed, or if the conception of the mare is probably not attributable to the last, but to a previous covering, she may, even after premature births of less than 319 days of pregnancy, be covered the ninth day after foaling. If the mare has foaled in the night before the first of a month, she is covered, if everything is all right, on the ninth of the month, then tried nine days later on the morning of the seventeenth, and if she is in heat is covered again. The foaling day, or the day of the first covering, is always reckoned in order to get the right ninth day. These, and the following instructions for covering, are founded on the assumption, based on long experience, that the regular heat lasts nine days, and that if the mare has conceived in the first covering, the heat stops at latest on the ninth day after the first covering. There are numerous cases in which a mare after the first covering remains in heat even up to the eighth day, comes oft" on the ninth day and shows signs of pregnancy. These cases happen particularly with so-called foal-mares, i.e., mares which come in heat on the ninth day after foaling, and which have been covered at the right time. On the other hand, it is probable that the mare still in heat after the first covering up to the ninth day, then covered again, has conceived by the second and not by the first covering, which can easily be seen from the many practical examples of properly kept service registers and stud books ; firstly^ by comparing the number of days between the covering and the foaling with the usual time of pregnancy of the mare ; and secondly, by considering the colour and form of the foal when a different stallion has covered the second time. There are, moreover, many practical examples which prove that a foal-mare in heat on the ninth day after foaling could only be covered the ninth day after the first heat (as the stallion was not available), and conceived from this covering. If the mare has not conceived after the covering, she comes, as a rule, in heat again three or four weeks later. After a strong heat the interval till the next heat is usually a little longer, and vice versa. It often happens that mares which conceive in the first heat come again in heat three or four weeks or more later. This heat is, however, a false one, and can generally be recog- nised, as the redness, swelling and moistness of the privy parts generally to be seen with a mare really in heat is not apparent. In the wild Steppe studs of Russia, where one stallion lives in the open together with twelve to fifteen mares (called Kosjaerk), one can clearly see how the stallion avoids the mares with a false heat pressing about him. He finds out the mares which are really in heat and covers them. Young Thoroughbred stallions do not A — 2 370 The Practical Part ol Horsebreeding. often understand this business in the first year, but learn it also gradually, as I myself have observed. There are, however, mares who, although they have not conceived, do not come in heat again for a few months, whilst others come in heat again in a fortnight. In the interval between the first and second heat mares should not be tried, as the many attempts often produce false heat, and it is not always possible to recognise it as such. If a mare visibly remains continually in heat after the last covering, she should not be covered again, as this heat is nearly always unnatural, and it is very im- probable that the covering would lead to conception. Several cases have happened in Trakehnen where a mare, not conceiving easily, has been covered two or three times during the period of one heat, has continued to be in heat uninterruptedly for two or three weeks after the last covering, and yet proved to be pregnant without being covered again. If such mares are covered again they will very likely slip a small embryo, which in most cases is not noticed, and the mare is then wrongly considered as barren. In the case of suckling mares which have not conceived during the period of the first heat, or which could not be covered, it is very uncertain whether they will come in heat again after three or four weeks. The returning of heat can only be expected after weaning, or in the case of sudden warm weather. When the foal-mares are in heat for the second time, it is advisable to serve them tw^o or three times, the second covering on the third day, or if the stallion be not available, the fourth or fifth day. In most cases this period of second heat does not continue as long as the first, and it is therefore advisable to have her covered for the second time earlier, and if the heat continues to have the third covering on the eighth or ninth day, according to experiences of previous years. The covering of barren mares must be arranged in the same manner as that of foal-mares in the second heat, unless previous experiences point otherwise. Covering of young mares must, how- ever, be arranged as for foal-mares in the first heat, i.e., the first and ninth day. In the interval there must be no trial. When covering barren or young mares one must pay special attention that they are well in heat, and if that ibe not the case, the covering must be deferred until they are. With foal- mares heat appears on the ninth day after foaling, in most cases very suddenly, and decreases generally in intensity after a few days. Therefore, the covering of these mares is most eft'ective at the beginning of their heat. The heat of barren and young mares, however, develops very slowly, and increases in intensity in the first two or three days. The covering of same, therefore, is not the most effective on the first day, but only when the heat has reached its culminating point. The second or third covering in this heat on the third, eighth or ninth day is reckoned from the day on which the mare has reached the culminating point of her heat. The days before the culminating point are not reckoned as heat days. There are, of course, many exceptions to the above-mentioned rules. There are mares which are only in heat one, two and three days. The stud- 1. Judt^ing- and Treating- Breeding" Material. 371 master must take note of such mares, but, of course, he must not wait till the culminating point is reached, but must get them covered as soon as they come in heat, and again on the following day. From my own experience I should recommend, in difficult cases, mares to be covered in the afternoon and again on the following morning. In the case of mares which will not conceive, I would advise them to be covered with two stallions, one immedi- ately after the other, and take the desired stallion for the second covering, as I have observed that in this case the second stallion is usually the fertilising one, if it succeeds at all. I recommend, moreover, that mares which con- ceive with difficulty should be given a good trot about half an hour before the covering, in order that they may get warm and heated, or that their mode of living should be changed; i.e., mares which run about loose in the stud should be put to hard work, and, on the other hand, mares which have been at work should be let loose. Sometimes change of place also helps. Lean mares conceive easier, but come in heat more difficultly. There are mares which conceive with more difficulty, or even not at all, from certain stallions. In Half-bred breeding I would, therefore, recommend that the stallion should be changed in the third heat, a thing which is often difficult in Thoroughbred breeding. Mares which are ridden or driven usually con- ceive with more difficulty. I would recommend that mares which do not come in heat should be put in another stable, if possible, together with mares in heat, or in warm weather and sunshine should be let loose with several others in a paddock, but should not be driven. They then should be finally allowed to be present when other mares are covered. During the first covering of young mares everything should be avoided which might frighten them. The mounting of a trial stallion is only advisable in exceptional cases with verv troublesome and bad-tempered mares and specially valuable stallions. Finally, I recommend breeders to try and get the mares pregnant from one covering ; at any rate from as few coverings as possible. There certainly exists the danger of exciting the sexuality of the mares by too frequent covering, and by too many and too intensive trials, and of producing false heat without ovulation. I have come across hysterical mares often in heat, and frequently without ovulation, mostly in studs in which the stallions had not enough to do, and in which the mares were consequently covered too often. Young mares especially are spoiled by too frequent covering. In the case of suddenly occurring heat of foal-mares, usually on the ninth day after foaling, the commencement of the heat very probably coincides with ovula- tion, whilst in the gradually arising heat in the case of barren mares, ovulation probably begins later, perhaps only when the heat is at its culminating point. As a fertilisation without ovulation is, of course, impos- sible, the above recommended manner of covering of mares also complies with this point of view. 372 The Practical Part of Horsebreedini:;'. (k) Fertilisation. In order to compare the results of fertilisation, I have given in the follow- ing lists the figures of the respective stud books, but not the figures of country studs of the different provinces. It is too difficult for a country stud to get reliable statements with regard to foaling, and consequentlv country studs are not able to furnish statistically serviceable figures. In addition to the statements of the German General Stud Book of Thoroughbreds, I must say that the foaling results in many years — perhaps in all — appear more favourable than thev really were, because all those mares about whose foalings no information is given are not reckoned, but these mares may be pretty certainly considered as barren or as having slipped their foal. Moreover, the figures on the foalings have been asked for, sometimes with more, sometimes with less energy, and this explains the striking variations in the foaling results of Thoroughbreds in Germany. The foaling results in Trakehnen have come out too favourably, because mares which were covered and sold were not counted. The greatest number of these mares sold, however, are barren, and this is generally the reason for their being sold in autumn. Foalinc results of Thoroughbred breedinc: in Germanv. Foals born Total Aborted Barren Total Number Covered Pregnant Of Pregnant Year Colts Fillies Mares Aborted o/ 1885 118 127 245 16 80 ;s4i 76,;54 6,13 1886 141 118 259 27 87 373 76,68 9,44 1887 109 137 246 17 112 375 70,13 6,46 1888 135 137 272 16 123 411 70,07 5,56 1889 160 145 305 18 108 431 74,94 5,57 1890 140 149 289 29 131 449 70,82 9,12 1891 172 179 351 31 140 522 73,18 8,11 1892 177 193 370 34 162 .566 7l,-SS 8,42 1893 215 215 430 29 140 .599 76,63 6,32 1894 234 215 449 ■ss 175 662 73,56 7,80 1895 272 241 513 39 170 722 76,45 7,07 1896 257 253 510 41 188 739 74,56 7,44 1897 265 266 5S1 47 164 742 77,90 8,13 1898 291 296 587 40 180 807 77,70 6,38 1899 298 26:^ .561 37 221 819 73,02 6,19 1900 268 262 m) 60 210 800 73,78 10,17 1901 279 285 564 38 2:^6 8:38 71,84 6,31 1902 318 259 577 42 231 850 72,82 6,79 1903 274 266 540 48 241 829 70,93 8,16 1904 266 253 519 54 227 800 71,613 9,42 Total 4389 4259 S648 , 701 ;:;;^26 j 12675 73,76 7,50 1. Judging" and Treating Breeding Material. 373 Foaling: results in Trakehnen. Year 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Foals born Colts Total Fillies Aborted Barren Total Number Covered Pregnant Of Pregnant Mares Aborted 124 110 234 24 88 126 142 268 18 55 123 138 261 30 78 145 136 281 19 63 126 108 234 99 63 119 116 2So 21 140 148 143 291 26 57 163 135 298 17 74 152 148 300 22 61 146 138 284 28 81 144 163 307 23 78 144 172 316 16 67 153 135 288 15 72 346 341 369 363 396 396 374 389 383 393 408 399 375 74,57 83,87 78,86 82,64 84,10 64,65 84,76 80,98 84,07 79,36 80,88 83,21 80,8 9,30 6,29 10,31 6,33 29,73 8,20 8,20 5,40 6,83 8,97 6,97 4,82 4,95 Besides Twins, part living, part dead 2 Pair 2 ,, 3 10 Total 1 1813 1784 3597 358 977 4932 80,19 9,05 60 Pair Foaling results according to the East Prussian Stud Book, Vol. IV. Foals born Total Aborted Barren Total Number Covered Pregnant % Of Pregnant Mares Aborted % Besides Twins, \ear Colts Fillies partliving, part dead 1899 1374 1544 2918 266 902 4086 77,92 8,35 8 Pair 1900 1471 1534 3005 258 1037 4300 75,88 7,91 8 ,, 1901 1524 1612 3136 287 1041 4464 76,68 8,38 4 „ 1902 1522 1485 3007 294 1156 4457 74,06 8,91 6 „ 1903 1565 L588 3153 307 1077 4537 76,26 8,87 8 „ Total 7456 7763 15219 1412 5213 21844 76,14 8,49 34 Pair Foals born Total Aborted Barren Total Number Covered Pregnant % Of Pregnant Mares Aborted 7. Besides Twins, Year Colts Fillies partliving, part dead 1898 641 631 1272 81 383 1736 77,94 5,99 2 Pair 1899 655 651 1306 84 444 1834 75,79 6,04 2 1900 637 653 1290 85 521 1896 72,52 6,18 1 „ 1901 621 652 1273 79 562 1914 70,64 5,84 2 1902 631 653 1284 75 632 1991 68,26 5,52 1 ,, Total 3185 3240 6425 404 2542 9371 72,87 5,92 8 Pair 374 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. (1) The Time of Pregnancy of Brood Mares. The time of pregnancy of mares is on an average of almost exactly 11 months' duration — equal to 334 days, ^lale foals are carried on an average '2 to 3 days longer than female foals. If the mares are well fed and their state of health is favourable, the time of pregnancy is shortened by a few days, and vice-versa. For example, in Trakehnen early covered mares which foal in November, December and January, carry on an average about 3 davs less than those foaling in February, March and April, which have had for a longer time the less favourable winter food. Mares which work hard, or suckle their foals for a long, time, carry a few days more. In the modern improved studs the time of pregnancy is shorter than in the wild Steppe studs. The so-called Kunters of Russia, Poland and Courland often carry 11|^ to 1-2J months. The improvement in meadows and prairies, and the better feeding of the brood mares in Trakehnen has, on an average, shortened the time of pregnancv bv 5J days, namely, from 335.42 days for males and 333.38 days for females in the years 1868 till 1877, to 329.9 days for males and 327.67 days for females in the years 1903 till 1907. The regularity with which female foals are carried 2 to 3 days less can be seen more clearly from the following special list for the years 1903 to 1907 inclusive : — The time of pregnancv necessary in the case of : Trakehnen Bajohrgallen Gurdszen Danzkehmen fonasthal Colts . . 329.5 331.2 330.69 329.4 328.38 Fillies . . 327.37 330.36 327.95 326.46 326.24 There are mares which almost always foal 1 to 3 weeks too early, and there are others which require the same time in addition to the 11 months, and both often transmit this character for several generations. Young mares on an average carry longer than old mares. Many Trakehnen foals, having been carried only 315 to 320 days, have become prominent brood mares or stallions. According to experiences at Trakehnen, however, foals which have been carried more than 11 months have seldom become anything pro- minent, and those which have been carried more than 346 days never. The stallion also has an influence on the duration of pregnancy corre- sponding to the peculiarities of his breed and family. Mares pregnant from asses carry a few days longer; twins are carried a few davs less (about 10 to 14 days), and are mostly premature births with an unripe appearance. Many firstlings are not carried their full time, and are therefore similar to twins — premature births with an unripe appearance. The dry statistics should be carefully gone into in this direction. In order to produce the first foal well developed the dam must carry it some days longer than the foals w-hich come after, but many young brood mares are not disposed to carry their first foal longer. All prominent firstlings which I know, i.e., those that have become Royal Stud stallions, country stallions, brood mares, etc., were carried 5 to 1. Judging and Treating- Breeding Material. 375 10 days longer than other prominent products. In the case of mares foaling normally the time of pregnancy often decreases a few days in the course of years. The Royal Stud stallions which have been born during my twelve years* activitv at Trakehnen rank according to their merits as follows : — 1. Polarsturm . . 326 days carrying time. 2. Morgenstrahl . 327 3. Fischerknabe . 333 4. Prinz Optimus . 319 5. Poet . . . . 329 6. Panzer . . 334 7. Alter Herr . . . 324 8. Amtsvorstcher . 323 9. Ackermann . 324 10. Hoffnungsstrahl . 339 11. Emporer . . 330 12. Probstein . . 322 13. Justizminister . 336 14. Altgold . . . 340 15. Lungerer . . 334 16. Ethelwold . . 336 Other Royal Stud stallions were — 1. Jagdnarr 329 days carrying time. 2. Morgenruf . 325 M M a 3. Dachdecker 325 M n n 4. Hagel . . . 327 M ?» }} 5. Handkuss . 329 »i M n (Firstling) (Only 1 covering) (Firstling) (Firstling, also a 3- y.-o. covered mare) (Firstling) Of the above sixteen Royal Stud stallions, the first eight best were carried on an average 326.87 days, the remaining eight 332.62 days, the five sent away 327 days. Brood mares (about 250) were carried on an average in Trakehnen in the last five years 326.7 days, and the country stallions (about 200, including Ivoyal Stud stallions) for the same period 328.8 davs. From these unfortunately few figures one can see — and this I believe to have approximately observed also at Trakehnen — that 8 to 14 days under 11 months of pregnancy is better than 1 to 8 days or more over 11 months. Further, on looking more closely into the Trakehnen Stud Books, I find that most mares which carried longer than 11 months were covered several times in one heat. It is very remarkable that mares which are only covered once during one heat generally carry some days less than they do in other yeers when they are covered several times during one heat. This is owing to con- ception occurring immediately after covering, thus preventing a further heat. 376 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. and causing the immediate commencement of a healthy foetal, development. In the case of mares which are in heat for a longer period, the egg-fertilisa- tion appears to take place only several days after covering. The climate seems also to have an influence on the carrying time. In Mesoheyes, Kisber and Babolna the average carrying time is about 3 or 4 days longer than, for example, in Graditz (colts 338.33 days, fillies 336.38 days), and in Trakehnen about 3 days less than in Graditz. Arabians in Weil and Scharnhausen are said to carr}' on an average about 345 days. Draft horse breeds carry about 3 to 5 days less than warm-blooded horses. According to the statements of Rudolf Endlich (Untersuchungen iiber physiologische Unterschiede edler und schwerer Pferde, 1895), colts of Belgian breed on the Worbzig Estate in Anhalt were carried 331.1 days, fillies 329.5 days; and the carrying time of Belgian and Rheinish mares in Mankartshof, near Neufs, was 329 days, taking the average for three years. The average carrying time of Percherons is, according to Tessier (Goltz Handbuch der gesamten Landwirtschaft, Vol. III.), 322 days. Moreover, I have found from different old stud books that the carrying time of brood mares 150 vears ago of all breeds was much longer. As warm-blooded breeds reach a greater age than cold-blooded ones, and as the average age of all horse breeds 150 years ago was higher than it is now, we must con- clude, when considering the above comparisons of carrying times, that on the whole a longer carrying time has as a consequence a greater age. The long- lived Arabians are even to-day a good example in this respect. (m) Abortion and Joint-illness. If the milk begins to flow some time before the expected birth it is a sure sign that the foal is ill in the womb ; or if the mare carries twins, that one of them is dying. Generally abortion follows. I have noticed several times, however, that the milk again ceased to flow some weeks later, and that the mare produced a healthv foal at the right time, so that one could not really see the consequences of an illness doubtless existing, but which had been fortunately surmounted bv the foal. In other cases a healthy foal was born approaching the right time, and at the same time a dead twin of about the size of a cat. I also know of one case in which one dead twin was foaled in autumn and the other healthy twin in the following spring. As according to the above, the abortion may be, however, expected in most cases, it is better to separate the mare, at any rate during the night, so that she may not slip in the same stable where there are other pregnant mares, which might be infected by the undoubtedly contagious abortion bacteria. Late covered mares are in North Germany more inclined to slipping the foal than early covered ones. After abortion it is very important to protect the mares against colds, which they are very apt to catch in this condition. I therefore recommend that mares after abortion should be put in a warm 1. Judging" and Treating Breeding Material. 377 Stable free from draught, and well covered up also. Moreover, it is necessary to wash the uterus twice daily with a lukewarm solution of Chinosol to 1 per 1,000 for about 6 to 9 days, i.e., till the orifice of the uterus is completely closed. I have chosen for these cleansings at Trakehnen the above solution because it more surelv kills the bacteria than the solution of J per cent. Lysol- Solution recommended bv Professor Ostertag and others. The latter has the additional disadvantage of producing in many mares strong pressure and vehement pains. i\s early as the beginning of 1890, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, ^Matthias, in Graditz, used such cleansings of uterus after abortion at that time by the aid of Creolin-Solution. This cleansing had such a suc- cessful effect in 1893 with the Thoroughbred mare Sappho, amongst others, that in the following year she produced the Austrian Derby winner, Saphir. According to my experiences at Trakehnen, these cleansings have prevented in most, if not in everv case, repetition of abortion, and have led to the pro- duction, at the right time, of healthv and strong foals. The mare should only be covered after abortion when the normal carrying time has passed. If the abortion takes place after a pregnancy of 4 months or still less, she can be covered, after having been properl}- washed, when next in heat, which generally occurs 9 daws later, with good results. I have experienced this several times at Beberbeck as well as at Trakehnen. The uterus of the mare should also be washed if the foals are joint-ill, or if the premature births are suspected of joint-illness. Mares whose foals suffer from joint-illness should not be covered on the 9th da}^ after birth, but in the subsequent heat, i.e., 3 to 4 weeks later, after the above-mentioned cleansings, which should be used after birth for about 3 davs, during the first heat for about 6 days, and at the beginning of the second heat once or tW'ice. It is not generally advisable to have as brood mares foals which have suffered from joint disease but w'hich have been cured. In Trakehnen only one such mare (Trommel, 1899 bv Jenissei), w-hich as a voung suckling foal suffered from a pronounced joint-illness (right hock inflamed), was made a brood mare. She has up to now without interruption produced four good and healthy foals. To prevent the transmission of abortion it is advisable : 1. To clean and disinfect the stable in w-hich the mare has aborted. 2. To isolate the mare up to. the close of her first heat, i.e, about 18 days. 3. To keep the mare warm during this time, and to protect her very care- fully from cold. 4. If the abortion has taken place in the pasture, to dig up the spot and to discontinue the grazing of brood mares on that part for at least 4 weeks. \\"hilst nearly all scientists still deny the aetiological relation between abortion and joint-illness of foals, all practical breeders, on the other hand, agree with the point of view held by Count Lehndorff in his handbook for horse breeders, 1881, namely, that joint-illness is always inherited, i.e., has arisen during the pregnancy in the womb. Professor Dieckerhoff intended 878 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. in the next edition of his special pathology and therapy to support the view of Count Lehndorff as to the relation between abortion and joint-disease. According to the clinical observations (without microscopic investigations) which I have made at Beberbeck and Trakehnen, I consider Count Lehn- dorff's view correct, although Ostertag's researches distinctly contradict it. When making observations at Trakehnen in 1899 on the occasion of the epidemic of abortion, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, Matthias, in his report on the abortion of mares and the joint-illness of foals, reports as follows : — " The disease of joint-illness principally consists of an inflammation of the joint which is connected \vith lameness. Hence this disease has always been called 'lameness' ('Lahme')." In my opinion, we are at the present only justified in speaking of joint- illness ("Lahme") if there is an inflamed swelling of the joint, together with general fever. According to Bollinger, joint-illness arises from a septic infection of the navel wound, i.e., from a navel infection after birth trans- mitted by the blood. Accordingly, I have found in nearly 80 per cent, of all cases of joint-illness which I have come across, an inflammation of the navel or navel veins, with their accompanying and subsequent symptoms. ]\Iany authorities on joint-illness consider themselves justified in diagnosing for joint-illness in the case where a foal has been born weak and dies with the symptoms of general weakness. These authorities consider a yellowish tint of the Sclera during lifetime as a pathognomonic symptom of joint-illness. If the new-born foal dies soon after with all appearance of catarrh of the intestines, they consider this also as joint-illness. If at the post-mortem examination of the foal there is found a yellowish colouring of the under- skin, or if the same colour is found in the peritoneal covering of the intestines^ or if in the abdominal and thoracic cavity and in the pericardium there is found a quantity of yellowish fluid, and the musculature is greyish-yellow and crumbly, the diagnosis is for joint-illness. The same pathological changes may be found with products which have been slipped in consequence of epidemic abortion, or with foals still-born as a consequence of abortion, or finally, with foals which were born alive but soon died of weakness. All these things are, as I have been well convinced at Trakehnen in 1899, con- sequences of epidemic abortion, the cause of which has been proved bv Pro- fessor Ostertag to be a distinct coccus. It has been asserted that " epidemic abortion and joint-illness are caused by one and the same germ." This is contradicted by the fact of Professor Ostertag having found in cases of joint-illness a different coccus, with which he could by innoculation produce the appearances of joint-illness. He did not find this strepto-coccus in aborted foals. There is, therefore, no valid reason to consider both diseases identical. I, however, believe that I shall be safe in saying that the greater part of the so-called cases of joint-illness,, which lead to death without metastatic inflammation of the joint, are really nothing but the consequences of abortus coccus. 1. Judging and Treating Breeding Material. 379 I have just stated that I found in at least 80 per cent, of all cases of joint- illness a navel illness. One may, therefore, consider it here proved, without further discussion, that the strepto-coccus has penetrated to the body from the navel wound after birth. The question now arises whether there also exists an intrauterine origin of the joint-illness. In about 20 per cent, of the cases of joint-illness I have found no pathological changes of navel and navel veins. To take these cases as a proof of intrauterine infection seems to me too daring, for the strepto-coccus may easily have entered into the body of the young animal by some other way (feeding or breathing), or the illness of the navel may already have gone on so far that it can no longer be proved in a rough anatomical way. If the joint-illness had already originated in the womb, then one would expect also cases of hereditary joint-illness, i.e., hereditary acute, py^emic inflammations of the joint. No authority living at the present time has seen such a case of hereditary joint-illness. Supposing that the three cases of hereditary joint-illness (compare Worz Uber Staats-oder Landespferdezucht- Anstalten Wurtten-bergs, page 105) extracted by Professor Sohnle from the complete literature on joint-illness have been rightly noted and interpreted, then there may, of course, be a possibility of an intrauterine origin of joint- illness. At the same time, one may, however, conclude therefrom that this sort of origin of joint-illness bv intrauterine infection is very rare. It has been observed that in the vears of epidemic abortion cases of joint- illness are more frequent. Of the about '290 foals which are born yearly in Trakehnen, taking an average of five years, 8.4 die of joint-illness and 6.6 of weakness. In the abortion year 1899, 10 foals died of joint-illness and 19 of weakness. The loss bv joint-illness did not in this year, therefore, exceed the average very much. In the case of a great number of foals suffering from joint-illness, however, there may have been about 15 cured of the illness. In these latter cases the illness began very late, even 6 w-eeks after birth, and an illness of the navel could not be proved. The fact of joint-illness beginning so late is no proof of intrauterine infection, in spite of the non-existing navel illness. Concerning the combating of joint-illness, good results have without doubt been obtained by carefully attending to the navels of the new-born foals. The cleaning of the uterus of the mare and the washing of the penis of the stallion have certainly produced satisfactory results in fighting epidemic abortus. As an example of this, I may say that at Trakehnen in the epidemic year 1899, there were 93 abortions and 6 still-births. In the follow- ing year there were, after this treatment, only 19 abortions and 2 still-births. The yearly average of abortions and still-births rn Trakehnen is 21. The cleansing of the uterus and washing of the penis have not led to a further decrease in cases of joint-illness in Trakehnen. This is another proof against intrauterine infection. 380 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding'. Whether there is an intrauterine existence of joint-illness or not, in any case it is recommendable, as is done in Trakehnen, to clean in the same manner as in the case of an abortion the uterus of all those mares whose foals die under symptoms of weakness, or show signs of weakness and illness shortly after birth, or suffer from joint-disease. We have seen that the coccus of abortus does not in every case lead to abortion, but, nevertheless, it hinders the development of the foals in such a manner that they are born weakly and ill. Even if, as I suppose, these are not cases of joint-illness, nevertheless, the coccus of abortus which is in the uterus is destroyed by washing. If the orifice of the uterus is already closed when the foal shows signs of illness, the uterus must be washed at the first heat. The penis of the stallion must be w-ashed after every covering. The most effective manner of combating joint-disease is, however, to take especial care of the navel. Complete extermination of joint-disease and of abortion will scarcely be attainable in larger studs where the greater quantity of brood mares produce such a great deal of epidemic matter, for the hygiene of confinement in stables is far from perfect, neither can the cleanliness of the stableman who acts as midwife alwavs be relied upon. Judging from the successes of Trakehnen, however, even in large studs one may succeed in limiting sufficientiv the losses caused by joint-illness and abortion. (n) The Birth. A normal birth occurring at the right time causes no difficulties, and seldom lasts longer than 15 minutes, reckoned from the beginning of the first visible signs of the approaching birth labour. Under normal conditions the birth itself lasts about 3 minutes. Three men are sufficient to assist. Above all, these men must keep quiet, and make their observations standing far apart, so as not to disturb the mare whilst she chooses the place which best suits her for foaling. Only when the mare, on account of the first stronger birth throes, has laid down and stretched herself out, should the studmaster see whether the head and the two fore-legs of the foal are in the right position. According to experiences at Trakehnen, irregular position of the foal in the womb, needing the assistance of a veterinary surgeon, is very seldom, as the studmasters are generally very capable. As soon as the head and the two fore-legs can be seen as far as the knee after the bursting of the so-called bladder, clean straw, which should be at hand, must be put behind the mare as a bedding for the foal, and the skin of the ovum must be torn far enough to enable breathing to commence. Simultaneously with the labour pains, the men must begin to pull at the fore-legs if need be with ropes round the pasterns, generally in the direction of the hocks, i.e., away from the anus. When the birth is complete, at Trakehnen the navel is dis- infected as follows : — The navel string is cut with a pair of scissors which have been kept in undiluted lysol, at a distance of about 3 fingers width from 1. Judging- and TreiUing Breeding Material. 3g2 the belly of the foal. After the blood has been properly pressed out of the stump, the latter is washed with a solution of a 1 per 1,000 sublimat, then it is dried with wadding and painted on all sides with a 10 per cent, solution of blue pyoktanin in spirits. As soon as the navel has been disinfected, the foal is carried to the head of the mother, and she will then commence to lick the foal. The attendants should now leave, only one remaining in the stable, observing the mare from a short distance. As soon as the after-birth has been removed, which gene- rally takes half an hour, the wet straw is replaced by dry. In the twelve foaling years which I have spent at Trakehnen (from 1896 to 1907 inclusive), apart from all abortions, out of 3,388 births, only 38 have been difficult births (including 12 breech-births), where the assistance of a veterinary surgeon was necessary or desirable. Of these 38 difficult births, 23 ended with the death of the foal alone, 2 with the death of the dam and the foal, and 2 with the death of the dam alone — altogether 27 mishaps. Accordingly, 3,363 foals were born without mishap, of which 1,689 were colts and 1,674 fillies. Twin births or abortions of twins happened in these twelve vears 58 times. (o) Treatment of the Brood Mare after the Birth. If the foal dies, the mare should be used, if possible, as a nurse. When this is not done, she will suffer in her health, and give less milk in the next year. If the foal at the beginning is too weak to completely empty the udder of the dam, the udder must be carefully milked at least three times daily. This happens to nearly all foals, in consequence of a slight stomach illness, when they are two or three days old. As one does not like to lift the feet of the mares up in order to round their hoofs about two or three months before they foal, this must be done after foaling. The same thing applies to the cleaning of the stables. The observations made at Trakehnen show that very often a few days after the cleaning of the stables abortions took place, and this seems to confirm the old doctrine that the smelling: nerves of pregnant mares are very sensitive, and that evaporation of the dung and the smell of tar cause abortions. In Thoroughbred breeding it is, therefore, advisable to remove daily all dung, together with the wet straw, and to spread what fresh straw is required, as in the race stable. It is advisable to remove at once after foaling the fresh dung, to prevent the foal from eating same, a thing which they like, but which is dangerous. Foals should be weaned after 4J to 6 months. A longer suckling time is neither good for the mare (even if barren) nor the foal. After the foals are weaned is the best time for finding out mares which have not conceived, and, if there is time, to get them covered again (with two coverings, evening and morning, or on the first and third day). In my opinion, there is no benefit in omitting to cover good mares for a year in order to spare them and improve their further \]QQ, The Practical Part of Horsebreeding^. products. According to observations I have made, this has not been success- ful. To cover mares every second year as is done in some countries produces very bad fertilisation results. Barren mares are easily recognisable in autumn, even If they are not in heat, by their less smooth hair, and by their worse feed- ing condition. After six months' pregnancy the movements of the foal can easily be felt, especially during and after drinking. In the case of younger barren mares, light work up to covering time is in most cases very useful. For mares which do not easilv conceive, in most cases plentiful, but not quick work, is useful, especially if thev are inclined to be fat. CHAPTER 11. The Judging and Treating of Foals. (a) Judging Suckling Foals. It is safest to judge the exterior of suckling foals one or two days after birth. Eight or fourteen days later one can, perhaps, judge more safely as to whether they will turn out well, but in most cases the judging of the exterior has then become more difficult. Just as one can judge better the real cap- abilities of Thoroughbred yearlings by the autumn trials than by a few gallops as two-year-olds, so in the same way it is safer to judge the exterior immediately after birth than when the foals have been weaned, or as year- lings. To rightly judge a young suckling foal one must catch it at a moment when it stands in a natural position, and as far as possible equally on its four legs, and holding the head at a height natural and convenient to him. This moment w'ill nearly always be brief, and the slightest changes of the centre of gravity give a wrong impression. If the centre of gravity is pushed too far forward, i.e., if the foal stands wath the fore-legs somewhat under it, it appears perhaps bow-legged, and if the head is held too high, it appears often to have a swaying back. If the fore pasterns are still very upright, it appears high-legged; if they are very sloping, it appears over-built, etc. One must also know that suckling foals often grow out of some of their bad characters. To these belong, first of all, the X-legged position of one or both fore-legs. There are stallions, like Chamant and several of his sons, whose progeny, almost without exception, w-ere born with X-shaped fore-legs, and who already as yearlings stood and walked perfectly straight. A son of Chamant, Panther, never transmitted this X-shaped position of the fore-legs, but most of his progeny stood with turned-out toes and had an irregular walk. As a rule, it seldom happens that foals born with X legs walk irregularly later. Further, foals generally grow out of the following defects : — Too long, soft pasterns, long hind-legs standing out behind, polished knees or bending back, as well as long, upright fore-pasterns, all sideway leanings, as well as all misplacements (in the womb) of the fore and particularly of the hind-legs. The bending of one or of both hind-pasterns, which occurs so frequently and often very pronounced, nearly always grows normal. The other proportions of the body do not alter. One thing remains to be noted, i.e.^ that foals 384 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. always appear to be higher legged than they are when they become fully grown. The proportion of the length and the width of the body, especially of the back and crupper, strength of joints, very high or deficient withers, good or bad crest, remain the same. Short necks remain short, but are not so conspicuous in a fully-grown horse as with a suckling foal. The same thing applies to upright and to sickle hind-legs, which change little, but are not so conspicuous in a fulh^-grown horse as in a young foal. Outwardly placed pasterns often become all right if this outward position only consists of a bend of the pastern joint round a horizontal axle. If, however, the outw-ard position consists of a twisting of the whole fore-leg commencing at the elbow round a perpendicular axle, this fault cannot be remedied. Most narrow-toed positions of the fore-legs consist of the twisting of the whole leg round a perpendicular axle, and therefore do not improve. Often, and usually between the second and the third vear, this position becomes much worse. Only if both pasterns deviate to the same side, i.e., if the one leg stands wide-toed and the other narrow-toed, one may assume a twisting round a perpendicular axle, and therefore an improvement of both pasterns, including the inwardly placed one, is probable. Whether the crooked fore-legs will grow straight again can only be verified if one knows the development of foals of certain parents. For example, the progeny of Optimus born with crooked fore-legs retain same, whilst nearly all the progeny of Perfectionist were born with crooked fore-legs and became straight without exception. All the progeny of Hazlehatch are always born with straight fore-legs, which later on, however, generally become crooked. High-leggedness, already recognisable in the suckling foal (of course, the above-mentioned upright position of pasterns must, if necessary, be taken into consideration when judging), nearly always remains. Faulty position of the ankle joint (tied in below hock) is very seldom got over so completely that traces of it cannot be perceived later, but the most distorted hocks, how- ever, often improve remarkably, especially if the connection is broad. No improvement can be expected, however, if the upper part of the hock (calcaneus) is inclined too far forward. It is often very difficult and unsafe to rightly judge the hocks of foals born very much misplaced (in the womb). There are stallions, like Pomp and ■Nlorgenstrahl, whose progeny were born mostly with their hinder parts very much misplaced and crooked, but in the short space of two to six months they grew out of the seemingly impossible twists, almost having the appearance of curbs. One can only judge approximately correctly if one knows the manner of development of the progeny of certain stallions. Optimus' progeny, for example, which were born with hocks a little ill-shaped (which, however, seldom occurred), scarcely ever lost this fault. The same thing applies to the progeny of Hazlehatch. Generally speaking, the chance of growing out of weakly supported and improperly set hocks is least if there is no misplacement (in the womb) connected with these faults, and vice-versa. Furthermore, small 2. The Judging and Treating of Foals. 385 born foals grow out of their faults less often than big born ones. The former have oenerallv sufficient room in the womb and, therefore, do not get mis- placed. To correcth- judge the nobility of the foal, one must not forget that this is a point which changes very little, i.e., they will never look nobler than thev do as young" suckling foals. The young age is very apt to hide coarseness. In judging the strength of bones of foals, one must not be deceived by the long hairs on the legs. A big, dry head indicates a strong bone develop- ment, whilst the fairlv small head generalh- indicates thin, cannon bones. Foals born with short, smooth and shining hairs on the legs look lighter than thev are, and must be judged favourably, as one may expect from them qualitv, drA-ness, hardness and health. Short and dull-looking hair is a sign that the foal has been born premature and unripe. I have never vet known a case where such premature births have developed into first-class horses. The so-called over-built foals, which is mostlv to be seen with one and two- vear-olds (nearh- all progenv of V^olapuk), nearlv always grow normallv. In judging earlv the exterior, one must, of course, take into consideration the healthy development of the foal, for without such this growing out is not only not to be expected, but rather a relapse in manv parts ma^- be feared which were originally normal. The back especiallv gives wav most easih', and becomes, even during the suckling, or immediatelv after the weaning, a low back, on account of disturbed development and nourishment, the causes of which are often hidden. Low backs which suddenlv originate after a severe illness, such as glanders, often completely disappear, whilst those arising from no visible acute illness never get all right. The most con- spicuous example of this which I know is the Royal Stud stallion Emporer, born 1899 bv Lehnsherr (bv Chamant) and Emigrantin, who as weaning foal got a verv bad low back commencing immediatelv behind the withers after a verv severe attack of glanders. He ^vas transferred in the spring of 1900 to Guddin to the geldings. In the course of about nine months the low back disappeared completelv. In the autumn he was put to training as a two- year-old, and is to-da}- Roval Stud stallion in Trakehnen. He has a faultless back, and his progeny also. Generally speaking, the foals of high-blooded stallions, especially Thoroughbreds, develop better than those of coarser stallions. For this reason the former grow out of their faults better than the latter. (b) Treatment of Suckling Foals up to the time of Weaning. The first or so-called Colostrum milk is especially useful to the foal on account of its somewhat opening effect, thus hastening the getting rid of the first fecal substanjce of the foal known as Meconium. This Colostrum milk must not, therefore, as unfortunately often happens, be milked off. The Meconium passes away under normal conditions in the first twelve to twenty- B— 2 386 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinij. four hours, and in many instances two hours after birth. If this happens too rapidly it is often not a good sign. DiarrhcDea follows, frequently a sign of weakness, or beginning of joint-illness. A delay of this important remoyal causes meconium colics, which may very easily become dangerous. This disease generally attacks foals carried more than eleven months, and male foals more frequently than female foals. I have never vet noticed this meconium colic in foals carried less than 320 days. In Trakehnen in 1896 the chief veterinary surgeon, Dr. Topper, first applied very successfully the Meconotorium, constructed bv ]\Iasch, for the purpose of artificially remov- ing the Meconium. As this instrument can be easih' handled by non- professionals, I here state what Dr. Topper says about it : — " The operator sits on a chair, and the foal is held in a proper position. The instrument, and the first or second finger of the left hand, are oiled. A left finger is care- fully inserted, and with it the Mecotorium (the convexity of the spoon downwards). If one presses the handle down the spoon presses into the meconium, and it is then possible to bring it out in parts as far as one can reach forwards. One g. calomel with 50 g. rizinus are afterwards given for the final removal, and an injection of luke-warm water made. The instru- ment may be had from Hauptner-Berlin." I would like to add that the spoon must be used with the greatest care, for the rectum of the foal is not capable of much resistance, and if it were pierced with the spoon death would always follow. A slight harmless diarrhoea of the foal announces the first heat of the dam. For a continuous or malignant diarrhoea the following treatment has proved successful in Trakehnen : — If it is a case of the dangerous grey stinking diarrhoea of foals, the intestines must be completely emptied as quickly as possible. To obtain this result, give the foal 50 to 100 g. rizinus oil in one dose (an ordinary spoon contains about 10 g.). The day following give it again in one dose 10 to 20 g. tincture of opium (a spoon contains about 15 g.) with four times as much mother's milk. If necessary, this treatment with the tincture of opium, gradually increasing from 10 to 20 g., is continued for several days, and if need be even in two doses daily. If in the course of this treatment the foal should suffer from inflated belly or colic, the treatment of opium must be abandoned. If it is a question of the ordinarv watery diarrhoea, a dose of 50 to 125 g. of rizinus oil given at the commencement often renders further treatment superfluous. Continuous doses of tincture of opium are essential if the diarrhoea con- tinues for some time. As a foal soon gets into the habit of taking tincture of opium, increase the doses slowly, from 10 to 25 g., and also from once to twice daily. Instead of the oats, which cannot be digested b}' the weakened gastro- intestinal canal, it is advisable in cases of chronic diarrhoea to give a mixture 2. The Judging- and Treating of Foals. 387 of oats and linseed meal ground very line, almost to a mash, 1 cwt. of oats to about 5 lbs. of linseed. According to my experiences, a complete change of food of the dam, as regards oats and hay, as well as of bedding straw, does not have any influence on the diarrhoea of the foal. The first nine days after birth the brood mare must be separated, along with the foal, in cases where the mares are together with several others in large stables and not in special boxes. Later on, when the foals are strong- enough, it is better both for dam and foal to be able to move about freely in a large stable. Unfortunately, the arrangements in Thoroughbred studs, on account of too great anxiety, are usually not calculated to give these great advantages of freer movement, and to provide at the same time special places for oats and hay for the foals. When it is fourteen days old the suckling foal usually begins to nibble oats. It can be taken for granted that on an average the foals can eat as many pounds of oats daily as they are months old. Besides the oats, it is advisable to give the foals daily as much fresh hay as possible, also clover hay. A four months old suckling foal must have dailv 4 to 5 lbs. of oats, and almost as much hay. If the dam gives too little milk, and it is possible to teach the foal to drink cow milk, which is often very difficult, an addition of about 3 to 5 litres of fresh undiluted cow milk (three times daily 1 to IJ litres direct from the cow) is to be recommended. I have never yet found that this addition of fresh undiluted cow milk had any bad effect on suckling foals. Stunted weaning foals, as well as suckling foals, whose dams die suddenly in giving birth or somewhat later, must have daily 6 to 9 litres fresh undiluted cow milk. One litre every two hours during the day and every four hours during the night is the right quantitv. It is reckoned that a good brood mare gives about 10 to 12 litres daily. About four to six weeks after birth the foal's hoofs must be attended to. The foal must, however, have been already accustomed to being led for a short distance and held by the halter. This care of the hoofs, which is so important for the whole life of the horses, and which can rarely be recovered later, consists in cutting at first the foetal frog, which is provided with unhorned, soft epidermal material, with a sharp knife, holding it level, in such a manner that the hoofs get the necessary form of frog, with a soft depression in the middle and absolutely smooth surfaces. The remaining spongy substance must be removed from the sole in such a manner that it receives its proper depth. Then the wall must be cut down on the quarters and toe as the form and position of the hoof necessitates. Frog and inferior border of the wall must lie on one level, so that the frog also helps to carry the body. The lateral lacunae of the frog must be kept smooth, and wide open below. The small cracks in the lateral lacunae of the frog are removed by so-called air-making, i.e., by a notch cut. However, under no circum- stance must the strength of the bars be weakened. The most careful removal of all, even the very smallest cracks, especially in the median and the two lateral lacunae of the frog, is very important, because it is impossible to keep 338 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding". them clean otherwise, and the}- therefore easily become the means of causing putridity. Everv hoof must be brushed over at once, after cutting, with tar; of course, only the sole, including the frog. This must be repeated, in the case of suckling foals, every four weeks before grazing time. It does not only make the putridity of the frog impossible, but also assures a strong and broad development of the frog and of the hoof. During grazing this work is not so often and so urgently necessary as during the winter stabling, therefore most necessary for early born foals. The wearing of the hoof caused by plenty of exercise in the pastures, and this effect of the damp earth which becomes fastened to the hoof, and which is beneficial to same, by its massag- ing, widening and preventing putridity, does away with, to a great extent, the above artificial treatment of the hoof. Wollstein says : " The reason that foals in natural studs suffer so little with their hoofs is because they have plenty of exercise." Even in Thoroughbred breeding the early care of the hoof is, unfortunately, much neglected, and is the cause of so many con- tracted hoofs with curved walls and atrophied frogs, which again in their turn produce an early break down. Simultaneously with the attention to the hoofs begins also the cleaning of the foals. It is not necessary to put a halter round them or to hold them, as, if it is done sensibh*. they enjoy it, and it is the first means by which one can gain their confidence. The purpose of cleaning (of course, only with a dandy brush) is not only to keep them clean and prevent lice, but also for the very beneficial scrubbing of the skin, which is especially good for foals born early in the year. Later on during grazing, wind and rain do their share in this beneficial massaging of the skin. Foals get their first exercise in the open when they, 10 to 14 days old, go with the dam two or three times daily to drink from the trough in the yard. Very soon afterwards, at the latest at the age of 6 weeks, they must be exer- cised with the dam in the open, commencing with a quarter of an hour daily. Of course, these exercises must take place regularly every day, and in all sorts of weather, being extended to at least one hour daily, taking into consideration wind and weather, so that the dams as well as foals get accus- tomed to fresh air, weather and W'ind w-hen the grazing commences. On warm and sunny spring days it is advisable to let out at their leisure all the brood mares with their suckling foals in the yard for an hour in the after- noon, over and above the regular exercise as mentioned above. The beneficial fresh air will strengthen brood mares and foals and cause them to mix one with the other, which is very useful. Mares which have not become pregnant will often come in heat on such occasions. Just as important as this advice is — i.e., to have open air exercise in all kinds of weather — for our Northern climate, so is it just as unnecessar}^ for England and France, admirable horse breeding countries, endowed with the Grace of God. My neighbours have often called the above method of foal rearing an exaggerated and unreasonable attempt to become hardy. Never- 2. The Judging and Treating of Foals. 389 theless, I have proved that even the youngest foals can endure much more exercise, frost, wind, rain and all sorts of bad weather than I and many other people supposed. This hardening method of rearing is very useful in every respect for all foals, and does much to improve their health, hardness, and finallv, performing capabilities. In my attempts at hardening I have not even reached the limits at which a distinct advantage to the foals ceased^ not to speak of the limits at which they might begin to suffer. Of course, unreasonable attempts at hardening which do not avoid sudden and unprepared changes would soon reach those limits, but an observing and individualising breeder will know how to act to avoid many dangers which I cannot mention here, as for example, when exercising on hard ground, foals with an inclination to upright hcjofs should be suitably shod at the right time. After 4J to 5 months suckling foals lose their foal hairs, and ma}- then be weaned. It is good for foals if the suckling time is extended to ow or 6 months, and this is at any rate advisable in the case of barren and late covered mares. Before weaning — it is best to begin at the age of 3 months — foals should be led bv the halter, so that one may lead them without their dams to their own stables or to other places on the farm. The best time for weaning is towards the evening. Dam as well as foal become quiet much more easilv than when they are weaned in the morning. Foals which cough much, or suffer from glanders, must be weaned some weeks later, after having overcome the illness. Suckling foals get over glanders sooner than weaned foals. Weakly weaned foals, and such as have not vet lost their coat, mav be assisted for 1 or 2 months with cow milk, about 6 litres daily. To give cow- milk for a longer period, especially to Thoroughbred foals, has the dis- advantage that it causes them to grow fat, and possibly somewhat soft, therefore later more difficult to train. On the other hand, one must take into consideration that weaned foals get over glanders more easily if they are given cow milk during the time they have the disease. Foals which are inclined to grow- fat may be given skimmed milk. In the case of brood mares which are barren, and therefore needing no protection for an embryo in the womb, it is not advisable to suckle their foals longer than 7 months at the most. In many Russian studs, where the suckling period lasts even longer than 1'2 months, I have found that this was not good for the foals. It seems to me that they make poorer use of the oats and hay when suckling so long. (c) Treatment of Weanlings. With a little tact and much love one succeeds in manipulating the wean- ing process, so deeply connected with the whole life of the suckling foals, in such a manner that no interruption in their development occurs. During the lirst 24 hours at least they must, unfortunately, be kept in their new stables. In my opinion it is necessary to separate the sexes immediately after the 390 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. weaning, or a few weeks later. It is quite common for well fed six-month-old colts to attempt to cover, and manv fillies less than one year old are already often in heat. In the stud Tammist, of Mr. B. v. Liphardt, Dorpat, in the summer of 18G8, a one-year-old filly (noble Half-bred) was covered whilst grazing bv a one-vear-old colt (also noble Half-bred) and became pregnant. As a two-vear-old she had a living, but very small colt. The Thoroughbred fillv Experiment, 1842 by Bay Middleton out of Miss Craven, was covered at 11 months old by Venison, and produced when she was 1 year and 10 months old a living colt, which died after 24 hours. In the following year Experiment produced a fillv bv Venison. Experiment was in Lord Bentinck's stud, who had a special craze for such extravagant trials (see General Stud Book, Vol. VI., and "Post and Paddock" by The Druid, page 208). For weaned foals a roomy, light stable, with constant fresh water and a good meadow close at hand is essential. The more foals are weaned at the same time the sooner they settle down, and when in a few weeks the next lot of weaned foals are put in the same stable, the weaning will be much more easv. The verv best picked food, alwavs attainable fresh water, and association with horses of their own age, soon helps the foals to forget their dams. During the time of their growing the fastest, young foals require verv urgentl_y plentiful and frequent supply of water. If that is not possible tlieir development will be distinctlv retarded. Weakly and backward foals must be separated — at least in the stable — if they are badly treated bv their more robust companions. To good grazing also should be added fresh Lucerne, Sainfoin, or green clover, with or without Timothv, cid libitum, especially in the evening, and in the hot summer weather at dinner time also. I do not recommend the giving of clover to Thoroughbreds, as experience has proved that foals fed with clover, green or dried, look very well but are much more difficult to train, suffer in the wind, i.e., have a thick wind. The best food for Thorough- bred and Half-bred foals is certainly Lucerne, and the longer foals can be fed with fresh, good, and not attacked by rust Lucerne (in East Prussia generallv from the middle of Mav to the end of September and the beginning of October) the better they will develop. ^^"hen the Lucerne or the clover begins to blossom, then is the most favourable moment to commence W'ith green food. Before the blossoming foals do not care to eat Lucerne. Foals, and particularlv young ones, prefer, however, green clover to Lucerne. It is not therefore advisable to substitute often Lucerne for clover. To obtain an early second crop of Lucerne or clover, a part of it must be cut before blossoming. This early cut part will then be ready as a second cut with commencing blossom when the first part has been eaten up or become too dry. In a few words, it is only with great care and a correct division of the available land for food crops that one will succeed in obtaining an uninter- rupted and regular supply of green food from spring to autumn. Those 2. The Judging" and Treating of Foals. 391 breeders possessing such good pastures that they do not need an addition of Lucerne or clover are to be congratulated. In East Prussia ^ve have not got them. For weaned foals 6 lbs. of oats are sufficient at the commencement, and for those who desire to, or must save — for example, militarv horse breeders — 6 lbs. are sufficient for the whole period, if green Lucerne or clover can be added. Those who desire to breed breeding material or racehorses, or first- class horses for use, must increase the oats monthly by 1 lb. per day up to at most 12 lbs. I do not consider that generallv a greater quantity is necessary, not even in Thoroughbred breeding. At Trakehnen I have never given on an average more than 10 lbs. of oats. Of course, besides this average, an addition of about 3 lbs. of oats is necessary for some backward foals, and foals which eat verv little hay. The portion of oats is split up into three meals — morning, noon and evening — for supper a little more. The foals must alwavs be fastened up when the oats are given, so that each one gets its right cjuantitv and so that it can be seen which one has not eaten its portion. It is verv useful to give weaned foals with every feed of oats a handful of ground or roasted linseed (about J lb. daily). When in autumn the green food is finished and the winter ration of about 10 lbs. of hav (Lucerne or clover hav) begins, it is advisable to give them for about three to four weeks about 6 litres of fine chopped carrots daily, and after- wards for the whole of the winter twice weekly about 2 litres wheat bran, toofether with oats. In those rears in which the hav has grown well in con- sequence of a drv and warm summer, and has been well got in, having therefore a greater nutritive value, we have, in Trakehnen, diminished the share of oats for weaned foals, and given in autumn and winter at the most 9 lbs. to prevent fatness. A diminution of hav or clover would have a bad effect on the formation of bones, as the bone-forming factors are not in the grain but for the most part in the hay and green food, which contains plenty of lime. \T^rv coarse clover or Lucerne hay produces in young weaned foals diarrhoea, as it irritates the intestines, and it is better to keep same for older foals. Three weeks' feeding with meadow hay causes this diarrhoea of weanlings to disappear without any other remedy. For a few years weaned foals have in Trakehnen been given J lb. of rice along with their oats, with the idea that the large quantity of phosphorus contained in same would favourably influence the formation of bone. To give a definite result of this is not possible vet. The more potash there is in the food of the foals, and this is particularlv so in good grazing and with green Lucerne, the more salt is required by the horses. (This can be demonstrated by a chemical formula.) There ought always to be several large pieces of salt in the mangers. As long as grazing is possible no difficulty whatever is experienced in giving proper exercise to weaned foals. Grazing in East Prussia, which, unfortunately, only lasts about five months, must be made the best possible tjgo The Practical Part of Horsebreedinjj;-. use of, i.e., the foals must remain on the meadows as long- as it is light, with a short interval for the mid-day meal, which they should receive in the stables in the form of oats, water, and if required, especially in the autumn, an addition of green Lucerne or clover. On hot summer days this interval may at times be prolonged to about three hours, with green food in the stable. The utmost use of the grazing time also already for weaned foals is, for the breeding of light horses, the most important and potent factor for the produc- tion of health V and capable stock, and yet this is a thing which is very much neglected. The neglect and the final leaving off of grazing represents, in the historv of manv breeding studs, the turning point in the transfer from a capable breeding stud to one which is contented only with the cheaper pro- duction of showy stock. Those economical considerations which have led to the limitation or the abolition of grazing endanger our modern improved breeds in the highest degree. This applies to horses as well as to cattle. The influence of grazing, which is so very great, and which cannot be sub- stituted bv anything else, consists principally in the long, regular and slow exercise in the open air on elastic, turfy ground, and under the continuous and beneficial effect of sun, wind and rain. The finest exercising place cannot replace these advantages of grazing, principally because the exercis- ing place lacks the required food-seeking stimulus necessary for the said regular exercise. The healthy and useful feeding on the pasture is only of second importance. In winter, when there is plentv of snow, exercise mav take place in the same pastures. In our climate it is in the spring and autumn that the diffi- culty of regular exercise is experienced, as of course the pastures must be spared at these times. ITorses have then to be exercised on the paved grounds, perhaps covered over with straw, railed in and circular, or if it is not possible to get exercise on such places on account of the ice or because the ground is frozen, etc., horses must be exercised in half-covered circus- formed rooms. This exercise must take place daily, about IJ to 2 hours in the morning and a little less in the afternoon, if possible with shepherds' horses, in order to get the regular trotting exercise. The regular exercise of weaned foals, as well as of older horses, whether on the pastures in the summer, or on the covered or uncovered exercising places in the winter, is the most important thing in the whole breeding of light horses. This point is often very much sinned against, even in Thoroughbred breeding, especially when horses are to be sold as yearlings. After the finishing of grazing time, weaned Thoroughbred foals and vearlings require a systematic, gradual and progressive course of exercise. This ccjnsists in leading them for 1^^ hours in the morning, and somewhat less in the afternoon, at a slow pace, and galloping them daily on a railed-in track about 10 metres wide and about 500 metres long. To start with, special leading horses with a man up are useful until the foals learn later on the purpose of it. They then will gallop the distance of about 500 metres without such help. 2. The Judguig and Treating of Foals. 393 Whilst the Aveaned foals are fastened up for dinner, it is the most suitable time to lead them each dav on a neighbouring track, till they are quite fit to be handled and are obedient for leading, as well as to place them in a proper position to judge their exterior. This first and very thankful teaching of the voung and willing foals should only commence four to six weeks after being weaned. Unfortunately, Thoroughbred foals very seldom get this verv useful scho(^ling, because one does not like the trouble, and, moreover, because one under-estimates the great advantages derived from this educa- tion. In Half-bred breeding this would be the most opportune time to select those colts for castration which are not suitable for breeding. The earlier thev are castrated the easier the foals get over the operation, and the more perfectly do thev develop into the desired type of gelding with thin neck and broad croup. It is still more advantageous, in order to get fine geldings, to castrate colts when thev are about four weeks old and are still with their dam, as the testicles are then sufficiently prominent. Foals which are early castrated grow out of many exterior faults, such as high-leggedness, narrow- ness, and even faulty action, often to such a degree that when looking at the horses when four-year-olds, one finds the reason for castrating only from the remarks written about the exterior. (d) Treatment of the Skin and Hoofs of Weanlings. To properly look after weaned foals one may reckon twelve to fifteen foals to one attendant. Of course, one man cannot clean fifteen foals properly daily, but that is not necessary, not even in Thoroughbred breeding. I consider it sufficient if each foal is simply rubbed down each day in order to take off the worst dirt. This is best done in the morning whilst they eat their oats, and it requires two to three minutes for each foal. Besides this, each foal must be thoroughly cleaned once a week. For this purpose every disposable attendant is given in the morning or afternoon two to three foals in the stable to clean whilst the rest are being exercised. At the same time he looks after the hoofs and keeps them in order by cutting them properly, rounding them and tarring them once about two or three weeks. The smooth cutting of the frog, and the air-making between the frog and the heels (opening up of the lateral lacunae of the frog), as already stated in connection with sucklings, are continued. In the case of contracted heels, the heel-edges must be cut sufficiently to enable one to draw the hoof scraper through the lateral lacunae of the frog from front to back with ease. The stud attendants must, of course, be speciallv taught this work, which is not difficult, particularly if the studmaster or manager himself understands it. If this work, however, is given to blacksmiths, who mostly have no real interest in the work and are not always available, the proper keeping of hoofs will never be obtained in the stables. This care of the hoofs takes very little time or trouble, but causes much anxiety, and is of the greatest 394 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. importance, especiallv for Thoroughbreds. From my many years' experi- ence, I can confidently assert that if the hoofs are looked after in the manner stated above, of course a rotten frog is not only made impossible, but strong and resisting hoofs, with correct, broad, full and well-supporting frogs are produced to such a degree as is so much wanted for the racecourse, but which vet are so rarelv found. The same order in cleaning and the same care of the hoof is to be applied later for one and two-year-old foals. In about ten to fifteen per cent, of weaned foals it will be necessary to shoe them from time to time. In the first place, those foals which, on account of their straight pasterns, run too much on their toes, and which are therefore inclined to form upright hoofs, must be shod with half-moon shaped toe-shoes. It is generally sufficient to shoe twice every three or four W'Ceks. Further, on account of some misplacements originating in the womb which have not been quite grown out of (the X-formed position of the fore-legs belongs also to these), or in consequence of standing too wide, together with a vet too narrow chest, or again because of some crookedness in the pastern joint which may still be rectified, some foals are exposed to the danger of wearing their hoofs off obliquely, and thus a proper development is prevented. In such cases I would recommend that the foals be shod according to the well-known rules for faulty standing, and in this manner until they have grown out of the supposed causes of faulty standing, and until there is no longer any fear that they will continue to wear their hoofs oft' obliquely. In many cases shoeing for three months will be sufficient, often, however, twelve months and even more are necessary; in fact, some never grow right. A twisting round the vertical axle of the leg, originating at the carpus or wrist, the so-called " knee," or higher (not to be mistaken with the X-legged position, which is easier to handle), cannot be improved by shoeing. If these faults are not put right bv shoeing, as unfortunately is so often the case in Thoroughbred breeding, which despises the exterior appearance, one will often find that whilst after about twelve months the formerly misplaced pastern, the narrow chest and other faults have been grown out of and become normal, but at the same time during this year an oblique hoof, i.e., contracted heel on one side, has been formed, which it will, of course, now be much more difficult to put right, especially as improvement by shoeing is very dangerous for horses in training. For twistings round a vertical axle, which cannot be put right, it is advisable, in the first years before training, to have a shoe made to suit the particular case, as by this means the early develop- ment of an oblique hoof is prevented, or at any rate the tendency to grow oblique is lessened. The following instructions are given to our local stablemen and shoeing smiths for the cutting and shoeing of hoofs in the case of faultv positions : — Looked at sideways, faulty hoofs may be divided into pointed and blunt hoofs. Pointed hoofs are those of which the long toe is conspicuously 2, The Judging and Treating of Foals. 395 oblique, and the heels too low, and the blunt hoofs are those of which the short toe is conspicuously straight and the heels too high. Pointed hoofs are to be found when horses stand with their legs very much in front of the body, or if the fore-legs are knock-kneed (calf or sheep-kneed), or if the hind-legs are too angular, or if the position of the toes forms an acute angle (in most cases with long or sloping pasterns). If it is desired to favourably influence these faulty positions, the toe-wall of the hoof will have to be kept short. On the other hand, the heels are to be spared as much as possible. Blunt hoofs are found with horses whose fore-legs are placed too far back or are over in the knees, or if the position of the toes forms an obtuse angle (in most cases with short or upright pasterns). In this case cutting of the hoof must be limited for the most part to the too high heels, although in many cases the keeping down of the heel does not effect a remedy. In cases where foals have a lot of exercise on hard, sharp ground, the toe sometimes becomes so worn off that a pronounced upright hoof is produced, and if not dealt with at once it cannot be remedied later, and forms a so-called pincard or ramplin foot, or otherwise ring-bone with its attendant lameness ensues. By a timely use of a toe shoe this affliction mav be completely avoided. If it is a question of young foals whose hoofs do not permit of a toe shoe, I would recommend that the toes be hardened by repeated applications of tar, and also that small leather shoes be used. I may here mention that in some rare cases a pincard foot may arise with foals, apparently the consequence of diseased bones and sinew'S, and this is incurable. Looked at from the front, the faulty hoofs may be again divided for the sake of simplicity into tw-o groups — group I. hoofs with wide-set toes, and group II. hoofs with narrow-set toes. Hoofs with wide-set toes are more or less pronounced in the following positions : standing wide, X-legged and wide-toed. The hoofs of the second group are found in the following cases : narrow standing, O-legged and narrow-toed. If it is desired that the foal shall outgrow these faulty positions, the hoofs of group I. must be cut as follows : Repeatedly cut down the outside of the toes, quarters and heels. Cut horizontally so that the sole is, if possible, in the same level with the inferior border of the wall. The sole must therefore be as little arched as possible. Do not shorten the inferior border of the wall on the inside, but from the sole so much horn must be removed, and the inner bar so far shortened (shortened, not weakened) that the sole appears much arched towards the frog. This arching of the sole of the hoof, too narrow at the inside in the case of a wide-set toe, aims at a widening of the hoof on the inside by counter-pressure of the ground. Group II., iioofs of the narrow-set toes, as far as cutting is concerned, are treated in exactly the opposite manner to group I. The advantages of cutting hoofs with faulty positions can best be learned when foals are exercising on soft, yielding ground. If the exercising ground is rough 396 The Practical Part of Horsebrcedinif. and hard the hoof soon wears to the shape necessitated by the position of the legs. In such cases the only thing to counteract this is shoeing. Shoeing should be used not before an age of six months, but usually not before they have reached the age of ten months, except in the case of upright-hoofed suckling foals, when they should be shod earlier. It is, of course, taken for granted that only a hrst-rate smith, perfectly acquainted with this kind of shoeing, does the work. The shoe for the hoof of the wide-toed position must be as follows : An outer thin and an inner thick branch, the outer branch tapering towards the end, which should have the thickness of the blade of a knife. The support- ing edge of the thick branch is sloped outwards in the region of the quarters and heels. The nail holes in the inner thick branch should be made as far to the front as possible. The thin outside branch, the edge of which must be kept narrow, must be fitted on tight and nailed as far as the end. The inner strong branch must be kept long, and must be fitted on large. The inferior bcjrder of the wall on its supporting surface, which slopes outwards, is inclined by each weight to slip outwards, the consequence therefrom being an early recognizable widening of the hoof on the inside. The hoof of a narrow-standing requires a shoe exactly opposite in make. Of course, the shoe must be changed at the right time, and it is to be noted also that the faulty position cannot be remedied at once by a too strong one-sided cutting down of the inferior border of the wall, nor can it be forced by a too great difference in the strength of the shoe-branches; both things must be done gradually, and slowly increased. It depends on how- bad the faulty position is, the shape of the hoof and the results obtained, as to how long the shoeing ought to be continued. As soon as the animal is put to hard work it must be shod with straight shoes, but even then it is advisable when preparing the hoofs for shoeing to see that thev retain the breaking of the toe axle produced by artificial shoeing, as well as its regular form, so very laboriously acquired. The advantages of a proper cutting and good shoeing for the form of the hoof and the position of the legs does not only help the foal to outgrow a faulty position well and quickly, but does more, i.e., instead of an oblique hoof, which is always the consequence of a faulty position, a regular shaped hoof is formed. For example, in the case of wide-set toes, the hoof is very oblique, i.e., the inner walls incline too much to the inside, are low and pushed under, and the whole inner half of the hoof is too narrow. If these measures are not made use of, these evils will remain, and in most cases this hoof will become later on a one-sided contracted hoof (narrow- heeledness), otherwise it will not be able to overcome quitters, seams, etc., and the value of the horse is accordingly very much reduced. But even this does not exhaust the advantages of the breaking of the toe axle. Horses for whom nothing has been done to remedy their wide-toed position will knock themselves as soon as they are taken in use, and they are useless for 2. The Judging" and Treating' of Foals. 397 carriage, etc., work. Foals with wide-set toes, whose toe axles bv correct shoeing have acquired the desired breaking, very seldom hit their legs when put to work. ^lany experts say, and with some justification, that the doubtless unnatural breaking of the toe axle may also cause damage. On the other hand I must state that many experiments in this direction have been made for many years, most likely only at Trakehnen, and they have demonstrated that a slow breaking of the toe axle can be endured by young horses without injurv. If the Lithuanian peasant, or the military horse breeder, a few days before a sale prepares the hoofs in an artificial manner, this ruse has nothing to do with the real methods of improvement, which are very good and useful for horses. A too sudden break of the toe axle of a three-year-old may be disastrous to young animals owing to the tearing of the ligaments and spraining of the joints, particularly so if the attempts to improve are made by shoeing. The hoof which has been shod does not so easily overcome the sudden break- ing of the toe axle as an unshod one does, as the wearing off of the too high bearing part of the unshod hoof is better accomplished, and consequently no damage arises from the breaking of the toe axle. (e) The Treatment of Yearlings and Older Foals. Treat and feed yearlings up to the beginning of grazing time in the same manner as I have already pointed out for weaned foals. When the orazino- is good about 4 to 6 lbs. of oats are sufficient for militarv and other horses in use. For breeding material, about 6 to 8 lbs. of oats, with a simultaneous addition of green clover or Lucerne, is required. Thoroughbred yearlings require 10 to 12 lbs. of oats, and in addition green Lucerne. Half-bred yearlings which are given when grazing more than 6 to 8 lbs. of oats will eat less clover or Lucerne, and will therefore not become so strong. In some instances, as for example, where foals are growing fast, or do not feed well, a special addition of 3 to 6 lbs. of oats ma}- be advisable. After the grazing period. Half-bred yearlings destined for use are given about 6 lbs. of oats and 12 lbs. of hay. Horses destined for breeding stock are given about 8 lbs. of oats and 15 lbs. of clover or Lucerne. Thorough- bred yearlings should be broken in during grazing time late in the summer (about IJ hours daily), and in autumn after finishing the best grazing they should be turned into training for racing. In the case of two-year-olds, those bred for use receive during grazing time 2 lbs. of oats (early in the morning), or if grazing is good no oats ; and those required for breeding stock about 4 to 6 lbs. of oats, and in both cases green Lucerne or clover in addition. If Lucerne is very good and plentiful, 4 lbs. of oats are quite sufficient; more would be detrimental, as it would 398 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. cause fattening. When autumn grazing is finished, the breeding material, colts as well as fillies, should be saddled and trained. At Trakehnen we give two and three-3^ear-old colts and fillies in training about 9 to 12 lbs. of oats. After grazing is finished 6 lbs. of oats and about 12 lbs. of hay is sufficient for two-year-olds intended for use. In the following summer the three-year-olds at Trakehnen get during grazing time 2 lbs. of oats, but if grazing is very good none. When grazing is finished the three-year-olds are broken in, and get until the spring auction 9 lbs. of oats and about 10 to 12 lbs. of hav. The above indicated food rations are only sufficient if the quality, especiallv of the hav, is verv good. In damp years the hay is less nourishing, and it is then advisable to increase the oat ration. On the other hand, the beneficial and bone-forming qualities of hay well got in dry years may be used in more plentiful quantities at the expense of the oat ration. A part of the oat ration can be replaced by beans or peas, say about 2 lbs. dailv. By this means the formation of the bones is favoured, but at the same time the disagreeable gall formation appears, especially in the hocks. Beans and peas can therefore only be recommended when foals have at the same time plentv of exercise. Every expert will know, of course, that these rations, which are ordinarily speaking used at Trakehnen, must very often be modified according to the soil of the stud and the particular requirements of individual horses. A fixed standard to suit all the different conditions — harvests, illnesses, etc. — cannot be given. The eye of the breeder, especially when it works with pleasure, will itself perceive all the necessary shades in the treatment of foals. CHAPTER III. Training. I HAVE already mentioned in previous chapters the importance of individualisation in the treatment of both breeding material and foals. It is quite evident that when training horses, whether for the purpose of racing or hunting or other performances, it is most important to individualise, and it is therefore impossible to give a hard and fast rule. I only intend to give general points of view, ideas and experiences, from which each individual breeder must build up his own theory according to the particular require- ments of his available material, the training track and climate, etc. The difficultv of the art of training lies in the fact that its object, the horse, like all other living creatures, is endowed with many powerful characteristics, rendering a machine-like and uniform treatment impossible. If the horse were a machine, then training would not be an art, and racing tests to the lifeless clock time would be all that would be required. Furthermore, the work of the trainer is made difficult by the task of having to obtain the highest possible degree of fitness by a fixed time, i.e., the race day. The object of all training consists in removing all superfluous fat and connective tissues, in strengthening the muscles and sinews, and in clearing the wind. In order to obtain this result the horses must be watched carefully and correctly every day and properly dealt with. The trainer's eye is the cause of horses being fit or unfit. The suitable English and Irish soil, as well as the admirable racing tracks — given by the grace of God — especially at Newmarket, has led the English- men also in this branch into the comfortable and tenacious conservatism which is just as dangerous and hostile to all progress as was the former conservatism of artillerymen w-ith reference to breech-loaders not invented by them. It has taken a long time before the simplest doctrines of hygiene could remove much of the evil in English training. The distinct successes of the Americans in training and riding during the course of the last ten years have caused Englishmen to think and reform where necessary. In both training and riding, Americans, who are not bound down by tradition, 400 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. and ^vho are not spoiled by Engli^i pastures and galloping grounds, obtained great successes through their practical ideas and almost incon- siderate leaning to what is natural. Moreover, the Americans have reason to be proud of the fact that Old England, with its long history of classical races, has had to learn such a rough lesson from them I (a) The Training Methods. The training methods of the eighteenth century, that is, at the time of Eclipse, born 1st April, 1764, had to adapt themselves to the following circumstances : — 1. There were onlv a few attainable racec(jurses for each horse, and the racing season was much shorter than it is to-dav, often onh- three months. 2. In most cases onlv four-\'ear-old and older horses ran. Thrce-vear- olds onlv since 1756, and two-year-olds onlv since 1773. 3. Tliere were no railwavs, and consequentlv the visiting of the different racecourses entailed long journeys on foot. 4. Most races were run for a distance of 2 to 4 English miles, with heats, the weights for six-year-olds being 12 stone. At that time it was verv usual to keep horses in training for only three to four months, and to send them for the rest of the time to grass. After the grazing, training began with weeklv physics and bleedings. Then the horse received about two sweating gallops w-eekly, over distances of 2 to 6 English miles. Duruig the sweating gallops with woollen rugs, some parts of the bodv which had too much flesh very often — for example, the neck — • were covered with extra heavy rugs. In these gallops the last quarter of a mile had to be ridden a little more Cjuick, that means at half speed. After the sweating gallop the nose and mouth were washed, then the horses were brought into the stable or in the so-called rubbing-down house, and there covered with several woollen rugs until the sweat oozed out in sufficient quantities. The sweat was then removed with a sw'eating knife, and the horse rubbed drv bv four persons with woollen cloths, then covered with fresh rugs and given walking exercise for half an hour. Some clavs a week complete rest davs were usual, whilst long walking exercise, as is common to-dav, was almost wiknown. The usual dailv canter or gallop w'as over 2 to 4 English miles, often without a leading horse, and in anv case at a slower pace than is usual to-day. The word "canter," meaning a quiet gallop, arises from the slow manner in which the pilgrims walked to the grave of Archbishop Thomas Becket at Canterbury, murdered 1170. The development of training in the last century, after the coming into jDrominence of the classical races for two and three-year-olds, proceeded as follow^s : — 1. According to Darvill, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the following sweating gallops were given. For yearlings over 2 miles, for 3. Training. 401 t^vo-vear-olds over 'l^ miles, for three-year-olds over 3 to 3J miles, for four- vear-olds over 4 to 4J miles, and for 5 and 6 year-olds over 5 miles. •2. The sweating gallops gradually became more scarce, and were held over somewhat shorter distances. The sweating gallops of two-year-olds (at the beginning once weekly, over 1 English mile) gradually ceased altogether. 3. Sweating gallops at the beginning of the nineteenth century were given in addition to the daily work, i.e., in addition to the quick work or so-called gallop. Later on there was no quick gallop on the days of the sweating gallops. 4. Opening medicines, called physics, became more rare, and are finally limited to one or two doses a year, especially in spring, shortly before the beginning of quicker work, i.e., beginning as they are transferred from the straw-bed to the racecourse. 5. The daily work consisted of IJ to 2 hours in the morning, and about 1 hour in the afternoon. This afternoon work, however, does not seem to have been generally practised, and ceases almost everywhere towards the end of the nineteenth century. 6. The work in the forenoon for the two-year-olds consisted of a short walk and trot, then two quiet canters of about 1,000 metres, and then a somewhat quicker canter of about 1,200 metres, the latter once or twice weekly, at full or half speed. The older horses cantered and galloped just as often, but over longer distances. The distance was gradually increased to the distance of the racecourse, i.e., extending eventually over 4 miles, equal to 6,437 metres. In Autumn the yearlings cantered two or three times dailv, each time 600 to 800 metres, and in the late autumn were tried up to 800 metres with the assistance of an older leading horse. The afternoon work consisted only in walking and a little trotting. 7. About the second half of the nineteenth centurv the w'ork of the yearlings and of the two and three-year-olds was limited to two canters daily, of which the second canter was somewhat longer and quicker. Once or tw ice weekly the second canter was made almost at racing pace, in accordance with the progressive condition. The three-year-old and older horses cantered generally about 1 English mile, seldom more than 2,000 metres. Derby horses, for example, galloped at least two or three times before the race 1^ miles, equal to 2,414 metres, at full racing speed. Gallops over longer distances than IJ English miles gradually cease altogether, even in the case of horses, for example, which were trained for the Doncaster St. Leger (distance 1 mile, 6 furlongs, 132 yards, equal to 2,937 metres). The present day views on training are characterised as follows :^ — 1. Sweating gallops and physics are only applied in exceptional cases when the condition of the legs does not permit that quantity of w'ork by which the useless fat and flesh, called in German luder, can be removed, and yet at the same time muscle can be formed. Further physics are given if a horse, in consequence of too much work, has become stale or has broken c — 2 402 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. down, so that during the time of its enforced rest it may not put on too much flesh. If a broken down horse has to be blistered or fired, it is given a pill before and after the rest of four to six w'eeks. Where needed it is also given a physic about eight days before the race when some slight accident to a fit horse requires an important reduction of W'Ork. 2. The daily work consists in the morning of IJ to 2^ hours' walking exercise, none or ver\^ little trotting, and two canters or gallops. In the afternoon f to 1 hour's w'alking exercise, either led or with a man up. After the beginning of the fast work, it is calculated that under normal conditions about six weeks are sufficient to make the horse fit for racing up to I3 English miles, equal to 2,000 metres; whilst at least two months are required if the distance is IJ English miles, equal to 2,400 metres. 3. In the case of the two daily canters or gallops, the last 500 to 800 metres (or as some trainers say, the last 300 to 600 metres) should, according to the American idea, be done at medium pace, and in the case of a more advanced condition at racing pace, at first only in the second canter, later on in both. The beginning of this gallop in any case must be done at such a slow pace that one can trot alongside. This slow part of the canter may be accordingly extended up to 2,000 to 3,000 metres. Once or twice weekly, in the case of more advanced condition, the quick part of the •second gallop may be extended up to 1,200 to 1,600 metres, later on up to at the most 2,000 metres, when, of course, the slow part can be very much reduced, or omitted altogether. Only few trainers are of the opinion that the gallop at racing pace may be extended up to 2,400 metres. The idea which underlies this kind of training is that the daily gallops over short distances, at a medium or at racing pace, bring the muscles which are used for quicker w^ork, and the lungs, better and more surely into condition than the former usual longer gallops, undertaken once or twice weekly, for which the horses were not sufficiently prepared, as the other daily work was only slow cantering. The new method of training is supposed to effect a daily, uninterrupted .-and gradual improvement of condition, whilst formerly, according to the doctrine of the old trainers, every tw'o steps forward should be counteracted 'by one in the opposite direction. Moreover, experience has taught that gallops at racing pace for longer distances than about 2,000 metres do not improve the condition, but rather the reverse. The winner of the St. Leger, 1906, Troutbeck, has, as I have been assured by his trainer, W. Waugh, never during the w-hole of his existence galloped or cantered over a longer distance than 2,000 metres. On the other hand, the American trainer, AValker, who gets perhaps the most out of his horses, gave his Derby candidate. Eels, several gallops at racing pace over 2,400 metres, sometimes even with relay leading horses. But even this trainer is of opinion that this distance is the extreme limit, and is even sufficient, for example, for the preparation of the Grand Prix, which is run over a distance of 3,000 metres. 3. Training. 403 In the bigger and better American racing stables, one often finds the practical arrangement of using one part of the stablemen for riding only, whilst the greater part is employed in cleaning, feeding and leading the horses. A racing stable of about 30 horses not far from New York, had, for example, only two stable boys who could ride. Besides these, the stable jockey also rode. The cleaning and feeding of the horses, as well as taking them to their dailv work on the racecourse, and in the afternoon generally to the yard, was undertaken by about eight to ten young fellows who, how- ever, never were allowed to ride. By this arrangement the two stable lads had plenty of opportunity to practise galloping, as they galloped each of their about 7 horses twice daily. It is principally owing to this very prac- tical division of work that the Americans are in the position to produce so many good jockeys. Some of them even learn to accomplish fairly accurately the very difficult task of doing a gallop whilst training at a certain defined pace (eventually 1 mile in about 1 min. 50 sees.). In American training such tasks are very popular. The most difficult task, however, is to ride definite distances in the shortest possible time. The partisans of racing against time do not recognise, in my opinion, sufiiciently the difficulties attached to same. Thev think that in our racing to a finish the art of the jockey in riding is more important than the capacity of riding in the shortest possible time. If the horse were a mere machine it would be an easy thing to get the best record by letting it go full speed ahead from start to finish. With living horses, however, the best record would certainly not be obtained by this method. For steeplechasing the same kind of training is also recommended, except that instead of galloping them once or twice weekly over l,-200 to 1,600 metres as recommended, they are more often given a hunting gallop, over obstacles, for 8,000 to 5,000 metres. Many trainers assume that if a horse is fit to gallop 1,600 metres on the flat, and if it has had sufficient practice in jumping, it is also fit to do 5,000 metres and more at a steeplechase pace, and that final!}' at the finish it can still put on the required well-prepared speed which it has not used up whilst going at a steeplechase pace. Experience has furthermore taught that short quick gallops are less dangerous for the legs than longer canters, provided that the horses do not need to stretch themselves in these quick gallops. In these longer canters energy and a desire for going soon disappear, consequently the absence of strained nerves and muscles causes the sinews to break down easily or the legs to become splints. If this long canter is over obstacles it causes excite- ment, attention and the desire for going, w'hich are so useful and so necessary in training. Lazy horses, as well as fillies in heat, often gallop with loose joints, and therefore often break down very easily. A change in the gallop- ing track is in this respect often very useful, as it serves to increase the attention of the horses, and removes the so dangerous weariness. One of the most important instructions given to the stable boys is : In your daily 404 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. canters or gallops be very careful to avoid pushing your horse. Sit still, so that the horse may feel and think that the rider really wishes to go a little more slowly. This soothing belief sustains the desire for going, and strengthens the nerves of the horses. Besides a horse's galloping performances, there are several other very remarkable signs to shoAv how far its condition has improved. To commence with, notice must be taken how long it takes the horse to snort (clear the wind) after it has been pulled up. The sooner this happens the more forward is its condition, especially the breathing. If the horse, for example, requires a minute or more to snort, it is a sure sign that the horse has been asked to do too much in the gallop in question, i.e., a mistake has been made. If the horse is very fit and the gallop has been too short, i.e., it has been easy work for it, it takes a long time lo snort, or it does not snort at all. The length and pace of the gallop must fit the condition, so that if it clears the wind by snorting 10 to 30 seconds after being pulled up, it is a sure sign that ever}"- thing is all right. In the case of a horse which is fit the skin becomes thinner, the hair more shiny, and the flesh firmer. The latter, as well as the disappearance of useless fat, can best be noticed at the mane and on the ribs. A little easy sweating is bv no means a sign of bad condition, on the contrary, a fit horse certainly sweats less but more readily, as its sweat is more liquid and its skin thinner and more readily penetrated. The sweat of a fit horse looks like clear water; on the other hand, that of an unfit one like lather, which can be most distinctly seen between the hind legs, and dries up less quickly. If the horse when galloping begins to become long, or to breathe more deeply, pressing the knees of the jockey outwards, it is a sign for the jockey to pull up. Finally, I must add that before the race, and in order to get a perfect condition, in most cases several gallops at full speed, over not more than 2,000 metres, are required, and that the last quick gallop — which often works wonders — must be undertaken two or three days before race day. Of course, even after this last gallop the horse must do its usual two canters daily up to the day of the race. On the day of the race itself, early in the morning, give the horse 1 to IJ hours' walking exercise, a short canter of 800 metres, and a so-called sprint for the same distance. If desired, you can do as the Americans like to — let the sprint follow the canter without any interval. About five hours before the race give the horse some oats with a little water. An hour before racing lead the horse (jut of the stable. The following points may be briefly mentioned with reference to the important treatment of horses' legs when in training : — 1. As long as the legs give no cause for anxiety bandages must not be made use of, except for steeplechasers as a orotection against external injuries when jumping, and when only this protection seems necessary. 3. Training. 405 Bandages only then fulfil their purpose when they are carefully wound and fastened round the right place. The rule is to cord somewhat loosely but wind round rather firmly, and in such a manner that it is easy to put one finger between the bandage and the leg. It must be corded about two inches below the upper edge of the bandage, so that the strings of the bandage lie even and only on one place. ■2. This leg which is causing anxiety is generally discovered in the well- known afternoon cleaning and revision hour, and it is then first of all neces- sary to find out whether a changing of the shoeing is required. It will very often be found that the heels have been shortened too much, and in all probability this has been the chief cause for the beginning of the break down. In such a case new shoes with thick branches must be got at once. The straighter position of the pasterns, which often takes place when training, requires the heels to be lifted slightly. 3. As soon as the sinews give way when working, it is necessary to begin the well-known treatment of stitched-on stockings, wet bandages, cold douches, blistering and firing, according to the stage of the disease. More effective, however, than all these remedies is supposed to be the Hydro- thermoregulator, System Ullman (see Archiv. fur wissenschaftlich. und prakt. Tierheilkunde, Vol. 31, page 196). Thick sinews, and especially fresh breakdowns, are exposed by this apparatus for 30 to 50 hours to a temperature of 50 to 55 deg. C. Professor Eberlein says that by this treatment a complete reformation and thus a cure of the break dow-n is possible. 4. Besides the break down of the sinews (apart from about 50 per cent, of all lameness produced by hoof diseases), lameness frequently occurs through splint-exostosis. This exostosis is never or very rarely caused from external injury, such as by knocking or striking by the other leg, but it arises from the tearing of the ligaments by which the splint bones are connected to their cannon bone. This tearing of the ligaments is caused when galloping during training by the shock, w^iich increases in proportion to the speed, when galloping. Even w-hen doing slow work, however, exostosis may arise from sudden and irregular effort of the upper parts of the splint bones, which may be caused in various ways (laziness, heat, neglect). In the case of lameness thus arising, exostosis itself is, of course, not yet existing, and therefore not yet to be perceived. If exostosis is apparent, the lameness has often already passed away. In order to prevent or to limit as much as possible an interruption of the training, it is necessary to exercise a per- manent pressure on the splint bones by careful bandaging. After riding, it is advisable for the remainder of the day to apply wet bandages with dry ones over them, and to change them at three hours' interval. For riding, and of course during the night, apply only dry bandages. When the place where the splint-exostosis arises is already to be recognised, place a piece of lead about the size of a two-shilling piece into the bandage, so that it exer- 406 The Practical Part of Horsebreedini^. cises tlie necessary pressure. Perhaps also in the case of splint-exostosis the application of the Hydrothermoregulator might be useful. There are g(jod racehorses which, on account of exostosis caused whilst training and not looked to at the proper time, ccnild never be properly trained for the whole of the season. Sperber's brother is a well-known example of this. (b) Stable Regulation and Instruction for Rubbing ■ Down Horses. Work in the stable begins in the morning about IJ to 2 hours before the horses are taken out. The first thing to be done is to give the horses water and a little oats, clean the stable, and rub each horse down, after which the men go to breakfast and put on their riding clothes. On their return from the training track, the horses are to be regularly attended to in the following manner : — 1. Remove the snaffle, take off the saddle and put same on the cleaning- bench, put on the horses' halters, and if necessary fasten them up. The stable boy then commences to wipe the place where the saddle has been with a straw wisp, and with the same straw wisp removes the greater part of the dirt from the belly and legs, etc., the horses in the meantime eating the hay, or in the summer, the fresh Lucerne, which must be there ready for them in the manger. If the horses are under rugs, after the completion of the above work, cover them up again, and in such a manner that the inside of the rug comes on the top. •2. The next work is the treatment of the legs and hoofs. The bandages are taken off, and all the four legs, beginning with the near fore, are thoroughly cleaned, if required, washed or douched, and then again rubbed dry. W^hen cleaning or drying the legs, the stable boy must kneel dow'n and take firm hold of the lee: of the horse from the front. The hoofs are now washed, rubbed dry and filled inside with damp clay. If the hoofs are not washed it is unnecessary to put damp clay on the frog and sole, as the soil which adheres to them is sufficient protection against the stable urine and ag-ainst over-dr\infr of the hoofs. The hoofs must be washed once a week at least, but as above-mentioned, damp clay must always be smeared in the sole. The blacking of hoofs is not required, and is often dangerous. If more is desired for the decoration as well as for the preservation of the hoofs, the outer part of the hoof can be well brushed daily and wiped with a wool cloth in order to make them smooth and shiny. \Vhen above has been done, the legs must, when required, be rubbed with fluid and bandaged. Then give the horse half a bucket of water to drink. 3. The real process of cleaning the horse begins with the head and ears, care being taken that the horses keep their heads low. Take the rug off partly or altogether, brush first the left, and then the right side, always commenc- ing with the neck and shoulders. Then massage the horse with a som.ewhat 3. Training. 407 damp \visp consisting of hay and bast, then wipe with a woollen cloth. Beat the dust well out of the rugs, put them on again, and put on the girth, then once more clean the tail and mane. Finally wipe the eyes, nose, mouth and backside with a soft sponge, and the horse's toilet is complete. The halter is then taken off, the horse bedded and given sufficient water. The saddle and harness are then cleaned and put away in the harness room. An hour after coming home the horses are given their chief feed of oats^ the stable shut, and if necessarv in the summer on account of flies and heat, darkened. The horses must now have four hours' rest up to the afternoon stabling time, when the legs are first examined and the appetite controlled. Thev are then got readv for their afternoon's exercise of about three-quarters of an hour, after which the\' are again cleaned, given water and oats. This is the time when visitors mav be received to inspect the stables, and the work for the next day considered. In the evening give water once again, as well as oats and hav. In the long hot summer days, especially with us in the North, it is advisable to work very early, and tc^ arrange for five feeding times instead of four. The above-mentioned stable rest of four hours would then be after the third feed of oats. In this case the five feeds would be about as follows : — 4 o'clock a.m. about ] lb. 12 noon ,, 3 ,, 5 o'clock p.m. ,, 2 ,, (c) Food whilst Training. For horses in training for racing about 12 to 10 lbs. of oats will be, on an average, sufficient for one day. Ver}- few horses in training eat more than 16 lbs. of oats daily for long, and I consider it inadvisable, except in rare instances, especially where horses will not eat hay, for horses to receive more than this quantity, as there might easily be a relapse, when they will scarcely eat 10 lbs. Horses which have sufficient time and rest for eating, as for example, racehorses, as opposed to farm horses, digest their oats better without chaff. If it is desired to give chaff, however, I would advise the use of Lucerne or Sainfoin hay. Part of the oats, about 2 to 4 lbs., may be replaced by the same quantity of peas or beans, especially if horses in quick work lose their appetite. I find it more practical to give the peas unground and unsw'Ollen, as most horses prefer them like that, and as the peas or beans which have not been ground remove the tartar from the teeth, and do not get dirty so easily. An addition of about 2 litres of wheat bran twice weekly, damped a little, with oats (mash), is recom- mended, especially after the quicker gallops; in any case, not the day before. During the hairing season I recommend that there be added to this so-called 408 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. mash a little slime of linseed, or about ^ lb. of ground or roasted linseed. Formerly the portion of hay was fixed in England as 5 lbs. per day maximum, because one wished to get the racehorses more slender after the training than to-day, and they did not think it possible that the horse with more flesh, or even with a so-called hay stomach, could be fit for racing. To-day racehorses in training are given 10 to 12 lbs. of hay daily (but no clover hay), and in addition, after their morning work, a few pounds of green Lucerne as long as it is to be had. Americans have introduced a very good custom, i.e., to put a bucket of water in the stables so that the race- horses can drink whenever they like. Horses in consequence drink oftener, but in quantity less than when they are watered three to four times dailv. Half-bred horses which are not trained for racing but for the improvement of muscle formation, lung activity and health, receive, in order to produce stronger bones, less oats and more hay, especially clover hav. In Trakehnen the two and three-year-old colts in training are given on an average 10 lbs. of oats and 18 lbs. of clover or Lucerne ha}^ or in summer green Lucerne ad libitum^ but care must be taken that it is mown twice dailv and given to the horses as soon as possible after it has been cut. CHAPTER IV. Establishment of Studs. The Medes were one of the first and most ancient nations which gained great political power in Asia, mostly on account of their good horses and their clever cavalr}-. Only after allying Medea, which was rich in horses, with Persia, did Cyrus succeed in overcoming the rich Croesus <549 B.C.), in destroying Babylon (538 B.C.), and in founding a great Persian Empire, whose kings were so fond of horses that they had their celebrated studs for their own use and for that of their cavalry even in the far distant Medea. Victor Hehn supposes that Medea was the home and starting point of the horse breeding and horsemanship for Anterior xA^sia. Amongst the grasses which improved especially the horse breeding in Medea, the Greeks and Romans found one particularly suitable, and imported this grass about 100 B.C. into Italy under the name of Medic grass, the name " Medicago " arising later. In the fifteenth century this grass was brought first to France and Belgium iria Spain, and received the name Lucerne from the little Italian town Clauserne ; according to other information from the old Spanish word " Userdas." Soon after the dis- covery of the New World the Spaniards took this Lucerne into America, and called it there by the Arabian word " Alfalfa," later on the Spanish word for clover. Lucerne has only taken root in Germany since the middle of the eighteenth century at Erfurt. Since 1760 Lucerne has been cultivated in England in the fields, and in the sunny East of England (especially in Essex and Kent) very much extended. In 1892 about 6,640 acres grew Lucerne, and in 1906 already about ■22,160 acres. The horse, on account of the simpler organism of its stomach and the shorter intestines, has a much less capacity for digestion than cud-chewing animals. For this reason the horse utilises less hay and straw than cow'S or sheep. Of all kinds of hay, the horse utilises best Lucerne hay, and excels in this respect even the sheep, according to the experiments of E. Wolff, 410 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. Hohenheim, especially as far as the use of the raw protein and digestible carbohydrates is concerned. Therefore, not only the history of horse breed- ing, and the experiences of the present time, but also scientific con- siderations, seem to point to the special yalue of Lucerne for horse breeding. Medicago satiya, or common Lucerne — named " aspert " by the Persians (i.e., literally forage for horses) — giyen either green or dried, is the most nourishing and healthiest food for horses, and most suitable to produce strong and hard bones. This grass requires a chalky, strong, deep and warm soil, with deep leyel of subsoil water, but it also grows well in mountainous districts, where the rain water, coming suddenly and in great quantities, is able to run off well. In the South of France it often grows in the same spot fifteen years and longer. In the middle of Germany about six years; in Trakehnen only three to four years. It can be cut in France five to six times yearly, but in Trakehnen only three times. It thrives better in dry years than in wet years. On account of its roots, which grow 2 to 3 metres deep, it can withstand the greatest scarcity of water. Lucerne thrives best after a crop of vegetables, about 20 lbs. to one acre, sown in oats or barley, and which can be mown green, as long as the Lucerne appears strong enough to suppress weeds. After every crop it is advisable to harrow the Lucerne, and even in special cases to harrow continuously even with the usurpator, in order to destroy the weed. In winter it is easily affected by strong frost, and it is therefore advisable to cut it for the last time in autumn, about two to three w'eeks before the first night frosts. Manure of 3 cwts. Thomas meal per acre every autumn, as well as 6 cwts. in spring, has been proved to be sufficient at Trakehnen. After Lucerne the best food for horses is Sainfoin (onobrychis sativa maxima). Sainfoin contains a little less chalk than clover, but like Lucerne, it is not injurious to the breathing organs, and is, there- fore, more suitable for Thoroughbred breeding than clover. Sainfoin is less capable of resistance than Lucerne. It takes more from the soil, gives only one crop, and is more difficult to get in. According to the tables of E. Wolff, there is contained in every 1,000 part : — Wood Sorrel . . . 4.7 lime Sweet Meadow Hay . 16.6 ,, Sainfoin Hay . 16.8 „ White Clover Hay . 19.3 „ Red Clover Hay . . 20.0 „ Lucerne Hay . . . 26.2 .„ There is double the quantity of lime in Lucerne as green food as in red clover, almost three times as much as in meadow^ grass, and five times as much as in Timothy grass. The thriving of Lucerne is one of the surest indications that the soil is good for horse breeding, as has been proved in its home to the old Medes 4. Establishment of Studs. 411 and Persians. Where Lucerne thrives well, it can be taken for oranted that there will be found good pasture and meadow land, or that they can be laid out. Good meadows and grazing are amongst the most important conditions for the thriving of horse breeding. Although horses have a great power of resistance against heat and cold, wind and weather, yet there is no doubt that thev prosper better in dry and high-lying districts than in damn and low- Iving ones, because the food which grows on the former is more nutritive. Moreover, on high-lying plains the lungs of the horses develop better on account of the thinner air, which causes the horse to breathe more often and more deep. The great superiority of that wonderful horse, Ormonde, must partlv be ascribed to the high-lying, otherwise rather deficient, training place, Kingsclere. The high-lying training place, Beckhampton, near Calne, in Wiltshire, has proved to be just as good; witness the two Derby winners, Galtee More and Ard Patrick, trained there. The best Arabs are found on the highest-lying- plains of Arabia, and probably the first home of the Arabs is the same as that of Lucerne, namely, the mountainous Medea. Admiral Rous writes about the establishment of a stud as follows : — "The best site for a breeding establishment is undulating ground, on a light soil, over limestone, then over chalk, gravel, sand and loam, well drained; and the worst situation is a rich, wet pasture on stiff clay, which is only fit for cattle and cart horses." A windv climate is healthier than one which is not windy. The massage of the skin which is effected bv the wind strengthens the nerves and improves the health of men as w-ell as of animals. The almost constant wind in East Prussia, and the good loam soil there, on which clover flourishes luxuriantly, are the elements which cause horse breeding to thrive so well in that district, in spite of many other unfavourable conditions, due to its Northern position. The possibilitv of foals catching cold after heavy rain is much greater in districts where there is not much wind than in districts where there is much wind, as the wind, by drying the hair, is the best protection against colds. Moreover, in districts where there is not much wind it is very difficult to get hay really dried by the wind, especially Lucerne and clover, without diminishing the nutritive power. To sum up, a chalky soil and a windy climate produce good and strong nerves, and they in their turn produce health, courage and beauty, in both men and horses ! The noble horse, it is true, acclimatises itself easily, and may be used and bred all over the world, and yet a keen observer must confess that it prospers, and is better in every respect on a soil similar to the one just described. Although the influence of the soil is generally recognised, and every practical breeder can see it every year in his own as well as in his neighbour's case, yet breeders who are not living on favourable soil admit it very unwillingly, and often deceive themselves. I have often heard East Prussian breeders say : " Why cannot I breed Hunters here in East Prussia just as well as they do in Ireland?" The influence of the soil is. 412 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. however, much greater than even experienced breeders believe. If we were even to import into East Prussia the finest food from Medea, yet we could never import two very important conditions for breeding good Hunters — firstly, a grazing period lasting at best longer than five months; secondlv, the splendid galloping country on which three-year-old Hunters carrying small apprentices gallop behind the hounds, over walls and obstacles, and even are able to gallop through the whole of the w'inter ! If we, on the other hand, look at the difficulties which the East Prussian breeder experiences in giving his horses the required exercise for seven or eight winter months, one can well understand, from this standpoint alone, the very great importance of the soil. The United Kingdom (England and Ireland) undoubtedly possesses the best soil for breeding horses. Perhaps, as is often said, the English fogs which are so frequent, caused bv the sea, are the cause of more roarers being found there than in other breeding districts. Without this fog, however, the meadows, and especially the galloping tracks, would not be so good as they are in this country and nowhere else in the world. Besides, the oceanic climate of England favours the specially high proportion of amid in the horse forage, and as according to the latest researches of Dr. W. Voltz, amid combinations are especially useful for the building up of firm b(jnes and muscles, consequently the oceanic climate of England seems to be speciallv favourable for horse breeding. In the less sunny Western part of England, the plants contain more amid, whilst in the more sunny East, as already mentioned. Lucerne thrives better. France is behind England in this respect, and in America the ground cannot stand being galloped on, and for that reason all races are run on artificial Macadam courses. The consequence of these advantages of the English soil is that the English reared and trained Thoroughbred is far superior to all other Thoroughbreds, by reason of the elasticitv of its gallop- ing and its high qualitv. This blood, which produces wonders, is to be had most surely in England. The other Thoroughbreds have not shown as yet that they can make progress, or even remain at their height, without con- tinuous borrowing from England. England, on the other hand, in spite of the yearly growing export of good and the best breeding material, has retained its power. The danger to this horse country, endowed with the Grace of God, consists in the increasing neglect which, by reason of all producing wonderful nature, has rooted itself so often in mankind, as Th. Buckle has shown in his " History of Civilisation in England." The best soil for the breeding of draft horses is in fertile low-lying and diluvial regions, which, on account of their plentiful and fattening forage, are suitable for producing the desired large and heavy-limbed cold-blood horses. Even the home of the Suftolks in England has the trace of a marshy nature, and more so the Clyde valley, the home of the Clydesdales. It is, however, possib-le, and may be expected, that the breeding of heavy horses 4. Establishment of Studs. 413 for performances may require something else from the soil. One of the best examples I know of for the great influence which the soil exercises on the type is the previously mentioned pure draft breeds in the Russian Steope stud of Derkul. The Percherons grew like Arabs here, and the Suffolks and Clydesdales became stunted, in spite of the splendid forage from the Steppe. When choosing a ground suitable for a stud for horses, one must further take into consideration that the hay of higher lying meadows (especially mountainous and Alp meadows) is superior as far as taste and nutritive value are concerned. The hay of lower lying valley meadows, and still more that of irrigated meadows and marshes, is, all things being equal, inferior to the hay of higher lying regions, on account of less taste and greater quantity of woodv fibres, even if these same grasses should prevail here as well as there. Alostiv on higher meadows less weed will be found, and less grasses of inferior value, or even dangerous. I mvself consider it imorobable that a continuous drought reduces the mineral ingredients of the food, and that a food is produced poor in lime and phosphoric acid, causing diseases of the bones (as Professor Kellner savs in his well-known manual, "Die Ernahrung der landwirtschaftlichen Xutztiere"). As far as practice is concerned, in dry vears one can only complain about a smaller quantity, the quality is alwavs better, and the horses prefer it, and therefore develop much better, in spite of a smaller quantity. Of all domestic animals, the horse is the most sensitive to bad drinking water. Unclean, surface or stagnant water is the most injurious. Even the vapours arising from stagnant waters are very unhealthy for horses, especially voung foals, since they cause an increase of troublesome flies. Continuallv running water containing lime, which is colourless and without smell, is best for horses. It has often been observed that glanders breaks out in a milder form after the horses are given better water from fresh springs newlv bored. The growth of beeches is generally and rightly considered a favourable sign as regards a good soil for horse breeding. As oaks grow best in wet, low-lying countries, or in countries with much rain, and as such countries are not favourable for horse breeding, the idea has arisen that horses do not prosper where oaks prosper. Oaks grow, nevertheless on high-lying ground, and thrive well on strong clay soil, which is also suitable for horse breeding. On the other hand, limes, especially the small-leaved ones, as well as all kinds of barberries, are undesirable in a stud, because they are the most popular carriers of rust parasites, which are especially unfavourable for Lucerne, and also for clover, as well as other grasses. Furthermore, wheat straw suffers mostly from rust, as in a lesser degree do also oat and barley straw. Even the best soil requires, in order to derive any benefit from its advantages for breeding good, capable and sound horses, two very important factors, i.e., paddocks and permanent pastures. These remarks are perhaps 414 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. superfluous when speaking of two benefited horse breeding countries like England and Ireland. But the method of rearing in the stable without paddocks and permanent pastures, which is still so widespread in Germany for all kinds of breeds, threatens to ruin many breedings. First of all must be mentioned here the breeding of horses. Paddocks and permanent pastures serve, therefore, as a contrast to the method of rearing in the stable, to keep the breeding material as long as possible outside the stable and in conformity W'ith nature, to nourish same. The following advantages thus arise : — 1. The infhience of light. The recently well recognised beneficial influences of light consist principallv in destroving manv verv dangerous microbes, especially tuberculosis baccili, and in increasing the energy of life by multipl3dng the red corpusculli and the h^emoglobis. According to the observations of Professor Gaule in Zurich, for example. Polar travellers often suffered more or less from anaemia. 2. The influence of good air. The air rich in oxygen in the open is a primary condition of every healthy development. The continuous remaining out in the open increases the need of oxygen, and in order to satisfy their needs, horses must, by deep breathing, make a greater use of their lungs. Accordingly, the lungs will Idc extended and strengthened, and also the energy of life increased. 3. The influence of a'ind and 'iceatlier. The constant skin massage by wind and weather strengthens the whole nervous system. As a matter of fact, wind and weather preserves the whole animal organism in a continuous and beneficial training through frecjuent and sudden changes, and forces it to get accustomed to outside circumstances for the sake of self-preservation. In conjunction with the beneficial influence of light and air, wind and weather, owing to a normal and strengthening development of the nervous system, favour the health in such a good and energetic way altogether impossible if the horses are brought up in the stable. 4. The influence of exercise. A voluntary, continuous and mostly slow- exercise on the meadows is necessary when seeking their food. By this means the sinews, muscles and bones are under the influence of a favourable slow, continuous and effective training quite impossible outside the meadows. The longer grazing is possible (in East Prussia, unfortunately, five months at the most), and especially night grazing, the more distinctly is to be observed a favourable development of the formation of the body, especially of the shape of the limbs, as w-ell as that so important correct w^alk. The voluntary desire of the horses to visit distinct parts of the meadow, the possibility of their moving about as they please, and so noticing all that is going on around them, the attention which is required for observing changes, the many chances to caper and play with their companions — all these strengthen the intellect and senses, and are the best and only preventives against timidity. 4. Establishment of Studs. 4X5 5. Food o-ra-/?io-. The advantages of grazing on the meadow, as against green food in the stable, he, firstly, in the fact that the horses never get as much in their mouth in the meadow as in the stable, and that, there- fore, sudden overloading of the stomach is avoided; secondly, many and just the best and youngest grasses lose their taste between the time of being mowed and eaten ; thirdly, the useful combinations of amids are, for the most part, in the younger plants, and these are the most difficult to mow, but the horses whilst on the meadow get them easilv. For the good preservation of pastures it is very important that they should be grazed alternately, as far as possible, by horses, cows or oxen (but not by sheep). Grazing by horses only, continued through many years, seems to produce some peculiarities on the respective pastures which are doubt- lessly injurious, but up to the present not yet investigated scientifically. These damaging characters are developed more intensively the longer grazing is able to be extended in the respective countries. The pastures in England and Ireland, for example, suffer much more from continuous grazing by horses alone than pastures in East Prussia, where five to seven months winter, with snow and frost, shortens the grazing season and pre- vents somewhat the development of these injurious peculiarities. In countries with a short winter and no snow the pastures are especially sensitive to a one-sided use. ^^^ho, however, can afford the luxury of manuring his pastures plentifully every year with composts, will suffer little, or not at all, from the above damaging characters. When preparing the meadows or pastures, it is useful to grow a green crop of potatoes or turnips, on purpose to destroy weeds as radically as possible. The following composition of seeds, mixed with oats or barlev as guard-corn, have proved suitable for Trakehnen : — 1. For Clayey Soil. Sow per 1 Morgen = i ha. = 0.63 Acre. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 2 lbs White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) - , Cow grass (Trifolium pratense perenne) 3 > Smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratense) ....... 10 , Dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus) 2 , Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratense) . . „ 3 , Fiorin or creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba stolonifera) . . . 2 , Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) 2 , Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 2 , Total . . 28 lbs. 416 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. •2. For a Sandy Soil. Sow per 1 Morgen — J ha. =0.63 Acre. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 2 lbs. White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) "2 ,, Cow grass (Trifolium pratense perenne) 2 ,, Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) 2 ,, Trefoil or yellow clover (Medicago lupulina) 1 j> Smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratense) 10 ,, Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis) 2 ,, Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) 2 ,, Fiorin grass (Agrostis alba stolon if era) 2 ,, Dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus) 2 ,, Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) 2 ,, Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 1 >> Total . . 30 lbs. To arrange a stud it is necessary to have the stud books corresponding to the breeding aimed at. It is very much to be regretted that in the most studs of England and Ireland these stud books are kept very irregularly and in a loose manner. The import certificates from England do not even state the most important dates, which we mark on each covering and foal certificate, namely, day of birth (not only year of birth), time of pregnane}- reckoned from the coverings indicated on the service certificates, colour and marks (not colour alone). The entry of all the coverings with their dates is especially important when several stallions have been used for covering. It is alsO' important to know whether the horse has been a premature birth. A well organised and properly kept stud book can be the storehouse of many and different breeding and also biological problems. For the sake of reference, all coverings should be entered in the stud book, i.e., registers of coverings and foalings, notices of the judging of foals, the whereabouts of same, etc., etc., must be lucidly arranged together to save space, and also for the sake of lucidity special signs for the judgment of foals at different times are practicable. Below I give the model of a stud book introduced at Trakehnen for the last twelve years, with the practically tried signs for the judging of foals. These signs are intended to specially reproduce the exterior peculiarities, which are useful for the immediately following matings, as well as to judge of transmission on the part of the parents and the develop- ment of the foals themselves. If, as it appears to me, this stud book introduced at Trakehnen is sufficient for Half-bred breeding, nevertheless^ 4. Establishment of Studs. 417 for other breeds, i.e., for Thoroughbreds or Trotters, special modifications will be necessary. These will consist principally of a lucidly arrano-ed classification of the racing- and breeding performances of the family in ques- tion, as I have similarly shown on page 290. In addition, short remarks about the development, capability and peculiarities of the foals during the breaking-in, first trials and further trainings, would be very useful, to which it might be advisable to insert special columns. 418 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Stud Book No. 40. Isar born (after 331 d,) 8/1 1897 in Bojohrgallen, By Klfenbein and Ismir by Malteser and Issy by Djalnia — Vindex xx — Reprobate ^, „ ... \- n .5 Nobleman x '70S°/ vv a.x°/ r»v — Y, Emihus XX, Im". Gener. : ^ .\ntenor 72g// XX, 8i/o OX, Colour, Mark, Size : darlv brown without special mark. 169/158 cm, I^", No. 181 Foundation Mare: lM)nne K. 11. born Kni;!, 1784. Coverinp' \\'ith Stallion on th( 'cyo >^ C rt u Foalinp' Date ' Sex Name, Colour, Marks Judgment Date Class Descri])tion 14/1 22/1 Insurgent 1 9/2 11/2 01 :VM V\\\\ 16 Jamiarv 02 17/1 02 II brown 12/5 03 ' II? Star 15/5 04 II !•/ 00 br 32S Lehnsherr' 25/1 02 26 Pomp XX i 19/2 02 03 Cult 20/8 06 Gelding Imposant 27/1 03 dark brown 8/5 04 St. 1. b, past, w 10/5 05 m' Hi ED 00 A 'go A 4. Establishment of Studs. 419 Formula. Of the Brood l\i\vv Diseases Condition whilst Training } Description and Remark's Severe glanders when 2year old, very idleand slow weaned, in the autumn training. 3/1 99 1. periodical eve in- , r r a ■ ' 3 vear old, farm horse, nammation, I hxcellent temperament. 4/3 99 1. blind. | 5/4 99 1. h. intlam, swelling; 3 year old, autumn ch-iven. recovered. , CO I nurses very well. Kl. II. a and Development of the Foals. Diseases Condition whilst Training Final judgment Slight glanders while suckling. Onh" saddled when 3 year old in the summer as a farm horse, often lame. Brood Mare Often colic when weaned. 2/3 04 1, b. inflam. swelling; ' 3 year old a very good riding remedied. horse, alwaj's healthy, 10/8041. b. inflam, swelling; All illnesses overcome, yet 8/11 04 recovered. Z.Kl. II. fi.KI.Il.a 171/362 cm. Meconium removed with instruments. Very slight glanders when weaned, 8/6 05 1. b, past. Fissur remedied 11/8 05 crib biter. 1906 often colic. 3 3'ear old farm horse at Mattisch. Excellent temperament, 3 year old ridden in autumn as a hunter, Cood jumper. '■) Crib biter. 15/4 07 in Aukt. to N.N. 1850 Mark Z.Kl. III. _„,_ (i.KL I. 173/164 cm. 420 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. C Index of the Signs well set up neck = -^ calf knee =) loose stand = | \ over in the knee =( stiff-built stand = 11 = right curb r? = right tied-in be- low hock // = small hocks = the tail carried proudly - — = narrow behind ^ = behind strongly angled Iv = a hint of left spavin rvv = right spavin = broad behind 1. b. = left front upright hoof. Kl = Class: I. a, !., 11. a, II?, III. Z. Kl = Class for breeding purposes G. Kl = Class for use purposes Crib = crib biter kr. = ill kz = hip-shot k = small k = very small N = needy being g = large c = correct h — harmonious w = little R = large frame L = joint ill u = unripe sch = weak Gil = gall ! = nobie ! ! = very noble a = expressively tr = lean / = common .'/ = very common I. O = left eye cataract-spot 4. Establishment of Studs. 421 for Judging the Exterior. ^ deep set neck = fore-leg bending backwards = )) XX = nice sloping" shoulders long in the flank = ) ( = short and middle strong" fore-Iej? = strong fore-leg with short knee j\ fl. = front right flat hoof 1. Sch. = left front ring bone g = large head . ^^c\>- = straight back ) = squeezes the tail Ig = long hind- legs projecting hind-legs == straight hind-leg-s = hind quarters over-built r. n. = right side lower niisplaced forwards = right X lef light fore-leg over in the knees M Ig = long trunk = hanging bel! = strong and long fore-leg ^_good muscle formation 1 in the crupper pointed haunch = misplaced behind right leg binding over pastern § = irregular action kw = wide in knee ke = narrow in knee cc = regular action od! = very regular action cc? = doubtful action CO = regular and forceful ^ = regular and not forceful GO br = regular but somewhat broad 00 br = regular but very broad ooeng' = regular but somewhat narrow ooA = regular but high action 00^= regular but right thrown outwards 00 = regular but left somewhat outward \ /\ = reijular but turned-in toes CHAPTER V. Tables for comparison of various Measurements. Linear Measure. 1 Yard in L:ngland = 3 Feet . . . . = 0,91438 m 1 Yard in America = 0,91 439 1 Furlong = 220 Yards = 201,16 1 Distance = 240 Yards = 219,5 1 Mile in England = 8 Furlongs . . = 1609,31 1 Mile in America .......= 1609,33 1 Mile in Prussia = 7532,5 1 Mile in Hungary = 8353,6 1 Mile in Kurland = 7 Versts . . . . = 7467,5 1 Faden (Saxonv) in Russia . . . . = 2,13 356 1 Verst = 500 Faden , . = 1066,78 1 Faden in Sweden and Finnland . . = 1,7814 1 Inch in Prussia (Rheinland) . . . = 2,6154 cm 1 Inch in England and Russia . . . = 2,539 954 1 Inch in America = 2,539 977 8 Inches (English) = 20 81 Inches \ = 2U 9^Inches , = 22.8 1 Foot in Prussia (Rheinl.) = 12 Inches = 31,38 535 1 Foot in England and Russia = 12 Inches= 30,47 945 1 Foot in America= 12 Inches . . . = 30,47 973 1 Werschok in Russia = 4,445 1 Arschin = 16 Werschok = 71,1187 5. Tables for Comparison of Various Measurements. 423 Height Measurement for Horses. 1. In Ell !> land. 1 nch = 2..: 399 cm, ] Hand = 4 Inches = 10,1590 cm. Hand s Inches cm. Hanch . Indies cm. Hand s Inches cm. 12 — = 121,9 14 3 = 149,9 17 2 ^ 177,8 12 1 = 124,5 15 — - 152,4 17 3 = 180,3 12 o =: 127 15 1 = 154,9 18 — = 182,9 12 3 = 129,5 15 2 = 157,5 18 1 = 185,4 13 = 132,1 15 3 = 160 18 2 ^ 188 13 1 = 134,6 16 — = 162,6 18 3 =. 190,5 13 o r= 137,2 16 1 = 165,1 19 — = 193 13 3 = 139,7 16 2 = 167,6 19 1 = 195,6 14 . . ^ 142,2 16 3 = 170,2 19 2 = 198,1 14 1 = 144,8 17 - ^ 172,7 19 3 = 200,7 14 2 = 147,3 17 1 = 175,3 2 In Germany. - 1 Inch = 2,6154 i ■m, 1 Foot = 12 Inchfs = 31,38 535 cm. Feet Inches cm. H ands Inches Arschin Werschok 5 — - 156,9 =1 15 1,8 = 2 3,3 5 1 = 159,5 = 15 2,8 = 2 3,9 5 2 = 162,2 r= 15 3,8 = 2 4,5 5 3 = 164,8 = 16 0,9 = 2 5,1 5 4 - 167,4 = 16 1,9 = 2 5,7 5 5 = 170 = 16 2,9 = 2 6,2 5 6 - 172,6 ^= 17 — = 2 6,8 5 7 = 175,2 = 17 1 = 2 7,4 5 8 = 177,8 = 17 2 = 2 8 5 9 = 180,5 = 17 3,1 = 2 8,6 5 10 - 183,1 = 18 0,1 = 2 9,1 5 11 = 185,7 := 18 1,1 = 2 9,8 6 — - 188,3 = 18 2,1 = 2 10,4 3. In Russia. 1 \^ i^ersc hok = 4,445 cm, 1 Arschin = 16 W'erscho k = 1 •1,1187 cm. Arschin Werschok cm. H ands Inches ^ — = 142,2 14 — 2 1 =^ 146,7 14 1,8 2 2 = 151,1 14 3,5 2 3 = 155,6 15 1,3 2 4 = 160 15 3 2 5 = 164,5 16 0,8 2 6 = 169 16 2,5 2 7 = 173,4 17 0,3 2 8 = 177,8 17 2 2 9 = 182,2 17 3,8 2 1 0 = 186,7 18 1,5 424 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinir. Liquid and Dry Measure. 1 Quart in England = 1,136 Liter, 1 Quart in America = 0,946 Liter. 1 Pint in Engiand= 0,568 Liter, 1 Pint in America = 0,474 Liter. 1 Garnez in Russia = 3, '2797 Liter. 1 Literal Cubicdecimeter. 1 Hektoliter = 100 Liter. 1 Liter of Oats weighs about a Pound=^ Kilogramm. Surface Measure. 1 Ar=100 s.m., 1 Acre = -25,53 ar. 1 Hektar = 100 ar= 3,9166 Acre. 1 Acre in England and America = 40,47 ar=l,59 Acre, 1 Dessatine in Russia = l,09 Hektar=3 Lofstellen in Kurland. Weights. 1 Pound (lb.) in Germany, Denmark, Switzerland = 500 gr. = i Kilogr. 1 lb. in England and America = 453,6 gr. 1 lb. in Russia = 409,5 gr. 1 lb. in Austria Hungary = 560,1 gr. 1 lb. in Sweden = 425,1 gr. 1 Stone in England = 14 English lbs. = 6,35 kg. 1 Pud in Russia = 40 Russian lbs. = 16,38 kg. Stone lb. kg. Pud lb. Stone lb. kg. Pud 5 — = = 31| = 1 37,5 n — = 441 ^ 2 5 1 = = 321 = 1 38,6 7 1 = = 45 ^ 2 5 2 = 32| = 1 39,7 7 2 = = 451 ^ 2 5 3 = = 33 ^ o 0,9 7 3 = = 45| ^ 2 5 4 = = 33* ^ -2 2 7 4 = - 461 ^ 2 5 5 = = 34 ^ 2 3 7 0 = 46| ^ 2 5 6 = = 341 ^ 2 4,2 7 6 = = 471 ^ 2 5 7 = = 35 ^ o 5,3 7 7 = = 47| =, 2 5 8 = ^ 351 ^ 2 6,4 7 8 = = 48 = 2 5 9 = = 35f ^ 2 7,5 7 9 = - 481 = 2 5 10 = = 361 ^ 2 8,6 7 10 = = 49 ^ 2 5 11 = = 36| ^ 2 9,7 7 11 = = 491 = 3 5 12 = = 371 ^ 2 10,8 7 12 = = 50 = 3 5 13 = = 37f = 2 11,9 7 13 = = 501 = 3 lb. 28,5 29,7 30,8 31,9 33 34,1 35,2 36,3 37,4 38,5 39,6 0,7 1,8 3 5. Tables for Comparison of Various Measuremfiit- 425 Stone lb. kg-. Pud lb. Stone lb. k-. Pud lb. 6 - . 38 ^ 0 13 8 — = 50f = 3 4,1 6 1 = = 381 = 2 14,2 8 1 = 511 - 3 5,2 6 2 = -- 39 = 2 15,3 8 2 = 51| - 3 6,3 6 3 = = 391 ^ 2 16,4 8 3 = 521 = 3 7,4 6 4 - -- 40 ^ 2 17,5 8 4 = 521 - 3 8,5 6 5 = 401 = 2 18,6 8 5 = 53 = 3 9,6 6 6 = = 40f ^ 2 19,7 8 6 = 531 = 3 10,7 6 7 = = 411 ^ 2 20,8 8 7 = 54 = 3 11,8 6 8 = = 41f ^ 2 21,9 8 8 = 541 - 3 12,9 6 9 = = 421 ^ 2 23 8 9 = 55 = 3 14 6 10 = = 42f ^ 2 24,1 8 10 = 551 = 3 15,1 6 11 = = 43 ^ 2 25,2 8 11 = 55| = 3 16,3 6 1-2 = =. 43^ ^ 2 26,3 8 12 = 561 = 3 17,4 6 18 = = 44 ^ 2 27,4 8 13 = 56f - 3 18,5 9 _ . =^ 571 = 3 19,6 10 6 = 661 = 4 1,7 9 1 = = o7i = 3 20,7 10 7 = 66f = 4 ■2,8 9 o = 58 = 3 21,8 10 8 = 671 - 4 3,9 9 3 = - 581 = 3 22,9 10 9 =- 671 = 4 5,1 9 4 = = 59 = 3 24 10 10 = 68 = 4 6,2 9 5 = 591 = 3 25,1 10 11 = 681 = 4 7,3 9 6 - = 59f = 3 26,2 10 12 = 69 = 4 8,4 9 7 = = 601 = 3 27,3 10 13 = 691 = 4 9,5 9 8 = = 60| - 3 28,4 9 9 = = 611 = 3 29,5 11 — = 69| = 4 10,6 9 10 = = 61| = 3 30,7 12 — = 761 = 4 26,1 9 11 = = 621 = 3 31,8 U = 82i- = 5 1,6 9 12 = = 621 = 3 32,9 ^ 7 ^ 9 13 = = 63 = 3 34 U 15 — = 89 = 95J = 5 17,1 32,6 H) — = 631 - 3 35,1 ^ 5 ^ 10 1 = = 64 = 3 36,2 l(i — = 1011 = 6 8,1 10 o . 641 = 3 37,3 17 = 108 = 6 23,6 10 3 = = 64f = 3 38,4 10 4 = = 651 = 3 39,5 18 — = 1141 = 6 39,1 10 5 - 65f = 4 0,6 19 — = 120| = 7 14,6 426 ^he Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Most Important Distances at Newmarket. Mile Furl. Yds. Meter The Beacon Course (B. C.) 4 1 138 = 6764,6 since 1852 4 1 173 - 6796,6 since 1864 4 1 157 = 6782 since 1865 4 1 143 = 6769,2 since 1889 4 1 177 = 6800,2 Round Course (R. C.) 3 6 93 = 6119,9 since 1819 3 4 187 = 5803,6 since 1852 3 4 139 - 5759,7 since 1889 3 4 138 = 5758,8 Ditch in (D. J.) 2 — 97 = 3307,3 since 1852 2 ~ 119 = 3327,4 since 1865 2 — 105 = 3314,6 since 1889 2 — 118 =. 3326,5 Ankaster Mile (A. M.) 1 — 18 = 1625,8 since 1889 1 — 22 ^ 1629,4 Two years old Course (2 Y. O. C.) July St. . — 5 136 - 1130,2 New Two years old Course (on the B. M.) since 1888 July St — 5 142 = 1135,6 since 1902 — 5 140 = 1133,8 Two years old Course (on the flat) since 1852 — 5 140 = 1133,8 'since 1902 — 5 134 = 1128,3 Yearling Course (Y. C.) — 2 147 = 536,7 since 1853 (on the flat) — 2 22 = 422,4 since 1854 — 2 52 = 449,9 Cambridgeshire Course (1839) 1 1 156 = 1953,1 Old Cambr. Course since 1843 1 1 20 = 1828,8 New Cambr. Course since 1901 1 1 17 - 1826 since 1902 1 1 — = 1810,5 Cesarewitch Course (1839) 2 1 215 = 3615,4 since 1852 2 2 28 = 3646,5 since 1889 2 2 35 - 3652,9 since 1902 2 2 — = 3620,9 Across the Flat (A. F.) 1 2 44 = 2051,9 since 1818 1 2 24 = 2033,6 since 1852 1 2 73 = 2078,4 since 1887 1 2 — - 2011,6 Dewhurst PI. Course — 7 — = 1408,1 Criterion Course — 5 182 = 1172,2 since 1865 — 6 — = 1207 Suffolk St. Course 1 4 2 = 2415,8 since 1889 1 4 25 = 2436,8 since 1902 1 4 — = 2414 CHAPTER VI . Tables showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 428 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding Brisk 1711 D. bv Jigg Aleppo 1711 D. by Hautboy CM O M PQ P — Foxliunter 1727 — D. bv Basto Hobgoblin 1724 — D. bv Old Careless Second 1732 D. bv Basto Table I. Darl< Moses 1746 O^/zo 1760 . D. bv Porland Arabian D. by Cade Shakespeare 1745 ? Eclipse 1764 D. by Bartl. Childers D. by ReguJus Flying' Cliilders 1715 D. by Old Careless BI « -■ -QQ (Foundation Sire of HiLk lil/e 1 1 OO.ieys & Norfolk Trotter) D. bv Grev Grantham Roundhead 'l733 D. bv Bald Galloway Snip 1736 D. bv Basto Sanipsou 1745 D. bv Hip Jolly Roger 1741 D. by Partner Snap 1750 D. by Fox Sypho)i 1750 ID. bv Partner Engineer 1755 D. bv Grevhound Bay Malton 1760 D. by Cade Goldfinder 1764 D. by Blank (Sweet William 1768 D. by Cade Sweetbriar 1769 — D. by Shakespeare Tandem 1773 D. by Regulus Bartlet's Childers Squirt 1732 about 1716 D. by Snake D. by Old Careless Bulle Rock 1718 D. by Byerly Turk [Eclipse 1764 — - D. by Regulus Marske 1750 D. by Blacklegs Stripling 1765 D. by Cade F. Marske 1771 D. by Blank Shark 1771 — — D. bv Snap [rab. Line. Coxcomb 1771 D. by Babraham Dorimant 1772 D. bv Babraham 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 429 Mambrino 1768 D. bv Cade Messenger 1780 / Foundation sire of the \ — D. by Turf ^ Amer. Trotters ^ Hamhletonian 1803 D. by Shark Doctor 1776 D. bv Sedlev Arabian Chocolate 1777 — D. bv Bandv Javelin 1772 " D. by Spectator PotSos 1773 D. by Warrens Sportsman Jupiter 1774 D. bv Tartar Jerry Sneak 1796 D. by Trunnion Coriander 1786 Hvaci)it]nis 1797 Kins- Feri^iis 1775 D'; by Black and all Black Boiidrow 1777 D. by Sweeper Mercury 1778 D. bv Tartar Hall's Eclipse 1778 D. bv Resfulus Joe Andrews 1778 D. by Omnium Dungannon 1780 D. by Herod Volunteer 1780 D. bv Tartar Saltram 1780 D. bv Snap Alexander 1782 D. bv William's Forester Meteo''r 1783 D. by Merlin Gunpowder 1784 D. by Omar Don Quixote 1784 D. by William's Forester Pegasus 1784 D. by Bosphorus Serpent 1786 D. by Spectator Ruler 1777 D. by Lofty Shuttle 1793 I D. bv Vauxhall Snap S/zarfe'l791 D. by Flimnap D. b}' Herod Asparagus 1787 D. by Justice Alderman 1787 D. bv Squirrel Waxy 1790 D. by Herod Champion 1797 D. by Highflyer Overton 1788 D. by Herod Beniiiiigbroiis'h 1791 see Table IV. D. by Herod Hambietonian 1792 see Table \' D. by Highflyer Precipitate 1787 D. by Herod D. by Phoenomenon Teddv the Grinder 1798 D. bv Highflyer Waxv Pope 1806 Starch 1819 D. bv Highflyer D. bv Shuttle Whalebone 1807 see Table H. D. bv Trumpator Woful 1809 D. bv Trumpator Whisker 1812 see Table HL D. by Trumpator Gohanna 1790 D. Herod Dick Andrews 1797 D. by Highflyer Totteridge 1791 D. by Mambrino Eagle' 1796 D. bv Highflyer Whiskey 1789 ' D. bv Herod Bucephalus 1802 D. bv Amaranthus ? Ambo 1809 D. by Sir Peter Sancho 1801 D. by Highflyer Cervantes 1806 D. by Highflyer Amadis 1807 D. by Sir Peter Bobtail 1795 D. by Eclipse Golunipus 1802 see Table VL D. by \\'oodpecker Cerberus 1802 D. by Herod Hedle'y 1803 D. by Woodpecker Canopus 1803 D. bv Woodpecker Election 1804 D. bv Woodpecker Tramp 1810 see Table VH. D. by Gohanna Pioneer 1804 — D. by Highflyer Juniper 1805 D. by Dragon Marmion 1806 D. by Diomed Cannon Ball 1810 I), b}' Weathercock Emigrant 1822 D. by Buzzard 430 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table II. I)arl. Arabian Line. Waverley 1817 D. bv Sir Peter ? Moses 1819 D. bv Gohanna Stumps 1822 D. by Delpini Chateau Margaux 1822 D. bv Gohanna Camel' 1822 D. bv Seh'm r. Whalebone 1823 D. bv Sorcerer Defence 1824 D. by Rubens Alha)iy 1825 D. bv Gohanna Mcrm'a}} 1826 D. bv Orville WHALEBONE Sir Hercules 1826 iQQy D. by ^^^anderer D. by Truinpator The Saddler 1828 ^ D. bv Castrel ? Don John 183o — D. bv Comus — The Provost 1836 D. by Lotterv — Jago '1843 — ' -- D. by Selim Abbas Mirza 1831 D. bv Shebdeez Sir Isaac 1831 D. bv Filho da Puta Touchstone 1831 see Table VI II D. by Master Henry Caravan 1834 — — D. by The Flyer Wifitonian 1834 D. by Muley Launcelot 183" D. bv Master Henr\ Simoom 1838 '- D. bv Paulowit/: Souvenir 1859 D. by Y. Emilius S aha ma 1850 — — D. by Slane Emperor 1841 -- D. bv Revellei — ? Monar((ue 1852 see T D. bv Roval Oak Birdcatcher 1833 see Table X. D. b\- Bob Bootv Coronation 1838 "' D. by Rubens Robert de Gorham 1839 The Nii^^t^er 1847 D. by Emilius D. bv Elis Newcourt 1840 D. by Spectre Faug^h-a-Ballagh 1841 D. by Bob Booty Lapwing 1826 D. by Canopus Gunboat 1854 D. by Sheet Anchor Gemma di I'ergi 1854 D. bv Heron Lifeboat 1855 D. by Sheet Anchor ? St. Lawrence 1837 D. by Blacklock Cotswold 1853 D. by Pantaloon Cecrops 1863 D. by Longbow or Mountain Deer Ethelhert 1850 D. by Liverpool Leamington 1853 D. by Pantaloon Torpedo 1876 D. bv Kin"- Tom Rococo 1863 ; D. by Recovery 6. Tables Showing" the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 431 Schcrz 1851 D. b}' Morisco Bonnie Scotland 1853 D. bv Gladiator Bo)i)iie Scotla}id jun. 1865 D. bv Clay Trustie Bramble 1875 Ben Brush 1893 D. by Australian D. by Alarm ble IX. LolJypop 1873 D. by Stockwell Lahire 1861 D. by Y. Whalebone First Lord 1866 D. by Teddington King of Kent 1858 - D. by Touchstone Haymaker 1865 D. by Stockwell Longfellow 1867 - D. by Eclipse Enquirer 1867 D. by Lexington Sensation 1877 D. by Lexington Iroquois 1878 — - D. by Australian Onondaga 1879 D. b}' Lexington Chippendale 1876 D. by Adventurer Paganini 1865 D. by Peppermint Longstreet 1886 D. bv Glen Athol Riley 1887 D. by War Dance Tamma\iy 1889 D. by Great Tom Locohhtcliee 1889 - D. by Ten Broek -Caiman 1896 D. by Coeruleus 432 J he Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. Table 111. Darl. Arabian Line. •=c- s:2 r-i C c: I J.. -Pretty Boy 1853 =Q -^ D. by Giaucus King of Diamonds 1857 D. bv Defence Old Calabar 1859 D. by Piccaroon ]Vin grave 1859 D. by The Cure Master Fenton 1859 D. bv Touchstone Mogador 1860 D. by Orlando 7'om King 1863 — D. bv Birdcatcher Dalesman 1863 D. bv Pantaloon Phaeton 1865 D. by Storm Restitution 1865 D. by Slane King Alfred 1865 D. by Bay Middleton Kingcraft 1867 D. bv Voltieeur So :=Q = U ^Q Ki)ig o ' Scots 1867 D. bv The Fl. Dutchman The Baron 1869 D. by North Lincoln King Liid 1869 D. by Voltig^eur Ma.rsworth 1871 D. by Fernhill or Gleam Col tn CSS 1873 D. bv Thormanby Great'Tom 1873 D. by Voltigeur Skylark 1873 D. by Y. Melbourne Blue Blood 1876 D. bv Teddinerton ?^^ — = ,__Yatteiidou 1861 « ^' t^ ^^' ^^ 1 1'os (by Priam) Ga&fer 1867 D. bv Pantaloon — Dandin 1879 D. bv Cambuscan Indian Ocean 1867 D. bv Vortex Umpire 1873 D. by Ambrose Lowlander 1870 D. by Windhound King Alfonso 1872 - D. by Vandal Kingdom 1879 D. by Prime Minister Grandmaster 1880 D. b_v Kino"ston Bruce 1874 D. bv Newcastle Ben Alder 1880 D. by Rataplan King Monmouth 1882 D. by King of Trumps Boudoir 1890 D. bv Plutus Loivland Chief 1878 D. bv Stockwell Foxhall 1878 D. by Lexington Loutch 1890 D. bv Blenheim Chester 1874 D. by Stockwell Grand Flaneur 1877 D. by St. Albans Abercorn 1884 D. by Goldsbrough \ Patron 1890 D. by Tonnerre des Indes Merman 1892 D. bv Coltness 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 433 c» CO 00 1) 1— 1 U CJ re en (« Tf< u f/) V 5 a 1— 1 Qoc^ ^ >,o >! 7* 43 ^ 43 r' s .^Q'oC so u 00 -c --I c £ Kp S c''^ •- 00 50 CO 00 <= o CO M oo"S ^ c '-' — ~ '- CO CO 00 ^ I— I ^ „ o ^ O 1- - -ki o; C3 ^ r— , •yi ~i ^ . _, ^ C u £ 5 CO C _ 00 o C 1— I ^ ^ iJ CO S aj 3 r-H j;: ,^ o '- ~ ~«5 v.>.2JOJSc2 5f^ ~ »< r" .^ CL^^ CO i-M iT^ c~i •^ ~ -lT on i-L C 42 O -^ r N 43 ^43 ^' CO . ^ " CO 5 "^'"''-■^1- cco'4=co^~:^r^-4: n^oo^ij crj '^ -z ::: ^ (j^ r- = 'D as ZZ 42 t -? 5° poJ3H Aq (J ULi HOiioaar)Kiv[ia E — 2 434 The Practical Part of Horsebreedingf. a> •~ 00 X r— 1 .~ r-H O 2 CT cn. =^ =^ k^ 00 -r 1—1 "^ Q C Ch S3 :: i -O ";; rt L. ^' j3puui.io3 Aq XI tI8T Vopioi'ia LI0LI3UI0U30LIJ Aq 'Q e08I 3IOOH4UI.VV I—I r-^ ~:tH iU ei' ^ ""^ ^^ C ' — ' (/J( ) •~ >. "^ >-, -^ ~ ^ -O .-.^ /-Q — — pjoji -i3in>I Aq -Q U135S 6081 nvasiQ t-I8T 37 w^ Aq -Q jaiODL'd Aq -Q 808T *iiMIP"K,> -la-HmSiH A'q -(I ZSLl MTIKOXIiaitYH 6. Tables Showing" the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 435 fcjo O 00 fe to -^ c o en 3 p >- •v t^ rt M< •*" ^~i •—1 nn f- ^J UJ T— 1 > ^^ T-i >i s c ^ t^ ^ 'T3 ^ >>-H c **-i d '^ d -=5 ^ ■==; 1^ ^ -"Sc/^ CO •- con 4, ^ Id CO = "* CO I/, CO CO J>5 '-' ■ o o 2-« c i;^ u. G cj -^ d ^ d CO c '-'in 00 -^^ P -o-Q 5d CO.- _ ■ c^ 'P 00 r- AipOLUIX Aq -Q 6081 \O.LXYJ j9:jp3dpooA\. Aq -q S08I SflJKinOO 436 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table VII. Darl. Arabian Line. SI bo ^-. . as" Lottery 1820 D. by PotSos Zigajiee 1825 b. bv Y. Drone Little Red Rover 1827 D. bv Pavnator Liverpool 1828 — D. bv Whisker 5/. Giles 1829 D. bv Ardrossan Chorister 1828 D. b}' Chorus Alter liter 1831 D. bv Orville Inheritor 1831 D. bv Walton Sheet Anchor 1832 D. by Muley Vertilam 1833 D. b}- Waxy ILaneroost 1835 — D. bv Bustard Mosstrooper 1839 D. bv Emilius Sirikol 1840 _ D. by Partisan Weatherbit 1842 D. by Priam Vulcan 1837 D. by Teniers War Eagle 1844 D. by Voltaire Tan Tromp 1844 D. by Sandbeck Loup Garou 1846 D. by Tombov Colsterdale 1848 D. bv Tomboy De Ruyter 1848 D. by Sandbeck 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 437 Kelpie 1855 D. bv St. Francis Firtnvorks 1864 D. bv Sir Hercules The Palmer 1864 D. bv Cowl Blue Goivn 1865 D. by Stockwell Rosicriiciaii 1865 D. bv Cowl Beadsman 1855 — D. b}' Touchstone Neptunus 1859 D. by Birdcatcher Bel Demonio 1861 D. bv Birdcatcher Brown Bread 1862 D. by West Australian Brown Tommy 1864 D. by West Australian Mandrake 1864 D. by Rataplan rivan 1851 I D. bv Brutandorf Van Galen 1853 — i D. by Inheritor Lam.hourne 1854 D. by Pantaloon Pero Gomez 1866 D. bv Student 1 Alvarez 1869 D. by Student Coeruli'iis 1872 — ■ — • — D. bv Stockwell The Jolly Friar 1873 D. by Niacaroni Whitebait 1871 D. bv Lambton Picnic 1872 D. by Arthur Wellesley or Post Tempore Hilarious 1874 D. by Knight of Kars Toastmaster 1877 D. bv The Marquis Sweetbread 1879 D. bv Adventurer Mango 1874 D. bv Knight of Kars Strathmore 1874 D. by Stockwell Tim Whiffler 1861 D. bv Uglv Buck Van Ambur'gh 1864 D. by Longbow or Mountain Deer Gohhbrough 1870 — D. by Fisherman Grey Palmer 1872 D. bv Chanticleer PeUegrino 1874 ' D. by Macaroni Chevron 1874 D. by Stockwell Beauclerc 1875 D. by Voltigeur Ercildoune 1877 D. by King Tom Zanoiii 1875 D. by Stockwell Althoias 1878 D. bv Vespasian Dalbe'rg 1887 D. by Paganini Laureate 1879 • — ■ — D. by Orlando Sir Charles 1878 D. bv Ethelbert Peregrine 1878 - D. by Y. Melbourne Blue-green 1887 D. bv Galopin Atlantic 1878 D. bv Peter Wilkins Chislchurst 1880 — Macdonald 1899 D. by King Tom D. bv Basnas Tyrant 1885 Masque 1894 D. by Exminster D. by Mask Whittier 1892 D. by John Davis 438 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinsr, Table Till. Barl. Arabian Line. CO C cc Auckland 1839 D. bv Champion Cotherstoue 1840 — D. bv ^Miisker ■Stilton 1849 — D. b}^ Slane Loin D.' show 1849 bv Catton Gle>ivjasso)i 1854 ■^ D. bv Priam Orlando 1841 see Table VIII. a" D. bv Langar Ithiiriel 1841 — ^ D. bv Velocipede Annandale 1842 D. bv Lotterv Falstaff 1842 " D. bv Filho da Puta Paragone 1843 D. b\' Tombov Flat cat diet 1845 D. bv Filho da Puta Surplice 1845 D. bv Priam Pont if ex 1847 D. by Priam NeAvminster 1848 see Table VIII. b D. bv Dr. Svntax Storm 1848 D. by Pantaloon Mountain Deer 1848 — D. bv Belshazzar Harbinger 1849 D. bv Elis Magnes 1849 D. bv Lanijar Vindex 1850 D. bv Langar Orpheus 1860 D. bv St. Nicholas Pvlades 1852 b. bv Bav Middleton Flash in the Pan 1856 D. by Pompey Druid 1857 D. by Harkaway Coroner 1856 D. hv Tearawav Lord of the Lsles 1852 D. bv Pantaloon De Clare 1852 D. bv Catton Rifleman 1852 b. by The Colonel Claret 1852 D. bv Belshazzar Artillery 1853 D. bv Birdcatcher Tournament 1854 D. by Venison Wamba 1857 D. by Recover V Ather stone 1858 D. by Merry Monarch Soapstone 1860 D. by Malcolm Victor 1859 D. bv Scroggins The Avenger 1S60 D. by Sesostris Dundee 1858 D. bv Sweetmeat Scottish Chief 1861 — D. bv The Little Known Blarney 1861 D. by Magpie Londesborough 1867 D. by Hetman Platoff Master Willie 1864 D. bv Hautbov Gitan'o 1866 D. by Esperance Barometre 1868 D. \y\ The Baron GoZos '1868 D. by The Prime \\"arden Mirliflor 1872 D. by Knowsley Danseur 1854 D. by New Light Durchlaucht 18.58 D. by Snyder s Vestminster 1866 D. by Envoy Toxophilite 1855 D. bv Pantaloon Norili Lincoln 1856 D. bv Redshank Valour 1875 D. by Mount Zion Lord of the Vale 1863 D. bv Pantaloon Marksman 1864 D. bv Birdcatcher Hobcr'oblin 1866 D. by The Ugly Buck King of the Forest 1868 D. by Fandango Lamniermoor 1874 D. by Buccaneer Fitz James 1875 D. bv Kettledrum Childeric 1875 ■ D. bv Saunterer Napsbury 1877 D. by Rataplan Taurus 1879 D. by Thunderbolt Pursebearer 1879 D. bv Stockwell 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 439 ainsket 1867 — — — _ - D. bv West Australian Bay Archer 1876 D. by Y. Melbourne Lancastrian 1876 D. bv \^'est Australian Petronel 1877 D. bv Hesperus Treiitbu 1881 D. b}^ Goldsbrough Nordenfeld 1882 — — D. bv Angfler Carbine 1885 — D. bv Knowslev Aiirum 1894 D. by Richmond Eccleston 1898 D. by Beaudesert Carnage 1890 D. by Knowsley Wargrave 1898 D. by Skylark Fowling Piece 1899 D. by Galopin Spearmint 1903 D. by Minting Nohle Chieftain 1885 D. by Moulsey The General 1882 D. by Thunderbolt 440 The Practical Part of Horsebreedingf. Table VI II. a. Dad. Arabian Line "TtH 1—1 go © ft J )^ >, -tf, XI d o Teddington 1848 — - D. bv Rockin.q'ham Orpii'eus 1849" D. bv Whisker Orestes 1850 — D. bv Bav Middleton Marsvas 1851 — D. bv Whisker Mouhey 1861 D. bv Pantaloon Orest 1857 D. by Touchstone Albert Tiotor 186S D. bv Stockwell George Frederick 1871 ^ D. bv Stockwell Fazzolctto 1853 — King Victor 1864 D. by Melbourne Zuyder Zee 1854 D. by Sandbeck Chevalier d' Industrie D. bv Priam Fitz Roland 1855 D. bv Emilius Eclipse 1855 D. bv Bav Middleton Trumpeter 1856 - D. b\- Redshank Crater 1857 D. by Gladiator Diophantus 1858 D. bv Emilius Canary 1858 D. by Plenipotentiary Lacydes 1859 D. by Plenipotentiary Chattanooga 1862 D. bv Birdcatcher Alarm 1869 D. bv Stockwell Hansiead 1862 D. bv Stockwell Plutiis 1863 D. bv Planet Y. Trumpeter 1864 D. bv Surplice Distiii 1864 — • D. bv Hes]3erus Challenge 1864 ■ D. by Prime Minister Queen's Messenger 1869 D. by Kingston Xenoplion 1872 D. bv Birdcatcher D. by Heron [ Blenheim 1861 1854 J D. by Robert de Gorham I Friponnier 1864 '^ D. bv Teddin"ton Hollywood 1871 D. by Kingf Tom The Sailor Prince 1880 D. by Hermit Frontin 1880 D. by Weatherbit Beau Brummel 1880 D. bv Lord Clifden Himj ar 1875 — ^ - D. by Lexington Muiiden 1871 D. bv Birdcatcher Flageolet 1870 D. b}^ Monarque Fil - en - Ouatre 1877 D. by Monarque Fricandeau 1883 •- D. by Pretty Boy Avontes 1874 D. by Ratan Hastings 1872 D. by Hesperus The Baron 1884 D. bv Lord Lvon Aughrim 1883 ' D. bv L'ncas AVellingtonia 1869 D. bv Ambrose Clover 18S6 D. bv Prince Charlie 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 441 Diakka 1893 D. bv IMortemer . Plaudit 1895 D. by Tomahawk Domino 1891 D. by Enquirer Ismael 1876 D. bv West Australian Rayon d'Or 1876 " D. bv Ambrose Zut 1876 D. by Stock well Beauminet 1877 D. by Knowslev Le Destrier 1877 D. by Black Eyes Xaintrailles 1882 ■ — . D. bv The Fl. Dutchman Gehei'mrath 1889 D. bv Chamant Disguise 1897 D. by Galopin Commando 1898 D. bv Darebin Octagon 1884 D. bv Macaroni Tea Tray 1885 D. bv War Dance Frejevillc 1886 D. bv Saxifrage Chalet 1887 — "^ D. bv Cremorne Stuart 1885 D. bv Stockwell Cadix 1S89 D. bv Dollar Polv^one 1891 D. bv Dollar Melch'ior 1891 D. bv Montarcis — Maximum II. 1899 D. bv Dollar Count Schomberg 1892 D. by Baliol Black Arroiu 1903 D. bv Bendii20 Arreau 1893 D. bv Cambuscan 442 The Practical Part of Horsebreedine. Table Till. h. Darl. Arabian Line. CO -rii 00 X rH C3 pei >> K cn H uC ^ C t— i >> S ,c >- !>- d H ;^ Mnsjid lSo6 D. by Muley Moloch Exminster 1857 D. by Cowl AdTeutiirer 1859 D. bv Emilius Lord Clifden 1860 D. bv Melbourne see Table VIII. c Cambuscaii 1861 — ^ D. bv Slane The Beadle 1861 D. by Plenipotentiary Argyle 1866 D. bv Birdcatcher Pretender 1866 D. by Venison Roehampton 1873 D. bv Stock we 11 Glen 'Arthur 1874 D. bv Kingston Ruperra 1876 D. bv Thormanby Forager 1877 D. bv Stockwell Zeal 1877 D. by Stockwell Prirateer 1878 D. bv Thormanby Onslozv 1869 D. by Voltig-eur Billesdon 1872 D. bv The Baron Camballo 1872 D. by Orlando Camhusier 1879 D. by Saunterer Pdsztor 1881 D. bv Buccaneer Rajta-Kajta 1885 D. by Lord Lyon Achilles 1888 D. by Buccaneer Buccaneer 1888 D. by Lord Lyon Yard Arm 1897 D. by Cardinal York Cdsar 1878 D. by Kettledrum The Lambkin 1881 D. by Y. Melbourne Salisbury 1884 D. by Oxford Catliedral 1861 D. by Melbourne Victorious 1862 D. by Jeremy Diddler Vespasian 1863 D. by Stockwell Strathconaii 1863 D. by Chanticleer Laneret 1863 D. by Venison The Peer 1863 D. by Sheet Anchor Bertie 1863 D. by Gladiator Hermit 1864 see Table VIII. d D. by Tadmor Kidderminster 1864 D. by Camel Landmark 1869 D. bv Birdcatcher Dalham 1871 D. by The Marquis Bucha)iaii 1877 D. by Y. Melbourne Eastern Emperor 1881 D. by Rataplan 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 443 Table Till. c. Darl. Arabian Line. Hawtliornden 1867 D. b}' The Flying Dutchman Barefoot 1868 D. by Stockwell Hymenaeus 1869 D. bv Wild Davrell Wenlock 1869 D. by Rataplan Winsloiv 1869 D. by King Tom Hampton 1872 D. by Kettledrum Rotherhill 1872 D. by Orlando Basnds 1872 D. by Stockwell Petrarch 1873 D. by Orlando Lord Clive 1875 D. by Buccaneer Hii^lilaiid Cliief 1880 D. bv Stockwell Royal Hainptoii 1882 D. bv King Tom Merry Hampton 1884 D. bv Broomielaw Ayrsli'ire 1885 D. bv Galopin Sheeii 1885 D. bv Tibthorpe Biishcy Park 1889 D. bv Thormanbv Ladas 1891 — — "— D. bv Rosicrucian Speed 1891 D. bv Tibthorpe Bav Ronald 1893 D'. by Galliard ! The Bard 1883 D. bv Svrian Florentine 1884 D. bv Kettledrum Laureate IL 1886 D. bv Macaroni Lactantiiis 1887 D. bv Macaroni Hackler 1887 D. bv Albert Victor Marcion 1890 D. bv Queen's Messenger Kirkconnel 1892 D. by Blair Athol Symington 1893 D. bv St. Simon Niniis 1895 D. bv Lowlander Troutheck 1903 D. bv Bend Or Berenger 1888 D. bv Trocadero Launay 1893 D. by Mortemer or Monarque Saxon 1898 D. by Clairvaux or Isonomv 444 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. Table YIII. d. Darl. Arabian Line. Ascetic 1871 ^ D. by Melbourne Holy Friar 1872 D. bv Thornianby Recorder 1872 — D. bv St. Albans Trap fist 1872 D. b\- Muscovite Ambergris 1873 D. by I.oni^bow Gniiiiershiiry 1876 D. bv King- Tom The Miser \877 D. by St. Albans Zealot 1877 D. bv Stockwell Peter" 1876 ■ D. b\- Brother to Strafford The Abbot 1877 — D. bv Pelion Retreat 1877 — — D. by Rataplan St. Louis 1878 — D. by Macaroni Edward the Coujessor 1878 D. bv Stockwell Tristan 1878 — D. bv Stockwell Martini 1878 D. by Toxophilite Exile II. 1878 D. by I.ord Lvon Mardeu 1879 D. by Pelion Clairvaiix 1880 D. bv Stockwell St. Blaise 1880 — ■ — D. bv Marsvas Torpedo 1880" D. bv Toxophilite St. H'ouorat 1882 D. by Stockwell Su'iUiiiqton 1882 D. by Stockwell Tacitus 1882 D. by Y. Melbourne Ga)ui)i 1883 D. bv Scottish Chief Hawkstoiie 1883 D. by Stockwell Gay Hermit 1883 D. bv Brooinielaw Timothy 1884 D. bv "Brother to Strafford Hazle'hatch 1885 D. by Cathedral Friar's Balsam 1885 D. by Breadalbane Astroios;er 1885 D. bv Brother to Strafford Melanion 1886 — ■ — D. by Galopin Heamiie 1887 ^ ■ — D. bv Breadalbane Missal 1891 D. bv 1'hunderbolt Royal Meath 1884 D. bv Coroner Sir Patrick 1890 D. bv Herbertstown Lord Abbot 1898 D. by Chippendale Kouigsteiii 1888 D. by Strathconan Gajare 1885 D. bv Albion Macros 1886 D. by Rosicrucian Urdm-batydm 1886 D. by Buccaneer Gourma\}d 1890 D. bv Kisber ocscse Galifard 1896 D. bv Galopin Zsiipdii 1884 D. by Blair Athol Father Confessor 1885 D. bv The Hadji Andree 1892 D. bv Galopin Le H'ardv 1888 D. bv St. Albans Le Nord 1887 D. bv Wellingtonia Le Ni'cham 77." 1890 D. bv W'ellingtonia Styx "1891 D. bv Galopin Aborigine 1890 D. bv Glen Arthur Mart^rave 1893 I), bv Ill-Used Gospodar 1891 D. bv Trocadero The Quack 1893 D. bv Galopin Millenium 1896 I), bv Barcaldine Black' Sand 1897 D. bv Wenlock Le Roi Soleil 1895 D. b\ Boia''d 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 445 Table IX. Darl. Arabian Line. 01 O C Hospodar 1860 D. bv Emilius La Marechal 1860 D. bv Sir Hercules Le Mandarin 1862 D. by Nuncio Gladiateur 1862 — D. bv Gladiator r. Monarque 1863 D. bv Emilius Pafric'ien 1864 D. by Gladiator Le Sarrazin 1865 D. bv Gladiator Consul 1866 D. bv Sir Hercules Boulogne 1866 D. bv Ion Don Carlos 1867 D. bv The Baron Henry 1868 D. by Ion Longchamps 1864 D. bv The Baron General 1868 D. bv Festival or Valbruant Trocadf ro 1864 D. by Epirus Feu d'Amoiir 1871 D. bv Ventre-St.-Gris Le Drole 1873 D. by Black Eyes Lydon 1868 D. bv Sesostris Grand Coup 1868 D. bv Stockwell Lord 'Go ugh 1869 D. by Rataplan Grandmaster 1868 D. bv Stockwell Highborn 1870 D. bv Faugh-a-Ballagh Noujrat 1872 ^ - D. bv Gladiator Kilt 1873 D. bv Stockwell Albion 1878 D. bv Atherstone Arch id uc 1881 D. bv Atherstone Fripou 1883 D. bv Favonius Barberousse 1886 D. by Beauvais Balagny 1874 D. by Fitz Gladiator Xaroisse 1876 D. by Weatherbit Barioiet 1878 D. by Orphelin Fra Diavolo 1881 D. bv Orphelin Richelieu 1881 D. by Orphelin Faui^h-a-Ballaiih 1879 D/bv The Student Farfadet 1880 D. bv Joskin Aeroli'the 1886 D. bv Dollar Le Pompon 1891 D. bv Scottish Chief Talion 1896 D. bv Westminster c o 00 o Chene Royal 1889 D. by Perplexe 446 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. auip|B3Ji3g A'q -q 'Z68T riou'34orj U0pBJ9qj9A3^ Aq 'Q S06T liqqr^iivn lo J-. 5 L'^ S .= =5 c c: r^ ^ - ^ w 00 t: t; a." ^ cc ^ . - — = CA^ ^ O ^^ ? ^j :-^ ;1h ~ — C -^ •^-O ^ ^ ;>; ^\, ^ ■ o S CO LO i ^ rfa =< .2 'en 00 5- rnP-, rt ^ ?" -u oc cG o C2 r: >. p ^ ,^ >, ~ >. o >.^- >■'- >. >, >. z >■.> >., >^ ■ ct c o c a ore -C -t C S C: ^ d '^ d. go § '^c'-^^'-'c -r. t~~ -^ y '^' 00 1;^ ^ _£> to ^ >, 20 Q. ~ c ^ ;r' -a ' c: e^' ~ ^ M 00 id .-He/] —1 /^ b/) o OS'S -.-HO ^. '^■c >. 2 :;: j3 "caj •p ^ -p Lo -p c: 00 c CO r:: (M 1-. I— I J- cci V- c ^ .s -Q = ^ c /--■ "^ ^' i: ^' U I .^-^ I "12^ ?icoS -^ = ^-*i- Vo ' O 7"' ;:: ~ o ^i i=, c: • - co ct "^ i^ -^ = = JJ'p??"'^ 2«^ ?=^'~' ^'t: -^.S2 CO rt . ,—; ^ « '--^ re 00 ._ 25 h o CO CO o O X cj o re '^ /-< o o co-5 - ^ -S E ^ (« v. re LO -o ^ 1 ~ ^- — ">: O 00 '-; !=SH T'S^ ~ ^ '■" — '>D r^'X Cli " ry J^ 1^- I ^2k ,-■ C .? :o : d '= d CO c: I OJ I 1 . r ^ ^-''^ >• g -D .Ji ^ O , 00 : o 00!— ■^ o : o -^ > t>:^ ■^ re^ S "t: '-^j "S 00 (/) (/) rH C M 3 ^.d;?d C t/3 .^ iZ ^-^E-«-re!^ S^ = K£^ d ^" «d|d:^d|^ cq — c/5 888T 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 447 a " ^ p- -- 00 >-.9. o c o 03 1— 1 CO c o s Ul o CO c 'o Ul c^ o ^r.^ ;^ ^ ~ o ■?C:^C ■ CO rt if) D 00=§ QQ I— I e^ "-I >. C g CO tn 7; CO c; c ; ^ ~ Q ^ q" u ^ S- 1-1 o s Cj ~ G ^ G I I— 1 0) >— I . «-' ^ Kyi 2 S5 c-Ci r/- o 2S P ' aJ ^^ ^^ S^ --^ o^cq^^jD ^^ ^dloldld sd ^djd^d '^^C^""CQ' (y- — • X • S • o • f " r^ ~ -'^ C ,"S C a; Ci ■til CO S = G -^Q CO o aj D ^ c C 00 o co-c ^ . I— I ^ -• ^^ '^ '^ a ::(mS «co > oc o a. 00^ c u CO 3 -* P— ; c G ^ ^ 05 , 5a X! ^ . Q =0; c/: ^ ccc^cOQ •- E2 •" "^ '^ '^ !^ -':'^ ^ r^ 00 >^ t/,H^ oo'^'~^^'~'^oct^.eH ^t-^ '~ .? .-2 .i .^ .t .^ .S •■5 .'^ . /^ c = G vi c ^ c ~ c r= c r^ c ,^ c ,= Q ^ c t^ ^ rr-, "r^ Cr, <^ ti; '.^ ti: ki: C;' o o CX) o 0 ^ 0 c < >o J_) 10 nn 1—1 .x^ Ul e >, -o 43 n- CO r" CO 00 _£: p >..5 -J t- c 00 r- ? >. © A]oog qog .vq -q 448 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. o =t^~ 2 yS 0)-=- c S -5 h ~ U o:±; '^ r^ -V t- tf. : S >- S ^ O i ^ I ^ .-i cc ^^f '^^ ^, • >.-~ >^ ^ >>-^ >."5 ^'"5 >> c' >.'~ > ~ 5_ CO t- ^^•^t: <3j _ ^^ ;^ "^ H t K 7 cc s h- -= (£:■ ^ !/: ^. E- >-. ^ f- '-' c ^d cr c g^ I o c; cfj be CJ CO c -S — .E O (T. '^d "^C tn CC' ;B - ■ K • cc . o ?= 5^ r^J= ? =;i^ 3 00 r-Z ^ ^ J2 rS .i2 ~ V. -^ c3C h c ^ re £ >■ ?^ ^' ~ .^H OC »^ C: ^ 00 c W V-*_' ;-.- GC' ^ ^ f^ — sd e:""^ CSC C od: ■0:=; ~^^j^^-!=;:;^5.x: ^^i' S2 =: CN V- 00 3 ^ i; (M o ■— t o i-H n CD ■; =: Oj "^ c; — ;^ ^ ^ C ^ C "^ ^' c • * _• OtST CO J^ ra Ci '~^ < ^ >. ^ u Q •^ 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 449 ' OS ^• 00 c 0 < •*.^ >,-« >>:;>> r>i ^ S-^;S-^ ~ Xl Ei Q?.cgQ d 1 '^ Cl OJ Gi ' -p 00 1 ~ ■— ' I- 1 0 i„ rt l-S^fc 882 cotti oily ^m ^^ S >-."^ >, 0 J2 =^ -*^ ^ g°5° o .5 1=0 ^Q LO,5 1° 00 ^ CO (^ 00 -" T-H D a en 00 <; 10 o 13 rt -S . 00 . "^ d^|d|Q| X' . s ■ u t- V 00 K2 Q « (M O CD .22 CD <£ ■ O °^ S ^ ■ -rt I— I = CO :ci :-Jr;s 6 i Z ;^ •^ — -^ -2 ? to IQ od^i taj I — i; ' (u CO c ; t« o CO o • f: CO -^ 00 bjo , 3 00 i- _. V. O i-H 3 g Cti ! >,o >>kJ >, ; X! . « J3 ^ .0 : . S .^ . COX! ^ 00 >— I CD 5C f-^ en 00 en hC _ -3 00 vj; S E °o >« K ^ iJ V S >>-~ >i ti " ^' Q o CN ^d: bjj Ph 00>H 3m< JZ CD CO ^ °° '^ • fS g-gcDJ: >o 3 •-^ = 00 u E "J 5 .-I 3 lo ^ ^< m o o c E o 00 X h a; 0) 3Sg C CD O 2 Ki 00 C^ ^ "^ I— I S § C ,00 ;S . -i£ '^-^l; §^ coXi . cq '-^ Q '-" e; *- a: '-' c^ 'a TO V jr *^ ,'i^ ^ M CQ o O « H ""^ O fcw *^ *i . S . c • D/bv Scottish Chief — Delphos 1891 D. Ijy Speculum 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 451 c >. i: = r; ^ Ji; (N r-(M c:;^ = Ojr = -5 .? -c •— I. -^ • Red Saliih 1900 1). by T.icitus Irish Lad 1900 X E £3 •- --^ .5 c ^ c i c c c: r -q' 1 1 t .= 5 -^ X "l::^ I x cc 00 r-. o ^ i. X z --, ' — > ^ ^ .^ ^ n c ~ ^ ^. cop ^5 E ii I "IxiSlc^ilii-lit S '^ N_ '^ ££ ~" -..^ Lr X '■^. ' c -- X 5 2£ „ t- E ^£2^~c: ^.i X c iJ »- i=-0C; p i: ■g JT *■ •+■ '^ *^ ^^ "^^ £^ uoiSuippax Aq -q OAST aais\ )s:o(i 452 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table Xr. Daii. Arabian Line. 00 3Q O Skirmisher 1854 D. by Gardham Tedette 1854 D. by Birdcatcher Cavendish 1856 D. by Touchstone Tirgiliiis 1858 — D. by Emilius Watchfire 1859 D. by Flatcatcher The Ranger 1860 D. by Gardham John Davis 1861 D. bv Liverpool Tibthorpe 1864 ■ D. by The Cure Fortunifl 1864 D. by Slane Brennus 1866 D. by Stockwell Falkland 1867 D. by Faugh-a-Ballagh Kaiser 1870 D. by King Tom Speculum 1865 — D. by Alarm or Orlando Galopin 1872 D. by The Flying Dutchman Hector 1872 D. by Saunterer Double Zero 1873 D. by Phlegon The Duke of Cambrids^e 1870 D. by King Tom Fortissimo 1878 D. by Trumpeter ? Thurio 1875 D. by Orlando Rosebery 1872 — D. by Newminster Sefton 1875 D. by West Australian Castlereagh 1875 D. by Birdcatcher Hagioscope 1878 D. by Macaroni Fulmen 1880 D. bv Thunderbolt rJalliard 1880 — D. bv Macaroni St. Simon 1881 see Table XI. a D. bv King Tom Oberon 1883 D. by Adventurer Galore 1885 D. by Macaroni Marmiton 1885 D. by Cremorne Pioneer 1886 D. bv Hermit Donovan 1886 D. by Scottish Chief St. Ani^elo 1889 D. bv Dollar Ga^a 1889 D. bv Isonomv Jovfui 1890 — D. bv Doncaster Galoping Lad 1893 D. bv See Saw Ganache 1893 D. bv Isonomy Galeazzo 1893 D. bv Kisber Grafton 1894 D. by Hampton Giierrier 1894 D. by Clairvaux or Macheath Disraeli 1895 D. bv Sterling Brio i895 D. by Springfield 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 453 Crozvberry I880 Sundridoe 1898 D. by Scottish Chief ^ ^^^ Springfield D. bv Hermit ( D. by Galliard Queen's Birthday 1887 D. bv Beauclerc Flacon 1894 D. bv Rosicrucian Lohengula 1894 D. bv Chamant Gulliver 1886 D. bv Hermit War Dance 1887 Perth 1896 King James 1903 D. bv Uncas D. by Barcaldine D. by Enterprise Matchmaker 1892 Handicapper 1898 D. by Plebeian D. by Beaudesert Velasquez 1894 Admiral Breeze 1901 D. by Macaroni D. by Isonomy Mindig 1895 D. bv Scottish Chief Holldnder 1902 D. by Isonomy 454 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. ,0 2 rt rt t o t/j CQ 55 CQ --^ C 00 c sra ..- .^ . - . c . 'y^ O ►^ o ^ >, c/: 2 Gi > C^ ^Q ^ of^- 00 n .5 p 2 .= '-I c Ci-r; o 00 arcald illiani ampto ski 18 osicruc 1898 osicru sh 189 arby The Pa lore 190 Pasztor 1902 _ Stronzia trick 189 Springfi ra^H; gfy; ^Koc o >-. t> ?- > ^ ^* "■ >- X3 C^^'-^'^'.^^IS JO ^■■"5^i>^-^ ; D^ — ;:5 T-, ►i, is_) hj; • rt^ «00 C r-i '-' 03 O _ C ~ " tt. jz o ^ I o U 5^ ~ >■ r JO GO o ooQ ■"-^ Ci '^ C -S c ^ ^ ' c 00-^ I •— i—i c jo',^ CQ.ii U .c>) ^' 1 ^ tn '-I 1 c 1 ? 1890 V Thormar V(f 1890 - V Strathco ly 11. 1890 V General i Portland y Sterling ilaire 1891 V Hermit "ol 1891 - V Hampto dan 1891 y Hermit 00 0) i-l JO ■2 >. C -^ t/.^ J X3 C JO "5 ^' t) 1^' . ~ '^" ~ d 3d ^ ^ '-r cc '-f. "- '-r rr-t \a7^azQ^:-c.:-':i--z':L'^ ^ „ I ^ Ci "rt (M t£!„ ^ ^pHco:5g-£ is S , 1^ '-' o ^ ^ S JO |_jo *: d « d « d ;Z3 '-C f-H 00 00 © k^ eel H 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 455 S ^' I '=^' ^ ^' I ^" ^^' I °' 'i ^ I ^" f ^" — „ ^. _ oc 2 IE c ^■-cXDaj.S^ooajrtcS ,S 2'"' 0)—'^ f^o (M - sgsg^^^s'^^ 2«-^ 8^0 s'i^2s lo^.^l ^g^ fpSe-c ^-ipg^^oicSS i|i| i| llil tl llil.li iliii l§ilLI:|i I siy f ^'lil _5 -^ cq -a •^, -^ S ^ I x= I X! ^x> - 0= ^ X! I .F J ^ = ^ I ^'^ ^ I £• 5 ^ g ^ g ^V ^' I ^'^ ^ _^ ^'.g ^ g.^ ^^C^ u= o X E; ^ ?, '^'i.^E ° -I ° =? ^ ^ ^ :^ ^ rp Q ,-^ Q ; ~ Q f^ Q 'S Q | d , s d | d | d • ~ d ^ d -• d « d | d | d | d I d • ^ d -■ d -• d ,- d ''J -^j Si^ v^. --, -i, j/2 'y-; Cr; LT) 'o «t; S l-Tj !y^ ^j Q ry-, '_rj >-J fS Cl, ft, ^ Lr !y-, (y-, C/^ O i5 456 The Practical Part of Horsebreedin< Table I. Byerly Turk Line, o GO CO 3 O & W Eh f Bflsfo 1702 D, by Leedes Arabian ■ Parlner (Griseii'ood's) 1730 D. by His Grey Barb Sedbury 1734 D. by Woodcock 3igg about 1702 - D. by Spanker Partner (Mr. Croft's) 1718 D. bv Curwen Bay Barb Soreheels about 1720 D. bv Curwen Bay Barb Old Traveller 1735 D. by Almanzor (Foundation sire of the Cleveland Bays) Tartar 1743 D. bv Fox Skim 1748 D. by Son of Smiling Ball Dainty Davy 1752 D. by Fox Cub Squirrel 1754 D. by Bloody Buttocks Herod 1758 - D. by Blaze Table L a. Dionied 1777 D. by Spectator Grey Diomed 1785 D. by Dorimant Sir Archy 1805 D. by Rockingham Ball's Florizel 1801 D. by Shark Duroc 1806 D. by Grey Diomed Timoleon 1813 D. bv Saltram Sir Charles 1816 — D. by Citizen American Eclipse 1814- D. by Messenger — Boston 1833 D. bv Ball's Florizel Wagner 1834 - D. by Morion Brawner's Eclipse 1839 D. by John Henry (i. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 457 Florizel 1786 D. bv Cvgnet Magnet 1770 D. bv Blank Plunder 1771 D. by Blank Woodpecker 1773 D. bv Cade Fitz Herod 1773 D. by Snap Justice 1774 D. by Snap Bordeaux 1774 D. bv Cvgnet Highflyer 1774 D. bv Blank Drone 1777 D. bv Blank Tom Tug 1777 D. by Y. Snip Fortitude 1777 D. bv Snap Bagot 1780 ■ D. by Matchem Phoenomenon 1780 D. by Snap Uiomed 1777 see Table I. a D. by Spectator Fortunio 1779 D. bv Squirrel Fidget 1780 D. bv Matchem Chantideer 1787 Boh Booty 1804 D. by Eclipse D. bj^ Bagot Buzzard 1787 see Table II. D. bv Dux Mentor 1784 D. by Shakespeare Rocki>ighani 1781 D. bv Matchem Delpini 1781 D. bv Blank Spadiile 1784 D. bv Squirrel Sir Peter 1784 see Tabl D. by Snap Skyscraper 1786 D. bv Eclipse Walnut 1786 D. bv Matchem St. George 1789 D. by Eclipse Commodore 1793 — D. bv Scaramouch John Bull 1789 D. bv Eclipse Master Bagot 1787 D. bv Eclipse Huby' 1788 D. by Matchem Stripling 1795 — — D. bv Eclipse Seymour 1807 D. bv Javelin e III. Rugantino 1803 D. by Highflyer Ardrossaii 1809 • — D. by Volunteer Driver 1798 D. by Carbuncle Octavian 1807 — D. bv Oberon Nabocklish 1810 D. bv Master Bagot Jack Spigot 1818 D. bv Sorcerer Antonio 1816 D. bv Evander Lexington 1850 ^ D. by Sarpedon Lecompte 1850 - D. by Glencoe Starke 1855 D. by Glencoe Optimist 1857 — — D. bv Glencoe Norfolk 1861 D. by Glencoe Kingfisher 1867 D. by Kingston Umpire 1857 D. b\' Sarpedon — Mars 1867 D. by Wild Dayrell — Emperor of Norfolk 1885 — Americus 1892 D. bv Malcolm D. by Glenelg 458 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinir Table 11. Byerly Turk Line. 00 N d Quiz 1798 D, by Matchem Castrel 1801 D. by Alexander Bustard 1801 D. by Trumpator Roller 1814 Fraz-v 1830 D. by Woodpecker D. by Walton Bustard 1813 D. by Shuttle Merlin 1815 — D. by Delpini Pantaloon 1824 - D. by Peruvian Selim 1802 D. by Alexander Sultan 1816 -^ D. by Ditto Heron 1833 D. by Orville Lamplighter 1823 D. bv Walton Sleight of Hand 1836 D. bv Filho da Puta The Libel 1842 D. bv Camel AVindliound 1847 D. by Touchstone Glencoe 1831 D. by Tramp Beiram 1829 D. by Stamford Ishmael 1830 • D. bv Phantom Beiram 1829 D. bv Stamford Lan^ar 1817 — D. bv Walton Bay Middleton 1833 D. bv Phantom Ibrahim 1832 D. by Phantom Jereed 1834 D. by Com us (Elis 1833 I D. by Sir Oliver 1 Epiru's 1834 I D. bv Sir Oliver Rubens 1805 D. by Alexander Toilers 1816 — Snvders 1833 D. by Highland Fling D. by Thunderbolt Fisliernian 1853 — - D. by Sheet Anchor New Light 1833 D. by Wanderer Phosphorus 1834 ■ D. by Rubens Traducer 1857 — D. by Elis Tliormanby 1857 see D. by Muley Moloch Tandal 1850 D. by Tranby Burgundy 1843 D. by Drone Farintosh 1840 D. bv Rubens Coivl '1842 D. bv Priam The Flying Dutchman 1846 D. by Sandbeck Andover 1851 D. bv Defence Herm'it 1851 D. by Touchstone Fvrrhus L 1843 D. by Defence Ephesus 1848 D. by Defence Rostrum 1849 D. by Malek Adel Lightning 1852 , D. by Y. Whalebone 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 459 Angler 1862 — — ■ D. by Melbourne Maribyniong 1863 D. bv Fl. Dutchman Robiiisotr Crusoe 1873 D. by Siockwell Ricluuond 1872 D. bv The Premier The Admiral 1887 — J), by Countryman The Victory 1898 D. by Henchman Sir Modred 1877 D. bv Cambuscan Table" IV. Tir^il 1864 D. by Yorkshire Ellington 1853 D. by Lanercost Amsterdam 1854 — D. by Elis I ^norainus 1854 D. by The Little Known Amsterdam 1855 D. by Idle Boy (by Satan) Cape Flyaway 1857 D. bv Melbourne Dollar 1860 D. bv Slane Massi Nissa 1866 D. bv Ion Hindoo 1878 D. bv Lexington ScJiiedam 1865 D. by Heron Androcles 1870 D. by Light or Serious Salvaior 1872 D. bv Ion St. Cyr 1872 D. by Ion Fontainebleati 1874 — D. by Ion Patriiirche 1874 D. by Birdcatcher Vignemale 1876 D. by The Baron Prologue 1876 D. by Gladiateur Saumur 1878 D. by Jon The Condor 1882 D. bv The Nabob Upas '1883 \ D. bv Skirmisher Hannover 1884 — • Hamburg 1895 D. bv Bonnie Scotland D. bv Fellowcraft CaUistrate 1890 D. by Mars Gardefeu 1895 D. by Bruce Arbaces 1897 D. by D'Estournel Codoman 1897 ( D. by The Bard Cambyse 1884 D. bv Plutus Pastisson 1890 D. by Marksman Phleg'eton 1886 D. by Plutus Lntin 1891 D. by Don Carlos Clamart 1888 D. by Prince Charlie Omnium II. 1892 D. bv Wellingtonia Elf 1893 D. bv Adventurer Arizona 1899 D. by Melton Kizil Kourgan 1899 D. by Viligant Dutch Skater 1866 D. by Gladiator Bocage 1885 Roitelet 1892 D. bv Chattanooga D. by Mars Dauphin 1885 D. by Father Thames Insulaire 1875 D. by Beadsman 0 C5 i-H V ^ >> _aj V; c S 0 >> ^ J3 V s Q cq 460 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. I 'Si O O D -^ .h ^ ,«■ 1^ ^^ 3 O 05 c/j CO 3 rH rt 00 c p c; GO , CO 3 2; c .s G -^ Q .w cC ^ 3 .S ■^ > 00 C (M ^ L rH O CO U V O •=: C "^ c7i ST >-. ~ >^' "^ ^ ti^ja 5 ^ "2 ^ -ti . g .^ . ij r^ -^ r^ ^ ^^ CO (A 00 Tl .-H O c i >. 5-° CO - ry cr GO . *sd i^d = 3 o i^^^ 00 1—1 t^ ra 2 p ~ >.Si5 o J2^C/5 u <- c cl- i-a • ^" ^ ' H 1 >> ■^ OJ ^^ 05 (« !-i t- Q. Pq -Sw A', y. Z. 1808 D. bv Spadillt Filho da Puta D. by Waxy Figaro 1819 D. by Selini (Phantom 1808 D. by Whiske Rainbow 1808 D. by Brush Partisan 1811 ? D. by Pot8os Waterloo 1814 D. bv Trunipa St. Patrick 181 D. by Dick A 5K s: C5 >-. S"d c I ° I s 1 IS ^d ^ >. 00 p -—I CC 00 x: '-' b/: .-^£ CM OJ 00 c "—I rt .5:d dcus A'q -Q 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 461 ;*s o o cx) on H T— 1 bj) ^1 c ^ ^ Q. ^ r=Q ire 189^ ncaster r 1892 rmesan e 1894 Perplexe riahx 1894 Stracchinc aritaiii 181 Doncaster U: tji >i' ^ >. |^'l^.i>^ IS J2 ~ Xi as .'-^ . «Q ^Q eGpSC -^Q nJ 0,0^ ^ 1 oc S. 1 00 C^l 00 cc 'Si 1 '"' oc o \ c C on S B4 — hconai ;87 lexe rtiigal hcona le 188: OJ >. Saiicy 18! . bv Strat z Koya 18 . by Perp roir dc Po . by Strat Capricon c o Q Oi 00 I— 1 S o -i; d a^ Q ; ~ Q ::: C ^ Q e Q =Q J t£H -^ t-J ^ r-C-' on CO— C-sec^T; w T ^ '^ S? o '^ ^ ~ tr 00 D.h «;^ .^^ ;-.2 =J= P 3 s ^ ^ ^ V cu ., rt ;^.0 s._^ - ^ ^ o |d|d,5d|dld:5d ,cd §6 -^ ^d 1 >! ; ~ 1 >-> c3 r.? 1 462 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Foiirire 1896 D. bv Energfie o P ?: o u 00 z! c Jf 1883 ng Tc //fo 18 oncast 1890 isber i^^'^ = ^'-^ ^' S ^^ ^"^ ^ C c ,'^C. =: C >.C ^O ^ C: t^ 3 O ? CO ^'o ^3 ■~'C; ~2 d ^ d's c -2 d c C I - - ^-< O u \ C C'CO c t^ o) '- X 00 i^c (T^'-HajoGpSE ■S ^' I ^' J 2 ^' i ^'^ ^' c Q = C ^a- C = C ,^ C OJ Si r^'S^ ^ GO „ 3 ? X = r< ° '^ X Oj ^ '^, c^ &- "rt '5 oj I I I ^ io t a^ > o I lo '^ I, 00 nH D I CN o .-H 1 ;::: | co-CC— — t.c go::: '-' "-So' CwH o;;- a< . IS . -ex . — . Qi • c/} &< ■< ^ H a. : Q .3; G -2 Q ^ Q sog^oj Aq -Q H list MYSLLHYJ 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line, 463 Table TI. Byerly Turk Liue. 00 c Buccaneer 1857 — D. by Little Red Rover Wild Oats 1866 — D. by Harkaway The Rake 1864 D. by Birdcatcher AllhrSok 1866 D. by Daniel o'Rourke Idus 1867 D. by John o'Gaunt Gay bayrell 1867 D. b}^ King Tom Paul Jones 1865 D. bv Chanticleer See Saw 1865 — D. bv Brocket Cadet 1867 D. bv Orlando Triumph 1867 D. bv Alert Flibustier 1867 D. by Stockwell r. Biiccmieer 1870 D. by Orlando Gamecock 1870 D. by Chanticleer Waiseiiknabe 1872 — D. by Stockwell Remeny 1873 D. bv Pvrrhus L Good 'Hope 1873 D. by King" Tom Kisber 1873 — ■ D. by Rataplan Nil Desperandum 1875 D. by Adventurer Kisber ocscse 1877 — D. by Rataplan Elemer 1877 D. bv Blair Athol Balvany 1878 D. by Newminster Yederemo 1878 D. bv Compromise T'/nea'l881 D. bv Compromise Fcnek 1883 D. bv Y. Melbourne Talpra Magyar 1885 - D. bv Cambuscan Gozo 1882 D. bv Oxford Pepper and Salt 1882- D. by Oxford Oroszvar 1875 D. by St. Albans Vasistas 1896 D. bv Vermouth Discord 1876 D. bv Cathedral Bruce 1879 D. bv Stockwell Little' Duck 1881 D. bv Rataplan Ocean Wave 1883 D. bv Stockwell Lovedone 1883 Dinna Forget 1892 St. Tropez 1890 D. b\' Mortemer Champaubert 1893 D. bv Carnival D. by The Earl Jack o'Lantern 1884 D. bv Trumpeter Triumph 1886 D. bv Blinkhoolie Traclienberg 1879 — D. bv Orlando Din ne ford 1902 D. by Chippendale D. by Arbitrator Hannibal 1891 - D. bv Hermit Stronzian 1881 Aspirant 1887 - D. bv Bois Roussel D. by Wenlock Lehct'etlen 1879 D. bv Bois Roussel Bogdany 1894 I D. by Gunnersbury Grafton 1882 — Archer 1889 D. bv North Lincoln D. by Petrarch Arcadian 1883 D. bv Macaroni Realist 1890 D. by Rosicrucian Ausmdrker 1891 D. bv Isonomv Trollhetta 1893 D, bv King Lud Sperber's Bruder 1895 D. by Rosicrucian Buz^o 1882 D.'bv Ely -Pels 1903 D. by St. Simon -Slusohr 1895 D. bv Hermit Botond 1888 D. bv Verneuil Carrasco 1898 D. bv Shallow ■Tokio 1892 D. by Gunnersbury ■Grey Le^ 1861 D.'bv Bend Or 464 The Practical Part of Horsebreedine. Table VII. Byerly Turk Line. '^^ CD GO re H ^ > Plum Pudding 1857 D. by Birdcatcher Parmesan 1857 - D. bv Verulam Carnival 1860 D. by Blackthorn 3Iacaroiii 1860 — D. by Pantaloon Saccharometer 1860 D. by Jago Lozenge 1862 D. bv Star of Erin D'Estournel 1864 - D. by Chanticleer FaTonius 1868 D. by King Tom Cremorne 1869 D. by Rataplan Camenhert 1873 D. by King Tom Stracchino 1874 D. by Robert de Gorham Hydroniel 1875 . D. by Orlando Grollo 1869 D. by Weatherbit Constanz 1872 D. by Stockwell Mask 1877 D. by Thunderbolt Scohell 1878 D. by King Tom Macgregor 1867 D. by The Fallow Buck Couronne de Fey 1871 D. by Birdcatcher Macaroon 1874 D. by Brocket Macheath 1880 D. by Stockwell Vanderdecken 1869 D. by Melbourne Cucumber 1870 D. by Birdcatcher Father Claret 1873 D. by Jago Sir Bevys 1876 D. by Kettledrum ? Thurio 1875 D. by Orlando Cameliard 1878 D. by Lord Lyon Reveller 1883 D. by Marsyas c o 00 1^ 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 465 ^ ~ C ^ cx ~ c: _ o E r5 d I Q ^ d , - >, =: >. ^ >. V >-.:« >,r-H >.,-i >, :^ >;- >. o >.'-' ;^ v >, ~ j:^ .S -^ ^ rO -fx.u2 c^ ~^ 5_j2 «J2'S^g^ £x! -^xi -4^ -^ 2 d = c ►= c I d -2 d :- c ;s d I c rtC S d ^ d .s d "^ d z: -" s c c?) t« ir 75 . Q -2 W -^ < ^ (J^ 56' sd ^d^Ci^'d -^^d -d^d 3c:~Q lO '^ i.^ — ~. "^ '-^ '-'-• •^. gQ 1 c I 13 — Ui -^ i d ,s d ^ d ^ d = ci ^ d -^ 1 I i ;-i ' I I 1 -i ° C ^ 3 Of ' .2 ^ b 5 S b 00 _ m — >» c >. .i >. Sr >.^ >. 3: >. r^ >-, f*" © 'C ;^ tin a> js. jaipAa^ Aq -q 5 0S8I aoxymrif) zxm 466 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. Table I. Oodolphiii Arabian Line. I Lath 1732 D. by Bald Galloway [ Tniiinio)! 1747 D. by Partner y. Cade 1747 (Foun D. by Partner CIia)!geJi)ig 1747 — D. bv Partner €a(le 1734 D. by Bald Galloway Janus 1738 D. by Bartl. Childers Dormouse 1738 D. by Partner Reaiihis 1739 D. bv Bald Gallowav Gower Stallion 1740 - D. by Whitefoot Bahraliam 1740 D. by BHnd Horse Blank 1740 D. by Bartl. Childers Bajazet 1740 D. by Whitefoot Old Ens^land 1741 D. bv Bartl. Childers dation sire of the coach horses) - Le Sa)ig 1759 D. bv Whitenose Turf 1760 D. bv Ancaster Starling Dux 1761 D. by Whitenose Chymist 1765 D. by Whitenose Pantaloon 1767 D. by Snap Conductor 1767 D. bv Snap Alfred 1770 D. by Snap MaiJnuni Bonum 1773 D.' by Swift Espersykes 1775 D. by Gower StalHon hnperator 1776 D. bv Herod MatcLem 1748 D. b\' Partner Sportsman 1753 D. bv Whitenose Hero 1753 D. by Spinner Wildair 1753 D. by Steady Janus 1746 D. by Fox Dorimont 1758 D. by Whitefoot South 1750 D. by Soreheels Careless 1751 D. by Heneage's Whitenose Fearnought 1755 — D. by H.'s Whitenose Jalap 1758 (Foundation sire of the Cleveland Bays) D. by Blacklegs Morw'ick Ball 1762 D. by Traveller Sweepstakes 1749 D. bv Partner Cardinal Puff 1760 D. bv Snip Pacolet 1763 D. by Crab Paymaster 1766 — D. by Snap Tnimpator 1782 D. by Squirrel Pipator 1786 — D. by Squirrel Pavnator 1791 - D". hv Mark Anthon}' Sorcerer 1796 D. bv Diomed Symme's Wildair 1770 b. by Jolly Roger Paragon 1783 D. by Herod Cripple 1750 D. bv Crab Matchless 1754 D. bv Soreheeh Amaranthus 1766 D. bv Second Gimcr'ack 1760 D. by Grisewood's Partner Tantrum 1760 D. by Hampton Court Childers Clockfast 1774 D. bv Regulus Medley 1776 — - D. by Snap Grey Diomed 17S D.' by Sloe 6. Tables Showing" the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 467 Rcnicnihraiiccr ISOO - D. bv Eclipse Dr. Syntax 1811 D. bv Beningbrough riiiinderbolt 1806 D. by Mentor Granicus 1807 D. bv Alexander Truffle 1808 D. bv Buzzard Soothsayer 1808 D. by Delpini Comus 1809 D. bv Sir Peter Smoleusko 1810 — t). bv Mentor Bourbon 1811 D. by Precipitate Recordon 1807 D. by Precipitate The Doctor 1839 D. by Lottery - ScrapaU 1812 D. by Whiskey I Tiresias 1816 I D. bv Waxv ■] Heleiius 1821 I D. by Gohanna j Reveller 1815 D. bv Beningbrough Corinthian 1819 D. bv Orville Huiuphrey Clinker 1822 D. bv Clinker Grey Momus 1835 D. bv Cervantes Jerry 1821 D. bv Orville AJderinan 1822 D. bv Shuttle Ascot 1832 Fernhill 1845 D. by Rubens D. by Elis Rockingham 1830 D. bv Swordsman Bran lS31 D. by Oiseau 3Ielbourne 1834 see Table IL D. bv Cervantes Ihicus 1849 D. by Taurus Tomboy 1829 Nutzvith 1840 D. by Ardrossan D. by Comus Jeremy Diddler 1839 D. by Mulev Jericho 1842 The Promised Land 1856 D. by Selim D. by Touchstone Clearwell 1830 D. by Hambletonian oO 468 The Practical Part of Hursebreedini Table If. (lod. Arabian Line. MELBOURNE 1834 D. b}' Cervantes Sir Tatton Sykes 1743 D. bv Maro^rave Prime' Minister 1848 — I), bv Pantaloon West Australian 1850 D. bv Touchstone Brocket 1850 D. by Muley Moloch Arthur Wellesley 1851- D. bv Launcelot Oidst'on 1852 D. by Muley Moloch Illuminator 1853 D. bv Emilius Mentmore 1855 D. bv Defence Knight of the Garter 1864 D. bv Touchstone Joskin 1856 D. by The Major The Wizard 1857 ■ D. by The Cure Australian 1858 D. bv Y. Emilius Solon 1861 D. by Birdcatcher J.elio 1862 D. bv Launcelot Tempiier 1862 D. bv Cotherstone Bagdad 1862 D. bv Ionian Rity Bias 1864 D. bv Gladiator Eole 'II. 1868 D. by The Baron Pahnerston 1867 D. by Flyini^ Dutchman Mornington 1868 D. by Orlando York^ Minster 1869 D. bv Newminster Y. Melbourne 1855 D. bv Pantaloon The Peer 1855 D. bv Touchstone Syrian 1867 t). bv Autocrat i Brother to Rapid Rhone 1859 D. bv Lanercost or Retriever Rapid' Rhone 1860 D. bv Lanercost or Retriever Brother to Strafford 1860 D. bv Gamebov Strafford 1861 D. bv Gameboy General Peel 1861 D. bv Orlando The Earl 1865 D. bv Orlando Statesman 1869 D. bv Orlando Pell Mell 1869 D. bv Voltig^eur New 'Holland 1872 D. by Zuvder Zee Darebin 1878 D. bv Traducer 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 469 -Przedswit 1872 D. bv Stockwell -Plebeian 1872 D. b}- Autocrat -Goswin 1864 D. bv St. Nicholas Spendthrift 1876 — D. bv Lexington f Arbitrator 1874 — D. bv Musjid Philammon 1874 D. by Wild Dayrell Barcaldine 1878 — D. by Belladrum —Rehiisant 1882 D. bv Adventurer —Mourie 1875 D. by S3'lvain Abonucnt 1884 D. bv Lecturer Padischah 1885 D. by Hermit Kingston 1884 D. bv Victorious Lamplighter 1889 D. bv Speculum Hastings 1893 D. by Blue Ruin ' Kilwarlin 1884 Ogden 1894 D. bv Lord Gough D. by Bend Or AVinkfleld 1885 — Winkfleld's Pride 1893 D. bv Beadsman D. bv Isonomy Morion 1887 D. bv Beadsman GoodfelloTV 1887 Chaleureux 1894 D. bv Clanronald O. by John Davis Glitter 1887 D. bv John Davis Espoir 1889 D. bv Beauclerc Wolf's Crag 1890 D. bv Lammermoor Barbary 1891 D. bv Rosicrucian 77; (' Rush 1892 D. bv See Saw Sir V'isto 1892 D. bv Macaroni Marco 1892 D. bv Hermit Barrister 1893 D. bv Clanronald o c a <- y^ — hord Glasgow 1867 D. bv Hobbie Noble -Earl of Dartrey 1872 D. by Rataplan -Carlton 1883 D. by Speculum -Australian Peer 1884 — D. by Macaroni — Australian Star 1896 D. bv Grandmaster 'QlWofiRns] LEICESTER__y(iy mily Library' of Veterinary Medjcwe , SchoG» <: ': '■■ ':::r;n3ry Medicine at TufiG UnsvsrsUy